Skip to main content

Full text of "The Century dictionary : an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language: prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney"

See other formats 


SL   JS^Svras^ 
-     s^4S^44aafiw 


•  - 


Uk  A  A  AA  A  AAA  AA  A  A  A  A  AA  A  AA/> 
gk  t+tt^frA±+^C+A£*±* 


ws 


fYYY^ 

YC7V 


THE  CENTURY 


1  DICTIONARY  I 

OFTHE 


:< 


ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE 


rj^j 
-  Y  Y  YYY  V  V  YY  Y  Y  Y  ^H 

YYYYYYYY»TVWtk»^ 


Y  Y_YT  Y  YT  Y  YYY  »  p» 


i 


CLC 


B 


ICE  - 


BOY 


THE 


PART  II! 
CENTURY  CO. NEW  YORK 


i 


Y»Y»»>"YV»» 


C 


»AA 


A* 


^S 


M>L4.<ftM 


AA 


AA>- 


YY^YYYYY  YY_?«- 


Wf^^^^ 

^YYYYYYYY>YYYYYYYYYYVYYYYVrYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYrYYYY_YYjrYYYjrYTjrYYY' 


THE  CENTURY  DICTIONARY 

PREPARED    UNDER   THE    SUPERINTENDENCE    OF 

WILLIAM    DWIGHT  WHITNEY,  PH.  D.,  LL.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  PHILOLOGY  AND  SANSKRIT  IN  YALE  UNIVERSITY 


THE  plan  of  "  The  Century  Dictionary  "  in- 
cludes three  things :  the  construction  of  a 
general  dictionary  of  the  English  language 
which  shall  be  serviceable  for  every  literary 
and  practical  use  ;  a  more  complete  collection 
of  the  technical  terms  of  the  various  sciences, 
arts,  trades,  and  professions  than  has  yet  been 
attempted ;  and  the  addition  to  the  definitions 
proper  of  such  related  encyclopedic  matter, 
with  pictorial  illustrations,  as  shall  constitute 
a  convenient  book  of  general  reference. 

About  200,000  words  will  be  denned.  The 
Dictionary  will  be  a  practically  complete  record 
of  all  the  noteworthy  words  which  have  been 
in  use  since  English  literature  has  existed,  espe- 
cially of  all  that  wealth  of  new  words  and  of 
applications  of  old  words  which  has  sprung 
from  the  development  of  the  thought  and  life 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  will  record  not 
merely  the  written  language,  but  the  spoken 
language  as  well  (that  is,  all  important  provin- 
cial and  colloquial  words),  and  it  will  include 
(in  the  one  alphabetical  order  of  the  Diction- 
ary) abbreviations  and  such  foreign  words  and 
phrases  as  have  become  a  familiar  part  of 
English  speech. 

THE  ETYMOLOGIES. 

The  etymologies  have  been  written  anew  on 
a  uniform  plan,  and  in  accordance  with  the  es- 
tablished principles  of  comparative  philology. 
It  has  been  possible  in  many  cases,  by  means 
of  the  fresh  material  at  the  disposal  of  the 
etymologist,  to  clear  up  doubts  or  difficulties 
hitherto  resting  upon  the  history  of  particular 
words,  to  decide  definitely  in  favor  of  one  of 
several  suggested  etymologies,  to  discard  nu- 
merous current  errors,  and  to  give  for  the  first 
time  the  history  of  many  words  of  which  the 
etymologies  were  previously  unknown  or  erro- 
neously stated.  Beginning  with  the  current 
accepted  form  of  spelling,  each  important  word 
has  been  traced  back  through  earlier  forms  to 
its  remotest  known  origin.  The  various  prefixes 
and  suffixes  useful  in  the  formation  of  English 
words  are  treated  very  fully  in  separate  articles. 

HOMONYMS. 

Words  of  various  origin  and  meaning  but 
of  the  same  spelling,  have  been  distinguished 
by  small  superior  figures  (1,  2,  8,  etc.).  In 
numbering  these  homonyms  the  rule  has  been 
to  give  precedence  to  the  oldest  or  the  most 
familiar,  or  to  that  one  which  is  most  nearly 
English  in  origin.  The  superior  numbers  ap- 
ply not  so  much  to  the  individual  word  as  to 
the  group  or  root  to  which  it  belongs,  hence 
the  different  grammatical  uses  of  the  same 
homonym  are  numbered  alike  when  they  are 
separately  entered  in  the  Dictionary.  Thus  a 
verb  and  a  noun  of  the  same  origin  and  the 
same  present  spelling  receive  the  same  superior 
number.  But  when  two  words  of  the  same  form 
and  of  the  same  radical  origin  now  differ  con- 
siderably in  meaning,  so  as  to  be  used  as  dif- 
ferent words,  they  are  separately  numbered. 

THE  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Of  the  great  body  of  words  constituting  the 
familiar  language  the  spelling  is  determined 
by  well-established  usage,  and,  however  ac- 
cidental and  unacceptable,  in  many  cases,  it 
may  be,  it  is  not  the  office  of  a  dictionary  like 
this  to  propose  improvements,  or  to  adopt  those 
which  have  been  proposed  and  have  not  yet 
won  some  degree  of  acceptance  and  use.  But 
there  are  also  considerable  classes  as  to  which 
usage  is  wavering,  more  than  one  form  being 
sanctioned  by  excellent  authorities,  either  in 
this  country  or  Great  Britain,  or  in  both.  Fa- 


miliar examples  are  words  ending  in  or  or  our 
(as  labor,  labour),  in  er  or  re  (as  center,  centre), 
in  ize  or  ise  (as  civilize,  civilise) ;  those  having  a 
single  or  double  consonant  after  an  unaccented 
vowel  (as  traveler,  traveller),  or  spelled  with  e  or 
with  <K  or  oe  (as  hemorrhage,  luemorrhage) ;  and 
so  on.  In  such  cases  both  forms  are  given, 
with  an  expressed  preference  for  the  briefer 
one  or  the  one  more  accordant  with  native 
analogies. 

THE  PRONUNCIATION. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  record  all  the 
varieties  of  popular  or  even  educated  utter- 
ance, or  to  report  the  determinations  made  by 
different  recognized  authorities.  It  has  been 
necessary  rather  to  make  a  selection  of  words 
to  which  alternative  pronunciations  should  be 
accorded,  and  to  give  preference  among  these 
according  to  the  circumstances  of  each  particu- 
lar case,  in  view  of  the  general  analogies  and 
tendencies  of  English  utterance.  The  scheme 
by  which  the  pronunciation  is  indicated  is  quite 
simple,  avoiding  over-refinement  in  the  dis- 
crimination of  sounds,  and  being  designed  to 
be  readily  understood  and  used.  (See  Key  to 
Pronunciation  on  back  cover.) 

DEFINITIONS  OF  COMMON  WORDS. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  definitions  of  com- 
mon words,  there  has  been  at  hand,  besides 
the  material  generally  accessible  to  students 
of  the  language,  a  special  collection  of  quota- 
tions selected  for  this  work  from  English  books 
of  all  kinds  and  of  all  periods  of  the  language, 
which  is  probably  much  larger  than  any  which 
has  hitherto  been  made  for  the  use  of  an  English 
dictionary,  except  that  accumulated  for  the 
Philological  Society  of  London.  Thousands  of 
non-technical  words,  many  of  them  occurring 
in  the  classics  of  the  language,  and  thousands 
of  meanings,  many  of  them  familiar,  which 
have  not  hitherto  been  noticed  by  the  diction- 
aries, have  in  this  way  been  obtained.  The 
arrangement  of  the  definitions  historically,  in 
the  order  in  which  the  senses  denned  have  en- 
tered the  language,  has  been  adopted  wher- 
ever possible. 

THE  QUOTATIONS. 

These  form  a  very  large  collection  (about 
200,000),  representing  all  periods  and 
branches  of  English  literature.  The  classics 
of  the  language  have  been  drawn  upon,  and 
valuable  citations  have  been  made  from  less 
famous  authors  in  all  departments  of  litera- 
ture. American  writers  especially  are  repre- 
sented in  greater  fullness  than  in  any  similar 
work.  A  list  of  authors  and  works  (and  edi- 
tions) cited  will  be  published  with  the  con- 
cluding part  of  the  Dictionary. 

DEFINITIONS  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS. 
Much  space  has  been  devoted  to  the  special 
terms  of  the  various  sciences,  fine  arts,  me- 
chanical arts,  professions,  and  trades,  and 
much  care  has  been  bestowed  upon  their  treat- 
ment. They  have  been  collected  by  an  extended 
search  through  all  branches  of  literature,  with 
the  design  of  providing  a  very  complete  and 
many-sided  technical  dictionary.  Many  thou- 
sands of  words  have  thus  been  gathered  which 
have  never  before  been  recorded  in  a  general 
dictionary,  or  even  in  special  glossaries.  To 
the  biological  sciences  a  degree  of  promi- 
nence has  been  given  corresponding  to  the  re- 
markable recent  increase  in  their  vocabulary. 
The  new  material  in  the  departments  of  biology 
and  zoology  includes  not  less  than  five  thou- 
sand words  and  senses  not  recorded  even  in 
special  dictionaries.  In  the  treatment  of  phy- 
sical and  mathematical  sciences,  of  the  mechan- 


ical arts  and  trades,  and  of  the  philological 
sciences,  an  equally  broad  method  has  been 
adopted.  In  the  definition  of  theological  and 
ecclesiastical  terms,  the  aim  of  the  Dictionary 
has  been  to  present  all  the  special  doctrines  of 
the  different  divisions  of  the  Church  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  convey  to  the  reader  the  actual 
intent  of  those  who  accept  them.  In  denning 
legal  terms  the  design  has  been  to  offer  all  the 
information  that  is  needed  by  the  general 
reader,  and  also  to  aid  the  professional  reader 
by  giving  in  a  concise  form  all  the  important 
technical  words  and  meanings.  Special  atten- 
tion has  also  been  paid  to  the  definitions  of 
the  principal  terms  of  painting,  etching,  en- 
graving, and  various  other  art-processes ;  of 
architecture,  sculpture,  archeeology,  decorative 
art,  ceramics,  etc. ;  of  musical  terms,  nautical 
and  military  terms,  etc. 

ENCYCLOPEDIC  FEATURES. 

The  inclusion  of  so  extensive  and  varied  a 
vocabulary,  the  introduction  of  special  phrases, 
and  the  full  description  of  things  often  found 
essential  to  an  intelligible  definition  of  their 
names,  would  alone  have  given  to  this  Diction- 
ary a  distinctly  encyclopedic  character.  It  has, 
however,  been  deemed  desirable  to  go  some- 
what further  in  this  direction  than  these  con- 
ditions render  strictly  necessary. 

Accordingly,  not  only  have  many  technical 
matters  been  treated  with  unusual  fullness, 
but  much  practical  information  of  a  kind  which 
dictionaries  have  hitherto  excluded  has  been 
added.  The  result  is  that  "The  Century 
Dictionary"  covers  to  a  great  extent  the  field 
of  the  ordinary  encyclopedia,  with  this  princi- 
pal difference  —  that  the  information  given  is 
for  the  most  part  distributed  under  the  indi- 
vidual words  and  phrases  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected, instead  of  being  collected  under  a  few 
general  topics.  Proper  names,  both  biograph- 
ical and  geographical,'are  of  course  omitted,  ex- 
cept as  they  appear  in  derivative  adjectives,  as 
Darwinian  from  Darwin,  or  Indian  from  India. 
The  alphabetical  distribution  of  the  encyclo- 
pedic matter  under  a  large  number  of  words 
will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  to  be  particularly 
helpful  in  the  search  for  those  details  which 
are  generally  looked  for  in  works  of  reference. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

The  pictorial  illustrations  have  been  so  se- 
lected and  executed  as  to  be  subordinate  to  the 
text,  while  possessing  a  considerable  degree  of 
independent  suggestiveness  and  artistic  value. 
To  secure  technical  accuracy,  the  illustrations 
have,  as  a  rule,  been  selected  by  the  specialists 
in  charge  of  the  various  departments,  and  have 
in  all  cases  been  examined  by  them  in  proofs. 
The  cuts  number  about  six  thousand. 

MODE  OF  ISSUE,  PRICE,  ETC. 

"  The  Century  Dictionary"  will  be  comprised 
in  about  6,500  quarto  pages.  It  is  published 
by  subscription  and  in  twenty-four  parts  or 
sections,  to  be  finally  bound  into  six  quarto  vol- 
umes, if  desired  by  the  subscriber.  These  sec- 
tions will  be  issued  about  once  a  month.  The 
price  of  the  sections  is  $2.50  each,  and  no 
subscriptions  are  taken  except  for  the  entire 
work. 

The  plan  of  the  Dictionary  is  more  fully  de- 
scribed in  the  preface  (of  which  the  above  is  in 
part  a  condensation),  which  accompanies  the 
first  section,  and  to  which  reference  is  made. 

A  list  of  the  abbreviations  used  in  the  ety- 
mologies and  definitions,  and  keys  to'pronuu- 
ciations  and  to  signs  used  in  the  etymologies, 
will  be  found  on  the  back  cover-lining. 


THE  CENTURY  CO.,  33  EAST  17™  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 


bice 

formerly  dusky,  dnrk  (cf.  OF.  n:ur  Ms,  dark 
blue,  m-<  bin,  dark  f;r<-i>u,  F.  fci'.v  lilmn;  wliily 
brown),  =Pr.  W«=  l(.  f«/r/i<i,  grayish,  prob.  =  Pg. 
fc«.ri«,  brown,  dusky;  cf.  Ml..  "  bit.viHx,  fcalu," 
i.  e..  fallow,  in  an  AS.  glossary.  Tlio  sunn- 
word  (F.  Itise  =  I'r.  bixn  =  It.  dial.  bixn  =  Bret. 
Ai^  =  Swiss  lii.if,  hiini-)  was  applied  to  the. 
north  or  northeast  wind,  from  the  accompany- 
ing darkness,  like  L.  ntjiiib>,  <  ut/uUus,  dark, 
dusky:  sec  hisr.  The  origin  of  the  word  is 
uncertain.  J  A  name  given  to  two  colors  used 
iu  painting,  one  blue,  the  other  green,  both 
native  carbonates  of  copper.  Inferior  kinds  »f 
till-in  arc  iilsn  prepared  UtlflcUUy.  Thi'  former  is  often 
r:illr.l  iii.Hmtain-bliie,  tho  laitrr  inouiituiii-greeii,  mala- 
chite-green, etc.  Al*o  r.illol  l>ia<lettu. 

lir.iuiul  sm:ilt-<,  blue  verditer,  anil  other  pigments  have 
parted  under  the  name  of  bin,: ;  which  has  thcrcfinv  ii 
come  a  very  equivocal  pigment,  and  its  name  nearly  obso- 
lete :  nor  is  It  at  present  to  be  found  in  the  shops,  although 
niilrh  t-oiiiuieiiileil  by  old  u  ritris  oil  the  art. 
Field's  (Jfinniiiar  o/(Voi<n'ii>/ (Davidson's  ed.,  1877),  p.  61). 

Bicellaria  (bi-se-la'ri-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-, 
two-,  +  cella,  cell,  +  -aria.]  A  genus  of  chilo- 
stomatous  gymnolieraatous  polyzoans,  typical 
of  the  family  lih-i  Unriiiln-. 

BicellariidSB  (bl"sel-a-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
liii-i'l/firiii  +  -Ida:.]  A  family  of  ChHostomnta. 

bicellular  (bi-sel'u-lar),  «.  [<  W-2  +  cellular.] 
Having  two  cells ;  consisting  of  two  cells. 

Bicelluli  (bl-sel'u-li),  n.  i>l.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  NL.  cellula,  dim.  of  L.  cella,  cell.]  A  group 
of  heteropterous  hemipterous  insects  contain- 
ing bugs  of  the  division  Geoeorisa  or  Auro- 
corisa,  which  have  two  basal  cells  of  the  mem- 
branous hemielytra.  [Not  in  use.] 

bicensal  (bi-sen  sal),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  census  +  -al.] 
In  ijcom.,  consisting  of  two  ovals,  real  or  imagi- 
nary, finite  or  infinite. 

bicentenary  (bi-sen'te-na-ri),  a.  and  «.  [<  it-2 
+  centenary.]  I.  a.  Relating  to  or  consisting 
of  two  hundred,  especially  two  hundred  years ; 
bicentennial:  as,  a  bicentenary  celebration. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  consists  of  or  compre- 
hends two  hundred  (commonly  the  space  of 
two  hundred  years). —  2.  A  two  hundredth  an- 
niversary. 

Part  of  the  enthusiasm  of  a  bi-centenary. 

The  American,  VI.  23. 

bicentennial  (bi-sen-ten'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  bi-'* 
+  centennial.']  I.  a.  1.  Consisting  of  or  last- 
ing two  hundred  years:  as,  a  bicentennial  pe- 
riod.—  2.  Occurring  every  two  hundred  years. 
II.  n.  The  two  hundredth  anniversary  of 
an  event ;  a  bicentenary. 

bicephalic  (bi-se-fal'ik  or  bi-sef'a-lik),  a.  [< 
L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  Keipa^r/,  head:  see  cephalic.] 
Having  two  heads ;  bicephalous  ;  specifically, 
ornamented  with  two  heads  or  busts,  as  an 
engraved  gem  or  the  like.  Jour.  Archieol., 
XXIX.  311. 

bicephalous  (bi-sef'a-lus),  a.  [As  bicephalic 
+  -OK*.]  Having  two  heads. 

biceps  (bi'seps),  a.  and  M.  [<  L.  bicei>s  (bicipit-), 
<  bi-,  two-,  -f  caput,  head.]  I.  a.  Two-headed, 
or  having  two  distinct  origins :  specifically,  in 
limit.,  applied  to  certain  muscles. 

II.  n.  1.  In  anat.,  a  muscle  havingtwo  heads 
or  origins;  specifically,  the  biceps  brachii. — 2. 
Figuratively,  strength  or  muscular  develop- 
ment.—  3.  Muscular  strength  of  the  arm; 
ability  to  use  the  arm  effectively :  from  such 
strength  or  ability  depending  on  the  devel- 
opment of  the  biceps  muscle.— Biceps  brachii, 
or  bleeps  humeii,  the  two-headed  muscle  of  the  arm, 
arising  I'.v  its  loiii:  head  from  the  glcnoid  fossa,  and  by  its 
short  head  from  the  coracoid  process  of  the  scapula,  and 
inserted  into  the  tuberosity  of  the  radius.  It  is  a  strong 
flexor  and  supinator  of  the  forearm,  and  a  guide  to  the 
lirachlal  artery  in  surgieal  operations  upon  that  vessel. 
See  ellt  under  iiuurl'-.  -  Biceps  fellioris,  the  two-headed 
muscle  of  the  thigh,  arising  by  its  long  head  from  the  tube- 
rosity of  the  ischium,  und  by  its  short  head  from  the  shaft 
of  the  femur,  and  inserted  into  the  head  of  the  fibula,  its 
tendon  forming  the  outer  hamstring.  Its  action  is  to  flex 
the  leg  upon  the  thigh. 

bicessis  (bl-ses'is),  «.  [L.,  <  bic-,  a  reduced 
form  of  viyinti,  =  E.  twenty,  +  as  (ass-),  an  as,  a 
unit :  see  as*.}  In  Rom .  metrology,  twenty  asses. 

bichet,  «.  [<  F.  bichc,  OF.  also  bisse  =  Wal- 
loon ink  =  mod.  Pr.  bicho  =  It.  dial,  becia,  a 
laud  or  roe ;  of  uncertain  origin.]  A  kind  of 
fur ;  the  skin  of  the  female  deer. 

bichir  (bich'£r),  w.  [Native  name.]  A  re- 
markable living  ganoid  fish,  I'dli/jitcriis  bichir. 
of  the  family  Puluptcriiltc  and  order  Croxxo- 
/it< n/</ii.  inhabiting  the  Nile  and  other  African 
rivers,  attaining  a  length  of  18  inches,  and 
esteemed  as  food.  See  1'olypterus. 

In  the  system  of  fuvier,  the  bichir  was  placed  among 
the  bony  tlshes,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  herrings.  One  of 

35 


545 

the  most  Interesting  features  In  connection  with  the  flsh 
Is  that,  in  the  ymmir,  e\tiTii;d  yills  nre  pn-s*  nt 
other  s|M-<-ii-*,  r.  srne^;drnsi*  jind  f.  eixllii  herl,  are 
known.  All  live  In  the  deeper  pools,  and  apparently 
hury  tliriiiM-lvr*  in  the  slime  and  oo/e  on  th--  bottom, 
where  tin-}  feed  "II  Hi-hex  and  utlliT  ilc|liatie  animals. 

,s'M,i./.  \dt.  Ilitt.,  III.  98. 

bichlorid,  bichloride  (bi-klo'rid,  -rid  or -rid),  H. 
A  compound  in  which  two  equivalents  of  chlo- 
rine are  combined  with  a  base:  as,  a  bichlmiil 
of  meri-ury. 

bicho-da-mar  (be'cho-dii-mar'),  n.  [Pg.,  lit. 
worm  of  the  sea,  sea-slug.]  Same  as  beche- 
<li  -IHI-I-. 

bichord  (bi'kord),  a.  and  n.  [<  bi-%  +  chord.} 
I.  n.  Having  two  chords. 

II.  w.  In  music,  a  general  name  for  an  in- 
strument having  two  strings  tuned  in  unison 
for  each  note,  as  the  mandolin  and  several 
other  instruments  of  the  lute  or  guitar  class. 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  n.  [<  W-2  +  chro- 
mate.]  A  compound  containing  twice  as  much 
chromic  acid,  combined  with  the  same  amount 
of  base,  as  the  normal  chromate  contains. — 
Bichromate  m-  blchromlc  battery.  See  ceH,  a 

bichromate  (bi-kro'mat),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bichmmntcil,  ppr.  bichromating.  [<  bichromate, 
n.]  Same  as  bichromatize. 

The  gelatine  mass  may  be  bichromated  after  it  is  set  by 
soaking  It  in  a  solution  of  bichromate  of  potassium  or 
ammonium.  Sci.  Ainer.  (N.  S.),  LVI.  161. 

bichromatic  (bi-kro-mat'ik),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
chromatic.]  Same  as  dichromatic. 

bichrqmatize  (bi-kro'ma-tiz),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  bichromatized,  ppr.  "biehromatizing.  [<  bi- 
chromate, n.,  +  -MM  To  treat  with  a  bichro- 
mate, especially  bichromate  of  potassium. 
Also  bichromate. 

The  film  of  a  liithniiiMtiml  gelatine,  used  as  a  photo- 
graphic negative.  Ure,  Diet.,  II.  -299. 

bichromic  (bi-kro'mik),  «.  [<  bichrom(ate)  + 
-ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  using  a  bichromate. 

In  the  construction  of  the  induction  balance  a  bickro- 
mil-  battery  is  used.  Science,  IX.  190. 

bichy  (bich'i),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.]  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  Cola  acvminata, 
a  tree  of  the  natural  order  Sterculiacea:  See 
cola-nut. 

biciliate  (bi-sil'i-at),  a.  [<  bi-*  +  citiate.']  Hav- 
ing two  cilia. 

The  tilciliale  swarmspores  that  escaped  were  observed 
for  some  hours  under  the  microscope. 

Tram.  Roy.  Soc.  of  Edinburgh,  XXXII.  597. 

bicipital  (bi-sip'i-tal),  a.  [<  L.  biceps  (bicipit-), 
two-headed  (see  b"iceps),  +  -al.~\  1.  Having 
two  heads;  two-headed.  [Rare.] — 2.  In  anat. : 
(a)  Having  two  heads  or  origins,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biceps,  (b)  Pertaining  to  the  biceps  mus- 
cles.— 3.  In  bot.,  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the 
top  or  bottom. 

Also  bicipitous. 

Bicipital  fascia,  an  expansion  of  the  tendon  of  the  bi- 
ceps urachii  into  the  deep  fascia  of  the  forearm.— Bicipi- 
tal groove,  a  furrow  along  the  upper  part  of  the  humerus, 
in  which  the  tendon  of  the  long  head  of  the  biceps  muscle 
lies.  See  cut  under  humenu.  —  Bicipital  ridges,  the  lips 
of  the  bicipital  groove. 

bicipitosus  (bi-sip-i-to'sus),  ». ;  pi.  bicipitosi 
(-si).  [NL.,  <  L.  biceps  (bicipit-),  two-headed : 
see  biceps.]  The  bicipital  muscle  of  the  thigh ; 
the  biceps  femoris. 

bicipitous  (bi-sip'i-tus),  a.    Same  as  bicipital. 
IHciiiitoiii  serpents.    Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  ill.  IS. 

bicircloid  (bi-ser'kloid),  n.  [<  6i-2  +  circle  + 
-o(rf.]  A  curve  generated  by  the  uniform  mo- 
tion of  a  point  around  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  the  center  of  which  itself  uniformly  de- 
scribes a  circle. 

bicircular  (bi-ser'ku-lar),  a.     [<  W-2  +  circu- 
lar.]   Composed  of  of  similar  to  two  circles. 
—  Bicircular  oval,  a  real  branch  of  a  bicircular  quartic. 
Bicircular  quartic,  a  quartic  curve  which  passes  twice 
through  each  or  the  circular  points  at  infinity,  having  thus 


Fig.  i. 

Bicircular  Quartic. 

Curve  of  firat  genus,  first  division  ;  two  real  ovals  with  focal  circle 
and  central  hyperbola. 

an  essential  analytical  similarity  to  a  pair  of  circles,  which 
it  also  somewhat  rt'st-mblcs  to  the  t\vt'.  Fur  the  purpose 
of  trucing  it,  it  may  be  defined  as  the  envelop  of  all  the 
circles  having  their  centers  on  a  fixed  ellipse  or  hyper- 


Fig.  2. 

First  genus,  second 
division ;  one  real 
ovaL 


Fig.  3. 
Second  genus,  no- 
dal curve. 


Fig.  4- 

d  eent 
dalci 


bickerer 

hols,  and  rutting  a  fixed  circle  i>rih»K<uially.    This  <  ircle  In 
called  the/wa^  rin-i,\  IMTHIIA.-  r  m  with  the 

fixed  conic  aru  fm-i  <>(  tin-  quartSc. 

The  latter  has,  lieeiilcH,  two  double 

f'H-l,  which  are  the  foci  "f  the  i-nnie. 
Tin-  i>erpen<li<  nl:us  from  t!,,-  imt- i 
of  the  f'tcal  i  ircle  to  the  as>nijit"t'  s 
of  the  conn-  ,ue  Ktanui-nt.-,  "I  th'- 
quartic.  (Sec  ni;.  1.)  The  Intenec- 
tloiu  of  the  fi>cal  circle  Kith  th-- 
quartic  are  cyclic  yuiiilt  <fi  Oie  lat- 
t*r.  There  are  three  Renera  „(  foj. 
circular  iiuartles.  'Hie  flrat  embraces 
all  the  hicuraal  fonna,  and  these  are 
curves  of  the  eighth  clan.  For  these  then 
focal  circles  and  two  Imaginary  ones.  The  two  real  conies 
of  centers  are  an  ellipse  and  a  confoeal  hyperbola.  There 
are  four  real  foci  and  four  real  cyclic  points.  This  genm 
has  two  divisions.  In  the  first,  the  four  real  foci  are  con. 
cyclic,  and  the  real  curve  consists  uf  two  ovals,  one  of  which 
lies  without  or  within  the  other,  accord- 
ing as  the  four  real  foci  are  on  a  central 
ellipse  or  hyperbola.  Fig.  1  shows  the 
latter  case,  and  fig.  3,  modified  so  as  to 
make  the  upper  part  like  the  lower, 
would  show  the  former.  Bfcircular 
quartics  of  this  division  have  the  prop- 
erty that  three  points  can  be  taken  so 
that  the  distances  rj,  r2,  r-i,  of  any  iwint 
of  the  curve  therefrom  shall  be  express- 
able  by  an  equation  ar\  +  frrg  +  cry  —  0. 
The  second  division  of  the  first  genus  embraces  curves 
whose  four  real  foci  lie  In  two  pairs  or  two  focal  circles. 
These  real  curves  consist  of  single  ovals,  as  In  fig.  2.  The 
second  genua  comprises  unlcursat  curves  with  one  node 
(besides  those  at  the  circular  points). 
They  are  of  the  sixth  class.  There  is 
one  real  and  one  Imaginary  focal  circle. 
The  node  may  be  a  crunode  with  an 
outloop  (shown  by  slightly  modifying 
fig.  2  in  the  upper  part)  or  with  an  In- 
loop,  as  in  fig.  3 ;  or  it  may  be  an  ac- 
node  without  or  within  the  oval.  The 
third  genus  contains  curves  with  an 
ordinary  cusp.  These  are  of  the  fourth 
class.  There  is  but  one  focal  circle  and 
but  one  focus.  The  cusp  may  point  out- 
ward, as  in  fig.  4,  or  Inward,  as  in  a  modification  of  fig.  3. 
bicker1  (bik'er),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  becker, 
<  ME.  bicheren,  bikkeren,  bekeren,  bikeren,  appar. 
a  freq.  in  -er;  origin  unknown.  The  W.  bicra, 
fight,  is  appar.  from  the  E.]  I.  in  trans.  If. 
To  exchange  blows ;  skirmish ;  fight  off  and  on : 
said  particularly  of  the  skirmishing  of  archers 
and  slingers. 
Two  eagles  had  a  conflict  and  Indurcd  together. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Suetonius,  p.  243. 

2.  To  quarrel;  contend  in  words;  engage  in 
petulant  altercation ;  wrangle. 
Those  petty  things  about  which  men  cark  and  bicker. 

Barroic. 
Tho'  men  may  bicker  with  the  things  they  love. 

Tennynon,  Geraint. 

Hence — 3.  To  make  a  brawling  sound ;  make 
any  repeated  noisy  action ;  clatter. 
Meantime  unnumber'd  glittering  streamlets  played,  .  .  . 
That,  as  they  bickered  through  the  sunny  shade, 
Though  restless,  still  themselves  a  lulling  murmur  made. 
Thonuon,  Castle  of  Indolence,  ill.  26. 

4.  To  run  rapidly;  move  quickly ;  quiver;  be 
tremulous,  like  flame  or  water. 

I  make  a  sudden  sally 
And  sparkle  out  among  the  fern, 
To  bicker  down  a  valley. 

Trnnyiton,  The  Brook. 

There  is  a  keen  relish  of  contrast  about  the  bickering 
flame  as  it  gives  an  emphasis  beyond  Gherardo  della  Notte 
to  loved  faces.  Luirelt,  Study  Windows,  p.  38. 

6.  To  make  a  short  rapid  run.     [Middle  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  To  strike  repeatedly. 
bicker1  (bik'er),  H.     [<  ME.  biker,  beker:  see 
bicker1,  v.]     1.  A  fight,  especially  a  confused 
fight. 
Bickera  were  held  on  the  Calton  Hill.  Campbell. 

2.  A  quarrel ;   an  angry  dispute ;  an  alterca- 
tion. 

If  thou  say  nay,  we  two  shal  make  a  In/cter. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2680. 

3.  A  confused  or  rapid  succession  of  sounds ; 
a  rattling  or  clattering  noise. 

A  bicker  of  musketry-fire  rattled  down  in  the  valley,  in- 
termingled with  the  wild  yells  and  defiances  of  the  bill- 
men,  who  were  making  a  chapao  or  night  attack  on  the 
camp.  Arch,  t'orbcx,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  194. 

4.  A  short  rapid  run  or  race ;  a  staggering  run, 
as  from  loss  of  equilibrium.    [Middle  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

Leeward  whiles,  against  my  will, 
I  took  a  bicker. 

Burnt,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

bicker3  (bik'er),  «.  [Var.  of  beaker,  q.  v.]  A 
bowl  or  dish  for  containing  liquor,  properly  one 
made  of  wood;  a  drinking-cup;  also,  specifi- 
cally, in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  a  wooden  dish 
made  of  staves  and  hoops,  like  a  tub,  for  hold- 
ing food.  [Prov.  Eug.  and  Scotch.] 

bickerer  (bik'er-er),  H.     One  who  bickers, 
engages  in  petty  quarrels. 


or 


bickering  546 

bickering  (bik'er-ing),  n.  [<  ME.  bikcring,  bicornous  (bi-k6r'nus),  a.  [<  bicorn  +  -ous.] 
verbal  n.  of  bikcren  :  see  bicker1,  ».]  If.  Askir-  Having  two  horns  or  antlers ;  crescent-shaped; 
mish.  especially,  in  anat.,  having  two  prolongations 

Then  was  the  war  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small  frays     likened  to  horns. 

and  bickerings.  Hilton,  Hist.  Eng.  (ed.  1851),  ii.  55.         j.ne  ]etter  y;  Or  bicornons  clement  of  Pythagoras. 

2.  Petulant  contention;  altercation.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  v.  19. 

There  remained  bickerings,  not  always  carried  on  with  bicornuate 
the  best  taste  or  with  the  best  temper,  between  the  man- 
agers of  the  impeachment  and  the  counsel  for  the  defence. 
Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


bid 


as  the  stamens  of  a  flower — Bicyclic  chuck.   See 

chuck*. 

C2  (bi-sik'lik),  a.     [<  bicycle  +  -ic.]     Ee- 


.~,~~_B  v f,,   .      „.  --Jyele  +  -ing.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  riding  on  a  bicycle. 


bickermentt  (bik'er-ment),,, 
-ment.]    Contention;  conflict      Spenser. 

bickern  (bik'ern),  «.  [Also  by  popular  etym. 
fcicWioni,  and  WeWron,  beak-iron,^  v.,  also  rofc- 
iron;  prop,  Mcorn,  early  mod.  E.  bi/ckorne,  by- 
come,  <  F.  ftfaon*.  a  bickern  (cf  OF.  bfoorag  < 
ML.  bicorna,  bicornus,  atwo-handled  cup),  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bigornia  =  It.  Wcoritfa,  a  bickern  <  L.  fc- 
cornia,  neut.pl.  of  btcorms,  two-horned:  see  6«- 
corn.]  1.  An  anvil  with  two  projecting,  taper- 


point.] 

cusps.  Specifically  applied— (a)  In  geom.,  to  a  curve 
having  two  cusps,  (b)  In  human  anat.,  (1)  to  the  premo- 
lar  teeth  or  false  molars,  of  which  there  are  two  on  each 
side  above  and  below,  replacing  the  milk-molars ;  (2)  to  the 
mitral  valve  guarding  the  left  auriculoventricular  orifice 
of  the  heart,  the  corresponding  right  orifice  being  guarded 
by  the  tricuspid  valve,  (c)  In  entom. ,  to  a  claw  or  mandible 


,__,,  _.      [<  bi-2  +  cornnte. 

Cf.  bicorn.]  Two-h'orned;  bicornous;  specifi- 
cally, in  bot.,  having  two  horn -like  processes, 
as  the  fruit  of  Trapa  bicornis. 
licorporal  (bi-kor'po-ral),  a.  [<  L.  bicorpor, 
later  bicorporcus,  double-bodied,  <  bi-,  two-,  + 
corpus  (corpor-),  body.]  In  her.,  same  as  bicor- 
porate.— Bicorporal  Sign,  in  astral.,  a  zodiacal  sign 
whose  figure  represents  two  animals,  namely,  Pisces,  Gem- 

_ j     _. .        .___     „,      ,  ini,  or  Sagittarius. 

ing  ends;  hence,  one  such  end ;  a  beak-iron.—  bicorporate  (bi-kor'po-rat),  a. 

2.  Medieval  milit.,  a  name  for  the  martel-de-     [<  bi-2  +  corporate,  a.]    In  her., 
f er,  in  allusion  to  its  double  head,  of  which  one    having  two   bodies :    said  of   a 
side  was  made  pointed  and  the  other  blunt ;    beast  or  bird  used  as  a  bearing, 
any  similar  double-headed  weapon  or  tool. —  Bicosceca  (bi-ko-se'ka),  n.    [NL., 

3.  Any  iron  implement  ending  in  a  beak :  as    irreg.  <  Gr.  /Jococ,  a  wine-jar,  a 
if  a  contracted  form  of  beak-iron  (which  see).       bowl,  +  okof,  a  house.]      Same 

Also  beckern.  as  Bicceca. 

bickiron  (bik'I"ern),  n.   Same  as  bickern,  beak-  bicrenate  (bi-kre'nat),  a.    [<  bi-2 
iron.  +  crenate.']     In  bot.,  doubly  crenate:  applied  to 

biclavate  (bi-kla' vat),  a.     [<  bi-2  +  clavate.]     crenate  leaves  when  the  crenatures  are  them- 
Doubly  clavate ;  consisting  of  two  club-shaped    selves  crenate. 
bodies.  bicrescentic  (bi-kre-sen'tik),  a.     [<  bi-2  + 

Bicoeca  (bi-se'ka),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3/fcof,  a  drink-    crcscentie.']    Having  the  form  of  a  double  cres- 
ing-bowl  (see  beaker),  -fokof,  house.]     A  genus    cent. 

of  infusorians,  typical  of  the  family  Bicaecida!.  bicrural  (bi-kro'ral),  a.     [<   bi-2   +  crural.] 
Previously  written  Bicosceca.  Having  two  legs,  or  two  elongations  resem- 

Biccecidae  (bi-se'si-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bicceca    bling  legs. 

+  -idee.]    A  family  of  sedentary  animalcules,  bicuspid  (bi-kus'pid),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL.  bicus- 
They  are  ovate  or  pyriform  in  shape,  with  a  usually  more      pig  l.pid-),  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cuspis  (cuspid-),  a 
or  less  projecting  anterior  lip-like  prominence,  are  soli-     ~_i_i  -i      T          TJT — : —   * — «    —  ~:— ±«    ««•«»«    ~« 
tary  or  assdciated  in  colonies,  and  secrete  separate  horny 
sheaths  or  loricse,  which  are  mostly  stalked.    They  have 
two  terminal  flagella,  one  long  and  one  short,  transparent 
parenchyma,  no  distinct  oral  aperture,  and  the  endoplast 
and  one  or  more  contractile  vesicles  usually  conspicuous. 
Reproduction  results  from  transverse  subdivision  and  by 
the  separation  of  the  body  into  a  mass  of  sporular  ele- 
ments.   They  inhabit  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 

bicollateral  (bi-kp-lat'e-ral),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  col- 
lateral.] In  bot.,  having  the  two  sides  alike: 
applied  to  a  fibrovascular  bundle  in  which  the 
woody  portion  lies  between  two  layers  of  li- 
ber, or  vice  versa. 

In  Cucurbita,  Solanum,  and  others  the  bundles  are  bi- 
collateral.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  18. 

bicolligate  (bi-kol'i-gat),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  col- 
ligatus,  bound  togeth- 
er: see  bi-2  and  colli- 
gate, v.]  In  ornith., 
palmate,  but  not  toti- 
palmate;  having  the 
three  front  toes  unit- 
ed by  two  webs. 

bicolor  (bi'kul-or),  a. 
[<  L.  bicolor,  of  two 

colors,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  color,  color.]  Same  as  bi- 
colored. 

bicolored  (bl'kul-ord),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  colored. 
Cf.  L.  bicolor,  of  two  colors.]  Of  two  colors,  as 
a  flower. 

bicolorous  (bi-kul'o-rus),  a.    Same  as  bicolored. 

biconcave  (bi-kon'kav),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  concave.] 
Hollow  or  concave  on  both  sides ;  doubly  con- 
cave, as  a  lens.  See  lens. 

biconic,  biconical  (bi-kon'ik,  -i-kal),  a.  [<  bi-2 
+  conic,  conical.]  Doubly  conical;  resembling 
two  cones  placed  base  to  base. 

[The]  eggs  of  the  Grebes,  .  .  .  which  also  have  both 
ends  nearly  alike  but  pointed,  are  so  wide  in  the  middle 
as  to  present  a  biconical  appearance. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  III.  775. 

biconjugate  (bi-kon'jo-gat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  con- 
jugate.] 1.  In  pairs;  placed  side  by  side. — 
2.  In  bot.,  twice  paired,  as  when  each  of  the 
divisions  of  a  forked  petiole  bears  a  pair  of 
leaflets. 

biconsonantal  (bi-kon-so-nan'tal),  a.  Com- 
posed of  or  containing  two  consonants. 

biconvex  (bi-kon'veks),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  convex."] 
Convex  on  both  sides;  doubly  convex,  as  a 
lens.  See  lens. 

Of  the  various  forms  of  lenses  we  need  only  consider 
the  bi-convex  and  bi-concave.  Lommel,  Light,  p.  89. 

bicoquett,  n.     Same  as  bycocket.    Fairholt. 
bicorn  (bi'kdrn),  a.     [<  L.  bicornis,  two-horned, 

<  bi-,  two-,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.     Cf.  bickern.] 

Having  two  horns ;  bicornous. 


rides  on  a  bicycle. 
A  troop  of 
and  .  .  .  file 

bid  (bid),  ». ;  pret.  bade,  bad,  or  bid,  pp.  bidden 
or  bid,  ppr.  bidding.  [Under  this  form  two 
verbs,  orig.  distinct  in  form  and  sense,  have 
been  confounded  from  the  12th  century  or  ear- 
lier: (1)  Bid1,  ask,  pray,  <  ME.  bidden  (pret. 
bad,  pi.  beden,  baden,  pp.  beden,  biden),  ask, 
pray,  invite,  wish,  and  also  (by  confusion  with 
bid2)  command,  <  AS.  biddan  (pret.  bad,  pi. 
bcedon,  pp.  beden),  ask,  pray,  invite,  in  some 
cases  equiv.  to  command,  =  OS.  biddian  = 
OFries.  bidda  =  D.  bidden  =  OHG.  bittan,  MHG. 
G.  bitten  =  Icel.  bidhja  =  Sw.  bedja  =  Dan.  becle 
—  Goth,  bidjan  (pret.  bath,  pi.  bedum,  pp.  bi- 
dans)  (cf .  Goth,  bidagwa,  a  beggar,  and  AS.  becle- 
cian,  beg:  see  beg1),  perhaps  =  Gr.  -\/  *m6  (orig. 
*0!0)  in  ireideiv,  iriSelv,  persuade,  move  by  en- 
treaty, mid.-  wei6sc8cu,  mOccBai,  be  persuaded, 
obey,  trust,  =  ii.fidere,  trust.  Hence,  from  the 
AS.,  E.  bead;  from  the  L.,  E.  faith,  fidelity, 
affy,  affidavit,  confide,  confident,  infidel,  perfidy, 
etc.  (2)  Bid2,  command,  order,  direct,  pro- 
pose, offer,  etc.,  <  ME.  beclen,  beoden  (which 
would  regularly  give  E.  *beed  or  "bead),  com- 
mand, order,  offer,  announce,  also  invite  (pret. 
bead,  bed,  bead,  pi.  beden,  boden,  pp.  boden), 
<  AS.  beddan  (pret.  bead,  pi.  budon,  pp.  boden), 

u.  vv-,  K»»V-,   •   vw^/n,  Vv»w/^.vH-/,  «    command,  order,   offer,   announce,    threaten, 
a.  Having  two  points,  fangs,  or    etc.,  =  OS.  biodan  =  OFries.  biada  =  D.  bieden 

=  OHG.  biotan,  MHG.  G.  bieten  =  Icel.  bjodha 
=  Sw.  bjuda  =  Dan.  byde  =  Goth,  biudan  (pret. 
bauth,  pi.  budmn,  pp.  budans;  only  in  comp., 
anabiudan,  command,  faurbiudan  =  E.  forbid), 
command,  offer,  announce,  etc.,  =  Gr.  -\/  *Kvi) 
(orig.  *0w),  in  mivBdveadcu,  irvKadai,  learn  by 


•  — i-';; --TV     ^.  ore.     <,        miv,  , 

^forceps  deniistfTor^wifh    asking/ask,'  =  Skt.  V  &«<&  (orig.  "M 
ing  bicuspid  teeth.  awake,  understand  (see  Buddha) ;   cf . 


Bicolligate. — Foot  of  Duck. 


having  two  pointed  proce, 
bicuapidate.—  Bicuspid  " 
curved  beaks  for  extract! 

II.  n.  One  of  the  premolars  or  false  molars 
in  man,  of  which  there  are  in  the  adult  two  on 
each  side,  above  and  below,  between  the  canines 
and  the  true  molars.  They  are  the  teeth  which  suc- 
ceed and  replace  the  milk-molars  of  the  child.  Also  bi- 
cuspis. 

bicuspidal  (bi-kus'pi-dal),  a.  Same  as  bicus- 
pid :  the  usual  form  of  the  word  in  geometry. 

bicuspidate  (bi-kus'pi-dat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  cus- 
pidate. Cf.  bicuspid.]  Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicuspis  (bi-kus'pis),«. ;  pi.  bieuspides  (-pi-dez). 
[NL. :  see  bicuspid.]  Same  as  bicuspid. 

bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cyclus,  < 
Gr.  KtJ/cAof,  a  circle,  a  wheel:  see  cycle.]  A 
modification  of  the  two-wheeled  velocipede, 


Bicycle. 

consisting  originally  in  a  great  increase  in  the 
relative  size  of  the  driving-wheel,  by  means  of 
which  the  body  of  the  rider  is  brought  more 
nearly  over  the  center  of  this  wheel,  and  the 
action  of  the  feet  in  moving  the  treadles  be- 
comes more  nearly  that  of  walking.  In  some  bi- 
cycles the  positions  of  the  wheels  in  the  velocipede  are 
reversed,  the  smaller  preceding  the  larger,  and  steering 
it ;  there  are  also  other  forms.  Bicycles  are  provided  with 
brakes,  signal-bells,  ete.,  and  attain  great  speed. 
bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bicycled, 
ppr.  bicycling.  [<  bicycle,  n.]  To  ride  on  a  bi- 
cycle. 

1  (bl-sik'lik),  a.  _  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  cy- 


'mo ,    kijuvuiuuo.  uiv/yuilv*     ^<JI-BIJ^  iiJV,  **•      LN  •LJt    ut~j    ijwu-,  T^  uy- 

bicorned  (bl'kdrnd),  a.    [<  bicorn  +  -ed2.]    Bi-    clus  (see  cycle)  +  -ic.]    Consisting  of  or  having 


coraute. 


be 

OBulg. 

budeti,loe  awake.  From  AS.  beddan  come  boda, 
E.  bode,  a  messenger,  bodian,T&.  bode,  announce, 
portend,  AS.  bydel,  E.  beadle,  etc.:  see  bode1, 
bode2,  beadle.  While  some  senses  of  bid  are 
obviously  those  of  AS.  biddan,  and  others  ob- 
viously those  of  AS.  beddan,  no  formal  sepa- 
ration can  conveniently  be  made.  The  mod. 
forms  correspond  to  those  of  AS.  biddan,  the 
senses  chiefly  to  those  of  AS.  beddan.']  I.  trans. 

1.  To  ask;  request;  invite. 

Go  ye  therefore  into  the  highways,  and  as  many  as  ye 
shall  find  bid  to  the  marriage.  Mat.  xxii.  9. 

Provide  the  feast,  father,  and  bid  the  guests. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  pray;  wish  earnestly  or  devoutly ;  hence, 
to  say  by  way  of  greeting  or  benediction :  as, 
to  bid  good-day,  farewell,  etc. 

Neither  bid  him  God  speed.  2  John  10. 

3.  To  command ;  order  or  direct ;  enjoin. 

And  Peter  answered  him  and  said,  Lord,  if  it  be  thou, 
bid  me  come  unto  thee  on  the  water.  Mat.  xiv.  28. 

I  was  bid  to  come  for  you.      Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

Because  God  his  Father  had  not  bidden  him  to  do  it, 
and  therefore  He  would  not  tempt  the  Lord  his  God. 

Kingsley. 

[Occasionally  a  simple  infinitive  follows:  as,  "the  lady 
bade  take  away  the  fool,"  Shak.,  T  N.,  i.  5.] 

4.  To  offer ;  propose :  as,  to  bid  a  price  at  an 
auction. 

The  king  will  bid  you  battle  presently. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  2. 

Four  guineas  !  Gad's  life:  you  don't  bid  me  the  price  of 
his  wig.  Shendan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  1. 

In  buying  Books  or  other  Commodities,  'tis  not  always 
the  best  way  to  bid  half  so  much  as  the  seller  asks. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  SO. 

5.  To  raise  the  price  of  in  bidding;  increase 
the  amount  offered  for :  with  up  :  as,  to  bid  up 
a  thing  beyond  its  value. — 6.    To  proclaim; 
make  known  by  a  public   announcement ;  de- 
clare: as,  "our  bans  thrice  bid,"  Gay,  What 
d'ye  Call  it?— To  bid  beads,  to  pray  with  beads.   See 
bead. 

All  night  she  spent  in  bidding  of  her  bedes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  3. 

To  bid  defiance  to.  See  defiance.— To  bid  the  banns. 
See  banns.—  To  bid  the  or  a  baset.  See  base?.  =  Syn. 
1.  Invite,  S^tmmon.  etc.  See  call. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  an  offer;  offer  a  price: 


two  circles;  specifically,  in  bot.,  in  two  whorls,     as,  to  bid  at  an  auction. 


bid 

Antagonism.-.  between  ilitt'crriil  powers  in  till'  State,  or 

lll!hT<-1ll   lartioll-,  h;t\i'  rall^ril   Mil-     MI    Mfhrrof  tlle]U   t'»  t'i'l 

for  popular  support,  with  the  rcMilt  ol  i-ipular 

power.  //.  >'/«•/«•(•<•,  i'rin.  oi 

TO  bid  fair,  to  open  or  <>ti*  r  a  uuoil  prospect  ;  seem  likeh  . 

bid  (bid),  ».  An  offer  of  a  price;  specifically. 
an  offer  made  or  the  price  offered  at  an  auction  : 
us.  to  increase  another's  ImL 

bidactyl  (bi-dak'til),  (i.  [<  L.  It-,  two-,  +  Or. 
tdnTi'/'iii  .  linger,  toe.]  Same  as  didaclyl. 

bidagova  (bid-ii-go'vii),  ».  [Braz.]  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  a  substitute  for  coffee  pre- 
pared from  the  seeds  of  the  Cii.if.-ni  ncciilciitnli.-.: 


,->i. 

bidale  (bid'al),  H.  [<  bid,  invite,  +  ali:]  An 
entertainment  to  which  persons  were  invited 
for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to  the  relief  of 
some  une  in  distress.  [Prov.  Lug.]  Also  writ- 
ten hiiltill. 

I  hr'fe  was  an  antient  Custom  called  a  Bid-  Alt  or  Bid- 
dcr-Ali-,  trom  tlie  Saxon  Hidden  \ln'd<lun],  to  pray  or  Blip- 
plicate,  when  any  honest  Man  decayed  in  his  Rstate,  was 
srt  up  a^ain  by  the  li)>eral  Benevolence  and  Contribution!* 
of  Friends  at  a  Feast,  to  which  those  Friends  were  bid  or 
invited.  It  was  most  used  in  the  \Vest  of  England,  and 
in  gome  Comities  called  a  Uelp  Ale. 

Bra/id'*  /'op.  Antiif.  (1777),  p.  339,  note. 

bidarkee  (bi-diir'ke),  n.  [Also  written  bidarka  : 
native  name.]  A  boat  of  skins  \ised  by  the 
Aleutian  Islanders. 

There  are  three  miles  to  traverse  to  reach  the  nearest 
river,  ami  here  I  trusted  myself  to  one  of  the  far-famed 
aidarkirx.  b'tirtniijhtly  Ree.,  XLI.  399. 

biddable  (bid'a-bl),  a.  [<  bid  +  -able.'}  Obe- 
dient to  a  bidding  or  command  ;  willing  to  do 
what  is  bidden  ;  complying;  docile. 

She  is  exceedingly  attentive  and  useful  ;  .  .  .  Indeed, 
I  never  saw  a  more  biddable  woman. 

Dicken*,  Domlfey  and  Sou,  viii. 

A  more  gentle,  biddable  invalid  than  the  poor  fellow 
made  can  hardly  be  conceived. 

//.  Kintffili'ii,  Kiivenshoe,  xliv. 

biddance  (bid'ans),  w.  [<  but  +  -ance,]  Bid- 
ding; invitation.  [Rare.] 
bidder  (bid'er),  >t.  [<  ME.  bidder,  biddere  ; 
<  bid,  ask,  offer,  +  -eri.]  One  who  bids;  spe- 
cifically, (a)  one  who  begs;  (ft)  one  who  com- 
mands or  orders  ;  (c)  one  who  asks  or  invites  ; 
(il)  one  who  offers  to  pay  a  specified  price  for 
an  article,  as  at  a  public  auction. 

llitlili'rx  at  the  auction  of  popularity.  Burke. 

biddery-ware  (bid'e-ri-w3r),  >i.    Same  as  biilri. 
bidding  (bid'ing),  ii.     [ME.  bidding,  biddings  ; 
verbal  n.  of  bid  in  both  the  original  senses.] 
1  .  Invitation  ;  command  ;  order  ;  a  proclama- 
tion or  notifying. 

At  his  second  bidding  darkness  tied. 

Milton,  f.  L.,  111.  712. 

They  had  chalked  upon  a  slate  the  psalmes  that  were  to 
be  sung,  so  that  all  the  congregation  might  see  it  without 
the  bidding  of  a  Cleark.  Keelyn,  Wary,  Aug.  19,  1641. 

Henry  .  .  .  nominated  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Gray- 
son  for  the  two  senators  from  Virginia,  and  they  were 
chosen  at  bis  bidding.  Bancroft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  354. 

2.  The  act  of  making  an  offer  at  an  auction: 
as,  the  biddini/  was  lively. 
bidding-prayer  (bid'ing-prar),  n.  [See  be- 
low.] In  England,  the  prayer  before  the  ser- 
mon. As  directed  in  the  5">th  canon  of  the  Church  of 
England,  this  is  a  form  in  which  the  preacher  calls  on  ttie 
congregation  to  pray  for  the  church  catholic,  the  sover- 
eign, and  diltcreut  estates  of  men.  A  similar  form  of 
prayer  preceding  the  sermon  has  been  in  use  since  long 
before  the  Reformation.  At  first  it  was  called  Uiddiny  «/ 
the  bcddx  (literally,  praying  of  the  prayers),  after  the 
Reformation  bidding  of  tne  common  prayer*,  bidding  (of) 
prayers  or  prayer  (the  last  word  being  object  of  the  first); 
but  after  the  sixteenth  century  the  word  biddimi  came 
to  be  popularly  regarded  as  an  adjective,  or  the  phrase  6iV(- 
•lufi  ]<i-«i/'-r  as  a  quasi-compound,  a  prayer  which  bids  or 
directs  what  is  to  be  prayed  for.  A  collect  is  now  generally 
substituted  for  the  bidding-prayer  (and  sometimes  enllr.l 
by  the  same  name),  but  on  special  occasions,  and  in 
cathedrals  and  at  university  sermons,  the  bidding-prayer 
is  always  used.  LiturgiologtsU  often  designate  the  ,l<  .1 
con's  litanies  of  the  primitive  and  the  Ureek  Church  as 
bidding-prayer*.  See  ectfne  and  litattft. 

Our  people,  as  of  yore,  may  all  join  their  priest  and 
say  along  with  him,  before  he  begins  his  sermon,  the 
truly  Catholic  petitions  of  the  hiddimi-iirain'r. 

i:<«'k,  Church  of"  our  Fathers,  ii.  ::.M. 

biddy1  (bid'i),  «.;  pi.  biddies  (-iz).  [E.  dial,  and 
U.  b.,  perhaps  of  imitative  origin.  Cf.  chicka- 
biddy.] A  familiar  name  for  a  hen. 

Biddy2  (bid'i),  ».  [Dim.  of  Bridget,  a  fern. 
proper  name,  usually  {riven  in  honor  of  St. 
Bridget  (Ir.  and  Gael,  lirir/hid  (gen.  Srii/liidc. 
Bride,  whence  the  form  St.  Bride),  <  'hrii/li. 
strength),  who  lived  in  Ireland  in  the  f>th  ami 
6th  centuries.]  An  Irish  female  domestic;  a 
servant-girl.  [Colloq.,  U.  8.] 

bide  (bid),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bode,  ppr.  biding. 
L<  -Ml'.,  biili  a,  <  AS.  bidan  (pret.  bad,  pi.  bidon, 
pp.  biden)  =  OS.  6id««=OFries.  bida  =  D,  bei- 


547 

'i:n-  OHO.  bitini.  Ml l(i.  hit,-,,,  (i.  dial.  bciten  = 
[eel.  hidlut  =  Sw.  biiln  =  Dan.  hie  =  (loth.  In  i- 
linn,  wail.  Cf.  Ir.  Jiithiin,  I  wait,  =  Uael.  J'cith, 
wait.  See  n/iiili^  and  abmlr. ]  I.  iiitraim.  If. 
To  remain  in  expectation  ;  wait. —  2.  To  be  or 
remain  in  a  place  or  state;  wait. 

In  whose  cold  blood  no  spark  of  lion 

Shak.,3  Hen.  VI.,  i   i 

Safe  In  a  ditch  he  bidet, 
U'ith  twenty  trenched  gashes  "II  hit*  head. 

filnlk..  .Macliflh,  iii.  4. 

3.  To  dwell ;  reside. 

All  knees  to  tliee  shall  how,  of  them  that  bidr 
In  heaven,  or  earth,  or  under  earth  In  hell. 

Miltnn,  I1.  I..,  iii.  3-.il. 

And  Lancelot  saw  that  she  withheld  her  wish, 
And  bvtte  among  them  yet  a  little  space 
Till  he  should  learn  It. 

Tfiuiftxoif,  Lancelot  and  Klaine. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  wait  for;  await. 
He  has  the  elements  of  greatness  within  him,  and  he 
patiently  bidet  his  time.  Preteott. 

I  will  hid,'  you  at  King  Tryggve's  hill 
Outside  the  city  gates. 

William  Murrii,  Earthly  1'aradise,  I.  9. 

2.  To  endure;  suffer;  bear. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  wheresoe'er  you  are, 
That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm. 

Skat.,  Lear,  lit  4. 

oh,  humble  me  !  I  cannot  bide  the  joy 
That  in  my  Saviour's  presence  ever  flows. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  58. 

Bidens  (bi'denz),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  bidens,  having 
two  teeth:  see  bident.]  1.  A  genus  of  herba- 
ceous composite  plants,  closely  related  to  Dah- 
lia and  to  Coreopsis,  having  achenes  armed 
with  two  or  more  rigid,  persistent,  retrorsely 
barbed  awns.  They  are  coarse,  useless  weeds,  but 
some  of  the  species  have  conspicuous  yellow  flowers  and 
are  known  as  bur-marigolds.  The  persistency  with  which 
the  achenes  adhere  to  clothing  and  the  coats  of  animals 
has  given  rise  to  the  common  name  of  beyyar" it-tick*  or 
bey<jar'*-lic.f.  The  root  and  seeds  of  B.  biyinnata,  known 
as  Spanish  needles,  have  had  an  ill-founded  reputation  as 
emmenagogues  and  as  a  remedy  for  acute  bronchial  affec- 
tions. 

2.  In  ;ool.,  a  genus  of  hawks  with  two-toothed 
beak ;  same  as  IHodon  or  Barpagus  (which  see). 
Spix,  1834. 

bident  (bi'dent),  «.  [<  L.  biden(t-)s,  OL.  dui- 
den(t-)s,  with  two  teeth,  <  bi-,  dui-,  =  E.  twi-, 
two-,  +  den(t-)s=  E.  tooth.  Cf.  trident.']  1. 
In  arckaeol.,  an  instrument  or  a  weapon  with 
two  prongs.  Hence  —  2.  Any  two-pronged  in- 
strument. 

The  conversion  of  the  bident  Into  a  trident,  by  which, 
instead  of  two,  you  chalk  three  for  one. 

Foote,  in  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote,  cv. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  a.  [<  L.  Uden(t-)s,  with 
two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -al.~]  Same  as  ftfrfew tare. 

bidental  (bi-den'tal),  «.  [L.,  so  called  from 
the  animal  sacrificed  at  its  consecration  (<  ii- 
dcn(t-)s,  an  animal  for  sacrifice  whose  two  rows 
of  teeth  are  complete),  or  from  the  forked  light- 
ning (a  sense  of  bidental  in  ML.),  <  biden(t-)s, 
with  two  teeth  or  prongs :  see  bident.]  InKom. 
until/.,  a  monument  marking  a  place  that  had 
been  struck  by  lightning,  it  consisted  of  a  wall,  not 
roofed,  carried  around  the  site,  which  was  considered 
to  be  sacred  and  neither  to  be  trodden  nor  looked  upon, 
and  often  resembleda  raised  well-curb.  Such  monuments 
were  consecrated  by  the  pontiffs,  or,  later,  by  the  harus- 
pices,  by  the  sacrifice  of  a  sheep  or  other  victim,  and 
were  probably  given  in  charge  of  guardians,  themselves 
called  bidfntateg. 

bidentate  (bi-den'tat),  a.  [<  L.  biden(t-)g,  hav- 
ing two  teeth  (see  bident),  +  -ate1.]  Having 
two  teeth  or  processes  like  teeth ;  two-toothed. 
Other  forms  are  bidentated,  bidental,  bidentiitl. 
and  (rarely)  bidcnted. 

bidential  (bi-den'shal),  a.    Same  as  bidentate. 

bidenticulate  (bi-deii-tik'u-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  + 
denticulate.  Cf.  bidentate.]  Having  two  mi- 
nute teeth. 

bidery  (bid'e-ri),  n.    See  bidri. 

bidet  (bi-detv;  F.  pron.  be-da'),  w.  [<  F.  fti- 
det  (>prob.  It.  bidetto),  a  small  horse;  of  un- 
known origin.]  1.  A  small  horse;  formerly, 
in  the  British  army,  a  horse  allowed  to  each 
trooper  or  dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage. 

For  joy  of  which  I  will  .  .  .  mount  my  bidet  in  a  dance, 
and  curvet  upon  my  curtal.  B.  Jonton,  Chloridia. 

2.  The  basin  of  a  water-closet  so  made  that, 
in  addition  to  the  ordinary  places  of  entrance 
of  water-  and  discharge-pipe,  there  is  a  contri- 
vance for  washing  or  administering  injections : 
sometimes  made  as  a  separate  article  of  bed- 
room furniture. 

bid-hook  (bid'huk),  n.  [A  variant  of  ftead- 
linnl:.]  \iint.,  a  small  kind  of  boat-hook. 

bidigitate  (bi-dij'i-tat),  a.  [<  bi-?  +  digitate.] 
Having  two  digits,  or  two  nnger-like  processes. 


biens6ance 

biding  (bi'ding),  «.    [<  >IK.  lading,  bi/dyni/ ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  liide.}      1.  An  nwiiitinir:  c.\p«-i-t..- 
—  2.  KeHidciK-e;  habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  bottiy  l>een. 

/."'(••,  Jane  Shore,  I.  i 

bidiri,  «.    See  bidri. 

bidogyn  (bi-do'gin),  ».  [\V.,  a  dagger:  see  un- 
der  oodMn.]  In  Celtic  « ,///</. ,  a  dagger. 

bidri,  bidry,  bidree  (bid'ri,  bid-re';,  «.  [An- 
glo-lnd.,  alwo  bidery,  bidiri,  <  Hind,  li/itri,  < 
Hiilnr,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Hyderabad,  In- 
dia.] A  kind  of  ornamental  metal-work  of  In- 
dia, consisting  essentially  of  dama^-ening  of 
silver  upon  some  metal  ground  which  is  made 
black  by  coating  it  with  certain  chemicals,  in. 
alloy  used  as  the  basis  of  the  damascene  work  varies  in 
composition  in  different  hicalities ;  it  may  lie  either  bronze 
or  brass,  in  the  latter  case  sometimes  containing  a  very 
large  p< -i  >  -  nt  .1  .•  •  -I  /inr.  Also  called  buldert/ 

bidri-ware,  bidri- work,  ».    Same  as  biilri. 
bid-standt  (bid'stand),  11.    A  cant  term  for  a 
highwayman. 

Why,  I  tell  yon,  sir:  he  has  lieen  the  only  ttid-stand 

that  ever  kept  Newmarket    Salisbury-plain,  Hockley  i' 

the  Hole,  Uads-hill,  and  all  the  high  places  of  any  request. 

/.'.  Joiison,  F.very  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  4. 

biduous  (bid'u-us),  a.  [<  L.  biduun,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  dies,  day.]  Lasting  two  days  only,  as  some 
flowers. 

bieberite  (be'ber-it),  «.  [<  Bieber  (see  def.)  + 
-ite2.]  Native  cobalt  sulpnate  or  cobalt  vitriol : 
a  decomposition-product  of  other  cobalt  min- 
erals found  at  Bieber,  near  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

bielaga,  »•  The  Russian  stuigeon,Aeinenser  huso. 

bield  (beld),  n.     [Now  only  North.  E.  and  8c., 

in  8c.  also  written  beild,  biel;  early  mod.  E. 

bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  beeld,  beld,  belde,  <  AS. 

byldo  (=  OHG.  baldi,  MHG.  belde  =  Goth,  bal- 

thei),  boldness,  courage,  <  beald,  bold :  see  bold.] 

If.  Boldness;  courage;  confidence;  feeling  of 

security. — 2f.   Resource;  help;  relief;  means 

of  help  or  relief ;  support ;  sustenance. 

For  fuid  thou  gettis  nane  uther  l>,'il<l, 

But  ult  the  herbls  upon  the  Held. 

Sir  D.  Lyndfay,  The  Monarchic,  L  1087. 

3.  Shelter;  refuge;  protection. 

This  bosom  soft  shall  t>e  thy  beeld. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tas^>,  xvi.  49. 

The  random  beild  o'  clod  or  stane.  Burn*. 

Folk  maun  liow  to  the  bush  that  they  seek  britil  frae. 

Hogg,  Brownie,  ii.  197. 

4.  A  place  of  shelter. 

These  evil  showers  make  the  low  bush  better  than  no 
beild.  Scott,  Monastery,  I.  UL 

bield  (beld),  r.  [Now  only  North.  E.  and  Sc., 
in  Sc.  also  written  beild,  biel,  etc. ;  early  mod. 
E.  bield,  beeld,  etc.,  <  ME.  bcelden,  belden,  <  AS. 
bieldan,  byldan  (=  OS.  beldjan  =  OHG.  balden, 
MHG.  belden  =  Goth,  balthian,  intr.),  make 
bold,  <  beald,  bold:  see  bold,  n.,  and  cf.  bold, 
r.]  I.  trans.  If.  To  make  bold;  give  courage 
or  confidence  to.— 2.  To  defend;  protect;  shel- 
ter. 
Scorn  not  the  bush  that  beildi  yon. 

Scntt,  Monastery.  I.  xiv. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  be  bold  or  confident;  grow 
bold  or  strong. 

bieldy  (bel'dT),  a.  [Sc.,  also  written  beildy,  < 
bield  +  -y.]  Sheltered  from  the  weather;  af- 
fording shelter. 

His  honour  being  under  hiding  lies  a'  day,  and  whiles 
a'  night,  In  the  cove  in  the  dern  hag ;  .  .  .  it's  a  beildy 
enough  bit.  Scott,  Waverley,  II.  xxviii. 

biemarginate  (bi-e-mar'ji-nat),  a.  [<  M-2  + 
emarginate.]  In  eiitoni.,  having  two  emargina- 
tions  or  concavities  in  the  margin. 

Wen,  bienly,  bienness.    See  bein,  etc. 

biennial  (bi-en'i-al), «.  and  H.  [<  L.  bienninm, 
a  space  of  two  years,  <  bicnnis,  lasting  two  years 
(>  biennalig,  adj.),  <  W-  +  annns,  year:  see  W-2 
and  tinniinl.]  I.  ".  1.  Happening  or  taking 
place  once  in  two  years:  as,  biennial  games. 

I  consider  biennial  elections  as  a  security  that  the  sober 
second  thought  of  the  people  shall  be  law.  A  HIM  (1788). 

2.  Continuing  or  lasting  for  two  years ;  changed 
or  renewed  every  two  years:  said  especially  of 
plants. 

II.  w.  1.  A  plant  which  requires  two  seasons 
of  growth  to  produce  its  flowers  and  fruit, 
growing  one  year  and  flowering,  fruiting,  and 
dying  the  next. — 2.  An  exercise,  as  a  college 
examination,  occurring  once  in  two  years. 
Sometimes  also  MMMMMd 

biennially  (bi-en'i-al-i),  adc.  Once  in  two 
years;  at  the  return'of  two  years. 

bienseance  (F.  pron.  byan-sa-ons'),  n.  [F->  < 
bienteant,  becoming,  seemly,  <  bien  (<  L.  bene), 
well,  +•  aeaiit,  becoming,  seemly,  lit.  sitting, 


ppr. 


bienseance  648 

of  seoir,  sit,  befit,  <  L.  sedcrc  =  E.  sit.]  biferous  (bif 'e-rus),  a.  [_<JL.lifer,  bearing  twice 


fieceney;  decorum;  propriety;  seemliness. 

The  rule  of  observing  what  the  French  call  the  Men- 
seance  in  an  allusion  has  been  found  out  of  later  years, 

cou.^ionsoft^d. 


(<  61-,  twice,  "+  ferre  =  E.  bear1),  +  -ous.']  In 
&ofc,  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  twice  a  year,  as 
some  plants  ill  warm  climates. 


big 

0  madness  of  discourse, 
That  cause  sets  up  with  and  against  thyself ! 
Ili-fold  authority  !  Shak.,  T.  and  0.,  v.  2. 


u^uiic*,  n.     Plural  of  bifolimn. 

bifoliate  (bi-fo'li-at),  «.     [<  bi-2  +  foliate.]     In 


ciety.  W.  R.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  219. 

bienvenuet  (F.  pron.  byaii-ve-nu'),  ».  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  lenvenue,  ME.  lienvenu,  <  OF. 
(and  F.)  lienvenue,  <  6ie»,  well,  +  venu,  com- 
ing, pp.  oivenir,  <  L.  venire,  come.]  1.  Wel- 


a  dial,  corruption  of 
beefing,  <.  beef +' -ing  :"so  called  from  the  red 
color  of  the  apple.]  1.  An  excellent  cooking- 
apple  cultivated  in 


apple  crushed  into  a  flat  round  cake. 
bifid  (bi'fid),  a.   [<  L.  liftdus,  forked,  <  li-,  two-, 
+  findere  (Jid-),  cleave,  divide,  =  E.  lite,  q.  v.] 


divided  half-way  down  into  two  parts;  open 
ing  with  a  cleft ;  divided  by  a  linear  sinus,  with 
straight  margins. 

It  will  be  observed  that  each  of  the  simple  cells  has 
a  bifid  wart-like 


come. 

They  by  this  have  met  him, 
And  given  him  the  bienvenu. 

Massinyer,  The  Picture,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  fee  exacted  from  a  new  workman  by  his 
fellows,  especially  in  printing-offices. 

A  new  bien  venu,  or  sum  for  drink,  was  demanded  of 
me  by  the  compositors.  I  thought  it  an  imposition,  as  I 
had  paid  it  below  [to  the  pressmen]. 

Franklin,  Autobiography. 

bier  (ber),  n.  [The  present  spelling  is  perhaps 
in  imitation  of  the  F.  Here;  early  mod.  E.  reg. 
leer,  <  ME.  leere,  leer,  lerc,  <  AS.  leer  (= 
OFries.  lere  =  OS.  Idra  =  D.  boar  =  OHG. 
bara,  MHG.  bare,  G.  bahre  (>  Pr.  lera  =  F. 
Here)  =  Icel.  barar,  mod.  lorur,  pl.,  =  Sw. 
bar  =  Dan.  laare),  a  bier,  <  leran  (pret.  lair, 
pl.  lieron),  bear.  Cf .  L.  feretrum,  <  Gr.  ftperpov, 
and  E.  larrow2,  from  the  same  ult.  root.  See  ^fla^  inflated  (bif'i-dat,  -da-ted),  a.  [<  L. 


late.]    In  lot.,  having  two  leaflets:  applied  to 

a  compound  leaf. 
bifolium  (bl-fo'li-um),  n.;  pl.  bifolia  (-a).    [NL., 

<  L.  li-,  two-,  +  folium,  leaf.]    In  math.,  a  plane 

curve  having  two  folia  or  depressions.     See  cut 

under  bitangent. 
bifollicular  (bi-fo-lik'u-liir),  a.     [<  li-2  +  fol- 

licular.~\     In  lot.,  having  a  double  follicle,  as 


+  Jindere  (M-,  ceave,      ve,  =     .      e  q.  v.  apocyn-ace(ms  piants. 

Cleft  or  divided  into  two  parts ;   forked,  as  bifor^te  (bi-fo'rat),  a.  [<  L.  li-  +  foratus,  per- 

the  tongue  of  a  snake  _;  specifically,  in  lot.,  fo"ated  '        of  ^rare  =  E.   ftorcl.]     In  lot., 

(\i-\*ii\cir\    }-\  ft  1  f-'wo  xr   rlr»W7»i     int.  ft    t.wn    Tlfl.TTifi !    OT>PT1-  -.  * .  .2 j_* «,    .tl,  „     «•« 


Bifid  circle,  a  circle  cut  at  the  extremities  of  a  diameter 
by  another  circle,  in  regard  to  which  it  is  said  to  be  bifid. 
-Bifid  substitution,  in  math.,  a  substitution  Delating 
to  pairs  of  8  letters  as  (' 
rule  that  the  whole  8  an 

of  4,  and  that  every  pair  both  ._ 

to  the  same  set  of  4  is  to  be  replaced  by  the  other  pair 
of  the  same  set  of  4,  while  the  rest  of  the  pairs  remain 
unchanged. 


having  two  pores  or  perforations,  as  the  an- 
thers of  a  rhododendron.  Also  biforous. 
biforine  (bif'o-rin),  ».  [<  L.  biforis.  two- 
doored,  <  bi-,  two-,  +/ons  =  E.  door."]  In  lot., 
a  minute  oval  sac  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some  arace- 
ous  plants,  with  an  aperture  at  each  end  through 


,  .,  which  raphides  are  expelled. 

arftolfdis?mgPuTsneeddlinn?ob2yseis  Biforipalk  (bi-fo-ri-pal'a),  ».     [NL.,  <  L.  U-, 
ir  both  members  of  which  belong     two-,   -r 


Specifically  -2.  A  framework  on  which  a  bifldi'yty  (bi-fid'i-ti),  n.     [<  foi/id  +  -%.] 
se,  or  the  coffin  containing  it,  is  laid  be-  ut*  ^  gtat(v  of  ^ei      bifld> 

jjfl^j.  (bi-fi'lar),  a.  and  n. 

L.  tfto,  thread  :  see/fe3] 
-•'-'. 


bear1.]   If.  A  frame,  usually  of  wood,  on  which 
to  carry  a  load;  a  barrow;  a  litter;  a  stretch- 

corpse>  „ 

fore  burial;  also,  one  on  which  it  is  carried  to 

the  grave  by  hand. 

After  Mass  was  done,  the  priest  walked  down  and  stood 
by  the  bier  whereon  lay  stretched  the  corpse. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  306. 

3.  A  count  of  forty  threads  in  the  warp  or 
chain  of  woolen  cloth.    Imp.  Diet. 
bier-balkt  (ber'bak),  n.     [<  bier  +   balk1,  a 
ridge,  a  path.]    A  balk  left  in  a  field  for  the 
passage  of  funerals. 
A  broad  and  sufficient  bier-balk. 

Homily  for  Rogation  Week,  iv. 

bier-right  (ber'rit),  n.  An  ancient  ordeal,  in 
which  those  who  were  suspected  or  accused  of 
murder  were  required  to  approach  and  touch 


to  lifidus:  see  bifid."]    Same 


The 


[<  6«-2  + 
- 


,    .    foris  —  E.'  door,  +  palla,  mantle.] 

An  order  of  bivalve  mollusks,  supposed  to  be 
distinguished  by  having  two  openings  in  the 
mantle,  one  for  the  foot  and  the  other  for  ex- 
crement. It  was  thus  based  on  a  misconception. 
Its  constituents  were  the  Mytilacca  and  Naya- 
des.  Latreille. 

biforked  (bi'fdrkt),  a.    [<  bi-2  +  forked.    Cf. 
bifurcate."]    Having  two  forks  or  prongs  ;  two- 
T   „  fv,™          forked :  as,  "  a  biforJced  beam,"  Soutliey. 

-  ^    ..  -,     -        a-  Tw°-thread-  biform,  biformed  (bl'f&rm,  -fonnd),  a.    [<  L. 

ed ;  having  two  threads — Bifllar  magnetometer,     7,;/;,,...,;-,,  /  7,,-    two.  +  forma  shar>e  1     Having 

^X^?«tt;^i^ 

Bifllar  suspension,  an  important  contrivance  for  mea-  bifCTlnity  (bi-for  mi-ti),  n.  [<  oyorm  T  -ity.} 
suring  horizontal  couples  or  forces  of  rotation,  first  used  rjijjg  state  of  being  biform ;  a  doubleness  of 
in  ttie  bifllar  magnetometer.  The  needle,  bar,  disk,  or  fn 

other  body  which  the  couple  to  be  measured  is  to  turn  is  ,Vi      •         ,,-„-,       ..  o  T.-*      t 

suspended  at  equal  distances  from  and  on  opposite  sides  blforOUS  (bl-fo'rus),  a.     bame  as  olforate. 
of  its  center  of  gravity  by  two  equally  long  threads  from  bifoveolate,  bifoveolated  (bl-fo've-o-lat,  -la- 
two  fixed  points  on  one  higher  level.    Thus,  under  the     te(j\    a       r(  fo_2  +  foveolate.~\     In  e'niom.,  hav- 
influence  of  gravity  alone,  the  suspended  body  comes  to     iZZ''*—-.   Jx,,r,rl    ai,allnw  nW  «r  fnvpm  on  tho 
equilibrium  with  the  two  threads  in  a  vertical  plane,     ing  two  round  Shallow  pitl 
When  it  is  turned  through  any  angle  about  a  vertical     surface. 

[L. :  see  lifront.]    Same 
as  F ' " 


en        s  , 

axis  through  its  center,  its  weight  tends  to  restore  it  to  bifrons  (bi'fronz),  a. 
its  original  position;  and  the  moment  _of  this  force  of     as  ^front. 


the  corpse  of  the  murdered  person  as  it  lay  on    %%"J£^£>$^*^£%^^  bifront  (bi'frunt),  a,    [<  L   lifron(t-)s  having 


the  bier.  If  when  touched  the  corpse  bled,  this  was 
supposed  to  indicate  the  guilt  of  the  person  touching  it. 

biest,  biestings,  ».     See  beestings. 

bietle  (be'tl),  ».  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  kind  of 
jacket,  made  of  an  entire  deer-skin,  worn  by 
the  women  of  the  Apaches.  L.  Hamilton,  Mex. 
Handbook,  p.  49. 

bifacial  (bl-fa'shial),  a.  [<  li-2  +  facial]  1. 
Having  the  opposite  surfaces  alike. — 2.  In  lot., 
having  the  opposite  faces  unlike:  as,  the  bi- 
facial arrangement  of  the  parenchyma  or  green 


the  weight  of  the  suspended  body.  This  moment  in- 
creases with  the  angle  of  displacement  up  to  90'" ;  conse- 
quently, if  the  force  to  be  measured  is  not  too  great,  it 


the  old  position  beng  o 

lating  the  magnitude  of  the  force. 


two  foreheads  (an  epithet  of  Janus),  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  fron(t-)s,    forehead,    front.]     Having   two 


ting  the 

II.  n.  A  micrometer  fitted  with  two  threads. 
bifilarly  (bi-fi'lar-li),  adv.    In  a  bifilar  man- 
ner  ;  by  means  of  two  threads  :  as,  "  supported 
bifilarly,"  S.  P.  Thompson,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p. 
298. 

pulp  upon  the  two  faces  of  a  leaf.  Also  dorsi-  bifistular,  bifistulous  (bi-fis'tu-lar,  -lus),  a. 
ventral.  —  3.  Having  two  fronts  or  principal  [<  &i-2  +  fistular,  fistulous.]  Having  two  tubes 
faces  ;  specifically,  having  two  human  faces  or  channels. 

turned  in  opposite  directions,  as  a  medal  or  an  biflabellate  (bi-fla-bel'at),  a.     [<  li-2  +  flabel- 

late.]    In  entom.,'  having  short  joints,  as  an 


the  means  of  calcu-     Same  as  lifront. 

bifurcate  (bi-fer'kat),  v.  i.:  pret.  and  pp.  lifur- 
cated,  ppr.  bifurcating.  [<  ML.  lifurcatus,  pp. 
adj.,  two-forked  (cf.  L.  lifurcus,  two-forked), 
<  L.  ii-,  two-,  +  furcatus,  forked:  see  furcate.'} 
To  divide  into  two  forks  or  branches. 

The  central  trunk  which  runs  up  the  foot-stalk  bifur- 
cates near  the  centre  of  the  leaf. 

Darwin,  Insectiv.  Plants,  p.  247. 

At  present  the  Gulf  Stream  bifurcates  in  mid-Atlantic, 
one  branch  passing  north-eastwards  into  the  Arctic  re- 
gions, whilst  the  larger  branch  turns  south-eastwards  by 
-     ,  -  . ,          the  Azores.  J.  Crott,  Climate  and  Cosmology,  p.  148. 

3T5j££!±£&2S25ftS  bifurcate,  bifurcated  (bi-fer'kat, -ka-ted),  a. 


with  a  very  long,  somewhat  flattened  process, 
the  processes  lying  close  together,  so  that  the 
whole  organ  is  somewhat  fan-like.  It  is  an 
extreme  modification  of  the  bipectinate  type. 


bifurcately  (bl-fer'kat-li),  adv.    In  a  bifurcate 


image 
bifara   (bif'a-ra),  n.    [It.,  also  liffara,  pifara, 

piffero,  a  pipe :  see  pipe.]    In  organ-luildina,  a 

stop  the  pipes  of  which  are  either  two-mouthed 

or  sounded  in  pairs,  and  are  so  tuned  that  the 

two  tones  emitted  differ  slightly  in  pitch,  thus     

producing  a  wavy  tone.     Also  called  piffero,  biflagellate  (bi-fla-jel'at),  a.     [<  bi-2  +  flagel-  ^S^l\m  rhi  fpr  ka/sh 

undamaris,  celestina,  etc.  lum  +  -ate1."]     Having  two  whip-like  appen-  «lft  ™>->-n: 

bifarious  (bi-fa'ri-us),  a.      [<  L.   bifarius  (=    dages  or  flagella :  as,  a  biflagellate  infusorian. 

Gr.  di^ao-iof),  twofold,   <  bi-  +  -farius,  <  fa-ri        Tne  <.  hooked  Monad "  is  another  bi-flagellate  form. 

(=  Gr.  <jM-vat),  speak.     Cf.  multifarious."]    Di-  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  420. 

vided  into  two  parts  ;  double;  twofold.    Specifi-  biflecnode(bi-flek'nod),w.  [IrregXL.  6i-,  twice, 

caUy-(a)In6o(.,pointingintwoways,orarrangedjutwo     -f  flec(terc),  bend,  +  nodus,  node.]    In  math.,  a 

node  or  point  at  which  a  curve  crosses  itself, 
and  which  is  at  the 


same 

time  a  point  of  inflection,  or 
a  point  where  the  direction 
of  the  bending  changes. 
This  is  a  singularity  found 
among  quartic  and  higher 
curves. 


opposite  rows,  as  leaves  that  grow  only  on  opposite  sides 
of  a  branch.  (6)  In  zool.,  two-rowed ;  two-ranked ;  dis- 
tichous or  dichotomous,  as  the  hairs  of  a  squirrel's  tail, 
or  the  webs  of  a  feather. 

bifariously  (bi-fa'ri-us-li),  adv.  In  a  bifarious 
manner. 

bifasciate  (bl-fag'i-at),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  fasciate."] 
In  zool.,  having' two  transverse  or  encircling 
bands  of  color. 

Bifaxaria  (bi-fak-sa'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  LL.  64/00:,  biflorate  (bi-flo'rat),  a.  [< 
two-faced,  <  6J-, ,  two-,  +  fades,  face.]  Agenus  bi-2  +  florate.]  In  lot.,  bearing  two  flowers. 
of  polyzoans  with  two  rows  of  cells  facing  in  biflorOUS  (bi-flo'rus),  a.  [<  NL.  Mflorus,  <  L.  bi-, 
opposite  directions,  typical  of  the  family  Bifax-  two-,  +  flos  (fior-),  flower.]  Same  as  liflorate. 
ariidce.  bifocal  (bi-fo'kal),  a.  [<  li-2  +  focal.]  Having 

Bifaxariidss  (bi-fak-sa-ri'i-de),  n.  pl.     [NL.,  <    two  foci. 

Bifaxaria  +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  chilostomatous  bifoil  (bi'foil),  n.  [<  li-2  +  foil3,  leaf.]  An 
polyzoans,  typified  by  the  genus  Bifaxaria.  The  old  and  synonymous  name  of  the  British  plant 
cilary  or  zoarium  is  rigid,  biserial,  and  variously  branched;  fwavTilnrlp  1 4<ttfrn  mtntfi 
the  cells  or  zouicia  are  alternate,  closely  connate  back  to  ,  .Y  aA  ^-%-^f  rx  7,  2  +  f™^ 

back,  and  lacing  in  opposite  directions.    Eleven  existing   DlIOlQ  (bi  told),  a.      l<.  bi-*  -t-  -/oM.J 
species  are  known.  double  ;  of  two  kinds,  degrees,  etc. 


Twofold ; 


[<  bifurcate 

+  -ion.']  1.  A  forking  or  division  into  two 
branches ;  separation  into  two  parts  or  things ; 
in  optics,  same  as  double  refraction.  See  refrac- 
tion.—  2.  A  point  at  which  forking  occurs ;  one 
or  both  of  the  bifurcating  parts. 

bifurcous  (bi-fer'kus),  a.  [<  L.  llfurcus,  two- 
forked,  <  li-,  two-,  +  furca,  a  fork.]  Same  as 
lifurcate. 

big1  (big),  a.  [<  ME.  lig,  bigg,  bigge,  lyg,  etc., 
powerful,  strong,  large ;  origin  unknown.  The 
E.  dial,  bug,  bog,  proud,  important,  self-suffi- 
cient, agrees  partly  in  sense,  but  appears  to 
be  unrelated:  see  bog3,  bug*."]  If.  Of  great 
strength  or  power. — 2.  Having  great  size  ;  large 
in  bulk  or  magnitude,  absolutely  or  relatively. 

Methinks  he  seems  no  biyyer  than  his  head. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6. 

The  world  wagged  on  in  its  accustomed  way,  bringing 
all  manner  of  changes  big  and  little.  W.  Black. 

3.  Great  with  young;  pregnant;  ready  to  give 
birth ;  hence,  figuratively,  full  of  something  im- 
portant ;  ready  to  produce ;  teeming. 

At  length  thu  momentous  hour  arrives,  as  big  with  con- 
sequences to  man  as  any  that  ever  .struck  in  his  history. 
Everett,  Orations,  p.  81. 


big 

4.  Distended;  full,  as  of  grief,  passion,  cour- 
age, determination,  goodness,  etc. 

Thy  heart  is  big ;  get  thce  apart  and  weep. 

,  J.  (.'.,  iii.  1. 


Formyself,  I  tind  my  heart  t<m  /"'</;  I  fed  I  have  not  pa- 
tience to  limk  on,  whilst  you  run  these  forbidden  com  -.  s. 
l:,;m.  BM  /'''-,  Kiim  and  V)  King,  iii.  :i. 

5.  Tumid;  inflated,  as  with  pride;  hence, 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughti- 
ness ;  pompous ;  proud ;  boast  fill :  as,  big  looks ; 

bill  words. 


.-,  Ill 

The  large  white-heart  cherry,  red  on  one  side 
and  white  on  the  other, 
bigaster  (bi-gas'ti-r),  n.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  Gr. 

-,ua->,i>,  belly.]     Same  as  biventer. 
big-bellied  (big'bel'id),  «.     1.  Having  a  large 
or  protuberant  belly. 

He  [William  Kufu»]  was  in  stature  somewhat  below  the 
usuul  stee,  an<)  /./•/•'" •!>/•  •</.  -•'.  Ui.it.  Kng. 

2.  Advanced  in  pregnancy.     [Vulgar.] 
big-boned  (big'bond),  a.    Having  large  bones; 
stout;  very  strong. 


Big-boned,  and  large  of  linii),  with  sinews  strong. 

Itryilrn,  Pal.  and  Are.,  Hi.  45. 


lie  In  ^an  [o  look  hi'i,  and  take  niiuhtily  upon  him. 

Hii-ij't,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Iv. 

6.  viivMt  us  regards  influence,  standing,  wealth,  big-cornedt(big'k6rnd),a.  Having  large  grains.     and  North".  Eng.] 
ete.     [Colloq.]  ^  Big  game.   See  .;«««•  i .—  Big  tree, 

t  hr  mammoth  tree,  .sv./i/i/n(  <//-M, if'  ",  l< mi iti  on  the  slopes 
of  the  Sirira  Nevada,  central  California,  particularly  ill 
the  "big-tree  grove"  in  ( 'alaveras county.  =Syn.  2.  Large, 
ete.  (sec  'n't'"').  1'iilky,  huge,  massive. —  5.  Loity,  pompous, 

:l!TO._;l!lt,    illl]lllltant. 

big2,  bigg-  (big),  v.  [<  ME.  biggen,  byggen,  < 
Icel.  byggja,  older  form  byggva  (=  Sw.  bygga 
=  Dan.  bygge  =  AS.  biiian),  build,  dwell  in,  in- 


biglandular 

biggin1' (big'in),  H.  [Named  from  the  inventor, 
Mr.  I  ii  i  ii  1 1  n,  about  1800.]  A  kind  of  coffee-pot 
containing  a  strainer  for  the  infusion  of  the 
coffee,  without  allowing  the  grounds  to  mix 
with  the  infusion.  N.  E.  D. 

bigging  (big'ing),  n.  [Also  biggin,  <  ME.  big- 
giiig,  a  building.  <  biggrit,  build:  see  big^.]  A 
building;  a  habitation;  a  home.  [Scotch  and 
North.  Eng.] 

biggont,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  biggin1. 

biggonet  (big'o-net),  n.     [Also  bigonct,  after 


eijuiv.  OF.  bi-i/iiiiii  I ;  dim.  of  biggnii,  biggin1,  a. 
v.]    A  cap  or  head-dress;  a  biggin.    [Scotch 


The  strength  of  big-corn  d  powder. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirahilis,  II.  149. 

Bigelovia  (big-e-16'vi-a),  H.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  Jacob  liigelow  (17(57-1879),  a  physician  and 
botanist  of  Boston,  U.  8.  A.]  A  genus  of  Com- 
posite, nearly  related  to  Solidago,  containing 
over  30  species,  natives  of  western  North  Amer- 


And  gi'e  to  me  my  bijgonet, 

My  bishop'*  satin  gown, 
For  I  maun  tell  the  bailie's  wlfo 

That  Colln's  come  to  town. 

Jean  Adaiiu,  There's  noe  Luck. 


habit,  a  secondary  form  of  bua  (pret.  pi.  bjoggn) 
=  AS.  buan,  dwell:  see  IH-I,  bmrt-r,  boor.]    I. 
trims.    If.   To  inhabit;    occupy. —  2f.   Reflex- 
ively,  to  locate  one's  self. — 3.  To  build;  erect; 
fashion.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 
ii  /,/./-/.(/  liar  they  a  higly  bour 
Kast  liy  (lie  roaring  slrmi'L 
Kiine  the  Red,  uiul  White  l.illii.  in  child's  Ballads,  V.  174. 

Il.t  in  traits.  To  dwell;  have  a  dwelling. 

big",  bige3  (big),  n.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.,  more 
commonly  bigg,  early  mod.  E.  also  bygg,  byggc, 
late  ME.  byge,  <  Icel.  bygg  =  Sw.  bjitgg  =  Dan. 
byg,  barley,  =  AS.  beow,  grain,  ult.,  like  the 
remotely  related  6(</2(  bigg*,  <  y  bu,  grow,  be, 
Skt.  y'  ohu,  be,  Gr.  tj>i>?o3ai,  grow:  see  be1.]  A 
kind  of  winter  barley  cultivated  in  northern 
Europe,  especially  in  Scotland ;  properly,  four- 
rowed  barley,  Honleum  vulgarc,  inferior  to  but 
hardier  than  H.  licxastichon,  of  which  it  is  some- 
times called  a  variety.  See  bear9. 

biga  (bi'gil),  n.  [L.,  sing,  from  earlier  pi. 
bigiv,  a  pair  of  horses,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  them,  contr.  of  bijugw,  fern.  pi.  of  bijugus, 
yoked  two  together,  <  bi-,  two-,  4-  jugum  =  E. 
yoke.]  In  Rom.  antiq.,  a  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast. 

bigamt  (big'am),  n.  [<  ME.  bigam,  <  OF.  btg- 
(tinc,  <  LL.  bigamus,  twice  maiiied:  see  big- 
amy.] A  bigamist. 

Some  parts  thereof  teach  us  ordinances  of  some  apostle, 
as  the  law  of  bigamy,  or  St.  Paul's  ordaining  that  a  biyain 
should  not  be  a  deacon  or  priest. 

Bp.  J'ecock,  in  his  Life  by  J.  Lewis,  p.  286. 

bigamist  (big'a-mist),  n.     [<  bigamy  +  -ist.] 

Oue  who  has  committed  bigamy,  or  had  two 

or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  once. 

Lantech  the  prime  bigamist  and  corrupter  of  marriage. 

Donne,  Hist,  of  the  Septuagint,  p.  202. 

bigamous  (big'a-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  bigamus: 
see  bigamy. ]  Of  or  pertaining  to  bigamy; 
guilty  of  bigamy ;  involving  bigamy :  as,  a  big- 
IIIIUHIX  marriage. 

And  very  good  reading  they  (the  novels  of  our  grand- 
motheral  were  too  in  their  way,  though  ft  was  not  the 
way  of  the  bigammm  und  murderous  school  that  has  come 
after  them.  A'.  A.  Rec.,  CXXIII.  223. 

bigamy  (big'a-mi),  H.  [<  ME.  bigamie,  <  OF. 
liii/iimic,  <  ML.  bigumia,  bigamy,  <  LL.  bif/<im/<x, 
twice  married,  a  bigamist  (equiv.  to  Gr.  mya/ioc, 
>  Styajiia,  bigamy),  <  L.  bi-  (=  Gr.  it-),  twice,  + 
yiipof,  marriage.]  1.  Literally,  double  mar- 
riage ;  remarriage  during  the  existence  of  a 
former  marriage ;  in  late,  the  offense  of  having 
two  or  more  wives  or  husbands  at  the  same 
time.  To  constitute  the  offense,  which  by  statute  law 
is  a  felony,  it  is  necessary,  by  the  law  of  many  jurisdic- 
tions, that  tiie  accused  should  have  actual  or  constructive 
knowledge  that  the  tlrst  wife  or  husband  was  still  living 
when  tile  second  one  was  taken,  and  that  the  second  mar- 
riage should  have  lu-i'll  one  solemnised  under  tile  forms  of 
la«,  and  not  merely  an  informal  marriage  resting  on  the 
contract  of  the  parties,  or  their  holding  out  each  other  to 
the  world  us  himliand  and  wife.  Where  these  elements  of 
knowledge  ami  of  formality  are  wanting,  the  second  mar- 
riage is  still  generally  invalid,  but  not  bigamous  in  the 
criminal  sense. 

2f.  Second  marriage ;  remarriage  of  a  widow 

Ol1' widower.  In  the  er.rly  church,  before  the  establish- 
ment of  clerical  celibacy,  such  remarriage  on  the  part  of 
a  man  was  generally  regarded  as  an  impediment  to  holy 
order*.  Marriage  with  a  widow  is  called  bigamy  by  .sliak- 
spere  in  Iticlmtd  III.,  iii.  7. 

bigarade  (big'a-rad),  n.  [F.]  The  bitter  or 
Seville  orange,  I'itrus  Aiirtintitini,  variety  />/</"- 
ratlin. 

bigaroon  (big-a-rou'),  H.  [With  term,  altered 
in  E.,  <  F.  hii'/iirri'ini.  white-heart  cherry  (cf. 
liiijurnin;  motley,  medley,  mixture).  <  liii/'iirn-r, 
Mveak,  checker,  variegate;  of  disputed  origin.] 


lea.  They  are  mostly  fiuffrutesceut  or  shrubby,  with  nar- 
row and  entire  leaves,  and  small  rayless  heads  of  yellow 
iln\\i  is.  />',  <•>  n-'ta,  from  the  Iwrders  of  Mexico,  is  one 
of  the  sources  of  a  drug  calli  il  //n»iiitna. 

bigemina,  ».    Plural  of  bigeminitm. 

bigeminate,  bigeminated  (bi-jem'i-nat,  -na- 
ted),  a.  [<  bi-'f+  geminate.  Cf.  L.  bigeminus, 
doubled.]  Twin-forked;  doubly  paired;  bi- 
conjugate:  in  hot.,  said  of  a  decompound  leaf 
having  a  forked  petiole,  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
at  the  end  of  each  division. 

bigeminum  (bl-jem'i-num),  n.;  pi.  bigcmina 
(-nii).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  bigeminus,  doubled,  < 
bi-,  twice,  +  gcminus,  twin.]  One  of  the  cor- 
pora bigemina  or  twin  bodies  of  the  brain ;  one 
of  the  anterior  pair  (nates  cerebri)  of  the  cor- 
pora quadrigemina ;  one  of  the  optic  lobes, 
when  there  are  only  two,  instead  of  four  as  in 
the  higher  mammals.  Wilder. 

big-endian  (big-en'di-an),  n.  and  o.  I.  n.  A 
member  of  the  Lilliputian  party  in  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels"  who  maintained,  in  op- 
position to  the  little-endians,  that  boiled  eggs 
should  be  cracked  at  the  big  end ;  hence,  one  of 
any  corresponding  set  of  disputers  about  trifles. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  big  end 
of  an  egg,  or  any  equally  foolish  matter,  as  a 
subject  of  controversy. 

bigener  (bi'je-ner),  n.  [L.,  hybrid,  mongrel,  < 
61-,  two-,  +  genus (gener-),  kind:  see  genus.]  A. 
cross  between  two  species  of  different  genera ; 
a  mule. 

bigeneric  (bl-je-ner'ik),  a.  [As  bigener  +  -ic  : 
see  6(-2  and  generic.]  Having  the  characters 
of  two  different  genera ;  having  the  character 
of  a  bigener. 

bigential  (bl-jen'shal),  a.  [<  ML.  bigen(t-)s,  of 
two  nations,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  gen(t-)s,  a  nation.] 
Comprising  two  tribes  or  peoples. 

big-eye  (big'I),  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Priacan- 
tnus  and  family  Priaeanthida; :  so  called  from 
its  very  large  round  eyes. 

big-foot  (big'fiit),  «.  [Tr.  of  the  generic  name 
Megapodius.]  A  book-name  of  a  mound-bird 
of  the  genus  Megapodius. 

bigg1!,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  big1. 

bigg2,  v.     Seeing*. 

bigg3,  n.    See  big3. 

biggah,  H.    See  bega. 

biggen  (big'n),  v.  [<  big1  +  -en1.]  I.f  trans. 
To  make  big ;  increase. 

II.  mtraits.  1.  To  grow  big;  become  larger. 
[Dialectal.]  —  2.  To  gain  strength  after  con- 

.  linemen!.     [North.  Eng.] 

The  gossips  regularly  wish  the  lady  a  good  biggening. 
Brodcett,  North  Country  Words,  p.  16. 

bigger  (big'er),  «.  [<  big*,  bigg*,  +  -er1.]  A 
builder.  [Scotch.] 

biggin1  (big'in),  n.  [Also  written  biggen,  big- 
i/nii,  early  mod.  E.  also  bt/ggen,  begin,  <  OF.  be- 
ij HI  n,  mod.  F.  bfyuin  =  It.  beghino,  a  cap,  so 
named  from  that  worn  by  the  nuns  called  Re- 
giiines,  ME.  begine,  bcggin  (early  mod.  E.  bigin, 
biggayne,  etc.):  see  Beguin.]  I.  A  child's  cap. 
—  2.  A  nightcap. 

Brow  with  homely  biggin  bound. 

'Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 
An  old  woman's  big-jin  for  a  nightcap. 

Massinger,  The  Picture,  iv.  2. 

3.  In  England,  the  coif  of  a  Serjeant  at  law. — 

4.  A  head-dress  worn  in  the  later  middle  ages, 
and  throughout  the  seventeenth  century,  by 
both  men  and  women.     That  worn  by  women 
was  broad  at  the  top,  with  projecting  corners, 
like  ears. 

biggin2  (big'in),  n.  [Another  form  of  piggin, 
q.  v.]  A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  can. 


bigha  (big'ii),  n.    Same  as  bega. 

bighead  (blg'hed),  «.  A  local  name  of  a  Cali- 
fornian  species  of  sculpin,  AorpflMMMbyi  mar- 
moratus,  a  fish  of  the  family  Cottidtr.  Also  call- 
ed l-llbf-OH. 

bighorn  (big'hfirn),  n.  1.  The  Rocky  Moun- 
tain sheep,  Ofis  montana:  so  called  from  the 
immense  size  of  the  horns,  which  resemble  those 
of  the  argali,  but  are  shorter  and  comparatively 
stouter  and  not  so  spiral.  The  animal  In  other  re- 
spects resembles  and  is  closely  related  to  the  argali,  of 


Bighorn  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (Ovis  montana). 

which  It  is  the  American  representative.  In  color  it  Is 
grayish-brown,  with  whitish  buttocks,  like  the  other  wild 
sheep.  It  stands  altout  3i  feet  high  at  the  withers,  and 
is  very  stoutly  built.  It  inhabits  the  higher  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  Tnited  States  from  New  Mexico 
and  southern  California  northward,  down  nearly  or  quite 
to  sea-level  in  the  higher  latitudes,  and  is  abundant  in 
suitable  localities  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho, 
etc.  It  is  much  hunted  for  its  nesh,  which  makes  excel- 
lent mutton.  Like  other  wild  sheep,  ft  is  gregarious. 

2.  The  great  fossil  Irish  elk  of  the  peat-bogs, 
Cervus  megaeeros.     [Rare.] 

bight  (bit),  n.  [<  ME.  byeht,  b>/gt,  <  AS.  byht, 
a  bend,  a  corner  (=D.  bocht  =  Q.  bueht,  a  bay, 
bight,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bugt,  bend,  bight  of  a  rope, 
a  bay) ;  cf.  byge,  a  bend,  angle,  <  bfigan  (pp. 
bogen),  bend,  bow:  see  bow1,  and  cf.  the  ult. 
identical  E.  bought1,  bout1,  and  the  related  bail1, 
a  ring,  hoop:  see  bout1.]  If.  Abend  or  bend- 
ing; an  angle,  especially  in  a  living  body,  as 
of  the  elbow,  or  the  inward  bend  of  a  horse's 
chambrel,  or  the  bend  of  the  fore  knees. — 2. 
A  loop  of  a  rope,  in  distinction  from  the  ends; 
any  bent  part  or  turn  of  a  rope  between  the 
ends. 

They  put  the  bight  of  a  rope  round  Ben's  neck  and  slung 
him  right  up  to  the  yard-arm. 

S.  0.  Jeuxtt,  Deephnven,  p.  95. 

3.  A  narrow  bay  or  recess  in  a  sea-coast  be- 
tween comparatively  distant  headlands ;  a  long 
and  gradual  bend  of  a  coast-line :  used  especial- 
ly in  the  names  Bight  of  Benin  and  of  Biafra 
in  Africa,  and  the  Great  Australian  Bight  (on 
the  south  coast). 

The  spangle  dances  In  lii'jhi  and  bay. 

Tennyton,  .Sea-Fairies. 

On  the  warm  bight*  of  the  Florida  shores. 

D.  Q.  Mitchell.  Bound  Together,  ill. 

4.  A  similar  bend  in  the  shore  of  a  river  or  a 
bav,  or  recess  in  a  mountain ;  a  bay-like  inden- 
tation.    [Rare.] 

In  the  very  bite  or  nook  of  the  bay  there  was  a  great 
Inlet  of  water. 

De  Foe,  Voyage  around  the  World.    (JV.  K.  D.) 

Bowline  on  a  bight    See  incline. 
bight  (bit),  r.  t.    [<%//,,«.]    To  fold  or  double 

so  as  to  make  one  or  more  bights, 
biglandular   (bi-glan'du-lar),  a.      [<  W-2  + 
Having  two  glands. 


biglot 

biglot  (bi'glot),  a.    [<  L.  hi-,  two-,  +  Gr.  yAur 
tongue.]   In  two  languages;  bilingual.  N.E.I). 
[Rare.] 

biglyt  (big'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  bigly,  powerfully, 
bravely;  <  big1  +  -?»*•]  In  a  tumid,  swelling, 
blustering  manner;  haughtily;  arrogantly. 

He  brawleth  bigly.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  701. 

bigmouth  (big'mouth),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
f'cntrarcliida1,  Chasnobryttusgiilosiis.  Also  called 
irnrmouth.  See  cut  under  Centrarchidce. 
bigness  (big'nes),  11.  [<  bigl  +  -ness.']  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  big;  largeness  of  propor- 
tions; size,  whether  large  or  small;  bulk,  ab- 
solute or  relative. 

Hayle  of  suche  bygnesse  that  it  slewe  both  men  and 
beestys.  Fabyan,  I.  238. 

Their  legs  are  both  of  a  bigness.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 
The  biijness  and  uncouth  deformity  of  the  camel. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

Large  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  ash,   beech,  poplar,  and 
many  other  sorts  of  timber,  of  surprising  bigness. 

Bcecdey,  Virginia,  ii.  If  2. 

Bignonia  (big-no'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Bignon,  librarian  to  Louis  XV.]  A  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  natural  order  Bigno- 
niaceee,  natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  the 
new  world.  The  species  are  characterized  by  a  twin- 
ing or  climbing  stem,  frequently  in  the  tropics  reaching 
the  tops  of  the  highest  trees,  with  divided  leaves  and  often 
magnificent  trumpet-shaped  flowers.  In  the  stems  of 
some  species  the  wood  is  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  cross- 
like  appearance  in  section.  The  most  northern  species, 
B.  capreolata  of  the  southern  United  States,  is  frequent- 
ly cultivated  in  gardens,  and  others  are  ornaments  of 
greenhouses.  B.  Chica  of  South  America  yields  an  orange- 
red  coloring  matter  called  chico  (which  see). 

Bignoniacese  (big-no-ni-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Bignonia  +  -acea.]  A  natural  order  of  mono- 
petalous  dicotyledonous  plants  with  irregular 


650 

ly  and  unreasonably  wedded  to  a  particular 
religious  or  other  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or 
ritual  ;  a  person  who  is  illiberally  attached  to 
any  opinion,  system  of  belief,  or  party  organi- 
zation ;  an  intolerant  dogmatist. 

In  philosophy  and  religion  the  bigot*  of  all  parties  are 
generally  the  most  positive.  Watts. 

The  bigotx  of  the  iron  time 
Had  called  his  harmless  art  a  crime. 

Scott,  i.  of  L.  It.,  Int. 

The  existence  of  genuine  piety  amid  serious  errors  is 
forgotten,  or  rather  rejected,  by  certain  illiberal  minds, 
the  bigots  of  exclusive  ecclesiastical  hypotheses,  who,  in 
maintaining  that  "out  of  the  church  there  can  be  no  salva- 
tion," would  have  us  believe  that  there  is  none  out  of  their 
own.  Is.  Taylor,  Spiritual  Despotism,  §  10. 

II.  t  ft.  Same  as  bigoted. 

In  a  country  more  Urjot  than  ours. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Limberham. 

bigoted  (big'ot-ed),  a.  [<  bigot  +  -ed2.]  Having 
the  character  of  a  bigot  ;  obstinately  and  blind- 
ly wedded  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual  ;  unreasonably  and  intolerantly 
devoted  to  a  system  of  belief,  an  opinion,  or  a 
party.  Also  rarely  spelled  bigottea. 

A  more  abject,  slavish,  and  bigoted  generation.     Steele. 

So  nursed  and  bigoted  to  strife.  Byron. 

A  bigoted  Tory  and  High  Churchman. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,xvii. 

bigotedly  (big'ot-ed-li),  adv.    In  a  bigoted 

manner;  with  irrational  zeal. 
bigoticalt  (bi-got'i-kal),  a.     [<  bigot  +  -ical.] 

Bigoted. 

Some  bigotieal  religionists. 

Cudworth,  Intellectual  System,  p.  18. 

bigotry  (big'ot-ri),  n.  ;  pi.  bigotries  (-riz)  .  [<  F. 
bigoterie,  <  fagot.]  The  character  or  mode  of 
thought  of  a  bigot  ;  obstinate  and  unreasona- 
ble attachment  to  a  particular  creed,  opinion, 
practice,  ritual,  or  party  organization;  exces- 
sive zeal  or  warmth  in  favor  of  a  party,  sect, 
or  opinion;  intolerance  of  the  opinions  of 
others. 

Those  biyvtriet  which  all  good  and  sensible  men  despise. 

Pope. 

Were  it  not  for  a  bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we  could 
hardly  imagine  that  so  many  absurd,  wicked,  and  bloody 
principles  should  pretend  to  support  themselves  by  the 
gospel.  Watts. 

James  was  now  a  Roman  Catholic.  Religious  bigotry 
had  become  the  dominant  sentiment  of  his  narrow  and 
stubborn  mind.  Macaiilay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

=Syn.  Credulity,  Fanaticism,  etc.  (see  superstition),  nar- 

row-mindedness, prejudice,  intolerance. 
bigroot  (big'rot),  n.     The  name  in  California 

of  species  of  Megarrhisa,  a  cucurbitaceous  vine 

the  roots  of  which  grow  to  an  immense  size. 
big-SOUnding  (big  'soun"  ding),  a.    Having  a 

pompous  sound. 


Big-s 


unding  sentences  and  words  of  state. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  i.  3. 


b  •"' 


BigHoniacea. 


. 

Flowering  Branch  of  Trumpet-creeper  (  Tecoma  rtidicatu 
opened  follicle  of  same,  showing:  seeds;  t>.  seed  of  Catalpa  bi 
oides.    'From  Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  "  Traiti  general  de     ota- 
nique.") 

flowers,  a  pod-like  fruit,  and  winged  seeds 
without  albumen.  They  ave  trees  or  shrubby  climb- 
ei-s  or  twiners,  natives  chiefly  of  warm  regions,  and  are 
especially  abundant  in  South  America.  Of  the  many 
genera,  the  best  known  are  Bignonia,  Tecoma  (the  trum- 
pet-creeper), including  some  trees  that  furnish  hard  and 
close-grained  woods,  Crescentia  (the  calabash-tree),  and 
Catalpa  of  the  United  States. 

bignoniaceous  (big-np-ni-a'shius),  a.  In  hot., 
pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Bignonificetc. 

bigoldt  (bi'gold),  n.  The  yellow  oxeye  or  corn- 
marigold,  Chrysanthemum  segetnm.  Gerard. 

bigot  (big'pt),  n.  and  a.  [First  at  end  of  16th 
century,  <  F.  bigot,  a  bigot,  a  hypocrite,  <  OF. 
liigot;  of  disputed  origin.  Under  this  form  two 
or  more  independent  words  appear  to  have 
been  confused,  involving  the  etym.  in  a  mass 
of  fable  and  conjecture.  Whatever  its  origin, 
bigot,  as  a  vague  term  of  contempt,  came  to  be 
confused  with  Begiiin  and  Beghard.  This  con- 
fusion appears  in  ML.  Bigutti,  Biguttce,  used  in 
the  15th  century  as  equivalents  of  Beghardi  and 
Beguiiia;.  See  Beghard  and  Bcguin.]  I.  n.  If. 
A  hypocritical  professor  of  religion;  a  hypo- 
crite; also,  a  superstitious  adherent  of  reli- 
gion. N.  E.  D.  —  2.  A  person  who  is  obstinate- 


big-swollen,  big-swoln  (big'swo'len,  -swoln), 
a.    Greatly  inflated;  swelled  to  great  bulk; 
turgid;  ready  to  burst. 
My  big-ncoln  heart.  Shale.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

biguttate(bi-gut'at),  a.  [<  M-2  +  guttate.] 
In  zool.,  marked  with  two  small  spots. 

bigwig  (big'wig),  11.  [<  big1  +  wig,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  large  wigs  worn  in  Great  Britain 
by  judges  and  others  in  authority.]  A  great 
man  ;  a  person  of  consequence  ;  one  high  in  au- 
thority or  rank.  [Slang.] 

Her  husband  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
a  Conseiller  d'Etat,  or  other  French  biy-ivig. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xlvi. 

bigwigged  (big'wigd),  a.  Pompous;  solemnly 
authoritative. 

Towards  nightfall  comes  the  chariot  of  a  physician  and 
deposits  its  biyu'itiged  and  solemn  burden. 

Hawthorm,  Twice-Told  Tales,  1. 

bihamate  (bi-ha'mat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  hamate.] 
Doubly  hooked  ;  having  two  hooks. 

The  bihamate  "spicules  of  the  sarcode"  so  character- 
istic of  the  genus  Esperia  and  its  allies. 

Sir  C.  W.  Thomson,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  113. 

bihourly  (bi-our'li),  «.  and  adv.  [<  6i-2  + 
hourly.]  Every  two  hours;  once  every  two 
hours:  as,  bihourly  observations. 

bihydroguret  (bi-hi-drog'u-ret),  n.  [<  W-2  + 
hydrog(en)  +  -uret.]  A  compound  of  hydrogen 
with  a  non-metallic  or  negative  element  or 
radical,  in  the  proportion  of  two  atoms  of  hy- 
drogen to  one  atom  or  group  of  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compound. 

bijou  (be-zho"),  «.  [F.  ;  of  unknown  origin.] 
1.  A  jewel;  specifically,  a  jewel  of  gold  richly 
wrought  in  the  metal  itself  without  the  aid  of 
precious  stones.  See  bijouterie.  Hence  —  2. 


bilander 

An  object  of  beauty  of  small  size ;  something 
delicately  pretty  ;  any  relatively  small  charm- 
ing object. 

bijouterie  (be-zhb'tre),  «.  [F.,  <  bijou.]  Jew- 
elry ;  small  ornaments  for  personal  decoration ; 
specifically,  jewelry  of  gold  richly  adorned  In 
the  metal  itself,  with  little  or  no  use  of  precious 
stones. 

bijoutry  (be-zho'tri),  it.     Same  as  bijouterie. 

bijugate  (bi-jo'gat),  a.  [<  W-2  +  jugate.]  1. 
In  mi  mis.,  bearing  two  profile  heads,  one  of 
them  overlapping  the  other.  See  cut  under  ac- 
eolated. — 2.  In  bot.,  having  two  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets or  pinnse :  used  of  pinnated  leaves. 

bijUgOUS  (bi-jb'gus),  a.  [<  L.  bijiigus,  yoked 
two  together:  see  biga.]  Same  as  bijugate. 

bijugue  (bi'jog),  n.  [<  L.  bijugus,  yoked  two  to- 
gether: see  bijugous.]  A  double  bottle  consist- 
ing of  two  complete  vessels  attached  to  each 
other  by  strips  of  the  same  material,  so  that 
they  form  one  piece. 

bike  (bik),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  byte,  <  ME. 
bike,  Injke,  a  hive.]  A  nest  of  wild  bees,  hor- 
nets, or  wasps. 

The  smelle  of  my  son  is  lyke 

To  a  feld  with  flouris.  or  hony  byke. 

Ttiirneley  Mysteries,  p.  4.3. 

bikh  (bik),  n.  The  name  given  by  the  natives 
of  Nepal  to  a  most  virulent  poison  derived 
from  the  roots  of  Aconitum  fcrox  and  proba- 
bly other  species  of  aconite,  and  to  the  roots 
themselves ;  Nepal  aconite.  Also  called  high, 
bixlnita,  or  bixk. 

bikos  (bi'kos),  n. ;  pi.  bikoi  (-koi).  [Gr.  /Time,: 
see  beaker.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  form  of  earthen- 
ware vase,  usually  of  large  size,  used,  like  other 
large  vases  of  similar  character,  for  storing  pro- 
visions, liquids,  etc.  It  was  shaped  like  a  stamnos 
with  handles,  and  is  mentioned  also  as  made  of  small 
size,  sometimes  in  glass,  to  serve  as  a  drinking-vessel  or 
a  perfume-jar. 

bikshu  (bik'sho),  ».  [Skt.  bMTtshu.]  A  Bud- 
dhist mendicant  monk. 

bikshuni  (bik'sho-ne),  ».  [Skt.  bliikxHiini.]  A 
Buddhist  nun. 

bil  (bil),  n.  [Also  called  billard  and  billet ;  ori- 
gin obscure ;  perhaps  connected  with  billet?,  a, 
stick  or  club.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
coal-fish,  Follaehius  virens. 

bilabe  (bi'lab),  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  labium,  lip.] 
In  stirg.,  an  instrument  for  removing  small  for- 
eign bodies  from  the  bladder  through  the  ure- 
thra. 

bilabiate  (bi-la'bi-at),  a.     [<  6»-2  +  labiate.] 

1.  Possessing,  or  having  the  appearance-  of 
possessing,  two  lips:  in  bot., 

applied  to  an  irregular  corolla 
or  calyx  whose  lobes  are  so 
arranged  as  to  form  an  upper 
and  a  lower  lip.  This  character 
prevails  in  the  natural  order  Labiates, 
and  is  frequent  in  some  other  orders. 

2.  In  conch.,  having  the  outer 
lip  doubled  by  a  thickening 
behind  the  margin  or  true  lip. 

bilabiation    (bl-la-bi-a'shon), 

n.     [<  bilabiate  +  -ion.]    The 

quality  or  condition  of  being 

two-lipped,  or  having  two  lips ; 

a  bilabiate  formation.    Amer. 

Jour.  fSci.,  3d  ser.,  XXIX.  319. 
bilaciniate  (bi-la-sin'i-at),  a. 

iatc.]     In  bot.,  doubly  laciniate. 
bilalo  (bi-la'16),  n.    '[Also  written  gttilala;  a 

native  name.]    A  two-masted  passenger-boat, 

about  65  feet  long  and  10  feet  broad,  peculiar 

to  Manila  bay.     It  carries  an  outrigger  for  use  when 

the  wind  blows  fresh,  and  has  a  large  cabin  behind  the 

mainmast. 

bilainellate  (bi-lam'e-lat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  lamel- 
late.] Doubly  lamellate ;  having  two  lamellae ; 
specifically,  in  bot.,  composed  of  two  plates  and 
as  many  stigmas  and  placentas,  or  bearing  two 
plates,  as  the  lip  of  some  orchids. 

bilamellated  (bi-lam'e-la-ted),  a.  Same  as  bi- 
lamellate. 

bilaminar  (bl-lam'i-nar),  a.  [<  fii-2  +  laminar.] 
Consisting  of  two  thin  plates  or  lamina' ;  two- 
layered. 

bilaminate  (bi-lam'i-nat),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  lami- 
nate.] Having  two  plates  or  lamina;. 

bilan  (F.  pron.  be-loii'),  n.  [F.,  <  LL.  bitaiur 
(sc.  libra),  a  balance:  see  balance.]  A'balance- 
sheet :  the  name  given  in  Louisiana  to  a  book 
in  which  merchants  keep  account  of  their  assets 
aud  liabilities. 

bilandt,  •».     See  bi/land. 

bilander  (bil'au-der  or  bi'lan-der),  n.  [Also  by- 
lan<lcr  (cf.  F.  liclaiidre),  <  D.  bijlandcr,  <  by,  = 


Bilabiate  Calyx  and 
Corolla  of  Salvia 
(sage). 

[<  W-2  +  lacin- 


bilander 

E.  byl,  +  land  =  E.  land.]  A  small  merchant 
vessel  with  two  masts,  and  the  mainsail  bent 

to  the  whole 
length  of  a 
yard,  hanging 
fore  and  aft, 
and  inclined 
to  the  horizon 
at  an  angle 
of  about  45 
degrees,  the 
foremost  low- 
er corner, 
called  the 
in:'!.,  being 
secured  to  a 
ring-bolt  in 
the  deck,  and 
the  after- 
most, or  sheet, 
to  the  taffrail.  l<Y\v  vessels  are  now  rigged  in  this 
manner.  Tin.*  bilamler  is  a  kind  of  liny,  manageable  by 
four  or  five  men,  and  used  chiefly  In  the  canals  of  the  Low 
Countries. 

Why  choose  we,  then,  like  bilandert  to  creep 
Alimt:  the  coast,  ami  land  in  view  to  krt  p'.' 

liriiitm,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  128. 

bilateral  (bi-lat'e-ral),  a.     [<  NL.  bilateralis,  < 

L.  hi-  +  latus  (later-),  side:  see  lateral.']     1. 

Having  two  sides;    of  or  pertaining  to  two 

sides ;  two-sided. 

The  liil/ttfi-itt  movements  escape  in  cases  of  hemiplegia 
in  spitr  «>f  dt^trnction  of  some  of  the  nervous  arrange- 
ments representing  them.  Pop.  Sri.  Mo.,  XXV.  176. 

2.  Iii  bot.,  having  the  sides  different. 

The  vegetation  in  all  Hepatica)  is  bilateral  that  is,  dif- 
ferently developed  on  the  upper  and  under  sides. 

Butt,  nf  III.  State  Laboratory.  II.  6. 

3.  In  biol. ,  having  the  sides  symmetrical — Bilat- 
eral contract,  in  late,  a  contract  which  hinds  the  parties 
to  perform  reciprocal  obligations  each  toward  the  other. 
Kapalje  and  Lawrence.— Bilateral  restriction,  in  logic, 
the  restriction  of  a  proposition  at  once  in  its  subject  and 
in  its  predicate,  as  in  the  following  example:  All  triangle 
is  all  trilateral ;  some  triangle  is  some  trilateral.—  Bilat- 
eral symmetry,  the  symmetry  of  right  and  left  halves 
or  other  parts  of  the  body ;  sinistrodextral  symmetry ; 
transverse  antitypy.    Also  called  lateritypy. 

In  both  the  foregoing  cases  it  is  the  bilateral  iymmetrtj 

which  is  so  peculiarly  characteristic  of  locomotive  power. 

W.  B.  Carpenter,  Prln.  of  Physiol. 

Bilateralia  (bl-lat-e-ra'li-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  bilateralis:  see  bilateral.']  1.  A  collec- 
tive name  of  those  animals  which  exhibit  bilat- 
erality  or  bilateral  symmetry,  as  of  right  and 
left  sides.  J.A.Ryder. —  2.  A  division  of  Am- 
bulnrrtiria  represented  by  Balanoglossus  alone, 
contrasted  with  other  echinoderms  which  are 
called  Itadiat-a.  Metscnnikoff. 

bilateralism  (bi-lat'e-ral-izm),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ism.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilate- 
ral: bilateral  symmetry. 

bilaterality  (bi-lat-e-ral'i-ti),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -ity.]  Same  as  bilateralism. 

bilaterally  (bi-lat'e-ral-i),  adv.  In  a  bilateral 
manner;  on  both  sides:  as,  a  Waterally  sym- 
metrical larva. 

bilateralness  (bi-lat'e-ral-nes),  n.  [<  bilateral 
+  -wiwt.J  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bilat- 
eral ;  bilateralism ;  in  zool.,  bilateral  symmetry. 
In  the  Sycamore  and  the  Vine  we  have  a  cleft  type  of 
leaf  in  which  a  decided  bilateralneng  of  form  co-exists 
with  a  decided  bilateralnejts  of  conditions. 

a.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  229. 

bilberry  (bil'ber-'i),  «.:  pi.  bilberries  (-iz). 
[Formerly  also  spelled  bill-berry  and  bull-berry. 
The  last  form,  if  not  simulated,  is  prob.  right, 
<  buffi-  +  berryi.  Another  species,  the  red 
whortleberry,  is  named  cowberry,  and  the  NL. 
name  of  the  genus,  Vaccinium,  means  'cow- 
berry.' The  word  bull  enters  into  the  names 
of  several  other  plants,  as  bullweed,  bullirort. 
bulrush.  Cf.  hartberry,  another  name  for  bil- 
ln  fry.  But  the  relation  of  the  equiv.  Dan.  bolle- 
fertr,  also  simply  boUe,  whortleberry,  to  Dan. 
biill,  a  castrated  bull  (cf.  Icel.  boli  =  Norw.  bol 
=  E.  bull1),  is  not  clear.  The  usual  Dan.  term 
for  bull  is  tyr  =  Sw.  tjur  =  Icel.  ttjorr  =  E. 
steer.  The  name  blaeberry  is  of  different  origin : 
see  blaeberry.]  1.  A  shrub  and  its  fruit,  t'ae- 
Cinium  Jtyrtillu.-:  In  s,  ,,tbm,l  the  bilberry  is  usually 
called  tteeotrnf,  from  its  blaf.  or  dark-blue  color.  '  See 
Vaccinia  in  aiiil  n-h'irtli'bfrry. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  in  the  United 
States  to  the  fruit  of  the  shad-bush,  Amrlati- 
i-ltiir  t'liiiinlfiiKig...  Bog-bilberry,  \'aeeinium  uliyi- 

iivsinn  of  the  i  nitcd  stall's  and  Knrope.--  Dwarf  bil- 
berry, I',  artpitositin. —  Jamaica  bilberry,  i*.  tut-i-i<iii>- 

nul'-. 

bilbo1  (bil'bo),  «.;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilboic,  bilboe,  bilboa,  prop. 
a  sword  of  Bilbao  (in  E.  formerly  Bilboa)  in 


551 


bilifulvin 


Spain,  such  swords  being,  like  those  of  Toledo  bileve1!,  i1.    See  bcl' 
(see  Toledo),  held  in  high  esteem  for  their  tern-  bileve'-'t,  r.    See  btlim. 

per.]  1.  Formerly,  a  sword  or  sword-blade,  bilge  (bilj),  n.  [In  17th  century  also  bildqe 
famous  for  extreme  elasticity,  made  in  Bilbao  and  bill/trje^  ;  var.  of  bulge:  see  bulge.]  1.  The 
in  Spain.  wider  part  or  bolly  of  a  cask,  which  is  usually 

Compass'd  like  a  good  bilbo  in  the  circumference  of  a     in   the   middle. —  2.   The  breadth  of   a  ship  8 
peck,  hilt  to  point,  heel  to  head. 

N/,,,*-.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  Hi.  6. 

Hence — 2.  Any  sword.     [Poetical.] 

At  Poitiers  bath'd  their  bilboe*  in  French  blood. 

Drat/ton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  72. 

bilbo2  (bil'bo),  «.;  pi.  bilboes  or  -bos  (-boz). 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  bilbotp,  bilboe,  usually  in 
pi. ;  prob.  so  named,  like  bilbo1,  from  Bilbao 
in  Spain;  but  direct  evidence  is  lacking.]  A 


Bilboes,  from  the  Tower  of  London. 

long  bar  or  bolt  of  iron  having  sliding  shackles 
and  a  lock,  formerly  used  to  confine  the  feet 
of  prisoners  or  offenders,  especially  on  board 
ship :  usually  in  the  plural. 

Mi'thought  I  lay 
Worse  than  the  routines  in  the  bilboes. 

ShaJc.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 

bilbo-mant  (bil'bo-man),  «.    A  swordsman. 
You  are  much  bound  to  your  bilbo-men ; 
I  am  glad  you  are  straight  again,  captain. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 

bilboquet  (bil-bo-kef),  n.  [Also  dial.,  in  def. 
2,  bilooketch,  bilbocatch,  bilverketcho,  etc.,  <  F. 
bilboquet,  OF.  billeboquet,  billebauquet ;  origin 
obscure.]  If.  A  gardener's  measuring-cord  or 
-line.  Cotgrave. —  2.  The  toy  called  cup-and- 
ball. — 3t.  An  8-inch  mortarfor  throwing  shells. 
— 4.  An  implement  for  curling  hair,  fairholt. 

bilcock  (bil'kok),  «.  [Also  called  bidcock,  < 
bil-  or  bid-  (origin  unknown)  +  cock1.]  The 
water-rail  of  Europe,  Ballus  aquaticus. 

bildt,  bildert.    Old  spellings  of  build,  builder. 

bildstein  (bild'stin).  n.  [G.,  <  bifd,  image,  fig- 
ure (<  MHG.  bilde,  <  OHG.  bilidi  (=  OS.  MUM 
=  OFries.  'biletite,  byld  =  D.  beeld  =  Sw.  be- 
late  (also  bild,  prob.  borrowed)  =  Dan.  billede, 
billed),  prob.  <  M-  =  E.  AS.  bi-,  bu-,  +  lid  =  OS. 
lith  =  Goth,  lithus  =  E.  lith,  a  limb,  member: 
see  by-,  be-1,  and  lith),  +  stein  =  E.  stone.]  Same 
as  agalmatolite. 

bile^Hbil),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  byle,  <  ME. 
bile,  byle  (occasionally  bid,  beel,  >  E.  beal,  prop, 
a  dial,  form:  see  beal1),  <  AS.  byle  =  OFries. 
beil,  bel  =  MD.  bule,  D.  buil  =  LG.  bule,  biile  = 
MHG.  biule,  G.  beitle,  bile,  =  Icel.  beyla  =  Sw. 
bula  =  Dan.  bule,  bugle,  a  swelling;  cf.  Icel. 
bola  =  Sw.  bold  =  Dan.  byld,  a  blain,  a  blister ; 
<  Teut.  •/  "bul.  seen  in  causal  form  in  the  Goth. 
tifbauljan,  puff  up :  cf .  boll1.  Bile  is  the  true  E. 
form,  still  retained  in  the  vernacular  speech; 
but,  owing  to  a  confusion  with  the  verb  601/2 
(or  perhaps  with  the  D.  form  buil,  pron.  nearly 
as  E.  boil),  the  word  has  taken  in  mod.  literary 
E.  the  corrupt  form  6oi7.  See  boil1.']  An  in- 
flamed tumor;  a  boil.  See  boil1. 

bile2  (bil), «.  [<  F.  bile,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  anger; 
atra  (or  nigra)  bilis,  equiv.  to  Gr.  fAffjMta, 
black  bile:  see  atrabile,  melancholy.]  1.  A 
yellow  bitter  liquid  secreted  by  the  liver  and 
collected  by  the  biliary  ducts  to  be  conveyed 
into  the  duodenum,  iu  most  important  constituents 
are  the  bile-salts,  sodium  glycocholate  and  sodium  tauro- 
cliohitc,  and  the  bile-pigments,  bilirubin  and  biliverdin, 
with  cholesterin.  The  uile  renders  the  contents  of  the 
duodenum  alkaline.  It  aids  the  emulsionizing  of  the 
fats,  apparently  by  increasing  the  solubility  of  soaps, 
assists  the  passage  of  the  fats  through  the  intestinal 
walls,  and  stimulates  peristalsis.  Also  called  gall. 
2.  Figuratively,  ill  nature;  peevishness;  bit- 
terness of  feeling :  because  the  bile  was  fancied 
to  be  the  seat  of  ill  humor. 

Xothing  appears  to  have  stirred  his  bile  so  much  at 
Yuste  as  the  proceedings  of  some  members  of  the  board 
of  trade  at  Seville.  Pretcott. 

Black  bile.    See  atrabile. 

bile3t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  bill1. 

bilection  (bi-lek'shpn),  H.     Same  as  bolection. 

bile-cyst  (bil'sist), »'.  In  anat.,  the  gall-bladder. 

bile-duct  (bil'dukt),  n.  A  duct  or  canal  con- 
veying bile;  a  gall-duct. 

bile-pigment  (bil'pig'ment),  n.  One  of  the 
coloring  matters  in  the  bile.  Bilirubin  is  the  chief 
coloring  matter  in  the  bile  of  carnivorous  animals  and  of 
man ;  bilicertlin  is  the  greenish  pigment  in  the  bile  of 
herbivorous  animals.  A  considerable  numlwr  of  other 
bile-pigments  have  been  described,  some  of  which  are  prob- 
ably mixtures  of  pigments,  and  others  oxidation  or  reduc- 
tion products  not  existing  in  the  living  body. 

bilestone  (bil'ston),  ».  A  biliary  calculus  or 
gallstone. 


II.,- '  I!/.;-. 


1       |  M/.-. 


bottom,  or  that  part  of  her  floor  which  ap- 
proaches a  horizontal  direction,  and  on  which 
she  would  rest  if  aground. 

bilge  (bilj),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bilged,  ppr.  bilg- 
ing. [<  bilge,  n.]  I.  intrans.  1.  Naut.,  to  suf- 
fer a  fracture  in  the  bilge ;  spring  a  leak  by  a 
fracture  in  the  bilge. — 2.  To  bulge  or  swell  out. 
EE.  trans.  To  break  or  stave  in  (the  bilge  or 
bottom  of  a  ship). 

bilge-board  (bilj'bord),  «.  In  ship-building, 
one  of  the  boards  used  to  cover  the  timbers 
where  the  bilge-water  collects. 

bilge-coad  (buj'kod),  n.    Same  as  bilgetrays. 

bilge-free  (bilj'fre),  a.  Naut.,  so  stowed  on 
beds  that  no  weight  rests  on  the  bilge:  said  of 
a  cask. 

bilge-keel (bilj'kel),n.  ^btlge  +  keefl-.]  Naut., 
a  piece  of  timber  fastened  edgewise  under 
the  bottom  of  a  ship,  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping 
her  from  rolling  heavily 
and  from  drifting  to  lee- 
ward. Also  called  bilge- 
piece. 

bilge-keelson  (bilj'kel'- 
son),  «.  A  timber  ex- 
tending fore  and  aft  in  a 
ship,  inside  the  bilge,  to 
strengthen  the  frame. 

bilge-piece  (bili'pes),  ». 

lt«1»A    «l«-nV      /YtTl.'~*lAn~l 


A.  A.  Bilce-keeU. 

Same  as  bilge-keel. 


bilge-plank  (bilj'plangk),  ».  Naut.,  one  of 
the  thick  planks  which  run  round  the  bilge  of 
a  ship,  both  inside  and  outside. 

bilge-pump  (bilj'pump),  n.  Xaut.,  a  pump  for 
removing  Dilge-water  from  a  ship. 

bilge-water  (bilj'wa'ter),  n.  Naut.,  water 
which  enters  a  ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or 
bottom.  If  allowed  to  remain,  it  acquires  an 
offensive  penetrating  smell — Bilge-water  dis- 
charge, a  device  for  discharging  bilge-water  automati- 
cally. 

bilgeways  (bilj'waz),  n.  }>l.  Naut.,  a  series  of 
timbers  placed  on  each  side  of  a  vessel  on  the 
launching-ways,  to  assist  in  supporting  her 
hull  iu  launching.  Also  called  bulgeways  and 
bilge-coad.  See  cut  under  launch. 

bilgy  (bil'ji),  a.  [<  bilge  +  -yl.]  Having  the 
properties  (as  the  smell,  etc.)  of  bilge-water. 

Bilharzia  (bil-har'zi-a).  ».  [NL.,  named  after 
Theodor  Bilharz,  an  old  helminthologist.]  A 
genus  of  the  order  Trematoidea,  or  fluke-worms, 
endoparasitic  in  the  blood-vessels  of  man,  espe- 
cially in  the  urinary  organs,  the  ova  escaping 
through  an  ulceration  which  the  presence  of 
the  parent  causes.  The  animal  is  dioecious,  the  male 
being  the  larger  and  retaining  the  female  in  a  gynieco- 
phore  or  canal  formed  by  an  Involution  of  the  edges  of 
the  concave  side  of  the  body. 

biliary  (bil'i-a-ri),  a.  [=  F.  biliaire,  <  NL. 
liilioris,  <  L.  bilis,  bile.]  1.  Belonging  to  the 
bile ;  conveying  the  bile :  as,  a  biliary  duct. — 
2.  Bilious.  [Rare.]  — Biliary  calculus,  a  concre- 
tion which  forms  in  the  gall-bladder  or  bile-ducts;  gall- 
stone. These  calculi  are  usually  composed  for  the  most 
part  of  cholesterin.— Biliary  colic,  see  colic.—  Biliary 
duct.  See  duel. 

biliation  (bil-i-a'shon),  n.  [<  NL.  •fti7mHo(n-), 
<  L.  bilis,  bile.]  The  excretion  of  bile.  Dun- 
nlison. 

bilicyanin  (bil-i-si'a-nin),  «.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile, 
+  E.  eyanin.]  A  product  of  the  oxidation  of 
bilirubin  which  appears  blue  in  an  acid  and 
violet  in  a  neutral  solution.  See  bilirubin. 

bilifulvin  (bil-i-ful'vin),  n.  [<  L.  bills,  bile,  + 
fulrus,  fulvous.  ]  An  old  name  for  more  or  less 
impure  bilirubin. 


bilifuscin 

bilifuscin  (bil-i-fus'in),  n.  [<  L.  Mis,  bile,  4- 
J'UHCIIK.  fuscous,  +  -i»2.]  A  substance  described 
as  existing  in  very  small  quantities  in  gall- 
stones. It  is  of  a  dark-green  color,  insoluble  in  water, 
chloroform,  and  ether,  soluble  in  alcohol  and  alkalis, 
and  reacts  with  nitric  acid  like  bilimbin.  Its  formula  is 
CiflHaoNaOj. 

bilihumin  (bil-i-hu'min),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
humus,  ground,  +  -i«2.]  The  insoluble  black- 
ish residue  left  after  bile  or  gallstones  have 
been  exhausted  by  ether,  water,  chloroform, 
alcohol,  and  dilute  acids. 

bilimbi,  bilimbing  (bi-lim'bi,  -bing),  n.  [Also 
bilimby,  blimbing,  repr.  Tamil  bilimbi,  Malay  bi- 
limbiiKj,  Singhalese  Win.]  The  native  name  of 
the  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tree-sorrel,  Aver- 
rhoa  Bilimbi.  It  is  very  acid,  but  is  much 
esteemed  when  made  into  syrup,  candied,  or 
pickled.  See  Averrhoa. 

bilimentt,  «.  [Also  billiment,  belliinent,  etc.,  by 
apheresis  for  habiliment.]  An  ornamental  part 
of  a  woman's  dress;  especially,  the  attire  of 
the  head  or  neck. 

Then  beganne  alle  the  gentylwomen  of  Yngland  to  were 
Krenche  whoodes  with  bellementtes  of  golde. 

Citron,  of  Qrey  Friars  (1558),  ed.  Camden  Soc. 

Biliuient  lace,  an  ornamental  lace  used  in  the  sixteenth 
century  for  trimming. 

bilin  (bil'in),  n.  [<  L.  bills,  bile,  +  -in2.]  The 
mixture  of  sodium  glycocholate  and  taurocho- 
late  isolated  from  the  bile,  constituting  a  gum- 
my mass  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

bilinear  (bi-lin'e-ar),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  linea,  line,  + 
-or.]  Consisting  of  or  having  reference  to  two 
lines :  as,  bilinear  coordinates. 

bilineate  (bl-lin'e-at).  a.  [<  L.  W-,  two-,  + 
linea,  line,  +  -atel.]  In  zool.,  marked  with  two 
lines,  generally  parallel. 

bilineated  (bl-lin  'e-a-ted),  a.    Same  as  bilineate. 

bilingual  (bi-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis, 
speaking  two  languages,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  lingua 
=  E.  tongue,  language.]  1.  Containing  or  ex- 
pressed in  two  languages ;  recorded  in  two  ver- 
sions of  different  language. 

I  endeavored  by  the  help  of  a  bilingual  inscription  to 

determine  the  values  of  certain  of  the  Hittite  characters. 

A.  H.  Sayce,  Pref.  to  Schliemann's  Troja,  p.  xxiii. 

2.  Speaking  two  languages  or  a  mixture  of  two. 
[Rare.] 

Large  numbers  of  Chinese,  Arabs,  and  Africans,  who 
come  to  India  for  a  short  or  long  time,  and  become  prac- 
tically bilingual.  R.  N.  Oust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  16. 

bilinguar  (bl-ling'gwar),  a.    Same  as  bilingual. 

bilinguist  (bi-ling'gwist),  n.  [<  L.  bilinguis 
(see  bilingual),  after  linguist.]  One  who  speaks 
two  languages.  Hamilton. 

bilingUOUS  (bl-ling'gwus),  a.  [<  L.  bilinguis  : 
see  bilingual.]  Having  two  tongues,  or  speak- 
ing two  languages.  Johnson. 

bilious  (bil'yus),  a.  [<  L.  biliosus,  full  of  bile,  < 
bills,  bile:  see  bile2.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of,  bile. —  2.  In  pathol., 
noting,  subject  to,  or  characterized  by  a  dis- 
ordered condition  of  the  system,  once  supposed 
to  depend  on  a  derangement  of  the  secretion  of 
bile,  marked  by  anorexia,  furred  tongue,  a  bad 
taste  in  the  mouth,  dull  headache,  drowsiness, 
disturbed  sleep,  with  general  malaise  and  de- 
pression. It  is  peculiarly  amenable  to  mercurial  ca- 
thartics. This  state  seems  to  depend  on  a  subacute  dys- 
pepsia, with  possibly  a  derangement  of  the  elaborative 
functions  of  the  liver. 

3.  Suffering  from  biliousness. — 4.  Figurative- 
ly, choleric;  testy;  cross. 

Controversy  seems  altogether  to  have  been  the  very 
breath  of  his  nostrils ;  he  was  called,  and  not  without  rea- 
son, "  bilious  Bale."      A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  1. 105. 
At  constant  quarrel  with  the  angry  and  bilious  island 
legislature.  Emerson,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 

Bargain  struck, 

They  straight  grew  bilious,  wished  their  money  back, 
Repented  them,  no  doubt. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  ^Ifi. 

biliousness  (bil'yus-nes),  n.  [<  bilious  +  -ness] 
The  condition  of  being  bilious. 

biliphsein  (bil-i-fe'in),  «.  [Also  written  bili- 
pliein,  biliphain,  <  L.  bilis,  bile,  +  Gr.  <txu6f, 
dusky,  dun-gray,  +  -iifi.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  an  impure  bilirubin.  Also  cltolopluein . 

biliprasin  (bil-i-pra'sin),  «.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile,  + 
prasum,  a  leek  (see  prase,  prason),  +  -j'n2.]  A 
bile-pigment  found  in  human  gallstones  and 
in  the  bile  of  neat  cattle,  and  regarded  by  some 
authorities  as  identical  with  bihverdin. 

bilipurpin  (bil-i-per'pin),  n.  [<  L.  bilis,  bile, 
+  purp(ura),  purple  color,  +  -in2.]  A  purple 
compound  obtained  from  biliverdin.  See  bilc- 
pigment. 

bilirubin  (bil-i-ro'bin),  «.  [<  L.  Mis,  bile,  + 
rub(er),  red,  +  -in2.]  A  red  bile-pigment,  the 


552 

chief  coloring  matter  of  human  bile  and  that 
of  carnivorous  animals,  to  which  the  formula 
C1gH18N2O3  has  been  given,  when  isolated  it 

forms  an  orange-red  powder  or  red  rhombic  prisms.  It  is 
insoluble  in  water,  little  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but 
readily  soluble  iu  chloroform  or  alkalis. 
biliteral  (bl-lit'e-ral),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  litera,  Kffer«,"letter :  see  literal.]  I.  a.  Con- 
sisting of  two  letters:  as,  a  biliteral  root  in 
language.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

Although  we  may  call  all  these  verbal  bases  roots,  they 
stand  to  the  first  class  in  about  the  same  relation  as  the 
triliteral  Semitic  roots  to  the  more  primitive  biliteral. 

Max  Miitter,  Sci.  of  Lang.,  p.  263. 

II.  n.  A  word,  root,  or  syllable  formed  of 
two  letters. 

-bility.  [F.  -bilite  =  Sp.  -bilidad  =  Pg.  -bilidaclc 
=  It.  -bilita,  also  in  older  form  F.  -blete,  OF. 
-blete  (>  ME.  -blete),  etc.,  <  L.  -Ulita(t-)s  (ace. 
-bilitatem),  <  -bili-s  (E.  -ble)  +  -ta(t-)s  (E.  -ty), 
being  the  termination  of  nouns  from  adjectives 
in  -bilis :  see  -ble]  A  termination  of  English 
nouns  from  adjectives  in  -ble,  as  in  nobility, 
capability,  credibility,  etc.,  from  noble,  capable, 
credible,  etc.  See  -able. 

biliveM,  bilive2t.    See  belice*-,  belice*. 

biliverdin  (bil-i-ver'din),  n.  [<  Ij.  bilia,  bile,+ 
F.  verd  (see  vert),  green,  +  -i»2.]  The  green 
pigment  found  in  the  bile  of  herbivorous  ani- 
mals, to  which  the  formula  01^20^05  has 
been  given.  It  is  produced  artificially  by  the 
oxidation  of  bilirubin.  See  biliprasin. 

bilk  (bilk),  v.  t.  [Origin  obscure;  appar.  slang; 
by  some  supposed  to  be  a  minced  form  of  balk*. 
Cf.  the  senses  of  bilk,  n]  1.  In  cribbage,  to 
balk  or  spoil  any  one's  score  in  his  crib. — 2. 
To  frustrate  or  disappoint. —  3.  To  deceive  or 
defraud;  leave  in  the  lurch;  cheat:  often  with 
of:  as,  to  bilk  one  of  his  due ;  to  bilk  a  credi- 
tor; "don't  you  bilk  me,"  Spectator. —  4.  To 
evade  or  escape  from ;  dodge ;  elude. 
I  don't  intend  to  bilk  my  lodgings.  Fielding. 

He  cannot  drink  five  bottles,  bilk  the  score, 
Then  kill  a  constable,  and  drink  five  more. 

Cowper,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  193. 

bilk  (bilk),  w.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  In  cribbage, 
the  spoiling  of  one's  score  in  the  crib. — 2f. 
Nothing;  vain  words. 

Tub.  He  will  have  the  last  word,  though  he  talk  bilk 
fort. 

Hugh.    Bilk!  what's  that? 

Tub.  Why,  nothing ;  a  word  signifying  nothing,  and 
borrowed  here  to  express  nothing. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  1. 

Bilk  is  said  to  be  an  Arabick  word,  and  signifies  no- 
thing ;  cribbidge  players  understand  it  best. 

Blount,  Olossographia  (ed.  1681),  p.  85. 

[To  call  a  word  "Arabic"  or  "Hebrew"  was  and  still  i.s 
a  way  of  dignifying  slang  or  jargon.] 
3.  A  trick;  a  fraud.    [Bare.] — 4.  A  cheat;  a 
swindler. 

bilkt  (bilk),  a.  [See  the  verb.]  Fallacious;  un- 
reliable. 

To  that  [Oates's  plot]  and  the  author's  bilk  account  of  it 
I  am  approaching.  Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  129. 

bill1  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bil,  bille,  bile,  <  AS. 
bile,  beak,  also  used  of  an  elephant's  proboscis ; 
not  found  in  other 
Teut.  languages ;  prob. 
connected  with  bilft. 
The  Ir.  Gael,  bil,  beak, 

n    mouth,  is  appar.  of  E. 

"  origin.]  1.  The  beak  or 
neb  of  a  bird,  it  consists 

:,£>  of  the  upper  and  lower  man- 
dibles, so  far  as  these  are 
sheathed  in  horn.  The  ap- 
posed  edges  of  the  mandibles 
are  the  tomia;  the  line  of 
apposition,  the  commissure; 
the  highest  middle  length- 
wise line  of  the  upper  mandi- 
ble, the  culmen  or  ridge ;  and 
the  corresponding  line  of  the 


Diagram  of  Bill. 

a,  upper  mandible ;  »,  culmen ;    lower  mandible,  the  gonvs  or 

c ,  nasal  fossa  ;  d,  nostril ;  e,  com-  fr--;       rj-t..    ., -„    ,    f  % 

missural  point;  /,  upper  tomi-  JJJt      ln.f    "f™ /"S?  ,1S    a 

urn  ;  f,  rictus ;  *,  forehead  ;  i,  P't,  usually  close  to  the  base 

ramus :    j.  lower   tomium ;    *,  of   the    upper    mandible,    in 

gonys;  /,  lower  mandible,  which  the  nostrils  open;    a 

sheath  at   the  base  of   the 

bill  is  the  cere.  The  leading  shapes  of  the  bill  among 
birds  are  technically  expressed  by  derivatives  and  com- 
pounds of  runtrutn  (which  see),  as  conirostral,  dentiros- 
tral,  tenuirostral,  flssirostral,  curvirostral,  pressirostral. 
longirostral,  cultrirostral,  lamellirostral,  etc. ;  and  many 
other  descriptive  terms  are  equally  technical  in  this  ap- 
plication. 

The  bill  is  hand  and  mouth  in  one;  the  instrument  of 
prehension.  As  hand,  it  takes,  holds,  and  carries  food  or 
other  substances,  and  in  many  instances  feels ;  as  mouth,  it 
tears,  cuts,  or  crushes,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  sub- 
stances taken;  assuming  the  functions  of  both  lips  and 
teeth,  neither  of  which  do  any  recent  birds  possess. 

Coues,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  100. 


a,  conirostral ;  b,  dentirostral ;  c ,  tenuirostral ;  d,  fissirostral ;  e,  longi- 
rostral ;  /,  pressirostral ;  f,  cultrirostral ;  h,  lamellirostral. 

2.  The  beak,  snout,  rostrum,  or  jaws  of  sundry 
other  animals,  as  turtles,  cephalopods,  many 

bill1  (bil),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  Ullen,  peck  as  birds,  < 
bil,  bile,  beak:  see  bill1,  n]  1.  To  join  bills  or 
beaks,  as  doves ;  caress  in  fondness. 

Doves,  they  say,  will  bill, 
After  their  pecking  and  their  murmuring. 

B.  Jonmn,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

2f.  To  rub  the  bill.     [Bare.] 

Thanne  geth  he  [the  eagle]  to  a  ston, 

And  he  biUeth  ther  on, 

Billeth  til  his  bee  biforn 

Haveth  the  wrengthe  [crookedness]  forloren. 

Bestiary,  in  Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  82. 

Bill  and  COO,  to  kiss  and  caress  and  talk  nonsense,  as 

lovers  :  a  phrase  derived  from  the  habits  of  doves. 

Come,  we  must  interrupt  your  billing  and  cooing  awhile. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  2. 

bill2  (bil),  n.  [<  ME.  bill,  bille,  bil,  a  pick  or 
mattock,  poet,  a  sword,  <  AS.  bil,  bill  (only 
poet.)  =  OS.  bil,  a  sword,  =  MD.  bille  =  OHG. 
bill,  fern.,  MHG.  bil,  neut.,  G.  bille,  a  pick  to 
sharpen  millstones,  =  Sw.  bill,  a 
plowshare;  prob.  connected  with 
bilfi,  a  beak,  and  perhaps  ult.  with 
Skt.  y  bhid,  split,  cleave.  Associ- 
ated  in  sense  with  these  words  and 
somewhat  confused  with  them,  but 
etymol.  distinct,  are  OHG.  bilial,  bi- 
«f,  bil,  MHG.  biliel,  bil,  G.  beil  = 
_  MD.  bijl,  an  ax,  hatchet,  =  Dan.  bil 
=  Sw.  bila  ;  prob.  =  Icel.  bildr,  bilda, 
an  ax ;  cf .  Ir.  Gael,  biail,  ax,  hatchet. 
In  sense  5.  bill2  may  be  an  applica- 
tion of  bill1.]  If.  In  the  earliest 
use,  a  kind  of  broadsword. —  2.  An 
obsolete  military  weapon,  consist- 
ing of  a  broad  hook-shaped  blade, 
old  English  having  a  short  pike  at  the  back 
Bin.  time  of  and  another  at  the  summit,  fixed 
to  a  long  handle.  It  was  used  until  the 
fifteenth  century  by  the  English  infantry,  especially  in 
defending  themselves  against  cavalry,  and  to  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century  by  civic  guards  or  watchmen,  etc. 
They  were  formerly  sometimes  called  brown-bills  or  black- 
bills,  probably  because  not  brightened,  but  colored  like 
the  modern  rifle-barrel. 

I  cannot  see  how  sleeping  should  offend,  only  have  a 
care  that  your  bills  be  not  stolen.    Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  3. 

Make  us  a  round  ring  with  your  bills,  my  Hectors, 
And  let  us  see  what  this  trim  man  dares  do. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  v.  4. 

3.  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  blade  hook- 
shaped  toward  tho  point,  or  having  a  concave 
cutting  edge,  used  by  plumbers,  basket-mak- 
ers, gardeners,  and  others.    Such  instruments,  when 
used  by  gardeners  for  pruning  hedges,  trees,  etc.,  are  called 
hedge-bills  or  bill-hooks.     See  bill-hook. 

The  shomaker  must  not  goe  aboue  his  latchet,  nor  the 
hedger  meddle  with  any  thing  but  his  bil. 

Ltily,  Eupluies,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  203. 

4.  A  pickax;  a  mattock. —  5.  2faut.:  (a)  The 
point  or  extremity  of  the  fluke  of  an  anchor. 
(b)  The  end  of  compass-  or  knee-timber —  Bows 
and  bills.    See  botf-. 

bill3  (bil),  w.  [<  ME.  bille,  a  letter,  writing, 
<  AF.  bille,  <  ML.  (Anglo-L.)  billa,  a  writing, 
also  a  seal,  another  form  of  bulla,  a  writing,  an 
edict,  prop,  a  sealed  writing,  a  particular  use 
of  bulla,  a  seal,  stamp,  same  as  L.  bulla,  a  boss, 
knob,  stud,  bubble ;  hence  bull2,  of  which  bilfi 
is  a  doublet.]  It.  A  writing  of  any  kind,  as  a 
will,  a  medical  prescription,  etc. ;  a  billet. 

His  bill 
Iii  which  that  he  iwriten  had  his  will. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Talc,  1.  693. 

The  Patient  sendeth  for  a  Physician,  who  feeleth  his 
Pulse  and  .  .  .  then  prescribeth  a  Receipt  in  a  Bill. 

Comenius,  Visible  World,  p.  183. 
2f.  A  written  petition  ;  a  prayer. 
And  thanne  come  Pees  into  parlcment  and  put  forth  a  bille, 
How  Wronge  a^eines  his  wille  had  his  wyf  taken. 

1'ifri  Plowman  (B),  iv.  47. 


bill 

3.  In  lau;  a  mime  fjivon  lo  several  papers  in 
lawsuits;  particularly,  when  used  alone,  to  the 

hill  in  c</lilll/  or  bill  <;/'  iliilli-tln/iil  (see  below). 
It  is  a  statement  ot  complaint,  an, I  couuiii-  th,  t:ic(  com- 
plained  i>f,  the  diiniUKi'  unstained,  and  a  petition  orprocesa 
anainst  I  he  defendant  tor  redivs.-.  It  is  used  both  inequity 
ami  in  criminal  cases.  In  Sw£» low, «T«rr summary appll- 
i  :ilioii  in  writing  by  way  of  prtition  tii  the  Court  of  Ses- 
•Ion,  Is  called 

4.  In  i-<i in.,  a  written  statement  of  the  names, 
quantities,  and  prices  of  articles  sold  by  one 
person  to  another,  with  the  date  of  sale,  or  a 
statement  of    work   done,   witli    the    amount 
churned;   un  aeemnit  of  money  claimed  for 
goods  supplied  or  services  rendered. 

U  |iy,  plea.se,  nia'uiii,  it  is  only  thy  little  bill,  a  very 
small  arrount,  I  wanted  tht'c  to  settle. 

Quoted  iii  IM!II  ll«llaii<l'it  Sydney  Smith,  vil. 

6.  An  acknowledgment  of  debt ;  a  promissory 

note:  now  obsolete  except  us  sometimes  used, 
especially  in  the  United  States,  for  bunk-note. 
See  10. — 6.  A  bill  of  exchange  (which  see, 
below). —  7.  Any  written  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  particulars :  as,  a  bill  of  charges 
or  expenditures;  a  bill  of  fare  or  provisions, 
etc. — 8.  A  form  or  .draft  of  a  proposed  statute 
presented  to  a  legislature,  but  not  yet  enacted 
or  passed  and  made  law.  In  some  cases  statutes  are 
calli'il  ixih,  but  usually  they  are  qualified  by  some  de- 
scription :  as,  a  bill  of  attainder. 
9.  A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  intended 
to  pave  public  notice  of  something,  especially 
by  being  exhibited  in  some  public  place :  an  ad- 
vertisement posted ;  a  placard. — 10.  A  bank- 
note :  usually  with  its  amount :  as,  a  five-dollar 
bill.  [U.  S.J — Accommodation  bill.  See  accommo- 
dation.— Appropriation  bill.  See  appropriation.— Aft. 
proved  bill  or  note.  See  iippnwi.— Bank  post-bill, 
a  bill  for  a  sum  not  less  than  £10  issued  by  the  Bank 
of  England  without  charge,  payable  at  seven  days'  sight 
and  accepted  at  time  of  drawing,  for  convenience  in  re- 
mitting l>\  post.  Bills  of  this  kind  originated  in  1738, 
\vhen  mail-robberies  were  frequent  in  England,  and  are 
not  now  in  use.— Bill  In  equity,  in  an  equity  suit,  the 
pleading  in  which  the  plaintiff  sets  forth  the  circum- 
stances on  which  he  bases  his  claim  for  relief.  It  corre- 
sponds to  the  complaint  or  declaration  at  common  law. 
—  Bill  Of  adventure,  a  writing  signed  by  a  merchant. 
ship-owner,  or  master  to  show  that  goods  shipped  on  board 
a  certain  vessel  are  at  the  venture  of  another  person,  he 
himself  being  answerable  only  for  their  delivery. — Bill  Of 
credit,  (a)  A  letter  sent  by  an  agent  or  other  person  to 
a  merchant  requesting  him  to  give  credit  to  the  bearer  for 
goods  or  money,  (b)  Paper  issued  by  the  authority  and 
on  the  faith  of  a  State  to  be  circulated  as  money.  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  (Art.  I.  §  10)  provides 
that  no  State  shall  emit  bills  of  credit,  or  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts. 

Mr.  Bancroft  shows  by  a  careful  upturning  of  the  colo- 
nial records  that  bills  of  credit  were  nothing  else  than 
Government  legal- tender  notes.  The  Century,  XXXII.  160. 
Bill  Of  debt,  an  old  term  including  promissory  notes  and 
bonds  for  the  payment  of  money.— Bill  Of  entry,  a  writ- 
ten account  of  goods  entered  at  tile  custom-house,  whether 
imported  or  intended  for  export.— Bill  Of  exceptions. 
See  exception. —  Bill  Of  exchange,  an  order  in  writing, 
addressed  by  one  person  to  another,  to  pay  on  demand  or 
at  a  fixed  or  determinable  future  time  a  certain  sum  in 
money  to  a  specified  person  or  to  his  order.  Every  com- 
pleted bill  of  exchange  should  bear  on  its  face  the  follow- 
ing :  (a)  three  names,  namely,  those  of  the  drawer,  the 
drawee,  and  the  payee ;  (6)  the  sum  to  be  paid ;  (c)  two 
dates,  namely,  the  date  of  drawing  and  a  time  for  pay- 
ment or  the  means  of  determining  the  time,  as  where  the 
bill  is  payable  at  sight  or  a  certain  time  after  sight,  that 
is,  presentment ;  (d)  the  place  where  It  is  drawn.  If  the 
drawer  ami  drawee  are  the  same  person,  even  in  legal 
effect  of  name,  as  where  a  corporation  by  one  officer 
draws  on  itself  by  naming  another  officer,  as  such,  as  the 
payee,  the  paper  is  not  a  bill  of  exchange,  but  a  mere 
draft  or  promissory  note.  The  drawer  and  the  payee, 
however,  may  be  the  same,  as  where  one  draws  to  his  own 
order  and  indorses  to  a  third  person.  If  the  paper  is  not 
payable  absolutely,  as  where  it  is  expressed  to  be  paya- 
ble only  out  of  a  particular  fund,  it  is  not  a  bill  of  ex- 
change ;  but  a  payment  absolutely  ordered  may  be  di- 
rected to  be  charged  to  a  particular  account  of  the  drawer. 
The  words  "  value  received"  are  usually  inserted,  but  are 
not  essential  to  validity.  The  drawee  of  a  bill  becomes 
liable  by  accepting  it.  usually  done  by  writing  his  name 
across  its  face,  and  be  is  thereafter  called  the  accepter;  but 
a  bill  is  negotiable  before  acceptance.  In  a  foreign  bill 
of  exchange,  the  drawer  and  drawee  are  residents  of  differ- 
ent countries.  In  this  respect,  in  the  United  States,  the 
residents  of  the  dilteretit  states  are  foreign  to  one  another. 
—  Bills  Of  exchange  acts,  a  short  name  by  which  are 
known  several  British  statutes  (1871,  1H7H,  and  1882),  the 
last  of  which  en, titles  the  whole  body  uf  British  law  re- 
lating to  negotiable  piper.— B1H  of  fare,  in  a  hotel  or 
restaurant,  a  li>t  of  dishes  to  be  served  in  tine  course  at  a 
regular  meal,  or  which  may  be  ordered.  — BUI  Of  health, 
a  certificate  signed  by  a  consul  or  other  authority  as  to 
the  health  of  a  ship's  company  at  the  time  of  her  clear- 
ing any  port  or  place.  A  cl>  itn  hill  imports  that  the  ship 
sail-''!  at  a  time  when  no  infectious  disorder  was  supposed 
to  e\i-t;  a  Miv/«rfc,/  or  ti'in-h-  d  hill  imports  that  there 
were  rumors  of  such  a  disorder,  but  that  it  had  not  ap- 
l>r:n  et!  ;  iiftnil  hill,  or  tile  absence  of  a  clean  bill,  imports 
that  the  place  of  departure  was  infected  when  the  vessel 
left.  Bill  of  Indictment,  see  imiietuif»t.--wi  of 
lading,  a  receipt  for  goods  delivered  to  a  carrier  for 
transportation.  It  is  usually  of  ^omls  shipped  on  Iniard 
of  a  vessel  and  signed  liy  the  master  of  the  vessel,  ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  the  goods,  and  usually  prom- 
ising to  deliver  them  in  good  condition  at  the  place  di. 


568 

rrctcd,  dangers  of  thr  sea,  the  art  of  <Jod,  perils  of  war, 
etc.,  rxccpt<-<i.  In  !"[•  i'_-n  Hint.- tln->  ;u r  u>ii;ill>  drawn 
up  In  triplirat-'s.  i>m-  "t'  wliiHi  ^"o  tn  (lit-  .-liipprr,  one  to 
tin-  conngnee,  ;md  "ii.-  is  ivt;iint_'d  by  the  maMrr.  "ftm 
abbreviate!  It.  L.—  Bills  Of  Lading  Act.  a  liritish  stat- 
ute of  l-i..."t,  \r--tiM_'  n-lit>  under  bills  of  lading  in  th<- 
consignee  or  itnlni  -«-r.  !>uf  i>-.-i-\iny  rik'ht  of  *toppji^c  in 
tnmtiitu  ami  claims  for  freight.  Similar  statutes  in  otln  r 
jurisdictions  are  variously  known.— Bill  Of  mortality. 
S. .  mm  tniitif.—  Bill  Of  parcels,  :m  account  Kiv--u  by  tin- 
seller  to  the  buyer,  cuiitaininu  particulars  of  the  «oo«.g 
bought  and  <>f  their  prices;  an  invoice.  BUI  of  particu- 
lars, a  writing  setting  forth  in  detail  the  partteiuan  of  a 
nutter  stated  in  a  more,  general  form  in  a  pleading.— Bill 
Of  Rights.  (")  An  logUlb  statute  of  Itw*  (1  Win.  and 
Mary,  Sess.  2,  c.  2)deelarinur  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
subject,  and  settling  the  *u<v.^siMi,  of  tbtefOW&la  William 
of'Oraimc  and  Mary,  and  to  the  rightful  heirs  of  the  lat- 
ter, but  excluding  any  beinj;  Konntn  Catholics;  it  also 
provided  that  Protestants  might  have  in  their  possession 
anus  for  defense  suitable  to  their  conditions.  (/;)  A  simi- 
lar statement  or  declaration  of  personal  rights  in  the 
constitution  of  a  State  of  the  American  Union,  and  incor- 
porated in  the  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States. —  BUI  Of  sale,  a  formal  instrument  for 
the  conveyance  or  transfer  of  personal  chatteU,  as  house- 
hold furniture,  stock  in  a  shop,  shares  of  a  ship,  or  the  like. 
It  is  often  given  to  a  creditor  in  security  for  money  bor- 
rowed, or  an  obligation  otherwise  incurred.  When  it  ex- 
pressly empowers  the  receiver  to  Bell  the  goods  if  the 
money  is  not  repaid  with  interest  at  the  appointed  time, 
or  the  obligation  not  otherwise  discharged,  the  contract 
is  commonly  called  in  the  United  States  a  chattel  tnort- 
gage,  not  a  bill  of  sale.—  Bills  of  sale  acts,  a  name  given 
to  several  English  8tatutes(lB78, 1S79, 1882,  and  1883),  regu- 
lating bills  of  sale,  especially  when  given  without  trans- 
ferring possession  of  the  property,  and  requiring  a  schedule 
and  registration,  for  the  prevention  of  fraud  on  creditors. 

—  BUI  Of  sight,  a  form  of  entry  at  a  custom-house  by 
which  goods  respecting  which  the  importer  haa  not  the 
full  particulars  may  be  provisionally  landed  for  examina- 
tion.— Bill  of  stores,  a  license  granted  at  a  custom-house 
to  merchant -ships  to  carry  stores  and  provisions  for  their 
voyage  duty-free.— Bill  Of  sufferance,  a  coasting  license 
to  trade  from  port  to  port  without  paying  customs  duty, 
the  dutiable  goods  being  loaded  and  landed  at  sufferance 
wharfs.— BUI  payable,  bill  receivable,  a  bill  of  ex- 
change, promissory  note,  or  other  commercial  paper.    It 
is  called  a  bill  payable  by  the  person  who  is  to  pay  it,  and 
a  bill  receivable  by  the  person  who  holds  it.     Separate  ac- 
counts under  these  names  are  usually  kept  in  mercantile 
books.— Blacks  tone 's  Hard-labor  Bill,  an  English  stat- 
ute of  1779  (19  Geo.  III.,  c.  74)  relating  to  the  transporta- 
tion, imprisonment,  and  punishment  of  convicts.    It  es- 
tablished "  penitentiary  houses,"  required  that  prisoners 
should  be  put  to  severe  work  according  to  their  ability 
and  be  separately  connned  when  at  rest,  and  prescribed 
minute  regulations  for  their  care  and  control. —  Bland 
Silver  Bill,  a  United  States  statute  of  1878  (20  Stat,  25) : 
so  called  from  its  author,  Kichard  P.  Bland,  a  member  of 
the  House  from  Missouri.    It  reestablished  the  silver  dol- 
lar containing  412}  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal 
tender;  but  its  special  feature  was  a  clause  requiring  the 
Treasury  to  purchase  every  month  not  less  than  two  mil- 
lion nor  more  than  four  million  dollars'  worth  of  silver 
bullion  and  to  coin  it  into  dollars.— Boston  Port  Bill,  an 
English  statute  of  1774  (14  Geo.  III.,  c.  19)  incited  by  the 
destruction  of  tea  in  Boston  harbor.    It  closed  the  port  of 
Boston  to  trade,  allowing  the  admission  only  of  food  and 
fuel  brought  from  other  parts  of  America. —  Creditor's 
bill.  See  creditor.— Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill,  a  bill 
repeatedly  introduced  into  the  British  Parliament  to  ab- 
rogate the  rule  of  English  law  which  forbids  a  widower  U) 
marry  the  sister  of  his  deceased  wife.    Owing  to  opposi- 
tion, chiefly  on  the  part  of  the  clergy,  it  has  not  up  to  this 
time  (1889)  become  a  law.— Deficiency  bill,    (a)  A  short 
loan  or  advance  made  to  the  British  government  by  the 
Bank  of  England  whenever  the  taxes  received  are  insuf- 
ficient to  pay  the  dividends  due  on  government  stocks. 
(b)  A  legislative  hill  appropriating  an  amount  of  money 
required  to  make  up  the  deficiency  of  a  previous  appro- 
priation which    has    proved     inadequate.—  Exchequer 
bill.    See  exchequer.  —  General  Deficiency  Bill,  the 
name  of  that  one  of  the  appropriation  bills  passed  by 
Congress  which  covers  the  deficiencies  of  previous  appro- 
priation bills.— Home-Rule  Bill,  a  bill  introduced  into 
the  British  Parliament  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  in  1886,  to  pro- 
vide a  separate  parliament  for  Ireland.     It  was  defeated 
in  its  second  reading,  June  7, 1886.— Jew  Bill,  an  English 
statute  of  1753  (repealed  in  1754)  enabling  Jews  who  were 
foreigners  to  be  naturalized  without  first  partaking  of  the 
sacrament.— Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  an  act  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  Congress  of  1854  for  the  organization  of  the  Ter- 
ritories of  Kansas  ami  Nebraska-     It  abrogated  that  pro- 
vision of  the  Missouri  compromise  of  18*20  which  forbade 
slavery  north  of  latitude  36'  30*  (the  southern  boundary  of 
Missouri),  left  the  decision  of  all  questions  as  to  slavery 
in  the  Territories  or  States  formed  from  them  to  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people  residing  there,  extended  the 
fugitive-slave  law  to  these  Territories,  and  allowed  appeal 
in  cases  affecting  the  title  to  slaves  from  the  local  courts 
to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.   The  political  conse- 
quences of  the  bill  were  most  important,  causing  the  de- 
struction of  the  Whig  party  and  the  struggle  between  the 

¥roslavery  and  antislavery  parties  for  the  control  of  the 
erritories,  which  culminated  in  the  war  of  secession  and 
the  total  abolition  of  slavery.—  Original  bill  in  equity, 
in  fair,  a  bill  of  complaint  originating  a  litigation;  one 
not  connected  with  a  previous  bill,  as  distinguished  from 
one  growing  out  of  a  matter  before  litigated  in  the  court 
by  the  same  person  standing  in  the  same  interests.  —  Pen- 
dleton  BUI,  a  United  states  statute  of  l^'i  (±>  Stat.,  403) 
regulating  mid  improving  the  civil  service:  so  called  after 
its  promoter.  Senator  lieorge  H.  Peiidleton  of  Ohio.  It 
provides  far tm competitive  examination  of  applicants  for 
olhre,  and  their  appointment  to  vacancies  according  to 
their  grade  as  established  )»v  the  examining  i-Mininission. 

—  Poland  Bill,  a  United  States  statute  of  1S74  (18  Stat, 

Q  called  after  it ••  author,  Luke  P.  Poland,  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  from  Vermont,  the  design  of 
which  was  to  render  etfeetive  the  authority  of  the  "iti.-ers 
ami  courts  of  the  United  states  in  the  Territory  of  I  lah. 
by  prescribing  the  duties  uf  the  United  States  marshal 


billet 

and  attorney ,  the  jurisdiction  "f  the  courts,  tin-  impanel- 
ing of  jurii-s,  appeals,  etc.-  -Private  bill,  ana<  tof  a  legis- 
lature which  deals  with  f  .1 -.iiiL-lr  individual 
or  awociation,  or  of  a  ^ronj,  of  m,!i\  iduals.  as  distinguish- 
ed (rum  -aitccting  tin- community  generally,  or  all  ]»T- 

»olis  of  a  specified  claw)  or  1m  ality.  It  i»  regarded  rather 
as  In  the  nature  of  a  judicial  award  or  decree  than  as  ft 
statute  or  law.— To  enter  a  bill  abort.  See  enter.— To 
note  a  bill  of  exchange.  SIT  jmte,  r.  f.  (For  other 
not,-, I  I, ill,  on  ],:irtii  nlar  subjects,  such  as  Kr.form  Hill,  tee 
ih,  v. ord  characterizing  tin-  liill.  KorothiTs  l>< •«<  r  known 

t.y  the  term  <!>•!.  *t«tn!.  ,  etc.,  866  those  Words. ) 

bill3  (bil),  r.  t.  [<  bills,  „.]  i.  TO  enter  in  a 
bill ;  make  a  bill  or  list  of;  charge  or  enter  in 
an  account  for  future  payment :  as,  to  bill  goods 
or  freight  to  a  consignee ;  to  bill  passengers  in  a 
stage-coach;  to  bill  a  customer's  purchases. 
See  book,  r.  t. 

Parties  in  the  United  States  having  uond»  to  ship  to 
i  01,  ;i  may,  as  heretofore,  have  tin  in  i,ill,:l  to  Yokohama 
by  American  or  other  lines  and  then  rebilled  to  Corea. 

U.  S.  COM.  Rep.,  No.  73,  p.  cxil. 

2.  To  advertise  by  bill  or  public  notice ;  an- 
nounce on  a  play-bill:  as,  he  was  billed  to 
appear  as  Othello. 

bill4  (bil),  n.  [Var.  of  E.  dial,  beel,  beal,  <  leal, 
v.,  var.  of  bell*.]  A  bellow  or  roar:  applied  to 
the  boom  of  the  bittern. 

The  bittern's  hollow  bill  was  heard. 

Wordmmrth,  Evening  Walk. 

billage1  (bil'aj),  n.  [E.  dial.,  prob.  <  ML.  bir- 
legia:  see  by-late.]  A  method  of  settling  dis- 
putes about  boundaries  by  arbitration.  [Local, 
Eng.  (Kent).] 

billage^t,  «•  and  v.    A  corruption  of  bilge. 

billard  (bil'Srd),  n.  [See  bil.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  coalfisb. 

Billbergia  (bil-ber'ji-ii),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
J.  Gr.  Billberg,  a  Swedish  botanist.]  A  genus 
of  epiphytic  plants,  natural  order  Bromeliacea;. 
There  are  20  species,  with  crowded  spinosely  serrate  leaves 
and  panicled  or  racemose  flowers.  They  grow  on  trees  in 
tropical  America,  and  have  been  Introduced  Into  hothouses 
for  the  sake  of  their  beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers. 

bill-board1  (bil'bord),  n.  K  bilft  +  board.] 
Naut.,  a  projection  sheathed  with  iron  placed 
abaft  the  cathead, 
for  the  bill  of  the  an- 
chor to  rest  on.  See 
anchor-lining. 

bill-board"  (bil'- 
bord), n.  [<  bills  + 
board.]  A  board  or 
tablet  on  which  ad- 
vertising bills  or  pla- 
cards may  be  posted. 

bill-book  (biVbuk), 
n.  A  book  in  which 
a  merchant  keeps  a 


I,  Bill-board  ;  3,  Bill-port. 


record  of  the  details  of  his  bills  of  exchange, 
promissory  notes,  etc.,  payable  and  receivable. 

bill-broker  (bil'brp'ker),  n.  One  whoso  busi- 
ness it  is  to  negotiate  the  discount  of  bills  of 
exchange,  either  simply  as  agent  or  by  buying 
and  selling  again,  with  or  without  a  guaranty. 
[British.] 

bill-Chamber  (bil'cham"bcr),  n.  [<  bilP  + 
chamber.]  A  department  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  Scotland  in  which  one  of  the  judges 
officiates  at  all  times  during  session  and  vaca- 
tion. All  proceedings  for  summary  remedies  or  for  pro- 
tection against  some  threatened  action,  as,  for  example, 
interdicts,  begin  in  the  bill-chaml>er.  The  process  of  se- 
questration or  bankruptcy  issues  from  this  department  of 
the  court. 

billed  (bild),  a.  [ME.  billid;  <  bilfl  +  -e(P.] 
Furnished  with  or  having  a  bill  or  beak:  used 
chiefly  in  composition  :  as,  a  short-billed  bird. 

billementt,  n.    See  biliment. 

billeti  (bil'et),  «.  [<  ME.  billette,  <  AF.  billette 
(ML.  billeta,  F.  billet,  billette),  dim.  of  bilk,  a 
writing:  see  bill3.]  1.  A  small  paper  or  note  in 
writing ;  a  short  letter  or  document. 

I  got  your  melancholy  Lillet  liefore  we  sat  down  to  din- 
ner. Sterne,  Letters,  Ixxxiv. 

2.  A  ticket  given  by  a  billet-master  or  other 
officer  directing  the  person  to  whom  it  is  ad- 
dressed to  provide  board  and  lodging  for  the 
soldier  bearing  it. 

The  soldiers  distributed  themselves  among  the  houses 
of  the  most  opulent  citizens,  no  one  escaping  a  billet  who 
was  rich  enough  to  receive  such  company. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  547. 

Hence — 3.  The  place  where  a  soldier  is  lodged ; 
lodging;  accommodation. — 4.  The  place  (mark- 
ed by  a  numbered  hammock-hook)  assigned  to 
each  of  the  crew  of  a  man-of-war  for  slinking 
his  hammock.  Hence — 5.  A  place,  situation, 
position,  or  appointment:  as,  he  is  looking 
for  a,  billet.  [Vulgar.]— 6f.  A  ballot  or  vot- 
ing-paper—  Act  Of  Billets  (Scotch  Parliament.  1662X 
a  measure  by  which  the  twelve  persons  exempted  from 


billet 

the  Kind's  Indemnity  were  to  be  chosen  by  secret  voting. 
X  E  1).— Billet  de  change.  [F.]  In  law,  a  contract  to 
furnish  a  bill  of  exchange ;  a  contract  to  pay  the  value  of 
a  bill  of  exchange  already  furnished.  Bouvier.— Every 
bullet  has  its  billet,  every  bullet has ,  its  destination  as- 


554 


billowy 


field.      Also   called   Wlety_  counter-billety.     (b)  billingsgate  (bil 'ingz-gat),  »      [Formerly  also 


Strewed  all  over  with  billets.     It  is  usual  to 
arrange  the  billets  alternately,  each  coming 
under  a  space,  and  the  reverse. 
—  - -  •  •          [<  toll*  (cf.  its  L.  name, 


direct  (a  sold'ier)  by  a  ticket  or  note  where  to 
lodge ;  hence,  to  quarter  or  place  in  lodgings, 
as  soldiers  in  private  houses. 

Retire  thee  :  KO  where  thou  art  billeted. 

Skak.,  Othello,  ii.  3. 

If  at  home  any  peace  were  intended  us,  what  meant 
those  billeted  Soldiers  in  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom,  and 
the  design  of  German  Horse,  to  subdue  us  in  our  peace- 
full  Houses?  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix. 

The  rude,  insolent,  unpaid  and  therefore  insubordinate 
soldiery  were  billeted  in  every  house  In  the  city. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  289.  -foill-hawk  (bil'hak),  n. 

II.  intrans.    To  be  quartered;   lodge:   spe-    go  called  from  a  certain  resemblance  to  a  hawk's 


bill. 


cifieally  applied  to  soldiers.  

He  billets  in  my  lodgings.  Dr.  Prideatix,  To  Abp.  Ussher.  bill-head  (bil'hed),    n.      [<   bill3   +   head.]     A 
billet2  (bil'et),  n.     [Also  tollot,  <  ME.  toilette,     printed  paper  containing  the  jiame^address. 


Billinsgate,  Jieelingsgate,  <  ME.  liellinges  sate, 
i.  e.,  Billing's  gate  (cf.  AS.  Rilling,  a  patro- 
nymic name),  the  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
gates  of  the  city  of  London,  and  of  a  fish- 
market  near  it,  noted  for  the  foulness  of  the 
language  used  there.]  Profane  or  scurrilous 
language  or  abuse ;  blackguardism. 

See  garpike.—  2.  The  skipper,  Scorn beresox  salt-        Satire  is  nothing  but  ribaldry  and  billingsgate. 

nis,  a  synentognathous  fish  of  the  family  Scorn-  Addison,  Papers. 

beresocidai  or  family  Exoc&ttdtt.  Also  called  pillion  (bil'yon),  n.  [F.,  contracted  from  *to- 

million,  <  L.  bi-,  twice  (second power),  +  F.  mil- 
lion, million.]  1.  In  Great  Britain,  a  million 
of  millions :  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units 
in  a  million  (1,000,000,000,000).— 2.  In  France 
and  the  United  States,  a  thousand  millions 
(1,000,000,000).  [The  word  trillion  was  introduced  into 
French  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  sense  of  a  million 
to  the  second  power,  as  a  trillion  was  a  million  to  the  third 
power.  At  that  time  numbers  were  usually  pointed  off 
in  periods  of  six  figures.  In  the  seventeenth  century  the 
custom  prevailed  of  pointing  off  numbers  in  periods  of 
three  and  this  led  to  the  change  in  the  meaning  of  the 
word  trillion  in  French.  The  words  billion,  trillion,  etc., 


saury.— 3.  The  spear-fish,  Tetrapturm  albidus, 
of  the  family  Histiophoridas.  It  has  a  prolonged 
beak  like  a  swordflsh,  and  occurs  along  the  eastern  cpast 
of  the  United  States  and  in  the  Caribbean  sea. 
4.  One  of  the  garfishes,  Tylosurus  longirostris, 
of  the  family  Belonidis.  See  garfish,  and  cut 
under  Belonidce. 

A  form  of  saw-tooth, 


liulpt  <  OF  bil'lete  Tf  toilette  also  tollot,  a  block     and  business  of  a  person  or  firm,  etc.,  with     did  not  apparently  come  into  use  in  English  until  a  later 
bylet,  <.  U* .  OUiew,  *. '  •  ™<««e>  j »»"  "        '  ,    ,        .      J^TL  „„  ft(,,0.ollr,t,  ;„  writing,     date,  for  Locke  ("Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding, 


n 


an  account  in  writing, 

x f         [<  WH2  +  hook.]     A 

form  of  small  hatchet  curved  inward 
at  the  point  of  the  cutting  edge,  used 
for  pruning  trees,  hedges,  and  the 
like,  and  by  sappers  and  miners  to  cut 
pickets,  rods,  and  withes  for  gabions, 
fascines,  hurdles,  saprollers,  etc. 

He  slept  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  hard  floor,  with  a  W-  l,illiar(l   n.     See  billiards, 
let  of  wood  for  his  pillow.       Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  n.  B.  {|J{g!£|i:ball  (bil 'yard-bal),  n.      A 
2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  small    small  roun(j  ivory  ball  used  in  play- 
rectangle,  usually  set  with  the  long  sides  verti-    j      billiards, 
cal.    The  number,  position,  and  tincture  must  always  be  Wlflard-cloth  (bil'vard-kloth),  ».    A 

i *%,„    ;  n .,    t  ....  t ;,  ..i    aVutiiro  M***XMI*  **    «»vw**    \  j  .,  ti 


orTog  of  wood,  diminutives  of  tolle,  <  ML.  billus,     space  below  for 
a  log,  a  stock  of  a  tree ;  origin  unknown.    Cf.  bill-hook  (bil'huk),  n. 
billiards.]    1.  A  small  stick  of  wood ;  especial- 
ly, a  stick  of  wood  cut  for  fuel.    A  billet  of  fire- 
wood must,  by  a  statute  of  Elizabeth,  measure  3  feet  4 
inches  in  length.   Bundles  of  billets  are  called  billet-wood. 
What  shall  these  billets  do?  be  pil'd  in  my  wood-yard? 
Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  v.  3. 


specified  :  thus,  the  illustration  shows 
three  billets  azure  in  chief.  Billets 
should  always  be  represented  fiat,  with- 
out shadow  or  relief.  See  bricks,  4. 
3.  In  arch. :  (a)  An  ornament 
much  used  in  early  medieval 
work,  consisting  of  an  imitation 
of  a  wooden  billet,  or  a  small 
section  of  a  rod,  of  which  a  se- 
ries are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals in  or  upon  a  molding,  usu- 


L 

Bill-hook. 


Three  Billets  azure 
in  chief. 


green  woolen  cloth,  piece-dyed, 

from  72  to  81  inches  wide,  manufactured  to 
cover  billiard-tables. 

billiard-cue  (bil'yard-ku),  n.  The  tapering 
stick  with  which  "billiard-players  strike  the 
balls. 

billiardist  (bil'yar-dist),  n.  [<  billiard-s  +  -ist.] 
One  skilled  in  the  game  of  billiards  ;  a  profes- 
sional billiard-player. 


date,  for  Locke  ("Essay  on  the  Human  Understanding," 
ii.  16,  §  6, 1690)  speaks  of  the  use  of  trillion  as  a  novelty. 
The  English  meaning  of  the  word  is  thus  the  original  and 
most  systematic.  The  word  billion  is  not  used  in  the 
French  of  eyery-day  life,  one  thousand  millions  being 
called  a  milliard.] 

billionaire  (.bil'yon-ar),  n.  [<  billion  +  -aire, 
as  in  millionaire.]  "  One  who  possesses  property 
worth  a  billion  reckoned  in  standard  coin  of 
the  country.  [Bare.] 

One  would  like  to  give  a  party  now  and  then,  if  one 
could  be  a  billionaire.      0.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  Vernier,  vii. 

billman  (bil'man),  n.;  pi.  tollmen  (-men).  [<  toW 
+  man.]     1.  A  soldier  or  civic  guardsman  of 
former  times  armed  with  a  bill. 
In  rushed  his  bill-men.  Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  427. 

A  biUnum  of  the  guard.        Saville,  tr.  of  Tacitus,  i.  24. 
When  the  bill-men  saw  that  the  fire  was  overaw'd,  and 
could  not  doe  the  deed  [burn  the  martyr],  one  of  them 
steps  to  him,  and  stabs  him  with  a  sword. 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

2.  A  laborer  who  uses  a  bill  for  cutting. 
[Rare.] 


billiard-marker  (bil'yard-mar''ker),  n.   1.  One  billon  (bil'on),  n.     [F.,  copper  coin,  base  coin, 


ally  a  concave  molding.     See  cut  under  billet-    w£o  attends  on  players  at  billiards  and  records     a  mint  for  such  coin  (=  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  vellon  = 


molding,  (b)  A  checker.— 4.  A  short  strap  tne  progress  of  the  game.— 2.  An  apparatus 
used  for  connecting  various  straps  and  portions  f  or  registering  the  points  and  games  scored  at 
of  a  harness. —  5.  A  pocket  or  loop  into  which  Billiards. 


Pg.  bilhao  =  It.  biglione;  ML.  billio(n-),  bil- 
lon), orig.  a  'mass'  of  metal,  <  bille,  a  log:  see 
billet*.  Ullot.  In  older  E.  form  (by  confusion) 


the  end  of  a  strap  is  inserted  after  passing  billiards  (bil'yar&z), n-    [Formerly  also  spelled     bullion:  seebullion2.]  1.  Gold  or  silver  alloyed 


bloom ;  a  short     billiard,  billyar'ds  (-Hi-,  -lly-,  to  indicate  the  f or- 
ire  section,  and    mer  pronunciation  of  F.  -11-),  billards,  etc. ;  <  F. 

•   *'T\I!O    "       A    Killof         7   "77 J     l~Il  >~r.«r1r.      TIT  1 1  \  m.A    lnTn\a      -Frwmm«l^r    r.    V^ll_ 


through  a  buckle. — 6.  A  small  bloom;  a  short 

bar  of  iron  or  steel,  with  a  square  i  

of  smaller  size  than  an  ordinary  "pile."  A  billet  UHard,  billiards,  billiard-table,  formerly  a  bil- 
is  rolled  of  the  size  and  weight  required  for  the  finished  iiar(J-cue,  orig.  a  stick  with  a  curved  end,<  bille, 
article  which  is  to  be  produced  from  it.— Billet  and  zig-  ,  .  '  ?  vfmtl(T  o+ock  of  a  tree  (see  7"'- 
zag,  a  frequent  molding  in  medieval  architecture,  consist-  a  log  of  wood,  a  young  StOCK^  OI  a  tree  ^see  p 

ingof  atoms  ornamented  by  a]' *- 

billet,  a  moderate-sized  billet,  f< 

in  circumference.— Single  billet 

ly,  bylaw,  7$  inches  in  circumference. —  i  WU-UO.DU  uxxicu, 

a  large  billet,  formerly,  by  law,  14  inches  in  circumfer 

ence. 


bill3.]   A  game  played  by  two  or  more  persons, 
on  a  rectangular  table  of  special  construction 


with  copper  in  large  proportions,  so  as  to  make 
a  base  metal. 

In  many  continental  countries  the  smaller  currency  has 
been  made  of  a  very  low  alloy  of  silver  and  copper,  called 
billon.  .  .  .  According  to  an  analysis  performed  at  the 
Owen's  College  chemical  laboratory,  one  part  of  silver  and 
three  of  copper.  Billon  is  still  being  coined  in  Austria. 
Jevons,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  125. 

2.  Coin  struck  from  an  alloy  over  half  copper. 
[F.,  dim.  of  tolle :  see  billeft.] 


billet3  (bil'et),  n.      [Cf.  billard  and  bil.]     A    (see  billiard-table),  with  ivory  balls,  which  the  bm        ,bir6)  ;,      rEarly  mod.  E.  also  bellow; 

1 ,,1      'O II^.'U      ~      ..,-,,,     yi-P      4-1-i  n    simil  _-R  t?Vl        HO  Tin /HO  llXT  _1 .          n         "U-n        ,..,..,   i  ,,.         J-4-P        ,.  I  I  ,  .!.-  /1O11  CO        "trt        OT  TT  If  ft       WiiAV  «\.__'7_^l-,.,«'  T.I 


players,  by  means  of  cues,  cause  to  strike 
against  each  Other.  Formerly  in  the  United  States 
the  game  was  played  with  four  balls  on  a  table  having  six 
pockets,  the  players  scoring  both  for  caroms  and  for  driv- 
ing the  balls  into  the  pockets.  (See  carom.)  This  is  nearly 
the  present  English  game.  Since,  however,  expert  players 
could  continue  an  inning  at  the  game  thus  played  almost 
without  limit,  the  pockets  were  dispensed  with  and  count- 
ing was  made  to  depend  entirely  upon  caroms.  Later,  pro- 


liich  only  three  balls  are  used,  and  this  was  mod- 
champions'  game,  in  which  a  line,  called  a  balk- 


local  English  name  of  the  coal-fish,  especially 
when  one  year  old. 

billet-cable  (bil'et-ka"bl),  n.  [<  biltetf  +  cable.] 
A  molding  occurring  in  early  medieval  archi- 
tecture, consisting  of  a  torus  or  cable  orna- 
mented with  billets. 

billet-doux  (bil-e-do'),  n.;  pi.  billets-doux.    [F. ; 

lit.,  sweet  letter:  billet,  see  billeft,  n. ;  dowx,  <  L. 

dulcis,  sweet.]    A  love-note  or  short  love-letter. 

Valentine's  Day  kept  courting  pretty  May,  who  sate  next 

him,  slipping  amorous  billets-doux  under  the  table. 

Lamb,  New  Year's  Coming  of  Age. 

billeted  (bil-e-ta'),  a.  [F.  billete,  -ee,  <  toilette: 
see  billet^.]  In  her.,  same  as  billety. 

billet-head  (bil'et-hed),  n.  [<  billef  +  head.] 
1 .  Nant. :  (a)  A  cylindrical  piece  of  timber  fixed 

in  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  whaling-boat,  round     the  Cushi0n  before  touching  any  otner  can.    line  singular 
which  the  line  is  run  out  when  the  whale  darts     form,  billiard,  is  occasionally  used,  and  is  always  employed 
off  after  being  harpooned.  Also  called  bollard, 
(b)  Same  as  scroll-head. —  2.  A  loggerhead. 

billeting-roll  (bil'et-ing-rol),  n.  [<  billeting 
(<  billefi,  a  stick,  +  -ingl)  +  roll.]  A  set  of 

rollers  having  flattening  and  edging  grooves,  billiard-table  (bil  yard- 
used  in  rolling  iron  into  merchantable  bars. 

billet-master  (bil'et-mas"ter),  n.  One  whose 
duty  is  to  issue  billets  to  soldiers. 

billet-molding  (bil'et-moFding),  n 
any  molding  ornamented 
with  billets. 

billets-doux,  «. 
of  billet-doux. 

billety  (bil'e-ti),  a.  [See 
billetee.]  la  her.:  (a)  Di- 
vided into  billets:  same 


prob.  <  Icel.  bylgja  (through  an  unrecorded 
ME.  *bylge)  =  Sw.  bo'lja  =  Dan.  bolge,  a  billow, 
=  OD.  bolglie,  bulghe  =  LG.  bulge  =  OHG. 
*bulga,  MHG.  G.  bulge,  a  billow,  prob.  related 
to  OHG.  bidgd,  MHG.  G.  bitlge,  a  bag ;  ult.  < 
AS.  (etc.)  belgan,  swell,  swell  up,  whence  also 
belloics,  belly,  etc.  Cf.  bulge.]  A  great  wave 


fessional  players  adopted  what  is  known  as  the  French     Or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usually  by  a 


pla 
game,  in  whi 

ifledtothec/._— ^ „ -,  _ 

line,  is  drawn  crossing  each  corner  of  the  table  diagonally, 
within  which  two  counts  only  can  be  made.  Experts  now 
play  also  cuvhion-caroms,  in  which  the  cue-ball  must  touch 
the  cushion  before  hitting  the  second  object-ball,  or  hit  the 
second  ball  again  on  a  return  from  the  cushion ;  the  balk- 
line  game,  which  is  the  same  as  the  champions'  game,  but 
with  balk-lines  14  inches  from  the  cushion  all  round  the 
table ;  and  the  bank-game,  in  which  the  cue-hall  must  hit 
the  cushion  before  touching  any  other  ball.  [The  singular 


In  arch., 


violent  wind :  much  used  in  figurative  applica- 
tions, and  often,  especially  in  the  plural,  as 
merely  equivalent  to  wave :  as,  the  billows  of 
sorrow  rolled  over  him. 

You  stand  upon  the  rivage  and  behold 
A  city  on  the  inconstant  billows  dancing. 

SA<ifc.,Hen.  V.,iii.  (cho.). 

Strongly  it  bears  us  along,  in  swelling  and  limitless  bil- 
lows.    Coleridge,  tr.  of  Schiller,  Homeric  Hexameter. 
=  Svn.    See  wave. 

billow  (bil'6),  v.     [<  billow,  «.]     I.  intrans.  To 
swell ;  rise  and  roll  in  large  waves  or  surges. 

The  black-browed  Marseillese  .  .  .  do  billow  on  towards 
the  Tuileries,  where  their  errand  is. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  7. 

II.    trans.    To  raise  in  waves  or  billows. 
Young. 

[Pp.   of  billow,  f.] 


Plural     -r' 


as  barrypaty :  said  of  the 


in  composition. 

With  aching  heart,  and  discontented  looks, 
Returns  at  noon  to  billiard  or  to  books. 

Cmvper,  Retirement.] 

?**.i*Mu.v«.-v«w.tW    /   ---     --  table  on 

which  the  game  of  billiards  is  played,    it  is  made 

of  mahogany  or  other  hard  wood,  of  strong  and  heavy 

construction,  and  has  a  raised  cushioned  ledge  all  round,  „         ,VM/-J\ 

the  area  thus  formed  consisting  of  a  bed  of  slate  or  marble   DlllOWed    (Dllou),    p.    (I. 

covered  with  fine  green  cloth.    The  size  varies,  the  smallest     Swelled  like  a  billow. 

common  size  being  10  by  5  feet,  and  the  largest  12  by  6  feet. 

Some  tables  are  provided  with  six  pockets,  one  at  each  cor- 

ner  and  one  in  the  middle  of  each  of  the  long  sides ;  others 

have  four  pockets :  but  billiard-tables  are  now,  except  in 

Kiiiiland,  commonly  made  without  pockets. 

billicock,  n.    See  billycock. 

billing  (bil'ing),  n.    [Ppr.  of  fciH1,  i:]  A  caress- 

Wi*""&     V  ,          O/l      ,.L1,,T  7!  -,.  >t  C     IlrtU     K1I11I1J3CO      VI 

ing  after  the  fashion  of  doves ;  love-making :     g,.eat  dome  bulging  fro 
as,  "your  billings  and  cooings,"  Leigh  Hunt. 


„  ,.-'6-i),  ff.  [<WBow  +  -#lJ  Swell- 
ing or  swelled  into  large  waves;  full  ot  bil- 
lows or  surges ;  having  an  appearance  or  effect 
as  of  billows:  as,  "the  tollowie  ocean,"  Chap- 
man, Odyssey,  v.;  billowy  flames. 
We  had  glimpses  of  the  billowy  Campagna,  with  the 

'—'•-"~  ' its  rim. 

Lou-ell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  205. 


bill-poster 
bill-poster  (bil'pos'ter).  w.     Ono  whose  busi-  bilocular 


5f>r>  bin 

'u-lar),  a.     [<  L.  M-,  two-,  +  bimestrial  (bi-mes'tri-al),  a.     [<  L.  bimettris, 


•ill-poster  (UrpM'tte).  «.    One  whose  busi-  bilocular  (i>i-iok'u-iar),  a.     [<•  "•  '"-.  ™0.-.  +  DUE  p*  «. 

ness  it  is  to  post  up  bills  and  advertisements,     loculux,  a  cell  «  IOCUM.  a  place),  +  -ar3.]    Divid-     of  two  months'  duration,  <  In-,  two-,  + 


Also  called  bill-sticker. 
bill-scale  (bil'skal),  «.     Tin  hard  scale  or  nib 

on  the  tip  of  the  beak  of  a  chick,  aiding  it  to 

peck  the  shell  in  order  to  make  its  escape  from 

the  egg. 

bill-sticker  (bil'stik'er),  n.  Same  as  bill-pouter. 
billy1  (!>il'i),  «•;  pi-  billies  (-iz).     [Also  spelled 

billir  ;  of  unknown  origin.    The  sense  is  rather 


ed  into  two  cells,  or 
containing  two  cells 
internally :  as,  a  bilo- 
mlar  pericarp. 

biloculate  (in-lok'u- 
lat),  a.  [As  bilocul-ar 
+  -ate1.]  Same  as 
Monitor 


too  definite  to  be  considered  an  application  bilophodont  (bi-lof '- 
,  Dick,  and  Harry")     o-dont),  a.    [<  L.  bi-, 


(like  "Jack,"  "Jill,"  "Tom, 
of  the  familiar  proper  name  Billy,  dim.  of  Bill,  a 
ciiiTuptiouof  H'ill,  which  is  short  for  iniliam.] 
A  comrade ;  a  companion  ;  a  brother  in  arms, 
trade,  and  the  like;  a  fellow;  a  young  man. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 


;  section  of 
rhich  each 
of  the  two  cells  i$  also  bilocelUte. 


Dilocellate.— Enlarged 
a  bilocellate  anther,  in  wl 


two-,  +  Gr.  '/.tHjKif,  a 

crest,  +  odoi'f  (odovr-) 

=r  E.  tooth.]    Having 

two  transverse  crests  on  a  molar  tooth,  as  the 

tapirs,  dinotheriids,  and  kangaroos. 

The  bilophodont  sub-type  becomes  more  marked  In  Di- 
notherium  and  in  the  anterior  small  molar  of  Mastodon. 
Owen,  Anat.  Vert.,  III.  343. 
billy2  (bil'i),  ».;  pi.  billies  (-iz.).    [A  slang  word,  biloQUial  (bi-16'kwi-al),  a.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 

i  ,,  ,  ,.|  i  .1  no  ii    r\n  vtiniila  i»  QT\T\1is*a  frinTt  f\f  tYlf*  f « milittT*         i  1_.      _*A .':  I        ...:.!     "\          O  ......  t- 1  ,.,.•   *m 


When  chapman  billing  leave  the  street. 

Buna,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 


month.]     Happening  every  two  months  ;  con- 
tinuing two  months. 

Dante  became  one  of  the  six  priors  (June,  1300),  an 
office  which  the  Florentines  had  mule  bimextrial  in  its 
tenure,  In  order  apparently  to  secure  at  leant  six  coustitu- 
tiimal  clmnccs  "f  revolution  In  the  year. 

/.«"•///.  Aiiifliu  my  l'.<"'kd,  2d  Ber.,  p.  11. 

bimetallic  (bi-me-tal'ik),  a.  [<  F.  biHii'tttlln/n,  . 
<  bi-  (<  L.  bi-,  two-)  +  m&WHgW;  or  <  to-2  + 
metallic.  This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  of 
recent  origin,  M.  Cernuachi  having  been  the 
first  to  use  bimetullique  in  1HC9.  and  bimetallic  in 
1876.  JV.  E.  I).]  Of  or  pertaining  to  two  met- 
als; specifically,  pertaining  to  the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard  in  currency.  See  bi- 
metallism. 

The  fallacy  that  prices  depend  directly  on  the  volume 

of  currency,  that  a  bi-metaltic  standard  is  practicable,  etc. 

.V.  A.  Ket.,  CXXVII.  352. 


perhaps  a  particular  application  of  the  familiar     ioqui  8peak;  after  co'Hog  Mia/.]     Speaking  with 
proper  name  BMy  :  see  billy*,  and  cf  .  betty  and    two  difterent  voices.    N.  E.  D. 
jimmu.     Cf.  also  F.  bille,  a  stick  or  stock,  under  biloquist  (bil'o-kwist),  n.    [As  biloqutal  -r  -ist.] 
billet2  and  billiards.'}    1.  Stolen  metal  of  any    Qne  who  can  speak  with  two  different  voices. 


kind.    [Slang.]  —  2.  A  small  metal  bludgeon 

that  may  be  carried  in  the  pocket  ;   hence,  a 

policeman's  club.     [Slang.]  —  3.  A  stubbing- 

machine.    See  slubber. 
billy-biter  (bil'i-bl"ter),  n.     [<  Billy,  a  familiar 

name,  +  biter.}    A  name  for  the  blue  titmouse, 

I'arun  curulcus.     Macgillivray.      [Local,  Brit- 

ish.]  biltong   biltongue  (bil'tong,  -tung),  n.    [8. 

Billy-blind  (bil'i-blind),  n.     1.  In  ballads,  the    African  D.  biltong,  <  D.  bil,  buttock,  pi.  rump, 

name  of  a  benevolent  household  demon  or  fa- 

miliar spirit.    Also  written  Billy  Blind.  —  2. 

[I.  c.]    The  game  of  blind-man's  buff.    N.  E.  D.  _ 

billyboy  (biTi-boi),  n.     [Appar.  a  humorous  bimaculate 

application  of  Billy  boy  (<  billy1  +  boy),  a  fa- 

miliar phrase  of  address  ;  but  prob.  an  accom. 
this   form 


to 

of  some 

other  name.] 
A  flat-bot- 
tomed, bluff- 
bowed  barge, 
of  very  light 
draft,  espe- 
cially built 
for  the  navi- 
gation of  the 
river  Humber 
England 


bimetallism  (bi-met'al-izm),  n.  [<  bimetall-ic 
+  -ism.]  The  use  of  two  metals  as  money  at 
relative  values  set  by  legislative  enactment; 
the  union  of  two  metals  in  circulation  as  money 
at  a  fixed  rate.  Specifically,  that  system  of  coinage 
which  recognizes  both  coins  of  silver  and  coins  of  gold 
as  legal  tender  to  any  amount,  or  the  concurrent  use  of 
coins  of  two  metals  as  a  circulating  medium  at  a  flxed 
relative  value. 

Tills  coinage  was  superseded  by  the  bimetallic  (gold  and 
silver)  coinage  of  Croesus,  and  biinetallimi  was  the  rule  in 
Asia  down  to  Alexander's  time  In  the  flxed  ratio  of  one  to 
thirteen  and  a  half  between  the  two  metals.  Academy. 

bimetallist  (bi-met'al-ist),  «.  [<  bimetall-ic  + 
-ist.  Cf.  bimetallism".]  One  who  advocates  the 

.   ...., m—'  use  of  a  double  metallic  standard  in  currency. 

for  lean  meat  cut  into  thin  strips  and  dried  in  bimetallistic  (bi-met-a-lis'tik),  a.  [<  bimetal- 
the  sun.  list  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  bimetal- 

bimaculated  (bi-mak'u-lat,  -la-    H8m.    Contemporary  Her. 

ted),  o.  [<  M-2  +  maculate.']  Having  two  bimodular  (bi-mod'u-lar),  o.  [<  bimodulus  + 
spots;  marked  with  two  spots — Bimaculated  -ar3.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  bimodulus. — 2. 
duck.  Ana*  ijlocitatu  or  Querquedula  bimaaUata,  a  Euro-  Having  two  moduli. 

bimodulus  (bi-mod'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  Mmoduli  (-Ii). 
[NL.,  <  bi-2  +  modulus.']  In  math.,  the  double 


E.  D. 

(bil'sft),  ».     [E.  Ind.]    A  fine  kind  of 

tobacco  grown  in  the  district  of  Malwa  in  cen- 
tral India. 

(ilsted  (bil'sted),  n.  [Appar.  a  native  name.] 
Another  name  of  the  American  sweet-gum  tree, 
Liquidambar  Styraciflua. 


_______  .....  ...,,  ____  .. 

+  iong  =  E.  tongue.]    A  South  African  name 


by  Cuvier  and  mos   naturalists  until  quite  re-  dor, 

cently.    The  order  is  now  practically  abolished,  since  it     pearing  twice  a  month. 

has  been  shown  that,  zoologically  and  morphologically,   bimUCronate  (bi-mu'kro-nat),  a.     [<  6i-2  +  mii- 
man  differs  less  from  the  anthropoid  apes  than  these  apes  -       •  ' 

The  custom  is  now  to  revert  in 


do  from  most  monkeys. 

this  particular  to  the  classification  of  Linuceus,  who  in- 
cluded man  with  the  apes,  monkeys,  and  lemurs  in  one 
order,  Primatet.  The  zoological  rank  now  usually  assigned 
to  the  genus  Homo  is  that  of  the  type  of  a  family  Hoini- 
nidoe  or  Anthropid<e,  the  term  Biinana  being  used,  if  at 
all,  as  the  name  of  a  superfamily  or  suborder,  by  means  of 


in  _ 

and  its  Tribu- 
taries.   Sea-go-  Billyboy. 

Ing  billyboys  are  which  man  alone  is  thus  contrasted  with  Simitr. 

generally  clincher-built  and  sloop-rigged,  but  some  are  bimanet  (bi'man),  a.     [<  F.   bimane,  <  NL.  bi- 
canal-built  and  schooner-rigged.     Many  carry  a  square     maHM  .  see  bimanow>.]     Same  as  bimanput. 

bimanus, 
hand. 

Cf.  Bimana.'] 
Two-handed  and  two-footed,  or  bimanmu  and  biped. 

Lawrener,  Lectures,  p.  159  (Ord  MS.). 

Specifically— 2.  In  zoiil.,  belonging  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Bimana. 


Tinge, TSO  that  it  can  be  lowered  when  passing  under  bimanOUS  (bi'ma-nus),   o.      [<   NL. 

two-handed,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,   T    mqnus, 


a.    r< 

PVO-,   + 
1 .  Having  two  hands. 


[<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
Cf.  manual.] 


In- 


topsail and  lee-boards.    The  mast  is  fitted  to  the  deck  by 
a  hinge, 
a  bridge. 

You  look  at  the  clustered  houses,  and  at  the  wharves 
with  the  black  old  billyboys  squattering  alongside. 

W.  C.  Ruxtell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  ii. 

billycock  (bil'i-kok),  n.     [Origin  obscure.]     A 

stiff,  round,  low-crowned  felt  hat:  often  called     ,UK  *^  .,.,,,..,...-  „..  »~*,  ~, 
a.  billycock  hat.  Also  spelled  billicock.  [Collpq.]  bimanual  (bi-man'u-al),  a. 

billy-gate  (bil'i-gat),  «.     The  moving  carriage    manus  (manit-),  hand,  +  -al. 
in  a  slubbing-machine.  volving  the  employment  of  both  hands. 

billy-goat  (bil'i-got),  «.     A  familiar  name  for  bimarginate   (bi-miir' ji-nat).  a.     [<   W-3   + 
a  he-goat,  as  nanny-goat  is  for  a  she-goat.  marginate.]     In  conch.,  furnished  with  a  dou- 

billy-piecer  (bil'i-pe"s6r),  11.  In  tcoolen-manuf.,     ble  margin  as  far  as  the  tip. 
a  child  who  pieces  or  joins  together  roving  on  bimbo  (bim'bo),  n.    A  kind  of  punch,  drunk  as 
a  carding-engine  called  a  billv  or  slabbing-     a  liqueur,  made  with  six  lemons  and  a  pound 
billy.     [Not  used  in  U.  S.] 

billy-roller  (biri-rd'ler),  H.     In  iroolcn-manuf.,     

a  wooden  roller  in  the  slubbing-machine,  under  bimedial 
which  cardiugs  are  passed,  and  by  which  they 
are  slightly  compressed. 

billy-web  (bil'i-web),  w.  A  name  given  in 
Honduras  to  the  wood  of  a  little-known  timber- 
tree. 

bilobate  (bi-16'bat),  o.  [<  M-2  +  lobate.]  Hav- 
ing or  divided  into  two  lobes:  as,  a  bilobatf 
leaf. 

bilobed  (bi'lobd),  a.    Same  as  bilobate. 

bilobular  (bi-lob'u-lar),  a.     Same  as  bilobate. 

Round  or  bilubitlar  structures  of  very  variable  si/r. 

/Vci/,  Histol.  and  Ilisto-chein.  (trans.),  p~  29. 

bilocation  (bi-lo-ka'shpn),  n.  [<  W-2  +  loca- 
tion.] The  power  of  being  in  two  places  at 
the  same  time.  See  extract. 

The  word  bilvc.ation  has  been  invented  to  express  the 
miraculous  faculty  possessed  by  certain  saints  of  the 

Roman  Church,  of  being  in  two  places  at  once.  TliTnori"irl»"  nVnip'rt'i 

K.  B.  Tylm;  Prim.  Culture,  I.  404.   •">" 

bilocellate  (bi-lo-sel'at),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  lorellu* 
+  -atel.]  In  bot.,  divided  into  two  locelli  or 
secoudary  cells.  See  cut  in  next  column. 


cronate.]  In  zool.,  having  two  mucros  or  angu- 
lar projections :  as,  bimucronate  elytra. 

bimuscular  (bi-mus'ku-liir),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  muscu- 
lar.] In  conch.,  having  two  adductor  muscles, 
as  some  bivalves ;  dimyarian. 

Bimusculosa  (bi-mus-ku-16'sa),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  musculosus,  muscular,  <  mus- 
culug,  muscle.]     In  conch.,  an  order  of  bivalve 
n  K 'Husks:  synonymous  with  Dimyaria.    Uould, 
1841. 

bin1  (bin),  «.  [<  ME.  binne,  bynne,  byn,  a  re- 
pository for  grain  or  bread,  usually  a  manger, 

<  AS.  b'inn,  a  manger.     Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps, like  D.  benne,  ben,  =  G.  benne,  a  basket- 
wagon,  =  It.  henna,  a  sleigh,  cart,  =  F.  bannr, 
benne,  a  basket,  creel,  pannier,  basket-wagon,  < 
ML.  benna,  a  basket,  a  namper,  appar.  the  same 
as  L.  benna,  quoted  as  an  old  Gaulish  name  for 
a  kind  of  vehicle;  cf.  W.  ben,  a  cart,  waggon.] 
1.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used  as  a  repository 
for  any  commodity:  as,  a  corn-6i»i;  a  coal-W»i. 
—  2.  One  of  the  open  subdivisions  of  a  cellar 
for  the  reception  of  wine-bottles. 

Also  spelled  binn. 


of  sugar  to  a  quart  of  brandy  and  a  quart  of  bini  (binr  r.  ,..       't-  and  pp.  binned,  ppr.  bin- 
water.  ,,,-,((/.    [<  J,-HI  „  J   TO  put  into  or  store  in  a  bin : 

limedial  (bi-me'di-al),  w.     [<  6i-2    h   medial;     as,  to  Wn  Uquor. 
tr.  of  Gr.  «  <i,o  ftaav,  from  two  medials.]    In  bin2t  (bin),  adv.  andnrew.     [=E.  dial,  and  Sc. 


anc.  math.,  a  line  compounded  of  two  medials. 
If  these  latter  make  a  rational  rectangle,  the  compound 
is  called  a  Jirgt  binirdial ;  if  they  make  a  medial  rec- 
tangle, the  compound  is  termed  a  tecond  bimedial.  In 
modern  language  this  would  be  expressed  by  saying  that 
a  bimedial  is  a  quantity  of  the  form  (y*a  +  yb)  ^c,  where 
a,  b,  and  c  are  commensurable.  It  is  a  first  or  a  second 
I'lmi  ilial  according  as  a  b  c  is  or  is  not  a  perfect  square. 
bimembral  (bi-mem'bral),  a.  [<  L.  binifmbris. 
<  bi-,  two-,  +  membruni,  member.]  Consist  inj: 
of  two  members,  as  a  sentence.  Gibbs. 


ben  (see  ben1),  <  ME.  binne,  binnen,  bitinon,  < 
AS.  binnan,  ONorth.  binna  (=  OS.  'binnan  = 
OFries.  binna  =  D.  binnen  =  MHG.  G.  binnen), 
within.  <  be-,  by,  +  innaiij  within:  see  6c-2  and 
iHi;  cf.  bun.]  1.  adt.  Within;  inside. 

II.  prep.  1.  Of  place,  within;  inside  of;  in. 
—  2.  Of  time,  within  ;  during. 
inSf,  r.    A  shortened  form  of  been,  past  partici- 
pie,  and  obsolete  infinitive  and  present  indica- 


of  two  members,  as  a  sentence.     Gis.  pe,  an    oso        ii  - 

bimenet,  r.  t.  A  Middle  English  form  of  bemoan,     tive  plural,  of  be.    Bin  is  the  ordinary  pronun- 

- 


bimensal  (bi-men'sal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
mi  nuts,  a  month.  Cf.  bimestrial.]  Occurring 
once  in  two  months;  bimonthly. 

Bimeria  (bi-me'ri-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  Gr.  uipof,  part.^  A  genus  of  hydrozoans, 
typical  of  the  family  Jiitucriiilu: 

"'.,  n.  pi.      [NL.,  <  Bi- 

mfria  +  -idir.]  A  family  of  tubularian  hydro- 
zoans, typified  by  the  genus  liimiria.  The  polyp- 
stock  is  covcrcil  with  ;i  perisarc.  the  generative  buds  are 
sessile,  and  the  tentacles  of  the  polyps  are  simple. 


ciation  in  the  United  States  of  the  past  partici- 
ple been. 

Out  of  whom  tBeda]  cheifly  hath  bin  gatherd  since  the 
Saxons  arrival,  such  as  hath  bin  deliverd,  a  scatterd  story 
pickt  out  heer  and  there.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

With  cv'ry  think-  that  pretty  hi,, 
My  lady  sweet  arise. 

Skat.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  3  (song). 
Blushes  that  Mn 
The  burnish  of  no  sin. 
Crathate,  Wishes  to  his  supposed  Mistress. 
A»  fresh  as  Mn  the  flowers  in  May.  Petle. 


bina 

bina  (be'na),  «.    [<  Hind.  bin.    Cf.  been*.']    An 

East  Indian  guitar  with  seven  strings.     Also 

called  i-ina. 

binacle,  «.    See  binnacle. 
binal  (bl'nal),  a.     [<  ML.  binalis,  double,  <  L. 

liini,   two  'by    two:    see    binary."]      Twofold; 

double;   binary:   as,   "binal  revenge,"  Ford, 

Witch  of  Edmonton,  iii.  2. 

The  attempt  of  the  French  to  compel  the  use  of  the 
decimal  system  shows  the  difficulty  of  such  an  undertak- 
ing. Popular  necessities  compelled  the  introduction  of 
binal  divisions.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  423. 

binariant  (bi-na'ri-ant),  u.  A  solution  of  the 
differential  equation,  bDa  +  cDb  +,  etc.,  =  0. 

binary  (bi'na-ri),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  biiiarius, 
consisting  of  two  things,  <  bini,  pi.  (rarely 
sing,  binus),  two  by  two,  two,  <  bis,  double : 
see  fej-2.  Cf.  between.']  I.  a.  I.  Twofold; 
dual;  double;  twain;  twin;  paired:  said  of 
anything  which  is  composed  of  two  things  or 
considered  as  divided  into  two  things. —  2.  In 
bot.,  having  the  organs  in  twos :  applied  to 
flowers :  equivalent  to  dimerous — Binary  arith- 
metic, that  system,  invented  by  Leibnitz,  in  which  two 
figures  only,  0  and  1,  are  used  in  lieu  of  ten,  the  cipher 
being  placed  as  in  common  arithmetic,  but  denoting  mul- 
tiplication by  2  instead  of  by  10.  Thus,  1  is  one ;  10  is 
two ;  11  is  three ;  100  is  four ;  101  is  five ;  110  is  six  ;  111  is 
seven;  1000  is  eight;  1001  is  nine;  1010  is  ten.— Binary 
classification,  binary  system,  in  zool.,  one  which  di- 
vides a  group  of  objects  into  two  series,  as  the  class  of 
birds  into  two  subclasses,  Altrices  and  Prcecoces ;  a  dichot- 
omous  arrangement :  opposed  to  quinary,  etc. —  Binary 
compound,  in  chem.,  a  compound  of  two  elements,  or  of 
an  element  and  a  compound  performing  the  function  of 
an  element,  or  of  two  compounds  performing  the  functions 
of  elements,  according  to  the  laws  of  combination.  Fara- 
day assigns  as  the  distinctive  character  of  a  binary  com- 
pound that  it  admits  of  electrolysis. — Binary  cubic.  See 
cubic.—  Binary  engine,  an  engine  having  the  piston  of 
one  cylinder  impelled  by  steam  which,  being  exhausted 
into  another  part  of  the  apparatus,  communicates  its  un- 
utilized heat  to  some  volatile  liquid  at  a  lower  tempera- 
ture ;  the  vapor  of  this  second  liquid,  by  its  expansion  in  a 
second  cylinder,  yields  additional  force.—  Binary  enun- 
ciation, in  logic,  a  categorical  proposition  whose  verb  is 
not  to  be :  as,  Socrates  dies.  Usually  called  a  proposition 
ofse  ynd  adjacent.— Binary  form,  or  binary  quantic, 
in  alg.,  a  homogeneous  function  of  two  variables;  as: 

ax  +  by, 

az2  +  bxy  +  cy? 

ax*  +  bx2y  +  cxy*  +  dyS,  etc. 

So  binary  cubic,  quartic,  etc.— Binary  form,  in  music, 
a  movement  based  upon  two  subjects  or  divided  into  two 
distinct  or  contrasted  sections.— Binary  logarithms,  a 
system  of  logarithms  contrived  and  calculated  by  Euler 
for  facilitating  musical  calculations.  In  this  system  1  is 
the  logarithm  of  2,  2  of  4,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  1.442- 
695  ;  whereas  in  the  kind  commonly  used  1  is  the  loga- 
rithm of  10,  2  of  100,  etc.,  and  the  modulus  is  .43429448. 
—Binary  measure,  in  music,  the  measure  used  in  com- 
mon time,  in  which  the  time  of  rising  in  beating  is  equal 
to  the  time  of  falling.— Binary  nomenclature,  binary 
name,  in  zool.  and  bot.,  a  binomial  nomenclature  or  bino- 
mial name.  See  binomial.—  Binary  number,  a  number 
which  is  composed  of  two  units. — Binary  scale,  the  scale 
of  notation  used  in  binary  arithmetic.— Binary  star,  a 
double  star  whose  members  have  a  revolution  around 
their  common  center  of  gravity.— Binary  theory  of 
salts,  the  theory  which  regards  salts  as  consisting  of  two 
elements,  a  basic  or  electropositive,  which  may  be  a  metal 
or  a  radical,  and  an  acid  or  electronegative  element  or  rad- 
ical: as,  potassium  nitrate,  K-N03;  potassium  acetate, 

K-C2H;,00. 

II.  n. ;    pi.   binaries  (-riz).    A 
whole  composed  of  two ;  a  dyad. 

To  make  two,  or  a  binary,  .  .  .  add 
but  one  unto  one. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  307. 

binate  (bi'nat),  a.     [<  NL.  bina- 
tus,  <  L.  bini,  two  and  two :  see 
binary.}     In  60*.,  being  double  or 
in  couples ;  having  only  two  leaflets  to  a  peti- 
ole ;  growing  in  pairs. 

binaural  (bin-a'ral),  a.  [<  L.  bini,  two  and 
two,  +  auris  =  E."eew-l.]  1.  Having  two  ears. 
— 2.  Pertaining  to  or  involving  the  use  of  both 
ears ;  fitted  for  being  simultaneously  used  by- 
two  ears :  as,  a  binaural  stethoscope,  which 
has  two  connected  tubes  capped  by  small  ear- 
pieces. 

There  is  even  a  kind  of  bitiaural  audition,  by  means  of 
which  we  judge  imperfectly  of  direction  of  sound. 

Le  Conte,  Sight,  p.  265. 

binching  (bin'ching),  n.  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
of  benching.  Cf.  dial,  birik,  benk  =  bench.}  In 
coal-mining,  the  bed  or  rock  on  which  a  layer  of 
coal  rests.  [Somersetshire,  Eng.] 

bind  (bind),  v. ;  pret.  bound,  pp.  bound  (for- 
merly bounden,  now  only  attrib.),  ppr.  binding. 
[<  ME.  binden  (pret.  band,  bond,  later  bounde, 
pi.  bounden,  bounde,  pp.  bounden),  <  AS.  bindan 
(pret.  band,  pi.  bundon,  pp.  bitnden)  =  OS.  bin- 
dan  =  OFries.  binda  =  D.  binden  =  OHG.  lin- 
tan,  MHG.  G.  binden  =Icel.  binda  =  Sw.  binda 
=  Dan.  binde  =  Goth,  bindan,  bind,  tie,  =  Skt. 
•\f  bandh,  orig.  *bhandh,  bind,  tie.  The  same  root 
prob.  appears  in  L.  of-fend-ix,  of-fend-imentum, 


Binate  Leaves. 


556 

the  knot  of  a  band,  Gr.  Tretnua  (for  *irev6ua, 
*$ev6pa),  a  rope.  See  btauP-,  band?,  bend1, 
bend2,  etc.,  bond},  bundle,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  fast  (to,  on,  or  upon)  with  a  band  or  bond 
of  any  kind. 

Thou  shall  bind  them  for  a  sign  upon  thine  hand. 

Deut.  vi.  8. 

Bind  the  chariot  to  the  swift  beast.  Micali  i.  13. 

2.  To  unite  by  any  legal  or  moral  tie ;  attach  by 
considerations  of  love,  duty,  interest,  obliga- 
tion, etc.:  as,  bound  in  the  bonds  of  matrimony ; 
bound  by  gratitude,  duty,  debt,  etc. 

Distrust  and  grief 
Will  bind  to  us  each  Western  chief. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  30. 

3.  To  put  in  bonds  or  fetters  ;  deprive  of  lib- 
erty or  of  the  use  of  the  limbs  by  making  fast 
physically. 

Bind  him  hand  and  foot,  and  take  him  away. 

Mat.  xxii.  13. 

•  He  took  Paul's  girdle,  and  bound  his  own  hands  and 
feet,  and  said,  ...  So  shall  the  Jews  at  Jerusalem  bind 
the  man  that  owneth  this  girdle.  Acts  xxi.  11. 

4.  To  restrain ;    hold  to   a  particular  state, 
place,  employment,  etc. 

He  bindeth  the  floods  from  overflowing.    Job  xxviii.  11. 

I  have  no  official  business  to  bind  me. 

Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  II.  vii. 

5.  To  hinder  or  restrain  (the  bowels)  from 
their  natural  operations  ;  make  costive ;  con- 
stipate.—  6.  To  fasten  around  anything ;  fix  in 
place  by  girding  or  tying :  as,  to  bind  a  cord 
round  the  arm. 

I,  maiden,  round  thee,  maiden,  bind  my  belt. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

7.  To  encircle  with  a  band  or  ligature ;  gird ; 
confine  or  restrain  by  girding:   as,  "bind  up 
those  tresses,"  Shale.,  K.  John,  iii.  4. 

A  fillet  binds  her  hair.        Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  178. 

8.  To  swathe  or  bandage;  cover  and  swathe 
with  dressings :  with  up. 

He  healeth  the  broken  in  heart,  and  bindeth  up  their 
wounds.  Ps.  clxvii.  3. 

Give  me  another  horse,  bind  up  my  wounds. 

Skak.,  Rich  III.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  form  a  border  or  edge  on,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  strengthening  or  ornamenting  ;  edge : 
as,  to  bind  a  wheel  with  a  tire  ;  to  bind  a  gar- 
ment or  a  carpet. 

Her  mantle  rich,  whose  borders  round 
A  deep  and  fretted  broidery  bound. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  3. 
Black  cliffs  and  high, 

With  green  grass  growing  on  the  tops  of  them, 
Binding  them  round  as  gold  a  garment's  hem. 

WUliam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  172. 

10.  To  tie  or  fasten  (loose  things)  together 
with  a  band,  cord,  or  tie ;  tie  up  into  one  bun- 
dle or  mass :  as,  to  bind  sheaves  of  grain. —  1 1 . 
To  fasten  or  secure  within  a  cover,  as  a  book 
or  pamphlet.     See  bookbinding. — 12.   In  fen- 
cing, to  secure  (the  sword  of  an  adversary). 
See  binding,  n.,  3. — 13.  To  cause  to  cohere; 
cement;  knit;   unite  firmly:  as,   to   bind  the 
loose  sand. 

The  sooner  to  effect, 
And  surer  bind,  this  knot  of  amity, — 
The  Earl  of  Armagnac  .  .  . 
Proffers  his  only  daughter  to  your  grace 
In  marriage.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

God  has  so  bound  society  together  that  if  one  member 
suffer,  all  suffer.  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  60. 

Have  enough  oil  in  the  colours  to  bind  them. 

Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  423. 
Binding  the  ink  to  prevent  its  smearing. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  343. 

14.  To  place  under  obligation  or  compulsion: 
as,  all  are  bound  to  obey  the  laws. 

This  ring  I  gave  him,  when  he  parted  from  me, 
To  bind  him  to  remember  my  good-will. 

Shak.,T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  4. 

'Tis  true,  by  my  father's  will,  I  am  for  a  short  period 
bound  to  regard  you  as  his  substitute. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

15.  To  put  under  legal  obligation :  often  with 
over:  as,  to  bind  a  man  over  to  keep  the  peace. 
Specifically  — 16.  To  indenture  as  an  appren- 
tice: often  with  out. 

Sly  mother  she  wanted  to  bind  me  out  to  a  blacksmith. 
Mrs.  Stoice,  Oldtown,  p.  83. 

To  bind  hand  and  foot.    See  hand.—  To  bind  in,  to 

inclose ;  surround. 

Bound  in  with  the  triumphant  sea. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
A  costly  jewel  .  .  .  bound  in  with  diamonds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

To  bind  up  in,  to  cause  to  be  wholly  engrossed  with  ;  ab- 
sorb in;  connect  intimately  with  :  chiefly  in  the  passive. 
Seeing  that  his  life  is  bound  up  in  the  lad's  life. 

Gen.  xliv.  30. 


binding 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  cohere ;  stick  together. — 

2.  To  become  indurated,   hard,  or  stiff:  as, 
clay  binds  by  heat. —  3.  To  be  obligatory  or  of 
force. 

Those  canons  or  imperial  constitutions  which  have  not 
been  received  here  do  not  bind.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

4.  To  tie  up  anything;  specifically,  to  tie  up 
sheaves. 

They  that  reap  must  sheaf  and  bind. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  In  falconry,  to  seize  a  bird  in  the  air  and 
cling  to  it:  said  of  a  hawk. 

bind  (bind),  ».  [<  bind,  v.  In  third  sense,  cf. 
liunrtte,  and  see  tie,  n.  In  the  botanical  sense, 
<  ME.  bynde,  a  climbing  stem,  esp.  woodbine, 
ivy ;  chiefly  in  comp.  as  wudebinde,  woodbind. 
The  word,  by  its  use  in  comp.,  has  suffered  cor- 
ruption to  bine,  Sc.  bin-,  ben- :  see  bine1,  woodbine, 
bearbine,  etc.,  and  the  compounds  of  bind  be- 
low.] 1.  A  tie  or  band;  anything  that  binds. 
Specifically — (a)  A  connecting  timber  in  a 
ship,  (b)  In  music,  a  tie,  slur,  or  brace. — 2. 
In  coal-mining,  indurated,  argillaceous  shale 
or  clay,  such  as  frequently  forms  the  roof  of 
a  coal-seam:  same  as  bend1,  12,. and  baft,  10. 
[Eug.] — 3.  A  unit  of  tale.  A  bind  of  eels  is 
250.  A  bind  of  skins  is  32,  or  of  some  kinds  40. 
[Eng.] — 4.  Bounds;  limit;  stint:  as,  I  am  at 
my  bind.  [Scotch.] 

Their  bind  was  just  a  Scots  pint  overhead,  and  a  tappit- 
hen  to  the  bill,  and  no  man  ever  saw  them  the  waur  o't. 
Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  i. 

5.  A  climbing  stem;  a  bine;  specifically,   a 
stalk  of  hops.     See  bine1. 
The  whyle  God  of  his  grace  ded  growe  of  that  soyle 
The  fayrest  bynde  hym  [Jonah)  abof  that  ever  burne  wyste. 
Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  444. 

binder  (bin'der),  n.  [<  ME.  bynderj,  <  AS.  bin- 
dere,  <  bindan,  bind:  see  bind,  v.,  and  -er1.]  1. 
A  person  who  binds.  Specifically — («)  One 
who  binds  books ;  a  bookbinder.  (6)  One  who 
binds  sheaves. —  2.  Anything  that  binds,  in  any 
sense  of  that  verb. —  3.  In  bricklaying,  a  header 
which  extends  partly  through  a  wall ;  a  bonder. 
— 4.  In  carp.,  a  tie-beam;  a  binding-joist  serv- 
ing as  a  transverse  support  for  the  bridging- 
joists  above  and  the  ceiling-joists  below. — 5. 
An  attachment  to  a  sewing-machine  for  folding 
an  edge  or  a  binding. — 6.  In  agri.:  (a)  An  at- 
tachment to  a  reaper  for  tying  the  bundles  of 
grain.  (6)  A  separate  horse-power  machine  for 
gathering  up  and  binding  grain  already  cut. — 
7.  An  arrester  or  stop  for  the  shuttle  of  a  loom. 
—  8.  A  temporary  cover  for  loose  sheets  of  mu- 
sic, papers,  etc. —  9.  pi.  Same  as  binding,  4. 
—Binders' board,  thick,  smooth,  calendered  pasteboard 
used  for  the  covers  of  books. 

binder-frame  (bln'der-fram),  n.  In  mach.,  a 
hanger  sivpporting  shafting,  and  having  adjust- 
able bearings  by  which  the  position  of  the  pul- 
leys can  be  regulated  to  suit  the  direction  of 
the  motion  of  the  belts. 

bindery  (bin'der-i),  n.;  pi.  binderies  (-iz).  [< 
bind,  v.,  +  -ery.~]  A  place  where  books  are 
bound. 

bindheimite  (bind'hi-mit),  n.  [<  Hindheim  (a 
German  chemist)  +  -tie2.]  An  amorphous  an- 
timoniate  of  lead  produced  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  antimonial  minerals,  especially  jame- 
sonite. 

binding  (bin'ding),p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bind,  j>.]  1. 
Serving  to  bind,  fasten,  or  connect;  making 
fast. — 2.  Having  power  to  bind  or  oblige ;  obli- 
gatory: as,  a  binding  engagement. 

Civil  contracts  may  be  held  binding  although  made  by 
lunatics.  E.  C.  Mann,  Psycho!.  Med.,  p.  87. 

3.  Astringent. — 4.  Causing  constipation;  con- 
stipating.    [Cplloq.] 

binding  (bin'ding),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  bind,®.]  1. 
The  act  or  action  of  making  fast,  securing,  unit- 
ing, etc.,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  bind:  as,  the 
binding  of  prisoners;  wire  that  serves  for  bind- 
ing.—  2.  Anything  that  binds;  a  bandage;  the 
cover  of  a  book,  with  the  sewing  and  accom- 
panyingwork;  something  that  secures  the  edges 
of  cloth  or  of  a  garment. —  3.  In  fencing,  a 
method  of  securing  the  adversary's  sword,  con- 
sisting in  crossing  it  with  a  pressure,  accom- 
panied with  a  spring  of  the  wrist. — 4.  pi  In 
ship-building,  the  beams,  transoms,  knees,  wales, 
keelson,  and  other  chief  timbers  used,  for  con- 
necting and  strengthening  the  various  parts  of 
a  vessel.  Also  called  binders. —  5.  The  condi- 
tion assumed  by  adhesive  soils  in  hot  dry  sea- 
sons; a  similar  condition  in  the  soil  of  flower- 
pots in  which  plants  have  been  kept  too  long  or 
too  dry ;  closeness,  dryness,  or  hardness  of  tex- 
ture.—6.  Tn  Hindi.,  the  prevention  of  free  mo- 


binding 

tion  in  one  part  of  a  machine  by  the  siigiring  or 
any  deviation  from  ;i  straight  line  M|'  ,-inotln  r 
portion. —  7.  A  projection  of  a  part  of  a  slnn-- 
ture  or  machine  by  whicli  parts  intended  to 
touch  arc  prevented  from  coining  into  perfect 
contact.  —  8.  \iint.,  a  wrought  -iron  riiii,-  around 
a  dead-eye.  Binding-cloth,  a  dyed  and  stumiicil 
fabric  used  fur  tin-  l.iii. tin.-  "i  I m.iks.  Binding-joists, 
beams  in  lliiuiini,'  ulii<  It  support  tin-  bridging-joists  above 
iiinl  tin-  ..i  alow.  Binding-piece,  a  piece 

naded  lietueen  two  opposite  beams  or  joints,  to  prevent 
lateral  ili-ik'i-tiuu;  a  strutting- or  strainim:  piece.  Blnd- 


Ing-rafter,  a  longitudinal  timber  i\  liieh  supports  the  roof- 

ratters    between   Ille  riill^e  allil    tile    eaves  or  llle  rolllll  ailil 


Binding-scrcw. 


tin-  cave.    see  imriiii.    Binding  -strake,  in 

n,  !.  a  tlliek  .strakin^  wait-,  placed  uliele  it  call  be  bolted 

tn  km  •!•>,  ete.     Binding-wire,  a  win-  uiiule  of  very  soft 

iron,  used  to  eoniieet  pieces  \vhlch  ure  to  IK;  soldered  to- 

gether. -  Extra  binding.  See  fxmn<i«atra,  under  found  ;. 

-Half  binding,  in  iHaMiiinliii'i.  a  leather  back  ami  pa 

pcreii  iioani  sides.  --Quarter  binding,  in  l>vaki>i/i:iin-i. 

a  chc:ip  leather  or  cloth  back  with  hoard  Hides  cut  tln-li 

with  the  leaves.  -Three-quarter  binding,  in  in»,ki>ht<i- 

i'l'i.  a  leather  back  of  extra  width  with  leather  corners 

ami  papered  hiiard  sides. 
bindingly  (bin'ding-li),  adv.    Ill  a  binding  man- 

ner; MO  as  to  bind. 
bindingness  (bm'ding-nes),  n.    [<  binding,  p.  a., 

+  -HC.VS.]     The  quality  of  being  binding  or  ob- 

ligatory. 

The  unconditional  bindingneti  of  the  practical  reason. 

Coleridge. 

binding-post  (biu'ding-post),  n.  In  an  elec- 
trical apparatus,  a  small  post  having  a  hole 
into  which  a  wire  is  inserted,  or  through  which 
it  passes  and  is  held  by  a  screw. 
binding-screw  (bm'ding-skrO),  «.  1.  A  screw 
designed  to  bind  and  fasten  two  parts  of  any 
adjustable  tool  or  apparatus,  as  the  blade  of 
a  bevel;  a  set-screw;  espe- 
cially, a  screw  set  in  at  right 
angles  to  another,  either 
abutting  against  it  or  tight- 
ening the  female,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  male  from  turn- 
ing. —  2.  In  elect.,  a  simple 
arrangement  by  which  two 
electrical  conductors  maybe 
brought  into  metallic  con- 
nection. (See  cut.)  A  sim- 
ilar stationary  arrangement 
is  called  a  binding-post  —  Binding-screw  clamp,  a 
combined  clamp  and  set-screw  used  to  connect  a  wire  with 
the  elements  of  a  galvanic  battery. 
bind-rail  (bind'ral),  n.  1.  In  engin.,  a  piece 
to  which  the  heads  of  pipes  are  secured.  —  2. 
A  timber  cap  or  tie  placed  on  top  of  a  group 
of  piles,  to  nold  them  together  and  make  a 
support  for  floor-beams. 
bindweb  (biud'web),  n.  In  anat.,  neuroglia. 
bindweed  (blnd'wed),  ».  [Also  bineweed;  early 
mod.  E.  byittleweed;  <  bind  +  weed1.]  The  com- 
mon name  for  plants  of  the  genus  Convolciilu*. 
especially  of  C.  arvensis,  C.  (or  Calystegia)  se- 
/liinn,  and  C.  (or  Calystegia)  Soldanella  —  Black 
bindweed,  (a)  /V.wmim  Conpolvulii*.  (6)  jTamtw  coin- 
mvnuot  Europe.—  Blue  bindweed,  the  bittersweet,  Sola- 
tium Dulcamara.—  Rough  bindweed,  a  species  of  smilax, 
Smilaj;  aspera. 

bindwith  (bind'with),  ».  [<  bind  +  irjr7.2.]  A 
name  given  to  the  plant  Clematis  Vitalba  (the 
traveler's  joy),  from  its  stems  being  used  to  bind 
up  fagots. 

bindwood  (blnd'wud),  n.  [<  bind  +  wpoefi.] 
A  Scotch  name  for  ivy,  from  its  entwining  or 
binding  itself  around  stronger  plants,  etc. 
bine1  (bin),  «.  [A  dial,  form  of  bind,  n.,  now 
accepted  in  the  botanical  use,  esp.  in  com- 
pounds, as  woodbine,  hopbine,  bearbine:  see  hi  ml, 
n.]  The  slender  stem  of  a  climbing  plant. 

\Vhcii  burr  and  bi  tie.  were  gathered. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 
bine'-'  (bin),  H.     See  boyn. 
binervate  (bl-ner'vat),  a.     [<  fti-2  +  nervate.'] 

1.  Two-nerved;  especially,  in  bot.,  having  two 
longitudinal  ribs:  applied  to  certain  leaves.  — 

2.  Til  cntom.,  having  two  nervures  or  veins,  as 
an  insect's  wing. 

Billet's  function.    See  fwm-tinn. 

bing1  (bing),  H.  [<  Mfe.  bing,  binge,  liengt;  < 
Icel.  /iin</>-  =  S\v.  binge,  aheap;  also,"  with  trans- 
ferred sense,  Dan.  bing,  a  bin.  Cf.  6i«i,  with 
which  binghns  prob.  been  confused.]  1.  Aheap 
or  pile  of  anything:  as,  a  bing  of  corn,  potatoes, 
coal,  ore,  etc.—  2.  A  definite  quantity  of  lead 
ore,  ec|ual  to  8  hundredweight.  [North.  Eng.] 

bing'-2  (bing),  i<.  i.    To  go.     [Old  slang.] 

Bin;;  out  and  tour,  yc  anld  devil. 

St-ntt,  tiny  Mannering,  I.  x\\iii. 

binge  (binj),  r.  ('.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  hinged,  ppr. 
bingeiny.  [Sc.  ,  also  bccngc,  beenje,  appar.  formed 


557 

by  fusing  In  ml  and  (•;•/«</<•.]  1.  To  make  a  low 
obeisance;  courtesy. — 2.  To  cringe;  fawn. 

bing-ore  ( bing'or),  «.  Lead  ore  in  small  lumps. 
I  HMI,'.  I 

bingstead  (bing'stcd),  ».  In  mining,  the  place 
where  bing-ore  is  .stored  ready  to  go  to  the 
smelter.  [North.  Eng.J 

bink  (bingk),  H.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.;  <  ME. 
liinl.;  lt/nb;  \ar.  of  In  nl;,  limb;  itnassibilated 
form  of  bench,  q.  v.  Cf.  /;«///.',  bank$.]  1.  A 
bench;  a  seat. —  2.  A  wooden  frame,  fixed  to 
the  wall  of  a  house,  for  holding  dishes. — 3. 
A  bank;  an  acclivity. — 4.  In  cotton-manuf.,  a 
stock  of  cotton  composed  of  successive  layers 
from  different  bales;  a  bunker.  In  supplying 
cotton  to  the  machinery,  the  stock  is  raked  down  In  such 
a  manner  as  to  mix  the  material  thoroughly. 

binn,  n.    See  6m1. 

binna  (bin's).  [Sc.,  =  be  na,  be  not:  ««  =  E. 
mil,  adv.  Cf.  dinna,  do  not,  winna,  will  not.] 
Be  not. 

binnacle  (bin'a-kl),  n.  [Also  written  binacle,  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bittacle,  bitticlc,  <  Pg.  &ifa- 
I'n/ii  =  Sp.  />it<icora  =  F.Ktibita- 
cle,  a  binnacle,  orig.  an  abode, 
<  L.  habitaculum,  a  little  dwell- 
ing, <  habitare,  dwell :  see  habi- 
tation.'] A  framework  or  case 
on  the  deck  of  a  ship,  in  front 
of  the  steersman,  and  also  in 
various  other  positions,  con- 
taining a  nautical  compass, 
and  fitted  with  lights  by  which 
the  compass  can  bo  read  at 
night.  Men-of-war  generally  carry 
two  steering-binuacles,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  steering-wheel,  for  the 
steering-compasses,  and  an  azimuth 
binnacle  in  a  convenient  place  to 
hold  the  azimuth  compass. 

binnacle-list  (bin'a-kl-list), 
Binnacle.  "•     -A.  list  of  the  sick  men  on 

board  a  man-of-war,  placed  in 
the  binnacle  for  the  information  of  the  officer 
of  the  deck. 

Binneya  (bin'e-yii),  n.  [NL.,  after  Binney,  an 
American  naturalist.]  A  genus  of  land-snails, 
family  Hclicidte,  peculiar  to  Mexico  and  Cali- 
fornia. The  shell  is  too  small  to  contain  the  whole  body, 
so  that  when  the  animals  retreat,  as  they  do  at  the  up 
proach  of  the  dry  season,  the  parU  of  the  body  which 
would  otherwise  be  exposed  are  covered  and  protected  by 
the  ^really  enlarged  epiphragui. 

binnick,  n.    See  beiinick. 

binnite  (bin'it),  ».  [<  Binn  (see  def.)  +  -Jfc2.] 
A  sulphid  of  arsenic  and  copper  occurring  in 
isometric  crystals  in  the  dolomite  of  the  Bin- 
nenthal,  or  valley  of  Binn,  in  the  canton  of 
Valais,  Switzerland. 

binnogue  (bin'nog),  ».  A  head-dress  formerly 
worn  by  the  women  of  the  Irish  peasantry, 
described  as  a  kind  of  kerchief.  Planche. 

binny  (bin'i),  n.;  pi.  binnies  (-iz).  [Appar.  of 
native  origin.]  A  fish  (Barbus  bynni)  of  the 
family  Cyprinidce,  related  to  the  barbel.  It  in- 
habits the  Nile. 

binocle  (bin'o-kl),  n.  [=  F.  binoclc  =  Sp.  bino- 
eolo,  <  L.  bini,  two  and  two,  double,  +  oeulus, 
eye :  see  ocular."]  A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted 
with  two  tubes  for  the  use  of  both  eyes  at  once : 
also  used  for  opera-glass. 

binocular  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-liir),  a.  [<  L. 
bini,  double,  +  ocuhts,  eye,  +  -ar2.  Cf.  binocle.] 
1.  Having  two  eyes:  as,  "most  animals  are 
binocular,'1  Dcrliam.  Also  binocidate.  [Rare.] 
— 2.  Referring  to  both  eyes;  suited  for  the 
simultaneous  use  of  both  eyes:  as,  a  binocular 
telescope  or  microscope. 

The  want  of  binocular  perspective  in  paintings  interferes 
seriously  with  the  completeness  of  the  illusion. 

Le  Contt,  Sight,  p.  144. 
Binocular  microscope.    See  microscope. 

binocularity  (bi-nok-  or  bin-ok-u-lar'i-ti),  n. 
[<  binocular  +  -iVi/.]  Binocular  quality  or  con- 
dition ;  the  simultaneous  employment  of  both 
eyes.  Le  Conic. 

bihocularly  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-lSr-li),  adr. 
By  means  of  two  eyes;  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
be  viewed  by  both  eyes. 

The  rctii-nlaiioii  procnts  itself  in  clear  relief,  when 
viewed  binociilarly  with  a  suttk-iently  high  power. 

If.  IS.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  276. 

If  these  two  photographs  be  binocularly  combined,  .  .  . 
they  ought  to  and  must  produce  a  visual  effect  exactly  like 

an  aetllal  uhjert  or  seene.  Le  CoHle,  Sight,  p.  TJ7. 

binoculate  (bi-nok'-  or  bin-ok'u-lat),  a.     [<  L. 

bini,  double,  +  oculus,  eye,  +  -ate'1.]    Same  as 

iiiniH-iiliir,  1. 
Binoculus  (bi-nok'u-lus),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  bini. 

two  and  two,  +  iicul nx.   eyi'.]      1.    A   genus  of 

brauchiopod  crustaceans. "  See  A/iua.  '2. — 2.  A 


binomialism 

genus  of  iieuropteroiis   injects,   of  (lie  family 
Kplitnifl-iitti:       l.nlrnlli;    ]KI)L>.— 3.     [I.   C.]      All 

X-sliaped  bandage  for  maintaining  dressings 

on  both  eyes.     Also  called  iHiii'lit/mlmus. 
binodal  (bi-no'dal),  «.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nudnx, 

knot,  node,  +  -«/.]   Having  two  nodes  or  joints. 
binode  (bi'nod),  n.     [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nodus, 

knot.]      1.    In  ninth.,  a  singular!"'  of  .-i  siirtace 


Fie.  3- 

Binode  and  Neighboring  Parts  of  the  Surface  «3  =  xy. 
Fig.  i.  View  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  t.     Fig.  a.  Sections 
parallel  to  the  axis  uf  jr.     Fig.  3.  Sections  inclined  45*  to  the  axes  of 
x  aodjf. 

consisting  of  a  point  at  which  there  are  two 
tangent  planes.  In  the  surface  shown  in  fig. 
1  each  of  these  planes  is  tangent 
along  the  whole  length  of  a  line  ;  but 
this  circumstance  is  not  a  necessary 
concomitant  of  the  singularity.  —  2. 
A  crunode  formed  by  the  crossing  of 
two  branches  of  a  curve. 

binodose,binodous(bi-n6'd6s,-dus),   cm 
a.    [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nodus,  knot,    ""' 
+  -ose,  -ous.']    In  zoo'l.,  having  two  knot-like 
swellings. 

binomial  (bi-no'mi-al),  a.  and  «.  [<  ML.  bi- 
itomius,  tr.  of  Or.  in  6vo  bvopaTuv,  having  two 
names  (<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  nomen,  name),  +  -al; 
the  fuller  form  would  be  binominal,  q.  v.]  I.  a. 
1.  In  alg.,  consisting  of  two  terms  connected 
by  the  sign  +  or  —  ;  pertaining  to  binomials. 
—  2.  In  zool.  and  bot.  :  (a)  Using  or  having  two 
names:  applied  to  the  system  of  nomencla- 
ture introduced  by  Linmeus.  in  which  every 
plant  and  animal  receives  two  names,  one  in- 
dicating the  genus,  the  other  the  species:  as, 
Felis  leo.  the  lion;  Bellis  perenni*.  the  daisy. 
The  generic  word  Is  always  written  first,  and  with  a  capital 
initial  letter;  it  is,  or  is  taken  as,  a  noun.  'I  he  specific 
word  follows,  and  is  usually  an  adjective,  or  used  adjec- 
tively,  though  it  may  tie  a  noun.  In  zoology  the  practice 
is  now  to  write  all  specific  words  with  a  lower-case  (or 
small)  initial,  though  substantive  and  personal  and  geo- 
graphical words  are  often  written  with  a  capital,  which 
is  the  common  practice  in  botany.  Hence  —  (h)  Con- 
sisting of  two  names:  as,  binomial  terms.  Also 
binominal.—  Binomial  coefficient,  the  numerical  co- 
efficient of  any  term  in  the  development  ut(x  -t-yf,  where 
n  is  any  whole  tmmHer.  —  Binomial  development, 
a  development  by  the  binomial  theorem.—  Binomial 
equation,  an  algebraical  equation  consisting  of  two 
terms:  as,  ajr±6z-=o.—  Binomial  theorem,  the  the- 
orem invented  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton  for  raising  a  binomial 
to  any  power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of  it  by  an  ap- 
proximating infinite  series.  According  to  this  theorem, 
we  have  : 


H.  H.  1.  In  alg.,  an  expression  or  quantity 
consisting  of  two  terms  connected  by  the  sign 
+  or  —  ,  denoting  the  sum  or  the  difference  of 
the  two  terms  :  as,  a  +  6,  3a  —  2c,  a"  +  b,  i-  — 
-  -y/  y.  —  2.  In  zodl.  and  hot.,  a  name  consisting 
of  two  terms,  generic  and  specific,  as  the  proper 
name  of  a  species,  the  generic  always  preced- 
ing the  specific  word:  as,  Felis  leo,  the  lion. 
binomialism  (bi-no'nii-al-izm),  H.  [<  binomial  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  binomial  method  of  nomencla- 
ture, especially  in  zoology  and  botany,  —  2. 
Tlie  doctrine  or  use  of  that  method. 

Also  binoiniiilily, 


The  biostatical  and  the  biodiinamieal  —  i.  e.,  the  consid- 
eration of  the  structure  ready  to  act,  and  the  considera- 
tion of  the  structure  acting. 

G.  II.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  119. 


(bi'o-jen),  «.  [<  Gr.  /#of,  life,  +  -x»//f, 
producing:'  see  -gen.]  A  hypothetical  soul- 
stuff;  the  substance  of  a  supposed  spiritual 
body ;  the  od  of  organic  life.  Cones. 
biogenation  (bl"o-je-na'shon),  n.  [<  biogen  + 
-ation.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  affected 
by  biogen ;  animation ;  vitalization. 

All  animals  are  probably  also  susceptible  of  bioyeiuition, 
which  is  the  affection  resulting  from  the  influence  of  bio- 
gen. Cowi,  Key  to  If.  A.  Birds,  p.  192. 

~  "  Gr.  ftiof,  " 


binomialist  558 

binomialist(bi-n6'mi-al-ist),  n.    [<  binomial,  n.,  biodynamical  (bi'o-di-nam'i-kal),  a. 

+  -ist.]     One  who  use's  the  binomial  system  of     biodynamic. 

nomenclature  in  zoology  and  botany.     See  bi- 
nomial, a.,  2. 
binomiality  (bi-no-mi-al'i-ti),  n.     [<  binomial 

+  -iti/.]     Same  as  biitnuiiali/nii. 
binomially  (bi-uo'mi-al-i),  adv. 

manner ;  after  the  binomial  method 

clature  in  zoology  and  botany.  opposed'to  biostatics. 

binominal  (bl-nom'i-nal),  «.     [<  L.  bmomims,  -  •" 

having  two  names  (<  bi-,  two-,  +  iionien,  name), 

+  -rtf.J     Same  as  binomial,  2. 
binominated  (bi-nom'i-na-ted),  a.     [<  L.  bi-, 

two-,  +  nominatus,  named  (see  nominate),  + 

-ed?.]    Having  two  personal  names. 
binominoust  (bi-nom'i-nus),  a.     [<  L.  binomi- 
als: see  binominal.]    Having  or  bearing  two 

names. 
binormal  (bl-nor'mal),  «.     [<  bi-~  +  normal] 

In  math.,  a  normal  to  two  consecutive  elements  biogenesis  (bi-o-jen'e-sis),  it. 

of  a  curve  in  space ;  a  nor-  t: —   ~ 

mal  perpendicular  to  the 

osculating  plane, 
binotate,  feinotated  (bi- 

no'tat,  -ta-ted),  a.    [<  L. 

bi-,  two,  -t-  nota,  mark,  + 

-flfc1,  -ated.]  In  zool.,  mark- 
ed with  two  dots, 
binotonous  (bl-not'6-nus), 

a.      [<   L.    bini,     two    by 

two  (see  binary),  +  tonus, 

note,  tone  (see  tone) ;  after 

monotonous.]      Consisting 

of  two  tones  or  notes :  as, 

a  binotonous  sound, 
binous  (bi'nus),  a.    [<  L. 

binus,  usually  in  pi.  bini, 

two  and  two,  double:  see  binary  and  between.] 

Double ;  in  a  pair ;  binate. 
binoxalate  (bi-nok'sa-lat),  n,     [<  L.  bini,  two 

and  two  (see   binary),  +  oxalate.]     In  diem., 

an  oxalate  in  which  only  one  of  the  hydrogen 

atoms  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by  a  metal. 


biomagnetic 

Same  as  biography  (bi-og'ra-fi),  «.;  pi.  biographies  (-fiz). 
[=  P.  biograpMe,  <  LGr.  purypa+ia,  biography,  < 
*thoypdifo<;  (>  ML.  biographus,  >  P.  biograjihe,  a 
biographer),  <  Gr.  fiiof,  life,  +  yiiafetv,  write.] 

1 .  The  history  of  the  life  of  a  particular  person . 
There  is  no  heroic  poem  in  the  world  but  is  at  bottom 

a  biography,  the  life  of  a  man.  Carlyle,  Essays. 

2.  Biographical  writing  in  general,  or  as  a  de- 
partment of  literature. 

This,  then,  was  the  first  great  merit  of  Montesquieu, 
that  he  effected  a  complete  separation  between  biography 
nnil  history,  and  taught  historians  to  study,  not  the  pecu- 
liarities of  individual  character,  but  the  general  aspect  of 
the  society  in  which  the  peculiarities  appeared. 

Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xiil. 

3.  In  nnt.  hist.,  the  life-history  of  an  animal  or 
a  plant.  =  Syn.  1.  Biography,  Memoir.    When  there  is 
a  difference  between  these  words,  it  may  be  that  memoir 
indicates  a  less  complete  or  minute  account  of  a  person's 
life,  or  it  may  be  that  the  person  himself  records  his  own 
recollections  of  the  past,  especially  as  connected  with  his 

•wn  life ;  in  the  latter  case  memoir  should  be  in  the  plural. 


-t-  -/beats,  generation:  see  genesis.]  I.  The  biokinetics  (bi"6-ki-net 'iks),  n.  [<  Gr.  [)iof, 
genesis  or  production  of  living  beings  from  liv-  ijf  e<  +  kinetics.]  That  part  of  biological  science 
mg  beings ;  generation  in  an  ordinary  sense :  which  treats  of  the  successive  changes  through 
the  converse  of  spontaneous  generation,  or  abio-  which  organisms  pass  during  the  different 
genesis.  Various  methods  in  which  biogenesis  is  known  stages  of  their  development, 
to  occur ;give  rise  to  special  terms,  as  gamogmerii,  parthe-  biologian  (bi-o-16'jian),  n.  [<  biology  +  -ian.] 

^ThT'doctrine  which  holds  that  the  genesis    A  hiolocnst. 

of  living  beings  from  living  beings  is  the  only 

one  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  and 

which  investigates  or  speculates  upon  the  facts 

in  the  case  upon  such  premises :  the  opposite 

of  abiogenesis. — 3.  Same  as  biogeny,  1. 


Binomial.— The  full  lines 
show  a  cylinder  with  a  helix 

nonnaisu^rh=daon,idwn,,bes  biogenesis*  '(bl-O-jen'e-sist)     n.     "['< 

+  -ist.]     One  who  favors  the  theory  ot  biogen- 
esis.     Also  called  biogenist. 
biogenetic  (bi"o-je-net'ik),  a. 


to  which  systematists  and  biolo- 
ng  vertebrate  forms. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  352. 

j'ik),  a.   [<  biology  +  -ic.]   Same 


v  the  tangents  and  prin- 
cipal normals  at  the  same 
two  points  of  the  helix  and 
the  axis  of  the  cylinder. 


sense  2,  <  biogen),' utter  genetic.]     1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  biogenesis  or  biogeny  in  any  way: 
as,  a  biogenetic  process;  a  biogenetic  law  or 
principle. 
This  fundamental  bioyenetic  law.  Haeckel  (trans.). 


2.  Consisting  of  biogen  ;  done  by  means  of  bio- 

binoxid,  binoxide  (bi-nok'sid,"  -sid  or  -sid),  »«.  gen  !  relating  to  the  theory  of  biogen  Cov.es. 
[<  L.  bini,  two  and  two  (see  binary),  +  oxid.]  biogenetically  (bi"o-je-net  i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a 
In  eliem.,  same  as  dioxid.  ntic  manner  b 


The  interpretation  of  structure  ...  is  aided  by  two 
subsidiary  divisions  of  biologic  inquiry,  named  Compara- 
tive Anatomy  (properly  Comparative  Morphology)  and 
Comparative  Embryology.  //.  Spencer. 

[<  biogenesis  (in  biological  (bi-o-loj'i-kal),  a.     1.  Pertaining  to 
biology  or  the  science  of  life. 

They  [the  discoveries  of  Cuvier]  contain  a  far  larger  por- 
tion of  important  anatomical  and  biological  truth  than  it 
ever  before  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man  to  contribute. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Induct.  Sciences,  I.  629. 

The  prick  of  a  needle  will  yield,  in  a  drop  of  one's  blood, 
material  for  microscopic  observation  of  phenomena  which 


binoxyde,  «.    See  binoxid. 


biogenetic  manner;  by  means  of  or  according 
to  the  principles  of  biogenesis  or  biogeny. 


,    .  . 

bintt.    A  Middle  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con-  biogenist  (bi-oj'e-mst),  ». 
tracted  form  of  bindetlt,  the  third  person  singu-  .  Same  as  bwgenesist. 
lar  of  bind. 


[<  biogeny  +  -ist.] 


lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  biological  conceptions. 

Huxley,  Pop.  Scl.  Mo.,  XI.  070. 

2.  In  zooL,  illustrating  the  whole  life-history 
of  a  group  or  species  of  animals  :  as,  a  biologi- 
cal collection  of  insects. 


binturong  (bin'tu-rong),  n.  The  native  name, 
and  now  the  usual  book-name,  of  Arctietis  bin- 
turong, an  Indian  prehensile-tailed  carnivorous 
mammal  of  the  family  Vwerridai  and  subfamily 
Arctictidinw.  Also  called  Ictides  ater  or  /.  at- 
bifrons,  and  formerly  Viverra  binturong.  See 
Arctietis. 

binuclear  (bi-nu'kle-ar),  a.  [<  fit-2  +  nuclear.] 
Having  two  nuclei  or  central  points. 

binucleate  (bi-nu'kle-at),  a.  [<  W-2  +  nucle- 
ate.] Having  two  nuclei,  as  a  cell. 

binucleolate  (bi-nu'klf-6-lat),  a.  [<  ftp  + 
nucleolate.]  In  biol.,  having  two  nucleoli:  ap- 
plied to  cells. 

bio-.     [NL.  etc.  bio-,  <  Gr.  /3/of,  life,  akin  to  L. 
vivus,  living  (>  rita,  life:   see  vivid,  vital),  =  bioera 
Goth,  kwius  =  AS.  cwicu,  E.  quick,  living :  see     ,",„„*• 
quick.']   An  element  in  many  compound  words, 
chiefly  scientific,  meaning  life. 

bio-bibliographical     (bl"6-bib"li-o-graf  i-kal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  fiiof,  life 
ing  of  or  dealing 
writings  of  an  author. 

bioblast  (bi' 6 -blast),  n.     [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life,  + 
if,  a  germ,  (.  [iAaardveiv,  bud,  sprout,  grow.] 


same        mogenesisc.  biologically  (bl-o-loj'i-kal-i),  adv.   In  a  biologi- 

blOgeny  Jbi-oj  e-ni)     ».     [<  Gr    By    bfe    +  "J^^  Wording  to  the  doctrines  or  prin- 


-ycveia,  generation:  see  -geny.    Cf.  biogenesis.] 
1.  The  genesis  or  evolution  of  the  forms  of 


cal  manner  ;  according  to  the  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples of  biology. 


That  which  was  physically  defined  as  a  moving  equilib- 
ly as  a  balance  of  functions. 
//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  39. 


rium  we  define  biologically  as  a  balance  of  functions. 


matter  which  manifest  the  phenomena  of  life. 
It  is  divided  into  two  main  branches :  ontogeny,  or  the 
genesis  of  the  individual  organism,  and  phytogeny,  or  the 
genesis  of  the  species,  race,  stock,  or  tribe  to  which  the 
individual  belongs.  Also  biogenesis. 

2.  The  science  or  doctrine  of  biogenesis;  the 

history  of  organic  evolution.     As  in  the  preced- 

ing  sense,  it  is  divided  into  ontogeny,  or  germ-history,  or  biologist    (bl-ol  O-jist),    «.      [<  biology  +   -1st.] 

the  history  of  the  embryological  development  of  the  indi-     One  skilled  in,  or  a  student  of,  biology. 

iDecieJ?  biologizet  (bi-ol'o-jiz),  v.  t.     [<  biology  +  -ize.] 


Ethics,  if  positive,  must  rest  on  some  empirical  data. 
These  data  are  furnished  partly  by  history,  partly  by  hu- 
man nature,  either  biologically  or  psychologically  consid- 
ered. -V.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  255. 


sidiary  science  of  pathology.    On  the  other  hand,  Biftgeny 


One  who  writes  a  biography,  or  an  account  of 
the  life  and  actions  of  a  particular  person;  a 
T'jT*"""     V-l  Y-7l?~i — rn~"~i'     writer  of  lives. 

life,  +  bibhogniphical.]     Treat-  biographic  (bl-o-graf 'ik), «.  [<  biography  +  -ic.] 
the     Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  biography. 

To  all  which  questions,  not  unessential  in  a  biographic 
work,  mere  conjecture  must  for  most  part  return  answer. 

fjf.uu  i  u^,  u> germ,  \  fj/mu  HJ.VLLV.  (Jim,  ouiuuu,  giv** . j  Carlyle,  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  95. 

In  biol.,  a  formative  cell  of  any  kind ;  a  minute  biographical  (bi-6-graf 'i-kal),  a.     Relating  or 


mass  of  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  about  to  be- 
come a  definite  cell  of  any  kind.  Thus,  osteoblasts, 
white  blood-corpuscles  or  leucocytes,  lymph-corpuscles, 
etc.,  are  all  biohlaste. 

bioblastic  (bi-o-blas'tik),  a.  [<  bioblast  +  -ic.] 
Of,  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of  bioblasts. 

biocellate  (bi-o-sel'at),  a.    [<  ii-2  +  ocellate.] 


pertaining  to  the  life  of  an  individual;  dealing 
with  or  containing  biographies :  as,  biographi- 
cal details ;  a  biographical  dictionary. 

The  historian  should  rarely  digress  into  biographical 
particulars  except  in  as  far  as  they  contribute  to  the 
clearness  of  his  narrative  of  political  occurrences. 

Sir  J.  Mackintosh,  Sir  Thos.  More. 


n.    One  who  prac- 
tises~mesmerism. 

biologie,  <  Gr.  /3/of, 
,k  (see  -ology) ;  cf.  Gr. 
who  represents  to  the 
"  life  and  living  things 
in  the  widest  sense;  the  body  of  doctrine  re- 
specting living  beings;  the  knowledge  of  vital 
phenomena. 

It  is  remarkable  that  each  of  these  writers  [Treviranus 
and  Lamarck]  seems  to  have  been  led,  independently  and 
contemporaneously,  to  invent  the  same  name  of  ISiology 
for  the  science  of  the  phenomena  of  life.  .  .  .  And  it  is 
hard  to  say  whether  Lamarck  or  Treviranus  has  the  pri- 
ority. .  .  .  Though  the  first  volume  of  Treviranus'  "  Bio- 
logie "  appeared  only  in  1802,  he  says  .  .  .  that  he  wrote 
the  first  volume  .  .  .  about  1798.  The  "  Recherches," 
etc.,  in  which,  the  outlines  of  Lamarck's  doctrines  are 
given,  was  published  in  1802. 

Huxley,  Science  and  Culture  (Am.  ed.,  1882),  p.  302. 

2.  In  a  more  special  sense,  physiology;  bio- 
physiology;  biotics. —  3.  In  a  technical  sense, 
the  life-history  of  an  animal :  especially  used 


biochemic  (bi-o-kem'ik),  a.     [<  Gr.  ftiof,  life,  + 
chemic.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  the  chemistry  of 


netism,  so  called.     Von  Keicltenbach. 

biodynamic  (bi'o-di-nam'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  fiiof, 

life,  +  dynamic.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  doc- 

trine of  vital  force  or  energy  ;  biophysiological. 


Want  of  honest  heart  in  the  Biographusta  of  these  Saints 
.  .  .  betrayed  their  pens  to  such  abominable  untruths. 

Fuller,  Worthies,  iii. 

biographize  (bi-og'ra-fiz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
biographized,  ppr.  biographizing.  [<  biography 
+  -ize.]  To  write  the  biography  or  a  history  of 
the  life  of.  [Bare.] 

Now  do  I  bless  the  man  who  undertook 
These  monks  and  martyrs  to  biographize. 

Southey,  St.  Oualberto,  st.  25. 


as  the  resolution  of  an  organism  into  its  constit- 
uent parts,  and  consequently  the  destruction 
of  the  phenomena  of  life. 

biolytic  (bi-o-lit'ik),  a.      [<  Gr.  /3/of,  life,   H 
/.VTIKOC,  able'  to  loose,  <  /.irnif,  verbal  adj.   of 
7.v£tv,  loose.]    In  mod.,  tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  life  •  as,  a  biolytic  agent. 

biomagnetic  (bi"6-mag-net'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  /3/or, 
life,  +  magnetic.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
biomagnetism. 


biomagnetism 

biomagnetism  (M-fl-m»g'ne-ti«ni),  ».  [<  <Jr. 
piof,  fife,  +  mni/ni'liniii.]  Animal  magnetism. 
See  niii'iiit'lixiii.  Knuitli. 

biometry  (bi-om'e-tri),  n.  [<  Gr.  jiior,  life,  + 
-/in/iia,  <  i"  ~i«»',  a  measure.]  Tlio  ineasnre- 
ment  of  life;  s|>eeini-;illy,  tin-  cali-ulation  of 
the  probable  ilnralicm  of  human  life. 

biomorphotic  (In  <>-in»r-fot'ik),  a.  [<  NL.  ln'i- 
nutrphiitiriix,  <  (ir.'  ,</».;•,  life,  4-  MUr.  uop&urri- 
icdf ,  fit  for  shaping,  <  Gr.  'popjurtf.  verbal  adj.  of 
ftoix^ovv,  shape,  <  /iop<t>f/,  form,  shape.]  In  <•«- 
tiiiii.,  having  an  active  pupa,  ll'rxtiroiiit. 

Biomorphotica  (i'i  o-mor-fot'i-kii),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  btontorphotietu :  see  lii<>mni-/>li<iii<-.\ 
In  en  torn.,  a  name  proposed  by  Westwood  for 
those  insects  of  the  old  order  Xriirnpti-ni  hav- 
ing au  active  pupa.  They  are  now  generally 
known  as  Pgetiaonevroptera, 

bionomy  (bi-on'o-mi),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  /?/of,  life, 
+  voftof,  law:  see  name.'}  1.  The  science  of  the 
laws  of  life,  or  of  living  functions;  dynamic 
biology. 

He  [ComteJ  also  employs  the  UTIU  Inmtmnn  as  enilu-ii- 
clng  the  general  science  of  the  laws  of  living  fum-ticm-.  ..r 
dynamic  biology.  L.  t\  Want,  Uynani.  Sociul.,  I.  13). 
2.  In  anthropology,  the  third  and  final  or  deduc- 
tive and  predictive  stage  of  anthropobiology. 
0.  T.  Alumni. 

biophagous  (bi-of 'a-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  /3i'oc,  life,  + 
Qayeiv,  eat.]  Feeding  on  living  organisms :  ap- 
plied especially  to  insectivorous  plants. 

biophysiograpny  (M'6-fiz-i-og'ra-fi),  ».  [<  Gr. 
/Ji'of,  life,  4-  pkysiograpky.]  The  physical  nat- 
ural history  of  organized  beings;  descriptive 
and  systematic  zoology  and  botany,  as  distin- 
guished from  physiological  zoology  and  botany, 
or  biotics ;  organography :  distinguished  from 
liinphyttiolngy. 

biophysiological  (bi'/6-nz*i-o-loj'i-kal),  «.  [< 
biopliyKioliit/y  +  -i'm/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  bio- 
physiology. 

biophysioiogist  (bl'o-flz-i-ol'o-jist),  n.  [<  bio- 
pliysiolot/y  +  -ist.]  A  student  of  biophysiology ; 
a  student  of  biology,  or  an  expert  in  the  science 
of  biotics.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  169. 

biophysiology  (bi'6-fiz-i-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  tiiof, 
life,  4  physiology.']  The  science  of  organized 
beings,  embracing  organogeny,  morphology, 
and  physiological  zoology  and  botany :  distin- 
guished from  biophysiography. 

bioplasm  (bi'o-plazm),  «.  [<  Gr.  /ftof,  life,  4- 
7r/too7/a,  anything  fonned,  <  TrUaaetv,  form.] 
Living  and  germinal  matter ;  formative,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  formed,  matter.  The  term  was 
introduced  by  Prof.  L.  S.  lieale,  about  1S72,  for  the  state 
or  condition  of  protoplasm  in  which  it  is  living  and  ger- 
minating. 

Bioplasm  .  .  .  moves  and  grows.  ...  It  may  be  cor- 
rectly called  living  or  forming  matter,  for  by  its  agency 
every  kind  of  living  thing  is  made,  and  without  it,  as  far 
as  is  known,  no  living  thing  ever  has  teen  made ;  .  .  .  but 
the  most  convenient  and  least  objectionable  name  for  it  is 
living  plasma  or  bwpltuia  Oiot,  life,  irAaa/ia,  plasm,  that 
which  is  capable  of  being  fashioned). 

Bealf,  Bioplasm,  §  14. 

bioplasmic  (bi-o-plaz'mik),  a.  [<  bioplasm  + 
-ic.]  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm. 

bioplast  (bi'o-plast),  n.  [<  Gr.  fiiof,  life,  + 
TMoorof,  verbal  adj.  of  irl.aaaeiv,  mold,  form.] 
A  particle  of  bioplasm;  a  living  germinal  cell, 
such  as  a  white  blood-corpuscle  or  a  lymph- 
corpuscle  ;  an  amoaboid ;  a  plastidule. 

In  many  diseases  these  bioplast*  of  the  capillary  walls 
are  much  altered,  and  in  cholera  I  huve  found  that  num- 
bers of  them  have  been  completely  destroyed. 

Beak,  Bioplasm,  §  298. 

bioplastic  (bi-o-plas'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  jiiof,  life, 
+  -AaoTHcor:  see  plastic.]  Pertaining  to  or  of 
the  nature  of  a  bioplast. 

biordinal  (bi-6r'di-nal),  a.  and  n.  [<  6j-2  + 
di-ilinal.]  I.  a.  Of  the  second  order. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  a  differential  equation  of 
the  second  order. 

biostatical  (bi-o-stat'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  pinf, 
life,  +  arariKor,  causing  to  stand:  see  tttnti<:\ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  biostatics. 

No  philosophic  biologist  now  tries  to  reach  and  modify 
a  vital  force,  but  only  to  reach  and  modify  those  /»<•- 
flatifal  conditions  which,  n  hen  ronsi. luring  them  as  causes, 
and  condensing  them  all  into  a  single  expression,  he  calls 
Vitality,  or  the  Vital  Fonvs. 

G.  II.  heuvK,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind.  I.  ii.  §  2. 

biostatics  (bi-o-stat'iks),  H.  [PI.  of  biont<itii- . 
see  -ics.]  That  branch  of  biology  which  deals 
with  the  statical  and  coexistent  relations  of 
structure  and  function:  opposed  to  biodyiiani- 
tcvs  and  bit>lihi<iti<'n. 

biotaxy  (bi'o-tak-si),  H.  [<  Gr.  /3/oc,  life,  4 
-rafia,  <  riij-ff,  arrangement:  see  tactic.]  The 
classification,  arrangement,  or  coordination  of 
living  organisms,  according  to  the  sum  of  their 


fiofl 

morphological  characters;  a  biological  system; 
taxonomy. 

biotic  (bi-ot'ik),  a.     Same  as  biniiml. 

biotical  (bi-ot'i-kal),  a.  [<  Gr.  /fcunicor,  relat- 
ing to  life  (<  /?«jf«c,  verlial  adj.  of  fitoiiv,  live, 
<  liia;  life),  +  -a/.}  Of  or  pertaining  to  life, 
or  to  biotics ;  biophysiological. 

Tin1  liiuiii-iil  artititics  "f  mutter.  T.  Ntrrr>i  limit . 

Organization  and  bivtical  functions  arise  from  the  nat 
iinil  operations  of  forces  Inhcretit  in  .  I.  inrntal  matter. 

H'.  II.  Cariientrr,  (•>•,•.  ,.f  Anal,  and  I'hys.,  III.  l.M. 

biotics  (bi-ot'iks),  w.  [<  Gr.  Jiwrmof,  pertaining 
to  life :  see  biotical.']  The  science  of  vital  func- 
tions and  manifestations ;  the  powers,  proper- 
ties, and  qualities  peculiar  to  living  organisms ; 
vital  activities  proper,  as  distinguished  from  the 
chemical  and  physical  attributes  of  vitality. 

These  activities  are  often  designated  as  vital ;  but  since 
this  word  is  generally  made  to  include  at  the  same  time 
other  manifestations  which  are  simply  dynamical  or 
rlii-micnl,  I  have  .  .  .  proposed  for  the  activities  charac- 
teristic of  tlie  organism  the  term  biotics.  T.  Sterry  fht/it. 

biotite  (bi'o-tit),  n.  [<  J.  B.  Biot  (1774-1862).  a 
French  physicist,  +  -t<e2.]  An  important  mem- 
ber of  the  mica  group  of  minerals.  See  »iie«. 
It  occurs  in  hexagonal  prisms,  sometimes  tabular,  of  a 
Mark  or  dark-green  color.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium 
and  iron  with  magm'sium  and  potassium,  and  is  often 
called  marfnem'ti  mica,  in  distinction  from  Muscovite  or 
)mta*h  mica.  It  is  sometimes  divided  into  two  varieties, 
called  atwmite  and  meroxetie,  which  are  distinguished  by 
-ij'tiral  characteristics. 

biotome  (bl'o-tom), «.  [<  Gr.  plot,  life,  +  Torf, 
a  cutting,  section :  see  anatomy,]  A  term  ap- 
plied by  Cobbold  to  a  life-epoch  in  the  develop- 
ment or  some  of  the  lower  animals,  as  Entozoa. 

biovulate  (bi-6'vu-lat),  «.  [<  W-2  +  ovulate.] 
In  hot.,  having  two  ovules. 

bipaleolate  (bI-pa'le-6-lat),  «.  [<  M-2  +  paleo- 
late.]  Having  two  paleolee  or  diminutive  scales 
(lodicules),  as  the  flowers  of  some  grasses. 

bipalmate  (bi-pal'mat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  palmate.] 
In  bot.,  doubly  or  subordinately  palmate. 

biparietal  (bi-pa-ri'e-tal),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  parietal.] 
Pertaining  to  both  parietal  bones.— Biparietal 
diameter,  the  diameter  of  the  skull  from  one  parietal 
eminence  to  the  other. 

biparous  (bip'a-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pa- 
reret  bring  forth.]  1.  Bringing  forth  two  at 
a  birth. —  2.  In  bot.,  having  two  branches  or 
axes :  applied  to  a  cyme. 

biparted  (bi-par'ted),  a.  [<  W-2  +  parted.  Cf. 
bipartite.]  1.  In  7iw.,  bipartite:  applied  to  any- 
thing cut  off  in  the  form  of  an  indent,  showing 
two  projecting  pieces. —  2.  In  zoo'l.,  divided  in- 
to two  parts ;  bipartite. 

bipartible  (bl-par'ti-bl),  «.  [<  6i-2  +  partible.] 
Divisible  into  two  parts.  Also  bipartite. 

bipartient  (bi-par'ti-ent),  n.  and  n.  [<  L.  bipar- 
tien(t-)s,f>iiT.ofbipartire:  see  bipartite.]  I.  a. 
Dividing  into  two  parts ;  serving  to  divide  into 
two — Bipartient  factor,  a  number  whose  square  di- 
vides a  given  number  without  remainder. 

II,  n.  In  math.,  a  number  that  divides  an- 
other into  two  equal  parts  without  remainder: 
thus,  2  is  the  bipartient  of  4. 

bipartile  (bi-par'til),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  LL. 
partilis,  <  L.  partire,  part :  see  part,  v.]  Same 
as  bipartible. 

bipartite  (bl-par't!t),  a.    [<  L.  bipartite,  pp. 
of  bipartire,  divide  into  two  parts,  <  &•-.  two-, 
+  partire,  divide :  see 
part,  r.]     1.  In  two 
parts  ;    having    two 
correspondent  parts, 
as  a  legal  contract  or 
/  writing,  one  for  each 

party;  duplicate. 

\  The  divine  fate  is  also 

bipartite. 

Cwivmrth,  Intellectual 
(System,  Pref.,  p.  1. 

2.    In    bot.,   divided 

|nt°f  tW?  P8"8  Dear- 

ly  to  the  base,  as 
the  leaves  of  many 
passion-flowers.-  Bipartite  curve,  in  31-01/1.,  a  curve 
consisting  of  two  distinct  continuous  series  of  poinU. 

Bipartiti  (bi-par-ti'ti),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  L. 
iHjuu-tituM:  we  bipartite.]  In  Latreille's  system 
of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous  Coleop- 
/•  /  <<  i-nntaining  fossorial  caraboid  beetles. 

bipartition  (bi-par-tish'on),  n.  K  L.  bipartire 
(see  bipartite),  after  partition.]  The  act  of  di- 
viding into  two  parts,  or  of  making  two  cor- 
respondent  parts. 

bipaschal  (bi-pas'kal),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
LL.  jiii.i,-liii,  passover':'  see  paschal.]  Including 
or  relating  to  two  consecutive  passover  feasts: 
ap)>lied  by  theologians  to  the  scheme  of  chro- 
nology which  limits  Christ's  public  ministry  to 


Bipinnaria 

a  period  containing  only  two  passover  anni- 

versaries. 

About  the  length  .  .  .  [ofChii  n.-trv!  Hi.  r. 

are  (besides  the  isolated  and  'l>-<  i'l.  •!!>  .  i  mneous  view  of 
IreniEus)  three  theories,  allowing  rapo  m--ly  one,  two,  or 
three  years  and  a  frw  nn>utliH.  atxl  'I,  -i-nai.  .1  a-  • 

IHI*I-IIII!,  tripax-tial,  ami  i|ii:i.lri|,a^fh:il  -rlirni.-',  a«-'niil 
iny  to  the  number  of  I'assmi  r,i. 

Squill.  Ili-l.  CIiri.,1.  i  ln.i.  Ii    I.  S  10,  iv. 

bipectinate  (bi-pek'ti-uat),  «.  [<  W-2  +  pec- 
iiinili'.]  Having  two  margins  toothed  like  a 
comb:  used  especially  in  botany  and  zoiilogy.  — 
Bipectinate  antennae,  m  Mtom.,  mtmtm  in  «in.-ii  ih. 
bodies  of  the  joints  are  short,  but  with  l/otli  .-id.  .-  I.IM 
liingeil  into  more  or  lew  slender  procesoes.  which  are 
turned  obliquely  outward,  giving  the  whole  organ  a 
feather-like  api>earance,  as  in  many  moths.  This  form  i> 
often  called  pMtAMte;  1'iit  this  word  is  properly  used 
where  the  processes  are  on  one  side  of  the  joint  only. 

biped  (bi'ped),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  bijtcs  (biped-)  (= 
Gr.  diVot?  (Smot-)  :  see  dipody),  two-footed/  bi-, 
two-,  +  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot.     if.  ./'""'"'/'"'• 
centijx-il,  »nllipr<l.]    I.  a.  1.  Having  two  feet. 
An  helpless,  naked,  Upeil  beast.        Byrom,  An  Epistle. 
2.  In  herpet.,  having  hind  limbs  only. 
II.  ".  An  animal  naving  two  feet,  as  man. 

bipedal  (bl'ped-al),  a.  [<  L.  bipedalis,  measur- 
ing two  feet,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  peg  (ped-),  foot.  Cf  . 
biped.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  biped;  hav- 
ing or  walking  upon  two  feet. 

The  erect  or  bipedal  mode  of  progression. 

K.  D.  Copt,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  335. 

2f.  Measuring  two  feet  in  length. 
bipedality  (bi-pe-dal'i-ti),  w.   [<  bipedal  +  -ity.] 

The  quality  of  being  two-footed. 
Bipeltata  (bi-pel-tayta),  «.  pi.    [NL.,  neut.  pi. 

of  bipeltatus:  see  bipeltate.}     A  term  adopted 

by  Cuvier  from  Latreille  as  a  family  name  for 

sundry  organisms  known  as  glass-crabs,  of  a 

certain  genus  called   Phyllosoma   by    Leach. 

The  forms  in  question  are  larva-  <  if  scyllaroid  crustaceans. 

See  ylaM-crab,  Phyllotttmiata.    [Not  in  use.] 
bipeltate  (bi-pel'tat),  a.    [<  NL.  bipeltatus,  <  L. 

bi-,  two-,  +  pelta,  shield:  see  6/-2  and  peltate.] 

1.  In  zoot.,  having  a  defense  like  a  double 

shield.  —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bipeltata. 
bipennate,  bipennated  (bl-pen'at,  -a-ted),  «. 

[<  L.  bipennis,  bipinnis,  two-winged,  <   fti-  4- 

penna,  pinna,   wing:    see  pen1.]    1.  Having 

two  wings:  as,  "bipennated  insects,"  Derham, 

Phys.  Theol.,  viii.  4,  note.  —  2.    In  hot.,  same 

as  bipinnate,  (a). 

bipennatifld,  «.     See  bipiiinatijid. 
bipennis    (bi-pen'is),    n.  ;    pi.  bipennes    (-ez). 

[L.,  prop.  adj.  (sc.  securis,  ax),  two-edged  ; 
confused  with  bipen- 
nis, bipinnis,  two- 
winged,  but  accord- 
ing to  Quintilian 
and  other  Latin 
writers  a  different 
word,  <  bi-,  two-,  + 
'penntts  or  'piniuts, 
sharp.  Cf.  pin1  and 
penf.]  An  ancient 
ax  with  two  blades, 
one  on  each  side  of 
the  handle.  In  art  it  Is 
a  characteristic  weapon 
often  depicted  ill  the 
hands  of  the  Amazons. 

and  also  attributed  to  Hephrostus  or  Vulcan. 

Bipes  (bi'pez),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  bipes,  two-foot- 

ed: see  biped.]     1.  A  genus  of  lizards,  of  the 

family  Anquida  or    Gerrhonotida;  :   by  some 

united  with  Ophisaurus.      Oppel,  1811.  —  2.  A 

genus  of  lizards,  of  the  family  Scincida;:  now 

called  Scelotes.     The  species  are  African;  the 

S.  bipes  inhabits  South  Africa.    Merrem,  1820. 
bipetalous  (bi-pet'a-lus),  a.    [< 

6i-2  +  petalous.]    Having  two 

flower-leaves  or  petals. 
Biphora  (bi'fo-rji),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  L.  bi-,  two-,  '4-  Gr.  -<Mw,  < 

Qtpeiv  =  E.  ftearl.]    A  group  of 

ascidians,  such  as  the  Salpida: 

The  term  is  sometimes  used  as  the 

name  of  an  order  of  the  class  ftiuira- 

ta  or  Ascidia,  containing  the  familir* 

Salpida  and  DuliMdtr.  characterized 

by  their  single  ribbon-like  brandiia. 

They  are  free-swimming  forms  with 

the  sexes  distimt. 
biphore  (bi'for),  n.  [<  Biphora.  ] 

One  of  the  Biphora. 
Bipinnaria    Cbi-pi-na'ri-ft),   n. 

[NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pinna, 

penna,  wing:    see  pewl.]     A 

genenc  name  given  to  the  bi- 

lateral    larval    form  of    some 

echinoderms,     as    a    starfish,    '««  fi*ina;  lower. 

under  the  impression  that    it   Sf" 


Bipennis. 
I  From  a  Greek  red-figured  vase,  i 


Slages  rf  derel(>1>. 
mem  of  a  larval  aste. 


Bipinnaria 

was  a  distinct  animal :  nearly  the  same  as 
Brachiolaria.  The  term  is  retained  to  designate 
such  larvse  or  stage  of  development.  See  also 
cut  under  Asteroid' c. 

bipinnate,  bipinnated  (bi-pin'at,  -a-ted),  a. 
(X  6i-2  +  pinnate.  Cf.  bipeiinate.']  Doubly  pin- 
nate, (a)  In  bot.,  applied  to  a  pinnate  leaf  when  its  divi- 
sions are  themselves  again  pin- 
nate. Also  bifwiuiate  and  bipen- 
nated.  (b)  In  zool.t  having  op- 
posite pinnae ;  feathered  on  two 
opposite  sides  of  a  main  or  axial 
line  :  in  entom,,  specifically  ap- 
plied to  certain  feathery  forms 
of  antenna).  See  antenna,  (c)  In 
atiat.,  having  the  fleshy  fibers 
inserted  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
tendinous  intersection  :  said  of 
a  muscle.  The  rectus  femoris 
muscle  is  an  example. 

bipinnately  (bi-pin'at-li), 
adv.    In  a  bipinnate  man- 

Bipmnate  Leaf. 

ner. 

bipinnatifid,  bipennatifid  (bi-pi-,  bi-pe-nat'i- 
fid),  a.  [<  W-*  +  pinnatifid,  peimatifid.]  In 
bot.,  doubly  pinnatifid;  having  the  primary  and 
secondary  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid. 

bipinnatiform  (bi-pi-nat'i-f6rm),  a.  [As  bi- 
pinnate +  -form.']  Doubly  pinnate  in  form ; 
bipinnate:  as,  a  bipinnatiform  muscle. 

bipinnatipartite  (bl-pi-nat-i-par'tit),  a.  [As 
bipinnate  +  "L.  partitas,  divided:  see  partition.'] 
Bipinnatifid,  but  having  the  divisions  extend- 
ing to  near  the  midrib. 

bipinnatisect,  bipinnatisected  (bi-pi-nat'i- 
sekt,  -sek-ted),  a.  [As  bipinnate  +  L.  sectus, 
cut:  see  section."]  In  bot.,  twice  divided  pin- 
nately. 

The  leaf  is  said  to  be  bipinnatifld,  bipinnatipartite,  or 
bipinnatisected.  Bcntley,  Botany,  p.  153. 

biplanar  (bi-pla'nar),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
plamts,  plane.]  Lying  or  situated  in  two  planes. 

biplane  (bi'plan),  ».  In  math.,  the  pair  of  co- 
incident planes  to  which  the  tangent  cone  of  a 
node  reduces,  when  that  node  is  a  binode. 

biplicate  (bi'pli-kat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  plicate."] 
Doubly  folded;  twice  folded  together,  trans- 
versely, as  the  cotyledons  of  some  plants. 
Henslow. 

biplicity  (bi-plis'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  biplex  (biplic-) 
(equiv.  to  duplex,  in  a  glossary)  (<  bi-,  twice,  + 
plicare,  fold)  +  -ity.  Cf.  duplicity."]  The  state 
of  being  biplicate  or  twice  folded ;  the  quality 
of  being  twofold  ;  doubling.  Roget.  [Rare.] 

bipolar  (bi-po'iar),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  polar.]  1. 
Doubly  polar ;  having  two  poles. 

The  best  modem  metaphysicians,  with  rare  exceptions, 
are  now  agreed  that,  whatever  may  be  the  case  with  ulti- 
mate existences,  the  phenomena  we  deal  with  are  bipolar, 
on  the  one  side  objective  and  on  the  other  subjective ;  and 
these  are  the  twofold  aspects  of  reality. 

G.  11.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  29. 
Specifically — 2.  In  anat.,  having  two  process- 
es from  opposite  poles :  said  of  certain  nerve- 
cells. 

bipolarity  (bi-po-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  bipolar  +  -ity.] 
The  state  of  being  bipolar ;  double  polarity. 

Bipont,  Bipontine  (bi'pont,  bi-pon'tin),  a.  [< 
NL.  Sipontinus,  <  Bipontium  (a  tr.  of  German 
Zweibrucken,  F.  Deux-Ponts,  lit.  two  bridges), 
<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  pon(t-)s,  bridge.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Bipontium  (the  Latin  name  of  Zwei- 
brucken or  Deux-Ponts)  in  Rhenish  Bavaria: 
applied  to  editions  of  the  classics  the  printing 
of  which  was  begun  there  in  1779. 

biporose  (bi-po'ros),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
porus,  a  pore.]  Having  two  pores;  opening 
by  two  pores,  as  the  anthers  in  the  genus  Cas- 
sia and  most  Erieaceas. 

Bipositores  (bi-poz-i-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  bi-,  two-,  +  positor,  layer.]  In  ornith.,  an- 
other name  for  the  Columbts,  an  order  of  birds 
including  all  the  pigeons  and  doves :  so  called 
because  these  birds  for  the  most  part  lay  only 
two  eggs.  [Not  in  use.] 

biprism  (bi'prizm),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  prism."]  A 
prism  with  two  refractive  edges  each  of  small 
angle,  its  cross-section  being  an  obtuse-angled 
isosceles  triangle. 

bipulmonary  (bl-pul'mo-na-ri),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
pulmonary.]  In  Arachnida,  having  only  one 
pair  of  pulmonary  sacs :  opposed  to  quadripul- 
monary. 

bipunctate  (bl-pungk'tat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  punc- 
tate.] Having  two  punctures  or  spots. 

bipunctual  (bi-pungk'tu-al),  a.  J<  bi-2  + 
/iiiiictual,  in  the  literal  sense.]  Having  two 
points — Bipunctual  coordinates.  Svecmirdinntc. 

bipupillate  (bi-pii'pi-lat),  a.  [<  M-2  +  pupil- 
tote.]  Having  a  double  pupil:  in  en  turn.,  said 
of  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  wing  of  a  butterfly 


560 

when  it  has  within  it  two  dots  or  pupils  of  a 
different  color. 

bipyramidal  (bi-pi-ram'i-dal),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
pyramidal.]  In  crystal.,  having  the  form  of 
two  pyramids  joined  base  to  base,  as  quartz 
crystals. 

biquadrate  (bi-kwod'rat),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  quad- 
rate.] Same  as  biquadratic. 

biquadratic  (bi-kwod-rat'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  bi-2 
+  quadratic.]  I.  a.  Containing  or  referring 
to  a  fourth  power,  or  the  square  of  a  square  ; 
quartic.  The  word  quartic  has  now  completely  super- 
seded blniuidratic,  except  in  the  following  phrases. —  Bi- 
quadratic equation,  an  equation  with  one  unknown 
quantity  the  highest  power  of  which  contained  in  the 
equation  is  the  fourth.  Biquadratic  equations  are  always 
susceptible  of  algebraic  solution ;  equations  of  higher 
degrees  are  generally  capable  only  of  numerical  solution. 
Biquadratic  function,  involution.  See  the  nouns. 
Biquadratic  parabola,  in  geom.,  a  curve  line  of  the 
third  order,  having  two  infinite  legs  tending  the  same 
way. —  Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  the  square  root 
of  the  square  root  of  that  number.  Thus,  the  square  root 
of  81  is  9,  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which  is  the  bi- 
quadratic root  of  81. 

II.  n.  In  math.,  the  fourth  power,  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  square  number 
or  quantity  by  itself.  Thus,  4  x  4  =  16,  which  is  the 
square  of  4,  and  16  x  16  =  256,  the  biquadratic  of  4. 

biquarterly  (bl-kwar'ter-li),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
quarterly."]  Properly,  happening  or  appearing 
once  every  two  quarters,  or  semi-annually, 
but  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  semi-quar- 
terly, twice  in  each  quarter.  [Rare.] 

biquartz  (bi'kwartz),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  quartz.]  A 
double  quartz  plate  used  in  a  form  of  saccha- 
rimeter  (which  see).  It  consists  of  two  semicircular 
plates  of  quartz  joined  in  a  vertical  line  ;  the  two  halves 
are  so  taken  that  they  respectively  deviate  the  plane  of 
polarization  of  incident  plane-polarized  light  through  90' 
in  opposite  directions. 

biquaternion  (bi"kwa-ter'ni-on),  «.  [<  bi  (see 
def.)  +  quaternion.]  1.  In  math.,  an  imaginary 
quaternion;  a  quantity  expressible  in  the  form 
a  +  bi  +  cj  +  dk,  where  i,  j,  k  are  three  mu- 
tually perpendicular  vectors,  and  a,  b,  c,  d  are 
real  or  imaginary  numbers.  This  is  the  sense  in 
which  Sir  W.  R.  Hamilton  used  the  word.  He  distin- 
guished such  a  quantity  from  a  real  quaternion,  because 
the  whole  algebraic  procedure  with  imaginary  quaternions 
is  different  from  and  more  difficult  than  that  with  real 
quaternions,  instead  of  being  essentially  the  same  but 
more  easy,  as  is  the  case  with  ordinary  imaginary  alge- 
bra as  compared  with  real  algebra. 
2.  The  ratio  of  two  rotors.  This  meaning  was  given 
to  the  word  by  \V.  K.  Clifford,  who  conceived  that  Hamil- 
ton's biquaternions  did  not  deserve  a  separate  name.  In 
this  sense  a  biquaternion  is  the  sum  of  two  quaternions 
belonging  to  different  systems,  so  that  their  product  van- 
ishes. 

biquintile  (bi-kwin'til),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  quintile.] 
In  astrol.,  an  aspect  of  the  planets  when  they 
are  distant  from  each  other  by  twice  the  fifth 
yart  of  a  great  circle,  that  is,  144°  or  twice  72°. 

biradiate,  biradiated  (bi-ra'di-at,  -a-ted),  a. 
[<  bi-2  +  radiate.]  Having  two  rays:  as,  a  bi- 
radiate fin. 

birambi  (bi-ram'bi),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
fruit  of  the  Averrhoa  Bilimbi,  a  plant  of  British 
Guiana,  from  which  an  excellent  preserve  is 
made. 

biramose  (bi-ra'mos),  a.    Same  as  biramous. 

Six  pairs  of  powerful  biramose  natatory  feet. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  652. 

biramOUS  (bi-ra'mus),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
ramus,  a  branch.]  Possessing  or  consisting  of 
two  branches j  dividing  into  two  branches,  as 
the  limbs  of  cirripeds.  H.  A.  Nicholson. 

birch  (berch),  n.  [=  Sc.  and  North.  E.  birk,  < 
ME.  birch,  bireJte,  birke,  <  AS.  birce,  bierce, 
byrce  (=  OHG.  bircha,  piricha,  MHG.  G.  birke), 
weak  fern.,  parallel  with  berc,  beorc  (=  MD. 
berck,  D.  berk  (berken-boom)  =  Icel.  ojork  (in 
comp.  birki-)  =  Sw.  bjork  =  Dan.  birk),  strong 
fern.,  =  OBulg.  brcza  =  Russ.  bere:a  =  Lith. 
berzhas,  birch,  =  Skt.  bhurja,  a  kind  of  birch. 
Root  unknown ;  connected  by  some  with  AS. 
beorht,  OHG.  beraht,  etc.,  bright,  white,  shin- 
ing, in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  bark.  Not 
connected  with  L.  betula,  birch:  see  Betula."] 
1.  A  tree  or  shrub  belonging  to  the  genus  Be- 
tula (which  see).  The  birches  have  smooth,  lami- 
nated outer  bark  and  close-grained  wood,  which  in  some 
species  is  hard  and  tough,  taking  a  flue  polish,  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  many  other  pur- 
poses. The  white,  gray,  or  poplar  birch,  Betula  alba,  the 
principal  European  species,  is  a  small  tree,  but  is  put 
to  many  uses,  especially  iu  the  old  world.  The  bark  is 
used  for  tanning  and  thatching,  and  yields  an  oil  which 
is  said  to  be  used  to  give  .Russia  leather  its  peculiar  odor; 
spruce-oil  is  also  used  for  this  purpose.  The  leaves,  as 
well  as  the  sap  and  oil,  are  used  in  the  treatment  of  vari- 
ous chronic  diseases,  and  the  wood  is  used  for  fuel  and 
many  other  purposes.  Several  varieties  of  this  species,  as 
the  weeping,  cut-leafed,  and  purple  birches,  are  much 
cultivated  for  ornament.  The  cauoe-  or  paper-birch  of 


bird 

North  America,  B.  papyrtfera,  is  a  large  tree  with  a  very 
tough,  durable  bark,  which  is  largely  used  by  the  Indiana 
in  the  manufacture  of  canoes  and  teute.  The  timber  is 
valuable.  The  yellow  or  ^ray  birch,  B.  lutca,  is  one  of 
the  most  important  deciduous  trees  of  the  northern  At- 
lantic forests,  growing  to  a  very  large  size;  its  wood  is 
heavy,  very  strong,  and  hard.  The  black,  sweet,  cherry-, 
or  mahogany-birch,  B.  lenta,  has  a  very  spicy,  aromatic 
bark,  yielding  a  volatile  oil  identical  with  oil  of  winter- 
green,  and  its  heavy,  dark-colored  wood  is  largely  used 
for  making  furniture  and  in  ship-building.  Other  promi- 
nent species  are  the  red  or  river-birch,  B.  niyra,  of  the 
Southern  States,  and  the  black  birch,  B.  occidental!*,  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  westward.  Several  shrubby 
species  are  widely  distributed  in  mountainous  and  arctic 
regions,  reaching  a  higher  latitude  than  any  other  decidu- 
ous tree,  as  the  alpine  birch  (B.  nana),  the  low  or  dwarf 
birch  (B.  pumila),  and  the  scrub  birch  (B.  glandulom). 
2.  A  birch  rod,  or  a  number  of  birch-twigs 
bound  together,  sometimes  used  for  punishing 
children.  —  3.  A  birch-bark  canoe.  Lowell.  — 
Jamaica  or  West  Indian  birch,  or  gumbo-limbo,  a 
species  of  Bttrsera,  B.  tjuntmifem,  a  small  tree  with  ex- 
ceedingly soft,  light,  and  spongy  wood,  yielding  a  kind  of 
gum  elemi,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  goutand  as  the 
chief  ingredient  of  a  valuable  varnish. 

birch  (berch),  v.  t.  [<  birch,  n.]  To  beat  or 
punish  with  a  birch  rod;  flog. 

From  the  child  sentenced  to  be  birched,  to  the  assassin 
doomed  to  lose  his  life.    Higyinmn,  Eng.  Statesmen,  p.270. 
There  I  was  birched,  there  I  was  bred, 
There  like  a  little  Adam  fed 
From  Learning's  woeful  tree  '. 

Hood,  Clapham  Academy. 

birch-broom  (berch'brom'),  H.  Acoarse  broom 
made  of  the  twigs  and  small  branches  of  the 
birch-tree,  used  for  sweeping  stables,  streets, 
etc. 

birch-Camphor  (berch'kam'for),  n.  A  resin- 
ous substance  obtained  from  the  bark  of  the 
black  birch. 

birchen  (ber'chen),  a.  [=  Sc.  birken,  birkin,  < 
ME.  birchen,  birkin,  <  AS.  *bircen  (Somner)  (= 
D.  LG.  berken  =  OHG.  Urchin,  MHG.  G.  birken), 
<  birce,  birch  :  see  birch.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
birch;  consisting  or  made  of  birch:  as,  "birchen 
brooms,"  Beau,  and  fl.,  Loyal  Subject. 

We  say  of  a  wanton  child,  ...  he  must  be  annoynted 
with  byrchin  salve. 

Tyndale,  Works  (1573),  p.  166.    (N.  E.  D.) 
His  beaver'd  brow  a  birchen  garland  wears. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  141. 

birch-oil  (berch'oil),  n.  An  oil  extracted  from 
birch-bark,  said  to  be  used  in  preparing  Russia 
leather. 

birch-water  (berch'wa*ter),  n.  The  sap  of  the 
birch.  See  birch-wine. 

birch-wine  (berch  'win),  n.  A  fermented  li- 
quor made  from  the  sap  of  the  birch-tree,  which 
is  collected  in  the  spring  throughout  the  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  districts  of  Germany  and 
Scandinavia.  It  is  called  by  names  which  signify  birch- 
water  or  birch-wine  in  the  different  languages.  It  is  said 
to  be  possessed  of  diuretic  and  antiscorbutic  properties. 

bird1  (berd),  n.     [<  ME.  bird,  herd,  byrde,  a  me- 
tathesis of  the  usual  form  brid,  bred,  bryd,  pi. 
briddes,  a  bird,  also,  as  orig.,  the  young  of  any 
bird,  <  AS.  brid,  pi.  briddas  (ONorth.  bird,  birit- 
as),  the  young  of  any  bird.     Origin  unknown;  it 
can  hardly  be  connected  with  brood,  as  usually 
stated.    Possibly  the  form  bird  is  the  more 
orig.  form,  standing  for  "byrd,  <  boren,  born, 
p.  of  beran,  bear;  cf.  byrde,  (well-)  born,  ge- 
yrd,  birth,  of  same  origin  :  see  birthl.    For  the 
metathesis,  cf.  that  of  bird2.     For  the  devel- 
opment of  sense,  cf  .  the  history  of  pullet  and 
pigeon.     The  common  Teut.  word  for  '  bird  ' 
(def.  2)  is  fowl,  now  restricted  iu  English:  see 
fowl.]     If.  The  young  of  any  fowl. 
Being  fed  by  us,  you  used  us  so 
As  that  ungentle  gull  the  cuckoo's  bird 
Useth  the  sparrow.  Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

2.  A  feathered  vertebrate  animal  of  the  class 
Aves,  frequently  included  with  reptiles  in  a  su- 
perclass Sauropsida,  but  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing warm  blood,  by  being  covered  with  fea- 
thers, and  by  having  the  fore  limbs  so  modified 
as  to  form  wings.  See  Aves.  —  3.  Any  small 
feathered  game,  as  a  partridge,  quail,  snipe,  or 
woodcock,  as  distinguished  from  water-fowl, 

etc  —  Aerial  birds.  See  aerial.—  A  little  bird  told 
me,  I  heard  in  a  way  I  will  not  reveal. 

Imagine  any  one  explaining  the  trivial  saying,  "A  little 
bird  told  tne,"  without  knowing  of  the  old  belief  in  the 
language  of  birds  and  beasts. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  i. 

Aquatic  birds.  See  airuatic.  —  Arabian  bird,  the  fab- 
ulous phenix.  sw  A  rabiini.—  Baltimore  bird,  see  uri- 
ole.—  Bird-conjurer.  See  conjurer.—  StrA  of  freedom. 
the  American  bald  eagle.  [An  Americanism.]  —  Bird  Ot 
Jove,  the  eagle.  Bird  of  Juno,  the  peacock.—  -Bird  of 
Minerva,  tb.  owl.—  Bird  of  night,  the  owl.—  Bird  of 
Paradise,  (a)  One  of  the  ParoafceuftB,  oscim-  passi-rim- 
birds,  ivlatol  to  the  corvine  and  stumoid  passerines, 
cnntiiit'd  to  the  I'upuan  ri-^inn.  ami  lon^  famous  lor  mag- 
nificence of  plumage  and  for  the  extraordinary  devel- 


pp 
by 


bird 


661 


t  I  • 

v\r. 


— •      '  ,J     -*~ 

-T.-I^*'^    *~*^"^ 

-" 


*rs 


? 


Topography  <if  a  Mini. 
I,  foreh 
6.  himl  he 
lo,  interscapul 
upper  part  of  . 

per  tali-coverts;  15,  tail;   16, 


(From  Coues'b  "  Key  to  North  American  Birds.") 


:head  f  AWM) :  3,  lore  ;  3,  circuinocular  region  ;  4,  crown  (vertex};  5,  eye ; 
head  (occiput};  7.  nape  (Httcka};  8,  hind  neck  (cervix};  9,  side  of  neck  ; 
^capuhir  region  ;  1 1,  aorsnm,  or  back  proper.  Including  ro :  »,  netattm,  or 


-  thets  bright,  rumrli/,  etc.:  BeeferiViVi.] 

|;       ^/-£~-<  ^'^Z^**'  A  maiden ;  a  girl ;  a  young  woman. 

Tber  nis  no  bvijrtl'  so  briht  in  honre  .  .  . 
That  hen  [she|  ne  schal  fade  as  n  llmir. 

Kai-lii  KH:I.  /'"•//'.••  (e.l.  Furuivall),  p.  l."l. 
Hire  cheerc  was  simple,  as  Irintr  in  I r. . 

l!,,iii.  ".! '  th,-  HII*,;  1.  1014. 

And  by  my  word  the  Umnie  bird 
In  danger  shall  not  tarry. 

"iii'll,  Lord  Vllln's  Daughter. 

|ln  this,  as  in  other  modern  instances,  the 
word  is  archaic,  and  is  probably  associated 
with  /•//•(/'  as  a  term  of  endearment.] 

bird-baiting  (berd'ba'ting),  «.  The 
catching  of  birds  with  clap-nets. 
I'ii  lilimi. 

bird-bolt1  (berd'bolt),  n.  [<  Wrrfi  + 
bolt1.}  A  blunt-headed  arrow  for  the 
longbow  or  crossbow,  formerly  used 
for  snooting  birds.  It  was  intended 
to  stun  without  piercing. 

bird-bolta  (berd'bolt),  «.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  burbot.]  A  local  Knglish 

.       back  proper,  including;  „.  „„«,„„.  or      "ame  of  the  burbot .Mult;,  lota. 

rt  of  body  proper,  including  ro.  it.  and  13;  13.  rump  (urafyfium} ;  r4,  up-  blTd-CajC6    (berd  kal),  H.  A  portable 
coverts;  ML  Mil  ;   16,  under  tail-coverts  (crfsium ];  17.  tarsus:  18.  abdo-                         *"  >*"  ,  .     ,  .' 
men;  19  hind  toe  (kalltix);  x>,r<islr*u,n,  including  18  and  34 ;  3r.  outer  or  fourth       UICIOSUIO  IO1    I 

toe;  93,  middle  or  third  toe;  33.  side  of  body-.  34.  breast  (/«/**):  35.  primaries;  bird-Call    (Iterd'kal).    «.  An    inStTO- 

36.  secondaries  ;  37.  lertiaries  (Nos.  35,  ao,  and  37  ..re  all  rf».if«>  1  38.  primary  cov-  »          ^ »"    \      u    ..       "fv  „_„  „«   hir.U 

erts;  *>,  alula,  or  bastard  »iny.  30.  greater  coverts ;  3r.  median  coverts;  33.  lesser      ineUt  lor  imitating  tU6  Cry  OI    DirUS 

covens;  u.  "«-•  tiun.it,  including  »  37,  ami  38 ;  ^.^'^'"'"^"jj"^'^'1''^' i  in  order  to  attract  or  decoy  them. 
£!^ofcolralMn,orwrM^/lm^nIUII»o(u^lll*lldlbl•^4>.tM•  It  is  generally  a  short  metal  pipe,  having  a 

i  ni.tinliblc;  42,4wo<j;  43,  apex,  or  tip  of  bill:  44,  totnia,  or  cutting  cd^es      circular    plate  at  each    end    pierced  with    a 

of  the  hill ;  41.  culmrn,  or  riik-c-  of  upper  mandible,  corresponding  to  Bonys;  46,  side       sman  )lolc 

bird-catcher  (berd'kach'er),  ».    One 

opuient  of  some  of  the  feathers  In  most  species.  There  who  or  that  which  catches  birds,  as  a  person,  a 
are  about  forty  species  of  birds  of  Paradise,  one  of  the  bird  or  an  insect. 

most  beautiful  of  which,  Parttdinea,  attoda,  is  also  the  best  i*_j  _rt4.rti.4— .-  /Vi&i./1/1ranh'iTi<y>\    «       Th**  a*»t  nf 
known:  it  was  called  apxle  from  the  fable  that  it  was  bird-Catching  (I   **«•«"  |"gVh     i  ,  f   55 
always  on  the  wing  and  Wl  no  feet,  a  notion  which  was     catching  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  for  food  or 

pleasure,  or  for  their  destruction  when  perni- 
cious to  the  husbandman. 

bird-dog  (berd'dpg),  n.  A  dog  used  by  sports- 
men in  the  field  in  hunting  game-birds, 
bird-duffer  (berd'duf'er),  «.  A  dishonest  deal- 
er in  birds,  who  "makes  up"  his  wares,  either 
by  painting  the  plumage  of  live  birds,  or  by 
fabricating  bird-skins,  affixing  false  labels, 
etc. 

birdet,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  bird. 
birder  (ber'der),  n.    [<  late  ME.  byrder ;  <  MnP, 
».  i.,  +  -er1.]     If.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowler. 

As  the  byrder  beguyleth  the  byrdes.  Viva. 

2.  One  who  breeds  birds.— 3.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  wild  cat.    Ar.  E.  D. 
bird-eye  (berd'i),  a.     See  bird's-eye. 
bird-eyed  (berd'Id),  «.    Having  eyes  like  those 
of  a  bird ;  quick-sighted ;  catching  a  glimpse  as 
one  goes. 

Where  was  your  dear  sight, 
When  It  did  so,  forsooth !  what  now  i  bird-tiled' 

B.  Jomtm,  Volpone,  ill  2. 

to  reach  naturalisU  were  without  feet,  these  having  been  bird-fancier  (berd'fan'si-er),  w.  1.  One  who 
removed  in  preparing  the  skins.  The  packets  of  beautiful  "  ,  .,]„.,,,..:„  ;„  r,.arinir  or  eollectinff  birds 
orange  and  yellow  plumes  wcrn  as  ornaments  are  from  taKes  pleasui  ing  Dirus, 

this  species  and  a  near  relative.  /•.  iniiwr.  I'.miuiuiiva  especially  such  as  are  rare  or  curious. — 2.  A 
is  a  still  more  gorgeous  bird.  The  king  bird  of  Paradise,  dealer  in  the  various  kinds  of  birds  which  are 
'  :,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent.  .SV/itV-  Vent  i 


Bird  of  Paradise  (Paradista  afoda) 
strengthened  by  the  fact  that  the  specimens  which  used 


also  given  to  a  few  species  which  are  excluded  from  the 
technical  definition  of  I'linnlineida!  (which  sec),  (b)  In 
uxtnni..  a  southern  constellation.  See  Apus,  1.— Bird  Of 
passage,  a  migratory  bird ;  a  migrant ;  a  bird  which  regu- 
larly passes  in  tile  spring  from  a  warmer  to  a  colder  cli- 
mate. an«l  liark  in  the  fall.  See  iiti^i-'ilnm  am!  i.<,-j</j<l,'*i-.-i. 
—  Bird  Of  peace,  the  dove,  with  reference  to  the  story  of 
Noah. --Bird  of  prey,  any  member  of  tile  order  Raptorcx 
or  Aivipftrfti,  as  the  "hawk,  eairle.  owl,  etc. —  Bird  of  the 
year,  a  bird  less  than  a  year  old.  -  Bird  of  wonder,  the 
phenlx.  Birds  of  a  feather,  persons  of  similar  tastes  and 

other  of  persons  of  like  proclivities.  —  Early  bird,  an  early- 
riser ;  one  w  hotels  up  betimes  in  the  morning  :  in  allusion 
t<>  the  proverb,  "The  early  bird  catches  the  worm." — Man- 


calleil  by  chapman,  a  traveler  in  southern  Africa.— To 
hear  a  bird  slug,  to  receive  private  communication ;  be 
informed  privately  or  secretly. 

I  heard  a  bird  so  «>/.  Shak.,  -i  Hen.  IV.,  v.  5. 

1  If/ml  ,i  l>inl  tinii,  they  mean  him  no  I^IMK!  nttiee. 

Fletcher,  Uiyal  Subject,  iv.  i 


bird1  (berd),  c.  i.     [<  fc/n/i,  ».]     1.  To  catch 
birds;  go  bird-shooting  or  fowling. 

I  do  invite  >"ii  tu-nmn-ow  innvniim  to  my  house  to  break- 
fast:  after,  we'll  a-Mi -itiiKi  touctlier. 

Shalt.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  iii.  :i. 

Hence  —  2f.  To  look  for  plunder ;  thieve. 

V>i in.    Tiiese  tlay  "\.  is 

Xin-.    That  arc  tiirdiii't  in  men's  purses. 

/>'.  .liittxiiii,  Aleliemisl,  v.  ::. 

bird-t  (liei'd),  ».     [Ho.   liinl,  bunt,  ete.j  <   MK. 
bird.  In  i'il.  imi'il,  bi/nl,  etc..  u  transpositioo  »f 

tin'    soinewliiit   less   foiiinuin    lirid,   liridi',   etc.. 
prop,  a  bride,  Init  miieh  useil  in  poetry  in  I  lie 
general  sense  of  •maiden,'  'girl,'  with  the  epi- 
86 


bird-foot  (berd'fut),  a.     Divided  like  a 
foot;   pedate,  as  the  leaves  of  the  bird-foot 
violet,  Viola,  pedata. 

birdgazer  (berd'ga'zer),  n.     [<  bird1  +  gazer  ; 
a  tr.  of  L.  auspex:  see  auspex.]    An  augur  or 
haruspex. 
Acclus  Savins,  the  great  birdgazer  of  Rome. 

Treirnertne  of  the  Christian  Iteliyivn,  p.  401. 

bird-house  (berd'hous),  n.  A  box,  pen,  or  small 
house  for  birds;  a  place  in  which  birds  are 
housed. 

birdie1  (ber'di),  n.  [<  ft.'rrfl  +  dim.  -ie\]  1.  A 
childish  diminutive  of  bird1. —  2.  A  term  of 
endearment  for  a  child  or  a  young  woman. 

birdie15  (ber'di),  ».  A  name  about  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  of  the  young  halibut. 

birding-piecet  (ber'ding-pes),  «.  A  fowling- 
piece.  .s'/mA.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

My  Ixml  Hinchlngbroke,  I  am  told,  hath  Iiad  a  mis- 
chance to  kill  his  lioy  by  his  birdinij-piece  going  off  as  he 
was  a-fowling.  Pepyt,  Diary,  I.  420. 

bird-lime  (benl'lim),  «.  A  viscous  substance 
prepared  from  the  inner  bark  of  the  holly,  Ilex 
.[quifiiliiiiii,  used  for  entangling  small  birds  in 
order  to  capture  them,  twigs  being  smeared 
with  it  at  places  where  birds  resort  or  are  like- 
ly to  alight. 


Holly  is  of  so  \  is 

the  bark  of  it. 


L  juice,  as  they  make  birdlime  of 
Bacini.  Nat.  Hist.,  §  692. 


Nut  /lii-'l-ifi/i,'  nr  Idcali  pitell  produce 
\  more  teiuu  iotis  mass  of  clammy  juice. 

llrinli'ii,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Oeorgics,  iv.  r.7. 

birdlime  (Uenl'lini),  v.  t.     To  smear  with  bird- 
lime. 


bird's-nest 

When  the  In-art  in  thus  binl-linifd,  then  it  cleave*  to 
everything  it  meet*  with. 

•••in,  A  Christian's  Un.wth,  ii.  :(. 

bird-louse  (berd'lous),  ».     One  of  a  kind  of  lice 

which  infest  the  plumage  of  birds.     Tin-  genera 

:iM'l    -I'M  [•  s    are   nilliif|,,us.      They    are    lui'stlv    deplailcil 
parasitic  insccU  of  the  order  J/"  H  I  constitute 

nii'st  of  that  order. 

birdman  (berd'man),  n. ;  pi.  birdmcn  (-men). 
[<  bird1  +  »ia«.]  1.  A  bird-catcher;  a  fowl- 
er.—  2.  An  ornithologist. — 3.  One  who  stuffs 
birds. 

birdnest  (berd'nost),  f.  i.  To  hunt  or  search 
for  the  nests  of  birds. 

bird-net  (berd'net),  M.  A  net  used  for  catch- 
ing birds. 

bird-organ  (berd'or'gan),  H.  A  small  barrel- 
organ  used  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle  tunes. 

bird-plant  (berd '  plant),  H.  A  lobeliaceous 
plant,  Ueterotoma  lobelioides,  from  Mexico,  with 
yellow  irregular  flowers  somewhat  resembling 
a  bird.  Also  called  canary-bird  Jlotccr. 

bird's-bread  (berdz'bred),  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  stonecrop,  to-tin m  m-r, . 

bird-seed  (b6rd'sed),  n.  Small  seeds  used  for 
feeding  birds,  as  those  of  hemp  or  millet ;  more 
specifically,  the  seed  of  Plialaris  Canarieiisis,  or 
canary-grass. 

bird's-eye  (berdz'l),  «.  and  a.  I.  n.  1.  In  hot. : 
(«)  The  pheasant's-eye,  Adonis  aiitumnalu.  (b) 
The  speedwell,  Veronica  Cliamadrys :  BO  named 
from  its  bright-blue  flower,  (c)  A  species  of 
primrose,  Primula  farinosa. —  2.  A  fine  kind 
of  tobacco,  partly  manufactured  from  the  leaf- 
stalks of  the  plant,  and  forming,  when  ready 
for  use,  a  loose  fibrous  mass  with  thin  slices 
of  stalk  interspersed,  the  latter  marked  some- 
what like  a  bird's  eye.— Red  bird's-eye,  the  herb- 

robert,  Geranium  Hobertianum. 

II.  a.  1.  Seen  from  above,  as  if  by  a  flying 
bird ;  embraced  at  a  glance ;  hence,  general ; 
not  minute  or  entering  into  details:  as,  a 
bird's-eye  landscape ;  a  bird's-eye  view  of  a  sub- 
ject. 

Thereupon  she  took 
A  bird's-eye  view  of  all  the  ungracious  past. 

Tennyjton,  Princess,  il. 

2.  Resembling  a  bird's  eye;  having  spots  or 
markings  somewhat  resembling  birds'  eyes. 

He  wore  a  blue  bird'i-nje  handkerchief  round  his  neck. 
Huyht*,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  xviil. 

Bird's-eye  crape ,  diaper,  limestone,  maple,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.— Bird's-eye  view,  a  mode  of  perspective 
representation  in  which  portions  of  country,  towns,  etc., 
appear  as  they  would  if  viewed  from  a  considerable  ele- 
vation. 

bird's-foot  (berdz'fut),  ».  1.  A  common  name 
for  several  plants,  especially  papilionaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  (trnithnpm,  their  legumes 
being  articulated,  cylindrical,  and  bent  in  like 
claws. —  2.  The  name  of  a  spurge,  Euphorbia 
Ornithonus,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope — Bird's- 
foot  trefoil,  the  popular  name  of  Lotut  cm  niculatut :  so 
called  because  its  legumes  spread  like  a  crow's  foot.  See 
MM. 

bird's-mouth  (berdz'mouth),  M.  In  carp.,  an 
interior  angle  or  notch  cut  across  the  grain  at 
the  extremity  of  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another  piece. 
bird's-nest  (berdz'nest),  «.  1.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  plants;  from  some  sug- 
gestion of  a  bird's  nest  m  their  form  or  manner 
of  growth,  (a)  Xeuttia  Xidusavi*.  a  British  orchid  found 
in  beech  woods  :  so  called  because  of  the  mass  of  stout  in- 
terlaced fibers  which  form  its  roots,  (ft)  Mwuitnijia  HJ/IIO- 
pityt,  a  parasitic  ericaceous  plant  growing  on  the  roots  of 
trees  111  ftr  woods,  the  leafless  stalks  of  which  resemble  a 
nest  of  sticks,  (c)  A*- 
plentiful  Sitlun,  from 
the  manner  in  which 
the  fronds  grow,  leav- 
ing a  nest-like  hollow 
in  the  center,  (d)  The 
wild  carrot,  Davcun 
Carota,  from  the  form 
of  the  ninU.1  in  fruit. 
2.  Same  as  crow's- 
nest. —  3.  fil.  An 
article  of  com- 
merce between 
Java  and  China, 
consisting  of  the 
gelatinous  brack- 
ets which  the 
swifts  of  the  fam- 
ily t'i/i>ttlidte  and 
genus  Ciillocalia 
attach  to  cliffs, 
and  on  which  they 
build  their  nests. 
These  so-called  bird's- 

lie»tsi'»i-ist  pnncipnl- 

(,in.War,.,  .1;  r.  w/,.r,,i       1y  of  the    inspissated 


bird's-nest 

saliva  (if  the  birds,  anil  are  much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese, 
who  use  them  in  making  the  well-known  bird's-nest  soup. 
—  Bird's-nest  fungus,  any  species  of  fungus  belonging 
to  the  group  Xiditlariaceee,  which  resemble  small  nests 
containing  i'ggs.  Also  called  bird's-nrxt  peziza. 

bird-spider  (berd'spi"der),  n.  A  large  hairy 
spider  of  the  family  Tlieraphosidtc  and  genus 
Arieularia  (often  called  Mi/gale).  A.  ariculnria, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  is  able  to  capture 
and  kill  small  birds.  See  cut  on  preceding  page. 

bird's-tares,  bird's-tongue  (berdz'tarz,  -tung), 
n.  Names  of  the  species  of  Omitlioglossum,  a 
genus  of  bulbous  plants  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  The  name  bird's-tonaue  is  also  applied  to  the 
door-weed,  Pvlyaonum  aviculare,  from  the  shape  of  its 
leaves,  and  sometimes  to  the  keys  of  the  European  ash, 
Frajrin  ux  t'xcelitutT, 

bird-tick  (berd'tik),  n.  A  name  of  some  pupip- 
arous  dipterous  insects  which  infest  the  plu- 
mage of  birds,  creeping  quickly  about  among 
the  feathers.  A  good  example  is  Olfersia  ameri- 
cana,  which  is  found  on  many  species  of  birds. 

bird-witted  (berd'wit'ed),  a.  Having  only  the 
wit  of  a  bird ;  passing  rapidly  from  one  subject 
to  another ;  nighty. 

If  a  child  be  bird-witted,  that  is,  hath  not  the  faculty  of 
attention,  the  nmthematicks  giveth  a  remedy  thereunto. 
Bacon,  Works,  I.  161. 

birectangular  (bi-rek-tang'gu-lar),  a.  [<  bi-2 
+  rectangular. ]  Having  two  right  angles :  as, 
a  birectangular  spherical  triangle. 

birefractive  (bi-re-frak'tiv),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  re- 
fractire.}  Same  as  birefringent. 

birefringent  (bl-re-frin'jent),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  re- 
fringent.}  Doubly  refractive  ;  possessing  the 
property  of  separating  a  ray  of  light  into  two 
rays  by  double  refraction.  See  refraction. 

bireme  (bi'rem),  n.  [<  L.  biremis,  <  bi-,  two-, 
+  remus,  an  oar.]  An  ancient  galley  having 
two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars. 

A  few  were  biremes,  the  rest  stout  triremes. 

L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  149. 

biretta  (bi-ret'a),  ».  [Also  birretta,  berretta; 
<  It.  berretta  ='  Sp.  Mrreta  =  Pr.  berreta,  bar- 
reta  =  F.  barette  (>  E.  barret2),  fern. ;  in  masc. 
form,  Pr.  birret  = 
Cat.  baret  =  F.  beret 
(see  beret),  <  ML.  bir- 
rettum,  birrctum,  al- 
so bereta,  etc.,  dim. 
of  birrux,  a  hood  or 
cape,  LL.  a  cloak: 
seebirrits.']  1. Origi- 
nally, any  small  cap 
worn  as  distinctive 
of  a  trade  or  pro- 
fession; afterward, 
a  scholastic  cap,  or 
such  as  was  worn 
indoors  by  mem-  Biretta. 

bers  of  the  learned 

professions;  now,  in  the  Bo>».  Cnth.  CIt.,  the 
ecclesiastical  cap.  This  last  is  square,  and  has  three 
and  sometimes  four  norns  or  projections  on  top,  crossing 
It  at  equal  angles,  and  frequently  having  a  tuft  or  tassel 
where  the  horns  meet  in  the  middle.  For  priests  and  the 
lower  orders  its  color  is  black,  and  for  bishops  also,  at 
least  in  Rome,  though  elsewhere  they  commonly  wear 
one  of  violet,  corresponding  with  the  color  of  the  cassock  ; 
for  cardinals  it  is  red.  It  seems  to  have  been  introduced 
in  offices  of  the  church  when  the  amice  ceased  to  be  worn 
over  the  head  in  proceeding  to  and  from  the  altar  at  mass. 
2.  By  extension,  a  Tunis  cap ;  a  smoking-cap. 

birgandert,  n.     See  bergander. 

birnomboidal  (bl-rom-boi'dal),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
rhomboidal.}  Having  a  surface  composed  of 
twelve  rhombic  faces,  which,  being  taken  six 
and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea  till  they  intercept 
each  other,  would  form  two  rhombohedrons. 

birimose  (bl-ri'mos),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  rima, 
a  chink.]  Opening  by  two  slits,  as  the  anthers 
of  most  plants. 

birk1  (b6rk),  »i.  Northern  English  and  Scotch 
form  of  birch. 

Shadows  of  the  silver  birk 

Sweep  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave. 

Tennyxon,  A  Ltirge,  i. 

birk2  (berk),  r.  i.  [Se.;  origin  obscure;  cf. 
Icel.  berk/a,  bark,  bluster.]  To  give  a  tart  an- 
swer; converse  in  a  sharp  and  cutting  way. 
Jamieson. 

birken  (ber'ken),  «.  Northern  English  and 
Scotch  form  of  birchen. 

birkent  (ber'ken),  t-.  t.  [<  birkeii,  a.,  or  Irirkl 
+  -en1.]  To  beat  with  a  birch  or  rod. 

They  ran  up  and  clown  like  furies,  and  birkeiud  those 
they  met  with. 

Christian  Rdiyitnis  Ajrpfftl,  p.  91. 
birkie  (ber'ki),  a.  and  «.    [Se.,  also  spelled  bir- 
ky;  of.  Wf#2.]    I.  a.  Lively;  spirited;  tart  iu 
speech. 


562 

II.  n.  1.  A  lively  young  fellow;  a  self-as- 
sertive fellow. 

Ye  see  yon  birkie  ca'd  a  lord, 
Wha  struts,  an'  stares,  an'  a'  that. 

Burnt,  For  A'  That. 

2.  Beggar-my-neighbor :  a  game  at  cards.—  Auld 
birkie,  old  boy.    [Colloq.] 

birl1  (berl),  v.  [Se.  and  E.  dial.,  also  burl,  < 
ME.  birleii,  byrlen,  <  AS.  byrelian,  byrlian,  bir- 
lian  (>  Icel.  byrla),  pour  out  drink,  <  byrcle  (> 
Icel.  byrli),  a  cupbearer,  butler  (perhaps  con- 
nected with  OS.  biril  =  OHG.  biril,  a  basket), 
prop,  a  carrier,  bearer,  <  beran,  bear:  see  fiear1.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  pour  out  (wine,  etc.)  for. 

Dame  Elynour  entrete 
To  byrle  them  of  the  best. 

Skelton,  Elynour  Rummyng,  1.  269. 

2.  To  supply  or  ply  with  drink. 

II.  intraiis.  To  drink  in  company;  carouse. 
[A  modern  forced  use.] 

birl2  (berl),  i'.  [Appar.  imitative;  cf.  birr2, 
bur2,  whirl,  whir,  tirl,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  To 
move  or  rotate  rapidly ;  make  a  noise  like  that 
made  by  wheels  moving  rapidly  over  stones  or 
gravel. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  rotate ;  twirl  or  spin 
(as  a  coin)  in  the  air  or  on  a  table,  as  in  pitch- 
and-toss ;  hence,  to  toss  out  (a  coin  or  coins) 
on  the  table  as  one's  contribution ;  contribute 
as  one's  share  in  paying  for  drinks:  as,  "I'll 
birl  my  bawbee,"  Scotch  song. 

birlaw,  birley,  birlie,  «.    See  byrlaw. 

birlawman,  birlieman,  birlyman, ».  See  byr- 
laieman. 

birlin  (ber'lin),  «.  [Also  birlinn,  birling,  berlin, 
berling;  <  Gael,  birlinn,  bioirlinn,  a  barge  or 
pleasure-boat.]  A  kind  of  boat  used  in  the 
Hebrides,  rowed  with  from  four  to  eight  long 
oars,  but  seldom  furnished  with  sails. 

There's  a  place  where  their  berlinx  and  gallies,  as  they 
ca'd  them,  used  to  lie  in  lang  syne. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  xl. 
Sailing  from  Ireland  in  a  birlinn  or  galley. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  6th  Ber.,  XII.  7». 

birling1  (ber'ling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  birfl,  t>.] 
A  drinking-match. 

The  Tod's-hole,  an  house  of  entertainment  where  there 
has  been  mony  a  blithe  birliiig.  Scott. 

birling2  (ber'ling),  ».     Same  as  birlin. 

birn1  (bern),  «.  [Sc. :  see  burn1.']  A  stem  of 
dry  heather;  specifically,  one  of  the  stems  of 
burnt  heath  wnich  remain  after  the  smaller 
twigs  have  been  consumed,  as  in  moor-burning. 

birn2  (bern),  n.  [<  G.  birne,  a  pear,  dial,  bir,  < 
MHO.  bir,  pi.  birn,  <  OHG.  bira  =  L.  pirum,  pi. 
jiira,  whence  also  ult.  E.  pear,  q.  v.]  That  part 
of  an  instrument  of  the  clarinet  class  into  which 
the  mouthpiece  fits :  so  called  from  its  shape. 

birny  (ber'ni),  a.  [<  birn1  +  -y1.]  Abounding 
in  birns.  [Scotch.] 

birostrate,  birostrated  (bi-ros'trat,  -tra-ted), 
a.  [<  bi-2  +  rostrate.'}  Having  a  double  beak, 
or  process  resembling  a  beak. 

birotation  (bi-ro-ta'shon),  «.  [<  bi-2  +  rota- 
tion.'] Double  rotation  or  rotatory  power.  The 
name  was  given  by  Dubrunfaut  toa  phenomenon  exhibited 
by  some  sugar,  which  possesses  a  rotatory  power  that  is  at 
first  nearly  equal  to  twice  the  normal  amount,  but  gradu- 
ally diminishes  and  remains  constant  when  the  normal 
power  is  reached.  The  sugar  having  this  property  is  called 
birotatory  dextrose. 

birotatory  (bl-ro'ta-to-ri),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  rota- 
tory.} Possessing  double  rotatory  power.  See 
birotation. 

birotine  (bir'o-tin),  «.  [Origin  uncertain.]  A 
kind  of  silk  from  the  Levant. 

birotulate  (bi-ro'tu-lat),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-,  + 
rotula,  a  little  wheel:  see  roll.}  Having  two 
wheels  or  disks  connected  by  a  common  axis. 

birr1  (ber;  Sc.  pron.  ber),  n.  [Sc.,  also  bir,  ber, 
beir,  bere,  btir,burr,  etc.,  <  ME.  bir,  byr,  byrre, 
burre,  bur,  <  Icel.  byrr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  66V),  a  fa- 
voring wind,  <  bera  (=  AS.  beran),  bear:  see 
bear1.']  If.  A  strong  wind. —  2.  The  force  of 
the  wind;  impetus;  momentum. — 3.  A  thrust 
or  push. — 4.  Force;  vigor;  energy.  [Scotch 
and  North.  Eng.] 

birr2  (ber),  v.  i.  [Sc.,  also  bir,  ber,  etc.,  appar. 
imitative,  like  bur2,  burr2,  and  birl2,  q.  v.]  To 
make  a  whirring  noise ;  make  a  noise  like  that 
of  revolving  wheels,  or  of  millstones  at  work. 
[Scotch.] 

birr2  (ber),  w.  [<W»T2,f.]  1.  A  whirring  noise. 
—  2.  Strong  trilling  pronunciation.  See  bur2. 
[Scotch.] 

birretta,  «.     See  biretta. 

birrus  (bir'us),  n. ;  pi.  birri  (-1).  [LL.,  a  cloak  of 
wool  or  silk,  orig.  of  a  reddish  color,  worn  to 
keep  oft'  rain,  <  OL.  burrus,  red  (f ),  <  Gr. 


birth-hour 

older  Trvprr6f,  red,  flame-colored;  cf.  xvpa6f,  a 
fire-brand,  usually  referred  to  nvp  =  E.  Jire. 
Hence  ult.  biretta,  berretta,  etc.  (see  biretta), 
barrel,  bureau,  etc.]  1.  Under  the  Roman  em- 
pire, and  later,  a  cloak  with  a  hood  worn  as 
an  outer  garment  for  protection  from  the  wea- 
ther. It  was  strictly  a  heavy  and  rough  garment,  woven 
of  coarse  wool  in  its  natural  color;  but  after  a  time  cloaks 
of  the  same  form  and  name  came  to  be  made  of  fine  qual- 
ity also. 

2.  A  species  of  coarse  thick  woolen  cloth  used 
by  the  poorer  classes  in  the  middle  ages  for 
cloaks  and  external  clothing. 

birse  (bers),  n.  [Sc.,  also  birs,  <  ME.  brust,  < 
AS.  byrst  =  OHG.  burst,  bursta,  MHG.  borst, 
biirst,  borste,  G.  borste  =  Icel.  burst  =  Sw. 
borst  =  Dan.  borste,  bristle;  the  primitive  of 
bristle,  q.  v.]  A  bristle;  collectively,  bristles. 
[Scotch.]  —To  Bet  up  one's  birse,  to  put  one  on  his 
mettle ;  put  one  in  a  towering  passion. 

birsle  (ber'sl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  birsled,  ppr. 
birsling.  [Sc.,  also  brissle,  brusle  =  E.  brvstle, 
make  a  crackling  noise:  see  brvstle1.]  1.  To 
scorch  or  toast,  as  before  a  fire:  as,  to  birsle 
one's  self  or  one's  shanks  before  the  fire. —  2. 
To  parch  or  broil :  as,  to  birsle  peas  or  potatoes. 
[Scotch.] 

birt  (bert),  H.  [Also  written  burt,  and  formerly 
bert,  byrt;  also  brit,  bret,  q.  v.]  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  turbot,  Psetta  maxima. 

birt-fish  (bfert'fish),  n.    Same  as  birt. 

birth1  (berth),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  berth, 
<  ME.  birth,  berth,  byrtli,  births,  burthe,  byrthe 
(appar.  assimilated  to  Icel.  *byrdhr,l&teTburdhr 
=  OSw.  byrtli,  Sw.  bord  =  Dan.  byrd),  reg.  ME. 
byrde,  burde,  <  AS.  gebyrd  (=  OFries.  berd,  berth 
=  OS.  giburd  =  D.  geboorte  =  OHG.  giburt,  MHG. 
G.  geburt  =  Goth,  gabaurths,  birth,  nativity; 
cf.  Ir.  brim  =  Gael,  breith,  birth ;  Skt.  bhriti), 
with  formative  -d  (and  prefix  ge-),  <  beran, 
bear:  see  bear1.}  1.  The  fact  of  being  born ; 
nativity. 

Had  our  prince 

(Jewel  of  children)  seen  this  hour,  he  had  pair'd 
Well  with  this  lord ;  there  was  not  full  a  month 
Between  their  births.  Sliak.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

2.  By  extension,  any  act  or  fact  of  coming  into 
existence;  beginning;  origination:  eta,  the  birth 
of  Protestantism. 

After  an  hour's  strict  search  we  discover  the  cause  of 
the  reports.    They  announce  the  birth  of  a  crevasse. 

Tyndall,  Korms  of  Water,  p.  68. 

3.  The  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth ;  par- 
turition: as,  "at  her  next  birth,"  Milton,  Ep. 
M.  of  Win.,  1.  67.— 4.  The  condition  into  which 
a  person  is  born ;  lineage ;  extraction ;  descent : 
as,  Grecian  birth  ;  noble  birth  :  sometimes,  ab- 
solutely, descent  from  noble  or  honorable  pa- 
rents and  ancestors :  as,  a  man  of  birth. 

He  [James]  had  an  obvious  interest  in  inculcating  the 

superstitious  notion  that  birth  confers  rights  anterior  to 

law  and  unalterable  by  law.  Slacaulay. 

5.  That  which  is  born ;  that  which  is  produced. 

Poets  are  far  rarer  births  than  kings. 

B.  Jonnon,  Epigrams. 

Others  hatch  their  eggs  and  tend  the  birth  till  it  is  able 

to  shift  for  itself.  Addiion,  Spectator,  No.  120. 

Lines,  the  birth  of  some  chance  morning  or  evening  at 

an  Ionian  festival,  or  among  the  Sabine  hills,  have  lasted 

generation  after  generation. 

J.  II.  Xetcuum,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  75. 
6f.    Nature;    kind;    sex;    natural    character. 
N.  E.  D. —  7f.  In  astrol.,  nativity;  fortune. 
A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth, 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 
New  birth,  regeneration  (which  see). 
birth2,  n.     See  berth2. 

birth-childt  (berth'child) , ».  A  child  ascribed  to 
the  domain  of  its  birth,  or  to  the  ruler  of  it :  as, 
"  Thetis'  birth-child"  (Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  4),  that 
is,  one  born  on  the  sea,  the  domain  of  Thetis. 
birthday  (berth'da),  n.  and  a.  [ME.  birthdai, 
birthcday  (cf.  AS.  gcbyrd-da>g) ;  <  birth1  +  day.} 
I.  11.  The  day  on  which  a  person  is  born,  or  the 
anniversary  of  the  day ;  hence,  day  or  time  of 
origin  or  commencement. 

This  is  my  birth-day,  as  this  very  day 
Was  Cassius  born.  Shak.,  J.  C.,  v.  1. 

Those  barbarous  ages  past,  succeeded  next 
The  birth-day  of  invention.  Coir/ier,  Task.  i. 

II.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  day  of 
a  person's  birth,  or  to  its  anniversary:  as,  a 
birthday  ode  or  gift;  birthday  festivities, 
birthdomt  (berth'dum),  n.     [<  birth1,  +  -dom.} 
Privilege  of  birth;  that  which  belongs  to  one 
by  birth ;  birthright.     Ultal: 
birth-hour  (berth 'our),  «.     The  hour  at  which 
one  is  born. 

Worse  than  a  slavish  wipe  or  :i  liiftli-tunir'x  blot. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  537. 


birthing 

birthing,  ».    Sec  />>  i'ti/in</. 
birthland  (bteth'lwid),  ».     Tho  land  of  one's 
birth,  or  where  one  was  born. 
In  tha  direction  of  their  in,tl<l,in,i. 

,/.',  Sartor  Resartus,  p.  104. 

So  may  the  dead  return  t"  tln-ir  Mrihlniul. 

Tl,.-<;,,t,n;i,  XXVI.  47. 

birthless  (berth'les),  a.  [<  birtltl  +  -less."] 
Not  of  good  or  honorable  birth ;  of  low  or  com- 
mon lineage.  Smlt. 

birth-mark  (berth'miirk),  it.  Some  congenital 
mark  or  blemish  on  a  pel-son's  body;  a  straw- 
berry-murk; a  mole  ;  a  namis. 

M.iat  |iart  of  tills  noble  lineage  carried  upnn  tlirir  bmly 
cvrii  fnr  a  iiatiiiall  birth-mark,  fnmi  their  nmther  s  womb, 
a  snake.  North,  tr.  of  I'lutarch,  p.  »17. 

birthnight  (berth'nit ),  M.  Tho  night  of  the  ilay 
on  which  a  person  is  born  ;  the  anniversary  of 
that  night. 

birthplace  (borth'plas),  n.  The  place  of  one's 
birth;  the  town,  city,  or  country  where  a  per- 
son is  born;  more  generally,  place  of  origin. 

birth-rate  (berth'rat),  11.  "The  proportion  of 
births  to  the  number  of  inhabitants  of  a  town, 
district,  country,  etc.,  generally  stated  as  so 
many  per  thous:in<i  of  tlio  popul'ation. 

An  increase  in  prosperity,  as  measured  by  the  frirth- 
rate,  is  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  tin-  ratio  of  Imy- 
birtbs,  anil  vice  versa.  /'«/'•  .*>'<•«.  ."".,  XXVI.  :t27. 

birthright  (berth'rit),  n.  Any  right  or  privi- 
lege to  which  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth, 
such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitution; 
specifically,  the  right  of  primogeniture. 

And  they  sat  before  him,  the  flrst-liorn  according  to  his 
birlhriijhl,  and  the  youngest  according  to  his  youth. 

den.  xliii.  33. 

For  Titan  (as  ye  all  acknowledge  must) 
Was  Saturnes  elder  brother  by  birthriyht. 

ajpMW,  K.  IJ.,  VII.  vl.  27. 

We  were  very  nearly  dead,  .  .  .  and  my  Idea  of  happi- 
ness was  an  English  beefsteak  and  n  bottle  of  pale  ale ; 
for  such  a  luxury  I  would  most  willingly  have  sold  my 
birthright  at  that  hungry  moment. 

Sir  N.  W.  Knkfr,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  284. 

birthrqot  (berth'ro't),  ».  In  hot.,  a  name  given 
to  various  species  of  Trillium,  especially  T. 
pendulum,  the  roots  of  which  are  reputed  to  be 
astringent,  tonic,  and  alterative,  and  to  have 
a  special  effect  upon  the  uterus  and  connected 
organs.  Also  called  birthwort,  and  corruptly 
betlinmt  and  bathwort. 

birth-Bin  (berth/sin),  n.    Sin  from  birth;  origi- 
nal sin.     [Hare.] 
Original  or  liirth  tin.  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

birth-Song  (berth'sdng),  «.     A  song  sung  at  a 

birth,  or  in  celebration  of  a  birth  or  birthday. 

A  joyful  birth-tony.  Fitz-Gtoffry,  Blessed  Birthday,  p.  45. 

birth-Strangled  (berth'strang'gld),  a.     Stran- 
gled or  suffocated  at  birth. 
Finger  of  tirth-stranglnl  babe.      Shot.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

birthwort  (borth'wert),  n.  [<  birth*  +  icorfl."] 
In  hot. :  (a)  The  common  name  of  the  European 
species  of  Aristolochia,  A.  Clentutitis,  from  its 
supposed  remedial  powers  in  parturition,  and 
from  it  transferred  to  some  American  species, 
which  are  more  usually  known  as  snakeroot. 
(l>)  Same  as  birtliroot. 

bis  (bin),  adv.  [L.,  twice,  for  *duis,  <  rfiio  =  E. 
two  ;  in  compounds,  bi- :  see  bi-2.]  Twice,  (a) 
In  accounts,  tatmlar  statements,  books,  etc.,  used  to  de- 
note a  duplicate  or  repetition  of  an  item  or  numl>er  or 
page  :  as,  p.  10  bit.  (b)  In  music,  a  term  indicating  that  a 
passage  or  section  is  to  lie  repeated,  (c)  An  exclamation, 
used  like  encore,  as  a  request  for  the  repetition  of  a  mu- 
sical performance,  etc.  i./)  As  a  prefix,  twofold,  twice,  two : 
in  this  sense  it  generally  becomes  bi-.  See  bi--, 

bisa,  biza  (bG'/.iU,  «.  [Native  name.  1  A  coin 
used  in  Pegu  in  British  Burma,  worth  about 
27^  cents. 

bisaccate  (bi-sak'at),  a.  [<  W-2  +  saccate;  cf. 
L.  bimcfiitni,  a  saddle-bag:  see  bixacrin."]  Hav- 
ing two  little  bags  or  pouches  attached :  used 
especially  in  botany. 

bisaccia  (be-ziich'a),  n.  [It.  bisaecia,  a  saddle- 
bag, <  L.  bisaccium,  pi.  bisacciii,  saddle-bag, 
<  bi-,  two-,  +  saccits.  a  bag :  see  sack*."]  A 
Sicilian  measure  of  capacity,  equal  to  1.94 
hnshels. 

bisannualt  (bis-an'u-al),  a.  [=  F.  bisannuel;  < 
L.  bix,  twice,  -f  E.  niiiiiinl,  V.iinnucl."]  Same  as 

hit  lltlidl. 

biscacha  (bis-kach'ii).  ».     Same  as  rixcarlin. 
biscalloped  (bi-ekol'upt),  n.    [<  hi--  +  «-,//- 

Infii-il.]     Finished  in  or  ornamented  with  two 

scallops  ;   liilolmte. 
Biscayan  (bis'kii-an),  n.   and   «.     [Formerly 

also   Itixnin.    Biskaine;  <  Itixnuj.  Sp.   \'i;citya. 

See  /{«.s-,/«ci.|     I.  ,i.  Pertaining  to  liiscay,  one 


563 

of  the  three  Basque  provinces  of  Spain,  or  to  its 
people. 

II.  w.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Biscay. 
—  2.  [/.<•.]  Milit.:  (<i)  A  long  anil  heavy  mus- 
ket, usually  carried  on  a  permanent  pivot,  for 
use  on  fortifications  or  the  like.  [Obsolete.] 
(6)  A  heavy  bullet,  usually  of  the  size  of  an 
egg ;  one  of  the  separate  balls  of  grape-  or 

biscoctiform  (bis-kok'ti-form),  n.     [<  L.  as  if 
bixi-iM-tii.i,  biscuit  ((.bis,  twice,  +  coctux, cooked : 
see  biscuit),  +  forma,  form.]     In  hot.,  biscuit- 
shaped  :  as,  hixcoctiform  spores.    Tuckerman. 

biscornet,  ».     Same  as  bictirn. 

biscotin  (bis'ko-tin),  n.  [F.,  <  It.  hisnottino, 
dim.  of  bixi-ntto  =  F.  biscuit:  see  biscuit."]  A 
confection  ma<le  of  flour,  sugar,  marmalade, 
and  eggs;  sweet  biscuit. 

biscroma  (bis'kro-ma),  n.  [It.,  <  bis-,  twice-, 
+  cronia,  a  quaver:  see  croma."]  In  music,  a 
semiquaver;  a  sixteenth-note. 

biscuit  (bis'kit),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bisket; 
<  ME.  bysket,  biscute,  bysquyte,  besquite  (=  D. 
beschuit,'  >  Dan.  brxkojt),  <  OF.  brscoit,  bcscuit, 
later  biscut,  F.  liiscuit  =  Pr.  bescucit  =  Sp.  biz- 
nii'liH  =  Pg.  biscouto  =  It.  biscotto,  lit.  twice 
cooked,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  coctus,  pp.  of  coquere, 
cook.]  1.  A  kind  of  hard,  dry  bread,  consist- 
ing of  flour,  water  or  milk,  and  salt,  and  baked 
in  thin  flat  cakes.  The  name  is  also  extended 
to  similar  articles  very  variously  made  and  fla- 
vored. See  cracker. 

As  dry  as  the  remainder  binciiit 
After  a  voyage.  Mule.,  As  you  Like  it.  il.  7. 

2.  A  small,  round,  soft  cake  made  from  dough 
raised  with  yeast  or  soda,  sometimes  shortened 
with  lard,  etc.  [U.  S.]  —  3.  In  ceram.,  porce- 
lain, stoneware,  or  pottery  after  the  first  bak- 
ing, and  before  the  application  of  the  glaze. 
Formerly  bisque.-  Meat  biscuit,  a  preparation  con- 
sisting of  the  matter  extracted  from  meat  by  boiling,  com- 
bined with  flour,  and  baked  in  the  form  of  biscuits. 

biscuit-oven  (bis'kit-uv'n),  «.  In  ceram.,  the 
oven  used  for  the  first  baking  of  porcelain, 
bringing  it  to  the  state  known  as  biscuit. 

biscuit-root  (bis'kit-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to 
several  kinds  of  wild  esculent  roots  which  are 
extensively  used  for  food  by  the  Indians  of  the 
Columbia  river  region,  especially  to  species  of 
Camassia  and  Peucedanum. 

biscutate  (bi-sku'tat),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  scutate."] 
In  hot.,  resembling  two  shields  or  bucklers 
placed  side  by  side ;  having  parts 
of  such  a  character. 

bisdiapason  (bis*di-a-pa'zon),  n. 
[<  bis  +  diapason."]  "In  music,  an 
interval  of  two  octaves,  or  a  fif- 
teenth. 

bise  (bez),  n.  [F. :  see  Wee.]  A 
dry  cold  north  and  northeast 
wind,  prevailing  especially  in 
Provence  and  the  Rhdne  valley, 
and  very  destructive  to  vegeta- 
tion, so  that  "  to  bo  struck  by  the 
bise"  has  become  a  proverb  in 
Provence,  meaning  to  be  over- 
taken by  misfortune:  nearly  the 
same  as  mistral. 

bisect  (bi-sekf),  v.  t.  [<  L.  bi-, 
two-,  T  sectus,  pp.  of  secare,  cut : 
see  section."]  To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts; 
specifically,  in  geom.,  to  cut  or  divide  into  two 
equal  parts.  One  line  bisectt  another  when  it  crosses 
it,  leaving  an  equal  part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the 
point  of  intersection. 

He  exactly  bisects  the  effect  of  our  proposal.  Gladttone. 

An  inevitable  dualism  bisect*  nature,  so  that  each  thing 

is  a  half,  and  suggests  another  thing  to  make  it  whole :  as, 

spirit,  matter  ;  man,  woman.        Emerson,  Compensation. 

Bisecting  dividers.    See  divider.-  Bisecting  gage. 

See  gage. 

bisection  (bi-sek'shpn),  n.  [<  bisect,  after  sec- 
tion.} 1.  The  act  of  bisecting,  or  cutting  or 
dividing  into  two  parts ;  specifically,  the  act  of 
cutting  into  two  equal  parts ;  the  division  of 
any  line,  angle,  figure,  or  quantity  into  two  equal 
parts. —  2.  One  of  two  sections  composing  any- 
thing, or  into  which  it  may  be  divided:  as, 
"  one  whole  bisection  of  literature,"  De  Quincey, 
Herodotus — Bisection  of  the  eccentricity,  in  at- 
tr<in..  a  contrivance  of  the  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy 
by  which  tile  center  of  the  orliit  of  every  superior  planet 
and  of  Venus  is  placed  midway  between  the  earth  and  the 
center  uf  the  eqnailt, 

bisectional  (bi-sek'shon-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  bisection. 

bisectionally  (bi-sek'shon-al-i),  adr.  By  bisec- 
tion ;  so  as  to  bisect,  or  divide  into  two  parts, 
especially  equal  parts. 


Biscutate    Leaf 
( Diotiaa    musfi- 


bishop 
bisector  (W-sok'tor),  ».    [M,.,  <  L.  W-,  two-. 

+  victor  (see  xrrtiir):  1).  us  if  <  biicct  4-  -«r.j 
A  line  drawn  through  the  vertex  of  a  triangle 
so  as  to  bisect 
either  the  oppo- 
site side  (lnx«-- 
tor  of  tin-  xitlr) 
or  the  angle  (bi- 
sector of  till'  Illl- 
i/li-,  or  in  tit  mil 
bisector),  or  to 
bisect  the  exter- 
nal angle  form- 
ed by  the  adja- 
cent sides  (<v- 
ternal  hisiclur). 
Thus,  In  the  figure, 
AT.r  being  the  triangle,  AD  is  the  bisector  of  the  side 
111- ;  Ai:  is  the  internal  bisector,  and  AK  the  external  bi- 
sector, of  the  angle  A. 

bisectrix  (bi-sek'triks),  n.;  pi.  bisectrices  (bl- 
sek-tri'sez).  [NL.,  fern,  of  bisector :  see  bisec- 
tor."] 1.  In  crystal.,  the  line  which  bisects  the 
angle  of  the  optic  axes.  That  bisecting  the  acute 
angle  is  called  the  acute,  bitei-trij-.  tin-  I'thrr  is  the  obtu*e 
biwctrix.  These  are  also  called  the  jit-nt  mean  tine  (or  me- 
dian line)  and  the  necond  mean  line  respectively.  The 
bisectrix,  or  mean  line,  is  said  to  lie  jmnitire  or  nrqatire, 
according  to  the  character  of  the  double  refraction.  Sen 
refraction. 

2.  In  geom.,  same  as  bisector — Dispersion  of 
the  bisectrices.     See  dujierrion. 

bisegment  (bi-seg'ment),  n.  [<  6i-2  +  sen- 
mint.'}  One  of  the  parts  of  a  line  which  has 
been  bisected,  or  divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

bisegmental   (bi-seg-men'tal),   a.      [<   W-2  + 
xegment  +  -al.]     Consisting  of  two  segments. 
The  btiettmcntal  constitution  of  the  region  in  question. 

Ji.  tf.  WiMrr. 

biseptate  (bi-sep'tat),  a.  [<  li-2  +  septum  •+• 
-afei.]  Having  two  septa  or  partitions. 

biserial  (bl-se'ri-al),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  serial.}  Con- 
sisting of  or  arranged  in  two  series  or  rows ;  bi- 
farious ;  distichous.  Also  biscriate. 

Thus  we  are  led  to  the  bixerial  arrangement  of  the 

chain l>ers,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  Textularian  group. 

W.  R.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  {  457. 

Blaerial  perianth,  in  but.,  a  perianth  consisting  of  both 
calyx  and  corolla. 

biserially  (bi-se'ri-al-i),  adv.  In  a  biserial 
manner  or  order;  in  a  double  row.  Also  bi- 
scriatcly. 

The  chambers  are  arranged  biterialli/  along  a  straight 
axis.  H  .  B.  Carpenter,  Slicros.,  §  4S2. 

biseriate  (bi-se'ri-at),  a.     [<   W-2  +  seriate."] 

Same  as  biserial. 
biseriately  (bl-se'ri-at-li),  adv.     Same  as  61- 

serially. 
The  anterior  tarsi  of  the  males  arc  dilated  and  Wwri- 

ately  sqiiamulose.  Horn. 

biserrate  (bi-ser'at),  a.  [< ^  W-2  +  serrate.']  1. 
In  bot.,  doubly  serrate:  said  of  leaves  the  ser- 
ratures  of  which  are  themselves  serrate. —  2. 
In  / ntiim.,  having  two  small  triangular  teeth 
placed  close  together,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 
[Rare.]  —  Biserrate  antennae,  antennae  in  which  the 
joints  are  compressed  and  triangular,  each  attached  to  the 
center  of  the  base  of  the  preceding  one  by  one  of  iU  points, 
so  that  both  sides  of  the  organ  present  a  serrate  outline. 

bisetigerous  (bi-se-tii'e-rus),  «.  [<  W-2  +  se- 
tigeroux."]  In  entom.,  having  two  terminal  setto 
or  bristles ;  bisetose. 

bisetose  (bi-se'tos),  a.  [<  W-2  +  setose."]  In 
zool.  and  hot.,  furnished  with  two  setas  or  bris- 
tle-like appendages. 

hisetous  (bi-se'tus),  a.    Same  as  bisetose. 

bisette  (bi-zef),  n.  [F.  (cf.  rnasc.  biset,  a  rock- 
dove),  coarse  brown  stuff,  dim.  of  OF.  bise, 
dark-brown  or  gray.]  A  narrow  French  lace. 

bisexed  (bi'sekst),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  sex  +  -^d2.] 
Same  as  bisexual. 

bisexoust  (bi-sek'sus),  a.  [<  L.  W-,  two-,  + 
seius,  sex.  Cf.  bisexual."]  Same  as  bisexual. 

Thus  may  we  also  concede  that  hares  have  been  of  both 
sexes,  and  some  have  ocularly  confirmed  it,  but  that  the 
whole  species  or  kind  should  Iw  bitexou*  we  cannot  af- 
firm. Sir  T.  Broirtte,  Vulg.  Err.,  ill.  17. 

bisexual  (bi-sek'su-al\  a.  [<  W-2  +  sexual."] 
Having  the  organs  of  both  sexes  in  one  indi- 
vidual: of  two  sexes;  hermaphrodite,  in  6o<., 
said  of  nowers  which  contain  l«  <th  stamen  and  pistil  with- 
in the  same  perianth,  and  of  mosses  having  antheridia 
and  archegonia  in  the  same  involucre  ;  syncecious.  Also 
Mm*. 

bish,  bishma  (bish,  bish'ma.).  w.   Same  as  bikh. 

bishop  (bish'up),  n.  [<  ME.  bishop,  bisshop, 
Inschop,  oishtip,  byshop,  etc.,  <  AS.  biscop,  btg- 
ceop  =  OFries.  biskop  =  OS.  biskop  =  D.  his- 
t/chop =  OHG.  biscof,  MHO.  G.  bischof=  Icel. 
bixkup  =  Sw.  bixko/i  =  Dan.  biskop,  bittp  =  It. 
re»cor«  =  Sp.  obix/m  =  1'g.  bisjiii  =  F'r.  n'ukes  = 
OF.  cn-xi/iti;  ri.ii/ in-,  F.  iri'ijin  =  (iael.  nixbuig 


bishop 


564 


bishop's-weed 


ed  unto  the  Shepherd  and  Bithvp  of  your  souls. 

1  Pet.  ii.  26. 

2.  In  the  earliest  usage  of  the  Christian  church, 
a  spiritual  overseer,  whether  of  a  local  church 
or  of  a  number  of  churches;  a  ruler  or  director 
in  the  church.     See  elder  and  presbyter. 

Pan!  and  Timotheus  ...  to  all  the  saints  in  rhrist 
Jesus  which  are  at  Phllippl,  with  the  bixhrips  and  deacons. 

Philip,  i.  1. 

The  English  version  has  hardly  dealt  fairly  in  this  case 
with  the  sacred  text,  in  rendering  eVio-icojroB?,  verse  28 
(Acts  xx.),  "overseers";  whereas  it  ought  there,  as  in 
all  other  places,  to  have  been  "bishops";  that  the  fact 
of  elders  and  bishops  having  been  originally  and  apostoli- 
cally  synonymous  might  be  apparent  to  the  ordinary  Eng- 
lish reader,  which  now  it  is  not. 

Dean  AlJ'onl,  Greek  Test.,  Acts  xx.  17. 

Bishops  and  Presbyters,  literally  overseers  and  elders, 
are  universally  admitted  to  be  terms  equivalent  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  often,  at  least,  applied  to  the  same 
officers.  Smith,  Student's  Eccles.  Hist.,  p.  17(1. 

3.  From  an  early  time,  an  overseer  over  a 
number  of  local  churches ;  particularly,  in  the 
Greek,  Oriental,  Roman  Catholic,  and  Angli- 
can churches,  the  title  of  the  highest  order  in 
the  ministry.     See  eniscopncy.    The  origin  of  the 
office  of  bishop  in  the  Christian  church  is  a  matter  of 
dispute.     The  terms  bishop  and  presbyter  appear 


-ial  or  ceremonial  seat  of  the  bishop  in  the  chancel  or  choir 


',  condition:  see  bishop  and  -hood.]    The  of- 
fice, dignity,  or  rank  of  bishop, 
bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  a.   [<  ME.  bisslioply,  etc., 
<  AS.  bisceojilic :  see  liix/ioji  and  -fy1.]    Bishop- 
like;  episcopal. 

If  he  preach  .  .  .  before  a  bishop,  then  let  him  treat 
of  bislioply  duties  and  orders. 

iMtimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1549). 
Episcopal,  which  has  supplanted  bishoply,ts  only  a  Latin 
word  in  an  English  dress.    Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  164. 

bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  adr.  [<  bishop  +  -ly2.] 
In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

bishop-ray  (bish'up-ra),  «.  1.  A  raioid  sela- 
chian of  the  family  Myliobatidtr,  JKIobatis  (or 
Ntoasodon)  nurinar'i,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
seas,  sometimes  wandering  in  summer  north- 
ward along  the  coast  of  the  United  States  to 

iishop's  Throne  and  Synthronus.—  basilica  of  Torcello,  near  Venice.      Virginia.       Its  disk    is  twice    as  wide    as  long,  and    is 

brownish  diversified  with  small  round  pale  spots. 

Llral  church  of  his  diocese.    In  the     o      \nv  fi«h  nf  tVio  o-orma    —  ~ 
i  the  Oreek  Church  and  in  some  v£i,™£»  ,T,:?7,,.  .  §^   S 


HMU  VMtuoUf    no   onn   in    me    \nceiv   v  uuruftl   ilJiil     ill   BUlllt    i_  •    v  •       /v*    1   /  *i    \  m       i  a     -n        i 

Roman  Catholic  churches,  it  stood  behind  the  altar  in  the  DlSnOpriC  ( Dish  up-rik),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 


imyi.— Cardinal  bishop.    See  eanlinal.—  Case  of  the 


A  virtuous  woman  should  reject  marriage  as  a  good 


seven  bishops,  a  famous  English  trial,  in  1688,  of  the  pri- 


nlence  of  government.    (See  pope.) 

also  has  archbishops  and  metropoltt __  

cordate,  the  nomination  of  Roman  Catholic  bishops  is  some- 
times made  by  the  temporal  power ;  the  former  electlo: 


cally  instituted  forconve  viena  me  uiucese;  oppotrcu  to  uu  ussiHiaiti,  cvaajuiu),  '  

f  )  The  Anglican  Church  "'istionary,  or  ilhwant  bishop.- Ecumenical  bishop,  bishop  S-cap  (bish'ups-kap).  n. 

oiitans.   By  virtue  of  con-  See  MttHienfcai.- Itinerant .  bishop i,a  bishop  not  having    species  of  Mitella  (M.  (libbi/lla  a 

:i  Catholic  bishops  is  some-  LISH'LSF*?"  Jurisdiction,  but  possess  ng  joint    ,^t,lrai  o..dpr  ,««TJfi-«««™«r  whl 


A  name  of  two 

^_ __„.._  and  M.  receda), 

authority  with  others  over  all  the'churcnes^rthS  same     u?l^ralT?1'?ierJ  f£$™0aflS*»  ™bich  are  natives 

by  the  clergy"  remains  "in  some  cathedraVchapters"  but    ote*ni^tion.  The  bishops  of  the  Methodist  and  Moravian    ot  the  United  htates:  so  called  from  the  form 
more  commonly  names  are  proposed  by  the  fellow-suffra-     <-:ll"rc,he8  ™e  itinerant  bishops.-  Suffragan  bishop,  (a)    of  the  pod.     Also  called  miterwort. 
gans  and  metropolitan,  andby  the  clergy  of  the  diocese     A  bl'"10P  consecrated  to  assist  another  bishop  who  is  dis-  Anu  bishop's-mps  have  golden  rings 

to  be  provided  for,  to  the  Pope,  who  directly  appoints  and     a,ble,d-iv  af'  iUlie88'  °(r  <?the.r,  cause.;  an  SSF1™7  bi8hop'  Lomiffllm;  Prel.  to  Voices  of  the  Night 

in  any  case  confirms  the  new  bishop.    In  England  bish-     He  Sj*h  'C0"1  M?*®8!  bishoP  '"  Ilavin8  no  P°wer  to  hi« 


to  another  is  said  to  be  translated;  the"church  contain"    church""fo7ifirrn    "rAwli«Ji> 
ing  hi.  cathedra  or  episcopal. throne  ^s  called^aW^raJ,  »C; 


and  the  local  jurisdiction  indicated  by  this  throne,  and 
the  city  or  locality  in  which  this  stands,  together  with  the 
diocese  or  territory  attached  to  it,  his  see,  to  which  he  is 


Donne,  Poems,  p.  172. 


wide  form  of  sleeve  formerly  worn  by  women : 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  full 
sleeve,  drawn  in  at  the  wrist,  worn 
can  bishops. 


officer  of  the  Aaronic  or  lesser  priesthood,  presides  over  it, 
ministers  in  outward  ordinances,  conducts  the  temporal 
business  of  the  church,  and  acts  as  judge  on  transgress- 
ors. Often  abbreviated  lip.  See  ehorepiscopits  and  vicar 
apostolic. 


.        . 

as  bishop,  7  («)•—  2.  A  name  of  the  miter- 
shell,  Mitra  episcopalis,  of  the  family  Mitrida. 
bishop-stoolt  (bish'up-stOl),  n.    ' 


similar  umbelliferous  plant,  /J/«-O/I/CM/'«  rujiil- 
the  ujo,van,  Car,,,,,  a*. 


bishop's-wort 
blshop's-wort  (bish '  ups-  \vcrt),  ii.     A  name 

given  to  the  do vil-in-a-busli,  \i</i  lln  l>miitisrt  mi, 
:iinl  to  bcliiny,  Slui'lii/.i  Hi  tiii/i<-<i. 

bishop-weed,  u.    See  /» •.•//«>/<'.<  «v/w. 
bisilicato   (W-«l'i-k4t),  ».    [<  hi--  +  siiiaiti-.  \ 

1.  A  salt  formed  by  I  lie  union  of  a  base  anil  a 
silicic  acid  containing  two  atoms  of  silicon.  It 
may  bo  a  bibasic  or  a  polyliasic  iiciil.—  2.  A 
salt  of  meinsilicic  nci<l,  HoSiOo.  in  which  the 
ratio  of  oxygon  atoms  combined  with  tho  base 
anil  silicon  respectively  is  as  1:2:  for  example, 
calcium   motiisilicHtc   itlie   mineral  wollaston- 
ite),  CaSiO3  or  CaO.8iO2. 

bisiliquous'  (M-dl'i-kwus),  «.    [<  hi-"  +  nili- 

i/iiniiit.  ]     In  hot.,  having  two  noils. 
bisinuate  0>i -sin'u-at),  «.    [<  />/--  •+•  sinuate.] 

In  :<><>l.,  having  two  concave  curves  mooting  in 
a  convex  curve:  as,  a  liisiiuiuli1  margin. 

bisinuatioil  (bi-sin-u-a'shon),  ».  [<  bisiuuatc, 
nl'ler  siiiiintioii.]  In  niliiin.,  the  state  of  being 
liisinnale  ;  a  iloublo  curve  on  a  margin. 

bisk',  a.     See  bisque^. 

bisk-,  bisque"  (bisk),  «.  [<  F.  bisque,  odds  at 
play,  a  fault  at  tennis;  cf.  It.  liisca,  a  gaming- 
house; origin  unknown.]  Odds  at  tennis-play ; 
specifically,  a  stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
player  to  equalize  the  parties. 

bisk:t  (bisk),  ».     Same  as  liilcli. 

biskett  (bis'ket),  ii.  A  fonner  spelling  of  bis- 
cuit. 

Biskra  bouton,  Biskra  button.    Same  as  Alep- 

iir>  nlrrr  (which  see,  under  ulcer). 

bismar,  ».    See  bisuier%. 

Bismarck  brown.    See  brown. 

bismet,  »•     An  apheretic  form  of  abixnie. 

bismerH,  ».  [ME.,  also  bismar,  bisemer,  etc.;  < 
AS.  lilxmt-r,  bismor  (=  OS.  bismer  =  OHG.  bi- 
mnir,  reproach,  opprobrium,  derision,  abuse), 
<  hi-  (accented),  by,  +  -smer,  perhaps  con- 
nected with  MHG.  SHiicrcn,  smile,  AH.amercian, 
E.  smirk,  and  nit.  with  E.  smile,  hence  orig.  a 
laughing  at,  ridicule.  Hence  the  verb  bismeri- 
an,bixiiiriini,  reproach,  deride,  abuse.]  1.  Abu- 
sive speech:  as,  "bakbitynge  and  bismer," 
Piers  rioirmitn  (B),  v.  89. 

Kill  of  linker,  ami  of  ItixHfnutrt: 

1'liiiiift'i;  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  4f>. 

2.  A  person  worthy  of  seom. 

bismer-,  bismar  (bis'mer,  -mar),  11.  [Also  writ- 
ten bi/smn;  bismort;  sometimes  bi/tsimar;  <  Icel. 
hisinari  =  OSw.  bismare,  Sw.  bemnau  =  Dan.  bw- 
mcr  =  MI).  /itHi'iHii-—  Mljli.  licnaiter,  bisenter,  a 
steelyard,  balance ;  <  Lett,  besmens,  besmeiv, 
l.illi.  beziiieiiax,  HUSH,  bameiiu,  Pol.  be-inian,  a 
balance.]  A  balance  or  steelyard  used  in  the 
northeast  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  Orkney  and 
Shetland  islands. 

bismer3  (bis'mer),  ii.  [Origin  uncertain.]  The 
name  in  tho  Orkney  islands  of  the  sea-stickle- 
back, Spiimehia  nili/aris. 

bismerpund  (bis'mer-pond),  ii.  [Dan.,  <  bis- 
mrr,  a  steelyard,  -t-  pitud  =  E.  pound.]  A 
weight  used  in  Denmark,  equal  to  6  kilograms 
precisely,  or  13  pounds  3J  ounces  avoirdu- 
pois. It  was  formerly  ono  three-hundredth  part 
less. 

bismillah  (bis-mil'ii),  iuterj.  [Turk.  Ar.  fci- 
'sni-illah,  in  tho  name  of  Allah:  see  Allah.]  In 
God's  name:  an  adjuration  or  exclamation 
common  among  Moslems.  Sometimes  written 
lii:»irHnli. 

bismite  (bi/.'mit),  «.  [<  bism(utli)  +  -i>2.] 
Native  oxid  of  bismuth,  or  bismuth  ocher. 

bismore  (bis'mor),  »i.     Same  as  bismer2. 

bismuth  (bi/'muth),  ii.  [=  P.  bismuth,  <  G. 
bismuth,  now  commonly  icisiinit,  irismuth,  orig. 
irissmiit/i :  of  mod.  (17th  century)  but  unknown 
origin.]  Chemical  symbol,  Bi;  atomic  weight, 
208;  specific  gravity,  9.6  to  9.8.  A  metal  of  a 
peculiar  light-reddish  color,  highly  crystalline, 
and  so  brittle  that  it  can  be  pulverized,  its  cry* 
tallinc  form  is  rhonihohedral,  closely  approximating  that. 
of  the  cube.  It  "rciirs  native  ill  imperfect  crystallizations, 
nliform  shapes,  ami  disseminated  particles,  in  the  crystal- 
line rucks  ;  also  as  a  stilphurct,  and  in  coinliination  with 
tellurium  ami  some  other  metals,  anil  in  various  oxidized 
comhiiiiitii.n-.  Ill-' native  metal  and  the  carbonate  (ln~ 
inutile)  arc  tlie  chief  important  sources  of  the  bismuth  of 
commerce.  I'ntil  recently,  almost  the  entire  supply  of 
the  metal  came  from  Scbnwberg  in  Saxony,  when-  it  oc- 
cars  in  ronihination  with  ores  nt  colialt,  arsenic,  and  sil- 
ver. Nearly  all  the  liismnth  of  commerce  contain*  .it 
least  a  trace  ot"  M!\,T.  iMsinnth  is  a  remarkable  metal  in 
that  its  -pcciHc  uravitj  is  dilninisheil,  instead  of  In-ill^  in 
creased,  by  pressure.  It  is  the  most  dlanugnetio  of  the 
iiii'taK  It  m-i's  :it  a  r<  miji.'irativelv  low  temperature 
i.  and  is  volalili/ed  at  a  white  heat.  Alloys  of  bis- 
muth with  tin  and  lead  fuse  at  a  tempi  ratnre  consideralih 
less  than  that  of  boiling  water.  (See  .V-  /rlmi  *  and  /,'"••  * 
iHftal*.  under  metal.)  Alloys  of  the  same  mct.iK  with 
the  addition  oi  i  adiiiinm  fuse  at  still  lower  temperatures ; 


565 

one  prepared  by  Llpowltz  remains  perfectly  fluid  At  140*. 
These  alloys  have  been  used  to  some  extent  for  cliches  and 
for  atereotyphiK,  but  are  now-  of  little  practical  iiiipm 
tancu.  The  chief  uses  o(  higmntli  an-  as  a  medicine  and  an  a 
ro- MII  tic.  For  these  pur|x>»cs  it  is  prepared  in  the  form  of 
the  snbnitratc  called  in  thcnld  pharmaceutical  language 
niftytKf't  <">,/  i«*,,itrtlii.  The  cosmetic,  in  jireparinu  which 
the  basic  chlorid  has  also  bci-u  employeU,  is  known  as 
pearl-powder  or  blanc  d*Bntfne.  r.ismuth  haft  of  Inte 
years  l>eeii  much  experimented  with  as  a  possible  com po 
in-lit  of  useful  alloys,  for  several  of  which  patents  have 
been  Issued  ;  but  no  one  of  these  alloys  Is  known  to  have 
rr. in.,  into  -i  ni  I'.il  ii-c.  I'.ismiith  has  also  been  used  to  a 
limited  extent  in  the  manufacture  of  highly  refractive 
Klass,  and  of  strass  (which  see).  It  is  used  with  antimony 
In  the  thermo-electric  pile  or  battery.  (Sec  thermo^Ue- 
ifii-iti/.)  It  has  also  bcyini  to  lie  used  to  some  extent  In 
the  manufacture  of  pm vdaiii.  for  the  purpose  of  fctving  to 
its  surface  a  peculiar  colorless,  Irised  luster,  which  can 
also  be  had  of  various  colors  when  other  metals  are  u-i  <! 
in  combination  with  the  bismuth.  This  metal  is  one  for 
which  the  demand  is  extremely  Huctiiatini;,  hut  on  the 
whole  increasing;  and.  as  its  ores  have  now  hen-  U-en  dis- 
covered in  large  quantity,  its  price  has  been  more  variable 
than  that  of  any  other  metal,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  nickel,  running  between  .">.'>  cents  and  !*5  a  pound.  The 
total  consumption  of  the  metal  Is  probably  between  :'. ."> 
and  50  tons  a  year,  and  it  comes  chiefly  from  the  i'.iv.- 
gfhirge  (Iwtween  Saxony  anil  Bohemia),  France,  South 
\nh  rica,  and  New  South  Wales.  It  was  called  by  tin  al 
chemists,  while  in  their  uncertain  condition  of  knowledge 
as  to  its  nature,  by  various  names,  as  marauila  anjenlm, 
piiuubiuii  '•"(•'/.  mit.  gtannnin  ciitfreum,  etc. ;  also  called 
formerly  in  French  rinin  tie  <ilai-r.  corrupted  in  English 
into  lin-i/lotxe.  —  Bismuth-blende,  the  mineral  eiilytitc 
(which  see).  Bismuth-glance,  an  ore  of  Iiismuth.  rri* 
::,«!,,•  h!*niiitli-<iluiu:i-  is  a  sulphid  of  bismuth  or  bfsmuth- 
inite,  and  aficular  liitninHi-iflnnre  is  the  same  as  nfeill-' 
ore  or  aikinitf.— Blsmutn  ocher,  the  mineral  bismite.- 
Bismuth  silver.  See  nymtoMm  »nif.  -  Butter  of  bis- 
muth, an  old  name  for  the  uhlorid  of  bismuth.— Flowers 
of  bismuth,  a  yellow-colored  oxid  formed  by  the  subli- 
mation of  bismuth.--  Magistery  of  bismuth,  the  snimi- 
trate  or  basic  nitrate  ofbisniuth.  —  Telluric  bismuth, 
the  mineral  tetradymtte. 

bismuthal  (biz'muth-al),  a.  [<  bigmuth  +  -al.~\ 
Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  bismuth. 

bismuthic  (biz'muth-ik),  «.  [<  bismuth  +  -ic.] 
Of  bismuth:  as,  bijoniithif  oxid  and  biftiniitltic 
acid. 

bismuthid  (biz'muth-id),  n.  [<  bismuth  +  -iV/2.] 
An  alloy  of  bismuth  with  another  metal. 

bismuttiiferous  (biz-muth-if'e-rus),  «.  [<  bis- 
muth +  -i-feroHS.']  Containing  bismuth. 

Bitnml hifcriMs  calcium  carlwuatc  yields  only  a  violet 
fluorescence,  differing  little  from  that  produced  without 
the  bismuth.  Sci.  Amrr.  Supp.,  XXII.  MSI. 

bismuthin,  bismuthine  (biz'muth-in),  «.  [< 
bixiinith  +  -ina,  -lnA]  See  bismiitliiiiilc. 

bismuthinite  (bix,-muth'i-nit),  w.  [<  bismutlt- 
In  +  -i7<>2.]  Native  bismuth  sulphid,  a  mine- 
ral of  a  lead-gray  color  and  metallic  luster  oc- 
curring in  acicular  crystals,  also  massive,  with 
a  foliated  or  fibrous  structure.  It  resembles 
stibnite,  with  which  it  is  isomorphous. 

bismuthite,  ».     See  bismutite. 

bismuthous  (biz'muth-us),  a.  [<  bismuth  + 
-OH«.]  In  client.,  combined  with  bismuth  as  a 
triad:  as,  biswuthou.i  oxid,  Bi2Oa. 

bismutite,  bismuthite  (biz'mut-it,  -muth-it), 
n.  [<  bismuth  +  -/7<-2.]  A  hydrous  carbonate 
of  bismuth. 

bismutosphaerite  (biz'mut-o-sfe'rit),  «.  [<  bix- 
mitth  +  (Jr.  o-^a«/)o,  sphere,  +'-if«2.]  Anhydrous 
bismuth  carbonate  (Bi2Cp5),  sometimes  occur- 
ring in  spherical  forms  with  radiated  structure. 

bisogniot,  bisognot  (bi-so'nyo),  n.     [Also  writ- 
ten besognio,  bfssnync,  bessogno,  bczo»ian,  etc. ; 
<  It.  bixogno,  need,  a  needy  fellow,  beggar.]   A 
person  of  low  rank ;  a  beggar. 
Spurn'il  out  by  grooms  like  a  Iwse  Umann. 

CAff;>ma»,  Widow's  Tears,  i.  4. 

Heat  the  />.>•*'»//«•.>•  that  Ho  hid  in  the  carriages,   finnnr. 
He  that  would  refuse  to  swallow  a  dozen  healths  on 
such  an  evening,  is  a  base  besomtin,  and  a  puckfoist,  and 
shall  swallow  six  inches  of  my  dagger. 

Xi-i-tt.  Kcnilworth,  I.  xviil. 

bison  (bi'son), «.  [=r  D.  bison  =  G.  bison  =  Sw. 
bison  =  Dan.  biaon  (-oxc),  <  F.  bison  =  Pr.  l>i:oii 
=  Sp.  bisoiite  =  Pg.  bisSo  =  It.  binsonte,  <  L. 
bison(t-)  (first  in  Pliny  and  Seneca),  >  Gr. 
ftiaiM  (in  Pausanias) ;  prob.  from  OTeut. :  cf. 
OHG.  irisHiit,  irixinit.  iiixiiit,  MHG.  G.  irixmt 
=  Icel.  (perhaps  borrowed)  risuntlr,  bison,  = 
AS.  ircxeiHl,  a  wild  ox;  origin  uncertain.]  1. 
The  aurochs,  or  bonasus,  a  European  wild  ox : 
hence  applied  to  several  similar  animals,  re- 
cent and  extinct. —  2.  Biaon  or  Bos  americiiniix. 
improperly  called  the  buffalo,  an  animal  which 
formerly  ranged  over  most  of  the  United  States 
and  much  of  British  America  in  countless  num- 
bers, now  reduced  to  probably  a  few  thousands, 
and  apparently  soon  to  become  extinct  as  a  wild 
animal.  It  formerly  extended  into  some  of  the  Atlantic 
States,  as  Virginia :  the  contraction  of  the  area  of  its  habi- 
tat and  the  reduction  of  its  numbers  have  pine  on  steadily 
with  tlft  advance  of  Knropeau  occupation  ;  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Union  racinc  railroad  cut  the  great  herd  In 


bissextile 

two,  leaving  a  wnithern  «r  Texan  hcnl,  rhlefly  In  tho  re- 

I   the  Stftki-il  I'liHH-..  ;niil  .1  n'.rllnTii  nr  VfllowKtnnr 

Ml-  "irinkatrllruitii  lirnf.  in  tin-  iT-jntl  '•(  tllf  ll]i|HT  MlMOllri 
:iinl  nnrttiwitnl.  'I'll*1  ;miin;il  r<  MnUH  tfat  ftBKNdW (wU<  I' 
M-I-),  hut  i*  r..M»i<lrr:il>!y  '•in:ill«  i  :  (In-  hump  in  very  hiuli 
and  large;  the  himt  •piartci's  an-  Mylit  ;  the  tail  f-*  atN>ut 


--fife 


American  Blww  (  RtrfM  ttmtricnnw). 

•2fi  inches  loin:,  ending  in  a  wisp  of  hairs  of  aliout  6  Inches 
additional  ;  the  horns,  .•-]«.  cially  in  the  male,  are  short, 
thick,  and  much  curved  ;  the  head  is  carried  very  low;  the 
long  shaggy  hair  of  the  fore  parts  sometimes  sweeps  the 
ground  ;  the  •  -olor  is  blackish  in  fresh  pelages,  more  brown 
or  gray  in  worn  ones  and  In  aged  individuals;  the  calves 
are  reddish.  Formerly  the  hair-covered  skins  were  much 
used  as  rolies.  but  only  the  cows  were  killed  for  them. 
the  hides  of  the  hulls  being  not  easily  manageable.  In 
summer,  after  shedding  its  hair,  the  animal  is  nearly 
naked. 

3.  [cap.}  [NL.]  A  genus  or  subgenus  of  the 
family  Jioridtr,  including  the  aurochs,  R.  botia- 
sus  (see  cut  under  aurochs),  the  American  bi- 
son, B.  amcricanus,  and  several  related  fossil 
species,  as  B.  Intifrons. 

bisonant  (bi'so-nant),  n.  [<  bi-"  +  sonant.  Cf. 
LL.  bisoiiHs,  sounding  twice.]  Having  two 
sounds,  as  an  alphabetical  letter. 

bisontine  (bi'son-tin),  n.  [<  NL.  bisontinus,  <  L. 
bison(t-),  bispii.]  Bison-like;  related  to  or  re- 
sembling a  bison  ;  belonging  to  the  genus  Bison. 

bispherical  (bi-sfer'i-kal),  a.  [<  6t-2  +  spheri- 
cal.] Composed  of  two  spheres. 

The  second  form  (of  Schizoptiyttv]  is  bixpherical:  the 
spherical  cell  has  grown  and  become  contracted,  or  In- 
dented in  the  middle,  forming  two  united  granules. 

ftfirnrt.  III.  157. 

bispinose  (bi-spi'nos),  a,  [<  fci-2  +  spinose.] 
In  zool.  and  bot.,  having  two  spines.  —  Bispinose 
elytra,  in  rnlnni.,  those  having  each  two  apical,  spine-like 
processes. 

bispinous  (bi-spi'nus),  a.  [<  W-2  +  sjriiiotis.] 
Same  as  bispinosf. 

bispiral  (bi-spi'ral),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  siriral.]  Con- 
taining two  spiral  fibers  ;  doubly  spiral  :  ap- 
plied to  the  elaters  of  some  Hepaliete. 

bispore  (bi'spor),  ».  [<  bi-2  +  spore.]  One  of 
a  pair  of  spores  formed  by  the  division  of  a 
vegetative  cell  in  red  alga?,  F/oritlea'.  It  is  the 
same  as  a  tetraspore,  except  as  regards  num- 
ber. See  tetraspore. 

bisporous  (bi-spo'rus),  a.  [<  bi--  +  spot-aits.] 
Containing  or  bearing  two  spores. 

bisque1  (bisk),  w.  [See  biscuit.']  In  ceram.:  (a) 
Formerly,  same  as  biscuit,  3.  (b)  A  variety  of 
unglazed  white  porcelain  used  for  statuettes 
and  other  small  figures. 

bisque2  (bisk),  ».  [F.,  crawfish  soup;  origin 
unknown.]  In  cookery,  a  soup  made  of  meat  or 
fish  slowly  stewed  until  all  the  strength  is  ex- 
tracted, and  thickened  with  finely  minced  or 
shredded  forcemeat  ;  specifically,  such  a  soup 
made  from  crabs,  crawfish,  shrimps,  and  the 
like.  Also  spelled  bisk. 

bisque-*,  ».    See  6i»A-2. 

bissabol  (bis'a-bol),  n.    Same  as  besahol. 

bisse1  (bis),  ii.  [<  OF.  bisse,  aii  adder.]  In 
her.,  a  snake  borne  as  a  charge. 

bisse2  (bis),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  used  in 
Pondicherry,  a  French  possession  in  India.  It 
is  exactly  '2'j  French  pounds,  or  about  3  pounds 
2  ounces  avoirdupois. 

bisselt,  »'•     A  variant  of  bez;le. 

bissemaret,  ».  An  unusual  Middle  English 
form  of  buimcrl. 

bissett,  n.     Same  as  biwttf.     [Scotch.] 

bissez  (bis'seks).  ii.  [<  L.  bis,  twice,  +  ser  = 
E.  six.]  A  musical  instrument  of  the  guitar 
kind  having  twelve  strings,  the  pitch  of  the  up- 
per six  of  which  could  be  altered  by  stopping 
on  frets.  It  was  invented  in  1770,  but  never 
extensively  used. 


bisseitt,  ».  [<  ME.  bisext,  <  L.  bisrjctus. 
tn.t  (se.  ilie»,  day),  an  intercalary  day,  <W-,  bis, 
twice,  +  sextus  =  E.  sixth  :  so  called  because 
the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  of  March  was 
reckoned  tirice  in  every  fourth  year.  See  bis- 
sistux.]  The  intercalary  day  in  leap-year. 

bisseztile  (bi-seks'til),  «.  and  ».  [<'ML.  bif- 
su-tiliit,  bisextitin  (sc.  annus,  year),  leap-year,  < 
L.  bisextus,  bissextiis  :  see  bissext.]  I.  a.  Con- 
taining the  bissextus  or  intercalary  day:  ap- 


bissextile 

plied  to  those  years  which  have  366  days,  the 
extra  day  being  inserted  in  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary. See  bixxfj-tnn.  This  occurs  every  fourth  year, 
taken  as  each  year  of  which  the  number  is  divisible  by  4 
without  remainder.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  a  year  of  StioJ 
days  exceeds  the  true  length  of  a  solar  astronomical  year 
by  11  minutes  and  14  seconds,  amounting  to  an  error  of  a 
day  in  128  years,  it  was  provided  in  the  QregorlftD  calendar 
that  the  intercalary  day  should  be  omitted  iu  all  cente- 
nary years  except  those  which  are  multiples  of  400. 
II.  n.  A  leap-year  (which  see). 

bissextus  (bi-seks'tus),  n.  [L. :  see  bissext,  and 
of.  bisse xtile.]  The  extra  or  intercalary  day  in- 
serted by  the  Julian  calendar  in  the  mouth  of 
February  every  fourth  year,  in  order  to  make 
up  the  six  hours  by  which  (it  was  reckoned)  the 
natural  or  solar  year  exceeds  the  common  year 
of  365  days.  This  extra  day  was  provided  for  by  reckon- 
ing twice  the  sixth  day  before  the  calends  (or  first)  of  March 
(or  the  sixth  day  from  the  calends  of  March,  both  days  in- 
cluded, reckoning  backward  from  the  succeeding  month, 
as  was  the  custom  of  the  Romans),  the  "sixth"  (or  first 
sixth)  day  proper  thus  corresponding  to  February  25th, 
according  to  our  reckoning,  and  the  extra  sixth,  or  "second 
sixth,"  to  our  February  24th.  Since  1662,  when  the  Angli- 
can liturgy  was  revised,  the  29th  day  of  February  has  been, 
more  conveniently,  regarded  as  the  intercalated  day  in  all 
English-speaking  countries.  In  the  ecclesiastical  calen- 
dars of  the  countries  of  continental  Europe,  however,  the 
24th  day  of  February  is  still  reckoned  as  the  bissextus  or 
intercalary  day. 

bissont  (bis'ou),  a.  [Also  E.  dial,  beesen,  bee- 
zcn;  <  ME.  bisen,  bisne,  ONorth.  bisene,  blind,  of 
uncertain  origin ;  perhaps  <  AS.  bi,  be,  by,  + 
"sene,  "syne,  as  in  gesyne,  adj.,  seen,  visible,  < 
seon,  see.  Cf.  D.  bijziend,  short-sighted,  <  by, 
=  E.  by,  +  ziend,  ppr.  of  :ien,  =  E.  see ;  G.  bei- 
sichtig,  short-sighted,  <  bei,  =  E.  by,  +  sicht  = 
E.  sight.']  Blind  or  purblind;  blinding:  as, 
"bisson  rheum,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

What  harm  can  your  frisson  conspectuities  glean  out  of 
this  character?  Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  1. 

bistephanic  (bi-ste-fan'ik),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  stepha- 
nion  +  -ic.]  In  craniom.,  pertaining  to  both 
stephanions:  as,  bistephanic  diameter. 

bister,  bistre  (bis'ter),  ».  and  a.  [=  G.  biester 
=  Sw.  bister,  bister,  <  F.  bistre,  a  dark-brown 
color.  Origin  uncertain ;  prob.  not  connected 
with  G.  dial,  biester,  dark,  gloomy,  =  D.  bijster, 
confused,  troubled,  =  Icel.  bistr  =  Sw.  bister 
=  Dan.  bister,  angry,  fierce.]  I.  n.  In  paint- 
ing, a  brown  pigment  extracted  from  the  soot 
of  wood.  To  prepare  it,  soot  (that  of  beech  is  the  best) 
is  put  into  water  in  the  proportion  of  two  pounds  to  a  gal- 
lon, and  boiled  half  an  hour  ;  after  standing  to  settle,  and 
while  hot,  the  clearer  part  of  the  fluid  must  be  poured  off 
to  remove  the  salts,  and  the  sediment  (which  is  bister) 
evaporated  in  dryness.  It  has  been  much  used  as  a  water- 
color,  particularly  by  the  old  masters,  for  tinting  drawings 
and  shading  sketches,  before  India  ink  came  into  general 
use  for  such  work.  In  oil  it  dries  very  slowly. 
II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  bister;  blackish-brown. 

bistered,  bistred  (bis'terd),  a.  [<  bister,  bis- 
tre, +  -erf2.]  Of  the  color  of  bister;  swarthy; 
browned. 

The  beak  that  crowned  the  bistred  face 
Betrayed  the  mould  of  Abraham's  race. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  At  the  Pantomime. 

bistipulate  (bi-stip'u-lat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  stipu- 
late.] Same  as  bisti/mled. 

bistipuled  (bl-stip'uld),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  stymied.] 
In  bot.,  having  two  stipules. 

bistort  (bis'tort),  n.  [=  F.  bistorte  =  It.  bis- 
torta,  <  NL.  bistorta,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  torta, 
fern,  of  tortus,  pp.  of  torquere,  twist:  see  tort.] 
A  plant,  Polygonwu  Bistorta,  so  called  because 
of  its  twisted  roots :  popularly  called  snakeweed 
and  adder's-wort.  Alpine  bistort  is  a  dwarf  allied  spe- 
cies, alpine  and  arctic,  P.  viviparum. 

bistournage  (bis'tor-naj),  ».  [F.,  <  bistourner 
(=  It.  bistornare),  twist,  deform  by  twisting,  < 
bis-,  bes-,  a  pejorative  prefix  (prob.  ult.  <  L. 
bis,  twice),  +  tourner,  turn.]  In  vet.  surg.,  an 
operation  which  consists  in  twisting  the  testi- 
cles of  bulls  and  other  male  animals  round  the 
cord,  so  as  to  produce  atrophy,  but  leave  the 
scrotum  intact:  a  form  of  castration  or  gelding. 

bistoury  (bis'to-ri),  «.;  pi.  bistouries  (-riz).  [< 
F.  bistouri,  a  bistoury,  <  OF.  bistorie,  a  dagger,  a 
bistoury.  Origin  uncertain ;  commonly  conjec- 
tured to  be  so  called  from  Pistorium,  It.  Pistoja, 
a  town  in  Tuscany,  whence  also  the  E.  words 
pistol  and  pistole.]  A  small,  narrow  surgical 
knife,  with  a  straight,  convex,  or  concave  edge, 
and  a  sharp  or  blunt  point,  used  for  making 
incisions  and  for  other  purposes. 

bistre,  bistred.    See  bister,  bistered. 

bistriate  (bi-stri'at),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  striate.]  In 
bot.  and  entom.,  marked  with  two  parallel  strire 
or  grooves. 

bisturris  (bis-tur'is),  n. ;  pi.  bistrtrres  (-ez). 
[ML.,  <  L.  bis,  twice,  +  turris,  a  tower:  see  tur- 
ret, tower.']  One  of  a  series  of  small  towers 


566 

upon  a  medieval  fortification-wall ;  a  bartizan : 
sometimes  equivalent  to  barbican1.  See  cut 
under  bartizan. 

bisulct  (bi'sulk),  a.  [<  L.  bisulcus,  two-fur- 
rowed :  see  bisulcous.]  Same  as  bisulcate. 

bisulcate  (bi-sul'kat),  a.  [<  bi-"  +  sulcatc.] 
1.  Having  two  furrows  or  grooves. —  2.  In 
zool.,  cloven-footed,  as  oxen,  or  having  two 
hoofed  digits,  as  swine — Bisulcate  antennae,  an- 
tenna; in  which  the  joints  are  longitudinally  grooved  on 
each  side. 

bisulcoust  (bi-sul'kus),  a.  [<  L.  bisulcus,  two- 
furrowed,  <  bi-,  two-,  +  sulcus,  furrow.]  Same 
as  bisulcate. 

Swine,  .  .  .  being  bisulcous,  .  .  .  are  farrowed  with 
open  eyes,  as  other  bisulcous  animals. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vi.  0. 

bisulphate  (bi-sul'fat),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  sulphate.] 
In  chem.,  a  salt  of  sulphuric  acid,  in  which  one 
half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced  by 
a  metal. 

bisulphid  (bl-sul'fid),  «.  [<  bi-2  4-  sulphid.]  A 
compound  of  sulphur  with  another  element  or 
radical,  forming  a  sulphid  which  contains  two 
atoms  of  sulphur  to  one  atom  of  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  compound:  as,  carbon  bisulphid,  CS%. 
—  Bisulphid  Of  carbon  (CS2),  a  compound  of  carlwn  and 
sulphur  which  forms  a  colorless  mobile  liquid,  having  usu- 
ally a  fetid  odor,  due  to  impurities,  and  a  sharp  aromatic 
taste.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and 
ether.  It  is  used  in  the  arts  as  a  solvent  for  vegetable 
oils  and  for  caoutehouc.  Taken  internally,  it  is  a  violent 

!)oison.  Externally  it  is  used  as  a  counter-irritant  and 
ocal  anesthetic.— Bisulphid  prism,  a  prism  tilled  with 
carbon  bisulphid. 

bisulphite  (bi-sul'fit),  «,  [<  bi-2  +  sulphite.] 
In  cliem.,  a  salt  of  sulphurous  acid,  in  which 
one  half  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  acid  is  replaced 
by  a  metal. 

bisulphuret  (bi-sul'fu-ret),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  sul- 
phuret.]  In  chem.,  a  compound  of  sulphur  and 
another  element,  containing  two  atoms  of  sul- 
phur. 

bisunique(bis-u-nek'),  n.  [<  bis  +  unique.]  A 
name  given  about  1850  to  a  reversible  jacket, 
coat,  or  the  like,  made  with  two  faces. 

bisyllabic  (bi-si-lab'ik),  a.  [<  bi-2  +  syllabic.] 
Composed  of  two  syllables;  dissyllabic. 

The  verbal  steins  exhibit  bisyllabism  with  such  re- 
markable uniformity  that  it  would  lead  to  the  impression 
that  the  roots  also  must  have  been  bvtyllabic. 

Smith's  Bible  Diet.,  art.  Confusion  of  Tongues. 

bisyllabism  (bl-sil'a-bizm),  n.  [<  bisyllub-ic  + 
-ism.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being  bisyllabic, 
or  of  having  two  syllables, 
bisymmetrical  (bi-si-met'ri-kal),  a.  [<  bi-2  + 
symmetrical.]  Bilaterally  symmetrical ;  having 
bisymmetry. 

bisymmetry  (bi-sim'e-tri),  n.  [<  bi-2  +  sym- 
metry.] Tne  state  of  being  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical ;  correspondence  of  right  and  left 
parts,  or  of  the  two  equal  sections  of  anything. 
bit1  (bit),  n.  [Also  in  some  senses  occasionally 
bitt;  early  mod.  E.  bit,  bitt,  bitte,  bytte,  <  ME. 
byt,  byte,  bite,  <  AS.  bite  (=  OFries.  biti,  bite,  bit 
=  OS.  biti  =  MD.  bete,  D.  beet  =  LG.  bet  =  OHG. 
MHG.  biz,  G.  biss,  strong  masc.,  =  Icel.  bit  = 
Sw.  6e«  =  Dau.  bid,  neut.),  a  bite,  act  of  biting, 
<  bitan  (pp.  biten),  bite:  see  bite.  In  ME.  and 
mod.  E.  (as  well  as  in  some  other  languages) 
confused  in  spelling  and  sense  with  bit2,  which 
is  from  the  same  verb,  but  with  an  orig.  differ- 
ent formative.  In  the  general  sense,  now  rep- 
resented by  bite,  n.,  directly  from  the  mod. 
verb:  see  bite,  n.  The  concrete  senses  are 
later,  and  are  expressed  in  part  by  forms  with 
other  suffixes:  cf.  ME.  bitte,  bytte,  bytt  =  MLG. 
bete,  bet,  bitte,  bit,  LG.  bit,  neut.,  =  Sw.  bett, 
neut.,  bridle-bit,  =  G.  gebiss,  neut.,  bridle-bit 
(=  AS.  gebit,  biting);  cf.  Icel.  bitill,  bridle-bit; 
AS.  gebiKtel,  bridle-bit,  <  AS.  baitan,  gebcetan, 
bit,  curb:  see  baifi,  and 
cf.  bitt.  The  other  con- 
crete senses  are  recent.] 
It.  The  act  of  biting;  a 
bite. 

You  may,  if  you  stand  close, 
be  sure  of  a  bit,  but  not  sure 
to  catch  him. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler, 
[p.  55. 


bit 

2f.  The  action  of  biting  food;  eating;  grazing.  — 
3t.  The  biting,  cutting,  or  penetrating  action  of 
an  edged  weapon  or  tool.  —  4.  The  biting,  catch- 
ing, holding,  cutting,  or  boring  part  of  a  tool. 
Specifically  —  (a)  The  cutting  Made  of  an  ax,  hatchet, 
plane,  drill,  etc.  (b)  pi.  The  blades  of  the  cutter-head  of  a 
molding-machine.  £c)  pi.  The  jaws  of  a  pair  of  tongs,  (d) 
The  part  of  a  key  which  enters  the  lock  and  acts  on  the 
bolts  and  tumblers. 

5.  A  boring-tool  used  in  a  carpenter's  brace. 
Bits  are  of  various  kinds,  and  are  applied  iu  a  variety  of 
ways.    The  similar  tool  used  lor  metal,  and  applied  by 
the  drill-bow,  ratchet,  brace,  lathe,  or  drilling-machine,  is 
termed  a  drill,  or  drill-bit.     See  auger,  borer,  drill,  center- 
bit,  gmine-bit,  <juill-bit,  rose-bit,  shell-bit,  spoon-bit,  and 
phrases  below. 

6.  The  metal  part  of  a  bridle  which  is  inserted 
in  the  mouth  of  a  horse,  with  the  appendages 
(rings,  etc.)  to  which  the  reins  are  fastened. 

Those  that  tame  wild  horses  .  .  . 
Stop  their  mouths  with  stubborn  bits,  and  spur  them 
Till  they  obey  the  manage.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  2. 

7.  The  joint  of  an  umbrella.  —  8.  A  hammer  used 
by  masons  for  dressing  granite  and  for  rough 
picking.  —  9.  In  music,  a  short  piece  of  tube 
used  to  alter  slightly  the  pitch  of  such  wind-in- 
struments as  the  trumpet,  cornet-a-pistons,  etc. 
—Annular  bit.    See  annular.—  Baldwin  bit,  a  bit  hav- 
ing two  mouthpieces,  used  for  controlling  vicious  horses. 
—  Brace-bit,  a  bit  intended  to  be  used  with  a  brace.  — 


Chifney  bit,  a  curb-bit  having  a  short  movable  arm  con- 
nected with  the  cheek-piece,  just  above  the  mouthpiece, 
for  receiving  the  check-straps  of  the  bridle,  while  the 


Expanding  Bit. 


Spiral  Bits. 


a,  Countersink  Bit;  £,  Handing 
Center-bit. 


strap  or  gag-rein  is  attached  to  the  short  arm  of  the 
cheek-piece.  E.  H.  Kniyht.  —  Coal-  boring  bit,  a  boring- 
bit  having  an  entering  point  and  a  succession  of  cutting 
edges  of  increasing  radius.—  Copper  bit  or  bolt,  a  name 
given  to  a  soldering-iron.—  Cornish  bit,  a  lathe-drill  in 
which  the  cutter  is  inserted  diametrically  in  a  mortise  at 
the  end  of  the  drill-stock.  —  Ducknose  bit,  a  boring-bit 
the  end  of  which  is  bent  horizontally  into  a  semicircular 
form.—  Duck'8-bill  bit,  a  wood-boring  tool  which  has 
no  lip,  the  screw  cylinder  forming  the  barrel  of  the  tool 
ending  in  a  sharp-edged  rounding  part  which  forms  the 
cutter:  used  in  a  brace.—  Expanding  bit,  a  boring-tool 
of  which  the  cutting  diameter  is  ad- 
justable.— German  bit,  a  wood-boring 
tool  with  a  long  elliptical  pod  and  a 
screw-point.  It  is  used  in  a  brace,  and 
makes  a  taper  toward  the  end  of  the  hole 
when  not  driven  entirely  through  the 
wood.—  Half-round  bit,  or  cylinder- 
bit,  a  drill  used  for  hard  woods  and  met- 
als. Its  section  is  a  semicircle,  the  cut- 
ting edges  at  end  and  side  making  an 
angle  of  85°  or  86°.—  Hanoverian  bit,  a 
cheek-bit  for  horses  having  on  the  long 
or  lower  arm  two  or  more  loops  for  reins, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  the  short  cheek 
a  loop  which  receives  the  leather  cheek  ; 
there  is  a  rein-ring  at  the  cheek-piece.  —  Hessian  bit  a 
peculiar  kind  of  jointed  bit  for  bridles.—  Plug-center 
bit,  a  boring-tool  having  a  cylinder  of  metal  in  the  center 
instead  of  a  point.  The  cylinder  fits  a  hole  ready  made, 
and  the  bit  countersinks  or  removes  the  metal  above  it.— 
Silt-nose  bit.  Same  as  nose-bit.—  To  take  the  bit  In 
the  teeth,  to  hold  the  bit  between  the  teeth,  so  that  it 
cannot  hurt  the  mouth  when  pulled  upon,  and  run  ;  be- 
come unmanageable  :  said  of  a  horse,  and,  figuratively,  of 
persons.—  Twisted  bit,  a  boring-tool  formed  of  a  bar  bent 
into  a  spiral,  as  in  the  auger. 

bit1  (bit),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  fitted,  ppr.  'bitting. 
[<  bit1,  n.]  To  put  a  bridle  upon  ;  put  the  bit 
in  the  mouth  of  (a  horse)  ;  accustom  to  the  bit  ; 
hence,  to  curb  ;  restrain. 

bit2  (bit),  n.  [<  ME.  lite,  a  bit,  morsel,  <  AS. 
bita,  a  bit,  piece  bitten  off  (=  OFries.  bita  = 
D.  beet,  a  morsel,  beetje,  a  small  portion,  = 
MLG.  bete,  bet,  LG.  beten  =  OHG.  bizzo,  MHG. 
bizze,  G.  bisse,  bissen  =  Icel.  biti  =  Sw.  bit  = 
Dan.  bid,  a  morsel),  weak  masc.,  <  bitan  (pp. 
biten),  bite  :  see  bite,  v.,  bite,  n.,  and  bit1,  with 
which  bit2  has  been  in  part  confused.]  If.  A 
portion  of  food  bitten  off  ;  a  mouthful  ;  a  bite. 
—  2.  A  morsel  or  a  little  piece  of  food. 
Follow  your  function,  go  !  and  batten  on  cold  bits. 

Shak.,  COT.,  iv.  5. 
Dainty  bits 
Make  rich  the  ribs,  but  bankerout  the  wits. 

•S/iffA-.,  L.  L.  L.,  I.  1. 

Hence  —  3.  A  small  quantity  of  food;  a  modi- 
cum or  moderate  supply  of  provisions:  as,  to 
take  a  bit  and  a  sup.  [Dialectal.] 

He  desires  no  more  in  this  world  but  a  bit  and  a  brat  ; 
that  is,  only  as  much  food  and  raiment  as  nature  craves. 
Scotch  Presbyterian  Eloquence,  p.  36. 

4.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  of  anything  ;  a 
small  portion  or  quantity  ;  a  little  :  as,  a  bit  of 
glass  ;  a  bit  of  land  ;  a  bit  of  one's  mind.  The 
word  is  often  used  in  certain  phrases  expressive  of  ex- 
tent or  degree  ;  thus,  "a  bit  older"  means  somewhat  old- 
er, older  to  some  extent  ;  "  not  a  bit,"  not  a  whit,  not  in 
any  degree  ;  "  a  good  bit  older,"  a  good  deal  older  ;  "  a  bit 
of  a  humorist,"  somewhat  of  a  humorist,  etc.  It  is  used 
depreciatingly  or  compassionately  :  as,  a  little  bit  of  a 
man  ;  bits  of  children,  that  is,  poor  little  children. 

His  majesty  has  power  to  grant  a  patent  for  stamping 
round  bitx  of  copper.  Sirift. 

There  arc  se\  eral  bits  at  Valmontone  to  delight  an  artist, 
especially  at  the  entrance  of  the  town,  where  a  magnifi- 
cent fragment  of  the  ancient  wall  forms  the  foreground 
to  some  picturesque  houses.  A.  0.  C.  Hare, 


bit 

Your  caw  in  not  a  hit  clearer  Minn  it  wu  seven  years 
ago.  Ai'l'iitlni"'. 

My  yiiiiK  companion  was  a  l>it  of  a  poet,  a  '"''  of  an  ar- 
tist, a  I'H  »l  a  nillMciall,  anil  .  .  .  it  lift  of  all  :i<  t"I  - 

I'.  //<-*.  (iillHTt  linrney,  I.  I. 

5.  Crisis;  nick  of  time.  [Scotch.]  —  6.  A  small 
piece  of  ground ;  aspoi.  [Scotch.] 

It's  a  bleldy  eniMmh  '»'.  >'••"".  "'avcrley.  II.  xxlii. 

7.  Any  small  coin  :  as,  a  fourpenny-fciV  .-  a  six- 
penny-bit. Specifically,  the  name  nf  a  Mmill  \\c»t  In- 
dian coin  wortD  ahont  10  cents;  also,  in  part*  of  the 
1'nited  Males,  ..(  a  silver  coin  formerly  current  (in  some 
state*  railed  a  .!/•  sii'im  .<!<  ill<  ifi),  of  the  value  of  124  cents; 
now,  ehicllj  in  tin'  \\e.,t,  the  Mini  of  12J  uentn. 

With  nix  lni.1  in  his  pocket  anil  an  axe  upon  his  shoul- 
der. The  Century,  XXVII.  29. 

A  bit  of  blood.  See  Muni.  A  long  bit.  fifteen  cents. 
I  Western  r.  .-..  A  short  bit,  ten  cenU.  [Western  I.  s.  | 
—  Bit  by  bit,  little  liy  little  ;  iinperceptilily. 

Anil,  bit  try  bit, 
'I'll''  rurinintr  years  steal  all  from  us  but  woe. 

Lowell,  Comm.  Ode. 

To  give  a  bit  of  one's  mind,  to  speak  out  frankly  what 
one  think*  of  a  person  or  a  transaction  ;  express  one's  can- 
did conviction  unrestrained  by  reserve  or  delieacy :  gener- 
ally to  the  person  himself,  and  in  unflattering  terms. 

He  had  given  the  house  what  was  called  o  bit  of  his  mind 
on  the  subject,  and  he  wished  very  much  that  he  would 
give  them  the  whole. 

Lord  Campbell,  London  Times,  April  12,  1884. 
=  Syn.  4.  Scrap,  fragment,  morsel,  particle,  atom. 

bit:t  (bit).  Preterit  and  occasional  past  partici- 
ple of  bite. 

bit't.  A  Miilille  English  and  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
traction of  bitltletli,  third  person  singular  indi- 
cative present  of  bid. 

bitBt,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bitt. 

bit°t,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  butfl. 

bitangent  (bl-tan'jent),  n.     [<  W-2  +  tangent.] 
In  math.,  a  double  tangent;   a  straight  line 
which  touches  a  given  curve  at 
two  points.    If  in  denotes  the  degree 
and  n  the  class  of  a  eurve,  then  (n  —  Hi) 
(n  4-  in  -  9)  is  the  excess  of  the  number 
of  its  bitariKcnts  over  the  number  of  its 
double  points. -Isolated  bitangent,  a    BHangem  to cas- 
real  line  tangent  to  a  curve  at  two  ima- 
ginary point*. 

bitangential  (bi-tan-jen'shal),  a.  [<  bitangent 
+  -ial.]  In  math.,  pertaining  to  a  bitangent. 
Bitangential  curve,  a  curve  which  passes  through  the 
points  of  contact  of  the  nitangents  of  a  given  curve. 

bitartrate  (bi-tar'trat),  ».  [<  W-2  +  tartrate.] 
A  tartrate  which  contains  one  hydrogen  atom 
replaceable  by  a  base.-  potassium  bitartrate. 

Same  as  I'ream  of  tartar,  or  ai-iitif  (which  see). 
bit-brace   (bit'bras),  n.      A  tool  for  holding 
and  turning  a  boring-bit ;  a  brace ;  a  bit-stock. 
Bit-brace  die,  a  small  screw-cutting  die  used  with  a 

bitch  (bich),  ».  [<  ME.  bicche,  biche,  <  AS. 
bicce,  also  bicge,  =  Icel.  bikkya  =  Norw.  bikkje, 
a  bitch.  Cf .  G.  betze,  petse,  a  bitch,  and  P.  biche, 
a  bitch,  also  a  fawn.  The  relations  of  these 
forms  are  undetermined.]  1.  The  female  of 
the  dog;  also,  by  extension,  the  female  of  other 
canine  animals,  as  of  the  wolf  and  fox. —  2.  A 
coarse  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

John  had  not  run  a-madding  so  long  had  it  not  been 
for  an  extravagant  bitch  of  a  wife. 

.li-hiithiiiit,  John  Bull,  p.  9. 

bitcheryt  (bich'e-ri),  n.  [<  bitch  +  -ery.]  Vile- 
ness  or  coarseness  in  a  woman ;  unchastity  or 
lowilncss  in  general. 

bitch-wood  (Inch/wild),  n.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Lonchnearpits  latifoliux,  of  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  South  America. 

bite  (lilt),  r. ;  pret.  bit,  pp.  bitten,  sometimes  bit. 
ppr.  biting.  [<  MM.  hitrii  (pret.  but,  boot,fi[.biten, 
pp.  biten),  <  AS.  bit/in  (pret.  bat,  pi.  biton,  pp. 
&/'/<•«)  =  OS.  6i<rt«=:OFries.  bita  =  T>.  bjjten  = 
MLO.  biti-n.  l-(i.  liiti'ii  =()HG.  bi:nn,  MHG.  bi- 
:<n,  <;.  /«( /.«(«  =  Icel.  bita  =  8w.  bita  =  Dan. 
bitlr  =  Goth,  beitan,  bite,  =  L.  findcre  (W-0, 
cleave,  =  Skt.  -\/ bhitl,  divide.  From  the  AS. 
come  bite.  H.,  W.I,  /«,-',  bitter^,  beetle*,  beetle^; 
to  the  Icel.  are  due  bait1,  and  prob.  bitt;  from 
L.  fiiiili-ff  come  fissile,  fissure,  bifid,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  cut,  pierce,  or  divide  with  the 
teeth :  as,  to  bite  an  apple. 

The  fish  that  once  was  caught  new  bait  « il  hardly  bull-. 
.s>'n»«v.  K.  (?..  II.  i.  I. 

2.  To  remove  with  the  teeth;  cut  away  l>y  bit- 
ing: with  off,  <>nt,  etc. :  as,  to  bite  off  a  piece  of 
an  apple,  or  bitr  a  piece  nut  of  it ;  to  hiti-  off 
one's  nose  to  spite  one's  face. 

I'll  bitf  my  tonyuc  <>nt.  ere  it  pime  a  traitor. 

/.'-•re.  >tti>l  /•'/..  \\  it  at  Several  \\eajH.ns,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  grasp  or  grip  with  the  teeth;  press  the 
teeth  strongly  upon:  as,  to  bite  the  thumb  or 
lip.     (See  phrases  below.) 

There  Faction  roar,  Kcliellion  bite  her  chain. 

1'oiie,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  421. 


567 

4.  To  sting,  as  an  insect :  as,  to  bo  bittfn  by  a 
flea. — 6.  To  cause  a  sharp  or  smarting  pain  in  ; 
<•aii.se  lo  smart  :  as,  pepper  hi  leu  the  mouth. — 

6.  To  nip,  as  with  frost ;  blast,  Might,  or  injure. 

Like  an  envinns  sneapiiJK  frost, 
That  Mtei  the  Hrst-liorn  Infants  of  the  «pi  ini: 

Shalt.,  L  I..  I..,  I.  1. 

All  three  of  them  are  desperate  ;  their  great  guilt, 
Like  poison  given  to  work  a  great  time  after, 
Now  Kins  to  bilr  the  spirit*.       Shalt.,  Tempest,  iii.  3. 

7.  To  take  fast  hold  of;  grip  or  catch  into  or 
on,  so  as  to  act  with  effect :  get  purchase  from, 
as  by  friction :  as,  the  anchor  lull's  the  ground ; 
the  file  tuti.f  the  iron  ;  the  wheels  luti-  the  rails. 

The  last  screw  of  the  rack  having  Keen  turned  so  often 
that  its  purchase  crumbled,  and  it  now  turned  and  turned 
with  notliing  to  bitf.  Dickem. 

8.  In  etching,  to  corrode  or  eat  into  with  aqua- 
fortis or  other  mordant,   as  a  metal  surface 
that  has  been  laid  bare  with  an  etching-needle : 
often  with  in  :  as,  the  plate  is  now  bitten  in. — 

9.  To  cheat;  trick;  deceive;  overreach:  now 
only  in  the  past  participle :  as,  the  biter  was  bit . 

The  rogue  was  bit.  Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  364. 

At  last  she  played  for  her  left  eye  ;  .  .  .  this  too  she  lost ; 
however,  she  had  the  consolation  of  biting  the  sharper, 
for  he  never  perceived  that  it  was  made  of  glass  till  it  be- 
came his  own.  Golitmiiith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  cii. 
To  bite  the  dust  or  the  ground,  to  fall ;  he  thrown  or 
struck  down  ;  be  vanquished  or  humbled. 

His  vanquished  rival  was  to  bite  the  duat  before  him. 

Ditraeli. 

To  bite  the  glove.  See  glove. — To  bite  the  lip,  to  press 
the  lip  between  the  teeth  in  order  to  repress  signs  of  an 
ger,  mirth,  or  other  emotion.  (Compare  to  bite  the  tongue.) 
—To  bite  the  thumb  att,  to  intuit  or  defy  by  putting 
the  thumb-nail  into  the  mouth,  and  with  a  jerk  making 
it  knack. 

I  will  bite  my  thumb  at  them,  which  is  a  disgrace  to 
them,  if  they  bear  it.  Shot.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1. 

To  bite  the  tongue,  to  hold  one's  tongue  ;  repress  (an- 
gry) speech ;  maintain  fixed  silence.  (Compare  to  bite  the 
lip,  and  in  hold  one's  tongue.) 

So  York  must  sit,  and  fret,  and  bite  hut  tonffue, 
While  his  own  lands  are  bargain'd  for  and  sold. 

Shak.,-2Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 
=  8yn.  See  eat. 

il.  in  trans.  1.  To  have  a  habit  of  biting  or 
snapping  at  persons  or  things:  as,  a  dog  that 
bites;  a  biting  horse. —  2.  To  pierce,  sting,  or 
inflict  in  jury  by  biting,  literally  or  figuratively. 

It  [wine]  biteth  like  a  serpent  and  stiugeth  like  an  adder. 

Prov.  xxiii.  82. 

Look,  when  he  fawns  he  bites ;  and  when  he  bite*, 
His  venom  tooth  will  rankle  to  the  death. 

Shalt..  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

Smiling  and  careless,  casting  words  that  bit 
Like  poisoned  darta. 

Will  in  HI  Morrii,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  327. 

3.  To  take  a  bait,  as  a  fish:  either  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Bait  the  hook  well :  this  flsh  will  hitr. 

Shalt.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 
We'll  bait  that  men  may  bitr  fair. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase. 

4.  To  take  and  keep  hold ;  grip  or  catch  into 
another  object,  so  as  to  act  on  it  with  effect, 
obtain  purchase  or  leverage-power  from  it,  and 
the  like:  as,  the  anchor  bites;  cog-wheehj  bite 
when  the  teeth  of  one  enter  into  the  notches 
of  the  other  and  cause  it  to  revolve. 

In  dry  weather  the  roads  require  to  be  watered  before 
l>eing  swept,  so  that  the  brushes  may  bitr.  Mayhew. 

To  bite  at,  to  snap  at  with  the  teeth ;  hence,  figuratively, 
to  snarl  or  carp  at ;  inveigh  against. 

No  marvel,  though  you  bite  so  sharp  at  reasons, 
You  are  so  empty  of  them.  Shalt.,  T.  and  C.,  ii.  2. 
To  bite  In.  (a)  To  corrode,  as  the  acid  used  in  etching. 
I'-)  To  repress  one's  thoughU,  or  restrain  one's  feelings. 
bite  (bit),  H.  [<  late  ME.  byte,  bite  (bite),  tak- 
ing the  place  of  earlier  bite  (bite),  in  mod.  E. 
bit  (see  wt1);  from  the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of 
cutting,  piercing,  or  wounding  with  the  teeth 
or  as  with  the  teeth:  as,  the  bite  of  a  dog;  the 
bite  of  a  crab. — 2.  The  seizing  of  bait  by  a 
fish :  as,  waiting  for  a  liiti-. 

I  have  known  a  very  good  fisher  angle  diligently  four 
or  six  hours  for  a  river  carp,  and  not  have  a  bite. 

I.  Walton,  Complete  Anu'ler. 

3.  A  wound  made  by  the  teeth  of  an  animal  or 
by  any  of  the  biting,  piercing,  or  stinging  or- 
gans of  the  lower  animals:  as,  a  dog's  Iii  if :  a 
mosquito-W<c .-  a  flea-Wte. 

Their  venom 'il  bitr.        liriiiltn,  tr.  of  Virgil'*  Oeorgics. 

4.  As  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  biting;  a 
mouthful :  as,  a  bite  of  bread. 

Itetter  one  bitr  at  forty,  of  Truth's  bitter  rind. 
Than  the  hot  wine  that  gushed  from  the  vlntageof  twenty  : 
/.""./'.  Life  of  Blonde). 

5.  Food;    victuals:    as,   three  days  without 
either  bite  or  sup. — 6.  The  catch  or  hold  that 
one  object  or  one  part  of  a  mechanical  appa- 
ratus has  on  another;  specifically,  in  a  file,  the 


bltnoben 

ronjfhnpRR  or  power  of  abrasion:  as,  the  bitt  of 
an  anchor  on  the  ground;  thefciteof  the  wh«-eU 
of  a  locomotive  <m  (lie  rails. 

The  shorter  the  hiir  of  a  cniuhar,  the  greater  is  the 
power  nain-  d. 

»'.   Xlltthi'ii'*,  CettillK  I'll  ill  the   World,  p.  119. 

7.  In  etching,  the  corrosion  effected  by  the  acid. 
— 8.  In  printing,  an  imperfection  in  a  printed 
sheet  caused  by  part  of  the  impression  being 
received  on  the  frisket  or  paper  mask. — 9t.  A 
cheat;  a  trick;  a  fraud. 

I'll  teach  you  a  way  to  outwit  Mrs.  Johnson ;  it  i*  a 
new-fangled  way  of  bein^  wtttv,  and  they  call  it  a  bitr. 

Mfft  To  a  Kri'end  of  Mrs.  Johnson,  1708. 

lOf.  A  sharper;  one  who  cheats.     Johnton. — 
His  bark  la  worse  than  his  bite.    See  tern . 
biteless  (bit'les),  a.    [<  bitf,  n.,  +  -/«*».]    With- 
out bite;  wanting  in  ability  or  desire  to  bite ; 
harmless. 
Chilled  them  [midges]  speechless  and  bitrlett. 

The  Century,  XXVII.  780. 

bitentaculate  (bi-ten-tak'u-lat),  a.  [<  *«-'-'  + 
tentaculated  Having  two  tentacles,  or  a  pair 
of  organs  likened  to  tentacles. 

The  gonophore  contained  in  a  gonaugium,  somewhat 
like  that  of  Laomedea,  is  set  free  as  a  ciliated  liitrntaru- 
Intr  body.  lluxleti,  Anat.  Invert,  p.  120. 

biter  (bi'ter),  «.     [ME.  biter,  bitere;  <  bit«  + 

-«•!.]     1.  One  who  or  that  which  bites;   an 

animal  given  to  biting;  a  fish  apt  to  take  bait. 

Great  barkers  are  no  Intern.  Camden. 

A  Iwld  biter.  I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds ;  also,  formerly, 
one  who  deceives  by  way  of  joke. 

A  biter  is  one  who  tells  you  a  thing  you  have  no  reason 
to  distielieve  in  itself,  and,  if  you  give  him  credit,  laughs 
In  your  face,  and  triumphs  that  he  has  deceived  yon. 

Spectator,  No.  504. 

biterminal  (bi-ter'mi-nal),  n.    [Tr.  of  Or.  tit  Sva 

.'.l",;r; -,,,;.]         A    IlillOlllin  I      lilM'  J     a    line    that    18    ill'' 

sum  of  two  incommensurable  lines. 

biternate  (bi-ter'nat),  a.  [<  6i-2  +  termite.] 
In  tot.,  doubly  ternate,  as  when  each  of  the 
partial  petioles  of  a  ternate  leaf  bears  three 
leaflets. 

bite-aheept  (bit'shep),  n.  [So  MLG.  bitcschdp, 
G.  biss-xchuf,  with  the  same  allusion.]  A  once 
favorite  pun  upon  bishop,  as  if  one  who  bites 
the  sheep  which  he  ought  to  feed.  JV.  E.  D. 

bitheism  (bi'the-izm),  n.  [<  W-2  +  theism.] 
Belief  in  two  gods,  specifically  a  good  and  an 
evil  one;  dualism.  [Rare.] 

bit!  (be'te),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian  name 
for  species  of  Dalbergia,  especially  D.  lattfolia, 
one  of  the  East  Indian  rosewoods. 

biting  (bi'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  biting;  verbal  n.  of 
bite,  r.]  1 .  The  action  of  cutting,  piercing,  etc., 
in  any  sense  of  bite. —  2.  The  corroding  action 
of  a  mordant  upon  a  metal  plate,  wherever 
the  lines  of  a  design,  drawn  upon  a  prepared 
ground,  have  been  laid  bare  with  a  needle,  as 
in  etching,  or  the  surface  is  alternately  stopped 
out  and  exposed,  as  in  aquatint. 

biting  fbl'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bite,  r.]  1.  Nip- 
ping; keen:  as,  biting  cold;  biting  weather. 

The  western  breeze. 

And  years  of  biting  frost  and  biting  rain, 
Had  made  the  carver's  labor  wellnigh  vain. 

William  .Worm,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  32ft. 

2.  Severe;  sharp;  bitter ;  painful :  as,  a  "bit- 
ing affliction,"  tihal:,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.— 3. 
Acrid;  hot;  pungent:  as,  a  biting  taste.  Hence 
— 4.  Sharp;  severe;  cutting;  sarcastic:  as,  a 
biting  remark. 

Tliis  wag  a  nipping  sermon,  a  pinching  sermon,  a  biting 
sermon.  Latimer,  Sermon  nef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

Pope'*  provocation  was  too  often  the  mere  opportunity 
to  say  a  biting  thing,  where  he  could  do  it  safely. 

/."".//.  Among  my  Books,  1st  *er.,  p.  70. 

biting-dragon  (W  ting-drag 'on),  ».  An  old 
name  for  tarragon,  Artemisia  IJracmtculus. 

bitingly  (bi'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  biting  manner; 
sarcastically ;  sneeringly. 

bitingness(bi'ting-nes), w.  Pungency;  acridity. 

bit-key  (bit'ke),  «.  A  key  designed  to  fit  a 
permutation-lock,  the  steps  of  which  are  form- 
ed by  movable  bits.  See  lock. 

bitless  (bit'les),  a.     [<  bifl,  ».,  +  -less.]    With- 
out bit  or  bridle. 
Bitlemt  Numidfan  horse.  Fatuhaicr,  .Kncid,  iv. 

bitlingt  (bit'ling),  n.  [<  bift  +  dim.  -ling.]  A 
very  small  bit  or  piece. 

bitmoutht  (bit'mouth),  H.  The  bit  or  iron  put 
into  a  horse's  mouth.  Bdilxj. 

bitnoben  (bit -no 'ben),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
the  Hind,  name  bit  lat-an,  or  bi<l  laran  :  f»t,  bid 
(cerebral  t  or  <f)  is  of  uncertain  meaning;  lanm, 
dial.  l<il>tin,  Inn,  tun,  etc.,  <  Skt.  laviina,  salt.]  A 


bitnoben 

white  saline  substance  obtained  from  India,  a 
chlorid  of  sodium  or  common  salt  fused  with 
myrobalan  and  a  portion  of  iron.  Bitnoben  has 
been  used  in  India  from  times  of  high  antiquity,  and  is 
applied  to  an  infinite  variety  of  purposes.  It  is  regarded 
there  as  a  specific  for  almost  every  disorder. 

bito-tree  (be'to-tre),  «.     Same  as  hajilij. 

bitouret,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  bit- 
ter'«!. 

bit-pincers  (bit'pin"serz),  n.  pi. 
Pincers  with  curved  jaws,  used 
by  locksmiths. 

bit-Stock  (bit'stok),  n.  The  han- 
dle or  stock  by  which  a  boring- 
bit  is  held  and  rotated;  a  car- 
penter's brace. 

bit-Strap  (bit'strap),  n.  A  short 
strap  connecting  the  bit  to  a  short 
check-bridle  or  to  a  halter.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

bitt  (bit),  n.  [Formerly,  and  still 
occasionally,  written  bit,  but  usu- 
ally in  pi.  bitts,  bits,  early  mod.  E. 
beetes;  hence  F.  bittes,  formerly 
bites,  pi.,  =  Sp.  bitas,  pi.,  =  Pg. 
abitas,  pi.,  =  It.  bitte,  pi.,  bitts.  Origin  uncer- 
tain; connected  in  sense,  and,  in  the  early 
mod.  E.  spelling  beetes,  in  form,  with  Sw.  be- 
ting =  Dan.  beding,  a  bitt,  bitts,  >  D.  beting  = 
Gt.  bating,  a  bitt ;  with  compounds,  Sw.  beting- 
bult  =  Dan.  bedingsbolt,  a  bitt-bolt ;  D.  beting- 
hmiten,  pi.,  =  G.  batingliolzer,  pi.,  bitts  (D.  iiout 
=  Gt.  holz,  wood).  Sw.  beting,  =  Dan.  beding, 
means  lit.  'baiting,  pasturing,'  as  a  horse,  by 
tethering  it  (=  AS.  bceting,  beting,  a  rope,  a 
cable),  <  Sw.  beta  =  Dan.  bede  =  Icel.  beita, 
bait,  pasture,  =  AS.  bcetan,  bridle,  rein  in,  curb, 
orig.  causal  of  Sw.  bita  =  Dan.  bide  =  Icel.  bita 
=  AS.  bitan,  bite :  see  bait1,  bite,  bit1.  The  ML. 
bitus,  a  whipping-post,  and  Icel.  biti,  a  cross- 
beam in  a  house,  a  thwart  in  a  boat,  are,  for 
different  reasons,  prob.  neither  of  them  the 
source  of  the  E.  word.]  Naut.,  a  strong  post 
of  wood  or  iron  to  which  cables  are  made  fast. 
Bitts  are  fastened  to  the  deck,  generally  in  pairs,  and  are 
named  according  to  their  uses :  as,  riding-6»M«,  towing- 
bitts,  windlass-Mtts,  etc. 

bitt  (bit),  v.  t.  [<  bitt,  «.]  Naut,,  to  put  round 
the  bitts :  as,  to  bitt  the  cable,  in  order  to  fasten 
it  or  to  let  it  out  gradually.  The  latter  process 
is  called  veering  away. 

The  chain  is  then  passed  through  the  hawse-hole  and 
round  the  windlass,  and  bitted. 

K.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  73. 

bittaclet  (bit'a-kl),  «.  The  earlier  form  of  bin- 
nacle. 

bitter1  (bit'er),  a.  and  ».  [<  ME.  bitter,  biter, 
<  AS.  biter,  bitor  (=  OS.  bittar  =  D.  MLG.  LG. 
bitter  =  OHG.  bittar,  MHG.  G.  bitter  =  Icel. 
bitr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bitter  =  Goth,  (with  irreg.  ai 
for  i)  baitrs),  bitter,  <  bitan,  bite  :  see  bite.']  I. 
a.  1 .  Having  a  harsh  taste,  like  that  of  worm- 
wood or  quinine.  Formerly  the  word  was  applied  to 
pungent  and  to  salt  things,  as  well  as  to  those  to  which  it 
is  now  nearly  always  restricted. 

All  men  are  agreed  to  call  vinegar  sour,  honey  sweet, 
and  aloes  bitter.  Burke,  Sublime  and  Beautiful. 

Hence  —  2.  Unpalatable;  hard  to  swallow,  lit- 
erally or  figuratively :  as,  a  bitter  pill ;  a  bitter 
lesson. 

But  thou  art  man,  and  canst  abide  a  truth, 

Tho'  bitter.  Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

3.  Hard  to  be  borne;   grievous;   distressful; 
calamitous :  as,  a  bitter  moment ;  bitter  fate. 

Nailed 
For  our  advantage  on  the  bitter  cross. 

Shale.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

4.  Causing  pain  or  smart  to  the  sense  of  feel- 
ing;  piercing ;  painful;  biting:  as,  bitter  cold; 
' '  the  bitter\>l&st,"  Dryden. —  5.  Harsh,  as  words ; 
reproachful ;  sarcastic ;  cutting ;  sharp :  as, "bit- 
ter taunts,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  6. 

Hastings  complained  in  bitter  terms  of  the  way  in  which 
he  was  treated.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

6.  Cherishing  or  exhibiting  animosity,  hate, 
anger,  or  severity ;  cruel ;  severe ;  harsh ; 
stern:  as,  "  bitterest  enmity,"  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  4; 
.  "bitter  enemies,"  Watts,  Logic. —  7.  Evincing 
or  betokening  intense  pain  or  suffering :  as,  a 
bitter  cry. 

Our  bitter  tears 
Stream,  as  the  eyes  of  those  that  love  us  close. 

Bryant,  The  Ages,  i. 

Bitter  ale,  bitter  beer.  See  (tie.— Bitter-almond  oiL 
See  almond-oil.— Bitter  ash,  bark,  cucumber,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.—  Bitter  principles,  a  term  applied  to  certain 
products  arising  from  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  matters,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter 
taste.  Very  many  plants  contain  peculiar,  often  crystal- 
lizable,  compounds,  having  a  bitter  taste,  which  are  often 
doubtless  the  active  medicinal  principle  of  the  vegetable 


568 

in  which  they  occur.  The  term  is  now  restricted  to  the 
brown  amorphous  bitter  extract,  generally  not  of  definite 
composition,  obtained  from  many  plants  by  boiling  in  wa- 
ter, evaporating  to  dryness,  and  treating  with  alcohol  to 
remove  resin,  etc.— To  the  bitter  end,  to  the  last  and 
direst  extremity  ;  to  death  itself.  =  Svn.  3.  Grievous,  dis- 
tressing, afflictive,  poignant. 
II.  n.  1.  That  which  is  bitter ;  bitterness. 

Hi  no  conne  deme  [judge]  betuene  zuete  [sweet]  and 
byter.  Ayenbite  of  Jnwit,  p.  82. 

The  sick  man  hath  been  offended  at  the  wholesome  bit- 
ter of  the  medicine.  Scott,  Abbot,  I.  65. 

Some  bitter  o'er  the  flowers  its  bubbling  venom  flings. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  82. 

Specifically — 2.  A  bitter  medicine,  as  a  bitter 
bark  or  root,  or  an  infusion  made  from  it.  See 
bitters. 

bitter1  (bit'er),  ».  t.  [<  ME.  biteren,  <  AS.  U- 
terian  (=  OHG.  bittaren,  MHG.  G.  bittern),  < 
biter,  bitter:  see  bitter1,  a.]  To  make  bitter; 
give  a  bitter  taste  to ;  embitter.  [Rare.] 

Would  not  horse-aloes  bitter  it  [beer]  as  well? 

Wolcot  (P.  Pindar). 

bitter2  (bit'er),  ».  [<  Utt  +  -er1.']  Naut.,  a 
turn  of  a  cable  round  the  bitts. 

bitter3t  (bit'er),  n.    An  old  form  of  bittern1. 

bitter-blain  (bit'er-blan),  ».  A  name  given  in 
Guiana  to  a  scrophulariaceous  herb,  Tandellia 
diffusa,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  in  fever  and 
liver-c  omplaints. 

bitter-bloom  (bit'er-blom),  n.  The  American 
centaury,  Sabbatia  angularls,  a  gentianaceous 
herb,  used  as  a  simple  bitter  in  the  treatment 
of  fevers,  etc. 

bitter-bush  (bit'er-bush),  n.  The  name  in  Ja- 
maica for  Eupatorium  nervosum,  which  is  em- 
ployed as  a  remedy  in  cholera,  smallpox,  and 
other  diseases. 

bitter-earth  (bit'er-erth),  n.  [<  bitter  +  earth  ; 
=  G.  bitter-erde.']  Calcined  magnesia. 

bitter-end  (bit'er-end),  n.  [<  bitter*  +  end.~\ 
Naut.,  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is  abaft  the 
bitts,  and  therefore  within  board,  when  the  ship 
rides  at  anchor. 

bitter-grass  (bit'er-gras),  n.  The  colic-root  of 
the  United  States,  Aletris  farinosa. 

bitter-head  (bit'er-hed),  n.  A  local  name  in 
parts  of  Ohio  for  the  calico-bass,  Pomoxys  spa- 
roides. 

bitter-herb  (bit'er-erb),  n.  1.  The  European 
centaury,  Erythraia  centaurium. —  2.  The  bal- 
mony  of  the  United  States,  Chelone  glabra. 

bittering  (bit'er-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bitter1, 
«.]  1.  Same  as  bittern2,  2. —  2.  The  acquiring 
by  wine  of  a  bitter  flavor,  due  to  the  formation 
of  brown  aldehyde  resin  or  other  bitter  sub- 
stance, from  age  or  high  temperature. 

bitterish  (bit'er-ish),  a.  [<  bitter1  +  -ish1.] 
Somewhat  bitter;  moderately  bitter. 

bitter-king  (bit'er-king),  n.  [<  bitter1  +  king."] 
A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  the  Moluccas,  Soula- 
mea  amara,  natural  order  Polygalacea;,  all  parts 
of  which  are  intensely  bitter  and  are  reputed 
to  possess  antiperiodic  properties. 

bitterling  (bit'er-ling),  n.  [<  bitter  +  -ling1.'] 
A  cyprinoid  fish,  Eliodem  amarus,  of  the  fresh 
waters  of  central  Europe.  It  resembles  a  bream  in 
form,  but  the  anal  fln  is  comparatively  short(with  12  rays), 
the  lateral  line  is  imperfect,  and  the  female  has  a  long  ex- 
ternal urogenital  tube. 

bitterly  (bit'er-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  bitterly,  bitter- 
liclie,  <  AS.  biterlice,  adv.  (<  *biterlie,  adj.,  = 
D.  bitterlijk  =  Icel.  bitrligr  =  Dan.  bitterlig  = 
G.  bitterlich,  adj.),  <  biter  +  -lice:  see  bitter1,  a., 
and  -Iy2.~\  In  a  bitter  manner,  (a)  Mournfully; 
sorrowfully ;  in  a  manner  expressing  poignant  grief  or  re- 
morse. 
And  he  went  out  and  wept  bitterly.  Mat.  xxvi.  75. 

Everybody  knows  how  bitterly  Louis  the  Fourteenth, 
towards  the  close  of  his  life,  lamented  his  former  ex- 
travagance. Macaulay,  Mill  on  Government. 

(b)  In  a  severe  or  harsh  manner ;  sharply  ;  severely ;  an- 
grily :  as,  to  censure  bitterly. 

The  Almighty  hath  dealt  very  bitterly  with  me. 

Ruth  i.  20. 

bittern1  (bit'ern),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bit- 
torn,  bitturn,  with  irreg.  suffixed  -n;  earlier 
bitter,  bittor,  bittour,  bytter,  bitoure,  buttour, 
bewter,  boter,  buture,  etc.  (E.  dial,  bitter-bump, 
butter-bump,  Sc.  buter,  butter) ;  <  ME.  bitter, 
bitoure,  byttoure,  butturre,  butor,  botor,  botore, 
etc.,  =  D.  Flem.  butoor,  formerly  also  putoor,  < 
OF.  butor,  mod.  F.  butor,  =  It.  bittore  (Florio), 
a  bittern,  =  Sp.  bitor,  a  bittern,  also  a  rail 
(bird),  <  ML.  butorius,  a  bittern:  (1)  errone- 
ously supposed  by  some  to  be  a  corruption  of 
a  L.  *botaurus  (whence  the  NL.  Botaurus,  as- 
sumed as  the  name  of  the  genus),  as  if  <  bos,  ox, 
+  taurus,  a  bull,  applied  by  Pliny  to  a  bird  that 


Common  Bittern  (Beta 


bitters 

bellows  like  a  bull ;  (2)  also  erroneously  iden- 
tified by  some  with  ML.  Mtorius,  biturius, 
which,  with  a  var.  pintorus,  is  explained  in 
AS.  glosses  by 
wrenna,  wrcen- 
na  (>  E.  wren), 
and  once  by 
erdling  (>  E. 
arling) ;  but 
(3)  prob.  a  var. 
of  L.  butio(n-) 
(>  Pg.  butio), 
a  bittern  —  a 
word  supposed 
to  be  of  imita- 
tive origin,  re- 
lated to  bubere, 
cry  like  a  bit- 
tern, bubo,  an 
owl,  etc.  Cf. 
the  equiv.  E. 
dial.  'butter- 
bump,  Sc.  mire- 
drum,  E.  dial. 
bog-bull,F .  tau- 
reau  ifetang, 
'  bull  of  the 
swamp,'  boeitf 
de  marais,  G. 
moosockse,  '-ox 
of  the  marsh,'  etc. ;  and  see  boom1,  bump2,  bull1, 
bawl1,  bellow,  etc.]  1.  A  European  wading  bird, 
of  the  family  Ardcidce  and  subfamily  liotauri- 
nce;  the  Botaurus  stellaris,  a  kind  of  heron,  it 
is  about  2  feet  long,  is  speckled,  mottled,  and  freckled 
with  several  shades  of  blackish-brown,  buff,  etc.,  lives 
solitary  in  bogs  and  morasses,  has  a  hollow  guttural  cry, 
and  nests  usually  on  the  ground. 

As  a  Iritore  bumbleth  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  116. 
Where  hawks,  sea-owls,  and  long-tongued  bittonrs  bred. 

Chapman. 

2.  Any  heron  of  the  subfamily  Botaurince.  The 
American  bittern  is  Botaurutf  muyitans  or  B.  lentiyino- 
sus.  The  very  small  rail-like  herons  of  the  genera  Ar- 
detta,  Ardeola,  etc.,  are  called  little  or  least  bitterns ;  the 
European  species  is  Ardetta  minuta,:  the  North  American, 
A.  exilis ;  and  there  are  others.  The  tiger  bitterns  are 
beautifully  striped  species  of  the  genus  Tigrisoma,  as  T. 
brasiliensis. 

bittern2  (bit'ern),  ».  [Appar.  a  dial,  form 
(through  *bitterin)  of  bittering,  <  bitter1  + 
-4ng1.']  1.  In  salt-works,  the  brine  remaining 
after  the  salt  is  concreted.  This,  after  being  ladled 
off  and  the  salt  taken  out  of  the  pan,  is  returned,  and, 
being  again  boiled,  yields  more  salt.  It  is  used  in  the 
preparation  of  Epsom  salt  (the  sulphate  of  magnesia)  and 
Glauber  salt  (the  sulphate  of  soda),  and  contains  also 
chlorid  of  magnesium,  and  iodine  and  bromine. 
2.  A  very  bitter  compound  of  quassia,  cocculug 
indicus,  licorice,  tobacco,  etc.,  used  for  adul- 
terating beer.  Also  called  bittering. 
bitterness  (bit'er-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  bitternesse, 
biternesse,  <  AS.  biternys,  <  biter  +  -nys:  see  bit- 
ter1, a.,  and  -ness.']  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing bitter,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  that  word. 

She  was  in  bitterness  of  soul.  1  Sam.  i.  10. 

Shall  we  be  thus  afflicted  in  his  wreaks, 
His  fits,  his  frenzy,  and  his  bitterness  $ 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4. 

The  bitterness  and  animosity  between  the  commanders 
was  such  that  a  great  part  of  the  army  was  marched. 

Clarendon. 

The  bitterness  of  anger.  Longfellow. 

In  the  gall  of  bitterness,  in  a  state  of  extreme  impiety 
or  enmity  to  God.  Acts  viii.  23.—  Root  of  bitterness, 
a  dangerous  error  or  schism  tending  to  draw  pel-sons  to 
apostasy.  Heb.  xii.  IB.  =Syn.  Acrimony,  Asperity,  Harsh- 
ness, etc.  (see  acrimony),  spite,  ill  will,  malignity,  heart- 
burning ;  grief,  distress,  heaviness. 

bitternut  (bit'er-nut),  «.  The  swamp-hickory 
of  the  United  States,  Carya  amara.  Its  nuts 
are  very  thin-shelled,  with  an  intensely  bitter 
kernel. 

bitter-root  (bit'er-rot),  n.  1.  The  big-root,  Me- 
garrliiza  Californica. —  2.  The  Lewisia  redivira, 
a  plant  which  gives  its  name  to  the  Bitter  Root 
mountains  lying  between  Idaho  and  Montana. 
— 3.  Dogbane,  Apocynum  androsaniiifoliuiii. 

bitters  (bit'erz),  n.  pL  [PI.  of  bitter1,  «..]  1. 
Bitter  medicines  generally,  as  cinchona,  qui- 
nine, etc. —  2.  Specifically,  a  liquor  (general- 
ly a  spirituous  liquor)  in  which  bitter  herbs 
or  roots  are  steeped.  Bitters  are  employed 
as  stomachics,  anthelminthics,  and  in  vari- 
ous other  ways — Angostura  bitters,  a  bitter  tonic, 
much  used  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  preventive  against  ma- 
larial fevers  and  the  like.  Originally  made  at  Angostura 
or  Ciudad  Bolivar,  a  city  in  Venezuela,  it  is  now  made 
also  at  Tort  of  Spain,  Trinidad.—  Prairie  bitters,  a 
beverage  common  among  the  hunters  and  mountaineers 
of  western  America,  made  with  a  pint  of  water  and  a 
quarter  of  a  gill  of  buffalo-gall.  It  is  considered  by  them 
an  excellent  medicine. 


bitter-salt 

bitter-salt  (bit  'er-s.-ilt ),  M.    [<  bitterl  +  salt,  >,. : 

=  <(.  hi/it'i-xiiL  —  1).  liiiiii  niii.\     Kpsom  salt; 

i  shim  sulphate. 
bittersgall  (birer/.-gal),   ».    AM  old   Knylisii 

name  lor  the  fruit  of  tint  wild  crab,  I'yrnx 
tun  I  ii  n. 

bitter-spar  (bit'er-spar),  ».      Rhomb-spar,  a 

]nini-r:il  crystallizing  in  rhombohedrons.  ll  U 
the  same  as  dolomite,  or  carbonate  of  calcium 
Mild  magnesium. 

bitter-stem,  bitter-stick  d>ii'er-stem.  -stick), 

a.  Thi1  cliiretta  of  India.  Ophelia  t'liinitu.  a 
gcntiaiiaceons  plant  furnishing  a  valuablo  bit- 

tt'P  toll  I'-. 

bitter-sweet  (bit'er-swet),  a.  and  n.  I.  n. 
Uniting  bitterness  and  sweetness;  pleasant 
and  painful  at  the  same  time. 

i  in.'  by  mif  the  frenh-stirred  memories, 
So  bittrr-xiivet,  llickere.l  ami  dii'il  away. 

\y  attain  MorriH,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  139. 

II.  n.  That  which  is  both  bitter  and  sweet : 
as,  the  hitter-sweet  of  life. 

1  iiave  known  some  few, 

And  read  of  more,  who  turn-  had  their  dose,  and  ill -e|i, 
Of  those  sharp  bitter-xiceftx. 

II.  J«ii«ni,  Sail  shepherd,  i.  -. 

bittersweet  (bit'er-swet),  ».  1.  The  woody 
nightshade,  Solatium  Dulcamara,  a  trailing 
plant,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  natural- 
ized in  the  United  States.  Its  root  and  bran. -lie* 


999 

vent  the  chain  from  jumping  off  while  veering. 
See  cut  under  bitt-xtii/i/it  r. 
bitt-stopper  (bit 'stop  er>.  «.      \<nit.,  a  rope  or 


.ni'l  Bitt-stoppei  on  Chain-cable,    a,  bitt-pin. 


, 

nibby,  fatxe,  orcliiiiliiiifi  bittersweet  of  the  Tnited  States 
the  Cela*tnix  ncatuten-x,  also  known  as  the  xtajT-tret. 


Flowering:  branch  of  the  Climbing  Bittersweet  (Ctlastrui  start- 
dtns°it  with  fruit  ami  flower  nn  larger  scale.  [From  Cray's  "Genera 
of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States.) 

when  chewed  produce  first  a  hitter,  then  a  sweet  taste: 

they  have  long  been  used  as  a  remedy  in  various  skin-dis- 

eases.   Its  small  scarlet  berries,  resembling  red  currants. 

though  not  absolutely  poisonous,  are  not  wholesome.    The 

Hhni 

is  th 

2.   Same  as  bitter-sweeting. 

bitter-sweetingt  (bit'er-swe'ting),  H.  A  variety 
of  apple. 
Thy  wit  is  a  very  hitler  Meeting.    Shut.,  R.  and  J.,  11.  4. 

bitter-vetch  (bit'er-yech),  «.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  two  kinds  of  leguminous  plants  : 
(</)  to  Krmim  Jirvilia,  a  lentil  cultivated  for 
fodder;  and  (6)  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Orobus,  now  included  in  the  genus  Lathyriis. 
Common  bitter-vetch  is  L.  macrorrhizus. 

bitter-weed  (bit'er-wed),  ».  A  name  given  to 
American  species  of  ragweed,  Ambrosia  <irtc- 
niisiii'foliii  and  .1.  Iriliil/i. 

bitter-WOOd  (bit'er-wud),  w.  1.  The  timber  of 
Xylopia  tjlabra,  and  other  species  of  the  same 
genus.  All  of  them  are  noted  for  the  extreme 
bitterness  of  their  wood.  —  2.  A  name  applied  to 
the  quassia  woods  of  commerce,  the  West  Indian 
I'ii-rn  nn  cxcetsa  and  the  Surinam  (Jna.txia  iniia- 
ra.  See  quassia.  rwwte  bitter-wood,  of  Jamaica, 

it  llH'liaeeOUS  tlVC.    Tt'it'llilift   XjHI/l'li'lill''*. 

bitterwort  (bit'er-wert),  n.     Yellow  gentian, 

(iriiliini/i   hitm,   and  some  other  species:   so 

called  from  their  remarkably  bitter  taste. 
bitt-head  (bit'hed),  n.     ffaut.,  the  upper  part 

of  a  bill. 
bitting-harness  (bit'ing-har'iies),   H.    A  har- 

ness used  in  training  colts. 
bitting-rigging  (bit'ing-rig'iug),  «.    A  bridle. 

surcingle,   liack-sti-ap,  and  crupper  placed  on 

young  horses  to  give  them  a  good  carriage. 
bittle  (bit'l),  n.     A  Scotch  and  Knglish  dia- 

lectal form  of  licctli-l. 
bittlin  (bit'lin),  «.     [E.  dial.  :  perhaps  for  *bit- 

tliiiii.  <   bitt.  hit*  (=  butt'*)  +  dim.  -ling.']      A 

milk-bowl.     Grose. 
bittock  (bit'ok).  H.     [<  6i(2  +  aim.  -Oct.]     A 

little  bit;  a  short  distance.     Scott;  Mrs.  (inn  : 

[Scotch.] 

bittort,  bittourt,  «.    Obsolete  forms  of  bittern1. 
bitt-pin  (bit'pin),  n.     Xaitt..  a  large  iron  pin 

placed  in  the  head  of  the  cable-bitts  to  pre- 


chain  stopper  made  fast  to  the  bit t s,  and  used 
to  hold  a  cable  while  bitting  or  unbitting  it. 

bituberculate,  bituberculated  (bi-tu-ber'kci- 
lat,  -la-ted),  a.  [<  fct-a  +  ti<berculate.j  In  m- 
tom.,  having  two  tubercles  or  small  blunt  ele- 
vations. 

bitumet  (bi-tum'),  n.  [<  F.  bitume,  <  L.  bi- 
t n iiii-n  :  see  bitumen.]  Bitumen:  as,  " hellebore 
and  black  bitume,"  Mai/. 

bitume  (bi-tum').  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bitui/ted, 
ppr.  liitiiminq.  [<  bitumr,  ».]  To  cover  or  be- 
smear with  bitumen;  bituminate. 

We  have  a  chest  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked  and  bi- 
Inmnl.  Shot.,  Pericles,  ill.  1. 

The  basket  of  bulrushes  for  the  Infant  Moses,  when 
thoroughly  bitumed,  was  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  made.  W.  M.  Thmiuivn,  Land  and  Book. 

bitumen  (bi-tu'men),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bittumen,  betttmen  (also  bitume,  lietume,  betune: 
see  bitume)  =  F.  bitume  =  Pr.  betum  =  Sp.  betun 
=  Pg.  betume  =  It.  bitume,  <  L.  bitumen.']  The 
name  given  by  Latin  writers,  especially  by 
Pliny,  to  various  forms  of  hydrocarbons  now 
included  under  the  names  of  asphaltum,  maltha, 
and  petroleum  (see  these  words).  Bitumen,  as  used 
by  artiste,  is  a  mixture  of  asphaltum  with  a  drying-oil.  It 
produces  a  rich  brown  transparent  surface,  but  is  liable  to 
crack  and  blacken.— Bitumen  process,  in  phnloy.,  an 
early  method  of  producing  pictures  resting  upon  the  prop- 
erty of  sensitiveness  to  light  possessed  by  asphaltum  or 
bitumen  of  Judrea.  The  process  has  received  a  modem 
application  in  some  systems  of  photo-engraving.  Sec 
photography,  and  Gillet  process,  under  photo-eivjraviw.r. 
-  Elastic  bitumen.  See  elatrrite. 

bituminate  (bi-tu'mi-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
hituniinated,  ppr.  bituminating.  [<  L.  bttunii- 
natus,  pp.  of  oituminare,  impregnate  with  bitu- 
men, <  bitumen  (bitumiti-),  bitumen.]  1.  To 
cement  with  bitumen. 

Rituiitinatt'd  walls  of  Babylon.    Felthain,  Resolves,  i.  46. 

2.  To  impregnate  with  bitumen, 
bituminiferous  (bi-tu-mi-nif'e-rus),  a.     [<  L. 
bitumen,  bitumen,  +  ferre  ="E.  feme1.]     Pro- 
ducing bitumen. 

Tin-  bitumini/ermtx  substance  known  as  boghead  ('an- 
nel  [coal].  IT.  A.  IHillei;  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  1537. 

bituminization  (bi-tu'mi-ni-za'shon),  n.  [<  61- 
tumini:e  +  -a/io/i.]  The  transformation  of  or- 
ganic matters  into  bitumen,  as  the  conversion 
of  wood  by  natural  processes  into  several  va- 
rieties of  coal.  Also  spelled  bituminization. 

bituminize  (bi-tu'mi-niz),  «.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Intuminised,  ppr.  bituminizing.  [<  bitumen  (bi- 
titmin-)  +  -»rc.]  To  form  into  or  impregnate 
with  bitumen.  Also  spelled  bituminise. 

bituminous  (bi-tu'mi-nus),  a.  [=  F.  bituati- 
m'Hjr,  <  L.  bituminosus,  <  bitumen  (bitumiti-),  bitu- 
men.] 1.  Of  the  nature  of  or  resembling  bitu- 
men.— 2.  Containing  bitumen,  or  made  up  in 
part  of  the  hydrocarbons  which  form  aspnal- 
tum,  maltha,  and  petroleum.  See  petroleum. 
Near  that  bltuniinonn  lake  where  Sodom  Mamed. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  X.  66i 

Bituminous  cement,  or  bituminous  mastic,  a  cement 
or  mastic  in  which  bitumen,  especially  in  the  form  of  as- 
phalt, isthe  most  important  iii<-:r<'<lifnt :  it  is  used  for  roofs, 
piivviiii'nts.  list.  ins.  etc. -Bituminous  coal,  soft  coal,  or 
coal  which  burns  with  a  bright-yellow  flame.  Soft  coal, 
semibituminotis  coal,  and  hard  coal,  or  anthracite,  are  the 
three  most  important  varieties  of  coal.  .See  ctml. —  Bitu- 
minous limestone,  limestone  containing  bituminous 
matter.  It  is  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and  when  rubbed 
emits  an  unpleasant  odor.  That  of  Dalmatia  is  so  charged 
with  bitumen  that  it  maybe  cut  like  soap.— Bituminous 
shale,  "i-  bituminous  schist,  an  argillaceous  shak-  nun  li 
impregnated  with  bitunu'ii.  and  very  common  in  various 
geological  formations,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and 
Ixwer  Silurian.  Before  the  discovery  of  petroleum  in 
Pennsylvania  it  was  worked  to  some  extent  for  the  pro- 
duction of  iiarathn  and  other  useful  products.  —Bitumi- 
nous springs,  springs  impregnated  with  petroleum, 
naphtha,  etc. 

biunguiculate  (bi-ung-gwik'u-lat),  a.  [<  &i-2 
-I-  uHfjuiculate.']  Having  two  claws,  or  two 
parts  likened  to  claws;  ooublv  hooked. 

biunity  (bl-u'nj-ti),  ».  [<  bi-%  +  unity.]  The 
state  or  mode  of  being  two  in  one,  as  trinity 
is  the  state  of  being  three  in  one. 


bivious 

biuret  (bi'u-ret).  ».  [<  bi-*  +  urea:  Bee  -uret.] 
A  compound  (<'..,!  l,r,N;l(  >._.  4-  II2O)  formed  by 
exposing  urea  to  :i  lii^'h  temperature  for  a  long 
time.  It  forms  crystals  readily  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol. 

bivalence  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lens),  ».  In  chftn., 
a  valence  or  saturating  power  which  is  doable 
that  of  the  hydrogen  atom. 

bivalency  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-len-si).  n.  Same 
as  liirttlfiiff. 

bivalent  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-leut),  n.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  i-dli'n(t-  )*,  having  power.  Cf.  n/ninilent.] 
In  I'll/  in.,  applied  to  an  element  an  atom  of 
which  can  replace  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  or 
other  urii  valent  element,  or  to  a  radical  which 
has  the  same  valence  as  a  bivalent  atom.  Thus. 


calcium  In  Its  chlorid,  Cal'lj,  replaces  two  atoms  of  hvili.. 
yen  in  hyilrochloric  »cid,  lli"'l  ;  the  bivalent  radical  methy- 
len,  i  'H.J.  In  its  chlorid,  rir.i  IL..  shows  the  saine  valence. 


bivalve  (bi'valv),  a.  and  n.  [=  P.  bivalve,  <  L. 
hi-,  two-,  +  rtilra,  door,  in  mod.  sense  'valve.'] 
I.  a.  1.  Having  two  leaves  or  folding  parts : 
as,  a  bivalve  speculum. — 2.  In  :oiil.,  having 
two  shells  united  by  a  hinge. — 3.  In  lot.,  hav- 
ingtwo  valves,  as  a  seed-case. 

II.  ».  If.  pi.  Folding  doors. —  2.  In  zoiil.,  a 
headless  lamellibranch  mollusk  whose  shell  has 
two  hinged  valves,  which  are  opened  and  shut 

by    appropri- 

c  xfei        ate    muscles: 

opposed  to 
univalve.  In 
rare  cam,  as 
/'/"</'/-.  there  are 
also  accessory 
valves  besides 
the  two  principal 
mi' f.  See  cut 
under  accfxxurii. 
Familiar  exam- 
ples are  the 
oyster,  scallop, 
mussel,  etc. 
These  belong  to 
tte  uluhoiiatc 
division  of  bi- 
valves ;  the  clam, 
cob,  cockle,  ra- 
zor-shell, and 
many  others  are 
siphonate.  The 


Bivalve  Shell  of  Cytksrta  cftuntt. 
A,  right  valve  ;  fi,  left  valve  ;  C,  dorsal  mar- 
gin :  D,  ventral  margin ;  /  .  anterior  side  or 
Front  margin ;  F.  posterior  side  or  hinder  mar- 
gin :  (..  umbo ;  //,  hinge  and  hinge-teeth  :  f. 
cardinal  tooth  ;  x,  x,  lateral  teeth  ;  7,  ligament, 
ligament  pit  or  groove  ;  y.  lunule;  A",  anterior 
muscular  impression  ;  /.,  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression; ,*/,  pallial  impression  ;  .V,  abdominal 
impression  ;  ' '.  pallial  sinus. 

picklock  belongs  to  the  genus  I'holas.  The  ship-worm, 
Teredo,  is  also  technically  a  bivalve.  See  lamellibranth. 
3.  In  hot.,  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed-case 
opens  or  splits  into  two  parts.  Equilateral  bi- 
valve. See  equilateral. 

bivalved  (bl'valvd),  a.  [<  fti-2  +  valued.  Cf. 
bivalve.}  Having  two  valves.  Also  bivalvous. 

Bivalvia  (bi-val'vi-a),  N.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
bivalvius,  <  L.  bi-,  two-,  +  tatva,  door,  in  mod. 
sense  'valve.'  Cf.  bivalve.}  A  term  formerly 
used  for  all  the  bivalve  shells  or  lamellibran- 
chiate  mollnsks,  but  now  superseded  by  the 
class  names  Aeepliala,  Conchifera,  and  Lamelli- 
branchiata. 

bivalvous  (bi-val'vun),  a.  [<  bivalve  +  -OH*.] 
Same  as  bivalved. 

bivalvular  (bi-val'vu-lar),  a.  [<  bivalve,  after 
valvular.}  Having  two  valves:  said  especial- 
ly of  the  shells  of  certain  mollusks  and  of  the 
seed-vessels  of  certain  plants.  See  bivalve. 

bivascular  (bi-vas'ku-far),  a.  [<  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  vtinciilitm,  a  small  vessel ;  after  vascular.] 
Having  two  cells,  compartments,  or  vessels. 

bivaulted  (bi'val-ted),  a.  [<  fti-2  -f-  vaulted.] 
Having  two  vaults  or  arches. 

biventer  (bi-ven'ter),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bi-,  two-, 
+  venter,  belly.]  A  muscle  of  the  back  of  the 
neck,  so  called  from  having  two  fleshy  bellies, 
with  an  intervening  tendinous  portion.  It  Is  com- 
monly distinguished  from  other  bi  ventral  or  digastric  mus- 
cles as  the  bioenter  cervicis.  It  occurs  in  man,  various 
mammals,  birds,  etc.  Also  called  bigatter. 

biventral  (bi-ven'tral),  a.  (X  hi-2  +  ventral.} 
Digastric ;  having  two  bellies,  as  a  muscle. 
See  biventer. 

biverb  (bl'verb),  H.  [<  L.  bi-.  two-,  +  verbum, 
word.]  A  name  composed  of  two  words. 

biverbal  (bi-ver'bal),  a.  [<  6t-2  +  verbal.  Cf. 
binrb.]  Kelating'to  two  words ;  punning. 

As  some  stories  are  said  to  be  too  good  to  IK-  true,  it  may 
with  equal  troth  be  asserted  of  this  biarrbal  allusion,  that 
It  is  too  good  to  be  natural.  Lamb,  Popular  Fallacies. 

bivial  (biv'i-al),  a.  [<  L.  biriiu  (see  Wrtotw) 
+  -al.  Cf.  trivial.}  1.  Going  in  two  direc- 
tions.—  2.  In  echinoderms.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  bivium:  as,  the  bivial  (posterior)  ambu- 
lacra. Huxley. 

bivioust  (biv''i-us),  a.  [<  L.  bivius,  having  two 
ways,  <  6i-,  two-,  +  ri«  =  E.  troy.]  Having 
two  ways,  or  leading  two  ways. 

Biviout  theorems,  and  Janus-faced  doctrines. 

Sir  T.  Bnmie,  Christ.  Mor.,  IL  3. 


bivittate 


570 


bivittate  (bi-vit'at),  a.  [<  bi-~  +  ritta  +  -ate1.]  bizcacha  (bith-ka'cha),  w.     Same  as  viscaclia. 

1.  In  but.,  having  two  vittas  or  oil-tubes:  ap-  bizelt,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  bezel. 

jilied  to  the  fruit  of  some  I'mltcllifcrn: — 2.  In  Bizen  ware.     Soe  pottery. 

zoiil.,  marked  with  two  longitudinal  stripes.        bizlet,  ''•     Same  as  liczzlc. 
bivium  (biv'i-um),  «.     [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  biriun:  bizmellaht  (biz-mel'a),  interj.    Same  as  bismil- 

see  bivioiis.~\   In  cchinoderms,  the  ambulacra  of     lull. 

the  two  posterior  arms  or  rays  taken  together  bizygomatic  (bi-zi-go-mat'ik),  a.      [<  6i-2   + 

and  distinguished  from  the  three  anterior  rays    zyyomatic.]     Pertaining  to  the  two  zygomatic 

collectively.     See  trivium,  and  cut  under  Spa-    arches :  as,  the  bizygomatic  breadth. 

taugoida.  bjelkite  (biel'kit),  n.     [<  Bjelke  (see  def.)  + 

In  the  fossil  genus  Dysaster  this  separation  of  the  am-     -t'fe2.]     A  variety  of  the  mineral  COSalite  from 

bulacra  into  trivium  and  bivium  exists  naturally.  the  Bjelke  mine,  Nordmark,  Sweden. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  488.  fct     b£s.     Abbreviations  of  book,  books. 
bivocalized  (bi-vo'kal-izd),  a.    Placed  between  B.  L.    An  abbreviation  (a)  of  Bachelor  of  Laic  ; 

two  vowels.  (6)  in  com.,  of  bill  of  lading. 

bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  •».     [Also  binouack,  in  18th  blab1  (blab), 


century  occasionally  biouac,  biovac,  bihovac,  < 

F.  bivouac,  formerly  biouac,  orig.  bivac,  prob.  < 

G.  dial.  (Swiss)  beiiraclit,  a  patrol  of  citizens 


pret.  and  pp.  blabbed,  ppr. 
blabbing.  [In  ME.  only  in  the  freq.  form 
(which  is  preferred  for  such  words  ;  cf.  babble, 
gabble,  gabber,  jabber,  etc.),  but  the  derived 


™    •      V"        mmfm*/      ~-.™  -»  «    jn»  ^         yWVVW)      */l*(/Vt>f  ,      JWWf  .       VW*Jm       WU.li       LUC     UCJ.1  VCU 

added  in  time  of  alann  or  commotion  to  the     noun  Uabbe,  a  blab,  telltale,  occurs :  see  blab1, 


regular  town  watch  (cf.  G.  beiwache,  a  keep- 
ing watch),  <  bei,  =E.  by,  +  *wacht,  G.  wache  = 
E.  watch,  «.]  An  encampment  of  soldiers  in  the 
open  air  without  tents,  each  soldier  remaining 
dressed  and  with  his  weapons  by  him ;  hence, 
figuratively,  a  position  or  situation  of  readi- 
ness for  emergencies,  or  a  situation  demanding 
extreme  watchfulness. 

We  followed  up  our  victory  until  night  overtook  us 
about  two  miles  from  Port  Gibson  ;  then  the  troops  went 
into  bivouac  for  the  night. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  484. 
In  the  world's  broad  field  of  battle, 

In  the  bivouac  of  Life, 
Be  not  like  dumb,  driven  cattle  ! 
Be  a  hero  in  the  strife ! 

Longfellow,  Psalm  of  Life. 

bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  i\  i. ;  pret.  and  p 


.    .  .       d  pp.  bivou-  Wabi  (biab)  n. 

'  "       *'        °e"~ 


n.,  and  blabber1,  v.  ]    I.  trans.  To  utter  or  tell 
in  a  thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner  (what 
ought  to  be  kept  secret)  ;  let  out  (secrets). 
Oh,  that  delightful  engine  of  her  thoughts, 
That  blabb'd  them  with  such  pleasing  eloquence. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1. 
Yonder  a  vile  physician,  blabbing 
The  case  of  his  patient. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xxvii.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  talk  indiscreetly  ;  tattle  ;  tell 
tales. 
You're  sure  the  little  milliner  won't  blab  > 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
But  letters,  however  carefully  drilled  to  be  circumspect, 
are  sure  to  blab,  and  those  of  Pope  leave  in  the  reader's 
mind  an  unpleasant  feeling  of  circumspection. 
Low  " 


camp  in  the  open  air  without  tents  or  cover- 
ing, as  soldiers  on  a  march  or  in  expectation 
of  an  engagement. 

We  passed  on  for  about  half  a  mile  in  advance,  and 
bivouacked  on  some  rising  ground. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  180. 

The  Chasseurs  Normandie  arrive  dusty,  thirsty,  after  a 
hard  day's  ride,  but  can  find  no  billet-master.  .  .  .  Nor- 
mandie must  even  bivouac  there  in  its  dust  and  thirst. 


veil,  Study  Windows,  p.  427. 
ME.  blabbe :  see  blab1,  v.} 
A  babbler;  a  telltale;  one  who  betrays  secrets, 
or  tells  things  which  ought  to  be  kept  secret. 

Good  merchant,  lay  your  fingers  on  your  mouth ; 
Be  not  a  blab.  Greene,  James  IV.,  v. 

Excluded 

All  friendship,  and  avoided  as  a  blab, 
The  mark  of  fool  set  on  his  front ! 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  495. 

Show  me  a  very  inquisitive  body,  I'll  show  you  a  blab. 
Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

...,    ...  ""•  Fre"ch  Rf,v-  blab*t  (blab),  *.     [Another  form  of  bkb,  blob.} 

(be  wa),  u.     [Jap.,  =  Chinese <  pi-pa,  the    A  bubble  .  a  biister;  a  swelling. 
Chinese  medlar.]     The  loquat ;  the  fruit  of  the  blab2t  (b^b)  t..  ;.  or'  L     r<  bia&  n  i     To        u 
PhotmmJapomca.  out  or  up .  make  swollenL  as  the  cheeks, 

biwa-  (be  wa),  n.     [Jap.,  =  Chinese  pi-pa,  a  blabber^  (blab'er),  r.  i.    [<  ME.  blaberen,  stam- 
guitar  ]     A  Japanese  musica  instrument  with    mer  talk  without  reason,  blabber,  blab,  =  LG. 
M«  ^"ngs,_  resembling  a  flat  mandolin  U(Mern  =  G.  plappern>  'blab   babble   '=  Dau. 

biweekly  (bi-wek  li),  a.  and  adv.  [<  bi-2  +  ita66,-e  blabber,  gabble :  imitative  words,  prob. 
weekly.}  I.  a.  Occurring  or  appearing  every  in  part' of  in<jep|ndent  origin.  Similar  forms 
two  weeks:  as,  a  biweekly  magazine.  Sometimes  of  imitative  origin  are  Swfdial.  bladdra,  blaf- 

fra,  prattle,  D.  LG.  G.  blaffen  (>  E.  bla" 


erroneously  used  in  place  of  xemiweekly,  for  or  occurring 
twice  in  a  week. 


yelp ;  OHG.  blabbigoit,  MHG.  blepzen,  babble ; 
ML.  blaberare,  for  L.  blaterare,  babble ;  Gael. 
blabaran,  a  stammerer,  blabhdach,  babbling, 
plabair,  a  babbler;  E.  blather,  blether1,  bab- 
ble, etc.]  1.  To  speak  inarticulately;  babble; 
mumble. 


II.  adv.    Fortnightly. 
biwepet,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  bcweep. 
Bixaceae  (bik-sa'se-e),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bixa,  the 

typical  genus,  +  -acece.'}      A  natural  order  of 

polypetalous  exogenous  plants,  nearly  related 

to  the    Violacew.      They  are  mostly  shrubs  or  trees, 

natives  of  file  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  and  of  little 

economic  importance.    There  are  about  30  genera,  mostly 

small.     The  most  prominent  species  is  Bixa  Orcllaiia, 

yielding  arnotto.     See  cut  under  amotto. 
bixin  (bik'sin),  n.     [<  Bixa  +  -»»2.]     l.  The  or- 

ange-coloring principle  (C16H2eO2)  of  arnotto, 

a  vermilion-red  powder,  insoluble  in  water  or  ,,   ,,      ,,.,,,., 

ether,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  benzol—  2    blabber1  (blab  er),  K.     [<  blabber*,  (;.]     A  tat- 

A  variety  of  arnotto,  having  from  six  to  ten    1 


Mow  you  may  see  how  easie  it  is  to  speak  right,  and  not 
to  blabber  like  boors  in  any  speech. 

Wodroephe,  Fr.  and  Eng.  Gram.  (1623),  p.  126. 

2.  To  tell  tales;  blab;  talk  idly.— 3.  To  fib; 
falter.  Skinner. —  4.  To  whistle  to  a  horse. 
Skinner. 


times  the  coloring  power  of  common  arnotto, 

from  quicker  extraction. 
biza,  n.    See  bisa. 

bizardt  (biz'ard),  n.    Same  as  bizarre. 
bizarre  (bi-zar'),  a.  and  n.     [F.  (formerly  also 

bigearre,  bijarre),  strange,  capricious,  formerly 


tier;  a  telltale. 

'Tis  fairies'  treasure, 
Which  but  reveal'd,  brings  on  the  blabber's  ruin. 

Mastringer  and  Field,  Fatal  Dowry,  iv.  1. 

blabber2  (blab'er),  a.  [<  ME.  blaber,  blabyr. 
Cf.  Wa&2,  Ueb,  blob,  blobber,  blubber,  etc.] 
Swollen;  protruding:  as,  6Za66er-lipped ;  blab- 
ber cheeks. 


iotesqul' 


Roger  Xorth,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford  i  in 
Matter  and  Motions  are  bizarr  things,  humoursome  and 
capricious  to  excess.  Gentleman,  Instructed,  p.  559. 

These  paintings  .  .  .  depended  from  the  walls  not  only 
in  their  main  surfaces,  but  in  very  many  nooks  which  the 
Kimm  architecture  of  the  chateau  rendered  necessary. 

TT          .         .   ,  r"e'  Tales>  J-  36a- 

II.  «,  A  variety  of  carnation  m  which  the 

white  ground-color  is  striped  with  two  colors, 


blabbing  (blab'ing),  pa.     [Ppr.  of  blab\  «.] 
Havlng  the  character  of  a  blab;  talking  indis- 

'         tl'J.f.M''    aS',"£lS    Ual)binO  eastern 
scout,"  Mtltoll,  Conius,  1.  138. 

black  (blak),  «.  and  n.  [<  ME.  blak,  blek,  blekc, 
<  AS.  blax  (in  def.  inflection  blaca,  blace,  some- 
times  with  long  vowel  blaca,  blace,  and  thus 
confused  with  lilac,  blcec,  ME.  blake,  etc.,  shin- 
ing,  white  (see  Weafci),  =  OHG.  (in  comp.)  blah, 
=  (with  appar.  diff.  orig 


Bizarre  q 


AS.  blue  =  MLG.  black,  LG.  Oak  =  MHG.  black 


black 

=  Icel.  blck  =  Sw.  Mack  =  Dan  bla'k,  ink:  see 
blcck) ;  prob.  from  a  verb  repr.  secondarily  by 
D.  blaken,  burn,  scorch,  freq.  blakcrcn,  scorch, 
MLG.  (>  G.)  blaken,  burn  with  much  smoke,  LG. 
vcrblckketi,  scorch  as  the  sun  scorches  grain ; 
perhaps  akin  to  \j.flagrare,  Gr.  <j>'/.i -j  civ,  burn :  see 
flagrant,  flame,  phlegm.  Hence  blatch,  bleck, 
bletch,  bleach^;  but  not  connected,  unless  re- 
motely, with  bleak1,  bleach1,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  1. 
Possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  property 
of  absorbing  light;  reflecting  and  transmitting 
little  or  no  light ;  of  the  color  of  soot  or  coal ; 
of  the  darkest  possible  hue;  sable;  optically, 
wholly  destitute  of  color,  or  absolutely  dark, 
whether  from  the  absence  or  from  the  total  ab- 
sorption of  light :  opposed  to  white. 

I  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threat'ning  cloud. 

Shak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 
On  either  hand,  as  far  as  eye  could  see, 
A  great  black  swamp  and  of  an  evil  smell. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

A  black  body  is  one  which  absorbs  every  ray  which  falls 
on  it.  It  can,  therefore,  neither  reflect  nor  transmit.  A 
mass  of  coke  suggests  the  conception  of  such  a  body. 

Ta.it,  Light,  §  307. 

Hence — 2.  Characterized  by  the  absence  of 
light;  involved  or  enveloped  in  darkness. 

In  the  twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 
night.  Prov.  vii.  9. 

And,  beauty  dead,  black  chaos  comes  again. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1020. 

3.  Dismal;  gloomy;  sullen  and  forbidding :  as, 
a  black  prospect. —  4.  Destitute  of  moral  light 
or  goodness;  evil;  wicked;  atrocious:  as,  black 
deeds. 

"Thou  art,"  quoth  she,  "  a'sca,  a  sovereign  king, 
And,  lo,  there  falls  into  thy  boundless  flood 
Black  lust,  dishonour,  shame,  misgoverning." 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  664. 

During  stages  in  which  maintenance  of  authority  is 
most  imperative,  direct  disloyalty  is  considered  the  black- 
tut  of  crimes.  //.  Spencer,  Prlii.  of  Sociol.,  §  532. 

5.  Calamitous;  disastrous;   bringing  ruin  or 
desolation:  as,  black  tidings;  black  Friday. 

Black  tidings  these,  .  .  .  blacker  never  came  to  New 
England.  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

6.  Deadly;   malignant;   baneful:   as,  a  black 
augury. 

Taking  thy  part,  hath  rush'd  aside  the  law, 

And  turned  that  black  word  death  to  banishment. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

7.  Clouded  with  anger:   frowning;  threaten- 
ing; boding  ill:  as,  black  looks. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train  ; 

Look'd  black  upon  me ;  struck  me  with  her  tongue. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

8.  Wearing  black  or  dark  clothing,  armor,  etc. : 
as,  Edward  the  Slack  Prince;  black  friars. — 

9.  Stained  with  dirt;  soiled;  dirty:  as,  black 
hands.   [Colloq.]-Black  Act,  Black  acts.    See  art. 
—  Black  amber.  Same  as  jet.— Black  and  blue,  having 
the  dark  livid  color  of  a  bruise  in  the  flesh,  which  is  ac- 
companied with  a  mixture  of  blue.    See  blue  and  blae. 

Mistress  Ford  ...  is  beaten  black  and  blue,  that  you 
cannot  see  a  white  spot  about  her. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  5. 

Black  and  tan,  having  black  hair  upon  the  back,  and 
tan  or  yellowish-brown  upon  the  face,  flanks,  and  legs,  as 
some  dogs  :  said  specifically  of  a  kind  of  terrier  dog,  and 
sometimes  used  elliptically  as  a  substantive. 

Consider  the  St.  Bernards  and  the  mastiffs,  the  pugs 
and  the  bull-dogs,  the  black-aml-taiis  and  the  King  Char- 
lies. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  599. 
Black  antimony,  art,  assembly,  bead-tree,  bear- 
berry,  etc.  See  under  the  nouns. — Black  belt,  that  region 
of  the  southern  United  States,  comprising  portions  of 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Loui- 
siana, in  which  the  ratio  of  the  colored  population  to  the 
white  is  (,-reatest.— Black  bile.  See  atrabile.— Black 
bindweed,  book,  canker,  chalk,  death,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— Black  drink,  a  decoction  of  the  leaves  of  Ilex 
cassine.,  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  southern  I'nited  States 
as  a  medicine  and  as  a  drink  of  ceremony.— Black  eartn. 
See  earth.—  Black  Flags,  bands  of  irregular  soldiers  in- 
festing the  upper  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  Tomniln. 
They  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Taiping  rebellion  in 
China ;  increased  by  the  accession  of  various  adventurers, 
they  fought  against  the  French  in  their  ware  with  Annam 
about  1873-85.— Black  Friday,  frost,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—Black  glass,  a  glass  made  in  Venice  of  sand,  sulphur,  and 

Eld  of  manganese.  It  is  of  a  deep-black  color.— Black 
en.  See  hagden.—  Black  Hand,  an  anarchistic 
y  in  Spain  composed  of  members  of  the  laboring 
classes.  JIany  of  its  members  in  southern  Spain  were 
arrested  and  imprisoned  in  1883.  — Black  Harry,  Black 
Will,  local  names  in  the  United  States  of  the  sea-bass, 
Centropristes  . fa mw.—  Black  herring.  See  herring.— 
Black  in  the  flesh,  and  waxed  andlrfack  In  the  grain, 
terms  applied  to  skins  curried  on  the  inner  and  outer  sides 
respectively.  The  former  is  applied  to  the1  uppers  of 
men's  shoes,  and  the  latter  of  women's.  — Black  japan. 
See  japan.  —  Black  Maria,  a  closely  covered  vehicle,  usu- 
ally painted  black,  used  in  conveying  prisoners  to  and 
from  jail.— Black  martin,  Monday,  naphtha,  ocher, 
etc.  See  the  nouns.— Black  rent,  exactions  formerly 
levied  by  native  chieftains  in  Ireland,  particularly  upon 
districts  where  English  were  settled. 


black 

Reside*  the  payment  of  Um-l,-  mil.  the  commons  nf  Ire- 
lalld  Were  oppre-si-d  by  innumerable  exacte 

BaffietU,  Ireland  under  the  Tndon. 

Black  rot,  rust,  sec  the  nouns.  Black  silver.  >" 
>t,-l,l,ii,iit,:  Black-spot,  idlMMeofroM  im-h.  -  ehara, 

ten/.ed  liy  diffuse,  dark  colored  .-|«>N  mi  tin-  np|"  1  siirlacc 
of  till'  leaves.  II  is  caused  by  a  parasitic  fillrjus.  .{it'-i-miui 

Hutu:  Black  sugar,  Spanish  licorice.  [Scotch.]  Black 
tin.  Sec  //».  Black  ware,  BemeMoo«a«u»r«  (which 

sec,  under  iniMln-     Black  witch.   Bee  ant.   |Kor  :i  IIMIH- 
U-r  of  compounds  with  I'lin-k  as  tlieir  tlrst  membl 
In-low  ;  in  many  of  these  eases  it  is  -cucrally  |irintt'il  a-s  a 
separate  word.) 

II.  H.  1.  Black  color;  the  darkest  color, 
properly  (lie  negation  of  all  color:  the  opposite 
of  irliilc.  rii,'  darkness  Hi'  this  color  aii.ses  from  the 

circumstance  that  till'  substances  composing  or  proillli  'ill- 
it,  as  in  a  pigment  or  «lv.  absorb  all  tin'  rays  uf  li^lit  ami 
ri-tli-i't  niiiu'.  In  heraldry  this  hue  or  tincture  is  termed 
unlil''. 

2.  A  Mark  .lye  or  pigment:  as.  blacks  and 
grays.  —  3.  A  black  part  of  something,  as  that 
of  tin-  eye;  sped  lie-ally,  the  opening  in  the  iris; 
the  pupil  :  in  opposition  to  the  white. 

Tin:  Mm*  or  sight  <it  the  eye.  Xi'r  A'.  Digby. 

4.  Black  clothing,  especially  when  worn  as  a 
sign  of  mourning  :  as,  to  be  in  black  :  sometimes 
used  in  the  plural. 

H«  has  now  put  olf 

Tin'  flllH-ral  Muck  your  rich  hi-ir  wears  with  joy, 
When  he  pretends  tu  weep  for  his  ih-ail  father. 

Mrtrhft;  Spanish  Curate,  I.  1. 
should  I  not  put  mi  Mm  •/,.<  when  each  one  here 
Comes  with  his  cypress  and  devotes  a  tear'.' 

ll?i-i-iek.  Death  of  II.  Lawcs. 

6.  /*/.  Funeral  drapery,  consisting  of  hangings 
of  black  cloth.  —  6t.  A  mute;  one  of  the  hired 
mourners  at  a  funeral. 

I  do  pray  ye 

To  give  me  leave  to  live  a  little  longer. 
You  stand  about  me  like  my  lilack*. 

t'li-tchff,  MOMS.  Thomas,  iii.  1. 

7.  A  member  of  one  of  the  dark-colored  races  ; 
a  negro  or  other  dark-skinned  person.  —  8f.  One 
with  the  face   blacked  or  disguised;  specifi- 
cally, a  deer-stealer  ;  a  poacher. 

The  Waltham  titaehi  at  length  committed  such  enormi- 
ties, that  government  was  forced  to  interfere,  with  that 
severe  anil  sanguinary  act.  eallrii  the  "Black  Act." 

Gilbert  White,  ilist.  of  Selborue,  vii. 

9.  A  small  flake  of  soot  ;  smut:  usually  plural. 
A  fox  out  of  doors  that  tastes  of  Macks  and  smells  of  de- 

composed frost.  Sir  C.  Young. 

Can  I  help  U  if  the  blacks  will  fly,  and  the  things  must 

lie  rinsed  again  V  1).  Jert-oitt,  Caudle  Lectures,  xvil. 

10.  A  dark  stain  or  smear.  —  11.  pi.  Ink  used 
in  copperplate   printing,   prepared  from    the 
charred  husks  of  the  grape  and  the  residue  of 
the  wine-press.  —  12.  In  printing,  any  mark  on 
the  paper  between  the  lines  or  letters  caused 
by  the  rising  of  the  leads,  etc.,  to  the  level  of 
the  type:  commonly  in    the    plural.—  Aniline 
black,  a  i-olor  produced  liy  dyers  ilirertly  upon  the  fiber 
itself,  by  the  oxidation  of  the  hydrochtohd  of  aniline  with 
bichromate  of  potash.     It  is  a  very  iiermanent  dye.— 
Animal  black.  Same  as  imnf-Maelt.—  Brunswick  black. 
Same  as  japan  lafijwr  (which  see,  under  jtifttin).  —  Chem- 
ical black,  a  color  formerly  obtained  in  dyeing  cotton  hy 
boiling  gallnuts  in  pyroligneous  acid,  adding  "  nitrate  of 
iron"  and  flour.—  Chrome-black,  a  color  produced  in 
dyeing  cotton  or  wool  by  mordanting  with  bichromate  of 
potash  and  dyeing  with  logwood.     Common  black,  a 
color  produced  hy  dyeing  with  logwood,  sumac,  fustic, 
and  a  mixture  of  green  and  blue   vitriol.—  Copperas- 
black,  a  color  produced  in  dyeing  inferior  carpets,  etc., 
hy  mordanting  with  a  mixture  of  ferrous  sulphate  and 
i  '  ippcr  sulphate  and  dyeing  with  logwood.  —  Cork-black, 
a  black  obtained   by  burning   cork  in   closed  vessels.— 
Drop-black,  a  better  .urrade  of  Imne-blaek  ground  in  wa- 
ter and  in  this  pasty  state  formed  into  drops  and  dried. 
—  Frankfort  black,  a  pigment  formerly  made  by  burn- 
ing the  lees  of  wine,  but  now  merely  a  better  grade  of 
iMine-tilack.     Also  called  tli'i-innn   black.  —  Gas-black,  a 
species  of  lampblack  obtained  by  burning  natural  gas  in 
small  jets  against  a  revolving  iron  cylinder.  —  German 
black.      Same   as    Frankfort    War*-.—  Hart's   black,  a 
black  made  from  harts'  horns.  —  Hydrocarbon  black. 
Same  as  Mf-itaei.  -  In  black  and  white,    (a)  In  writ- 
ing or  print:  as,  to  put  a  statement  /;/  IJ'h-k  nm/  :rt,ifi. 
(b)  In  the  Hue  arts,  with  no  colors  but  black  and  white. 
The  term  is  often  extended  to  include  (as  in  exhibitions 
of   "works  in  black  and  white   )  monochromes  of  any 
sort,  as  sepia  drawings.     Iron-black,  a  powder  con.-i^i- 
ingof  finely  divided  antimony  obtained  by  precipitating 
it  from  its  solution  in  an  aeid  by  means  of  metallic  zinc. 

Logwood-black,  in  ilii.in:i,  a  black  obtained  by  mor- 
danting the  cotton  with  a  salt  of  iron  and  then  dyeing 
with  a  decoction  of  logwood.  -Mineral  black.  See 
mineral.  —  Plate-black,  a  combination  of  lampblack  and 
Itone-black  in  various  proportions,  used  in  plate-printing. 
-Sedan  black,  an  intense  Mark  color  produced  l>y  lir-t 
dyeing  cloth  bine  with  woad,  thru  washing  it  in  water 
containing  logwood  and  sumac,  and  boiling  it  lor  several 
hours  in  a  liquor  to  which  a  solution  of  iron  sulphate  is 
added.  —  Spanish  black,  a  black  pigment  obtained  from 
bunitcork.—  Vine-black,  same  uNu*-Mwk,ik,  i  (See 
k.  irurit  lilni-k.  l,in,j<lil'i<-l;,  />e<u-A  WiicA",  and  filati- 


571 

blacking  and  brushing  them. —  3.  To  blacken; 
stain;  sully;  defame.     |  Rare.] 

Thou  Mil,-/,., /«/  nail's  charai  NT.  de\.,ured  si  

bread.  8tmt,   distrain  Shandy,  ill.  34. 

ToblackdOWn("""'-),  totar  and  blaek(a  ship's  rigging). 
II.  intrant.   1.  To  become  black;  take  on  a 
black  color. —  2f.  To  poach.     See  litack,  n.,  ~. 
blackamoor  (blak'a-mor),  «.     [Also  formerly 
blackuioor,  lilnckit iiiiin .  hliii-/.i  limn  ,  -moor,  etc., 
8c.   bliicki/inoref   orig.    and   prop.    blaekmoor, 
black  Moor,  <  black  +  Mom:    The  inserted  a 
is  meaningless;  of.  blackarised.]    A  negro;  a 
black  man-or  woman. 

I  care  not  an  she  were  a  black-a-mottr. 

Skak.,  T.  and  C.,  1.  1. 

I  am  sure  I  hated  your  poor  dear  uncle  liefore  marriage 
as  if  he  d  been  a  l>lacl[-a-moor.  Shrridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

blackavised  (blak'a-visd),  a.  [8c.,  also  blai-k- 
iirii-nl,  btaekavifed;  <  Muck  +  K.  rw,  face,  vis- 
age, +  -«V.  The  inserted  a  is  meaningless ; 
cf.  blackamoor.']  Dark-complexioned. 

I  would  advise  her  Uackamceil  suitor  to  look  out;  if 
another  comes  with  a  longer  or  clearer  rent-roll,  he's 
dished.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  \i\. 

blackback  (blak'bak),  u.  1.  The  great  black- 
backed  gull,  Litrux  niiirinus.  Kingsley.  Also 
called  saddle-back,  coffin-carrier,  and  cob. — 2. 
A  local  Irish  name  (about  Belfast)  of  the  com- 
mon flounder. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  «.  1.  A  blacking  com- 
position used  by  shoemakers,  etc.  Also  called 
heel-ball. —  2.  A  name  applied  to  both  the  smut 
and  the  bunt  of  wheat. — 3.  An  adverse  vote. 
See  blackball,  r.  t. 

blackball  (blak'bal),  r.  t.  To  reject  (as  a  can- 
didate for  election  to  membership  or  office  in 
any  club,  society,  etc.)  by  placing  black  balls 
in  the  ballot-box;  exclude  or  defeat  by  ad- 
verse vote ;  also,  simply  to  vote  against.  See 
ballafl,  «.,  3. 

If  you  do  not  tell  me  who  she  Is  directly,  yon  shall  never 
get  into  White's.  I  will  blackball  you  regularly. 

Duraeli,  Young  Duke,  II.  ii. 

blackballing  (blak'bal-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
blackball,  r.J  The  act  of  rejecting  or  voting 
against  a  candidate  by  the  use  of  black  balls. 

Your  story  of  the  blackballiwj  amused  me. 

Lamb,  Letter  to  B.  Barton. 

blackband  (blak'band),  it.  In  mining  and 
metal. ^a  kind  of  iron  ore,  which  consists  essen- 
tially of  carbonate  of  iron  intimately  mixed 
with  coal.  It  Is  a  very  important  oreof  iron,  especially 
in  Scotland,  where  Its  true  nature  was  discovered  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Often  called  black- 
batul  ironstone. 

black-bass  (blak'bas'),  n.  1.  A  centrarchoid 
American  fish  of  the  genus  Microuterus.  The  body 
is  oblong ;  the  dorsal  tin  is  low,  especially  the  spinous  por- 
tion of  it,  which  is  separated  from  the  soft  part  by  an  emar- 
ginatiou  ;  the  anal  flu  is  shorter  than  the  soft  part  of  the 
dorsal,  with  three  small  spines ;  and  the  caudal  tin  is  emar- 
ginatc.  The  color  is  dark,  and  the  cheeks  and  opereules 
are  crossed  hy  three  dark  oldiqiie  stripes.  Two  species  are 
known,  the  large-mouthed  black-bass,  Micropter\t«  mlino- 
/'/'•x,  extending  from  Canada  and  the  great  lakes  south- 
west into  Texas  and  southeast  into  Florida,  ami  the  small- 
mouthed  black-bass,  ilicroi>terug  dvloinieu,  ranging  from 


black-brush 

blackberry  (bluk'bcr  i),  ».:  pi.  iilnckberriet 
(-iz).  [<  AIK.  llal.lii  i-ii',  lilnl, /•/«;•(/-,<  AS.  blac- 
ln /-a  .  prop,  written  apart,  I'luc  In  /'»'.  pi.  blact 
lii-rinn  .  sc-i'  lilncl;  anil  /«;///'.  |  1.  The  fruit  of 
those  species  of  Kuliux  in  which  the  reci-pta 
cle  becomes  juicy  ami  falls  utT  with  the  drupe- 
lets, in  distinction  from  the  raspberry.  The 
In  ii  .  i],al  Knropcaii  -juries  is  11.  /ruticomf*.  In  the 
nilid  Mai.'.-  time  aiv  -e\i  nil  kinds,  as  the  high  black- 
berry, /(.  viltoxun,  some  varieties  of  whieh  ale  extensively 
cultivated;  the  low  blackberry  or  dewlieny.  A'.  Caiiadeu- 
*i'*;  the  bush-blackberry,  it.  lnn>il>*.  of  the  Southern 
;  the  running  swamp-blacklH-rry,  ti.  h I'x/w/tw ;  and 
I  In  -and-lilacklicm.  R.CUnt\foUu  In  M-otland  generally 
called  bramble,  and  in  the  «est  oi  >i.itLind  !,lnrk  /«,i/i/  or 
black-lnde. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  England,  the  black  currant, 
minx  nil/rum. 

blackbeirr3,ing  (blak'ber*i-ing),  w.  [<  blackberry 
+  -i«j/l,  as  if  from  a  verb  blackberry.     See  the 
quot.  from  Chaucer,  below.]   The  gathering  of 
blackberries — Oo  a blakeberyed',  a  doubtful  phrase 
oecurring  once  in  Chaucer  in  the  Pardoner's  Tale: 
I  rckke  never,  whan  that  ben  heryed, 
Though  that  her  sullies  {/»»  a  Uakcbrrycd. 
(Skeat  explains  blaktbtryal.  apparently  a  past  participle, 
as  a  verbal  substantive,  and  the  whole  phrase  as  meaning 
"go  a  blackberrying,"  that  is,  go  where  they  please.    The 
grammatical  explanation  is  doubtless  correct :  but  the 
context  seems  to  show  that  the  phrase  is  a  humorous  eu- 
phemism for  "go  to  hell. "| 

blackbird  (blak'berd),  ».  1.  The  English 
name  of  a  species  of  thrush,  Merula  merula, 
Turdus  nicrula,  or  Merula  tulgaris,  common 
throughout  Europe.  U  is  larger  than  the  common  or 


. 

black  (blak),  c.  [<  ME.  blacken.  blaken  :  <  black. 
«.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  black;  blacken  or  put 
a  black  color  on  ;  soil:  stain:  a  s.  to  bid  clone's 
hands.  —  2.  To  clean  and  polish  (shoes,  etc.)  by 


Small-mouthed  Black-hass  {\ticroflerus  folomitu). 

the  great  lakes  southward  to  South  Carolina  anil  Arkansas. 
Both  are  highly  esteemed  for  their  game  qualities,  but  the 
small-mouthed  is  regarded  by  most  anglers  as  superior. 
The  sexes  during  the  breeding  season  consort  In  pairs, 
clear  a  subcircular  sinit  near  the  shore  for  a  nest,  and 
guard  the  eggs  till  hatched.  Both  species,  but  especially 
the  small-mouthed,  have  received  the  attention  of  pisci- 
culturists and  lieen  introduced  into  foreign  countries.  In 
some  parts  of  the  state  of  New  York  the  small-mouthed  is 
specifically  called  the  black-bass  and  the  large-mouthed 
the  llswego  or  green  bass.  Other  names  given  U>  one  or 
iMith  species  are  trout,  in  the  south,  and,  locally,  cAud, 
nun/"  >•.  nift-nt-batty,  and  Welshman. 
2.  A  local  name,  along  portions  of  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  of  a  scorpsenoid 
fish.  flMMttcUtni  Hiclunops,  or  black  rock-fish. 

black-beetle  (bfak'be'tl), »  An  English  name 
of  the  common  cockroach  of  Great  Britain, 
Blatta  (I'eriiilaueta)  orientalist,  a  large  black 
orthopterous  insect,  of  the  family  Bla  ttidte.  See 
cut  under  Illtittiila: 

blackbelly  (blak'bel'i),  «.  A  local  name  in 
Massachusetts  of  a  variety  of  the  alewife, 


European  Blackbird  \.\ftrtt/a  merula). 

song  thrush  ;  the  male  is  wholly  black,  except  the  bill  and 
the  orbits  of  the  eyes,  which  are  yellow  ;  the  female  is  dark 
rusty-brown.  The  male  has  a  fine,  rich,  mellow  note,  but 
its  song  has  little  compass  or  variety.  Also  called  mtrle 
and  ouzel. 

2.  In  America,  a  bird  of  the  family  Jcteridte 
(which  see).    These  birds  have  no  relation  to  the  Euro- 
pean blackbird,  but  are  nearer  the  old-world  starlings. 
There  are  very  many  species  of  the  family,  to  several  of 
which,  as  the  bobolink,  the  oriole,  and  the  meadow. lark, 
the  term  blackbird  ia  not  specifically  applied.    The  lead- 
ing species  are  the  several  crow-blackbirds,  of  the  genera 
(juixcalu*  and  Scttlecoithaijvx,  and  the  marsh-blackbirds, 
Afjebxus  and  Xanthacefthalttjt.    The  common  crow-black- 
bird is  Q.  purpurfwt ;  the  common  red-winged  marsh- 
blackbird,  A.  prueniceiu ;  the  yellow-headed  blackbird,  .V. 
icterocfphalii*.    See  cut  under  Atfeltritux. 

3.  In  the  West  Indies,  the  ani,  Crotoiihana  ani, 
of  the  family  Cuctilitl<t,  or  cuckoos;   the  sa- 
vanna-blackbird.    See  cut  under  ani. — 4.  A 
cant  term  on  the  coast  of  Africa  for  a  slave. 

blackboard  (blak'bord),  ii.  1.  A  board  painted 
black,  used  in  schools,  lecture-rooms,  etc., 
for  writing,  drawing,  or  ciphering  with  chalk. 
Hence — 2.  Any  prepared  surface,  as  of  plaster 
or  slate,  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

blackbonnet  (blak'bon'et),  ».  One  of  the 
names  of  the  reed-bunting.  [Local,  Scotland.] 

blackboy  (blak'boi),  n.  The  common  name 
of  the  Australian  grass-tree,  .\antliorrlttca  ar- 
borea,  etc.,  a  juncaceous  plant  with  a  thick 
blackened  trunk  and  a  terminal  tuft  of  wiry, 
grass-like  leaves.  The  different  species  yield  an 
abundance  of  fragrant  resin,  either  red,  Known  as  black- 
'.  or  yellow,  called  acaroid gvtn. 

blackbreast  (blak'brest),  «.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-backed  sandpiper,  Tringa  alpina,  variety 
tnnericana. — 2.  A  local  name  in  the  United 
States  of  the  black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola 
In  If  tii-ii. 

black-browed  (blak'broud),  a.  Having  black 
eyebrows;  gloomy;  dismal;  threatening:  as, 
"a  black-broicetl  gust," Dryden. 

black-bmsh  (blak'brush),  a.  A  term  used  only 
in  the  phrase  black-brush  iron  ore,  a  brown 
hematite  or  limonite,  found  in  the  Forest  of 
Dean.  England,  and  used  chiefly  for  making 
tin-plate. 


blackbur 

blackbur  (blak'ber),  w.    A  local  name  in  the 

United  States  of  the  plant  li>  imi  xirictum. 

black-burning  (Warbte'ning),  </.  Scandal- 
ous: used  only  in  the  phrase  bliick-bnrnini/ 
sJiamc.  [Scotch.] 

blackcap  (blak'kap),  w.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  cap. —  2.  A  name  given  to  various  birds 
having  the  top  of  the  head  black,  (a)  The 
European  Mack-capped  warbler,  Sylvia  atricapilla.  (6) 
The  European  titmouse,  Pant*  major.  (<•)  The  American 
lilack-cappetl  fly-catching  warbler,  Myio&taeta  putrilliis, 
also  called  Wtiton't  blackcap,  (if)  The  chickadee,  Pana 
atricapillw.  (e)  The  black-headed  gull.  Lams  rulHiurulus. 
3.  The  cattail  reed,  Typha  latifolift.—4.  A  pop- 
ular name  of  the  plant  and  fruit  of  the  black- 
fruited  raspberry,  Knbus  occidentalis,  occurring 
wild  in  many  portions  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  cultivated  in  several  varieties.  Also  called 
thimbleberry. —  5.  An  apple  roasted  until  it  is 
black. 

black-capped  (blak'kapt),  a.  Having  black 
on  the  top  of  the  head :  applied  to  sundry  birds. 
See  blackcti/i.  -. 

black-cat  (blak'kat),  n.  A  name  of  the  fisher, 
pekan,  or  Pennant's  marten,  Mugtelapennan  ti,  a 
large  blackish  marten  peculiar  to  the  northerly 
parts  of  North  America.  Also  called  black-fox. 
See  cut  under  fisher. 

black-cattle  (blak'kafl),  «.  Cattle  reared 
for  slaughter,  in  distinction  from  dairy-cattle : 
used  without  reference  to  color.  [Great  Britain.] 

blackcoat  (blak'kot),  w.  1.  One  who  wears  a 
black  coat :  a  common  and  familiar  name  for  a 
clergyman,  as  redcoat  is,  in  England,  for  a  sol- 
dier.— 2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  German 
reiters,  or  mercenary  troops,  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  from  their  black 
armor  and  dress. 

blackcock  (blak'kok),  n.  The  male  black- 
grouse  or  black-game;  the  heath-cock;  a 
grouse,  Tetrao  tetrix,  or  Li/rurits  tetrix,  of  the 


Blackcock  {Lyriirtis  Itfrfx}. 

family  Tetraonida;  found  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. It  is  mostly  black,  with  a  lyrate  tail.  The  female 
is  called  a  stray  hen,  and  the  young  are  called  poult*. 

black-damp  (blak'damp),  n.  Carbon  dioxid 
gas,  which  is  found  in  greater  or  less  quantity 
in  all  collieries,  being  given  off  by  many  coals, 
either  mixed  with  fire-damp,  or  separately,  or 
produced  in  various  other  ways,  as  by  the  ex- 
halations of  the  men,  by  fires,  and  by  explo- 
sions of  fire-damp.  Also  called  choke-damp. 

black-dog  (blak'dog),  H.  If.  A  bad  shilling  or 
other  base  silver  coin. — 2.  Hypochondria;  the 
blues.  [Slang  in  both  senses.] 

black-draught  (blak'draft),  H.  A  popular  pur- 
gative medicine,  consisting  of  an  infusion  of 
senna  with  Epsom  salts. 

black-drop  (blak'drop),  n.  A  liquid  prepara- 
tion of  opium  in  vinegar  or  verjuice.  Also 
called  vinegar  of  opium.—  Lancaster  black-drop, 
:i  solution  of  opium  in  verjuice  with  sugar  and  nutmeg. 
Also  called  Quaker  black-drop.  The  black-drop  of  the 
I'nited  States  Pharmacopoeia,  Acetum  opii,  is  similar,  ex- 
cept that  dilute  acetic  acid  is  used. 

black-duck  (blak'duk),  ».  1.  The  black  sco- 
ter, (Edeiuiit  nii/ra,  one  of  the  sea-ducks  or 
Fidignliiue.  See  cut  under  scoter. — 2.  The 
dusky  duck  of  North  America,  Anas  obscura, 
one  of  the  Anatinw,  or  river-ducks,  and  a  near 
relative  of  the  mallard.  The  male  is  mostly  black- 
ish, with  white  lining  of  the  wings  and  a  violet  speculum  ; 
the  female  is  not  so  dark. 

black-dye  (blak'dl),  ».  A  compound  of  oxid 
of  iron  with  gallic  acid  and  tannin. 

blacken  (blak'n),  ».  [ME.  blaknen,  blackoiien;  < 
black,  a.,  +  -e»l.]  I.  intrans.  To  grow  black 
or  davk. 


572 

Air  blackened,  rolled  the  thunder.  Dryden. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  black ;  darken. 
The  little  cloud  .  .  .  grew  and  spread,  and  hlacffcnt'il 
the  face  of  the  whole  heaven.  South. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  sully ;  make  infamous ;  de- 
fame ;  cause  to  appear  immoral  or  vile :  as, 
vice  blackens  the  character. 

To  this  system  of  literary  monopoly  was  joined  an  un- 
remitting industry  to  blacken  and  discredit  in  every  way 
...  all  those  who  did  not  hold  to  their  faction. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

blackener  (blak'ner),  n.    One  who  blackens. 

blackening  (blak'ning),  n.  Any  preparation 
used  to  render  the  surf  ace  of  iron,  leather,  etc., 
black.  See  blacking. 

blackening  (blak'ning), «.  Blackish;  approach- 
ing black :  as,  in  lichens,  a  biatorine  exciple  is 
colored  or  blackening,  but  not  coal-black. 

blacker  (blak'er),  n.  One  who  blacks  or 
blackens. 

black-extract  (blak'eks"trakt),  H.  A  prepara- 
tion from  cocculus  indicus,  used  in  adulterat- 
ing beer. 

blackey,  ».    See  blacky. 

blackfin  (blak'fiu),  n.  1.  A  local  name  of  the 
smolt  or  young  salmon  of  the  first  year. —  2.  A 
local  English  name  of  the  little  weever. — 3.  A 
whitefish,  Coregonus  nigripinnis,  of  the  deep 
waters  of  Lake  Michigan,  conspicuous  by  its 
hlackish  fins,  but  otherwise  resembling  a  Cisco. 

blackfish  (blak'fish),  n.  [<  black  +  fish.  Cf. 
MLG.  blackviscli,  LG.  blakfish,  >  G.  blackflscli, 
inkfish.]  1.  A  name  of  several  fishes,  (a)  A 
local  English  name  of  the  female  salmon  about  the  time  of 
spawning.  (6)  A  name  of  the  tautog,  Tautoga  onitix.  See 
cut  under  tautog.  (c)  A  local  Alaskan  name  of  Dallra 
pectoralin,  a  fish  which  alone  represents  the  suborder 
Xenomi.  See  Dallia.  (d)  A  local  name  in  New  England  of 
the  common  sea-bass,  Centroprigtix  furcus :  also  applied  to 
other  species  of  the  same  genus,  (e)  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean scombroid  fish,  Centrolophus  pompilun.  (/)  A  lo- 
cal name  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Scotland,  of  the  tadpole- 
fish,  Raniceps  trlfurcatus.  Parnell,  Mag.  Zool.  and  Bot.. 

1.  104. 

2.  A  name  of  several  delphinoid  cetaceans, 
especially  of  the  genus   Gtobicephahis.     Also 
called  black-whale. 

black-fisher  (blak'fish'er),  w,  [<  blackjisli,  1 
(a),  +  -pel.]  A  poacher;  one  who  kills  salmon 
in  close  time.  [Scotch.] 

By  recruiting  one  or  two  latitudinarian  poachers  and 
black-Jisherif,  Mr.  H.  completed  the  quota  of  men  which 
fell  to  the  share  of  Lady  B.  Scott. 

black-flea  (blak'fle),  n.  A  coleopterous  insect 
injurious  to  turnips;  the  Haltica  nemorum  of 
naturalists.  Also  called  turnip-flea. 

black-fly  (blak'fli),  w.  1 .  A  small  dipterous  in- 
sect, Simuliuiu  molestum,  with  a  black  body 
and  transparent  wings,  abounding  in  moun- 
tainous and  wooded  parts  of  New  York,  New 
England,  and  northward,  and  exceedingly  an- 
noying to  both  7nan  and  beast.  It  is  closely 
related  to  the  buffalo-gnat.  See  FSimulium. — 
2.  The  bean-plant  louse,  Aphis  faba: 

blackfoot  (blak'fut),  «.  1.  A  kind  of  matri- 
monial go-between,  who  in  a  friendly  way  acts 
as  introducer,  and  generally  facilitates  the  ear- 
lier stages  of  courtship.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  [cnw.] 
One  of  a  certain  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, the  most  western  division  of  the  Algon- 
kin  stock.  [In  this  sense  the  plural  is  properly 
Blackfoots,  but  commonly  Blackfeet.] 

black-fox  (blak'foks),  n.    Same  as  black-cat. 

black-friar  (blak'fri'iir),  n.  [So  called  from  the 
distinctive  black  gown.  Cf.  gray-friar,  whitc- 
/nnr.]  A  friar  of  the  Dominican  order.  Also 

called  a  predicant  or  preaching  friar,  and  in  France  Jaco- 
bin. See  Dominican.  [Properly  written  as  two  words.] 

black-game  (blak'gam),  n.  See  blackcock  and 
arotas, 

black-grass  (blak'gras),  «.  1.  A  dark-colored 
rush  (Juncus  (lerardi)  of  salt-marshes.  [U.  8.] 
— 2.  A  species  of  foxtail  grass,  Alopccurus 
ni/iTxtiH.  [Eng.] 

blackguard  (blag'ard),  w.  and  a.  [<  black  + 
guard.  See  def.]  I.  H.  If.  In  collective  senses 
(properly  as  two  words) :  («)  The  scullions  and 
lowest  menials  connected  with  a  great  house- 
hold, who  attended  to  the  pots,  coals,  etc.,  and 
looked  after  them  when  the  household  moved 
from  one  place  to  another. 

A  lousy  slave,  that  within  this  twenty  years  rode  with 
the  Mack  guard  in  the  duke's  carriage  'mongst  spits  and 
dripping-pans '.  Webster,  White  Devil,  i.  2. 

(6)  A  guard  of  attendants,  black  in  color  of 
the  skin  or  dress,  or  in  character. 

Pclagius,  Celestius,  and  other  like  heretics  of  the  devils 
blackguard.  Fuller,  Defence  (1683),  x.  386.  (N.  E.  V.) 

(c)  The  idle  criminal  class ;  vagabonds  gener- 
ally. 


blacking 

How  prevent  your  sons  from  consorting  with  the  black- 
guard ? 

A.  Tvfkfi;  I.i<-'ht  of  Nature  (1768),  II.  143.     (A'.  K.  D.) 

(d)  The  vagabond  children  of  great  towns; 
"city  Arabs,"  who  run  errands,  black  shoes, 
or  do  odd  jobs. — 2.  A  man  of  coarse  and  offen- 
sive manners  and  speech ;  a  fellow  of  low  char- 
acter; a  scamp;  a  scoundrel. 

The  troops  which  he  commanded  were  the  greatest 
blackguards  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

C.  V.  Yonge,  Life  of  Wellington,  xxvi. 

II.  a.  If.  Belonging  to  the  menials  of  a 
household;  serving;  waiting. 

Let  a  blackguard  boy  be  always  about  the  house  to  send 

on  your  errands,  and  go  to  market  for  you  on  rainy  days. 

Stt'ift,  Directions  to  Servants,  Cook. 

2.  Of  bad  character ;  vicious ;  vile ;  low ;  worth- 
less :  said  of  persons  and  things. 

Marking  certain  things  as  low  and  blackguard,  and  cer- 
tain others  as  lawful  and  right.  T.  Hughe*. 

3.  Scurrilous;  abusive;  befitting  a  blackguard : 
as,  blackguard  language. 

blackguard  (blag  ard),  v.     [<  blackguard,  ».] 

1.  trans.  To  revile  in  scurrilous  language. 

I  have  been  called  names  and  blackguarded  quite  suffi- 
ciently for  one  sitting.  Thackeray,  Xewcomes,  xxix. 

H.t  intrans.  To  be,  act,  or  talk  like  a  black- 
guard ;  behave  riotously. 

And  there  a  batch  o'  wal«ter  lads, 
Blackguarding  frae  Kilmarnock, 

For  fun  this  day.  Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

blackguardism  (blag'ard-izm),  n.  [<  black- 
i/niird  +  -ism.']  The  conduct  or  language  of  a 
blackguard;  ruffianism. 

This  ignominious  dissoluteness,  or  rather,  if  we  may 
venture  to  designate  it  by  the  only  proper  word,  black- 
guardiim,  of  feeling  and  manners,  could  not  but  spread 
from  public  to  private  life. 

ilacaulay,  Hallam's  Const.  Hist. 

blackguardly  (blag'ard-li),  a.  [<  blackguard 
"*"  -ty  •]  Characteristic  of  a  blackguard ;  ras- 
cally ;  villainous :  as,  a  blackguardly  business. 

blackguardry  (blag'ard-ri),  '«.  [<  blackguard 
+  -ry.~\  Blackguards  or  scoundrels  collectively. 
[Rare.] 

black-gum  (blak'gum),  «.  A  North  American 
tree,  Ayssa  multiflora,  40  to  70  feet  high,  bearing 
a  dark-blue  berry.  The  wood  is  strong,  tough,  and 
linwedgeable,  and  is  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels, 
for  yokes,  etc.  Also  called  pepperidge  and  sour-gain. 

blackhead  (blak'hed),  ».  1.  A  popular  name 
of  the  scaups  or  sea-ducks  of  the  genus  Aithyia: 
as,  the  greater  and  lesser  blackheads,  A.  marila 
and  A.  affinis.  See  scaup. —  2.  A  local  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  black-headed  min- 
now, or  fathead,  Pimphales  promelas. 

blackheart  (blak'hart),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
cherry  of  many  varieties:  so  called  from  the 
fruit  being  somewhat  heart-shaped  and  having 
a  skin  nearly  black. 

The  unnetted  black-hearts  ripen  dark, 
All  thine,  against  the  garden  wall. 

TeiiHuxoH,  The  Blackbird. 

2.  A  wood  obtained  from  British  Guiana,  suit- 
able for  use  in  building  and  in  furniture-mak- 
ing. 

black-hearted  (blak'har"ted),  a.  Having  a 
black  or  malignant  heart. 

black-helmet  (blak'hel"met),  n.  A  shell  ob- 
tained from  a  species  of  mollusk,  and  used  by 
cameo-cutters.  McE/ratlt,  Com.  Diet. 

black-hole  (blak'hol),  «.  A  dungeon  or  dark 
cell  in  a  prison ;  a  place  of  confinement  for  sol- 
diers ;  any  dismal  place  for  confinement  by 
way  of  punishment. 

There  grew  up  ...  [an  academic]  discipline  of  unlim- 
ited autocracy  upheld  by  rods,  and  ferules,  and  the  black- 
hole.  II.  Silencer,  Education,  p.  98. 

The  black-hole  Of  Calcutta,  the  garrison  strong-room 
or  black-hole  at  Calcutta,  measuring  about  18  feet  square, 
into  which  14B  British  prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point 
of  the  sword,  by  the  Xawah  Siraj-ud-Danla,  on  June  20, 
175S.  The  next  morning  all  but  23  were  dead  from  suffo- 
cation. 

black-horse  (blak'h&rs),  «.  A  local  name  of 
the  Missouri  sucker,  Cyclcptus  c longatiis,  of  the 
family  Catontninida;. 

blacking  (blak'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  black,  r.] 

1.  A  preparation  for  blacking  boots  and  shoes, 
usually  made  of  powdered  bone-black,  sperm- 
or  linseed-oil,  molasses,  sour  beer  or  vinegar, 
oil  of  vitriol,  and  copperas.    Throughout  the  mid- 
dle ages  boots  were  worn  of  the  brown  color  natural  to 
the  leather,  or  of  a  dark-red  color,  not  unlike  the  modern 
Russia  leather.     There  is  mention  of  blacking  as  early  as 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

2.  In  leather-working,  any  one  of  a  number  of 
preparations  used  in  dyeing  or  staining  leather 
black. — 3.  The  name  given  by  founders  to  a 
black  wash,  composed  of  clay,  water,  and  pow- 


blacking 

dcred  charcoal,  with  which  cores  and  loara- 
iiinlils  are  coated,  to  give  tin-  requisite  smooth- 
ness to  the  surfaces  which  conic  into  contact 
with  the  incited  metal.  Brass  blacking,  11  dead- 

blac.k    uriiUllll  -ntal    sill-lace    for I    ,,11     Itrasa-Wiirk.         It    is 

made  by  pllltlKiim  the  hl:i  -  into  :i  mixture  «if  ;i  strong  In 
liltiuli  of  nilr.it'-  id'  silver  w  ilh  ;i  solution  of  nitrate  of  cop 
pt-r.  iinil  heathi'.:  it.  nftiT  Vtthdnwal,  until  tin-  desired 
depth  of  color  is  ol.lain.  d. 

blackish (lilak'ish),  (i.  [<Nacfc +  -«A1.]  Some- 
what black;  moderately  black  or  dark. 

Mcuin  to  !,,•  ««.•*  i«/i.  ll,JI,ii,,l.\r.,,\  I'lim     ri.  1:1 

black-jack  (blak'jak),  ».  1.  A  capacious  drink- 
ing-cup  or  can  formerly 
made  of  waxed  leather, 
but,  now  of  thin  metal, 
i  he  outside  being  ja- 
panned black,  except 
the  edge,  which  is  left 
bright,  in  imitation  of 
the  ancient  leathern 
black-jacks  with  silver 
rims. 

Then!1*  a  Dead-sea  of 
drink  in  the  cellar,  in  which 
goodly  vessels  lie  wrecked  ; 

and  in  the  middle  of  this  i.catbem  Biack-j.icks. 

deluge  appear  the  tops  of 

Mucous  and  ttlark-iack*,  like  churches  drowned  in  the 
marshes.  Rtan.  antl  AV.,  .Scornful  Lady,  11.  •_'. 

2.  The  ensign  of  a  pirate. —  3.  A  Cornish  miners' 
term  for  the  common  ferruginous  zinc  sulphid, 
of  which  the  inineralogical  name  is  sjihalerite, 
and  the  common  name  blende.  Also  called  false 
!/nli  IKI. — 4.  Caramel  or  burnt  sugar  used  for 
coloring  spirits,  vinegar,  coffee,  etc. —  5.  A 
trade-name  for  adulterated  butter. —  6.  A  local 
English  name  of  the  coalfish,  I'ollachius  virens. 
—  7.  A  common  name  in  the  United  States  for 
a  species  of  oak,  Quercitx  niyra,  and  also,  in  the 
Gulf  States,  for  Q.  Catesbm,  small  trees  of  little 
value  except  for  fuel. —  8.  The  larva  of  a  saw- 
fly,  Atlnilin  cciitifulia  or  A.  spinarum,  one  of  the 
Ti-iithrcdiniilir,  destructive  to  turnips.  Also 
called  niyyer.  •/.  <>.  ll'rstirood.  [Local  British.] 
— 9.  A  kind  of  hand-weapon  consisting  of  a 
short  elastic  shaft  having  at  one  end  a  neavy 
metal  head  cased  in  netting,  leather,  etc. 

black-knot  (blak'not),  «.  1.  A  fast  knot:  op- 
posed to  ruiiHiiiii-knot. —  2.  A  species  of  pyre- 
nornycetous  fungus,  Sphteria  morbosa,  which  at- 
tacks plum-trees  and  some  varieties  of  cherry, 
forming  large,  black,  knot-like  masses  upon 
the  branches. 

black-lead  (blak'led'),  «.     1.  Amorphous  gra- 
phite; plumbago.    See  graphite .     (Black-leail  U  a 
misnomer,  ;is  the  mineral  contains  no  lead.) 
2.  A  pencil  made  of  graphite. 

Sir,  I  have  ben  bold  to  note  places  with  my  black-leade, 
.  .  .  and  peradventnre  some  expressions  may  be  advan- 
tageously altered  at  your  leasure. 

Krrliin.  Letter  to  Mr.  E.  Thurland. 

blacklead  (blak'led'),  r.  f.  [<  Mack-lead,  «.] 
To  cover  with  plumbago  or  black-lead;  apply 
black-lead  to. 

The  deposit  would  not  spread  over  a  black-leadrd  sinta.  -e 
in  the  liquid.  (J.  Gore,  Electro-Metall.,  p.  112. 

Blackleading-machlne,  an  apparatus  for  applying  pow- 
ilered  graphite  to  the  surface  of  stereo  molds  previous  tt> 
coiitinn  them  with  copper. 

blackleg  (blak'leg),  «.  [<  black  +  le;>.  The 
allusion  in  def.  3  is  not  clear;  some  suppose 
the  term  was  orig.  applied  to  racing  men  who 
wore  black  top-boots.  The  term  black  is  now 
understood  in  an  opprobrious  sense ;  cf.  black- 
</»<«'</.]  1.  A  disease  in  cattle  and  sheep  which 
affects  the  legs;  symptomatic  anthrax.  See 
anthrajf. — 2.  A  severe  form  of  purpura. — 3. 
One  who  systematically  tries  to  gain  money 
fraudulently  in  connection  with  races,  or  with 
cards,  billiards,  or  other  games;  a  rook;  a 
swindler.  The  term  implies  the  habitual  frequcntim: 
of  pliti  r^  \\  here  wafers  are  maile  and  yames  of  chance  are 
played,  anil  the  seeking  of  subsistence  by  dishonorable  l»et- 
ting.  but  does  not  always  imply  direct  cheating.  Some- 
times i  ontracted  to  /.  <i. 

4.  Same  as  Muck-nob. 

The  poliee  were  us,  ,1  t,.  watch  the  strikers  ur  to  protect 
the  Wfi<-i--/<-:/v.  as  those  are  called  who  work  outside  the 
Union  movement  It.  •'.  l/int,,n.  Kill;.  Had.  Leaders,  p.  333. 

blacklegism  (blak'leg-i/.m),  ii.  |<  Mackli-n  + 
-ixiii.]  The  profession  or  practices  of  a  black- 
leg; cheating;  swindling,  limtliifx  Mini. 

black-letter  (blak'let  en,  ».  and  '«.  I.  n.  \ 
name  now  given  to  the  Gothic  or  Old  English 
letter,  whicli  was  introduced  into  Kngland  about 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  was 

the  character  generally  used  in  manuscripts  and 
in  the  tirst  printed  books.  It  is  still,  with  vari- 
ous modilications.  in  common  use  in  Germany. 

(Chis  is  blacfc-lrttiT. 


573 

II.  a.  Written  or  printed  in  black-letter: 
as,  a  lilnck-li  tti  r  manuscript  or  book.  Black- 
letter  day,  any  da>  inscribed  in  the  ancient  calendars  in 
black  letter  t>pe.  ;LS  distinguished  from  the  more  im|<or 
tant,  wlii'  ti  were  entered  in  led  letter;  hence,  a  holy  day 
of  all  Interim-dial ucler  and  dignity  ;  an  inauspicious  day, 
.i-  M|I| .1  t...  a  -  •  'I  l-'ll'  >•  or  anspi'-iniis  day. 

black-liquor  (blak'lik'or),  «.  A  crude  acetate 
of  iron  prepared  from  scrap-iron  and  crude 
acetic  acid,  very  generally  used  in  dyeing  as  a 
mordant  instead  of  green  copperas. 

black-list  (blak'list),  ii.  1.  A  list  of  default- 
ers: specifically  applied  to  printed  lists  of  in- 
solvents and  bankrupts,  published  officially. 

Private  lists,  however,  of  a  more  -can-hint;  eliara.  1 
furnished  by  certain  societies  and  private  Individual-  t» 
-lib-,  ribcrs.'  with  the  view  of  affording  protection  against 
i-ad  debts,  frauds,  etc. 

2.  Any  list  of  persons  who  are  for  any  reason 
deemed  objectionable  by  the  makers  or  u-er> 
of  the  list,  as  for  political  or  social  miscon- 
duct, for  joining  in  or  assisting  a  strike,  etc. — 

3.  Xaut.,  a  list  kept  on  board  a  man-of-war  of 
delinquents  to  whom  extra  duty  is  assigned  as 
a  punishment. 

blacklist  (blak'list),  r.  t.     [<  black-list,  ».]    To 

place  on  a  black-list, 
blackly  (blak'li),  a<lr.     With  a  black  or  dark 

appearance;  darkly;  atrociously. 

l.astlj  stood  Warn-,  in  u'littcrinu  arm-  yclild, 

With  visage  grim,  sterne  looks,  ami  Harkrlii  hewed. 

Sackvitlt,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Deeds  so  blackly  grim  and  horrid. 

FtUhavt,  Resolves,  II.  31. 

black-mackt,  ».  [Early  mod.  E. ;  <  black  + 
mack  (uncertain).]  A  blackbird. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  n.  [Lit.  black  rent  (cf. 
black  rent,  under  black);  <  black  +  mail,  rent: 
see  mail3.]  1.  A  tribute  of  money,  corn,  cat- 
tle, or  the  like,  anciently  paid,  in  the  north  of 
England  and  in  Scotland,  to  men  who  were  al- 
lied with  robbers,  to  secure  protection  from 
pillage.  Blackmail  was  levied  in  the  districts  bordering 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

Hence — 2.  Extortion  in  any  mode  by  means 
of  intimidation,  as  the  extortion  of  money  by 
threats  of  accusation  or  exposure,  or  of  unfa- 
vorable criticism  in  the  press.  It  usually  implies 
that  the  payment  is  involuntary,  and  the  ground  for  de- 
manding it  unlawful  or  pretended  and  fraudulent. 
3f.  Kent  paid  in  produce,  or  in  baser  money, 
in  opposition  to  rent  paid  in  silver. 

blackmail  (blak'mal),  v.  t.  [<  blackmail,  ».] 
To  extort  money  or  goods  from,  by  means  of 
intimidation  or  threats  of  injury  of  any  kind, 
as  exposure  of  actual  or  supposed  wrong-doing, 
etc.  See  the  noun. 

black-match  (blak'mach),  ».   Same  as  amadou. 

blackmoort  (blak'mor),  w.  Same  as  blacka- 
moor. Beau,  and  Ft. 

black-moss  (blak'mos),  w.  The  Spanish  moss, 
Tillandsia  mneoides,  of  the  southern  United 
States :  so  called  from  the  black  fiber  that  re- 
mains after  the  outer  covering  of  the  stem  is 
removed.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  horse- 
hair in  mattresses,  etc. 

blackmouth  (blak'mouth),  ii.  A  foul-mouthed 
person  ;  a  slanderer.  [Kare.] 

blackmouthed  (blak'moutht),  a.  Slanderous; 
calumnious ;  foul-mouthed. 

Whatever  else  the  most  Itlack-tuouth'tl  atheists  charged 
it  with.  KUliHybeck,  Sermons,  p.  118. 

black-mullet  (blak'mul'et),  «.  A  local  name 
about  Chesapeake  Bay  of  a  sciseuoid  fish,  Men- 
ticirrn.t  iirbulonus.  See  cut  under  kingfish. 

black-neb  (blak'neb),  H.  1.  A  name  of  the 
carrion-crow. — 2f.  A  person  accused  of  sympa- 
thy with  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion;  a  democrat.  [Scotch.] 

Little  did  I  imagine  tliat  I  was  giving  cause  for  many  to 
think  me  an  enemy  to  the  king  ami  uovernment.  Kilt  so 
it  was  Many  of  the  heritors  considered  me  a  black-nrb, 
though  I  knew  it  not.  Ualt,  Annals  of  the  Parish,  p.  388. 

blackness   (blak'ues),   n.     [<  black  +  -nenn.1 

1.  The  quality  of  beiug  black;   black  color; 
darkness. 

His  faults,  in  him.  seem  as  the  spots  of  heaven, 
More  tlery  by  night's  Matltnnu.     Shale.,  A.  amlC.,  i.  4. 
Illiifkiifsn  as  a  solid  wall.  Tenniimn,  1'alace  of  Art. 

2.  Moral   darkness;   atrocity  or  enormity  in 
wickedness. 

n,  i  a  world  of  light  and  beauty 
*V11  the  MwftMM  "f  his  crime. 

Wltittier,  Slave  Ship. 

black-nob  iblak'nob).  ii.  An  opprobrious  name 
given  in  Kiighind  by  trades-unionists  to  a  work- 
man who  is  not  a  member  of  a  trades-union;  a 
knobstick.  Also  called  blackleg. 


black-snake 

Report*  Were  sill.  milled  tr-im  III'-  \arioll*  workfl,  which 
slio«.  d  that  all  tbe  men  einpl"\ed  h\  UK  iron  companies 
were  on  strike,  with  the  -\'  .],(!-  i  '  not/*. 

newspaper). 

black-peopled  iblak'pe'pld).  «.  Inhabited  by 
black  person*:  as.  ••lilm-l.  -/.•  o/iWempire,'1  .San- 
</./.-.  Christ's  I'jission. 

black-pigment  (Mak'  pi^'  merit  j.  ,/.  A  fine, 
light,  carlionacenii*  substance,  or  lampblack, 
prepared  idi  ielly  fort  he  manufacture  of  print  ers' 
ink.  It  is  obtained  by  burning  common  coal-tar. 

black-plate  (bUk'pwt),  ».  siieet-inm  plate 
before  it  is  tinned. 

black-pot  (blak'pot),  «.  It.  A  beer-mug; 
hence,  a  toper.  —  2.  The  name  given  in  Knu'- 


to  a  variety  of  crockery  made  in  Denmark. 
It  la  exposed  while  burning  to  a  \ery  i>troii({  and  dense 
smoke,  which  penetrates  its  substance  and  answer*  the 
purpose  of  ghi/.ing.  Such  pots  are  cheap  and  wholeiome 
cooking-vessels,  having  none  of  the  Inconveniences  of 

Kad-i;la/ed  u:i|e. 

black-pudding  (blak'piid'ing),  H.  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  blood  ami  suet,  seasoned  with 
salt,  pepper,  onions,  etc.,  sometimes  with  the 
addition  of  a  little  oatmeal.  Also  called  blooil- 

IIKtltlilll/. 

black-quarter  (blak'kwar'ter),  H.  [<  black  + 
quarter,  the  shoulder.]  A  disease  in  animals; 
symptomatic  anthrax.  See  anthrax. 

black-rpd  (blak'rod),  ».  In  England,  the  usher 
belonging  to  the  order  of  the  Garter,  more 
fully  styled  gentleman  usher  of  the  black  rod: 
so  called  from  the  black  rod  which  he  carries. 
He  U  of  the  king's  chamber  and  usher  of  Parliament.  His 
deputy  is  styled  the  yeoman  usher.  They  are  the  otllcial 
messengers  of  the  House  of  Lords  ;  and  either  the  gentle. 
man  or  the  yeoman  usher  summons  the  Commons  to  tin- 
House  of  Lords  when  the  royal  assent  is  given  to  Mils, 
and  also  executes  orders  for  the  commitment  of  persons 
guilty  of  breach  of  privilege  and  contempt.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  similar  functionaries  In  the  legislatures  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  other  British  colonies. 

black-root  (blak'rdt),  n.  1.  Culver's  root  or 
Culver's  physic,  feronica  Viryimca.  —  2.  Pterii- 
caulon  pycnostachyum,  a  perennial  herbaceous 
composite  plant  of  the  pine-barrens  of  the 
southern  United  States. 

black-salter  (blak'sal'ter),  N.  One  who  makes 
black-salts. 

black-salts  (blak'salts),  w.  )il.  Wood-ashes 
after  they  have  been  lixiviated  and  the  so- 
lution has  been  evaporated  until  the  mass  has 
become  black.  [U.  S.] 

black-sampson  (blak'samp'son),  M.  A  popu- 
lar name  in  the  United  States  for  the  species 
of  Echinacea,  the  thick  black  roots  of  which 
were  formerly  supposed  to  have  powerful  me- 
dicinal virtues. 

blackseed  (blak'sed),  ti.  The  nonesuch,  J/frfi- 
eayit  lupulina  :  so  called  from  its  black,  seed- 
like  pods. 

black-shell  (blak'shel),  w.  A  univalve  shell 
of  the  family  Haliotidte,  inhabiting  the  Pacific 
ocean.  See  extract. 

The  black-thill  ...  is  so  called  localise,  when  polished, 
it  throws  out  a  very  dark  shade,  full,  however,  of  beauti- 
ful rainbow  tints  exquisitely  blended. 

M.  S.  LauxM,  British  Edible  Mollusca,  p.  182. 

blacksize  (blak'siz),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  blaet- 
sizcd,  ppr.  blacknizi>uj.  In  leatttcr-tcorking,  to 
cover  with  a  coat  of  stiff  size  and  tallow.  The 
size  is  laid  ou  with  a  soft  brush  or  sjHmge,  ami  the  leather 
is  then  well  rubbed  with  a  glass  slicker,  after  which  it 
receives  a  final  gloss  from  a  little  thhi  size  applied  with  a 

blacksmith  (blak'smith),  ».  [<  late  ME.  black- 
smith, <  Mark  (in  ref.  to  iron  or  black  metal) 
+  smith.  Cf.  whitesmith.]  1.  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron  and  makes  iron  utensils  ;  an 
ironsmith  ;  especially,  in  the  United  States,  one 
who  makes  horseshoes  and  shoes  horses.  —  2. 
[A  translation  of  a  native  name.]  In  ornith., 
a  name  of  the  bare-necked  bell-bird  of  Bra- 
zil, Ckagmorhynchux  iiuilicullis.  —  3.  In  iclith.,  a 
pomacentroid  fish,  Chromis  i>iini-tiiiiiini.t.  hav- 
ing conical  teeth  in  two  or  more  rows  in  each 
jaw,  a  blackish  color  with  violet  luster  above 
relieved  by  greenish  edgings  of  some  of  the 
scales,  and  bluish-black  tins  with  small  brown 
spots.  It  is  not  uncommon  along  the  southern 
coast  <>f  California. 

blacksmithing  (blak'smith'ing),  H.  [<  black- 
xiu  ith  +  -'».</'.  ]  The  trade  or  process  of  work- 
ing in  iron. 

black-snake  (blak'snak'),  w.  1.  A  name  of 
various  serpents  of  a  more  or  less  black  color. 

The  most  noteworthy  are:  <u)  \  s.-l|K-nt.  /,W.<.-<imV,,i  IIIM- 
>tii,-t,,f.tif  the  (amih  C,iti>lifi,l,r,t,t  black  color,  not  \cn 
onions,  but  attaining  a  larire  si/e.  and  |*issessini:  ureat 
strength  and  agilit).  M>  that  it  is  capable  of  exerting  much 
.....  istnetm-  force.  It  climlis  trets  ca-ih.  i>  oiu-n  I!  feet 
ill  length,  and  is  common  in  the  I  idled  States  east  of  the 
\li--i--ip  pi  si.me  other  relate.  I  spe,  ies  receive  the  same 
name.  ((/)  A  colubroid  snake,  Cvlubtr  obtolettu,  differing 


574 


blade 


black-snake 

from  the  former  by  having  keeled  instead  of  smooth  black-Work  (blak'werk),  «,  Iron  wrought  by  bladder-ketmia  (Mad'er-ket'-'nii-S)  n  A  cul- 
scaics  and  preferrinl  highlands :  also  known  as  the  maun-  blacksmiths :  so  called  in  distinction  from  that  tivated  annual  species  of  plants,  of  the  genus 
tain  Mark-make  »m\  racer,  (c)  A  colubroid  snake^ Oetjo-  ^^^^  by  whitesmiths  Hibiscus,  H.  Trionum,  with  a  bladdery  calyx. 

)lackwort   (blak'wert),   n.     1.  The  comfrey,  V1-JJ ' 

Symphytiim  officinale. —  2.  An  English  name  of 

the  whortleberry,  the  fruit  of  I'accinium  Myr- 


(c)  A  colubroid  snake,  Ociio- 

Itltll     l*6lw»-o.»l..»^     ......     . V^      **•  ,  .      ,  "  .'  •-      . 

phis  ater,  of  active  habits,  peculiar  to  the  island  of  Jamal- 


blacky  (blak'i),  n. ;  pi.  blackies  (-iz).  [Also  less 
prop,  blackey;  dim.  of  black.  Cf.  darky.'}  I. 
A  black  person;  a  negro.— 2.  A  name  used 


bladder-nose  (blad'er-noz),  ».  A  name  of  the 
hooded  seal,  Cystopliora  cristata.  Encye.  Brit., 
XXI.  582. 

bladder-nosed  (blad'er-nozd),  a.  Having  an 
inflatable  bladdery  appendage  on  the  snout: 
applied  to  the  so-called  hooded  seal,  Cystopliora 
cristata. 


Black-snake  (Bascatiion  constrictor). 


f\.     wiamn.     u^i  ov/i-i  *     €«    A*^j«i*w«         ••»••.••  .      -i  »  ,  \  i         rni  i 

colloquially  for  any  black  bird  or  animal,  as  a  bladder-nut  (blad'er-nut),  w.     1.  The  popular 

rook.  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Staphylea,  natu- 

I  wonder  if  the  old  blacking  do  talk.  T.  Hughes. 

blacky-top  (blak'i-top),  n.      A  name  of  the 

stonechat,  Saxienla  or  Pratincola  rubicola.  Mac- 

gillivray.     [Local  British.] 
blad1  (blad),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bladded,  ppr. 

bladding.    [Also  bland;  perhaps  imitative.    Cf. 

dad2,  beat,  thump.]     1.  To  slap;  strike  with 

violence;  beat. —  2.  To  maltreat.     [Scotch.] 
blad1  (blad),  n.     [<  Wad1,  «.]    A  slap;  a  flat 

blow. 


ca  It  reaches  a  length  of  about  5  feet,  (d)  A  poisonous 
snake  of  the  family  Xajidtc,  Pxcudechis  porphyriacus, 
inhabiting  low  marshy  places  in  nearly  every  part  of  Aus- 
tralia. It  is  black  above,  with  each  scale  of  the  outer 
lateral  series  mostly  red,  and  with  ventral  shields  mar- 
gined with  black,  (e)  A  venomous  snake  of  the  family 

A'ajiJa,  Iloptoeephalus  cnrtm  or  H,  fuscus,  inhabiting      ---•••      i--" JrA,  u    /  ^,nj\    .,  . 

Australia  and  Tasmania.    It  is  the  common  black-snake  blad2  (blad),  n.     [Also  bland;  prob.  <  Otorfi,  V. , 
of  Tasmania.  cf.  dad2,  a  large  piece,  with  dad,  beat,  thump.] 

2.  A  kind  of  cowhide  or  horsewhip  made  with-    ^  piece;  a  fragment;  a  large  piece  or  lump, 
out  distinction  of  stock  and  lash,  braided  and     [Seotch.] 

tapering  from  the  butt  to  the  long  slender  end,  -^[&^s  (blad),  n.     [Appar.  =  E.  blade  =  Sw.  Dan. 

'    A  portfolio;  a  blotting-book  or 
[Scotch.] 

er),  n.    [So.  also  blather,  blether; 

<  ME.  bladder,  blader,  bleddcr,  bleder,  bladdre, 
bleddre,  bledre,  <  AS.  bladdre,  prop,  with  long 


Bladder-nut.—  Flowering  node  of  Stnphylta  tri/olia. 
lit;  *,  section  of  same.    ( From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  the  Plants 
of  the  United  States.") 


Symptomatic  an- 


black-spaul (blak'spal),  n. 

thrax.     See  anthrax. 
Blackstone's  Hard-labor  Bill.    See 
black-strap  (blak'  strap),  n.     A  name  of  vari- 

ous beverages,    (n)  In  the  United  States,  a  mixture  of 


ral  order  Sapindacea;,  given  on  account  of  their 
inflated  fruit-capsule.  The  European  S.  ]rinnata  and 
the  S.  trifolia  of  the  Atlantic  States  are  occasionally  cul- 

^    ,  tivated  as  ornamental  shrubs.     Central  Asia,  Japan,  and 

bladder  (=  MD.  blaider,  D.  blaar  •  JjLUtt.  Oil  •     Califorllia  lmve  also  each  a  peculiar  species. 

ous  beverages,    («)  In  the  United  States,  a  mixture  of    dere,  LG.  bladerc,  bledder,  blare  =  OHG.bla.tara,     3    A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  pistachio, 
spirituous  liquor,  generally  rum  or  whisky,  with  molasses     blattara,  bldtra,  MHG.  bldtere,  blatter,  (i.  blatter     pistacia  vera. 
and  vinegar.  =  Icel.  bladhra  =  Sw.  bldddra  =  Dan.  bltere,  bladder-pod  (Vtlad'er-pod),  n.     1.  A  name  of  a 

A  mug  of  the  right  black-strap  goes  round  from  lip  to     bladder),  with  suffix  -Are,  <  bldwan,  blow:  see     leguminous  plant  of  southern  Africa,  Physolo- 
«P-  Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II.     6towi.]     1.  A  thin,  elastic,  highly  distensible     &;„,»,  with  bladdery  pods.— 2.  In  the  United 

(6)  A  sailors' term  for  any  strong,  dark-colored  liquor :     and  contractile  muscular  and  membranous  sac     states,   Vesicaria  Sliortii,   a  cruciferous   plant 
ueafcoTs'ts  dark-red  •    fornling  that  portion  of  the  urinary  passages  in    ^fa  globose  capsules, 

black-rtripe  (blak ' strip),  n.     Same  as  black-    which  urine,  constantly^secreted^by  t^ejdd-  bladder:senna  (blad 'er- sen* a),  ».    A  species 


strap. 

blacktail  (blak'tal),  n.  1.  A  percoid  fish,  the 
Acerina  cernua.  More  generally  called  ruff  or 
pope.  See  ruff. — 2.  A  common  name  among 
hunters  (a)  of  the  black-tailed  deer  or  mule- 
deer,  Cariacus  macrotis  (see  mule-deer);  (b)  of 
the  Columbian  deer,  C.  columbianus :  in  both 
cases  in  distinction  from  the  common  or 
white-tailed  deer,  C.  virginianus. — 3.  In  India, 
a  name  of  the  chikara  or  ravine-deer,  Tragops 
bennetti. 

blackthorn  (blak'thorn),  «.  1.  The  sloe,  Pru- 
nus  spinosa.  See  sloe. — 2.  A  walking-stick 
made  of  the  stem  of  this  shrub. 
n. 


neys,  is  retained  until  it  is  discharged  from  the 
body.  Such  a  vesicle  is  specially  characteristic  of  mam- 
mals, its  size  and  shape  varying  with  the  species.  Its  cavity 
is  primitively  that  of  the  allantois.  It  is  lined  with  mu- 
cous membrane,  is  more  or  less  invested  with  peritoneum, 
and  is  supplied  with  vessels  and  nerves. 
2.  Any  similar  receptacle,  sac,  or  vesicle,  com- 
monly distinguished  by  a  qualifying  prefix.  See 
air-bladder,  brain-bladder,  gall-bladder,  swim- 
bladder.— 3.  Any  vesicle,  blister,  bleb,  blain, 
or  pustule  containing  fluid  or  air. —  4.  In  bot. : 
(a)  A  hollow  membranous  appendage  on  the 
leaves  of  Utricularia,  filled  with  air  and  float- 
ing the  plant,  (b)  A  cellular  expansion  of  the 
substance  of  many  algee  filled  with  air.  See 


of  Colutea,  C.  arborescens,  natural  order  Legu- 
minosae,  frequently  cultivated,  it  is  a  shrub  with 
yellow  flowers  and  bladder-like  pods,  a  native  of  southern 
Europe.  It  derives  its  name  of  senna  from  its  popular 
use  as  a  purgative.  Also  called  bastard  Kenna. 
bladder-snout  (blad'er-snout),  n.  The  common 
bladderwort,  Utricularia  imlgaris:  so  named 
from  the  shape  of  the  corolla. 

form  (blad'er-werm),  n.  A  tape- 
its  cystic  stage ;  a  hydatid  or  scolex. 
See  cystic,  and  cut  under  Tania. 
lladderwort  (blad'er-wert),  «.  The  common 
name  of  members  of  the  genus  rtricularia, 
slender  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
furnished  with  floating-bladders.  See  Utricu- 


black-tongue  (blak'tung),  «.    A  form  of  an-    cut  under  air-cell. —  5.  Anything  inflated,  emp-    /an-a 
thrax  exhibiting  dark  bloody  vesicles  and  ul-    ty,  or  unsound:   as,  "bladders  of  philosophy,"  Bladder-wrack  (blad'er-rak)    n.    A  seaweed, 

ii A_     ,_      4.1.  „      J.«»,  ,          ..IT,..,*;,,,,      1,  ,,,.,•,,  C.  l>,if,l.  f,:.t,,i.        C!n  4-        «svnin«4-      AfnvilnnJ^  A  +„„,»    nt    +1-IA       U*«'\A\*«±  *  OfVAi       V,  -*t 


cerating  spots  on  the  tongue,  affecting  horses 
and  cattle.  See  anthrax. 

black-turpeth  (blak'ter"peth),  n.  Mercury  di- 
oxid  or  suboxid,  Hg^O:  commonly  called  the 
gray,  ash,  or  black  oxid. 

black-varnish  tree.  See  Rhus  and  Melanor- 
rhcea. 

black-wad  (blak'wod),  n.  An  ore  of  manga- 
nese used  as  a  drying  ingredient  in  paints. 

Blackwall  hitch.    See  hitch. 

black-ward  (blak'ward),  n.    Under  the  feudal 


Rochester,  Sat.  against  Mankind. -Atony  of  the 


(blad'er),  v.  t.     [<  bladder,  «.]     1.  To 

put  up  in  a  bladder :  as,  bladdered  lard. —  2.  To 
puff  up;  fill,  as  with  wind.     [Rare.] 

A  hollow  globe  of  glass  that  long  before 
She  full  of  emptiness  had  bladdered. 

G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph. 

bladder-blight  (blad'er-blit),  ».    See  blight. 
bladder-brand  (blad'er-brand),  n.     Same   as 


bunt*,  1. 

system,   a  subvassal  who  held  ward  of  the  bladder-campion  (blad'er-kam"pi-on),  n.    The 
king's  vassal.  popular  name  of  the  plant  Silene  inflata:  so 

black-wash  (blak'wosh).  M.    1.  A  lotion  com-    called  from  its  inflated  calyx, 
posed  of  calomel  and  lime-water.  —  2.   Any  bladdered  (blad'erd),  p.  a.    Swelled  like  a  blad- 
wash  that  blackens.  der;  puffed  up;  vain. 

Dryden,  Epic  Poetry. 


Remove  .  .  .  the  modern  layers  of  black-ieash,  and  let        A  blaildered  greatness. 

the  man  himself  .  .  .  be  seen.  ****  bladder.fern    (blad'er-fern),  ».     The  common 

name  of  Cystopteris,  a  genus  of  ferns :  so  called 
from  the  bladder-like  indusium. 
Five  species  are  known ;  Great  Britain 
and  North  America  have  three  each, 
and  of  these  two  are  common  to  both 
countries;  the  flfth  occurs  in  Silesia 
and  the  Carpathian  mountains. 

bladder-gastrula  (blad '  er  - 
gas"tro'-la),  v.  Same  as  peri- 
tiastrula. 

purple  color,  and  is  very  valuable  for  furniture  and  carv-  bladder-green    (blad'er-gren), 
ing,  as  well  as  for  cart-wheels,  gun-carriages,  etc.     Also     ''•      °ame  M*ap-07W». 
called  East  Indian  rosewood.  bladder-herb   (blad'er-erb),  n. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  Acacia  Melanoxylon,  the  The  winter-cherry,  Physalis  Al- 
most valuable  timber  of  Australia,  noted  for  kekengi :  so  called  from  its  in- 
its  hardness  and  durability .— 3.  In  the  West  flated  calyx. 
Indies,  the  name  given  to  the  black  mangrove,  bladder-kelp  (blad'er-kelp),  ».  1.  Same  as 
Avicennia  nitida,  a  small  tree  of  sea-coast  marsh-  bladder-wrack. —  2.  A  seaweed  of  the  California 
es,  with  very  heavy,  hard,  and  dark-brown  or  coast,  of  the  genus  Nereocystis,  having  an  ex- 
nearly  black  wood.  The  tree  is  also  found  in  ceedingly  long  stem  which  dilates  above  into 
southern  Florida.  a  bladder  several  feet  in  length, 


8.  In  molding,  a  clay  wash  to  which  powdered 
charcoal  has  been  added.  See  blacking,  3. 

black-water  (blak'wa"ter),  ».  A  disease  of 
sheep. 

black- whale  (blak'hwal),  n.  A  delphinoid  ce- 
tacean, Globicephalus  svineval,  more  generally 
called  blackfish. 

blackwood  (blak' wild),  n.  1.  The  wood  of  a 
large  leguminous  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  Dal- 
bergia  latifolia.  It  is  extremely  hard,  mostly  of  a  dark 


Bladder-fern.—  Pin- 
nule of  Cystopteris 
fragilis,  with  hooti- 
shaped  indusia. 


Fucus  vesiculosus :  so  named  from  the  floating- 
vesicles  in  its  fronds.  Also  called  bladder-kelp, 
sea-oak,  and  sea-wrack.  See  Fucus. 

bladdery  (blad'er-i),  a.  [<  bladder  +  -yl.~\ 
Thin,  membranous,  and  inflated  or  distended, 
like  a  bladder ;  vesicular ;  blistered ;  pustular. 
—  Bladdery  fever.  Same  as  pemphitjuit. 

blade  (blad),  n.  [<  ME.  blad,  blade,  bladde,  a 
leaf  of  grass  or  corn  (not  found  in  the  general 
sense  of  'leaf'),  commonly  the  cutting  part  of 
a  knife  or  sword,  the  sword  itself,  <  AS.  bltxd 
(pi.  bladu,  blado),  a  leaf,  broad  part  of  a  thing, 
as  of  an  oar  (=  OS.  Wad  =  OFries.  Med  =  D. 
blad  =  MLG.  blat,  LG.  blad  =  OHG.  MHG.  blat, 
G.  Wort  =  Icel.  Wad/i  =  Sw.  Dan.  Wad,  a  leaf), 
perhaps,  with  orig.  pp.  suffix  -d  (as  in  sad,  cold, 
old,  loud,  etc.),  <  blowan  (i/*Wa,  *Wo),  blow, 
bloom,  whence  also  E.  bloom1,  blossom,  akin 
to  L.  flos  (flor-),  ->  E.  flower.  To  the  same  ult. 
root  belongs  perhaps  L.  folium  =  Gr.  ^ivlAov, 
leaf :  see  folio,  foil1.  The  reg.  mod.  E.  form 
would  be  Mod  (like  sad,  glad,  etc.);  the  long 
vowel  is  due  to  the  ME.  inflected  forms,  blade, 
etc.]  1.  The  leaf  of  a  plant,  particularly  (now 
perhaps  exclusively)  of  gramineous  plants;  also, 
the  young  stalk  or  spire  of  gramineous  plants. 
But  when  the  blade  was  sprung  up  and  brought  forth 
fruit,  then  appeared  the  tares  also.  Mat.  -viii.  -'". 

Whoever  could  make  .  .  .  two  blades  of  grass  to  grow 
.  .  .  where  only  one  grew  before,  would  ilt  S.TVI  I >etter  of 
mankind  .  .  .  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians. 

Sirift,  (inlliver's  Travels,  u.  7. 

The  varying  year  with  «,«/.  ami  sheaf. 

'/'<•// Ki/*i>u,  Day-Dream. 

2.  In  bot.,  the  lamina  or  broad  part  of  a  leaf, 
petal,  si'pal.  etc.,  us  distinguished  from  the 
'  or  I'iKiMalk.  See  cut  under  It-itf. —  3. 


Anything  resembling  a  blade,    (a)  A  sword  ;  also, 
the  Hat,  thin,  cutting  part  of  a  knife  or  other  cutting-t 


g-tool. 


blade 


If  ere  your  Made* 
Had  point  or  prowess,  prove  them  now. 

.!/... ..r,  l-alla  Ronkli. 

The  famous  Damascus  blade*.  M  t.  >."»nr,l  in  the  time 
of  the  Crusaders,  an-  made  liere  no  longer. 

/;.  Tiiiili'i;  l-aiids  "( !!"•  Saracen,  p.  I'M. 

(It)  The  broad,  flattened  part  of  certain  instruments  mid 

utensils,  as  ..f  an  our,  a  paddle,  a  spade,  etc . 

The  W.i./.'  of  her  light  t.ur  threw  oil  its  shower  of  spray. 

H7,,t/..',,  r.hdul  "f  rennaeoofc. 

(c)  A  hroad  flattened  part  of  a  Lone:  as,  a  Jaw-Matte ; 
spccillcally,  tile  ftrapnla  or  thoaldn  blade. 

Atrides'  lailc-e  did  g.M. 
I'yliemen's  should. -r  in  the  blade. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  \: 

Id)  The  front  (hit  part  of  the  tongue.  //.  .SV.W  Hand- 
book  of  Phonetics.  (.•>  A  commerda]  name  for  the  loot 
lar-e  plates  on  the  Bides,  ami  the  five  large  plates  in  the 
middle  "I  the  upper  shell  of  the  sea-turtle,  which  yield 
the  best  tortoise  shell.  (/')  That  Unit)  of  a  level  which  is 
movalile  on  a  pivot  at  the  joint,  in  order  that  it  may  he 
adjusted  to  include  any  angle  between  it  ami  the  stock. 
(.0  The  float  or  vane  of  a  propeller  or  paddle-wheel.  (h) 
The  weh  or  plate  of  a  saw.  (i)  The  edge  of  a  sectorial 
tooth  (j)  In  enlnm.,  one  of  the  Hut,  two-edged  plates 
forming  the  sword-like  ovipositor  of  certain  Orthoptern 
and  Bomoptm  ;  in  a  wider  sense,  the  ovipositor  Itself. 

4.  A  dashing  or  rollicking  fellow;  a  swaggerer; 
a  rakish  fellow ;  strictly,  perhaps,  one  who  is 
sharp  and  wide  awake:  as,  "jolly  blades,"  Lve- 
lyn,  Memoirs,  i. 

The  soldiers  of  the  city,  valiant  Uadts. 

B.  Jmuon,  Magnetlck  Lady,  in.  4. 
A  hrisk  young  fellow,  with  his  hat  cocked  like  a  fool 
behind,  as  the  present  fashion  among  the  blades  is. 

Pepyt,  Diary,  III.  142. 

He  saw  a  turnkey  in  a  trice 
Fetter  a  troublesome  blade. 

Coleridge,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

5.  One  of  the  principal  rafters  of  a  roof .    Oicilt. 
blade  (blad),   r.;   pret.   and  pp.   Waded,   ppr. 

binding.     [<  ME.  Marten  (=  MLG.  Uaden  =  Sw. 

bldda,  thin  out  plants);  from  the  noun.]     I. 

trans.   1.  To  take  off  the  blades  of  (herbs). 

[Now  only  prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To  furnish  with  a 

blade;  fit  a  blade  to.-To  blade  lit,  to  nght  with 

blades  or  swords. 
II.   intraiis.  To  come  into  blade;  produce 

blades. 

As  sweet  a  plant,  as  fair  a  Bower  is  faded, 
As  ever  In  the  Muse's  garden  bladed. 

I".  Fletcher,  Eliza,  an  Elegy. 

blade-bone  (blad'bon),  n.  The  scapula  or  shoul- 
der-blade. 

bladed  (bla'ded),  p.  a.  [<  blade  +  -ed*.]  1. 
Having  a  blade  or  blades,  as  a  plant,  a  knife, 
etc.:  as,  "bladed  grass,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i. 
1;  "bladed  field,"  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  57.— 
2.  Stripped  of  blades  or  leaves.—  3.  In  mineral., 
composed  of  long  and  narrow  plates  like  the 


575 

blady  (bla'di),  n.  [<  Mfide  +  -y*.]  Consisting 
of  blades;  provided  with  blades  or  leav.- : 
as,  "the  Mady  grass,"  Ifrayton,  Polyolbion, 

blae  (bia  or  ble),  a.  and  n.  [Sc.  and  North.  K. ; 
also  written  him,  !>/,</,  hl,ii/:<  ME.  bin,  blnn. 
the  north,  dial,  form  (after  Icel.  blur,  ilark- 
blue,  livid,  =  Sw.  Ma  =  Dan.  blaa,  blue)  corre- 
sponding to  the  reg.  southern  Mo,  Moo,  MM, 
Move,  mod.  E.  dial.  hloir,  <  AS.  "Maw  (in  deriv. 
blaticen,  bluish)  =  OFries.  1,1,1  IT,  bldit  =  MD.  bla, 
Wan  later  blacuic,  D.  blatiuw  =  ML(i.  liliiir,  LG. 
blau  =  OHG.  Ma,,  (l,l,iir-).  MHG.  hid  (Mair-), 
G.  blau  (whence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  Mdrus,  >It. 
biaro  =  OSp.  blavo  =  Pr.  blau,  fern,  bkiva,  =  Ot . 
and  mod.  P.  bleu,  >  M  K.  hi,  »,  blew  (perhaps  in 
part  <  AS.  *Waiw  (as  in  bltemen)  for  •Maw),  mod. 
E.  blue,  q.  v.),  blue,  prob.  =  L.  .flatus,  yellow 
(color-names  are  unstable  in  application):  see 
blue.]  I.  a.  1.  Blue;  blackish-blue;  livid; 
also,  bluish-gray;  lead-colored :  a  color-name 
applied  to  various  shades  of  blue. —  2.  Livid; 
pale-blue :  applied  to  a  person's  complexion,  as 
affected  by  cold,  terror,  or  contusion 


Oh !  sire,  some  of  you  will  stand  with  a  Mae  countenance 
before  the  tribunal  of  Ood.  •*•  Brute. 


II.  n.  [Commonly  in  pi.  Maes;  also  written 
Maize,  blaze.]  In  coal-mining,  indurated  argil- 
laceous shale  or  clay,  sometimes  containing 
nodules  of  iron  ore.  The  same  term  is  also 
applied  to  beds  of  hard  sandstone. 

blaeberry  (bla'ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  blaeberries  (-iz). 
[Sc. ;  also  spelled  Meaberry,  blayberry;  <  blae 
+  berry,  after  Icel.  bldber  =  Sw.  bl&bar  =  Dan. 
blaabier :  see  bilberry.]  The  Scotch  name  of  the 
bilberry. 

blae-linen  (bla 'liu 'en),  n.  A  slate-colored 
linen  beetled  in  the  manufacture.  Also  blay- 

bisesiitas  (ble'si-tas),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  blow*, 
lisping,  stammering;  cf.  Gr.  /3/Uuoof,  crooked, 
bandy-legged.]  1.  Stuttering  or  stammering. 
—  2.  An  imperfection  of  speech  consisting  in 
the  substitution  of  d  for  t,  b  for  p,  etc.  See  psel- 
Ksmus.  [Rare.] 

blafft,  i'.  «'•  [Prob.  <  D.  blaffen  =  MLG.  LG. 
blaffrii,  bark ;  cf.  ME.  wlaffen,  and  baffen,  E. 
fcajfi,  bark:  all  appar.  imitative.]  To  bark. 

Seals  which  would  rise  out  of  the  water,  and  bla/  like  a 
dog.  Capl.  Cowley,  Voy.  (1729),  p.  6.    (A.  i'.  D.) 


blamelessly 

blakeling  (blak'ling),  ».  [K.  dial.,  <  Make,  yel- 
low, +  -lingi.]  The  yellow  bunting,  llnlli- 
mll.  [North.  K.ng.l 

blamable.  blameable  (bla'ma-bl),  a.  [<  blame 
+  -iihl,'.\  Deserving  of  blame  or  censure; 
faulty ;  culpable  ;  reprehensible ;  censurable. 

Such  feelings   though  Miiiiinbl,  ,  were  natural  and  not 

wholly  in. v  u-:iM.  »"  "<''.<",  Mist.  KICK.,  ii. 

blamableness,  blameableness  (bla'ma-bl- 
nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  blama- 
ble; culpability;  faultiness. 

If  we  are  to  measure  degrees  of  blameableneu,  one 
wrong  must  I*  set  off  against  the  other. 

Edinburgh  Hex.,  CLXIV.  450. 

blamably,  blameably  (bla'ma-bli),  adv.  In 
a  blamable  manner;  culpably. 

I  took  occasion  to  observe,  that  the  world  in  gen- 

eral  began  to  be  blamealili/  indifferent  as  to  doctrinal 
matters"  Q«l,l*,ititli.  Vj.-ar,  xlv. 

blame  (blam),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blamed,  ppr. 
h/,imiii<j.  [<  ME.  blumen  =  MI),  blamen  (also 
hlniHcren,  D.  Mameren),  <  OP.  blasmcr,  l,i<- 
F.  bldmer  =  Pr.  blasmar  =  OSp.  blaxmar  = 
It.  biaximare,  <  LL.  Masplieiiiare,  speak  ill  of, 
blame,  also  blaspheme,  <  Gr.  /i'/aa^a/fulv,  speak 
ill,  whence  the  full  E.  form  blaspheme,  q.  v.]  1. 
To  express  disapprobation  of ;  find  fault  with ; 
censure:  opposed  to  praise  or  commend. 

No  lesse  is  to  be  Mam'd  their  odd  pronouncing  of  Latlne, 
so  that  out  of  England  none  were  able  to  understand  or 
endure  It.  Xvelyn,  Diary,  May  13,  1861. 

We  Named  him,  and  with  perfect  justice  and  propriety, 
for  saying  what  he  did  not  mean. 

Macaulatj,  Sadler  s  Ref.  Refuted. 

Formerly  it  might  be  followed  by  of. 


blaffert  (blaf'fert),  n.  [<  MHG.  blaphart,pla- 
nhart,  plappert  =  MLG.  Maffcrt  =  MD.  blaf- 
ferd,  Uaffaert  (ML.  Ma/ardus),  a  silver  com 


jviitj    uiujjufst  *   V^IU-AJ.    v*i*^«/  •  » 

with  a  blank  face,  <  Waffaert,  having  a  blank 
or  plane  face,  <  blnf,  having  a  blank  or  broad 
face :  see  blu/1.]  An  old  silver  coin  of  Cologne, 
worth  about  4  cents. 

blaflum  (blaf'lum),  H.  [Also  bleflum.  Cf.  be- 
fluni.]  Deception;  imposition;  hoax.  [Scotch.] 

blague  (blag),  ».  [F.  J  Humbug ;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  pretentious  falsehood. 

blague  (blag),  r.  ». ;  pret.  and  pp.  blagued,  ppr. 
Mayaing.  [<  F.  blaguer,  humbug,  hoax;  from 
the  noun.]  To  humbug;  boast;  lie  jestingly 


She  la  Belgian  shopkeeper]  laughed,  and  said  I  Magttfd. 
The  Bread-WiHiien,  vi. 


Bladed  Structure,  Cyanite. 


blade  of  a  knife :  as,  Mailed  structure.—  4.  In 

her.,  used  when  the  stalk  or  the  blade  of  any 

kind  of  grain  is  borne  of  a  color  different  from 

the  ear  or  fruit :  as,  an  ear  of  corn  or,  bladed 

vert, 
blade-fish  (blad'fish),  11.    A  name  in  England 

of  the  hairtail,  Tricliinrii.i  1,-jiturus. 
blade-metal  (blad'met'al),  ».    Metal  forsword- 

blades.     Milton. 
blade-mill  (blad'mil),  M.     A  mill  for  grinding 

off  the  rough  surfaces  of  tools  preparatory  to 

polishing  I  hem. 

blade-ore  (blaU'or),  «.  A  general  name  for 
the  species  of  seaweed  belonging  to  the  genus 
l.iiuiinaria  (which  see). 

blader  (bla'der),  11.  It.  One  who  makes 
swords. — 2f.  A  swordsman. — 3.  In  composi- 
tion with  numerals,  a  tool  having  the  number 
of  blades  indicated  by  the  prefix:  as,  three-Wa- 
,1,-r.  [Colloq.] 

bladesmitht  (bUd'smith),  «.  [<  ME.  bladxniyth, 
<  html,  blade,  +  tmitli.]  A  sword-cutler.  York 

Flow, 

blade-spring  (blad'sprint;),  ».  A  form <rf spring 

used  to  lioldiiistoii-rin^'s  in  place. 

hour  :irms.  whieh  serve  a.  ilouble  purliose.  eonnec-tins; 
the  boss  with  the  top  and  bottom  ot  the  piston,  andearry- 
ing  ut  their  extremities  the  ltladt-*i>rituj*. 

Camiiiii,  Meeh.  KnKineering,  p.  142. 


blain  (blan),  Ji.  [<  ME.  blane,  Maun,  bleyn, 
blein,  <  AS.  Megen  (=  D.  Mein  =  LG.  bleien  = 
Dan.  Megn),  perhaps,  like  Madder,  ult.  from  the 
root  of  blawan,  blow,  puff:  see  Mow*.]  1.  A 
pustule ;  a  blotch  ;  a  blister. 

Botches  and  blains  must  nil  his  flesh  emboss. 

Miltun,  P.  L,  xli.  180. 

2.  A  bubble  of  water. —  3.  In  farriery,  a  blad- 
der growing  on  the  root  of  the  tongue  against 
the  windpipe,  and  tending  to  cause  suffocation. 

blaize,  «•  )>'•    See  Mae,  n. 

blakt  Dlaket,  «.   Middle  English  forms  of  Mack: 

blake  (blak),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  Make,  Wok, 
the  northern  form  corresponding  to  the  reg. 
southern  early  ME.  Moke,  bloc,  <  AS.  Mac  (var. 
blaic,  >  ME.  Mechc,  mod.  E.  Meaeli1,  adj.,  also 
prob.  without  assibilation  ME.  'bleke,  mod.  E. 
«<«A-1:  see  bleach*,  a.,  and  bleak*)  (=  OS.  hlfk 
=  D.  Meek  =  MLG.  blek  =  OHG.  Wei  A,  MHG. 
G.  Meich  =  Icel.  Meikr),  shining,  white,  pale,  < 
bliean  (pret.  Mac),  shine,  gleam:  see  Nut*.]  1. 
Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue,  as  the  com- 
plexion ;  of  a  pale-green  or  yellow  hue,  as  vege- 
tation.—  2.  Yellow,  as  butter,  cheese,  etc.— 3. 
Bleak;  cold;  bare;  naked.  JiaUiwcll.  [North. 
KM-.  ] 

blaket,  <'•  '/•  I  Ml-'.,  hliikni.  the-  northern  form 
corresponding  to  the  reg.  southern  early  ME. 
blokm,  <  AS.  li!(ici<in.  bci'ome  pale,  <  Mac,  pale: 
see  Make,  a.]  To  become  pale. 


Tomoreus  he  blam'd  <>/ inconsiderate  rashness. 

Knnllen,  Hist.  Turks. 

2.  To  charge ;  impute  as  a  fault ;  lay  the  re- 
sponsibility of:  as,  he  blames  the  failure  on 
you.  [Colloq.]  — 3f.  To  bring  reproach  upon ; 
blemish;  injure. 

This  111  state  in  which  she  stood ; 
To  which  she  for  his  sake  had  weetingly 
Now  brought  herselfe,  and  blam'd  her  noble  blood. 

Spemer,  f.  Q.,  VI.  Hi.  11. 

[In  such  phrases  as  he  ii  to  blame,  to  blame,  by  an  old 
and  common  construction,  has  the  passive  meaning  'to 
lie  blamed,  blamable.'  Compare  a  haute  to  let,  hire,  baud; 
grain  ready  to  cut,  etc. 

You  were  to  blame,  I  must  be  plain  with  you. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 

I  was  to  blame  to  be  so  rash  ;  I  am  sorry. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ill.  4. 

In  writers  of  the  Elizabethan  period  it  was  often  written 
(oo  blame,  blame  apparently  being  mistaken  for  an  adjec- 
tive.]=8yn.  1.  To  reprove,  reproach,  chide,  upbraid, 
reprehend.  See  decry. 

blame  (blam),  «.  [<  ME.  blame  =  MD.  blame, 
D.  blaam,  <  OF.  Masme,  P.  bldme  (=  Pr.  Masme 
=  OSp.  Pg.  Masmo  =  It.  biasimo),  <  blasmer,  y., 
blame:  see  blame,  r.]  1.  An  expression  of  dis- 
approval of  something  deemed  to  be  wrong; 
imputation  of  a  fault ;  censure;  reprehension. 
Let  me  liear  the  blame  for  ever.  Gen.  xliii.  i». 

2.  That  which  is  deserving  of  censure  or  dis- 
approbation ;  fault ;  crime ;  sin. 

That  we  should  lie  holy  and  without  Name  before  him. 

Kph.  1.  4. 

3.  Culpability;    responsibility  for  something 
that  is  wrong:  as,  the  Wawe  is  yours.— 4f. 
Hurt;  injury. 

And  I  the  blow]  glauneing  downe  his  shield  from  blame  htm 
fairly  blest.  Speiuer,  V.  tj.,  I.  ii.  18. 

blameable,  blameableness,  blameably.    See 

blamable,  blamableness,  blamably. 
blameful  (blam'ful),  a.     [<  blame,  n.,  +  -ful.] 

1.  Meriting    blame;    reprehensible;    faulty; 
guilty;  criminal:  as,  "blameful  thinges,"  Chau- 
cer, Melibeus. 

Thy  mother  took  into  her  blameful  bed 
Some  stem  untutor'd  churl. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  2. 

2.  Faultfinding;  blaming:  as,  a  blameful  look 
or  word.     JtaMM, 

blamefnlly  (blam'ful-i),  adv.    In  a  blameful 
manner, 
blamefulness   (blam'ful-nes),    H.     [<  blameful 

+  -ness.]     The  state  of  being  blameful, 
blameless    (blam'les),   a.      [ME.    blameles ;  < 
hhiine  +  -less.]    Not  meriting  blame  or  censure ; 
without  fault;  undeserving  of  reproof;  inno- 
cent; guiltless:    as,  "the  HMtaiM  Indians," 
Thomson,  Memory  of  Lord  Talbot. 
We  will  be  biamele**  of  this  thine  oath.         Josh.  ii.  17. 
Wearing  the  white  flower  of  a  lAamelea*  life. 

Tennymn,  Ded.  of  Idylls. 

=  Syn.  Kanltleisa.lrTeproaehal.le.  unimpeachable,  unsul- 
lied, spotless    stall. I.-"",  until.  II. ished. 

blamelessly  (blain'les-li),  adr.    Ill  a  blaun-l.-ss 
manner;  without  fault  or  crime ;  innocently. 


blamelessness 

blamelessness  (blam'les-nes),  ».    The  state  or 

quality  of  being  blameless ;  innocence ;  purity. 

Thy  white  btontetonMH  accounted  blame. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

blamer  (bla'mer),  «.  One  who  blames,  finds 
fault,  or  censures:  as,  "blainers  ot  the  times," 
Donne,  To  Countess  of  Bedford,  iii. 
blameworthiness  (blam '  wer  "  Tiii  -  nes) ,  n.  [< 
blameworthy  +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being 
blameworthy ;  blamableuess. 

Praise  and  lilame  express  what  actually  are,  praisewor- 
thiness  and  Manmmrthinem  what  naturally  ought  to  be, 
the  sentiments  of  other  people  with  regard  to  our  charac- 
ter and  conduct. 

Adam  Smith,  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  iii.  3. 
Blame  I  can  bear,  though  not  blamewarthine»s. 

Bromihiff,  King  and  Book,  I.  140. 

blameworthy  (blam' wer "TH!),  «.  [<  ME. 
blameworthy,  <  blame  +  worthy.']  Deserving 
blame ;  censurable  ;  culpable ;  reprehensible. 
That  the  sending  of  a  divorce  to  her  husband  was  not 
blaiiieimrthy ,  he  affirms,  because  the  man  was  heinously 
vicious.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  22. 

blanc  (blangk;  F.  pron.  blon),  n.  [OF.  Wane, 
a  silver  coin  (see  def.  2),  <  blanc,  a.,  white :  see 
blank.]  1.  A  silver  coin,  weighing  about  47 


576 

Blanch  lion,  anciently,  the  title  of  one  of  the  pursuivants 
of  arms. 

II.  n.  If.  Same  as  blanc,  3. — 2+.  A  white 
spot  on  the  skin. —  3.  In  mining,  a  piece  of  ore 
found  isolated  in  the  hard  rock.  B.  Hunt. 


[Eng.] 
blan 


Obverse.  Revei 

Blanc  of  Henry  VI..  British  Museum.    ( Size  of  the 


riginal. ) 


grains,  struck  by  Henry  VI.  of  England  (1422- 
1461)  for  his  French  dominions.     Sometimes 
spelled  blank  or  bland: 
Have  you  any  money  ?  he  answered,  Not  a  blanck. 

B.  Jonson,  Gayton's  Fest.  Night. 
2.  A  French  silver  coin,  first  issued  by  Philip  of 
Valois  (1328-1350)  at  the  value  of  10  deniers, 
or  sV  livre.  Under  King  John  the  Good  (1350-1364) 
the  blanc  was  coined  at  5  deniers.  Under  Charles  VI.  and 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Blanc  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  British  Museum.  ( Size  of  the  original. } 

his  successors  the  blauc  was  worth  10  deniers,  and  the 
demi-blanc  5  deniers.  From  Louis  XI.  to  Francis  I.  a 
grand  blanc  was  issued  worth  12  deniers,  or  -^  livre,  and 
a  petit  blanc  of  one  half  that  value.  After  the  time  of 
Francis  I.  the  grand  blanc  was  no  longer  coined ;  but  the 
petit  blanc  was  retained  as  a  money  of  account,  and  was 
reckoned  at  5  deniers,  or  -£%  livre ;  it  was  commonly  called 
simply  blanc.  The  blanc  was  coined  according  to  both  the 
tournois  and  the  parisis  systems,  the  latter  coins,  like 
others  of  the  same  system,  being  worth  one  quarter  more 
than  those  of  the  same  name  in  the  former  system. 
3.  A  white  paint,  especially  for  the  face. — 4. 
A  piece  of  ware  such  as  is  generally  decorated, 
sold  or  delivered  without  its  decoration.  At  the 
Sevres  and  other  porcelain-factories  pieces  not  quite  per- 
fect in  shape  are  sold  undeeorated,  but  bearing  a  special 
ineffaceable  mark,  which  distinguishes  them  from  those 
finished  in  the  factory. 

5.  A  rich  stock  or  gravy  in  which  made  dishes 
or  entries  are  sometimes  served.— Blanc  d'ar- 
gent,  a  pigment,  the  carbonate  of  lead,  or  white  lead,  usu- 
ally found  in  commerce  in  small  drops. —  Blanc  fixe,  an 
artificially  prepared  sulphate  of  barium,  made  by  dissolv- 


as  an  adulterant  of  paper,  pigments,  etc. 

blancard  (blang'kard),  n.  [F.,  <  blanc,  white 
(see  blank),  +  -ard.]  A  kind  of  linen  cloth 
manufactured  in  Normandy :  so  called  because 
the  thread  is  half  blanched  before  it  is  woven. 

blanch1  (blanch),  a.  and  n.  [Also  written 
blench;  <  ME.  blanche,  blaunche,<  OF.  blanche, 
fern,  of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  «.]  I.  a.  If. 

White;  pale.— 2f.    Same   as   blench2 Blanch 

farm.  See  l/laitc/i-farm.  Blanch  fevert  IF.  "tirrm 
blanches,  the  agues  wherewith  maidens  that  have  the 
green-sickness  be  troubled,"  Co(y /•««],  literally,  pide 
fever;  hence,  to  have  the  blanch  fatter  is  either  to  be  in 
love  or  to  be  sick  with  wantonness. 

And  som,  thou  seydest  hadde  a  blattche  fevere, 
And  preyedest  God  he  sholde  nevere  ke'vere. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  !)l(i. 


blanch1  (blanch),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blaunch;  <  ME.  blaunchen,  blanchen,  <  OF.  blan- 
cMr  (F.  blanchir),  <  blanc  (>  ME.  blank,  blanch), 
white:  see  blank.']  I.  trans.  1.  To  make  white; 
whiten  by  depriving  of  color ;  render  colorless : 
as,  to  blanch  linen. —  2.  In  hort.,  to  whiten  or 
prevent  from  becoming  green  by  excluding  the 
light :  a  process  applied  to  the  stems  or  leaves 
of  plants,  such  as  celery,  lettuce,  sea-kale,  etc. 
It  Is  done  by  banking  up  earth  about  the  stems  of  the 

Slants,  tying  the  leaves  together  to  keep  the  inner  ones 
•om  the  light,  or  covering  with  pots,  boxes,  or  the  like. 
3.  To  make  pale,  as  with  sickness,  fear,  cold, 
etc. 

Keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks, 
When  mine  are  blanch'd  with  fear. 

Shot.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

4f.  Figuratively,  to  give  a  fair  appearance  to, 
as  an  immoral  act;  palliate;  slur;  pass  over. 

They  extoll  Coustantine  because  he  extol'd  them;  as 
our  homebred  Monks  in  their  Histories  blanch  the  Kings 
their  Benefactors,  and  brand  those  that  went  about  to  be 
their  Correctors.  Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 

Blanch  over  the  blackest  and  most  absurd  things. 

TilloUon,  Works,  I.  SO. 

5.  In  cookery,  to  soak  (as  meat  or  vegetables) 
in  hot  water,  or  to  scald  by  a  short,  rapid  boil- 
ing, for  the  purpose  of  producing  firmness  or 
whiteness. —  6.  In  the  arts,  to  whiten  or  make 
lustrous  (as  metals)  by  acids  or  other  means ; 
also,  to  cover  with  a  thin  coating  of  tin.— TO 
blanch  almonds,  to  deprive  them  of  their  skins  by  im- 
mersion in  hot  water  and  a  little  friction,  after  their  shells 
have  been  removed. 

One  word  more,  and  I'll  blanch  thee  like  an  almond. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  2. 
=  Syn.  1  and  2.  Etiolate,  etc.    See  whiten. 
fl.  intrans.  To  become  white ;  turn  pale. 
The  ripple  would  hardly  blanch,  into  spray 
At  the  feet  of  the  cliff.        Tennyson,  The  Wreck. 
Drew  his  toil-worn  sleeve  across 

To  brush  the  manly  tear 
From  cheeks  that  never  changed  in  woe, 
And  never  blanched  in  fear. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Pilgrim's  Vision. 

blanch2!  (blanch),  v.  [A  corruption  of  blench}, 
simulating  blanch*,  turn  pale :  see  blench*."] 

1.  trans.  To  shun  or  avoid,  as  from  fear ;  evade. 
The  judges  .  .  .  thought  it  ...  dangerous  ...  to  ad- 
mit ifs  and  ands  to  qualifie  the  words  of  treason,  whereby 
every  man  might  expresse  his  malice  and  blanch  his  dan- 
ger. Bacon,  Hen.  VII.,  p.  134. 

By  whose  importunitie  was  the  saile  slacken'd  in  the 
first  encounter  with  the  Dutch,  or  whether  I  am  to  blanch 
this  particular?  Evelyn,  To  my  Lord  Treasurer. 

II.  intrans.  To  shrink;  shift;  equivocate. 
Books  will  speak  plain  when  counsellors  blanch. 

Bacon,  Of  Counsel. 

blanched  (blaneht), p.  a.  Whitened;  deprived 
of  color;  bleached. 

And  still  she  slept  an  azure-lidded  sleep, 
In  blanched  linen,  smooth,  and  lavender'd. 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  xxx. 

Specifically  applied  to  coins  and  silver  articles  contain- 
ing copper  which  have  been  submitted  to  the  action  of  hot 
dilute  sulphuric  acid,  to  dissolve  a  part  of  the  copper  of  the 
alloy  on  the  surface,  and  leave  a  film  or  coating  richer  in 
silver.— Blanched  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  arse- 
nic, in  about  the  proportion  of  10  of  the  former  to  1  of  the 
latter.  It  is  used  for  clock-dials  and  thermometer-  and 
barometer-scales.  It  is  prepared  by  heating  copper  clip- 
pings with  white  arsenic  (arsenious  acid),  arranged  in  al- 
ternate layers  and  covered  with  common  salt,  in  an  earth- 
en crucible. 

blancher1  (blan'cher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blauncher,  <  ME.  blancher ;  <  blanch*  +  -er*.~\ 
One  who  blanches  or  whitens,  in  any  sense  of 
the  verb  blanch*. 

blancher2t  (blan'cher),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
blauncher,  blaunsher,  etc. ;  <  blanch?  (=  blench*) 
+  -er*.]  1.  One  who  turns  aside  or  causes 
to  turn  aside ;  a  perverter. 

These  blaiicherx  will  be  ready  to  whisper  the  king  in  the 

ear,  and  to  tell  him  that  this  abuse  is  hut  a  small  matter. 

Latitner,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

2.  One  stationed  for  the  purpose  of  turning 
game  in  some  direction ;  a  sewel  (which  see). 

Zelmane  was  like  one  that  stood  in  a  tree  waiting  a 
good  occasion  to  shoot,  and  Gynecia  a  blancher  which 
kept  the  dearest  deer  from  her.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

And  there  we  found  one  Mr.  Greenfield,  a  gentleman  of 
Buckinghamshire,  gathering  up  part  of  the  said  books' 
leaves  (as  he  said),  therewith  to  make  him  sewels  or 
tiliimixltrrei  to  keel)  the  deer  within  tile  wood,  thereby 
to  have  the  better  cry  witli  his  hounds. 

Laiitun,  in  K.  W.  Dixon's  Hist.  Oh.  of  Kiift.,  iv. 

3.  One  who  starts  or  balks  at  anything.  N.M.I). 
blanch-farm,  blanch-ferm,  n.    [<  OF.  blanche 

ferine,   lit.   white  rent:   see  blanch*,   a.,   and 


blandiloquence 

farm.']  Rent  paid  in  silver  instead  of  in  ser- 
vice or  produce ;  also,  a  kind  of  nominal  quit- 
rent,  paid  with  a  small  piece  of  silver  or  other- 
wise. Also  written  blench-farm,  blench-fenn, 
and  blench-firm. 

blanch-holding  (blanch '  hoi "  ding),  n.  A 
Scotch  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  is  bound  to 
pay  only  a  nominal  or  trifling  yearly  duty  to 
his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his 
right,  and  only  if  demanded.  Also  written 
bleneh-holding. 

blanchimeter  (blan-ehim'e-ter),  n.     [Irreg. 

<  blanch  +  meter.     Cf.  altimeter.]     An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  bleaching  power  of 
oxymuriate  (chlorid)  of  lime  and  potash. 

blanching  (blan'ching),  n.  The  act  of  render- 
ing blanched  or  white;  specifically,  any  pro- 
cess applied  to  silver  or  other  metals  to  impart 
whiteness  and  luster. 

blanching-liquor  (blan'ching-lik"or),  n.  The 
solution  of  chlorid  of  lime  used  for  bleaching. 
Also  called  blcaching-liquid. 

blanckt,  a.  and  n.   An  obsolete  spelling  of  blank. 

blanc-mange,  blanc-manger  (bla-monzh', 
-mpn-zha'),  n.  {The  present  spelling  and  pron. 
imitate  the  mod.  F.  Also  written  blamange,  bio- 
mange,  blumange,  bhiemange,  according  to  the 
current  pronunciation;  early  mod.  E.  also  blauc- 
manger,  blowmanger,  etc., <  ME.  blamanger,  blaic- 
manger,  blammanger,  blanmanger,  blankmangcr, 
blancmanger,  etc.,  a  preparation  of  different 
kinds;  <  OF.  (and  F.)  blanc-manger  (=  Sp. 
manjar  bianco),  lit.  white  food,  <  blanc,  white, 
+  manger,  eating,  prop,  inf.,  eat:  see  blank 
and  manger.']  In  cookery,  a  name  of  different 
preparations  of  the  consistency  of  jelly,  vari- 
ously composed  of  dissolved  isinglass,  arrow- 
root, corn-starch,  etc.,  with  milk  and  flavoring 
substances.  It  is  frequently  made  from  a  marine  alga, 
Chondrua  crispus,  called  Irish  moss,  which  is  common  on 
the  coasts  of  Europe  and  North  America.  The  blanc- 
tnatiffer  mentioned  by  Chaucer  in  the  General  Prologue  to 
the  Canterbury  Tales,  1.  387,  was  apparently  a  compound 
made  of  capon  minced  with  flour,  sugar,  and  cream. 

bianco  (blang'ko),  n.  [Sp.,  <  bianco,  a.,  white  : 
see  blanlc.'}  A  grade  of  cochineal-bugs,  often 
called  silver-whites,  from  their  peculiar  lus- 
trous appearance,  in  distinction  from  the  black 
bugs  or  zacatillas.  They  are  picked  into  bags  and 
immediately  dried  in  a  stove,  while  the  others  are  first 
thrown  into  hot  water. 

bland1!,  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.),  <  ME.  blan- 
den,  blonden,  <  AS.  blandan  (pret.  blednd,  pp. 
blanden)  =OS.  blandan  =  OHG.  blantan  =  Icel. 
blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  blande  =  Goth,  blan- 
dan (redupl.  verb,  pret.  baibland,  pp.  blandans), 
mix;  rare  in  AS.,  and  in  later  use  superseded 
by  blend*,  q.  v.]  To  mix;  blend. 

bland1  (bland),  ».  [(1)  ME.,  <  AS.  bland  (= 
Icel.  bland),  mixture  (Icel.  i  bland,  in  union,  to- 
gether), <  blandan,  mix;  (2)  <  Icel.  blanda,  a 
mixture  of  liquids,  esp.  of  hot  whey  with  water, 

<  blanda  =  AS.  blandan,  mix,  blend :  see  bland*, 
i'.]     If.   Mixture  ;   union. —  2.    An   agreeable 
summer  beverage  prepared  from  the  whey  of 
churned  milk,  common  among  the  inhabitants 

of  the    Shetland    islands In  bland*,  together; 

blended. 

bland2  (bland),  a.  [<  L.  blandus,  caressing, 
soft,  agreeable,  flattering,  perhaps  orig.  *mlan- 
dus,  akin  to  mollis,  mild,  Skt.  mridit,  Gr.  /lelAt- 
X<%,  E.  wild,  etc.:  see  mild,  moll.']  1.  Mild; 
soft;  gentle;  balmy. 
Exhilarating  vapour  bland.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1047. 

The  weather  .  .  .  being  for  the  most  part  of  a  bland  and 
equal  temperature.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  14. 

2.  Affable;  suave;  soothing;  kindly:  as," bland 
words,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  855. 

His  manners  were  gentle,  complying,  and  bland. 

Goldsmith,  Retaliation,  1.  140. 

Bland  the  smile  that  like  a  wrinkling  wind 
On  glassy  water  drove  his  cheek  in  lines. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

3.  Mildj   free  from  irritating  qualities:   said 
of  certain  medicines:  as,  bland  oils. — 4.  Not 
stimulating:    said   of  food.  =  Syn.  Mild,  etc.    See 
gentle. 

b'land2t,  >'.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.),  <  ME. 
blanden,  blonden,  blannden.  =  MD,  blniidrn,  < 
OF.  blandir  (>  also  E.  blandish,  q.  v.),  <  L.  blan- 
diri,  flatter,  caress:  nee  blandish."]  To  flatter; 
blandish. 

blandationt  (blan-da'shou),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*bliintJatin(ii-),  equiv.  to"  blanilitin,  <  blandiri, 
pp.  biiindiliin,  flatter:  see  hlttndisli.']  A  piece 
of  flattery;  blandishment.  Camden. 

blandiloquence  (blan-dil'o-kwens),  n.  [<  L. 
blaiidiloqiiriitiH,  <  blandiloqueii(t-)s,  speaking 


blandlloquence 

flatteringly,  <  blanduit,  flattering,  +  loquen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  Tor/Mi,  speak.]     Fair,  mild,  or  flatter- 
ing speech  ;  courteous  language ;  compliment. 
[Rare.] 
blandimentt  (blan'di-ment),  n.    [=  Sp.  blau- 

diniii'ntii  =  It.  hhtndimtiiiii,  <  Jj.  bliiiiiliiiirntuin,(. 
liliniiliri,  flatter:  see  blandish.']  Blandishment; 
allurement ;  enticement. 

Allure  no  man  with  suasions  and  hlandimtnti. 

Up.  Burnet,  Injunctions  to  the  Monasteries, 
Itemp.  Hen.  VIII.,  I.,  App. 

blandiset,  ''•  A  Middle  English  form  of  blandish. 
blandish  (lilan'dish),  p.  [<  ME.  blaundislten, 
blandisen,  <  OF.  blandiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  blandir=  Pr.  Sp.  blaiidir  =  It.  blantlire,  <  L. 
blandiri,  flatter,  caress,  <  blandus,  caressing, 
gentle,  bland :  see  bland",  a.]  I.  trims.  1.  To 
Hatter ;  caress ;  coax  or  cajole  with  complai- 
sant speech  or  caressing  act. —  2.  To  render 
pleasing,  alluring,  or  enticing. 

In  former  days  a  country-life, 

Fur  so  time-honoured  poets  sing, 
Free  from  anxiety  and  strife, 
Was  Unn/lix/i'd  by  perpetual  spring. 

•  /-  O.  Cooper,  Retreat  of  Aristippus,  Ep.  i. 

3.  To  offer  or  bestow  blandly  or  caressingly: 
as,  to  blandish  words  or  favors.  [Bare  and 
archaic  in  all  uses.] 

Il.t  intrttns.  To  assume  a  caressing  or  blan- 
dishing manner. 

How  she  blandishing 

r.y  Dunsmore  drives  along. 

Drayton,  Polyolbioii,  xiii.  318. 

blandished  (blan'disht),  p.  a.  Invested  with 
flattery,  cajolery,  or  blandishment. 

Mustering  all  her  wiles, 
With  blamlish'd  parlies,  feminine  assaults. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  403. 

blandisher  (blan'dish-er),  n.  One  who  blan- 
dishes ;  a  flatterer. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  n.     [<  ME.  blan- 
disingc;  verbal  n.  of  blandish.']    Blandishment. 
Double-hearted  friends,  whose  blandishing* 
Tickle  our  ears,  but  sting  our  bosoms. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  vi.  3. 

blandishing  (blan'dish-ing),  a.  [<  ME.  blaun- 
dysltiny ;  ppr.  of  blandish.]  Mild;  soothing. 

The  see  hath  eke  his  ryght  to  be  somtimc  calm  and 
I'linniii  iixliiii'j  with  smothc  water. 

Chaucer,  Boethlus,  ii.,  prose  2. 

blandishment  (blan'dish-ment),  n.  [<  OF.  blan- 
dissemcnt,  <  blandir:  see  blandish  and  -ment.'] 

1.  Speech  or  action  expressive  of  affection  or 
kindness,  and  tending  to  win  the  heart ;  an  art- 
ful caress ;  flattering  attention ;  cajolery ;  en- 
dearment. 

As  thus  he  spake,  each  bird  and  beast  behold 
Approaching  two  and  two ;  these  cowering  low 
With  blaii<li*hment :  each  bird  stoop'd  on  his  wing. 

jtfitton,  P.  L.,  vili.  351. 
Blandishments  will  not  fascinate  us. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Bunker  Hill. 

2.  Something  bland  or  pleasing;  that  which 
pleases  or  allures. 

The  rose  yields  her  sweet*  blandishment. 

Habington,  Castara,  ii. 
The  blandishments  of  early  friendships. 

Longfellow,  Hyperion,  Iv.  6. 

blandly  (bland'li),  adv.    In  a  bland  manner; 
with  suavity ;  mildly ;  gently, 
blandness  (bland'nes),  «.     [<  bland  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bland ;  mildness ; 
gentleness ;  soothinguess. 

Envy  was  disarmed  by  the  blandne»»  of  Albemarle's 
temper.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 

blandurilla(blan-du-rira),n.  [8p.,dim.of  blan- 
dura,  softness,  a  white  paint  used  by  women, 
<  blando,  soft,  bland,  <  L.  blandus:  see  bland*, 
«.]  A  fine  soft  pomatum  made  in  Spain. 

blank  (blangk),  a.  and  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bliinc,  blanck;  <  ME.  blank,  fern,  blanche  (see 
blanch1,  a.),  <  OF.  blanc,  fern,  blanche,  white 
(=  Pr.  blanc  =  Sp.  bianco  =  Pg.  branco  =  It. 
bianco;  ML.  blaaeus),  <  OHG.  blanch,  MHG. 
blanc,  Or.  blank,  shining,  bright  (=  MLG.  blank 
=  D.  blanl:  =  Sw.  Dan.  blank,  shining,  =  AS. 
"blanc,  only  in  poet,  deriv.  blanca,  a  white  or 
gray  horse,  ME.  blanke,  blonke,  Sc.  blank;  cf. 
Icel.  blaJckr,  poet.,  a  horse,  steed) ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  a  Teut.  verb  "blinkan  (pret.  *blanl;), 
shine,  which,  however,  is  not  found  in  the 
older  tongues:  see  blink.  In  the  sense  of  a 
coin  (II.,  7,  8),  OF.  blanc,  MLG.  blank,  MD. 
blanrkc  (ML.  Matica),  orig.  with  ref.  to  the  color 
of  silver.]  I.  a.  1.  White  or  pale:  as,  "the 
blanc  moon,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  656. 

Blank  as  death  in  nmrMe.  Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

2.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror ;  hence,  dispirited ; 
dejected :  confounded ;  confused. 
37 


577 

Adam,  soon  as  lie  heard 
The  fatal  trespass  done  by  Eve,  amazed, 
Astouied  st.HHl  ami  blank.     Milton,  P.  L,  Ix.  890. 
Iti  old  woman  wox  half  i>l>m<-l:  those  wordes  to  hoare. 
Spenter,  V.  Q.,  III.  iii.  17. 

3.  Empty  or  unoccupied ;  void ;  bare. 

So  blacken'd  all  her  world  in  secret,  blank 
And  waste  it  seem'd  and  vain. 

Tenwjum,  Princess,  vli. 
Now  slowly  falls  the  dull  blank  night 

Bryant,  Rain-Dream. 

Specifically  —  (a)  Free  from  written  or  printed  characters ; 
not  written  upon  :  as,  a  blank  book  ;  blank  paper  ;  blank 
spaces.  ('>)  Not  tilled  up  :  applied  to  legal,  banking  com- 
mercial, or  other  forms:  as,  a  blank  check  or  order;  a 
1,1,1  iik  ballot ;  a  blank  bond,  (c)  Of  uniform  surface  ;  un- 
relieved or  unbroken  by  ornament  or  opening  :  as,  a  blank 
wall.  ((/)  Empty  of  result*,  of  interest,  etc. :  as,  a  blank 
outlook  for  the  future. 

4.  Without  con  tents;  especially,  wanting  some 
part  necessary  to  completeness :  as,  blank  car- 
tridges, that  is,  cartridges  containing  powder 
but  no  ball. — 5.  Vacant  in  expression;  exhib- 
iting perplexity,  real  or  feigned;  nonplussed; 
disconcerted. 

Never  be  blank,  Alonzo, 
Because  this  fellow  has  ouUtript  thy  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  II.  2. 

The  Danuell  of  Burgundie,  at  sight  of  her  own  letter, 
was  soon  blank,  and  more  ingenuous  then  to  stand  out- 
facing. Milton,  Elkonoklastes,  xxi. 


6.  Complete;  utter;  unmitigated:  as, 
stupidity,"  Percival. 

All  but  the  suffering  heart  was  dead 
For  him  abandoned  to  blank  awe, 
To  vacancy,  and  horror  strong. 

Wordsworth,  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  vi. 

7.  Unrimed :  applied  to  verse,  particularly  to 
the  heroic  verse  of  five  feet  without  rime,  such 
as  that  commonly  adopted  in  English  dramatic 
and  epic  poetry — Blank  bar,  bond,  cartridge, 
charter,  door,  flange,  Indorsement,  wheel,  etc.    See 
the  nouns. 

II.  n.  1.  Any  void  space  or  vacant  surface; 
a  space  from  which  something  is  absent  or 
omitted;  a  void;  a  vacancy:  as,  a  blank  in 
one's  memory ;  to  leave  blanks  in  writing. 

I  cannot  write  a  paper  full  as  I  used  to  do,  and  yet  I 
will  not  forgive  a  blank  of  half  an  inch  from  you.  Swift. 

From  the  cheerful  ways  of  men 
Cut  off,  and  for  the  book  of  knowledge  fair 
Presented  with  a  universal  blank 
Of  nature's  works,  to  me  expunged  and  rased. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  48. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  prepared  for  some  spe- 
cial use,  but  without  writing  or  printed  matter 
on  it. 

The  freemen  signified  their  approbation  by  an  inscribed 
vote,  and  their  dissent  by  a  blank.  Palfrey. 

3.  A  form  or  document  containing  blank  spaces ; 
a  document  remaining  incomplete  till  some- 
thing essential  is  filled  in. 

And  daily  new  exactions  are  devls'd  — 

As  blanks,  benevolences,  and  I  wot  not  what. 

SAoi.,  Rich.  II.,  H.  1. 

4.  In  parliamentary  usage,  provisional  words 
printed  in  italics  in  a  bill,  the  final  form  of 
which  is  to  be  settled  in  committee. —  5.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize  is  indi- 
cated; a  lot  by  wnich  nothing  is  gained. 

In  a  lottery  where  there  are  (at  the  lowest  computation) 
ten  thousand  blanks  to  a  prize,  It  la  the  most  prudent 
choice  not  to  venture. 

Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  Jan.  28, 1753. 

6.  In  archery,  the  white  mark  in  the  center  of 
a  butt  or  target  at  which  an  arrow  is  aimed ; 
hence  (archaically),  the  object  toward  which 
anything  is  directed ;  aim ;  target. 

As  level  as  the  cannon  to  his  blank. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  Iv.  1. 
Let  me  still  remain 
The  true  blank  of  thine  eye. 

Shiik.,  Lear,  I.  1. 

Quite  beyond  my  arm,  out  of  the  blank 
And  level  of  my  brain.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  il.  8. 

7.  Same  as  blanc,  1. — 8.  A  small  copper  coin 
formerly  current  in  France. 

Refuse  not  a  marvedi,  a  blank. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Oypsy,  II.  1. 
9.  A  piece  of  metal  prepared  to  be  formed  into 
some  finished  object  by  a  further  operation: 
as,  a  blank  for  a  file  or  a  screw;  specifically,  in 
coining,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
and  shaped,  but  not  stamped. — 10.  A  blank 
verse. 

Five  lines  of  that  number, 
Snch  pretty,  begging  blanks. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  PhDaster,  II.  2. 
lit.  A  weight,  equal  to  jjnVtnt  of  a  grain, 
blank  (blangk),  r.  t.    [<  blank,  «.]    It.  To  make 
blank ;  make  white  or  pale ;  blanch. 

Blount  anise  and  left  the  hall,  while  Raleigh  looked 
after  him  with  an  expression  that  blanked  for  a  moment 
his  bold  and  animated  countenance. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ivii. 


blanketing 

2t.  To  confuse ;  put  out  of  countenance ;  dis- 
concert; nonplus. 

Despoil  him,  .  .  . 

And  with  confusion  Mnnk  his  worshippers. 

Milton,  S.  A..  I.  471. 

3t.  To  frustrate ;  make  void ;  bring  to  naught. 
All  former  purposes  were  blanrked. 

Nprnsrr,  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  A  common  euphemistic  substitute  for  damn, 
referring  to  t  he  blank  or  dash  which  is  common- 
ly substituted  in  printing  for  that  word  when  it 
is  used  as  a  profane  expression.  [Slang.] 

blank-book  (blangk'buk),  n.  A  book  of  ruled 
or  unruled  writing-paper  for  accounts,  memo- 
randa, etc. 

blanket  (blang'ket),  n.  [<  ME.  blanket,  blan- 
ket, <  OF.  blanket  (F.  blanchet,  ML.  blankettis, 
blanchetus),  also  fern,  blankete,  blanguette,  dim. 
of  blanc,  white:  see  blank,  «.]  It.  A  coarse 
woolen  fabric,  white  or  undyed,  used  for  cloth- 
ing.— 2.  A  large  oblong  piece  of  soft,  loosely 
woven  woolen  cloth,  used  for  the  sake  of  its 
warmth  as  a  bed-covering,  or  (usually  made 
of  coarser  material  and  closer  texture)  as  a 
covering  for  a  horse  when  standing  or  exposed 
to  cold,  and  sometimes  worn  as  a  garment,  es- 
pecially among  rude  or  uncivilized  people. — 
3.  In  printing,  a  sheet  of  woolen  cloth,  white 
baize,  or  rubber,  laid  between  the  outer  and 
inner  tympana  of  a  hand-press,  or  on  a  ma- 
chine-cylinder, to  moderate  and  equalize  the 
pressure  on  the  type. — 4.  In  cloth-printing,  the 
cover  of  the  printing-table. —  5.  Same  as  blan- 
quette,  4. — 6.  In  paper-making,  an  endless  felt 

upon  which  the  pulp  is  laid A  wet  blanket,  one 

who  or  that  which  damps,  depresses,  or  disappoints  any 
hope,  expectation,  or  enjoyment. 

"But,"  nald  the  chairman,  and  that  "but"  was  the 
usual  ttft  blanket.  Dickens. 

Born  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket,  of  illegiti- 
mate birth. 

blanket  (blang'ket),  r.  t.     [<  blanket,  n.~]     1. 
To  cover  with  a  blanket  or  as  with  a  blanket : 
as,  to  blanket  a  horse. 
Ill  ...  blanket  my  loins.  Shak.,  Lear,  II.  S. 

Blanketted  like  a  dog, 
And  like  a  cut-purse  whipt. 

Matrinyer,  Parliament  of  Love,  iv.  5. 
The  importance  of  the  blanketing  action  of  our  atmo- 
spheric constituents  has  been  In  no  way  over-stated. 

Science,  V.  450. 

2.  To  toss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  punishment 
or  practical  joke. 

We'll  have  our  men  blanket  'em  i'  the  hall. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Epfccene,  v.  4. 

3.  To  take  the  wind  out  of  the  sails  of,  as  the 
sails  of  one  vessel  when  it  is  passing  close  to 
windward  of  another. 

B's  helmsman  will  be  apt  to  sail  his  boat  as  close  to  the 
wind  as  possible,  and  try  to  "claw  to  windward."  and 
prevent  A  from  blanketing  him. 

Qualtrough,  Boat  Sailer's  Manual,  p.  135. 

blanket-bar  (blang'ket-bar),  n.     AII  iron  bar 

used  to  keep  the  blanket  of  a  printing-press  in 

place, 
blanket-clause  (blang'ket-klaz),  w.    A  general 

or  indefinite  clause  framed  so  as  to  provide  for 

a  number  of  contingencies. 

Suitable  annual  appropriations  .  .  .  require  no  Wan- 
ket~clausc  to  justify  or  cover  them. 

Report  of  Sec.  V.  S.  Treasury,  1886,  I.  ill. 

blanketrdepqsit  (blang'ket-de-poz'it),  n.  The 
name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region,  especially  in  Colorado  and  Utah, 
to  deposits  of  ore  occurring  in  a  form  having 
some  of  the  characters  of  those  elsewhere  des- 
ignated as  flat  sheets,  bedded  veins,  beds,  or  flat 
masses.  They  are  frequently  intercalated  between  rocks 
of  different  litholojrical  character  and  origin,  in  which 
case  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  contact-deposits.  The 
occurrences  of  ore  at  Leadville  are  of  this  nature. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  «.  [<  blanket  + 
-per.]  It.  One  who  tosses  in  a  blanket. —  2. 
One  of  the  radical  reformers  of  Lancashire 
who,  on  March  10th,  1817,  at  a  meeting  in  St. 
Peter's  Fields,  Manchester,  decided  to  march 
to  London  with  a  petition  for  parliamentary  re- 
form, each  man  having  a  rug  or  blanket  strapped 
on  his  shoulder,  so  that  he  might  bivouac  on  the 
road  if  necessary. 

blanketeer  (blang-ket-er'),  r.  i.  [<  blanketeer, 
».]  To  act  as  a  blanketeer. 

Tills  epistle  awaited  her  at  Beamish's  inn  on  returning 
from  her  blanketeering  adventure. 

The  Husband  Hunter  (1830),  iii.  230.    (X.  and  Q.. 
[7th  ser..  II.  S.) 

blanketing  (blang'ket-ing),  n.  1.  Coarse 
woolen  cloth  of  which  blankets  are  made. — 
2.  A  supply  or  quantity  of  blankets. —  3.  The 


blanketing 

process  of  obtaining  gold  by  collecting  it  as 
it  comes  from  the  stamps  on  a  blanket  or  in  a 
blanket-sluice. —  4.  pi.  The  gold  so  obtained. — 
6.  The  operation  of  tossing  in  a  blanket  as  a 
punishment  or  a  joke. 

That  affair  of  the  blanketing  happened  to  thee  for  the 
fault  thou  wast  guilty  of. 

Smollett,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  iii.  5. 

blanket-leaf  (blang'ket-lef),  ».  The  common 
niullen,  Verbascwn  Thapsus. 

blanket-mortgage  (blang'ket-m6r"gaj),  TO.  A 
mortgage  intended  to  cover  an  aggregation  of 
property,  or  secure  or  provide  for  indebtedness 
previously  existing  in  various  forms. 

blanket-sheet  (blang'ket-shet),  n.  A  large 
newspaper  in  folio  form.  Amer.  Bookmaker. 

blanket-sluice  (blang'ket-slos),  n.  In  mining 
•  and  metal.,  a  long  trough  or  sluice  in  which 
blankets  are  laid  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
the  particles  of  gold  or  amalgam  which  pass 
over  them  as  the  material  flows  from  under  the 
stamps. 

blankillo  (blang-kil'o), «.  Same  as  blanquillo,  1. 

blanking-press  (blang'king-pres),  ».  A  stamp- 
ing-press used  to  cut  out  blanks. 

blankly  (blangk'li),  adv.    1.  In  a  blank  or  va- 
cant manner ;  vacuously ;  aimlessly. —  2.  Di- 
rectly ;  point-blank ;  flatly ;  utterly. 
We  in  short  blankly  deny  the  possibility  of  loss. 

Fortnightly  Sev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  540. 

blankness  (blangk'nes),  n.  [<  blanJc  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blank. 

There  was  nothing  external  by  which  he  [Casaubon] 
could  account  for  a  certain  blankness  of  sensibility  which 
came  over  him  just  when  his  expected  gladness  should 
have  been  most  lively.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  94. 

Blanquefort  (blonk'fort),  n.  [F.  Blanquefort, 
a  town  in  Gironde,  France.]  A  red  wine  grown 
in  the  department  of  Gironde  in  France. 

blanquette  (blon-kef),  n.  [F.,  dim.  of  Wane, 
white.  Cf.  blanket.]  1.  In  cookery,  a  white 
fricassee ;  also,  a  minced  dish,  as  of  cold  veal. 
—  2.  A  kind  of  crude  soda,  obtained  at  Aigues- 
Mortes,  in  France,  by  the  incineration  of  Sal- 
sola  Tragus  and  S.  Kali. — 3.  A  kind  of  white 
sparkling  wine  made  in  southern  France,  often 
called  blanquette  de  Limoux. — 4.  A  large  va- 
riety of  pear.  Also  written  blanket. 

blanquil  (blang-keT),  n.    Same  as  blanquillo. 

blanquillo  (blang-ke'lyo),  n.  [Sp.,  a  small 
coin,  <  blanquillo,  whitish,  dim.  of  bianco,  white : 
see  blank,  a.]  1.  A  small  copper  coin  equiva- 
lent to  about  6  centimes,  or  a  little  over  1  cent, 
current  in  Morocco  and  on  the  Barbary  coast. 
Also  blankillo. —  2.  A  name  of  a  fish  of  the 


678 

MHG.  bleren,  Vlerren,  cry  aloud,  bleat,  G.  War- 
ren, blarren,  pldrren,  roar,  bellow,  bleat,  blare ; 
prob.  an  imitative  word.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
roar;  bellow;  cry;  low.  [Now  chiefly  prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  To  give  forth  a  loud  sound  like  a 
trumpet;  give  out  a  brazen  sound;  bellow. 

Warble,  0  bugle,  and  trumpet  blare. 

Tennyson,  Welcome  to  Alexandra. 

II.  trans.  To  sound  loudly ;  proclaim  noisily. 

And  such  a  tongue 
To  Mare  its  own  interpretation. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
blare1  (blar),  n.     [<  blare1,  v.]    1.  A  roaring; 
loud  or  bellowing  noise. 

Whitman  .  .  .  sang  the  blare  and  brawn  that  he  found 
in  the  streets.  Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  355. 

2.  Sound  like  that  of  a  trumpet. 

And  his  ears  are  stunned  with  the  thunder's  blare. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay. 
With  blare  of  bugle,  clamor  of  men, 
Roll  of  cannon  and  clash  of  arms. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

3.  The  bleat  of  a  sheep,  the  bellowing  of  a 
calf,  or  the  weeping  of  a  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

blare2  (blar),  «.  [Origin  unknown.]  Naut.,  a 
paste  of  hair  and  tar  used  for  calking  the  seams 
of  boats. 

blare3  (blar),  ».  [Swiss.]  A  petty  copper 
coin,  of  about  the  value  of  2  cents,  struck  at 
Bern,  Switzerland. 

Blarina  (bla-ri'na),  «.  [NL. ;  a  nonsense- 
name.]  A  genus  of  American  shrews,  with  32 
or  30  colored  teeth,  concealed  ears,  and  short 
tail.  It  is  the  short-tailed  mole-shrew  of  North  America, 


blasphemy 


Blanquillo  (Caittotatilits  tnicrops  . 


Mole-shrew  (Blarina  brrvicauda). 

of  which  there  are  several  species,  of  two  subgenera,  Bla- 
rina  proper,  with  32  teeth,  and  Soriciscus,  with  30  teeth. 
The  best-known  is  B.  brevieauda,  the  common  mole- 
shrew  of  the  United  States,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fam- 
ily Soricidx. 

blarney  (blar'ni),  n.  [Popularly  referred  to 
Castle  Blarney,  near  Cork  in  Ireland,  in  the 
wall  of  which  is  a  stone  (the  "Blarney  stone") 
said  to  endow  those  who  kiss  it  with  unusual 
facility  and  unscrupulousness  in  the  use  of  flat- 
tery and  compliment.]  Exceedingly  compli- 
mentary language ;  flattery;  smooth,  wheedling 
talk ;  pleasing  cajolery. 

The  blarney  's  so  great  a  deceiver.  5.  Lover. 

Madame  de  Stael  was  regretting  to  Lord  Castlereagh 
that  there  was  no  word  in  the  English  language  which 
answered  to  their  "Sentiment."  "No,"  he  said,  "there 
is  no  English  word,  but  the  Irish  have  one  that  corre- 
sponds exactly,— blarney ! "  Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  121. 


blarney  (blar'ni),  v.t.     [<  blarney,  n.]     To  talk 

genus  Caulolatilus  and  family  LatiMce,  such    over  or  beguile  by  wheedling  speeches;  flatter; 
na  r*  ,./,•.-,,.:..!,..  r<    .,;,,....,...  A~  r*  «»*•««««»     „      .     humbug  with  agreeable  talk. 


, 

as  C.  chrysops,  C.  microps,  or  C.  princeps.  c.  mi- 
crops  is  of  moderately  elongate  form,  and  has  7  dorsal 
spines  and  25  rays,  is  of  a  reddish  color  marked  with  yellow, 
and  has  a  yellow  band  below  the  eyes  and  a  dark  axillary 
blotch.  It  inhabits  the  Caribbean  sea  and  the  southern 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  is  esteemed  for  the  table.  C.  prin- 
ceps is  a  closely  related  species,  olivaceous  with  bluish  re- 
flections, occurring  along  the  southern  Californian  coast, 
where  it  is  known  as  blanquillo  and  whitefish. 

Blaps  (blaps),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  beetles, 
generally  referred  to  the  family  Tenebrionida, 
but  by  some  taken  as  the  type  of  a  family 
Blapsid(B.  Blaps  mortisaga  is  a  common  European  spe- 
cies, called  churchyard  beetle  in 
Great  Britain  ;  B.  tmicmnnta  is 
found  in  kitchens  and  cellars  ;  B. 
sulcata  is  dressed  with  butter  and 
eaten  by  Egyptian  women  to  make 
them  grow  fat. 

Blapsidse  (blap'si-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Slaps  +  -ida.]  A 
family  of  atracheliate  hete- 
romerous  beetles,  generally 
merged  in  Tenebrionidce, 
comprising  nocturnal  black-  churchyard  Beetle 
beetles  of  moderate  size,  the  (££Ma£!g£e')l 


The  General  has  yet  to  learn  that  my  father's  country- 
men (I  have  ever  felt  proud  of  my  descent  from  an  Irish- 
man), though  they  sometimes  do  blarney  others,  are  yet 
hard  to  be  blarneyed  themselves. 

J.  Buchanan,  in  Curtis,  II.  63. 

blast,  n.  [Invented  by  Van  Helmont  (1577- 
1644).  Cf.  gas.]  A  subtle  kind  of  matter  sup- 
posed by  Van  Helmont,  a  Dutch  mystic  philos- 
opher, to  be  radiated  from  the  stars  and  to 
produce  effects  opposite  to  those  of  heat. 

blase  (bla-za'),  a.  [F.,pp.  of  blazer,  cloy,  satiate, 
blunt,  of  uncertain  origin.]  Exhausted  by  en- 
joyment, especially  by  sensuous  pleasures; 
having  the  healthy  energies  exhausted  ;  weary 
and  disgusted  with  life. 

blash  (blash),  v.  t.  [An  imitative  word,  assimi- 
lated to  plash,  splash,  dash,  flash,  etc.]  1.  To 
dash  or  splash  with  a  quantity  of  liquid  ;  drench  . 
—  2.  To  pour  in  suddenly  and  in  great  quantity. 
[Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 

blash  (blash),  n.  [<  blash,  v.]  1.  A  dash  or 
plash,  as  of  rain  falling  in  sheets. 

A  snaw  storm  came  down  frae  the  mountains,  .  .  .  noo 
a  whirl,  and  noo  a  blash.  J.  Wilson,  Noctes  Ambros. 


wings  of  which  are   gener- 
ally obsolete  and  the  elytra   fused  together. 
They  frequent  damp  places,  and  when  seized  discharge  in 
self-defense  a  liquid  of  a  peculiar  and  penetrating  odor. 
blare1  (blar),  v. ;  pret.  blared,  ppr.  blaring.    [So. 
also  blair,  early  mod.  E.  blear  (Sc.  bleir) ;  <  late 

ME.  bleren,  earlier  bloren i(see  blare*),  and  prob.     „„_..    ,_„„„,„_.    ^^,., 
laren,  cry  weep,  =  MD.  blaren,  blaeren,  low,  blashy  (blasb/i),  a.     [<  blash  +  -yi.]     1.  Char- 
sat,  =  MLG.  blarren,  LG.  blarren,  blaren  =    actenzed  by  sudden  drenching  showers ;  delug- 


. .  ,  . 

2.  A  quantity  of  thin,  watery  stuff,  especially 
an  excessive  quantity:  as,  a  blash  of  tea.  —  3.  A 
broad  blaze  or  flare. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Slash-boggart,  a  goblin  who  appears  and  disappears  in 
a  Hash.  See  bogr/ardi.  [Scoteh.] 


ing;  wet:  as,  blashy  weather;  blashy  walking. 
— 2.  Thin;  weak;  watery;  of  poor  quality:  ap- 
plied to  food  or  drink. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

blasphematoryt  (blas-fe'ma-to-ri),  a.  [<  blas- 
pheme +  -atory.  Cf .  LL.  blasphemator,  a  blas- 
phemer.] Blasphemous. 

blasphemet  (blas'fem),  a.  and  n.1  [ME.,  also 
blasfeme,  <  OF.  blasfeme  (mod.  F.  blaspheme), 

<  ML.  blasfemus,  LL.  blasphemus,  <  Gr. 
a<t»iuof,  evil-speaking,  <  /3/lao-,  prob.  for  /3 
(cf.  /3/ld^f,  damage,  injury,  harm)  (<  /3/W;n-m>, 
damage,  harm,  injure),  +  QqfBi,-  speech  (=  L. 
fama,  fame),  <  $av<u  =  L.  fart,  speak.]    I.  a. 
Blasphemous. 

II.  n.  A  blasphemer.  Wyclif. 
blasphemet  (blas'fem),  n.2  [ME.  blaspheme, 
blasfeme,  blafeme,  <  OF.  blafeme,  blaspheme, 
mod.  F.  blaspheme  =  Pr.  blaspheme,  (.  LL.  blas- 
phemia  (ML.  also  blasfemia),  <  Gr.  f&aa<jn]nia, 
evil-speaking,  <  /JAar/^^of,  evil-speaking :  see 
blaspheme,  a.  From  the  same  source,  through 
the  vernacular  OF.  blasme,  comes  E.  blame,  n., 
q.  v.]  Blasphemy. 

In  blasfeme  of  this  goddis. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  to  Scogan,  1.  15. 

blaspheme  (blas-fem'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blas- 
phemed, ppr.  blaspheming.  [<  ME.  blasfemen, 

<  OF.  blasfemer,  mod.  F.  blasphemer  =  Pr.  Sp. 
blasfemar  =  Pg.  blasphemar  =  Olt.  blasfemare 
(mod.  It.  blastemiare,  bestemmiare),  <  LL.  blas- 
phemare,  <  Gr.  p^aatpqiiteiv,  speak  evil  of,  </&d- 
o-^of,  evil-speaking :  see  blaspheme,  a.    From 
the  same  verb,  through  the  vernacular  OF.  blas- 
mer,  comes  E.  blame,  v.,  q.  v.]     I.  trans.  1.  To 
speak  impiously  or  irreverently  of  (God  or  sa- 
cred things).     See  blasphemy. 

Thou  didst  blaspheme  God  and  the  king.     1  Ki.  xxi.  10. 

0  God,  how  long  shall  the  adversary  reproach?  shall  the 

enemy  blaspheme  thy  name  for  ever?  Ps.  Ixxiv.  10. 

So  should  thy  goodness  and  thy  greatness  both 
Be  question 'd  and  blasphemed  without  defence. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  16S. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of ;  utter  abuse  or  calumny 
against;  speak  reproachfully  of. 

You  do  blaspheme  the  good,  in  mocking  me. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  5. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  utter  blasphemy;  use  pro- 
fane or  impious  words;  talk  profanely  or  dis- 
respectfully of  God  or  of  sacred  things :  follow- 
ed by  against. 

He  that  shall  blaspheme  against  the  Holy  Ghost  hath 
never  forgiveness.  Mark  iii.  29. 

2f.    To  rail;  utter  abusive  words.      Greene. 
[Bare.] 

blasphemer  (blas-fe'mer),  n.  [<  ME.  blasfe- 
mere,  <  blasfemen,  blaspheme.]  One  who  blas- 
phemes ;  one  who  speaks  of  God  or  of  religion 
in  impious  and  irreverent  terms. 

Must  .  .  .  each  blasphemer  quite  escape  the  rod, 
Because  the  insult's  not  on  man  but  God? 

Pope,  Epil.  to  Satires,  ii.  195. 

blasphemeress   (blas-fe'mer-es),   n.      [<   Uas- 
phemer  + -ess.]  A  female  blasphemer.  [Rare.] 
A  diabolical  blasphemeresge  of  God. 

Hall,  Hen.  VI.,  an.  9. 

blasphemous  (blas'fe-mus),  a.  [<  LL.  blasphe- 
mus  (ML.  also  blasfemus,  >  ME.  blasfeme,  blas- 
pheming, a  blasphemer),  <  Gr.  /3^aa<t>r/^of,  evil- 
speaking:  see  blaspheme,  a.]  1.  Uttering,  con- 
taining, or  exhibiting  blasphemy;  impiously 
irreverent  toward  God  or  sacred  things:  as, 
"  blasphemous  publications,"  Bp.  Porteus,  Lec- 
tures, I.  i. 

We  have  heard  him  speak  blasphemous  words  against 
Moses  and  against  God.  Acts  vi.  11. 

Mythologies  ill  understood  at  first,  then  perverted  into 
feeble  sensualities,  take  the  place  of  representations  of 
Christian  subjects,  which  had  become  blasphemous  under 
the  treatment  of  men  like  the  Caracci.  Jiuskin. 

[Formerly  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  as  below. 
Oh  argument  blasphemous,  false,  and  proud  ! 

Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  809.] 

2f.  Abusive;  defamatory;  railing, 
blasphemously  (blas'fe-mus-li),  adv.    Impi- 
ously; profanely. 

Terribly  curseth  and  blasphemously  sweareth  he  never 
committed  any  such  act.  Stow,  Queen  Mary,  an.  1557. 

blasphemy  (blas'fe-mi),  «.;  pi.  blasphemies 
(-miz).  [<  ME.  blasfemie  =  Sp.  blasfemia  =  Pg. 
blasphemia  =  Olt.  blasfemia,  <  LL.  blasphemici,  < 
Gr.  J3^aa<j>r/^ia,<  [ftaafyiiiof :  see  blaspheme,  a.,  blas- 
pheme, M.2]  1.  In  Old  Testament  usage,  any 
attempt  to  diminish  the  reverence  with  which 
Jehovah's  name  was  invested  as  the  Sovereign 
King  of  the  Jews,  or  to  turn  the  hearts  of  the 
people  from  their  complete  allegiance  to  him. 


blasphemy 

It  was  a  crime  answering  to  treason  in  our  own  time,  and 
wan  carefully  defined  an, I  rigorously  punished  l>y  the  Mo- 
saic laws.     It  wag  of  thi,-*  crime  tliat  Jesus  wan  a 
untl  for  it  eomleimieil,  because  he  assumed  tlie  divine 
character  and  accepted  divine  honors. 

For  a  good  work  wo  stone  thee  not,  but  fur  blasphemy  ; 
and  b«c»u»e  that  than,  being  a  man,  inakest  thyself  God. 

John  x.  Si. 

Hence — 2.  Any  impious  or  profane  speaking 
of  God  or  of  sacred  things ;  reproachful,  con- 
temptuous, or  irreverent  words  uttered  impi- 
ously against  God  or  religion. 

Hlas/ihemy  is  an  Injury  offered  to  God,  by  denying  that 
which  is  due  ainl  heloriKing  to  him,  or  attributing  to  him 
that  which  is  not  agreeable  to  his  nature.  Limit™!. 

Blasphemy  mmiizable  by  common  law  is  described  by 
BUoUtojM  to  he  "denying  the  being  or  providence  of 
God,  contumelious  reproaches  of  our  Saviour  Christ,  pro- 
fane scomng  at  the  Iloly  Scripture,  or  exposing  it  to  con- 
tempt or  ridicule  " ;  by  Kent  as  "  maliciously  reviling 
God  or  religion";  and  by  Chief  Justice  Lemuel  Shaw  as 
"  speaking  evil  of  the  Deity  with  an  Impious  purpose  to 
derogate  from  the  Divine  Majesty,  and  to  alienate  the 
minds  of  others  from  the  love  and  reverence  of  God." 
Blasphemy  is  punished  as  a  crime  or  a  misdemeanor  by 
the  laws  of  many  nations.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
language  irreverent  toward  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the 
saints  is  also  held  to  be  blasphemy. 
3.  Evil  speaking  or  abusive  language  against 
anything  held  sacred:  as,  "blasphemy  against 
learning,"  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i. 
(Latham.)  —  4.  An  indecent  or  scurrilous  ut- 
terance, as  distinguished  from  fair  and  respect- 
ful discussion;  grossly  irreverent  or  outrage- 
ous language. 

That  in  the  captain's  but  a  choleric  word, 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  Hat  blasphemy. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  il.  2. 

fit.  A  blasphemer;  a  blasphemous  person. 
[Bare.] 

Now,  blasphemy, 
That  swear  st  grace  o'erboard,  not  an  oath  on  shore. 

Shot.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  Blasphemy,  Profanity,  agree  in  expressing  the  ir- 
reverent use  of  words,  but  the  former  is  the  stronger,  and 
the  latter  the  wider.  Profanity  is  language  irreverent  to- 
ward God  or  holy  things,  covering  especially  all  oaths  that, 
literally  interpreted,  treat  lightly  the  attributes  or  acts  of 
God.  Blasphemy  is  generally  more  direct,  intentional,  and 
defiant  in  its  impiety,  and  is  directed  toward  the  moat  sa- 
cred things  in  religion. 

And  he  [the  dragon]  opened  his  month  in  blasphemy 
against  God,  to  blaspheme  his  name,  and  his  tabernacle, 
and  them  that  dwell  in  heaven.  Rev.  xiii.  6. 

If  indecency  and  profanity,  inspired  by  "potations  pot- 
tle-deep," were  heard  anywhere  with  peculiar  emphasis 
and  shameless  vociferation,  it  was  at  the  board  of  Eng- 
land's prime  minister  [Sir  Robert  Walpole}. 

Whipple,  H.  Fielding. 

blast  (blast),  n.  [<  ME.  Wast,  blest,  <  AS.  bliest 
(=OHG.  blast,  MHG.  G.  blast  =  Icel.  blastr=  Sw. 
blast  =  Dan.  blcest),  a  gust  of  wind,  a  blowing, 
<  'bliesan  (=  D.  blazen  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
bldsan,  MHG.  blasen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  bldsa  = 
Sw.  HAsa  =  Dan.  6te«e=Goth.  blesan  (in  comp.), 
blow,  breathe,  >  E.  blaze^,  q.  v.),  akin  to  old- 
wan,  blow:  see  blow1,  v.  Perhaps  ult.  connect- 
ed with  AS.  blamt,  a  flame,  W<w.  a  flame,  >  E. 
blaze1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  blowing ;  a  gust  or  puff  of 
wind ;  especially,  a  strong  and  sudden  gust. 
Rede  that  boweth  downe  at  every  Matt. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  ii. 
Blasts  that  blow  the  poplar  white. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixxii. 

2.  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth, 
from  bellows,  or  the  like. 

At  the  blast  of  his  mouth  were  the  rest  of  the  creatures 
made,  and  at  his  bare  word  they  started  out  of  nothing. 
.v/;-  T.  Broime,  Religio  Medici,  1.  36. 

Hence — 3.  A  jet  of  exhaust-steam  thrown  into 
a  smoke-stack  to  assist  the  draft. —  4.  In  metal., 
the  air  forced  into  a  furnace  for  the  purpose  of 
accelerating  combustion.  A  furnace  Is  said  to  be  «n 
blagt  when  it  is  in  operation,  out  of  blast  when  stopped, 
either  temporarily  or  permanently. 

5.  The  sound  made  by  blowing  a  wind-instru- 
ment, as  a  horn  or  trumpet ;  strictly,  the  sound 
produced  by  one  breath. 

One  Mast  upon  his  bugle-horn 
Were  worth  a  thousand  men. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  vi.  18. 

6.  Any  sudden,  pernicious,  or  destructive  in- 
fluence upon  animals  or  plants ;  the  infection 
of  anything  pestilential ;  a  blight. 

Blast*  and  fogs  upon  thee !  Shot.,  Lear,  L  4. 

Of  no  distemper,  of  no  blast  he  died, 

But  fell  like  autumn  fruit  that  mellowed  long. 

Dryiien,  (Edipus,  Iv.  1 

Hence  —  7.  Any  withering  or  destructive  in- 
fluence ;  a  curse. 
By  the  blast  of  God  they  perish.  Job  iv.  9. 

8.  The  product  of  a  blast  or  blight ;  a  bud  which 
never  blossoms. 


579 

As  in  all  gardeins,  some  flowers,  some  weedes,  and  as  in 
al  trees,  some  blossom*,  some  Masts. 

Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  19fl. 

9.  The  charge  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive 
used  at  one  firing  in  blasting  operations. — 

10.  The   explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine. — 11.  A  flatulent  disease  in  sheep. — 12. 
A  smoke  of  tobacco.    [Scotch.]  —  At  one  Mast,  at 

•  •in, .     For  a  blast*,  for  once.— Hot  blast,  air  raised  to  a 
high  temperature  and  forced  into  a  blast-furnace  in  smelt- 
ing, and  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron.    The 
plan  of  heating  the  blast  originated  with  Mr.  James  Beau- 
mont Neilson  of  Glasgow,  and  a  patent  was  issued  to  him 
in  1828.    The  Introduction  of  the  hot  blast  has  had  an  im- 
portant influence  on  the  development  of  the  iron  busi- 
ness, since  by  this  method  the  amount  of  fuel  required  Is 
considerably  lessened.  — In  full  blast,  in  full  operation  • 
referring  to  a  blast-furnace  when  worked  to  its  fullest  ex- 
tent or  capacity. 

The  business  of  the  day  was  in  full  blast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  166. 

-  Syn.  Gust,  etc.    See  wind,  n. 

blast  (blast),  r.  [<  ME.  Hasten,  blow,  breathe 
hard ;  trans.,  blow,  as  a  trumpet ;  <  blast,  a  blow- 
ing: see  liln.it,  n.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  blow;  puff; 
breathe  hard ;  pant.  [Scotch  and  Middle  Eng- 
lish.] 

Dragouns  .  .  . 

That  grisely  whlstleden  and  blatten 
And  of  her  mouthe  fyre  outcuten. 

Kiny  Alisaunder,  1.  6348. 
To  puffen  and  to  blast f. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1. 1866. 

2.  To  smoke  tobacco.  [Scotch.] — 3.  To  boast; 
brag;  speak  ostentatiously.  Scott.  [Scotch.] — 

4.  To  wither;  be  blighted. 

Blasting  in  the  bud, 
Losing  his  verdure,  even  in  the  prime. 

Shot.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  1.  1. 

5.  To  burst  as  by  an  explosion ;  blow  up. 

This  project 

Should  have  a  back,  or  second,  that  might  hold, 
If  this  should  blast  In  proof.       Shot.,  Hamlet,  Iv.  7. 

II.  'ran*.  If.  To  blow  forth  or  abroad; 
hence,  to  utter  loudly;  proclaim. — 2.  To  break 
or  tear  to  pieces  (rocks  or  similar  materials)  by 
the  agency  of  gunpowder  or  other  explosive. 
In  the  ordinary  operations  of  mining  the  rocks  are  at- 
tacked, or  broken  into  fragments  of  manageable  size,  by 
blasting. 

He  spoke ;  and,  high  above,  I  heard  them  blast 
The  steep  slate-quarry.         Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 

3.  To  confound  or  stun  by  a  loud  blast  or  din ; 
split;  burst.    [Rare.] 

Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city's  ear. 

Shale.,  A.  and  C.,  iv.  8. 
I  have  seen  you  stand 
As  you  were  blasted  'midst  of  all  your  mirth. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

4.  To  blow  or  breathe  on  so  as  to  injure,  as 
a  sudden  gust  or  destructive  wind;  cause  to 
fade,  shrivel,  or  wither;  check  the  growth  of 
and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity  and  pro- 
ducing fruit ;  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 

Seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east  wind. 

Gen.  xli.  6. 
Say  .  .  .  why 
Upon  this  blasted  heath  you  stop  our  way? 

Shot.,  Macbeth,  L  3. 
Since  this  I  live  to  see, 
Some  bitter  north  wind  Hast  my  flocks  and  me ! 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  iii.  1. 

5.  To  blight  or  cause  to  come  to  nothing,  as  by 
some  pernicious  influence ;  bring  destruction, 
calamity,  or  infamy  upon ;  ruin :  as,  to  blast 
pride,  hopes,  reputation,  happiness. 

With  Hecate's  ban  thrice  blasted.    Shot.,  Hamlet,  111.  •_'. 

The  prosecutor  urged  that  this  might  Mast  her  reputa- 
tion, and  that  it  was  in  effect  a  boasting  of  favours  which 
he  had  never  received.  Attitimii,  Cases  of  False  Delicacy. 

He  shows  himself  .  .  .  malicious  if  he  knows  I  deserve 
credit  and  yet  goes  about  to  Mast  it.  Stillinyjteet. 

6.  To  curse;  strike  with  the  wrath  of  heaven. 

His  name  be  ever  blasted ! 
For  his  accursed  shadow  has  betrmy'd 
The  sweetness  of  all  youth. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  T.  1 

Calling  on  their  Maker  to  curse  them,  .  .  .  Malt  them, 
and  damn  them.  Macaulay,  Hist  Eng.,  lit. 

blast-,  -blast.    See  blasta-. 

Blastactinota  (blas-tak-ti-no'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  BOmnttt  a  germ  (see  blasius),  +  iuertvu/r^, 
furnished  with  rays :  see  actinote.]  A  class  of 
radiate  animals:  same  as  Blastoidea.  Bronn, 
1860. 

blastaea  (blas-te'S),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr.  /ttooror,  a 
germ:  see  blastus.}    The  hypothetical  parent 
form  of  the  Blast&ida. 
We  call  this  the  Planaea  or  Klastoea. 

llaeckel,  Kvol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  61. 

blastsead  (blas-te'ad),  n.  [<  blasttfa  +  -o<Jl.] 
1.  Same  as  blasta-id. —  2.  One  of  certain  exis- 


blasting 

tent  animals,  as  the  Norwegian  llimmer-ball, 
which  permanently  resemble  a  blastula  or  pla- 
nula. 

blastaeid  (blas-te'id),  n.  One  of  the  hypotheti- 
cal Htiixta'idte. 

Blastaeida  (blas-te'i-de),  n.  «/.  [NL.,  <  blas- 
tcea  +  -a In .  \  A  hypothetical  group  of  animals 
having  permanently  the  form  of  a  blastula, 
planula,  or  vesicular  morula.  Less  correctly 
written  Blagtamdtx. 

blast-box  (blast'boks),  n.  A  chamber  into 
or  through  which  the  air  of  a  blowing-engine 
passes. 

These  hearers  may  connect  at  their  front  ends  In  any 
desired  manner  with  the  blast-pipe,  and  at  their  rear  ends 
with  a  Mast-lioje.  Un,  Diet.,  IV.  468. 


blasted  (l)lHs't cd ),/..«.  1.  Confounded;  exe- 
crable; detestable:  used  as  a  milder  form  of 
imprecation  than  damned. 

Some  of  her  own  blasted  gypsies. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  II.  13. 

2.  In  In- 1:,  deprived  of  leaves:  said  of  a  tree 
or  a  branch. 

blastelasma  (blas-te-las'mS).  n. ;  pi.  blastelas- 
mata  (-ma-tft).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /ttaorof,  a  germ  (see 
<x),  +  'lfaa/ia,  a  (metal)  plate,  <  cfaiiveiv 
,  drive,  strike,  beat  out.]  In  embryol.,  a 
secondary  germ-layer ;  a  germ-layer,  as  the 
mespderm,  appearing,  if  at  all,  after  the  for- 
mation of  the  two  primary  layers  called  en- 
dodenn  and  ectoderm,  or  blastophylla. 

blastema  (blas-te'ma),  n. ;  pi.  btastemata  (-ma- 
tft).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiManitia,  a  shoot,  sprout, 
<  fihaarelv.  jftjaar&vtiv.  sprout,  bud,  shoot.]  1. 
In  lint. :  (a)  Originally,  the  axis  of  an  embryo, 
consisting  of  the  radicle  and  the  growing- 
point  at  its  summit,  (b)  In  later  use,  the  ini- 
tial point  of  growth  from  which  any  organ  or 
part  of  an  organ  is  developed,  (c)  Sometimes, 
the  thai  Ins  of  cryptogamous  plants. —  2.  In 
iinat.  and  phys.,  the  bioplasm  or  protoplasm  of 
a  germinating  ovum;  the  substance  of  the 
blastomeres,  blastoderm,  etc. ;  granular  forma- 
tive material.  [The  term  is  now  being  super- 
seded by  more  special  names  of  substances 
and  stages  of  germination.] 

blastemal  (blas-te'mal),  a.  [<  blastema  +  -al.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  blastema;  rudimentary:  as, 
blastemal  formations. 

blastematic  (blas-te-mat'ik),  a.    Blastemic. 

blastemlc  (blas-tem'ik),  a.  [<  blastema  +  -«e.] 
Pertaining  to  blastema;  consisting  of  blas- 
tema ;  bioplasmic ;  bioplastic. 

blast-engine  (blast'en'jin),  ».  1.  A  ventilat- 
ing-macnine  used,  especially  on  shipboard,  to 
draw  off  foul  air. — 2.  A  machine  for  producing 
a  blast  by  compressing  air  for  use  m  urging 
the  fire  of  a  furnace. 

blaster  (blas'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blasts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb. 

I  am  no  blaster  of  a  lady's  beauty, 

Nor  bold  intruder  on  her  special  favours. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  L  1. 

Blasteroidea  (blas-te-roi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.] 
Same  as  Blastoidea.  • 

blastful  (blast'ful),  a.  [<  blast  +  -/«/.]  Full 
of  blasts ;  exposed  to  blasts ;  windy. 

blast-furnace  (blast 'fer'nas),  n.  A  furnace, 
usually  vertical,  or  a  so-called  shaft-furnace, 
in  which  ores  are  smelted  by  the  aid  of  a  blast 
of  air.  See  furnace. 

blast-gate  (blast'gat),  n.  The  valved  nozle  or 
stop-cock  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blast-hearth  (bl&st'harth),  n.  The  Scotch  ore- 
hearth  for  reducing  lead  ores. 

blast-hole  (blast :'hol),  n.  1.  In  mining,  the 
hole  through  which  water  enters  the  bottom  or 
wind-bore  of  a  pump. —  2.  The  hole  into  which 
a  cartridge  is  inserted  in  blasting. 

blasti,  ».     Plural  of  blastus. 

blastide  (blas'tid  or  -tid),  n.  [<  Gr.  /ftaorof, 
a  germ,  +  -iVfe2.]  In  biol.,  a  minute  clear 
space  on  the  segments  of  the  fecundated  ovum 
of  an  organism,  which  is  the  primary  indica- 
tion of  the  cytoblast  or  nucleus. 

blastie  (blas'ti),  n.  [<  blast  +  dim.  -te.]  A 
blasted  or  shriveled  dwarf ;  a  wicked  or  trouble- 
some creature.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

blasting  (bias' ting),  n.  [<  ME.  blastynge ;  verbal 
n.  otblast,  v.]  1.  A  blast;  destruction  by  a 
pernicious  cause ;  blight. 

I  have  smitten  you  with  biastinff  and  mildew. 

Amo«  IT.  8. 

2.  The  operation  of  splitting  rocks  by  gun- 
powder or  other  explosive Blasting-corn  pounds, 

substances  used  in  blasting.     The  more  important  are 


blasting 

guncotton,  blasting-gelatin,  blasting-powder,  dunlin,  dyna- 
mite, gunpowder,  haloxj lin,  and  lithofracteur.  See  these 
words. 

blasting  (blas'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blast,  v.] 
Affecting  with  injury  or  blight ;  destructive. 

A  blasting  and  a  scandaluus  breath. 

Sliah.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

blasting-cartridge  (blas'ting-kar'trij),  «.  A 
cartridge  containing  a  substance  to  be  used  in 
blasting.  Such  cartridges  are  made  with  various  de- 
vices to  prevent  premature  explosion,  and  are  commonly 
exploded  by  means  of  electricity. 

blasting-fuse  (blas'ting-fuz),  ».  A  fuse  con- 
sisting of  a  cord  the  axis  of  which  has  been 
filled  with  fine  powder  during  the  manufacture. 
This  burns  slowly  and  gives  the  workmen  time 
to  get  to  a  safe  distance  before  the  explosion. 

blasting-gelatin  (bias ' ting -jel" a- tin),  n.  A 
blasting-compound  consisting  of  7  parts  of  gun- 
cotton  and  4  of  camphor  dissolved  in  89  parts 
of  nitroglycerin.  Also  called  nitrogelatin  and 
explosive  gelatin. 

blasting-needle  (blas'tin^-ne*dl),  n,  A  slen- 
der, tapering  rod  which  is  inserted  into  the 
powder  and  kept  in  its  place  during  the  opera- 
tion of  tamping,  in  preparing  a  blast,  its  object 
is  to  preserve  a  channel  through  which  the  match  may 
reach  the  powder  or  other  explosive.  At  the  present  day 
the  use  of  the  needle  is  almost  entirely  done  away  with, 
the  so-called  safety-fuse,  or  simply  fuse,  being  used  in  its 
place.  Also  called,  in  England,  a  sternmer. 

blasting-oil  (blas'ting-oil),  n.  Same  as  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blasting-tube  (blas'ting-tub),  n.  India-rubber 
tubing  employed  to  hold  a  charge  of  nitro- 
glycerin. 

blast-lamp  (blast'lamp),  n.  A.  lamp  in  which 
combustion  is  assisted  by  an  artificially  pro- 
duced draft  of  air. 

blastmentt  (blast'ment),  n.  [<  blast,  v.,  + 
-merit.]  Blast;  a  sudden  stroke  of  some  de- 
structive cause. 

In  the  morn  and  liquid  dew  of  youth 
Contagious  blastments  are  most  imminent. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  1.  3. 

blast-meter  (blast'me''ter),  n.  An  anemome- 
ter placed  at  the  nozle  of  a  blowing-engine. 

blast-nozle,  blast-orifice  (blast'noz"!,  -oi'i- 
fis),  n.  The  fixed  or  variable  orifice  in  the 
delivery  end  of  a  blast-pipe. 

blasto-.  [<  Gr.  /3/krorof ,  a  germ,  sprout,  shoot : 
see  blastus.]  An  element  in  technical  terms 
meaning  germ:  written  before  a  vowel  blast-, 
also  terminally  -blast. 

blastocarpous  (blas-to-kar'pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Q/JI- 
<?r6f,  a  germ,  sprout,  'shoot,  sucker,  equiv.  to 
ffoaarriiia  (see  blastema),  +  /co/Mrof,  fruit.]  In 
bo t.,  germinating  inside  the  pericarp:  applied 
to  certain  fruits,  such  as  the  mangrove. 

blastocheme  (blas'to-kem),  w.  [<  Gr.  /Waordf, 
germ,  +  l>X1^a,  yenicle,  <  bx&v,  carry,  hold, 
sustain,  freq.  of  ixetvt  hold,  have.]  In  zool., 
one  of  the  special  generative  buds  of  the  Me- 
dusa?; a  medusiform  planoblast  which  gives 
origin  to  the  generative  elements,  not  directly, 
but  through  the  medium  of  special  sexual  buds 
which  are  developed  from  it.  Allman. 
.  blastoccele  (blas'to-sel),  n.  [<  Gr.  p'Aaarof,  a 
germ,  +  KoiAof,  hollow.]  In  embryol.,  the  cavity 


580 


bias' 


Free-swimming  Ciliated  Embryo  (Plamila)  of  Ascttta  mirabilit, 
one  of  the  Calcispongia.  outside  and  in  optical  longitudinal  section. 
e,  epiblast ;  t,  hypoblast ;  v,  blastocoele. 

of  a  vesicular  morula;  the  hollow  interior  of 

a  blastula  or  blastosphere.    Bee  gastrulation. 

Also  blastoccelom,  blastoccetoma. 
The  ovum,  after  impregnation,  becomes  a  morula,  with 

n  central  cleavage-cavity,  or  blastoccele. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  106. 
blastocoelic  (blas-to-se'lik),  a.     [<  blastoccele  + 

-»c.]     In  embryol,  pertaining  to  a  blastocoele; 

contained  in  a  blastocoele:  as,  a  blastoccelic fluid, 
blastocoelqm,  blastocoeloma  (blas-to-se'lom, 

bias  "  to  -  se  - 16 '  ma),  n.     [NL.  blastocaloma,  as 

blastocoele  +  -om«.]     Same  as  blastocoele. 
blastocolla  (blas-to-kol'a),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

/ttaorof,  a  germ,  +  x&Ua.  glue.]    The  balsam 

covering  the  leaf-buds  of  some  plants,  as  of 

Populus  balsamifera. 


Itocyst  (blas'to-sist),  ».  [<  Gr.  /Jaaordf,  a 
germ,  +  /ci>orif,  bladder  (cyst).]  The  germinal 
vesicle.  N.  E.  D.  See  blastoderm. 

blastoderm  (blas'tp-denn),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/la<rrof, 
a  germ,  +  dtp/m,  skin :  see  derm.]  In  embryol., 
the  primitive  membrane  or  layer  of  cells  re- 
sulting from  the  subdivision  of  the  germ  (the 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  or  yolk),  it  is  further 
differentiated  in  all  Metazoa  into  at  least  two  membranes 
or  cell-layers,  an  inner  and  an  outer,  the  eudoderm  and 
the  ectoderm ;  and  still  further  modified  in  most  Metazoa 
by  the  production  of  a  third  layer,  the  mesoderm,  between 
the  other  two.  The  outer  layer  is  also  called  epiblast ;  the 
inner,  hypoblast ;  the  middle,  mesoblast.  See  extract  un- 
der Metazoa,  and  cut  under  cyathozooul. 

blastoderma  (blas-to-der'ma),  n. ;  pi.  blastoder- 
mata  (-ma-ta).  [NL'.]  Same  as  blastoderm. 

blastodermal  (blas-to-der'mal),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm +  -a?.]  Same  as  blasto'dermie. 

blastodermata,  «.    Plural  of  blastoderma. 

blastodermatie  (blas"to-der-mat'ik),  a.  [<  blas- 
toderma(t-)  +  -»c.]  Saine  as  blastodermic. 

blastodermic  (blas-to-der'mik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
derm +  -ic.~]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  blastoderm. 
Also  blastodermal,  blastodermatic — Blastodermic 
disk,  in  embryol.,  the  germ-disk  of  an  impregnated  mero- 
blastic  egg  which  has  undergone  segmentation  of  the  vitel- 
lus ;  a  flattened  morula  capping  a  portion  of  the  food-yolk. 
Blastodermic  membrane,  the  blastoderm.— Blasto- 
dermic vesicle,  the  vesicular  blastoderm  in  mammalian 
embryos. 

blastodisc  (bias '  to -disk),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/laordf,  a 
germ,  +  d/raoc,  a  disk :  see  disk?]  An  aggrega- 
tion of  formative  protoplasm  at  one  pole  of  the 
fertilized  ovum. 

The  fertilised  ovum  .  .  .  consists  of  a  ...  yolk,  at 
one  pole  of  which  is  a  mass  of  protoplasm  forming  the 
blastodisc. 

J.  T.  Cunningham,  Microscopical  Science,  No.  ci.  5. 

blastogenesis  (blas-to-jen'e-sis),  «.  [<  Gr. 
/JAaorof,  a  germ,  +  ytveou;,  generation.]  In  biol., 
reproduction  by  gemmation  or  budding. 

blastogeny  (blas-toj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/uzorof,  a 
germ,  +  -jheta,  generation:  see  -geny.~]  The 
germ-history  of  an  individual  living  organism; 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  a  body  as  a 
whole,  as  distinguished  from  histogeny  and  or- 
ganogeny,  which  relate  to  the  special  germ-his- 
tory of  the  tissues  and  organs.  It  is  a  term  used 
by  Haeckel  for  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  morphogeny,  it- 
self a  division  of  ontogeny. 

blastoid  (blas'toid),  a.  and  n.  [See  Blastoidea.] 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Blastoidca :  as,  a  blastoid  crinoid. 

II.  n.  An  echinoderm  of  the  group  Blas- 
toidea. 

Blastoidea  (blas-toi'de-ii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/3/uz<7Top,  a  germ,  -t-  etoof,  form.]  A  group  of 
fossil  pelmatozoan  echinoderms  without  arms, 
with  ambulacra  fringed  on  each  side  by  pointed 
appendages  in  close  relation  with  side-plates, 
which  rest  on  or  against  a  subambulacral  lan- 
cet-plate pierced  by  a  canal  which  lodges  a 
water-vessel,  and  with  hydrospires  arranged  in 
10  or  8  groups  limited  to  the  radial  and  inter- 
radial  plates.  The  group  was  (a)  originally  proposed 
by  Say  in  1825  as  a  family ;  (i>)  accepted  by  Leuckart  in  1848 
as  an  order ;  (c)  by  Roemer  in  1852  as  a  suborder ;  (d)  by 
Brown  in  1860  as  a  class ;  (e)  by  others  as  a  subclass ;  and 
(/)  modified  by  Etheridge  and  Carpenter  in  1886  as  a 
class  divided  into  two  orders,  Segulares  and  Irregulares. 
The  species  range  from  the  Upper  Silurian  to  the  Car- 
boniferous. Also  Blasteroidea. 

blastomere  (blas'to-mer),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/Wrdf, 
a  germ,  +  ptpof,  a  part.]  In  embryol.,  one  of 
the  segments  or  derivative  cells  into  which  the 
vitellus  or  yolk  of  an  ovum  of  one  of  the  Meta- 
zoa divides  after  fecundation.  See  cut  under 
gastrulation. 

blastomeric  (blas-to-mer'ik),  a.  [<  blastomere 
+  -ic.~\  Pertaining'  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
blastomere ;  characterized  by  segmentation  of 
the  yolk  or  vitellus. 

blastoneuropore  (blas-to-nu'ro-por),  n.  [< 
blastp(pore)  +  neuropore."]  A  transient  ori- 
fice in  the  embryo  of  some  animals,  resulting 
from  the  fusion  of  a  neuropore  with  the  blasto- 
pore. See  neuropore. 

blastophore  (blas'to-for),  n.  [<  Gr.  jUaaro^,  a 
germ,  +  -Qopof,  -bearing,  <  Qtpetv  =  E.  Sear*.] 
The  passive  portion  of  a  sperm-cell  or  spermo- 
spore  which  does  not  give  rise  to  spermatozoa. 

blastophyllum  (blas-to-fil'um),  n. ;  pi.  blasto- 
phylla  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /Waorof,  a  germ,  + 
0M?.m>  =  L.  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  embryol.,  either 
one  of  the  two  primary  germ-layers  of  a  gas- 
trula  of  the  Metazoa;  an  endodenn  or  an  ecto- 
derm. 

blastophyly  (blas-tof'i-li),  «.  [<  Gr.  /JXaordf, 
a  germ,  +  (j>v?.t/,  tribe.]  The  tribal  history  of 
persons  or  of  individual  living  organisms. 
Haeckfl. 


blastus 

BlastopOlypidse  (bias  "  to -po- lip'  i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  "Slastopolypus  (<'Gr.'/3/.ao-rdV,  a  germ,  + 
Kokinrovt,  polyp)  +  -tcte.]  A  family  of  Sydro- 
polypince,  f  orming  colonies  of  zooids,  which  at- 
tain different  shapes,  adapting  themselves  to 
different  parts  of  the  work  that  has  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  whole.  There  are  always  alimentary 
zooids  or  trophosomes  and  generative  zooids  or  polypo- 
styles  in  one  colony.  The  alimentary  zooids  never  mature 
the  genital  products,  this  duty  devolving  exclusively  on 
the  polypostyles. 

blastoporal  (blas-to-po'ral),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -a/.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  blastopore ;  blas- 
toporie. 

blastopore  (blas'to-por),  n.  [<  Gr.  /Wanrof, 
germ,  +  mipof,  passage,  pore.]  In  embryol., 
the  aperture  of  mvagmation  of  a  blastula  or 
vesicular  morula  which  has  become  a  gastrula ; 
the  orifice  of  an  archenterou;  the  primitive 
combined  mouth  and  anus  of  a  gastrtea-f orm ; 
an  archreostoma.  See  cut  under  gastrulation. 

As  this  unfolding,  or  invaginatipn  of  the  blastoderm, 
goes  on,  the  pouch  thus  produced  increases,  while  its  ex- 
ternal opening,  termed  the  bloilopore,  .  .  .  diminishes  in 
size.  Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  209. 

blastoporic  (blas-to-por'ik),  a.  [<  blastopore 
+  -jc.j  Pertaining  to  a  blastopore:  as,  &  blas- 
toporic area.  A.  Hyatt. 

blast-orifice,  n.    See  blast-nozle. 

blastospnaera  (blas-to-sfe'ra),  n.;  pi.  blasto- 
sphxra!  (-re).  [NL.]  '  Same  as  blastosphere. 

blastosphere  (blas'to-sfer),  n.  [<  NL.  blasto- 
sphara,  <  Gr.  /3/kz<rrdfJ  germ,  +  a<j>alpa,  sphere.] 
In  embryol.:  (a)  A  hollow  sphere  (vesicular 
morula)  composed  of  a  single  layer  of  blasto- 
meres  or  derivative  cells,  inclosing  a  central 
cavity  or  blastoCfflle.  The  blastomeres  of  one  hemi- 
sphere of  the  vesicle  may  have  proceeded  from  the  macro- 
mere  ;  of  the  other,  from  a  micromere.  See  these  words. 
The  blastomeres  arrange  themselves  into  a  hollow 
sphere,  the  blaitosphere.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  415. 

(6)  By  Haeckel  restricted  to  the  {*erm-vesicle, 
vesicular  embryo,  or  blastodermic  vesicle  of 
the  Mammalia,  which  follows  after  gastrula- 
tion, and  is  called  by  him  a  gastrocystis,  or  in- 
testinal germ-vesicle.  Also  called  blastula. 

blastospneric  (blas-tp-sfer'ik),  a.  [<  blasto- 
sphere +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  a  blastosphere: 
as,  blastospheric  cells. 

blastostylar  (blas-to-sti'lar),  a.  [<  blastostyle 
+  -ar.~\  Pertaining'  to  a  blastostyle. 

blastostyle  (blas'to-stil),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3/aordf,  a 
germ,  +  orivlof,  a  pillar:  see  style2."]  In  zool., 
a  columniform  zooid  destined  to  give  origin  to 
generative  buds ;  a  long  simple  zooid,  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.  Also  called  gonoblastidium. 
In  some  blastostylea,  during  the  development  of  the 
buds-  of  the  gonophores,  the  ectoderm  splits  into  two 
layers.  .  .  .  Into  the  interspace  between  these  two,  the 
budding  gonophores  project,  and  may  emerge  from  the 
summit  of  the  gonangium  thus  formed. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  119. 

blast-pipe  (blast'pip),  n.  The  exhaust-pipe  of 
a  Steam-engine.  In  locomotives  and  in  some  station- 
ary steam-engines  it  is  directed  into  the  smoke-stack, 
with  the  effect  of  inducing  a  strong  draft. 

blast-recorder  (blast're-k&r'der),  ».  A  con- 
trivance for  recording  automatically  the  time 
during  which  a  hot-blast  stove  is  in  blast  or 
Out  of  blast.  It  is  operated  by  clockwork,  and  is  de- 
signed to  give  an  uninterrupted  record  of  the  work  and 
rest  of  a  number  of  stoves  for  a  week. 

blast-regulator  (blast'reg/i'u-la-tqr),  n.  In 
milling,  a  governor  for  controlling  the  blast  of 
a  grain-separator. 

blastula  (bias  'tu-  la),  n. ;  pi.  blastula:  (-le). 
[NL.,  dim.  of  Gr.  /fAaorof,  a  germ:  see  blas- 
tus."] In  embryol. :  (a)  An  embryo  of  one  of  the 
Metazoa,  in  the  stage  in  which  it  consists  of 
a  sac  formed  of  a  single  layer  of  cells.  (6)  In 
Haeckel's  vocabulary  of  embryology,  same  as 
blastosphere,  (b). 

blastulapore  (blas'tu-la-por),  ».  [Prop.  *blas- 
tulopore,  <  NL.  blasiiilajq.  v.,  +  L.  porus,  pore.] 
The  pore  or  orifice  of  a  blastula. 

blastulation  (blas-tu-la'shon), ».  [<  blastula  + 
-ation."\  In  embryol.,  the  process  by  which  a 
germ  becomes  a  blastula ;  the  conversion  of  a 
germ  into  a  blastula.  See  blastula.  in  most  ani- 
mals it  precedes  the  process  of  gastrnlation  (which  see), 
and  consists  in  the  conversion  of  a  solid  mulberry-mass  of 
cleavage-cells  (morula  proper)  into  a  hollow  sphere  or 
blastosphere  (vesicular  morula).  In  case  it  follows  gas- 
trulation, as  in  a  mammal,  it  consists  in  the  conversion  of 
what  is  called  a  kinogenetic  metajtastrula  (which  see)  into 
a  physiologically  similar  but  morphologically  different 
hollow  ball,  commonly  known  as  the  bl'astodermic  vesicle. 

blastus  (blas'tus),  n.;  pi.  blasti  (-ti).  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jUXatrnif,  a  germ,  bud,  sprout,  shoot,  <  PAO- 
araveiv  (/JAacrr-),  bud,  sprout,  grow,  prop,  of 
plants,  but  also  of  animals.]  In  bot.,  the 
plumule  of  grasses. 


blasty 


blasty  (blas'ti),  a.  [<  bluet  +  -u1.}  1.  Stormy ; 
gusty:  as,  a  blasty  day.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] — 2.  Causing  a  blast  or  blight  upon 
vegetation :  as,  "a  blasty  noon,"  Boyle,  Works, 
III.  154. 

blatancy  (bla' tan-si),  ».  [<  blatant:  see  -ancy.} 
Blatant  quality. 

blatant  (bla'tant),  a.  [Also  written  blattanl  ; 
one  of  Spenser's  words,  in  blatant  beast,  per- 
haps a  mere  alliterative  invention ;  otherwise 
intended  for  'blatund,  Sc.  blaitaiid,  archaic 
ppr.  til'  li/iiti'-i,  vnr.  of  bleat.']  Bellowing;  bawl- 
ing; noisy;  loud-talking  or  loud-sounding. 


y,  ttmt  blatant  wont,  whicl)  tiauiiU  some  military 
initi'K  like  the  bray  of  the  trumpet.  Irving. 

Blatant  (or  blattant)  beast,  calumny  ;  scandal  :  sym- 
bolized I'y  spciisiT  us  a  dreadful  fiend,  with  a  thousand 
tongues,  iK'KotU'ii  of  Cerberus  and  Chhmcra.  Spenter, 

r.  Q.,  vi.  i.  7. 

The  Isle  of  Dogges  where  the  frlutnnt  beast  doth  rule 
anil  ralgne.  Return  /rmn  Parnattua  (1806),  v.  4. 

blatantly  (bla'tant-li),  adv.  In  a  blatant  man- 
ner. 

blatcht,  «•  [<  ME.  blacche,  appar.  <  AS.  "blcecce 
(not  found),  <  blur,  black:  see  blui-k,  and  cf. 
lilftcli.]  Blacking. 

blatcht,  v.  t.  [<  ME.  "blacchen,  bUecehen  ;  from 
the  noun.  Cf.  black,  v.,  and  bletch,  v.  Not  con- 
nected with  blotch,  q.  v.]  To  smear  with  black- 
ing; black. 

No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  Matched  in  his  face. 
Uartnar,  tr.  of  Beza'g  Sermons,  p.  195. 

blate1  (Mat),  a.  [Formerly  also  written  blait, 
bleat;  appar.  <  ME.  (Sc.)  blate,  <  AS.  bldt, 
pale,  ghastly;  cf.  OHO.  bleizza,  lividness.] 
If.  Pale;  ghastly.  —  2f.  Dull;  spiritless;  stu- 
pid.— 3f.  Blunt;  curt.—  4.  Bashful;  diffident. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

The  youngster's  artless  heart  o'erflows  wi'  joy, 
But  blate  and  laithfu'  scarce  can  weel  behave. 

Burm,  Cottar's  Saturday  Night. 
Says  Lord  Mark  Car,  "  Ye  are  na  blate 
To  bring  us  the  news  o'  your  ain  defeat  — 
Get  out  o'  my  sight  tins  morning." 

Jacobite  Ballad,  Johnnie  Cope. 

blate2  (blat),  a.  [Also  written  blait;  appar. 
<  ME.  blete,  naked,  bare,  <  AS.  bleat,  miserable 
(naked!),  =  OFries.  blat,  NPries.  bleat,  naked, 
miserable,  =  MD.  blot,  D.  bloot,  naked,  bare,  = 
MLG.  blot,  naked,  bare,  miserable,  mere,  = 
OHG.  MHO.  bloz,  G.  blosa,  naked,  bare,  mere. 
Cf.  bloft.~\  Naked;  bare.  [Scotch.] 

blate8  (blat),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  blated,  ppr.  Mat- 
ing. [Appar.  a  dial.  var.  of  bleat  (formerly 
pron.  as  blate).  Cf.  blatant.']  I.  inh-nnx.  To 
babble  ;  prate. 

II.  trans.  To  babble  or  prate  about. 
He  blates  to  me  what  has  passed  between  other  people 
and  him.  P'py>,  Diary  (ed.  1879),  IV.  46. 

blateratet,  v.  ».  [<  L.  blateratns,  pp.  of  blate- 
rare,  babble.  Cf.  blatter."]  To  babble. 

blateration  (blat-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  LL.  blate- 
ratio(n-),  <  L.  blaterare,  babble:  see  blaterate."] 
Senseless  babble.  [Bare.] 

blather  (blaTH'er),  v.  i.  [Sc.  also  blether,  = 
Icel.  bladhra,  talk  inarticulately,  talk  nonsense 
(bladhr,  nonsense),  =G.  dial,  bladdern,  talk  non- 
sense ;  partly  imitative,  and  the  same  as  blat- 
ter, q.  v.]  To  talk  nonsense. 

blather  (blaTH'er),  n.  [So.  also  blether;  cf. 
Icel.  bladhr,  nonsense;  from  the  verb.]  1. 
Nonsense;  foolish  talk.  —  2.  A  person  who 
talks  nonsense. 

blatherskite  (bhmi'er-slrit),  n.  [Also  in  Sc. 
blethers/cite,  bletherskate;  <  blather,  blether,  + 
skate,  a  term  of  contempt.]  1.  One  who  talks 
nonsense  in  a  blustering  war;  a  blusterer. 
Hence  —  2.  A  good-for-nothing  fellow;  a 
"beat."  [Scotch  and  Amer.] 

blathery  fbla^H'e-ri),  a.  and  ».  [So.,  <  blather 
+  -y1.]  I.  a.  Unsubstantial  ;  trashy. 

II.  n.  That  which  is  unsubstantial,  trashy, 
or  deceptive.  . 

Blatta1  (blat'a),  n.  [L.,  an  insect  that  shuns  the 
light,  a  cockroach,  etc.]  1.  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Blattida;:  formerly  coextensive 
with  the  family,  but  now  greatly  restricted. 
Thus,  the  cockroach  or  common  black-beetle,  introduced 
from  the  East  into  Europe  and  America,  is  Blatta  (Peri- 
plnncta)  oriental!*.  See  cut  under  Blattid<r. 
2.  [/.  c.]  A  member  of  this  genus. 

blatta2  (blat'ii),  n.  [ML.]  A  purple  silk  inter- 
woven with  gold,  used  in  the  early  middle  ages. 
Rock,  Textile  Fabrics. 

blatteant  (blat'e-an),  a.  [<  blatta^  +  -ean.] 
Purple  ;  of  a  purple  color. 

blatter  (Wafer),  ».  ».  [=  G.  dial,  blattern, 
bladdern,  prate  ;  cf  .  L.  blaterare,  blacterare,  talk 
nonsense,  blatire,  babble  (cf.  blaterate)  ;  cf. 
blather,  blate3,  bleat,  blab,  blabber,  babble,  brab- 


ganglia  ;  a,  mouth  :  *,  eso- 
phagus ;  t,  ingluvies  or 
crop  ;  et,  proventriculus  ; 
e,  pyloric  ca-ca  :  /,  chylific 
ventricle ;  g,  insertion  of 
Malpi^hian  C.EC.I  ;  A.  in- 
testine :  i,  rectum  ;  1,  salt* 
vary  receptacle ;  L  sali- 
vary Rlanu ;  lt>.  labrum  ; 
cerebral  ganglia;  v. 
-,  cercL 


vulva ;  . 


581 

bit,  prattle,  etc.,  all  more  or  less  imitative.]  1. 
To  give  forth  or  produce  a  quick  succession  of 
slight  sounds;  patter:  as,  "the  rain  lilutti /«/," 
Jeffrey. — 2.  To  speak  or  prate  volubly;  rail  or 
rage.  [Bare.] 

However  envy  list  to  blatter 
against  him 

Spenter,  State  of  Ireland. 

blatter  (blat'er),  n.     [<  blat- 

'</.  r.}  1.  A  rattling  or  clat- 
tering noise  (as  of  boards 

falling).— 2.    A    volley   of 

clattering  words, 
blatterer    (blat'er-er),    ». 

One  who  blatters;  a  noisy 

blustering  boaster, 
blattering  (blat'er-ing),  n. 

[Verbal  n.   of    blatter,  v.} 

Senseless  blustering, 
blatteroont  (blat-e-ron'),  n. 

f  <  L.  blatero(n-),  a  babbler, 

<  blaterare,  babble :  see  blat- 
ter.'}   A  senseless  babbler. 

I  trusted  T.  P.  with  a  weighty  se- 
cret, conjuring  him  that  it  should 
not  take  air  and  go  abroad,  .  .  . 
but  It  went  out  of  him  the  very 
next  day.  ...  I  hate  such  blat- 
teroont. lloicfU,  Letters,  II.  75. 

Blattidae  (blat'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Blatta1  +  -idee.]  A 
family  of  cursorial  orthop- 
terous insects,  the  cock- 
roaches, coextensive  with 
the  division  Blattina  or  sub- 
order Cursoria,  or  even  the 
order  Dicty op tera.  They  have  a  i»d»i"iViV.'»bdomin«isc 
flattened,  lengthened,  ovate  body,  "tfonofiioart^lv'tnor'aci 
with  head  retracted  into  the  large 
shield-like  prothorax;  long,  fila- 
mentous, many-jointed  antenna? ; 
long,  strong  cursorial  legs,  with 
setose  tiliiiu ;  5-jointed  tarsi,  with 
an  accessory  joint  or  plantula  be- 
tween the  claws ;  large  coriaceous 
fore  wings  which  overlap,  and 
longitudinal  folded  hlud  wings, 
both  sometimes  undeveloped  In 
females.  The  genera,  species,  and  Individuals  are  numer- 
ous, and  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Some  attain 
a  very  large  size  in  the  tropics.  They  are  mostly  noc- 
turnal, or  lire  in  dark  places,  and  most  of  them  are 
omnivorous.  When  numerous  they  cause  much  annoy- 
ance and  injury,  as  in  bakeries,  granaries,  etc.  See  also 
cut  under  Jnsecta. 

blattiform  (blat'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  blatta,  a 
cockroach,  T  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  blatta  or  cockroach. 

Blattina  (bla-ti'nft),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blatta1  + 
-ina2.]  A  group  of  cursorial  orthopterous  in- 
sects, including  only  the  family  Blattida: :  same 
as  Cursoria,  2. 

blattoid  (blat'oid),  a.  [<  Blatta1  +  -aid.}  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characteristics  of  the 
Blattidtz ;  like  a  cockroach. 

blaubok.  n.    See  blauwbok. 

blaud  (blad),  n.  [Sc.,  also  Mail,  perhaps  same 
as  blade  (see  blad3  and  blade):  but  cf.  Gael. 
bladh  =  Ir.  bladh,  a  part.]  1.  A  large  piece  of 
anything;  a  considerable  portion;  a  flat  piece 
of  anything. —  2.  A  slap ;  a  blow  or  stroke. 

blaufish  (bla'fish),  n.  [<  "blau,  prob.  same  as 
Sc.  bla,  blae,  dark,  livid  (see  6toe),  +  fish.}  Ac- 
cording to  Pennant,  a  name  of  the  blackfish, 
Centrolophus  pompilus.  Se«  cut  under  Centra- 
lophus. 

blauncht,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  blanch1. 

blauwbok  (blou'bok),  n.    [D.,  lit.  blue  buck. 

<  6/oido  (blaauw),  =  E.  blue,  +  bok  =  E.  bud:1.} 

1.  The  Dutch  colonial  name  of  a  South  African 
antelope,  Hippotragus  (or JEgoceros)  leucophams, 
given  on  account  of  its  bluish  appearance, 
caused  by  the  dark  hide  showing  through  light 
hair.    It  is  related  to  the  oryx,  addax,  etc.,  and  has 
rather  large  horns  curving  backward.    Also  called  blue- 
buck,  blue  antelope,  and  etaac. 

2.  A  small  South  African  antelope  with  very 
short  straight  horns  and  heavy  hind  quarters. 

Also  spelled  blaubok. 

blaver,  blavert  (bla'ver,  -vert),  ».  Corrupt 
forms  of  blaicort.  [Scotch.] 

Your  gloves  shall  be  o'  the  green  clorer 

Come  lockerln'  to  your  hand, 

Well  dropper  o'er  wi'  blue  blavert, 

That  grow  amang  white  land. 

Gardener  Lad  (Anon.). 

blaw  (bla),  v. ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown,  ppr.  blaw- 
iag.  [Sc.,  =  E.  blow1.}  I.  intrans.  To  blow ; 
breathe ;  publish ;  brag ;  boast ;  magnify  in  nar- 
rative— To  blaw  In  one's  lug,  to  cajole;  flatter  a 
person.  Hence,  blaw-in-my-lug,  a  flatterer ;  a  wheedler. 
Scott. 

II.  trims.  To  flatter;  coax. 


blaze 

blawort  (Ma'wi'-H),  n.  [Sc.,  also  blartrt,  bla- 
'•' i .  q.  v.,  <  bla,  blue,  blue,  +  wort1:  see  blae 
and  trori1.]  1.  The  blue  corn-flower;  the 
bluebottle. — 2.  Thf  round-loatV.l  1>.  11-tlower. 
.In  in  if  son. 

blay1  (bla),  n.  [Also  writ  ten  '<'<// ;  <  ME.  'blaye, 
*b"cye,  <  AS.  blcege  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleihe,  a  blay.J 
A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak. 

blay-',  ".  and  n.    Same  as  blae. 

blayberry,  n.     Same  as  blaeberry. 

blay-linen,  ».    Same  as  blue-linen. 

blaze1  (blay.),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  6to.se (Sc. 
/ .// 1  :i;  earlier  blese) ;  <  ME.  6to*c,  a  flame,  <  AS. 
liiii:-"1,  blase,  a  flame,  torch,  =  MLG.  LG.  bias  = 
M I N  i.  Mix,  a  torch  (cf.  AS.  blast,  a  flame) ;  akin 
to  blaze*,  q.  v.,  but  only  remotely,  if  at  all,  to 
blaze*,  q.  v.  The  AS.  forms  blysa,  blysige,  a  torch, 
etc.,  belong  to  another  root:  see  blush.}  It.  A 
torch;  a  fire-brand. —  2.  A  flame;  a  flaming 
fire ;  a  conflagration. 

To  heaven  the  Maze  uprolled.  Vroly. 

What  heaps  of  books  and  pamphlets  I   now  we  shall 

have  a  glorious  blu:e.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  L 

3.  Figuratively,  brilliant  sunlight;  effulgence; 
brilliance :  as,  the  blaze  of  day. 

As  thy  beautie  hath  made  thee  the  blaze  of  Italy,  so  wil 
thy  lightnesse  make  thee  the  bye  word  of  the  worlde. 

l.ii/i/,  Euphues,  Aunt,  of  Wit,  p.  102. 

O,  dark,  dark,  dark,  amid  the  blaze  of  noon  ! 

Mill:,!!,    S.    A.,  I.  80. 

4.  A  sudden  kindling  up  or  bursting  out,  as  of 
fire,  passion,  etc. ;  an  active  or  violent  display ; 
wide  diffusion. 

In  his  tilaze  of  wrath.  .SVm*.,  T.  and  C.,  Ir.  5. 

The  main  blaze  of  it  Is  past,  bat  a  small  thing  would 
make  It  flame  again.  Shak.,  Cor.,  Ir.  3. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  a  hand  (now  seldom 
or  never  used)  consisting  of  five  court-cards, 
ranking  between  two  pairs  and  three  of  a  kind: 
so  called  in  allusion  to  the  blaze  of  color  dis- 
played— in  a  blaze,  on  fire ;  In  flames.-  like  blazes, 
furiously;  in  or  to  an  excessive  degree.    [Low.] 

The  other  little  ones  used  to  cry  like  blazes.      Mayhew. 

The  horse  was  so  maddened  by  the  wound,  and  the 
road  so  steep,  that  he  went  like  blazet. 

De  Quinctij,  Spanish  Nun,  p.  24. 

The  blazes,  hell ;  perdition.  Hence,  to  yo  to  blazet,  to 
go  to  perdition,  or  to  the  deuce.  [Slang.  ]  =  8yn.  2.  Glare, 
etc.  Seeyfaww,  71. 

blaze1  (blaz),  r. ;  pret.  blazed,  ppr.  blazing. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  blase  (=  Sc.  bleeze,  blese) ; 
<.  ME.  blasen,  blaze;  from  the  noun.]  I.  in- 
trans. 1.  To  burst  into  flame;  burn  with  a 
bright  flame  or  fervent  heat;  flame:  either 
literally  or  figuratively. 

Two  red  fires  In  lioth  their  faces  blazed. 

Shak..  Lucrece,  1.  1353. 
Starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets.     Hiltiin,  P.  L.,  I.  728. 

2.  To  send  forth  a   bright  light;  shine  like 
flame  or  fire  :  as,  a  blazing  diamond. 

I  lift  mine  eyes,  and  all  the  windows  tilaze 
With  forms  of  saints  and  holy  men  who  died. 

Longfellow,  Sonnets  on  the  Divlna  run. media,  Ir. 

The  cupola  blazet  with  gigantic  archangels,  stationed 
in  a  ring  beneath  the  supreme  figure  and  fare  <if  Christ. 
</.  -I.  Symondit,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  169. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous ;  shine  brightly  with  the 
brilliancy  of  talents,  heroic  deeds,  etc.  [Poetic.] 

Mighty  names 
Hare  blazed  upon  the  world  and  passed  away. 

Bryant,  Fifty  Year*. 

To  blaze  away,  to  Are  away ;  keep  on  firing  (with  guns 
or  artillery) ;  work  vigorously  or  with  enthusiasm.  See 
atrny,  12.  To  blaze  out.  (n)  To  throw  out  dame  or 
light;  shine  forth,  (d)  To  go  out  with  a  flare,  (c)  To 
break  nut  with  passion  or  excitement ;  speak  or  act  vio- 
lently. -To  blaze  up,  to  hurst  Into  flame,  and  hence  into 
passion,  anger,  etc. 

U.  trans.  1.  To  set  in  a  blaze.     [Rare.] 
Take  him  in  and  blaze  the  oak.  Hood. 

2.  To  temper  (steel)  by  covering  it  while  not 
with  tallow  or  oilj  which  is  then  burned  off. — 

3.  To  cause  to  shine  forth  ;  exhibit  vividly. 

Fiery  eyes  blaze  forth  her  wrong. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  L  218. 
So  spake  the  Father ;  and,  unfolding  bright 
Toward  the  right  hand  his  glory,  on  the  Son 
Blazed  forth  unclouded  deity.    Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  65. 

To  blaze  outt,  to  bum  out ;  figuratively,  exhaust  in  a 
blaze  of  passion  or  excess. 

blaze2  (blaz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blazed,  ppr. 
blazing. _  [<  ME.  blasen,  blow,  as  a  trumpet,  < 
A8.  "blicsan,  blow  (=  MD.  blaescn,  D.  blazen, 
blow,  sound  a  trumpet,  =  MLG.  blasen  =  OHG. 
Mason,  MEG.  blasen,  G.  blasen  =  Icel.  blasa  = 
Sw.  bldsa  =  Dan.  blase,  blow,  =  Goth,  blesan, 
in  comp.  ufblesan,  puff  up);  prob.,  with  forma- 
tive -s,  from  the  root  *bla  of  blawan,  blow, 
breathe :  see  bluic1,  and  cf.  blast.  In  the  later 


blaze 

senses   confused  with   blazon,  q.  v.]     If.  To 

blow,  as  from  a  trumpet. 

With  Ills  blakc  clarioun 

He  gan  to  blanen  out  a  soun 

As  lowde  as  beloweth  wynde  in  helle. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1802. 

Hence — 2.    To  publish;    make  well  kuown; 
announce  in  a  public  manner. 

Till  we  can  find  a  time 

To  blaze  your  marriage.      Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
To  tell  you  truth,  lady,  his  conceit  was  far  better  than 
I  have  blazed  it  yet. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  ii.  2. 
Such  inusick  worthiest  were  to  blaze 
The  peerless  highth  of  her  immortal  praise. 

Milton,  Arcades,  1.  74. 

3f.  To  disclose ;  betray ;  defame. 

To  cover  shame,  I  took  thee ;  never  fear 
That  I  would  blaze  myself. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  ii.  1. 

4.  In  her.,  to  blazon.     See  blazon,  n.,  1  and  2. 

You  should  have  blazed  it  thus  :  he  bears  a  tierce  sable 
between  two  tierces  or.  Peacham. 

Braggadochio  .  .  .  did  shew  his  shield, 
Which  bore  the  Sunne  brode  blazed  in  a  golden  field. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  iii.  14. 

blaze2  (blaz),  n.  [<  blaze2,  v.~\  Publication;  the 
act  of  spreading  widely  by  report.  [Poetic.] 

For  what  is  glory  but  the  blaze  of  fame  ? 

Milton,  P.  K.,  iii.  47. 

blaze3  (blaz),  n.  [=  D.  bles  =  MLG.  blesse  = 
MHG.  Masse,  G.  bldsse  =  Icel.  blest  =  Sw.  bias 
and  blasa  =  Dan.  blis,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on 
the  forehead  (G.  blouse  also  paleness) ;  from  the 
adj.  represented  by  OHG.  bias,  whitish,  MHG. 
bias,  bald,  pale,  weak,  G.  blass,  pale,  wan,  orig. 
'  shining' ;  connected  with  blaze1,  a  torch,  flame : 
see  blaze1 ;  cf .  Icel.  blasa,  lie  open  to  view.]  1. 
A  white  spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse,  cow,  ox, 
etc.  See  cut  under  blesbok. 
A  square  blaze  in  his  [a  sacred  ox's]  forehead. 

Coutley,  Plagues  of  Egypt,  note  to  st.  10. 

2.  A  white  mark  made  on  a  tree,  as  by  remov- 
ing a  piece  of  the  bark,  to  indicate  a  boundary, 
or  a  path  or  trail  in  a  forest.  [Orig.  American.] 
— 3.  A  local  English  name  of  the  bleak. 
blaze3  (blaz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  biased,  ppr. 
blazing.  [=  MLG.  blesset,  pp. ;  <  blaze3,  «.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  white  spot  on  the  face,  as 
a  horse :  only  in  the  perfect  participle  blazed. — 

2.  To  set  a  mark  on,  as  a  tree,  usually  by  cut- 
ting off  a  piece  of  its  bark,  so  as  to  show  a 
white  spot. 

As  for  me,  the  son  and  the  father  of  Uncas,  I  am  a  blazed 
pine  in  the  dealing  of  the  pale-faces. 

Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxxiii. 

3.  To  indicate  or  mark  out,  as  by  cutting  off 
pieces  of  the  bark  of  a  number  of  trees  in  suc- 
cession: as,  to  blaze  a  path  through  a  forest. 

Champolliou  died  in  1832,  having  done  little  more  than 
blaze  out  the  road  to  be  traveled  by  others.  Nott. 

blaze4  (blaz),  n.  [E.  dial,  (not  found  in  ME. 
or  AS.),  =  MLG.  blase,  a  bladder,  =  OHG.  bld- 
«o,  MHG.  blase,  G.  blasen,  a  bladder,  bubble, 
blister,  pimple ;  from  the  verb  blaze?  (=  OHG. 
Mi  I.IK  n,  MHG.  G.  blasen),  blow :  see  blaze%,  and 
cf.  blast  and  blister.']  A  pimple.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

blaze5  (blaz),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.]  Same  as 
brash1,  4  (a). 

blaze11  (blaz),  n.  pi.  Irregular  spelling  of  blaes, 
plural  of  blae.  See  blae,  n. 

blazer1  (bla'zer), n.  [<  blaze1  +  -er1.]  1.  Any- 
thing that  blazes,  or  is  intensely  luminous  or 
hot:  as,  the  day  was  a  blazer. — 2.  A  dish  under 
which  there  is  a  receptacle  for  coals  to  keep  it 
hot. — 3.  A  bright-colored  loose  coat,  usually  of 
flannel,  worn  by  tennis-  and  cricket-players. 

The  origin  of  the  word  is  as  follows :  The  uniform  of 
the  Lady  Margaret  Boat  Club  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, is  bright  red,  and  the  Johnian  jackets  have  for 
many  years  been  called  Mazers.  Up  to  a  few  years  ago 
the  inaccurate  modern  use  of  blazer  for  a  jacket  of  any 
other  colour  than  red  was  unknown. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  486. 

blazer2  (bla'zer), «.  [<  Maze*  +  -er1.]  1.  One 
who  blazes ;  one  who  publishes  and  spreads  re- 
ports: as,  "blazers  of  cryme,"  Spenser,  P.  Q., 
II.  ix.  25.— 2f.  Ablazoner. 

blazer3  (bla'zer),  n.  [<  blaze^  +  -erl.]  One 
who  blazes  a  tree. 

blazingly  (bla'zing-li),  adv.  In  a  blazing  man- 
ner. 

blazing-star  (bla' zing-star'),  n.  1.  In  her.,  a 
comet  used  as  a  bearing.  It  is  represented  bend- 
wise  as  a  star  of  six  points  with  a  tail  streaming  from  it. 
2.  A  name  in  the  United  States  for  several 
very  different  plants,  (a)  The  Aletris  farinosa,  a 
low  herbaceous  plant,  natural  order  Htemodoraceae,  with 
whitish  mealy  flowers.  The  roots  are  bitter,  and  have 
some  repute  in  medicine.  Also  called  colic-root,  (b)  The 


582 

starwort  (Chamcelinum  Carolinianum),  natural  order  Li- 
liacete,  the  roots  of  which  yield  a  bitter  tonic,  (c)  A  spe- 
cies of  Liatris,  L.  squarrosa,  natural  order  Composites,  one 
of  the  many  popular  remedies  for  rattlesnake-bites. 

3.  A  stampede  of  pack-mules  or  other  animals 
from  a  central  point.     [Western  U.  S.  slang.] 

blazon  (bla'zn),  H.  [<  ME.  Mason,  blasoun,  a 
shield,  =  MD.  blasoen,  D.  blazoen,  <  OF.  blason, 
blazon  (=  Pr.  blezo,  blizo  =  Sp.  blason  =  Pg.  bla- 
sSo,  brasSo  =  It.  btosone),  a  shield  with  a  coat  of 
arms  painted  on  it,  the  coat  of  arms  itself  (the 
Pr.  and  Sp.  terms  mean  also  honor,  glory,  fame) ; 
usually  referred  to  MHG.  blasen,  OHG.  blasan, 
blow,  hence  sound  a  trumpet,  proclaim,  blaze 
(see  blaze2) ;  by  some  to  blaze1 ;  but  the  orig. 
sense  'shield,'  with  other  facts,  is  against  such 
derivation.  In  ME.  and  mod.  E.  blaze2  and 
blazon  are  of  course  associated  in  thought.]  1. 
In  her.,  a  shield  with  arms  on  it ;  armorial  bear- 
ings; a  coat  of  arms;  a  banner  bearing  arms. 

The  chief  functionaries  of  city  and  province,  ...  all 
marching  under  emblematical  standards  or  time-honored 
blazons.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  633. 

2.  A  description  in  technical  language  of  ar- 
morial bearings.  Peculiar  and  fantastic  changes  in- 
troduced by  certain  heralds  are  chiefly  in  the  blazon,  and 
not  in  the  graphic  representation :  thus,  when  the  arms  of 
nobles  are  described  by  precious  stones  (sapphire  instead 
of  azure,  topaz  instead  of  or,  and  the  like),  or  when  the 
arms  of  sovereigns  are  described  by  the  planets,  the 
description  only  is  peculiar,  the  drawing  and  coloring  of 
the  achievement  being  of  the  same  character  as  those  of 
ordinary  bearings. 

3f.  Interpretation;  explanation. 
I  think  your  blazon  to  be  true.    Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

4.  Publication;  show;  celebration;  pompous 
display,  either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

But  this  eternal  blazon  must  not  be 

To  ears  of  flesh  and  blood.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  6. 

blazon  (bla'zn),  v.  t.  [=  MD.  blasoenen  =  G. 
blasoniren,  <  F.  blasonner,  blazon,  =  Sp.  blaso- 
nar,  blazon,  brag,  boast,  =  It.  blasonare,  blazon 
(ML.  blazonare) ;  from  the  noun.  Cf.  blaze?  in 
similar  senses.]  1.  To  explain  in  proper  her- 
aldic terms  (the  arms  or  bearings  on  a  shield). 

King  Edward  gave  to  them  the  coat  of  aims  which  I  am 
not  herald  enough  to  blazon  into  English.  Addismi. 

2.  To  depict  (armorial  bearings)  according  to 
the  rules  of  heraldry.  [An  incorrect  use  of 
the  word,  not  recognized  by  heralds.] — 3.  To 
inscribe  with  arms,  or  some  ornament ;  adorn 
with  blazonry. 

The  blood-red  flag  of  the  Sacred  Office  .  .  .  blazoned 
upon  either  side  with  the  portraits  of  Alexander  and  of 
Ferdinand.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  iii.  166. 

What  matter  whose  the  hillside  grave, 
Or  whose  the  blazoned  stone? 

Whittier,  The  Countess. 

4.  To  deck;   embellish;  adorn  as  with  bla- 
zonry. 

Then  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hideous  form. 

Garth,  The  Dispensary,  ii. 

The  bottom  of  the  valley  was  a  bed  of  glorious  grass, 
blazoned  with  flowers. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  280. 

5.  To  display:  exhibit  conspicuously;   make 
known;  publish. 

For  better  farre  it  were  to  hide  their  names, 
Than  telling  them  to  blazon  out  their  blames. 

Spenser,  Teares  of  the  Muses. 
Blazoning  our  injustice  everywhere. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4. 
And  blazon  o'er  the  door  their  names  in  brass. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  31. 

6.  To  proclaim  or  publish  boastingly;  boast  of. 

My  friend  Lancelot  is  not  a  man  to  blazon  anything. 

Irving,  Salmagundi,  p.  124. 

blazoner  (bla'zn-er),  ».  1.  One  who  blazons ; 
a  herald. — 2.  One  who  publishes  or  proclaims 
with  strong  or  extravagant  praise. 

blazoning  (bla'zn-ing),  n.  In  her.,  the  art  of 
describing  armorial  bearings.  See  blazon,  n. 

blazonment  (bla'zn-ment),  n.  [<  blazon  + 
-ment.~\  The  act  of  blazoning;  emblazonment. 

blazonry  (bla'zn-ri),  n.  [<  blazon  +  -ry.]  1. 
The  art  of  describing  or  explaining  coats  of 
arms  in  proper  heraldic  terms  and  method. 

Bob  has  done  more  to  set  the  public  right  on  this  Im- 
portant point  of  blazonry  than  the  whole  College  of  Her- 
alds. Lamb,  Newspapers  Thirty-five  Years  ago. 

2.  Emblazonry;  decoration  in  color,  as  with 
heraldic  devices ;  brilliant  decoration ;  splen- 
dor. 

The  gorgeous  building  and  wild  blazonry  of  that  shrine 
of  St.  Mark's.  Jtuskin. 

So  much  subtler  is  a  human  mind  than  the  outside 
tissues  which  make  a  sort  of  blazonry  or  clockface  for  it. 
George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  1, 12. 

3.  Figuratively,  display. 


bleach-field 

blazy  (bla'zi),  a.  [<  blaze1  -f  -y1.']  Burning 
brightly;  blazing:  as,  a  blazy  fire.  [Bare.] 

blet,  »•    A  Middle  English  form  of  blee. 

-ble.  [ME.  -ble  (-bel,  -bil,  -byl,  -bid),  <  OF.  -ble, 
mod.  F.  -ble  =  Pr.  Sp.  -ble  =  Pg.  -vel  =  It.  -bile, 
<  L.  -bilis,  ace.  -bilem,  a  suffix  (<  -bi-  +  -li-s), 
forming  adjectives,  usually  with  a  passive  sig- 
nification, from  verbs  ending  with  one  of  the 
vowels  -a,  -e,  -i,  -4,  -6,  -u,  being  the  root-  or 
stem-vowel  or  (as  usually  -f)  a  mere  insertion, 
as  in  admird-bilis,  dele-bilis,  sepeli-bilis,  cred-4- 
bilis,  ignd-bilis,  mp-bilis,  volu-bilis,  etc. ;  rarely 
from  perfect  participles,  as  in  flex-i-bilis,  plaus- 
f-bilis,  etc.  See  further  under  -able.  Adjec- 
tives in  -ble  are  accompanied  by  adverbs  in 
-bly,  contr.  from  -ble-ly,  and  nouns  in  -ble-ness 
or,  according  to  the  L.,  in  -bil-ity,  as  credi-ble, 
credi-bleness,  credi-bility.  In  many  words  the 
term,  -ble  is  of  different  origin,  as  in  nimble, 
hamble,  humble,  marble,  parable,  syllable,  etc., 
divided  etymologically  nimb-le,  humb-le,  etc.. 
the  real  term,  being  -le,  of  various  origin.] 
A  suffix  of  Latin  origin,  occurring  in  adjectives 
having  originally  a  passive  signification,  which 
is  retained  more  or  less  fully  in  adjectives  ac- 
companied by  verbs  derived  from  the  infinitive 
or  perfect  participle  (English  -ate  or  -it)  of  the 
same  Latin  verb,  as  in  commendable,  admirable, 
dissoluble,  etc.,  habitable,  imitable,  tolerable,  navi- 
gable, etc., 'credible,  etc.,  but  is  not  obvious  in 
adjectives  not  accompanied  by  such  verbs,  as 
in  equable,  delectable,  horrible,  terrible,  ignoble, 
voluble, feeble,  etc.  In  English  it  is  felt  and  used 
as  a  suffix  only  with  the  preceding  vowel,  -able 
or  -ible.  See  -able,  -ible. 

blea1,  a.  and  n.    See  blae. 

blea2  (ble),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps  < 
blea1  =  blae,  pale  (see  blae).  Cf.  Sc.  blae,  blay, 
rough  parts  of  wood  left  in  sawing  or  boring.] 
The  part  of  a  tree  immediately  under  the  bark; 
the  alburnum  or  white  wood.  [Bare.] 

bleaberry,  ».    Same  as  blaeberry. 

bleach1  (blech),  v.  [<  ME.  blechen,  <  AS.  blcecan 
(=  D.  bleeken  =  OHG.  bleichen,  MHG.  G.  blei- 
clwn  =  Icel.  bleikja  =  Sw.  bleka  =  Dan.  blege), 
make  white,  cause  to  fade  (cf.  bldcian,  become 
white  or  pale),  <  bide,  pale,  bleak:  see  bleak1, 
blake.~\  I.  trans.  To  make  white  or  whiter  by 
removing  color;  whiten;  blanch;  make  pale; 
specifically,  to  whiten  (as  linen,  etc.)  by  wash- 
ing and  exposure  to  the  action  of  the  air  and 
sunlight,  or  by  chemical  preparations.  See 
bleaching. 

Immortal  liberty,  whose  look  sublime 
Hath  bleached  the  tyrant's  cheek  in  every  varying  clime. 
Smollett,  Ode  to  Independence. 

The  bones  of  men, 
In  some  forgotten  battle  slain, 
And  bleached  by  drifting  wind  and  rain. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  5. 

The  robed  and  mitred  apostles,  bleached  and  rain-washed 
by  the  ages,  rose  into  the  blue  air  like  huge  snow  figures. 
H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  210. 
=  Syn.  Blanch,  etc.    See  whiten. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  become  white  in  any  man- 
ner ;  become  pale  or  colorless. 

Along  the  snows  a  stiffened  corse, 
Stretched  out  and  bleaching  in  the  northern  blast. 

Thomson,  Winter,  1.  321. 

2.  To  become  morally  pure.     [Rare.] 
bleach^,  a.     [<  ME.  bleche  (bleche),  <  AS.  blSc, 
var.  of  bide,  pale:  see  bleak1,  Wake,  and  cf. 
bleach1,  i>.]     1.  Pale.— 2.  Bleak. 
bleach1  (blech),  n.     [<  ME.  bleche,  <  AS.  blwco, 
paleness,  <  bide,  pale:  see  bleak1."]     If.  A  dis- 
ease of  the  skin.     Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny. —  2. 
[<  bleach1,  ».]   An  act  of  bleaching;  exposure 
to  the  sun  or  other  bleaching  agency  or  influ- 
ence. 

What  is  known  as  ' '  the  three-quarter  bleach  "  with  flax. 
Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVI.  249. 

bleach2t  (blech),  n.  [A  var.  of  bletch,  q.  v.] 
Blacking;  any  substance  used  for  blacking. 
Cotgrave. 

bleacher  (ble'cher),  «.  1.  Oue  who  bleaches; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  whiten  cloth. —  2. 
A  vessel  used  in  bleaching. — 3.  A  large  shal- 
low wooden  tub,  lined  with  metal,  used  in  dis- 
tilling petroleum ;  a  settling-tub. 

bleachery  (ble'cher-i),  n. ;  pi.  bteacheries  (-iz). 
[<  bleach1,  v.,  +  -ery.~\  A  place  for  bleaching; 
an  establishment  where  the  bleaching  of  tex- 
tile fabrics,  etc.,  is  carried  on. 

Young  reprobates  dyed  in  the  wool  with  perversity  are 
taken  into  a  kind  of  moral  bleachery  and  come  out  white 
as  lambs.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  354. 

bleach-field  (blech'feld),  «.  A  field  where  cloth 
or  yarn  is  bleached. 


bleaching 

bleaching  (ble'ehing),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  bltarli1. } 
Tho  art  or  process  of  freeing  textile  fibers  and 
fabrics,  and  various  other  substances  (such  as 
materials  for  paper,  ivory,  wax,  oils),  from 
their  natural  color,  and  rendering  them  white, 
or  nearly  so.  The  ancient  method  of  blenching  by 
exposing  to  the  action  of  the  suns  rays,  ami  fivqui'iit 
wettlnx,  li:i^  In  i-ii  nearly  superseded,  :it  1' ast  where  the 
business  Is  prosecuted  on  a  large  scale,  by  more  compli- 
cated processes  in  connection  with  powerful  chemical 
preparations.  Animitf  these  preparations,  the  chief  are 
chlorin  ami  sulphurous  acid,  the  latter  being  employed 
more  especially  in  tlie  case  of  animal  nbers(silk  and  wool), 
while  cotton,  tiav.  ami  other  vegetable  fibers  are  operated 
upon  with  chlorin,  the  bleaching  i"  both  cases  being  pre- 
mini  by  certain  cleansing  processes.  Glass  is  bleached 
by  the  use  of  chemical  agents,  usually  braunite,  saltpeter, 
arscnious  acid,  and  minium  or  red  lead. 

bleaching-liquid  (ble'ching-lik'wid),  n.  A 
liquid  for  bleaching;  specifically,  blanching- 
liquor. 

bleaching-powder  (ble'ching-pou"der),  n.  A 
powder  made  by  exposing  slatted  lime  to  the 
action  of  chlorin ;  chlorid  of  lime,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  a  mixture  of  slaked  lime  and  a  double  salt  of 
calcium  chlorid  and  calcium  hypochlorite.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal agent  used  in  bleaching  textile  fabrics,  and  is  also  a 

•  powerful  disinfectant. 

bleak1  (blek),  a.  [Also  assibilated  bleach 
(obs.),  dial,  bltike,  q.v. ;  <  ME.  bleke  (assibilated 
bleche)  (also  bleike,  prob.  due  to  Icel.),  earlier 
blake,  blak  (i.e.,  blak,  different  from  bldk,  black, 
though  to  some  extent  Confused  with  it),  pale, 
wan,  <  AS.  bloc  (var.  bUeo,  whence  prob.  ult.  E. 
bleach1,  a.,  q.  v.),  pale,  wan,  also  bright,  shining 
(=  OS.  blek,  pale,  shining,  =  D.  bleek  =  MLG. 
blek,  LG.  blek  =  OHG.  bleih,  MHG.  G.  bleich  = 
Icel.  bleikr  =  Sw.  blek  =  Dan.  bleg,  pale,  wan),  < 
Wean  (pret.  bide,  pp.  bliceji),  shine,  =  OS.  blikan 
=  OFries.  blika,  shine,  =  D.  blijken  (pret.  bleek), 
appear,  =  Icel.  blikja,  blika,  shine,  =  OHG.  blih- 
han,  shine  (MHG.  blican,  G.  bleichett,  grow  pale, 
mixed  with  weak  verb  bleichen,  bleach:  see 
bleach1,  v.),  akin  to  Skt.  •/  bhraj,  shine,  and 
perhaps  to  Gr.  <j>"Aiyuv,  burn,  blaze,  ^A<5f,  flame, 
Li.flamma,  flame,  fulgere,  shine,  etc. :  see  flame, 
fulgent,  phlegm,  phlox,  etc.  Related  E.  words 
are  blank,  blink,  bleach1,  perhaps  hind:,  and 
bright1.]  If.  Pale ;  pallid ;  wan ;  of  a  sickly  hue. 
With  a  face  dedly,  bleyk,  and  pale.  Lydgate. 

She  looked  as  pale  and  as  ble.uk  as  one  laid  out  dead. 

Foxe,  Martyrs  (Agnes  Wardall). 

2.  Exposed  to  cold  and  winds ;  desolate ;  bare 
of  vegetation. 

Say,  will  ye  bless  the  bleak  Atlantic  shore? 

Pope,  Cho.  to  Brutus. 
Wastes  too  bleak  to  rear  the  common  growth  of  earth. 

Wordsworth. 

It  Is  rich  land,  but  upon  a  clay,  and  in  a  very  bleak, 
high,  exposed  situation.  Qray,  Letters,  I.  268. 

8.  Cheerless;  dreary. 

Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  bleak  and 
barren  prospects.  Addison. 

4.  Cold;  chill;  piercing;  desolating. 
Entreat  the  north 
To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  7. 
The  night  was  bleak ;  the  rain  fell ;  the  wind  roared. 

Macaulay,  Hist  Eng.,  ix. 

bleakH,  »•     [<  bleak1,  a.;  var.  of  bleach1.]    I. 
trans.  To  make  white  or  pale ;  bleach. 
H.  intrans.  To  become  white  or  pale. 

bleak2  (blek),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  bleke,  dial. 
blick;  =  Icel.  bleikja  =  OHG.  bleicha,  MHG. 
blicke;  from  the  adj.  bleak  (Icel.  bleikr,  OHG. 
bleih),  from  the  pale  color  of  its  scales  (see 
bleak1).  The  synonymous  term  blay1,  <  AS. 
bliege  =  D.  blei  =  G.  bleihe,  is  not  directly  con- 
nected with  Weafc2.]  An  English  name  of  a 
small  cyprinoid  fish,  Albttrnus  lucidus.  Other 
forms  of  the  name  are  blrik.  blick.  Also  called 
blay. 

bleak3!,  r.  t.  [Var.  of  bleach*  and  black,  v.] 
To  blacken ;  darken.  Cotgrave. 

bleakish  (ble'kish),  a.     [<  bleak1  +  -ish1.] 
Moderately  bleak;  somewhat  bleak. 
A  northerly  or  bleakish  easterly  wind. 

Dr.  O.  Cheyne,  Ess.  on  Health. 

bleakly  (blek'li),  adv.    In  a  bleak  manner  or 
situation:  as,  the  wind  howls  bleakly. 
Neere  the  sea-coast  they  bleakely  seated  are. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan,  iv 

bleakness  (blek'nes),  n.  [<  Meak1  +  -nets.] 
The  quality  of  being  bleak;  coldness;  desola- 
tion: as,  "the  bleakness  of  the  air,"  Addison. 

The  landscape  will  lose  its  melancholy  bleakness  and 
acquire  a  beauty  of  its  own. 

Haicthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  II. 

bleaky  (ble'ki),  a.    [Extended  form  of  blenk1,!!.] 

Bleak;  open;  unsheltered;  cold;  chill.   [Rare.] 

The  bleaht  top  of  rugged  hills. 

Drydrn,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Oeorgics,  111. 


There  seems  a  hideous  fault  blazed  in  the  object. 

taster,  v.  1. 


583 

blear1  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren,  make  dim  or 
rheumy,  in  reference  to  the  eyes,  esp.  iu  the 
phrase  blear  one's  eyes,  i.  e.,  deceive,  hood- 
wink one;  rarely  intrans.,  blink;  cf.  Dan. 
Wire,  also  plire,  blink,  =  8w.  plira,  dial,  blira, 
and  blura,  blink  (cf.  dial,  olirra  fair  augu, 
quiver  before  the  eyes,  of  summer  heat),  = 
LG.  jil  n  nil,  /ill/an,  jil'fn  (also  bleer-  in  bleer- 
oged  =  E.  blear-eyed,  q.  v.),  blink;  cf.  G.  dial. 
blerr,  an  ailment  of  the  eyes.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
affect  (the  eyes)  with  flowing  tears  or  rheum 
so  that  the  sight  is  dimmed  and  indistinct; 
make  rheumy  and  dim:  as,  "blered  her  eyes," 
Piers  Plowman. 

To  his  bleared  and  offended  sense, 
'    it  blazed  in  the    ' 

B.  Jonton,  Poei 
Tease  the  lungs  and  blear  the  sight.     Cowper,  Task,  iu. 
2.  To  blur,  as  the  face  with  weeping  ;  obscure  ; 
obfuscate. 

Stern  faces  bleared  with  immemorial  watch. 

Lowell,  Cathedral. 

To  blear  one's  eyest,  figuratively,  to  deceive;  hood- 

wink; blind. 

They  wenen  that  no  man  may  hem  blgile, 
But  by  my  thrift,  yet  shal  I  blere  her  eye. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  129. 

Entlsing  dames  my  patience  still  did  prone, 
And  blear'd  mine  eye*. 

Oaseoigne,  The  Fruits  of  Fetters. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  bleared  or  inflamed 
eyes  ;  be  blear-eyed. 

blear1  (bier),  a.  and  n.  [Not  an  orig.  adj.,  but 
assumed  from  blear-eyed,  where  blear  is  directly 
from  the  verb.  See  blear-eyed.]  I.  <  .  1  .  Sore 
or  dim  from  a  watery  discharge  or  other  super- 
ficial affection  :  applied  only  to  the  eyes. 

A  wit  that  can  make  your  perfections  so  transparent, 
that  every  Uear  eye  may  look  through  them. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  Iv.  1. 

Half  blind  he  peered  at  me  through  his  blear  eyes. 

Layard,  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  i. 


2.  Producing  dimness  of   vision;    blinding. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  blear  illusion. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  166. 

3.  Dim;    indistinct;    confused    in    outlines. 
[Rare.] 

II.  "•  Something  that  obscures  the  sight. 
[Scotch.] 

Nor  is  the  blear  drawn  easy  o'er  her  e'e. 

.1  .  Bon,  Heleuore,  p.  91. 

blear2!  (bier),  v.  [<  ME.  bleren;  origin  ob- 
scure.] I.  trans.  To  thrust  (out);  protrude: 
with  out. 

[They]  stood  staring  and  gaping  upon  Him,  wagging 
their  heads,  writhing  their  mouths,  yea  blearing  out  their 
tongues.  /'V.  Andrewt,  Sermons,  ii.  173. 

H.  in  iranx.  To  thrust  out  the  tongue  in  mock- 
ery. 
He  baltyrde,  he  bleryde,  he  braundyschte  ther-after. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  782. 

blearedness  (bler'ed-nes),  ».  [<  bleared,  pp. 
of  blear1,  +  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  bleared 
or  blurred  with  rheum.  Holland. 

blear-eye  (bler'i),  w.  [Rather  from  blear-eyed, 
a.,  than  from  blear1,  a.,  +  eye.  Cf.  LG.  bleer-oge, 
pliir-oge.  blear-eye,  from  the  adj.  See  blear- 
eyed.]  In  null.,  a  disease  of  the  eyelids,  con- 
sisting in  chronic  inflammation  of  the  margins, 
with  a  gummy  secretion  from  the  Meibomian 
glands;  lippitude.  Also  called  blear-eyedness. 

blear-eyed  (bler'id),  a.  [<  ME.  blereyed,  bler- 
eighed,  etc.,  <  bleren,  blear,  +  eye,  eighe,  eye; 
cf.  Dan.  plir-ojet  =  LG.  bleer-oged,  also  pliir- 
oged,  blear-eyed,  of  similar  formation.  Cf  .  also 
LG.  blarr-oged,  with  noun  blarr-oge,  due  to  con- 
fusion with  blarren,  cry,  howl,  weep,  =  G.  War- 
ren, bkrren,  usually  pfa'rren,  roar,  bellow,  =  E. 
blare1  ;  but  there  is  no  etymological  connection. 
See  blear1.]  1.  Having  sore  eyes  ;  having  tho 
eyes  dimmed  or  inflamed  by  flowing  tears  or 
rheum;  dim-sighted. 

Crook-back'd  he  was,  tooth-shaken,  and  ttrar^y'd. 

SackMle,  Ind.  to  Mir.  for  Mags. 

2.  Wanting  in  perception  or  understanding; 

short-sighted. 
blear-eyedness  (bler'id-nes),  n.   Same  as  bltar- 

i-i/r. 
bleariness  (bler'i-nes),  n.    [<  bleary  +  -ness.] 

Blearedness. 
blearnesst  (bler'nes),  n.    [<  blear1,  a.,  +  -ness.] 

The  state  of  being  blear.     Udall,  Mark  x. 
blear-witted  (bler'wit'ed),  a.    Dull  ;  stupid. 

They  were  very  blear-witted,  i'  faith,  that  could  not  dis- 
cern the  gentleman  in  him. 

B.  Junton,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  2. 


bleed 

bleary1  (bler'i),  a.  [<  blearl  +  -y1.]  1.  Bleared  ; 
rheumy ;  dim :  as,  bleary  red  eyes. —  2.  Blurred ; 
confused;  cloudy;  misty. 

(>h  give  me  hack  my  native  hills, 
If  bleak  or  bleary,  grim  or  gray. 

Cumbtrland  Ballad. 
bleary2,  n.    See  bleery. 

bleat  (blet),  v.  i.     [<  ME.  bleten,  <  AS.  blStan 

=  D.  blaten,  bleeten  =  MLG.  LG.  bleten  =  OHG. 

M<i:an,  MHG.  bldzen,  G.  dial,  blassen,  blatzen, 

bleat ;  cf.  G.  bloken,  bleat,  bellow  (see  balk?, 

bolk),  L.   balare,  bleat  (see  balant),  Gr.    <>'/- 

Xaafat,  bleat,  jfaixjli  Dor.  /ftaxci,  a  bleating :  all 

perhaps  ult.  of  imitative  origin,  like  baa,  q.  v.] 

To  cry  as  a  sheep,  goat,  or  calf ;  also,  as  a  snipe. 

Then  suddenly  was  heard  along  the  main 

To  low  the  ox,  to  Meat  the  woolly  train. 

Pope,  Odyttey,  ill. 

bleat  (blet),  ».  [<  bleat,  v.]  The  cry  of  a 
sheep,  goat,  or  calf;  also,  of  a  snipe. 

The  bleat  of  Hocks,  the  breath  of  flowers. 

Mnir,  Harebell 
And  got  a  calf  .  .  . 
Much  like  to  you,  for  you  have  just  his  bleat. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 

bleater  (ble'ter),  ».  An  animal  that  bleats; 
specifically,  a  sheep. 

In  cold,  stiff  soils  the  blratfr*  oft  complain 

Of  gouty  alls.  John  Dyer,  Fleece,  L 

bleauntt,  n.  [ME.,  also  written  bleeaunt,  ble- 
hand,  bliand,  blihand ;  =MLG.  6/tanf  (with  term, 
varied  from  orig.  )=  MHG.  blialt,  bliat,<OF. 
bliaut,  bliaud,  bliat,  earlier  blialt  (mod.  F.  dial. 
Mn mil.;  biaude:  see  blouse)  =  Pr.  iilml,  bliau, 
bliaut,  blizaut  =  Sp.  Pg.  lirinl :  ML.  blialdus, 
bliaudus,  blisaudus,  a  kind  of  tunic ;  origin  un- 
known.] A  garment  common  to  both  sexes 
in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth  cen- 
turies. As  wom  by  women,  it  was  a  tunic  placed  over 
the  chemise,  usually  with  long  and  loose  sleeves,  and  held 
by  a  girdle,  except  perhaps  when  a  garment  was  worn 
above  it.  That  for  men  was  worn  as  an  outer  garment 
and  especially  over  the  armor,  in  which  case  it  is  hard 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  tabard,  which  afterward  re- 
placed it.  For  mounted  men  it  was  divided  nearly  to  the 
girdle,  to  enable  the  rider  to  sit  in  the  saddle. 
A  blewe  bleaunt  obofe  brade  him  al  ovir. 

King  Alisaunder,  p.  167. 
Blysnande  whyt  wata  hyr  bleaunt. 

Alliterative  Poenu  (ed.  .Morris),  i.  163. 

bleb  (bleb),  n.     [Another  form  of  blob,  q.  v.] 

1.  A  blister  or  pustule. — 2.  A  bubble,  as  in 
water  or  other  fluid,  or  in  a  substance  that  has 
been  fluid,  as  glass. 

Arsenic  abounds  with  air  bleb».  Kirwan. 

blebby  (bleb'i),  a.     [<  bleb  +  -y1.]     Full  of 
blebs,  blisters,  or  bubbles. 
[Mcionite]  fuses  ...  to  a  white  blebby  glass. 

Dana,  System  of  Mineral.  (1868),  p.  SIS. 

bleek  (blek),  n.  [Also  (in  def.  1)  assibilated 
bletch;  <  ME.  blek,  bleke,  appar.  <  AS.  bltec  (= 
Icel.  blek  =  Sw.  black  =  Dan.  fetefc,  ink),  prop, 
neut.  of  the  adj.  bla;c,  black:  see  lilm-l.-.  n.]  1. 
Any  black  fluid  substance,  as  black  ink,  black- 
ing for  leather,  or  black  grease. — 2.  Soot; 
smut. — 3f.  A  black  man. —  4.  A  local  English 
name  of  the  coalfish,  Pollachius  rirens. 

[Now  only  prov.  Eng.  or  Scotch.] 
bleckbok  (bleVbok),  ».    Same  as  bleekbok. 
bled  (bled).      Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
bleed. 

bleet  (ble),  n.    [<  ME.  Wee,  6te,  Weo,  <  AS.  bleoh, 
blioh,  usually  contr.  bled,  blid,  color,  hue,  com- 
plexion, =  OS.  bli  =  OFries.  bit,  blie,  North 
Fries,  blay,  color.]    Color;  hue;  complexion. 
Thou  art  bryght  of  Nee.  Kylamour,  L  833. 

I  have  a  lemman 
As  bright  of  Nee  as  is  the  silver  moon. 

Greene,  George-a-Green. 
White  of  Nee  with  waiting  for  me 
Is  the  corse  in  the  next  chambere. 

Mrs.  Brotrniny,  Romaunt  of  the  Page. 

bleed  (bled),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bled,  ppr.  bleed- 
ing. [<  ME.  bleden,  <  AS.  bledan.  bleed  (= 
OFries.  bleda  =  D.  Woerfeii  =  LG.  bidden  = 
OHG.  bluotan,  MHG.  G.  bluten,  =  Icel.  blttdha 
=  Sw.  bloda  =  Dan.  blade),  <  blod,  blood :  see 
blood,  and  cf.  bless1.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  void  or 
emit  blood;  drop,  or  run  with,  blood:  as,  the 
wound  bled  profusely ;  his  nose  bleeds. 

Many  npon  the  seeing  of  others  Need  .  .  .  themselves 
are  ready  to  faint,  as  if  they  bled.  Bacon. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  feel  pity,  sorrow,  or  an- 
guish; be  filled  with  sympathy  or  grief:  with 
for:  as,  my  heart  bleeds  for  him. 

Take  your  own  will ;  my  very  heart  bleeds  for  thee. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Queen  of  i'orillth,  iL  $. 
I  bleed  inwardly  for  my  lord.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  L  t. 

3f.  To  come  to  light:  in  allusion  to  the  old 
superstitious  belief  that  the  body  of  a  murdered 


bleed 

person  would  begin  to  bleed  if  the  murderer 
approached  it. 

The  murdering  of  her  Marquis  of  Ancre  will  yet  bleed, 
as  some  fear.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  19. 

4.  To  shed  one's  blood ;  be  severely  wounded 
or  die,  as  in  battle  or  the  like. 

Cwsar  must  bleed  for  it.  Shak.,  3.  C.,  il.  1. 

5.  To  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice,  as  a  tree  or  a  vine. 

For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed,  and  amber  flow. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  1.  393. 

6.  To  pay  or  lose  money  freely;  be  subjected 
to  extortion  of  money :  as,  they  made  him  bleed 
freely  for  that  whim.    [Slang.] — 7.  in  dyeing, 
to  be  washed  out:  said  of  the  color  of  a  dyed 
fabric  when  it  stains  water  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed.    O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Cal.  Printing,  p. 
105. — 8.  To  leak;  become  leaky. 

The  defects  in  the  plates,  whose  presence  may  not  even 
be  suspected,  become  exposed,  and  being  attacked  anew 
by  the  acids  in  the  water  used  for  washing  out  the  boiler, 
which  are  not  neutralized  by  the  soda,  are  caused  to 
bleed.  It.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  174. 

9.  To  yield;  produce:  applied  to  grain. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  lose  blood,  as  by 
wounding;  take  blood  from  by  opening  a  vein, 
as  in  phlebotomy. —  2.  To  lose,  as  blood;  emit 
or  distil,  as  juice,  sap,  or  gum. 

A  decaying  pine  of  stately  size  bleeding  amber.    Miller. 

8.  To  extort  or  exact  money  from;  sponge 
on:  as,  the  sharpers  bled  him  freely.  [Slang.] 

He  [Shaykh  Masud]  returned  in  a  depressed  state,  hav- 
ing been  bled  by  the  soldiery  at  the  well  to  the  extent  of 
forty  piastres,  or  about  eight  shillings. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  360. 

4.  In  dyeing,  to  extract  the  coloring  matter 
from  (a  dye-drug).  Napier. — 5.  In  bookbind- 
ing, to  trim  the  margin  of  (a  book)  so  closely 

as  to   mutilate  the   print To  bleed  a  buoy 

(naut.\  to  let  out  of  a  buoy  water  which  has  leaked  into 
It.— To  bleed  the  brakes,  in  alocomotive,  to  relieve  the 
pressure  on  the  air-brakes  by  opening  the  bleeding-valve 
or  release-cock  of  the  brake-cylinder. 

bleeder  (ble'der),  w.  1.  One  who  lets  blood. 
— 2.  A  person  who  is  naturally  predisposed  to 
bleed.  See  hemophilia. 

bleed-hearts  (bled'harts), «.  The  scarlet  lych- 
nis, Lychnis  Chalcedonica. 

bleeding  (ble'ding),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bleed,  v.] 
1.  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as  from  the 
nose ;  a  hemorrhage ;  the  operation  of  letting 
blood,  as  in  surgery. —  2.  The  drawing  of  sap 
from  a  tree  or  plant. — 3.  In  bookbinding,  an 
excessive  trimming  down  of  the  margins  of  a 
book,  which  cuts  into  and  mutilates  the  print. 

bleeding-heart  (ble'ding-hart),  ».  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  name  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
Cheiri. —  2.  A  common  name  of  some  species 
of  Dicentra,  especially  D.  spectabilis  from 
China,  from  the  shape  of  the  flowers. —  3.  A 
name  sometimes  applied  to  cultivated  forms  of 
Coloeasia  with  colored  leaves. 

bleeding-tooth  (ble'ding-toth),  n.  A  common 
name  of  a  shell  of  the  family  Neritidce,  Nerita 
peloronta,  the  toothed  columella  of  which  has 
a  red  blotch  suggesting  the  name.  See  Nerita. 

bleekbok  (blek'bok),  n.  [D.,  <  bleek,  =  E. 
bleak1,  pale,  +  bok  =  E.  buck1,  a  goat.]  The 
Dutch  colonial  name  of  the  ourebi,  Scopophorus 
ourebi,  a  small  pale-colored  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  related  to  the  steinboks.  Another  form 
is  bleekbok. 

bleery  (bler'i),  ».    A  burning  brand ;  a  fagot. 
Also  spelled  bleary.    [Scotch.] 
Scowder  their  harlgals  de'ils  wi'  a  bleary.  Hogg. 

bleeze1  (blez),  w.  and  ».   A  Scotch  form  of  blaze*. 

bleeze2,  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bleezed,  ppr.  bleez- 
ing.  To  become  slightly  sour,  as  milk.  [Scotch.] 

bleifcif,  a.    See  bleak1. 

bleik2t,  n.    See  bleak*. 

bleint,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  blain. 

bleis.  n.  pi.    See  blae,  n. 

bleit1,  bleit2  (blat),  a.  Same  as  blate1,  Hate*. 
[Scotch.] 

blellum  (blel'um),  n.     [Appar.   imitative  of 
senseless  babble.   Cf.  blether1. ]   An  idle,  sense- 
less, talking,  or  noisy  fellow.    [Scotch.] 
A  blethering,  blustering,  drunken  blellum. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  blemisshen, 
blemissen  (see  -is7«2),  wound,  injure,  spoil,  <  OF. 
blemiss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of  blemir,  blesmir 
(F.  blemir,  grow  pale,  =Pr.  blesmar,  strike,  soil), 
<  bleme,  blcsme,  pale,  wan;  origin  uncertain.] 
1.  To  damage  or  impair  (especially  something 
that  is  well  formed,  or  in  other  respects  excel- 


684 

lent) ;  mar  or  make  defective ;  destroy  the  per- 
fection of ;  deface;  sully. 

Vanish  ;  or  I  shall  give  thee  thy  deserving, 

And  blemish  Cicsar's  triumph.    Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  iv.  10. 

Sin  is  a  soil  which  blemisheth  the  beauty  of  thy  soul. 

It.  Brathwaite. 

2.  To  impair  morally;  tarnish,  as  reputation 
or  character;  defame;  stain:  as,  to  blemish 
one's  fair  fame. 

On  a  general  review  of  the  long  administration  of  Has- 
tings, it  is  impossible  to  deny  that,  against  the  great  crimes 
by  which  it  is  blemished,  we  have  to  set  off  great  public 
services.  Macaulati,  Warren  Hastings. 

blemish  (blem'ish),  n.  [<  blemish,  v.]  1.  A 
defect,  flaw,  or  imperfection ;  something  that 
mars  beauty,  completeness,  or  perfection. 

As  he  hath  caused  a  blemish  in  a  man,  so  shall  it  be  done 
to  him  again.  Lev.  xxiv.  20. 

Naught  had  blemish  there  or  spot, 
For  in  that  place  decay  was  not. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  35& 
2.  A  moral  defect  or  injury;  reproach;  dis- 
grace ;  that  which  impairs  reputation ;  imputa- 
tion. 

That  cleare  she  dide  from  blemish  criminal!. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  37. 

That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish  or 
discredit  at  all  unto  you.  Hooker. 

blemished  (blem'isht).  p.  a.  Having  a  fault  or 
blemish;  specifically,  in  her.,  broken  or  cut 
short:  said  of  a  cross,  weapon,  or  the  like, 
used  as  a  bearing. 

blemishless  (blem'ish-les),  a.  [<  blemish,  n., 
+  -less.}  Without  blemish;  spotless;  perfect; 
without  defect. 

A  life  in  all  so  blemishless.       Feltham,  Lusoria,  xxxvii. 
blemishment  (blem'ish-ment),  n.     [<  blemish, 
n.,  +  -merit.]    Damage;  flaw;  impairment. 
For  dread  of  blame  and  honours  blemishment. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  il.  36. 

blemmatrope  (blem'a-trop),  n.  [<  Gr.  /3A£,u/«z, 
look,  glance,  eye  (<  "/3/l&r«v,  look),  +  rpciretv, 
turn.]  An  apparatus  for  illustrating  the  va- 
rious positions  of  the  eye. 

blench1  (blench),  v.  [In  early  mod.  E.  some- 
times spelled  blanch  by  confusion  with  blanch, 
make  white  (see  blanch1  and  blanclfi) ;  <  ME. 
blenchen,  also  blenken,  occasionally  blinchen, 
turn  aside,  evade,  disconcert,  usually  intrans., 
shrink  back,  give  way,  <  AS.  blencan  (=  Icel. 
blekkja),  deceive,  supposed  to  be  a  causal  form 
of  'blincan,  blink  (cf.  drench1,  causal  of  drink), 
but  the  latter  verb  does  not  occur  in  the  older 
language :  see  blink.  For  the  sense  '  deceive,' 
cf.  blear  one's  eyes,  deceive,  under  blear1.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  shrink;  start  back;  give  way; 
flinch;  turn  aside  or  fly  off. 

Though  sometimes  you  do  blench  from  this  to  that. 

Shak.,M.  forM.,  iv.  6. 
I'll  tent  him  to  the  quick ;  if  he  but  blench, 
I  know  my  course.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  It.  2. 

I  know  his  people 

Are  of  his  own  choice,  men  that  will  not  totter 
Nor  blench  much  at  a  bullet. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  v.  3. 

2.  To  quail :  said  of  the  eye. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  deceive;  cheat. — 2.  To 
draw  back  from;  shirk;  avoid;  elude;  deny 
from  fear. 

He  now  blenched  what  before  ...  he  affirmed.    Evelyn. 

3.  To  hinder  or  obstruct;  disconcert;  foil. 
The  rebels  besieged  them,  winning  the  even  ground  on 

the  top,  by  carrying  up  great  trusses  of  hay  before  them 
to  hli'iifh  the  defendants'  sight  and  dead  their  shot. 

6.  Carew. 

blench1t  (blench),  n.  [<.  blench1,  v.]  1.  A  deceit; 
a  trick. — 2.  A  sidelong  glance. 

These  blenches  gave  my  heart  another  youth. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ex. 

blench2  (blench),  a.  or  adv.  [A  variant  form 
of  blanch1,  a. :  see  blanch1  and  blank.]  Upon 
or  based  upon  the  payment  of  a  nominal  or 
trifling  yearly  duty :  applied  to  a  sort  of  tenure 
of  land :  as,  the  estate  is  held  blench  of  the  crown. 
See  blanch-holding. 

blench2  (blench),  v.  [Var.  of  blanch1,  partly 
phonetic  and  partly  by  notional  confusion  with 
blench1.]  I.  intrans.  To  become  pale ;  blanch. 

II.  trans.  To  make  white ;  blanch, 
blencher  (blen'cher),  n.  [<  blench1,  v. :  see 
blaneher3.]  If.  A  scarecrow,  or  whatever 
frightens  or  turns  aside  or  away.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 
—  2t.  In  hunting,  one  placed  where  he  can  turn 
the  deer  from  going  in  a  particular  direction ;  a 
blancher. 

I  feel  the  old  man's  master'd  by  much  passion, 
And  too  high-rack'd,  which  makes  him  overshoot  all 
His  valour  should  direct  at,  and  hurt  those 
That  stand  but  by  as  blenchers. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  ii.  1. 


blend-water 

3.  One  who  blenches  or  flinches. 

blench-flrmt  (blench'ferm),  n.  Same  as  blanch- 
farm. 

blench-holding  (blench'hol"ding),  n.  Same  as 
blanch-holding. 

blend1  (blend),  v. ;  pret.  blended,  pp.  blended 
or  blent,  ppr.  blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  mix, 
sometimes  intrans.,  a  secondary  form  of  blan- 
den,<  AS.  blandan,  a  strong  verb  (=  OS.  blandan 
=  Icel.  blanda  =  Sw.  blanda  =  Dan.  blande  = 
OHG.  blantan,  MHG.  blandcn  =  Goth,  blandan), 
mix:  see  bland*-.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  mix  to- 
gether in  such  a  way  that  the  things  mixed  be- 
come inseparable,  or  cannot  easily  be  separated. 
In  particular :  (a)  To  mix  (different  sorts  or  qualities  of 
a  commodity)  in  order  to  produce  a  particular  brand,  kind, 
or  quality :  as,  to  blend  teas ;  to  blend  tobacco,  (ii)  To  mix 
so  intimately  or  harmoniously  that  the  identity  or  individ- 
uality of  the  things  mixed  is  lost  or  obscured  in  a  new 
product :  as,  many  races  are  blended  in  the  modern  Eng- 
lishman. 

Rider  and  horse, — friend,  foe, —  in  one  red  burial  blent. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  29. 

Blended  and  intertwisted  in  this  life  are  the  sources  of 
joys  and  tears.  De  Quincey. 

I  blend  in  song  thy  flowers  and  thee. 

Whittier,  First  Flowers. 

(c)  To  cause  to  pass  imperceptibly  into  one  another ; 
unite  so  that  there  shall  be  no  perceptible  line  of  division : 
as,  to  blend  the  colors  of  a  painting. 
2f.  To  mix  up  in  the  mind ;  confound  (one 
thing  with  another). —  3t.  To  stir  up  (a  liquid); 
hence,  to  render  turbid ;  figuratively,  disturb. 
—  4f.  To  pollute  by  mixture;  spoil  or  corrupt. 

And  all  these  stormes,  which  now  his  beauty  blend. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ixii. 
And  thy  throne  royall  with  dishonour  blent. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1330. 

=  Syn.  Sfix,  etc.    See  mingle. 

il.  intrans.  1.  To  mix  or  mingle;  unite  in- 
timately so  as  to  form  a  harmonious  whole; 
unite  so  as  to  be  indistinguishable. 

And  Rupert's  oath,  and  Cromwell's  prayer, 

With  battle  thunder  blended.      Wh&tier,  The  Exiles. 

Changed  seemed  all  the  fashion  of  the  world, 
And  past  and  future  into  one  did  blend. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  349. 

2.  To  pass  imperceptibly  into  each  other :  as, 
sea  and  sky  seemed  to  blend. 

The  distant  peaks  gradually  blended  with  the  white  at- 
mosphere above  them.  Tyndall,  Glaciers,  p.  196. 

It  would  clearly  be  advantageous  to  two  varieties  or 
incipient  species  if  they  could  be  kept  from  blending,  on 
the  same  principle  that,  when  man  is  selecting  at  the 
same  time  two  varieties,  it  is  necessary  that  he  should 
keep  them  separate.  Darmn,  Origin  of  Species,  p.  248. 

blend1  (blend),  n.  [<  blend1,  v.]  1.  A  mixing 
or  mixture,  as  of  liquids,  colors,  etc. :  as,  tea 
of  our  own  blend. —  2.  The  brand,  kind,  or 
quality  produced  by  mixing  together  different 
sorts  or  qualities  of  a  commodity:  as,  a  fine 
blend  of  tea ;  the  finest  blend  of  whisky. 

blend2t,  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blended,  blent,  ppr. 
blending.  [<  ME.  blenden,  <  AS.  blendan  (= 
OFries.  blenda,  blinda  =  Dan.  blawde  =  LG. 
blennen  =  OH.G.  blentjan,  blenden,  MHG.  G.  blen- 
den), make  blind;  factitive  verb  of  blind,  blind: 
see  blind1,  a.  andv.]  To  blind;  deceive. 

This  multiplying  blent  [blindeth]  so  many  oon. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  380. 
Reason  blent  through  passion.    Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  iv.  7. 

blendcorn  (blend'kdrn),  ».  [<  blend1  +  corn. 
Cf.  Dan.  dial,  blandekorn.]  Wheat  and  rye 
sown  and  grown  together.  N.  E.  D. 

blende  (blend),  n.  [Also  blend;  blind,  blinde;  < 
G.  blende,  blende,  <  blenden,  blind,  dazzle :  see 
blend2.]  An  ore  of  zinc ;  a  native  sulphid  of  zinc, 
but  commonly  containing  more  or  less  iron, 
also  a  little  cadmium,  and  sometimes  rarer  ele- 
ments (gallium,  indium).  Its  color  is  mostly  brown 
and  black,  but  when  pure  it  is  yellow  or  even  white.  The 
word  blende  is  also  eniployed  in  such  compound  terms  as 
manganese-blende,  zinc-blende,  ruby-blende,  to  designate 
certain  minerals  (sulphids  of  the  metals)  characterized  by  a 
brilliant  non-metallic  luster.  Also  called  sphalerite,  false 
ijalena,  and  by  English  miners  mock  lead  and  black-jack. 

blender  (blen'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blends ;  specifically,  a  brush  made  of  badgers' 
hair,  used  by  grainers  and  artists  in  blending. 
See  blending. 

blending  (blen'ding),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  blend1, 
v.]  The  act  or  process  of  combining  or  min- 
gling. Specifically,  in  painting :  (a)  A  method  of  laying 
on  different  tints  so  that  they  may  mingle  together  while 
wet  and  fuse  into  each  other  insensibly.  (6)  The  process 
of  causing  pigments  to  melt  or  blend  together  by  passing  a 
soft  brush  of  fltch  or  badgers'  hair,  called  a  blender  or  soft- 
ener, over  them  with  a  delicate,  feathery  touch. 

blendous  (blen'dus),  a.  [<  blende  +  -ous.]  In 
mineral.,  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  blende. 

blend-water  (blend'wa'ter),  «.  A  distemper 
of  cattle.  Also  called  more-hough. 


Blenheim 

Blenheim(blen'em),  H.  [Prom  Blenheim  House, 
erected  by  the  English  Parliament  for  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  in  recognition  of  his  military 
sen-ires,  mid  especially  of  his  great  victory  at 
lUniliiiiii,  (i.  Blindhfiin,  in  Bavaria,  Aug.  13, 
1704.]  One  of  a  breed  of  dogs  of  the  spaniel 
kind,  preserved  in  perfection  at  Blenheim 
House,  near  Oxford,  England,  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Blenheim  orange,  wig.    See  the  nouns. 

blenkt,  c.  /.  [A  \  ur.  of  Mink,  q.  v.  ;  partly  con- 
fused with  /i!<  H,  •//!.]  1.  To  shine;  gleam;  glit- 
ter. —  2.  To  glance  ;  give  a  look. 

Scarslie   .    .  .   lumiiK'  the  leisure  to  blent  upon  liny 
paper.          .l«m*»  I.,  hi  1)  Israelis  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  147. 

blennadenitis  (blen'ad-e-ni'tis),  n.      [NL.,  < 

Gr.  [ifavvof,  ifacvva,  mucus,  +  iiAi/r,  a  gland,  + 

-ilix.    ('!'.  ittlfititix.']    In  pathol.,  inflammation 

of  the  mucous  glands. 
blennelytria  (blen-e-lit'ri-ft),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

(i'/.ivvof,  mucus,  +  thvrpov,  sheath  (vagina).] 

Same  as  leucorrliea. 
blennenteria  (blen-en-te'ri-a),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

fj'Aevvoc,  mucus,  +  lirrepov,  intestine.]  Inpathol., 

a  mucous  flow  from  the  intestines. 
blennentery  (blen'en-te-ri),  ».     Same  as  blen- 


blenniid  (blen'i-id),  n.    A  fish  of  the  family 

li/Cltllii/l/l'. 

Blenniidas  (ble-ni'i-de),  n.  ]>l.  [NL.,  <  Blcnnitix 
+  -iWrt'.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the 
genus  B/ennius,  adopted  by  various  authors 
with  different  limits.  In  OUnther's  system  of  dassi- 


Blenny  (B/tnniits  fetttetrHgint). 

ncatlon  it  is  a  family  of  Acaiithoptcrygii  blfnni(for»ie«, 
having  the  ventral  tins  Jugular  anil  composed  of  a  few 
rays  (sometimes  absent),  a  prominent  anal  papilla,  anil 
few  or  no  anal  spines. 

blenniiform  (blen'i-i-f6rm),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  having  the  characters  of  the  Blenniijbrmes  ; 
having  the  form  of  a  blenny. 

Blenniiformes  (blen*i-i-f6r'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  bltniiitis,  blenny,  +  forma,  form.]  In 
Gunther's  classification  of  fishes,  a  division 
of  Acanthopterygii,  having  the  body  low,  sub- 
cylindrical  or  compressed,  and  elongate  (rare- 
ly oblong);  the  dorsal  fin  long;  the  spinous 
portion  of  the  dorsal,  if  distinct,  very  long,  as 
well  developed  as  the  soft  portion,  or  more  so  ; 
the  whole  fin  sometimes  composed  of  spines 
only;  the  anal  more  or  less  lengthened;  the 
caudal  subtruncate  or  rounded,  and  the  ven- 
trals  thoracic  or  jugular,  if  present. 

Blenniinse  (blen-i-I^ie),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Blcnninx 
+  -tn<E.]  A  subfamily  of  Blenniida;,  typified  by 
the  genus  Bleiniius,  to  which  various  limits  have 
been  assigned. 

blennioid  (blen'i-oid),  o.  and  ».  [<  L.  blennius, 
blenny,  +  -o/rf.]  I.  a.  Like  a  blonny;  blennii- 
form. Also  blcnnoid. 

IL  H.  A  fish  of  the  family  Blenniida;;  a  blen- 
niid.    Kir  J.  Richardson. 

Blennioidea  (blen-i-oi'de-S),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  < 
Blenniits  +  -oidea.']  A  superfamily  of  acanthop- 
terygian  fishes,  nearly  equivalent  to  Blenniida;. 
The  principal  families  are  the  Blenniida!,  Clint- 
da;,  Muranioidida;,  Stichaiida:,  and  Anarrhicha- 


685 

blennometritis  (blen'6-me-tri'tis),  n.    [NL., 

<  (Jr.  [1/ii'vos,  mucus,  +  metritis,  q.  v.]     In  pa- 
llinl..  mucous  flow  accompanying  metritis. 

blennophthalmia(blen-of-thal'mi-a),  n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  fi'Aiwor,  mucus,  +  NL.  ophthalmia.}    In 
/HI  llnil.,  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  eye;  conjunctivitis. 

blennorrhagia  (blen-o-ra'ji-ft),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or. 
fitewof,  mucus,  +  -payia,  \  pirfvvvat,  burst, 
break.]  In  pathol.,  a  discharge  of  mucus;  spe- 
cifically, gonorrhea. 

blennorrhagic  (blen-o-raj'ik),  a.  [<  blennor- 
rhaijia  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to,  characterized  by, 
or  suffering  from  blennorrhagia. 

blennorrhea  (blen-o-re'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Sltv- 
vof,  mucus,  +  poia,  a  flow,  <  peiv,  flow.]  In 
pathol.,  a  flow  of  mucus.  The  term  1>  appUcable  to 
an  Increased  discharge  from  any  of  the  raucous  surface*, 
but  is  usually  restricted  to  that  from  the  urethra  ami  v:i 
gina,  gonorrhea.  Also  spelled  lilemwrrhtea. 

blennorrheal  (blen-o-re'al),  a.  [<  blcnnorhea 
+  -at.]  Pertaining  to  "or  characterized  by 
bleunorrhea.  Also  spelled  blennorrhaial. 

blenny  (blen'i),  n.  ;  pi.  blennies  (-iz).  [<  L.  blen- 
nius :  see  Blennius.']  A  fish  of  the  genus  Blc-n- 
niiiy,  of  the  family  Blenniida;,  and  especially  of 
the  subfamily  Blenniina: 

blennymenitis  (blen*|-me-ni'tis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fiAivmf,  mucus,  +  v/t^v,  membrane,  +  -itis.'] 
In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  a  mucous  mem- 
brane. 

blens  (blenz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  blinds:  see 
def.  2.]  1.  A  local  English  name  of  the  com- 
mon cod.  —  2.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  bib,  a 
fish  of  the  cod  family.  The  fob  is  said  to  have  been 
so  named  from  a  sort  of  loose  bag  capable  of  inflation  and 
resembling  a  bleb  or  blain,  which  is  fonned  of  an  outer 
layer  passing  from  the  cheeks  over  the  eye,  and  a  second 
layer  passing  over  the  eyeball.  Day. 

blent1  (blent).    Past  participle  of  blend1. 
blent2t.    Preterit  and  past  participle  of  blend2. 

Chaucer. 
blepharadenitis  (blef-a-rad-e-ni'tis),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  fihiipapov,  eyelid,  +  00171'  (aiev-),  gland,  + 
-itis.~\    la  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  Meibo- 
mian  glands.     Also  written  blepharoademtis. 

blepharal  (blef'a-ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  /}%t<t>apov,  eye- 
lid, +  -n/.]  Pertaining  to  the  eyelids. 

blepharedema  (blef-a-re-de'mft),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fi^fipanov,  eyelid,  +  oifr/ua,  swelling  :  see 
edema.'}  In  pathol.,  edema  of  the  eyelids. 

blepharitis  (blef-a-ri'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /?«- 
<t>apov,  eyelid,  +  -itis.  Cf.  Gr.  fiteipaplTic,  adj.,  of 
or  on  the  eyelids.]  Inpathol.,  inflammation  of 
the  eyelids. 

bleph'aroadenitis  (blef  '  a  -  ret  -  ad  -  e  -  ni  '  tis),  «. 
[NL.]  Same  as  blepharadenitis. 

blepharophimosis  (blefa-ro-fi-mo'sis),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  tf/.i(j>apov.  eyelid,  4-  Qiuaatf,  a  muz- 
zling, shutting  up  of  an  orifice,  <.  ifu/jovv,  muz- 
zle, shut  up,  <  <t>t/t6c,  a  muzzle.]  In  pathol., 
congenital  diminution  of  the  space  between  the 
eyelids.  Dunglison. 

blepharophthalmia  (blefa-rof-thal'nii-a),  H. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  tilt  ijiapov,  eyelid,  +  injiBa/.fiia,  oph- 
thalmia.] In  pathol.,  conjunctivitis  accom- 
panied by  blepharitis. 

blepharophthalmic  (blef'a-rof-thal'mik),  a. 
Pertaining  to  blepharophthalmia. 

blepharoplastic  (blef'a-ro-plas'tik),  o.  Per- 
taining to  blepharoplasty. 

blepharoplasty  (blef'a-ro-p'as'ti),  n.  [<  Gr. 
/jMfapov,  eyelid,  +  xfaurr6f,  verbal  adj.  of 


bless 


Blennioidei  (blen-i-oi'de-l),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  A 
family  of  acanthopterygian  fishes:  synony- 
mous with  Blenniida;.  Agassis. 

Blennius  (bleu'i-us),  «.  [L.,  also  blendius  and 
blcndea,  <  Gr.  fitewof,  a  blenny,  <  [fttwos,  also 
fiMwa,  mucus,  slime  :  in  reference  to  the  mucous 
coating  of  its  skin.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Hlcintiiila',  originally  containing  numer- 
ous species  now  dispersed  in  many  different 
genera:  the  term  is  at  present  restricted  to 
those  species  which  are  closely  related  to  the 
common  blenny  of  Europe.  See  cut  under 
/>'/<  iiniidte. 

blennogenic  (blen-o-jen'ik),  a.  [As  l>ienn<>iie>i- 
oiix  +  -ic.]  Generating  mucus  ;  muciparous. 

blennogenous(ble-noi'e-nus),  a.  [<Gr.  i&iwof, 
mucus,  +  -yntif,  producing:  see  -genotm.]  In 
mill.,  producing  or  generating  mucus. 

blennoid  (bleu  oid),  a.  [X  Gr.  (ft.twof,  mucus, 
+  «<!of,  form.]  Besemblmg  mucus. 


,  form,  mold.]  In  surg.,  the  operation 
of  making  a  new  eyelid  from  a  piece  of  skin 
transplanted  from  an  adjacent  part. 

blepharoplegia  (blef'a-ro-ple'ji-a),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  ,i/.i<t>apov,  eyelid,  +  ^vr/,  a  stroke.] 
Same  as  ptosis. 

blepharoptosis  (blef'a-rop-to'sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  /3/U^apov,  eyelid,  +  XTUOIC,  a  fall.]  Same 
as  ptosis. 

blepharorhaphy  (blef'a-ro-raf  'i),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  jm<t>apov,  eyelid,  +  paipri,  a  sewing,  seam,  < 
pdrrrctv,  sew.]  The  surgical  operation  of  unit- 
ing the  edges  of  the  eyelids  to  each  other,  as 
after  enueleation. 

blepharospasm  (blef'a-ro-spazm),  n.  [<  Gr. 
pl^apov,  eyelid,  +  a-aaafi^,  a  spasm.]  Spasm 
of  the  orbicular  muscle  of  the  eyelid. 

blepharostenosis  (blef  'a-ro-ste-no'sis),  ». 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fftlipapov,  eyelid,  +  arevoaif,  a  nar- 
rowing, <  artvovv,  contract,  narrow,  <  oTtfof, 
narrow.]  In  pathol.,  a  diminution  of  the  space 
between  the  eyelids,  not  of  congenital  origin. 
See  blepharophimosis. 

blesbok,  blessbok  (bles'bok).  >t.  [Also  Eng- 
lished lit<xxhi«-k  ;  <  D.  blesbok,  <bles,  =  E.  blaze*, 


+  bok  =  E.  buck1.']  A  largo  bubaline  or  alcela- 
phine  antelope  of  South  Africa,  Damalis  or 
Aleelaphws  albifrons.  with  a  white  face  or  blaze. 

bleschet,  »•  '•     See  blesh. 

blesht,  v.  t.  [ME.  blesshen,  bleschen,  blessen, 
blissen,  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MD.  blessclim, 
blusschen,  D.  blusschen  =  LG.  bluschen,  quench, 
extinguish,  appar.  contr.  of  "beleschen,  <  be-  + 
MLG.  leschcn  =  MD.  lesschen  =  OHG.  lesken, 
MHG.  leschen,  G.  loschen,  put  put,  causal  of 
OHG.  leskan,  MHG.  leschen  (G.  loschcii),  go  out, 
as  fire;  prob.,  with  present-formative  -sk  (= 
AS.  -sc,  E.  -sh,  as  in  thresh,  wash,  etc.),  from 
the  root  of  AS.  lecgan,  OHG.  legen,  etc.,  lay: 
see  lay*-.]  To  quench ;  extinguish ;  put  out  (a 
fire). 
Btrschyn  [var.  bleuhyn],  or  qwenchyn,  extlnguo. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  39. 

bless1  (bles),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blessed  or  blrut, 
ppr.  blessing.  [<  ME.  blessen,  blessien,  blescen, 
bletsien  (also  blissen,  etc. ),<  AS.  bletstan,  bledsian 
=  ONorth.  blcedsia,  gi-bl&dsia,  bless  (>  Icel. 
bletza,  bleza,  mod.  blessa,  bless),  originally 
"blodison,  which  may  have  meant  'consecrate 
the  altar  by  sprinkling  it  with  the  blood  of  the 
sacrifice'  (Sweet),  lit.  make  bloody,  <  blod, 
blood,  with  verb-formative  -s,  as  in  ctiensian, 
cleanse,  minsian,  grow  small  (see  cleanse  and 
mince).  Confused  in  ME.  and  since  with  the 
unrelated  lilixx  ;  hence  the  ME.  parallel  forms 
blissen,  blissien,bliscen ;  and  see  blessfully,  bless- 
fulness.]  1.  To  consecrate  or  set  apart  to 
holy  or  sacred  purposes ;  make  or  pronounce 
holy:  formerly  occasionally  used  of  persons. 

And  God  blessed  the  seventh  day,  and  sanctified  it. 

(let).  II.  3. 

2.  To  consecrate  (a  thing)  by  a  religious  rite, 
as  with  prayer  and  thanksgiving;  consecrate 
or  hallow  by  asking  God's  blessing  on :  as,  to 
lilixx  food. 

Where  the  master  la  too  resty  or  too  rich  ...  to  bltxs 
his  own  table.  .Villon,  Elkonoklastes. 

And  now  the  bishop  had  '•'•••'  the  meat. 

Sauthry,  Bishop  Bruno. 

3.  To  sanctify  (one's  self)  by  making  the  sign 
of  the  cross,  especially  as  a  defense  against 
evil  influences  or  agencies :  used  reflexively. 

Aryse  be  tynie  oute  of  thi  bedde. 
And  Wynne  thl  brest  &  thl  forhede. 

liabftt  Book  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  p.  17. 

When  they  heard  these  words,  some  .  .  .  Mest  Hum- 

ttelceg  with  t»oth  hands,  thinking  .  .  .  that  he  had  been  a 

devil  disguised.        L'rquliart,  Rabelais,  1.  85.    (.V.  E.  D.) 

I  fancy  I  see  you  bless  yourself  at  this  terrible  relation. 

Lady  M.  W.  Montayti,  Letters,  II.  47.    (X.  E.  D.) 

4t.  To  defend;  preserve;  protect  or  guard 
from  evil ;  reflexively,  to  guard  one's  self  from ; 
avoid;  eschew. 

And,  were  not  hevenly  grace  that  did  him  liifssf, 
lie  had  beene  pouldred  all,  as  thin  as  flowre. 

Sixnter,  V.  Q.,  I.  vii.  12. 

Bless  me  from  this  woman  !  I  would  stand  the  cannon. 
Before  ten  words  of  hers. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  L  S. 

And  therefore  God  bless  us  from  that  [separation  by 
death],  and  I  will  hope  well  of  the  rest. 

Arabella  Stiiart,  In  D'Israeli's  Curios,  of  Lit,  II.  277. 

5.  To  invoke  or  pronounce  a  blessing  upon 
(another  or  others);  commend  to  God's  favor 
or  protection. 

And  Isaac  called  Jacob,  and  blessed  him.    Gen.  xxviii.  1. 

A  thousand  timea  I  blent  him,  as  he  knelt  beside  my  bed. 

Tennyson,  May  Queen. 

6.  To  confer  well-being  upon;  bestow  happi- 
ness, prosperity,  or  good  of  any  kind  upon; 
make  happy,  prosperous,  or  fortunate ;  prosper 
with  temporal  or  spiritual  benefits :  as,  a  nation 
blessed  with  peace  and  plenty. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  blest  thee  in  all  that  thou  doest. 

Dent.  XT.  W. 
Heaveu  bless  your  expedition.      Shalt.,  t  lien.  IV.,  L  2. 


bless 

If  I  do  well  I  shall  be  blessed,  whether  any  bless  me  or 
not.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  17. 

7.  To  favor  (with);  make  happy  or  fortunate 
by  some  specified  means:   as,  blessed  with  a 
good  constitution ;  blessed  with  filial  children. 

You  will  to  your  lute,  I  heard  you  could  touch  it  cun- 
ningly ;  pray  bless  my  ears  a  little. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  i.  S. 

Mrs.  Bull  .  .  .  blessed  John  with  three  daughters. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull  (1765),  p.  30.    (N.  E.  D.) 

8.  To  praise  or  extol  (a)  as  holy  or  worthy  of 
reverence,  or  (b)  as  the  giver  of  benefits ;  ex- 
tol or  glorify  with  thankful  acknowledgment 
of  benefits  received. 

Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul :  and  all  that  is  within  me, 
bless  His  holy  name.  Ps.  ciii.  1. 

I  am  content  with  this,  and  bless  my  fortune. 

Fletcher,  Wlldgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

9.  To  esteem  or  account  happy;  congratulate ; 
felicitate :  used  reflexively. 

The  nations  shall  bless  themselves  in  him.         Jer.  iv.  2. 

Bless  not  thyself  only  that  thou  wert  born  in  Athens. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  35. 

[Often  used  in  exclamations  with  various  shades  of  mean- 
ing departing  more  or  less  widely  from  the  literal  sense : 
as,  God  blesx  me !  bless  you !  bless  the  mark  !  etc.]— God 
bless  the  mark.  See  mart.— Not  to  have  a  penny  to 
bless  one's  self  with,  to  be  penniless :  in  allusion  to  the 
cross  on  the  silver  penny  (cf.  Ger.  Kreuzer),  or  to  the  prac- 
tice of  crossing  the  palm  with  a  piece  of  silver.  N.  E.  D. 
— To  be  blessed,  a  euphemism  for  to  be  damned:  as,  I'm 
Weisedifhedidn'trunaway;  I'm  blessed  it  I  know.  [Slang.] 

I'm  blessed  if  I  don't  expect  the  cur  back  to-morrow 
morning.  ilarryat,  Snarleyyow,  II.  xi. 

An  emphatic  and  earnest  desire  to  be  blessed  if  she 
would.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xiii. 

To  bless  one's  self.  («)  To  felicitate  one's  self ;  exult. 
(6)  To  ejaculate  "Bless  me,"  "God  bless  me,"  or  the  like. 
— To  bless  one's  stars,  to  congratulate  or  felicitate  one's 
self. 

bless2t  (bles),  v.  t.  and  i.  [<  ME.  blessen,  blyssen, 
blechen,  strike,  wound,  <  OF.  blecier,  blechier, 
F.  blesser,  wound,  injure;  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MHG.  ze-bletzen,  cut  to  pieces,  <  ze-, 
Gr.  zer-  (=  AS.  to-,  E.  to-2),  apart,  +  bletz,  blez, 
OHG.  bletz,  a  patch,  a  piece.]  1.  To  wound; 
hurt ;  beat ;  thump.  Skelton. —  2.  [Appar.  a  de- 
flection of  sense  1.  Some  fancy  that  it  refers 
to  "the  old  rite  of  blessing  a  field  by  directing 
the  hands  to  all  parts  of  it"  (see  btess1).]  To 
wave;  brandish. 

He  pi-iked  in  formest 

&  blessed  so  with  his  brigt  bront  aboute  in  eche  side 
That  what  rink  so  he  raugt  he  ros  never  after. 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  1191. 
His  sparkling  blade  about  his  head  he  blest. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  22. 
blessbok,  n.    See  blesbok. 
blessed  (bles'ed  or  blest;  as  pret.  and  pp.  com- 
monly pronounced  blest,  and  often  so  written), 
p.  a.   [Pp. of  bless1.']   1.  Consecrated;  holy:  as, 
the  blessed  sacrament. 

I  ...  dipped  my  finger  in  the  blessed  water. 

Marryat,  Phantom  Ship,  i.    (N.  E.  D.) 

2.  Worthy  of  adoration :  as,  the  blessed  Trinity. 

0  run,  prevent  them  with  thy  humble  ode, 
And  lay  it  lowly  at  his  blessed  feet. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  26. 
Jesus,  the  Christ  of  God, 
The  Father's  blessed  Son. 

Bonar,  Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hope. 
8.  Enjoying  supreme  happiness  or  felicity; 
favored  with  blessings ;  highly  favored ;  happy ; 
fortunate :  as,  "England's  blessed  shore,"  Shak., 
2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2;  the  blessedest  of  mortals. 

The  days  are  coming  in  the  which  they  shall  say,  Blessed 
are  the  barren.  Luke  xxiii.  29. 

Farewell,  lady; 
Happy  and  blessed  lady,  goodness  keep  you ! 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 
Man  never  Is,  but  always  To  be,  blest. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  96. 

Specifically — 4.   Enjoying  spiritual  blessings 
and  the  favor  of  God;  enjoying  heavenly  feU- 
city;  beatified. 
Blessed  are  the  merciful :  for  they  shall  obtain  mercy. 

Mat.  v.  7. 
Reverenc'd  like  a  blessed  saint.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  3. 

5.  Fraught  with  or  imparting  blessings;  be- 
stowing happiness,  health,  or  prosperity. 

The  quality  of  mercy  .  .  .  is  twice  bless' d; 
It  blesseth  him  that  gives,  and  him  that  takes. 

Shak.,M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 
Thou  blessed  star,  I  thank  thee  for  thy  light. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  2. 

6.  Bringing  happiness;   pleasurable;  joyful: 
as,  a  most  blessed  time;    "a  blessed  sight  to 
see'Tepys,  Diary,  May  23, 1660.— 7.  Endowed 
with  or  possessing  healing  virtues. 

I  have  .  .  .  made  familiar 
To  me  and  to  my  aid  the  bless'd  infusions 
That  dwell  in  vegetives,  in  metals,  stones. 

Shak,,  Pericles,  iii.  2. 


586 

8.  By  euphemism:  Cursed;  damned;  con- 
founded :  a  term  of  mitigated  objurgation,  and 
often  merely  emphatic  without  objurgation: 
as,  the  blessed  thing  gave  way ;  our  blessed  sys- 
tem of  caucusing;  he  lost  every  blessed  cent  he 
had.— Blessed  bell.  See  belli.—  Blessed  thistle.  See 
thistle.— Tne  blessed,  the  saints  in  heaven ;  the  beatified 
saints. 

The  state  also  of  the  blessed  in  Paradise,  though  never 
so  perfect,  is  not  therefore  left  without  discipline. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 

blessed-herb  (bles'ed-erb),  n.  [A  tr.  of  ML. 
lierba  benedicta,  >  E.  herb-bennet.]  The  com- 
mon European  avens,  Geum  urbanum. 

blessedly  (bles'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  blessed  man- 
ner; happily;  in  a  fortunate  manner ;  joyfully. 

One  day  we  shall  blessedly  meet  again  never  to  depart. 
Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

blessedness  (bles'ed-nes).  n.  [<  blessed  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity; 
heavenly  joys ;  the  favor  of  God. 

His  [Wolsey's]  overthrow  heap'd  happiness  upon  him ; 
For  then,  and  not  till  then,  he  felt  himself, 
And  found  the  blessedness  of  being  little. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 

Nor  lily,  nor  no  glorious  hyacinth, 

Are  of  that  sweetness,  whiteness,  tenderness, 

Softness,  and  satisfying  blessedness, 

As  my  Evanthe.       Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Mouth,  i.  1. 

It  is  such  an  one  as,  being  begun  in  grace,  passes  into 
glory,  blessedness,  and  immortality.  South. 

Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried  state ;  celibacy. 

Grows,  lives,  and  dies,  in  single  blessedness. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1. 

=Syn.  Felicity,  Bliss,  etc.  (see  happiness),  joy,  beatitude, 
blesser  (bles'er),  n.    One  who  bestows  a  bless- 
ing ;  one  who  blesses  or  causes  to  prosper. 

God,  the  giver  of  the  gift,  or  blesser  of  the  action. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  §  4. 

blessfully  (bles'ful-i),  adv.  [For  blissfully,  by 
confusion  of  bless1  with  bliss;  so  ME.  blesful, 
and  even  blessedful,  as  variations  of  blissful. 
See  bless1  and  bliss.]  Blissfully.  [Bare.] 

Of  these  many  are  blessfvlly  incognizant  of  the  opinion, 
its  import,  its  history,  and  even  its  name. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

blessfulness  (bles'ful-nes),  n.  [For  blissfulness. 
Cf.  blessfully.]  Blissfulness.  Drant.  [Bare.] 

blessing  (bles'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  blessinge,  bles- 
sunge,  etc.,  <  AS.  bletsung,  JZedsMnjr,  verbal  n.  of 
bletsian,  bless:  see  bless1.]  1.  The  act  of  in- 
voking or  pronouncing  happiness  upon  another 
or  Others;  benediction.  Specifically,  in  the  Latin 
and  Greek  churches,  the  act  of  pronouncing  a  benediction 
on  the  laity  or  inferior  clergy,  performed  by  a  bishop  or 
other  priest  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  the  blessing 
is  now  given  with  all  the  fingers  joined  and  extended,  but 
formerly  with 
the  thumb  and 
the  first  two  fin- 
gers of  the  right 
hand  extended 
and  the  two 
remaining  fin- 
gers turned 
down.  In  the 
Greek  Church, 
the  thumb  and 
the  third  finger 
of  the  same  hand 
are  joined,  the 
other  fingers  be- 
ing extended. 
Some  Eastern 
writers  see  in 
this  position  a 
symbol  of  the  Greek  sacred  monogram  of  the  name  of 
Christ.  In  either  case  the  three  fingers  (or  two  fingers 
and  thumb)  extended  symbolize  the  Trinity.  In  the  An- 
glican Church,  either  the  former  or  the  present  Latin  ges- 
ture is  used. 

2.  The  form  of  words  used  in  this  invocation 
or  declaration ;  a  (or  the)  benediction. — 3.  The 
bestowal  of  divine  favor,  or  of  hallowing,  pro- 
tecting, or  prospering  influences:  as,  to  ask 
God's  blessing  on  any  undertaking. — 4.  A  tem- 
poral or  spiritual  benefit ;  anything  which  makes 
happy  or  prosperous ;  something  to  be  thank- 
ful for;  a  boon  or  mercy:  as,  the  blessings  of 
life,  of  health,  or  of  civilization;  it  is  a  bless- 
ing we  fared  so  well. 

Nature's  full  blessings  would  be  well  dispensed. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  772. 

5.  Euphemistically,  a  curse ;  a  scolding ;  a  cas- 
tigation  with  words. — To  ask  a  blessing,  to  say  grace 
before  a  meal. 

blest  (blest),  pret.,  pp.,  and  jp.  a.  A  contracted 
form  of  blessed. 

blet  (blet),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bletted,  ppr.  blet- 
ting. [<  F.  blettir,  become  'sleepy,'  <  blette, 
'sleepy,'  applied  to  a  pear  (une  poire  blette), 
fern,  of  a  disused  masc.  "blet,  <  OF.  bkt,  fern. 
blette,  soft,  mellow,  overripe;  cf.  equiv.  blcche, 
bleqne,  applied  also  to  an  overripe  apple  (Cot- 


\ 


Latin  Church  (old  use).  Greek  Church. 

Position  of  Hand  in  Blessing. 


blight 

grave),  also  blesse,  blosse,  blot  (Roquefort).  The 
relations  of  these  forms,  and  their  origin,  are 
uncertain.]  To  become  "sleepy"  or  internally 
decayed,  as  a  pear  which  ripens  after  being 
picked. 

Its  [the  medlar's]  fruit  is  hard,  acid,  and  unfit  for  eating 
till  it  loses  its  green  colour  and  becomes  bletted. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  271. 

bletcht,  v.  t.  [The  assibilated  form  of  Week, 
v.  Cf.  blotch,  black.']  To  black;  make  black. 
Levins. 

bletcht,  n.  [The  assibilated  form  of  bleak,  u. 
Cf.  btetclt,  v.]  Blacking.  Levins. 

blether1  (bleTH'er),  «.  i.    Same  as  blaflier. 

blether1  (bleTH'er),  ».    Same  as  blather. 

Stringin1  blethers  up  in  rhyme.  Burns,  The  Vision. 

blether2  (bleTH'er),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  blad- 
der. 

bletherskate  (bleTH'er -skat),  ».  Same  as 
blatherskite. 

bletonism  (blet'on-izm),  «.  [So  called  from  M. 
Bleton,  a  Frenchman  living  at  the  end  of  the 
18th  century,  who  was  said  to  have  this  fac- 
ulty.] The  pretended  faculty  of  perceiving 
and  indicating  subterraneous  springs  and  cur- 
rents by  peculiar  sensations. 

bletonist  (blet'on-ist),  n.  [See  bletonism.']  One 
who  possesses  or  pretends  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  bletonism. 

bletting  (blet'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blet,  v.] 
The  slow  internal  decay  or  "sleepiness"  that 
takes  place  in  some  fruits,  as  apples  and  pears, 
after  they  are  gathered.  Lindley. 

bleu-de-roi  (ble'de-rwo'),  n.  [P.,  king's  blue: 
bleu  (see  blue) ;  de,  <  L.  de,  of ;  roi,  king :  see 
roy."]  In  ceram.,  the  name  given  to  the  cobalt- 
blue  color  in  European  porcelain,  first  pro- 
duced in  Sevres.  It  is  sometimes  uniform,  and  some- 
times mottled  or  marbled.  It  was  one  of  the  flrst  colors 
used  in  European  porcelain  decoration. 

blevet,  v.  t.  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
beleave. 

blew1,  blew2  (bio).     Preterit  of  blow1,  blow%. 

blew3t,  a-     See  blue. 

blewart  (ble'wart), ».  [So.  Cf.  blawort.]  In 
Scotland,  the  germander  speedwell,  Veronica 
Chamaidrys. 

blewits  (blo'its),  n.  [Prob.  same  as  bluets,  pi. 
of  bluet,  a  name  applied  to  several  different 
flowers.]  The  popular  name  of  Agaricus  perso- 
natus,  an  edible  purplish  mushroom  common  in 
meadows  in  autumn. 

bleymet,  ».  [<  F.  bleime,  of  same  sense,  re- 
ferred by  some  to  bUtne,  formerly  blaime,  OF. 
bleme,  blesme,  pale:  see  blemish.']  An  inflam- 
mation in  the  foot  of  a  horse,  between  the  sole 
and  the  bone.  Bradley. 

bleynt,  «•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  blain. 

bleyntet.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  blench1. 

Therwithal  he  bleynte  and  cryede,  A ! 

Chawer,  Knight's  Tale,  L  220. 

bliandt,  ».    See  bleaunt. 

bliaust,  bliautt,  n.    See  bleaunt. 

blickH,  v.  i.  [In  mod.  E.  appar.  only  in  dial. 
blickent,  shining,  bright,  orig.  (as  in  2d  extract 
below)  ppr.  of  blick;  (a)  <  ME.  blikken,  bKkien, 
bltken,<  AS.'blician  =  MD.  blicken,  shine,  gleam, 
D.  blikken,  twinkle,  turn  pale,  =  MLG.  blicken, 
shine,  gleam,  =  Q-.  blickeu,  glance,  look,  =  Icel. 
blika,  shine,  gleam,  =  Sw.  blicka,  glance,  look ; 
a  weak  verb,  in  ME.  mixed  with  the  orig.  strong 
verb  (6)  bliken,  <  AS.  blican  (pret.  bide,  pp.  bli- 
cen)  =  OS.  blikan,  shine,  gleam,  =  OFries.  blika 
(pp.  bliken),  appear,  =  MD.  bliken,  D.  blijken, 
look,  appear,  =  OHG.  blihhan  (in  comp.),  MHG. 
blichen,  shine,  gleam  ;  perhaps  =  OBulg.  blis- 
kati,  sparkle,  =  L.  fulgere,  shine,  lighten,  = 
Gr.  faeyeiv,  burn :  see  fulgent,  phlegm,  phlox. 
Hence  ult.  (from  AS.  blican)  E.  bleak1,  bleach1, 
q.  v.  Cf.  blink,  blank.]  To  shine ;  gleam. 

Bryst  blykked  the  bem  of  the  brode  heuen. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  603. 

The  blykkande  belt  he  here  theraboute. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (ed.  Morris),  1.  2486. 

blick1  (blik),  ».  [<  G.  blick  =  D.  Dan.  blik,  a 
look,  glance,  twinkle,  flash,  =  MLG.  blick, 
gleam,  sheen;  from  the  verb:  see  blick1,  v.] 
The  brightening  or  iridescence  appearing  on 
silver  or  gold  at  the  end  of  the  cupeling  or  re- 
fining process.  Raymond,  Mining  Glossary. 

blick2  (blik),  n.  [E.  dial,  var.of  Wc«fc2.]  Same 
as  bleak%. 

blickey,  blickie  (blik'i),  «.  A  small  pail  or 
bucket.  [New  Jersey.] 

blight  (bllt),  «.  [First  certain  instances  in  Cot- 
grave  and  Sherwood,  17th  century;  later  also 


blight 

spelled  Mite.  Origin  unknown ;  the  various  ex- 
planations offered  all  tail  for  luck  of  evidence.] 

1.  Some  influence,  usually  hidden  or  not  con- 
spicuous, that  nips,  blasts,  or  destroys  plants ; 

a  diseased  sliite  .  1  phmts  caused  by  the  condi- 
tion of  the  soil,  atmospheric  influences,  insects, 
parasitic  plants,  etc. ;  smut,  mildew,  or  the  like. 
In  botany  it  is  sometimes  n  .-.tin t. -.1  to  a  flags  of  minute 
parasitic  fungi,  the  Erysipltaci'ii,  ulii.-h  mow  upon  the 
surf  ace  of  leaves  or  stems  without  .-iitei-int;  the  tissues,  and 
pnidnee  nwliithdi  appearance,  but  is  frequently  utplleaalio 
U>  th4>se  of  other  group*  which  arc  destructive  to  crops. 
The  garden  fears  no  blight,  and  needs  no  fence. 

Courper,  Task,  vi.  772. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  malignant  or  mysterious 
influence  that  nips,  blasts,  destroys,  or  brings 
to  naught ;  anything  which  withers  hope,  blasts 
one's  prospects,  or  checks  prosperity. 

A  bliijlit  seemed  to  have  fallen  over  our  fortunes. 

Disraeli. 

The  biting  presence  of  a  petty  degrading  care,  such  as 
casts  the  blight  of  irony  over  all  higher  effort. 

George  KIM,  Mlddlemarch,  II.  178. 

3.  In  med. :  («)  A  slight  facial  paralysis  in- 
duced by  sudden  cold  or  damp.    (6)  See  blights. 
—  Bladder-blight,  a  disease  of  peach-trees  caused  by  the 
parasitic  fungus  Exoatc\u  i/r/oruiaiw,  which  produces  in- 
Hated  distortions  iu  the  leaves.    See  Exoaixux. — Fear- 
blight,  an  epidemic  disease  attacking  pear-trees,  also 
known  as  jire-bliqht,  and  wlu-n  ulfeeting  the  apple  and 
quince  as  tvrig-bliiiht,  caused  by  a  microscopic  fungus. 
jlicrococcu*  amylovorus,  one  of  the  bacteria.    Also  called 
anthrax  and  tnin-scald. 

blight  (but),  v.  t.  [<  blight,  n.]  1.  To  affect 
with  blight;  cause  to  wither  or  decay;  nip, 
blast,  or  destroy. 

A  cold  and  wet  summer  blighted  the  corn. 

Emerton,  Misc.,  p.  68. 

2.  To  exert  a  malignant  or  baleful  influence 
on;  blast  or  mar  the  beauty,  hopes,  or  pros- 
pects of ;  frustrate. 

The  standard  of  police  Is  the  measure  of  political  justice. 
The  atmosphere  will  blight  it,  it  cannot  live  here. 

Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy  of  Last  Century. 

blight-bird  (blit'berd),  n.  A  bird,  as  a  species 
of  Zosterops,  useful  in  clearing  trees  of  blight 
and  of  insects. 

blighted  (bli'ted),  p.  a.  Smitten  with  blight ; 
blasted. 

blighting  (bli'ting),  p.  a.  Producing  the  ef- 
fects of  blight. 

I  found  it  [Tintoretto's  house]  had  nothing  to  offer  me 
but  the  usual  number  of  commonplace  rooms  In  the  usual 
blighting  state  of  restoration,  llowells,  Venetian  Life,  xv. 

blightingly  (bli'ting-li),  adv.  By  blighting; 
with  blighting  influence  or  effect. 

blights  (blits),  n.  pi.  [See  blight,  n.]  A  name 
given  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States  to  cer- 
tain forms  of  urticaria  or  nettle-rash. 

bliket,  »•  *•    [ME.  bliken  and  bliken :  see 
To  shine;  gleam. 

blikent,  «.  »•  [ME.  blikncn  (=  Icel.  blikna),  < 
bliken,  shine:  see  blike,  bitch1.]  1.  To  become 
pale. — 2.  To  shine. 

blimbing  (blim'bing),  n.    Same  as  bilimbi. 

blin1t  (Win),  c.  [<  ME.  blinnen,  rarely  bilinnen, 
usually  iutrans.,  <  AS.  blinnan,  intrans.,  cease, 
contr.  of  'belinnan  (=  OHG.  bilinnan),  (.  be-  + 
IIHIHIII.  ME.  liiiiini,  mod.  dial.  tin.  Sc.  lin,  linn. 
leen,  cease,  =  Icel.  linna  =  Dan.  linne,  linde  = 
OHG.  "tinnan,  in  bi-linnan  above,  and  MHG. 
ge-linnen  =  Goth,  "linnan,  in  af-linnan,  leave 
off.]  I.  intrunx.  To  cease;  leave  off. 

I  'gan  cry  ere  I  Win, 
O,  her  eyes  are  paths  to  sin ! 

Greene,  Penitent  Palmer's  Ode. 

II.  trans.   To  put  a  stop  to. 

For  nathemore  for  that  spectacle  bad 

Did  th'  other  two  their  cruell  vengeaunce  Win, 

But  both  attonce  on  both  sides  him  bestad. 

>>«...->-,  F.  y.,  III.  v.  22. 

blinH  (blin), «.  [<  ME.  blin,  <  AS.  blinn,  cessa- 
tion, <  blinndn,  cease:  see  the  verb.]  End; 
cessation.  /•'.  Jonson. 

blin-  (bliu),  a.    A  Scotch  form  of  blind. 

blind1  (blind),  a.  [<  ME.  blind,  blynd,  <  AS. 
blind  =  OS.  blind  =  OFries.  blind  =  D.  blind  = 
OHG.  MHG.  Mint,  G.  blind  =  Icel.  blindr  =  Sw. 
blind  =  Dan.  blind  =  Goth,  blinds,  blind ;  cf. 
Lit  It.  blendeas,  blind,  Lett,  blenst,  see  dimly. 
OBulg.  bledii,  pale,  dim;  with  factitive  verb 
AS.  li/i-iiil/ui,  i-ii-.,  make  blind  (see  blend2).  The 
supposed  connection  with  AS.  blandan,  etc.,  E. 
bland1,  as  if  'with  confused  sight,'  is  doubtful.] 
1.  Destitute  of  the  sense  of  sight,  whether  by 
natural  defect  or  by  deprivation,  permanently 
or  temporarily ;  not  having  sight. 

They  be  Wind  leaders  of  the  blind.  Mat.  \v.  n. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  lacking  in  the  fac- 
ulty of  discernment;  destitute  of  intellectual, 


587 

moral,  or  spiritual  sight ;  unable  to  understand 
or  judge. 

I  am  full  i.l'itni'  in  Poet*  Arto, 

thereof  1  i  an  no  skill : 
All  >  11. ..[in  n.  .   I  put  apart, 

follouinu'  inyiif  ..\vni-  wyll. 
lih,,df».  Bated  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  71. 
At  a  solemn  procession  I  have  wept  abundantly,  while 
my  consorts,  blind  with  opposition  mid  prejudice,  ha\. 
fallen  into  an  access  of  scorn  and  laughter. 

Burnt,  K.I]-:. >  Medici,!.  :t. 
He  fought  his  doubts  and  gather' d  strength, 
He  would  not  make  his  judgment  blitid. 

'A.,,,,,/,-,,,,,  In  Memoriam,  xcvl. 

3.  Not  directed  or  governed  by  sight,  physical 
or  mental;  not  proceeding  from  or  controlled 
by  reason:  as,  blind  groping;  blind  tenacity. 

That  which  is  thought  to  have  done  the  Bishops  hurt, 
Is  their  going  about  to  bring  men  to  a  Mind  obedience. 

SeUlen,  Table-Talk,  p.  23. 

Specifically — 4.  Undiscriminating ;  heedless ; 
inconsiderate;  unreflecting;  headlong. 

His  feare  of  God  may  be  as  faulty  as  a  blind  zeale. 

Milluu,  Elkonoklastea,  Ix. 

This  plan  la  recommended  neither  to  blitul  approbation 
nor  to  blind  reprobation.  Jay. 

5.  Not  possessing  or  proceeding  from  intelli- 
gence or  consciousness;  without  direction  or 
control;  irrational;  fortuitous:  as,  a  Wind  force 
or  agency;  blind  chance. — 8.  Filled  with  or  en- 
veloped in  darkness;  dark;  obscure;  not  easily 
discernible:  as,  a  Wind  corner.  [Archaic.] 

The  Wind  cave  of  eternal  night.    Shak.,  Rich.  IIL,  T.  3. 
The  blind  mazes  of  this  tangled  wood. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  181. 

Mr.  Pierce  hath  let  his  wife's  closet,  and  the  little  Mi  ml 
bedchamber,  and  a  garret,  to  a  silk-man  for  601.  fine,  and 
301.  per  annum.  /'<W,  Diary,  II.  459. 

Hence — 7.  Difficult  to  see,  literally  or  figura- 
tively ;  hard  to  understand ;  hard  to  make  put ; 
unintelligible:  as,  blind  outlines ;  Mind  writing; 
/"'.'/."/  reasoning. 
Written  in  such  a  queer  blind  .  .  .  hand. 

Hawthorne,  Grandfather's  Chair. 

8f.  Unlighted:  as,  blind  candles. — 9.  Covered; 
concealed  from  sight ;  hidden. 

On  the  Wind  rocks  are  lost.  Dryden. 

10t.  Out  of  sight  or  public  view;  out  of  the 
way;  private;  secret. 

A  Wind  place  where  Mr.  Goldsborough  was  to  meet  me. 
Pejnjt,  Diary,  Oct.  15, 1881. 

I  was  forced  to  go  to  a  Wind  chophouse,  and  dine  for 
tenpence.  Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  5. 

11.  Without  openings  for  admitting  light  or 
seeing  through:  as.  a  Wind  window;  "blind 
walls,  Tennyson,  Godiva. — 12.  Not  serving 
any  apparent  purpose ;  wanting  something  or- 
dinarily essential  to  completeness ;  not  fulfil- 
ling its  purpose :  as,  a  blind  shell,  one  that 
from  a  bad  fuse  or  other  reason  has  fallen  with- 
out exploding. — 13.  Closed  at  one  end ;  having 
no  outlet ;  ctecal :  as,  a  blind  alley. 

Blind  processes  .  .  .  from  both  the  sides  and  ends  of 
the  air-bladder.  Owen,  Aunt.  Vert, 

Offenders  were  supposed  to  be  incarcerated  behind  an 
iron-plated  door,  closing  up  a  second  prison,  consisting  of 
a  strong  cell  or  two  and  a  Wind  alley  some  yard  and  a 
half  wide.  Dickent,  Little  Don-it,  vi. 

Blind  arcade.  See  arcade.— Blind  arch.  See  orcAl. 
—  Blind  area,  a  space  about  the  basement  of  a  house 
designed  to  prevent  moisture  from  reaching  the  walls  of 
the  building ;  an  ambit.—  Blind  axle.  See  axle.—  Blind 
beetle,  a  name  given  to  two  insects :  (a)  the  cockchafer 
(llelolontha  vulyaris),  so  called  because  it  flies  against 
persons  as  if  it  were  blind ;  (6)  ft  small  chestnut-colored 
beetle  destitute  of  eyes,  found  in  rice. —  Blind  blocking. 
See  blocking. — Blind  buckler,  the  stopper  of  a  hawse- 
hole.— Blind  bud,  an  abortive  bud;  a  bud  that  bears 
no  bloom  or  fruit  Hence  plants  are  said  by  florists  '•> 
,</«  Wind  when  they  fail  to  form  flower-buds. — Blind 
coal,  coal  altered  by  the  passage  of  a  trap  dike  through 
or  near  it.  iEng.]  — Blind  copy,  in  printing,  obscurely 
written  copy;  any  copy  hard  to  read. — Blind  door.  *ee 
Wind  window,  below. —  Blind  fire,  fuel  arranged  on  the 
grate  or  fireplace  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  Ignited 
on  the  application  of  a  lighted  match. —  Blind  holes, 
holes,  as  in  plates  to  be  riveted,  which  are  not  coincident. 
—Blind  lantern,  a  dark  or  unlighted  lantern.— Blind 
level,  in  mining,  a  level  or  drainage  gallery  which  has  a 
vertical  shaft  at  each  end  and  acts  as  an  inverted  siphon.— 
Blind  plants,  abortive  plants  ;  plants,  as  of  the  cabbage 
ami  other  members  of  the  genus  Brasgica,  which  have 
failed  to  produce  central  buds.  —  Blind  side,  the  weak 
or  unguarded  side  of  a  person  or  thing. 
All  people  have  their  blind  side  —  their  superstitions. 

Lamb,  Opinions  on  Whist. 

Blind  spot,  the  point  in  the  retina,  not  sensitive  to  light, 
at  which  the  optic  nerve  enters  the  eye.— Blind  stitch, 
(a)  A  stitch  taken  on  the  under  side  of  any  fabric  in  such  a 
way  that  it  is  not  seen.  (M  Ornamental  sewing  on  leather, 
designed  to  be  seen  on  only  one  side  of  the  material.— 
Blind  story,  (a)  A  pointless  talc.  (6)  Same  as  M//I./ 
story. — Blind  tooling.  See  tooling. —  Blind  vessel,  in 
'•/".<...  :i  vessel  u  ith  an  opening  on  one  side  only. —  Blind 
window,  door,  in  nn-li.,  a  feiitnre  of  design  introduced 
I'.T  tlie  sake  "f  symmetry  nr  harm. my.  itlentieal  in  treat- 
ment and  ornament  with  u  true  window  or  door,  but 
closed  with  a  wall. 


blind-born 

blind1  (blind),  r .  [<  ME.  Winden,  become  blind, 
make  blind,  deceive  (=  D.  blinden  =  OFries. 
lilmdii  =  OHG.  blinden,  become  blind,  ==  Dan. 
blindc  =  Goth,  ga-blindjan,  make  blind),  <  blind, 
a.,  blind.  The  more  common  ME.  verb  is  that 
represented  by  blend?,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
make  blind ;  deprive  of  sight ;  render  incapable 
of  seeing,  wholly  or  partially. 

Tlie  curtain  drawn,  his  eye*  begun 
To  wink,  being  blinded  with  a  greater  light. 

SKak.,  Lucrece,  L  875. 

2.  To  dim  the  perception  or  discernment  of; 
make  morally  or  intellectually  blind. 

And  tli.  .11  shall  take  no  gift :  for  the  gift  Uindeth  the 
wise,  and  perverteth  the  words  of  the  righteous. 

Ex.  xxilL  8. 
Superstition  hath  blinded  the  hearts  of  men. 

Burton,  Anat  of  Mel.,  p.  SW. 
Whom  passion  hath  not  blinded. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  v. 

3.  To  render  dark,  literally  or  figuratively; 
obscure  to  the  eye  or  to  the  mind ;  conceal. 

Such  darkness  blindt  the  sky.  Dryden. 

The  state  of  the  controversy  between  us  he  endeavoured, 

with  all  his  art,  to  Wind  and  confound.  Stiilingjleet. 

4.  To  dim  or  obscure  by  excess  of  light ;  out- 
shine; eclipse.     [Bare.] 

Thirsil,  her  beauty  all  the  rest  did  blind, 
That  she  alone  seem'd  worthy  of  my  love. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  vi. 
Thy  sweet  eyes  brighten  slowly  close  to  mine. 
Ere  yet  they  Wind  the  stars.      Tennyson,  Tithonus. 

6.  In  road-making,  to  fill  with  gravel,  as  inter- 
stices between  stones;  cover  with  gravel  or 
earth:  as.  to  Wind  road-metal. — 6.  In.  gunnery, 
to  provide  with  blindages.- Blinded  battery. 

See  battery. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  blind  or  dim. 
That  ho  [the,  a  pearl]  Mynden  of  ble  in  bour  ther  ho  lyggra, 
No-hot  wasch  hir  wyth  wourchyp  in  wyn  as  ho  askes. 

Alliterative  Poem»(ed.  Morris),  11.  1126. 

blind1  (blind),  n.  [<  blind],  v.}  1.  Anything 
which  obstructs  the  sight,  intercepts,  the  view, 
or  keeps  out  light. 

If  I  have  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neighbour's 

ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  Wind  to  obstruct  the  light. 

Blaclatone,  Com.,  II.  26. 

Specifically— (a)  A  screen  of  some  sort  to  prevent  too 
strong  a  light  from  shining  in  at  a  window,  or  to  keep 
people  from  seeing  in  ;  a  sun-screen  or  shade  for  a  win- 
dow, niade  of  cloth,  laths,  etc.,  and  used  either  Inside  or 
outside.  (6)  One  of  a  pair  of  pieces  of  leather,  generally 
square,  attached  to  a  horse's  bridle  on  either  side  of  his 
head  to  prevent  him  from  seeing  sidewise  or  backward;  a 
blinder  or  blinker,  (c)  A  strong  plank  shutter  placed  In 
front  of  a  port-hole  as  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  discharged. 

2.  Something  intended  to  mislead  the  eye  or 
the  understanding  by  concealing,  or  diverting 
attention  from,  the  principal  object  or  true  de- 
sign ;  a  pretense  or  pretext. 

Making  the  one  a  Wind  for  the  execution  of  the  other. 
Decay  qf  Christ.  Piety. 

3.  A  hiding-place ;  an  ambush  or  covert,  es- 
pecially one  prepared  for  concealing  a  hunter 
or  fowler  from  his  game. 

So  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  Wind, 
Wounds  with  a  random  shaft  the  careless  hind. 

Dryden,  .-Eneid,  iv. 

4.  Milit.,  a  kind  of  bomb-proof  shelter  for  men 
or  material ;  a  blindage.    A  tingle  blind  is  commonly 
made  of  three  strong  perpendicular  posts  with  planks  be- 
tween them,  covered  with  plates  of  iron  on  the  outside, 
rendering  them  shot-proof.    It  Is  used  as  a  protection  to 
laborers  in  the  trenches.    A  double  blind  Is  made  by  filling 
large  wooden  cheats  with  earth  or  bags  of  sand. 

5.  In  the  game  of  poker,  the  stake  deposited 
in  the  pool  previous  to  the  deal — Stamped  In 
the  blind,  in  bookbinditw,  said  of  ornaments  to  be  printed 
in  ink  when  the  pattern  is  first  stamped  with  a  heated  die, 
preparatory  to  a  second  stamping  in  ink  of  the  same  de- 
sign over  the  lust.— Venetian  blinds,  window-blinds  or 
-shades  made  of  thin  light  laths  or  strips  of  wood  fixed  on 
strips  of  webbing. 

blind2  (blind),  n.     Same  as  blende. 

blindage  (blin'daj),  n.  [<  Winrfi  +  -one.'}  1. 
Milit.,  a  blind;  a  screen  made  of  timber  and 
earth,  used  to  protect  men  in  a  trench  or  cov- 
ered way ;  also,  a  mantelet. 

When  a  trench  has  to  be  pushed  forward  in  a  position 
where  the  command  of  the  dangerous  point  Is  so  great 
that  it  cannot  be  sheltered  from  the  plunging  fire  by 
traverses,  it  is  covered  on  the  top  and  on  the  sides  by  fas- 
cines and  earth  supported  by  a  framework,  and  is  termed 
a  blindage.  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

2.  A  hood  so  arranged  that  it  can  be  made 

to  cover  the  eyes  of  a  horse  if  he  essays  to  run 

away, 
blindage-frame  (blin'daj-fram),  n.    A  wooden 

frame  used  in  the  construction  of  a  blindage 

to  support  fascines,  earth,  etc. 
blind-ball  (blind'bal),  n.     Same  as  btindman's- 

bitff.  2. 
blind-born  (bllnd'born),  a.    Born  blind;  con- 

genitally  blind.     [Rare.  ] 


blind-born 

A  person  ...  is  apt  to  attribute  to  the  blind-born  .  .  . 
such  habits  of  thought  ...  as  his  own. 

Whately,  Rhetoric. 

blinde  (blind),  «.     Same  as  blende. 

blinded  (bliu'ded),  a.  1  .  Provided  with  blinds, 
blinders,  or  blindages  :  as,  a  blinded  house  ; 
blinded  batteries.—  2.  Having  the  window- 
shades  drawn  down  ;  with  the  blinds  closed. 

I  found  the  windows  were  blinded. 

Addison,  Tatler,  No.  120. 

He  paced  under  the  Minded  houses  and  along  the  vacant 
streets.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  The  Dynamiter,  p.  13. 

blindedly  (blin'ded-li),  adv.    As  if  blinded. 

blinder  (olln'der),  n.  1  .  One  who  or  that  which 
blinds.  —  2.  A  blind  or  blinker  on  a  horse's  bri- 
dle. 

blind-fast  (blind'fast),  ».  The  catch  or  fas- 
tening of  a  blind  or  shutter. 

blind-fish  (blind'fish),  n.  1.  A  cave-fish,  one  of 
the  Amblyopsidw,  having  eyes  rudimentary  and 
useless  for  vision.  The  best-known  is  the  Amblyopsis 
sjielteus,  or  blind-fish  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky  ; 
another  is  Typhlichthys  sttbterraneus.  Amblyopsis  spe- 
lueus  attains  occasionally  a  length  of  3  to  5  inches  ;  it  has 
rudimentary  and  functioiiless  eyes,  and  ventral  fins  small 
and  of  4  rays  each.  The  color  is  pale  as  if  bleached.  It 
inhabits  the  subterranean  streams  of  Kentucky  and  Indi- 
ana, especially  those  in  the  Mammoth  Cave.  Typhlichthys 
subterraneus  is  a  much  smaller  species  and  destitute  of 
ventral  this.  It  is  an  occasional  associate  of  the  Ambly- 
opsis. See  cut  under  Amblyopsis. 
2.  A  myzont  of  the  family  Myxinida,  Myxine 
glutinosa;  the  hag.  [Local,  Eng.] 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  a.  [Earlymod.  E.  blind- 
fold, blindfeld,  blyndfield,  etc.,  <  ME.  blind- 
felled,  -feld,  -fuld,  pp.  of  blindfellen,  blindfold  : 
see  blindfold,  «.]  1.  Having  the  eyes  covered 
or  bandaged,  so  as  to  be  unable  to  see. 
To  be  spit  in  the  face  and  be  bofet  and  blyndfuld,  alas  ! 

Audelay,  p.  CO. 

2.  Haying  the  mental  eye  darkened;  hence, 
rash  ;  inconsiderate  ;  without  foresight  :  as, 
"blindfold  fury,"  Shak.,  V.  and  A.,  1.  554. 

Fate's  blindfold  reign  the  atheist  loudly  owns. 

Drydcn,  Suum  Cuique. 
3f.  Obscure;  dark. 

If  execution  be  remisse  or  blindfold  now  and  in  this  par- 
ticular, what  will  it  be  hereafter  and  in  other  books? 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  27. 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  Hind- 
fold,  blindfeld,  blindfield,  blindfell  (the  second 
element  being  altered  by  confusion  with  fold, 
wrap  up),  <  ME.  blindfellen,  blinfellen,  blyndfellen 
(pret.  blindfelde,  pp.  blindfelled,  -feld,  -folde),  < 
blind,  blind,  +  fellen,  fell,  strike:  see  blind  and 
fell*-.]  If.  To  strike  blind  ;  to  blind.—  2.  To 
coyer  the  eyes  of;  hinder  from  seeing  by  cov- 
ering the  eyes. 

Thauh  thu  thin  eien  vor  hia  luv  .  .  .  blindfellie  on 
eorthe.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  106. 

"When  they  had  blindfolded  him,  they  struck  him  on  the 
face.  Luke  xxii.  64. 

blindfold  (blind'fold),  n.  [<  blindfold,  ».]  A 
disguise  ;  a  ruse  ;  a  bland.  See  blind1,  n.,  2. 

The  egotism  of  a  Roman  is  a  blindfold,  impenetrable  as 
his  breastplate.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hur,  p.  106. 

blindfolded  (blind'fol"ded),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  blind- 
fold, v.~\  Having  the  eyes  covered;  hindered 
from  seeing. 

blind-Harry  (blind'har'i),  n.  1.  A  name  for 
blindman's-buff.  —  2.  A  name  for  a  puff-ball. 

blinding  (blin'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blind1,  v.] 
1.  The  act  of  making  blind.  —  2.  A  layer  of 
sand  and  fine  gravel  laid  over  a  road  which 
has  been  recently  paved,  to  fill  the  interstices 
between  the  stones. 

blinding  (blin'ding),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  blind},  v.~] 
Making  blind  ;  depriving  of  sight  or  of  under- 
standing: as,  a  blinding  storm  of  rain. 
Sorrow's  eye  glazed  with  blinding  tears. 

Shak'.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2. 

blindingly  (blln'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  blinding 
manner;  so  as  to  blind. 

blind-ink  (bllnd'ink),  n.  A  writing-ink  de- 
signed for  the  use  of  blind  persons.  On  being 
applied  to  the  paper,  it  swells,  forming  raised  characters 
which  can  be  read  by  the  touch. 


blindless  (blind'les),  a.     [<  blind*,  n.,  +  - 
Without  a  blind  or  shade. 


s.] 


The  new  sun 
Beat  thro'  the  blindless  casement  of  the  room. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

blind-lift  (blind'lif  t),  ».  A  metal  hook  or  catch 
on  a  sliding  window-blind,  by  means  of  which  it 
can  be  raised  or  lowered.  Also  called  blind-pull. 
blindly  (blmd'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  blyndly,  <  AS. 
blindlice,  <  blind,  blind.]  1  .  In  a  blind  manner  ; 
as  a  blind  person  ;  without  sight.  —  2.  Without 
reasoning;  without  discernment;  without  re- 
quiring reasons;  without  examination;  reck- 
lessly :  as,  to  be  led  Mindly  by  another. 


588 

England  hath  long  been  mad  and  scarr'd  herself ; 
The  brother  blindly  shed  the  brother's  blood, 
The  father  rashly  slaughter'd  his  own  son. 

Shah.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  4. 

How  ready  zeal  for  interest  and  party  is  to  charge 
atheism  on  those  who  will  not,  without  examining,  sub- 
mit, and  blindly  swallow  their  nonsense.  Locke. 
blindman  (blind'man),  ».;  pi.  bUnclmcn  (-men). 

1.  A  clerk  in  a  post-office  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  let- 
ters.   [Eng.]    Called  blind-reader  in  the  United 
States. —  2.  A  blind  or  blinded  person :  used  as 
a  single  word  in  certain  phrases  and  names. — 
Blindman's  ball,  blindman's  bellows.  See  blindman's- 
buf,  2.—  Blindman's  holiday,  the  time,  just  before  the 
lamps  are  lighted,  when  it  is  too  dark  to  work,  and  one  is 
obliged  to  rest ;  twilight ;  gloaming. 

What  will  not  blind  Cupid  doe  in  the  night,  which  is 
his  blindman's  holiday  ? 

Nashe,  Lenten  Stuffe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  167). 

Indeed,  madam,  it  is  blindman's  holiday ;  we  shall  soon 
be  all  of  a  colour.  Sieift,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

blindman's-buff  (bllnd'manz-buf),  n.  [<  blind- 
man's +  buff,  a  buffet,  blow.]  1.  A  game  in 
which  one  person  is  blindfolded  and  tries  to 
catch  and  identify  some  one  of  the  company. 
Sometimes  called  blindman-buff. 

My  light's  out, 
And  I  grope  up  and  down  like  blind-man-buf. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  ii.  2. 
As  once  I  play'd  at  Blind-man's  Buff,  it  hupt 
About  my  Eyes  the  Towel  thick  was  wrapt ; 
I  miss'd  the  Swains,  and  seiz'd  on  Blouzalind, 
True  speaks  that  ancient  Proverb,  "  Love  is  Blind." 
Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  i.  95. 

2.  A  name  of  certain  puff-balls  of  the  genera 
Sovista  and  Lycoperdon.    Also  blindman's  ball 
or  bellows,  and  blind-ball. 

blindness  (blind'nes),  n.  [ME.  blindnes,  -nesse, 
<  AS.  blindnysse;  <  blind  +  -ness.']  1.  The  state 
of  being  blind,  (a)  Want  of  sight.  (6)  Want 
of  intellectual  discernment ;  mental  darkness ; 
ignorance ;  heedlessness. 

Whensoever  we  would  proceed  beyond  these  simple 
ideas,  we  fall  presently  into  darkness  and  difficulties,  and 
can  discover  nothing  farther  but  our  own  blindness  and 
ignorance.  Locke. 

2f.  Concealment. 

Muftle  your  false  love  with  some  show  of  blindness. 

Shak.,C.  of  E.,  iii.  2. 

blind-officer  (bllnd'ofi-ser),  n.  Same  as  blind- 
man.  1.  [Eng.] 

blind-pull  (blind'pul),  n.    Same  as  blind-lift. 

blind-reader  (blind're'der),  n.  In  the  United 
States  postal  service,  a  clerk  whose  duty  it  is  to 
decipher  obscure  or  illegible  addresses  on  mail- 
matter. 

blinds,  n.    See  blens. 

blind-snake  (blind'snak),  n.  A  snake  of  the 
family  Typhlopidw. 

blind-Stile  (blind'stil),  n.  The  stile  of  a  blind. 
—  Blind-stile  machine,  a  machine  for  making  the  mor- 
tises and  tenons  in 
blinds,  and  for  bor- 
ing the  holes  for 
the  slats. 

blindstitch 
(blind'stieh), ». 
t.  To  sew  or 
take  stitches  in 
(anything)  in 
such  a  way  that 
they  will  show 
only  on  one  side 
of  the  thing 
sewed  or  stitch- 
ed, or  not  at  all. 

blind-story 
(blind '  sto  *  ri), 
n.  In  medieval 
church-arch., 
the  triforium : 
properly  re- 
stricted to  such 
examples  as 
possess  no  ex- 
terior windows, 
as  opposed  to 
the  clerestory, 
from  which  the 
chief  lighting  of  the  interior  is  derived. 

blindworm  (blind' werm),»i.  [ME.  blyndwormc. 
-wurme  (=  Sw.  Dan.  blindorm) ;  <  blind  +  worm.'] 
A  small  European  lizard,  Anguis  fragilis,  of  the 
family  Anguidw,  having  a  slender  limbless  body 
and  tail,  like  a  snake,  rudimentary  shoulder- 
girdle,  breast-bone,  and  pelvis,  a  scaly  skin, 
concealed  ears,  and  small  eyes  furnished  with 
movable  lids :  so  called  because  supposed  to  be 
a  sightless  worm,  a  notion  as  erroneous  as  is  the 
supposition  that  it  is  poisonous.  Also  called 
orvet  and  slow-worm. 


blinkard 


black 
ag' 


Blind-story. —  Triforium  of  Lincoln 
Cathedral. 


blink  (blingk),  v.  [=  Sc.  blink,  blenk;  <  ME. 
blynken,  rare  and  appar.  only  as  var.  of  blenlc- 
en  (see  blenk,  blench);  not  found  earlier  (though 
an  AS.  "blincan  appears  to  be  indicated  by  the 
causal  verb  blencan,  deceive,  >  E.  blench^) ;  =  D. 
blinken  =  G.  blinken  =  Sw.  blinka  =  Dan.  blinke, 
shine,  twinkle,  blink,  nasalized  forms  parallel 
with  D.  blikken  =  G.  blicken  =  Sw.  blicka  = 
Dan.  blikke,  look,  glance,  from  a  strong  verb 
repr.  by  AS.  blicaii,  shine  :  see  blick1,  blike, 
bleak^;  and  cf.  blench^  and  blink,  re.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  wink  rapidly  and  repeatedly; 
nictitate. 

A  snake's  small  eye  blinks  dull  and  sly. 

Coleridge,  Christabel,  ii. 

He  blinked  with  his  yellow  eyes,  that  seemed 
All  sightless  and  blank  to  be. 

C.  Thaxter,  Great  White  Owl. 

2.  To  see  with  the  eyes  half  shut  or  with  fre- 
quent winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes; 
hence,  to  get  a  glimpse ;  peep. 

Show  me  thy  chink,  to  blink  through  with  mine  eyne. 
Shot.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  look  askance  or  indiffer- 
ently. 

Why  then  ignore  or  blink  at  moral  purpose  ? 

Hag.  of  Art,  March,  1884. 

4.  To  intermit  light;  glimmer:  as  "a  blinking 
lamp,"  Cotton,  An  Epigram. —  5.  To  gleam  tran- 
siently but  cheerfully ;   smile ;  look   kindly. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.]  — 6.  To  become  a  lit- 
tle stale  or  sour :  said  of  milk  or  beer.     [Prov. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

II.  trans.  If.  To  deceive;  elude;  shun. — 2. 
To  see  or  catch  sight  of  with  half-shut  eyes; 
dimly  see ;  wink  at. 

I  heard  the  imp  brushing  over  the  dry  leaves  like  a 
ick  snake,  and,  blinking  a  glimpse  of  him,  just  over 
in  yon  big  pine,  I  pulled  as  it  might  be  on  the  scent. 
Cooper,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  v. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  shut  one's  eyes  to;  avoid 
or  purposely  evade ;  shirk :  as,  to  blink  a  ques- 
tion. 

How  can  I  blink  the  fact? 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  II.  214. 

Understand  us.  We  blink  no  fair  issue.  .  .  .  We  have 
counted  the  cost.  W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  34. 

4.  To  balk  at ;  pass  by ;  shirk :  as,  a  dog  that 
never  blinked  a  bird. 

In  fear  he  conies  there,  and  consequently  "  blinks  his 
birds."  Dogs  of  Great  Brit,  and  America,  p.  240. 

5t.  To  blindfold;  hoodwink.    Landor. 
blink  (blingk),  n.     [<  ME.  blink,  a  glance,  =  Sw. 
blink  =  Dan.  blink;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A  glance 
of  the  eye ;  a  glimpse. 

Loj  this  is  the  first  blinke  that  ever  I  had  of  him. 

Bp.  Hall,  Works,  II.  108. 

2.  A  gleam;  ajglimmer;  specifically,  the  gleam 
or  glimmer  reflected  from  ice  in  tie  polar  re- 
gions: hence  the  term  ice-blink  (which  see). 

Not  a  Mink  of  light  was  there.    Wordsworth,  Sonnets,  vii. 

After  breakfast  this  morning,  I  ascended  to  the  crow's 
nest,  and  saw  to  my  sorrow  the  ominous  blink  of  ice 
ahead.  Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  I.  49. 

And  where  north  and  south  the  coast-lines  run, 
The  blink  of  the  sea  in  breeze  and  sun. 

Whittier,  Prophecy  of  Samuel  Sewall. 

3.  A  very  short  time ;  a  twinkling :  as,  bide  a 
blink.    [Scotch.] — 4t.  A  trick;  a  scheme. — 5. 
pi.  Boughs  thrown  to  turn  aside  deer  from  their 
course ;  also,  feathers,  etc.,  on  a  thread  to  scare 
birds.    If.  E.  D. —  6.  A  fishermen's  name  for 
the  mackerel  when  about  a  year  old.   See  spike 
and  tinker. 

blinkardt  (bliug'kard),  «.  [<  blink  +  -ard,  as 
in  drunkard,  dotard.]  1.  A  person  who  blinks 
or  sees  imperfectly;  one  who  squints. 

Among  the  blind  the  one-eyed  blinkard  reigns. 
Char,  of  Holland,  in  Harl.  Misc.  (ed.  1810),  V.  613. 

For  I  was  of  Christ's  choosing,  I  God's  knight, 
No  blinkard  heathen  stumbling  for  scant  light. 

Swinburne,  Laus  Veneris. 

2.  That  which  twinkles  or  glances,  as  a  dim 
star  which  appears  and  disappears. 


blinkard 


689 
II.  intrant.  To  be  in  heat,  as  a  ewe. 


In  some  parts  we  sec  many  glorious  nnd  eminent  stars, 

in  others  few  of  any  ivinnrkulilc  ureatness,  and,  in  some,     

none  but  Mnb.nl.  and  otacnr.  .,n«L  OKy,  p.  237.  BliSSUS  (blis'us),  n.     [NL.]     A  genus  of  lift- 

3.  One  who  lacks  intellectual  perception.  Skel-    eropterous  insects,  the  type  of  the_subf«n,ly 

<on.— 4.   ()no  who  wilfully  shuts  his  eyes  to 

what  is   happening;    one   who   blinks   facts. 

[Sometimes  used  attributively.] 
blink-beer  (blingk'ber),  M.     [<  blink,  v.,  I.,  6,  + 

IH-I-I-.  ]     Beer  kept  unbroached  (ill  it  is  sharp. 
blinker  (blin^'ker),  H.    1.  One  who  blinks.— 2. 


blithesome 

larger  than  peas,  others  u  much  u  an  MM  h  In  <l!amet«r. 

•  ling  to  Percy,  theme  blisters  are  probably  due  to  the 

r,  an.tion  of  11  part  of  the  protoxid  uf  Iron  existing  In 

the  mass  In  the  form  of  a  silicate  of  the  protoxld,  and  the 

consequent  i-ic.luii (  r;irl»>ni<-  c.xld.    The  proccw  ls  a 

very  old  one. 

blistery  (blis'tt-r-i),  a.    [<  blister  -f  -yl.]    Full 
of  blisters.     Hooker. 


tad  with  lii*  club  him  nil  about  so  NHL 
That  he  which  way  to  turne  him  scarcely  wist 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viiL  13. 


a  horse's  head  to  prevent  him  from  seein 
sidewise   or  backward ;   a  blind  or  blinder ; 
hence,  figuratively,  any  obstruction  to  sight  or 
discernment. 

Nor  bigots  who  but  one  way  see, 
Through  blinkers  of  authority. 

M.  Oreen,  The  Grotto. 

Horses  splashed  to  their  very  Winter*.  Dickens. 

blink-eyed  (blingk'id),  a.  Having  blinking  or 
winking  eyes. 

The  foolish  Mink-eyed  boy.  Qatcmgne,  Hearbea. 

blinking  (bling'king),  n.  In  sporting,  the  fault 
in  dogs  of  leaving  the  game  as  soon  as  it  is 
found. 

The  vice  of  blinking  has  been  caused  by  over-severity  In 
punishment  for  chasing  poultry,  etc. 

Days  o.f Great  Britain  and  America,  p.  240. 

blinking-duckweed  (blhiK'king-chik'wed),  n. 
The  Montia  fontana,  a  small  marsh-herb,  natu- 
ral order  PortulacacecB :  so  called  from  its  small 
half-closed  flowers  looking  out  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Also  called  blinks. 

blinkingly  (bling'king-li),  a<J>.  In  a  blinking 
or  winking  manner;  evasively. 

Death,  that  fatal  necessity  which  so  many  would  over- 
look, or  Minkinglji  survey,  the  old  Egyptians  held  con- 
tinually before  their  eyes.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Mummies. 

blinks  (blingks),  n.  [<  blink,  n. ;  a  quasi-plural 
form.]  Same  as  blinking-chickweed. 

blinky(bling'ki),  a.   [<  blink  +  -y1.]   Prone  to 
blink. 
We  were  just  within  range,  and  one's  eyes  became  quite 


mon  name  of  several  succulent-leafed  plants, 
chiefly  of  the  genus  Chenoiodium  (or  Blitum), 


BlisxiiKi'.    B.  leucopterus  is  the  common  chinch- 
bug.     See  cut  under  chinch-bug. 
blistt.     Obsolete  preterit  of  bless*  and  bless*. 

Dlltt,  'I. 

bliteH,  «.     See  blight. 

blitea  (blit),  n.    [Also  blit  and  early  mod.  E. 

•linker  (bling'ker),  M.    1.  One  wtioDlinKs.— tf.  ,  ,.  .        ,,,.  ,t,,  x   ,          Sarlv  m  o  bins-     Mitte,  bleit,  blete ;  <  F.  blette  =  Pr.  bledn  =  Cat. 

UuTof  two  leather  flaps  placed  on  the  sides  of  Vjffif,^™  $ ^   b tofe and ^perhaps  'blystel,     blet  =  Sp.  bledo,<l..bUtum:  seeBKfum.J  Acom- 
o    »,/,«„'«  l,A«rl  t.n  nrPVBnt,  him  from  seeinc     <  AS.  *Wy*W  =  MD.  Muysfrr,  a  blister  (but  the 

AS.  form  is  not  found,  and  the  ME.  may  be 
taken  from  OF.  blestre,  blostre,  a  swelling  (cf. 
bloustre,  bloutre,  blotte,  a  clod,  blosse,  a,  swelling 
due  to  a  bruise),  of  MD.  or  Scand.  origin) ;  of. 
Icel.  bldstr,  a  swelling  (in  the  medical  sense), 
lit.  a  blast,  a  blowing,  =  AS.  blaist,  a  blowing, 
blast;  cf.  bladre,  a  blister,  bladder,  etc  B.  ,„,„. 

blaas,  G.  blase,  a  bbster,^  etc.,  E.  dial.  buu*P,  blithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  o.  and  it. 
n.,  a  pimple,  etc. ;  ult. 
bid  wan,  etc.,  blow:  see 

blow1.]     1.  A  thin  vesicle  on  tne  SKin,  con-    compositio_ 

taining  watery  matter  or  serum,  whether  oc-    _  D_  bujdet  ftKi  =  &HG."  blidi,  MHG.  blide  = 
casioned  by  a  burn  or  other  injury,  by  a  vesi-    jce)    Ondi,r  =  Sw.  blid  =  Dan.  blid  =  Goth. 
catory,  or  by  disease ;  a  pustule.    It  is  formed  («)    bleiths 
by  disintegration  and  effusion  of  serum  into  some  of  the     ,,;,.„„  -, 


„ 'Blitum.    The  strawberry-blite,  I 

am  capitatum,  Is  so  called  from  its  red  fleshy  clusters  of 
fruit  The  coast-bllte,  C.  maritimum,  Is  found  in  saline 
localities.  The  sea-bllte,  Sitada  marilima,  Is  m  chcno- 
podlaceoiu  coast-plant  with  nearly  terete  or  cylindrical 
fleshy  leaves. 

dlithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  o.  and  it.  [<  ME.  blithe. 
t.  from  the  root  of  AS.  bliithe,  <  AS.  blithe,  joyful,  glad,  kind,  gentle, 
ee  bladder,  blast,  blaze*,  peaceful,  =  OS.  blithi  =  OFries.  'blide  (in 
aside  on  the  skin,  con-  composition  blid-skip.joy),  North  Fries.  Mi<l 


softer  epidermal  layers,  or  (b)  by  an  effusion  of  serum  be- 
tween tne  epidermis  and  corium. 
2.  An  elevation  made  by  the  lifting  up  of  an 
external  film  or  skin  by  confined  air  or  fluid, 
as  on  plants,  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  sub- 
stance at  the  surface,  as  on  steel. — 3.  Some- 
thing applied  to  the  skin  to  raise  a  blister,  as 
a  plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  mustard,  etc.,  as  a 
means  of  counter-irritation ;  a  vesicatory. — 4. 
In  castings  of  different  materials,  an  effect 
caused  by  the  presence  of  confined  bubbles  of 
air  or  gas. —  o.  A  distortion  of  peach-leaves 
causedby  the  fungus  Exoascus deformans;  blad- 
der-blight. See  Exoascus.  Also  called  blister- 
ing.— Flying  blister,  a  blister  applied  for  a  time  too 

..  v  ..M«j». — „-, , -.— -       short  to  cause  vesication. 

Minky  watching  for  the  flash  from  the  bow.  blister  (blis'ttr),  V.     [<  blister,  II.]     I.  trans.  I. 

W.  H.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11, 1861.     Tn  rn-.A  _  hlist  '    o-  blisters  on.  as  bv  a  burn, 


blirt  (blert),  11.  [A  var.  of  blurt.]  An  outburst 
of  wind,  rain,  or  tears;  specifically,  naut.,  a 
gust  of  wind  and  rain.  [Scotch.] 
blirty,  blirtie  (bler'ti),  a.  [<  blirt  +  -yi.] 
Characterized  by  blirts  or  gusts  of  wind  and 
rain:  as,  a  blirty  day.  [Scotch.] 
bliss  (blis),  n.  [<  ME.  Mis,  blisse,  <  AS.  blis.  bliss, 
contr.  of  the  unusual  blids,  blitte  (=  OS.  blidsea, 
btitzea,  Wizza),  joy,  <  blithe,  joyful,  blithe :  see 
blithe,  and  cf.  bless1,  with  which  the  word  has 
been  notionally  associated.]  1.  Blitheness; 
gladness;  lightness  of  heart. — 2.  The  highest 
degree  of  happiness,  especially  spiritual  joy; 
perfect  felicity ;  supremo  delight;  blessedness: 
often,  specifically,  the  joy  of  heaven. 

How  sweet  a  thing  it  Is  to  wear  a  crown, 

Within  whose  circuit  Is  Elysium, 

And  all  that  poets  feign  of  Wi»«  and  Joy. 

Shat.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  2. 
All  my  redeem'd  may  dwell  in  joy  and  blitt. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  43. 

=Syn.  Felicity,  Blessedness,  etc.  (see  happineti),  trans- 
port, rapture,  ecstasy,  hlissfulness. 

blissful  (blis'fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  blisful;  <  bliss  + 
-ful.]  1.  Full  of,  abounding  in,  enjoying,  or 
conferring  bliss;  full  of  felicity:  as,  "blissful 
joy."  Siienser,  F.  Q. ;  "  blissful  solitude,"  Milton, 
P.  L,  lii.  69. 

The  bliisful  shore  of  rural  ease. 

Thornton,  Liberty,  v. 
Ever  as  those  blissful  creatures  do  I  fare. 

Wordsworth. 

2t.  [Cf.  blessfuL]    Blessed;  holy. 

blissfully  (bfis'ful-i),  adv.  [<  ME.  blissfuliche, 
etc.,  <  blisfitl  +  -lithe,  -ly2.]  In  a  blissful  man- 
ner; happily. 

blissfulness  (blis'ful-ues),  n.    [<  ME.  blisful- 

,  -«<vw< ,  <  hli.ifnl   +   -if",  -ness.)     The  stale 


To  raise  a  blister  or  blisters  on,  as  by  a  burn, 
medical  application,  or  friction:  as,  to  blister 
one's  hands. — 2.  To  raise  filmy  vesicles  on  by 
heat:  as,  too  high  a  temperature  will  blister 
paint;  blistered  steel.  See  blister-steel.— 3.  Fig- 
uratively, to  cause  to  suffer  as  if  from  blisters ; 
subject  to  burning  shame  or  disgrace. 

Look,  here  conies  one :  a  gentlewoman  of  mine, 

Who,  falling  in  the  flaws  of  her  own  youth, 

Hath  blistefd  her  report         Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  11.  3. 

II.  intrans.  To  rise  in  blisters,  or  become 
blistered. 

If  I  prove  honey-mouth'd,  let  my  tongue  Muter, 

Shot.,  W.  T.,  ii.  i 
The  house  walls  seemed 
Blistering  in  the  sun,  without  a  tree  or  vine 
To  cast  the  tremulous  shadow  of  Its  leaves. 

Whittier,  Prel.  to  Among  the  HilU. 

blister-beetle  (blis'ter-be'tl),  n.  A  popular 
name  of  beetles  of  the  family  Metoida,  de- 
rived from  the  pecu- 
liar poison  (canthar- 
idin)  which  is  con- 
tained in  their  tis- 
sues. This  poison,  when 
brought  into  contact  with 
the  skin,  produces  blis- 
ters, and  on  account  of 
this  vesicatory  property 
the  dried  beetles  are 
largely  used  in  medicine. 
In  their  earlier  states  the 
blister-beetles  are  para- 
sitic on  grasshopper-eggs 
or  in  the  cells  of  mason- 
bees.  The  imagosof  many 
American  species  are  of- 
ten very  injurious  to  fleld- 


Ash-gray  Blister-beetle  (Mafrot-i- 
jis  ctMerfti).  (Vertical  line  show* 
natural  size. )  «,  ft.male  and  female 
antennae,  enlarged. 


and   garden-crops.    The 
developmentofthelarva, 

which  assumes  successively  several  forms,  is  very  remark- 
able.   See  hinvrmetamorphosiit  and  Epicauta. 

or  quality  of  being  blissful ;  exalted  happiness :  j^^J  (blis'terd),  p.  a.    Having  the  disease 
sun™™  fol.n.t.v :  fullness  of  lov.  °£>>£  g^      Bee  &*r,  n.,  5. 

blister-fly  (blis'Wr-fli),  n.    A  beetle,  also  known 
as  the  Spanish  fly,  used  in  blistering;  one  of 

-  -  -  .v  ,.  ••     ;•  the  blister-beetles.    See  Cantharis. 

_  A  subfamily  of  heteropterous  insects,  blistering  (blis'ter-ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Cans- 
of  the  family  Lj/gaifo,  typified  by  the  genus  ^  or  tiding  to  cause  blisters. -Blistering  fly. 
BUttua.  See  cut  under  chincn-buy.  same  as  blMer-fy. 

IJ.  n.  Same  as  blister,  5. 


supreme  felicity ;  fullness  of  joy. 

God  is  all-sufficient  and  incapable  of  admitting  any  ac- 
cession to  his  perfect  btiftgfulness.    Barrow,  Works,  I.  viii. 

Blissinae  (bli-si'ne),  H.  j>l.     [NL.,  <  Blissia  + 


cut  under  chinrli-bii;i. 
blissless  (blis'les),  a.    [<  bliss  +  -less.}    Desti- 


merciful,  kind;  root  uncertain:  see 
bliss.]'  I.  a.  If.  Kind;  kindly.  Levins (1570). 
—  2.  Glad:  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;  mirth- 
ful; gay:  in  colloquial  use  only  in  Scotland: 
as,  "I'm  blithe  to  see  you." 

Ful  blithe  .  .  .  was  every  wight 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prof,  to  C.  T.,  I  848. 

No  Urk  more  blithe  than  he. 

Bictersta/,  Love  in  a  Village,  I.  2. 

Hail  to  thee,  if «A«  spirit! 
Bird  thou  never  wert 

Shelley,  Ode  to  a  Skylark. 

3.    Characterized  by  or  full   of   enjoyment; 
gladsome :  said  of  things. 
O  !  how  changed  since  yon  Mitli?  night !  Scott. 

Blithe  would  her  brother's  acceptance  be. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x.  2 

In  June  'tis  good  to  He  beneath  a  tree 
While  the  blithe  season  comforts  every  sense. 

iMi-rll,  Under  the  Willows. 
=8yn.  Cheerful,  light-hearted,  elated,  buoyant 

il.t   n.    1.    A    blithe    one.— 2.    Kindness; 
goodwill;  favor.— 3.  Gladness:  delight, 
blithet  (bliTH  or  blith),  v.    [ME.  blithen  (= 
OHG.  bliden,  rejoice,  be  blithe,  =  Goth,  bleith- 
jam,  gableithjan,  be  merciful,  pity);  from  the 
adjj    I.  intrans.  To  be  blithe  or  merry. 
n.  trans.  To  make  blithe ;  gladden. 
The  prince  of  planetig  that  proudely  is  night 
Sail  brace  furth  his  bemes  that  otire  bclde  blithes. 

York  Plays,  p.  123. 

blithe  (bliTH  or  blith),  adv.  [<  ME.  blithe, 
blythe,  <  AS.  blithe,  adv.,  <  blithe,  a.:  see 
blithe,  a.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Gladly;  blithely, 
blitheful  (bliTH'-  or  blith'ful),  a.  [<  ME. 
blitheful,  blithfut,  <  blithe,  n.,  kindness,  favor  (= 
Icel.  blidha),  +  -ful.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Glad; 
joyous;  joyful.  [Poetic.] 

The  seas  with  blitheful  western  blasts 
We  sail'd  amain. 

Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Loud,  and  Eng. 

[Samuel]  Lover,  a  versatile  artist,  Uithrj'ul  humorist 

and  poet  Steilman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  258. 

blithely  (bliTH'-  or  blith'H),  adv.  [<  ME. 
blitheliche,  blcthely,  -liche,  etc.,  <  AS.  blitheliee 
(=  OHG.  blidlicho),  <  blithe  +  -lice :  see  blithe, 
a.,  and-fyS.]  If.  Kindly.— 2.  Gladly;  joyful- 
ly ;  gaily. 

bl'ithemeat  (bliTH'-  or  blith'met),  n.  [8c.,  < 
blithe,  glad,  +  meat.]  The  entertainment  or 
refreshment  provided  at  the  birth  or  christen- 
of  a  child.  [Scotch.] 

(bli'THen  or  -then),  r.  t.     [<  blithe,  a.. 
+  -<?»!.  Cf.  blithe,  v.]   To  make  blithe.   [Bare.] 

blitheness  (bliTH'-  or  blith'nes),  n.  [<  ME. 
blithencAie,  <  AS.  blithncs,  <  blithe  +  -nes :  see 
blithe,  a.,  and  -ness.]  The  state  of  being  blithe ; 
gaiety;  sprightliness. 

The  delightfulness  and  btithenea  of  their  [poets']  com- 
positions. Sir  A".  Digby,  On  the  Soul,  ill. 

Legend  told  of  his  [Eadward's]  pious  simplicity,  his 
Withrnetu  and  gentleness  of  mood. 

J.  H.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  «7. 

blithesome  (bliTH'-  or  blith'sum),  a.  [<  Witt*- 
+  -some.']  Full  of  blitheness  or  gaiety :  gay ; 


tute  of  bliss ;  wretched  ;  hapless :  as,  "my  bliss-  blister-plaster  (blis'tfer-plas'ter),  n.  A  plaster    merry ;  cheerful ;  causing  joy  or  gladness. 

/,.-,-  Lit   "    v'/,-    /'     ViV/»/>>/      \Ti"iiii"i     M  ~t  w  .  . .    ,;  .1,    «I;.IL.     .  1 . ..  i .rn  11, 1   t.i  v-ii<i>  a   1ili<ti-T'  fti.__      „.     ii  , 


less  lot,"  >S'ir  P.  Kidney,  Arcadia,  iii.  of  Spanish  flies,  designed  to  raise  a  blister. 

blissom  (blis'um),  a.  [<  Icel.  blaxma,  in  heat  blister-steel  (blis't6r-stel),  n.  Steel  made  by 
(said  of  a  ewe  or  goat),  =  OD.  blegme.']  In  the  carburization  of  bar-iron  in  a  converting- 
heat,  as  a  ewe.  [Prov.  En^.]  furnace,  the  iron  being  heated  in  contact  with 

blissom  (blis'um),  c.  [<  blissom,  «.]  I.  trans,  charcoal.  See  cementation.  After  the  conversion 
To  couple  with  a  ewe :  said  of  a  ram.  Into  steel,  the  bars  become  covered  with  blisters,  some  not 


On  blithesome  frolics  bent  Thornton,  Winter. 

The  rising  sun,  emerging  from  amidst  golden  and  pur- 
ple clouds,  shed  his  blithesome  rays  on  the  tin  weather- 
cocks of  Communipaw.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  109. 

Charmed  by  the  spirit  alternately  tender  and  bKUif- 
tome,  of  Procter's  songs.  S»«fw«m,  Viet.  Poeta,  p.  110, 


blithesomeness 

blithesomeness  (bliTH'-  or  blith'sum-nes),  M. 
[<  blithesome  +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being 
blithesome;  gaiety. 

A  glad  blithesomeness  belonged  to  her,  potent  to  conquer 
even  ill  health  and  suffering.    New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  78. 

Blitum  (bli'tum),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fik'nav,  a  cer- 
tain plant  used  as  a  salad.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Chenopodiaceoe,  now  included  in 
Chenopodium.  See  blite^. 
blivet,  adv.  A  Middle  English  contraction  of 
bcliveZ.  Chaucer. 

blizzard  (bliz'ard),  n.  [An  expressive  word, 
originating  in  the  United  States,  appar.  at  first 
locally  on  the  Atlantic  coast  (see  first  quot.), 
and  carried  thence  to  the  West,  where,  in  a 
new  application,  it  came  into  general  notice 
and  use  in  the  winter  of  1880-81.  The  word 
is  evidently  a  popular  formation,  and  is  prob. 
based,  with  the  usual  imitative  variation  ob- 
servable in  such  formations,  on  what  to  the 
popular  consciousness  is  the  common  root  of 
blaze,  blast,  blow  (the  latter  notions  at  least  be- 
ing appar.  present  in  the  familiar  third  sense). 
In  the  orig.  sense  a  blizzard  is  essentially  a 
"  blazer,"  of  which  word,  indeed,  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  manipulated  form:  see  blaze1,  and  cf. 
blaze%,  blast,  bluster.']  1.  [Appar.  the  earliest 
sense,  but  not  recorded,  except  in  the  figura- 
tive use,  until  recently.]  A  general  discharge 
of  guns ;  a  rattling  volley  ;  a  general  "blazing 
away."  See  extract. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast,  among  the  gunners  who  often 
hunt  in  parties  stationed  near  together  behind  blinds, 
waiting  for  the  flocks  of  migratory  birds,  the  word  bliz- 
zard means  a  general  discharge  of  all  the  guns,  nearly  but 
not  quite  together — a  rattling  volley,  differing  from  a 
broadside  in  not  being  quite  simultaneous.  This  use  of 
the  word  is  familiar  to  every  longshore  man  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  Currituck,  and  goes  back  at  least  forty  years,  as 
my  own  memory  attests.  .  .  .  The  longshore  men  of 
forty  years  ago  were  all  sailors,  and  many  of  them  had 
served  in  the  navy.  That  they  may  have  learned  the  word 
there  is  rendered  probable  by  the  rather  notable  accuracy 
with  which  they  always  distinguished  between  a  blizzard 
and  a  broadside.  This  points  to  a  nautical  origin  of  the 
word,  though  it  made  no  progress  in  general  use  till  it 
struck  the  Western  imagination  as  a  term  for  that  con- 
vulsion of  the  elements  for  which  "snow-storm,"  with 
whatever  descriptive  epithet,  was  no  adequate  name,  and 
the  keen  ear  of  the  newspaper  reporter  caught  it  and  gave 
it  currency  as  "  reportorial "  English. 

2V.  Y.  Evening  Post,  March  24, 1887. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  volley;  a  sudden 
(oratorical)  attack;  an  overwhelming  retort. 
[This  seems  to  be  the  sense  in  the  following  passage,  where 
Bartlett  explains  the  word  ("  not  known  in  the  Eastern 
States,"  he  says)  as  "  a  poser."] 

A  gentleman  at  dinner  asked  me  for  a  toast ;  and  sup- 
posing he  meant  to  have  some  fun  at  my  expense,  I  con- 
cluded to  go  ahead,  and  give  himandhis  likes  a  blizzard. 
David  Crockett,  Tour  Down  East,  p.  16. 

3.  A  gale  or  hurricane  accompanied  by  intense 
cold  and  dry,  driving  snow,  common  in  winter 
on  the  great  plains  of  the  States  and  Territories 
of  the  northwestern  United  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  especially  Dakota,  and  in 
Manitoba  in  British  America,  it  is  described  in 
the  "American  Meteorological  Journal"  as  "a  mad  rush- 
ing combination  of  wind  and  snow  which  neither  man  nor 
beast  could  face." 

Whew  !  how  the  wind  howls ;  there  must  be  a  terrible 
blizzard  west  of  us,  and  how  ill-prepared  are  most  frontier 
homes  for  such  severe  cold.  Chicago  Advance,  Jan.  8, 1880. 

blizzardly  (bliz'ard-li),  a.  Blizzard-like ;  re- 
sembling a  blizzard.  [Rare.] 

bloak,  ».    See  bloke. 

bloat1  (blot),  a.  [Formerly  also  blote,  <  ME. 
blote  (uncertain),  possibly  <  AS.  bldt,  pale,  livid 
(see  Hate1),  but  prob.  a  var,  or  parallel  form 
of  bloute  (see  bloatf)  =  Icel.  blautr,  soaked,  = 
Sw.  blot  =  Dan.  blod,  soft,  =  Norw.  blaut,  soft, 
wet;  cf.  Icel.  blautr  fiskr,  fresh  (soft)  fish,  op- 
posed to  hardhr  fiskr,  dried  (hard)  fish,  =  Sw. 
blotfisk,  soaked  fish,  =  Norw.  blotfisk;  Icel. 
blotna  =  Sw.  blotna  =  Norw.  blotna,  to  soften. 
See  blate1  and  bloater,  and  cf.  6toa(2.]  Cured 
by  smoking:  as,  a  bloat  herring.  See  bloater. 

Lay  you  an  old  courtier  on  the  coals  like  a  sausage,  or  a 
bloat  herring.  B.  Jonson,  Mercury  Vindicated. 

bloat1  (blot),  v.  t.    [Appar.  <  6/00*1,  a.]   TO  cure 
by  smoking,  as  herrings.  Formerly  spelled  blote. 
I  have  more  smoke  in  my  mouth  than  would  blote 
A  hundred  herrings.      Fletcher,  Island  Princess,  ii.  6. 

bloat2  (blot),  a.  [Earlier  blotct  (as  orig.  in  the 
passage  cited  from  Shakspere,  where  bloat  is 
an  18th  century  emendation,  though  it  occurs 
elsewhere  in  17th  century),  blowte,  bloute,  prob. 
<  Icel.  blautr  =  Sw.  blot,  soft,  etc. :  see  bloat1, 
and  ef.  Mate1.  The  word  is  now  regarded  as 
pp.  of  bloat*,  ».]  Puffed;  swollen;  turgid:  as 
"the  bloat  king,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  [Now 
only  in  rare  literary  use.] 


590 

bloat2  (blot),  v.  [<  bloat^,  a.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  turgid  or  swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  etc. ; 
cause  to  swell,  as  with  a  dropsical  humor ;  in- 
flate ;  puff  up ;  hence,  make  vain,  conceited,  etc. 

His  rude  essays 
Encourage  him,  and  bloat  him  up  with  praise. 

Dryden,  1'rol.  to  Circe. 
And  then  began  to  bloat  himself,  and  ooze 
All  over  with  the  fat  affectionate  smile 
That  makes  the  widow  lean.   Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

H.  intrans.  To  become  swollen;  be  puffed 
out  or  dilated ;  dilate. 
If  a  person  of  firm  constitution  begins  to  bloat. 

Arbuthnot. 

bloated  (blo'ted),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  bloatf,  v.]     1. 
Swollen;  puffed  up;   inflated;  overgrown,  so 
as  to  be  unwieldy,  especially  from  over-indul- 
)  in  eating  and  drinking;  p 


gence  i 

"  a  bloated  mass,"  Goldsmith. 


pampered:  as, 


Grotesque  monsters,  half  bestial,  half  human,  droppim; 
with  wine,  bloated  with  gluttony,  and  reeling  in  obscene 
dances.  Macatday,  Milton. 

2.  Connected  with  or  arising  from  self-indul- 
gence :  as, ' '  bloated  slumber,"  Mickle,  A  Sonnet. 
— 3.  Inordinately  swollen  in  amount,  posses- 
sions, self-esteem,  etc.;  puffed  up  with  pride 
or  wealth:  as,  a  bloated  estate;  bloated  capi- 
talists: a  bloated  pretender. 

bloatedness  (blo'ted-nes),  n.  [<  bloated  + 
-ness.]  The  state  of  being  bloated ;  turgidity; 
an  inflated  state  of  the  tissues  of  the  body; 
dilatation  from  any  morbid  cause.  Arbuthnot. 

bloater  (blo'ter),  ».  [<  bloat1  +  -er1.]  An 
English  name  for  a  herring  which  has  been 
steeped  for  a  short  time,  slightly  salted,  and 

Sartially  smoke-dried,  but  not  split  open. 
Ob  (blob),  n.    [Also  bleb,  Sc.  bleb,  bleib,  blab, 
blob;  cf.  blobber,  blubber.]    1.  A  small  globe  of 
liquid;  a  dewdrop;  a  blister;  a  bubble;  a  small 
lump,  splotch,  or  daub. 

Hawed  rubies  and  emeralds,  which  have  no  value  as 
precious  stones,  but  only  as  barbaric  blobs  of  colour. 

Birdwood,  Indian  Arts,  II.  9. 

2.  The  bag  of  a  honey-bee.   [Prov.  Eng.] — 3f. 

The  under  lip.    Halliwell.     [Rare.]  —  4.  Acot- 

toid  fish,  Uranidea  richardsoni,  a  kind  of  mill- 

er's-thumb —  On  the  blob,  by  word  of  mouth.  [Slang.] 

blobber  (blob'er),  n.    Same  as  blubber. 

blobber-lip  (blob'er-lip),  n.  Same  as  blubber-lip. 

His  blobber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 
blobber-lipped  (blob'er-lipt),  a.    Same  as  blub- 
ber-lipped. 

blobby  (blob'i),  a.  [<  blob  +  -i/1.]  Like  a 
blob ;  abounding  in  blobs. 

blob-kite  (blob'klt),  ».  A  local  English  name 
of  the  burbot. 

blob-lipped  (blob'lipt),  a.  [See  blob.]  Same 
as  blubber-lipped. 

blob-talet  (blob'tal),  n.    A  telltale ;  a  blabber. 

These  blob-tales  could  find  no  other  news  to  keep  their 

tongues  in  motion.         Bp.  Socket,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  67. 

block*  (blok),  n.  [<  ME.  blok,  a  block  (of  wood) ; 
not  in  AS.,  but  borrowed  from  LG.  or  OF. :  MD. 
bloc,  block,  D.  blok  =  MLG.  block,  LG.  blok  = 
OHG.  bloh,  MHG.  block,  G.  block  =  Sw.  block  = 
Norw.  blolck  =  Dan.  blok  (=  Icel.  blokk,  Haldor- 
sen),  >  ML.  blocus,  OF.  and  F.  bloc;  all  in  the 
general  sense  of  '  block,  log,  lump,  mass,'  but 
confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms  cited  un- 
der block%.  There  are  similar  Celtic  forms :  W. 
floe,  a  block,  =  Gael,  ploc,  a  round  mass,  blud- 
geon, block,  stump  of  a  tree,  =  Ir.  ploc,  a 


bung,  blocan,  a  little  block,  perhaps  akin  to 
blogh,  Olr.  blog,  a  fragment,  from  same  root  as 
E.  break  and  fragment  (see  plug);  but  the  rela- 
tion of  these  to  the  Teut.  forms  is  uncertain. 
The  senses  of  block1  and  block2  run  into  each 
other,  and  some  identify  the  words.]  1.  Any 
solid  mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
plane  or  approximately  plane  faces:  as,  a  block 
of  wood,  stone,  or  ice ;  sometimes,  specifically, 
a  log  of  wood. 

Now  all  pur  neighbours'  chimneys  smoke, 
And  Christmas  Modes  are  burning.  Wither. 

What  sculpture  is  to  a  block  of  marble,  education  is  to 
an  human  soul.  Spectator,  No.  215. 

2.  A  solid  mass  of  wood  the  upper  surface  of 
which  is  used  for  some  specific  purpose,     in 
particular  —  (a)  The  large  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  butcher 
chops  meat,  or  on  which  fire-wood  is  split. 
Hard  by,  a  flesher  on  a  block  had  laid  his  whittle  down. 
Macaulay,  Virginia. 

(b)  The  piece  of  wood  on  which  is  placed  the  neck  of  a  per- 
son condemned  to  be  decapitated. 
The  noble  heads  which  have  been  brought  to  the  block. 

Everett. 

Slave !  to  the  block  ! — or  I,  or  they, 
Shall  face  the  judgment-seat  this  day  ! 

Scott,  Kokeby,  vt  31. 


block 

(e)  A  piece  of  hard  wood  prepared  for  cutting  by  an  en- 
graver, (d)  The  stand  on  which  a  slave  was  placed  when 
being  sold  by  auction,  (e)  In  falconry,  the  perch  whereon 
a  bird  of  prey  is  kept. 

3.  A  mass  of  wood  or  stone  used  in  mounting 
and  dismounting ;  a  horse-block. —  4.  A  mold 
or  piece  on  which  something  is  shaped,  or  placed 
to  make  it  keep  in  shape.  In  particular— (a)  The 
wooden  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  formed ;  hence,  some- 
times, the  shape  or  style  of  a  hat,  or  the  hat  itself. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  hat ;  it  ever 
changes  with  the  next  black.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

The  blocks  for  his  heade  alters  faster  than  the  Feltmaker 
can  fitte  him,  and  thereupon  we  are  called  in  scorne  Block- 
heades.  Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  37. 

(!>)  A  wooden  head  for  a  wig ;  a  barber's  block ;  hence, 
sometimes,  the  wig  itself. 

A  beautiful  golden  wig  (the  Duchess  never  liked  me  to 
play  with  her  hair)  was  on  a  block  close  by. 

Bulwer,  Pelham,  xxiii. 

5.  A  person  with  no  more  sense  or  life  than  a 
block ;  a  blockhead ;  a  stupid  fellow. 

What  tongueless  blocks  were  they  ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7. 

6.  In  ship-building,  one  of  the  pieces  of  timber, 
or  supports  constructed  from  such  pieces,  upon 
which  the  keel  is  laid. 

"  Thus,"  said  he,  "  will  we  build  this  ship  I 
Lay  square  the  blocks  upon  the  slip. " 

Longfellow,  Building  of  the  Ship. 

7.  The  solid  metal  stamp  used  by  bookbinders 
for  impressing  a  design  on  a  book-cover. —  8. 
A  piece  of  wood  fitted  into  the  angle  formed  by 
the  meeting  edges  of  two  other  pieces. —  9.  A 
wooden  rubber  covered  with  thick  felt,  used 
in  polishing  marble. — 10.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
metal  serving  as  a  support,    (a)  In  a  sawmill,  one 
of  the  frames  supporting  and  feeding  the  log  to  the  saw. 
(b)  In  vehicles,  a  piece,  generally  carved  or  ornamented, 
placed  over  or  under  the  springs  of  a  carriage,    (c)  In 
printing,  the  piece  on  which  a  stereotype  plate  is  fastened 
to  make  it  type-high. 

11.  A  mechanical  contrivance  consisting  of 
one  or  more  grooved  pulleys  mounted  in  a  cas- 
ing or  shell,  which  is  furnished  with  a  hook, 
eye,  or  strap  by  which  it  may  bo  attached :  it  is 


i,  a,  single  and  double  blocks  with  rope  strap  ;  3,  4,  double  and 
single  blocks  with  irOD  strap  ;  5,  metallic  block  ;  6.  snatch-block  ;  7, 
secret  block  ;  8,  clump-block ;  o,  tail-block  ;  10,  fiddle-block. 

used  to  transmit  power,  or  change  the  direction 
of  motion,  by  means  of  a  rope  or  chain  passing 
round  the  movable  pulleys.  Blocks  are  single, 
double,  treble,  or  fourfold,  according  as  the  number  of 
sheaves  or  pulleys  is  one,  two,  three,  or  four.  A  running 
block  is  attached  to  the  object  to  be  raised  or  moved  ;  a 
standing  block  is  fixed  to  some  permanent  support.  Blocks 
also  receive  different  names  from  their  shape,  purpose, 
or  mode  of  application.  Those  to  which  the  name  dead- 
et/es  has  been  given  are  not  pulleys,  being  unprovided  with 
sheaves.  Many  of  the  blocks  used  in  ships  are  named  after 
the  ropes  or  chains  which  are  rove  through  them :  as,  bow- 
line blocks,  clue-line  and  clue-garnet  blocks.  They  are  made 
of  either  wood  or  metal.  See  clue-garnet,  and  cut  under 
cat-block. 

12.  A  connected  mass  of  buildings:  as,  a  block 
of  houses. — 13.  A  portion  of  a  city  inclosed 
by  streets,  whether  occupied  by  buildings  or 
consisting  of  vacant  lots. 

The  new  city  was  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  each 
block  containing  thirty  building  lots.  Such  an  average 
block,  comprising  282  houses  and  covering  9  acres  of 
ground,  exists  in  Oxford  Street.  It  forms  a  compact 
square  mass.  Quarterly  Jtev. 

14.  On  the  stock-exchange,  a  large  number  of 
shares  massed  together  and  bought  or  sold  in 
a  lump — Antifriction  block.  See  ««'//><>/;,,„.— Be- 
tween the  beetle  and  the  block.  See  beetle^.— Block 
and  block,  the  position  of  two  blocks  of  a  tackle  when 
drawn  close  to  each  other.  Also  called  tin  blocks.  The 
act  of  drawing  the  blocks  apart  is  called  fleeting  the 
purchase.— Block-and-cross  bond.  See  (xmdi.— Block 
and  tackle,  the  pulley-blocks  and  ropes  used  for  hoist- 
ing.—Block  brake.  See  brakes.— Block  cornices  and 
entablatures,  ornamental  features,  corresponding  in 
position  to  classical  cornices  and  entablatures,  in  archi- 
tectural elevations  not  composed  of  the  regular  orders. — 


block 

Center-plate  block,  a  pi'1' f  wood  placed  beneath  the 

center-plate  of  a  car-truck  to  bring  it  to  the  required 
height.— Clllp  of  the  old  block,  s,,  ,;,v,i.  Dead 
block,  "lit:  of  tllr  pair  of  block*  |>]aceil,  one  "ii  each  side 
of  the  draw-Inn-  "f  a  railroad-car,  to  lessen  the  concussion 
when  two  cars  rmni'  together  after  the  bnlfer-springs  are 
compressed.— Differential  block,  a  double  block  hav- 
ing sheaves  of  different  sizes.  K.  II.  K niyht,—  Erratic 
block.  See  . .  ratlc.  Fly-block,  num..  a  movable  block 
In  a  purchase  or  compound  tackle  like  a  Spanish  burton.— 
Hydraulic  block.  Bee'  Long- tackle  block, 

a  pulley-block  hiivinn  two  sheaves  in  the  same  plane,  one 
above  the  oilier.  Made  block,  a  pulley-block  formed  oi 
several  pieces.— Nlnepln  block,  a  bloek  shaped  some- 
what like  a  nine], in.  with  a  single  sheave  pivoted  at  the 
top  and  bottom  that  it  may  accommodate  itself  to  the 
motion  of  the  rope  for  which  it  serves  as  a  guide.  It 
Is  placed  under  the  cross-pieces  of  the  bltts  on  a  vessel.— 
Purchase  block,  it  double-strapped  block  with  two  scores 
in  the  shell,  used  for  moving  heavy  weights  on  shipboard. 

Rouse-about  block,  a  large  snatch-block.— Thlck- 
and-thln  block,  a  addle-block. 
block1  (blok),  v.  t.  [<  block*,  «.  Cf.  block*, 
v.  f.]  1.  To  strengthen  or  support  bv  blocks ; 
make  firm,  as  two  boards  at  their  inferior  angle 
of  intersection,  by  pieces  of  wood  glued  to- 
gether.— 2.  To  form  into  blocks. — 3.  To  mold, 
shape,  or  stretch  on  a  block :  as,  to  block  a  hat. 
— 4.  In  bookbinding,  to  ornament  by  means  of 
brass  stamps;  stamp:  as,  to  block  the  boards 
of  a  book.  [Eng.]  —  5.  In  calico-printing,  to 
press  up  or  apply  to  the  blocks  containing  the 
colors. — 6.  To  straighten  and  toughen  by  lay- 
ing on  a  block  of  wood  and  striking  with  a 
narrow,  flat-faced  hammer;  planish:  said  of 
saw-blades — To  block  down,  to  force  sheet-metal, 
without  breaking  it,  into  a  die,  in  cases  where  the  irregu- 
larities of  the  mold  are  so  great  that  the  metal  is  likely  to 
be  torn,  by  covering  it  with  a  block  of  lead,  which  is  then 
carefully  hammered.  The  yielding  of  the  lead  gives  a 
slow  drawing  action  to  the  metal  beneath  it.  enabling  it 
to  be  gradually  brought  to  its  bed.— To  block  In,  in  stat- 
uary or  painting,  to  outline  roughly  or  bring  approxi- 
mately to  the  desired  shape ;  form  the  outlines,  founda- 
tion, or  general  plan  of  any  work,  disregarding  the  details ; 
execute  roughly. 

The  next  step  is  to  M«cfc  in  the  shadows  in  their  general 
forms,  dividing  the  whole  head  into  two  distinct  masses 
of  light  and  shade.  F.  Fowler,  Charcoal  Drawing,  p.  40. 

To  block  out,  to  form  the  plan  or  outlines  of;  sketch. 

But  Washington  had  some  hand  In  blocking  out  this  re- 
public. S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  50. 

block2  (blok),  n.  [In  this  sense  the  noun,  in 
E.,  is  in  most  senses  due  rather  to  the  verb: 
see  block?,  v.  The  orig.  noun  is  found  once  in 
ME.  blok,  an  inclosed  space ;  cf.  OF.  bloc,  bar- 
rier, post,  wall  (>OF.  bloquer,  F.  bloquer,  stop, 
block :  see  the  verb ;  the  mod.  F.  bloc  goes  with 
block1):  MD.  block,  post,  stocks  (of.  btocklands, 
an  inclosed  piece  of  ground,  ditch,  swamp, 
MLG.  block,  post,  stocks,  LG.  blokland,  an  in- 
closed swamp),  =  OFries.  *blokk,  in  comp. 
block-syl,  a  sluice;  OHG.  biloh,  confinement 
(MHG.  block,  a  kind  of  trap,  G.  block,  stocks, 
prison),  <  W-,  =  AS.  bi-,  be-,  E.  be-1,  +  loh, 
MHG.  G.  loch,  a  confined  space,  hole,  dun- 
geon, =  AS.  loc,  E.  lock,  a  place  shut  in,  etc. : 
see  lock1.  Confused  more  or  less  with  the  forms 
cited  under  block1,  with  which  it  is  by  some 
identified.  See  the  verb  following.]  1.  Any 
obstruction  or  cause  of  obstruction;  a  stop; 
a  hindrance ;  an  obstacle. 

The  good  gods  assuage  thy  wrath,  and  turn  the  dregs  of 
it  upon  this  varlet  here  ;  this,  who,  like  a  block,  hath  de- 
nied my  access  to  thee.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

Hence  —  2.  The  state  of  being  blocked  or 
stopped  up ;  a  stoppage,  as  of  carriages :  as,  a 
block  on  a  railway ;  a  block  in  the  street.—  Block 
system,  a  system  of  working  railway  traffic,  according  to 
which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections  of  a  mile  or  more, 
with  a  signal  and  telegraphic  connection  at  the  end  of 
each  section ;  the  principle  of  the  system  being  that  no 
train  is  allowed  to  leave  any  one  section  till  the  next 
succeeding  section  is  entirely  clear,  so  that  betwe-  n  tv\o 
successive  trains  there  is  preserved  not  merely  a  definite 
interval  of  time,  but  also  a  definite  interval  of  space. 
block2  (blok),  v.  t.  [Associated  with  the  noun 
block2,  but  orig.  (as  an  E.  word)  <  OF.  bloquei; 

F.  bloquer  (>  also  Pr.  blocar  =  Sp.  Pg.  bloquear 
=  It.  bloccnre),  block,  blockade,  stop  up,  <  OF. 
bloc,  block,  barrier,  obstruction  :  see  Woofc*,  n . 
Cf.  D.  blokkeren  =  S\v.  blockera  =  Dan.  blok- 
kere  =  G.  blockicmt,  blockade;  D.  blokken  = 

G.  blacken,  study  hard,  plod,  =  LG.  blokken, 
stay  at  home  and  study  or  work,  orig.,  it  seems, 
lock  one's  self  in;  MLG.  blacken,  put  into  the 
stocks.]      1.   To  hinder  passage  from  or  to; 
prevent  ingress  or  caress;   stop  up;   obstruct 
by  placing  obstacles  in  the  way :  often  follow- 
ed by  up :  as,  to  block  up  a  town  or  a  road. 

With  moles  would  block  the  port. 

Bowf,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  Ii. 

There  is  no  small  despair,  sir,  of  their  safety, 
Whose  ears  are  blocked  up  against  the  truth. 

Fletcher  (and  othert).  Bloody  Brother,  Iv.  1. 


was  on  every  side  blockaded  by  the 
Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


591 

Weak  saints  being  as  formidable  impediments  as  the 
strong  sinners,  both  blocking  the  ways  of  amendment. 

Alcott,  Tablet*,  p.  MX 

2.  In  base-ball  and  cricket,  to  stop  (a  ball)  with 
the  bat  without  knocking  it  to  a  distance. —  3. 
In  foot-ball,  to  stop  (a  player)  when  running 
with  the  ball. 

blockade  (blo-kad'),  n.  [Cf.  D.  blokkade  =  G. 
blockade  =  Sw.  blockad  =  Dan.  blokkade,  from 
the  E. ;  from  the  verb  block?  (F.  bloquer)  +  -ade* ; 
cf.  stockade,  barricade,  palisade,  etc.  Cf.  Sp. 
bloqueo,  Pg.  bloqueio,  It.  blocco,  also  bloccatura, 
blockade,  from  the  verbs  corresponding  to 
block?,  q.  v.]  1.  The  shutting  up  of  a  place, 
particularly  a  port,  harbor,  or  line  of  coast,  by 
hostile  ships  or  troops,  so  as  to  stop  all  ingress 
or  egress,  and  to  hinder  the  entrance  of  sup- 
plies of  provisions,  ammunition,  or  reinforce- 
ments. 

The  word  blockade  properly  denotes  obstructing  the  pas- 
sage Into  or  from  a  place  on  either  element,  but  is  more 
especially  applied  to  naval  forces  preventing  communi- 
cation by  water.  Wooltey,  Introd.  to  Inter.  Law,  $  186. 
Hence  —  2.  A  hindrance  to  progress  or  action 
caused  by  obstructions  of  any  kind — Paper 
blockade,  a  constructive  blockade ;  a  blockade  estab- 
lished by  proclamation,  without  the  actual  presence  of  a 
force  adequate  to  make  it  effectual.— To  break  a  block- 
ade. See  break.— to  raise  a  blockade,  to  remove  or 
break  up  a  blockade,  either  by  withdrawing  the  ships  or 
troops  that  keep  the  place  blocked  up,  or  by  driving 
them  away  from  their  respective  stations.— To  run  a 
blockade,  to  pass  through  a  blockading  squadron  and 
enter  the  port  blockaded  by  it. 

blockade  (blo-kad'),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  block- 
aded, ppr.  blockading.  [<  blockade,  n.]  1. 
To  subject  to  a  blockade ;  prevent  ingress  or 
egress  from  by  warlike  means. 

The  building  . 
insurgents. 

Hence — 2.  To  shut  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind ; 
block;  obstruct. 

Every  avenue  to  the  hall  was  blockaded. 

Pretcott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  19. 

blockader  (blo-ka'der),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  blockades;  especially,  a  vessel  employed 
in  blockading. 

Having  a  good  pilot  and  little  depth,  she  could  general- 
ly run  well  inside  of  the  blockaderi. 

J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  160. 

blockade-runner  (blo-kad'run'er),  ».  A  per- 
son or  a  vessel  engaged  in  the  business  of  run- 
ning a  blockade. 

blockage  (blok'aj),  n.  [<  block?  +  -age.]  Ob- 
struction ;  the  state  of  being  blocked  up  or  ob- 
structed. 

blockan  (blok'an),  n.  [Appar.  due  to  E.  black. 
Cf.  bleck.  Ir.  blocan  means  '  a  little  lump.1]  A 
local  Irish  (County  Down)  name  of  the  young 
coalfish. 

block-and-block  (blok'and-blok'),  a.  See  block 
and  block,  under  block1,  n. 

block-bond  (blok'bond),  n.  In  bricklaying,  an 
arrangement  in  which  headers  and  stretchers, 
or  bricks  laid  lengthwise  and  across,  succeed 
each  other  alternately.  Also  called  garden- 
bond. 

block-book  (blok'btik),  n.  A  book  printed  from 
blocks  of  wood  having  the  letters  or  figures  cut 
on  them  in  relief.  Specifically,  a  kind  of  small  book 
so  printed  in  Europe  before  the  invention  of  movable 
types,  consisting  generally  of  coarsely  cut  religious  or 
historical  pictures,  with  illustrative  texts  or  descriptions 
In  Gothic  letters. 

The  next  step  in  the  progress  of  wood  engraving,  subse- 
quent to  the  production  of  single  cuts.  .  .  .  was  the  appli- 
cation of  tin-  art  to  the  production  of  those  works  which 
are  known  to  bibliographers  by  the  name  of  block-books. 
Chatto,  Wood  Engraving,  p.  58. 

block-coal  (blok'kol),  ».  A  peculiar  kind  of 
coal,  found  in  the  Indiana  coal-fields,  which 
breaks  readily  into  large  square  blocks,  and  is 
used  raw,  or  without  coking,  in  the  smelting  of 
iron. 

block-colors  (blok'kul'orz),  ii.  pi.  Colors  laid 
on  with  blocks,  as  in  block-printing. 

blocker  (blok'er),  n.  1.  One  who  blocks:  used 
specifically  in  hat-making,  shoemaking,  book- 
binding, etc. —  2.  A  blocking-tool  or  -machine. 

block-furnace  (blok'fer'nas),  n.  Same  as 
bloomeru. 

blockhead  (blok'hed),  «.  [<  block*  +  head;  cf. 
block1,  w.,5.]  If.  A  head-shaped  piece  of  wood 
used  as  a  block  for  hats  or  wigs.  Hence  —  2f. 
A  head  containing  no  more  intelligence  or 
sense  than  a  block ;  a  blockish  head. 

Your  wit  ...  is  strongly  wedged  up  in  a  block  head. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  U.  3. 

Are  not  you  a  Portuguese  born,  descended  o'  the  Moors. 
and  came  hither  into  Seville  with  your  master  an  arrant 
tailor,  in  your  red  bonnet  and  your  blue  jacket,  lousy; 
though  now  your  block-Head  be  covered  with  the  Spanish 
bloek?  Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  iL  1. 


blockish 

That  I  could  not  think  of  this  as  well  as  he  '. 
O,  I  could  beat  my  Infinite  blockhead. 

II.  Joiuon,  The  Devi]  is  an  Ass,  ill.  1. 

3.  A  person  possessing  such  a  head ;  a  stupid 
f  i -I  low;  a  dolt;  a  person  deficient  in  under- 
standing. 

Madam,  'twere  dulness  paut  the  Ignorance 
<  >i  common  Mockhradit  not  to  understand 
Whereto  this  favour  tends. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  L  t. 
I  In  hookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read, 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  heiuL 

1'npe,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  612. 

blockheaded  (blok'hed-ed),  a.  [<  black*  + 
head  +  -eit?.]  Stupid ;  dull :  as,  "a blockheaded 
boy,''  .Sir  K.  L'Kxtrtmge.  [Bare.] 

blockheadism  (blok'ned-izm),  n.  [<  blockhead 
+  -ism.']  The  character  of  a  blockhead;  stu- 
pidity. [Bare.] 

Reduced  to  that  state  of  blockheaditm  which  Is  so  con- 
spicuous in  his  master.  C.  Smart. 

blockheadly  (blok'hed-li),  o.  K  blockhead  + 
-fy1 .]  Acting  like  a  blockhead ;  densely  stupid: 
as,  "some  blockheadly  hero,"  Dryden,  Amphi- 
tryon, i.  2.  [Rare.] 

blockhouse  (blok'hous),  n.  [<  block?  +  house; 
=  D.  blokhuis,  OD.  blockhuys  =  MLG.  blockhtis 
=  G.  blockhaus  (>  F.  blockhaus)  =  Dan.  btokhux 
=  Sw.  lit  IK-/,  has.  blockhouse,  older  form  blocus; 
orig.  a  house  that  blocks  a  passage,  though 
later  taken  as  a  house  made  of  logs  (<  block* 
+  Itoiixi  ).\  Originally,  a  detached  fort  block- 
ing the  access  to  a  landing,  a  mountain 
pass,  narrow  channel,  etc. ;  in  later  use,  an  edi- 
fice of  one  or  more  stories,  constructed  chiefly 
of  hewn  timber,  and  supplied  with  loopholes 

for  musketry 
and  sometimes 
with  embra- 
sures for  can- 
non. When  of 
more  than  one 
story,  the  upper  is 
made  to  overhang 
the  lower,  and  is 
furnished  with 
machicolations  or 
loopholes  in  the 
overhung  floor,  so 
that  a  lunging  fire 
can  be  directed 
against  the  enemy 
in  close  attack.  When  a  blockhouse  stands  alone,  it  con- 
stitutes an  independent  fort,  a  form  which  is  often  very 
useful  in  a  rough  country ;  when  It  is  erected  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  fleldwork,  it  becomes  a  retrenchment  or  re- 
doubt. Stockades  are  sometimes  called  blockhouses, 
blockiness  (blok'i-nesy, ».  In  photog..  the  state 
of  being  blocky;  indistinctness  and  uneven- 


Blockhou&e. 
a,  a,  loopholes  for  musketry. 


blocking  (blokring),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  block*,  ».] 

1.  The  act  of  blocking,  or  the  state  of  being 
blocked,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb  block*,   specifi- 
cally—(a)  The  impressing,  either  in  gold  or  Ink,  or  with- 
out color,  of  a  design  on  the  covers  of  a  book :  in  the 
United  States  usually  called  stamping,    (b)  The  process  of 
bend  i  UK  leather  into  shapes  for  the  fronts  or  soles  of  boots. 

2.  Blocks  used  to  support  anything  temporarily. 
— 3.  A  small  rough  piece  of  wood  fitted  in 
and  glued  to  the  interior  angle  formed  by  two 
boards,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  joint  be- 
tween them — Blind  blocking, 

in  bookbinding,  blind  stamping ;  the 
process  of  decorating  a  book  by  pres- 
sure, usually  with  heat,  but  without      ^ 
the  use  of  Ink  or  gold-leaf.  ft  * 

blocking-course  (blok '  ing- 
kors),  n.  In  arch.,  a  plain 
member  of  square  profile, 
either  a  single  course  of  stone,  r\ 

Or   built    Up    Of    brickS   Or   the        a       blocking-conne- 

like  to  the  required  height,    *.  cornice :  <•.  r.ce  of 
surmounting  a  cornice  in  the   "*"' 
Roman  ana  Renaissance  styles.    Its  vertical 
face  is  usually  in  the  plane  of  the  wall  or  frieze 
below  the  cornice. 

blocking-hammer  (blok 'ing- ham 'er),  n.  A 
hammer  used  in  straightening  saw-blades. 

blocking-kettle  (blok'ing-ket'l),  n.  In  hat- 
making,  the  hot  bath  in  which  felts  are  soften- 
ed before  being  blocked. 

blocking-machine  (blok'ing-ma-shen'), ».  An 
apparatus  for  pulling,  forming,  pressing,  and 
blocking  the  bodies  of  hats;  a  olocker. 

blocking-press  (blok'ing-pres),  ».  A  press 
used  for  stamping  designs  on  book-covers: 
known  in  the  United  States  as  a  stamping-press. 

blockish  (blok'ish),  a.  K  block*  +  -w*i.]  Like 
a  block ;  stupid  ;  dull ;  deficient  in  understand- 
ing: as,  "blockish  Ajax,"  Shak.,  T.  andC.,  i.  3. 
Beauty,  say  we,  U  the  mainUiner  of  valour.  Who  Is  so 
blunt  as  knows  it  not?  who  is  so  Woc*i*A  as  will  not— and 
may  with  justice  —  defend  It? 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  ii. 


blockish 

Destitute  of  Beda :  left  only  to  obscure  and  blockifth 
Chronicles.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv. 

blockishly  (blok'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  blockish  or 
stupid  manner:  as,  "so  blockishly  ignorant," 
Hakluyt,  Voyages,  II.  ii.  174. 

blockishness  (blok'ish-nes),  ».  Stupidity; 
dullness:  as,  "incurable  blockishness,"  Whit- 
lock,  Manners  of  English  People,  p.  140. 

block-like  (blok'lik),  a.    Like  a  block ;  stupid. 

Am  I  sand-blind  ?  twice  so  near  the  blessing 
I  wouUl  arrive  at,  and  blocklike  never  know  it. 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iv.  1. 

block-machine  (blok'ma-shen"),  n.  A  machine, 
or  an  assemblage  of  machines,  for  making  the 
shells  and  sheaves  of  the  wood  blocks  used  for 
ship-tackle. 

block-plane  (blok'plan),  n.  A  plane  the  iron 
of  which  is  set  very  obliquely  to  the  direction 
in  which  it  is  moved,  so  that  it  can  plane  across 
the  grain  of  the  wood. 

block-printed  (blok'prin'ted),  a.  Printed  from 
blocks.  See  block-printing. 
block-printing  (blok' printing),  n.  1.  The 
act,  process,  or  art  of  printing  from  blocks  of 
wood  on  which  the  letters  or  characters  have 
been  carved  in  relief;  specifically,  the  Chinese 
method  of  printing  books,  and  that  employed 
to  some  extent  in  Europe  before  the  invention 
of  movable  types.  See  block-book, — 2.  The  pro- 
cess of  impressing  patterns  on  textile  fabrics, 
especially  calicos,  by  means  of  wooden  blocks 
having  the  pattern  cut  in  relief  on  their  sur- 
face and  charged  with  color.  A  similar  method 
is  frequently  used  in  printing  paper-hangings. 

block-ship  (blok'ship),  n.  1.  A  ship  used  to 
block  the  entrance  to  a  harbor  or  port. —  2.  An 
old  man-of-war,  unfit  for  operations  in  the  open 
sea,  used  as  a  store-ship  or  receiving-vessel, 
etc. ;  a  hulk. 

block-tin  (blok'tin),  n.  [<  block*  +  tin;  =  D. 
bloktin  =  Sw.  bloclctenn.]  Metallic  tin  after 
being  refined  and  cast  in  molds. 

block-trail  (blok'tral),  n.  The  solid  trail  of  a 
gun-carriage.  The  stock  is  made  either  of  a  single 
piece  of  timber  or  of  two  longitudinal  pieces  properly 
secured  together.  [Eng.] 

block-truck  (blok'truk),  n.  A  three-  or  four- 
wheeled  hand-truck  for  moving  heavy  boxes, 
without  handles  or  shafts. 

blocky  (blok'i),  a.  [< 
block'  +  -#!.]  Inphotog., 
haying  the  appearance  of 
being  printed  in  blocks, 
from  an  unequal  distribu- 
tion of  light  and  shade. 

blodbendet,  ».  In  phlebotomy,  a  tape  or  narrow 
bandage,  usually  of  silk,  used  to  bind  the  arm 
before  or  after  blood-letting. 

blodite  (bled'It),  n.  [<  Blode  (name  of  a  chem- 
ist) +  -its2."]  A  hydrous  sulphate  of  magne- 
sium and  sodium,  found  in  the  salt-mines  of 
Ischl  in  Upper  Austria,  and  elsewhere. 

bloke  (blok),  n.  [Also  spelled  bloak;  a  word 
of  obscure  origin.]  Man;  fellow:  a  term  of 
disrespect  or  contumely.  [Slang.] 

blomary,  n.     Same  as  bloomery. 

blond  (blond),  a.  and  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  blond 
(MHG.  blunt),  <  OF.  F.  blond,  fern,  blonde,  light, 
fair,  =  Pr.  blon  =  Sp.  Hondo  =  It.  biondo,  < 
ML.  bloudiis,  blundus  (glossed  flavus),  yellow. 
Origin  unknown.  The  supposed  connection 
with  AS.  blonden-feax,  gray-haired,  lit.  having 
mixed  hair,  <  blonden,  blanden,  pp.  of  blandan, 
mix  (see  blend1),  +  feax,  hair,  is  hardly  prob- 
able.] I.  a.  Of  a  light  golden-brown  or  golden 
color:  applied  to  hair;  hence,  light-colored; 
fair :  applied  to  complexion,  and  by  extension 
to  persons  having  light  hair  or  a  fair  complex- 
ion: as,  "Godfrey's  blond  countenance,"  George 
Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  iii.  =syn.  fair,  etc.  See  white. 
II.  n.  1.  A  person  with  blond  hair  and  fair 
complexion.— 2.  Blond-lace  (which  see). 
Lydia.  Heigh-ho  !  —  What  are  those  books  by  the  glass  '• 
Lucy.  The  great  one  is  only  "  The  Whole  Duty  of  Man," 
where  I  press  a  few  blonds,  ma'am. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

blonde  (blond),  a.  and  ».  The  feminine  of  blond. 
She  was  a  fine  and  somewhat  full-blown  blonde. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiv.  42. 

blonde-cendree  (blond- son -dra'),  «•  [F.,  < 
blond,  fern,  blonde,  blond,  +  cendre,  fern,  cen- 
dree,  ash-colored,  ashy,  <  cendre,  <  L.  cinis 
(ciner-),  ashes.]  Ash-colored:  applied  to  hair 
which  is  light-brown  in  color,  and  without  red 
or  yellow  tints. 

blond-lace  (blond'las),  n.  Lace  made  of  silk, 
originally  of  unbleached  silk  (from  the  yellow- 
ish color  of  which  the  name  arose),  now  of 


Human  Blood-corpus- 
cles, magnified  325  diam- 
eters. 


692 

white,  black,  or  colored  silk,  manufactured  at 
Chantilly  and  other  places  in  France.  The 
name  has  also  been  given  to  a  kind  of  thread- 
lace. 

blond-metal  (blond' met  "al),  11.  A  peculiar 
variety  of  clay-ironstone  o'f  the  coal-measures 
occurring  near  Wednesbury  in  Staffordshire, 
England. 

blondness  (bloncl'nes),  re.  [<  blond  +  -ness.] 
The  state  of  being  blond;  fairness  of  com- 
plexion. 

With  this  infantine  blondness  showing  so  much  ready, 
self-possessed  grace.         George  KIM,  Middlemarch,  xvi. 

blonkett,  «•  and  n.     A  variant  of  blunket. 

blood  (biud),  n.  [=  Sc.  bluid,  blude;  <  ME. 
blood,  blond,  blud,  Hod,  <  AS.  blod  (=  OS.  Mod 
=  OFries.  blod  =  D.  bloed  =  MLG.  blot,  LG. 
blood  =  OHG.  bluot,  MHG.  bluot,  G.  Nut  =  Icel. 
blodh  =  Sw.  blod  =  Dan.  blod  =  Goth,  bloth), 
blood ;  perhaps,  with  formative  -d  (-th),  from 
the  root  of  blowan,  E.  blowz,  bloom,  flourish, 
with  reference  to  either  life  or  color.]  1.  The 
fluid  which  circulates  in  the  arteries  and  veins. 
From  it  the  solid  tissues  take  their  food  and  oxygen,  and 
into  it  they  discharge  their  waste  products.  The  blood 
is  red  in  vertebrates,  except  amphioxus,  and  colorless, 
red,  bluish,  greenish,  or  milky  in  other  animals.  In  pass- 
ing through  the  lungs  (see  emulation)  it  is  oxygenated 
and  gives  up  carbon  dioxid ;  then,  after  passing  through 
the  heart,  it  is  carried  as  arterial  blood  by  the  arteries 
to  the  tissues ;  from  the  tissues  it  is  returned  to  the  heart 
through  the  veins,  deprived  of  its  nutrient  properties,  as 
venous  blSod.  The  venous  blood  of  the  Craniota  is  dark- 
red,  the  arterial  bright-scarlet.  The  specific  gravity  of 
human  blood  in  health  is  about  1.055.  The  blood  con- 
sists of  a  fluid  pale-yellow  plasma  and  semi-solid  corpus- 
cles ;  the  latter  constitute  between 
one  third  and  one  half  of  it ;  they 
are  of  two  kinds,  red  and  white. 
In  a  cubic  millimeter  of  healthy 
human  blood  there  are  about 
6,000,000  corpuscles,  the  red  being 
to  the  white  on  the  average  about 
as  350  to  1.  The  red  corpuscles  are 
flat  disks,  non-nucleated  and  al- 
most always  round  in  mammals, 
and  nucleated  and  almost  always 
oval  in  other  Craniota.  Their  di- 
ameter averages  in  man  about  7.5 
micromillimeters  (,An  inch),  while  in  Amphiuma  tridac- 
tylum  the  longer  diameter  is  67.2  micromillimeters  (,J3 
inch).  Their  color  is  due  to  hemoglobin,  which  constitutes 
about  90  per  cent,  of  their  dried  substance.  The  white 
corpuscles  are  nucleated,  slightly  larger  than  the  red  in 
man,  and  exhibit  active  amoeboid  movements.  Animal 
blood  is  used  in  clarifying  sugar,  in  making  animal  char- 
coal, as  a  manure,  and  in  many  other  ways. 

2.  Blood  that  is  shed;  bloodshed;  slaughter; 
murder. 

I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel  upon  the  house  of 
Jehu.  Hos.  i.  4. 

So  wills  the  fierce  avenging  sprite, 
Till  blood  for  blood  atones. 

Hood,  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram. 

3.  The  responsibility  or  guilt  of  shedding  the 
blood  of  others. 

His  blood  be  on  us,  and  on  our  children.    Mat.  xxvii.  25. 

4.  From  being  popularly  regarded  as  the  fluid 
in  which  more  especially  the  life  resides,  as 
the  seat  of  feelings,  passions,  hereditary  quali- 
ties, etc.,  the  word  blood  has  come  to  be  used 
typically,  or  with  certain  associated  ideas,  in  a 
number  of  different  ways.    Thus— (at)  The  vital 
principle ;  life. 

Romeo  slew  him,  he  slew  Mercutio  ; 

Who  now  the  price  of  his  dear  blood  doth  owe  ? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ill  1. 

(6)  Fleshly  nature  ;  the  camal  part  of  man,  as  opposed  to 
the  spiritual  nature  or  divine  life. 

All  frailties  that  besiege  all  kinds  of  Wood. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cix 
For  beauty  is  a  witch, 
Against  whose  charms  faith  melteth  into  Wood. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1. 

(c)  Temper  of  mind;  natural  disposition;  high  spirit; 
mettle ;  passion ;  anger  :  in  this  sense  often  accompanied 
with  cold  or  warm,  or  other  qualifying  word.    Thus,  to 
commit  an  act  in  cold  blood  is  to  do  it  deliberately  and 
without  sudden  passion.    Hot  or  warm  blood  denotes  a 
temper  inflamed  or  irritated ;  to  warm  or  heat  the  blood 
is  to  excite  the  passions. 

Our  bloods 
No  more  obey  the  heavens. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  i.  1. 
Strange,  unusual  blood, 
When  man's  worst  sin  is,  he  does  too  much  good  ' 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  2. 

Blest  gods, 
Make  all  their  actions  answer  to  their  bloods. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  iii.  1. 

The  words  "coercion"  and  "invasion"  are  much  used 

in  these  days,  and  often  with  some  temper  and  hot  Mood. 

Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  80. 

(d)  A  man  of  flre  or  spirit ;  a  hot  spark ;  a  rake. 

The  gallants  of  these  times  pretty  much  resembled  the 
bloods  of  ours.    Goldsmith,  Reverie  at  Boar's  Head  Tavern. 

(e)  Persons  of  any  specified  race,  nationality,  or  family 
considered  collectively. 


blood 

Indian  blood,  thus  far  in  the  history  of  this  country,  has 
tended  decidedly  toward  extinction. 

Quoted  in  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  233. 
(/)  Birth  ;  extraction  ;  parentage  ;  breed  ;  absolutely,  high 
birth ;  good  extraction :  often  qualified  by  such  adjectives 
as  yvod,  bane,  etc. 

A  prince  of  blood,  a  son  of  Priam. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  3. 

Good  blood  was  indeed  held  in  high  respect,  but  be- 
tween good  blood  and  the  privileges  of  peerage  there  was 
no  necessary  connection.  Pedigrees  as  long,  and  scutch- 
eons as  old,  were  to  be  found  out  of  the  House  of  Lords 
as  in  it.  Macaulay. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  of  the  pedigree  of 
horses. 
She's  a  fine  mare,  and  a  thing  of  shape  and  blood. 

Caiman,  Jealous  Wife,  ii.  1.] 

(17)  One  who  inherits  the  blood  of  another;  child;  col- 
lectively, offspring ;  progeny. 

The  world  will  say— He  is  not  Talbot's  blood 
That  basely  fled,  when  noble  Talbot  stood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  5. 

(A)  Relationship  by  descent  from  a  common  ancestor ; 
consanguinity  ;  lineage  ;  kindred  ;  family. 

I  hope  I  do  not  break  the  fifth  commandment,  if  I  con- 
ceive I  may  love  my  friend  before  the  nearest  of  my 
blood.  Sir  T.  JBroil-ne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  5. 

And  politicians  have  ever,  with  great  reason,  considered 
the  ties  of  blood  as  feeble  and  precarious  links  of  political 
connection.  A.  Hamilton,  Federalist,  No.  24. 

Nearer  in  Mood  to  the  Spanish  throne  than  his  grand- 
father the  Emperor.  ilacaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxiii. 
It  is  a  maxim  that  none  shall  claim  as  heir  who  is  not 
of  the  Mood  (i.  e.,  kindred)  of  the  purchaser. 

Wharton,  Law  Lex. 

5.  That  which  resembles  blood:  the  juice  of 
anything,  especially  if  red :  as,  "  the  blood  of 
grapes."  Gen.  xlix.  11.— 6f.  Adisease  in  cattle. 

—  7.  A  commercial  name  for  red  coral A  bit 

of  blood,  an  animal  of  good  pedigree ;  a  thoroughbred. 

—  Bad  blood.  111  blood,  disagreement ;  disunion ;  strife ; 
angry  feeling ;  unfriendliness. 

Partly  to  make  bad  blood,  .  .  .  they  instituted  a  method 
of  petitioning  the  king  that  the  parliament  might  meet 
and  sit.  Roger  North,  Life  of  Lord  Guilford,  ii.  25. 

Hot  words  passed  on  both  sides,  and  ill  blood  was  plen- 
tifully bred.  Swift,  Battle  of  Books. 
Baptism  of  blood.  See  baptism.—  Blood  on  bread. 
See  bloodj/  bread,  under  bloody.— Blue  blood,  aristocratic 
blood  ;  blood  flowing  in  the  veins  of  old  and  aristocratic 
families.  The  phrase  is  said  to  have  originated  in  Spain, 
from  a  notion  that  the  blood  of  some  of  the  oldest  and 
proudest  families,  having  never  been  tainted  by  intermix- 
ture with  that  of  the  Moorish  invaders,  was  of  a  bluer 
tint  than  that  of  the  common  people. 

The  very  anxiety  shown  by  the  modern  Spaniard  to 
prove  that  only  the  sangre  azul,  blue-blood,  flows  through 
his  veins,  uncontaminated  by  any  Moorish  or  Jewish 
taint,  may  be  thought  to  afford  some  evidence  of  the  in- 
timacy which  once  existed  between  his  forefathers  and 
the  tribes  of  eastern  origin.  Prescott. 

Corruption  of  blood.  See  attainder,  1.— Dissolution 
of  the  bloodf.  See  dissolution. — Doctrine  of  blood- 
atonement.  See  atonement.— flesh  and  blood,  (a)  The 
body  as  the  seat  of  human  passions  and  desires ;  human 
nature  :  as,  it  was  too  much  lor  flesh  and  blood  to  endure. 
(4)  Offspring ;  progeny  ;  child  or  children  :  as,  one's  own 
fletih  and  blood  should  be  preferred  to  strangers. —  Flower 
of  blood,  froth  of  blood,  names  used  in  commerce  to 
denote  coral  of  certain  degrees  of  hardness  and  brilliancy 
of  color.  — For  the  blood  of  himt,  for  the  life  of  him.— 
Fresh  blood,  blood  of  another  strain  ;  hence,  new  mem- 
bers, or  new  elements  of  vigor  or  strength ;  persons  of  new 
or  fresh  ideas  and  ways  of  thinking :  as,  fresh  blood  is 
needed  in  the  management  of  the  party.— Half  blood, 
relationship  through  one  parent  only,  as  that  of  half 
brothers  or  sisters,  or  of  persons  of  the  same  race  on  one 
side  and  different  races  on  the  other.— In  blood,  in  a 
state  of  perfect  health  and  vigor :  properly  a  term  of  the 
chase. 

But  when  they  shall  see,  sir,  his  crest  up  again  and  the 
man  in  blood,  they  will  out  of  their  burrows  like  conies 
after  rain.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  5. 

In  cold  blood,  in  hot  blood.  See  4  (c),  above.— Man 
Of  blood,  a  murderous  or  bloodthirsty  man ;  a  murderer. 

The  secret'st  man  of  blood.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4. 

Out  Of  blood,  in  bad  condition  ;  without  vigor  ;  lifeless : 
said  of  hounds.— The  blood,  royal  family  or  lineage  :  as 
princes  of  the  blood.— To  be  let  blood t.  (n)  To  have  a 
vein  opened  for  the  withdrawal  of  blood  as  a  remedy  in 
sickness. 

You  look  as  you  were  not  well,  sir,  and  would  be 
Shortly  let  blood.  Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  v.  2. 

(6)  To  be  put  to  death. 

Commend  me  to  Lord  William  :  tell  him  .  . 
His  ancient  knot  of  dangerous  adversaries 
To-morrow  are,  let  blood  at  Pomfret-castle 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  1. 

To  let  blood,  in  snrg.,  to  draw  blood  from  (any  one)  by 
opening  a  vein. 

He  is  feverish,  and  hath  sent  for  Mr.  Pearce  to  let  him 
Pepyt,  Diary,  I.  374. 
To  restore  to  or  in  blood,  to  free  from  the  conse- 
quences of  attainder ;  readmit  to  the  privileges  of  one's 
birth  and  rank.—  To  run  in  the  blood,  to  be  hereditary 
in  the  family,  nationality,  or  race.— To  the  bloodt,  to 
the  quick ;  through  the  skin. 

I  could  not  get  on  my  boots,  which  vexed  me  to  the 
blood.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  332. 

Whole  blood,  relationship  through  both  father  and 
mother.  See  half  blood,  above. — Young  blood,  young 
people  generally ;  the  younger  members  of  a  community, 
party,  etc. 


blood 

blood  (bind),  r.  t.  [<  blood,  ».]  It.  To  let 
blood  from;  bleed  by  opening  a  vein.  Jului- 
goii. —  2f.  To  stain  with  blood. 

lli'iidi  out  their  spears  afar, 
Anil  Uiml  their  points  to  prove  their  |i;utn<Tshi]i  in  war. 

Ifttft-'/i.   I-;ilil.  - 

Hence — 3.  To  give  u  taste  of  blood  ;  inure  to 
the  sight  of  blood. 

It  was  mo.,!  important  too  that  his  troops  should  he 
blooded.  Mtt'-'iiilnit,  Hist.  Kng.,  ix. 

Mr  Ithr  ileerhouud)  must  he  made  steady  from  all 
"riot,"  and,  if  possible,  should  )«•  tiikrn  up  in  i-ouph-s 
t"  tin  iti-uth  of  ;i  di'iT  nun-  nr  t  \virr  mid  blooded,  so  as  to 
ni;ik«'  tiiin  nndiTrttaiiil  thr  niitinv  nf  the  seent. 

Dnijit  nf  (rr>'(tt  llrititin  anil  Anfrti-n,  p.  ->.'1\. 

4f.  To  boat  the  blood  of ;  excite ;  exasperate. 

Tin-  ;iu\ili)iry  fmvi's  of  French  and  Enjiliwh  were  nmrli 
hlixnl-'il  unr  ayainst  iinothiT.  Bttfon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

5f.  To  victimize ;  extract  money  from  (a  per- 
son); ble<>d.     [Slang.] 

blood-baptism  (blud'bap'tizm),  ».  A  term 
applied  by  the  early  Christians  to  the  martyr- 
dom of  those  converts  who  had  not  been  bap- 
tized. See  baptism  of  Mood,  under  baptism. 

blood-bespotted  (blud'be-spot'ed;,  a.    Spot- 
ted with  blood. 
O  btood-benputlfd  Neapolitan.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

blood-bolteredt  (blud'bol'terd),  a.  [<  blood  + 
boltcretl,  pp.  of  bolter,  a  rare  word:  see  bolter*.] 
Clotted  or  clogged  with  blood. 

The  blood-bolter'd  Banquo  smiles  upon  me. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

In  Warwickshire,  when  a  horse,  sheep,  or  other  animal 
perspires  much,  and  any  of  the  hair  or  wool  becomes 
umtteil  into  tufts  with  grime  and  sweat,  he  is  said  to  be 
boltered  ;  and  whenever  the  blood  issues  out  and  coagu- 
lates, forming  the  locks  into  hard  clotted  bunches,  the 
beast  is  said  to  be  Wood  -bull t  red. 

II.  X.  lludmn,  note  on  Macbeth,  iv.  1, 123. 

blood-bought  (blud'b6t),  a.  Bought  or  ob- 
tained at  the  expense  of  life  or  by  the  shed- 
ding of  blood,  as  in  the  crucifixion  of  Christ. 

blood-cell  (blud'sel),  n.  A  blood-corpuscle, 
especially  an  oval  nucleated  one.  See  blood. 

In  many  Nemertina  the  blood-cell*  have  a  red  colour 
(Borlasia).  Qeyenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  172. 

blood-consuming  (blud'kon-su'ming),  a.  Life- 
wasting;  deathlv:  as,  "  blood-consuming  sighs." 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  V'l.,  iii.  2. 

blood-corpuscle  (blud'k6r"pus-l),  n.  One  of 
the  corpuscles  of  the  blood;  a  blood-cell  or 
blood-disk.  See  blood. 

blood-cups  (blud'kups),  n.  pi.  A  name  given 
to  the  discomycetous  fungus  Peziza  eoccinea,  in 
reference  to  the  bright-red  color  of  its  cup-like 
forms,  and  also  to  some  allied  species  of  1'eziza. 

blood-disk  (blud'disk),  n.  A  red,  disk-shaped, 
non-nucleated  blood-corpuscle,  such  as  the 
mammalia  possess. 

blood-drier  (blud'dri'er),  n.  One  who  pre- 
pares blood  for  use  in  sugar-refining  and  for 
other  purposes. 

blood-drinking  (blud'dring'king),  a.  Drink- 
ing blood.  Specifically,  in  Shakspere  — (o)  Taking  in 
or  soaked  with  blood:  as,  "this  detested,  dark,  blood- 
drinlciny  pit,"  Tit.  Anil.  li.  8.  (b)  Bloodthirsty :  as.  "my 
blood-ilrinkiiuj  hate,"  1  Hen.  VI.,  11.  4.  (c)  I*reyingon  the 
blood  or  life ;  wasting :  as,  "  blood-drinking  sighs,"  2  Hen. 
VI.,  iii.  2. 

blooded  (blud'ed),  a.  [<  blood,  n.,  +  -e<P.] 
1.  Of  pure  blood,  or  good  breed;  thorough- 
bred; derived  from  ancestors  of  good  blood; 
having  a  good  pedigree:  said  of  horses  and 
other  stock. — 2.  Having  blood  of  a  kind  noted 
or  specified :  used  in  composition :  as,  warm- 
blooded  animals. — 3.  Figuratively,  character- 
ized by  a  temper  or  state  of  mind  noted  in  the 
prefix :  used  in  composition  :  as,  a  cold-blooded 
murder ;  a  hot-blooded  answer. 

blood-finch  (blud'finch),  n.  A  name  of  the 
small  finch-like  birds  of  the  genus  Lagenostieta, 
as  L.  minium,  known  to  bird-dealers  as  the  lit- 
tle Senegal. 

blood-fine  (blud'fiu),  n.     Same  as  blood-wite. 

blood-flower  (blud'flou'er),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  some  of  the  red-flowered  species  of 
HtenuinthiiH,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  natives 
of  the_  Cape  of  Good  Hope.—  2.  The  name  in 
the  West  Indies  of  .Isclfpias  Cura,<isarica,  a  spe- 
cies with  crimson  flowers,  common  in  tropical 
latitudes. 

blood-frozen  (Mud'fro'zn),  a.  Havingthe  blood 
I'ro/.en ;  chilled,  fiveiiaer,  F.  Q.,  I.  ix.  25. 

blood-guiltiness  (blud'gil'ti-nes),  «.  [<  blood- 
guilty  +  -iir.ix.]  The  guilt  or  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood.  Ps.  li.  14. 

He  hath  confessed  both  to  Ood  and  man  the  Uoodyti-M- 
iness  of  all  this  war  to  lie  upon  his  own  head. 

Milton,  Eikonoldastos,  xU. 
38 


blood-guiltless  (blud'^ilflcs),  n.  Free  from 
the  K'li't  '"'  'Time  of  shedding  Mood  ;  not  guilty 
of  murder.  If'til/mlr.  [Hare.] 

blood-guilty  (Mud'gil'ti),  a.  Guilty  of  murder; 
responsible  for  the  death  of  another. 

life. 

Fairfnjc,  tr.  of  i;i»lfrry  of  l;tillogne,  xll.  66. 

blood-heat  (blud'het),  «.  A  degree  of  heat 
equal  to  that  of  human  blood,  that  is,  about 
99°  F.  (though  commonly  marked  on  thermom- 
eters as  08°). 

blood-horse  (Mud'hors),  ».  [<  blood,  4  (f),  + 
Jiow.]  1.  A  horse  of  a  breed  derived  origi- 
nally from  a  cross  with  the  Arabian  horse, 
combining  in  a  remarkable  degree  lightness, 
strength,  swiftness,  and  endurance.  —  2.  A 
blooded  horse. 

blood-hot  (blud'hot),  a.  As  warm  as  blood  at 
its  natural  temperature. 

bloodhound  (blud'honnd),  n.  [<  ME.  blod- 
honnd,  -hand  (=  D.  bloedhond  =  MLG.  bldtlninl 
=  Q.  /i/  u  /li  a,  ni  =_  Dan.  Sw.  blodhund);  <  blood 
+  hound.]  1.  A  variety  of  dog  with  long, 
smooth,  and  jjendulous  ears,  remarkable  for  the 
acuteness  of  its  smell,  and  employed  to  recover 
game  or  prey  which  has  escaped,  tracing  a 
wounded  animal  by  the  blood  it  has  spilled 
(whence  its  name),  or  by  any  other  effluvium 
or  ha  lit  us  left  on  a  trail  which  it  follows  by 
scent.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  animal,  as 
the  English,  the  Cuban,  and  the  African  bloodhound. 
Bloodhounds  are  often  trained  not  only  to  the  pursuit  of 
game,  but  also  of  man,  as  of  fugitive  criminals;  In  the 
United  States  they  were  formerly  employed  In  hunting 
fugitive  slaves. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  man  who  hunts  for  blood  ; 
a  relentless  persecutor. 

Wide  was  the  ruin  occasioned  by  the  indefatigable  zeal 
with  which  the  bloodhounds  of  the  tribunal  followed  up 
the  scent.  Pracott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  I.  12. 

bloodily  (blud'i-li),  adv.  In  a  bloody  manner  ; 
cruelly  ;  with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood. 

O  proud  death  ! 

What  feast  is  toward  in  thine  eternal  cell, 
That  thou  so  many  princes,  at  a  shoot, 
So  bloodily  hast  struck?  slink..  Hamlet,  v.  •'. 

bloodiness  (blud'i-nes),  n.     [<  bloody  +  -ness.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  bloody.  —  2.  Disposition 
to  shed  blood. 

Thiii  bloodiness  of  Saul's  Intention. 

Delany,  Life  of  David,  I.  8. 

bloodingt  (blud'ing),  n.    A  blood-pudding. 
blood-islands  (blud'i'landz),  n.pl.  laembryol., 

the  isolated  red  patches  in  the  vascular  area 

of  the  embryo,  in  which  red  blood-corpuscles 

are  in  process  of  development. 
blood-leech  (blud')ech).  n.     One  of  the  Hiru- 

dtnea  which  sucks  blood,  as  the  common  medi- 

cinal leech. 
bloodless  (blud'les),  a.     [<  ME.  blodles,  <  AS. 

blodleds  (=  D.  bloedeloos  =  G.  blutlos  =  Icel. 

blodhlaus  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodlos),  <  blod,  blood,  + 

-leds,   -less.]     1.   Without  blood;   drained  of 

blood  ;  dead  from  loss  of  blood. 
The  bloodiest  carcass  of  my  Hector.        Dryden,  .Bneld. 

2.  Pale  or  colorless  from  defect  of  blood;  pal- 
lid: as,  bloodless  lips.  —  3.  Free  from  blood- 
shed; unattended  by  blood  :  as,  a  bloodless  vic- 
tory ;  "with  bloodless  stroke,"  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5. 

Carrying  the  bloodless  conquests  of  fancy  over  regions 
laid  down  upon  no  map. 

'.  Among  my  Books,  1st  SIT.,  p.  243. 


4.  Without  spirit  or  energy. 

Thou  bloodless,  brainless  fool. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage. 

6.  Cold-hearted  :  as,  bloodless  charity  or  cere- 
mony. 

bloodlessness  (blud'les-nes),  n.  [<  bloodless 
+  -ness.]  The  state  or  condition  of  being 
without  blood,  or  of  being  deficient  in  blood  ; 
anemia. 

If  a  man  were  placed  on  a  revolving  table,  with  his  feet 
toward  the  centre,  the  blood  in  his  liody  would  be  urged 
towards  his  head  ;  and  this  has  actually  been  proposed  as 
treatment  in  bloodlesmess  of  the  brain. 

A.  DanieU,  1'rin.  of  Physics,  p.  143. 

bloodlet  (blud  '  let),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  blodleten,  < 
AS.  blodltetan  (cf.  Icel.  MMMttM.  pp.),  <  blml, 
blood,  +  lietan,  let:  see  let1.]  To  bleed;  let 
blood;  phlebotomize.  [Bare.] 

bloodletter  (blud'let'er),  n.  [<  ME.  blodletter, 
-leter,  <  AS.  blodlietere,  <  blodl&tan,  bloodlet.] 
One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  diseases  ;  a  phlebot- 
omist. 

bloodletting  (blud'let'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  blod- 
li  iiiii/.  -Ii  tiin</f,  <  blodli-tfii.  bloodlet.  Cf.  G.  blut- 
IH.WII,  bloodletting.]  In  med.,  the  act  of  letting 
blood  or  bleeding  by  opening  a  vein,  as  a  reme- 
dial measure  in  the  treatment  of  disease  ;  phle- 
botomy. 


bloodshedding 

blood-mare  (Mud'inSr).  n.     A  mare  of  blooded 

breed;   ;i  female  Mood-horse. 
blood-money  (blud'mun'i),  H.     Money  paid  as 

the  price  of  mood,     (a)  r,,,,,],,  n-;.ii r,  «urd  (,,r 

biinu'inx  iil'.'iit  tin-  li.'iith  of  HiK.thi-r.  ritbi-t 

capital  charge  against  linn  ..i 

as  will  lead   t"  >  mmi-lion.     ,/,,  r,,,np<  n-m  n.n  f.rnn.-ilv, 

and  still  in  MHIH-  Bon-CbrMlu  rmintrirs,  puiil  to  tin-  m-.u 

..r  kin  f.,r  Hi.   killiiiL'. .ta  relative, 
blood-pheasant  (blud'fez'ant),  n.    A  bird  of 

the  genus  Illniiiiiiu  (which  see), 
blood-plaque   (blud'plak),  n.     Same  as  blood- 

biood-plate  (blud'plat),  n.  One  of  the  minute 
discoidal  bodies  found  in  large  numbers  in  the 
blood  of  mammals.  They  are  from  one  fourth  to  onr 
half  the  size  of  the  ml  corpuscles,  and  are  many  tiint-n  MM  m 
lilllm-rollH  tlnin  tin-  whitr  rorpiuu-lfs.  Si-i-  Moor/  anil  blood- 

<-,l,-[ll/* I'll'.  AN'.      <:ll]'-ll       I,:    ,,1,11,  ././II-'.       1,1       II,,,,.,,,          .!!,.)       .... 

puscles  or  elementary  particles  of  Ziiititiermann. 

blood-poisoning  (blud  'poi'zn-  ing),  n.     See 

toxennn. 
blood-pudding  (blud 'pud 'ing),  n.     Same  as 

lilitt'f.'-jmttiitHif. 

blood-red  (bl'ud'red),  a.     [<  ME.  blodrede,  <  AS. 

h/mlredd  (=  D.  bloedrood  =  G.  blutroth  =  Icel. 

blodhraudhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodriid),  <  blod,  blood, 

+  redd,  red.]    Blood-colored ;  red  with  blood. 

He  wrapped  his  colours  round  his  breast, 

On  a  Mood-red  field  of  Spain.  llemant. 

Blood-red  hand,  in  her.,  the  badge  of  Ulster.  See  badgcl 
and  baronet. 

The  event  which  was  to  place  the  blood-red  hand  of  the 
Newcorae  baronetcy  on  his  own  brougham. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes. 

Blood-red  heat,  the  degree  of  heat,  shown  by  the  color, 
required  to  reduce  the  protuberances  on  coarse  iron  by  the 
hammer,  after  it  has  l>een  brought  to  its  sha|te,  to  prepare 
It  for  filing.  Small  pieces  of  iron  are  often  brought  to  this 
heat  preparatory  to  punching. 

blood-relation  (blud're-la'shon),  n.  One  re- 
lated by  blood  or  descent ;  a  kinsman. 

blood-relationship  (blud're-la'shon-ship),  n. 
Consanguinity ;  kinship. 

The  hypothesis  of  differing  gradations  of  Mood -relation- 
ship. Clatu,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  157. 

bloodroot  (blud'rot),  n.  1.  The  tormentil  (Po- 
tentilla  TormentilUi)  of  Europe  and  northern 
Asia:  named  from  the  color  of  its  root,  which 
is  rich  in  a  red  coloring 
matter.  It  is  also  rich  in 
tannin,  and  has  been  used 
as  an  astringent. —  2.  The 
common  name  in  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  a  papavera- 
ceous herb,  Sunguinaria 
Canadfnsis.one  of  the  earli- 
est spring  flowers.  Its  fleshy 
roots  yield  a  dark-red  juice,  are 
bitter  and  acrid,  and  contain  a 
peculiar  alkaloid,  sanguiuarin. 
It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stiiuu* 
lant,  expectorant,  and  emetic. 

blood-sacrifice  (blud'sak'- 
ri-fis),  n.  A  sacrifice  made 
with  shedding  of  blood ; 
the  sacrifice  of  a  living 
being. 

Cannot  my  body,  nor  blood-sacri- 

fce, 
Entreat  you  to  your  wonted  fur-     Bloodroot  is 

therance?  c««t*«w). 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3. 

blood-shakent  (blud'sha'kn),  a.  Having  the 
blood  set  in  commotion.  B.  Jonson. 

bloodshed  (blud'shed),  n.  [Due  partly  to 
bloodshedding,  and  partly  to  the  phrase  blood 
shed  as  used  in  such  sentences  as  "I  feared 
there  would  be  bloodshed,"  "there  was  much 
blood  shed,"  etc.,  where  shed  is  the  pp.  agreeing 
withstood.  See  blood  &uA  shed1.]  1.  The  shed- 
ding or  spilling  of  blood ;  slaughter ;  destruc- 
tion of  life :  as,  "  deadly  bloodshed,"  Shak.,  K. 
John,  v.  3. 

In  my  view  of  the  present  aspect  of  affairs,  there  need 
be  no  bloodshed  or  war.          Lincoln,  in  Raymond,  p.  105. 

2f.  The  shedding  of  one's  own  blood;  specifi- 
cally, the  death  of  Christ.— 3f.  A  bloodshot 
condition  or  appearance ;  an  effusion  of  blood 
in  the  eye. 

bloodshedder  (blud' shed 'er),  n.  One  who 
sheds  blood ;  a  murderer.  [Rare.] 

He  that  defrandeth  the  laborer  of  his  hire  b  a  Hood- 
<ln  ,1,1,  f.  Kcclu*.  xxxiv.  22. 

bloodshedding  (blud 'shed 'ing),  n.  K  ME. 
bloileohedyiige,  <  blod  +  shedynge,  shedding.] 
1.  The  shedding  of  blood;  the  crime  of  shed- 
ding blood  or  taking  human  life. 

In  feight  and  blodeshcdt/nyes 
Vs  used  gladly  clarionyngea. 

Chaucer,  House  of 


bloodshedding 

These  hands  are  free  from  guiltless  bloodshfil<liii?/. 

Male.,  2  Hen.  VI.,'  iv.  7. 

2f.  The  act  of  shedding  one's  own  blood. 
bloodshot  (blud'shot),   a.       Bed  and  inflamed 
by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  in  cer- 
tain weak  or  excited  states :  said  of  the  eye. 

Retiring  late,  at  early  hour  to  rise, 

With  shrunken  features,  and  with  bloodshot  eyes. 

Crabbe,  Works,  V.  21. 

bloodshottent  (blud' shot  *n),  a.  Bloodshot. 
Johnson. 

bloodshottennesst  (blud'shot"n-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  bloodshot. 

The  enemies  of  the  church's  peace  could  vex  the  eyes 
of  the  poor  people  ...  to  UoodMOtteniMM  and  fury. 

/.  Walton,  Life  of  Hooker. 

blood-sized  (blud'sizd),  a.    Sized  or  stiffened 

with  blood:  as,  "the  blood-sized  field,"  Fletcher 

(and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen.     [Bare.] 
blood-spavin  (blud'spav"in),  n.     A  dilatation 

of  the  vein  that  runs  along  the  inside  of  the 

hock  of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swelling, 
blood-spiller  (blud'spil"er),  n.    One  who  spills 

or  sheds  blood ;  a  bloodshedder.   Quarterly  Rev. 

[Bare.] 
blood-spilling    (blud'spil"ing),   n.       [<   ME. 

blodcspy Iling ;  <  blood  +  spilling.]     The  act  of 

spilling   or    shedding   blood;    bloodshedding. 

TBare.] 
blood-Stain  (blud'stan),  n.    A  spot  or  trace  of 

blood. 
bloodstain  (blud'stan),  v.  t.     [<  blood-stain,  n. ; 

but  due  rather  to  blood-stained.]    To  stain  with 

blood.     Byron.     [Bare.] 
blood-Stained  (blud'stand),  a.     Stained  with 

blood;  guilty  of  bloodshed  or  slaughter. 

The  beast  of  prey,  blood-stain' 'it,  deserves  to  bleed. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  358. 

blood-stanch  (blud'stanch),  n.  One  of  the 
various  names  given  to  the  common  fleabane, 
Erigeron  Canadensis,  from  its  use  in  arresting 
hemorrhages. 

blood-stick  (blud'stik),  n.  A  stick  weighted  at 
one  end  with  lead,  used  for  striking  the  fleam, 
or  veterinary  lancet,  into  a  vein. 

bloodstone  (blud'ston),  n.  [<  blood  +  stone; 
=  D.  blocdsteen  =  G.  blutstein  =  Dan.  Sw.  blod- 
sten.]  1.  A  variety  of  hematite,  having  a  finely 
fibrous  structure  and  a  reniform  surface.  The 
color  varies  from  dark  steel-gray  to  blood-red.  It  was 
extensively  employed  in  ancient  times,  many  of  the  Baby- 
lonian and  Egyptian  intaglios  being  in  this  material ;  now 
it  is  much  less  used,  except  for  signet-rings,  and  as  a  polish 
for  other  stones  and  metals. 

2.  A  variety  of  quartz  having  a  greenish  base, 
with  small  spots  of  red  jasper,  looking  like 
drops  of  blood,  scattered  through  it.     This  kind 
of  bloodstone  is  also  called  heliotrope. 

blood-stranget,  »•  [A  compound  having  no  ob- 
vious meaning,  as  to  its  second  element,  in  E., 
and  hence  (being  appar.  only  a  book-name) 
prob.  an  adaptation  of  some  foreign  name,  per- 
haps of  an  unrecorded  G.  *blutstrenge,  <  blut, 
=  E.  blood,  +  strenge,  tightness,  strictness,  < 
streng,  tight,  strict,  strong,  =  E.  strong:  see 
strong  and  string.  The  name  would  have  refer- 
ence to  the  (supposed)  styptic  qualities  of  the 
plant.  See  N.  E.  D.]  The  mousetail,  Myosurus 
minimus. 

blood-Stroke  (blud'strok),  n.  Apoplexy  from 
encephalic  hemorrhage  or  congestion. 

bloodsucker  (blud'suk'er),  n.  [<  ME.  blood- 
soukere  =  D.  bloodzuiger  =  MHG.  bluotsuger  = 
Dan.  blodsuger  =  Sw.  blodsugare;  <  blood  + 
sucker.]  1.  Any  animal  that  sucks  blood,  as  a 
leech,  a  mosquito,  etc. —  2.  A  name  of  a  com- 
mon agamoid  East  Indian  lizard,  Calotes  versi- 
color,  perhaps  so  called  from  the  reddish  hue 
of  the  throat,  as  it  does  not  suck  blood. — 

3.  A  cruel  or  bloodthirsty  man;   hence,  one 
who  sucks  the  blood  of  or  preys  upon  another; 
an  extortioner ;  a  sponger. 

God  keep  the  prince  from  all  the  pack  of  you ! 
A  knot  you  are  of  damned  bloodsuckers. 

Shale.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  3. 
Thou  art  a  villain  and  a  forger, 
A  blood-sucker  of  innocence,  an  hypocrite. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  i.  3. 
blood-sucking  (blud'suk"ing),  a.     Sucking  or 
drawing  blood;  preying  on  the  blood:  &s,"blood- 
sucking  sighs,"  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  4. 
blood-swelling  (blud'swel"ing),  n.     Same  as 
liematocele. 

blood-swollen  (blud'swoln),  a.  Swelled  or  suf- 
fused with  blood:  as,  "their  blood-swoln  eyes," 
May,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  vi. 
bloodthirstiness  (blud'thers"ti-nes),  «.  [< 
bloodthirsty  +  -ness.]  Thirst  for  blood ;  a  pro- 
pensity for  shedding  blood ;  a  desire  to  slay. 


594 

He  governed  with  a  cruelty  and  bloodthirstiness  that 
have  obtained  for  him  the  name  of  the  northern  Nero. 

Brougham. 

bloodthirsty  (blud '  there  '  ti),  a.  [<  blood  + 
thirsty;=D.  bloeddorstig  =  G.  blutdiirstig  =  "Da,Ti. 
Sw.  blodtorstig.]  Eager  to  shed  blood;  mur- 
derous: as,  "his  bloodthirstie  blade,"  Spenser, 
F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  16;  "  bloodthirsty  lord,"  Shak.,  1 
Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

Even  the  most  bloodthirsty  monsters  may  have  a  sincere 
partiality  for  their  own  belongings,  paramour  or  friend  or 
child.  //.  A".  Oxen/taut,  Short  Studies,  p.  60. 

blood-tree  (blud'tre),  n.  In  the  West  Indies,  a 
native  arborescent  species  of  Croton,  C.  gossypi- 
folius,  which  yields  a  kind  of  kino  sometimes 
called  dragon's-blood. 

blood-vascular  (blud'vas'ku-lar),  a.  Vascular 
with  blood-vessels ;  permeated  with  blood-ves- 
sels ;  pertaining  to  the  circulation  of  blood. — 
Blood-vascular  gland.  See  gland.— Blood- vascular 
system,  the  system  of  blood-vessels  ;  the  circulatory  sys- 
tem of  vessels  containing  blood:  distinguished  from  water- 
vascular  system. 

blood-vessel  (blud'ves"el),  n.  Any  vessel  in 
which  blood  circulates  in  an  animal  body, 
whether  artery,  vein,  or  capillary. 

blood-warm  (blud' warm),  a.  Warm  as  blood; 
lukewarm. 

blood-warmed  (blud'warmd),  a.  Having  one's 
blood  warmed  by  excitement,  as  by  a  bloody 
contest.  [Bare.] 

He  meets  the  blood-warmed  soldier  in  his  mail. 

J.  Baillu. 

blood-witet  (blud'wit),  ».  [<  ME.  blodwite,  < 
AS.  blodwite,  <  blod,  blood,  +  mite,  fine,  pen- 
alty: see  blood  and  wife.  Used  only  histori- 
cally; sometimes  improp.  bloodwit.]  In  anc. 
law :  (a)  A.  wite,  fine,  or  amercement  paid  as  a 
composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood. 

The  bloodwite,  or  compensation  in  money  for  personal 
wrong,  was  the  first  effort  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole  to  regu- 
late private  revenge. 

Quoted  in  //.  0.  Forbes's  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  474. 

(6)  The  right  to  such  compensation,    (c)  A  riot 
in  which  blood  was  shed. 

bloodwood  (blud'wud),  n.  1.  A  name  given  to 
logwood,  from  its  color. — 2.  In  Jamaica,  a  tree 
of  the  natural  order  Ternstroemiaccte,  Laplacea 
hwmatoxylon,  with  dark-red  wood. — 3.  In  Aus- 
tralia, a  name  of  species  of  Eucalyptus,  espe- 
cially E.  corymbosa,  yielding  the  Australian 
kino. — 4.  A  large  timber-tree  of  India,  Lager- 
strannia  Flos-Kegince,  natural  order  Lythracece, 
with  soft  but  durable  blood-red  wood,  which  is 
largely  used  for  boat-building  and  ship-knees. 
Also  called  jarool-tree. 

blood-worm  (blud'werm),  n.  The  active  blood- 
colored  or  scarlet  larva  of  the  species  of  Chi- 
ronomus,  found  in  the  rain-water  of  tanks  and 
cisterns. 

bloodwort  (blud'wert),  n.  [<  ME.  blodwurt, 
blodwerte  (applied  to  several  plants),  <  AS. 
"blod-wyrt  (=  Sw.  blodort),  <  blod,  blood,  + 
•wyrt,  wort.]  A  name  applied  to  various  plants, 
as  (a)  the  bloody  dock,  Rumex  sanguineus,  a  spe- 
cies of  dock  with  the  stem  and  veins  of  the 
leaves  of  a  blood-red  color;  (6)  the  dwarf  elder, 
Sambucus  Ebulus;  (c)  in  the  United  States,  the 
Hieracium  venosmn,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
veined  with  red. 

bloody  (blud'i),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bloudy  ; 
<  ME.  blody,  bhidy,  blodi,  etc.,  <  AS.  blodig  (= 
OS.  blodag  =  OFries.  blodich  =  D.  bloedig  = 
OHG.  bluotac,  MHG.  bluotec,  G.  blutig  =  Icel. 
blodhigr  =  Sw.  Dan.  blodig),  <  blod,  blood :  see 
blood  and  -y1.]  1.  Of,  of  the  nature  of,  or  per- 
taining to  blood;  containing  or  composed  of 
blood:  as,  a  bloody  stream;  "bloody  drops," 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  5. —  2f.  Existing  in 
the  blood. 

Lust  is  but  a  bloody  fire.   Shak. ,  M.  W.  of  W. ,  v.  5  (song). 

3.    Stained  with  blood;    exhibiting  signs   or 

traces  of  blood:  as,  a  bloody  knife. — 4.  Of  the 

color  of  blood ;  blood-red. 

Unwind  your  bloody  flag.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2. 

5.  Cruel;  murderous;  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood,  or  having  a  cruel,  savage  disposition. 

The  boar,  that  bloody  beast. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  899. 

He  was  a  bloudye  man,  and  regarded  not  the  life  of  her 
subjectes  noe  more  then  dogges.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

6.  Attended  with  or  committing  bloodshed; 
marked  by  cruelty :  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

This  Ireton  was  a  stout  rebell,  and  had  ben  very  bloudy 
to  the  King's  party.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  6,  1852. 

7.  Concerned  with  or  portending  bloodshed; 
sanguinary. 

No  magtcke  arts  hereof  had  any  might, 
Nor  bloody  wordes  of  bold  Enchaunters  call. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  36. 


bloom 

8.  In  low  language :  (a)  Excessive ;  atrocious ; 
heinous :  as,  he's  a  bloody  fool,  or  a  bloody  ras- 
cal, (b)  Used  as  an  intensive  expletive,  espe- 
cially in  negative  expressions :  as,  there  wasn't 
a  bloody  soul  there — Bloody  bill.  Same  as  .force- 
bill  (which  sec,  under  .fuw). — Bloody  bread,  blood  on 
bread,  blOOd  Of  the  host,  an  appearance  resembling 
drops  of  blood  which  sometimes  occurs  upon  bread  and 
other  starchy  substances.  The  red  pigment  is  a  product 
of  either  of  two  microscopic  fungi  growing  in  the  sub- 
stance discolored.  One  of  them  is  Micrococcm  prodigiosun, 
belonging  to  the  bacteria,  and  the  other  Saccharomyces 
fflutiiius,  one  of  the  yeast  fungi.— Bloody  Chasm.  See 
chasm.— Bloody  flux,  dysentery.—  Bloody  hand,  (a)  A 
hand  stained  witll  the  blood  of  a  deer,  which,  in  the  old 
forest  laws  of  England,  was  sufficient  evidence  of  a  man's 
trespass  against  venison  in  the  forest,  (b)  Same  as  badge 
of  Ulster.  Seeforttfyrel. —  Bloody  murrain.  Same  as  symp- 
tomatic anthrax  (which  see,  under  anthrax).  —  Bloody 
Shirt.  See  shirt.—  Bloody  statute,  a  name  by  which  the 
English  statute  of  1539,  the  Act  of  the  Six  Articles,  is 
sometimes  referred  to.  See  the  Six  Articles,  under  article. 
=  Syn.  6.  See  sanguinary. 

bloody  (blud'i),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bloodied, 
ppr.  bloodying.  [<  bloody,  a.  Cf.  AS.  geblode- 
gian  (=  OHG.  bluotagon,  bluotegon),  <  blodig, 
bloody.]  To  stain  with  blood. 

With  my  own  wounds  I'll  blood;/  my  own  sword. 

Bean,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  4. 

bloody  (blud'i),  adv.  [<  bloody,  a.]  Very;  ex- 
ceedingly; desperately:  as,  "bloody  drunk," 
Dryden,  Prol.  to  Southerne's  Disappointment. 
[Vulgar.] 

"Are  you  not  sick,  my  dear?"  .  .  .  "Bloody  sick." 

Svri/t,  Poisoning  of  Cnrll. 

bloody-bones  (blud'i-bonz),  «.  A  nursery 
name  of  a  bugbear. 

Why  does  the  Nurse  tell  the  Child  of  Raw-head  and 
Bloudy-bones,  to  keep  it  in  awe  ?   Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  99. 

Are  you  Milan's  general,  that 
Great  bugbear  Bloody-bones,  at  whose  very  name 
All  women,  from  the  lady  to  the  laundress, 
Shake  like  a  cold  fit? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  iii.  1. 

bloody-eyed  (blud'i-id),  a.     Having  bloody  or 

cruel  eyes.     Lord  Brooke. 
bloody-faced  (blud'i-fast),  a.    Having  a  bloody 

face  or  appearance.     Shak. 
bloody-fluxed   (blud'i-flukst),  a.      Having  a 

bloody  flux;  afflicted  with  dysentery. 

The  bloody-fluxed  woman  fingered  but  the  hem  of  his 
garment.  Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  90. 

bloody-man's-finger  (blud'i-manz-fing'ger),  n. 
The  cuckoo-pint,  Arum  macitlatum :  so  called 
from  its  lurid  purple  spadix  or  flower-spike. 
See  cut  under  Arum. 

bloody-minded  (blud'i-min"ded),  a.  Having 
a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition ;  barbarous ;  in- 
clined to  shed  blood. 

She  is  bloody-minded, 
And  turns  the  justice  of  the  law  to  rigour. 

Beau.  and.  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

bloody-nose  beetle.    See  beetle^. 
bloody-red  (blud'i-red),  a.    Bed  with  or  as  with 
blood;  blood-red. 

Housing  and  saddle  bloody-red, 
Lord  Marmion's  steed  rush'd  by. 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  27. 

bloody-sceptered,  bloody-sceptred  (blud '  i- 
sep'terd),  a.    Having  a  scepter  obtained  by 
blood  or  slaughter.     [Bare.] 
An  untitled  tyrant,  bloody-sceptr'd.  Shak. ,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

bloody-warrior  (blud'i-wor"i-er),  n.  A  dark- 
colored  variety  of  the  wall-flower,  Cheiranthus 
Cheiri. 

bloom1  (blom),  n.  [=  Sc.  bltime;  early  mod.  E. 
bloome,  blome,  bloume;  <  ME.  blom,  blome,  <  AS. 
*bloma,  a  blossom  (not  found  in  this  sense,  for 
which  reg.  blast  ma,  blostm  (see  blossom),  but 
prob.  the  original  of  which  bloniti,  a  mass  of 
iron  ( >  E.  bloom2),  is  a  deflected  sense ;  the  ME. 
maybe  in  part  from  the  Scand.)  (=OS.  blomo  = 
late  OFries.  blcem,  blam,  NFries.  blomme  =  MD. 
bloeme,  D.  bloem,  f.,  =  MLG.  blome  =  OHG. 
bluomo,  m.,  bluoma,  f.,  MHG.  bluome,  m.,f.,  G. 
blnme,  f .,  =  Icel.  blomi,  m.,  blom,  neut.,  =  Norw. 
blom  =  Sw.  blomma,  f .,  =  Dan.  blomme  =  Goth. 
bloma,  m.,  a  flower),  with  formative  -m  (orig. 
'-man),  <  bloican,  etc.,  E.  blow2,  bloom,  whence 
also  bled,  bleed,  >  ME.  blede  (=  MLG.  blot  =  OHG. 
MHG.  bluot,  MHG.  pi.  bliiete,  G.  bliite),_  a  flower, 
blossom,  fruit,  and  AS.  blostma,  blostm,  >  E- 
blossom,  and  perhaps  AS.  blod,  E.  blood;  also 
from  the  same  ult.  root,  L.  flos  (Jlor-),  >  ult.  E. 
flower,  flour :  see  these  words.]  1.  A  blossom ; 
the  flower  of  a  plant,  especially  of  an  orna- 
mental plant ;  an  expanded  bud. 

While  opening  blooms  diffuse  their  sweets  around. 

Pope,  Spring,  1.  100. 

Now  sleeps  the  humming-bird,  that,  in  the  sun, 
Wandered  from  bloom  to  bloom.     Bryant,  May  Evening. 


bloom 

2.  The  state  of  blossoming;   the  opening  of 
flowers  in  general;  flowers  col ]rr lively  :  M.S.  the 
plant  is  in  bluom,  or  covered  with  lilnnm. 

Anrirni  pr;ir  tivr*  tlmt  with  spriiiK-tinie  hurst 
Into  surh  breadth  of  htmim. 

Hi  IK, nl,   Amnim  Hi''  'I'm  .. 

3.  A   state   of  he-all  li    ;uid    growth    promising 
higher  perl'rctioii;   a,  nourishing  condition;  a 
palmy  lime:  as,  the  hlmiiii  of  youth. 

He  look  d,  iinil  MIW  n  iTfiitinv  heavenly  fair, 

III  Miami  lit  MtUtll,  and  "f  il  elinnilillg  air. 

Dtyd  r»,  \N  iteof  Hath,  1.  531. 

Ill  (Mil'  Silil  Wol'M'.s  I'r.^t  /'/"",,/.  Ti'ltnilHinl,  Tile   lllnok. 

4.  The  rosy  line  on  the  cheek  indicative  of 
youth  and  health;  a  glow;  a  flush. 

And  such  a  lovely  blimni, 
l>isd:iinliu:  nil  adulterated  aids  of  art, 
Kept  11  pri-prtiiiil  spring  upon  liri  face. 

Matniiujer,  I'nnatural  I'oinhat,  II.  3. 

5.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  minerals  having 
a  bright  color :  as,  the  rose-red  cobalt  bloom,  or 
erythrite,  etc. —  6.  A  powdery  deposit  or  coat- 
ing  of   various   kinds,    (a)  The  delicate,  powdery, 
waxy  coating  U|HHI  certain  fruits,  as  grapes,  plums,  etc., 
and  leaves,  as  of  the  cabbage. 

The  finest  qualities  of  our  nature,  like  the  bloom  on 
fruits,  can  be  preserved  only  by  the  most  delicate  han- 
dling. Thoreau,  \Valden,  p.  9. 
(ii)  The  powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals,  and  the 
like,  when  newly  struck,  (f)  In  paintiiiit,  a  cloudy  ap- 
pearance on  the  surface  or  varnish,  (d)  The  yellowish 
fawn-colored  deposit  from  the  tanning-liquor  on  the  sur- 
face of  leather,  and  penetrating  it  to  a  slight  depth. 

In  tanning  it  (rock  chestnut-oak  bark]  is  used  unmixed, 
and  gives  a  beautiful  bloom.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  119. 

7.  A  fine  variety  of  raisin. 

These  raisins  [dried  on  the  vines]  are  muscatels  or 
bloom*.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  692. 

bloom1  (blom),   v.      [<  ME.    Women   (=  MLG. 
blomen  =  Norw.  bloma,  blown),  bloom ;  from  the 
noun.]    I.  tntrnns.  1.  To  produce  or  yield  blos- 
soms ;  flower,  literally  or  figuratively. 
Tin  first  time  a  tree  bloometh.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

The  Lotos  bloom*  below  the  barren  peak. 

Tennyson,  Choric  Song,  vili. 

2.  To  glow  with  a  warm  color. —  3.  To  be  in  a 
state  of  healthful  beauty  and  vigor ;  show  the 
beauty  of  youth ;  flourish;  glow. 

Hearts  are  warm'd  and  faces  bloom. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Epll. 

A  better  country  blootns  to  view, 
Beneath  a  brighter  sky.  Logan,  A  Tale. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  put  forth,  as  blossoms. 

Behold,  the  rod  of  Aaron  .  .  .  bloomed  blossoms,  and 
yielded  almonds.  Num.  xvii.  8. 

2.  To  impart  a  bloom  to ;  invest  with  luster  or 
beauty. 

Rites  and  customs,  now  superstitious,  when  .  .  .  chari- 
table affection  bloomed  them,  no  man  could  justly  have 
condemned  as  evil.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol. 

bloom2  (blom),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  but  in 
late  AS. ;  <  AS.  bloma,  a  bloom  of  metal  (glossed 
massa  or  metallum ;  cf .  bloma  oththe  ddh,  '  bloom 
or  dough'  (of  metal):  incites  bloma,  a  bloom  of 
iron ;  gold-nldma,  lit.  'gold-bloom,'  applied  once 
(as  elsewhere  gold-hard,  'gold-hoard,'  'trea- 
sure') figuratively  to  Christ  as  incarnated); 
not  found  in  other  languages  in  this  sense, 
and  prob.  a  particular  use  of  "bloma,  a  flower, 
which  is  not  found  in  AS.  in  that  sense :  see 
bloom1.  The  reference  may  have  been  to  the 
glowing  mass  of  metal  as  taken  from  the  fur- 
nace: but  this  sense  as  recorded  is  only  re- 
cent.] A  roughly  prepared  mass  of  iron,  nearly 
square  in  section,  and  short  in  proportion  to 
its  thickness,  intended  to  be  drawn  out  under 
the  hammer  or  between  the  rolls  into  bars. 
Some  blooms  are  made  directly  from  the  ore  In  blooni- 
eries.  but  most  of  them  by  shingling  the  puddled  balls 
from  the  pmldliiitf-furnttce.  See  bloomery,  blooming-mill, 
,fin->j'-,  iind  puddle,  v. 

bloomary,  ».    See  bloomery. 

bloomed  (blomd),  a.  Covered  with  blooms  or 
blossoms. 

bloomer1  (blo'mer),  ».  [<  blooml,  f.,  +  -erl.~\ 
A  plant  which  blooms. 

This  "Illy"  of  Scripture  \Xiimphaa  lotus]  was  a  prolific 
bloomer.  X.  aiul  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  25. 

bloomer2  (blo'mer),  a.  and  n.  [After  Mrs. 
Bloomer :  see  def.]  I.  a.  Having  the  charac- 
ter of  the  style  of  female  dress  introduced  by 
Mrs.  Bloomer  of  New  York  in  1849-50:  as,  a 
bloomer  costume;  a  bloome r  hat. 
II.  M.  1.  A  dress  or  costume  for  women, 


595 

dressed  in  bloomfrs. — 4.  A  woman  who  assumes 
such  a  dress. 

bloomerism  (blo'mer-i/.m),  H.  [<  blomufr-  + 
•ixni.  ]  The  wearing  or  adoption  of  a  dress  sim- 
ilar to  that  recommended  by  Mrs.  Bloomer. 
Hee  bloomer^,  n.,  1. 

bloomer-pit  (blB'mer-pit),  n.  A  tan-pit  in  which 
hides  are  placed  to  be  acted  upon  by  strong 
ooze,  a  process  which  produces  a  bloom  upon 
the  skin. 

bloomery  (blo'mer-i),  H.  ;  pi.  bloomeries  (-iz). 
[Less  prop,  bloomary,  blomary,  early  mod.  E. 
bloiitfirie;  <.  bloom't  +  -ery.]  An  establishment 
in  which  wrought-iron  is  made  by  the  direct 
process,  that  is,  from  the  ore  directly,  or  with- 
out having  been  first  produced  in  the  form  of 
cast-iron.  The  direct  process  was  the  original  one  by 
which  wrought-iron  was  made  wherever  that  metal  wits 
employed,  and  Is  still  in  use  among  nations  where  modern 
metallurgical  methods  are  not  yet  introduced,  especially 
in  Burma,  Borneo,  and  Africa;  it  Is  also  employed,  though 
to  a  very  limited  extent,  in  Europe  and  In  the  I"  nited  States, 
especially  In  the  Chaniplain  district  of  New  York.  The 
iron  made  in  bloomeries  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  blooms 
(sec  t,liHiui~),  Also  called  block-furnace. 

bloom-hook  (blom'huk),  n.  A  tool  for  han- 
dling metal  blooms.  Also  called  bloom-tongs. 

blooming1  (blS'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bloom1, 
p.]  1.  A  clouded  or  smoked  appearance  on  the 
surface  of  varnish ;  bloom. — 2.  In  dyeing,  the 
addition  of  an  agent,  usually  stannous  chlorid, 
to  the  dye-bath,  toward  the  end  of  the  operation, 
for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the  color  lighter 
and  brighter.  Also  called  brightening. 

blooming1  (blo'ming),  ^>.  a.   [Ppr.  of  bloom1,  r.] 

1.  Blossoming;  flowering;  showing  blooms. 

And,  ere  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies, 
Designs  the  Mourning  wonders  of  the  next. 

Covrper,  Task,  vl.  197. 
Now  May  with  life  and  music 
The  blooming  valley  fills. 

Bryant,  The  Serenade. 

2.  Glowing  as  with  youthful  vigor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauty  of  youth. 

The  lovely  Thais,  by  his  side, 
Sate  like  a  blooming  Eastern  bride. 

Dryifen,  Alexander's  Feast,  1.  10. 

3.  Flourishing;  showing  high  or  the  highest 
perfection  or  prosperity. 

The  modern  [aral>e&que]  rose  again  In  the  blooming 
period  of  modern  art.  Fairholt,  Diet,  of  Art,  p.  87. 

4.  Great ;    full-blown ;     '  blessed,'    '  blamed,' 
'darned,'  etc.:  as,  he  talked  like  a  blooming 
idiot.     [Slang.] 

blooming2  (blo'ming),  H.  [<  bloom?  +  -in;/1.] 
In  metal.,  same  as  shingling. 

bloomingly  (bl6'ming-li),  adr.  In  a  blooming 
manner. 

blooming-mill  (blo'ming -mil),  n.  A  mill  in 
which  puddled  balls  of  iron  are  squeezed,  roll- 
ed, or  nammered  into  blooms  or  rough  bars, 
and  thus  prepared  for  further  treatment  in  the 
rolling-mul  proper. 

bloomingness  (blo'ming-nes),  M.  The  state  of 
being  blooming;  a  blooming  condition. 

blooming-sally  (blB'ming-sal'i),  n.  The  wil- 
low-herb, Epifobiitm  angustifolium. 

bloomless  (blo'm'les),  a.  [<  blooml  +  -less;  = 
Norw.  blomlaus.]  Having  no  bloom  or  blossom. 

bloom-tongs  (blSm'tdngz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
bloom-hook. 

bloomy  (blb"mi),  a.  [=  D.  bloemig  =  G.  blumig 
=  Sw.  blommig;  <  bloom1  +  -y1.]  1.  Full  of 
bloom  or  blossoms ;  flowery. 

We  wandered  up  the  bloomy  land, 
To  talk  with  shepherds  on  the  lea. 

Bryant,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Having  a  bloom,  or  delicate  powdery  ap- 
pearance, as  fresh  fruit. 

What  though  for  him  no  Hyhla  sweets  distill, 

Nor  bloomy  vines  wave  purple  on  the  hill?     Campbtll. 

3.  Having  freshness  or  vigor  as  of  youth. 

What  if,  In  both,  life's  bloomy  flush  was  lost, 
And  their  full  autumn  felt  the  mellowing  frost? 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  89. 

blooth  (bloth),  n.  An  English  dialectal  varia- 
tion Of  lili  in- 1 1,. 

blore1  (blor),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blared,  ppr. 
blaring.  [<  ME.  bloren,  weep,  a  var.  of  blaren, 
blare:  see  Stare1.]  To  cry;  cry  out;  weep; 
bray :  bellow.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

blore2t  (blor),  n.  [Prob.  a  var.  of  blare1  (after 
Wore1),  affected  by  6/oifi.]  The  act  of  blow- 
ing; a  roaring  wind;  a  blast. 

Like  nule  and  raging  waves  roused  with  the  fervent  blore 
Of  th'  east  and  south  winds.  Chapman,  Iliad,  ii.  122. 


blot 

blossom  (blos'um),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bloKxiim,  <  MK.  liliixxiinii ,  Miixxiim,  usually  bloxmi; 
earlier  hlnslim .  <  AS.  blnxtiim.  lili^ilimn .  some- 
times contr.  blosma  (once  Maxim,  (.'hissed  by  L. 
flos,  appar.  an  error  for  bluxnui),  weak  mafic., 
lilitxtni,  strong  masc.,  flower,  blossom  (=OD. 
bloxem,  1).  hloixiiii  —  Ml.ii.  bin.-.!  HI.  lilnxxi HI),  a 
blossom,  flower,  with  suffixes  -st  +  -ma,  <  •/  'bid, 
in  AS.  blowan,  blow,  bloom  (see  bloic2) ;  Ings 
prob.  <  "bids-  (=  L.  florere,  "Jlosere),  extended 
stem  of  blowan,  blow.  The  first  suffix  ap- 
pears in  MHG.  bluont,  a  blossom,  the  second 
in  ME.  blome,  E.  bloom'1,  etc.,  and  both,  trans- 
posed, in  Icel.  blomstr  =  Sw.  blomxli  r  =  Dan. 
li!,, nix',  a  flower;  cf.  "L.flos  (Jlor-),  a  flower: 
gee  blow1*  and  flower. ~\  1.  The  flower  of  a 
plant,  usually  more  or  less  conspicuous  from 
the  colored  leaflets  which  form  it  and  which 
are  generally  of  more  delicate  texture  than  the 
leaves  of  the  plant.  It  Is  a  general  term,  applicable 
to  the  essential  organs  of  reproduction,  with  their  appen- 
dages, of  every  species  of  tree  or  plant. 
2.  The  state  of  flowering  or  bearing  flowers ; 
bloom:  as,  the  apple-tree  is  in  blossom. — 3. 
Any  person,  thing,  state,  or  condition  likened 
to  a  blossom  or  to  the  bloom  of  a  plant. 

And  there  died, 
My  Icarus,  my  UoMvm,  in  his  pride. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  7. 
This  heiuity  in  the  blossom  of  my  youth  .  .  . 
I  sued  and  served. 

Fletcher  and  Maxxiiigfr,  Very  Woman,  iv.  8. 

4.  A  color  consisting  of  a  white  ground 
mingled  evenly  with  sorrel  and  bay,  occurring 
in  the  coats  of  some  horses. —  5.  The  outcrop  of 
a  coal-seam,  usually  consisting  of  decomposed 
shale  mixed  with  coaly  matter;  also,  some- 
times, the  appearance  about  the  outcrop  of  any 
mineral  lode  in  which  oxidizable  ores  occur. — 
Tfl  nip  In  the  blossom.  See  m';>. 
blossom  (blos'um),  r.  i.  (X  ME.  blossomen,  bios- 
men,  <  A8.  blostmian  (=  D.  bloesemen),  <  blost- 
ma,  blossom:  see  blossom,  n.~\  To  put  forth 
blossoms  or  flowers ;  bloom ;  blow ;  flower : 
often  used  figuratively. 

Fruits  that  Uoisorn  first  will  first  be  ripe. 

SAot.,  Othello,  II.  S. 

They  make  the  dark  and  dreary  hours 
Open  and  blossom  into  flowers  ! 

Ijontjfellow,  Golden  Legend,  I. 

blossomed  (blos'umd),  a.  Covered  with  blos- 
soms ;  in  bloom. 

Blosmmed  furze,  unprofttably  gay. 

Guliiiiiii/ti,  Ik  s.  VII. 

Not  Ariel  lived  more  merrily 
Tnder  the  btossom'd  bough,  than  we. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.,  Int. 

blossomless  (blos'um-les),  a.  [<  blossom  + 
-less.]  Without  blossoms. 

blossom-pecker  (blos'um-pek'er),  n.  A  book- 
name  of  sundry  small  pariue  birds  of  Africa,  of 
the  restricted  genus  An  thoscopus :  as,  the  dwarf 
blossom-pecker,  A.  minutus. 

blossom-rifler  (blps'um-ri'fler),  n.  A  name  of 
species  of  sun-birds  or  honey-suckers  of  the 
genus  Cinnyrin,  as  r.  auxtralix  of  Australia. 

blossomy  (blos'um-i),  a.  [ME.  blossemy,  blos- 
my;  <  blossom  +  -y1.]  Full  of  or  covered  with 
blossoms. 

A  Uotsemy  tre  is  neither  drye  ne  deed. 

Chaitctr,  Merchant's  Tale,  I.  219. 

The  flavor  and  picturesque  detail  of  Shakespeare's  W<x- 
*<nnii  descriptions.  Stedman,  Viet.  I'oets,  p.  106. 

blot1  (blot),  n.  [<  ME.  blot,  Matte,  a  blot ;  ori- 
gin unknown.  By  gome  connected  with  Icel. 
blettr,  blot,  spot,  spot  of  ground,  Dan.  plet,  a 
blot,  speck,  stain,  spot,  plette,  v.,  speck,  spot, 
Sw.  plotter,  a  gcrawl,  plottra,  scribble;  but 
these  forms  have  appar.  no  phonetic  relation 
to  the  E.]  1.  A  spot  or  stain,  as  of  ink  on 
paper;  a  blur;  a  disfiguring  stain  or  mark:  as, 
"one  universal  blot,"  Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  1143. 
— 2.  A  scoring  out;  an  erasure  or  oblitera- 
tion, as  in  a  writing. —  3.  A  spot  upon  charac- 
ter or  reputation ;  a  moral  stain ;  a  disgrace ;  a 
reproach ;  a  blemish. 

A  lie  Is  a  foul  blot  in  a  man.  Ecclus.  xx  24. 

If  there  has  been  a  blul  in  my  family  for  these  ten  gen- 
erations, it  hath  been  discovered  by  some  or  other  of  my 
correspondenU.  Steelr,  Tatler,  Xo.  164. 

4.  Imputed  disgrace  or  stain ;  defamation :  as, 
to  east  a  blot  upon  one'g  character. 

He  that  rebuketh  a  wicked  nun  getteth  himself  a  blot. 

Pror.  U.  7. 


the  distinctive  features  of  which  are  a  short 

skirt,  loose  trousers  buttoned  round  the  ankle,  blosmet,  n.  and  r.    A  Middle  English  form  of  blot1  (blot),  _i\_;  pret.  and  pp.  blotted,  ppr.  fttof- 
and  a  broad-brimmed,  low-crowned  hat.     Spe- 
cifically—  2.  A  bloomer  hat. —  3.  pi.  The  arti- 
cles composing  a  bloomer  costume :  as,  to  be 


blosmyt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  blos- 
somy. 


ting.     [<    ME.  ololteti;    from  the  noun.]     I. 
trails.  I.  To  spot,  stain,  or  bespatter,  as  with 


ink,  mud,  or  any  discoloring  matter. 


blot 

Oh  !  never  may  the  purple  stain 
Of  combat  blot  these  fields  again. 


Bryant,  Battle  of  Bennington. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  stain  as  with  disgrace  or 
infamy;  tarnish;  disgrace;  disfigure. 

Blot  not  thy  innocence  with  guiltless  blood.          Rme. 
Take  him  !  farewell  :  henceforth  I  am  thy  foe  ; 
And  what  disgraces  I  can  blot  thee  with  look  for. 

Beau,  mul  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  obliterate  so  as  to  render  invisible  or 
not  distinguishable,  as  writing  or  letters  with 
ink  :  generally  with  out  :  as,  to  blot  out  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

To  blot  old  books  and  alter  their  contents. 

Shot.,  Lucrece,  1.  948. 

Hence  —  4.  To  efface;  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten;  destroy;  annihilate:  followed  by 
out:  as,  to  blot  out  a  crime,  or  the  remembrance 
of  anything. 

Will  not  a  tiny  speck  very  close  to  our  vision  blot  out 
the  glory  of  the  world,  and  leave  only  a  margin  by  which 
we  see  the  blot?  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  458. 

Blotting  out  the  far-away  blue  sky, 

The  hard  and  close-packed  clouds  spread  silently. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  336. 

5.  To  darken  or  obscure  ;  eclipse.     [Bare.] 

He  sung  how  earth  blots  the  moon's  gilded  wane. 

Cowley. 

The  moon,  in  all  her  brother's  beams  array'd, 
Was  blotted  by  the  earth's  approaching  shade. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  i. 

6.  To  dry  by  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the 
like. 

The  ship-chandler  clutched  the  paper,  hastily  blotted  It, 
and  thrust  it  into  his  bosom. 

O.  A.  Sala,  The  Ship-Chandler. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  obliterate  something  writ- 
ten. 

E'en  copious  Dryden  wanted  or  forgot 
The  last  and  greatest  art,  the  art  to  blot. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  i.'&SO. 

2.  To  become  blotted  or  stained  :  as,  this  paper 
blots  easily. 

blot2  (blot),  n.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century  ;  origin  unknown.  Plausibly  referred 
to  Dan.  Wot  =  Sw.  blott,  bare,  exposed  ;  cf  .  Dan. 
blotte  =  Sw.  blotta,  lay  bare,  expose  one's 
self;  Sw.  blottstdlla  =  D.  blootgtellen,  expose 
(the  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG.  origin,  < 
D.  bloot,  bare,  naked,  exposed)  ;  but  there  is 
no  historical  evidence  for  the  connection.] 
In  backgammon:  (a)  A  single  exposed  piece 
which  is  liable  to  be  forfeited  or  taken  up. 
(b)  The  exposure  of  a  piece  in  this  way  —  To 
hit  the  blot,  to  take  a  single  exposed  piece  in  the  game 
of  backgammon  :  often  used  figuratively. 

Mr.  Ellis  hits  the  blot  when  he  says  that  "  absolute  cer- 
tainty and  a  mechanical  mode  of  procedure,  such  that  all 
men  should  be  capable  of  employing  it,  are  the  two  great 
features  of  the  Baconian  system." 

The  Nation,  April  24,  1884,  p.  369. 

blotch  (bloch),  n.  [Not  found  in  ME.,  or  in 
other  languages  ;  appar.  a  var.  of  blot1,  affected 
in  sense  and  form  by  botch1,  a  pustule,  and 
perhaps  by  dial,  blatch,  q.  v.]  1.  A  pustule 
upon  the  skin. 

Blotches  and  tumours  that  break  out  in  the  body. 

Spectator,  No.  16. 

2.  A  spot  of  any  kind,  especially  a  large  irregu- 
lar spot  or  blot  ;  hence,  anything  likened  to  a 
mere  spot  or  blot,  as  a  poor  painting;  a  daub. 

Green  leaves,  frequently  marked  with  dark  blotches. 

Treasury  of  Botany. 

3.  A  disease  of  dogs. 

blotch  (bloch),  v.  t.     [<  blotch,  n.']     To  mark 

with  blotches  ;  blot,  spot,  or  blur. 
blotchy  (bloch'i),  a.    [<  blotch  +  -yl.]    Having 

blotches  ;  disfigured  with  blotches  :   as,  "  his 

big,  bloated,  blotchy  face,"  Warren. 
blotet,  a.  and  v.     Obsolete  spelling  of  bloaft. 
blotter  (blot'er),  n.     1.  A  piece  of  blotting- 

paper  or  other  device  for  absorbing  an  excess 

of  ink  or  other  fluid,  used  especially  in  writing. 

—  2.  In  com.,  a  waste-book  in  which  are  record- 

ed all  transactions  in  the  order  of  their  occur- 

rence.— 3.  The  current  record  of  arrests  and 

charges  in  a  police   office:    called  in  Great 

Britain  a  charge-sheet. 
blottesque  (biot-esk'),  «.  and  ».     [<  blot  + 

-esque.~\    I.  a.  In  painting,  executed  with  heavy 

blot-like  touches. 

II.  n.  A  painting  executed  in  this  style. 
blottesquely  (blot-esk'li),  adv.   In  a  blottesque 

manner;  with  blot-like  touches:  as,  to  paint 

blottesquely. 
blotting-bbok  (blot'ing-buk),  n.     1.  A  book 

formed   of   leaves   of   blotting-paper.  —  2.    In 

'•o;».,  a  blotter.     See  blotter,  2. 
blottingly  (blot'ing-li),  adv.    By  blotting. 


596 

blotting-pad  (blot'ing-pad),  ».  A  pad  consist- 
ing of  several  layers  of  blotting-paper,  which 
can  be  successively  removed  as  they  become 
soiled  or  saturated  with  ink. 

blotting-paper  (blot  '  ing  -  pa  "  per),  n.  A  bibu- 
lous, unsized  paper,  used  to  absorb  an  excess  of 
ink  from  freshly  written  paper  without  blur- 

blotty  (blot'i),  a.  [<  bloti  +  -yi.]  Full  of 
blots. 

blouse  (blouz),  n.  [Also  less  prop,  blowse  ;  < 
F.  blouse,  of  uncertain  origin,  by  some  identified 
with  F.  dial,  blaude,  biaude,  a  smock-frock,  <  OF. 
bliaut,  bliaud,  pi.  blimts,  bliauz,  an  upper  gar- 
ment: see  bleaunt.  But  the  connection  is  pho- 
netically improbable.]  1.  A  light  loose  upper 
garment,  made  of  linen  or  cotton,  worn  by  men 
as  a  protection  from  dust  or  in  place  of  a  coat. 
A  blue  linen  blouse  is  the  common  dress  of 
French  workingmen. 

Lelewel  was  a  regular  democrat.  He  wore  a  blouse  when 
he  was  in  Paris,  and  looked  like  a  workman. 

H.  S.  Edwards,  Polish  Captivity,  I.  270. 

2.  A  loosely  fitting  dress-body  worn  by  women 
and  children. 

bloused  (blouzd),  a.     [<  blouse  +  -ed2.]    Wear- 
ing a  blouse. 
There  was  a  bloused  and  bearded  Frenchman  or  two. 

Kingsley,  Alton  Locke,  xxxiii. 

blout1ti  «•  and  v.    Same  as  bloaft. 

blout2!,  «.  [Appar.  <  D.  bloot,  bare,  naked,  with 
perhaps  some  confusion  as  to  form  with  Icel. 
blautr,  soft,  wet.  Cf.  blot*,  Mate*,  and  bloat*.] 
Bare:  naked.  Douglas.  (Jamieson.)  [Scotch.] 

blout^  (blout),  n.  [Appar.  imitative,  after  blow*, 
blast,  etc.]  The  sudden  breaking  of  a  storm  ; 
a  sudden  downpour  of  rain,  hail,  etc.,  accom- 
panied by  wind.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 

blow1  (bio),  v.  ;  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown  (also  dial. 
and  colloq.  pret.  and  pp.  blowed),  ppr.  blowing. 
[=  Sc.  blow,  <  ME.  blowen,  blawen  (pret.  blew, 
blewe,  bleu,  bltve,  bin,  pp.  blown,  blowen,  bloun, 
blawen),  <  AS.  bldwan  (strong  verb,  pret.  bledw, 
pp.  blawen),  blow,  =  OHG.  bldhan  (strong  verb, 
pp.  bldhan,  bldn),  blow,  also  blden,  blajan, 
MHG.  blcewen,  blaijen,  G.  bldhen  (weak  verb), 
blow,  puff  up,  swell,  =  L.  flare,  blow.  From 
the  same  root,  with  various  formatives,  come 
E.  blaze2,  blast,  bladder,  perhaps  blister,  and, 
from  the  L.,  flatus,  afflatus,  flatulent,  inflate, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  produce  a  current  of 
air,  as  with  the  mouth,  a  bellows,  etc.  —  2.  To 
constitute  or  form  a  current  of  air,  as  the  wind. 


A  keen  north  wind  that,  blowing  dry, 
Wrinkled  the  face  of  deluge.      Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  842. 

3f.  To  make  a  blowing  sound  ;  whistle.  —  4.  To 
pant  ;  puff  ;  breathe  hard  or  quickly. 
Here's  Mistress  Page  at  the  door,  sweating  and  blourina. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

5.  To  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a  horn 
or  trumpet. 

There  let  the  pealing  organ  Mow. 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1.  161. 

6.  To  spout  as  a  whale. 

A  porpoise  comes  to  the  surface  to  Wow. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  348. 

7.  To  explode,  as  gunpowder  or  dynamite  ;  be 
torn  to  pieces  by  an  explosion  :  with  up  :  as,  the 
magazine  blew  up.  —  8.  To  boast  ;  brag.     [Col- 
loq.] 

You  blow  behind  my  back,  but  dare  not  say  anything  to 
my  face.  Bartlett,  Diet,  of  Americanisms,  p.  48. 

9.  In  founding,  to  throw  masses  of  fluid  metal 
from  the  mold,  as  a  casting,  when,  insufficient 
vent  having  been  provided,  the  gases  and 
steam  are  unable  to  pass  off  quietly  __  Blowing 
Off,  in  tngin.,  the  process  of  ejecting  water  or  sediment 
from  a  boiler  by  means  of  a  current  of  steam  passing 
through  the  blow-off  pipe.—  Blowing  through,  in  engin., 
the  act  of  removing  the  air  from  the  cylinders,  valves, 
etc.,  of  a  steam-engine  by  a  jet  of  steam  previous  to  set- 
ting the  engine  in  motion.  Blow-through  valves  are  fit- 
ted for  this  purpose.—  To  blow  down,  to  discharge  the 
contents  of  a  steam-boiler.  —  To  blow  not  and  cold,  to 
be  favorable  and  then  unfavorable;  be  irresolute.  —  To 
blow  in,  to  start  up  a  blast-furnace,  or  put  it  in  blast— 
TO  blow  Off,  to  escape  with  violence  and  noise  :  said  of 
steam,  gas,  etc.—  To  blow  out,  to  be  out  of  breath,  or 
blown.—  To  blow  over,  to  pass  over  ;  pass  away  after  the 
force  is  expended  ;  cease,  subside,  or  be  dissipated  :  as, 
the  present  disturbances  will  soon  bloiv  over. 

A  man  conscious  of  acting  so  infamous  a  part,  would 
have  undertaken  no  defence,  but  let  the  accusations, 
which  could  not  materially  affect  him,  blow  over. 

Goldsmith,  Bolingbroke. 

To  blow  short,  to  be  broken-winded  :  said  of  a  horse.- 
To  blow  the  buck's  hornt.  See  buck*.—  To  blow  up. 
(a)  See  7,  above.  (6)  To  arise,  come  into  existence,  or  in- 
crease in  intensity:  said  of  the  wind,  a  storm,  etc. 

II.  trans.  1  .  To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of 
air  upon  ;  fan  :  as,  to  blow  the  fire. 


blow 

I  with  blowinrj  the  fire  shall  warm  myself. 

Shak.,  T.  of  theS.,iv.  1. 

2.  To  drive  or  impel  by  means  of  a  current  of 
air:  as,  the  tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

North-east  winds  blow 
Sabacan  odours  from  the  spicy  shore. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  161. 
Along  the  grass  sweet  airs  are  blown. 

D.  G.  Kossetti,  A  New  Year's  Burden. 

3.  To  force  air  into  or  through,  in  order — (a) 
To  clear  of  obstructing  matter,  as  the  nose. 
(b)  To  cause  to  sound,  as  a  wind-instrument. 

Hath  she  no  husband 
That  will  take  pains  to  blow  a  horn  before  her? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1. 
The  bells  she  jingled  and  the  whistle  blew. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  94. 

4.  To  form  by  inflation ;  inflate  ;  swell  by  in- 
jecting air  into :  as,  to  blow  bubbles ;  to  blow 
glass. —  5.  To  empty  (an  egg)  of  its  contents 
by  blowing  air  or  water  into  the  shell. —  6.  To 
put  out  of  breath  by  fatigue :   as,  to  blow  a 
horse  by  hard  riding. 

Blon*iny  himself  in  his  exertions  to  get  to  close  quarters. 

T.  U«:iln-*. 

7.  To  inflate,  as  with  pride ;  puff  up.    [Poetic 
when  up  is  omitted.] 

Look,  how  imagination  blows  him.      Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4. 

8.  To  spread  by  report,  as  if  "on  the  wings  of 
the  wind." 

She's  afraid  it  will  be  Mown  abroad, 
And  hurt  her  marriage.    B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
Through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  blown.         Dryden. 

9.  To  drive  away,  scatter,  or  shatter  by  fire- 
arms or  explosives :  now  always  with  modifying 
words  (up,  away,  to  pieces,  etc.) :  as,  to  blow  the 
walls  up  or  to  pieces  with  cannon  or  gunpowder ; 
but  formerly  sometimes  used  absolutely. 

And  't  shall  go  hard, 

But  I  will  delve  one  yard  below  their  mines, 
And  blow  them  at  the  moon.     Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4. 

10.  To  deposit  eggs  in ;  cause  to  putrefy  and 
swarm  with  maggots ;  make  fly-blown :  said  of 
flies. 

Rather  on  Nilus'  mud 
Lay  me  stark  naked,  and  let  the  water-flies 
Blow  me  into  abhorring !       Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  v.  2. 

To  blow  a  coal.  See  coal.— To  blow  one's  own  trum- 
pet, to  sound  one's  own  praises. — To  blow  out.  (rc)  To 
extinguish  by  a  current  of  air,  as  a  candle,  (b)  To  destroy 
by  firearms :  as,  to  blow  out  one's  brains  ;  to  blow  an  ene- 
my's ship  out  of  the  water. — To  blow  up.  (a)  To  fill  with 
air  ;  .swell :  as,  to  blow  up  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

In  summe,  he  is  a  bladder  blown  vp  with  wind,  which 
the  least  flaw  crushes  to  nothing. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Selfe-conceited  Man. 

(b)  To  inflate ;  puff  up :  as,  to  blow  up  one  with  flattery. 

Blown  up  with  high  conceits  ingendering  pride. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  809. 

(c)  To  fan  or  kindle :  as,  to  blow  up  a  contention. 

His  presence  soon  blown  up  the  unkindly  fight. 

Dryden. 

(d)  To  burst  in  pieces  by  explosion  :  as,  to  blow  up  a  ship 
by  setting  fire  to  the  magazine,    (e)  Figuratively,  to  scat- 
ter or  bring  to  naught  suddenly :  as,  to  blow  tip  a  scheme. 
(/)  To  scold  ;  abuse ;  find  fault  with.    (Colloq.] 

He  rails  at  his  cousin,  and  blows  up  his  mother. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  295. 

Lord  Gravelton  .  .  .  was  blowing  up  the  waiters  in  the 
coffee-room.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  iv. 

(g)  To  raise  or  produce  by  blowing. 

This  windy  tempest,  till  it  blow  up  rain, 
Held  back  his  sorrow's  tide,  to  make  it  more. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1788. 

To  Wow  upon,  (a)  To  bring  into  disfavor  or  discredit ; 
render  stale,  unsavory,  or  worthless. 

Since  that  time,  .  .  .  many  of  the  topics,  which  were 
first  started  here,  have  been  hunted  down,  and  many  of 
the  thoughts  blown  upon.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  Preface. 

Till  the  credit  of  the  false  witnesses  had  been  Mown 
upon.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 

(b)  To  turn  informer  against :  as,  to  blow  upon  an  accom- 
plice. [Slang.] 

blow1  (bio),  n.  [<  Motel,  t,.]  1.  A  blowing;  a 
blast ;  hence,  a  gale  of  wind :  as,  there  came  a 
blow  from  the  northeast. —  2.  The  breathing  or 
spouting  of  a  whale. —  3.  In  metal.:  (a)  The 
time  during  which  a  blast  is  continued,  (b)  That 
portion  of  time  occupied  by  a  certain  stage  of  a 
metallurgical  process  in  which  the  blast  is  used. 
Tims,  the  operation  of  converting  cast-iron  into  steel  by 
the  Bessemer  process  is  often  spoken  of  as  "the  blow," 
and  this  first  portion  is  sometimes  called  the  "Bessemer 
blow  "  or  the  blow  proper,  the  second  stage  being  denomi- 
nated the  "boil,"  and  the  third  the  " fining." 
4.  An  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  flesh  or  other 
substance ;  a  flyblow. 

blow2  (bio),  v.  •  pret.  blew,  pp.  blown,  ppr. 
blowing.  [<  ME.  blowen  (pret.  *blnrr,  lilt-on. 
pp.  blown,  h/iiu-t  H,  blow),  <  AS.  blmrun  (pret. 
bleow,  pp.  i/t'bliiirni),  blossom,  flower,  flourish. 
=  OS.  bio/an  =  OFries.  bloia  =  D.  hlocijen  = 
OHG.  bluojan,  MHG.  bliiejen,  bliicn,  G.  hliilioi. 
blow,  bloom,  =  L.  florere  (a  secondary  form), 


blow 

hloom,  flourish  ;  of.  flds  (flor-),  a  flower.  From 
tlic  same  root,  with  various  fonnatives,  corae 
htiHinil  (ami  prob.  /</<«<«/'-'),  htoiuaim,  lilmrtli, 
liliHxl,  and,  from  tho  b.,  Jlmn-i;  Hour,  llmirixli. 
('(tlin'i'Kci',  etc.]  I.  intninx.  1.  To  blossom  or 
put  forth  flowers,  as  n  plant;  open  out,  as  a 
flower:  as,  a  \\v\\-hlou  •»  rose. 

How  Mum  the  citron  nnne.  Milton,  P.  L.,  V.  22. 

To  mi'  the  meanest  Mciwer  that  iilum  can  give 
Thoughts  that  do  often  lie'  t  .....  leep  fur  tears. 

ii  ,,iti*n'>.,th.  ode  to  Immortality. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  flourish  ;  hloom  ;  become 
perfected. 

II.  trun-s.  To  make  to  blow  or  blossom;  cause 
to  produce,  as  flowers  or  blossoms.     [Poetic.] 

The  odorous  hanks,  that  '•/""• 
Flowers  of  more  mingled  hew. 

MHiuH,  ('oniiu,  1.  993. 
For  these  Favonius  here  shall  Wow 
Mew  flowers.     R.  Jonimi,  Masque  at  Highgatc. 

blow15  (blo),  n.  [<  Moic*,  r.]  1.  Blossoms  in 
general;  a  mass  or  bed  of  blossoms:  as,  the 
lil:  in-  is  good  this  season. 

He  (relieved  he  eould  show  me  such  a  Mow  of  tulips  as 
was  not  to  be  matched  in  the  whole  country. 

Adduon,  Tatler,  No.  218. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or 
flowering  ;  honce,  the  highest  state  or  perfec- 
tion of  anything;  bloom:  as,  a  tree  in  full  blow. 

Her  beuuty  himlly  yet  in  its  full  Mow. 

,  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  I.  ii. 


blow3  (blo),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  blowe,  blot, 
<  late  ME.  (Sc.)  blnw;  origin  uncertain.  Plau- 
sibly explained  as  from  an  unrecorded  verb, 
ME.  "blewcn,  <  AS.  "blcowan  (strong  verb,  pret. 
"bledw,  pp.  "blowen)  =  MD.  bloween,  blai'/nn  n, 
strike,  beat,  D.  blouwen,  beat,  esp.  beat  or 
break  flax  or  hemp,  =  MLG.  bluicen,  LG.  bUiuen 
=  OHG.  bliuiran,  oilman,  MHG.  bliitwen,  liliin  n. 
G.  blaurn,  beat,  drub  (in  G.  and  LG.  modified 
under  association  with  blau,  blue,  as  in  'beat 
black  and  blue  '),  =  Goth,  bliggwan,  strike,  beat  ; 
not  related  to  L.  flit/ere,  strike,  beat  (  >  ult.  E. 
afflict,  inflict,  etc.),  flagellum,  a  flail  (>  ult.  E. 
flail,  flagellate,  etc.).  The  absence  of  the  verb 
from  ME.  and  A8.  records  is  remarkable  (the 
ordinary  AS.  word  for  'strike'  was  slcdn,  >  E. 
slay),  but  the  cognate  forms  favor  its  exis- 
tence.] 1.  A  stroke  with  the  hand  or  fist  or  a 
weapon  ;  a  thump  ;  a  bang  ;  a  thwack  ;  a  knock  ; 
hence,  an  act  of  hostility:  as,  to  give  one  a 
blow;  to  strike  a  blow. 

He  struck  so  plainly.  I  could  too  well  feel  his  Wow*; 
and  withal  so  doubtfully  that  I  eould  scarce  understand 
them.  Shale.,  C.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

2.  A  sudden  shock  or  calamity;  mischief  or 
damage  suddenly  inflicted:  as,  tne  conflagra- 
tion was  a  severe  blow  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
town. 

It  was  a  dreadful  blow  to  many  in  the  days  of  the  Re- 
formation to  tind  that  they  had  been  misled. 

Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXVI.  243. 
At  a  blow,  by  one  single  action  ;  at  one  effort  ;  suddenly. 

Every  year  they  gain  a  victory,  and  a  town  ;  hut  if  they 
are  once  defeated  they  lose  a  province  at  a  Mow.  l> 
Opposed  or  solid  blow,  in  inetal-workinfl.  a  blow  which 
stretches  ur  thins  the  metal  ;  unopposed  or  hollow 
blow,  a  Mow  which  tends  t«  thicken  and  bend  it.—  To 
catch  one  a  blow.  See  catch.—  To  come  to  blows,  to 
engage  in  combat,  whether  the  combatants  be  individuals, 
armies,  fleets,  or  nations. 

In  1756  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  actually  caine  to 
Moint  •  HIT  the  navigation  of  the  Savannah  river. 

J.  Fi»tf,  Amer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  95. 

blow-ball  (blo'bal),  n.  The  downy  head  of  the 
dandelion,  salsify,  etc.,  formed  by  the  pappus 
after  the  blossom  has  fallen. 

llrr  t  Trailing  would  not  bend  a  blade  of  grass, 
Or  shake  tin-  downy  htuit'-htill  from  his  stalk! 

B.  Jonmn,  Sad  Shepherd,  L  1. 

blow-cock  (blo'kok),  n.  A  cock  in  a  steam- 
boiler  by  means  of  which  the  water  may  be 
partly  or  entirely  blown  out  when  desired. 

blowen  (blo'en),  «.  [Also  blowing  ;  equiv.  to 
hloimx,  a  form  of  blowze,  q.  v.]  A  showy,  flaunt- 
ing woman  ;  a  courtezan  ;  a  prostitute.  For- 
merly also  blntrrias  ami  lilmriiuj.  [Low  slang.] 

blower1  (blo'er),  n.  [<  ME.  '  bt<nn-r.  hlmr,  ;r,  < 
AS.  lilnii'i'ri;  <  liliiiftm,  blow:  see  blote1."]  1. 
One  who  blows.  Specifically  —  (a)  One  who  is  em- 
ployed in  ;i  blow  mg-honae  for  smelting  tin.  Cornwall,  (b) 
In  a  glass-factory,  the  workman  »ho  blows  the  melted 
glass  into  shape. 

2.  A  screen  or  cover  of  metal  fitted  to  an  open 
fireplace  in  such  a  way  that  when  it  is  pla.-nl 
in  position  access  of  air  to  the  chimney  is 
closed  except  from  the  bottom,  or  through  the 
tire  itself:  used  to  promote  combustion,  espe- 
cially when  tho  lire  is  first  kindled,  by  concen- 
trating the  draft  upon  the  substance  to  be 


597 

ignited. — 3.  In  null-mining,  an  escape,  under 
pressure  and  with  high  velocity,  of  gas  or  fire- 
damp from  the  coal.  Such  escapes  are  sometimes 
sinMeii  and  of  short  duration  ;  but  they  occasionally  con- 
tinue for  weeks  and  sometimes  for  years. 
4.  A  man  employed  in  a  mine  in  blasting. —  5. 
A  machine  for  forcing  air  into  a  furnace,  mine, 
cistern,  hold  of  a  ship,  public  building,  etc.,  to 
assist  in  drying,  evaporating,  and  the  like;  a 
blowing-machine.  See  blowing-engine,  Mowing- 
machine. — 6.  A  marine  animal,  as  a  whale, 

which  spouts  up  water.  —  7. 

One  who    brags;  a    boaster. 

[.Slang.] —Blower  and  spread- 
er, a  machine  uniting  the  aetion  »f 
Iteaters  and  blowers  in  forming  cot- 
ion  into  a  lap.— Hydraulic  blow- 
er. See  hydraulic.—  Oscillating 
blower,  a  blower  having  one  or 
more  blades  hinged  or  pivoted  at 
one  edge,  and  vibrating  through  an 
Rotary  Blower.  arc  of  a  circle.— Rotary  blower,  a 
.-/,  ff,  cams ;  C,  box.  blower  similar  in  construction  to  a 
rotary  pump.  It  has  vanes  the  mo- 
tions of  which  are  governed  by  cam-faces,  or  which  are 
shaped  in  various  ways  to  Interlock,  inclosing  between 
themselves  and  the  casing  volumes  of  air,  which  they  car- 
ry forward. 

blower2  (blo'er),  n.     [<  blow*,  ».,  +  -«ri.]    A 
plant  that  blows.     If,  E.  I). 
blowesst  (blo'es),  n.     [A  form  of  6 Joioee,  per- 
haps in  simulation  of  blow1,  with  fern,  suffix.] 
Same  as  blowen. 

blow-fly  (blo'fli),  n.  The  common  name  of 
Musca  (Calliphora)  romitoria.  Sarcophaga  car- 
narirt,  and  other  species  of  dipterous  insects, 
which  deposit  their  eggs  (flyblow)  on  flesh,  and 
thus  taint  it.  Also  called  flesh-fly.  See  cut 
under  flesh-fly. 

blow-gun  (blo'gun),  ».  A  pipe  or  tube  through 
which  missiles  are  blown  by  the  breath.  Those 
used  by  certain  Indians  of  South  America  are  of  wood, 
from  7  to  10  feet  long,  with  a  bore  not  larger  than  the 
little  finger;  through  them  are  blown  poisoned  arrows 
made  of  split  cane  or  other  light  material,  from  a  foot  to 
15  inches  in  length,  and  wound  at  the  butt  with  some 
fibrous  material  so  as  to  fit  the  bore  of  the  blow-gun.  A 
similar  blow-gun  is  in  use  among  the  Dyaks  of  Borneo. 
Also  called  Mow-tube  and  blowpipe. 
blow-hole  (blo'hol),  n.  1.  The  nostril  of  a 
cetacean,  generally  situated  on  the  highest  part 
of  the  head.  In  the  whalebone  whale<  the  blow-holes 
form  two  longitudinal  slits,  placed  side  by  side.  In  por- 
poises, grampuses,  etc.,  they  are  reduced  to  a  single  cres- 
cent-shaped opening. 

2.  A  hole  in  the  ice  to  which  whales  and  seals 
come  to  breathe. — 3.  Same  as  air-hole,  2. — 4. 
In  steel-manitf.,  a  defect  in  the  iron  or  steel, 
caused  by  the  escape  of  air  or  gas  while  solidi- 
fication was  taking  place. 

The  following  experiments  were  made  in  order  to  pre- 
pare solid  steel  without  Mow-holes  by  the  crucible  process, 
which  would  give  a  good  resistance  and  a  proper  elonga- 
tion. Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  836. 

blowing1  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blow1,  r.] 
A  defect  in  china  caused  by  the  development 
of  gas,  by  the  reaction  upon  each  other  of  the 
constituents  of  the  glaze,  or  by  a  too  strong 
firing. 

blowing1  (blo'ing),  ».  a.  [Ppr.  of  blow1,  r.]  1. 
Causing  a  current  of  wind ;  breathing  strongly. 
—  2.  In  the  following  phrase,  liable  to  be 
blown  about.— Blowing  lands,  lands  whose  surface- 
soil  is  so  light  as  to  be  liable,  when  dry,  to  be  blown  away 
by  the  wind. 

blowing'-t  (blo'ing),  n.    Same  as  blowen. 
On  a  lark  with  black-eyed  Sal  (his  blowing). 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  \ i.  19. 

blowing-Charge  (blo'ing-charj),  n.  In  gunnery, 
a  smallcharge  of  powder  in  a  shell,  sufficient  to 
blow  out  the  fuse-plug  but  not  to  burst  the  shell. 
It  is  used  in  tiring  for  practice,  or  for  testing  time-fuses 
when  it  is  desired  to  recover  the  shells  and  use  them 
again.  If  It  is  desired  to  fill  the  cavity  of  the  shell,  coal- 
dust  is  added  to  the  charge  to  increase  its  volume. 

blowing-cylinder  (blo'ing-sil'in-der),  ».  The 
air-cylinder  of  a  blowing-engine  or  other  form 
of  blast-machine. 

blowing-engine  (blo'ing-en'jin),  n.  1.  A  mo- 
tor used  for  driving  a  blower  or  blowing-ma- 
ehino. —  2.  A  combined  motor  and  blower. 

blowing-fan  (blo 'ing-fan),  n.  A  revolving 
wheel  with  vanes,  used  to  produce  a  blast. 

blowing-furnace  (blo'ing-fer'nas),  H.  A  fur- 
nace in  which  partially  formed  glassware  may 
be  placed  to  be  softened  when  it  becomes  cooled 
and  stiff  in  working;  sometimes,  the  secondary 
furnace  following  the  melting-furnace. 

blowing-house  (blo'ing-hous),  «.  A  house  in 
which  the  process  of  smelting  tin  ore  is  car- 
ried on. 

blowing-iron,  ».    Same  as  blowpipe,  1. 

blowing-machine  (blo'iiig-ma-snen'),  n.  Any 
apparatus  for  creating  a  blast  of  air,  as  for 


blowpipe 

ventilating,  urging  tiros  in  boilers  or  furnaces 
in  glass-making,  cold  storage,  removing  dust, 
etc.  See  blower,  5.  piston  blowing-machine,  a 

form  of  blow  ing-mai  bin.-  in  which  the  air  is  e\|~  lied 
from  a  cylindi  r  by  a  reciprocating  piston.  A,'.  //.  Ii 

blpwing-pipe  (t>16'ing-pip),  n.   A  glass-blower's 

pipe;  a  pout  re. 
blowing-pot  (blo'ing-pot),  n.     In  tho  manufac- 

ture of  pottery,  an  apparatus  for  distributing 

slip  over  the  ware  before  burning. 
blowing-snake  (blo'ing-snak),  n.    A  non-ven- 

omous snake  of  the  family  Cohibrultv  and  genus 

Ilitirodon,  notable  for  the  noise  it  maKi 

the  depression  of  its  anterior  parts  and  the  ex- 

pulsion of  air.    The  best-known  species  is  //. 

pliitt/rrliiiiHs  of  the  eastern  United  States,  whi'-h 

is  also  called  buckwheat~nose  »nake,  xprcading- 

adder,  et«. 
blowing-tube  (blo'ing-tub),  n.      In  glcum-work- 

ing,  a  tube  4  or  5  feet  long,  with  a  bore  varying 

in  size  according  to  the  character  of  the  work, 

used  in  blowing  glass. 
blow-milk  (blo  milk),  n.    Milk  from  which  the 

cream  is  blown  off  ;  skimmed  milk.     [Eng.] 
blown1  (blon),  p.  a.    [<  ME.  blowen,  blawen,<.  AS. 

hln  a-,  a.  pp.  of  oldwan  :  see  blow1.']     1.  Swelled; 

inflated. 

No  Mount  ambition  doth  our  arms  incite. 

Sltak.,  Lear,  iv.  4. 
I  come  with  no  blown  spirit  to  abuse  you. 

Bra«.  and  Ft.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  Hi.  2. 

2.  Spongy  or  porous  from  the  presence  of  bub- 
bles of  air  or  gas:  said  of  metal  castings.  —  3. 
Stale  from  exposure,  as  to  air  or  flies  ;  hence, 
tainted;  unsavory:  as,  6to«-»  drink  (obsolete)  ; 
blown  meat  ;  a  blown  reputation.  See  flyblown.  — 

4.  Out  of  breath  ;  tired  ;  exhausted  :  as,  "  their 
horses  much  blown,"  Scott. 

'Zounds!  I  am  quite  out  of  breath  —  Sir,  I  am  come  to  — 
Whew  !  I  beg  pardon  —  but,  as  you  perceive,  I  am  devilish- 
ly Mown.  Column  the  1  otinyer,  Poor  Gentleman,  iii.  3. 

5.  In  farriery,  having  the  stomach  distended 
by  gorging  green  food:    said  of  cattle.  —  6. 
Emptied  by  blowing,  as  an  egg. 

blown1'  (blon),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  blowen,  <  AS. 
"blowen,  gcblvwen,  pp.  of  blowan:  see  Mow'*.] 
Fully  expanded  or  opened,  as  a  flower:  as, 
"the  blown  rose."  Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  iii.  11. 

blow-pff  (blo'of),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  used  in 
blowing  off  (which  see,  under  blow1,  v.,  I.). 

The  blow-of  apparatus  consists,  in  fresh-water  boilers, 
simply  of  a  large  cock  at  the  l>otton>  of  the  lioilcr. 

KatMiie,  Steam  Engine,  $  .105. 

Blow-off  cock,  a  faucet  in  the  blow-off  pipe  of  a  steam- 
boiler.—  Blow-off  pipe,  a  pipe  at  the  foot  of  the  boiler 
of  a  steam-engine,  communicating  with  the  ash-pit  (or 
with  the  sea  in  marine  boilers),  and  furnished  with  a  cock, 
the  opening  of  which  causes  the  water  and  the  sediment 
or  brine  to  be  forced  out  by  the  steam. 

blow-out  (blo'out),  n.    A  feast  ;  an  entertain- 

ment; a  great  demonstration;  aspree.  [Colloq.] 

The  Russian  [sailors]  .  .  .  had  celebrated  their  Christ- 

mas eleven  days  before,  when  they  had  a  grand  blotc-uut. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  28B. 

blow-over  (blo'o'ver),  n.  In  glass-making,  the 
surplus  glass,  which,  when  a  vessel  is  blown  in 
a  mold,  is  forced  out  above  the  lip  of  the  mold. 

blowpipe  (blo'pip),  n.  and  «.     I.  n.  1.  An  in- 
strument by  which  a 
driven  through 


.  .      .     .     . 

current  of  air  or  gas  is 


the  flame  of  a 
lamp,  candle,  or 
gas-jet,  to  di-  I  ~  Blowpipe.. 

rect     the    flame     *•  common  blowpipe  ;  ».  GahnS  blowpipe. 
,  made  with  chamber  near  the  let. 

upon  a  sub- 
stance, in  order  to  fuse  it,  an  intense  heat  be- 
ing created  by  the  rapid  supply  of  oxygen  and 
the  concentration  of  the  name  upon  a  small 
area.  In  its  simplest  form,  as  used,  for  example,  by  gas- 
fitters,  It  is  merely  a  conical  lulu-  of  brass,  glass,  or  other 
substance,  usually  about  "  inches  long,  1  inch  in  diameter 
at  one  end,  and  tapering  so  as  to  have  a  very  small  aper- 
ture at  the  other,  within  •>  inches  or  so  of  which  ft  is 
bent  nearly  at  a  right  angle.  The  blowpipe  of  the  min- 
eralogist is  provided  with  a  small  chamlicr  near  the  jet. 
In  which  the  moisture  from  the  mouth  collects.  The 
current  of  ah*  is  often  formed  by  a  pair  of  Itellows  in- 
stead of  the  human  breath,  the  instrument  l>eing  fixed 
in  a  proper  frame  for  the  purpose.  The  most  powerful 
blowpipe  is  the  oxyhydrogen  or  compound  blowpipe,  an 
instrument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen  tin  the  propor- 
tions necessary  for  their  combination),  propelled  by  hydro- 
static or  other  pressure,  and  coming  from  separate  reser- 
voirs, are  made  to  form  a  united  current  in  a  capillary 
orifice  at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  The  heat 
produced  is  such  as  to  consume  the  diamond  and  to  fuse 
or  vaporize  many  substances  refractory  at  lower  tempera- 
ture*. The  blowpipe  Is  used  by  goldsmiths  and  jewelers 
in  soldering,  by  glass-blowers  in  softening  and  shaping 
glass,  and  extensively  by  chemists  and  mineralogist*  in  test- 
ing the  nature  and  composition  of  substances.  Also  called 
by  workmen  a  Mmnny-inm. 

2.  Same  as  Wow-jrun.-Alrohydrogen  blowpipe,  a 
modification  of  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe. 


blowpipe 

II.  fl.  Relating  in  any  way  to  a  blowpipe,  or 


r  j. j        ,_._._  .-j-  .^  _,..._,      __ 

the  blowpipe;  conduct  chemical  experiments 
or  perform  mechanical  operations  by  means  of 
the  blowpipe. 

blow-pointt  (blo'point),  n.  A  game  supposed 
to  have  consisted  in  blowing  small  pins  or  ar- 
rows through  a  tube  at  certain  numbers. 

Shortly  boys  shall  not  play 
At  span-counter  or  Mow-point,  but  shall  pay 
Toll  to  some  courtier.  Donne,  Satires,  iv. 

blowse1,  n.     See  blouse. 

blowse2,  ».    See  blowze. 

blpwser  (blou'zer),  n.  [E.  dial.]  In  pilchard- 
Jishing,  on  the  south  coast  of  England,  one  of 
the  men  engaged  in  landing  and  carrying  the 
fish  to  the  curing-houses.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  254. 

blowth  (bloth),  n.  [<  Umifi  +  -tli,  after  grow th, 
<  grow.']  Bloom  or  blossom;  blossoms  in  a  col- 
lective sense ;  the  state  of  blossoming.  [Now 
only  dialectal  in  S.  W.  England  (in  the  form 
blooth)  and  in  New  England.] 

The  seeds  and  effects  .  .  .  were  as  yet  but  potential,  and 

in  the  blowth  and  bud.        Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  I.  ix.  §  3. 

With  us  a  single  blossom  is  a  blow,  while  blowth  means 

the  blossoming  in  general.     A  farmer  would  say  that  there 

was  a  good  blowth  on  his  fruit-trees. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 

blow-through  (blo'thro),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  the  process  of  blowing  through  (which 

see,  under  blow1,  v.,  I.) Blow-through  cock,  a 

faucet  through  which  the  air  that  may  be  contained  in  a 
steam-chamber  is  blown  out  when  steam  is  admitted. — 
Blow-through  valve,  a  valve  in  the  opening  through 
which  steam  enters  a  condensing  steam-engine,  used  in 
blowing  through. 

blow-tube  (blo'tub),  ?i.  1.  A  hollow  iron  rod, 
from  5  to  6  feet  long,  by  blowing  through  which 
a  glass-blower  expands  the  semi-fluid  metal 
gathered  on  its  further  end  while  shaping  it  on 
the  marver. —  2.  Same  as  blow-gun. 
blow-up  (blo'up),  n.  [From  the  phrase  to  blow 
up:  see  blow^,  v.,  II.]  1.  A  scolding:  a  quarrel. 
[Colloq.] 

The  Captain  .  .  .  gave  him  a  grand  blow-up,  in  true 
nautical  style.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  22. 
2.  One  of  the  rooms  in  a  sugar-refinery,  usu- 
ally on  the  top  floor,  where  the  raw  sugar  is 
first  melted — Blow-up  pan,  in  sugar-re/ining,  the 
pan  in  which  the  raw  sugar,  after  being  sifted,  is  placed 
with  water  to  be  dissolved.  At  the  bottom  of  the  pan  is 
a  perforated  steam-pipe  through  which  steam  blows  up 
through  the  solution ;  hence  the  name  of  the  pan  and  of 
the  room  in  which  the  operation  is  carried  on. 
blow-valve  (blo'valv),  n.  The  snifting-valve 
of  a  condensing-engine. 

blow-well  (blo'wel),  n.  In  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, a  popular  name  for  an  artesian  well. 

At  Merton  in  Surrey,  at  Brighton,  at  Southampton,  all 
along  the  east  coast  of  Lincolnshire,  and  in  the  low  dis- 
trict between  the  chalk  wolds  near  Loiith  and  the  Wash, 
Artesian  borings  have  long  been  known,  and  go  by  the 
name  of  blow-wells  among  the  people  of  the  district. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  646. 

blowy  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blow''-  +  -yi.]  Windy; 
blowing;  breezy. 

blowze  (blouz),  n.  [Also  spelled  blowse,  blouse, 
blouze,  E.  dial,  blawse;  cf.  blowess.  Origin  un- 
certain.] If.  A  beggar's  trull ;  a  beggar  wench ; 
a  wench. 

Wed  without  my  advice,  my  love,  my  knowledge, 
Ay,  and  a  beggar,  too,  a  trull,  a  blowse ! 

Chapman,  All  Fools,  iv.  1. 

Venus  herself,  the  queen  of  Cytheron,  ...  is  but  a 
blowze.  Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  iii.  6. 

2.  A  ruddy,  fat-faced  wench ;   a  blowzy  wo- 
man: applied  in  Shakspere  to  an  infant. 
Sweet  blowse,  you  are  a  beauteous  blossom  sure. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 

blowzed(blouzd),n.  [<  blowze  +  -ed2.]  Blowzy; 
made  ruddy  and  coarse-complexioned,  as  by  ex- 
posure to  the  weather;  fat  and  high-colored. 

I  don't  like  to  see  my  daughters  trudging  up  to  their 
pew  all  blowzed  and  red  with  walking. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  x. 
Huge  women  blowzed  with  health  and  wind  and  rain. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

blowzillg  (blou'zing),  a.  [<  blowze  +  -ing?.] 
Blowzy;  flaunting;  fluffy:  as,  "that  blowing 
wig  of  his,"  J.  Baillie. 

blowzy  (blou'zi),n.  [<  blowze  +  -yl.]  1.  Ruddy- 
faced;  fat  and  ruddy;  high-colored. 
A  face  made  blowzy  by  cold  and  damp. 

George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  xi. 
2.  Disheveled ;  unkempt :  as,  blowzy  hair. 
B.   L.   R.     An   abbreviation  of  breecli-loading 
rifle  or  breech-loading  rifled :  used  in  the  tech- 
nical description  of  guns. 

In  naval  service  B.  L.  R.  guns  of  cast-iron,  strengthened 
by  rings,  have  been  employed,  ranging  from  70  to  800- 
pounders.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  665 


598 

blubt  (blub),  v.     [Var.  of  blob;  cf.  blubber.] 

1.  trans.  To  swell ;  puff  out. 

My  face  was  blown  and  blub'd  with  dropsy  wan. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  112. 

II.  intrans.  To  swell;  protrude. 
blubber  (blub'er),  v.  [Also  blubber;  <  ME.  Uub- 
ren,  bloberen,  weep,  earlier  bubble,  boil,  as  wa- 
ter in  agitation.  Cf.  G.  dial,  blubbern,  cast  up 
bubbles,  as  water,  LG.  herut  blubbern,  bab- 
ble, chatter.  Appar.  an  imitative  word,  hav- 
ing, like  many  such,  a  freq.  form.  The  short 
forms  blub  and  blob  are  modern.  Cf.  blub,  blob, 
blab,  bleb.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  weep,  especially 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  swell  the  cheeks  or  dis- 
figure the  face ;  burst  into  a  fit  of  weeping :  used 
chiefly  in  sarcasm  or  ridicule. 

Even  so  lies  she, 
Blubbering  and  weeping,  weeping  and  blubbering. 

Shak.,R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 

Hector's  infant  blubber'd  at  a  plume.  Mrs.  Browning. 
2f.  To  bubble ;  foam. 

Ther  faure  citees  wern  set,  nov  is  a  see  called, 
That  ay  is  drouy  &  dym,  &  ded  in  hit  kynde, 
Bio,  blubrande,  &  blak,  vnblythe  to  liege. 

Alliterative  Poem*  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1017. 

II.  trans.  To  disfigure  with  weeping, 
blubber  (blub'er),  n.    [Also  blabber;  <  ME.  blub- 
ber, a  bubble,  bluber,  blober,  surge,  agitation  of 
water,  bubble:  see  the  verb.]     If.  A  bubble. 
At  his  mouth  a  blubber  stode  of  fome. 

Henryson,  Test,  of  Creseide,  1.  192. 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  cetaceans,  from 
which  train-oil  is  obtained.    The  blubber  lies  under 
the  skin  and  over  the  muscles.    The  whole  quantity  yield- 
ed by  a  large  whale  ordinarily  amounts  to  40  or  60  hun- 
dredweight, but  sometimes  to  80  or  more. 

3.  A  gelatinous  substance ;  hence,  an  acaleph 
or  sea-nettle;    a  medusa. — 4.   [<  blubber,  v.] 
The  act  or  state  of  blubbering:  as,  to  be  in  a 
blubber. — 5.  One  who  blubs.     Carlyle. 

blubbered  (blub'erd),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  blubber,  v.] 
Swollen;  big;  turgid:  as,  a  blubbered  lip;  "her 
blubbered  cheeks,"  Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone, 
1.  392. 

blubberer  (blub'er-er),  n.     One  who  blubbers. 

blubber-lip  (blub'er-lip),  n.  [<  blubber  +  Up.] 
A  swollen  lip;  a  thick  lip,  such  as  that  of  a 
negro.  Also  written  blobber-lip. 

His  blubber-lips  and  beetle-brows  commend. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  iii. 

blubber-lipped  (blub'er-lipt),  a.  [ME.  blaber- 
lipped;  <  blubber  +  lip  +  -ed*.]  Having  blub- 
ber-lips. Also  written  blobber-lipped:  as,  "a 
blobber-lipped  shell,"  N.  Grew. 

blubber-spade  (blub'er-spad),  «.  [<  blubber 
(whale's  blubber)  +  spade.]  A  keen-edged 
spade  used  to  remove  the  layer  of  blubber  which 
envelops  a  whale's  body. 

blubbery  (blub'er-i),  a.  [<  blubber  +  -yi.] 
Resembling  blubber;  fat,  as  a  cetacean. 

blucher  (blo'cher),  n.  A  strong  leather  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe,  named  after  Field-marshal 
von  Blucher,  commander  of  the  Prussian  army 
in  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon. 

He  was,  altogether,  as  roystering  and  swaggering  a 
young  gentleman  as  ever  stood  four  feet  six,  or  something 
less,  in  his  bluchers.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 

bludgeon  (bluj'on),  n.  [Not  found  before 
1730  (Bailey);  origin  unknown.  A  plausible 
conjecture  connects  it  with  D.  bludsen,  blutsen, 
bruise,  beat  (parallel  with  butsen  with  same 
meaning:  see  botch%).  The  E.  word,  if  from 
this  source,  may  have  been  introduced  as  a 
cant  term  in  the  Elizabethan  period,  along 
with  many  other  cant  terms  from  the  D.  which 
never,  or  not  until  much  later,  emerged  in 
literary  use.]  A  heavy  stick,  particularly  one 
with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and  heavier 
than  the  other,  used  as  an  offensive  weapon. 

Arms  were  costly,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  fyrd 
came  equipped  with  bludgeons  and  hedge-stakes,  which 
could  do  little  to  meet  the  spear  and  battle-axe  of  the 
invader.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  127. 

blue  (bio),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  reg.  blew, 
blewe,  rarely  blue;  <  ME.  blew,  blewe,  occasion- 
ally bluwe,  blue,  blwe,  blu,  bleu,  possibly  <  AS. 
*bl(ew  (in  deriv.  blwwen,  bluish)  for  *blciir 
(whence  the  reg.  ME.  bio,  bloo,  mod.  E.  dial. 
blow,  north.  ME.  bla,  blaa,  mod.  north.  E.  and 
Sc.  blae,  blea,  after  the  Scand. :  see  blae)  (cf . 
E.  mew,  <  AS.  mmo,  a  gull) ;  but  more  prob. 
from,  and  in  any  case  merged  with,  OF.  bleu, 
blef,  mod.  F.  bleu  =  Pr.  blau,  fern,  blava  =  QSp. 
blavo,  Sp.  Pg.  blao  =  It.  biavo  (obs.  or  dial.) 
(cf.  mod.  It.  blu,<  F.  or  E.),<  ML.  bldvus,  bldvius, 
<  OHG.  blao  (blaw-),  MUG.  bid  (blaw-),  G.  blau 
=  MD.  blaeuw,  D.  blaauw  =  OFries.  blaw  = 
MLG.  bla,  bldtc,  blauwe,  LG.  blau,  blaag,  blue,  = 


blue 

AS.  *bldw  (above)  =  Icel.  bldr  =  Sw.  bid  =  Dan. 
blaa,  blue,  livid  (see  blue);  perhaps  =  L.  Jldvus, 
yellow  (color-names  being  variable  in  applica- 
tion). Some  of  the  uses  of  blue  originally  be- 
longed to  the  parallel  form  blae  in  the  sense  of 
'livid,'  as  in  black  and  blue.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the 
color  of  the  clear  sky;  of  the  color  of  the 
spectrum  between  wave-lengths  .505  and  .415 
micron,  and  more  especially  .487  to  .460,  or  of 
such  light  mixed  with  white ;  azure ;  cerulean. 
— 2.  Livid;  lead-colored:  said  of  the  skin  or 
complexion  as  affected  by  cold,  contusion,  or 
fear  (see  blae) :  hence  the  phrase  black  and  blue. 
See  black. —  3.  Figuratively,  afflicted  with  low 
spirits;  despondent;  depressed;  hypochondria- 
cal ;  having  the  blues. 

E'en  I  or  you, 
If  we'd  nothing  to  do, 
Should  find  ourselves  looking  remarkably  blue. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  10. 
Sir  Lucius  looked  blue,  but  he  had  hedged. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  ii.  5. 

4.  Dismal ;  unpromising :  applied  to  things :  as, 
a  blue  lookout.    [Colloq.]  —  5.  Inflexible ;  rigid ; 
strict  in  morals  or  religion;  puritanic:  as,  a  blue 
Presbyterian :  often  in  the  form  true  blue  (which 
see,  below). —  6.  [With  ref.  to  blue-stocking,  q. 
v.]    Learned;  pedantic:  applied  to  women. 

Some  of  the  ladies  were  very  blue  and  well  informed. 

Thackeray. 

7.  Indecent:  obscene:  as.  blue  stories.  [Colloq.] 

—  Black  and  blue.   See  Mac*.— Blue  antelope.    Same 
as  blauit'bok.— Blue  asbestos.      See  crocidohte.—  Blue 
ashes,  a  hydrated  basic  copper  carbonate,  prepared  arti- 
ficially.   It  is  found  native  ("  mountain  blue  ")  in  Cum- 
berland, England.— Blue   beech.     Same  as  water-beech. 

—  Blue  bindweed,  blood,  bream,  carmine,  clay,  etc. 
See  the  nouns.— Blue  copperas.     Same  as  Milestone.— 
Blue  flesh-fly.    Same  as  bluebottle,  2.— Blue  funk,  ex- 
treme nervousness  or  nervous  agitation ;  nervous  appre- 
hension or  dread. —  Blue  glass,  glass  colored  with  cobalt 
manganese.— Blue  ground.    Same  as  blue  rock  (b  or  c). 

—  Blue  lake,  a  pigment  similar  to  Antwerp  blue.— Blue 
magnetism,  that  which  characterizes  the  south  pole  of 
a  magnet.— Blue  malachite.  See  malachite.— Blue  met- 
al,copper  at  a  certain  stage  in  the  process  of  refining. 

—  Blue   milk,  Monday,  etc.     See   the   nouns.— Blue 
OCher.    See  ocher.— Blue  pole,  the  south  pole  of  a  mag- 
net.—  Blue  pulp,  a  name  of  various  mixtures  known  to 
calico-printers  and  -dyers,  made  up  of  yellow  prussiate  of 
potash  and  protochlorid  or  bichlorid  of  tin  and  water. — 
Blue  ribbon.    See  ribbon.  —  Blue  rock,    (a)  The  name 
in  parts  of  Irejand  of  an  are  naceous  shale,    (b)  In  Austra- 
lia, the  volcanic  (basaltic)  m  aterial  in  places  overlying  the 
Tertiary  auriferous  gravels,    (c)  The  bluish-colored  matrix 
in  which  the  South  African  diamonds  are  often  found  em- 
bedded.   It  is  a  kind  of  breccia.— Blue  sand,  a  cobalt 
smalt  used  by  potters  for  painting  blue  figures  on  pottery. 
—Blue  shark.    See  shark.—  Blue  verdlter.    Same  as 
Bremen  blue  (see  below).  — Blue  vitriol.    See  vitriol.— 
Tq  burn  blue,  to  burn  with  a  bluish  flame  like  that  of 
brimstone.— True  blue   (that  is,  genuine,  lasting  blue: 
blue  being  taken  aa  a  type  of  constancy,  and  used  in  this 
and  other  phrases  often  with  an  added  allusion  to  some 
other  sense  of  blue],  constant ;  unwavering;  stanch;  ster- 
ling ;  unflinching ;  upright  and   downright :  specifically 
applied  to  the  Scotch  Presbyterians  or  Whig  party  in  tiie 
seventeenth  century,  from  the  color  (blue)  adopted  by  the 
Covenanters  in  contradistinction  to  the  royal  red. 

II.  n.  1.  The  color  of  the  clear  sky  or  of 
natural  ultramarine,  or  a  shade  or  a  tint  re- 
sembling it;  azure.  See  I.,  1. —  2.  A  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  hue.  The  substances  used  as  blue  pig- 
ments are  of  very  different  natures,  and  derived  from  va- 
rious sources ;  they  are  all  compound  bodies,  some  being 
natural  and  others  artificial.  See  phrases  below. 
3.  Bluing. — 4.  The  sky;  the  atmosphere.  [Po- 
etic.] 

I  came  and  sat 

Below  the  chestnuts,  when  their  buds 
Were  glistening  in  the  breezy  blue. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

5.  The  sea;  the  deep  sea.     [Poetic.] — 6.  A 
member  of  a  party,  or  of  any  company  of  per- 
sons, which  has  adopted  blue  as  its  distinctive 
color. — 7.  The  heavy  winter  coat  of  the  deer. 
See  phrase  in  the  blue,  below. —  8.  A  butterfly 
of  the  family  Lyccenida;,  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  other  parts  of  Europe. — 9.  [Short  for  blue- 
stocking.]   A  pedantic  woman. 

Next  to  a  lady  I  must  bid  adieu  — 
Whom  some  in  mirth  or  malice  call  a  blue. 

Crabbe. 

Alexandria  blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians, composed  of  the  silicates  of  copper  and  lime.  Also 
called  Bi/iiiitian  blue.  —  Alizarin  blue,  Ci7H9NO4,  a  coal- 
tar  color  used  for  dyeing,  prepared  by  heating  iiitro-aliza- 
rin  with  glycerin  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  afterward  wash- 
ing with  water.  It  occurs  in  commerce  as  a  dark-violet 
paste  containing  about  10  per  cent,  of  dry  substance,  and  is 
used  in  wool-dyeing  and  calico-printing  in  place  of  indigo, 
under  certain  conditions.  Also  called  anthracene  bhu1. 

—  Alkali  blue,  in  dyeing,  a  coal-tar  color  used  for  bright- 
blue  shades  on   silk  and  wool,  but  ur.suitod  for  cotton, 
because  it  will  not  combine  with  acid  mordants.     It  con- 
sists essentially  of  the  sodium  salt  of  monosulphonic  acid 
of  rosaniline  blue,  and  is  applied  in  a  slightly  alkaline 
bath  (hence  the  name).     Also  called  fast  blue  and  Guern- 
*v;/  Wee.-  Aniline  blue,  a  generic  name  for  spirit-blue, 
soluble  blue,  ami  alkali  blue.    See  these  terms.  —  Anthra- 


blue 

cene  blue,  same  ^  .>'.  .,,.,.  I,/H?.  Antwerp  blue,  a 
I'russian  hint1  made  somewhat  lighter  in  color  f>\  tin1  a>l 
dition  of  alumina.  It  is  more  greenish  than  l'rnh.tian  blue. 
Also  culled  llniirii'in  lit"'',  iiiinrni/  «"> .  Armenian 
blue,  a  pigment  used  by  the  ani-irnls,  probabt.v  a  native 
ultramarine.  Azure  blue,  a  name  given  to  various  pig- 
luellU,  Mird  as  cobalt  blue,  ultramarine,  ali'l  carbonate  of 
copper.  — BaalC  blue,  a  more  can-fully  prepare, I  .spirit- 
Hue  of  tin-  first  kind,  See  .*7-iVj'  />'//,-.  Also  called  »j,nL- 
Mil'1.  Berlin  blue.  Sumaas^uwtai  />/»••,  but  usually  a 
little  lighter  in  color.  Also  i-alk>il  */.-.•(-«/<..  Blackley 
blue.  BameuMiuMiJitu  («).  Bremen  blue,  a  by  hat 
ed  eoppei  o\nl  formed  by  precipitating  nitrate  of  copper 
with  Mine.  It  is  mostly  used  for  ire.vo  painting,  and  re- 
tains its  Mile  color  iiniler  artificial  li'Jit.  A I -i  i  call. 'i I  './"• 
wrditer.  —  Cerulean  blue,  a  pigment  composed  of  the 
oxids  of  tin  ami  cobalt.  It  retain,  its  bine  color  by  artifi- 
cial light. —  Chemtc  blue,  a  term  nscil  by  dye-re  for  a  very 
acid  solution  of  iinli^o  in  sulphuric  acid  which  i  e-nulil.  - 
.xiMiuy  bine.  China  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  similar  to 
soluble  bine,  used  in  'hem-.  Chinese  blue,  a  pigment 
similar  In  Prussian  blue,  but  when  liry  ami  in  a  lump  torni 
having  a  peculiar  rcililish-bronze  cast.  Its  tints  are  purer 
than  those  of  Prussian  blue.  -Cobalt  blue,  a  pure  blue 
tending  toward  cyan-blue  and  of  high  luminosity.  Also 
called  // ii nifdri/  blue,  Leithner'n  blue,  and  7'nrij*  /</"-•. — 
Coupler's  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  In  dyeing.  It  la  a 
spirit -iniliiline,  and  is  the  hydrochlorid  of  some  color-baae, 
such  us  triplicnyl-viohuiUine.  It  yields  a  dark-blue  color 
not  unlike  indigo,  and  can  be  dyed  on  wool,  silk,  and  cut- 
ton.  Also  callc'Ui-'"'/'/'/"  '"<//,  Klbcrfeld  blue,  Kitubaix  ttlu>'. 

—  Cyanlne  blue.  Same  its  Lfiich'sblue.— Distilled  blue, 
a  purilieil  solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo. — Dumont's  blue, 
a  carefully  prepared  smalt  used  by  decorators  of  china. 

Egyptian  blue.  Same  as  Alexandria  blue.— Elberfeld 
blue.  Same  as  Coupier'n  Mite.  —  Eschel  blue.  Same  as 
Ktnu'f.  Fast  blue.  Same  as  alkali  blue.  —  Fluorescent 
resorclnal  blue,  a  coal-tar  color  used  In  dyeing,  pre- 
pared by  dissolving  a/o resorufin  in  potash,  adding  bro- 
mine, ami  precipitating  with  hydrochloric  uciil  the  hex- 
abroni-<li;i/o  resot  ulinale,  and  converting  this  into  the  so- 
diuni  salt.  It  dyes  wool  and  silk  a  fast  blue  with  a  red 
fluorescence,  especially  in  artificial  light.  Also  called  re- 
Borcin  blue. — French  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultrama- 
rine (which  see.  under  ultramarine).  —  Qentlana  blue. 
Same  as  spirit-blue.  —  Gold  blue,  a  color  similar  to  purple 
ofCassius.  See  purple.—  Guernsey  blue.  Same  as  alkali 
blue. — Guimet  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultramarine 
(which  see,  under  ufti-umariiit'). — Haarlem  blue.  Same 
a»  Antwerp  blue.—  HumbOldt  blue.  Same  as  xpirit-Mue. 

—  Hungary  blue,  same  as  mbalt  bl tie.— Imperial  blue. 
same  as  x/iirit-Miir.  -Indian  blue.    Same  as  indigo.— 
Intense  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  reflniiiK  indigo.— In 
the  blue,  wearing  the  blue  coat,  as  a  deer. 

There  is  a  bluish  shade  observed  on  the  common  deer, 
which  Is  so  prevalent  as  to  have  given  the  winter  coat  the 
general  appellation  of  the  blue  among  frontiersmen  and 
hunters,  who  say  the  deer  is  in  the  red  or  the  blue,  as  he 
may  lie  in  the  summer  or  the  winter  coat. 

J.  D.  Calm,  Antelope  and  Deer  of  America,  p.  149. 

Leltch'a  blue,  a  compound  of  cobalt  blue  and  Prussian 
blue.  Also  called  cttanine  blue. —  Lelthner's  blue.  Same 
aa  cobalt  blue. —  Lyons  blue,  one  of  the  commercial 
names  of  spirit-blue.  —  Mineral  blue.  Same  <u  Antwerp 
blue.  —  Monthier's  blue,  a  special  kind  of  Prussian  blue, 
in  the  making  of  which  ammonia  is  used.  —  Mountain 
blue.  Sec  azurite.—  Napoleon  blue,  a  blue  color  dyed 
on  silk  by  means  of  basic  ft- rric  sulphate  and  yellow  prus- 
siate  of  potash,  forming  a  Prussian  blue.  Also  called  Ray- 
mond'* Mm-.  —  Native  Prussian  blue.  Same  as  blue  other 
(which  sec,  under  OC/KT).  —  Navy  blue.  Same  as  soluble 
blue  (6).  — Nemours  blue,  a  color  produced  In  dyeing,  by 
first  dyeing  with  sandal-wood  and  afterward  with  indigo, 
giving  a  purple  hue  by  reflected  light.  —  Neutral  blue, 
a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  the  hydrochlorid  of  the 
color-base  safrauiue.  It  ia  useful  only  In  dyeing  cotton. — 
New  blue.  Same  as  artificial  ultramarine,  or,  in  coal-tar 
colors,  same  as  neutral  blue.—  Night  blue,  (a)  Same  as 
Victoria  blue,  but  of  a  purer  shade,  (ft)  Soluble  blue, 
(c)  Any  blue  that  is  free  from  violet,  and  retains  a  true 
blue  color  in  artificial  light.  —  Paris  blue,  (a)  Same  as 
cobalt  blue,  (fc)  A  somewhat  light  shade  of  Prussian  blue. 

—  Parma  blue,  a  spirit-blue  of  the  first  kind,  with  a  de- 
cided violet  tone.— Paste  blue.   («)  Sulphate  of  indigo, 
(fr)  Prussian  blue  in  a  pasty  state. —  Permanent  blue. 
Same  as  artificial  ultramarine  (which  see,  under  ultra- 
iiutriii,-).     Prussian  blue,  a  pigment  made  by  precipi- 
tating ferric  sulphate  with  yellow  prussiate  of  potash, 
forming  a  ferrocyatiide  of  iron.    It  is  a  cyan-blue  like  that 
of  the  spectrum  of  wave-length  .4SO  micron ;  its  chroma  Is 
strong,  but  its  luminosity  is  low.    Sometimes  called  royal 
I'l'"-     Raymond's  blue.     Sumo  as  Xapoleon  blue.  —  Re- 
boulleau's blue.  8«meas&ftiiri«/wrfA  bin?.  —  Resorcin 

blue.      Same    as    //N.,,W,V///    /••  v»iv//m£    Ml/*-.  —  RoUbalX 

blue.  Same  as  f'.ni/,/w*  blue.  -Royal  blue.  Same  as 
ttmalt.  In  dyeing,  Prussian  blue  is  sometimes  so  named. 

—  Sanders  or  aaunders  blue,  a  corrupt  name  for  the 
French  '-.-in /,w  >,!,  ".^(ultramarine  ashes).  —  Saxony  blue, 
the  sulphlndigotic  acid  of  commerce,  prepared  by  dissolv- 
ing indigo  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  nsed  for 
dyeing  on  wool  ami  silk.    It  is  brighter  in  color  than  that 
obtained  from  the  indigo-vat,  but  is  not  BO  fast  either  to 
light  or  to  tlie  action  of  soap.  -  Schwelnfurth  blue,  a 
pigment  miulo  by  fusing  together  copper  nrseniute,  potas- 
sium arseniate,  and  niter.    The  product  soon  turns  blue 
when  mived   with  oil.     Also   called    Kflnmlleau'i  blue.— 
Soluble  blue,    (a)  A  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  ob- 
tainetl  by  beating  a  spirit-blue  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
the  product  with  oxalic  acid.    Such  blues  are  soluble  in 
water,  in  distinction  from  the  fpMC-M«M.  which  are  solu- 
ble only  in  alcohol.     Also  called   ISIarklfii  Hue.    (b)  A 
Prussian  blue  to  which  has  been  added  an  excess  of  prus- 
siatc  ot   ]»itash.      Also  called  lia/l-Nue,   nai'v  blur.  — The 
blues.    (")  ICoutraction   for  MlM-dntb.]     Low  spirits; 
melancholy  ;  despondency  ;  hypochondria.     See  blni'-'t>  <•- 
Us.    (b)  [cnjt.  ]  The  name  popularly  given  to  the  English 
regiment  properh  called  the  Ko\a!  Horse  Cuards,  or  o\- 
foril  H!<><'*.  tlrst  mustered  in  lotll,  ami  so  called  from  their 
blue  uniforms.  — To  be  a  blue,  to  have  won  one's  blue 
(which  see.  below).    (F.ng.l—  To  win  one's  blue,  to  be 
chosen  to  represent  a  university  (Oxford  or  Cambridge)  or 
school  (Harrow  or  I'.tou)  in  athletic  contests:  from  the 


599 

ilistineth,  colors  (dark  blue  for  Oxford  and  Harrow,  and 
light  bine  for  i  [iinln  jil-e  and  Eton)  adopted  by  students 
at  those  institutions.  |Kng.  ]  Ultramarine  blue.  See 
K/i'it  unu-i,  f.  Vat-blue,  sai:  Vic- 

toria blue,  a  coal-tar  color  nsc'l  in  dvein^'.  It  is  a  dark- 
blue  powder  soluble  in  water,  ami  can  be  dyed  on  uool, 
silk,  or  cotton.  —  Violet-blue,  a  blue  tending  toward 

violet,   the  color  of  tile  spectrum    betuecll    « a\e-li  ni;tli- 

.460  to  .415  micron,  or  of  such  light  mixed  with  white. 
Wine-blue,  umocyan,  used  as  a  coloring  matter  for  red 
wines. 

blue  (WO),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blued,  ppr.  bluing. 
[<   Hue.  «.]    I.  trans.  To  make  blue;  dye  a 
blue  color;  color  with  bluing;  make  blue  by 
heating,  as  metals,  etc. 
Il.t  intrant.  To  blush. 

blueback  (blo'bak),  n.  1.  A  local  English 
name  (current  in  Yorkshire)  of  the  coal-fish,  in 
allusion  to  the  bluish  color  of  the  back. —  2. 
The  blue-backed  salmon  or  nerka,  Oncorhynchus 
nerka,  known  in  Idaho  as  the  red-fish. —  3.  In 
Maryland  aud  Virginia,  the  glut-herring;  a 
herring-like  fish,  Clupea  cestivalis,  without  vo- 
merine  or  palatine  teeth,  with  the  lower  jaw 
projecting  but  little,  and  the  peritoneum  black- 
ish. It  is  much  like  the  alewife,  but  of  less 
value. —  4.  A  local  name  in  Maine  of  the  blue- 
backed  trout,  Salrelinus  oquassa. 

bluebell  (blo'bel),  n.  The  popular  name  of 
several  different  plants:  (a)  In  Scotland,  of 
Campanula  rotund  (folia,  a  plant  bearing  a  loose 
panicle  of  blue  bell-shaped  flowers.  See  hare- 
bell, (ft)  In  England,  of  Scilla  nutans,  the  wild 
hyacinth,  from  the  shape  of  its  drooping  flow- 
ers, (c)  Of  the  grape-hyacinth,  Muscari  botry- 
oides.  (rf)  Occasionally,  of  other  plants  with 
blue  bell-shaped  flowers. 

blueberry  (blo'ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  blueberries  (-iz). 
[<  blue  +  berry1.  Cf.  blaeberry.']  In  America: 
(a)  The  fruit  of  several  species  of  Vaccinium, 
ordinarily  distinguished  from  the  various  kinds 
of  huckleberry  by  its  blue  color  and  smaller 
seeds.  The  swamp  or  tall  blueberry  is  the  f'ac- 
cinium  corymbosum ;  the  low  blueberry,  V.vacil- 
lans ;  and  the  dwarf  blueberry,  V.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum.  See  bilberry,  (b)  Another  name  of 
the  cohosh,  Caitlophyllum  thalictroides. 

bluebill  (blS'bil),  n.  A  scaup  duck;  the  black- 
head (which  see). 

blue-billy  (blo'bil'i),  n.  [<  blue  +  billy,  per- 
haps the  proper  name  Billy  used  familiarly,  as 
in  other  instances :  see  billyl,  billyl.~\  Inmetal., 
the  residuum  from  pyrites,  roasted  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  sulphuric  acid,  or  for  the  extrac- 
tion in  the  moist  way  of  the  copper  which  it 
contains.  This  residuum,  consisting  mainly  of  peroxid 
of  iron,  is  largely  used  as  fettling  in  the  puddUng-fur- 
naces  in  parts  of  England. 

bluebird  (blo'berd),  n.  [In  17th  century,  bletr- 
bird.~\  1.  An  American  oscine  passerine  bird, 
of  the  genus  Sialia,  of  which  blue  is  the  chief 
color.  There  are  several  species.  The  common  or  Wil- 
son's bluebird,  Sialia  tiaU*.  InhabiU  eastern  North  Amer- 
ica. It  is  about  64  inches  long,  blue  above  and  dull-red- 
dish and  white  below.  In  most  parts  of  the  United  States 
it  is  a  harbinger  of  spring,  coming  with  a  melodious  song. 
It  nests  in  holes,  and  lays  plain  pale-bluish  eggs.  The 
western  or  Mexican  bluebird  S.  mcxicana,  is  very  similar, 
but  has  a  reddish  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  throat  blue. 
The  arctic  or  Rocky  Mountain  bluebird,  S.  arctica,  is  a 
larger  species,  of  a  paler  blue  than  the  others,  fading  into 
white  below,  without  any  red. 
2.  Some  other  bird  of  a  blue  color:  as,  the 
fairy  bluebird  of  Java,  Irene  turcosa. 

blue-black  (blo'blak),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of  a 
bluish-black  color. 

II.  n.  1.  A  name  of  ivory-black,  from  its 
bluish  hue ;  a  color  resembling  ivory-black. — 
2.  A  well-burnt  and  levigated  charcoal  pre- 

Sared  from  vine-twigs.  Also  called  rme-black. 
ueblawt  (blO'bla),  «.  [Also  written  blue- 
blow,  early  mod.  E.  blewblaw,  <  6/cir,  blue,  + 
*blair,  appar.  a  varied  form  of  blue  or  blae  (ME. 
bla,  etc.),  later  modified  to  blow.']  An  old  name 
of  the  bluebottle,  Centaurea  Cyanus. 

blue-blazer  (blS'bla'zer),  n.  A  sweetened  and 
flavored  drink  made  of  Scotch  whisky  and 
water  mixed,  after  being  set  on  fire,  by  pour- 
ing back  and  forth  between  two  mugs. 

blue-blind  (WS'blind),  a.  Unable  to  distin- 
guish the  color  blue  from  other  colors. 

From  the  rarity  and,  in  many  cases,  the  entire  absence 
of  reference  to  blue  In  ancient  literature,  Gelger  .  .  . 
has  maintained  that,  even  as  recently  as  the  time  of  Ho* 
mer,  our  ancestors  were  blut-blintl. 

Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXI.  200. 

blueblowt,  ».    See  blueblaw. 

bluebonnet  (blo'bon'et),  ».  1.  A  name  for 
the  blue  titmouse,  Parus  caruleus.  Also  called 
blueca/>.  Macnillirray. —  2.  In  fcof.,  same  as 
liln/'lmttlc.  1. —  3.  A  name  given  to  the  soldiery 
of  Scotland  when  it  was  a  separate  kingdom, 


bluefish 

f  nun  tin-  color  of  their  lioiniets;  also,any  Scotch- 
man: generally  aw  two  words.  Also  blurm/i. 

Kngland  Khali  many  a  day 
Tell  of  the  bloody  fray 
When  the  nine  Hniine!*  came  over  the  Border. 

tottj  Halla.t.  Monastery,  an. 

bluebottle  (WO'bot'l),  n.  [In  def.  1  with  ref . 
to  the  blue  funnel-shaped  florets  arranged  in  a 
hottli'-^liapeil  involucre  or  whorl.]  1.  In  hot., 
Centum  i  a  (  'I/IIHM»,  a  composite  plant,  a  weed  in 
Europe,  cultivated  for  ornament  in  America. 
Also  called  bluebonnet  and  hl/ac/i/i. —  2.  In 
a  dipterous  insect  with  a  blue  abdomen,  of  the 
family  Mitscirhr  and  genus  .!/«.«•»,  or  '  'iilli/ihora. 
Also  popularly  called  beef-ea  tcr  and  blucjlenh-fiy. 

Inder  tin-  term  Wr/*''«»H/«?  at  least  two  Slieciei)  are  In- 
eluded  [in  England],  namely,  Mnsca  voniltoria  and  M. 
erythrocephala.  They  both  have  the  under  surface  of  the 
head  red.  si,i,,,l.  Hut.  lli*t.,  VI.  95 

3.  A  policeman,  a  beadle,  or  other  officer  wear- 
ing a  blue  dress.  [Slang.] 

bluebreast  (blS'brest),  «.    Same  as  bluethroat. 

bluebuck  (blO'buk),  n.  [Tr.  of  D.  blauwbok.] 
Same  us  liliiinrhok. 

bluebush  (blO'bush),  n.  A  Mexican  shrub,  Ce- 
<i  unlit  us  ir.iiri-iix,  with  abundant  blue  flowers. 

bluebuttons  (blo'but'onz),  M.  Same  as  blue- 
I'nji.  '.\  (a). 

bluecap  (blO'kap),  ».  1.  A  fish  said  to  be  of 
the  salmon  kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head. 
Imp.  Diet. —  2.  Same  as  bluebonnet,  \. — 3.  In 
hot. :  (a)  Some  blue-flowered  species  of  Scabi- 
osa,  as  f>.  succisa  and  >S.  arrengis.  (b)  The  blue- 
bottle, Centaurea  Cyanus. — 4.  Same  as  blue- 
bonnet,  3. 

A  thousand  Hue-cap*  more.  Shot.,  1  II.  n.  IV.,  1L  4. 
5.  In  coal-mining,  a  blue  or  brownish  halo 
around  the  flame  of  the  safety-lamp,  indicat- 
ing the  presence  of  a  dangerous  quantity  of 
fire-damp. 

bluecoat  (blS'kot),  H.  A  person  who  wears  a 
blue  coat,  especially  as  a  uniform  or  livery. 
Specifically  —  (a)  A  serving-man,  especially  in  the  house 
of  an  English  country  gentleman.  The  blue  coat  and 
badge  were  formerly  the  common  livery  of  all  the  male  ser- 
vants and  attendants  in  a  large  establishment.  (6)  A  sol- 
dier in  the  army  of  the  l.'nited  States. —  Bluecoat  boy,  a 
pupil  of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  a  foundation  dating 
from  the  time  of  Edward  VI.,  the  lienenciaries  of  which, 
who  are  young  hoys,  still  wear  the  dress  common  to  boys 
at  that  time,  or  a  slight  modification  of  it,  consisting  of  a 
long  blue  coat  girded  with  a  leather  lielt,  knee-breeches, 
yellow  stockings,  and  low  shoes.  Their  head-dress  is  what 
is  called  a  muffin-cap  (which  see),  but  generally  they  wear 
no  caps,  even  in  the  coldest  weather. 

blue-cod  (blO'kod),  n.  A  chiroid  fish,  OpAio- 
don  elonaatus,  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States,  better  known  as  cultus-eod. 

blue-creeper  (WS'kre'per),  M.  A  graceful  twin- 
ing plant  of  Tasmania,  Comespernia  rolubile, 
natural  order  Polygalacea:,  bearing  an  abun- 
dance of  bright-blue  flowers. 

blue-curls  (blO'kerlz),  M.  A  low  labiate  plant 
of  the  United  States,  Trichoxtema  dichotomum, 
with  blue  flowers  and  very  long  coiled  fila- 
ments. 

blue-devils  (blO'dey'lz),  n.  pi.  [See  blue,  a., 
3,  4.]  1.  Low  spirits;  depression  of  mind. — 
2.  [With  allusion  to  the  apparitions  of  such 
delirium.]  Delirium  tremens. 

blue-disease  (blo'di-zez' ),  «.   Same  as  cyanosis. 

blue-eyed  (blo'id),  a.  Having  blue  eyes :  as, 
"the  blue-ei/ed  Norseman,"  Longfellow,  Tales 
of  a  Wayside  Inn —  Blue-eyed  grass,  in  '-•'.,  the 

name  in  the  I'nited  States  of  species  of  .S'i*yrinfAiutn. — 
Blue-eyed  Mary,  the  name  of  a  hoiaginaceoui  plant, 
Omphalodejt  rrrna,  of  Europe,  with  small  blue  flowers, 
resembling  the  forget-me-not. 

bluefln  (blo'fin),  n.  A  local  name  in 'the 
United  States  of  the  lake-herring  or  whitefish 
of  Lake  Michigan,  Coregonus  nigripinnis.  See 
Cisco. 

bluefish  (lild' fish).  H.  1.  The  usual  name  of  a 
fish  of  the  family  Pomatomida;  the  Pomatomus 
saltatrix,  also  called  tailor,  skipjack,  bluc-snaj>- 
per,  and  green-fish,  it  is  of  compressed  subfuslform 
shape,  greenish  or  bluish  altove  and  silvery  below.  It 


s  taltatrixl. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.  1884-! 

sometimes  attains  a  length  of  about  3  feet,  though  it  I* 
usually  much  smaller.  It  \*  common  in  many  seas,  but  U 
best  known  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  I'nited  States. 
Its  teeth  are  small  but  trenchant,  and  the  fish  is  exceed- 
ingly ravenous  ami  destructive  to  other  fishes.  It  affords 
excellent  sport,  and  IU  flesh  is  esteemed  for  the  table. 


bluefish 

2.  An  occasional  (New  England)  name  of  the 
common  cunner,  Ctenolabrus  adspcrsus.  See 
cwmer. — 3.  A  Calif ornian  scia?noid  fish,  Cyno- 
scion  parripinne,  related  to  the  weakfish  of  the 
eastern  United  States. — 4.  A  pimelepteroid 
fish  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States, 
G-irelld  nit/ric/iiis,  of  a  bluish-brown  color,  with 
tricuspid  incisors  in  an  outer  row,  and  a  band 
of  smaller  teeth  within. — 5.  A  West  Indian 
and  Floridian  labroid  fish,  Platyglossus  radiattis, 
with  9  dorsal  spines,  cheeks  and  opercles  naked, 
and  well-developed  posterior  canines.  The  adult 
is  azure-blue,  with  a  longitudinal  band  on  the  anal  fln  and 
a  blue  margin  on  the  dorsal. 

blue-glede  (blo'gled),  n.  An  English  name  of 
the  ring-tailed  harrier,  Circus  cyaneus.  Also 
called  blue-kite  and  blue-hawk. 

blue-gown  (blo'goun),  n.  One  of  a  former  order 
of  paupers  in  Scotland,  also  called  the  king's 
beadsmen,  to  whom  the  king  annually  distrib- 
uted certain  alms  on  condition  of  their  praying 
for  his  welfare.  Their  number  was  equal  to  the  num- 
ber of  years  the  king  had  lived.  The  alms  consisted  of  a 
blue  gowu  or  cloak,  a  purse  containing  as  many  shillings 
Scots  (pennies  sterling)  as  the  years  of  the  king's  age,  and 
a  badge  bearing  the  words  "  Pass  and  repass,"  which  pro- 
tected them  from  all  laws  against  mendicity.  Edie  Ochil- 
tree,  in  Sir  W.  Scott's  novel  "  The  Antiquary,"  is  a  type  of 
the  class.  The  practice  of  appointing  beadsmen  was  dis- 
continued in  1833. 

blue-grass  (blo'gras),  n.  [<  blue  +  grass.  Cf. 
Icel.  bld-gras  (Geranium  pratenge).]  In  bot., 
the  name  of  several  species  of  Poa.  The  blue- 
grass  of  England  is  P.  compressa  ;  of  Kentucky,  jP.  pra- 
tenxis.  highly  valued  in  the  United  States  for  pasturage 
and  hay  ;  and  of  Texas,  P.  arachnifera.  The  red-tooped 
blue-grass  of  Montana  and  westward  is  P.  tenutfofia. — 
Blue-grass  region.  See  grass. 

blue-gum  (blo'gum),  n.  1.  In  pathol.,  a  blue 
coloration  of  the  free  edge  of  the  gums,  fre- 
quent in  cases  of  lead-poisoning. — 2.  The  blue- 
gum  tree — Blue-gum  tree,  the  Eucalyptus  t/lobulus, 
an  important  tree  of  Australia,  of  extremely  rapid  growth, 
and  known  to  have  attained  a  height  of  360  feet.  It  is 
reputed  to  be  a  preventive  of  malaria,  and  is  now  largely 
planted  in  California  and  other  countries.  Its  leaves  are 
odoriferous  when  bruised,  and  are  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

blue-haflt  (bio/ haf  "  it),  n.  A  local  Scotch 
name  of  the  bird  better  known  as  the  hedge- 
chanter,  Accentor  modularis.  See  cut  under 
Accentor. 

blue-hawk  (blo'hak),  n.  1.  Same  as  blue-glede. 
—  2.  The  adult  peregrine  falcon,  Falco  pere- 
grinus. —  3.  The  American  goshawk,  Astur  atri- 
capillus. 

blue-hearts  (blo'harts),  «.  The  common  name 
of  Buchnera  Americana,  natural  order  Scrophu- 
lariacece,  a  perennial  herb  with  deep-purple 
flowers. 

blue-hot  (blo'hot),  a.  Blue  with  heat :  said  of 
a  body  at  so  high  a  temperature  that  the  more 
refrangible  rays,  that  is,  the  blue  and  violet, 
preponderate  in  its  total  radiation,  so  that  the 
light  it  emits  appears  blue. 

blueing,  «.    See  bluing. 

blue-jack  (blo'jak),  «.  A  species  of  oak,  Quer- 
cus  cincrea,  a  small  tree  with  hard,  strong,  and 
heavy  wood,  found  on  the  coasts  of  the  south- 
ern United  States. 

blue-jacket  (bio' jak"et),  n.  1 .  In  the  naval  ser- 
vice, a  sailor  as  distinguished  from  a  marine: 
so  called  from  the  color  of  his  jacket. —  2.  A 
name  given  in  the  United  States  to  hymeuop- 
terous  insects  of  the  family  Sphegida.  The  pre- 
dominant color  is  blue.  The  best-known  are  the  Pelopceus 
ccemleux,  a  northern  species,  and  the  Chlorion  cyaneum, 
whose  range  is  more  to  the  south.  Both  are  known  un- 
der the  collective  name  of  mud-daubers.  See  cuts  under 
AmmophUa,  digger-wasp,  and  mud-dauber. 

blue-John  (blo'jon),  n.  The  local  name  in  Der- 
byshire, England,  of  a  blue  variety  of  fluor- 
spar. 

Blue  John  was  a  name  given  by  the  miners  who  first 
discovered  it  to  a  variety  of  fluor  spar,  in  order  to  distin- 
guish it  from  Black  Jack,  which  is  an  ore  of  zinc. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  508. 

bluejoint-grass  (blo'joint-gras),  n.  A  common 
name  in  the  United  States  of  two  stout  bluish- 
stemmed  grasses,  Deyeuxia  (Calamagrostis)  Ca- 
nadensis,  and,  west  of  the  Eocky  Mountains, 
Agropyrum  alaucum. 

blue-kite  (b'lo'kit),  «.     Same  as  blue-glede. 

blue-laid  (blo'lad),  a.  In  paper-making,  having 
a  blue  tinge :  said  of  a  class  of  laid  papers. 

blue-laws  (blo'laz),  n.  pi.  A  supposititious 
code  of  severe  laws  for  the  regulation  of  re- 
ligious and  personal  conduct  in  the  colonies  of 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven ;  hence,  any  rigid^ 
Sunday  laws  or  religious  regulations.  The  asser- 
tion by  some  writers  of  the  existence  of  the  blue  laws  has 
no  other  basis  than  the  adoption  by  the  first  authorities  of 
the  New  Haven  colony  of  the  Scriptures  as  their  code  of 
law  and  government,  and  their  strict  application  of  Mosaic 
principles. 


600 

blue-leg  (blo'leg),  n.  [A  sportive  adaptation 
of  blue-stocking,  «.]  A  blue-stocking ;  a  literary 
person. 

When  Madame  de  Staei  resided  at  Coppet,  it  was  her 
custom  to  collect  around  her  in  the  evening  a  circle  of 
literati,  the  blue  legs  of  Geneva,  by  some  one  of  whom  an 
essay,  a  disquisition,  or  a  portion  of  a  work  in  progress, 
was  frequently  read  aloud  to  entertain  the  rest. 

Southty,  The  Doctor,  i.  84. 


blueling  (blo'ling),  w.  [<  blue  +  -ling1.]  A  small 
butterfly  of  the  genus  Polyommatus  or  Lyccena, 
notable  for  its  blue  color. 

bluely  (blo'li),  adv.    With  a  blue  color.     Swift. 

blue-mantle  (blo'man/tl),  n.  The  title  of  one 
of  the  English  pursuivants-at-arms.  The  ofBce 
was  instituted  either  by  Edward  HI.  or  by  Henry  V.,  and 
named  in  allusion  to  the  robes  of  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
or,  as  some  suppose,  to  the  color  of  the  arms  of  France. 

blue-mass  (blo'mas),  n.  A  drug  made  by  rub- 
bing up  metallic  mercury  with  confection  of 
roses  until  all  the  globules  disappear.  Of  this 
blue-pills  are  made. 

blue-metal  (blo'mef'al),  w.  See  blue  metal,  un- 
der metal. 

blue-mold  (blo'mold),  n.  A  common  minute 
fungus,  Penicillium  erustaceum,  of  bluish  or 
greenish  color, 
found  on  moldy 
bread  and  a 
large  number 
of  foods  and 
other  substan- 
ces. The  myceli- 
um or  spawn  sends 
up  numerous  slen- 
der filaments  or  hy- 
phae,  which  branch 
at  the  top  and  bear 
chains  of  repro- 
ductive cells  or  co- 
nidia.  In  rare  cases 
spores  are  pro- 
duced in  asci. 

blueness  (blo'- 
nes),  ».  [<  blue 
+  -ness.]  The 
quality  of  be- 
ing blue  in  any 
sense. 

blue-nose  (blo'noz),  ».  1.  A  native  of  Nova 
Scotia:  a  colloquial  designation,  in  allusion 
either  to  the  hue  given  to  the  noses  of  its  in- 
habitants by  its  severe  winter,  or  to  a  kind  of 
potato  so  named  which  is  largely  produced 
there.  Haliburton. — 2.  A  Nova  Scotian  vessel. 

blue-Ointment  (blo'oinf'ment),  n.  Mercurial 
ointment. 

blue-paidle  (blo'pa"dl),  «.  A  Scotch  name  of 
the  lumpsucker. 

blue-paper  (blo'pa'per),  n.  Paper  sensitive  to 
light,  prepared  by  floating  white  paper  on  a 
solution  of  potassium  ferrocyanide.  it  is  used 
for  copying  maps  and  plans,  printing  photographic  nega- 
tives, etc.  After  exposure  to  light  during  a  proper  inter- 
val beneath  the  subject  to  be  reproduced,  the  print  is 
finished  by  immersion  in  several  changes  of  clean  water, 
which  dissolves  from  the  paper  that  part  of  the  ferro- 
prussiate  which  has  not  been  acted  upon  by  light,  and 
brings  out  a  fine  blue  color  in  place  of  the  original  dull 
gray  or  greenish  color,  in  those  portions  of  the  surface 
which  have  been  affected.  Called  in  the  trade  blue-pro- 
cess paper. 

blue-perch  (blo'perch),  «.  1.  A  local  name  of 
the  common  New  England  cunner,  Ctenolalirus 
adspersus.  See  cut  under  cunner. — 2.  A  Cali- 
fornian  embiotocoid  fish,  Ditrema  laterals,  a 
kind  of  surf-fish. 

blue-peter  (blo'pe'ter),  n.  [<  blue  +  peter, 
orig.  repeater  : 
see  peter,  re- 
peater.] Naut.,  a 
blue  flag  having 
a  white  square 
in  the  center, 
hoisted  at  the 
fore  royalmast- 
head  of  mer- 
chant vessels  as 
a  signal  that  the 
ship  is  ready  to 
sail,  to  recall 
boats,  etc. 

A  large  brand-new  red  ensign  pulling  in  rich  color  at 
the  halliards  at  the  peak,  and  blue  Peter  lazily  fluttering 
above  the  fore-royaJ-yard. 

W.  C.  Russell,  A  Strange  Voyage,  iv. 

blue-pie  (blo'pi),   n.     One  of  the  species  of 

Asiatic  jays  of  the  genus  Urocissa. 
blue-pigeon   (bio  '  pij '  on),  n.     A  name  for  a 

sounding-lead. 
blue-pike  (blo'pik),  «.     A  local  name  in  the 

United  States  of  the  wall-eyed  pike-perch,  Sti- 

zostedwn  (or  Lucioperca)  vitreum. 


Blue-peter. 


bluet 

blue-pill  (blii'pil'),  n.  A  pill  made  from  blue- 
mass. 

blue-pipe  (blo'pip),  n.  The  common  lilac. 
Kay. 

blue-pod  (blo'pod),  n.  The  name  in  California 
of  species  of  Godetia,  natural  order  Onat/racece, 
noxious  weeds,  with  showy  purple  flowers. 

blue-poker  (blo'po'ker),  n.  The  pochard,  FH- 
Kgula  (or  Aythya)  fcrina.  See  pochard.  [Lo- 
cal in  Great  Britain.] 

blue-pot  (blo'pot),  «.  A  black-lead  crucible 
made  of  a  mixture  of  coarse  plumbago  and  clay. 

blue-pox  (blo'poks),  n.     Malignant  pustule. 

blue-print  (blo'print),  n.  An  impression  pro- 
duced by  blue-printing. 

blue-printing  (blo'prin"ting),  n.  A  method  of 
photo-printing  by  the  agency  of  paper  sensi- 
tized with  ferroprussiate  of  potash.  See  blue- 
paper. 

blue-racer  (blo'ra"ser),  «.  A  local  name  in  the 
western  United  States  of  a  variety  of  the  com- 
mon black-snake,  Jiascanion  constrictor  flavi- 
ventris. 

blue-rock  (blo'rok),  w.  A  popular  name  of  the 
commonest  variety  of  domestic  pigeon,  Colnm- 
ba  livia,  of  a  bluish  color,  with  two  black  bands 
on  the  wings. 

blue-ruin  (blo'ro'in),  n.  A  cant  name  for  gin, 
rum,  etc.,  especially  when  bad. 

bluesides  (blo'sidz),  «.  A  half-grown  harp- 
seal,  Phoca  gronilandica. 

blue-snapper  (bl6'snap*'er),  n.  A  local  name 
in  Massachusetts  of  the  bluefish,  Pomatomus 
saltatrix. 

blue-spar  (blo'spar),  «,     Azure-spar ;  lazulite. 

bluestart  (blo'start),  n.  [<  blue  +  startf,  tail: 
=  G.  blausterz.  Cf.  redstart  =  G.  rothsterz.] 
A  name  of  the  blue-tailed  warbler,  lanthia  cy- 
anura. 

blue-Stem  (blo'stem),  n.  The  name  of  some 
coarse  but  useful  grasses  in  the  United  States, 
chiefly  Andropogon  furcatus  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  Agropyrum  glaucum  further 
westward. 

blue-Stocking  (blb"stok"ing),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Wearing  blue  stockings;  specifically,  wearing 
blue  or  gray  worsted  stockings,  as  opposed  to 
those  of  black  silk  worn  in  court  or  ceremonial 
dress ;  hence,  not  in  full  dress ;  in  plain  dress, 
(a)  Applied  to  the  Little  Parliament  of  1663. 

That  Bleic-stocleinff  Parliament,  Barebone  Parliament,  a 
companie  of  fellowes  called  togeather  by  Cromwell. 
Sir  J.  Bramston,  Autobiog.  (ed.  1845),  p.  89.  (JV.  E.  D.) 
((>)  Applied  to  assemblies  held  in  London  about  1750  at 
the  houses  of  Mrs.  Montague  and  other  ladies,  in  which 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  enjoyments 
were  substituted  for  cards  and  gossip,  and  which  were 
characterized  by  a  studied  plainness  of  dress  on  the  part 
of  some  of  the  guests.  Among  these  was  Mr.  Benjamin 
Stillingfleet,  who  always  wore  blue  stockings,  and  in  ref- 
erence to  whom,  especially,  the  coterie  was  called  in  de- 
rision the  "Blue-stocking  Society"  or  the  "  Blue-stocking 
Club,"  and  the  members,  especially  the  ladies,  "  blue- 
stockingers,"  "blue-stocking  ladies,"  and  later  simply 
"blue-stockings"  or  "blues." 

II.  n.  1.  A  member  of  the  "Blue-stocking 
Club,"  especially  a  woman  (see  above) ;  by  ex- 
tension, any  woman  with  a  taste  for  learning  or 
literature ;  a  literary  woman :  originally  used 
in  derision  or  contempt,  and  implying  a  neglect 
on  the  part  of  such  women  of  their  domestic 
duties  or  a  departure  from  their  "proper 
sphere";  now  hardly  used  except  historically  or 
humorously. —  2.  A  name  of  the  American  avo- 
set,  Eecurrirostra  americana.  See  avoset.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  8.] 

blne-stockingism  (blo'stok'ing-izm),  «.  [< 
blue-stocking  +  -ism.]  The  character,  manner, 
or  habits  of  a  blue-stocking  ;  female  learning 
or  pedantry. 

blue-stone  (blS'ston),  «.  1.  Sulphate  of  cop- 
per, or  blue  vitriol.  Also  called  blue  copperas. 
—  2.  A  name  given  to  a  more  or  less  argilla- 
ceous sandstone  of  bluish  color,  extensively 
quarried  at  various  points  along  the  Hudson 
river,  and  used  for  building  purposes  and  for 
flagging.  Most  of  the  quarries  of  this  rock  are  in  the 
Lower  Silurian  (Hudson  river  group),  but  the  important 
ones  at  Maiden  are  in  the  Devonian  (lower  part  of  the 
Portage  group).  [In  this  sense  commonly  as  one  word.] 

bluet  (blS'et),  «.  [(1)  <  ME.  bluett,  Monet,  <  F. 
(OF.)  bluette,  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth,  prop.  fern, 
dim.  of  bleu,  blue.  (2)  Also  bleu-et,  blcirit,  <  F. 
bluet,  "  blew-blaw,  blew-bottle,  corn-flower, 
hurt-sickle"  (Cotgrave),  masc.  dim.  of  bleu, 
blue:  see  blue  and  -et. ]  If.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth  of  a  bluish  color. — 2.  In  bot.,  a  name 
given  to  several  plants  with  blue  flowers:  (a) 
to  the  bluebottle,  Centaurea  Cytnius ;  (b)  in  the 
United  States,  to  Houstonia  '(formerly  Oh/oi- 
latidia)  cairulea  ;  (c)  to  a  species  of  bilberry. — 


bluet 

3.  In  ornith.,  a  humming-bird  <if  the  subgenus 
Mojtilinna,  as  tho  Mexican  It.  Iruriitix,  or  the  ( 'all 
forniaii  It.  j-iniliisi,  one  of  tlie  queen-hummers, 
bluetail  (blii'tal).  «.  An  American  lizard  of 
the  family  Kriiiriilit1,  Kumin-.i  (/uin</ue-liiiiiilii>i 
or  fanciii tint,  with  a  lilue  tail,  inhabiting  the 
southern  and  middle  United  Slates.  It  is  the 
most  northern  species  of  the  genus. 

bluetangle  (blO'ouw'gl),  ».  The  blue  buckle- 
hern-  of  the  1'nited  States.  Hiii/lns.niriit  J'mn- 
itoKtt.  Also  called  ilmi/il/ -Inrri/. 

bluethroat  (blo'throt),  n.  A  small  sylviine 
bird  of  the  genus  Ci/itiicciilii,  inhabiting  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia,  and  occasionally  found 


t  \iyanfcitla  SHecica}. 


also  in  Alaska;  a  kind  of  redstart  or  red- 
tailed  warbler,  having  a  spot  of  rich  blue  on 
the  throat.  There  are  two  species  or  varieties, 
C.  suecica  and  C.  wolfi.  Also  called  bluebreast 
and  liliir-tliniiilril  redstart. 

blueweed  (blo'wed),  n.  The  viper's  bugloss, 
Echiiim  vitlgiirr,  a  foreign  weed  with  snowy 
blue  flowers  which  has  been  introduced  into 
the  United  States. 

bluewing  (blo'wing),  ».  The  blue-winged  teal 
of  North  America,  (Jucryuedula  discors,  a  very 
common  small  duck  with  blue  wing-coverts, 
much  esteemed  for  the  table.  See  cut  under 
teal. 

bluewood  (bld'wud),  n.  A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
Condalia  oboritta,  of  the  natural  order  Khamna- 
eem,  found  in  Texas  and  westward,  often  form- 
ing dense  chaparral  or  thickets,  it  makes  an 
effective  hedge.  The  wood  is  hard  and  very  heavy,  of  a 
light-red  color,  and  the  berries  are  edible. 

bluey  (blo'i),  a.  [<  blue  +  -y1.]  Somewhat 
blue;  bluish.  Southey. 

bluff1  (bluf ),  a.  and  n.  [Origin  unknown ;  per- 
haps connected  with  MD.  blaf  (Kilian),  flat, 
broad,  as  in  lilnf  aeiisicli  t,  a  broad  flat  face,  blaf- 
faert,  one  who  has  u  flat  broad  face,  a  coin  with 
a  blank  face  (see  blaffcrt)  (also  a  boaster,  but 
in  this  sense  prob.  a  different  word,  equiv.  to 
mod.  D.  blaffer,  <  blaffea,  bark,  yelp:  see  bluff). 
The  suggested  D.  origin  is  favored  by  the  nau- 
tical associations  of  the  word.  There  is  prob. 
no  connection  with  bluff?.]  I.  a.  1.  Having  or 
presenting  a  broad,  flattened  front,  as  a  ship 
with  broad  bows  and  nearly  vertical  stem. —  2. 
Rising  abruptly  and  boldly,  as  a  high  bank  on 
the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or  river ;  presenting  a 
bold  and  nearly  perpendicular  front,  as  a  coast- 
line or  a  range  of  low  hills. 

The  rock  Tabra,  a  bluf,  peninsular  prominence  that  juta 
out  from  the  bottom  of  the  I'litf. 

Atkins,  Voyage  to  Guinea,  p.  102. 
8.  Broad  and  full :  specially  applied  to  a  full 
countenance,  indicative  of  frankness  and  good 
humor. 

His  broad,  bright  eye,  and  Mujf  face,  .  .  .  like  the  sun 
on  frost  work,  melted  down  displeasure.  //.  S.  Riddfll. 

I  lence — 4.  Rough  and  hearty ;  plain  and  frank ; 
somewhat  abrupt  and  unconventional  in  man- 
ner. 

Blu/  Harry  broke  into  the  spence, 
And  turn'd  the  cowls  adrift. 

Tamyttm,  Talking  Oak. 

In  ripeness  of  mind  and  bluff  heartiness  of  expression, 
he  [Dryden]  takes  rank  with  the  best. 

I.<'ii','ll,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 

5.  Blustering ;  pompous ;  surly ;  churlish.  [Ob- 
solete or  provincial.] 

A  pert  or  bint)'  important  wight.  Armstrong,  Taste. 
To  Stand  bluff  t,  t..  stand  tlrm  or  stiff.  A".  K.  II. 

II.  ».  [First  used  in  the  American  colonies 
in  the  18th  century.]  A  hill,  bank,  or  headland 


601 

with  a  steep,  broad  face;  a  high  bank  prevent 
ing   a   steep   or   nearly    pei-pemlieular  front, 
especially  one  on  the  'shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  or 
river;  also,  a  steep  rise  between  bottom-land 
and  a  higher  table-lam  1. 

Bt-ach,  MM/,  and  »a\e,  a<U,  a  '  Whitlier. 

Round  the  hills  from  Ww/to  ««/. 

Tennyson,  (iolden  Year, 

bluff-'  (bluf),  r.  [E.  dial,  also  l,l,ifl,  blindfold; 
origin  uncertain,  perhaps  from  two  or  more 
sources.  The  sense  of  'deceive  or  impose  up- 
on' may  come  from  that  of  'blindfold,  hood- 
wink,' but  cf.  Sc.  "get  the  bluff,"  be  taken  in; 
prob.  of  LG.  origin:  LG.  Vtytn,  nrlilnffi  //.  l>. 
rn-liluffen,  >  G.  rerbliiffen  =  Dan.  fitrbliiffe,  baf- 
fle, confound,  stupefy.  In  popular  apprehen- 
sion prob.  often  associated  with  bluf1,  it.,  as  if 
'  assume  a  bluff  or  bold  front.']  I.  trans.  If. 
To  blindfold  or  hoodwink.  Bailey. — 2.  In  the 
game  of  poker,  to  deceive  or  impose  upon  (an 
opponent)  by  betting  heavily  on  a  worthless 
hand,  or  by  acting  in  such  a  way  as  to  cause 
the  other  players  to  believe  that  one's  hand 
is  stronger  than  it  really  is,  in  order  to  make 
them  throw  up  their  cards  or  stay  out  of  the 
betting.  Hence  —  3.  To  daunt  or  deter  from 
the  accomplishment  of  some  design  by  boast- 
ful language  or  demeanor;  repulse  or  frighten 
off  by  assuming  a  bold  front,  or  by  a  make- 
believe  show  of  resources,  strength,  etc. :  fre- 
quently followed  by  off:  as,  to  bluff  off  &  dun. 
[Chiefly  U.  S.] 

II.  intrann.  1.  In  the  game  of  poker,  to  bet 
heavily  and  with  an  air  of  confident  assurance 
on  a  poor  hand,  in  order  to  deceive  an  oppo- 
nent and  cause  him  to  throw  up  his  cards. 
Hence — 2.  To  assume  a  bold,  boastful  front, 
so  as  to  hoodwink  an  opponent  as  to  one's 
real  resources,  strength,  etc. 

bluff'-  (bluf),  «.  [E.  dial,  also  bluffer,  a  blinker: 
see  the  verb.]  1.  A  blinker  for  a  horse. — 2.  A 
game  at  cards  j  poker.  [U.  S.] — 3.  The  act  of 
deceiving  or  influencing,  as  in  the  game  of 
poker,  by  a  show  of  confident  assurance  and 
boastful  betting  or  language;  hence,  language 
or  demeanor  intended  to  blind,  frighten,  or 
daunt  an  opponent  in  anything. 

bluff-bowed  (bluf 'boud),  a.  Naut.,  broad,  full, 
and  square  in  the  bows. 

bluffer  (bluf  'er),  «.    One  who  bluffs. 

bluff-headed  (bluf'hed'ed),  a.  Ifaut.,  having 
an  upright  stem,  or  one  with  but  little  rake 
forward. 

bluffly  (bluf  'li),  adv.  In  a  bluff  manner;  blunt- 
ly; in  an  unconventional  or  offhand  way. 

bluffness  (bluf'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bluff;  blunt  ness:  frankness;  abruptness. 

No  such  bluff III'M  of  meaning  is  implied  in  the  Greek. 
Bushnell,  Sermons  on  Living  Subjects. 

bluffy  (bluf'i),  a.  [<  bluffl,  n.,  +  -yi.]  1.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  bluff ;  precipitous  or  steep. 

We  could  see  the  syenites  we  had  just  left  again  crop- 
ping out  much  less  bluffii,  and  terminating  the  table-land 
to  the  eastward  by  a  continuous  line,  trending  generally 
northwest  and  southeast.  Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp.,  II.  343. 

2.  Inclining  to  bluffness  in  appearance  or  man- 
ner. 

bluft  (bluft),  r.  f.  [5»  dial.:  see  bluff*.]  To 
blindfold.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

blufter(bluf'ter).».  [<  bliift  +  -eri.]  A  blink- 
er. [Prov.  Eng.] 

bluid  (blttd),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  blood. 

bluing  (blo'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blue,  r.]  1. 
The  act  of  making  blue ;  specifically,  the  pro- 
cess of  giving  a  blue  color  to  iron  and  other 
metals  by  heating. — 2.  A  blue  tint  given  to 
iron  by  boiling  in  a  bath  of  hyposulphite  of  soda 
and  acetate  of  lead. — 3.  The  indigo,  soluble 
Prussian  blue,  or  other  material,  used  in  the 
laundry  to  give  a  bluish  tint  to  linen. 
Also  spelled  blueing. 

bluish  (blo'ish),  a.  [<  blue  +  -wfti.]  Blue  in 
a  small  degree ;  somewhat  blue. 

bluishly  (bld'ish-li),  adv.     In  a  bluish  manner. 

bluishness  (bl6'ish-nes),  it.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing bluish ;  a  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

bluism  (blo'izm),  n.  [<  blue,  a.,  6,  n.,  9,  + 
-i.nn.~]  Blue-stockingisin. 

A  wife  so  well  known  in  the  gay  and  learned  world, 
without  one  bit  of  ...  Unixm  about  herself. 

T.  Hook,  Oilbert  Carney.  II.  iv. 

blumanget,  ».    See  blanc-mnniji; 

blunder  (blun'der),  c.     [<  ML.  blondren,  blun- 


blunderbuss 

the  doubtful  sense  of  'stagger,  stumble,'  <  led. 
liliiinln.  doze,  =  S\v.  lihniilii  =  Dan.  liliniilr.  doze. 
slumber;  <•!'.  [eel.  liliimllir  =  Sw.  Ilan.  lilmnl.  ;< 
doze,  imp.  <!.///«»/.  |  I.  iii/nnir..  1.  To  m..\, 
or  act  blindly,  stupidly,  or  without  direction  or 
steady  guidance;  flounder;  stumble:  frequent- 
ly with  on  or  nlinii/. 

Bayard  the  blinde, 
That  Uniulrflh  forth 

Chauref,  (  'uiion  's  Yeoman  n  Tale,  1.  408. 
It  is  one  thing  U>  forget  matter  of  fart    anil  another  t" 
Uniulerai»ni  the  reason  of  it.  >.,•  11.  L'Entrange. 

Here  lie  I,  'lights  the  weekly  news  to  con, 
And  mingle  comments  as  he  blunder 

Crabbe,  The  Si  -»-|iap<  r. 

2.  To  make  a  gross  mistake,  especially  through 
mental  confusion;  err  widely  or  stupidly. 
Was  there  a  man  dismay  'd? 
Not  tho'  the  soldier  knew 
Some  one  had  bluiuter'd. 

Tennyion,  charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

II.  trim*.  If.  To  mix  (things)  confusedly; 
confuse. 
lie  blunders  and  confounds  all  these  together. 

XtiUingJleft. 

2t.  To  confound;  confuse;  distract;  cause  to 
make  blunders:  as,  "to  blunder  an  adversary," 
IHtton,  On  the  Resurrection,  p.  63.  —  3t.  To  in- 
jure or  destroy  by  blundering;  mismanage: 
as,  "to  darken  or  blunder  the  cause,"  Ditto*, 
On  the  Resurrection,  p.  211.  —  4.  To  do  or 
make  faultily  or  erroneously;  make  mistakes 
in  through  ignorance  or  stupidity;  bungle. 
[Rare.] 

[Inscriptions]  usually  of  very  liarbaroui  work  and  blun- 
dered. B.  V.  Head,  llistoria  Numormn,  p.  687. 

Some  flue  pilgrim-flasks  of  blue  and  green  have  WMII- 
dered  copies  of  hieroglyphs  and  representations  of  Egyp- 
tian deities  incised  in  the  moist  clay. 

Encye.  Brit.,  XIX.  606. 

The  banker's  clerk  who  was  directed  to  sum  my  cash- 
account,  I'!"*"!,  >•»/  it  three  times.  teott,  Antiquary,  vi. 

6.  To  ntter  thoughtlessly  or  in  a  blundering 
manner;  blurt  out:  generally  with  out:  as,  to 
blunder  out  an  excuse. 

blunder  (blun'der),  H.  [<  ME.  blunder,  blonder, 
error,  misfortune,  <  blunderen,  bloiidren,  blun- 
der, v.]  A  mistake  made  through  precipitance 
or  mental  confusion  ;  a  gross  or  stupid  mistake. 

It  is  worse  than  a  crime  ;  it  is  a  Munder. 

Memoirs  of  FoucM  (trans.). 

The  "Magnalla"  has  great  merits;  it  has,  also,  fatal 
defects.  In  its  mighty  chaos  of  fables  and  blundrrt  and 
misrepresentations  are  of  course  lodged  many  single  facts 
of  the  utmost  value,  if.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Am.  i.  Lit.,  II.  SS. 
=  Syn.  Error,  SUttakf,  Blunder,  Bull.  An  errar  is  a  wan- 
dering from  truth,  primarily  in  impression,  judgment,  or 
calculation,  and,  by  extension  of  the  idea,  in  conduct  ;  it 
may  be  a  state.  A  mistake  is  a  false  judgment  or  choice  ; 
it  does  not,  as  error  sometimes  does,  imply  moral  ohlinuity, 
the  defect  Iwiug  placed  wholly  1  u  the  wisdom  of  the  actor, 
and  in  its  treatment  of  this  defect  the  word  is  altogether 
gentle.  Blunder  is  a  strong  word  for  a  mistake  which  is 
stupid,  a  gross  error  in  action  or  speech.  A  bull  is  a  blun- 
der in  language^  Involving  generally  a  very  obvious  and 
comical  contradiction  ;  but  the  word  is  sometimes  applied 
to  any  particularly  inapt  or  ludicrously  Inappropriate  re- 
mark. 

Speculative  error*,  which  have  no  influence  on  the  life 
and  conversation,  cannot  be  near  so  dangerous  as  those 
errors  which  lead  men  out  of  the  way  of  their  duty. 

J.  Blair,  Sermon,  In  Tylers  Amer.  Lit.,  II.  284 

In  general,  pride  is  at  the  bottom  of  all  great  mistakes. 
Rtulrin,  Tnie  and  Beautiful. 

It  was  the  advice  of  Schomberg  to  an  historian,  that  he 
should  avoid  being  particular  in  the  drawing  up  of  an 
army  .  .  .  ;  for  that  he  had  observed  notorious  blunder* 
and  absurdities  committed  by  writers  net  conversant  in 
the  art  of  war.  Additwn. 

Lord  Orford  pronounced  this  to  be  the  liest  bull  he  had 
ever  heard  :  "  I  hate  that  woman,"  said  a  gentleman,  look- 
ing at  one  who  had  been  his  nurse,  "I  hate  that  woman, 
for  she  changed  me  at  nurse." 

Mis*  Edgevwth,  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls. 

blunderbuss  (bluu'der-bus),  «.  [In  17th  cen- 
tury also  blunilcrbus  and  btunderbuuli  ;  appar.  a 
modification,  prob.  with  humorous  allusion  to 
its  blundering  or  random  action,  of  D.  dondcr- 
bus  (=  Q.  donnerbiichse),  a  blunderbuss,  <  don- 
der  (=  G.  donner  =  E.  tliunder)  +  bus,  a  box, 
urn,  barrel  of  a  gun,  same  as  buis,  a  tube,  pipe, 
=  G.  biichse,  a  box,  pot,  barrel  of  a  gun,  pipe, 
etc.,  =  E.  fcoj:2.  Cf.  the  equiv.  G.  bluiidri-liiirli.il; 


n,  a  freq.  form  of  uncertain  origin,  perhaps 
of  double  origin:  (1)  prop,  blondrrn,  freq.  of 
liloHilt'ii.  lilinidi'H.  mix  (see  bland1,  r. );  ('_')  prop. 
blunitrrn.  t'req.  of  bluiitli-n,  which  occurs  once  in 


in  imitation  of  the  E.,  but  prob.  with  a  thought 
of  jilunder,  baggage,  lumber  (E.  plunder),  in  al- 
lusion to  its  heaviness.  A  charter  of  James  I. 
(1617)  mentions  "  plantier-buxsr,  alias  blantcr- 
bus&e,"  as  equiv.  to  harqucbuxe,  but  the  first  ele- 
ment here  is  different,  ult.  <  L.  jilnnlun-,  plant 
(fix).  Cf.  Sc.  blunyierd,  an  old  gun,  any  old 
rusty  weapon.]  1.  A  short  gun  or  firearm 
with  a  large  bore  and  funnel-shaped  muzzle, 
capable  of  holding  a  number  of  balls  or  slugs, 
and  intended  to  be  used  at  a  limited  range 


blunderbuss 


Blunderbuss.— Armory,  Tower  of  London. 


without  exact  aim.  It  has  been  long  obsolete 
in  civilized  countries. —  2.  A  stupid,  blunder- 
ing person. 

blunderer  (blun'der-er), n.  [<  ME.  "blunderer, 
or  blunt  warkere  [worker]"  (Prompt.  Parv.), 
<  blunderen,  blondren,  blunder,  v.]  One  who 
blunders,  (a)  One  who  flounders  about  blindly  or 
bunglingly  in  his  work:  as,  "meer  Blunderers  in  that 
Atomick  Physiology,"  Cudworth.  (N.  E.  D.)  (b)  One 
who,  through  carelessness  or  want  of  capacity,  makes 
gross  mistakes. 

blunderhead  (blun'der-hed),  n.     [<  blunder  + 
head.     Cf.  dunderhead.]     A  stupid  fellow;  one 
who  blunders. 
This  thick-skulled  blunderhead.          Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

blunderingly  (bluu'der-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  blun- 
dering manner;  by  mistake. 


602 

From  the  back  the  shore  of  Sicily  curves  with  delicately 
indented  bays  toward  Messina :  then  come  the  straits, 
and  the  blunt  mass  of  the  Calabriau  mountains  terminat- 
ing Italy  at  Spartivento. 

J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  204. 

4.  Rough  in  manner  or  speech ;  rude ;  unpol- 
ished; hence,  abrupt  in  address  or  manner; 
plain-spoken  ;  unceremonious  :  applied  to  per- 
sons. 

I  am  no  orator,  as  Brutus  is ; 

But,  as  you  know  me  all,  a  plain  blunt  man. 

Shak.,  J.  C.,  iii.  2. 

Tliou'rt  honest,  blunt,  and  rude  enough,  o'  conscience. 
Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

6.  Plain;  plain-spoken;  unceremonious  or  un- 
conventional;    direct;   free  from  circumlocu- 
tion :  as,  blunt  truths ;  a  blunt  bearing. 
In  blunt  terms,  can  you  play  the  sorcerer  ?      Coleridge. 

To  his  blunt  manner  and  to  his  want  of  consideration 
for  the  feelings  of  others  he  owed  a  much  higher  reputa- 
tion for  sincerity  than  he  at  all  deserved. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 
6.  Hard  to  penetrate.     [Rare.] 
I  find  my  heart  hardened  and  blunt  to  new  impressions. 

Pope. 
7t.  Faint. 


blush 

scure  or  sully  (a  thing)  with  something  which 
i  from  its  fairness  or  1 


The  tyro  who  had  so  blunderingly  botched  the  business. 
T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  iii. 

Reckless  perversions  of  meaning,  whether  intentionally 
or  blunderingly  made.  N.  A.  Ren.,  CXXIII.  205. 


Such  a  burre  mygt  make  myn  herte  blunt. 

Alliterative  Poeins  (ed.  Morris),  i.  176. 
=  Syn,  4.  Brusk,  bluff,  uncivil,  rude,  uncpurteous. 

II.  n.  If.  A  blunt  sword  for  fencing;  a  foil. — 
blunge  (blunj),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blunged,  ppr.     2.  A  needle  of  a  grade  shorter  and  less  sharply 
blunging.     [Appar.  a  popular  formation,  after    pointed  than  a  sharp.     See  needle. —  3.   [Slang, 
plunge,  with  ref.  to  the  plunging  action  of  the     and  perhaps  of  different  origin.]  Money ;  ready 
instrument  used.]     To  mix  (clay)  with  a  blun-    money. 

?er-  "Well,  how  goes  it?"  said  one.      "I  have  been  the 

blunger  (blun'jer),  it.     [<  blunge  +  -erl.     Cf.  rounds.    The  blunt's  going  like  the  ward-pump." 

plunger.]     An  instrument  used  for  mixing  clay  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ix. 

in  potteries.    It  is  shaped  like  a  shovel,  but  has  a  blunt  (blunt),    v.      [<   blunt,    a.]     I.    trans.   1. 

larger  blade,  and  a  cross-handle  by  which  it  is  wielded.  To  make  blunt,  as  an  edge  or  point ;  dull  the 

The  name  ta  also  sometimes  given  to  different  varieties  of  edge  or  point  of,  as  a  knife  or  bodkin,  by  making 


;  pug 

blunging  (blun'jing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  blunge, 
v.]  The  process  of  mixing  clay  in  potteries. 
The  proper  amount  of  the  clay  and  the  necessary  quantity 
of  water  are  placed  in  a  trough,  and  mixed  with  a  blun- 
ger, until  reduced  to  a  homogeneous  mass.  In  large  pot- 
teries this  work  is  sometimes  done  by  the  machine  called 
a  pug-mill. 


it  thicker. 

A  less  deadly  sword,  of  which  he  carefully  blunted  the 
point  and  edge.  Macaulay,  Addison. 


intrans.  To  blench 


Jamieson. 


tion  of 

blink;  turn  aside. 

II.  trans.  To  spoil;  mismanage. 
[Scotch.] 

blunk2  (blungk),  n.  [Cf.  blunket.]  In  plural, 
linen  or  cotton  cloths  for  printinir;  calicos. 
[Scotch.] 


Knowledge  neither  blunts  the  point  of  the  lance,  nor 
weakens  the  arm  that  wields  a  knightly  sword. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  334. 

2.  To  weaken  or  deaden,  as  appetite,  desire, 
or  power  of  the  mind ;  impair  the  force,  keen- 
ness, or  susceptibility  of. 

Blunt  not  his  love.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

To  blunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 
II.  intrans.  To  become  blunt :  as,  the  blade 
blunts  easily. 


blunkeri  (blung'ker)  »  K  blunW  v  II  +  W™tfcead  (blunt'hed),  n.  An  East  Indian  ser- 
-eri.]  A  bungler;  one  who  spoils  everything  P6™'  Am^yeephalus  boa,  of  the  family  Coin- 
lie  meddles  with.  [Scotch.]  '  ^ldce  and  subfamily  Lcptognatlurue,  of  Java, 

Borneo,  etc. 

Dunbos  is  naemair  a  gentleman  than  the  blunker  that's  Klnn+incr  frilim'tint^     i          fVoi-Viol-r,    «f  ; ;      * 
biggit  the  bonnie  house  doun  in  the  howm.  DiUnting  (Wun  ting),   ».       [Verbal  n.  of  blunt, 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  iii.     *'•]       *•    Tne    act    of   dulling. —  2.    Something 


blunker2  (blung'ker),  n.    [<  bluntf  + 
calico-printer.     [Scotch.] 
blunkett,  a.  and  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  blon- 


^    that  dulls  or  blunts.     [Rare.] 


Not  impediments  or  bluntings,  but  rather  as  whetstones, 
to  set  an  edge  on  our  desires. 

Somewhat  blunt. 

i-nes),  n.     [<  bluntish  + 
i  of  bluntness. 
Our  bloncket  liveryes  bene  all  to  sadde  Tempered  with  an  honest  bluntishness. 

Spenser,  Shep.'cal.,  May.  Wood'  ±**g>»  Oxon.  (ed.  1815),  II.  582. 

II.  n.  A  kind  of  cloth;  apparently  the  same  bluntly  (blunt'li),  adv.  If.  Stupidly .— 2.  With- 


ket,  bloncket,  blancket,  <  ME.  blanket  (a.),  blun-  vi      t-  », 

ket,  also  plunket,  plonkcte  (n.),  appar.  <  OF  D*unTlls5 

blanquet,  var.  of  btonehet,  dim.  of  blanc,  white:  ^°m^M  D1Uw '    -.-  v, 

see  blanket,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of  blunket.]  Dluntishness  (blun  tish-n 

I.  a.  Gray;  grayish  or  light-blue.  •*"*•*     A  sllght degree  o 


as  blanket,  1. 


. 
out  sharpness  or  tenuity;  obtusely:  as,  bluntly 


, 
blunt  (blunt),  a.  and  «.     [<  ME.  blunt,  blont,  of    serrate.—  3.    In  a  blunt   manner;    abruptly; 


an  edge  or  point,  dull,  not  sharp ;  of  manner, 
rude;  of  mind,  dull,  stupid,  blind;  prob.  <  AS. 
*blunt,  found  in  the  deriv.  Blunta,  a  man's  name 
(cf.  the  mod.  E.  surnames  Blunt,  Blount).  The 
sense  of  'dull,  stupid,'  appears  to  be  the  orig. 
one  (see  the  quotation  from  the  Omnium), 
pointing  to  a  connection  with  Icel.  blunda  = 
Sw.  blunda  =  Dan.  blunde,  doze,  slumber.  Cf. 
J'Mwrfer,  and  the  sense  of  blunt  in  the  quotation 

edge, 


without  delicacy,  or  the  usual  forms  of  civil- 
ity;  in  an  abrupt,  offhand,  or  curt  manner; 
without  circumlocution  :  as,  to  tell  a  man  some- 


m ,  aim  e  sense  or  muni  in  tne  quota 
from  the  Prompt.  Parv.  under  blunderer.] 
a.  1.  Obtuse,  thick,  or  dull,  as  an  angle,  e< 


Fathers  are 

Won  by  degrees,  not  bluntly  as  our  masters 
Or  wronged  friends  are. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  i.  1. 

(blunt'nes),  n.  [<  blunt  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  blunt,  (o)  Want  of 
sharpness;  dullness;  obtuseness.  ()/)  Plainness,  direct- 
ness, or  abruptness  of  address  ;  want  of  ceremor  ' 


To  keep  up  Friendship,  there  must  be  little  Addresses 
and  Applications,  whereas  Bluntnest  spoils  it  quickly. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  23. 


or  point;  having  an  obtuse,  thick,  or  dull  edge  llers;  rudeness  of  manner  or  address:  as,  "hon 

or  point,   as   a  foil,   sword,   pencil,   etc.-   not  "***'"  Dryaen;  "Muntness  of  speech,"  Boyle. 

sharp  or  acute.  "^  * — —  ^"^  —  -»-*-!-    ^--     ----•  '    •••• 

No  doubt  the  murtherous  knife  was  dull  and  blunt, 
iill  it  was  whetted  on  thy  stone-hard  heart 

Shak.,  Richard  III.,  iv.  4.  blunt-witted    (blunt'wif'ed),    a.     [<   blunt  + 

An  individual  act  of  wrong  sometimes  gives  a  sharp  ""'*  +  -ed2.     Cf.ME.  "blunt  of  wytte,"  Prompt. 

to  a  blunt  dagger.         O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  xiii.  Parv.]      Dull ;  stupid. 
2.  Dull  in  understanding;  slow  of  discernment. 
Unnwis  mann  iss  bluniit  and  blind 


Blunt-witted  lord,  ignoble  in  demeanour ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 


iff  herrtess  eghe  sihhthe  (of  heart's  eyesight  ]  blur  (bier),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  blurred,  ppr.  blur- 

rt£==rs^a^«  S*5fe«5i6355 


o     rvuj.  *-.       *  T_  cuiduo  «,  ueucuteu  Luriu  ui  oicttr.  early  mod.  J^. 

.Obtuse ;  free  from  sharp  angularities,  pro-     bkre  (see  Weorl),  but  it  may  be  an  independent 

formation.  Ct.  bio fl,  blotch!]  I.  trans.  1.  To  ob- 


jections, or  corners. 


The  usually  mirrored  surface  of  the  river  was  blurred 
by  an  infinity  of  raindrops.  Hau'thorne,  Old  Manse,  I. 

2.  To  sully;  stain;  blemish:  as,  to  blur  one's 
reputation. 

Never  yet  did  base  dishonour  blur  our  name, 
But  with  our  sword  we  wip'd  away  the  blot. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  obscure  without  quite  effacing;  render 
indistinct ;  confuse  and  bedim,  as  the  outlines 
of  a  figure. 

One  low  light  betwixt  them  burn'd, 
Blurr'd  by  the  creeping  mist. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

4.  To  dim  the  perception  or  susceptibility  of ; 
make  dull  or  insensible  to  impression :  as,  blur- 
red eyesight;  to  blur  the  judgment. 

Her  eyes  are  blurred  with  the  lightning's  glare.  S.  Drake. 
To  blur  out,  to  efface. 

We  saw  forked  flashes  once  and  again  .  .  .  lighting  up 
the  valleys  for  a  moment,  and  leaving  the  darkness  blacker 
...  as  the  storm  blurred  out  the  landscape  forty  miles 
away.  J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  228. 

To  blur  over,  to  obscure  by  a  blur;  put  out  of  sight. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  blurs  in  writing. 
blur  (bier),  n.  [<  blur,  v.]  1.  A  smudge  or 
smear,  such  as  that  made  by  brushing  writing 
or  painting  before  it  is  dry;  a  blot  which  par- 
tially defaces  or  obscures. —  2.  Figuratively, 
a  blot,  stain,  or  injury  affecting  character,  rep- 
utation, and  the  like. 

Her  raillyng  sette  a  greate  blurre  on  myne  honestie  and 
good  name.  Udall,  tr.  of  Erasmus,  Luke  xviii. 

These  blurs  are  too  apparent  in  his  Life. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

3.  A  blurred  condition;  a  dim,  confused  ap- 
pearance; indistinctness. 

The  eye  learns  to  discriminate  colors,  and  shades  of 
color,  where  at  first  there  was  only  a  vague  blur  of  feeling. 
G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  II.  ii.  §  10. 
blurry  (bler'i),  a.     [<  blur,  n.,  +  -yl.]     Full  of 
blurs ;  confused  and  indistinct. 
blurt  (blert),  v.     [=  Sc.  blirt  (see  blirt)  ;  appar. 
imitative,  with  the  initial  sound  as  in  blow1, 
blast,  blask,  bluster,  etc.,  and  the  final  sound 
as  in  spurt,  spirt,  squirt,  etc.]     I.  trans.  1.  To 
utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently;  divulge  un- 
advisedly :  commonly  with  out. 

Others  .  .  .  cannot  hold,  but  blurt  out  those  words 
which  afterwards  they  are  forced  to  eat.  Hakewill. 

And  yet  the  truth  may  lose  its  grace, 
If  blurted  to  a  person's  face. 

Lloyd,  The  Nightingale. 

At  last  to  blurt  out  the  broad,  staring  question  of, 
"  Madam,  will  you  marry  me?  " 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

2f.  To  treat  contemptuously. 

And,  I  confess,  I  never  was  so  blurted, 
Nor  never  so  abus'd. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  ii.  2. 
To  blurt  att,  to  speak  contemptuously  of ;  ridicule. 

None  would  look  on  her, 
But  cast  their  gazes  on  Marina's  face ; 
Whilst  ours  was  blurted  at.    Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  4. 

II.  intrans.  1 .  To  puff  or  emit  the  breath  ex- 
plosively as  in  sleep,  or  contemptuously  as  in 
saying  "pooh";  puff  in  scorn  or  with  a  con- 
temptuous expression  of  the  lips. — 2.  To  burst 
out  weeping. 

blurt  (blert),  n.  [<  blurt,  v.]  A  sudden  puff  or 
emission  of  the  breath,  especially  in  contempt, 
as  when  saying  "pooh." 

blush  (blush),  v.  [<  ME.  blushen,  blnsclten, 
bh/schen,  glow,  rarely  blush,  usually  look, 
glance,  prob.  <  AS.  Mi/scan,  bliscan  (glossed 
rntilare),  glow,  =  MLG.  bloschen,  LG.  bliisken, 
blush ;  cf.  AS.  *blysian,  in  comp.  ablisian  for 
*ablysian,  blush  (verbal  n.  dblysung,  dblysgung, 
blushing),  =  MD.  blosen,  D.  blozen  =  MLG. 
blosen,  blush ;  connected  with  AS.  blysa,  blisa, 
also  blysige,  a  torch,  *blys  (in  comp.  bcelblys),  a 
flame,  =  MLG.  blus,  LG.  bluse,  a  flame,  =  Sw. 
bloss  =  Dan.  blus,  a  torch;  LG.  blusen,  set  on 
fire,  inflame,  =  Sw.  blossa,  blaze,  =  Dan.  blusse, 
blaze,  flame,  blush  in  the  face;  from  the  noun. 


glance  ;  look.  [In  these  senses  only  in  Middle 
English ;  but  see  blush,  n.,  1,  2.] 

Tyl  on  a  hyl  that  I  asspyed 

<fc  Munched  on  the  burglie,  as  I  fortli  ilrened. 

Allil'-mlii'f  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  979. 

3.  To  become  red  in  the  face  ;  redden  all  over 
the  face :  especially  from  modesty,  embarrass- 
ment, confusion,  or  shame. 

Ask  him  a  question, 
He  blushes  like  a  girl,  and  answers  little. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  1. 


blush 

In  tile  IIIVMIKV  of  the  ,*luiMic]r:<.s  anti  lUit'ltlrtllinK  the 
yollllK  offender  is  ashamed  to  litllxh.  ,^inKlfi\ 

4.  To  appear  as  if  blushing;  rxliiliit  :i  red  or 
roseate  hue;  bloom  freshly  or  inode.it ly. 

Tilt'  Sim  »t    heaven.    Ml<  llu'll-lit,    w  as  loth  til  Set, 

lint  stay'd,  and  imule  (In1  western  welkin  Vi/«/<. 

Slink.,  K.  John,  v.  fi. 
Knll  many  a  Mom T  i-,  limn  t"  Uu,li  unseen. 

Urnii,  Elegy. 

5.  To  be  ashamed:  with  nl  or  for. 

He  hliiMfifn  fur  the  ••  ili.sirmenuoiisness  <if  tin-  must  de- 
voteil  »oiship|ier  uf  s|ieeLilati\  e  truth." 

Whi/iiil,;  KM.  and  Rev.,  I.  19. 

II.  Iriiim.  1.  To  make  red.     [Rare.] 

Which  IMooilj  .  .  .  ne'er  retnrneth 
To  WKX/I  mid  beautify  the  eheok  again. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  2. 

2.  To  express,  show,  or  make  known  by  blush- 
ing, or  by  a  change  of  color  similar  to  a  blush. 
[Rare  and  poetical.] 

Pass  the  happy  news, 
Blush  it  thru  tlie  Went. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  \vii 

blush  (blush),  n.  [<  ME.  blusch,  gleam,  glimpse ; 
from  the  verb.]  If.  A  gleam. 

To  hide  u  lilisful  bln*ch  of  the  bryst  snnne. 
Sir  tl'iiratiH,'  <tn<l  tin-  tii-t'ci,  Kiti'iltt  (eil.  Morris),  1.  520. 

2.  A  glance;  glimpse;  look;  view:  obsolete 
except  in  the  phrase  at  first  bluxli. 

At  the  first  blush  we  thought  they  had  beene  shippes 
come  from  France.  Haklui/t's  Voyages,  III.  330. 

This  sounds,  at  Jirxt  blush,  very  neat,  if  not  even  very 
profound  ;  but  a  closer  examination  dissolves  it  into 
nothing.  BiUiotkeca  Sacra,  XLI1I.  618. 

3.  Look ;  resemblance :  as,  she  has  a  Hush  of 
her  father.    [North.  Eng.]     [Hence,  collective- 
ly, an  assembly,  company,  in  the  isolated  ex- 
ample, a  blush  of  boycn  =  a  company  of  boys 
("Book  of  St.  Albans").]  — 4.  The  suffusion  of 
the  cheeks  or  the  face  with  a  red  color  through 
confusion,  shame,  diffidence,  or  the  like. 

If  impious  acts 

Have  left  tllee  blood  enough  to  make  a  blush, 
I'll  paint  it  on  thy  cheeks. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ill.  3. 

Her  blush  of  maiden  shame.      Bryant,  Autumn  Woods. 
5.  A  red  or  reddish  color ;  a  rosy  tint. 
And  light's  last  blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills. 

Lord  Li/ttelton,  Uncertainty,  i. 

To  put  to  the  blush,  to  cause  to  Mush  or  be  ashamed. 
blusher  (blush'er),  n.    One  who  blushes,  or  is 
given  to  blushing. 

Muhittoes  are  often  great  Mwtherx,  blush  succeeding 
blush  over  their  faces. 

Varu'iit,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  320. 

blushett  (blush'et),  n.  [<  blush  +  -et.~\  A  little 
blusher ;  a  modest  young  girl. 

(Jo  to,  little  blmhft.  B.  Jonson,  Entertainments, 

blushful  (blush'ful),  rt.  [<  blush  +  -/w,.]  Full 
of  blushes. 

From  his  |the  sun's]  ardent  look  the  turning  Spring 
Averts  her  blushful  face.  Thomson,  Summer,  1.  7. 

The  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene. 

Keats,  Ode  to  Nightingale. 

blushfully  (blush 'ful-i),  adv.  With  many 
blushes. 

blushing  (blush'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  blush,  r.] 
The  act  of  becoming  red  in  the  face  through 
modesty,  confusion,  or  shame ;  suffusion  with 
a  roseate  tint. 
The  blttshiiujs  of  the  evening. 

J.  Si*iuxr,  Prodigies,  p.  Hit. 

Blujthinff  is  the  most  peculiar  and  the  most  human  of 
all  expressions.  Monkeys  redden  from  passion,  but  it 
would  require  an  overwhelming  amount  of  evidence  to 
make  us  Ix'lievc  that  any  animal  could  blush. 

Daru-in,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  310. 

blushing  (blush 'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blush,  i\] 
1.  Modi-st;  bashful;  given  to  blushing  or  suf- 
fused with  blushes :  as,  a  blushing  maiden. —  2. 
Freshly  blooming;  roseate,  literally  or  figura- 
tively. 

The  dappled  pink  and  Itltuthiiiff  rose. 

Prior,  The  Garland. 
To-day  he  puts  forth 

The  tender  leaves  of  hope,  to-morrow  blossoms, 
And  bears  bis  Mimliimi  honours  thick  upon  him. 

Shot.,  Hen.  VIII..  iii.  2, 

blushingly  (blush'inir-U),  adv.     In  a  blushing 

manner ;  with  blushes  ;  modestly, 
blushless   (Mush'les),   a.     [<   blush    +   -less.] 

Without  a  blush;  unblushing;  past  blushing; 

impudent;  barefaced;  shameless:  as,  "blusli- 

li'ns  crimes,"  Sniii/i/x. 
blushwort  (blush'wert),  n.     A  name  given  to 

cultivated  species  of  JEscliynanthus. 
blushy  (blush'i),  a.      [<  blush  +  -i/l.]     Like  a 

blush ;  having  the  color  of  a  blush.     [Rare.] 

Blossoms  of  apples  .  .  .  are  blusln/. 

Bacon,  Nat  Hist.,  S  507. 


603 

bluster  (blus'teri,  r.  [Origin  obscure.  Hardly 
connected  with  ME.  bluxtcrcn,  wander  about 
aimlessly,  =  L(i.  hluxii-m.  ///<>•/<;•»,  flutter  about 
anxiously;  but  prob.  one  of  the  imitative  words 
attached  loosely  to  what  is  felt  to  be  the  com- 
mon root  of  blow1,  blast.  The  E.  Fries,  liliixti-m, 
bluster,  freq.  of  bliissi'ii,  var.  of  blasen  (=  E. 
blaze'*),  blow,  is  appar.  a  parallel  fonnation.] 

1.  in  trans.  1 .  To  roar  and  be  tumultuous,  as 
wind;  blow  boisterously:  as,  the  storm  blus- 
ters without. 

Bluster  the  winds  and  tides. 

Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering ;  swagger, 
as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  person ;  utter  loud 
empty  menaces  or  protests. 

Your  ministerial  directors  blustered  like  tragic  tyrants 
here.  Burke,  American  Taxation. 

Let  your  demagogues  lead  crowds,  lest  they  lead  armies  ; 
let  them  bluster,  lest  they  masaacre. 

Macaulay,  Conversation  between  Cowley  and  Milton. 

3t.  [Only  in  ME. ;  perhaps  a  different  word. 
Cf.  LG.  blustcrn,  blistern,  flutter  in  alarm.]  To 
wander  or  run  about  aimlessly. 

That  thay  blustered  as  blynde  as  bayard  wats  euer. 

Alliterative  Poem*  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  886. 

II.  trans.   1.   To  compel  or  force  by  mere 
bluster.     [Rare.] 

He  meant  to  bliuter  all  princes  into  a  perfect  obedi- 
ence. Fuller. 

2.  To  utter  with  bluster,  or  with  noise  and  vio- 
lence :  generally  with  out  or  forth. 

Bloweth  and  blustereth  out  .  .  .  blasphemy. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  374. 

To  bluster  down',  to  blow  down  with  violence,  as  of 
the  wind. 
By  a  tempestuous  gust  bluster  down  the  house. 

Seasonable  Sermons,  p.  26. 

bluster  (blus'ter),  M.  [<  bluster,  v.}  1.  The 
noise  of  a  storm  or  of  violent  wind ;  a  blast ;  a 
gust. 

The  skies  look  grimly 
And  threaten  present  blusters. 

Shot.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3. 

2.  A  boisterous  blast,  or  loud  tumultuous  noise. 
The  brazen  trumpet's  bluster.  Swi/f,  Prometheus. 

3.  Noisy  but  empty  talk  or  menace ;  swagger ; 
boisterous  self-assertion. 

A  coward  makes  a  great  deal  more  bluster  than  a  man 
of  honour.  Sir  R.  L'Kstranye. 

The  real  weather  gods  are  free  from  brag  and  bluster. 
The  Century,  XXV.  674. 

=  Syn.  3.  Turbulence,  boasting,  bragging,  bullying, 
blusteration  (blus-te-ra'shon),  n.    [<  bluster  + 
-ation.]     Noisy  boasting;  blustering;  boister- 
ous conduct.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Amer.] 
blusterer    (blus'ter-er),  n.    One  who  or  that 
which    blusters ;    especially,  a   swaggerer ;   a 
bully ;  a  noisy,  boastful,  or  boisterous  fellow. 
Sometime  a  bliuiterer,  that  the  ruffle  knew 
Of  court,  of  city.      Shots.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  58. 

blustering  (blus'ter-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  blas- 
ter, r.]  1.  Stormy;  windy;  tempestuous:  as, 
blustering  weather ;  "a  blustering  day,"  Xhak., 
I  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. —  2.  Noisy;  violent;  self-as- 
serting; swaggering:  as,  a  blustering  fellow. 

A  policy  of  blustering  menace  and  arrogant  Interference. 
N.  A.  Ken.,  XXXIX.  410. 

blusteringly  (blus'ter-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  blus- 
tering manner. 

blusterous,  blustrous  (blus'ter-us,  -trus),  a. 
[<  bluster  +  -ous.]  1.  Noisy;  tempestuous; 
rough;  stormy. 

Now,  mild  may  be  thy  life ! 
For  a  more  blust'rous  birth  had  never  batie. 

Shot.,  Pericles,  iii.  1. 

2.  Violent;  truculent;  swaggering, 
blustery  (blus'ter-i),  a.   [<  bluster  +  -yl.]  Blus- 
tering; blusterous;  raging;  noisy. 

A  hollow,  blustery,  pusillanimous,  and  unsound  [char- 
acter]. Carlyle,  Life  of  Sterling. 

blustrous,  a.    See  blusterous. 
-bly.    A  termination  of  adverbs.    See  the  ety- 
mology of  -ble. 


boar 

i-.  iiiniilii-i,  —  (with  an  added  element)  Icel. 
hnilhir,  et.-..  MK.  /•»//»•.  Imlln;  m.id.  K.  Imtli  : 
see  6or*.]  The  earlier  word  for  hoik. 
bo2  (bo),  iiiti-rj.  [Also  writtm  Imli  :ind  formerly 
also  boe;  a  mere  rxcluinutinn.  Cf.  I),  "hij  lean 
boe  >incli  li.-i  .:•  I/HIM,"  i-<|ni\ .  tn  E.  "he  cannot 
say  bo  to  a  goose."  Cf.  6ool.}  An  exclamation 
used  to  inspire  surprise  or  fright;  especially,  a 
cry  uttered  oy  children  to  frighten  their  fellows. 
Also  boo. 

I'll  rather  put  on  my  flashing  red  no»e  and  my  fUmliiK 
face,  ami  dime  wrapped  In  *  calf «  skin,  and  cr) 
I'll  fray  the  scholar,  I  warrant  tl 

IM  Pit,,,.  Wily  !!<-uuil,  ,1, 

Not  able  to  say  bo!  to  a  goose,  very  !<»iii.i,  ,„  timid 
b.  0.  A  common  abbreviation  in  stock-ex- 
change reports  and  documents  of  buyer's  op- 
tion :  as,  fc.  o.  3  (that  is,  at  the  buyer's  option 
within  3  days). 

boa  •  l")'ii ),  ».  |  M...  <  L.  I; >,i,  also  IHII-II.  ap- 
plied to 'a  large  serpent;  perhaps  <  bos  (boe-), 
an  ox,  in  allusion  to  its  large  size :  see  Bos  and 
bovine."}  1.  [C<J;A]  In  her/>et.,  a  genus  of  very 
large  non-venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Boidte,  notable  for  their  power  of  constriction. 
It  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  the  modern  fam- 
ily, and  Included  all  the  boas,  anacondas,  etc.,  but  Is  now 
restricted  to  certain  South  American  species  congeneric- 


Boa  (Sea 


with  Boa  constrictor.  The  genus  includes  some  of  the 
largest  known  serpents  (sometimes  more  than  20  feet 
long),  capable  of  enveloping  and  crushing  mammals  as 
large  as  a  deer. 

2.  In  ordinary  language,  some  large  serpent, 
as  a  boa-co7istrictor,  anaconda,  or  python  ;  any 
member  of  the  family  Jioid<e  or  Pythonidtc.  —  3. 
A  long  and  slender  cylindrical  wrap  of  fur,  worn 
by  women  round  the  neck. 

boa-constrictor  (bo'ii-kon-strik'tor),  M.  A 
name  popularly  applied  to  any  large  serpent 
of  the  family  Boitla;  or  1'ythonida:  :  same  as 
boa,  2. 

boalee  (bo'a-le),  ».  [<  boyari,  the  Bengalese 
native  name.]  A  fish  of  the  family  fiiluridee, 
H'allago  attu,  which  has  been  also  named  .Si/u- 
rus  boalix,  inhabiting  the  fresh  waters  of  India 
and  Burma.  It  has  a  long  IxKly.  deeply  cleft  mouth, 
forked  caudal,  very  long  anal,  and  small  dorsal.  It  attains- 
a  length  of  at>out  0  feet,  and  is  edible. 

In  India  the  jawbone  of  the  bnalee  nsh  (Silurus  Imalls) 
is  employed  by  the  natives  alwut  Docca.  The  teeth, 
being  small,  recurved,  and  closely  set.  act  as  a  tine  comb 
for  carding  cotton. 

Siminotuls,  Com.  Products  of  the  Sea,  p.  255. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez),  n.  )il.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  Bo- 
avepytf,  from  an  Aramaic  form  equiv.  to  Heb. 
bne  hargem,  sons  of  thunder  (<  fine,  pi.  of  ben, 
son,  +  ha,  the,  +  ra'am,  thunder),  or  to  the 
synonymous  Heb.  bne  regexh.']  1.  Sons  of  thun- 
der :  a  name  given  bv  Christ  to  two  of  has  dis- 
ciples, James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee. 

And  he  sumamed  them  Boanrryes,  which  is.  The  sons 
of  thunder.  Mark  ill.  17. 


Hence  —  2.  sing.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a 
vociferous  preacher  or  orator. 
boar1  (bor),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  liore  ; 
<  ME.  boor,  bore,  bor,  <  AS.  Mr  =  OS.  ber  (-suin, 
swine)  =  D.  beer  =  MLG.  ber,  LG.  ber  =  OHG. 
her,  MHG.  ber,  a  boar,  G.  bar,  a  young  boar. 

lype   (blip),    ».      [Origin  uncertain.]      1.   A    Cf-  Buss,  frororw,  a  boar.]     I.  w.  1.  The  male 
shred;  a  piece  of  skin  rubbed  off.    Burns.— 2.     of  swine  (not  castrated).— 2.  A  military  engine 


A  stroke  or  blow.     [Scotch.] 

blythet,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  blithe. 

B.  M.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

B.  M.  E.  An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Min- 
ing Engineering. 

B.  Mus.    An  abbreviation  of  Bachelor  of  Music. 

boH,  a.,  pron.,  and  conj.  [ME.,  also  boo,  <  AS. 
bd,  fern,  (in  ME.  common  and  neut.),  with  begen 
(ME.  bcgeii.  In  ii-ii,  lifi/iti;  bayne,  beie,  beye,  baye), 
masc.,  bu,  neut.,  =  Goth,  bai,  m.,  ha,  neut.,  = 
(with  a  prefix)  L.  a»i-?>o  =  Gr.  aii-oa,  both  (see 


used  in  the  middle  ages.    Grose  __  Ethiopian  wild 

boar.  Same  as  halluf.  Wild  boar  <  SIM  «rrr>/i  or  aprr). 
an  ungulate  or  hoofed  mammal,  family  S\n<tir,  the  origi- 
nal of  the  tame  hog.  Wild  Niars  are  found  in  most  parU 
of  Europe,  excepting  the  British  islands  (where,  how  ever. 
they  formerly  abounded),  and  also  in  the  greater  part  of 
Asia,  and  on  the  Barbary  coast  of  Africa.  The  wild  boar 
differs  in  several  respects  from  the  tame  species  ;  its  body 
is  smaller,  its  snout  longer,  and  Its  ears  (which  are  always 
black)  rounder  and  shorter  ;  its  color  is  iron-gray,  inclin- 
ing to  black.  The  tusks,  formed  by  the  enlarged  canine 
teeth,  are  larger  than  those  of  the  tame  boar,  l>eing  some- 
times nearly  a  foot  in  length.  The  chase  of  the  wild  Iwar 
is  one  of  the  most  exciting  sports  of  Europe  and  India. 


boar 


Wild  Boar  (Sus  scrofa). 

In  heraldry  the  wild  boar  is  represented  with  large  tusks 
and  open  mouth. 

II.  a.  Male :  as,  a  boar  squirrel. 
boar2t,   boar3t.     Obsolete   spelling  of    bore1, 

bore2. 

board  (bord),  ».    [Under  this  form  and  the  cog- 
nate forms  in  the  other  languages  are  merged 

two  different  words :  (1)  ME.  bord,  board,  borde, 

<  AS.  bord,  a  board,  plank,  table,  shield,  =  OS. 

bord  =  OFries.  bord  =  D.  bord  =  MLG.  bort, 

LG.  board  =  Icel.  bordh  =  OHG.  MHG.  bort,  Q. 

bord,  bort  =  Sw.  and  Dan.  bord  =  Goth,  baurd 

(in  fotu-baurd,  'footboard,'  footstool),  neut.,  a 

board,  plank,  table  (in  AS.  also  shield);   (2) 

ME.  bord,  board,  borde,  <  AS.  lord  (=  OS.  bord 

-  D.  boord  =  MLG.  bort,  LG.  board  =  OHG. 

MHG.  bort,  G.  bord  =  Icel.  bordh  =  Sw.  Dan. 

bord),  masc.  (and,  by  confusion  with  the  pre- 
ceding, neut.),  border,   brim,  rim,   side,  esp. 

side  of  a  ship.     From  the  Teut.  comes  F.  bord 

=  OSp.  borda,  Sp.   bordo  =  Pg.   bordo  =  It. 

bordo,  side,   edge,   esp.   in  the  nautical  use, 

whence  in  E.  some  uses  of  board,  n.  and  v., 

after  the  F.   Hence  border,  etc.   Connection  of 

the  two  original  words  is  uncertain.     Another 

form  of  AS.  bord,  a  plank,  appears  transposed 

in  AS.  bred,  a  board,  flat  surface,  E.  dial,  bredf, 

a  board,  =  OD.  bred,  D.  berd,  a  floor,  =  OHG. 

MHG.  bret,  G.  brett,  a  board,  plank,  =  Sw. 

brdde  =  Dan.  brcedt,  board.   Not  connected  with 

broad,  as  is  usually  supposed.     Cf.  Ir.  Gael. 

Corn,  bord  =  W.  bord   and  bwrdd,   a  board, 

table.]     1.   A  piece  of  timber  sawed  thin,  and 

of  considerable  length  and  breadth  compared 

with  the  thickness.     The  name  is  usually  given  to 

pieces  of  timber  (in  this  and  similar  forms  called  lumber     precedence  at  table. 


board-wages 

In  his  next  pithy  symbol  I  dare  not  board  him,  for  he 
passes  all  the  seven  wise  Masters  of  Greece. 

Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

9f.  To  border  on ;  approach. 

The  stubborne  Newre  whose  waters  gray 
By  fair  Kilkenny  and  Kosseponte  boord. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xi.  43. 

To  board  out.  (a)  To  exclude  with  boards  or  by  board- 
ing, (b)  To  send  out  to  board ;  hire  or  procure  the  board 
of  elsewhere:  as,  to  board  out  a  child  or  a  horse. — To 
board  up.  (a)  To  stop  or  close  by  putting  up  boards  :  as, 
to  board  up  a  road,  (b)  To  shut  in  with  boards :  as,  to 
board  up  a  flock  of  chickens,  (c)  To  case  with  boards :  as, 
to  board  up  a  room  or  a  house. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  take  one's  meals,  or  be 
supplied  with  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 
house  of  another,  at  a  fixed  price. 

We  are  several  of  us,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  who  board 
in  the  same  house.  Spectator,  No.  296. 

2.  Naut.,  to  tack. 

boardable  (bor'da-bl),  a.  [<board,  v.,  +  -able.'] 

w  us  UIH.IGI BI.UWU  u  MVP.  mill  HUB  me  uuiu u»  cuvereu  omy     Capable  of  being  boarded,  as  a  ship, 
with  paper,  in  distinction  from  one  which  is  covered  with  board-clip  (bord'klip),  n.     A  spring-clasp  for 
cloth  or  leather.    The  boards  were  at  first  made  of  wood,     holding  shppts  of  naripr  iinnn  a  hnnrrt    rlp«t    m- 
but  are  now  made  of  hard-pressed  rough  paper-stock  and     n°laJnS  stl  OI  paper  upon  a  Doard,  desk,  or 

shredded  rope.    Often  abbreviated  to  bds.  printer's  case. 

The  boards  used  in  bookbinding  are  formed  of  the  pulp  board-cutter  (bord'kufer),  n.    A  bookbinders' 
obtained  from  refuse  brown  paper,  old  rope    straw    or     machine  for  cutting  millboards  for  the  covers 

rous.  and  backs  of  books. 

Ure,  Diet.,  1. 421.  boarder  (bor'der),  n.  One  who  boards,  (a)  One 
who  gets  his  meals,  or  both  meals  and  lodging,  in  the 
house  of  another  for  a  price  agreed  upon. 

There's  a  boarder  in  the  floor  above  me ;  and,  to  my  tor- 
ture, he  practises  music.  Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 
(b)  pi.  On  a  man-of-war,  the  officers  and  men  detailed  to 
attack  an  enemy  by  boarding.  They  are  armed  with  cut- 
lases  and  pistols. 

Heading  for  the  steamer,  he  formed  his  boarders  on  the 
bow.  J.  R.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  183. 


604 

a  knife-board. — 7.  A  tablet;  especially,  a  tab- 
let upon  which  public  notices  are  written,  or 
to  which  they  are  affixed:  as,  a  notice-&o«?'d; 
a  bulletin-board. — 8.  A  table,  tablet,  or  frame 
on  which  games  are  played:  as,  a  chess-  or 
backgammon-Sort^;  a  bagatelle-board. — 9.  pi. 
The  stage  of  a  theater:  as,  to  go  upon  the 
boards,  to  leave  the  boards  (that  is,  to  enter 
upon  or  leave  the  theatrical  profession). 

Our  place  on  the  boards  may  be  taken  by  better  and 
younger  mimes.  Thackeray. 

There  is  not  —  never  was  —  any  evidence  that  Lodge,  who 
was  a  very  meagre  dramatist,  ever  trod  the  boards. 

N.  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XI.  107. 

10.  A  kind  of  thick  stiff  paper;  a  sheet  form- 
ed by  layers  of  paper  pasted  together ;  paste- 
board: usually  employed  in  compounds:   as, 
c&rdboard,  'millboard,  Bristol-ftoaro?.     Hence  — 

11.  In  bookbinding,  one  of  the  two  stiff  covers 
On  the  sides  of  a  book.     By  a  book  in  boards  is  usually 
to  be  understood  a  book  that  has  the  boards  covered  only 


, 
other  vegetable  material  more  or  less  fibrous. 


12.  pi.  In  printing,  thin  sheets  of  very  hard 
paper-stock  placed  between  printed  sheets  in 
a  press  to  remove  the  indentation  of  impres- 
sion:  distinctively  called  press-boards. — 13. 
Naut. :  (a)  The  deck  and  interior  of  a  ship  or 
boat :  used  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard.  (6) 
The  side  of  a  ship. 


Now  board  to  board  the  rival  vessels  row.  Dryden. 

(c)  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between  boarding  (bor'ding),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  board, 
tack  and  tack.— 14.   In  mining,  as  generally    t,.]     1.  Wooden  boards  collectively, 
used  in  England:    (a)  Nearly  equivalent  to 
breast,  as  used  among  Pennsylvania  miners. 
See  breast,   (b)  An  equivalent  of  cleat,    in  York- 
shire, when  the  coal  is  worked  parallel  to  the  cleat,  it  is 
said  to  be  worked  board  or  bord,  the  more  usual  term  else- 
where being  face  on:  when  worked  at  right  angles  to  the 
cleat,  the  term  used  is  end  on. — Academy  board.    See 


ar  ami  breast,  under  pillar.-  Board  of  control  direc- 
tors,  equalization,  health,  ordnance,  trade,  etc.  See 
the  nouns.—  Board  on  board,  board  and  board  (naut.), 


The  supply  of  material,  wood,  and  boarding  for  build- 
ing, repairing,  or  constructing  public  and  sacred  build- 
ings. Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Communities,  p.  299. 

2.  Boards  put  together,  as  in  a  fence  or  a  floor. 
—  3.  The  operation  of  rubbing  leather  with  a 
pommel  or  grainiug-board  to  make  it  granular 

±£Bsle'  W*  hats  bfeeyhaved'  ^bed. 

.  dried-—  4-  The  act  of  entering  a  ship,  es- 
pecially  by  assault.  —  5.  The  practice  of  obtain- 
mg  one's  food,  or  both  food  and  lodging,  in  the 


he  United  States)  more  than  4J  inches  wide  and  less 
than  2  inches  thick.  Thicker  pieces  of  the  same  form 
are  called  planks,  and  narrower  ones  battens.  When 
boards  are  thinner  on  one  edge  than  on  the  other,  they 
are  called  feather-edged  boards ;  and  to  riven  pieces  of 
this  kind,  not  more  than  3  feet  long,  used  for  roofing  the 
name  board  is  exclusively  applied  in  the  southern  United 
States. 
But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  but  men. 

Shale.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 

2.  A  table,  especially  as  being  used  to  place 
food  on. 

Fruit  of  all  kinds  .  .  . 
She  gathers,  tribute  large,  and  on  the  board 
Heaps  with  unsparing  hand.      Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  343. 

Hence  —  3.    (a)   That  which   is  served  on  a 
board  or  table ;  entertainment;  food;  diet. 
Sometimes  white  lilies  did  their  leaves  afford, 
With  wholesome  poppy-flowers,  to  mend  his  homely  board. 
Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Oeorgics,  iv. 

They  .  ,  .  suffer  from  cold  and  hunger  in  their  flreless 
houses  and  at  their  meagre  boards. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

(b)  Provision  for  a  person's  daily  meals,  or 
food  and  lodging,  especially  as  furnished  by 
agreement  or  for  a  price :  applied  also  to  the 
like  provision  for  horses  and  other  animals. 
Board  without  lodging  is  often  distinguished  either  as 
day-board  or  table-board. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  the  session 
of  a  tribunal  is  held. 

I  wish  the  king  would  be  pleased  sometimes  to  be  pres- 
ent at  that  board  ;  it  adds  a  majesty  to  it.  Bacon. 

Better  acquainted  with  affairs  than  any  other  who  sat 
then  at  that  board.  Clarendon. 

Hence,  by  metonymy — 5.  A  number  of  per- 
sons having  the  management,  direction,  or 
superintendence  of  some  public  or  private  of- 
fice or  trust :  as,  a  board  of  directors ;  the  board 
of  trade ;  the  board  of  health ;  a  school-board. 

The  honourable  board  of  council.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 

Boards  partake  of  a  part  of  the  inconveniences  of  larger 
assemblies.  Their  decisions  are  slower,  their  energy  less 
their  responsibility  more  diffused.  They  will  not  have  the 
same  abilities  and  knowledge  as  an  administration  by  sin- 
8le  men.  A.  Hamilton,  Works,  I.  154. 

6.  A  flat  slab  of  wood  used  for  some  specific 
purpose:  as,  an  izoning-board ;  a  hake-board; 


Ful  ofte  tyme  he  hadde  the  bord  bygonne 
Aboven  alle  naciouns  in  Pruce. 


To 


boarding-clerk  (bor'ding-klerk),  n.     The  em- 
ployee of  a  custom-house  agent  or  shipping 
firm  whose  duty  is  to  communicate  with  ships 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  l.  52.     on  their  arrival  in  port.     [Eng.] 
e  board,  (a)  Naut.,  said  of  a  mast  which  is  boarding-house  (bor'ding-hous),  n.    A  house  of 

one's  namee<niyttie  boards!  afcamteWge'T'mTCrslty^    restaurant,  where  persons  are  furnished  with 

to  remain  a  member  of  a  college :  in  allusion  to  the  custom     board  tor  a  fixed  price. 

there  of  inscribing  the  names  of  members  on  a  board  or  boarding-joist  (bor' ding-joist),  n      One  of  the 

tackewhen  a  Jhrffs  worS^to^iZwlnl.-ToVake  a  ^°1StS  in  n&ked  flooring to  whicn  the  boards  are 
good  board,  to  get  well  on  in  a  stretch  to  windward.—  fastened. 

To  make  a  half  board  (naut.),  to  luff  into  the  wind  till  boardmg-macnine  (bor'ding-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
the  headway  ceases,  and  then  to  fill  away  on  the  same  machine  for  rubbing  the  sill-face  of  leather  to 
tack.- To  make  a  stern  board,  to  force  a  ship  astern  raise  tne  grain. 

ly.— To  sweep  the  board,  in  3o»H7i<7,StotakeCeverytlifi'i";  boarding-nettings  (bor'ding-nef'ingz),  n.  pi. 
pocket  all  the  stakes.  Nettings  of  small  rope  or  wire  fixed  around  the 

board    (bord),   v.      [<   board,   n.    In  sense  8,     bulwarks  of  a  ship  to  prevent  her  from  being 
after  F.  aborder,  come  to,  accost :  see  aboard'2,     boarded.     See  netting. 

abordl,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cover  with  boards ;  boarding-officer  (bor'ding-of'i-ser),  n.  An  offi- 
inclose  or  close  up  with  boards  ;  lay  or  spread  cer  of  the  custom-house  who  boards  ships  on 
with  boards :  often  with  up,  in,  or  over. —  2.  In  their  arrival  in  port  in  order  to  examine  their 
leather-manuf.,  to  rub  (leather)  with  a  pommel  papers  and  to  prevent  smuggling, 
or  graining-board,  in  order  to  give  it  a  granu-  boarding-pike  (bor'ding-plk),  n.  A  short  pike 
lar  appearance,  and  make  it  supple.  used  in  naval  warfare  in  boarding  or  in  repel- 

If  after  "  stoning  out "  the  leather  should  require  soften-     ling  boarders.     See  Jialf-pilce. 
ing,  it  is  boarded.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  431.  boarding-school  (bor'ding-skol),  n.     A  school 

3.  To  place  at  board :  as,  he  boarded  his  son    which  provides  board  for  its  pupils ;  a  school 
with  Mrs.  So-and-so. — 4.  To  furnish  with  food,     at  which  the  pupils  are  fed  and  lodged, 
or  food  and  lodging,  for  a  compensation:  as,  board-rack  (bord'rak),  n.     In  printing,  a  rack 
his  landlady  boards  him  at  a  reasonable  price,     for   sliding    shelves    (called   letter-boards)   on 

He  was  ...  boarded  and  lodged  at  the  houses  of  the     which  to  lay  away  composed  type, 
farmers  whose  children  he  instructed.  board-rule    (bord'rol),   n.     A  figured  scale  for 

Ining,  Sketch-Book,  p.  421.     finding  the  number  of  square  feet  in  a  board, 
5.  To  come  up  alongside  of  (in  order  to  at-    without  calculation. 

tack);  fall  aboard  of.— 6.  To  go  on  board  of  board-school  (bord'skol),  n.  In  Great  Britain, 
(a  vessel).  Specifically— (a)  To  embark.  (6)  To  hail  a  school  under  the  management  of  a  school- 
(c)<To'eiiter'bBCforce  ^  *  CUjtom."jloU8e  or  other  °<Bcer-  board  consisting  (except  in  London)  of  from  5 

You  board  an  enemy  to  capture  her,  and  a  i 
receive  news  or  make  communications. 

7f.  To  put  on  board ;  stow  away. 
The  seamen  call ;  shall  we  board  your  trunks? 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Changeling,  i.  1. 

8f.  To  approach;  accost;  make  advances  to. 
Him  the  Prince  with  gentle  court  did  bord. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  2. 


to  15  members,  elected  by  the  rate-payers  of  a 
'm$Men     scn°o1  district;  a  public  elementary  school. 

board-wages  (bord'wa"gez),  n,  sing,  and  ]>l.  A 
fixed  payment  made  to  domestic  servants  in 
lieu  of  board,  especially  when  it  is  necessary 
for  them  to  live  out  during  the  temporary  ab- 
sence from  home  of  their  employers. 


Not  enough  is  left  him  to  supply 
Board-wanes,  or  a  footman's  livery. 


Dryden. 


boar-fish 

boar-fish  (boVlish  I,  «.     A  name  npgiliril  to  vari- 
ous dissimilar  lislics  which  have  a  projcrtinu' 

SIHillt.      (a)   In    Kli-laml,  tlir   l'n/,na  n/ifr,  a  flsll  c.f  till' 

flllllily     l':l/:r:u:/,l'.        ll      h;l,     Illr     power    lif    I'M  I'Tlcl  i  UK    tlll<l 

roritrartiiu  its  [jiniilli  at  »  ill.    \\  lieu  t<\t<'ii<li->l  the  mouth 
takes  the  form  of  a  lion's  snout,  uliclinr  the  name.      It  ia 


V 

Boar.fish  (Cafms  afrr). 

6  inches  long,  ami  inhabits  the  Mediterranean  and  At- 
lantic northward  to  the  British  coasts.  (6)  In  New  Zea- 
land, tile  Ctittii.-,  un.'l  ,-nliit,  a  species  of  the  family  '/.<  unlit1. 
It  Is  related  to  the  John-dory,  lint  has  a  rough  skin  and  i« 
destitute  of  hirer  platen  and  the  black  lateral  spots,  (c) 
lu  southern  Australia  ( Melbourne,  etc.),  the  1'entace.ropsis 
refurvirostrijt,  a  species  of  the  family  P&Uaccrotidec.  It  is 
esteemed  as  a  food-fish. 

bearish  (bor'ish),  a.  [<  boar  +  -ishi.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  boar ;  resembling  a  boar ;  swin- 
ish; sensual;  cruel. 

In  his  anointed  llcgh  stick  !»»it-i  ./>  fangs. 

NA.iA-.,  Lear,  III.  7. 

boar-spear  (bor'sper),  n.     [<  ME.  boresper,  < 
AS.  barspere,  <  bar,  boar,  +  sperc,  spear.]    A 
spear  used  in  hunting  boars, 
boar-stag  (bor'stag),  n.    A  gelded  boar, 
boar's-tusk  (borz'tusk),  n.    A  common  name 
given  to  shells  of  the  genus  Dentalium.    J.  B. 
Sowerby,  Jr. 

boart  (bort),  ».  Same  as  bort. 
boast1  (bost),  t'.  [<  ME.  bosten,  boosten,  <  bost, 
boast:  origin  unknown.  The  W.  bostio,  bos- 
tian  =  Corn,  bostyc  =  Gael,  bostl,  boast,  are 
from  the  E.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  threaten;  ut- 
ter a  threat. —  2.  To  brag;  vaunt;  speak  vain- 
gloriously  or  exaggeratedly,  as  of  one's  own 
worth,  property,  deeds,  etc. 

Boottte  not  myche,  it  is  but  waast ; 

Bl  boostynge,  men  mowe  foolls  knowe. 

Batiees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  54 

By  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  .  .  .  not  of  works, 
lest  any  man  should  boast.  Eph.  ii.  8,  9. 

3.  To  glory  or  exult  on  account  (of);  speak 
with  laudable  pride. 

I  boa»t  of  yon  to  them  of  Macedonia.  2  Cor.  ix.  2. 

4.  To  be  possessed,  as  of  something  remarka- 
ble or  admirable  :  often  used  jocosely. 

It  (the  cathedral]  does  not  appear  so  rich  as  the  small- 
est church,  but  boasts  of  a  little  organ,  which  sent  forth 
singularly  inharmonious  cries. 

Daririn,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  I.  4. 

=  SyiL  To  bluster  (about),  vapor,  crow  (about  a  thing,  or 
over  a  person),  swell,  talk  big,  put  on  airs. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  brag  of;  speak  of  with 
pride,  vanity,  or  exultation :  as,  to  boast  what 
anns  can  do. 

But  let  him  boast 
His  knowledge  of  good  lost,  and  evil  got. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  86. 
He  boasts  his  life  as  purer  than  thine  own. 

Tennyson,  Balin  and  Balan. 

2.  To  glory  or  exult  in  possessing ;  have  as  a 
source  of  pride :  often  in  a  jocose  sense :  as,  the 
village  boasts  a  public  pump. 

God  be  thanked,  the  meanest  of  His  creatures 
Boast*  two  soul-sides,  one  to  face  the  world  with, 
One  to  show  a  woman  when  he  loves  her. 

l!i-"irtiinff,  One  Word  More. 

3.  To  magnify  or  exalt ;  make  over-confident ; 
vaunt :  with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

They  that  trust  in  their  wealth,  and  boast  themselves  In 
tlie  multitude  of  their  riches.  Ps.  xlix.  0. 

Boast  not  thyself  of  to-morrow.  Pror.  xxvii.  1. 

Many  there  be  that  ttoast  themselves  that  they  have 
faith.  Lutlmrr,  4th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.  (1548). 

boast1  (bost).  ».  [<  ME.  boost,  bost:  see  the 
vi't-b.  The  \V.  bost  (=  Corn,  bost  =  Ir.  and 
(iat'l.  boml),  a  boast,  is  from  the  E.]  If. 
Clamor;  outcry. 

He  erakkede  fm^t  and  svvor  it  was  nat  so. 

I'luiiiivr,  Iteeve's  Tale,  1.  81. 

2f.  Threatening;  menace.— 3.  Brag;  vaunt- 
ing; language  expressive  of  ostentation,  pride, 
or  vanity. 

Reason  ami  morals  ?  and  where  live  they  most, 
In  Christian  comfort  or  in  Stole  boast  f 

/•''/'•'"".  Kuthusiasm. 

4.  A  cause  of  boasting:    occasion  of  pride, 
vanity,  or  laudable  exultation :  as,  Shakspere, 
the  Imaxt  of  English  literature. 

His  Candle  is  ahvayi  s  a  lonurr  sitter  vp  then  billiselfr. 
and  thr  M«x/  of  his  Window  at  Midnight. 

/•'/'.  /••''! >'t':,  Miero-cosmographir.  A  Cirteiiilerto Learning. 
=  Syn.  Vaunt,  brag.  See  boastinyl. 


Boasting-chisels. 


605 

boast2  (host),  r.  t.  [Origin  unknown;  perhaps 
a  '•omiption  of  bosh*,  q.  v.]  1.  In  masonry, 
to  dress  off  t  In-  surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. —  2.  In  .«•»//<.,  to  reduce  or- 
naments or  other  work  to  their  general  contour 
or  form,  preparatory  to  working  out  the  details. 

boast2  (bost),  n.  [Appar.  in  allusion  to  the 
ball's  nibbing  or  scraping  the  wall;  <  boastf, 
p.]  In  tennis,  a  stroke  by  which  the  ball  is 
drivi'ii  against  the  wall  of  a  court  at  an  acute 
angle.  The  nibbing  against  the  wall  makes 

thr  ball  spilt. 

boastancet,  ».    [<  boast1  +  -ance.']    Boasting. 

f  'lutucer. 
boaster1  (bos'ter),  «.     [<  ME.  hosier,  bostour, 

<  bosten,  boast.]     One  who  boasts,  glories,  or 

vaunts  with  exaggeration,  or  ostentatiously ;  a 

bragger. 
boaster2  (bos'ter),  w.    [<  boast*  +  -eri.]    A 

broad  chisel  used  in  rough-hewing  and  dressing 

off  the  surface  of  a  stone ;  a  boasting-chisel, 
boastful  (bost'ful),  a.     [<  ME.  bostful,  <  host, 

boast,  +  -fvl.}    Given  to  boasting ;  vaunting; 

bragging. 

Boatl/vl  and  rough,  your  first  son  is  a  squire. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  1.  151. 
Let  boastful  eloquence  declaim 
Of  honor,  liberty,  and  fame. 

Whitticr,  Prisoner  for  Debt. 

boastfully  (bost'ful-i),  adv.  In  a  boastful 
manner. 

boastfulness  (bost'ful-nes),  ».  [<  boastful  + 
-ness."\  The  state  or  quality  of  being  boastful. 

boasting1  (bos'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  hosting;  verbal 
n.  of  boasft,  ».]  A  glorying  or  vaunting;  boast- 
ful or  ostentatious  words ;  bragging  language. 
When  boasting  ends,  then  dignity  begins.  Young. 

=  Syn.  Brag,  bravado,  bluster,  swagger,  swaggering,  rain- 
glory,  rodomontade,  parade,  vaporing,  rant. 
boasting2  (bos'ting),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  boas  ft, 
t».]     jLIn  masonry,  the  process  of  dressing  the 
surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad 
chisel  and  mallet. — 2.  In  sculp. 
and  carving,  the  act  of  cutting 
a  stone  roughly  with  a  boasting- 
chisel,  so  as  to  give  it  the  general 
contour  of  a  statue  or  an  orna- 
ment.   Also  called  scabbling. 
boastingly  (bos'ting-li),  adv.    In  an  ostenta- 
tious manner ;  with  boasting, 
boastive  (bos'tiv),  a.     [<  boast*  +  -ive.]    Pre- 
sumptuous; boastful.     SJtenstone.     [Rare.] 
boastless  (bost'les),  a.     [<  boasfl   +  -fcss.] 
Without  boasting  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Diffusing  kind  beneficence  around, 
Boastless,  as  now  descends  the  silent  dew. 

Thomson,  Summer,  1.  1644. 

boat  (bot),  ».  [<  ME.  boot,  bate,  bot,  <  AS.  bat  = 
Icel.  beit  (rare),  a  boat;  appar.  not  found  as  an 
orig.  word  elsewhere,  being  in  the  later  lan- 
guages appar.  borrowed  from  ME.  or  AS. ; 
namely  (from  ME.),  MD.  and  0.  600*  =  MLG. 
hot,  LG.  boot  (>  G.  boot),  and  (from  AS.)  Icel. 
batr  =  Sw.  bat  =  Dan.  baad,  also  W.  bad  =  Ir. 
Imil  =  Gael.  Im/ii,  and  ML.  batus,  battue,  It. 
batto  =  OF.  bat;  with  dim.  It.  battello  =  Sp. 
batel  =  Pr.  batelh  =  OP.  hotel,  F.  bateau  :  see 
bateau.']  1.  A  small  vessel  orwater-craft ;  espe- 
cially, a  small  open  vessel  moved  by  oars.  The 
forms,  dimensions,  and  uses  of  boats  arc  very  various.  The 
In  at  -  in  use  In  the  United  Statw  naval  service  are  steam- 
launches,  launches,  steam-cutters,  cutters,  barges,  gigs, 
whale-boats,  and  dinghies. 

2.  Any  vessel  for  navigation :  usually  described 
by  another  word  or  by  a  prefix  denoting  its  use 
or  mode  of  propulsion :  as,  a  packet-feoat,  pas- 
sage-front, steamftoflt,  etc.  The  term  is  frequent- 
ly applied  colloquially  to  vessels  even  of  the 
largest  size. — 3.  Any  open  dish  or  vessel  re- 
sembling a  boat:  as,  a  gravy-ftoaf;  a  butter- 
boat. 

The  crude  red  [In  the  decomposition  of  aniline]  has  left 
a  violet  deposit  in  the  bottom  of  the  boat*  in  which  it  was 
<-"<>led.  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXV.  207. 

4.  In  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  vessel  contain- 
ing the  incense  to  be  placed  in  the  thurible 
when  needed.— Ail  In  the  same  boat,  all  engaged 
in  the  same  enterprise ;  all  in  the  same  condition,  espe- 
cially unfortunate  condition  ;  all  to  have  the  same  fate 
or  fortune.— Boat-compass,  see  compats.—  High  boat. 
See  hinh.  —  Paper  boat,  a  light  boat,  used  especially  for 
racing  and  sporting  purposes,  made  of  sheets  of  manila 
paper,  or  of  paper  made  from  superior  unbleached  linen 
stock.  The  first  sheet  is  fastened  to  a  model  which  cor- 
responds to  the  interior  of  the  boat,  and  coated  with  ad- 
hesive varnish  :  another  sheet  is  thru  put  over  the  first ; 
and  so  on  until  a  sntticient  thii  kni'ss  is  obtained. 

boat  (bot ),  r.  [<lu><,t,  «.]  I.  tniii*.  1.  To  trans- 
port in  a  boat:  as,  to  6o«(  goods  across  a  lake. 
—2.  To  provide  with  boats.  [Rare.] 


boat's-gripes 

Our  little  ArnoU  not  boat"'  likr  tin-  Thames. 

II"  1. 8». 

To  boat  the  can,  t<«  take  them  out  of  tin-  rowlocks 
MdnaM  them  fore  ami  aft  on  the  thwarts. 
II.  intrans.  To  go  in  a  boat ;  row. 

I  boated  over,  ran 
My  <  raft  aijroiiN.I. 

•inn,  Edwin  Morris. 

beatable  (bo'ta-bl),  n.  [<  bo<it  +  -able.1  Navi- 
gable by  boats  or  small  river-craft, 
boatage  (bo'taj),  «.  [<  boat  +  -Of/e.]  1.  Car- 
riage by  boat,  or  the  charge  for  carrying  by 
boat.— 2t.  Boats  collectively  .—  3.  The  aggre- 
gate carrying  capacity  of  the  boats  belonging 
to  a  ship. 

It  Is  generally  assumed  that  sufficient  bnataye  Is  invari- 
ably  provided.  AV/;,,/,/,,-.,/,  /;. ..   cxv.  108. 

boatbill  (bot'bil),  n.  A  South  American  bird, 
Coehlearia  (or  (,'aneroma)  cochlearia,  related  to 
tho  true  herons:  so  named  from  the  shape  and 


Boatbill  (Cancroma  cochlearia  . 

size  of  the  bill,  which  is  very  broad  and  much 
vaulted.  The  boathill  is  about  the  size  of  and  somewhat 
resembles  a  night-heron  (apart  from  the  bill),  but  is  the 
type  of  a  distinct  subfamily,  Cancromina  (which  see). 
Also  called  Ixtat-billrd  heron  and  sapactHt. 

boat-builder  (bot'bil'der),  n.  One  who  makes 
boats ;  a  boatwright. 

boat-fly  (bot'fli),  ».  An  aquatic  heteropterous 
hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  Xotonertida-, 
which  swims  upon  its  back.  See  Xotonecta. 
Also  called  back-swimmer  and  boat-insect. 

boat-hook  (bot'huk),  n.  A  brass  or  iron  hook 
and  spike  fixed  to  a  staff  or  pole,  used  for  pull- 
ing or  pushing  a  boat.  Also  called  gaff-setter, 
setting-pole,  pole-hook,  and  hitcher. 

boat-house  (bot'hous),  n.  A  house  or  shed  for 
storing  boats  and  protecting  them  from  the 
weather. 

boating   (bo'ting),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  boat,  r.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  rowing  or  sailing  a 
boat,   especially  as  a  means  of  exercise  or 
amusement. — 2.  Transportation  by  boats. — 3. 
A  punishment  in  ancient  Persia,  consisting  in 
fastening  an  offender  on  his  back  in  a  boat  and 
leaving  him  to  perish  or  be  eaten  by  vermin. 

boat-insect  (bot'in'sekt),  n.    Same  as  boat-flu. 

boationt  (bo-a'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  'boatio(n-), 
equiv.  to  boatus,  a  crying  out,  <  boare,  earlier 
bovare,  =  Or.  jioav,  cry  out,  roar,  bellow.]  A 
reverberation;  a  roar;  loud  noise.  [Rare.] 

The  guns  were  heard  .  .  .   aliont  a  hundred   Italian 
miles,  in  loud  boationt.  Drrham,  Physico-Theology. 

boat-keeper  (bot'ke'per),  ».  1.  One  of  the 
crew  of  a  ship's  boat  left  in  charge  of  it  during 
the  absence  of  the  others. — 2.  One  who  keeps 
boats  for  hire. 

boatman  (bot'man),  »i.;  pi.  boatmen  (-men).  1. 
A  man  who  manages  or  is  employed  on  a  boat; 
a  rower  of  a  boat. 

The  iKKituiaii  piled  the  oar,  the  bo*t 
Went  light  along  the  stream.  Sotitkey. 

2.  A  hemipterous  insect  of  the  family  CoritUm 
and  genus  A'otaneeta. 

boat-racing  (bot'ra'sing)j  ».    A  trial  of  speed 

between  boats ;  racing  with  boats, 
boat-rope  (bot'rop),  n.     A  rope  to  fasten  a 

boat,  usually  called  a  painter. 


Bo«rs-gripe«. 

boats-gripes  (bots'grips),  n.pl.    Lashings  used 
to  secure  boats  hoisted  at  the  davits. 


boat-shaped 

boat-shaped  (bot'shapt),  n.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  boat;  navicular;  cymbiform;  hollow  like 
a  boat,  as  (in  bat.)  the  valves  of  some  pericarps. 
Specifically,  in  ornitli.,  applied  to  tile  tail  of  certain  birds, 


Boat-shaped.—  Tail  of  a  Crackle, 

as  the  boat-tailed  grackle,  (Jui»calm  major,  in  which  the 
plane  of  the  feathers  of  each  half  meets  that  of  the  other 
half  obliquely,  slanting  downward  and  toward  the  me- 
dian line,  and  thus  induces  a  reentrance  or  hollow  of  the 
upper  surface  and  a  salience  or  keel  below. 
boat-shell  (bot'shel),  «.  The  English  name  of 
the  shells  of  the  genus  Cymbium  or  Cymba,  be- 
longing to  the  family  J'olittida'.  See  cut  under 
Cymbium. 

boat-skid  (bot'skid),  n.  Naut.,  a  piece  of  wood 
fastened  to  a  ship's  side  to  prevent  chafing 
when  a  boat  is  hoisted  or  lowered. 
boatsmant  (bots'man),  w.  [<  boafs,  poss.  of 
boat,  +  man  ;  =  T).  bootsman  =  Sw.  bdtsman  = 
Dan.  baadxman,  boatswain.]  1.  A  boatswain. 
—  2.  A  boatman. 

boat-song  (bot'sdng),  ».  A  vocal,  or  occasion- 
ally an  instrumental,  musical  composition, 
either  intended  actually  to  be  sung  while  row- 
ing or  sailing  or  written  in  imitation  of  a  song 
thus  used.  See  barcarole. 

boatswain  (hot  'swan;  colloq.  and  in  naut. 
use,  bo'sn),  n.  [Also  colloq.  and  naut.  boson 
(formerly  in  good  literary  use)  ;  early  mod.  E. 
boatswain,  boatson,  boteswayne,  <  late  ME.  bot- 
swayne;  <  boat  +  swain,  in  the  sense  of  'boy  ser- 
vant.' The  alleged  AS.  "batswdn  is  not  author- 
ized.] 1.  A  subordinate  officer  of  a  ship,  who 
has  charge  of  the  rigging,  anchors,  cables,  and 
cordage.  It  is  his  duty  also  to  summon  the  crew  for  any 
evolution,  and  to  assist  the  executive  officer  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship.  His  station  is  always  on  the  fore- 
castle, and  a  silver  call  or  whistle  is  the  badge  of  his  office. 

2.  A  jiiger  or  skua;  any  bird  of  the  genus 
Lestris  or  Stercorarius. 

Dr.  Bessels  killed  three  fork-tailed  gulls,  and  two  6o«(- 
mvaiiu.  C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  388. 

3.  A  name  of  birds  of  the  genus  Pkaethon.    See 
tropic-bird  —  Boatswain's  mate,  an  assistant  of  a  boat- 
swain.   Boatswain's  mates  inflicted  corporal  punishment 
before  it  was  abolished. 

boat-tailed  (bot'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail  boat- 
shaped.  See  boat-shaped. 
boattails  (bot'talz),  n.  pi.  In  ornitli.,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  American  grackles, 
subfamily  QuiscaUna;,  family  Icteridte,  from  the 
fact  that  their  tails  are  boat-shaped.  See  cut 
under  boat-shaped. 

boatwright  (bot'rit),  «,  A  boat-builder. 
bob1  (bob),  H.  [Under  the  form  606  are  in- 
cluded several  words  of  obscure  origin,  mostly 
colloquial  and  without  a  definite  literary  his- 
tory, and  in  consequence  now  more  or  less  con- 
fused in  sense  as  well  as  in  form.  The  differ- 
ent senses,  in  their  noun  and  verb  uses,  have 
reacted  on  each  other,  and  cannot  now  be  en- 
tirely disentangled.  Bofti,  ».,  a  cluster,  etc., 
=  Sc.  606,  bob,  a  cluster,  bunch,  nosegay,  < 
ME.  bob.bobbc,  a  cluster;  cf.  Icel.  bobbi,  a  knot 
(nodus,  Haldorsen),  and  Gael,  babag,  a  cluster, 
baban,  a  tassel,  fringe.  In  senses  5J  6,  7,  rather 
from  6o61,  v.  t.,  1;  in  senses  10,  11,  13.  606  is 
short  for  bob-wig,  bob-stick,  bob-sled,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  bunch;  a  cluster;  a  nosegay.  [Now  chiefly 
Scotch.] 
Vynes  .  .  .  with  wondere  grete  bobbis  of  grapes 

MS.  in  Halliwell. 

The  rose  an'  hawthorn  sweet  I'll  twine 
To  make  a  bob  for  thee.    Hogg,  The  Hay-makers. 
2f.  The  seed-vessel  of  flax,  hops,  etc.  —  3    Any 
small  round  object  swinging  or  playing  loosely 
at  the  end  of  a  cord,  line,  flexible  chain,  wire 
rod,  or  the  like     Specifically-  (a)  A  little  pendant  or 
ornament  so  attached  ;  an  ear-drop. 

In  jewels  dressed,  and  at  each  ear  a  bob. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  vi 
Those  Indians  who  are  found  to  wear  all  the  gold  they 
have  in  the  world  in  a  bob  at  the  nose. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World  lii 


606 

a  deer's  tail ;  .  .  .  strips  of  red  flannel  or  red  feathers  are  bob3} 
sometimes  added,  .  .  .  forming  a  kind  of  tassel,  with  the     *  • 
points  of  the  hooks  projecting  at  equal  distances. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  383. 
(ff)  A  float  or  cork  for  a  fish-line. 
4.  A  small  wheel  made  entirely  of  a  thick  piece 
of  bull-neck  or  sea-cow  leather,  perforated  for 
the  reception  of  the  spindle,  used  for  polishing 
the  inside  of  the  bowls  of  spoons  and  the  con- 
cave portions  of  other  articles. —  5f.  The  words 
repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza ;  the  burden  of 


bobbin 

),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  606- 
„,..;,.  L,  ME.  bobben,  <  OF.  bober,  mock,  de- 
ceive, cheat.]  1.  To  mock;  deride;  insult. 

So  by  siche  feynyd  myraclis  men  by  gylenhemsilf  and 
dispisen  God,  as  the  tormentours  that  bobbulen  Crist. 

Rel.  Antiq.,  ii.  47. 
2.  To  deceive;  delude;  cheat. 

Play  her  pranks  and  bob  the  foole. 

Turberville,  A  Pretie  Epigram. 


3.  To  gain  by  fraud  or  cheating. 


You're  bobb'd ;  'twas  but  a  deed  in  trust. 
a  song.  Middleton  (and  others),  The  Widow,  v.  1. 

"  To  bed,  to  bed,"  will  be  the  606  of  the  song. 

Si>  R.  L' Estrange,  Fables. 

6.  A  short  jerking  action  or  motion:  as,  a  606  anew.,  wneno,  v.  i. 

of  the  head.— 7.  In  change-ringing,  a  set  of  bob3  (bob),  n.   [<  bob^,  v.  Cf.  OF.  bobe,  mocking, 
changes  which  may  be  rung  on  6,  8,  10,  or  12    deception.]    A  taunt;  a  jeer  or  flout;  a  trick. 

bells.     That  nine  on  fi  bells  is  called  n  hnh  i»i»«>-  -  nn  8 


Gold,  and  jewels,  that  I  bobb'd  from  him. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 


bells.  That  rung  on  fl  bells  is  called  a  bob  minor;  on  8 
bells,  a  bob  major;  on  10  bells,  a  bob  royal;  and  on  12 
bells,  a  bob  HUMOMIA 

8.  A  triangular  or  four-sided  frame  of  iron  or 
wood,  vibrating  on  an  axis,  by  the  aid  of  which 
the  motion  of  the  connecting-rod  of  an  engine 
is  communicated  to  a  pump-rod,  the  former 


Let  her  leave  her  bobs; 
I  have  had  too  many  of  them ;  and  her  quillets. 

Fletcher,  Tamer  Tamed. 

I  am  beholding  to  you 
For  all  your  merry  tricks  you  put  upon  me, 
Your  bobt,  and  base  accounts. 

10  •  '  M  [i  r .  in  1 1  n  ,1 1 1  •>  i    LU  a  ^jump-ruu,    me  loruier  Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

being  usually  horizontal,  the  latter  vertical  or    To  give  the  bob  tot,  to  make  a  fool  of ;  impose  upon 
considerably  inclined.-9.  A  dance.  [Scotch.]  It  can  be  no  other  [1)llslnes8, 

But  to  give  me  the  bob. 

tlaxeinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  iv.  5. 

bob4  (bob),  n.  [<  ME.  bobbe,  an  insect  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  spiders  and  lice ;  = 
Sw.  bobba,  a  certain  insect,  buprestis.  Perhaps 
the  same  word  as  bob1,  a  bunch,  of  which  a  dial, 
sense  is  'ball';  cf.  attercop,  a  spider,  lit.  'poi- 
son-head' or  'poison-bunch';  cf.  also  pill-beetle. 
Cf.  Icel.  bobbi,  a  snail-shell;  komast  i  bobba, 
get  into  a  puzzle.]  A  louse;  any  small  insect. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Bug.] 

'      The 


-  -    i, — 

O  what'n  a  bob  was  the  bob  o'  Dunblane. 

Jacobite  Song. 

10.  A  particular  kind  of  wig;  a  bob-wig. 

A  plain  brown  bob  he  wore. 

Shenstone,  Extent  of  Cookery. 

He  had  seen  flaxen  bobs  succeeded  by  majors,  which  in 
their  turn  gave  way  to  negligent,  which  were  at  last  total- 
ly routed  by  bags  and  ramilies.  Goldsmith,  Richard  Nash. 

11.  A  shilling.     Formerly  bobstick.     [Slang.] 
"Well,  please  yourself,"  quoth  the  tinker;  "you  shall 

have  the  books  for  four  606."  .  .  .  "  Four  6068  —  four  shil- 
lings: it  is  a  great  sum,"  said  Lenny.  .»*•.... «,t,.*.      ii  iuv.  .uug.j 

Bvlwer,  My  Novel,  iv.  5.   bobac,  bobak  (bob'ak),  n.     [Pol.  bobak.] 

12.  An  infantry  soldier:  as,  the  light  bobs :  pos-    Polish  marmot,  Arctomys  bobac. 

sibly  so  called  because  soldiers  were  enlisted  •Bobadil  (bob  a-dil),  n.     [The  name  of  a  boast- 
in  England  with  a  shilling.     [Slang.]  — 13.  A    }3J  character  m  Ben  Jonson's  "Every  Man  in 
seat  mounted  on  short  runners,  used  either  for  J1"'  Humour."]     A  blustering  braggart, 
pleasure  coasting  or  for  the  conveyance  of  Bobadllian  (bob-a-dil'ian),  a.     Pertaining  to 
loads  over  ice  or  snow :  a  sled.    r  American  T or  resembling  a  Bobadil,  or  a  blustering  fellow 


a  se.         merican.] ,  userng   eow 

as  cushion-dame.— Dry  bob,     wno  "jakes  pretenses  to  prowess, 
boy  who  devotes  himself  to  Bobadilism    (bob'a-dil-izm),  n.     [<  Bobadil  + 


Bob  at  the  bolster.   Same  as 

at  Eton  College,  England,  a  boy  „,.„  Uc<ui*re  umurcu  10  uuuavuuE 
cncket  or  foot-ball:  in  opposition  to  vet  bob,  one  who  -ism  1  B 
makes  boating  his  principal  recreation.—  Oscillatine  or  v-v-id 

gbob.    Same  as  balance-bob.  v   v       '  "' 


Blustering  conduct  or  braggadocio. 
See  bobac. 


who  or  that  which  bobs. 


vaguely  imitative,  and  not  directly  connected 


2.  One  who  fishes 


with  a  bob. — 3.  One  of  the  artificial  flies  of  au 


with  the  noun.] 


I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  a  short 


..  __  ••-.•  j        A.    H  omvi    *•>     -Lvy  v><*u.oc  a>  ou\JHi 

jerky  motion  of;  effect  by  a  short  jerking  move-  a??ler0s  cast- 

ment:  as,  "he  bobbed  his  head,"  Irving;  to  606  bobber2t,  n.    [<  bob%  +  -erl.]    1.  One  who  scoffs. 

a  courtesy.  Bitter    taunters,   dry    bobbers,  nyppinge   gybers,   and 

When  Ionian  shoals  skorneful  mockers  of  others. 

Of  dolphins  bob  their  noses  through  the  brine.  Tmichntone  of  Complexion*  (1675). 

Keats,  Endymion,  i.  2.   A  deceiver. 

2.  To  cut  short;  dock:  often  with  off:  as,  to  bobbery  (bob'er-i),  n.;  pi.  bobberies  (-iz).    [Pop- 

606  or  bob  off  a  horse's  tail.  ularly  regarded  as  a  native  E.  term,  <  ftoftl,  v. 

II.   tntrans.   1.    To  act  jerkily,  or  by  short  bob^,v.,  +  -ery,  but  really  of  Anglo-Indian  ori- 

quick  motions ;  move  or  play  loosely,  in  a  sway-  gin,  being  an  accom.  of  Hind,  bap  re,  O  father! 

mg  or  vibrating  manner:  as,  to  606  against  a  a  common  exclamation  of  surprise :  bap,  father • 

person ;  to  bob  up  and  down,  or  back  and  forth,  re,  a  vocative  particle  expressing  surprise.]    A 

as  a  pith-ball  or  other  object,  or  a  person.  squabble;  a  row;  a  disturbance:  as,  to  kick  up 

A  birthday  jewel  bobbing  at  their  ear.                 Dryden.  a  bobbery.      [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 

2.  To  make  a  jerky  bow  or  obeisance.  .  I  heard  something  yesterday  of  his  kicking  up  a  bobbery 

He  rolled  in  upon  two  little  turned  legs   and  having  in  tlle  kitenen-              Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  36. 

^ 

3-4-  ?°  an  ' 


SaaSI  ittTW&S*  °le  e"?  of  a  Pendulum,  plumb- 
line,  and  the  like.  (c)The  movable  weight  on  the  graduat- 
ed arm  of  a  steelyard,  (d)  A  knot  of  worms,  rags,  or  other 
ures,  fixed  to  a  string,  with  or  without  a  look  and  used 
in  angling.  („)  Formerly,  a  grub  or  larva  of  a  beetle  uled 
xor  DEIC.  . 

Yellow  bobs  turned  up  before  the  plough 
Are  chiefest  bait  with  cork  and  lead  enough 

J.  Dennys,  Secrets  of  Angling,  ii.'(1613). 
(/)  A  gang  of  fish-hooks. 

The  606        .  is  formed  by  tying  three  hooks  together 
back  to  back,  and  covering  their  shanks  with  a  portion  of 


,  as  for  eels,  or  by  giving  the 

jerking  motion  in  the  water. 
I'll  bob  for  no  more  eels.  Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  v.  2. 

These  are  the  baits  they  bob  with. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  iii.  4. 

bob2  (bob),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bobbed,  ppr.  bob- 
bing.  [<  ME.  bobben,  strike.  Origin  obscure, 
perhaps  in  part  imitative;  cf.  bob*,  v.  Cf.  Sc. 
606,  a  mark  or  butt.]  1.  To  strike;  beat. 

With  the  bit  of  his  blade  he  babbit  him  so     . 
He  clefe  him  to  the  coler. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7316. 
I'll  not  be  bob'd  in  th'  nose. 

Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas,  ii.  2. 
2.  To  jog;  shake;  nudge. 

Mr.  Harley  bobbed  me  at  every  line  to  take  notice  of 

le  beauties.  Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  6. 

bob2t  (bob),  n.     [<  6o62,  t\]    A  shake  or  jog; 

a  blow:  as,  " pinches,  nips,  and  bobs,"  Ascham, 

The  Scholemaster. 

He  that  a  fool  doth  very  wisely  hit 
Doth  very  foolishly,  although  he  smart, 
Not  to  seem  senseless  of  the  606. 

Shat.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 


a  tassel,  fringe,  babag,  a  cluster,  tassel.  This 
would  bring  bobine  into  connection  with  E.  dial. 
bobbin,  a  small  fagot  (unless  this  is  a  var.  of 
bobbin  =  bavin1),  and  bobbin,  a  little  knob  hang- 
ing by  a  string  attached  to  a  latch.  See  fto&l.] 
1.  A  reel  or  spool  for  holding  thread.  Specifi- 
cally— (a)  One  of  the  weights  used  to  steady  the  threads 
in  pillow-lace  making,  each  bobbin  having  a  slender  neck 
around  which  a  part  of  the  thread  is  wound ;  formerly  made 
of  bone,  but  now  commonly  of  wood,  (b)  A  spool  with  a 
head  at  one  or  both  ends,  intended  to  have  thread  or  yarn 
wound  on  it,  and  used  in  spinning,  in  weaving,  and  in 
sewing-machines. 

Hence— 2.  Either  of  the  two  spool-shaped  parts 
of  an  electromagnet,  consisting  of  a  central  core 
of  soft  iron  wound  around  with  a  considerable 
length  of  fine  insulated  copper  wire. —  3.  A 
narrow  tape  or  small  cord  of  cotton  or  linen. 
—4.  A  hank  of  Russian  flax,  consisting  of  6, 
9,  or  12  heads,  according  to  the  quality Bob- 
bin and  fly-frame,  (a)  A  machine  used  in  cotton-man- 
ufacture for  taking  the  sliver  as  received  from  the  draw- 
ing-frame and  converting  it  into  roving  or  slulibing  ;  tliis 
is  the  first  or  coarse  frame,  (b)  A  machine  which  takes 
the  stubbing  from  the  first  frame  and  converts  it  into  a 
coarse  yarn. 


bobbin 

bobbin  (bob'in),  r.  t.  [<  bobbin,  ».]  To  wind 
on  bobbins  or  spools,  as  thread. 

bobbinet  (bob-in-cl' or  bob'in-et),  n.  A  com- 
mon contracted  form  of  hobbin-in-1, 

bobbing  (bob'ing),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  Imlibinn  : 
verbal  n.  of  litilii,  t:,  II.,  4.]  The  act  or  opera- 
tion of  lisliinu'  with  a  bob. 

bobbin-net  (bob-in-net'),  «.  A  machine-made 
cotton  netting,  consisting  of  parallel  threads 
which  form  the  warp,  upon  which  two  systems 
of.  oblique  threads  are  laid  in  such  a  way  that 
each  of  the  oblique  threads  makes  a  turn  around 
each  of  the  warp-threads,  producing  a  nearly 
hexagonal  mesh.  See  tulle.  Often  contracted 
to  boli/iim  I. 

In  1808,  Mr.  John  Heathcoat  obtained  a  patent  for  a 
bobbin  a,'!  nuohbie,  being  the  first  successful  attempt  to 

pindiirr  l>>  marliiiin  >  mi  imitation  of  pillow  lace. 

A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  380. 

bobbin-winder  (bob'in-winMer),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  winding  thread  or  yarn  upon  a  bob- 
bin, spool,  or  shuttle,  having  a  device  for  dis- 
tributing the  thread  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
form  in  winding  any  desired  shape. 

bobbin-work  (bob'm-werk),  n.  Work  woven 
with  bobbins. 

bobbish  (bob'ish),  a.  [Of.  bob*,  t'.]  Hearty; 
in  good  spirits  and  condition.  [Colloq.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  hobbled,  ppr. 
bobbliin/.  |  Froq.  of  t>ol>l,  v.  Cf.  bubble*.]  To 
bob  up  and  down ;  move  with  continual  bob- 
bing. [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobble  (bob'l),  n.  [<  bobble,  «.]  The  move- 
ment of  agitated  water.  [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

bobby  (bob'i),  «.;  pi.  bobbies  (-iz).  [A  slang 
term,  from  Bobby,  dim.  of  Bob,  familiar  form  of 
Robert,  in  allusion  to  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Also 
called  peeler,  from  his  surname,]  A  policeman : 
a  nickname  first  given  to  the  members  of  the 
police  force  established  under  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
act  (passed  in  1829)  for  improving  the  police  in 
and  near  London. 

bob-cherry  (bob'cher'i),  n.  [<  bob1  +  cherry.] 
A  child's  play  consisting  in  catching  with  the 
teeth  a  cherry  or  other  fruit  hung  from  the  ceil- 
ing, lintel  of  a  door,  or  other  high  place,  as  it 
swings  to  and  fro. 

bob-fishing  (bob 'fish* ing),  n.  Same  as  clod- 
Jinhing. 

bobizationt  (bo-bi-za'shon),  n.  [<  bo  +  hi,  syl- 
lables used  in  singing,  Hf-  -z-ation.]  In  music, 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  a 
general  term  for  the  various  methods  of  naming 
the  tones  of  the  scale  (for  convenience  of  refer- 
ence and  accuracy  of  singing)  by  syllables.  See 
solmization,  bebization,  bocedization,  dameniza- 
tion,  labecedixation. 

bob-lincoln  (bob-ling'kon),  n.  [Also  boblincon, 
bob-o-lincoln,  as  if  it  were  Bob  o'  Lincoln,  and 
hence  still  further  expanded  to  Robert  of  Lin- 
coln, in  allusion  to  tne  proper  names  Robert 
(see  bobby)  and  Lincoln  ;  a  fanciful  imitation  of 
the  bird's  note.  Now  usually  bobolink,  q.  v.] 
The  bobolink. 

The  luxurious  little  boMiiicini  revels  among  the  clover 
blossoms  of  the  mcoilows.    Irviny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  147. 
Over  the  mountain-side  or  mead, 
Robert  of  Lincoln  is  telling  his  name. 

Bryant,  Robert  of  Lincoln. 

bobolink  (bob'o-lingk'),  n.  [Also  boblink,  and 
earlier  boblincolii,  boblincon  (see  above) ;  an 
imitation  of  the  bird's  note.]  An  American 
oscine  passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Icteridtr 
and  subfamily  Aaelannai,  the  Dolichonyx  oryzi- 
vorus,  named  from  its  hearty  voluble  song  in 


607- 

male  wears  the  black  livery  only  In  the  breeding  wa- 
gon, and  Is  only  thru  in  SOUK,  lit1  molu  in  iniiKmnmt  r 
or  In  August,  acquiring  a  plumage  like  that  of  tin-  fi-malr. 
lloth  Hexes  are  then  known  as  renl-hinln  in  tin-  Middle 
States,  as  riff-bint*  In  tin-  Soiith<-rn  stales,  and  aa  butter. 
t»,;l.<  in  Jamaica.  Ill  thf  sjiriny  tin-  male  iu-i|ilircs  his 
Mark  ami  Imtt  -ml  without  inoltirm  any  feathers  :  win-in-.- 
th<  riinv<t  iH.pnlar  notion,  baaed,  however,  on  erroneoiu 
premises,  that  the  reed-birds  turn  into  bobolinks  in  the 
spring.  The  bird  Is  abundant  in  moat  of  the  I'nited 
States,  and  is  a  regular  migrant,  ln-ci-.lnm  on  the  ground 
In  meadows  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canada.  In  tin- 
fall,  when  fat  ami  flocking  in  the  marshes  to  frt-d  U|MMI 
wild  oats  (Zizania),  it  Is  much  esteemed  for  the  table. 
Also  called  Imb-lin&iln,  facetiously  Kobrrt  «/  Lineoln  (tee 
t»>h-[inrnln),  »kunk-l>lit,-kl>ir<l ,  from  its  coloring,  wllich  re- 
sembles that  of  the  skunk,  and  ineinl»vink. 

The  crack-brained  bobolink  courts  his  crazy  mate, 
Pouted  on  a  bulrush  tipsy  with  his  weight. 

0.  »'.  Holme*,  RurliiK. 

bob-sled  (bob'sled),  n.  A  sled  consisting  of  a 
body  resting  on  two  short  sleds  called  Dobs, 
placed  one  behind  the  other.  Bob-sleds  are  used 
for  the  transportation  of  Umber,  etc.,  and,  when  of  lighter 
build  for  coaating,  are  also  called  ttonbl,--runn,'ni  or  simply 
bob*.  [American.] 

bob-sleigh  (bob'sla),  n.  A  sleigh  constructed 
upon  the  same  principle  as  a  bob-sled.  [U.  8.] 

bobstay  (bob'sta),  «.  [<  bob1  +  stay1.']  Xttnt., 
one  of  two  or  three  ropes  or  chains  extending 
from  the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  to  the  cut- 


bock-beer 

jor  premise  is  a  particular  in-irutivi-,  the  minor 
a  universal  affirmative,  and  the-  conclusion  a 
particular  negative  proposition:  as,  Some  pa- 
triarchs (Enoch,  Elijah)  are  not  mortal;  but 
all  patriarchs  are  men;  hence,  some  men  are 
not  mortal.  Of  the  seven  letters  which  coiii|M<se  the 
word,  five  are  signllicant.  Tin-  three  vowels,  o,  a,  o,  indi- 
cate the  quality  of  the  premise*  and  < In. ion  .  /,  shows 

that  tlie  mood  U  to  be  reduced  to  barbara  of  the  flint  flg- 

nrt-;  ,-,  that  the   i  r.liirti.  .1  The  wonl 

was  probably  invented  by  I'etrns  Hispanus.    See  muud'*. 
2.  A  prison :  so  called  from  the  old  north  gate 
of  Oxford,  which  had  this  name  and  was  at  one 
time  used  as  a  prison.    Xares. 

Was  not  thUIAchan)  aseditioua  fellow?— Was  he  not 
worthy  to  be  cast  In  bocardo  or  little-euc  1 

Latitner,  Sermons,  (ol.  10.",  C. 

bocasine  (bok'a-siu),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

/Htri'<i.--nif,  liiii'i'iixhi  i  hilc  Ml-).  Iml.i. •,</>.  '  I'.  /mi' 
coffin,  now  boucasitin  =  It.  boccaccino  =  Sp.  60- 
I'lirin,  bocaci  =  Pg.  bocacim,  buckram,  <  Turk. 
bolidtti,  boghdsi,  cotton  cloth.]  If.  A  linen  stuff 
woven  so  fine  as  to  look  like  silk. — 2.  At  the 
present  day,  in  the  Levant,  a  kind  of  cotton 
cloth.  Schuyler. 

bocca  (bok'ft),  n.  [It.,  =  Sp.  Pg.  boca  =  F. 
boitche,  <  L.  bucca,  cheek,  esp.  as  puffed  out: 
see  bucca.]  The  round  hole  in  a  glass-furnace 
by  which  the  fused  glass  is  taken  out. 

boccaccio  (bo-ka'chio),  n.  [It.,  one  having  a 
large  mouth,  boccuccia,  t.,  a  large  ugly  mouth, 
<  bocca,  mouth  (<  L.  bucca,  cheek :  see  bucca), 
+  aug.  -accio:  see  -ace.  Hence  the  surname 
Boccaccio.']  A  name  given  by  the  Italians 
about  San  Francisco  to  the  Ijcbastodes  pauci- 
spinis,  a  scorpeenoid  fish  of  California.  It  has  very 
small  scales  and  a  projecting  lower  jaw,  attains  a  length 
of  30  inches,  and  Is  a  good  food-fish,  abundant  in  rather 
deep  water  along  the  coast. 

boccale  (bo-kii'le),  n.  [It. :  see  bocal.]  A  liquid 
measure  used  in  most  parts  of  Italy,  before  the 
introduction  of  the  metric  system,  for  wine  and 
oil.  Its  capacity  in  different  cities  is  shown  in 
the  following  table : 


eryxfivrus). 


spring.  The  male  is  about  7J  inches  long,  black,  with  a 
buff  nape,  and  much  white  or  pale  ash  on  the  back  and 
winns  ;  the  tail-feathers  are  very  acute.  The  female  is 
smaller,  yellowish,  darker  alwve,  and  streaked.  The 


a.  Bowsprit ;  t,  Bobstay. 

water.  Their  function  is  to  hold  the  bowsprit 
down  in  its  place,  and  counteract  the  upward 
strain  exerted  by  the  headstays — Bobstay  holes, 
holes  in  the  fore  part  of  the  knee  of  the  head  in  a  ship, 
formerly  serving  to  secure  the  bobstay.  Wtale.—  Bob- 
stay  piece,  a  t  imi't-r  fastened  to  the  main  piece  of  the 
head  in  a  snip,  to  which  the  tiobstay  is  secured. —  Bob- 
stay  plates,  iron  plates  by  which  the  lower  ends  of  the 
bobstays  are  secured  to  the  stem. 

bobstickt  (bob'stik),  n.  [<  bob*  +  stick;  the 
application  is  not  clear.]  A  shilling;  a  bob. 
[Slang.] 

bobtail  (bob'tal),  «.     [<  bob*,  u.,  or  bob*,  r.,  I., 

2,  +  tail1.]     1.  A  short  tail,  or  a  tail  cut  short. 
— 2t.  A  contemptible  fellow ;  a  cur.  X.E.D. — 

3.  Collectively, the  rabble:  used  in  contempt, 
most  frequently  in  the  phrase  rag-tag  and  bob- 
tail.— 4.  A  kind  of  short  arrow-head.   Pianette. 

bobtailed  (bob'tald),  a.  [<  bobtail  +  -ed?.]  Hav- 
ing the  tail  cut  short :  as, "  a  bobtailed  cur,"  Sir 
R.  V Estrange — Bobtailed  car,  a  small  street-car  de- 
signed to  be  used  without  a  conductor  or  guard,  and  drawn 
usually  by  one  horse.  (Local,  U.  S.) 

bobtail-wig  (bob'tal-wig'),  n.  A  wig  with  a 
short  cue,  worn  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

bob- white  (bob'hwif),  ».  [So  called  from  its 
note.]  A  name  of  the  bird  Ortyjc  viryiniantui, 
commonly  known  in  America  as  the  quail  or 
partridge.  See  cut  under  quail. 

In  the  North  and  East,  he  Is  called  Quail ;  in  the  South 
and  West,  he  is  Partridge ;  while  everywhere  he  is  known 
as  /;..'-  HI,,/,-. 

A.  M.  Mayer,  Sport  with  Gun  and  Rod,  p.  663. 

bob-wig  (bob'wig),  n.     [Short  for  bobtail-wig.] 
A  bobtail- wig. 
A  lnili.in':i  and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  It 

Atidistm,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

bocaget,  »•    A  by-form  of  boscage. 

bocal  (bo'kal),  n.  [=  D.  bokaal  =  G.  pokal,  < 
F.  bocal  =  Sp.  Pg.  bocal  =  It.  boccale;  cf.  ML. 
bucalis,  baucalis,  <  Gr.  /iaviatfuc,  also  KafcoAif,  a 
vessel  in  which  wine  or  water  is  cooled;  cf. 
LGr.  tlavKcdMv,  also  navxAZiov,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  when  water  is  poured  in  or 
out :  said  to  be  imitative ;  cf .  Gr.  3avKa).av,  lull, 
sing  a  lullaby.]  1.  A  cylindrical  glass  vessel 
with  a  short,  wide  neck  and  large  mouth,  used 
to  contain  anatomical  specimens  and  the  like, 
preserved  in  spirits. — 2.  The  mouthpiece  of  a 
brass  musical  instrument,  as  a  horn,  a  trumpet, 
or  a  trombone. 

bocan,  w.    Same  as  bucan. 

bocardo  (bo-kiir'do),  n.  [An  artificial  term.] 
1 .  In  logic,  the  mnemonic  name  of  that  mood 
of  the  third  figure  of  syllogism  in  which  the  ma- 


Liters. 

British 
Qts. 

U.  S. 
gu. 

Bologna  

1.255 

1.10 

1.33 

Florence  —  for  wine 

.1.14O 

1.00 

1.20 

"   oil  

1.044 

0.92 

1.10 

Leghorn  

1.064 

0.94 

1.12 

Modena  —  for  wine  

.1.697 

1.49 

1.79 

Nice  —  for  wine  

0.6B4 

0.60 

0.72 

Rome  —  for  wine,  old  .  . 

l.l'.t: 

1.31 

1.58 

"         new  .  .  , 

.1.823 

i.ao 

1.92 

for  oil,  old  

.1.992 

1.76 

2.10 

"     new  .... 

.2.053 

1.81 

2.17 

Trieste  —  for  wine,  old  . 

.1.847 

1.63 

1.95 

"        -new 

.1.415 

1.25 

1.49 

Turin  

0.884 

0.60 

0.72 

Venice  

1.012 

0.89 

1.07 

boccamela  (bok-a-me'la),  n.  [NL.]  A  kind  of 
weasel  found  in  southern  Europe,  I'utoriug  boc- 
camela. 

boccarelt,  »•    See  bockerel. 

boccarella  (bok-a-rel'a),  «.  [It.,  <  bocca,  q.  v.] 
A  small  aperture  in  a  glass-furnace,  made  on 
each  side  of  the  bocca ;  a  nose-hole. 

boccarett,  "•    See  bockerel. 

Boccius  light.    See  light*. 

Bocconia  (oo-ko'ni-a),  n.  [NL.;  named  after 
a  Sicilian  botanist,  Paolo  Boccone,  1633-1704.] 
A  genus  of  tall,  coarse,  herbaceous  plants,  nat- 
ural order  I'apareracea;  with  large  lobcd  leaves 
and  large  panicles  of  flowers,  some  species  are 
cultivated,  as  It.  Jajnniea  and  B.  rardata  from  China,  but 
rather  for  their  ornamental  habit  than  for  their  flowers. 

bocet,  «.     Same  as  bogite?. 

bocedizationt  (bd-se-Kii-za'shon),  n.  [<  bo  + 
ce  +  di  (see  def.)  +  -z-atioii'.]  In  music,  the 
application  of  the  syllables  bo,  ce,  di,  ga,  In, 
ma,  ni  to  the  tones  of  the  scale :  a  system  in- 
troduced about  1550  by  the  Belgian  musician 
Waelrant. 

bochet,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  botch*. 

bochka  (boch'kS),  ».  [Russ.]  A  Russian  li- 
quid measure,  containing  40  vedros,  or  about 
130  gallons. 

bock  (bok),  r.  i.  [8c.,  =  bake*,  q.  v. ;  <  ME. 
bocken,  boken,  belch,  vomit,  also  croak;  var.  of 
bolk,  ME.  bolkcH,  belch :  see  hoik.]  1.  To  retch ; 
vomit. —  2.  To  gush  intennittingly,  as  liquid 
from  a  bottle.  Burns. 

bock-beer  (bok'ber),  n.  [Also,  as  G.,  bocktritr, 
G.  also  simply  bock,  popularly  associated  with 
bock,  a  goat,  =  E.  buck*,  but  in  fact  shortened 
from  Eimbockbier,  now  Einbecker  bier,  from 
Eimbock,  Eimbeck,  now  Eiiibeck,  a  town  in  Prus- 
sia formerly  famous  for  its  beer.]  A  double- 
strong  variety  of  German  beer,  darker  in  color 
than  the  ordinary  kinds,  less  bitter  in  taste,  and 
considerably  more  intoxicating.  It  is  brewed 
in  December  and  January,  and  is  drunk  in  May. 


bockelet 

bockelett,  «.     See  bockcrcl. 

bockerelt  (bok'e-rel),  «.  [Also  written  boc- 
atrrl,  with  fern!'  forms  bockeret  and  boccaret, 
also  bockelet,  dim.  forms  of  unknown  origin; 
possibly  from  the  same  source  (OF.  ftoc)  as 
bii/i'lifi',  <>F.  hnkirr,  hoitkir-r,  F.  bonclier  ;  cf.  E. 
biitclii  r-hii-d.  tlie  great  gray  shrike.]  The  male 
of  a  kind  of  falcon,  the  female  being  designated 
bockeret  or  boccaret. 

bockerett,  «•     See  bockerel. 

bockey  (bok'i),  «.  [Prob.  <  D.  bakje,  a  small 
bowl  or  vessel,  dim.  of  bak :  see  backZ.  ]  A  bowl 
or  vessel  made  from  a  gourd.  [New  York.] 

booking1  (bok'ing),  M.  A  coarse  woolen  drug- 
get or  baize,  named  from  Booking,  in  Essex, 
England,  where  it  was  first  made. 

booking2  (bok'ing),  «.  [<  D.  booking  (=  MHG. 
biickinc,  G.  bucking),  a  smoked  herring,  appar. 
<  bok  (=  E.  buckl),  a  goat,  +  -ing.']  A  red  her- 
ring. Crabb. 

bocklandt,  w.    See  bocktnd. 

bockmant,  «•    See  bocman. 

bock-pot  (bok'pot),  n.    Same  as  bucks. 

boclandt,  ».  [That  is,  bocland,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  of  bookland.]  Same  as  bookland. 

bocleti  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  buckle^. 

bocmant,  »•  [That  is,  boeman,  the  early  ME. 
and  AS.  form  (recorded  only  in  legal  (ML.) 
documents)  of  bookman.]  A  holder  of  book- 
land  (which  see). 

boco-WOOd  (bo'ko-wud),  n.  The  wood  of  a  le- 
guminous tree,  Bocoa  Provaeensis,  of  Guiana. 
It  is  very  hard  and  dark-colored,  and  is  much 
used  for  furniture,  and  for  carving  and  turning. 

bodach  (bo'dach),  n.  [Gael.,  a  churlish  old 
man,  a  rustic,  =  Ir.  bodach,  a  rustic,  clown.] 
1.  An  old  man.  Scott. — 2.  A  local  British 
name  of  the  small  ringed  seal,  Fhoca  fostida. 

bodark  (bo'dark),  «.  [Corruption  of  F.  bois 
(Care,  lit.  bow-wood:  see  bois,  bush*,  and  arc*, 
arc/i1.]  A  local  name  for  the  Osage  orange,  or 
bow-wood.  Also  spelled  bowdark.  See  Madura. 

boddice,  «.    See  bodice. 

boddle1,  «.     See  bodle. 

boddle2,".  [E.  dial. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  small 
iron  instrument  used  by  woodmen  for  peeling 
oaks  and  other  trees.  Hattiwett.  [North.  Eng.] 

boddum  (bod'um),  •«.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.]  A 
dialectal  form  of  bottom'-. 

bode1  (bod),  w.  [In  mod.  E.  archaic,  early  ME. 
bode,  <  AS.  boda  (=  OFries.  boda  =  OS.  bodo  = 
D.  bode  =  OHG.  60 to,  MHG.  G.  bate  =  Icel.  bodhi 
=  Sw.  Dan.  bud),  a  messenger,  <  beddan  (pp. 
boden),  announce:  see  bid,  and  cf.  beadle,  also  a 
noun  of  agent  from  the  same  verb.]  A  mes- 
senger; a  herald;  one  who  announces  or  con- 
veys a  message. 

bpde1  (bod),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boded,  ppr.  bod- 
ing. [<  ME.  boden,  bodien,  <  AS.  bodian  (= 
OFries.  bndin  =  Icel.  bodha  =  Sw.  b&da  =  Dan. 
be-bude),  tell,  announce,  <  boda,  a  messenger: 
see  bode^,  n.,  and  cf.  bode?,  n.  Hence  forebode, 
q.  v.]  I.  traits.  If.  To  announce;  proclaim; 
preach. —  2f.  To  decree;  command;  bid. —  3. 
To  announce  beforehand;  prognosticate;  pre- 
dict; presage.  [Archaic.] 

Prophet  of  plagues,  for  ever  boding  ill. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  182. 

4.  To  portend ;  augur ;  be  an  omen  or  indica- 
tion of ;  betoken :  with  a  non-personal  subject. 

In  the  gross  and  scope  of  my  opinion, 

This  boden  gome  strange  eruption  to  our  state. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  1. 
I  pray  God,  his  bad  voice  bode  no  mischief ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  3. 

Upon  which  he  mounted,  and  his  horse  wept :  and  then 
he  saw  clearly  how  this  should  bode  his  death. 

De  Quinceif,  tr.  of  Cretan  Ballad. 

5.  To  forebode  or  have  a  presentiment  of  (ill, 
or  coming  disaster). 

And  my  soul,  dark-stirred  with  the  prophet's  mood, 
Bodes  nothing  good. 

J.  S.  Blackie,  tr.  of  .Eschylus,  ii.  229. 
=  Syn.  4.  To  augur,  betoken,  portend. 

II.   intrans.   1.  To  promise;  portend:  with 

well  or  ill :  as,  this  bodes  well  for  your  success. — 

2.  To  presage  something  evil;  be  of  evil  omen. 

I  would  croak  like  a  raven  ;  I  would  bode,  I  would  bode 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  2. 

Fear  for  ages  had  boded  and  mowed  and  gibbered  over 
government  and  property.  Emerson,  Compensation. 

bode2  (bod),  ».  [<  ME.  bode,  bod,  a  command, 
an  announcement,  a  bid,  price  offered,  <  AS. 
lioil,  usually  gebod  (or  bebod)  (=  OFries.  Imil  = 
OS.  gibod  =  D.  gebod,  a  command,  bod,  a  bid, 
offer,  =  OHG.  gabot,  MHG.  G.  gebot,  hot  =  led. 
bodh  =  Sw.  Dan.  bud,  a  command,  etc.),  <  beo- 
dan  (pp.  boden),  announce,  command,  bid:  see 


•608 

bid,  and  cf.  bode*,  v.~\  If.  A  command;  an 
order. — 2f.  An  announcement;  a  message. 

The  owle  eke,  that  of  detli  the  bode  briiigetli. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  fowls,  1.  343. 

3f.  Omen;  premonition;  augury. 

If  no  fate 
Have  an  unlucky  bode.       Shirley,  Love  in  a  Maze,  v.  6. 

4f.  A  foreboding;  presentiment. —  5.  A  bid; 
the  price  offered  by  a  buyer  or  asked  by  a  sel- 
ler. [Scotch.] 

Ye  should  never  tak'  a  fish-wife's  first  bode. 

Scott,  Antiquary,  xxxix. 

bode2  (bod),  v.  t. ;  pret.  bode,  pp.  boden,  ppr.  bod- 
ing. [<  ftode2,  M.,  5.]  To  bid  for;  make  an  offer 
for;  buy.  [Scotch.] 

bode3  (bod).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of  bide. 

bode4t  (bod),  n.  [<  ME.  bode,  bade,  a  stop,  delay, 
<  biden  (pret.  bode,  bod,  bad),  bide.  Cf.  abode1, 
re.,  of  similar  formation.]  A  stop;  delay. 

Withouten  bode  his  heste  she  obeyed. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Arc.,  1.  119. 

bode5t,  bodent,  pp.  [ME.  forms  of  the  pp.  of 
beden,  bid,  command:  see  bid.']  Bidden;  com- 
manded. 

bodeful  (bod'ful),  a.    [<  bode*,  n.,  +  -/«/.]    Omi- 
nous; threatening;  foreboding. 
Uttering  the  dismal  bodeful  sounds  of  death.   J.  Baillie. 
Poor  Weber  almost  swooned  at  the  sound  of  these 
cracked  voices,  with  their  bodeful  raven-note. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iii.  8. 

Lady  Macbeth  hears  not  so  much  the  voice  of  the  bode- 
ful bird  as  of  her  own  premeditated  murder,  and  we  are 
thus  made  her  shuddering  accomplices  before  the  fact. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  186. 

bodega  (bo-de'ga),  ».  [Sp.,  <  ML.  apotheca: 
see  apothe'c.]  A  wine-cellar,  or  a  shop  where 
wine  is  sold  from  the  wood;  a  wine-vault. 

A  wine  bodega  near  the  Grand  Theatre  caught  fire. 

New  York  Herald. 

bodementt  (bod'ment),  re.  [<  bode1,  v.,  + 
-ment.]  An  omen;  portent;  prognostic;  a 
foreshowing:  as,  "sweet  bodements!"  Shak., 
Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

bodent,  PP-    See  bode5. 

boden  (bo'den),  a.  [Sc.,  also  written  bodin, 
and  formerly  boddin,  <  ME.  (Sc.)  bodyn,  bodin, 
appar.  a  particular  use  of  boden,  pp.  of  ME. 
beden,  bid  (see  bid);  but  the  sense  suggests 
some  confusion  with  boun,  ready:  see  boun, 
bound*.]  Accoutred;  armed;  fitted  out;  pro- 
vided; prepared. 

The  Baron  of  Avenel  never  rides  with  fewer  than  ten 
jack-men  at  his  back,  and  oftener  with  fifty,  bodin  in  all 
that  elfeirs  to  war,  as  if  they  were  to  do  battle  for  a  king- 
dom. Scott,  Monastery,  II.  181. 

Bodenheimer  ( bo '  den  -  hi  -  mer),  re.  [<  Soden- 
heim,  a  village  near  Mainz.]  A  white  wine 
grown  near  Mainz  in  Germany. 

Bode's  law.    See  law. 

bode-wash  (bod'wosh),  ».  [Corruption  of  F. 
bois  de  vaclie,  lit.  cow's  wood,  or  idiomatically 
"buffalo-chip."]  The  dried  dung  of  the  Amer- 
ican bison  or  buffalo,  used  for  fuel.  Bartlett. 
See  buffalo-chip. 

bodge1  (boj),t>.i.  [Another  form  of  botch*,  v.]  To 
boggle ;  botch ;  patch.    [Obsolete  or  dialectal.] 
All  the  actions  of  his  life  are  like  so  many  things  body'd 
in  without  any  naturall  cadence  or  connexion  at  all. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  An  Affected  Man. 

bodge1!  (boj),  w.  [Another  form  of  botch2.]  A 
botch ;  a  patch. 

Taking  revenge  on  Thomas  Sash,  Gabriell  Harvey  taxes 
him  with  having  forged  "a  misshapen  rabblement  of  ab- 
surd and  ridiculous  words,  the  proper  bodges  of  his  new- 
fangled figure,  called  foolrisme." 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  110. 

bodge2t  (boj),  v.  i.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  budge1.'] 
To  midge;  give  way:  used  only  in  the  passage 
cited. 

With  this,  we  charg'd  again  :  but  out,  alas  ! 

We  bodg'd  again.  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

bodgerM  (boj'er),  «.     [<  bodge  +  -erl;  var.  of 

botcher1.]    A  botcher. 

bodger2  (boj'er),  n.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  badger^, 

q.  v.]     A  peddler;  a  hawKer.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

bodhisat  (bo'di-sat),  n.    Same  as  bodhisattva. 

The  beings  who  will  in  due  course  become  Buddhas  are 
called  Bodhisat.  They  are  numberless. 

S.  Hardy,  Manual  of  Buddhism. 

bodhisatship  (bo'di-sat-ship),  n.  In  Budilhixm. 
the  highest  degree  of  saintsnip.  See  bodhisatt- 
rn.  Also  spelled  bodisatship. 

The  leaders  of  the  Great  Vehicle  [that  is,  the  Mahayana 
development  of  Buddhism]  urged  their  followers  to  seek 
to  attain,  not  so  much  to  Arhatship,  which  would  involve 
only  their  own  salvation,  but  to  Bodisatship,  by  the  at- 
tainment of  which  they  would  be  conferring  the  blessings 
of  the  Dhamma  [law  of  Buddha]  upon  countless  multi- 
tudes in  the  long  ages  of  the  future. 

Kncyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  22«. 


bodily 

bodhisattva  (bo-di-sat'va),  w.  [Skt.  (>  Sin- 
ghalese bodhisat,  bodisat,  Jap.  bosatsu,  Chin. 
poosah),  <  bodhi,  intelligence,  wisdom  (<  •/ 
bndh,  know :  see  Buddha),  +  sattra,  being,  es- 
sence, <  sant  (=  L.  ens),  being,  ppr.  of  •/  as,  be : 
see  be1.]  In  Buddhism  of  the  northern  school, 
or  the  later  development  called  the  Mahayana, 
one  of  a  numerous  class  of  beings  who,  having 
arrived  at  supreme  wisdom  (bodhi),  have  to  pass 
through  human  existence  only  once  more  be- 
fore attaining  to  Buddhahood,  or  complete  en- 
lightenment, and  entrance  into  Nirvana.  Among 
Singhalese  Buddhists  called  bodhi»at  and  bottixat,  among 
the  Chinese  poosah,  and  among  the  Japanese  lm*<i'*i'i. 

bodhi-tree  (bo'di-tre),  «.    Same  as  bo-tree. 

bodice  (bod'is),  «.  [Sometimes  spelled  boddice, 
formerly  bodies,  being  orig.  pi.  of  body .  Cf .  cor- 
set.] If.  A  sort  of  inner  stays  or  corset,  laced 
in  front,  worn  by  women,  and  sometimes  by 
men :  also  called  a  pair  of  bodies,  or  a  bodies. — 
2.  An  outer  laced  garment,  covering  the  waist 
and  bust,  worn  by  women  in  some  European 
styles  of  costume,  often  as  an  ornament. —  3. 
More  generally,  the  close-fitting  waist  or  body 
of  a  gown. 

bodiced  (bod'ist),  a.  [<  bodice  +  -ed2.]  Clothed 
in  a  bodice ;  furnished  with  a  bodice. 

Slim  her  little  waist, 
Comfortably  bodiced. 

Thackeray,  Peg  of  Limavaddy. 
They  appear  habited  in  bodiced  guwns. 

Archceol.  Jour.,  XXXV.  256. 

bodied  (bod'id),  a.  [<  body  +  -c<V.]  Having 
body,  or  a  body,  of  the  kind  indicated  by  the 
context :  used  chiefly  in  composition :  as,  an 
able-bodied  man. 

I  was  told  by  a  very  good  judge  who  tasted  it  [wine 
made  from  wild  grapes],  that  it  was  a  pleasant,  strong, 
and  tM-bodied  wine.  Bemrley,  Virginia,  ii.  H  15. 

bodieron  (bo-di-e'ron),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
local  name  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States  of  sundry  fishes  of  the  family  Chiridte 
and  genus  Sexagrammus.  Also  called  rock- 
trout,  rock-cod,  sea-trout,  boregat,  and  starling. 
See  cut  under  Hexagrainmus. 

bodikin  t  (bod'i-Wn),  «.     [<  body  +  dim.  -kin.] 
A  diminutive  of  body,  forming  part  of  the  ex- 
clamatory phrase  "odd's  bodikin,"  a  corruption 
of  God?s  body.    Also  spelled  bodykin. 
Pol.  My  lord,  I  will  use  them  according  to  their  desert. 
Ham.  Odd's  bodikin,  man,  better.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

bodiless  (bod'i-les),  a.  [<  body  +  -less.]  Hav- 
ing no  body  or  material  form ;  incorporeal : 
as,  "phantoms  bodiless  and  vain,"  Swift. 

Man  is  a  concrete  whole.  He  is  neither  a  soulless  body 
nor  a  bodiless  soul.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  289. 

bodiliness  (bod'i-li-nes),  n.  [<  bodily  +  -ness.'] 
Corporeality.  Minsheu. 

bodily  (bod'i-li),  a.  [<  ME.  bodily,  bodili,  bodi- 
liche,  etc.;  <  body  +  -ly1.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
concerning  the  body;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution ;  not  men- 
tal; corporeal:  as,  bodily  dimensions;  bodily 
exertions ;  bodily  pain. 

You  are  a  mere  spirit,  and  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
bodily  part  of  us.  Toiler,  No.  15. 

Since  we  are  creatures  with  bodies,  if  we  desire  to  ex- 
press a  real  sentiment  of  reverence  for  anyone,  we  must 
use  some  bodily  act  —  some  form  of  words  or  gestures. 

Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  233. 

2f.  Having  a  material  body. 

There  are  three  bodily  inhabitants  of  heaven  ;  Henoch, 
Elijah,  our  Saviour  Christ. 

Bp.  Hall,  Rapture  of  Elijah  (Orel  MS.). 

=  Syn.  1.  Bodily,  Physical,  Corjmral,  Corjioreal.     Bodily 
generally  means  connected  with  the  body  or  a  body,  and 
is  frequently  opposed  to  mental:  as,  bodily  pains,  bodily 
strength.   Physical  in  this  connection  is  often  the  same  as 
bodili/,  but  may  cover  everything  that  is  material,  as  op- 
posed to  mental  or  spiritual :  as,  physical  distress.    Cor- 
poral relates  to  the  body  in  its  outward  bearings :  as,  cor- 
poral punishment ;  corporeal,  to  its  substance,  being  op- 
posed to  spiritual  or  immaterial:  as,  corporeal  existence. 
We  speak  of  Shakspeare's  mind,  but  Jonson  starts  up  al- 
ways in  bodily  proportions.    W  hippie,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  II.  26. 
Dr.  Beddoe  .  .  .  believes  that  wherever  a  race  attains 
its  maximum  of  physical  development  it  rises  highest  in 
energy  and  moral  vigour.    Danrin,  Descent  of  Man,  I.  111. 
The  poor  beetle,  that  we  tread  upon. 
In  corporal  sufferance  finds  a  pang  as  great 
As  when  a  giant  dies.  >•/<»/,•..  M.  for  M..  iii.  1. 

When  [the  soul]  is  freed  from  all  corporeal  alliance, 
then  it  truly  exists.  Xenophon  (trans),  Cyrus  the  Elder. 

bodily  (bod'i-li),  adv.     [ME.  bodily,  -H.  -lirli ;  < 

body  +  -fy2.]     1.  Corporeally;  in  connection 

with  a  body  or  matter;  in  the  flesh;  in  person. 

It  is  his  human  nature,  in  which  the  Godhead  dwells 

bodily.  Wutit. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass;  en- 
tirely; completely:  as,  to  carry  a  thing  away 
bodily. 


bodln 

bodin  (bo'dinj,  a.     Same  us ' 

boding  (bo'ding),  >i.     [<  MK. 
(mien,  preaching,  <  AS.  hadiing,  preaching,  ver- 
bal u.  of  Iwdittii,  announce,  bode:  see  bode1,  t'.] 

1.  An  omen;  a  prognostic;  a  foreboding  pre- 
monition ;  presentiment. 

Illninoii^""//////-',  and  fealful  expeetations. 

/;/i.  tt'imi.  Sermon.  .Ian.  :»,  inn. 

The  minds  of  men  were  Mini  with  dismal  hating*  at 
some  inevitable  evil,  /v.  -m//,  Kerd.  and  laa.,  i.  8. 

2.  Prediction;  prophecy  of  evil.     Coleridge. 
boding  (boMiiij,'),   i>.   a.     [Ppr.   of  bodet,  ».] 

Foreboding;  ominous. 

So  Joseph,  yet  &  youth,  expounded  well 
Tin-  boo«n0  dream,  and  did  th'  event  foretell. 

Dryden,  To  J.  Northlelgh. 
Nor  knew  what  signify'd  the  ladimj  sign, 
Hut  found  the  powers  displeas'd,  and  fear'd  the  wrath 
divine.     •  Driiden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  lit 

You  miuht  have  lieard  ...  a  cricket  sins, 
An  owlet  flap  Ilia  bodimj  wing.      Scott,  Marnilon,  v.  20. 

bodingly  (bo'ding-li),  adv.  Ominously;  por- 
tentously. 

All  Is  so  bodingly  still.  Lowell,  Summer  Storm. 

bodisat,  ».  Same  as  bodltixattra. 
bodisatship,  «.  See  bodltisatsliip. 
bodkin1  (bod'kiu),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bod- 
1,-iin;  luitkiii,  Imidken-  (cf.  8c.  lioikin),  <  ME. 
linili'ki/ii.  earlier  Iwydckyn,  boidcki/n ;  origin  un- 
known. The  Celtic  forms.  W.  bidotjyii,  bidogan 
(with  accent,  on  second  syllable),  dim.  of  bidog 
=  Gael,  biodtig  =  Ir.  bidcog,  a  dagger  (cf .  W. 
pid  =  Gaol,  bind,  a  point),  are  not  near  enough 
to  be  regarded  as  the  source  of  the  E.  word.] 
If.  A  small  dagger;  a  stiletto. 

Who  would  bear  the  whips  and  scorns  of  time,  .  .  . 

When  he  himself  might  his  quietus  make 

With  a  bare  (.,„/*•/„.-  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

Out  with  your  bodkin, 
Your  pocket-dagger,  your  stiletto ;  out  with  It. 

Beau,  and  t'l.,  Custom  of  the  Country,  ii.  3. 

2.  A  small  pointed  instrument  of  steel,  bone, 
or  ivory,  used  for  piercing  holes  in  cloth,  etc. 

With  knyf  or  boydekin.        Chaucer,  Heeve's  Tale,  1.  40. 

3.  A  similar  but  blunt  instrument,  with  an  eye, 
for  drawing  thread,  tape,  or  ribbon  through  a 
loop,  hem,  etc. —  4.  A  long  pin-shaped  instru- 
ment used  by  women  to  fasten  up  the  hair. 

The  bodkin,  comb,  and  essence.  Pope,  K.  of  the  L. ,  Iv.  OS. 
5.  A  thick  needle  or  straight  awl  of  steel,  used 
by  bookbinders  to  make  holes  in  boards  and 
to  trace  lines  for  cutting. —  6.  A  printers'  tool 
for  picking  letters  out  of  a  column  or  page  in 
correcting — To  be,  alt,  ride,  or  travel  bodkin,  to 
sit  as  a  third  person  between  two  others  on  the  seat  of  it 
carriage  suited  for  two  only. 

He's  too  big  to  travel  bodkin  between  you  and  me. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bodkin'^t,  "•     A  corruption  of  bandekin. 

bodkin-work  (bod'kin-werk),  n.  A  rich  trim- 
ming formerly  used  for  garments :  probably  a 
corruption  of  baudckin. 

bodle  (bod'l),  N.  [Sc.,  also  written  boddle;  said 
to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  a  mint-master 
named  liotli- 
well.  Ct.atcli- 
ison  and 

bawbee.']  A 
Scotch  cop- 
per coin  first 
issued  under 
Charles  II., 
and  worth  at 
that  time  2d. 
Scotch,  cl- 
one sixth  of  an  English  penny;  hence,  a  very 
small  coin.  The  name  turner  was  also  applied 
to  it. 

I  care  not  a  brass  boddle  for  the  feud. 

Xcott,  Abbot,  II.  xlli. 

Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-an),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  who  began 
in  1597  the  restoration  of  the  public  library  of 
Oxford  University,  hence  since  called  the  Bod- 
li'inii  Library;  also,  belonging  to  that  library: 
as,  Bodleian  manuscripts. 

bodragt,  bodraget,  »•  [Also  written  hard  mi/ 
(and  Tiorilntging),  simulating  E.  border;  appar. 
a  corruption  of  some  Ir.  word;  cf.  Ir.  Inini/l/i- 
rrmlli,  disturtw  uer.  Imndri;  tumult.]  An  in- 
cursion; a  raid. 

No  u;i\linu •lliiTi-  ii"i •  \\ret, hednesse  is  heard,  .  .   . 
N"  nightly  tux/i-iurx,  nnr  no  line  and  crie*. 

Spriurr.  t'nlin  Clout.  1.  Sl.">. 

[In  some  editions  printed  Inn-di-ni/x. } 
bod-worm  (bod'werm).  "•     Same  as  bolt-irorm. 
body  (  bod'h.  n. :  pi.  Inulirs  (-iz).     [<  ME.  body, 

budi.  <  AS.  hiiili,/.  body,  =  OHG.  botali,  bohicli, 

:ty 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bodle  of  Charles  II.,  British  Museum.    (Size 

of  the  original.) 


600 

MIK1.  boteeli,  boticli,  body;  perhaps  akin  to 
OIK;,  bohihliti,  MHG.  boteche,botcch,G.lmttirli, 
a  large  vessel,  tub,  vat ;  but  this  may  come 
from  another  source,  that  of  boofi.  The  Qael. 
bodhtii;/,  body,  is  from  E.]  1.  The  physical 
structure  of  an  animal;  the  material  organized 
substance  of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead, 
in  distinction  from  the  soul,  spirit,  or  vital 
principle. 

For  of  the  soule  the  bodie  forme  doth  take, 
For  sonic  is  forme,  and  dnth  the  budi'  make. 

Spenser,  H> mm-  in  Honour  of  llcautie,  1.  182. 

2.  The  main  portion  of  an  animal,  tree,  etc. ; 
the  trunk,  as  distinct  from  the  head  and  limbs 
or  branches;  in  ichth.,  often  used  for  the  whole 
fish  exclusive  of  the  fins. —  3.  The  part  of  a 
dress  which  covers  the  body,  as  distinct  from 
the  parts  which  cover  the  arms  or  extremities ; 
in  female  dress,  a  bodice ;  a  waist. 

Their  bodiet  were  of  carnation  cloth  of  silver,  richly 
wrought.  B.  Joruton,  Masque  of  Hymen. 

4.  The  main,  central,  or  principal  part  of  any- 
thing, as  of  an  army,  country,  building,  etc., 
as  distinguished  from  subordinate  or  less  im- 
portant parts. 

Learn  to  make  a  body  of  a  limb.    ,S/i«*.,  Rich.  II.,  ill.  2. 

The  van  of  the  king's  army  was  led  by  the  general  .  .  .; 
In  the  body  was  the  king  and  the  prince.  Clarendon. 

Specifically  —  (a)  In  a  blast-furnace,  the  core  or  main  por- 
tion between  the  top,  or  opening  at  the  throat,  and  the 
boshes.  (&)  In  mwnc :  (1)  The  whole  of  the  hollow  part  of 
a  string. instrument,  designed  to  Increase  its  resonance, 

(2)  All  that  part  of  a  wind-instrument  that  remains  after 
removing  its  appendages,  mouthpiece,  crooks,  and  bell. 

(3)  The  higher  resonant  part  of  an  organ-pipe,  above  the 
reed  or  the  mouth,  which  causes  the  air  to  vibrate,    (c) 
The  shank  of  a  type,  as  determining  its  size :  as,  minion 
on  nonpareil  body,    (d)  The  main  part  of  a  tool ;  the  main 
part  of  a  blade,  as  of  a  sword,  as  distinguished  from  the 
heel  and  point,  etc.    (e)  That  part  of  a  wagon,  railroad- 
car,  etc.,  which  contains  the  load. 

6.  The  main  portion;  the  bulk  of  anything; 
the  larger  part ;  the  majority :  as,  the  body  of 
the  people  are  opposed  to  the  measure. —  6. 
The  person ;  an  individual  as  recognized  by 
law :  as,  body  execution ;  held  in  body  and 
goods.  [Chiefly  legal.]  —  7.  A  person  ;  a  hu- 
man being:  now  generally  combined  with  any, 
every,  some,  or  no  :  as,  somebody,  nobody. 

There  cannot  a  poor  body  buy  a  sack  of  coals,  but  it 
must  couie  through  their  hands. 

Latinur,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1650. 
A  body  would  think  so,  at  these  years. 

B.  Jomon,  Cynthia's  Keveli,  iv.  1. 
Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
Comin'  thro'  the  rye.  Burnt,  Song. 

But  human  bodiet  are  sic  fools, 
For  a'  their  colleges  an'  schools. 

Hums,  The  Twa  Dogs. 
A  dry,  shrewd  kind  of  a  body.  Irriny. 

8.  A  number  of  individuals  spoken  of  collec- 
tively, usually  associated  for  a  common  pur- 
pose, joined  in  a  certain  cause,  or  united  by 
some  common  tie  or  occupation;  an  incorpo- 
rated or  other  aggregate :  as,  a  legislative  body ; 
the  body  of  the  clergy ;  a  body  corporate. 

So  please  you,  my  lord,  it  is  a  body  of  horse  —  and  .  .  . 
there  is  a  still  larger  l»»t<i  of  foot  behind  it. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  86. 

The  trading  body  may  lie  a  single  individual  in  one  case ; 
it  may  lie  the  whole  inhabitants  of  a  continent  in  another ; 
it  may  be  the  individuals  of  a  trade  diffused  through  a 
country  in  a  third.  Jemnn,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  96. 

9.  A  material  thing;  anything  having  inertia. 
See  matter. — 10.  In  geom.,  any  solid  having  the 
three  dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness.—  1 1.  A  united  mass ;  a  number  of  things 
or  particulars  taken  together ;  a  general  collec- 
tion ;  a  code ;  a  system :  as,  a  body  of  laws. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  reading,  collected  out  of 
ancient  authors  this  short  summary  of  a  botty  of  philoso- 
phy and  divinity.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  ii. 

He  was  furnished  with  every  requisite  for  making  an 
extensive  body  of  natural  history. 

Ooldtmith,  fret,  to  Brookes's  Nat.  Hist. 

The  mind  unequal  to  a  complete  analysis  of  the  motives 
which  carry  it  on  to  a  particular  conclusion  .  .  .  is  swayed 
and  determined  by  a  body  of  proof,  which  it  recognizes 
only  as  a  body,  and  not  in  its  constituent  part*. 

J.  II.  Xewman,  Gram,  of  Assent,  p.  281. 

12.  A  certain  consistency  or  density;    sub- 
stance; strength,  as  opposed  to  thinness,  weak- 
ness, transparency,  or  flimsiness :  as,  wine,  pa- 
per, ct<'..  of  good  In  n  I ;/.     As  applied  to  paints,  body 
denotes  opacity  or  density,  as  opposed  to  transparency. 

It  was  a  fragrant  Port,  with  plenty  of  body  and  a  large 
proportion  of  soul.  '/'.  \\'intlir«i<.  (Veil  llreeme.  \iii. 

13.  In  music,  the  resonance  of  a  tone,  whether 
instrumental   or   vocal — Adipose    body,  astral 
body.    see  the  adjective-.     Bodies  of  Arantlua.   See 

•  '  .\i-<ini<<.  under  corjnts. —  Body  center-plate, -i 
metal  plate  on  the  liody-bolster  of  a  car.  It  rests  upon  a 
similar  plnte  on  the  eenter  of  a  trnek.  The  eenter-liolt  or 
kinf-in.it  passe*  through  these  plates.  Body  corporate. 
See  btHlii  iH'Htii-.  Body  hand-rail,  see  haivl-rail.- 


f 
( 


body-color 

Body  of  a  column,  the  part  between  the  base  and  the  capi- 
tal :  I  hi  -shaft.  Body  01  a  gun,  thai  part  of  thi-iiim  whi'  -h 
Is  situated  In-hind  the  ttnnniou-.  Body  Of  a  Place,  in 
fort.:  (a)  The  works  next  to  and  surroundum  a  loun,  in 
tile  form  of  a  pohi 

inelosed   "illini   tin-    mlen.ii    uoiku  nl    a    fnrtiln  atii.n. 
Body  of  the  fornix     -  Body  politic,  tin- 

whole  body  of  I- "pie  living  under  an  iili,  al 

Kovenillient  :    Used  ill   eulltl  adi-l  met  Inn  nratt, 

an  association  of  persons  legally  incorporated  for  the  pi» 
motion  of  some  specific  object.    A  body  ftUt 
porate  U  a  municipality  governed  according  to  a  legiala- 
tlve  act  of  incorporation,  and  thus  poMeiung  corporate 
political  powers. 

We  may  fairly  conclude  that  the  body  jiolitie  cannot  sub- 
sist, any  more  than  the  animal  body,  without  a  head. 

J.  Adatiu,  Works,  IV.  379. 

Cavernous  bodies,  centrobaric  body,  ciliary  body. 
See  the  adjectives.     Descent  ot  bodies.    -See  deter  at. 
Deviation  of  a  falling  body.  n     Diplo- 

matic body.  St»  diplomatic.    Elementary  body 
•imwrif.--- Fifth  body,  tie  It  element,  the  sub- 

stance of  the  heavenly  bodies,  according  to  the  Aristo- 
telians.—Fixed  bodies,  genlculate  bodies,  hetero- 
geneous body,  main  body,  etc.  See  the  adjeetlvn.- 
Hathematlcal  body,  a  body  In  sense  10.  —  Mystical 
body  of  the  church,  the  aggregate  of  believers  as  e,,n 
stunting  the  bride  ,,f  rimst  Okenlan  body,  olivary 
body.  See  the  adjeetives.  -  Regular  body,  a  polyhedron 
in  wnich  the  relations  of  an)  one  Ian  .<•.!-<  ,t  summit  are 
the  same  as  those  of  any  other.  Pythagoras  enumerated 
the  live  regular  bodies  (the  gpkrrt  is  not  included  among 
them) :  the  tetrahedron,  the  cvbe,  the  octahedron,  thedode- 
cahcdron,  and  the  \conahedron.  These  are  often  called 
the  Jirf  bodiet  simply;  also  the  comnical  bodie*.  because 
Timams  of  Locri  held  that  the  tetrahedron  is  tile  shape 
of  lire,  the  octahedron  of  air,  the  icosahedron  of  water, 
the  cube  of  earth,  and  the  dodecahedron  of  Clod :  also 
the  I'latonic  bodieit,  because  mentioned  by  Plato  in  his 
dialogue  "TlniEcus."  Four  other  regular  bodies  which 
envelop  the  center  more  than  once  were  discovered  by 
Kepler  and  by  Poinsot.  These  are  name, I  by  Cayley  the 
mat  KOfahedron,  the  nrtat  dodecahedron,  the  great  stel- 
lated dodecahedron,  and  the  innall  gtcllated  dodecahedron. 
For  illustrations  of  all  these  bodies,  see  nolid. —  Irregu- 
lar bodies,  such  as  are  not  bounded  by  equal  and  like 
surfaces.— The  bodies  seven,  in  alchemy,  the  metals 
corresponding  to  the  plain  t-. 

The  bodies  *even,  eek,  lo  hem  heer  anon  : 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe  [call], 
Mars  yren,  Mercurie  quiksilver  we  clepe, 
Saturnus  leed,  and  Jupiter  is  tin, 
And  Venus  coper. 

Chaucer,  ITol.  to  Canon  s  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  272. 
body  (bod'i),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bodied,  ppr. 
bodying.     [<  body,  ».]     1.  To  provide  with  a 
body;   embody. —  2.  To  form  into  a  body  or 
company. 

A  new  exotick  way  of  bodying,  that  U,  formally  cove- 
nanting and  verbally  engaging  with  them  and  to  them 
beyond  the  baptismal!  bond  and  vow. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  37. 
3.  To  represent  in  bodily  form;  exhibit  in 
tangible  form  or  outward  reality :  with/or<A. 

As  imagination  bodies  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unknown,  the  poet's  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes,  and  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name.     Skat.,  M.  N.  U.,  T.  1. 
Bodied  forth  the  tourney  high, 
Held  for  the  hand  of  Emily! 

Scott,  Rokeby,  vi.  26. 

body-bagt  (bod'i-bag),  n.     A  bag  to  sleep  in. 

body-bolster  (bod'i-bol'ster),  n.  A  cross-beam 
of  wood,  iron,  or  the  two  in  combination,  on 
the  under  side  of  a  railroad-car,  which  supports 
it  and  transmits  its  weight  to  the  truck.  The 
upper  end  of  the  king-bolt,  which  forms  the  pivot  for  the 
truck,  is  fastened  to  a  body-bolster. 

body-cavity  (bod'i-kav'i-ti),  n.  In  zoiil.,  the 
general  or  common  cavity  of  the  body,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  special  cavities,  or  those  of 
particular  organs;  the  coelom  or  coaloma.  in 
vertebrates  the  body-cavity  is  formed  by  the  splitting  of 
the  mesoblast  into  its  somatopleural  and  splanchnopleu- 
ral  layers,  and  consists  of  the  cavities  of  the  thorax,  ab- 
domen (divided  or  not  by  a  diaphragm),  and  pelvU. 

body-cloth  (bod'i-k!6th),  n.    A  clcth  for  the 
boofy ;  specifically,  a  large  rug  or  cloth  for  cov- 
ering a  horse.    See  body-clothes,  2. 
Before  the  window  were  several  horses  in  body-cloth*. 
Buhner,  Pelhani,  Ixi. 

body-clothes  (bod'i-kloTHz),  ».;</.  1.  Garments 
for  the  body,  intended  to  be  worn  by  day.  as 
distinguished  from  bedclothes.  [This  use  of  the 
word  appears  to  be  confined  in  recent  times  to 
Scotland.]  — 2.  Coverings  for  a  horse  or  other 
animal:  properly,  body-cloths.  See  body-cloth. 

I  am  informed  that  several  asses  are  kept  In  body*lothe* 
and  sweated  every  morning  upon  the  heath.  Additun. 

body-coat  (bod'i-kot),  ».  1.  A  close-fitting 
coat. —  2.  In  coucli-jitiiiiting,  a  coat  of  paint 
made  opaque  by  the  admixture  of  white  lead, 
laid  on  oefore  the  transparent  coats. 

body-Color  (bod'i-kul'pr),  n.  In  /Minting,  a 
pigment  possessing  Ixxly  or  a  high  degree  of 
consistence,  substance,  and  covering  power. 
In  water-color  jtaiHtiny,  works  are  said  to  lie  executed  in 
body-color*  when,  in  cOBtndUUnotlon  to  the  more  com- 
mon mode  of  proceeding  by  transparent  tints  and  washes, 
the  pigments  are  mixed  with  white  and  thus  rendered 
opaque. 


body-guard 

body-guard  (bod'i-gard),  «.  One  who  protects 
or  defends  the  person;  a  life-guard;  collec- 
tively, the  guard  charged  with  the  protection  of 
some  person,  as  a  prince  or  an  officer;  hence, 
retinue ;  attendance  ;  following. 

It  might  possibly  be  convenient  that,  when  the  Parlia- 
ment assembled,  the  King  should  repair  to  Westminster 
with  a  body-guard.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

body-hoop  (bod'i-hop),  M.  A  band  securing  the 
arris  pieces  of  a  built  mast. 

body-horse  (bod'i-hors),  «.  A  shaft-horse. 
[Prov.  £ug.] 

body-loop  (bod'i-lop),  «.  A  strap  or  iron  arm 
connecting  a  wagon-body  with  the  gearing. 

body-louse  (bod'i-lous),  n.  A  kind  of  louse, 
the  Pediculus  corporis  or  P.  vestimenti,  which 
is  parasitic  on  man.  It  is  generally  found  on  the 
body,  or  concealed  in  the  clothing,  while  the  Pediculux 
capitix,  or  head-louse,  infests  the  head. 

body-plan  (bod'i-plan),  n.  In  ship-building, 
a  plan  upon  which  are  projected  the  intersec- 
tions of  the  sides  of  the  vessel  with  transverse 


610 

of  species  yield  tenacious  fibers,  used  for  making  ropes, 
twine,  net,  and  sewing-thread.  The  most  important  spe- 
cies is  B.  nivea,  a  shrubby  plant  of  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies, which  affords  the  valuable  rhea-flber  or  grass-cloth 


c 

Body-plan. 

A,  after-body ;  B,  fore-body ;  C,  C,  center-line ;  A  D,  load-line  ; 
K,  E,  base-line. 

vertical  planes  passing  through  certain  fixed 
points,  the  intersections  with  the  fore-body 
being  shown  upon  one  side  and  those  with  the 
after-body  on  the  other. 

body-post  (bod'i-post),  n.  1.  An  upright  tim- 
ber in  the  sill  and  plate  of  a  freight-car,  form- 
ing one  of  the  vertical  members  of  the  frame 
of  the  body.  It  corresponds  to  the  window- 
posts  in  a  passenger-car. — 2.  A  post  at  the 
forward  end  of  the  opening  in  the  deadwood 
of  a  steamship,  within  which  the  screw  turns. 

body-servant  (bod'i-ser"vant),  n.  A  servant 
who  waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  employer ; 
a  valet ;  a  personal  attendant. 

body-snatcher  (bod'i-snach'er),  n.  One  who 
secretly  disinters  the  bodies  of  the  dead  as  sub- 
jects for  dissection,  or  for  the  purpose  of  exact- 
ing a  ransom ;  a  resurrectionist. 

body-snatching  (bod'i-snach"iug),  M.  The  act 
of  robbing  a  grave  to  obtain  a  subject  for  dis- 
section. 

body-varnish  (bod'i-var"nish),  it.  A  thick  and 
quick-drying  copal  varnish,  used  for  carriages 
and  other  objects  that  are  to  be  polished. 

body-wall  (bod'i-wal),  n.  In  zool.,  the  general 
envelop  or  parietes  of  a  body,  especially  of  a 
low  organism ;  a  cell-wall. 

body-whorl  (bod'i-hwerl),  H.  The  last-formed 
and  generally  largest  whorl  of  a  univalve  shell. 
See  univalve. 

Boedromia  (bo-e-dro'mi-a),  n.pl.  See  Boe'dro- 
mipn. 

Boedromion  (bo-e-dro'mi-on),  «.  [Gr.  Bo^dpo- 
fu&v.  the  month  in  which  were  celebrated  the 
'BariapAfua,  <  /3or/Sp6ftiOf,  /3or/Sp6/jof,  giving  succor 
(SorjSpofielv,  to  run  to  a  cry  for  aid),  <  jioij,  Dor. 
poa,  a  shout,  cry  (<  foav,  to  cry:  see  boation), 
+  -dpo/iof,  <  ipafieiv,  run.]  The  third  month  of 
the  Athenian  year,  corresponding  to  the  latter 
part  of  September  and  the  early  part  of  Octo- 
ber. During  this  month  the  festival  called  Boedromia 
was  celebrated,  in  commemoration  of  the  succor  given  by 
Theseus  against  the  Amazons. 

boef  1t,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  beef. 

boef2t,  inter j.     See  buf. 

Boehm  flute.    See  flute1,  \. 

Bcehmeria  (b6-me'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  after  G.  B. 
Boehmer  or  Bohmer,  a  German  botanist  of  the 
18th  century ;  cf .  G.  Bo'hme,  a  Bohemian,  Boh- 
men,  Bohemia.]  A  genus  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  natural  order  Urticacece,  allied  to  the 
nettle,  but  without  its  stinging  hairs.  A  number 


The  Ramie-plant  (SeeHtntria  nivea}. 

fiber,  also  known  under  its  Malay  name  of  ramie.  It  has 
been  long  in  cultivation  in  China  and  India,  and  success- 
ful attempts  have  been  made  to  cultivate  it  in  the  United 
States.  The  species  B.  Puya,  from  which  the  Puya-flber 
is  obtained,  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Maoutia.  See 
grass-cloth. 

boeotarch  (be-6'tark),  n.  [<  L.  Bceotarches,  < 
Gr.  BmuTapxif ,  <  BO«JTOZ,  Boaotia,  +  ap%6<; ,  ruler : 
see  arch-.]  One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  the 
Boeotian  confederacy.  Two  were  chosen  by 
Thebes,  and  one  by  each  of  the  other  members 
of  the  league. 

Pelopidas  and  two  others  of  the  liberators  were  elected 
baeotarchs,  or  chief  magistrates  of  Bceotia. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  479. 

Boeotian  (be-6'shian),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Bceotia, 
<  Gr.  Eoturia,  Boaotia,  Bo(ur/o<,  the  Boeotians.] 

1.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Boeotia,  a  division  of 
central  Greece,  noted  for  its  thick  atmosphere, 
which  was  supposed  to  communicate  its  dull- 
ness to  the  intellect  of  the  inhabitants.     Hence 

—  2.  Dull;  stupid;  ignorant;  obtuse. 

II.  n.  1 .  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Boeotia. 
Hence  —  2.  A  dull,  ignorant,  stupid  person. 

Boeotic  (be-ot'ik),  a.  Belonging  to  or  charac- 
teristic of  Boeotia  or  the  Boeotians ;  Boeotian : 
as,  the  Bceotic  dialect. 

Boer  (bor),  ».  [Also  written  Boor,  <  D.  boer,  a 
farmer,  a  peasant:  see  boor.]  The  name  given 
to  the  Dutch  colonists  of  South  Africa,  who 
are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture  or  cattle- 
breeding. 

boffle  (bof '!),  v.     A  dialectal  form  of  baffle. 

bog1  (bog),  ».  [Formerly  bogge,  <  Ir.  bogach  •=. 
Gael,  bogan,  a  bog,  morass,  <  Ir.  Gael,  hog,  soft, 
moist,  tender,  in  comp.  bog-.~\  1.  Wet,  soft, 
and  spongy  ground,  where  the  soil  is  composed 
mainly  of  decayed  and  decaying  vegetable  mat- 
ter; a  quagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other 
plants;  a  piece  of  mossy  or  peaty  ground;  a 
moss. 

All  the  infections  that  the  sun  sucks  up 
From  boffg,  fens,  flats,  on  Prosper  fall,  and  make  him 
By  inch-meal  a  disease  !  Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

2.  A  little  elevated  piece  of  earth  in  a  marsh 
or  swamp,  filled  with  roots  and  grass.     Web- 
ster.    [Local,  U.  S.]— Bog-asphodel.  See  asphodel. 

-Bog-bilberry.  See  bilberry.—  Bog-iron  ore,  an  im- 
pure ore  of  iron,  essentially  a  hydrous  oxid,  of  which  the 
mineralogical  name  is  limonite :  found  frequently  at  the 
bottom  of  lakes  and  in  swampy  localities,  and  usually  of 
very  recent  origin.  =  Syn.  1.  Quagmire,  etc.  See  marsh. 
bog1  (bog)  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog- 
fling.  [<  bog1,  n.]  I.  trans.  To  sink  or  sub- 
merge in  a  bog,  or  in  mud  and  mire:  used 
chiefly  in  the  passive,  to  be  bogged. 

Bid  him  to  be  gone 
As  far  as  he  can  fly,  or  follow  day, 
Rather  than  here  so  boytfed  in  vices  stay. 

B.  Jonson,  Underwoods,  xxxii. 
'Twas  time ;  his  invention  had  been  bogged  else. 

B.  Jmuion,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  8. 
Of  Middleton's  horse  three  hundred  men  were  taken, 
inwl  one  hundred  were  togged. 

Whttelock,  Memoirs  (1682),  p.  580. 

II.  intrans.  To  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog ;  hence, 
to  flounder  among  obstacles ;  be  stopped. 
bog2  (bog),  ji.  [Earlymod.  E.  bogge,  appar.  a  var. 
of  the  equiv.  bug1,  ME.  bugge,  connecting  the 
latter  with  the  equiv.  boggle1,  bogle,  bogy,  bog- 
i/ard1:  see  these  words.]  A  specter;  a  bugbear. 

—  To  take  bogt,  to  boggle;  shy;  shrink. 

bog3  (bog),  H.  and  •«.  [E.  dial.,  formerly  also 
bogge,  earlier  in  deriv.  form  bogi/idi?,  q.  v.  Cf. 


boggle 

,  big1.]   I.  a.  Bold;  sturdy;  self-sufficient; 
petulant;  saucy. 

II.  «.  Brag;  boastfulness.  Halliwcll.  [Prov. 
Bug.] 

bog3  (bog),  «. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bogged,  ppr.  bog- 
ging.  [<  bog'A,  a.  or  «.]  I.  intrans.  To  boast. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  trans.  [Perhaps  of  other  origin.]  To 
provoke. 

bog4  (bog),  c.  i.  [E.  dial.;  origin  unknown.]  To 
ease  the  body  by  stool. 

boga  (bo'ga),  n.    Same  as  bogue2. 

bog-bean  (bog'ben),  «.  The  common  name  of 
the  Menyauthes  trifoliata,  a  gentianaceous  bog- 
plant,  a  native  of  the  more  temperate  parts  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  it  is  a  bitter  tonic.  The 
fringed  bog-bean  is  an  aquatic  plant  of  the  same  order, 
Limnantheuimu  nymphceoides,  with  large  yellow  fringed 
flowers.  Also  called  buck-bean. 

bogberry  (bog'ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  bogberries  (-iz). 
The  cranberry,  Vacciniuni  Oxycoccus. 

bog-blitter  (bog'bluV'er),  n.  [See  bog-bluiter.] 
Same  as  bog-bumper.  [Scotch.] 

bog-bluiter'  (bog'blo'ter),  n.  [Also  bog-bluter, 
bog-blitter ;  <.  bog  +  Se.  bluiter,  bluter,  make  a 
rumbling  noise,  blurt,  also  speak  foolishly  (in 
last  sense  cf.  blatter,  blather,  blether1).']  Same 
as  bog-bumper.  [Scotch.] 

bog-billl  (bog'bul),  •».  [Cf.  Botaurus  and  bit- 
tern1.'] A  name  of  the.  bittern,  Bota/irus  stel- 
laris,  from  its  habitual  resorts  and  its  hollow, 
booming  cry.  See  cut  under  bittern. 

bog-bumper  (bog'bum"per),  ».  A  name  of  the 
bitterns  or  heron-like  birds  of  the  genus  Botau- 
rus (especially  B.  lentiginosus),  in  allusion  to 
the  sound  made  by  the  male  in  the  breeding 
season.  This  sound  seems  "to  be  uttered  in  a  deep 
choking  tone,"  and  has  been  compared  by  Nuttall  to  the 
syllables  "pomp-au-gur."  Also  bog-jumper,  and  iu  Scot- 
land bog-blitter,  bttg-bluiter. 

bog-butter  (bog'bufer),  n.  A  fatty  sperma- 
ceti-like mineral  resin,  composed  of  carbon, 
oxygen,  and  hydrogen,  found  in  masses  in  peat- 
bogs. 

A  large  copper  basin  consisting  of  small  pieces  riveted 
together  and  several  wooden  kegs  containing  bog-butter 
were  recently  found  at  a  depth  of  7  feet  in  a  peat-moss, 
Kylealsin,  Skye.  Nature,  XXX.  181. 

bog-earth  (bog'erth),  n.  An  earth  or  soil  com- 
posed of  light  silicious  sand  and  a  considerable 
portion  of  vegetable  fiber  in  a  half-decomposed 
state.  It  is  employed  by  gardeners  for  pro- 
moting the  growth  of  flowers. 

boger  (bo'ger),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  name 
in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  half-grown  sea- 
bream,  Pagclh/s  centrodontus. 

bogey1,  bogeyism.     See  bogy,  bogyism. 

bogey2,  ».     See  bogie2. 

bogga  (bog'a),  H.  [E.  Ind.]  An  East  Indian 
measure  of  land,  equal  to  three  fifths  of  an 
acre. 

boggard1,  boggart  (bog'ard,  -art),  n.  [E.  dial, 
and  Sc.,  also  written  bogart,  and  formerly  bug- 
gard,  baggard;  appar.  a  var.,  with  term,  -ard, 
of  boggle1,  bogle ;  in  f  orm  as  if  <  bog%  +  -ard  : 
see  boggle1,  bogle,  6o</2,  bug1.]  1.  A  specter, 
goblin,  or  bogy,  especially  one  supposed  to 
haunt  a  particular  spot. 

The  belief  in  elves  and  boyartx  which  once  was  universal. 
J.  Fwke,  Idea  of  God,  p.  60. 

2f.  Any  object,  real  or  imaginary,  at  which  a 
horse  shies.  A".  E.  D. —  3.  Figuratively,  a  bug- 
bear ;  a  thing  of  fear. 

boggard2t,  «.     [As  bog*  +  -ard.]     A  privy. 

boggifyt,  c.  t.    [<  bog1  +  -i-fy.]   To  make  boggy. 

boggingt  (bog'ing),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.,  per- 
haps a  var.  of  'bagging  for  bodging,  verbal  n. 
of  badge2;  cf.  badger2.]  Peddling;  hawking. 

jv:  E.  D. 

boggish1  (bog'ish),  a.   [<6of/1  +  -ish1.]   Boggy. 


boggish2t 


[ME.,   written    boggisshe,    bog- 


gysche;  <  bogs  (not  found  in  ME.)  +  -igJi1'.] 
Bold;  puffed  up;  boastful. 

boggle1,  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  bogle. 

boggle2  (bog'l),  c.  ('. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boggled,  ppr. 
boggling.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bogle,  bttggel,  < 
boggle1  =  bogle,  a  specter,  with  ref.  to  the  shy- 
ing of  a  horse  at  unusual  objects;  cf.  ME.  boge- 
len,  occurring  but  once,  in  the  sense  of  'deny,' 

1.  e.,  scare  off.]     1.  To  take  alarm;  start  with 
fright;  shy,  as  a  horse. 

When  a  sinner  is  flrst  tempted  tu  the  i-oininleaiun  of  a 
more  gross  and  notorious  sin.  lijs  conscience  is  apt  to 
boggle  and  start  at  it,  he  doth  it  with  great  difficulty  and 
regret.  Tittotson,  Works,  I.  x. 

We  start  nml  /«»>i-/?''  ;|t  fvury  unusual  appearance. 

QrmwiHc. 

2.  To  hesitate  ;  stop,  as  if  afraid  to  proceed,  or 
as  if  impeded  by  unforeseen  difficulties ;  waver; 


boggle 

shrink.—  3.  To  play  fast  and  loose  ;  dissemble  ; 
(|iiil>I)le;  equivocate. 

When    Mlnilii'iriril    to    his    l:i-t    end    It   wai*   II"    ttnii-    for 

him   to    /«.;(.;/.•   Will!    till-    "Olid.  llmi-rll. 

4.  To  bungle;  be  awkward;  iniiko  clumsy  at- 
tempts. 

boggle"  (l)og'l),  ».  1.  The  act  of  shying  or  t;<k- 
ing  alarm.  —  2f.  Objection;  scruple;  demur. 

The  Uuti-'h  iio  make  a  furthi-r  b^ilr  with  us  alwmt  two 
•  ir  three  things.  I'-  ;"/*,  Diary,  1M7. 

3.  A  bungle;  a  botch.     [Colloq.]  -  Boggle-de- 

botCll,  DOggledy-bOtCh,  a  i-«>ni|ili-ti-  Iwtch  ..r  lumdc. 

boggle-'  (bog'l),  «.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
sunn-  us  IMM/I/II  ',  /null/'.  :>  scarecrow.]  A  pitcher 
or  jug  wrought  in  the  figure  of  a  man,  not  un- 


611 

Bogoda  (bo-go'dii),  n.    [NL.]    A  genus  of  East 

Iniliiin  fishes,  considered  by  some  as  typical  of 

a  family  HiM/mlniilfi  or  Jtni/mli  'tin  . 
Bogodidae  (bo-god'i-dc),  w.  jit.     [NL.,  <  Jlogoda 

+  -iV/rt'.]     A  family  of  percoideous  fishes:  sy- 

nonymous with 


like  a  toby  or  tnby-piicher. 
lf-d),  ».  A 
moor-buzzard, 


. 
bog-glede  (liog'sjlf-d),  ».   A  Scotch  name  of  the 


boggier  (bog'ler),  ».  [<  boggle2  +  -er1.]  1.  A 
doubter  ;  a  timorous  man.  —  2f.  A  jilt  ;  one  false 
in  love. 

You  have  been  a  boggier  ever,  .itmk.,  A.  and  i  '.,  ill.  11. 
3.  One  who  bungles  or  is  clumsy  in  doing 
things. 

bogglisht  (bog'lish),  a,  [<  boggW  +  -is/i.] 
Doubtful  ;  wavering. 

Nothing  ia  more  sly,  touchy,  and  tH><i<jli*ti  .  .  .  than  that 
opinion  .  .  .  of  the  many  or  common  people. 

Jer.  Taylor  ('/),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  172. 

boggy  (bog'h,  «.  [<  bug1.  >i.,  +  -y1.]  Contain- 
ing bogs  ;  full  of  bogs  ;  like  or  having  the  char- 
acter of  a  bog. 

Quencli'd  in  a  bogifii  Syrtls,  neither  sea 

Nor  good  dry  land.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  939. 

boggybo  (bog'i-bo),  «.     [North.  E.   dial.]     A 

dialectal  form  of  bugaboo. 
Boghead  coal.  See  coal. 
boghouse  (bog'hous),  ».  [<  bogl  +  house.}  A 

privy.     Johnson. 


bogie ' 


See  bogy. 


bogie-,  bogey'J  (bp'gi),  ».  [Of  uncertain  origin. 
Sometimes  explained  from  bogie*,  bogy,  a  fiend, 
the  bogie  eoal-wagon  when  first  introduced 
being  so  called,  it  is  said,  because,  from  its 
suddenly  turning  when  people  least  expected 
it,  they  used  to  exclaim  that  the  new  wagon 
was  '  Old  Bogy '  himself.  But  this  is  mere  in- 
vention. See  bogle.']  1.  A  name  first  given 
at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  England,  to  a  coal- 
wagou  or  truck  so  constructed  as  to  turn  easily 
in  moving  about  the  quays;  a  trolly. —  2.  An 
English  term  for  a  four-wheeled  truck  support- 
ing the  front  part  of  a  locomotive  engine,  or 
placed  one  under  each  end  of  a  railway-car- 
riage, and  turning  beneath  it  by  means  of  a 
central  pin  or  pivot,  to  facilitate  the  passing 
of  sudden  curves. —  3.  In  a  saw-mill,  a  small 
carriage  running  on  a  transverse  track  on  a 
log-carriage,  used  to  change  the  position  of  the 
log  in  relation  to  the  saw. 

bogie-engine  (bo'gi-en'jin),  n.  A  locomotive 
used  in  moving  cars  and  making  up  trains  at 
a  railroad  station.  The  driving-wheels  and  cyl- 
inders are  on  a  truck  which  turns  freely  on  a 
center-pin. 

bog-jumper  (bog'jum'per),  «.  Same  as  bog- 
biuiiiH'i'. 

bog-land  (bog'land),  n.  and  «.  I.  «.  Boggy  or 
marshy  land:  as,  to  reclaim  a  piece  of  bog-laud. 
II.  a.  Living  in  or  pertaining  to  a  marshy 
country.  [Rare.] 

Kai'h  brings  his  love  a  boylaiul  captive  home. 

liriiiifH,  Prol.  to  Prophetess,  1.  31. 

bogle  (bo'gl),  u.  [Also  dial,  boggle,  Sc.  bogle, 
ln>i/ill.  luii/il.  ,i  specter,  hobgoblin;  prob.  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  W.  bicgwl,  bygwl,  a  threat,  men- 
ace, bygel,  a  bugbear,  scarecrow,  hobgoblin, 
Inrg,  a  specter,  >  E.  bug1 :  see  bug1  and  bugbear. 
Cf.  //<»/'-'.  hiii/i/anll.  and  G.  bogge,  boggel-muitii, 
a  bogy,  bogle.]  A  phantom;  a  specter;  a  hob- 
goblin; n  bogy:  :i  bugbear. 

boglet  (bog'let).  ii.  [<  />'«/'  +  -let.]  A  little 
bog;  a  boggy  place  or  spot  of  small  extent. 

And  of  this  tufty.  flagity  ground,  lacked  with  IKI^  and 
hutlrtt.  K.  H  l  .nun  Doone,  p.  432. 

bog-manganese  (bog'mang'ga-nez).  ii.  Same 
us  tend. 

bog-moss  (bog'mds),  ii.  Peat-inoss.  See  Sphag- 
num. 

bog-oak  (bog '6k),  it.  Trunks  and  large 
branches  of  oak  found  embedded  in  bogs  and 
preserved  by  the  antiseptic  properties  of  peat. 
It  is  of  u  shining  Mack  or  ebony  color,  or  of  a  deep  ureen 
ish-gray,  miitili'd  and  shading  into  black,  derived  from  it* 
impregnation  with  iron,  and  i^  frequently  eonverteil  into 
iirnami-ntal  pieces  of  furniture  and  smaller  ornament*,  a- 
hrooches,  e:nrin--  etc.  VK.i  called  /»-/-irood. 


Bogomile  (bog'6-mil),  ».  [Cf.  Russ.  bogu,  God; 
nii/ii.ili,  grace.]'  One  of  a  medieval  Cathanst 
sect,  having  its  principal  seat  in  Bulgaria,  anti- 
i-U-rical  in  its  polity,  dualistic  in  its  doctrine, 
and  in  general  similar  to  the  Docette  and  the 
ManichiDans.  The  views  and  practices  of  the  Bogo- 
miles  were  very  fanatical.  They  were  little  known,  and 
by  tonic  are  supposed  to  have  become  extinct  noon  after 
tii,  execution  of  their  leader,  Basil  of  PhilipjKipolis,  at 
<  'ointantinople,  in  111S. 

Bogomilian  (bog-o-inil'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Hogomiles  or  their  doctrines. 

bog-orchis  (bog'dr'kis),  n.  A  low  orchid  of 
boggy  places.  See  Malaxig. 

bog-ore  (bog'&r),  «.     Same  as  bog-iron  ore. 

Bogota  bark.     See  bark*. 

bog-rush  (bog'rush),  n.  1.  The  name  of  va- 
rious cyperaceous  plants.  See  ruah.  —  2.  Some 
small  undetermined  species  of  warbler.  [Lo- 
cal, Great  Britain.] 

bog-spavin  (bog'spav'in),  ».  In  farriery,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough  of  a 
horse,  containing  a  gelatinous  matter. 

bog-sucker  (bog'suk'er),  «.  A  name  of  the 
woodcock  of  North  America,  Philohela  minor. 

bog-trotter  (bog'trot'er),  n.  One  who  trots 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs;  especially,  a 
contemptuous  appellation  given  to  the  Irish 
peasantry,  probably  from  the  skill  shown  by 
many  of  them  in  crossing  the  extensive  bogs 
of  the  country  by  leaping  from  tussock  to  tus- 
sock, where  a  stranger  would  find  no  footing, 
and  from  the  frequent  use  they  make  of  this 
skill  to  escape  from  the  soldiery,  the  police,  etc. 

bog-trotting  (bog'trot'ing),  a.  "  Trotting  among 
bogs,  or,  more  usually,  living  among  bogs  :  as, 
a  bog-trotting  Irishman. 

Beware  of  bog-trotting  quacks. 

Ooldtmith,  ritm-n  of  the  World,  Ixvlil. 

With  his  Inherited  Irish  poverty  ...  not  to  rise  In  this 
world,  he  nor  his  posterity,  till  their  wading  webbed  dwj- 
trotting  feet  get  talaria  to  their  heels. 

Thoreau,  Waldeu,  p.  22S. 

bogueM  (bog),  v.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  bogar,  row  (cf. 
bogar  a  sotavento,  row  to  leeward),  =  Pg.  Pr. 
vogar  =  It.  vogare  =  F.  roguer,  row,  sail,  > 
rogue,  E.  rogue,  q.  v.]  \<mi  .,  to  drop  off  from 
the  wind  ;  edge  away  to  leeward  with  the  wind, 
as  some  vessels  of  inferior  sailing  qualities  do. 
—  TO  bogue  in,  to  "sail  In";  take  a  hand;  engage  In  a 
work.  [Local,  >ew  England.) 

[A  farmer  says  :]  "  I  don't  git  much  done  thont  I  boyue 
right  in  along  th  my  men." 

ij  not  ed  by  I.  mi;  II.  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  Int. 

bogue2  (bog),  «.  [<  OF.  bogue,  formerly  also 
bocque,  =  Pr.  buga  =  Sp.  Pg.  boga  =  It.  boca, 
boghe  (Florio),  now  boga,  <  ML.  boca,  for  L.  box 
(hoc-),  <  Or.  /?<if,  contr.  of  /3<Saf,  a  certain  sea- 
fish,  so  named  from  the  sound  it  makes.]  An 
acanthopterygian  fish,  Box  vulgar^,  of  the  fami- 
ly Sparitkf,  found  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in  rare  cases  on  the 
coasts  of  Britain.  The  body  is  oblong  and  compressed, 
the  head  and  mouth  are  small,  the  teeth  notched,  the  eyes 
large,  and  the  general  coloring  is  brilliant.  Also  called 
'"><•'  and  }><i'iit  . 

bogue3  (bog),  n.  [OF.,  =  F.  bouche  :  see  eni- 
bogue  .]  A  mouth  ;  an  embouchure.  Used  specifi- 
cally in  the  name  the  Rogue,  the  principal  niouth  of  the 
Canton  river  In  China  (also  called  Boca  Titjri*,  the  Tiger's 
Mouth). 

boguest  (bo'gest),  H.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  barguest 
varied  toward  bogy1  :  see  these  words.]  A  spec- 
ter; a  ghost.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 

bogus1  (bo'gus).  n.  and  a.  [A  slang  word,  of 
wnich  many  conjectural  explanationsliave  been 
offered,  e.  g.,  that  it  is  a  corruption  of  bagasse, 
sugar-cane  refuse,  etc.  Dr.  Samuel  Willard  of 
Chicago,  in  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  New 
Eng.  Diet.,  "quotes  from  the  '  Painesville  (Ohio) 
Telegraph'  of  July  6  and  Nov.  2,  1827,  the  word 
liogus  as  a  substantive  applied  to  an  apparatus 
for  coining  false  money.  Mr.  Eber  D.  Howe, 
who  was  then  editor  of  that  paper,  describes 
in  his  'Autobiography'  (1878)  the  discovery  of 
such  a  piece  of  mechanism  in  the  hands  of  a  gang 
of  coiners  at  Painesville  in  May,  1827  ;  it  was 
a  mysterious-looking  object,  and  some  one  in 
the  crowd  styled  it  a  'bogus,'  a  designation 
adopted  in  the  succeeding  numbers  of  the  pa- 
per. Dr.  Willard  considers  this  to  have  been 
short  for  tuiitrnlxiiiHs,  a  word  familiar  to  him 
from  his  childhood,  and  which  in  his  father's 
time  was  commonly  applied  in  Vermont  to  any 


Bohemian 

ill-looking  object:  he  points  out  that  tfintara- 
bobs  is  given  in  Halliwell  as  a  Devonshire  word 
for  the  devil.  liot/ux  seems  thus  to  be  related 
to  IKM/I/,  dr."  (.V.  /•:.  it.)  The  E.  dial,  word 
may  have  been  transported  to  New  England 
and  undergone  there  the  alteration  to  which 
such  terms  are  subject.]  I.f  n.  An  apparatus 
for  coining  counterfeit  money. 

II.  a.  Counterfeit;  spurious;  sham:  origi- 
nally applied  in  the  United  States  to  counter- 
feit money,  but  now  to  anything  based  on  sham 
or  fable  pretense:  as,  a  ft<i«/«.«  claim;  a  bogus 
government. 

But  our  boffli*  theologians,  who  systematically  convert 
the  tine  gold  of  the  gospel  Into  glittering  tinsel,  and  sell 
It  for  lucre,  occupy  the  highest  seats  In  our  synagogues. 
//.  Jama,  Sul».  and  .Shad!,  p.  177. 

bogus2  (bo'gus),  n.  [Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps 
a  use  of  bogus1.  Some  refer  it  to  bagasse,  su- 
gar-cane refuse.]  A  liquor  made  of  rum  and 
molasses.  Bartlett.  [U.  8.] 

bog-violet  (bog'vi»6-let),  n.  The  butterwort. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Yorksnire).] 

bog- wood  (bog'wud),  ».     Same  as  boij-oak. 

bogwort  (bog'wert),  n.  [<6o(/i  +  iror?1.]  Same 
as  cranberry. 

bogy,  bogey1  (bo'gi),  «.;  pi.  bogie*,  bogeyg 
(-giz).  [Also  written  bogie;  a  comparatively 
recent  word,  appar.  a  var.  (perhaps  arising 
from  nursery  speech)  of  bogle,  or  from  the  same 
source:  see  bogle.}  1.  The  devil:  often  as  a 
quasi-proper  name,  and  usually  with  en  epithet 
(in  this  use  with  a  capital) :  as,  Old  Bogy. 
I  am  bogey,  and  frighten  everybody  away. 

TriacJceray,  Newcomes. 
2.  A  hobgoblin ;  a  bugbear. 

The  humble  Northumbrian  bogie  who  "flitted"  with  the 
farmer  when  he  removed  his  furniture. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  2W. 

There  is  no  reasoning  .  .  .  with  men  to  whom  party 
considerations  are  of  the  first  moment,  and  who  feel  bound 
to  discover  bogiet  In  every  measure  adopted  by  the  party 
In  power.  Sir  O.  Wolteley,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVIII.  136. 

bogyism,  bogeyism  (bo'gi-izm),   n.     f<   bogy, 

bogey^,  +  -igmT]     1.  That  which  pertains  to  or 

is  characteristic  of  a  bogy. —  2.   Belief  in  or 

dread  of  sprites  or  goblins.    Thackeray. 

bo-hacky  (bo-hak'i),  ».     [E.  dial.]    A  donkey. 

Halliiccll.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Yorkshire).] 
bohea  (bo-he'),  ».  [C  Chinese  Woo-ye  or  Voo- 
ye,  the  name  of  two  ranges  of  hills  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Fuhkien,  China,  where  the  tea-shrub  is 
largely  grown,  and  whence  tea  was  first  im- 
ported into  England  in  1666.  In  the  dialects 
of  Fuhkien  b  is  used  for  w  and  u.]  1.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  tea. 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  bohea, 
To  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea. 

/'../••.  Ep.  to  Miss  Blonnt.  II.  15. 
For  if  my  pure  libations  exceed  three, 

I  feel  my  heart  become  so  sympathetic, 

That  I  must  have  recourse  to  black  Bohea.     Byron. 

By  way  of  entertainment  In  the  evening,  to  make  a  party 

with  the  sergeant's  wife  to  drink  bohea  tea,  and  play  at 

all-fours  on  a  drum-head.    Sheridan,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  1. 2. 

2.  An  inferior  kind  of  black  tea,  grown  on  the 
Woo-ye  hills  of  China,  or  tea  of  a  similar  qual- 
ity grown  in  other  districts  of  the  same  country. 
See  tea. 

Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an),  H.  and  a.  [=  F.  Bo- 
hemien,  a  Bohemian,  and  in  a  secondary  signi- 
fication a  gipsy,  <  Boheme,  ML.  Bohemia,  the 
country  of  the  Bohemi,  Boihemi,  or  Boicmi, 
Latinized  form  repr.  by  O.  Bdhmett,  Bohemia, 
<  L.  Hail,  a  people  of  ancient  Gaul,  of  whom  a 
portion  settled  in  what  is  now  Bohemia,  + 
'-hern,  OHG.  heim  =  E.  home.]  I.  11.  1.  A  na- 
tive or  an  inhabitant  of  Bohemia,  a  crownlaud 
and  kingdom  of  the  Austrian  empire. — 2.  A 
follower  of  John  Huss ;  a  Hussite. — 3.  [F.  60- 
hemien,  because  the  first  of  that  wandering  race 
that  entered  France  were  believed  to  be  Bo- 
hemians or  Hussites,  driven  from  their  native 
country.]  A  gipsy. 

"How!  of  no  country?"  repeated  the  Scot.  "No," 
answered  the  Bohemian,  "of  none.  I  am  a  Zlngaro,  a 
Bohemian,  an  Egyptian,  or  whatever  the  Europeans,  in 
their  different  languages,  may  choose  to  call  our  people, 
but  I  have  no  country."  Scoff,  Q.  Durward,  \vi. 

4.  A  person,  especially  an  artist  or  a  literary 
man,  who  leads  a  free  and  often   somewhat 
dissipated  life,  having  little  regard  to  what  so- 
ciety he  frequents,  and  despising  convention- 
alities generally.     [Sometimes  without  a  cap- 
ital.] 

By  Bohrmian  I  do  not  mean  to  be  uncomplimentary.  I 
mean  merely  a  class  of  persons  who  prefer  adventure  and 
speculation  to  settled  industry,  and  who  do  not  work  well 
In  the  harness  of  ordinary  life.  Fronde,  Sketches,  p.  217. 

5.  The  ancient  tongue  of  Bohemia,  a  member 
of  the  Slavic  branch  of  the  Aryan  family. 


Bohor  (Cervicafra  bohor}. 


Bohemian 

II.  n.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bohemia  or  its 
language. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  charac- 
teristic of,  the  so-called  Bohemians ;  uncon- 
ventional ;  free  from  social  restraints :  as,  a 
Bohemian  life. — 3.  In  ornith.,  erratic;  wander- 
ing; irregularly  migratory ;  of  unsettled  habits. 
Bohemian  bole.  See  dote-'.—  Bohemian  Brethren, 
the  popular  name  of  a  religious  denomination  which  de- 
veloped from  the  followers  of  Peter  Chelczicky  in  the  fif- 
teenth century.  It  reached  its  greatest  influence  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  was  suppressed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in 
the  seventeenth  century  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  but 
lingered  in  Poland  and  Hungary.  It  was  revived  in  the 
eighteenth  century  as  the  Moravian  Church.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  denomination  called  themselves  the  Unity 
of  Brethren  (Unitas  Fratrum).— Bohemian  glass.  See 
glagi.— Bohemian  pheasant.  See  pheasant.— Bohe- 
mian waxwlng,  Bohemian  chatterer,  a  bird,  the 
Ampelitt  fjarrulu*,  so  called  from  the  extent  and  irregu- 
larity of  its  wanderings.  See  waxwing. 

Bohemianism  (bo-he'mi-an-izm),  «.  [<  Bohe- 
mian, n.,  4,  +  -ism."]  The  life  or  habits  of  a 
Bohemian,  in  the  figurative  sense.  See  Bohe- 
mian, n.,  4. 

bohor  (bo'hor),  H.  A  variety  of  reedbuck  of 
western  Afri- 
ca, the  Cervi- 
capra  bohor,  a 
kind  of  ante- 
lope. 

boiar,  n.  See 
boyar. 

boid  (bo'id),  it. 
A  snake  of  the 
family  Boidce; 
a  boa  or  ana- 
conda. 

Boidae  (bo'i- 
de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Boa 
+  -idee.']  A 
family  of  non- 
venomous  ophidian  reptiles,  with  two  mobile 
hooks  or  spurs,  the  rudiments  of  hind  legs,  near 
the  anus.  The  name  has  been  adopted  with  varying 
limits,  and  latterly  generally  restricted  to  American  spe- 
cies: (1)  Colubrine  snakes  with  the  belly  covered  with 
narrow,  elongate  shields  or  scales,  nearly  resembling 
those  of  the  back,  and  with  spur-like  rudimentary  legs  on 
each  side  of  the  vent.  It  included  the  Soidte  as  well  as 
Pythonidce,  Charinidce,  and  Tortricidw  of  recent  ophi- 
ologists.  (2)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudiments  of 
posterior  extremities.  It  included  the  Boidre,  Pythonida>, 
and  Charinidae.  (3)  Eurystomatous  serpents  with  rudi- 
mentary posterior  appendages,  coronoid  bone  in  lower 
jaw,  no  supraorbital,  but  postorbital,  bones  in  cranium, 
and  with  teeth  developed  in  the  premaxillary.  In  this 
limited  sense  there  are  still  many  species  peculiar  to  the 
warmer  regions  of  America,  and  among  them  are  some  of 
gigantic  size,  such  as  the  boa-constrictor  and  anaconda, 
Eunectes  munnuA  They  sometimes  attack  animals  of  a 
large  size  and  kill  them  by  constriction  round  the  body. 
See  cuts  under  boa  and  python. 

boil1  (boil),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boile,  boyle, 
a  corrupt  form  of  bile1,  due  to  a  supposed  con- 
nection with  boift:  see  bile1."]  An  inflamed 
and  painful  suppurating  tumor ;  a  furuncle. 

boil2  (boil),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boyl,  boyle, 
<  ME.  boilen,  boylen,  <  OF.  ooillir,  F.  bou'illir 
=  Pr.  bttlhir,  buillir,  boil,  =  Sp.  bullir,  boil,  also 
as  Pg.  bulir,  move,  stir,  be  active  (see  budge1), 
=  It.  bollire,  boil,  <  L.  bnllire,  also  bullare,  bub- 
ble, boil,  <  bulla,  a  bubble,  any  small  round 
object  (see  bulla),  >  E.  bull?,  bill'3,  bullet,  bul- 
letin, etc.  Cf.  ebullition."]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
bubble  up  or  be  in  a  state  of  ebullition,  espe- 
cially through  the  action  of  heat,  the  bubbles 
of  gaseous  vapor  which  have  been  formed  in 
the  lower  portion  rising  to  the  surface  and  es- 
caping: said  of  a  liquid,  and  sometimes  of  the 
containing  vessel :  as,  the  water  boils  ;  the  pot 
boils.  The  same  action  is  induced  by  diminished  pres- 
sure, as  when  water  boils  under  the  exhausted  receiver 
of  an  air-pump,  or  when  carbon  dioxid  liquefied  under 
high  pressure  boils  upon  the  removal  of  the  pressure.  See 
Mling-point  and  ebullition. 

2.  To  be  in  an  agitated  state  like  that  of  boil- 
ing, through  any  other  cause  than  heat  or  dimin- 
ished pressure ;  exhibit  a  swirling  or  swelling 
motion ;  seethe :  as,  the  waves  boil. 

He  maketh  the  deep  to  boil.  Job  xli.  31. 

3.  To  be  agitated  by  vehement  or  angry  feel- 
ing; be  hot  or  excited:  as,  my  blood  boils  at 
this  injustice. 

Then  boiled  my  breast  with  flame  and  burning  wrath. 

Surrey,  ^Eneid,  ii. 

The  plain  truth  is  that  Hastings  had  committed  some 
great  crimes,  and  that  the  thought  of  those  crimes  made 
the  blood  of  Burke  Ml  in  his  veins. 

ifacaulay,  Wan-en  Hastings. 

4.  To  undergo  or  be  subjected  to  the  action  of 
water  or  other  liquid  when  at  the  point  of 
ebullition:  as,  the  meat  is  now  boiling.—  To  boil 
away,  to  evaporate  in  boiling.— To  boil  over,  to  run 
over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as  liquor  when  thrown  into  vio- 


612 

lent  agitation  by  heat  or  other  cause  of  effervescence ; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  be  unable,  on  account  of  excite- 
ment, indignation,  or  the  like,  to  refrain  from  speaking ; 
to  break  out  into  the  language  of  strong  feeling,  especial- 
ly of  indignation.— To  boil  up,  to  rise  or  be  increased  in 
volume  by  ebullition  :  as,  paste  is  ready  for  use  aa  soon  as 
it  has  once  boiled  up ;  let  it  bail  up  two  or  three  times. 

II.  tram.  1 .  To  put  into  a  state  of  ebullition ; 
cause  to  be  agitated  or  to  bubble  by  the  ap- 
plication of  heat.  Hence — 2.  To  collect,  form, 
or  separate  by  the  application  of  heat,  as  sugar, 
salt,  etc. —  3.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  heat 
in  a  liquid  raised  to  its  point  of  ebullition,  so 
as  to  produce  some  specific  effect;  cook  or 
seethe  in  a  boiling  liquid:  as,  to  boil  meat, 
potatoes,  etc. ;  to  boil  silk,  thread,  etc — TO  boil 

clear,  in  soap-manuf.,  to  remove  the  excess  of  water  from 
soft  soap  by  boiling  it.  A  concentrated  lye  is  employed 
to  shorten  the  time  of  evaporation.— To  boil  down,  to 
reduce  in  bulk  by  boiling ;  hence,  to  reduce  to  smaller 
compass  by  removal  of  what  can  best  be  spared ;  con- 
dense by  elimination. 

After  a  while  he  [Bowles]  developed  a  talent  for  con- 
densing into  brief  and  readable  form  the  long  and  heavy 
articles  in  which  the  great  political  papers  of  the  day  dis- 
charged their  thunder.  On  these  he  began  to  practice 
that  great  art  of  boiling  down  which  his  paper  afterward 
carried  to  such  perfection.  O.  S.  Merriam,  S.  Bowles,  I.  23. 

To  boil  dry,  in  sugar-manuf.,  to  reduce  the  thin  juice 
to  thick  juice  by  boiling  it  until  it  reaches  the  point  of 
crystallization. 

boil2  (boil),  «.  [<  boiV,  i:.]  1.  The  state  or  act 
of  boiling;  boiling-point:  as,  to  bring  water  to 
a.  boil.  [Colloq.] —  2.  That  which  is  boiled ;  a 
boiling  preparation.  N.E.D.  [Rare.]— At  the 
boil,  boiling ;  at  the  boiling-point :  as,  the  solution  should 
be  kept  at  the  boil  for  at  least  half  an  hour. 

boilary,  «.    See  boilery. 

boiled  (boild),  p.  a.  1.  Raised  to  the  boiling- 
point. —  2.  Prepared  by  being  subjected  to 
the  heat  of  boiling  water :  sometimes  substan- 
tively  (from  its  use  as  a  heading  on  bills  of 
fare)  for  meat  dressed  or  cooked  by  boiling: 
as,  "a  great  piece  of  cold  boiled,"  Dickens, 
Christmas  Carol. 

boiler  (boi'ler).  u.  1.  A  person  who  boils. —  2. 
A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  boiled.  Specifi- 
cally—  (a)  A  large  pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass, 
used  in  distilleries,  potash-works,  etc.,  for  boiling  large 
quantities  of  liquor  at  once,  (6)  A  large  vessel  of  metal 
in  which  soiled  clothes  are  boiled  to  cleanse  them ;  a 
wash-boiler. 

3.  A  strong  metallic  structure  in  which  steam 
is  generated  for  driving  engines  or  for  other 
purposes.  See  steam-boiler. — 4.  Something,  as 
a  vegetable,  that  is  suitable  for  boiling.  [Rare.] 

boiler-alarm  (boi'ler-a-larm»'),  n.  A  device 
for  showing  when  the  water  in  a  steam-boiler 
is  too  low  for  safety. 

boiler-clamp  (boi'ler-klamp),  «.  A  clamp  used 
for  holding  the  plates  and  parts  of  boilers  to- 
gether, so  that  they  can  be  drilled  or  riveted. 

boiler-feeder  (boi'ler-fe'der),  «.  An  apparatus 
for  supplying  water  to  a  steam-boiler. 

boiler-float  (boi'ler-flot),  n.  A  float  connected 
with  the  water-feeding  mechanism  of  a  steam- 
boiler.  It  opens  a  supply-valve  when  the  water  falls  to 
a  certain  point,  and  closes  the  valve  when  the  water  has 
attained  the  proper  height. 

boiler-iron  (boi'ler-I''ern),  «.  Iron  rolled  into 
the  form  of  a  flat  plate,  from  J  to  i  inch  in 
thickness,  used  for  making  boilers,  tanks,  ves- 
sels, etc.  Also  boiler-plate. 

boiler-meter  (boi'ler-me'ter),  H.  A  meter  for 
measuring  the  quantity  of  water  used  in  a 
steam-boiler. 

boiler-plate  (boi'ler-plat),  H.  Same  as  ooiler- 
iron. 

boiler-protector  (boi'ler-pro-tek"tor),  11.  A 
non-conducting  covering  or  jacket  for  a  steam- 
boiler,  designed  to  prevent  radiation  of  heat. 

boiler-shell  (boi'ler-shel),  n.  The  main  or 
outside  portion  of  a  steam-boiler. 

A  steel  boiler-shell  may  therefore  be  made  of  plates  at 
least  one-third  less  in  thickness  than  a  similar  shell  of 
wrought  iron.  R.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  49. 

boiler-shop  (boi'ler-shop),  ii.  A  workshop 
where  boilers  are  made. 

boilery  (boi'ler-i),  n.;  pi.  boileries  (-iz).  [< 
boil1  +  -en/.]  1.  A  place  or  an  apparatus  for 
boiling. — 2.  A  salt-house  or  place  for  evapo- 
rating brine. —  3.  In  law,  water  arising  from  a 
salt-well  belonging  to  one  who  is  not  the  owner 
of  the  soil. 
Also  boilary. 

boiling  (boi'llng),jj.  a.  1.  At  the  temperature 
at  which  any  specified  liquid  passes  into  a 
gaseous  state;  bubbling  up  under  the  action 
of  heat:  as,  boiling  water;  boiling  springs. — 
2.  Figuratively — (a)  Fiercely  agitated;  rag- 
ing: as,  the  boiling  seas.  (6)  Heated;  inflamed; 
bursting  with  passion :  as,  boiliiifi  indignation. 
—  Boiling  spring,  a  spring  or  fountain  which  gives  out 
water  at  tile  boiling-point  or  at  a  high  temperature.  The 


boist 

most  remarkable  tolling  springs  are  the  geysers,  which 
throw  up  columns  of  water  and  steam ;  but  there  art- 
many  others  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  often  associ- 
ated with  geysers,  characterized  only  by  ebullition  and 
emission  of  steam.  Some  of  the  latter,  as  in  California 
and  >"ew  Zealand,  are  strongly  Impregnated  with  mineral 
matters  and  variously  colored,  while  others  are  charged 
with  liquid  mud.  See  geyaer. 

boilingly  (boi'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  boiling  man- 
ner. 

The  lakes  of  bitumen 
Rise  boilingly  higher.         Byron,  Manfred,  i.  1. 

boiling-point  (boi'ling-point),  it.  The  tempera- 
ture at  which  a  liquid  is  converted  into  vapor 
with  ebullition ;  more  strictly,  the  tempera- 
ture at  which  the  tension  of  the  vapor  is  equal 
to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  Tins  point 
varies  for  different  liquids,  and  for  the  same  liquid  at  dif- 
ferent pressures,  being  higher  when  the  pressure  is  in- 
creased, and  lower  when  it  is  diminished.  Under  the 
normal  atmospheric  pressure  (see  atmosphere)  water  boils 
at  212°  F.  (100°  0.,  80°  B.),  and  it  is  found  that  the  boiling- 
point  varies  .88  of  a  degree  F.  for  a  variation  in  the  ba- 
rometer of  half  an  inch.  Hence  water  will  boil  at  a  lower 
temperature  at  the  top  of  a  mountain  than  at  the  bottom, 
owing  to  diminution  in  the  pressure ;  a  fact  which  leads 
to  a  method  of  measuring  the  height  of  a  mountain  by 
observing  the  temperature  at  which  water  boils  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountain  and  at  the  top.  At  the  top  of 
Mont  Blanc  water  boils  at  185°  F.  Under  a  pressure  of 
about  -j-^  of  an  atmosphere  water  would  boil  at  40°  F., 
while  under  a  pressure  of  10  atmospheres  the  boiling-point 
would  be  raised  to  356°  F.  A  liquid  may  be  heated  much 
above  its  true  boiling-point  without  boiling ;  but  the 
superheated-  vapor  immediately  expands  until  its  temper- 
ature is  reduced  to  the  boiling-point.  Hence,  in  deter- 
minations of  the  boiling-point,  the  thermometer  is  never 
immersed  in  the  liquid,  but  in  the  vapor  just  above  it.— 
Kopp's  law  of  boiling-points,  the  proposition  that  in 
certain  homologous  series  of  chemical  substances  each  ad- 
dition of  CH2  is  accompanied  by  a  rise  in  the  boiling- 
point  of  about  19°.5  C. 

boin  (boin),  n.    Another  form  of  boyn. 
boine  (boin),  n.     [E.  dial.    Cf.  boin,  boyn.~]    A 
swelling.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Essex).] 

This  luan  Vasilowich  wich  performing  of  the  same  cere- 
monie  causeth  his  forehead  to  be  ful  of  (joined  and  swell- 
ings, and  sometimes  to  be  black  and  blew. 

Haklmjt's  Voyaijex,  I.  224. 

boiobi,  ».    See  bqjobi. 

bois  (F.  pron.  bwo),  «.  [F.,  wood,  timber,  a 
wood,  forest,  <  OF.  bois,  bos  =  Pr.  base  =  Sp. 
Pg.  bosque  =  It.  bosco,  <  ML.  boscus,  buschus,  a 
bush,  wood,  forest:  see  bush1,  boscage,  etc.] 
Wood:  a  French  word  occurring  in  several 
phrases  occasionally  found  in  English ;  it  also 
occurs  as  the  terminal  element  in  hautboy. — 
Bois  d'arc  (F.  pron.  bwo  dark).  '[F. :  bow,  wood  ;  de,  of : 
are,  bow.]  See  bodark,  bme-irood,  and  Madura. 

boisbrule'  (F.  pron.  bwo-bro-la'),  ».  [Canadian 
F.,  <  F.  bois,  wood,  +  bnilc,  pp.  of  brtilcr,  burn, 
scorch.]  Literally,  burnt-wood:  a  name  for- 
merly given  to  a  Canadian  half-breed. 

bois-chene  (F.  pron.  bwo-shan'),  ».  [F.,  oak- 
wood  :  bois,  wood  (see  bois) ;  chene,  oak,  <  OF. 
chesne  (chesnin,  adj.),  quesne  (cf.  ML.  casnus), 
oak,  <  LL.  quercinus,  prop,  adj.,  of  the  oak  (cf. 
It.  quercia,  the  oak,  <  L.  quercea,  fern,  adj.),  < 
L.  quercus,  oak.]  Oak-wood:  the  name  of  a 
timber  obtained  from  San  Domingo,  used  in 
ship-building.  McElratli. 

bois-durci  (F.  pi-on.  bwo-diir-se'),  n.  [F.:  bois, 
wood  (see  bois) ;  dnrci,  hardened,  pp.  of  durcir, 

<  L.  durescere,  harden,  <  durus,  hard.]    In  com., 
an  artificial  hard  wood  made  of   a  paste  of 
blood  and  the  sawdust  of  mahogany,  ebony, 
and  other  fine-grained  woods,  molded  into  va- 
rious forms.     When  hardened  it  takes  a  high 
polish. 

boisseau  (F.  pron.  bwo-so'),  «.;  pi.  boisseaux 
(-soz').  [F.:  see  bushel1."]  An  old  French  dry 
measure,  corresponding  in  name  to  the  English 
bushel,  but  much  smaller  in  capacity.  The  Paris 
boisseau  is  now  reckoned  at  12}  liters  (one  eighth  of  a  hec- 
toliter), or  atout  2J  gallons,  which  is  a  slight  reduction 
from  its  capacity  before  the  introduction  of  the  metric 
system ;  but  in  small  trade  the  name  is  used  for  the  de- 
caliter (one  tenth  of  a  hectoliter).  In  other  parts  of  France 
the  boisseau  in  old  reckoning  was  generally  much  less 
than  that  of  Paris. 

boistM,  ».     [Early  mod.  E.  also  boost,  Sc.  buist, 

<  ME.  boist,  boiste,  also  buist,  bust,  baste,  bouste. 
bost  (=  Bret,  boest),  <  OF.   boiste,  F.  boite  = 
Pr.  bostia,  <  ML.  bnstiti,  a  form  of  buxida,  prop, 
ace.,  corrupted  form  of  pyxida,  ace.  of  busts, 
pyxis,  a  box:  see  box1,  box*,  ami  Imxlicl1.']    A 
box ;  especially,  a  box  for  holding  ointment. 

Every  boist  full  of  thy  letum  ic. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  21. 

boist"  (boist),  n.  [E.  dial., "perhaps  a  survival 
in  a  particular  use  of  boist1,  or  a  var.  of  boost 
for  boose,  nrop.  a  cow-stall :  see  boose1."]  A  rude 
hut,  such  as  those  erected  along  the  line  of  a 
railway  for  the  temporary  use  of  laborers: 
called  in  the  United  States  a  slinnti/.  [Eng.] 


boisterous 

boisterous  (bois'trr-ims),  '(.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  biiiix/i'iiiif,  liiiantrouM,  limrslrimx,  hoititniiiH ; 
<  late  ME.  boistroux,  rough,  coarse,  a  develop- 
ment, through  the  forms  bnixltoiix.  iMiyxtminx, 
of  the  earlier  form  bnixiiiux,  which  it  has  now 
superseded:  sec  l>ninl<iiix.]  If.  Rough ;  coarse ; 
stout;  stiff. 

The  l»  atlltTII  itlltsiiir,   'i.././-  ,<",*  US  it  Was, 

Gave  way,  ninl  l>c-iit  beneath  her  sirirt  embrace. 

/>-  IM|:I  ninl  Oolacardo,  1.  159. 

2f.  Rough  and  massive;  bulky;  cumbrous; 
clumsy. 

Mis  h»i/*t,-»iix  rink  s«.  liinii-il  in  the  grownd, 
llr  oiuM  nut  tv.nrii  up  a^ailu-  sn  light. 

*  /  "-user,  r.  Q.,  I.  vlll.  10. 

3f.  Rough  in  operation  or  action;  violent; 
vehement.  [Rare.] 

The  In  at  iirr-.in,  -  tin.  powerful  and  boisterous  for  them. 
u;,,,,i,,;i,;i.  E»s.  towards  a  Nat.  Ili-i.  of  the  Earth. 

4.  Rough  and  stormy:  applied  to  the  weather, 
the  waves,  etc. —  5.  Exposed  to  the  turbulence 
of  the  elements:  as,  a  boisterous  headland;  a 
boisterous  passage. — 6f.  Fierce;  savage;  truc- 
ulent ;  full  of  violence :  as,  boisterous  war. 

Boist'nus  Clifford,  thnu  hast  slain 
The  flower  of  Europe  for  his  chivalry. 

Shak.,  8  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1. 

7.  Turbulent;  rough  and  noisy;  clamorous: 
applied  to  persons  or  their  actions:  as,  a  bois- 
terous man;  boisterous  merriment ;  &  boisterous 
game. 

They  love  a  captain  to  ohey, 
Boisterous  as  March,  yet  fresh  as  May. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ill.  4. 

In  the  vigour  of  his  physique,  and  an  almost  boisterous 
capacity  for  enjoyment,  he  was  an  English  counterpart  of 
the  Scotch  Christopher  North.  Edinburgh  Rev. 

boisterously  (bois'ter-us-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  boys- 
troKsly ;  <  boisterous  +  -ty2.  Ct.  boisttmsly.]  In 
a  boisterous  manner;  roughly;  with  noisy 
energy  or  activity. 

When  you  come  next  to  woo,  pray  you,  come  not  boister- 
ously. 
And  furnish'd  like  a  bear-ward. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 
Halloo'd  it  as  boisterously  as  the  rest. 

Sternt,  Tristram  Shandy,  ill.  20. 

boisterousness  (bois'ter-us-nes),  ».  [<  bois- 
Icnnis  +  -nesx.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
boisterous;  rough,  noisy  behavior;  turbulence. 

Behaved  with  the  bowterousnrss  of  men  elated  by  recent 
authority.  Johnson,  Life  of  Prior. 

boistoust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  boyg- 
tous,  boisteous,  boysteous,  boistious,  boystuous, 
etc.,  Sc.  bounteous,  busteous,  etc.;  <  ME.  bois- 
tous,  boystous,  buystous,  etc. ;  cf.  mod.  E.  dial. 
(Cornwall)  boiistous,  boostis,  boustis,  bustious, 
fat,  corpulent,  hoist,  corpulence  (perhaps  a 
back-formation,  from  the  adj.);  origin  un- 
known. The  ME.  agrees  in  form  with  AF. 
boistous,  OF.  bmstfus,  mod.  F.  boiteujr,  lame, 
but  no  connection  of  sense  is  apparent.  The 
W.  bwystits,  wild,  ferocious,  is  perhaps  from  E.] 

1.  Rude;    rough;   churlish;   rustic;    coarse: 
applied  to  persons.     [The  earliest  recorded 
sense.] 

I  am  a  boi/*tnus  man,  right  thus  say  I. 

Chauctr,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  107. 

2.  Rough ;  fierce ;  savage. 

Myghtc  nu   lilonkes  [horses]  theme  bere,   thos  biistmts 

churlles, 
Bot  covercle  camcll«z  of  toures,  enclosyde  in  maylez. 

M«rtf  Arthurr  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  615. 

3.  Rough  and  massive ;  bulky ;  clumsy.    [Still 
in  dial,  use.] — 4.  Coarse  in  texture;   rough; 
stout;  thick. —  5.  Loud;  violent;  boisterous. 

boistOUSlyt,  '"'''•  [<  ME.  lioixtniixly,  etc. ;  <  bois- 
tous +  -lift.]  Roughly;  violently;  boister- 
ously. 

boistousnesst,  »•  [<  ME.  boistousncsse,  etc. ;  < 
bnisttiiis  + -iit-its.']  Roughness;  violence;  bois- 

ttTOUSlH'SS. 

bojobi,  boiobi  (boi-6'bi),  n.  [Native  name.] 
The  dog-headed  boa,  or  Xiiilioxmua  caninum,  a 
South  American  snake,  family  BoMte,  notable 
for  the  beautiful  green  color  of  its  skin.  It  is 

distinguished  by  having  smooth  scales,  the  marginal  scales 
of  the  mouth  pitted,  ami  regular  shi«  Ids  i>n  tin-  snout. 

\l>ii  railed  nrin-tl tiilxnift. 

bokark  (bo'kiirk),  »i.  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  basket 
of  birch-bark,  used  by  Lake  Superior  Indians 
to  hold  maple-sugar. 

boke1  (l>6k),  i\;  pret.  and  pp.  baked,  ppr.  bok- 

iiit/.     [E.  dial.,  also  buck;   in  part  a  var.  of 

finkc:  seefti«-A"J  aml/iote1.]   I.  tranx.  Tothrust; 

push;  poke.     [Eng.] 

Il.t  intrant.  To  ilinist  :  push;  butt.   Solltind. 

boke-,  r.     A  dialectal  form  of  bock,  bolk. 


613 

boke '  i  link  i,  ».  In  mining,  a  small  run  in  pipes, 
found  connecting  the  ore  running  through  the 
vein.  11.  Hunt. 

boke't,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  book. 

bokelt,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buckle'*. 

bokelert,  ».     A  M  ii  Idle  English  form  of  buckler. 

bolar  (bo'lar),  a.  [<  6ote2  -I-  -ar.]  Pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bole :  as.  bolar  earths. 

bolaryt  (bo'la-ri),  a.    [<  bole%  +  -ary]    Pertain- 
ing to  bole  or  clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  qualities. 
Consisting  of  a  botary  and  clammy  substance. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  II.  8. 

bolas1 1,  ».    A  Middle  English  form  of  bullace. 

bolas2  (bo'las),  H.  sing,  or  /)/.  [Sp.,  pi.  of  bola, 
a  ball,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  any  round  object : 
see  bulft,  WHS.]  A  weapon  of  war  and  the 
chase,  consisting  of  two  or  three  balls  of  stone 
or  metal  attached  to  the  ends  of  strong  lines, 
which  are  knotted  together,  used  by  the  Gau- 
chos  and  Indians  of  western  and  southern  South 
America.  It  ii  uned  by  throwing  it  in  such  a  way  that 
the  line  winds  around  the  object  aimed  at,  as  the  legs  of 
an  animal.  A  smaller  weapon  of  the  same  sort  la  in  use 
among  the  Eskimos  for  killing  birds. 

The  bolas,  or  balls,  are  of  two  kinds :  the  simplest, 
which  is  used  chiefly  for  catching  ostriches,  constate  of 
two  round  stones,  covered  with  leather,  and  united  by  a 
thin,  plaited  thong,  about  eight  feet  long.  The  other  kind 
differs  only  In  having  three  balls  united  by  thongs  to  a 
common  centre.  The  Gaucho  holds  the  smallest  of  the 
three  In  his  hand,  and  whirls  the  other  two  around  his 
head ;  then,  taking  aim,  sends  them  like  chain  shot  revolv- 
ing through  the  air.  The  balls  no  sooner  strike  any  ob- 
ject, than,  winding  round  it,  they  cross  each  other  and 
become  firmly  hitched.  Darmn,  Voyage  of  Beagle,  111.  50. 

bolbonact,  ».  The  satin-flower,  Lunaria  biennis. 

bold  (bold),  a.  [<  ME.  bold,  bald,  <  AS.  beald, 
bald  =  OS.  bald  =  D.  boud,  bold  (=  MLG.  balde, 
bolde,  adv.,  quickly,  at  once),  =  OHQ.  bald, 
MHG.  bait,  bold  (G.  bald,  adv.,  soon),  =  Icel. 
ballr  =  ODan.  bold  =  Goth,  "baltlis,  bold  (in 
deriv.  balthaba,  boldly,  /«/////»/=!•;.  bield,  bold- 
ness, etc.).  Hence  bold,  v.,  bifid,  n.  and  r., 
and  (from  OHG.)  It.  baldo,  OF.  bald,  baud, 
bold, gay :  see  bawd1."]  1.  Daring;  courageous; 
brave;  intrepid;  fearless:  applied  to  men  or 
animals :  as,  bold  as  a  lion. 

He  has  called  him  forty  Marchmen  bauld. 

Kinmont  Willie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VI.  61. 
Our  speech  at  best  is  half  alive  and  cold, 
And  save  that  tenderer  momenta  make  us  bold, 
Our  whitening  lips  would  close,  their  truest  truth  untold. 
0.  W.  Holmes,  To  H.  W.  Longfellow. 

2.  Requiring  or  exhibiting  courage;  planned 
or  executed  with  courage  and  spirit :  as,  a  bold 
enterprise. 

The  bold  design 
Pleased  highly  those  infernal  States. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  Ii.  386. 

3f.  Confident;  trusting;  assured. 

I  am  bold  her  honour 
Will  remain  hers.        Shak.,  Cymbeline,  11.  4. 

4.  Forward ;  impudent ;  audacious :  as,  a  bold 
huzzy. 

Men  can  cover  crimes  with  bold,  stern  looks. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1252. 

6.  Overstepping  usual  bounds ;  presuming  up- 
on sympathy  or  forbearance ;  showing  liberty 
or  license,  as  in  style  or  expression :  as,  a  bold 
metaphor. 

Which  no  bold  tales  of  gods  or  monsters  swell. 

But  human  passions,  such  as  with  us  dwell,     nailer. 

It  Is  hardly  too  bold  to  claim  the  whole  Netherlands  as 
in  the  widest  sense  Old  England. 

/:.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  31. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view ;  striking  to  the  eye ; 
markedly  conspicuous ;  prominent :  as,  a  bold 
headland ;  a  bold  handwriting. 

Catachreses  and  hyperlwles  are  to  be  used  judiciously, 
and  placed  in  poetry,  as  heightening^  and  shadows  in 
painting,  to  make  the  figure  bolder,  and  cause  it  to  stand 
off  to  sight.  Dryden. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt:  as,  a  bold  shore  (one  that 
enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly). 

Her  dominions  have  bold  accessible  coasts.          HmntU. 
The  coast  [Virginia]  is  a  bold  and  even  coast,  with  regu- 
lar soundings,  and  is  open  all  the  year  round. 

BcKrley,  Virginia,  II.  1  i 

8.  Deep,  as  water,  close  to  the  shore;  navi- 
gable very  near  to  the  land. 

The  line  [of  soundings)  was  extended  to  Jacmel,  showing 
bold  water  to  the  cape.  Seienee,  III.  591. 

To  be  bold  >  >r  BO  bold,  to  venture  ;  presume  so  far  (as  to 
do  something). 

sir.  let  me  be  no  bold  as  to  ask  you, 

Did  vou  yet  ever  see  Baptista's  daughter? 

Shot.,  T.  of  the  S.,  t  i 
I  will  be  bold,  since  you  will  have  it  so, 
To  ask  a  noble  favour  of  vim. 

Bean.  ,<,i,l  I'l..  king  and  No  King,  IT.  1. 


bole 

To  make  bold,  <•>  take  the  liberty  ;  use  the  freedom  :  ai, 
I  hav>  T'I  rail  on   you.  =Byn.  1.    ittuntleu. 

doughty,  valiant,  manful,  stout-hearted,  intrepid,  auda- 
cious, ail  venturous.  -  4.  .Saucy,  Impertinent,  assuming,  bra- 

boldt  (bold),  v.  [<  MK.  l,<,l,lni,  1,1,1,1,  H.  tr.  and 
intr.,  <  AS.  bealilinn,  intr.  be  bold  (=OHG. 
ltd, Ii  n.  MIHI.  brlili-H,  trans,  make  bold,  =  Goth. 
baltlijati,  intr.  be  bold,  dare),  <  beald,  bold.  Cf. 
liifltl.  r.,  a  parallel  form  (<  AS.  byltlan),  and  em- 
bolden.] I.  trans.  To  make  bold;  embolden; 
encourage. 

Km  this  bull nen. 

It  toucheth  us.  as  France  invadet  our  land, 
Not  >».M»  the  kiiiK.  Shot.,  Lear,  v.  1. 

II.  in  /rung.  To  become  bold. 
For  with  that  on  encresede  my  fere, 
And  with  that  othlrgan  myn  hcrle  tmlde. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowb,  1.  144. 

bold-beatingt  (bold'bfi'ting),  a.  Browbeating: 
as,  "  bold-heating  oaths,"  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.. 
ii.  2. 

boldent  (bol'dn),  r.  t.  [<  bold  +  -<•«!.  Cf.  em- 
bolden.] To  make  bold;  give  confidence;  en- 
courage. 

I  am  much  too  venturous 
In  tempting  of  your  patience  ;  hut  am  bolden'd 
Tinier  your  promls'd  pardon.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  I.  2. 

bold-face  (bold'fas),  n.  1.  One  who  has  a 
bold  face  ;  an  impudent  person. 

A  sauce-box,  and  a  bold-face,  and  a  pert. 

Richardson,  Pamela,  xlx. 

2.  In  printing,  same  as  full-face. 
bold-faced  (bold'fast),  a.    Having  a  bold  face ; 
impudent. 

The  bold-faced  athelste  of  this  age. 

/;/<.  Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. 

boldheadt,  «.  [ME.  boldhede;  <  bold  +  head.] 
Boldness;  courage. 

Ifallen  is  al  his  boldhedr.     Owl  and  Xiohtingale,  I.  &14. 
boldine(bol'din),«.    [<  boldo  +  -tn<>2.]  An  alka- 
loid extracted  from  the  leaves  of  I'eumus  liol- 
dus.    See  hoMo. 

boldly  (bold'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  Mdly,  boldliche, 
etc.,  <  AS.  bealdlice,  baldlice  (=  OS.  baldlieo  = 
OHG.  baldlieho),  <  beald,  bold.]  In  a  bold  man- 
ner, (a)  Courageously ;  intrepidly ;  fearlessly ;  bravely. 
(b)  With  confident  assurance ;  without  hesitation  or  doubt. 
(<•>  Vigorously  ;  strongly ;  strikingly.  (</)  Impudently  : 
insolently ;  with  effrontery  or  shamelessness.  (e)  Steeply  ; 
abruptly ;  conspicuously. 

boldness  (bold'nes),  11.     [<  bold  +  -ness.    For 
the  earlier  noun,  see  hield.]     The  quality  of 
being  bold,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the  word. 
Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  toward  you.   2  Cor.  vll.  4. 
Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak,  or  do  what  we  intend, 
before  others,  without  fear  or  disorder. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding. 

The  bitldness  of  the  figures  Is  to  be  hidden  sometimes  by 
the  address  of  the  poet,  that  they  may  work  then-  effect 
upon  the  mind.  Dryden. 

I  cannot,  with  Johnson,  interpret  this  word  by  fortitude 
or  magnanimity.  Boldness  does  not,  I  think,  imply  the 
nrmness  of  mind  which  constitutes  fortitude,  nor  the  ele- 
vation and  generosity  of  magnanimity.  .V.  Webmtrr. 

boldo  (bol'dd),  n.  [Chilian.]  An  aromatic  ever- 
green shrub  of  Chili,  Peumus  Boldus  (Boldoa 
fragrans),  of  the  natural  order  Monimiaeeie. 
The  fruit  of  the  plant  is  sweet  and  edible,  and  the  bark  is 
used  for  tanning.  The  leaves  and  bark  are  also  used  In 
medicine.  See  boldine. 

bold-spirited  (bold'spir'i-ted),  a.  Having  a 
bold  spirit  or  courage. 

bole1  (Dol),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boat,  boll; 
<  ME.  bole,  <  Icel.  bolr,  bulr,  trunk  of  a  tree, 
=  OSw.  bol,  but,  8w.  bAl,  a  trunk,  body,  =  Dan. 
bul,  trunk,  stump,  log,  =  MHG.  Imle,  G.  bohle,  a 
thick  plank ;  prob.  akin,  through  the  notion  of 
roundness,  to  boll1,  fcotr/i,  ball1,  etc.  Bole  is 
the  first  element  of  bulwark  and  of  its  perver- 
sion boulevard,  q.  v.]  1.  The  body  or  stem  of 
a  tree. 

Huge  trees,  a  thousand  rings  of  Spring 
In  every  bole.  Tennyson,  Princess,  r. 

The  nerves  of  hearing  clasp  the  roots  of  the  brain  as  a 
creeping  vine  clings  to  the  bole  of  an  elm. 

0.  H".  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  271. 

2.  Anything  of  cylindrical  shape ;  a  roll ;  a  pil- 
lar: as,  boles  of  stone.     [Rare.] 

Make  It  up  into  little  long  boles  or  routes. 

True  Gentlemmant  Delight  (1676). 

3.  A  small  boat  suited  for  a  rough  sea.    Imp. 
Diet.    [Eng.  ] 

bole-  (bol),  M.  [<  ME.  bol  (in  bol  armoniak, 
Armenian  bole),  <  OF.  bol,  F.  bol  =  Pr.  Sp.  bol 
=  Pg.  It.  bolo,  <  L.  liolus.  clay,  a  lump,  choice 
bit,  nice  morsel,  <  Gr.  ,to/of,  a  clod  or  lump  of 
earth.]  1.  A  general  term  including  certain 
compact,  amorphous,  soft,  more  or  less  brittle, 
unctuous  clays,  having  a  eonchoidal  fracture 
and  greasy  luster,  and  varying  in  color  from 


bole 


614 


bolster 


^ lei,  but 

iron  to  which  they  owe  their  color,  and  are  used  as  pig- 
ments. The  red  letters  in  old  manuscripts  were  painted 
with  bole.  Armenian  bole  is  a  native  clay,  or  silicate  of 
aluminium,  containing  considerable  oxid  of  iron,  formerly 
brought  from  Armenia,  but  more  recently  obtained  in 
various  parts  of  Europe.  It  is  pale-red,  soft  and  unc- 
tuous to  the  touch,  and  has  been  used  as  an  astringent  _ 

and  absorbent,  and  also  as  a  gjnwnt.    **•<*'**•£    ""ff.T  Tnative  "o'ran  inhabitant  of  Bolivia,  bollman  (bd'man),  n.     [<  Icel  bol,  an  abode,  + 
^^'^SI^t^^^'fSfSKM  boliviano    (bo-liv-i-a'no),   «.  .  [Bolivian    Sp.]     E.  «,««.]     In  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  islands, 


or  relating  to  Bolivia,  or  to  the  people  of    f...  f  .  . 

ivia  a  republic  of  South  America,  between  of  which  are  cut  off;  a  pollard.     [Kare.J 

_zil,  Peru,  Chili,  and  the  Argentine  Repub-  bollito  (bo-le't6),9(.    [It.,  <  bolhto,  boiled,  done, 

lie,  now  entirely  inland,  having  lost  its  only  port  fermented,  pp.  of  bollire,  <  L.  bvllire,  boil :  see 

(on  the  Pacific)  by  war  with  Chili  (1879-83).—  boil2.]    A  name  given  m  Italian  glass-works  to 

Bolivian  bark.    See  barks,  an  artificial  crystal  of  a  sea-green  color. 


<CK,  UOUK,  UvWKf  oclll^  luuvi.  ^J.  i/f'(*v,  VVK/W;     DOll-fOu  V IJtfl   *v"/l    '  •  ui.5tr<i.->c     uv     »»iii^ii     u 

bulke,  <  ME.  bolken,  a  var.  of  earlier  balken,  E.     boii  of  the  cotton-plant  is  liable,  manifesting 
balk? :  see  balk2,  belk,  belch,  and  the  forms  there     itself  at  first  by  a  slight  discoloration  resem- 


as  veterinary  medicines  in  Europe. 

2t.  A  bolus ;  a  dose.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 
bole3,  'i.     Another  spelling  of  boll2. 

bole*  (bol),  n.     [Also  spelled  boal;  of  uncertain  ^n~ayf"e.y  J.  i,,trans.  1.  To  belch.— 2.  To    rupture  of  the  boll  and  the  discharge  of  a  pu- 

1.  A  small  square  recess  or  cavity  in    °_ ri..*±_j.ri.       o   m~  i. ....,.,. A   TV  ..-n.h  ™,f      i_;j T*  v««  i,,....,  .,tt-,.;K,it,.,i  tn  vaTimio 


cited,  all  appar.  imitative  variations  of  one  ori- 


origiu.]     _. -, . 

a  wall ;  also,  a  window  or  opening  in  the  wall 
of  a  house,  usually  with  a  wooden  shutter  in 


bling  a  spot  of  grease,  and 
he  boll  and  the 
It  has  been  attributed  to  various 


vomit;  retch.— 3.  To  heave.— 4.  To  gush  out,     trid  mass. 

II.  trans.  To  belch  out;  give  vent  to;  ejacu-     causes, 
late.     [Obsolete  or  provincial  in  all  uses.]  boll-worm  (bol'werm),  n. 


The  larva  or  cater- 


used.    Also  called  bayle  hilli. 

Close  to  the  spot  .  .  .  there  was  a  bole,  by  which  is  uuw,     N    mui.  v     <"">  "«<=".   '"   ve»noc»»   *.„*«* 

meant  a  place  where  in  ancient  times  .  .  .  miners  used  p-ii.    ufhaaUtia   nnff  iin   cf  OHfi  bolon   MHG 

t,,  smelt  tLir  lead  ores.  Apologia,  vii.  170  (1785).  go    ^  '<{f««feP^  -  "?' «' ^'        ™'S       bolne), 


'     .  '         -          T -*•  m      -f   rtj  T\  i     n  Jl'llif  worm.     rH't1  uui  uiiuer  a  «««•«*». 

vessel,  bud,  =  Icel.  bolli,  m.,  =  Dan.   bolle,  a  boj      (b6m)    „.  j.      [<  ME.  bolnen  (also  bollen: 
bowl,   <   Teut.  V'bul,  swell,  m  causal  form  ^7^,3),  <' lcel.  U\gna  (=  Sw.  ^/)m  =  Dan. 

/^™i.l.  ,.-/*/,„,.  I,,..*,        -r^ttff    111-1        f.t        I    iTTli        hs^lflD          M    Hl-J-  '"     __          ,  «J,  ^    ,         -1-1         -  MT          I 

,  be  swollen,  <  bolginn,  prop.  *bol- 


Bolcction-molding. 


swell. 


But  after  that  his  bodye  began  to  balm  with  stripes, 
and  that  he  could  not  abyde  the  scourges,  which  pearced 
J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Qnintiu  Curtius,  vi. 


,  •  °  jlgl*  earlier  spelling. 

nal.]     In  foiHm,,  a  kmd  of  Um  Kl-     7J       ,.  1123. 
molding  which  projects  be- 
yond the  surface  of  the  work  2f.  A  vesicle  or  bubble.-  3.  A  rounded  pod  or 
which  it  decorates.    It  is  used  capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  flax  or  cotton.     See     *>tta 

chiefly  for  surrounding  panels  in  cut  under  cotton-plant.— 4.  A  round  knob.  bolnt  (boln),  /;.  a.     bee  bollen. 

doors,  and  in  like  positions.    The  word  is  generally  used  boll1  (bol),  r.  9.      [<  bolfl,  91,]     To  form  into  or  Bologna  phosphorus,   sausage,    Stone,   Vial. 

attributively  or  in  composition,  as  bolect-ion-molding.  OToduce  bolls  or  rounded  seed-vessels.  See  the  nouns, 

bolectioned  (bo-lek'shond),  a.    Having  bolec-  ' 

tion-moldings. '  Tne  barle>'  waa  in  tne  ear>  and  the  flax  was  bo"ed; 

bolero  (bo-la'ro),  91.    [Sp.]    1.  A  Spanish  dance 


,    . 
in  f  time,  accompanied  by  the  voice  and  casta-  boll2  (bol),  n. 


Bolognese  (bo-lo-nyes'  or  -nyez'),  a.     [<  It.  .Bo- 
Ex,  ix.  31.     logncse  (L.  Bononiennis),  <  Bologna,  L.  Bononia, 
orig.  an  Etruscan  town  called  Fclsina.] 


Per- 


, .  ,  ^ol),«      [Sc-alsofio^-earlie^^fe,     '^^^-^tf^^ie^ 

nets,  intended  to  represent  the  course  of  love     <  ME.  (Sc.)  bolle,  appar.  <  Icel.  bollt,  a  bowl,     It&1     °famous  during  the  middle  ages  for  its 

also  used  for  a  measurej  same  word         E.     lmi^rgitV)  or  to  a  s^hool  of  painting  founded 


from  extreme  shyness  to  extreme  passion. 

Fandango's  wriggle  or  bolero's  bound. 

Byron,  The  Waltz. 

2.  A  musical  composition  for  such  a  dance. 

boletic  (bo-let'ik),  a.  [<  Boletus  +  -ic.]  Per- 
taining to  or  obtained  from  Boletus,  a  genus  of 
mushrooms. 

Boletus  (bo- 
le'tus),  n.  [L., 
a  kind  of  mush- 
room, <  Gr. 
ftiMrr/f,  a  kind 
of  mushroom,  < 
/3u^of,  a  lump 

Of        earth,         a          Koltttts,  entire  and  cut  longitudinally. 

clod :  see  bole2.] 

An  extensive  genus  of  hymenomycetous  fungi 


...    andfc^X]     An  old  Scotch  dry  measure,     ^TbTLodovico  Carracci  ^feiO,  anS 
also  used  in  Durham  Northumberland,  West-    algo  calfed  the  Eeleetic  Schovol    from  itg  de. 

5?^Sfi±  ^hfte^she,^  X'SJoil  dared  intent  (in  the  fulfilment  of  which  it  fell 
boll  for  grain  varied  in  different  shires  from  0  to  6J  Win-  very  far  short)  to  combine  the  excellences  of 
Chester  bushels,  or  even  more,  the  standard  sent  from  all  other  schools. 

Linlithgow  being  purposely  made  too  large.  See  Jirlot.  Boloenian  (bo-16'nyan),  a.  [<  It.  Bologna.] 
The  wheat-boll,  also  used  for  peas  and  beans,  was  gen-  g£»  &s  BoJo«l«fc_BlflBiBl«II  phosphorus.  See 

phosphorus.—  Bolognian  stone.    See  stone. 

' '  *     n.      [<  Gr.  /?oA#,   a 
:^Xf(v,  throw),  +  fie- 

rpav,  a  measure.]  An  instrument  devised  by 
Professor  S.  P.  Langley  of  the  United  States 
for  measuring  very  small  amounts  of  radiant 
heat.  Its  action  is  based  upon  the  variation  of  electrical 
resistance  produced  by  changes  of  temperature  in  a  metal- 
lic conductor,  as  a  minute  strip  of  platinum.  This  strip 


erally  4  to  4J  Winchester  bushels.    The  boll  for  potatoes 

was  8i  to  9  Winchester  bushels.    But  there  was  much  va-     *•  ---  -*  ,TT-~~I 7~i~-~V 

nation,  with  the  substance  measured,  the  locality,  and  bolometer   (DO-lom  e-ter), 
even  the  time  of  the  year.    Thus,  in  Kintyre  the  boll  of     throw,  a  glance,  a  rav  (< 
grain  was  9  Winchester  bushels  and  1  quart  before  Patrick- 
mas,  but  16  Scotch  pecks  after  that  date.    The  statute 
boll  contained  4  ttrlots.    A  boll  of  meal  is  now  reckoned 
140  pounds  avoirdupois.— Boll  of  canvas,  35  yards.— 
Boll  of  land,  about  a  Scotch  acre. 
bolPt,  v.  i.    [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  bollen,  appar. 
an  assimilated  form  of  the  equiv.  bolnen,  mod. 


t  nymeuo,        wwua  i  uigi,     ~  -  r,"  ;"  1      1     O«n?     «  ho  «      2     To      onns  one  a™  of  an  electric  balance,  and  the  change  in 

generally  found  growing  on  the  ground  in  woods     E.  boln:  see  boln.]     1.   bame  as  <  Hn.— 4.    L       the  strenjrti,  Of  the  electric  current  passing  through  it  be- 


and  meadows,  especially  in  pine  woods.    In  Bole-    increase. 

tui  the  pores  are  easily  separable  from  the  cap  and  from  Bollandlst    (bol'an-dist), 


cause  of  this  change  of  resistance  is  registered  by  a  deli- 
[From    Bolland     cate  galvanometer.     It  indicates  accurately  changes  of 
-     -  .  .      L.  -     o^j.  F_    jt  lias  been  used 


each  other,  while  in  the  related  genus  Polyporm  they  are     r  1596-1665)  who  iirst  undertook  the  systematic     temperature  of  much  less  than  .0 

adherent  to  the  cap,  and  are  bound  to  each  other  by  an     .       1_(-OT»1o,I*  Onrl   nnhlinatinn    nf  mnrprial    nl       in  the  study  of  the  distribution  of  heat-energy  in  the  solar, 

interstitial  tissue,  &  trama.    A  few  species  are  edible.         ^^l^L^L^^^jl,  ^^^T     ^  ™d,  °^  *^™'   Also  caUed  thm"ic  b"l™e  and 


boleyt  (bo'li),  91.     See  booly. 

bolide  (bo'lid  or  -lid),  n.  [<  L.  bolts  (bolid-), 
a  fiery  meteor,  <  Gr.  /3o/Uf  (^oA«5-),  a  missile, 
dart,  <  jiatf&tv,  throw.]  A  brilliant  meteor. 

bolint,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bowline. 
Slack  the  bolim  there. 

Bolina  (bo-H'na),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  cteno- 
phoraus,  typical  of  the  family  BoUnidai. 

Bolina  is  one  of  the  most  transparent  of  the  comb-bear- 
ing medusa.    The  body  is  very  gelatinous  and   highly 


phosphorescent.     The  s 


ready  collected  by  his  fellow-Jesuit  Rosweyd,  actinic  balance. 

for  the  lives  of  the  saints.]     One  of  a  series  of  bolometric  (bo-lo-met'rik),  a.    Of  or  indicated 

Jesuit  writers  who  published,  under  the  title  by  the  bolometer :  as,  bolometric  measures. 

"  Acta  Sanctorum,"  the  well-known  collection  bolongaro  (bo-long-ga'ro),   «.      [Origin   un- 

of  the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the  Roman  known.]      A  kind  of  snuff  made  of  various 

Catholic  Church.     See  acta.  grades  of  leaves  and  stalks  of  tobacco,  ground 

,ies  m.  i.  bollard  (bol'ard),  n.     [Perhaps  <  bole*  +  -ard.  to  powder  and  sifted. 

Cf.  pollard.']"  1.  Naut.,  a  strong  post  fixed  ver-  bolster  (bol'ster),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bonl- 

tically  alongside  of  a  dock,  on  which  to  fasten  ster,  Sc.  bowster;  <  ME.  bolstre,  <  AS.  bolster  = 

hawsers  for  securing   or  hauling   ships.— 2.  ~  '   ' 
Same  as  billet-head,  1  (a). 


D.  bolster  =  OHG.  boh-tar,  MHG.  bolster,  G.  pol- 
ster  =  Icel.  bolstr  =  Sw.  bolster,  bed,  =  Dan. 


SorieoSbet  whicht-ecSieliTrSg  bollard-timber  (bol'ard4im"ber),  »      In  ship-    bolster,  bed-ticking;  wiih  suffix  -ster,  <  Teut. 


into  two  larger  lappets 

vertically  instead  of  horizontally.  On  account  of  the  con- 
tractile powers  of  the  body  walls,  Bolina  can  vary  its  out- 
lines very  considerably;  as  a  rule,  however,  when  the 


building,  a  knighthead;  one  of  two  timbers  or 
stanchions  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its  end. 


biil,  swell  (in'Goth.  nfbitiiljaii,  puff  up), 
whence  also  boll1,  etc.]  1.  Something  on 
which  to  rest  the  head  while  reclining  ;  specifi- 


T     .  — "    — : Ti        !3 —  -i  .. —          i —       i ctUJll  Blue  Ul  me  uuwauni,    LU  aevuic  iva  cim.  WI11C11  to  rest  lilt   ilfau  ^  line  i^uiinini^  ,    Duwoxii" 

bodny  ,s  seen  from  the  side,  ,t  h^a,,  oval  or.eh,ngated  ^^  ^^  ^  f  obgolete  fofm  of  ^^     ^^  ft  ]on?  cylindrical  cughion  8t$je(f  with 


feathers,  hair,  straw,  or  other  materials,  and 


His  mantle 
out  like  a  sail. 

B.  Jonson,  King  James's  Coronation  Entertainment. 


matico,  and  apar.     See  cut  under  apar. 
bolivar  (bol'i-var),  n.     [Named  after  General 
Bolivar.]     Same  as  boliviano. 

bollert,  "••     Same  as  bowler'-. 

The  receipt*  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  proximo,   {."ii.^.''^  a««  <.,,»,,/., 

cannot  exceed  oo.ooo.ooo  w,v,,,v  bolletne,  «.    see  bullytree. 

u.  s.  Com.  Rep.,  No.  ix.  (1886),  p.  162.  bollimony,  ".     See  bulUmong. 


ress,  suc     us      n-  rynrca     o  ,        ed 

bearers,  formerly  WOTB  by  women  to  support  and  putf  out 
their  skirts  at  the  hips. 

A  gown  of  green  cloth  made  with  holsters  stuffed  with 
wool.  Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  313. 

(6)  A  pad  or  quilt  used  to  prevent  pressure,  support  any 
part  of  the  body,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy  upon  a  wound- 


bolster 

ed  part;  a  compress.    (?)  A  cushioned  or  padded  part  of  a 

saddle.      ((/)  \ailt. ,jit.,  pieces  of  soft  w 1  covered  with 

tend CUVas,  placed  under  the  eyes  of  the  rigging  t'i  pre- 
vent  chafing  from  the  sharp  edge  of  th<  es.  («) 

A  part  of  a  bridge  Intervening  lietween  the  truss  and  the 
masonry.  (/)  In  ,-ntifi-ii,  the  part  of  such  Instruments  and 
tools  as  knives,  chisels,  etc..  which  adjoins  the  end  of  the 
handle  ;  alv,  a  met al lie  plat'-  on  the  end  of  a  pocket-knife 
handle.  (//)  In  </««.,  »  block  of  wood  on  the  carriage  of 
a  liege-gun,  upon  which  the  breech  of  the  gun  rests  when 
It  is  moved,  (li)  liinn-li..  s&muiuibaliister,  2.  (i)  In  I/H/X/V, 
the  railed  ridge  which  holds  the  tuning-pins  of  a  piano. 
0)  A  cap-piece  or  sliorl  timber  placed  al  Ibe  top  of  a  post 

as  a  bearing  fora  string-piece,    (t)  A  perforated  « l>  n 

block  upon  which  sheet -metal  is  placed  to  be  punched. 
(0  A  si  4  through  which  a  spindle  passes,  (m) 

one  of    the    loose 

w leu         blocks 

against  which  the 
ends  of  the  pole  of 
the  saw  rest,  (n) 
A  bar  placed  trans- 
versely over  the 
axle  of  a  wagon  or 
in  the  middle  of  a 
car-truck  to  sup- 


(11.-, 


Wagon-bolster. 
a,  axle-bar  ;  I1,  bolster. 


port  the  body,  (o)  One  of  the  transverse  pieces  of  an  arch- 
centering,  extending  between  the  ribs  and  sustaining  the 
voussoira  during  construction.  —  Bob  at  the  bolster. 
Same  as  auhiun-da-nce.—  Compound  bolster,  in  car- 
buildiiui,  a  lx>lster  formed  of  timbers  stiffened  by  vertical 
Iron  plates. 

bolster  (bol'ster),  v.  t.  [<  bolster,  n.~\  1.  To 
support  with  a  bolster. 

Suppose  I  bolster  him  up  In  bed. 
Anil  fix  the  crown  again  on  his  brow? 

K.  B.  Ni<iit<l«nl,  The  King  Is  Cold. 

2.  To  prop ;  support ;  uphold ;  maintain :  gen- 
erally implying  support  of  a  weak,  falling,  or 
unworthy  cause  or  object,  or  support  based  on 
insufficient  grounds:  now  usually  with  up:  as, 
to  bolster  up  his  pretensions  with  lies. 

0  Lord,  what  bearing,  what  bolsteriiiij  of  naughty  mat- 
ters is  this  In  a  Christian  realm  1 

Latimer,  5th  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Persuasions  used  to  further  the  truth,  not  to  boltter 
error.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  111.  $  4. 

Still  farther  to  appropriate  and  confirm  the  exciting 
narrative  of  this  forgery,  he  had  artfully  bolstered  It  up 
by  an  accompanying  anecdote. 

/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  II.  416. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  bolster  in  dress;  pad; 
stuff  out  with  padding. 

Three  pair  of  stays  bolstered  below  the  left  shoulder. 

Taller,  No.  245. 

bolsterer  (bol'ster-er),  n.  One  who  bolsters; 
a  supporter. 

bolstering  (bol'ster-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bol- 
ster, t>.]  A  prop  or  support ;  padding. 

bolster-plate  (bol'ster-plat),  n.  An  irou  plate 
placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  bolster  of  a 
wagon,  to  serve  as  a  wearing  surface. 

bolster-spring  (bol'ster-spring),  n.  A.  spring 
placed  on  the  beam  of  a  car-truck,  to  support 
the  bolster  and  the  body  of  the  car. 

bolster-work  (bol'ster-werk),  n.  Architec- 
tural features,  or  courses  of  masonry,  which 
are  curved  or  bowed  outward  like  the  sides  of 
a  cushion. 

bolt1  (bolt),  n.  [<  ME.  bolt  (in  most  of  the 
mod.  senses),  <  AS.  bolt  (only  in  the  first  sense : 
twice  in  glosses,  "  catapultns,  speru,  boltas," 
to  which  is  due,  perhaps,  the  erroneous  sug- 
gestion that  AS.  bolt  is  a  reduced  form  of  L. 
catapulto,  catapult)  =  MD.  bolt,  an  arrow,  later 
bout,  D.  bout,  a  pin,  =  MLG.  bolte,  bolten,  LG. 
bolte,  an  arrow,  pin,  round  stick,  fetter,  roll  of 
linen,  =  OHG.  MHG.  bolz,  G.  boh,  bolzen,  an  ar- 
row, a  pin,  =  Icel.  bolti,  a  pin,  a  roll  of  linen 
(Haldorseii),  =  Dan.  bolt,  a  pin,  band  (the 
Scand.  forms  prob.  from  E.  orLG.);  appar.  an 
orig.  Teut.  word  with  the  primary  meaning  of 
'  arrow '  or  '  missile.']  1 .  An  arrow ;  especially, 
in  archer i/,  the  arrow  of  a  crossbow,  which  was 
short  and  thick  as  compared  with  a  shaft. 
A  fool's  bolt  la  soon  shot.  Shnk.,  Hen.  V.,  111.  7. 

The  infidel  has  shot  his  i*Ji*  away, 

Till,  his  exhausted  <[iiiver  yielding  none, 

He  gleans  the  blunted  ihutl  that  have  recoil'd, 

And  aims  them  at  the  shield  of  truth  again. 

Cowjier,  Task,  vi.  878. 

2.  A  thunderbolt;  a  stream  of  lightning:  so 
named  from  its  apparently  darting  like  a  bolt. 

The  butts  that  spare  the  mountain  side 
His  cloud-rapt  eminence  divide. 
And  spread  the  ruin  round. 

Cmi'/HT,  tr.  of  Horace,  Odes,  H.  10. 

Harmless  as  summer  lightning  plays 

From  a  low,  hidden  cloud  hy  ni^ht, 

A  light  to  set  the  hills  ablaze, 

But  not  a  bolt  to  smite.     \Vliittier,  KenozaLake. 

3.  Aii  elongated  bullet  for  a  rifled  cannon. — 

4.  A  cylindrical  jet,  as  of  water  or  molten 


i.  Double-headed  bolt.  a.  Eye-bolt.  3.  Lewis  bolt,  a,  head ;  i, 
shank  ;  c,  washer ;  tt,  nut ;  e.  e,  pieces  secured  by  the  nut  to  the  object 
//  f,  collar;  t,  barbed  ihank  surrounded  by  lead,  Jr. 

glass. —  5.  A  metallic  pin  or  rod,  used  to 
hold  objects  together.  It  generally  has  screw- 
threads  cut  at  one  end,  and 
sometimes  at  both,  to  receive 
a  nut. — 6.  A  movable  bar 
for  fastening  a  door,  gate, 


a,  carriage-bolt ;  ft,  tire- 
bolt  ;  c,  wagon  -  skein 
bolt 


bolt 

bolt1  (bdlt),  v.  [=  Sc. boult,  bout,  bowt;  <  ME. bol~ 
nn,  Inillin  (in  tlic  latter  form  varying  in  one  in- 
stance with  pulten,  mod.  E.  pelt1  .a.  v.),  spring, 
start,  also  fetter,  shackle  ( =  MHO.  bulzen,  go 
off  like  an  arrow) ;  the  other  senses  are  modern, 
all  being  derived  from  bolt1,  n.,  in  its  two  main 
senses  of  'missile '  and  ' pin  for  fastening ' :  see' 
bolti,  «.]  I.  intrann.  1.  To  go  off  like  a  bolt  or 
arrow ;  shoot  forth  suddenly ;  spring  out  with 
speed  and  suddenness :  commonly  followed  by 
out :  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the  house. 

Angry  Cupid,  totting  from  her  eye*, 
Hath  shot  himself  Into  me  like  a  flame. 

B.  Jotuon,  Volpone,  11.  i 
This  Puck  seems  but  a  dreaming  dolt,  .  .  . 
And  oft  out  of  a  bush  doth  h,n. 

Drayttm,  Nymphldla. 

2.  To  spring  aside  or  away  suddenly;  start  and 
run  off;  make  a  bolt. 

Stage-coaches  were  upsetting  in  all  directions,  horses 
were  bolting,  boats  were  overturning,  and  boilers  were 
bursting.  Kckrnt. 

The  gun,  absolutely  the  most  useless  weapon  among  us, 
could  do  nothing,  even  if  the  gunners  did  not  bolt  at  the 
first  sight  of  the  enemy.  O'Donopan,  Herv,  x. 

3.  In  politics,  to  withdraw  from  a  nominating 
convention  as  a  means  of  showing  disapproval 
of  its  acts;  hence,  to  cease  to  act  in  full  accord 
with  one's  party ;  refuse  to  support  a  measure 
or  candidate  adopted  by  a  majority  of  one's  col- 
leagues or  party  associates.     [U.  S.  ] 

Mr.  Raymond  agreed,  .  .  .  after  some  hesitation,  but 
with  the  understanding  that,  if  it  |the  Philadelphia  Con- 
- — " "-""]  fell  under  the  control  of  the"  ' 


makes  a  fastening  by  being  shot  into  a  socket 
or  keeper.—  7.  An  iron  to  fasten  the  legs  of  a 
prisoner;  a  shackle. 
Away  with  him  to  prison,  lay  h,l/*  enough  upon  him. 

SAoi.TM.  for  M.,  v.  1. 

8.  In  firearms :  (a)  In  a  needle-gun,  the  slid- 
ing piece  that  thrusts  the  cartridge  forward 
into  the  chamber  and  carries  the  firing-pin,  it 
has  a  motion  of  rotation  about  its  longer  axis  for  the 
purpose  of  locking  the  breech-mechanism  before  tiring. 
(6)  In  a  snap-gun,  the  part  that  holds  the  barrel 
to  the  breech-mechanism. —  0.  A  roll  or  defi- 
nite length  of  silk,  canvas,  tape,  or  other  tex- 
tile fabric,  and  also  of  wall-paper,  as  it  comes 
from  the  maker  ready  for  sale  or  use. 

Face.         Where  be  the  French  petticoats, 
And  girdles  and  hangers  ? 

Sub.  Here,  in  the  trunk, 

And  the  bolti  of  lawn.       B.  Jonton,  Alchemist,  v.  2. 

10.  A  bundle,  (o)  Of  straw,  a  quantity  loosely 
tiedup.  Also  bolting  or  bolton.  (b)  Of  osier  rods, 
a  quantity  bound  up  for  market,  3£  feet  around 
the  lower  band,  (c)  Of  reeds,  one  of  3  feet  in  cir- 
cumference. [Eng.]  —  1 1 .  The  closed  ends  of 
leaves  of  an  uncut  Dook  which  present  a  double 
or  quadruple  fold. — 12.  The  comb  of  a  bobbin- 
net  machine  on  which  the  carriages  move. — 
13.  In  woodworking :  (a)  A  mass  of  wood 
from  which  anything  may  be  cut  or  formed. 
(b)  Boards  held  together,  after  being  sawed 
from  the  log,  by  an  uncut  end  or  stub-shot. — 
14f.  A  name  for  certain  plants,  as  the  globe- 
flower  and  marsh-marigold. — 15.  [In  this  and 
the  next  sense  from  the  verb.]  The  act  of 
running  off  suddenly ;  a  sudden  spring  or  start : 
as,  the  norse  made  a  bolt. 

The  Egyptian  soldiers,  as  usual,  made  an  immediate 
bolt,  throwing  away  their  arms  and  even  their  clothes. 

E.  Sartorius,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  65. 

16.  In  politics,  the  act  of  withdrawing  from  a 
nominating  convention  as  a  manifestation  of 
disapproval  of  its  acts ;  hence,  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  candidate  or  the  ticket  presented  by 
or  in  the  name  of  the  party  to  which  one  has 
hitherto  been  attached ;  a  partial  or  temporary 
desertion  of  one's  party.  [U.S.]  — 17.  The  act 
of  bolting  food —  Barbed  bolt,  a  bolt  with  points  pro- 
jecting outward,  which  bear  against  or  enter  into  the  sur- 
rounding material,  and  thus  prevent  iU  withdrawal. — 
Bolt  and  shutter.  In  cloclc-malrinij,  an  adjustment  of  a 
spiral  spring  in  a  turret  clock,  such  that  while  the  clock 
is  winding  there  may  be  another  spring  in  action  to  pre- 
vent a  stoppage  of  the  works.— Bolt  and  tun.  In  her.,  a 
tern  i  applied  to  a  bird-bolt  in  pale  piercing  through  a  tun. 
— Bringing -to  bolt,  a  bolt  with  an  eye  at  one  end  and  a 
screw-thread  and  nut  at  the  other,  used  in  drawing  parts 
toward  each  other.  — Chain-plate  bolt.  Same  as 
bolt.—  Copper  bolt.  See  nipper  bit.  tinder  «<!.— Coun- 


4f.  To  fall  suddenly,  like  a  thunderbolt. 

As  an  eagle 
His  cloudless  thunder  bolted  on  their  heads. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1696. 

5.  To  run  to  seed  prematurely,  as  early-sown 
root-crops  (turnips,  etc.),  without  the  usual 
thickening  of  the  root,  or  after  it. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  send  off  like  a  bolt  or  ar- 
row; shoot ;  discharge. —  2.  To  start  or  spring 
(game) ;  cause  to  bolt  up  or  out,  as  hares,  rab- 
bits, and  the  like. 

Jack  Ferret,  welcome.  .  . 
What  canst  thou  i»,it  us  now?  a  coney  or  two 

B.  Jonton,  New  Inn,  iii.  1. 
8.  To  expel;  drive  out  suddenly. 

To  have  been  h,n,i/  forth, 
Thrust  out  abruptly  into  Fortune's  way, 
Among  the  conflicts  of  substantial  life. 

Wordsworth,  Prelude,  ill.  77. 

4.  To  blurt  out;  ejaculate  or  utter  hastily. — 

5.  To  swallow  hurriedly  or  without  chewing: 
as,  to  Imlt  one's  food. 

These  treacherous  pelleU  are  thrown  to  the  bear,  who 
bolti  them  whole.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  39. 

6.  [After  I.,  3.]  In  politics,  to  break  away  from 
and  refuse  to  support  (the  candidate,  the  ticket, 
or  the  platform  presented  by  or  in  the  name  of 
the  party  to  which  one  has  hitherto  adhered) ; 
leave  or  abandon:  as,  to  Imlt  the  presidential 
candidate. 

A  man  does  not '»'/'  his  party,  but  the  candidate  or  can- 
didates his  party  has  put  up.  Sometimes,  though  less 
properly,  he  is  said  to  Ml  the  platform  of  principles  It 
has  enunciated.  The  essential  point  is,  that  the  bolter 
does  not  necessarily,  in  fact  does  not  usually,  abandon 
the  political  organization  with  which  he  is  connected. 
He  not  infrequently  votes  for  some  men  upon  its  ticket, 
and  at  the  same  time  hilt*  others  by  "scratching"  their 
names.  A'.  }'.  Evening  Pott,  Aug.  20, 1887. 

7.  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  an  iron  pin, 
as  a  door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  anything  else. — 

8.  To  fasten  as  with  bolts ;  shackle ;  restrain. 

It  U  great 

To  do  that  thing  that  ends  all  other  deeds ; 
Which  shackles  accidents,  and  bollt  up  change. 

Shak.,  A.  andC.,  v.  2. 

That  I  could  reach  the  axle,  where  the  pins  are 
Which  hilt  this  frame ;  that  I  might  pull  them  out 

B.  Joiuon,  Catiline,  111  1. 

To  bolt  a  fox,  in  fox-huntiny,  when  a  fox  has  run  to 
earth,  to  put  a  terrier  into  the  hole,  and,  when  he  la 
heard  barking,  to  dig  over  the  spot  from  which  the  sound 
proceeds,  and  so  get  at  the  fox. 
bolt1  (bolt),  adr.    [<  bolti,  „.  or  c.]    1.  Like  a 
bolt  or  arrow:  as,  "rising  bolt  from  his  seat," 
G.  P.  R.  James. 
There  she  sat  unit  upright ! 

Barhatn,  Ingoldsby  Legends.  L  260. 
2.  Suddenly;  with  sudden  meeting  or  collision. 
[He)  came  bolt  up  against  the  heavy  dragoon. 

Thackeray. 


nee  ts.     Dormant  bolt,  a  door-bolt  operated  hy  a  special 


bowlt,  boolt,  80.  bout,  boirt;  <  ME.  batten,  <  OF. 
nulter.  earlier  buleter  (mod.  F.  bluter;  ML.  re- 


key  or  knoi>.    Key-head  bolt,  a  iwlt  with  a  projection     baiter,  earlier  buleter  (mod.  F.  bluter;  ML.  re- 
from  the  chamfer  of  its  head  to  hold  it  so  that  it  will  not    flex   buletarc)   for  'bureter  (=  It.  burattare), 

*fifi»W ±5H  "^ 


ImiiiliiKi.  the  bolts  on  the  splinU'r-bar  to  which  the  traces 
are  attached. 


cloth  (cf.  dim.  buretel.  bttrtel,  mod.  F.  hliilmu 
=  It.  burattello,  a  bolter,  meal-sieve:  see  6oni- 


bolt 

teft)  (=  It.  bitratto,  a  meal-sieve,  a  fine  trans- 
parent cloth),  dim.  of  bure,  mod.  F.  bure,  a 
coarse  woolen  cloth,  <  ML.  burra,  a  coarse 
woolen  cloth  (whence  also  ult.  E.  borel,  burrel, 
bureau),  <  L.  burns,  reddish:  see  burrel,  bu- 
reau, birrus,  biretta,  etc.  Cf.  bunfi.~\  1.  To 
sift  or  pass  through  a  sieve  or  bolter  so  as  to 
separate  the  coarser  from  the  finer  particles, 
as  bran  from  flour;  sift  out:  as,  to  bolt  meal; 
to  bolt  out  the  bran. 

This  hand, 

As  soft  as  dove's  down,  and  as  white  as  it  ; 

...  or  the  fann'd  snow, 

That's  bolted  by  the  northern  blasts  twice  o'er. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  Iv.  3. 

2.  To  examine  or  search  into,  as  if  by  sifting; 

sift;  examine  thoroughly:  sometimes  with  out, 

and  often  in  an  old  proverbial  expression,  to 

bolt  to  the  Iran. 

For  I  ne  can  not  bolt  it  to  the  bran, 
As  can  the  holy  Doctor  Augustiu, 
Or  Boece  or  the  Bishop  Bradwardin. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  420. 

Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the  truth  of  things. 

Sir  R.  L  Estrange. 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  examined  and  sifted 
and  bolted  to  the  bran.  Burke,  A.  Regicide  Peace,  iii. 


3.  To  moot,  or  brin 
as  in  a  moot-court. 


forward  for  discussion, 
ee  bolting?,  2. 


I  hate  when  Vice  can  bolt  her  arguments, 
And  Virtue  has  no  tongue  to  check  her  pride. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  760. 

bolt2  (bolt),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boult,  So. 
bout,  bowt;  <  ME.  bult,  <  bnlten,  bolt.]  1.  A 
sieve  ;  a  machine  for  sifting  flour.  —  2.  In  the 
English  inns  of  court,  a  hypothetical  point  or 
case  discussed  for  the  sake  of  practice. 

The  Temple  and  Gray's  Inn  have  lately  established  lec- 
tures, and  moots  and  boults  may  again  be  propounded 
and  argued  in  these  venerable  buildings. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  III.  84. 

boltant  (bol'tant),  a.     [<  bolt1,  v.,  +  -ant.']    In 
her.,  springing  forward:  applied  to  hares  and 
rabbits  when  represented  in  this  attitude. 
bolt-auger  (bolt'a'ger),  n.    A  large  auger  used 
in  ship-building  to  bore  holes  for  bolts,  etc. 
bolt-boat   (bolt'bot),  n.     A  strong  boat  that 
will  endure  a  rough  sea. 

bolt-chisel  (b61t'chiz"el),  n.  A  deep,  narrow- 
edged  cross-cut  chisel. 

bolt-clipper  (bolt'klip"er),  w.  A  hand-tool  fit- 
ted to  different  sizes  of  bolts,  and  used  to  cut 
off  the  end  of  a  bolt  projecting  beyond  a  nut. 
bolt-cutter  (bolt  '  kut  "  er),  n.  1.  One  who 
makes  bolts.  —  2.  A  machine  for  making  the 
threads  on  a  screw-bolt;  a  bolt-threader  or 
bolt-screwing  machine.  —  3.  A  tool  for  cutting 
off  the  ends  of  bolts. 

boltel  (bol'tel),  n.  [Also  written  boultel.  early 
mod.  E.  (and  mod.  archaic)  boutel,  bowtell,  also 
corruptly  bottle;  <  late  ME.  boltell,  bowtell;  ori- 
gin uncertain  ;  perhaps  <  bolt1,  an  arrow,  shaft, 
roll  (with  ref.  to  its  shape;  cf.  shaft,  in  its 
architectural  sense),  +  -el.  Formations  with 
the  F.  dim.  suffix  -el  on  native  words  were 
not  usual  in  the  ME.  period,  but  this  may  be 
an  artificial  book-name.  The  18th  century  boul- 
tin,  boultine,  seems  to  be  an  arbitrary  varia- 
tion. Cotgrave  has  F.  "  bosel,  a  thick  or  great 
boultel  (commonly)  in  or  near  unto  the  basis 
of  a  pillar."]  1.  'in  arch.,  a  convex  molding 
of  which  the  section  is  an  arc  of  a  circle  ;  a 
medieval  term  for  the  torus  or  roundel.  —  2.  A 
rounded  ridge  or  border  used  for  stiffening  a 
cover,  dish,  tray,  or  other  utensil. 
Boltenia  (bol-te'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  after  Dr. 
Bnlten,  of  Hamburg'.']  A  genus  of  tunicates, 
by  most  recent  authors  referred  to  the  family 
Cyntlmdce,  but  by  a  few  made  type  of  a  family 
Bolteniidce. 

bolteniid  (bol-te'ni-id),  n.  A  tunicate  of  the 
family  Bolteniidce. 

Bolteniidae  (bol-te-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bol- 
tenia +  -idee.]  A  family  of  simple  ascidians, 
typified  by  the  genus  Boltenia,  having  a  pyri- 
form  body  supported  upon  a  long  peduncle  or 
stalk.  By  most  recent  systematists  it  is  de- 
graded to  the  rank  of  a  subfamily  of  Cynthiidos. 
bolter1  (bdTter),  «.  [<  bolt1,  v.,  +  -«•*.]  One 
who  bolts,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb.  Specifically— 
(a)  One  who  bolts  or  turns  aside  ;  a  horse  that  bolts.  (6) 
In  politics,  one  who  leaves  the  party,  or  refuses  to  sup- 
port the  candidate,  ticket,  or  platform  of  the  party,  to 
which  he  has  been  attached.  [U.  S.] 

Mr.  Converse  .  .  .  had  the  indecency  to  denounce  the 
twenty-seven  as  bolters  from  their  party. 

The  American,  VIII.  100. 

bolter2  (bol'ter),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boul- 
ter, <  ME.  bulter,  bulture,  <  bulten,  bolt,  sift  :  see 
bolt?  and  -er1.  Cf.  OF.  buleteor,  sifter,  <  bukter, 


616 

sift.  Cf.  boultel'2.'}  A  sieve;  an  instrument  or 
machine  for  separating  bran  from  flour,  or  the 
coarser  part  of  meal  from  the  finer. 

Host.    I  bought  you  a  dozen  of  shirts  to  your  back. 

F al.  Dowlas,  filthy  dowlas :  I  have  given  them  away  to 
bakers'  wives,  and  they  have  made  bolters  of  them. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3. 

bolter3  (bol'ter),  n.  [Also  boulter,  bulter:  same 
as  button}.]  A  kind  of  fishing-line. 

These  hakes,  and  divers  others  of  the  fore-cited,  are 
taken  with  threads,  and  some  of  them  with  the  bolter, 
which  is  a  spiller  of  a  bigger  size. 

R.  Carew.  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bolter4t,  v.  i.  and  t.  [A  variant  of  baiter,  clot, 
known  chiefly  in  the  compound  blood-boltered. 
in  Shakspere.  See  blood-boltered  and  baiter.] 
To  clot. 

bolter-cloth  (bol'ter-kloth),  n.    Cloth  used  for 
making  bolters ;  bolting-cloth. 
bolt-feeder  (bolt'fe"der),  n.     An  apparatus  for 
controlling  the  supply  of  flour  in  a  bolting- 
mill. 

bolt-head,  bolt's-head  (bolt'-,  bolts'hed),  n.  A 
long  straight-necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical 
distillations.  Also  called  matrass  and  receiver. 

He 

Will  close  you  so  much  gold,  in  a  bolt's-head, 
And,  on  a  turn,  convey  in  the  stead  another 
With  sublimed  mercury,  that  shall  burst  in  the  heat. 
B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 

bolt-hole  (bolt'hol),  n.  In  coal-mining,  a  short, 
narrow  opening  made  to  connect  the  main 
workings  with  the  air-head  or  ventilating  drift: 
used  in  the  working  of  the  Dudley  thick  seam, 
in  the  South  Staffordshire  (England)  coal-field. 
See  square-work. 

bolt-hook  (bolt'huk),  n.  A  check-rein  hook 
bolted  to  the  plates  of  a  saddletree. 

bolti  (bol'ti),  n.  [<  Ar.  boltuiy.]  A  fish  of  the 
family  Cichlidce  (or  Chromididce),  Tilapia  (or 
Chromis)  nilotica,  found  in  Egypt  and  Palestine. 
It  is  an  oblong  fish,  with  15  to  18  spines  and  12  to  14  rays 
in  the  dorsal  fin.  The  color  is  greenish  olive,  darker  in 
the  center  of  each  scale,  and  the  vertical  flns  are  spotted 
with  white.  It  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  flesh,  and  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  best  ol  the  Nile  fish.  Also  called 
baity  and  bulti. 

bolting1  (bol'ting),  n.  [Also  written  boltin,  bol- 
ton;  Cbolt1,  n.,  +  -ing1.]  A  bundle  or  bolt  of 
straw:  in  Gloucestershire,  24  pounds.  Also 
called  bolt.  [Eng.] 

bolting2  (bol'ting),  «.  [Also  written  boulting ; 
<  ME.  bultinge;  verbal  n.  of  bolt?,  v.]  1.  The 
act  of  sifting. 

Bakers  in  their  linnen  bases  and  mealy  vizards,  new 
come  from  boulting. 

ilarston  and  Barksted,  Insatiate  Countess,  ii. 

2f.  In  the  English  inns  of  court,  a  private  argu- 
ing of  cases  for  practice — Bolting-millstone,  a 
lower  stone  having  metallic  boxes  alternating  with  the  fur- 
rows. These  boxes  contain  wire  screens,  through  which 
the  meal  escapes  before  it  reaches  the  skirt. 

bolting-chest  (bol'ting-chest),  n.  The  case  in 
which  a  bolt  in  a  flour-mill  is  inclosed. 

bolting-Cloth  (bol'ting-kloth),  n.  [<  ME.  bul- 
ting-cloth.]  A  cloth  for  bolting  or  sifting;  a 
linen,  silk,  or  hair  cloth,  of  which  bolters  are 
made  for  sifting  meal,  etc. 

The  finest  and  most  expensive  silk  fabric  made  is  bolting- 
cloth,  for  the  use  of  millers,  woven  almost  altogether  in 
Switzerland.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXI.  266. 

bolting-cord  (bol'ting-k6rd),  n.  A  stiff  piece 
of  rope  having  the  strands  unraveled  at  one 
extremity,  used  as  a  probang  to  remove  any- 
thing sticking  in  an  animal's  throat. 

bolting-house  (bol'ting-hous),  n.  A  house 
where  meal  or  flour  is  sifted. 

The  jade  is  returned  as  white  and  as  powdered  as  if  she 
had  been  at  work  in  a  bolting-house.  Dennis,  Letters. 

bolting-hutch  t  (bol'ting-huch),  n.  A  tub  or 
wooden  trough  for  bolted  flour. 

Take  all  my  cushions  down  and  thwack  them  soundly, 

After  my  feast  of  millers ;  .  .  .  beat  them  carefully 

Over  a  bolting-hutch,  there  will  be  enough 

For  a  pan-pudding. 

Middleton  (and  another),  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  v.  1. 

bolting-mill  (bol'ting-mil),  n.    A  mill  or  ma- 
chine for  sifting  meal  or  flour, 
bolting-tub   (bol'ting-tub),  n.    A  tub  to  sift 
meal  in. 

The  larders  have  been  searched, 
The  bakehouses  and  boulting  tub,  the  ovens. 

B.  Jontuu.  Mafjnetick  Lady,  v.  5. 

bolt-knife  (bolt'nlf),  n.  A  knife  used  by  book- 
binders for  cutting  through  a  bolt  or  the  folded 
leaves  of  a  section. 

boltless  (bolt'les),  a.  [<  bolt1  +  -less.]  With- 
out a  bolt. 

bolton,  w.    A  corruption  of  bolting1. 

boltonite  (bol'tqn-it),  n.  [<  Bolton,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, +  -ite?.]  A  mineral  of  the  chrysolite 
group,  occurring  in  granular  form  at  Bolton, 


bombace 

Massachusetts.  It  is  a  silicate  of  magnesium, 
containing  also  a  little  iron  protoxid. 
bolt-rope  (bolt'rop),  n.  A  superior  kind  of 
hemp  cordage  sewed  on  the  edges  of  sails  to 
strengthen  them.  That  part  of  it  on  the  perpendicu- 
lar side  is  called  the  leech-rope ;  that  at  the  bottom,  the 
foot-rope ;  that  at  the  top,  the  head-rope.  To  the  bolt- 
rope  is  attached  all  the  gear  used  in  clewing  up  the  sail 
and  setting  it. 

We  heard  a  sound  like  the  short,  quick  rattling  of 
thunder,  and  the  jib  was  blown  to  atoms  out  of  the  bolt- 
rope.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  254. 

bolt's-head,  n.    See  bolt-head. 

boltsprit  (bolt'sprit),  «..  A  corruption  of  bow- 
tprit. 

bolt-Strake  (bolt'strak),  n.  Naut.,  the  strake 
or  wale  through  which  the  fastenings  of  the 
beams  pass. 

bolty,  «.     See  bolti. 

bolus  (bo'lus),  n.  [<  L.  bolus,  >  E.  bole?,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  soft  round  mass  of  anything  medicinal, 
larger  than  an  ordinary  pill,  to  be  swallowed 
at  once. —  2.  Figuratively,  anything  disagree- 
able, as  an  unpalatable  doctrine  or  argument, 
that  has  to  be  accepted  or  tolerated. 

There  is  no  help  for  it,  the  faithful  proselytizer,  if  she 
cannot  convince  by  argument,  bursts  into  tears,  and  the  re- 
cusant finds  himself,  at  the  end  of  the  contest,  taking  down 
the  bolus,  saying,  "  Well,  well,  Bodgers  be  it."  Thackeray. 

bolyet,  «•    See  booty. 

bom  (bom),  )).  [Also  boma,  bomma,  aboma; 
orig.  a  native  name  in  Congo,  subsequently  ap- 
plied to  a  Brazilian  serpent.]  Same  as  aboma. 

bomah-nut  (bo'ma-nut),  n.  [<  bomah  (native 
name)  +  nut.']  The  seed  of  a  euphorbiaceous 
shrub,  Pycnocoma  macrophylla,  of  southern 
Africa,  used  for  tanning. 

Bomarea  (bo-ma're-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Valmont  de 
Bon/are,  a  French 'naturalist  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury.] A  genus  of  amaryllidaceous  plants,  na- 
tives of  South  America  and  Mexico.  The  roots 
are  tnberiferous,  the  leafy  stems  frequently  twining,  and 
the  flowers,  which  are  often  showy,  in  simple  or  compound 
umbels.  There  are  over  50  species.  See  salsilla. 

bomb1!,  "•  *•  [<  ME.  bomben,  bumben,  variant 
forms  of  bommen,  bummen,  >  2mm1,  later  boom1 : 
see  6am1,  boom1,  and  cf.  bomb?,  v.]  A  variant 
of  boom1. 

What  overcharged  piece  of  melancholia 

Is  this,  breakes  in  betweene  my  wishes  thus, 

With  bombing  sighs? 

B.  Jonson,  The  Fortunate  Isles. 

bomb1t,  "•  [Var.  of  bum1,  the  earlier  form  of 
boom1.  Cf.  bomb1,  r.]  A  great  noise;  a  loud 
hollow  sound;  the  stroke  of  a  bell. 

A  pillar  of  iron,  .  .  .  which  if  you  had  struck  would 
make  a  little  flat  noise  in  the  room,  but  a  great  bomb  in 
the  chamber  beneath.  Bacon. 

bomb2  (bom  or  bum),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
borne,  also  bombe,  bombo,  and  (simulating  boom1 
=  bomb1)  boomb;  =  G.  bombe,  <  F.  bombe  =  Sp. 
It.  bomba,  a  bomb,  <  L.  bombus,  <  Gr.  /36ftj3o£,  a 
deep  hollow  sound ;  prob.  imitative,  like  bomb1, 
boom1,  bum1,  bumble,  bump?,  etc.  The  histori- 
cal pron.  is  bum.]  1.  An  explosive  projec- 
tile, consisting  of  a  hollow  ball  or  spherical 
shell,  generally  of  cast-iron,  filled  with  a  burst- 
ing charge,  fired  from  a  mortar,  and 


Bomb. 
a,  a,  walls  of 
shell-,  i,  fuse- 
hole  ;  c,  cavity 
for  powder. 


^  Uj^  usually  exploded  by  means  of  a  fuse 
/"  '  ^k  or  tube  filled  with  a  slow-burning 
[if  i  ]  compound,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
',  \  ,•'"'  exploding  powder  when  Uw  mortM 
is  iliscliiii'KCcl.  j;,.m!jsniiiy  be  thrown  in 
such  a  direction  as  to  fall  into  a  fort,  a  city, 
or  an  enemy's  camp,  where  they  burst  with 
grout  violence,  and  often  with  terrible  effect. 
The  length  and  composition  of  the  fuse  must 
be  calculated  in  such  a  way  that  the  bomb 
shall  burst  the  moment  it  arrives  at  the  des- 
tined place.  Bombs  are  now  commonly  termed  shells, 
though  shell  in  the  sense  of  a  projectile  has  a  wider  mean- 
ing. See  shell.  Also  called  bombshell. 
Hence — 2.  Anymissile  constructed  upon  sim- 
ilar principles:  as,  a  dynamite  bomb. —  3.  In 
geol.,  a  block  of  scoria  ejected  from  the  crater 
of  a  volcano. 

This  deposit  answers  to  the  heaps  of  dust,  sand,  stones, 
and  bombs  which  are  shot  out  of  modern  volcanoes  ;  it  is 
a  true  ash.  Oeikie. 

4f.  A  small  war-vessel   carrying  mortars  for 
throwing  bombs ;  a  bomb-ketch. 
bomb2t  (bom  or  bum),  r.  t.     [<  bomb?,  n.]    To 
attack  with  bombs ;  bombard. 

Villeroy,  who  ne'er  afraid  is, 

To  Bruxelles  marches  on  secure, 
To  bomb  the  monks  and  scare  the  ladies. 

J'rivr,  On  taking  Samur. 

bombacet,  «••  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bombase, 
bombage;  <  OF.  bombace,  <  ML.  bontliax  (ace. 
bombacem),  cotton :  see  Bombax.  The  form  bom- 
bace subsequently  gave  way  to  bombast,  q.  v.] 
1.  The  down  of  the  cotton-plant;  raw  cotton. 


bombace 

—  2.  Cotton-wool,  or  wadding. — 3.  Padding; 

stuHing.    l-'ullrr. 

Bombaceae  (bom-ba'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  HIIM- 
lin.i-  +  -acca-,]  An  arboreous  tribe  or  suborder 
of  Mali'acca:,  by  some  eoiiHiili-ri'd  ;i  distinct  or- 
der, distinguished  chiefly  by  the  five-  to  eight- 
cleft  stamineal  column.  There  are  ulxmt  20  small 
ircnem,  principally  tropical,  including  the  baobab  (Allan- 
*"ii<«),  tlie  cotton-tree  (f:li«>il<'iKl/-"/t  anil  llinnhax),  the 

lltiri:tll  (/>"/•/')>,    rtc. 

boinbaceous  (bom-ba'shius),  «.  In  Imt.,  relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  plants  of  the  natural  order 

Itnillhilri  if. 

bombard  (l)oni'-  or  bum'biird),  n.  [Early  mod. 
10.  also  bum/Mini,  <  MK.  biiinbarde,  hoiubardc 
(in  sense  4),  <  OF.  bninburdi;  a  cannon,  a  mu- 
sical instrument,  F.  bombarde  (=  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
liiiiitbnrda,  a  cannon,  It.  bomhanlu,  a  musical 
instrument),  <  ML.  bnmbiiriln,  orig.  an  engine 
for  throwing  largo  stones,  prob.  (with  suffix 
-until,  E.  -ard)  <  L.  bombus,  a  loud  noise,  in  ML. 
a  fireball,  a  bomb:  see  bomb^,  ».]  1.  The  name 
generally  given  in  Europe  to  the  cannon  dur- 
ing the  first  century  of  its  use.  The  earliest  bom- 
bar, Is  wen-  more  like  mortars  than  modern  cannon,  throw- 
ins  their  shot  (originally  stone  halls)  at  a  great  elevation  ; 
many  wen-  npi-n  at  lioth  ends,  the  shot  heing  introduced 
at  the  breech,  which  was  afterward  stopped  by  a  piece 
wedded  or  bolted  into  place. 

Which  with  onr  bombard*'  shot,  and  basilisk, 

We  rent  in  sunder.       Marlum,  Jew  of  Malta,  v.  3. 

2.  See  bomhardelle. — 3.  A  small  vessel  with 
two  masts,  like  the  English  ketch,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean;  a  bomb-ketch. — 4.  A  large 
leathern  jug  or  bottle  for  holding  liquor.  See 
black-jack,  1. 

That  swoln  parcel  of  dropsies,  that  huge  bombard  of 
sack.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  U.  4. 

Yond'  same  black  cloud  .  .  .  looks  like  a  foul  bombard 
that  would  shed  his  liquor.  N/..U-..  Tempest,  ii.  2. 

They'd  ha'  beat  out 
His  brains  with  bombards. 

Middleton,  Inner-Temple  Masque. 

8f.  Figuratively,  a  toper. —  Of.  A  medieval  mu- 
sical instrument  of  the  oboe  family,  having  a 
reed  mouthpiece  and  a  wooden  tube.  The  name 
was  properly  applied  to  a  lame  and  low-pitched  Instru- 
ment (whence  the  name  bnmtiardon  for  a  heavy  reed-stop 
In  organ-building) ;  but  it  was  also  used  for  small  instru- 
ments of  the  name  class,  which  were  known  as  basset-bom- 
bards and  bombard!  piccoli. 

7.  pi.  A  style  of  breeches  worn  in  the  seven- 
teenth  century,    before    the   introduction   of 
tight-fitting  knee-breeches.    They  reached  to  the 
knee,  and  were  probably  so  named  because  they  hung 
loose  and  resembled  the  leathern  drinking-vessels  called 
bombards. 

8.  [From  the  verb.]   An  attack  with  bombs; 
a  bombardment.     [Rare.] 

bombard  (bora-  or  bum-bard'),  v.  [<  F.  bom- 
bunlor,  batter  with  a  bombard  or  cannon,  < 
bombards,  >  E.  bombard,  a  cannon:  see  bom- 
bard,  n.  The  relation  to  bomb%  is  thus  only 
indirect.]  I.  intrans.  To  fire  off  bombards  or 
cannon. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cannonade;  attack  with 
bombs ;  fire  shot  and  shell  at  or  into ;  batter 
with  shot  and  shell. 

Next  she  [France]  intends  to  bombard  Naples. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairs. 

2.  To  attack  with  missiles  of  any  kind;  figura- 
tively, assail  vigorously:  as,  to  bombard  one 
with  questions. 

bombardellet  (bom -bar-del'),  «•  [Dim.  of  F. 
//iimliiirili'.]  A  portable  bombard,  or  hand-bom- 
bard ;  the  primitive  portable  firearm  of  Europe, 
consisting  simply  of  a  hollow  cylinder  with  a 
touch-hole  for  firing  with  a  match,  and  attach- 
ed to  a  long  staff  for  handling. 

The  first  portable  firearm  of  which  we  have  any  repre- 
sentation .  .  .  was  called  the  bombard  or  bombardelle. 

Am.  Cyc.,  XII.  96. 

The  Man  on  Foot,  clad  In  light  armor,  held  the  bom- 
bardelle  up.  Pop.  Set,  Mo.,  XXVIII.  490. 

bombardier  (bom-  or  bum-bar-der'),  n.  [For- 
merly also  bumbarditr,  bomlxirdi'cr;  <  F.  botn- 
liiinUi-r  (=  Sp.  bombardero  =  Pg.  bombardeiro 
=.  It.  liiiiiiliiinlifro),  <  bombarde,  bombard.]  1. 
Properly,  a  soldier  in  charge  of  a  bombard  or 
cannon;  specifically,  in  the  British  army,  a 
non-commissioned  officer  of  the  Royal  Artil- 
lery, ranking  next  below  a  corporal,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  load  shells,  grenades,  etc.,  and  to 
fix  the  fuses,  and  who  is  particularly  appointed 
to  the  service  of  mortars  and  howitzers. —  2. 
A  bombardier-beetle. — 3.  A  name  of  a  Euro- 
pean frog,  Boaibiiititnr  ii/iiriin. 

bombardier-beetle  (bom-bar-der'be'tl),  •«.  Tbe 
common  name  of  many  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Carabidft  and  genera  Brachinius  and  Ap- 


Bombardler-bcetle  (km- 


Uonibardoii. 


017 

tiini.i.  found  under  stories.  Wh.-n  irritated,  they  are 
apt  1"  expel  violently  from  the  anus  a  pungent,  acrid  n  m.  i 

a<  rnmpaiiiril  by  a  slight  son  ml. 

bombard-mant        (bom'- 
biird-imin),   ».     One   who 
delivered   liquor  in  bom- 
bards to  customers. 
They  miule  room   for  a  tunn- 
mam   that  brought   bouge 
for  a  countrey  lady. 

If.  JOHSOII,  Masques,  Love 
IKcstonA 

bombardment  (bom-  or 
bum- bard 'ment),  n.  [< 
bombanl  +  -incut;  =  F. 
bombardi-mCHt.]  A  con- 
tinuous attack  with  shot 
and  shell  upon  a  town, 
fort,  or  other  position ;  the 
act  of  throwing  shot  and  shell  into  an  enemy's 
town  in  order  to  destroy  the  buildings. 

Oenoa  is  not  yet  secure  from  a  Imnbardiiunt,  though  it 
is  not  so  exposed  as  formerly.  Aildimn,  Travels  In  Italy. 

bombardot,  n.     Same  as  bombardon. 
bombardon,  bombardone  (bom-bar'don,  bom- 
bar- do' ne),   H.     [<   It.   bombardone," aug.  of 
bombardo :    see     bom- 
bard, n.]     1.    A  large- 
sized   musical    instru- 
ment of   the   trumpet 
kind,   in  tone  not  un- 
like the  ophicleide.    lu 
compass  generally   is  from 
F  on  the  fourth  ledger-line 
below  the  bass  staff  to  the 
lower  D  of  the  treble  staff. 
It  is  not  capable  of  rapid 
execution. 

2.  The  lowest  of  the 
sax -horns. —  3.    For- 
merly, a  bass  reed-stop 
of  the  organ, 
bombard-phraset 
(bom'bara-fraz),  n.    A 
boasting,    loud-sound- 
ing, bombastic  phrase. 
Their  bombard-phrase ,  their  foot  and  half-foot  words. 

B.  Jonsan,  tr.  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 
bombaset,  H.     See  bombace. 
bombasin,  bombasine,  ».    See  bombasine. 
bombast  (bom'-  or  bum'bast,  formerly  bum- 
bast'),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bttmbast; 
a  var.,  with  excrescent  -t,  of  bombase,  bombace : 
see  bombace.']  I.  n.  If.  Cotton ;  the  cotton-plant. 
Clothes  mode  of  cotton  or  bombstt. 

Hakluyt's  Foyapu,  I.  93. 
Bombast,  the  cotton  plant  growing  in  Asia. 

B.  Phillips,  World  of  Words. 

2f.  Cotton  or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose  texture, 
used  to  stuff  garments ;  padding. 
Thy  body's  bolstered  out  with  bombast  and  with  bags. 
Gascoiffne,  Challenge  to  Beautie. 

Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  high-sounding  words ; 
inflated  or  extravagant  language ;  fustian ; 
speech  too  big  and  high-sounding  for  the  oc- 
casion. 

Bombast  is  commonly  the  delight  of  that  audience  which 
loves  poetry,  but  understands  It  not 

Dryden,  Criticism  in  Tragedy. 

=  Syn.  3.  Bombast,  Fustian,  Bathos.  Turgidness,  Tumid- 
ness, Rant.  "  Bombast  was  originally  applied  to  a  stuff 
of  soft,  loose  texture,  used  to  swell  the  gannent.  Fustian 
was  also  a  kind  of  cloth  of  stiff,  expansive  character. 
These  terms  are  applied  to  a  high,  swelling  style  of  writing, 
full  of  extravagant  sentiments  and  expressions.  Bathos  is 
a  word  which  has  the  same  application,  meaning  generally 
the  mock-heroic  —  that '  depth  into  which  one  falls  who 
overleaps  the  sublime  :  the  step  which  one  makes  in  pass- 
ing from  the  sublime  to  the  ridiculous."  (De  Mille,  Ele- 
ments of  Rhetoric,  p.  225.)  Bombast  is  rather  stronger  than 
.fmtifin.  Turaidness  and  tumidnt**  are  words  drawn 
from  the  swelling  of  the  body,  and  express  mere  infla- 
tion of  style  without  reference  to  sentiment.  Rant  is  ex- 
travagant or  violent  language,  proceeding  from  enthusiasm 
or  fanaticism,  generally  in  support  of  extreme  opinions  or 
against  those  holding  opinions  of  a  milder  or  different  sort. 

The  first  victory  of  good  taste  is  over  the  bombast  and 
conceits  which  deform  such  times  as  these. 

Moravlay,  Dryden. 

And  he,  whose  fust  fan's  so  sublimely  bad, 
It  is  not  poetry,  but  prose  run  mad. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Satires,  1.  187. 

In  his  fifth  sonnet  he  [Petrarch]  may,  I  think,  be  said  to 
have  sounded  the  lowest  chasm  of  the  Bathos. 

Macautay,  Petrarch. 

The  critics  of  that  day,  the  most  flattering  equally  with 
the  severest,  concurred  in  objecting  to  them  obscurity,  a 
general  turgidness  of  diction,  and  a  profusion  of  new- 
coined  double  epithets.  Colendye,  Biog.  Lit,  i. 

All  rant  about  the  rights  of  man,  all  whining  and  whim- 
pering about  the  clashing  interests  of  body  and  soul,  are 
treated  with  haughty  scorn,  or  made  the  butt  of  contemp- 
tuous n.li.  nli-  tfUfftt,  Ess.  and  Rev..  I.  2a 

n.f  n.  High-sounding;  inflated;  big  with- 
out meaning. 

A  tall  metaphor  in  bombast  way.     Cuicfc.w,  Ode,  Of  Wit 


bombinate 

bombast!  (lx>m'-  or  bum'bAftt),  r.  (.  [<  /;»///- 
imxt,  n.]  1.  To  pad  out;  stuff,  as  a'dotiblt-t 
with  cotton;  hence,  to  inflate;  swell  out  with 
high-sounding  or  bombastic  language. 

Let  them  pretend  what  zeal  they  will,  counterfeit  re- 
ligion, blear  the  world's  eyes,  bombajtt  themselves. 

;ii.  of  \I.  I.,  p.  196. 

Then  strives  he  to  bnmlia.it  his  feeble  line* 

With  far-fetch'd  phraae.        Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  I.  4. 

2.  To  beat ;  baste. 

I  will  MI  eniiacii  an.l  i«iinbaste  thee  that  thou  ihalt  not 
be  able  to  sturre  thyself.  Palace  of  Pleasure  (157U). 

bombastic,  bombastical  (bom-  or  bum-bas'tik, 
-ti-kal),  «.  [<  bombast,  n.,  +  -ic,  -toil.]  Char- 
acterized by  bombast;  high-sounding;  inflat- 
ed; extravagant. 

A  theatrical,  bombastic,  and  windy  phraseology. 

Burke,  A  Kegiclde  Puce. 

He  Indulges  without  measure  In  vague,  bombastic  dec- 
lamation. Macaulay,  Sadler  s  Law  of  Population. 
-Syn.  Swelling,  tumid,  stilted,  pompons,  lofty,  grandilo- 
quent, liiu'h-tlown. 

bombastically  (bom-  orbum-bas'ti-kal-i),  adv. 
In  a  bombastic  or  inflated  manner  or  style. 

bombastry  (bom'-  or  bum'bas-tri),  ».  [<  bom- 
bast +  -ry.]  Bombastic  words ;  fustian. 

BnmbastriimA  buffoonery,  by  nature  lofty  and  light,  soar 
highest  of  all.  Sin/f.  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Int. 

Bombaz  (bom'baks),  n.  [ML.,  cotton,  a  corrup- 
tion of  L.  bombyx:  see  Bombyx.']  1.  A  genus  of 
silk-cotton  trees,  natural  order  ifalracea;,  chief- 
ly natives  of  tropical  America.  The  seeds  are  cov- 
ered with  a  silky  Him.  but  this  is  too  short  for  textile 
uses.  The  wood  Is  soft  and  light.  The  fibrous  bark  of 
some  species  is  used  for  making  ropes. 
2f.  ft.  c.  ]  Same  as  bombazine. 

Bombay  duck.    See  bummalo. 

Bombay  shell.    See  shell. 

bombazeen  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zen'),  »».    Same 

as  linnih<l~ni< . 

bombazet,  bombazette  (bom-  or  bum-ba-zet'), 
ii.  [<  bomba:(ine)  +  dim.  -et,  -ette.~\  A  sort 
of  thin  woolen  cloth. 

bombazine,  bombasine  (bom-or  bum-ba-zen'), 
n.  [Also  bomba:in,  bombasin,  bombazeen,  for- 
merly bitmbazine,  bunibaxinc ;  <  F.  bombasin 
(obs.)  =  Sp.  bombast  =  Pg.  bombazina  (prob. 

<  E.)  =  It.  bambagino,  <  ML.  bombasinum,  prop. 
bombi/cinum,  a  silk  texture,  neut.  of  bombasi- 
nus,  bombacinus.  prop,  (as  L.)  bonibycinus  (see 
bombycine),  made  of  silk  or  cotton,  <  bombax, 
prop,  (as  L.)  bombyi,  silk,  cotton :  see  bombace, 
bombast,  Bombax,  Bombyx."]     If.  Raw  cotton. 
JV.  E.  1). — 2.  Originally,  a  stuff  woven  of  silk 
and  wool,  made  in  England  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth;  afterward,  a  stuff  made  of  silk 
alone,  but  apparently  always  of  one  color,  and 
inexpensive. —  3.  In  modern  usage,  a  stuff  of 
which  the  warp  is  silk  and  the  weft  worsted.  An 
imitation  of  it  is  made  of  cotton  and  worsted. 

Also  spelled  bombazeen,  bombasin. 

bomb-chest  (bom'chest),  n.  Milit.,  a  chest  fill- 
ed with  bombs  or  gunpowder,  buried  to  serve 
as  an  explosible  mine. 

bombernickel  (bom'b^r-nik'l),  n.  Same  as 
jntmprrnickel.  Imp.  Diet. 

bombiate  (bom'bi-at),  n.  [<  bombi(c)  +  -ate*.] 
A  salt  formed  by  bombic  acid  and  a  base. 

bombic  (bom'bik),  a.  [<  L.  bomb(yx),  a  silk- 
worm, +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  silkworm. 
— Bombic  add,  acid  of  the  silkworm,  obtained  from  an 
acid  liquor  contained  in  a  reservoir  placed  near  the  anus- 
The  Honor  is  especially  abundant  In  the  chrysalis. 

Bombidae  (bom'bi-de),  «.  pi.  fNL.,  <  Bombiu  + 
-wte.]  A  family  of  bees,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bombus;  the  bumblebees.  [Scarcely  used,  the 
bumblebees  having  been  merged  in  Apidte.~] 

bombilate  (bom'bi-lat),  r .  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boiu- 
bilated,  ppr.  bnmbilating.  [<  ML.  Itombilare  (pp. 
bombilatiut),  an  erroneous  form  of  LL.  bombi- 
tare,  freq.  of  "bombare,  ML.  also  bombire,  buzz, 

<  L.  bombus,  a  humming,  buzzing  sound.     Cf. 
bomb1,  6oi«/<2,  bum1,  bumble,  etc.]     To  make  a 
buzzing  or  humming,  like  a  bee,  or  a  top  when 
spinning.     A".  A.  Rev.     [Rare.] 

bombilation  (bom-bi-la'shon),  n.  [<  bombilate  : 
see  -ation."]  A  buzzing  or  droning  sound;  re- 
port; noise.  Also  bombulation.  [Rare.] 

To  abate  the  vigour  thereof  or  silence  Its  (powder  sj  bom- 
bulation.  Sir  T.  Broirnt,  Vnlg.  Err.,  ii.  s. 

bombilioust,  a.    See  bombylious. 

bombilla  (bom-bil'yft),  n.  [S.  Amer.  Sp.,  dim. 
of  Sp.  bomba,  a  pump:  see pumpl.~\  A  tube  used 
in  Paraguay  for  drinking  mate,  it  to  8  or  '  inches 
long,  formed  of  metal  or  a  reed,  with  a  perforated  bulb  at 
one  end,  to  prevent  the  tea-leaves  from  being  drawn  up 
into  the  mouth. 

bombinate  (bom'bi-nat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bombinatcd.  ppr.  bombinatiiig.  [<  ML.  "bombi- 


bombinate 

natM,  pp.  of  'bombinare,  erroneous  form  of  LL. 
bombitare:  see  bombilate.]     To  buzz;  make  a 
buzzing  sound ;  bombilate.     [Rare.] 
As  easy  and  as  profitable  a  problem  to  solve  the  Rabe- 

- 


618 

Sombyx  commonly  referred  to  this  family  are  Saturnin, 
Attacits,  Odonestis,  Lasiocampa,  and  Eliswcampa.  See  cut 
under  Bwnbyx. 

bombyciform  (bom-bis'i-form),  a.     [<  L.  bom- 
byx  (bombyc-),  a  silkworm,  +  forma,  form.] 


laisian  riddle  of  the  bombimtiivj  chimera  with  its  poten-     TT-V:"      ti,p  phnrartpTN  of  a  bombvcid  moth 
tial  or  hypothetical  faculty  of  deriving  sustenance  from  a     *Z™*™*  l^f^^*  „       r^T      ,-  T    t 
course  of  diet  on  second  intentions. 


Bombycilla  (bom-bi-sil'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bom- 
Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  199.  gyX  (bombyc-),  silk,  +  -cilia,  taken  from  Mota- 

bombination  (bom-bi-na'shon),  «.  [<  bombi-  cilia,  in  the  assumed  sense  of : 'tail.']  A  genus 
nate.  Cf.  bonMlatioti."]  Buzz ;  humming  noise,  of  birds,  the  silktails  or  waxwings :  same  as  Am- 

Bombinator  (bom'bi-na-tor),  n.  [NL.  (Mer-  nelis  in  the  most  restricted  sense.  See  Ampells. 
rein,  1820),  <  ML.  *lmmUnare,  buzz:  see  bombi-  Bombycillid*  (bom-bi-sil'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
nate.~\  A  genus  of  European  frogs,  made  typi-  Bombycilla  +  -idce.~\  A  family  of  birds,  repre- 
cal  of  a  family  Bombinatoridce,  now  referred  to  sented  by  the  genus  Bombycilla :  same  as  Am- 
the  family  Discoglossidai.  B.  igneus  is  the  typi-  pelidte  in  the  most  restricted  sense.  [Disused.] 
cal  species,  called  bombardier.  Bombycina  (bom-bi-si'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 

Bombinatoridae  (bom"bi-na-tor'i-de),  n.  pi.  byx  (Bombyc-)  + -ina.']  'X  tribe  or  superfamily 
[NL.,  <  Bombinator  +  -idai.~]  '  A  family  of  anu-  of  moths  containing  the  bombycids,  as  distin- 
rous  batrachians,  having  a  tongue,  maxillary  guished  from  the  sphinxes  on  the  one  hand  and 


C.  W.  Cable,  Creoles  of  Louisiana,  p.  153. 


ami  Custoonatinda.  !    gi^en;   silk.— 2.   Of  cotton,  or  of  paper 

bomb-ketch  (bom'kech),n.    A  small,  strongly    made  of  cotton.     N.  E.  D. 
built,  ketch-rigged  vessel,  carrying  one  mortar  bombycinous  (bom-bis'i-nus),  a.     [<  L.  bomby- 
or  more,  for  service  in  a  bombardment.    Also    JJJJg  gee  6oTOU.jne.]    j.  si.£en ;  made  of  silk, 
called  bomb-vessel.  —2.  Silky;  feeling  like  silk.— 3.  Of  the  color 

!    of  the  silkworm-moth;  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

,  , E.  Daricin. 

bomb-lance  (bom'lans), «.  A  lance  or  harpoon  Bombycistoma,  Bombycistomus i  (bom-bi-sis'- 
having  a  hollow  head  charged  with  gunpowder,  to-ma,  -mus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /%/3tf ,  silk,  -r 
which  is  automatically  fired  when  thrust  into  a  <rroua,  mouth.]  Synonyms  of  Batrachostomus 
whale  (which  see). 

bombolo   (bom'bo-16),  n.      [<  It.  bombola,  a  bombycoid  (bom'bi-koid),  a.    Of  or  relating  to 
pitcher,  bottle,  <  b'omba:  see  lomb*.]     A  sphe-    the  Bombycida;. 
roidal  vessel  of  flint-glass,  used  in  subliming  bombylll,  n.    Plural  of  bombylms. 
crude  camphor.    It  is  usually  about  12  inches  Bombyllldae  (bom-bi-li  i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
in  diameter.     Also  bumbelo,  bumbolo.  Bombylins  +  -id.(K.~\     A  family  of  brachycerous 

bombous  (bom'-  or  bum'bus),  a.   [<  L.  bombus,    dipterous  insects,  of  the  section  Tetracheetai 
•*'--'•-    —  or  Tanystomata;  the  humblenies.    They  have  a 

long  proboscis,  the  third  antennal  joint  not  annulate, 
three  prolonged  basal  cells,  and  usually  four  posterior 
cells.  The  family  is  large,  containing  upward  of  1,400 
species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  usually  have 
hairy  bodies,  are  very  swift  in  night,  and  are  sometimes 
called  flower-flits,  from  their  feeding  upon  pollen  and 
honey  extracted  by  means  of  the  long  proboscis.  The  typi- 


Silkworm (Bomfy. 


0,  about  natural  size. 


n.,  taken  as  adj.:  see  bomb^.]  If.  Booming; 
humming.— 2.  [<  bomb%  +  -ous.]  Convexly 
round,  like  a  segment  of  a  bomb;  spherical. 

In  some  parts  [of  the  integument  of  the  Selachii],  as  for 
example  on  the  head,  they  [the  dermal  denticles]  often 
have  a  bombmw  surface,  and  are  set  irregularly. 

Qegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  423. 

bomb-proof  (bom'prof),  a.  and  n.   I.  a.  Strong 


II.  n.  In  fort.,  a  structure  of  such  design 
and  strength  as  to  resist  the  penetration  and 


cal  genus  is  Bombylius;  other  genera  are  Anthrax,  Loma- 

*- *  *       ,.  ~     tia,  and  Nemestrina. 

enough  to  resist  the  impact  and  explosive  force  bombylioust  (bom-bil'i-us),  a.     [<  Gr.  J3ou/)v- 
of  _bombs  or  shells  striking  on  the  outside.  ?l(<;<.;  a  bumblebee  (see  bombylius),  +  -ous.~]  Buz- 

zing; humming  like  a  bee. 

Vexatious,  .  .  .  not  by  stinging,  .  .  .  but  only  by  their 
bombylious  noise.  Derham,  Physico-Theol.,  iv.  14. 

bombylius  (bom-bil'i-us), ».;  pi.  bombylii  (-i).  [< 
Gr.  (a)  (3o[i[)vAi6c,  or  [Ip/ipiifaof,  a  narrow-necked 
vessel  that  gurgles  in  pour- 
ing; (b)  I3o[t/3v2.i6f,  a  bumble- 
bee; <  flofiSoc,  a  humming, 
buzzing:  seebombus,  bomb?.] 
1.  In  arclxEol.,  a  form  of 
Greek  vase,  of  moderate 
size,  varying  between  the 
types  of  the  lekythos  and 
the  aryballus.  It  was  used 
for  containing  perfumes,  and 
also  for  pouring  liquids,  etc. 


Bomb-proof. 


the  shattering  force  of  shells.    Such  structures  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  ways,  but  are  usually,  at  least  in  part, 
beneath  the  level  of  the  ground.    They  may  be  entirely  of 
metal,  so  shaped  that  shot  and  shell  will  glance  from  the 
surface  without  piercing  them,  or  they  may  be  of  vaulted 
masonry,  or  even  of  timber  covered  and  faced  with  mas- 
sive  embankments  of  earth,  the  latter  forming  the  most 
effective  shield  against  modern  projectiles.    Bomb-proofs 
are  provided  in  permanent  and  often  in  temporary  forti-  Tt        ,  ..         ....     . 

fications  to  place  the  magazine  and  stores  in  safety  during  BombyX  (bom  Diks),  n 


—  2.  [cap.}   [NL.]  The  t 
enus  of  the  family  - 


a  bombardment,  and  also  to  afford  shelter  to  the  garrison 
or  to  non-combatants. 

We  entered  a  lofty  bomb-proof  which  was  the  bedroom 
of  the  commanding  officer. 

W.  H.  Russell,  London  Times,  June  11,  1861. 

bombshell  (bom'shel),  n.     Same  as  bomb2,  1. 

bombus  (bpm'bus),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  fSAftfiof,  a 
buzzing  noise :  see  bomb2.]  1.  Inpathol. :  (a) 
A  humming  or  buzzing  noise  in  the  ears,  (b) 
A  rumbling  noise  in  the  intestines ;  borboryg- 
mus. —  2.  [cap.']  A  genus  of  bees,  family  Api- 
dai,  containing  the  honey-producing  aculeate . 
or  sting-possessing  hymenopterous  insects  com- 
monly called  bumblebees.  See  bumblebee,  and 
cut  under  Hymenoptera. 

bomb-vessel  (bom'ves'el),  n.  Same  as  bomb- 
ketch. 

bombycid  (bom' bi-sid),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Bom- 
bycida!. 

Scent-organs  in  some  bombycid  moths.  Science,  VII.  505. 
II.  n.   One  of  the  Bombycida;. 

Bombycidae  (bom-bis'i-de), «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bom- 
byx  (Bombyc-)  +  -id<e.]  A  family  of  nocturnal 
heterocerous  Lepidoptera,  or  moths,  important 
as  containing  the  silkworm-moth,  having  the 


[L. 


bombyx  (in  ML.  corruptly 
bombax :  see  bombace,  bom- 
bast, bombazine),  <  Gr.  f)6/i- 

fhj,     a     Silkworm,     Silk,    COt-       Black-figured  Bomby- 

ton;  origin  uncertain.]  1. 
A  Linnean  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  now 
the  type  of  the  family  Bombycida;.  The  caterpillar 
of  the  Bombyx  mori  is  well  known  by  the  name  of  silk- 
worm. When  full-grown  it  is  3  inches  long,  whitish-gray, 
smooth,  v.-ith  a  horn  on  the  penultimate  segment  of  the 
tody.  It  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  (in  the 
United  States  also  on  those  of  the  Osage  orange),  and 
spins  an  oval  cocoon  of  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  of  a 
close  tissue,  with  very  fine  silk,  usually  of  a  yellow  color, 
but  sometimes  white.  Each  silk-fiber  is  double,  and  is 
spun  from  a  viscid  substance  contained  in  two  tubular  or- 
gans ending  in  a  spinneret  at  the  mouth.  A  single  fiber 
is  often  1,100  feet  long.  It  requires  1,600  worms  to  pro- 
duce 1  pound  of  silk.  Greek  missionaries  first  brought 
the  eggs  of  the  silkworm  from  China  to  Constantinople  in 
the  reign  of  Justinian  (A.  D.  527-565).  In  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury the  cultivation  of  silk  was  introduced  into  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  from  the  Morea,  and  several  centuries  afterward 
into  France.  The  silkworm  undergoes  a  variety  of  changes 
during  the  short  period  of  its  life.  When  hatched  it  ap- 
pears as  a  black  worm  ;  after  it  has  finished  its  cocoon  it 
becomes  a  chrysalis,  and  finally  a  perfect  cream-colored 
insect  or  moth,  with  four  wings.  For  other  silk-spinning 
bombycids.  see  silkworm.  See  cut  in  next  column. 
2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  pulmonate  gastropods. 

antennae  bipectinate,  the  palpi  small,  and  the    Humphreys,  1797.     [Not  in  use.] 
maxillre  rudimentary.    The  limits  of  the  family  and  bominablet,  «•     An  abbreviated  form  of  abom- 
conseiiueutly  its  definition  vary  much.    Genera  besides     inable. 


Juliana  Bemers,  lady-prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sopwell 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  informs  us  that  in  her  time  "  a 
bomynable  syght  of  monkes "  was  elegant  English  for  "  a 
large  company  of  friars." 

O.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  viii. 

Bomolochida  (bo-mo-lok'i-de),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Bomolochus  +  -idee.'}  'A  family  of  copepofl  crus- 
taceans, of  the  group  Siphonostomata,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bomolochiy.   The  species  are  few 
in  number,  and  parasitic  on  fishes. 
Bomolochus  (bo-mol'o-kus), «.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3u- 
fia>.oxoi,  a  beggar,  low  jester,  buffoon,  prop,  one 
who  waited  about  the  altars  to  beg  or  steal 
some  of  the  meat  offered  thereon,  <  /3u^<5f,  an 
altar,  -I-  "koxav,  lie  in  wait,  <  ?<i^of,  ambush,  lying 
in  wait,  <  Acyetv,  lay  asleep,  in  pass,  lie  asleep, 
lie :  see  lay1,  We1.]    A  genus  of  crustaceans, 
typical  of  the  family  Bomolochidce. 
bonH,  ti.    Obsolete  form  of  ftowe1. 
bon'2t,  "•     Obsolete  form  of  boon1. 
bonst,  «.     Obsolete  form  of  boon3. 
bon4  (F.  pron.  bto),  a.     [F.,  <  OF.  bon,  >  ME. 
bone,  mod.  E.  boon3,  q.  v.]     Good:  a  French 
word  occurring  in  several  phrases  familiar  in 
English,  but  not  Anglicized,  as  bon  mot,  bon  ton, 
bon  vivant,  etc. 

bona  (bo'na),  n.  pi.  [L.,  property,  goods,  pi.  of 
bonnm,  a  good  thing,  neut.  of  bonus,  good.  Cf . 
E.  goods,  a  translation  of  bona.']  Literally, 
goods;  in  civil  law,  all  sorts  of  property,  mova- 
ble and  immovable. 

bon  accord  (bon  a-kdrd')-  [F. :  see  6on*  and 
accord,  «.]  1.  Agreement;  good  will. — 2.  An 
expression  or  token  of  good  will — The  city  of 
bon  accord,  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  Bon  accord  being  the 
motto  of  the  town's  arms. 

bonace-tree  (bon'as-tre),  «.  [<  bonace  (uncer- 
tain) +  tree.]  A  small  tree  of  Jamaica,  Daph- 
iiopsis  tinifolia,  natural  order  Thymeleaeea,  the 
inner  bark  of  which  is  very  fibrous  and  is  used 
for  cordage,  etc.  Also  called  burn-nose  tree. 
bona  fide  (bo'na  fi"de).  [L.,  abl.  of  bona  fides, 
good  faith:  see  bona  fides."]  In  or  with  good 
faith ;  without  fraud  or  deception ;  with  sincer- 
ity; genuinely:  frequently  used  as  a  compound 
adjective  in  the  sense  of  honest ;  genuine ;  not 
make-believe.  An  act  done  bona  fide,  in  law,  is  one  done 
without  fraud,  or  without  knowledge  or  notice  of  any  de- 
ceit or  impropriety,  in  contradistinction  to  an  act  done 
deceitfully,  with  bad  faith,  fraudulently,  or  with  know- 
ledge of  previous  facts  rendering  the  act  to  be  set  up  in- 
valid.— Bona-flde  possessor,  in  law,  a  person  who  not 
only  possesses  a  subject  upon  a  title  which  he  honestly  be- 
lieves to  be  good,  but  is  ignorant  of  any  attempt  to  contest 
his  title  by  some  other  person  claiming  a  better  right. — 
Bona-flde  purchaser,  in  law,  one  who  has  bought  prop- 
erty without  notice  of  an  adverse  claim,  and  has  paid  a 
full  price  for  it  before  having  such  notice,  or  who  has  been 
unaware  of  any  circumstances  making  it  prudent  to  in- 
quire whether  an  adverse  claim  existed. 
bona  fides  (bo'na  fi'dez).  [L.:  bona,  fern,  of 
bonus  (>  ult.  E.  boon3),  good;  fides,  >  ult.  E. 
faith.']  Good  faith;  fair  dealing.  See  bona 
fide. 

bonaget,  bonnaget  (bon'aj),  «.  [Sc.,  appar.  a 
var.  (simulating  bondage)  of  booiiage,  q.  v.] 
Services  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his  landlord 
as  part  payment  of  rent. 

bonaght,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  written  60- 
IHM/II,  bonough,  repr.  Ir.  bitttna,  a  billeted  soldier. 
buanadh,  a  soldier.]  -A  permanent  soldier. 
.V.  E.  D. 

bonaghtt,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.,  also  l,oiniaght, 
Ixiiinuyht,  etc.,  repr.  Ir.  bitanacltt,  quartering  of 
soldiers.]  A  tax  or  tribute  formerly  levied  by 
Irish  chiefs  for  the  maintenance  of  soldiers. 
N.  E.  D. 
bonailt,  bonailliet,  »•  [Sc.]  Same  as  bonally. 


bonail 

On  the  brave  vessel's  gunwale  1  drunk  his  lionail 
And  farewell  ti>  Mark.  n/.i.\  Iliiih  chief  of  Kintail. 

»"'/,  Farewell  t«  .Maeken/ie. 

bonairt  (bo-niir'),  «.  [<  ME.  /<«/»»/;•,  /«»m/,v, 
boncri:;  short  for  debonair,  q.  v.]  Complaisant ; 
courteous;  kind;  yielding. 

lion/til-  iillil   I.IIXOIII  to  the   llishnp  (.f  Koine. 

/,>.  ./,  ii-.'ll,  [>cf.  of  Apol.  lor  church  ,,f  r.nt'..  ]..  UK 

bonairtet,  »•  [ME.,  also  bonairete,  bonerte;  short 

for  ilfbonairh;  q.  v.]    Complaisance;  courtesy. 

CiHIill'rr. 

bonallyt  (bo-ual'i),  M.  [Se.,  also  written  bomiil- 
lie,  biniiinillii',  hiiiiiinilli;  linniiil,  luiiiiinil :  <  !•'./»<». 
good,  +  dlk'i-,  £c> :  xei>  ''"'"'•'  iind  tilli'i/1.']  Good- 
si 1 :  t'aivwoll :  as,  to  drink  one's  bmialli/. 

bonang  (bo-nang'),  >'•  A  Javanese  musical  in- 
strument, consisting  of  gongs  mounted  on  a 
frame. 

bona  notabilia  (bo'iift  no-ta-bil'i-ft).  [Law 
L. :  L.  bona,  goods ;  itoiabilia,  neut.  pi.  of  not<i- 
bilis,  to  be  noted :  see  bona  and  notable.]  In 
lair,  assets  situated  in  a  jurisdiction  other  than 
that  in  which  the  owner  died.  Formerly  In  Eng- 
land, when  the  goods,  amounting  to  at  least  C>.  were  in 
another  diocese  than  that  In  which  their  owner  died,  his 
will  had  to  be  proved  before  the  archbishop  of  the  province. 

bonanza  (bo-nan'zjl),  n.  [<  Sp.  bonanza  (= 
Pg.  bonanza),  fair  weather  at  sea,  prosperity, 
success  (ir  en  bonanza,  sail  with  fair  wind  and 
weather,  go  on  prosperously)  (cf.  It.  boitncci/i 
=  Pr.  bonassa,  >  F.  bounce,  a  calm  at  sea),  < 
L.  bonus  (>  Sp.  biteno  =  Pg.  bom  =  It.  buono  = 
F.  ban),  good ;  cf.  OSp.  malina,  stormy  weather 
at  sea,  <  L.  malux,  bad.]  1.  A  term  in  common 
use  iu  the  Pacific  States,  signifying  a  rich  mass 
of  ore:  opposed  to  borrasca.  Hence  —  2.  A 
mine  of  wealth ;  a  profitable  thing;  good  luck: 
as,  to  strike  a  bonanza.  [Colloq.,  V.  8.]  — The 
Bonanza  mines,  specifically,  those  silver-mines  on  the 
Comstock  lode  in  Nevada  which  yielded  enormously  for  a 
few  years. 

Bonapartean  (bo'na-par-te-an),  a.  [<  Bona- 
l>artc,  It.  Ilitonnpttrie,  family  name  of  Napo- 
leon.] Pertaining  to  Bonaparte  or  the  Bona- 
partes: as,  "  Bonapartean  dynasty,"  Craig. 

Bonapartism  (bo'na-par-tizm),  n.  [<  F.  Bona- 
IKirtisme,  <  Bonaparte  +  -isme,  -ism.]  1.  The 
policy  or  political  system  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte and  his  dynasty. — 2.  Devotion  to  the 
Bonaparte  family;  adherence  to  the  cause  or 
the  dynastic  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

Bonapartist  (bo'na-par-tist),  n.  and  a.  [<  F. 
BonapartiKte,  <  Bonaparte  +  -iste,  -ist.]  I.  n. 
1.  An  adherent  of  the  Bonapartes,  or  of  the 
policy  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  his  dynasty. 
—  2.  One  who  favors  the  claims  of  the  Bona- 
parte family  to  the  imperial  throne  of  France. 
II.  a.  Adhering  to  or  favoring  the  dynasty, 
policy,  or  claims  of  the  Bonapartes. 

bona  peritura  (bo'nil  per-i-tu'ra).  [Law  L. : 
L.  bona,  goods;  peritura,  neut.  pi.  otperiturus, 
f  lit.  part,  of  perire,  perish :  see  bona  and  per- 
ish."] In  law,  perishable  goods. 

bona-robat  (bo'na-ro'ba).  «.  [It.  buonarobba, 
"  a  good  wholesome  plum-cheeked  wench " 
(Florio),  lit.  a  fine  gown,  <  buona,  fern,  of  buono, 
good,  fine.  +  robba,  roba,  gown:  see  bon<iii:«, 
ooo«3,  and  robe.'}  A  showy  wanton;  a  wench 
of  the  town ;  a  courtezan. 
A  bouncing  bona-roba.  B.  Jonton,  New  Inn. 

Some  prefer  the  French, 
For  their  conceited  dressings ;  some  the  plump 
Italian  Innm-riilm*.          Wett-lier,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

Bonasa,  Bonasia  (bo-na'sa,  -si-a),  n.  [NL. 
Cf.  boiiafins.]  A  genus  of  gallinaceous  birds, 
of  the  family  Tetraonidae,  containing  especially 
B.  betulina,  the  hazel-grouse  of  Europe,  and  B. 
umbella,  the  ruffed  grouse,  pheasant,  or  par- 
tridge of  North  America.  They  have  a  ruffle  of 


610 

bonasus,  bonassus  (bo-na'sus,  -nas'us),  «. 
[L.  ftoMMM,  <  (>r.  ,1<ivaaof  or  j}6vaaaof,  the  wild 
ox.]  1.  The  wild  bison  of  Europe;  the  au- 
rochs (which  see). — 2.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
neric name  of  the  bisons,  and  thus  a  synonym 
of  Bixon  (which  see). 

bonbatzen  (bon-bat'sen),  «.     Same  as  but:. 

bonbon  (bon'bon;  F.  pron.  boii'boii),  ;i.     (!•'., 

•a  reduplication  of  bon,  good :  see  6o»*,  fcoow3. 
Cf.  equiv.  E.  f/iioilien.']  A  sugar-plum;  in  the 
plural,  sugar-confectionery. 

Ills  grace,  charmed  with  the  lam-hint  of  his  aunt  and 
the  kisses  of  his  cousins,  which  were  eveu  sweeter  than 
Hi.  snuar-pliims,  etc.  llitraeli,  Young  Duke,  I.  1. 

bonce  (bons),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  A  large 
marble  for  playing  with. — 2.  A  game  played 
with  such  marbles,  -iV.  E.  D.  [Eng.] 

bonchieft,  ».  [<  ME.  bonchef.  boim-lnff,  txton- 
fliii-f,  <  bone,  good  (see  boon?),  +  chef,  <•///>;'. 
head,  end,  issue,  prob.  after  analogy  of  mischief, 
q.  v.1  Good  fortune;  prosperity. 

bon-chretien  (F.  pron.  boii-kra'tian),  n.  [F., 
good  Christian:  see  booifi  and  Christian.]  A 
highly  esteemed  kind  of  pear. 

bond1  (bond),  «.  [<  ME.  bond,  a  variant  of 
band,  as  Imml  of  hand,  etc.:  see  band1.]  1. 
Anything  that  binds,  fastens,  confines,  or  holds 
together,  as  a  cord,  chain,  rope,  band,  or  ban- 
dage ;  a  ligament. 

I  tore  them  [hairs)  from  their  bondt. 

Shot.,  K.  John,  III.  4. 

Specifically — 2.  pi.  Fetters;   chains  for  re- 
straint; hence,  imprisonment;  captivity. 

This  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of  bondt. 

Acts  xxvi.  31. 

3.  A  binding  or  uniting  power  or  influence; 
cause  of  union;  link  of  connection ;  a  uniting 
tie :  as,  the  bonds  of  affection. 

Farewell,  thou  worthy  man !    There  were  two  bondi 

That  tied  our  loves,  a  brother  and  a  king. 

•MM.  and  /v..  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  2. 

There  Is  a  strong  bond  of  affection  between  us  and  our 
parents.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Bellgio  Medici,  il.  14. 

I  have  struggled  through  much  discouragement  .  .  . 
for  a  people  with  whom  I  have  no  tie  but  the  common 
bond  of  mankind.  Burke,  To  Sir  H.  Langrishe. 

4.  Something  that  constrains  the  mind  or  will ; 
obligation;  duty. 

I  love  your  majesty 
According  to  my  bond,  nor  more  nor  less. 

Shale.,  Lear,  L  1. 

Sir  Aylmer,  reddening  from  the  storm  within, 
Then  broke  all  boiula  of  courtesy. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

5.  An  agreement  or  engagement;  a  covenant 
between  two  or  more  persons. 

I  will  bring  you  into  the  bond  of  the  covenant. 

Ezek.  ix.  37. 
A  bond  offensive  and  defensive. 

Sir  J.  Melml  (1610),  Mem.,  p.  12. 

6.  [<  D.  bond,  league.]     A  league  or  confed- 
eration: used  of  the  Dutch-speaking  popula- 
tions of  southern  Africa. —  7.  In  law,  an  in- 
strument under  seal  by  which  the  maker  binds 
himself,  and  usually  also  his  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators  (or,  if  a  corporation,  their 
successors),  to  do  or  not  to  do  a  specified  act. 
If  it  Is  merely  a  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  before 
a  future  day  appointed,  it  is  called  a  tingle  bond.    But 
the  usual  form  is  for  the  obligor  to  bind  himself,  his  exec- 
utors, etc.,  in  a  specified  sum  or  penalty,  with  a  condition 
added,  on  performance  of  which  it  is  declared  the  obliga- 
tion shall  he  void.    When  such  a  condition  Is  added,  the 
bond  is  called  a  penal  bond  or  obligation.    The  person  to 
whom  the  bond  is  granted  is  called  the  obligee, 

8.  The  state  of  being  in  a  bonded  warehouse 
or  store  in  charge  of  custom-house  or  excise  offi- 
cers :  said  of  goods  or  merchandise :  as,  tea  and 
wine  still  in  bond. — 9f .  A  surety :  a  bondsman ; 
bail.  Pepys,  Diary. — 10.  A  certificate  of  owner- 
ship of  a  specified  portion  of  a  capital  debt  due 
by  a  government,  a  city,  a  railroad,  or  other 
corporation  to  individual  holders,  and  usually 
bearing  a  fixed  rate  of  interest.  The  bonds  of  the 
I'nited  States  are  of  two  classes :  (1)  coupon  bondt,  both 
principal  and  interest  of  which  are  payable  to  bearer, 
and  which  pass  by  delivery,  usually  without  indorsement ; 
(2)  regutered  bondi,  which  are  payable  only  to  the  parties 
whose  names  are  inscribed  upon  them,  and  can  be  trans- 
ferred only  by  indorsed  assignment. 
11.  In  cnem.,  a  unit  of  combining  or  satu- 
rating power  equivalent  to  that  of  one  hydro- 
gen atom.  The  valence  of  an  element  or  group  Is  in- 
dicated by  the  number  of  its  bonds.  Thus,  the  carbon 
atom  is  said  to  have  four  bonds,  that  is,  it  may  combine 
directly  with  four  hydrogen  atom*  or  their  equivalents. 
Bonds  are  usually  represented  graphically  by  short  dashes. 
For  instance,  the  valence  of  a  carbon  atom  may  be  repre- 


KutTed  Grouse  (Bonasa  ttmMla}. 

feathers  "n  each  side  of  the  neck,  a  broad  fan-shaped 
tail,  partly  feathered  shanks,  and  a  small  rrot.  They 
an  woodland  birds,  noted  for  their  habit  of  drumming, 
»henc>-  probably  their  name,  the  noise  being  likened  to 

tilt-  hellou  inj;  of  a  bull. 


bond 

inn-  nvt'i'  tin'  iitluT  ;i>  the  work  is  earned  up,  so 
that  a  homogeneous  and  coherent  mass  may 
be  formed,  which  could  not  be  the  case  if  every 
vertical  joint  were  over  that  below  it.  See 
I-IHI  in-bond,  cronx-ltond,  heart-bond,  and  phrases 
below,  (b)  pi.  The  whole  of  the  timbers  dis- 
posed in  the  walls  of  a  house,  as  bond-timbers, 
wall-plates,  lintels,  and  templets. — 13.  The 
distance  between  the  nail  of  one  slate  in  a  roof 
and  the  lower  edge  of  the  slate  above  it.  Active 
bonds  Arbitration  bond.  See  arbitra- 

""".     Average  bond,  in  mark  an  under- 

taking in  tile  lorm  »I  a  bond,  uhen  t"  tb>  .  .ijit.iin  of  a 
ship  b\  .  ..ii-n-h'  .-s  of  cargo  subject  to  general  average, 
guaranteeing  payment  of  their  contribution  »h<  n  ascer- 
tained, provided  delivery  of  Hi.  ii  ^..ods  be  made  at  once. 
."i'"-.  Blank  bond,  a  Imml  formerly  used  In 
which  the  space  for  the  creditor's  name  was  left  blank. — 
Block-and-cross  bond,  a  method  of  building  In  which 

tin  outer  fa f  the  wall  is  built  In  croM  bond  and  the 

inner  face  in  block-bond.  Bond  for  land,  bond  for  a 
deed,  a  bond  «iv, -n  by  the  seller  of  land  to  one  agreeing 
to  buy  it,  binding  him  to  convey  on  receiving  the  agreed 
price.— Bond  of  caution.  In  Scat*  law,  an  obligation  by 
one  person  as  surety  for  another  either  that  he  shall  pay 
a  certain  sum  or  perform  a  certain  act— Bond  of  cor- 
roboratiOn,  an  additional  obligation  granted  by  the 
debtor  in  atwmd,  by  which  he  corroborates  the  original 
obligation.  Bond  of  indemnity,  a  bond  conditioned  to 
indemnify  the  obligee  against  some  loss  or  liability.— 
Bond  of  presentation,  in  Scott  law,  a  bond  to  present  a 
debtor  so  that  he  may  lie  subjected  to  the  diligence  of  his 
creditor.  —  Bond  of  relief,  In  Scott  law,  a  bond  by  the 
principal  debtor  granted  in  favor  of  a  cautioner,  by  which 
the  debtor  hinds  himself  to  relieve  the  cautioner  from 
the  consequences  of  his  obligation.— Collateral  trust- 
bonds,  bonds  issued  hy  a  corporation  and  secured,  not, 
as  is  usual,  by  a  mortgage  on  its  own  property,  but  by 
pledging  or  depositing  In  trust,  on  behalf  of  the  bondhold- 
ers to  lie  secured,  mortgage-bonds  of  other  companies  held 
by  it  as  security.  The  interest  paid  on  these  collateral 
trust-bonds  Is  usually  less  than  that  received  on  the  lionds 
pledged,  the  surplus  l)elng  used  to  form  a  sinking-fund  for 
the  redemption  of  the  former.— Consolidated  bonds, 
the  name  commonly  given  to  railroad  bonds  secured  by 
mortgage  on  the  entire  line  formed  hy  several  consoli- 
dated roads,  in  contradistinction  to  divisional  bondt, 
which  are  obligations  of  the  consolidated  company  se« 
fined  by  mortgage  on  some  particular  division  of  the  rail- 
road.—  Convertible  bonds,  evidences  of  debt  issued  by 
a  stock  company  which  contain  a  provision  that  they  may 
be  converted  at  the  holder's  will  into  an  equivalent  amount 

of  stock.  —  Di- 
agonal bond,  in 
biicktayinff,  the 
simplest  form  of 
raking  bond,  In 
which  the  courses 
are  all  parallel  to 
each  other. —  Di- 
visional bonds. 
See  under  «m- 
tolidated  bondt, 
above.  — English 
bond,  that  Jispo- 
sitlon  of  bricks  In 
a  wall  in  which 
the  courses  are 
alternately  com- 
posed entirely  of 
neaders.  or  bricks 
laid  with  their  heads  or  ends  toward  the  face  of  the  wall, 
and  of  stretchers,  or  bricks  with  their  length  parallel 

to  the  face  of  the  _ 

wall.  —  Flemish 
bond,    that    dis- 

rition  of  bricks 
a     wall     in 
which  each  course 
Is    composed    of 
headers  and 

stretchers    alter- 
nately. 

What  Is  In  Eng- 
land called  F Irm- 
iith  bond  Is  un- 
known In  Flan- 
ders, and  Is  prac- 
tised in  the  Brit- 
ish Isles  alone. 
Encijc.  Brit.,  IV. 
[461. 


-^r 

H 

n 

i 

II 

ii 

1  1 

i 

i 

English  Bond. 

i,  face  of  wall :    2,  end  of  wall :    I  nrat- 
cource  Ited  ;  4.  second-course  bed. 


Flemish  Bond. 

i.  face  of  wall ;    2.  end  of  wall  :    3.  first- 
course  bed  ;  4.  second-course  l>ed. 


Forthcoming  bond,  a  Iwnd  given  by  some  one  guaran- 
teeing that  something  shall  lie  produced  or  forthcoming 
at  a  particular  time,  or  when  called  for.  —  Garden-bond. 
Same  as  Mock-bond.—  General  mortgage-bonds,  the 
name  commonly  given  to  a  corporate  iiiort^aL'c.  which, 
though  nominally  covering  all  i>n>i*rty  of  the  company,  Ii 
of  inferior  security  because  subject  to  prior  mortgages  of 
various  kinds.  —  Good  bond,  an  expression  used  by  car- 
penters to  denote  the  firm  fastening  of  two  or  morepieces 
together,  by  tenoning,  mortising,  or  dovetailing.  —  Herit- 
able bond,  in  Scott  late,  A  bond  for  a  sum  of  money,  to 
which  Is  joined  for  the  creditor's  further  security  a  con- 
veyance of  land  or  of  heritage,  to  lie  held  by  the  creditor 
In  security  of  the  debt.  —  Herring-bone  bond,  in  brick- 
laying, a  kind  of  raking  lioml  In  which  the  courses  lie  al- 
ternately at  right  angles  to  each  other,  so  that  every  two 
courses,  taken  together,  present  an  appearance  similar  to 
the  backbone  of  a  tish.  —  Income-bonds,  tumils  of  a  cor- 


One or  more  pairs  of  bond»  belonging  to  one  and  the  same 
atom  of  an  element  can  unite,  and,  having  saturated  each 
other,  become  as  it  were  latent.  Frankland,  Chemistry. 

12.  In  building:  (a)   The  connection  of  one 
stone  or  brick  with  another  made  by  lapping 


.  , 

poration  secured  by  a  pledge  of  or  lien  upon  the  net  in- 
come, after  payment  of  interest  upon  senior  mortgages. 
Cumulative  income-bonds  are  those  so  expressed  that,  If 
the  net  surplus  income  of  any  year  is  not  sufficient  to  pay 
full  interest  on  the  income-bond,  the  deficit  is  carried  for- 
ward as  a  lien  upon  such  Income  in  following  years,  until 
paid  In  full.  —  Lloyd's  bond,  a  form  of  legal  Instrument 
devised  by  an  English  barrister  named  Lloyd,  to  enable 
railway  and  other  corporate  companies  in  England  to  In- 
crease their  indebtedness  without  infringing  ihe  statute* 


bond 

under  which  they  N  ere  incorporated  and  which  prohibited 
borrowing.  This  end  was  accomplished  by  issuing  bonds 
bearing  interest  for  work  done  or  for  goods  delivered. — 
Passive  bonds.  See  active  bonds,  under  active.— Quarry- 
stone  bond,  rubble  masonry.— Raking  bond,  a  method 
of  bricklaying  in  which  the  bricks  are  laid  at  an  angle  in 
the  face  of  the  wall.  There  are  two  kinds,  diagonal  and 
herring-bone.— Registered  bond,  an  obligation,  usually 
of  a  state  or  corporation,  for  the  payment  of  money,  regis- 
tered in  the  holder's  name  on  the  liooks  of  the  debtor,  and 
represented  by  a  single  certificate  delivered  to  the  credi- 
tor.—Running  bond,  in  MMajfiiui,  same  as  English 
bond.—  Straw  bond,  a  bond  upon  which  either  fictitious 
names  or  the  names  of  persons  unable  to  pay  the  sum 
guaranteed  are  written  as  names  of  sureties. 


620       «• 

4.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude ;  serfdom. 

A  sadly  toiling  slave, 

Dragging  the  slowly  lengthening  chain  of  bondage  to  the 
grave.  Whittier,  Cassandra  Southwick. 


imprisonment;    restraint  of  a 
person's  liberty  by  compulsion. 

A  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty 
Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bondage. 

Addi&on,  Cato,  ii.  1. 

6.  Figuratively,  subjection  to  some  power  or 
influence:  as,  he  is  in  bondage  to  his  appetites. 

=  Syn.  4.  Slavery,  etc.  (see  servititde),  thraldom,  serfdom. 

bond1  (bond),  o.  [<  bond*,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  bondage  (bon'daj),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bandaged, 
put  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded  warehouse,  as  ppr.  boiidaging.'  [<  bondage,  n.]  To  reduce  to 
goods  liable  for  customs  or  excise  duties,  the  bondage  or  slavery ;  enslave.  [Obsoleteorrare.] 
duties  remaining  unpaid  till  the  goods  are  taken  bondager  (bon'da-jer),  n.  [<  bondage,  n.,  + 
out,  but  bonds  being  given  for  their  payment :  .erl.]  In  Scotland  and  the  north  of  England, 
as,  to  bond  1,000  pounds  of  tobacco.— 2.  To  One  who  rents  a  cottage  on  a  farm  and  is 
grant  a  bond  or  bond  and  mortgage  on :  as,  to  bound,  as  a  condition  of  his  tenancy,  to  work 
bond  property.— 3.  To  convert  into  bonds :  as,  for  the  farmer  at  certain  seasons,  such  as  tur- 
to  bond  a  debt.— 4.  To  place  a  bonded  debt  up-  nip-hoeing  or  harvest-time,  or  to  supply  a  work- 
on  :  as,  to  bond  a  railroad.— 5.  In  building,  to  er  from  his  own  family,  at  current  wages.  See 
bind  or  hold  together  (bncks  or  stones  in  a  wall)  bondage,  n.,  2. 

by  a  proper  disposition  of  headers  and  stretch-  bond-COOper  (bond'kup"er),  n.     One  who  has 
ers,  or  by  cement,  mortar,  etc.   See  bond*,  n.,  12.     charge  of  casks  of  wine  and  spirits  held  in  bond. 
The  lower  parts  of  the  palace- walls,  which  are  preserved  bond-creditor  (bond'kred"i-tor),  n.    A  creditor 
to  a  height  of  eighteen  inches  to  three  feet,  consist  of  quar-     wl,n  is  sppiirpd  hv  n  hnnrl 
ry-stones  bonded  with  clay.       X.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  526.  ,W   j  J  secured  Dy  a  bond. 

Town-bonding  acts  or  laws,  laws  enacted  by  several  of  ,?,;.f,D    nW9     t'      ^"'v.  V         contracted 

the  United  States,  authorizing  towns,  counties,  and  other  under  tlie  obligation  01  a  bond. 

municipal  corporations  to  issue  their  corporate  bonds  for  bonded  (bon  ded),JJ.  a.    [<  bond*,  V.,  +  -ed2.]    1. 

the  purpose  of  aiding  the  construction  of  railroads.  Secured  by  bonds,  as  duties. — 2    Put  or  placed 

II.   intrans.   To  hold  together  from  being  inbond:  as,  bonded  goods.—  3.  Encumbered; 

bonded,  as  bricks  in  a  wall.  mortgaged:  as,  heavily  bonded  property.— 4. 

The  imperfectly  shaped  and  variously  sized  stone  as  Secured  by  or  consisting  of  bonds :  as,  bonded 

)le  can  neither  bed  nor  ^*^    Jv  ^  debt-Bonded  debt,  that  part  of  the_entire  indebted- 


bond2  (bond),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  bonde,  peasant, 
servant,  bondman.  ME.  bonde  occurs  in  its 
proper  sense  of  'man  of  inferior  rank,'  also 
as  adj.,  unfree,  bond  (>  ML.  bondus,  AF.  bond, 
bonde),  <  AS.  bonda,  bunda,  a  householder, 
head  of  a  family,  husband  (see  husband),  < 


ness  of  a  corporation,  state,  etc.,  which  is  represented 
by  the  bonds  it  has  issued,  as  distinguished  from  floating 
debt.— Bonded  warehouse,  or  bonded  store,  a  build- 


.— ,  ,  - 

ing or  warehouse  in  which  imported  goods  subject  to  duty, 
or  goods  chargeable  with  internal-revenue  taxes,  are  stored 
until  the  importer  or  bonder  withdraws  them  for  exporta- 
tion without  payment  of  duty  or  tax,  or  makes  payment 

.,, ,„„„    ..TO™.™,,   ,,     of  the  duties  or  taxes  and  takes  delivery  of  his  goods. 

Icel.  bondi,  contr.  of  boandi,  buandi,  a  husband-  bonder1  (bon'der),  n.  [<  bond*,  v.,  +  -«*.]  1. 
man,  householder  (=  OSw.  boandi,  bondi,  Sw.  O116  who  bonds;  one  who  deposits  goods  in  a 
Dan.  bonde,  a  farmer,  husbandman,  peasant),  bonded  warehouse. — 2.  In  masonry,  a  stone 
prop.  ppr.  (=  AS.  buende)  of  bua  =  AS.  Man  which  reaches  a  considerable  distance  into  or 
dwell,  trans,  occupy,  till.  From  the  same  root  entirely  through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  bind- 
come  boor,  Boer,  Sower1,  bower®,  boun,  bound*,  ing it;  together :  principally  used  when  the  wall 
big2,  and  ult.  be*.  The  same  element  bond  oc-  ia  faced  with  ashler  for  the  purpose  of  tying 
cursunfeltin/iMs&aMd,  earlier  husband:  see/Mis-  tne  facing  to  the  rough  backing.  Also  called 
band.  The  word  bond,  prop,  a  noun,  acquired  bond-stone.  See  cut  under  ashler. 
an  adjective  use  from  its  frequent  occurrence  bonder2  (bon'der),  n.  [Erroneously  <  Dan. 
as  the  antithesis  of  free.  The  notion  of  send-  Sw-  Norw.  bonde  (pi.  bonder) :  see_  bond2,  n.] 


tude  is  not  original,  but  is  due  partly  to  the 
inferior  nature  of  the  tenure  held  by  the  bond 
(def.  2),  and  partly  to  a  confusion  with  the  un- 
related bond1  and  bound,  pp.  of  bind."]  I.f 


ment,  a  corporation,  or  an  individual. 

The  South  had  bonds  and  bondholders  as  well  as  the 
North,  and  their  bondholders  have  memories  as  well  as 
ours.  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  498. 


A  yeoman  of  Norway,  Sweden,  or  Denmark. 

The  bonders  gathered  to  the  thing  as  the  ceorls  to  the 
moot.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  55. 

-_,     — .      -         Gradually  arms  were  taken  from  the  hands  of  the  free- 

1.  A  peasant;  a  churl. — 2.  A  vassal ;  a  serf;     men  and  the  bonders,  and  they  sank  to  the  condition  of 
one  held  in  bondage  to  a  superior.  Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  458. 

II.  a.  If.  Subject  to  the  tenure  called  bond-  bonderman  (bon'der-man),  n.    Same  as  bon- 
age. —  2.  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  slavery;    der2. 

not  free.  bondfolk  (bond'fok).  n.     [<  ME.  bondefolk  (= 

Whether  we  be  Jews  or  Gentiles,  whether  we  be  bond     Sw.  bondfolk  =  Dan.  bondefolk)  ;  <  bond2  +folk.] 
or  free-  *  Cor.  xii.  13.     Persons  held  in  bondage.     Chaucer. 

Riche  &  pore,  free  &  bonde,  that  wol  axe  grace.          bondholder  (bond'hol'der),  n.    One  who  holds 
Hymns  to  the  Virgin,  p.  53.     Or  owns  a  bond  or  bonds  issued  by  a  govern- 
Lered  men  &  lay,  fre  &  bond  of  toune.  ment.  a  cornoration.  or  an  individual. 

Robert  of  Brimne,  tr.  by  Langtoft,  p.  171. 
Makyng  them  selues  bonde  to  vanitie  and  vice  at  home, 
they  are  content  to  beare  the  yoke  of  seruyng  straungers 
abroad.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  72. 

3f.  Servile;  slavish;  pertaining  to  or  befitting  bondland  (bond'land),  n.      [<  bond2  +  land.] 
a  slave :  as,  bond  fear.  Land  held  by  bondage  tenure.     See  bondage, 

bond2t  (bond),  v.  t.     [<  bond2,   n.  or  a.]     To    »••  }• 

subject  to  bondage.  bondless  (bond  les),   a.       [<  bond*  +   -less.] 

bondage  (bon'daj),  ».     [Early  mod.   E.   also    Without  bonds  or  fetters ;  unfettered. 
boundage;  <  ME.  bondage,  AF.  bondage,  ML.  bondlyt,  adv.    [<  bond2  +  -ly2.]    As  a  serf  or 
bondagium,  an  inferior  tenure  held  by  a  bond    slave  >  servilely. 

or  husbandman :  see  bond2,  n.,  2.    In  mod.  use  bondmaid  (bond'mad),  n.     [<  bond2  +  maid.] 
associated  with  bond*  and  bound*.]     1.  In  old 
Eng.  law,  villeinage;  tenure  of  land  by  per- 
forming the  meanest  services  for  a  superior. 
Syche  bondage  shalle  I  to  theym  beyde, 
To  dyke  and  delf,  here  and  draw, 
And  to  do  alle  unhonest  deyde. 

Tou-neley  Mysteries,  p.  57. 

2.  In  Scot,  agri.,  the  state  of,  or  services  due 
by,  a  bondager.    See  bondager. 

Another  set  of  payments  consisted  in  services  called 
bondage  These  were  exacted  either  in  seed-time  in  plough- 
ing and  harrowing  the  proprietor's  land,  or  in  summer  in 
the  carriage  of  his  coals  or  other  fuel,  and  in  harvest  in 


bone 

If  thy  brother  ...  be  waxen  poor,  and  bo  wild  unto 
thee,  thou  shalt  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a  bond-ser- 
vant. Lev.  xxv.  39. 

bond-service  (bond'ser"vis),  n.    Service  with- 
out hire,  as  of  a  bond-servant ;  slavery. 
Upon  those  did  Solomon  levy  a  tribute  of  bond-service. 

1  Ki.  ix.  21. 

bond-slave  (bond'slav),  n.  A  person  in  a  state 
of  slavery ;  one  whose  person  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master;  a  slave ; 
a  bondman. 

bondsman1  (bondz '  man),  n. ;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).  [<  bond's,  pos's.  of  bond*,  +  man.] 
In  law,  a  surety;  one  who  is  bound  or  who 
by  bond  becomes  surety  for  another. 

bondsman2  (boudz'man),  ».;  pi.  bondsmen 
(-men).  Same  as  bondman,  2. 

bond-stone  (bond'ston),  «.  [<  bond*,  12  (a),  + 
stone.]  Same  as  bonder*,  2. 

bondswoman  (bondz'wum"an),  n. ;  pi.  bonds- 
women (-wim"en).  See  bondwoman. 

The  senators 
Are  sold  for  slaves,  and  their  wives  for  bondswomen. 

B.  Jmwon,  Catiline. 

bond-tenant  (bond'ten"ant),  n.  [<  bond2  + 
tenant.]  In  law,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
copyholders  and  customary  tenants. 

bond-timber  (bond'tim"ber),  n.  [<  bondi,  12 
(b),  +  timber.]  One  of  the  timbers  placed  in 
horizontal  tiers  at  certain.intervals  in  the  walls 
of  buildings,  for  fixing  battens,  laths,  and  other 
finishings  of  wood,  and  for  strengthening  the 
wall  longitudinally.  Also  called  chain-timber. 

bonduc-seeds  (bon'duk-sedz),  n.  pi.  [<  bonduc 
(<  F.  bonduc,  <  Ar.  bonduq,  a  hazel-nut,  for- 
merly applied  to  some  other  nut ;  cf .  Ar.  funduq 
=  Hind,  finduq,  <  Pers.  funduq,  finduq,  OPers. 
fendak,  pendak,  a  filbert,  perhaps  =  Skt.  win- 
daka,  dim.  of  pinda,  a  ball,  lump,  cake)  + 
seeds.]  The  seeds  of  Caisalpiiiia  Bonducella,  a 
common  leguminous  climber  on  tropical  shores. 
They  are  of  a  clear  slate-color,  and  are  used  for  necklaces, 
rosaries,  etc.  Also  called  nicker-nuts. 

bondwoman  (bond'wum'i'an),  ». ;  pi.  bondwomen 
(-wim'en).  [<  ME.  bond-womman,  <  6owde(see 
bond2)  +  womman,  woman.]  A  female  slave. 
Also  improperly  written  bondswoman. 

bone1  (bon),  n.  [=  So.  bane,  bain;  <  ME.  boon, 
ban,  ban,  bane,  <  AS.  ban,  a  bone,  =  OS.  ben  = 
OFries.  ben  =  I),  been  =  MLG.  ben.  LG.  been  = 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  bein,  a  bone,  =  Icel.  bein  =  Sw. 
ben  =  Dan.  ben,  been  (D.  G.  Icel.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  also  in  sense  of  'leg');  perhaps  akin 
to  Icel.  beinn,  straight.]  1.  An  animal  tissue, 


A  female  slave,  or  a  female  bound  to  service 
without  wages. 
Thy  bondmen  and  thy  bondmaid*.  Lev.  xxv.  44. 

bondman  (bond'man),  n. ;  pi.  bondmen  (-men.) 
[ME.  bondeman  =  l)an.  bondemand;  <  bond2  + 
man.]  1.  In  old  Eng.  law,  a  villein,  or  tenant 
in  villeinage. 

Sometimes  a  farmer  when  seed-time  was  over  mustered 
his  bondmen  for  a  harvest  of  pillage  ere  the  time  came 
for  harvesting  his  fields.  J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.  p.  56 


cutting  down  his  crop.      Agric.  Survey,  Kincardineshire. 
[From  the  foregoi 


2.  A  man  slave,  or  a  man  bound  to  service 
without  wages.    Also  improperly  written  bonds- 
'     S0114™1  bllndt     Same  as  blindman's-bvf  1. 


[From  the  foregoing  extract  it  will  be  seen  that  formerly  v™^'  A        ,/    -,/'    ^  N      a8  "'!'"."!"'»  s-'ml>>  *• 

the  system  had  place  not  only,  as  now,  between  fanner  bond-paper  (bond'pa*per),  H.     A  kind  of  thin, 
and  laborer,  but  also  between  proprietor  and  farmer.]  uncalendered  paper  made  of  extra  stock,  used 

of.  Obligation ;  tie  of  duty ;  binding  power  or    f or  printing  bonds,  etc. 

lnflueilce-  bond-servant  (bond'ser'vant), ».  A  slave;  one 

[e  must  resolve  by  no  means  to  be  enslaved  and  to  lie     wn<>  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  another, 
ught  under  the  bondage  of  observing  oaths.       Smth.    and  who  must  give  his  service  without  hire. 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone. 


A,  cross-section  showing  two  Hiiversian  canals,  a,  a,  and  numerous 
corpuscles.  *,  b.  B,  longitudinal  section  showing  a,  a,  a,  Haversian 
canals,  and  bt  many  corpuscles. 

consisting  of  branching  cells  lying  in  an  in- 
tercellular substance  made  hard  with  earthy 
salts  (consisting  of  calcium  phosphate  with 
small  amounts  of  calcium  carbonate  and  mag- 
nesium phosphate,  etc.),  and  forming  the  sub- 
stance of  the  skeleton  or  hard  framework  of 
the  body  of  most  vertebrate  animals,  when  the 
earthy  salts  are  removed,  the  remaining  intercellular 
substance  is  of  cartilaginous  consistency,  and  is  called 
ossein  or  bone-cartilage. 

Through  the  substance  of  bone  are  scattered  minute 
cavities  —  the  lacunae,  which  send  out  multitudinous 
ramifications,  the  canaliculi.  The  canaliculi  of  different 
lacuna;  unite  together,  and  thus  establish  a  communi- 
cation between  the  different  lacuna;.  If  the  earthy 
matter  lie  extracted  by  dilute  acids,  a  nucleus  may  be 
found  In  each  lacuna;  and,  .  .  .  not  unfrequently,  the 
intermediate  substance  appears  minutely  tibrillated.  .  .  . 
In  a  dry  bone,  the  lacuna)  are  usually  filled  with  air. 
When  a  thin  section  of  such  a  bone  is  ...  covered  with 
water  and  a  thin  glass,  and  placed  under  the  microscope, 
the  air  in  the  lacunae  refracts  the  light  which  passes 
through  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  its  reach- 
ing the  eye,  and  they  appear  black.  ...  All  bones,  ex- 
cept the  smallest,  are  traversed  by  sniiill  canals,  con- 
verted by  side  branches  into  a  net-work,  and  containing 
vessels  supported  hy  more  or  less  connective  tissue  and 
fatty  matter.  These  are  called  Haversian  canals. 

II  ii.i-li'ii  find   YtnniHtiix,  I'hysiol.,  §  3;iO. 


2.  One  of  the  parts  which  make  up  the  *k 
ton  or  framework  of  vertebrate  animals  :  as,  a 
bone  of  the  leg  or  head.  Bones  of  cattle  mid  other 
animals  are  extensively  used  In  the  arts  in  forming  knife- 
handles,  buttons,  combs,  etc.,  ill  making  size,  gelatin, 
lampblack,  and  animal  charcoal,  and  for  various  other 
purposes.  They  are  also  extensively  employed  as  a  ma- 


bone 

nure  for  dry  Bolls,  with  the  very  best  effect,  Itelng  ground 
to  dual,  bruised,  or  broken  Into  small  fragments  in  mills, 
or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  aeiil.  I  h.  ^rcat  utility  of  iwnes 
as  a  manure  arises  from  the  phosphaU-  of  linn-  they  sup 
ply  to  thf  soil. 

3.  ]>l.  The  bones  of  the  body  taken  collectively; 
the  skeleton  ;   In-nee,  tin-  lioilily  frame;  a  body. 

Night  hangs  upon  mini'  eyes:  my  lumen  would  rest 
That  hair  but  lulxuiril  to  attain  this  hour. 

Slink..  .1.  ('.,  V.  6. 

4.  pi.  Mortal  remains :  the  skeleton  or  bony 
structure  being  the  moHt  permanent  part  of  a 
dead  body. 

And  Moses  took  the  hum-*  of  Joseph  with  him  :  for  he 
hail  Htraitly  sworn  thr  rhiMrrn  of  Israel,  saying,  God  will 
surely  visit  you ;  and  ye  shall  carry  up  my  bones  away 
hence  with  you.  Ex.  xlll.  10. 

5.  The  internal  shell  of  cuttlefishes  of  the  fam- 
ily ScpiidtF,  having  the  consistency  of  bone. 
Generally  called  cuttle-bone  or  cuttlefish-bone. — 

6.  Something  made  of  bone,  or  of  a  substance 
resembling  bone,   as  ivory,   -whalebone,   etc. 
(n)  pi.  Dice.    [Slang  or  colloq.J 

He  felt  a  little  odd  when  he  first  rattled  the  bones. 

Disraeli,  Young  Duke,  it.  6. 

Ib)  pi.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the  bobbins  used  in  mak- 
ing lace,  became  made  of  bone. 

The  spinsters  and  the  knitters  in  the  sun, 
And  the  free  maids,  that  weave  their  thread  with  buitf.ii. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  U.  4. 

(c)  pi.  Pieces  of  bone,  ivory,  or  wood,  used  in  pairs,  held 
between  the  fingers,  and  rattled  together  to  produce  a 
kind  of  music,  or  to  keep  time  to  music. 

I  have  a  reasonable  good  ear  in  music ;  let  us  have  the 
tongs  and  the  bone*.  Slink.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

Peter  rolling  about  in  the  chair  like  a  serenader  play- 
ing the  bones.  Mayhcw. 
(>0  A  strip  of  whalebone  used  to  stiffen  stays,  etc. 

7.  pi.  A  person  who  performs  with  the  bones. 
There  were  five  of  them  — Pell  was  bmte*.         Muiiln '"•. 

8f.  Half  of  the  stake  in  the  game  of  bone-ace 
(which  see). — 9.  In  coal-mining,  slaty  or  clayey 
portions  or  partings  in  coal — A  bone  to  pick, 
something  to  occupy  one  ;  a  difficulty,  dispute,  etc.,  to 
solve  or  settle  ;  a  cause  of  contention.— Angular  bone. 
.See  a ni/ular.— Articular  bone.  Same  as  articulare.— 
Bag  of  bones.  See  ba//i.— Bone  of  contention,  a  sub- 
ject of  dispute  or  rivalry :  probably  from  the  manner  in 
which  dogs  quarrel  over  a  bone. 

While  any  flesh  remains  on  a  bone,  it  continues  a  bone 
of  contention.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  249. 

Sardinia  was  one  of  the  chief  bouts  of  contention  between 
Genoa  and  Pisa.  Brougham. 

Bone  porcelain,  a  name  given  t  o  II  in'  pottery  In  the  com- 
position of  which  bone-dust  has  been  used. — Bones  Of 
Berlin,  in  nn.it..  two  small,  triangular,  turbinatcd  bones, 
often  found  beneath  the  small  opening  of  the  sphenoidal 
sinus ;  the  sphenoida!  spongy  bones,  or  sphenoturbinals. 
Canaliculi  of  bone.  See  canaliculu*.—  Coracold, 
coronary,  cotyloid,  cranial  bone.  See  the  adjectives. 

—  Crazy  bone,   same  as  funnii-banf.— Cuneiform,  cy- 
lindrical, etc.,  bone.     See  the  adjectives.  — Earth  of 
bone.  See  earth.—  Epactal  bone,  in  anal.,  the  Wormian 
bone  at  the  superior  angle  of  the  occipital  }>one. —  Eth- 
moid bone.    See  ethmoid.—  Funny  bone.     8ee/Hmj.v- 
bonc. — Hyoid  bone.  Same  as  hyuid,  n. — Hyomandibu- 
lar,  marsupial,  etc.,  bone.    See  the  adjectives.- Na- 
VlCUlar,  occipital,  etc.,  bone.   See  the  adjectives.  — The 
ten  bones,  the  ten  Angers. 

By  these  ten  bone*,  my  lords,  he  did  speak  them  to  me 
in  the  garret  one  ni^ht.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  8. 

To  be  upon  the  bones  of,  to  attack.  [Rare  and  vulgar.) 

Puaa  had  a  month's  mind  to  be  upon  the  bone*  of  him, 
but  was  not  willing  to  pick  a  quarrel.  Sir  R.  L'Estrange. 

To  carry  a  bone  In  the  mouth,  to  throw  up  a  foam  or 
spray  under  the  bows  :  said  of  a  ship. 

See  how  she  leaps,  as  the  blasts  o'ertake  tier, 
And  speeds  away  with  a  bone  in  her  mouth  .' 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  v. 

To  flnd  bonea  In,  to  be  unable  to  swallow :  in  allusion  to 
the  occurrence  of  fish-bones  in  soup.  —  To  have  a  bone 
In  One's  leg,  throat,  etc..  to  be  unable  to  go,  talk,  etc.: 
a  feigned  excuse. —  To  make  no  bones  of,  to  make  or 
have  no  scruples  about,  or  in  regard  to.  [Now  only 
colloq.] 

Perjury  will  easily  downe  with  him  that  hath  made  no 
bones  of  mnrther.  Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

To  put  a  bone  In  any  one's  hoodt,  to  break  a  person's 
head,  or  cut  it  off.— Without  more  bones,  without 
further  olijertion  or  scruple.  —  Wormian  bones,  small 
or  irregular  bones  frequently  found  in  the  course  of  the 
sutures  of  the  skull.  They  occur  chiefly  in  the  sutures 
between  the  parietala  and  other  bones,  and  are  of  no  de- 
terminate si/e.  shape,  or  number.  Sometimes  there  are 
iinne,  sometimes  several  hundred. 
bone1  (bon),  I-.;  pret.  and  pp.  boned,  ppr.  bon- 
ing. [<  bow1,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  out 
the  bones  of:  as,  to  bone  a  turkey,  a  ham,  etc. 

—  2.  To  put  whalebone  into. — 3.  To  manure 
with  bone-dust. — 4.  To  seize;  make  off  with, 
as  a  dog  makes  off  with  a  bone ;  get  possession 
of ;  appropriate ;  steal.     [Slang.] 

Why  you  were  living  here,  and  what  you  had  boned,  and 
who  you  bvnftl  it  from,  wasn't  it'.'  /'/rAvn*. 

II.  intrmiK.  [Appar.  <  bone1,  n.,  in  allusion 
to  the  knuckle;  of.  the  equiv.  phrase  knurkle 
iloirn  (to  n  taskX]  To  apply  one's  self  dili- 
gently; sot  one's  self  determinedly  to  work: 


621 

as,  to  bnnf  down  to  hard  work ;  he  boned  hard. 
[Slang.] 

bone'-,  born-,  bourn3  (bon,  born),  v.  t.  [A 
word  of  uncertain  form  and  origin,  commonly 
bone  (chiefly  in  the  verbal  n.  lioniiin),  but  prob. 
orig.  bourn,  being  appar.  a  particular  (trade) 
use  of  bourn2,  bourne'*,  as  a  verb,  limit:  see 
bourn-,  bourne*,']  To  take  the  level  of  (a  piece 
of  land,  a  wall,  carpentry-work,  and  the  like) 
by  means  of  an  instrument.  See  boning. 

A  few  weeks  ago  a  mason  said  to  me,  "Take  a  »quint, 
please,  and  see  If  the  ridge-piece  in  square  and  level ; 
bourn'  it  by  the  wall-plate."  Bourne  is  in  common  use 
In  this  neignlHrtirhood  —  twenty  miles  from  Stratford-on- 
Avon.  .V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  lit.  05. 

bone:tt  (bou),  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
boonl.  Chaucer. 

bone't  (bon),  a.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
boon2. 

bone-acet  (bon'as),  ».  1.  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  the  third  card  dealt  to  each  person  is 
turned  up,  and  the  player  who  has  the  highest 
card  wins  the  bone,  that  is,  half  the  stake. — 
2.  The  ace  of  diamonds,  the  highest  card  in  this 
game. 

bone-ache  (bon'ak),  «.    Pain  in  the  bones. 

bone-ash  (bou'ash),  ».    Same  as  bone-earth. 

bone-bed  (bon'bed),  M.  In  geol.,  any  stratum 
of  rock  which  is  largely  made  up  of  fragments 
of  bones,  or  in  which  bones  and  teeth  occur  in 
such  quantity  as  to  be  conspicuous.  There  are 
two  especially  well-known  bone-teds  in  Europe.  One, 
called  the  Ludlow,  in  England,  is  near  the  top  of  the  Up- 
per Silurian ;  although  only  a  few  inches  in  thickness,  it 
Is  continuous  over  an  area  of  at  least  a  thousand  square 
miles  ;  it  is  full  of  fragments  of  fish-bones,  crustaceans,  and 
shells.  The  other  bone-bed  is  on  the  Rhictic,  at  the  top 
of  the  Trias ;  this  contains  the  bones  and  teeth  of  fishes, 
with  coprolites,  etc.;  it  is  found  both  in  England  and  in 
Germany. 

bone-binder  (bon'bm'der),  ».  A  name  for  os- 
teocolla  (which  see). 

bone-black  (bon'blak),  M.  The  black  carbo- 
naceous substance  into  which  bones  are  con- 
verted by  calcination  in  closed  vessels.  This 
kind  of  charcoal  is  employed  to  deprive  various  solutions, 
particularly  syrups,  of  their  coloring  matters,  and  to  fur- 
nish a  black  pigment.  Artificial  bone-black  consists  of 
woody  matters  impregnated  with  calcium  phosphate  dis- 
solved in  hydrochloric  acid,  thus  resembling  the  real  bone- 
black  in  composition.  Also  called  annual  black,  animal 
charcoal.— Bone-black  furnace,  a  furnace  used  in  re- 
moving from  bone-black,  by  burning,  impurities  collected 
in  it  during  it.-  use  in  filtration,  decolorization,  etc. 

bone-breaker  (bon'bra'ker),  ».  1.  A  name  of 
the  giant  fulmar  petrel,  Ossifraga  gigantea. — 
2.  A  book-name  of  the  osprey,  fish-hawk,  or 
ossifrage,  Pandion  haliaetus. 

bone-breccia  (bon'brecb/i-S), «.  In  geol.,  a  con- 
glomerate of  fragments  of  Bones  and  limestone 
cemented  into  a  rock  by  calcareous  matter. 
Such  deposits  are  of  frequent  occurrence  In  caverns  which 
in  prehistoric  times  were  resorted  to  by  man  and  wild 
beasts. 

bone-brown  (bon'broun),  «.  A  brown  pigment 
produced  by  roasting  bones  or  ivory  till  they 
become  brown  throughout. 

bone-cartilage  (bon'kar'ti-laj),  ».  Inphysiol., 
same  as  ossein. 

bone-cave  (bon'kav),  M.  A  cave  in  which  are 
found  bones  of  animals  of  living  or  extinct 
species,  or  species  living  only  in  far  distant  lo- 
calities or  a  different  climate  within  historic 
times,  sometimes  with  the  bones  of  man  or  other 
traces  of  his  contemporaneous  existence. 

The  brick-earths  also  contain  the  remains  of  a  species 
of  lion  (Fells  spelrea),  no  longer  living,  but  which  is  like- 
wise found  in  some  of  the  bone-caves  of  this  country. 

Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  2S3. 

boned  (bond),  p.  «.  [<  bone1  +  -erf1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing bones  (of  the  kind  indicated  in  composi- 
tion):  as,  high-/)0«erf;  strong-Oonerf. —  2.  In 
cookery,  freed  from  bones :  as,  a  boned  fowl. 

bone-dog  (bon'dog),  n.  A  local  English  name 
of  the  common  dogfish,  Squalus  acantiiias.  See 
cut  under  dogfish. 

bone-dust  (bon'dust),  «.  Bones  ground  to  dust 
for  use  as  manure.  See  bone1,  n.,  2. 

bone-earth  (bon'erth),  ».  The  earthy  or  min- 
eral residue  of  bones  which  have  been  calcined 
or  burned  with  free  access  of  air  so  as  to  destroy 
the  animal  matter  and  carbon,  it  is  a  white,  po- 
rous, and  friable  substance,  composed  chiefly  of  calcium 
phosphate,  and  is  used  by  assayers  as  the  material  for 
cupels  and  in  making  china,  and  for  other  purposes.  Also 
called  bone-ash. 

bone-eater  (bon'e'ter),  n.  A  sailors'  corrup- 
tion of  bonito. 

bonefiret  (bon'fir),  «.     See  bonfire. 

bpne-fish  (bon 'fish),  «.  1.  A  name  of  the  lady- 
fish,  macab6,  or  French  mullet,  Albula  vulpes. 
See  cut  under  Itnliifinli. —  2.  A  fish  of  the  fami- 


bone-spirit 

ly  Teiithifliila'  and  K'eims  Ti'iitliinnr  .Ifiinthumt; 
a  surgeon-  or  dnctnr-tiHii.  —  3.  A  name  of  tin 
common  dogfish,  Squnlnn  in-nutliias,  in  southern 
New  England.    See  cut  under  dogjifh. 
bone-flower  (Mn'floo'er),  n.     In  the  north  of 

Kngliind,  the  daisy,  /•'<  Hi*  //>/<  «//<•-•. 

bone-glass  (bon'glas),  H.  A  glass  made  by 
ii'lilnif,'  to  white  i;l"ss  from  [II  to  L'II  p.  r  cent,  of 
white  bone-earth,  or  a  corresponding  quantity 
of  mineral  phosphates.  It  is  of  a  milk-white 
color,  semi-opaque,  and  is  used  for  lamp-shadoH, 
etc. 

bone-glue  (bon'glS),  n.  An  inferior  kind  of 
glue  obtained  from  bones. 

bone-lace  (bon'las),  n.  Lace,  usually  of  linen 
thread,  made  on  a  cushion  with  bobbing,  and 
taking  its  sole  or  chief  decorative  character 
from  the  pattern  woven  into  it,  as  distinguished 
from  point-lace  :  so  named  from  the  fact  that 
the  bobbins  were  originally  made  of  bone. 

boneless  (bon'les),  a.  [<  ME.  battles,  <  AS. 
bdnleds,  <  ban,  bone,  +  -leas,  -less.]  Without 
bones;  wanting  bones  :  as,  "  his  boneless  gums," 
Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

bonelet  (bon'let),  ».  [<  bone*  +  dim.  -let.']  A 
small  bone  ;  an  ossicle  :  as,  bonelets  of  the  ear. 

Bonellia  (bo-wl'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Francesco  Andrea  'tionelli,  an  Italian  naturalist 
(died  in  1830).]  1.  A  genus  of  chwtophorous 
gephyreans,  related  to  Echiurus,  and  having, 
uke  it,  a  pair  of  tubular  ciliated  organs  opening 
communication  between  the  rectum  and  the 
perivisceral  cavity.  It  is  provided  with  a  single 
long  tentacular  appendage  upon  the  head.  —  2. 
A  genus  of  dipterous  insects.  Desvoidy,  1830. 
—  3.  A  genus  of  gastropodous  mollusks.  Des- 
hayes,  1838. 

bonelliid  (bo-nel'i-id),  n.  A  gephyrean  of  the 
family  Boiiflliidtr. 

Bonelliidae  (bo-ue-li'i-de),  n.  jil.  [NL.,  <  Bonel- 
lia +  -ida-  .]  A  family  of  gephyreans,  typified 
by  the  genus  Bonellia  (which  see). 

bone-manure  (bon'ma-nur*),  «.  Manure  con- 
sisting of  bones  ground  to  dust,  broken  in  small 
pieces,  or  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.  See 
bone1,  n.,  2. 

bone-mill  (bon  'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  or 
bruising  bones,  used  in  the  preparation  of  fer- 
tilizers. bone-black,  etc. 

bone-naphtha  (bdn'naf'tha),  «.  A  volatile  li- 
quid, boiling  at  150°  F.,  obtained  by  the  repeat- 
ed rectification  of  the  more  volatile  portion  of 
Dippel's  oil. 

bone-nippers  (bon'nip'erz),  n.  j>l.  A  strong 
forceps  with  cutting  edges  touching  each  other, 
used  in  cutting  off  splinters  of  bone  and  car- 
tilages. 

bone-oil  (bon'oil),  n.  A  fetid,  tarry  liquid  ob- 
tained in  the  dry  distillation  of  bone.  See 
Dippers  oil,  under  oil. 

bone-phosphate  (bon'fos'fat),  w.  A  commercial 
name  for  tricalcium  phosphate,  Ca3(POi)2j  the 
phosphate  which  forms  bone-tissue,  and  which 
makes  up  the  larger  part  of  the  phosphatic 
rock  of  South  Carolina  and  other  localities. 

bone-pot  (bon'pot),  «.  1.  A  cast-iron  pot  in 
which  bones  are  carbonized:  used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  animal  charcoal.  —  2.  A  common 
name  of  the  ancient  British  funeral  urns  often 
found  under  ground  in  England. 

boneset  (bon'set),  r.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  boueset, 
ppr.  bonesetting.  To  set  bones;  practise  the 
setting  of  broken  bones.  Wiseman.  [Rare.] 

boneset  (bou'set),  «.  [<  boneset,  t:  ;  from  its 
supposed  properties.]  1.  The  thorough  wort, 
Eupatorium  perjbliatum.  See  £u]>atorium.  —  2. 
In  England,  an  old  name  for  the  comfrey,  Sym- 
jilii/tii/n  iiffidnale. 

bone-setter  (bon'set'er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated  bones; 
one  who  has  a  knack  at  setting  bones:  gen- 
erally applied  to  one  who  is  not  a  regularly 
qualified  surgeon. 

bone-setting  (bon'set'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
boneset,  r.]  The  art  or  practice  of  setting 
bones. 

bone-shark  (bon'shark),  «.  A  common  name 
along  the  New  England  coast  of  Cetorhinus 
iix.  the  basking-shark.  See  cut  under 


, 

bone-shawt,  ".    Sciatica  or  hip-gout.    X.  E.  D. 
bone-spavin   (bon'spav'in),  M.     In  farriery,  a 

disease  of  the  bones  at  the  hock-joint. 
bone-spirit  (bon'spir'it),  ».     Crude  ammonia- 

cal  liquor  containing  various  substances,  ob- 

tained in  the  process  of  manufacturing  charcoal 

from  bones. 


bone-turquoise 

bone-turquoise  (bon'ter-koiz'1'),  n.  A  fossil 
bone  or  tooth  colored  bright-blue,  probably  by 
phosphate  of  iron :  early  used  as  an  imitation 
of  true  turquoise.  Sometimes  called  odontolltc. 

bone-waste  (boa' wast),  «.  The  dust  or  refuse 
of  bones  after  the  gelatin  has  been  extracted 
from  them. 

bone-yard  (bon'yard),  n.  1.  A  knacker's  yard. 
—  2.  A  graveyard.  [Slang.]  —  3.  In  the  game 
of  dominoes,  the  pieces  reserved  to  draw  from. 

bonfire  (bon'fir),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  boonfire, 
bondfire,  bounfire,  later  bnrnfire,  but  reg.  bon- 
fire or  bonefire,  Sc.  banefire  ;  <  late  ME.  bonefyre, 
Sc.  banefyre  (the  earliest  known  instance  is 
"banefyre,  ignis  ossium,"  in  the  "  Catholicon 
Anglicum,"  A.  D.  1483) ;  <  bonel  (Sc.  bane,  ME. 
bone,  ban,  bane,  etc.)  +fire.  The  vowel  is  short- 
ened before  two  consonants,  as  in  collier,  etc. 
The  W.  banffagl,  also  spelled  bonffagl,  a  bonfire, 
as  if  <  ban,  lofty,  +  ffagl,  flame,  blaze,  appears 
to  have  been  formed  in  imitation  of  the  E. 
word.]  If.  A  fire  of  bones. — 2f.  A  funeral 
pile ;  a  pyre. —  3.  A  fire  for  the  burning  of  here- 
tics, proscribed  books,  etc.  Hence — 4.  Any 
great  blazing  fire  made  in  the  open  air  for 
amusement,  or  for  the  burning  of  brushwood, 
weeds,  rubbish,  etc.  Specifically — 5.  A  fire 
kindled,  usually  in  some  open  and  conspicu- 
ous place,  such  as  a  hill-top  or  public  square, 
as  an  expression  of  public  joy  or  exultation,  or 
as  a  beacon. 

Ring  ye  the  bels,  to  make  it  weare  away, 
And  bonejierg  make  all  day. 

Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  275. 

The  Citizens  and  Subjects  of  Bohemia,  .  .  .  ioyfull  that 
there  was  an  Heyre  apparant  to  the  Kingdome,  made  Bone- 
flres  and  shewes  throughout  all  the  Cittie. 

Greene,  Pandosto. 

There  was  however  order  given  for  bonfires  and  bells  ; 
but  God  knows  it  was  rather  a  deliverance  than  a  tri- 
umph. Evelyn,  Diary,  June  6,  1666. 

bongar  (bon'gar),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  large 
venomous  East  Indian  serpent :  also  called 
rock-snake.  See  Bungarus. 

Bongarus,  n.    See  Bungarus. 

bongracet  (bon'gras),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
tone-,  bond-,  bonn-,  bun-,  boongrace,  <  F.  bonne- 
grace,  "the  uppermost  flap  of  the  down-hang- 
ing tail  of  a  French  hood,  whence  belike  our 
Boongrace"  (Cotgrave) ;  <  bonne,  fern,  of  bon, 
good,  +  grace  (now  grace),  grace:  see  boon3 
and  (/race.]  A  shade  formerly  worn  by  women 
on  the  front  of  a  bonnet  to  protect  the  com- 
plexion from  the  sun ;  also,  a  large  bonnet  or 
broad-brimmed  hat  serving  the  same  purpose. 
[My  face]  was  spoiled  for  want  of  a  bongrace  when  I  was 
young.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  The  Captain,  ii.  1. 

Ye  wad  laugh  well  to  see  my  round  face  at  the  far  end 
of  a  strae  bongraot,  that  looks  as  nuickle  and  round  as 
the  middle  aisle  in  Libberton  Kirk. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian. 

bongret,  adv.  and  i>rep.,  orig.pJir.  [Early  mod. 
E.  boun  gree,  <  ME.  bongre,  <OF.  (de)  bon  gre, 
(of)  good  will:  see  bont,  boon3,  and  gree2,  and 
cf.  maugre.]  I.  adv.  With  good  will :'  now  used 
only  as  French  bun  gre,  in  the  phrase  bon  gre 
mal  gre,  willingly  or  unwillingly ;  willy-nilly. 
II.  prep.  Agreeably  to. 

bonhomie  (bon-o-me'),  n.  [F.,  <  bonliomme,  a 
simple,  easy  man,  <  bon,  good  (see  boon3),  + 
homiim,  <  L.  homo,  man.  Cf.  goodman.]  Frank 
and  simple  good-heartedness ;  a  good-natured 
manner. 

The  other  redeeming  qualities  of  the  Meccan  are  his 
courage,  his  bonhomie,  his  manly  suavity  of  manners, 
.  .  .  and  his  general  knowledge. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  481. 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas),  n.  [From  the  name  of  the 
landlord  in  Farquhar's  "  Beaux'  Stratagem." 
It  is  the  F.  form  of  ML.  Bonifacius,  a  frequent 
proper  name,  meaning  'beneficent,'  <  L.  bo- 
nus, good,  +  facere,  do.]  A  landlord  or  inn- 
keeper. 

bonification  (bon"i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  ML.  as 
if  *bonificatio(n-),  <  bonificare:  see  bonify.']  If. 
Amelioration ;  betterment. 

Mr.  Ivecker,  in  his  discourse,  proposes,  among  his  boni- 
fications of  revenue,  the  suppression  of  our  two  free  ports 
of  Bayonne  and  I/Orient. 

Je/erson,  Correspondence,  II.  462. 
2.  The  paying  of  a  bonus.     N.  E.  D. 


622 

<  facere,  make.  Cf.  benefit.']  To  convert  into 
good;  make  good;  ameliorate:  as,  "to  bonifie 
evils,"  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System.  [Bare.] 
boniness  (bo'ni-nes), ».  [<  bony  +  -ness.]  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  bony. 

A  painful  reminder  of  the  exceeding  boninesfi  of  Orem- 
llitz's  knuckles.  The  Century,  XXVIII.  89. 

boning, borning (bo'ning, bor'ning), n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  bone2,  born2,  and  thus  prob.  orig.  botirn- 
ing :  see  bone2.]  The  act  or  art  of  determin- 
ing a  level  or  plane  surface  or  a  straight  level 
line  by  the  guidance  of  the  eye.  Joiners  and  ma- 
sons "try  up"  their  work  by  boning  with  two  straight- 
edges, a  process  which  determines  whether  the  surface  is 
uneven  or  is  a  true  plane.  Surveyors  and  architects  per- 
form the  operation  by  means  of  poles,  called  boning-  or 
borning-rods,  set  up  at  certain  distances.  These  are  ad- 
justed to  the  required  line  by  looking  along  their  vertical 
surfaces.  Gardeners  also  employ  a  similar  simple  device 
in  laying  out  grounds,  to  guide  them  in  making  the  sur- 
face level  or  of  regular  slope. 

boning-rod  (bo'ning-rod),  ».  The  rod  used  in 
boning.  See  toning. 

bonitarian  (bou-i-ta'ri-an),  a.  [<  L.  bonitas, 
goodness,  bounty  (see  bounty),  +  -arian.]  Equi- 
table :  used  to  characterize  a  class  or  form  of 
rights  recognized  by  Boman  law,  in  contra- 
distinction to  quiritarian,  which  corresponds  to 
legal  in  modern  law.— Bonitarian  ownership  or 
title,  the  title  or  ownership  recognized  in  Roman  law  by 
the  pretors  in  a  person  not  having  absolute  legal  (or  quiri- 
tarian) title,  because  claiming  by  an  informal  transfer,  or 
claiming,  under  some  circumstances,  by  a  formal  transfer 
made  by  one  not  the  true  owner.  It  corresponded  some- 
what to  the  equitable  ownership  recognized  by  courts  of 
equity,  as  distinguished  from  legal  title  at  common  law. 

bonitary  (bon'i-ta-ri),  a.     Same  as  bonitarian. 

bonito  (bo-ne'to)J  n.  [Formerly  also  boneto, 
bonita,  boneta,  bontito,  etc.;  =  F.  bonite,  former- 
ly bonito  =  G.  bonit,  bonitfisch,  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  60- 
nito,  said  to  be  <  Ar.  bainith,  bainis,  a  bonito, 
but  perhaps  <  Sp.  (Pg.)  bonito,  pretty  good, 
good,  pretty,  dim.  of  bueno  (=  Pg.  bom),  good: 
see  boon3.]  A  name  applied  primarily  to  pela- 
gic fishes  of  the  family  Scombrida;,  of  a  robust 
fusiform  shape,  and  secondarily  to  others  sup- 
posed to  resemble  them  or  be  related  to  them. 
(a)  A  scombrid,  Euthymms  pelamys,  having  a  bluish  back 
and  4  longitudinal  brownish  bands  on  the  belly.  It  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and  Indian 
oceans.  (6)  A  scombrid,  Sarda  mediterranea,  distinguished 


Bonito  (Sarda  tneditcrrattea']. 
(From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commission.) 

by  the  oblique  stripes  on  the  bluish  back  and  the  silvery 
belly.  It  is  the  bonito  of  the  American  fishermen  and  mar- 
kets, and  the  belted  bonito  of  books,  (c)  A  scombrid, 
Sarda  chilensis,  closely  related  to  the  S.  mediterranea,  but 
occurring  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  everywhere  known 
as  bonito  along  the  California!!  coast,  but  also  miscalled 
Spanish  mackerel,  skipjack,  and  tuna,  (d)  A  scombrid, 
Aiixis  thazard,  with  a  blue  back  and  silvery  belly.  The 
second  dorsal  fin  is  widely  separated  from  the  first,  and 
the  body  is  more  slender  than  in  Sarda  chilensis.  It  is 
the  plain  bonito  of  the  English,  but  called  along  the  New 
England  coast  frigate  mackerel,  (e)  A  carangid,  Seriola 
.faeciata;  the  madregal.  [Bermuda.]  (/)  A  fish  of  the 
family  Elacatidie,  Elacate  Canada,  so  called  about  Chesa- 
peake Bay ;  the  cobia.  [U.S.  (Chesapeake  Bay).]  See  cut 
under  cobia. 

bonityt,  n.  [<  L.  bonitas,  goodness :  see  bounty, 
an  older  form  from  the  same  source.]  Good- 
ness. Hacket. 

Bonjean's  ergotine.    See  ergotine. 

bon  jour  (F.  pron.  b6n  zho'r).  [F. :  bon,  good ; 
jour,  day:  see  bon*  and  journal.']  Good  day; 
good  morning. 

bon  mot  (F.  pron.  bon  mo) ;  pi.  bons  mots  (b6n 
mo,  or,  us  E.,  moz).  [F. :  bon,  good ;  mot,  word : 
see  bon*  and  mot.]  A  witticism;  a  clever  or 
witty  saying;  a  witty  repartee. 

Some  of  us  have  written  down  several  of  her  sayings,  or 
what  the  French  call  bans  mats,  wherein  she  excelled  be- 
yond belief.  Swift,  Death  of  Stella. 
You  need  not  hurry  when  the  object  is  only  to  prevent 
my  saying  a  bon-mot,  for  there  is  not  the  least  wit  in  my 
nature.  Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  ix. 

bonnage,  «.    See  bonage. 
bonnailet,  "•    Same  as  bonally. 


+  forma,  form.]  Having  ,,..0  UO,I,IUK  ui  guuu- 
ness ;  akin  to  what  is  good  or  to  the  chief  good 
[Bare.] 

Knowledge  and  truth  may  likewise  both  be  said  to  be 

boniform  things.  Cudworth,  Intellectual  System. 

bonify  (bon'i-fi),  v.  t.-.  pret.  and  pp.  bonified, 

ppr.  bonifying.     [<  F.  bonifier,  <  ML.  bonificare, 

make  good  or  better,  <  L.  bonus,  good,  +  -ftcare, 


a      [<l     Units,  good,  b?n?e,  (Abo?)v,f-     CF''  fe.m'  of  6?",',  g°°d:  see 
ing  the  nature  of  food-     bon  "]  A  chlld  s  nursemald>  especially  a  French 


nurse. 

bonne  bouche  (bon  bosh);  pi.  bonnes  bouches 
(bon  bosh).  [F.:  see  bonne  and  bouche.]  A 
choice  mouthful  of  food ;  a  dainty  morsel :  said 
especially  of  something  very  excellent  reserved 
to  the  end  of  a  repast.  [In  French  use,  as  an  idiom- 
atic phrase,  bmine  bouche  signifies  an  agreeable  taste  in 
the  mouth.] 


bonnet 

bonnet  (bon'et),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bonet, 

<  ME.  bonet,  bonette,  bonat,  <  OF.  bonet,  bonnet, 
bounet,  mod.  F.  bonnet  (=  Pr.  boneta  =  Sp.  bo- 
nete ;  cf.  D.  bonnet  =  MHG.  bonit  =  Gael,  bo- 
naid;  ML.  bonctus,  bonetum,a,lso  boneta,  bonneta), 
bonnet,  cap  (hence  the  naut.  sense,  ME.  bonet, 

<  OF.  bonette,  F.  bonnette,  bonnet) ;  prop,  the 
name  of  a  stuff  (ML.  bonetus,  bonnetus,  bonetum, 
bonnetiim)  of  which  the  thing  (chapel  de  bonet, 
hat  or  cap  of  bonet)  was  made.     Perhaps  of 
Eastern  origin ;  cf .  Hind,  bdnat,  woolen  cloth, 
broadcloth.]    1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  worn 
by  men  and  boys,   and  differing  from  a  hat 
chiefly  in  having  no  brim ;  a  cap,  usually  of 
some  89ft  material.    In  Scotland  the  term  is  applied 
to  any  kind  of  cap  worn  by  men,  but  specifically  to  the 
distinctively  Scotch  closely  woven  and  seamless  caps  of 
wool,  usually  of  a  dark-blue  color,  known   as  tilengarrys 
(worn  by  the  Highland  regiments  in  undress  uniform),  bid- 
morals,  braid  bonnets,  kilmarnocke,  etc. 

Off  goes  his  bonnet  to  an  oyster-wench. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  1.  4. 

2.  A  form  of  hat  or  head-covering  worn  by 
women  out  of  doors.    It  incloses  the  head  more  or 
less  at  the  sides  and  generally  the  back,  and  is  usually 
trimmed  with  some  elaborateness,  and  tied  on  the  head 
with  ribbons.    It  differs  from  a  hat  of  ordinary  form 
especially  in  having  no  brim. 

A  sudden  scud  of  rain  .  .  .  fixed  all  her  thoughts  on  the 
welfare  of  her  new  straw  bonnet. 

Jane  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  p.  128. 

3.  The  cap,  usually  of  velvet,  within  the  me- 
tallic part  of  a  crown,  covering  the  head  when 
the  crown  is  worn. —  4.  In  fort.,  a  small  work 
with  two  faces,  having  only  a  parapet  with  two 
rows  of  palisades  about  10  or  12  feet  apart. 
Generally  it  is  raised  above  the  salient  angle  of  the  coun- 
terscarp, and  communicates  with  the  covered  way.    Its 
object  is  to  retard 

a  lodgment  by  be-      \ 
siegers,  or   to   pre- 
vent one  from  being 
made. 

5.  Naut.,  an  ad- 
dition to  a  sail, 
or  an  additional 
part  laced  to  the 
foot  of  a  sail. 

A  storm  jib,  with 
the  bonnet  off,  was 
bent  and  furled  to 
the  boom. 
R.  H.   Dana,  Jr., 

[Before  the  Mast, 
[p.  260. 

6.  A   cast-iron 
plate     covering 
the  openings  in 

the  valve-chambers  of  a  pump. —  7.  A  frame 
of  wire  netting  over  the  chimney  of  a  locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  escape  of  sparks: 
used  chiefly  in  engines  which  burn  wood.  [U. 
S.] — 8.  In  mining,  a  shield  or  cover  over  the 
cage  to  protect  the  miners  in  case  anything 
should  fall  down  the  shaft. — 9.  A  cowl  or 
wind-cap  for  a  chimney;  a  hood  for  ventila- 
tion.— 10.  The  hood  over  the  platform  of  a 
railroad-car. — 11.  A  sliding  lid  or  cover  for  a 
hole  in  an  iron  pipe. — 12.  A  protuberance  oc- 
curring chiefly  on  the  snout  of  one  of  the  right 
whales.  It  appears  to  be  primitively  smooth, 
but  becomes  honeycombed  by  the  barnacles 
which  attach  themselves  to  it. — 13.  A  decoy ; 
a  player  at  a  gaming-table,  or  bidder  at  an  auc- 
tion, whose  business  it  is  to  lure  others  to  play  or 
buy :  so  called  because  such  a  person  figurative- 
ly bonnets  or  blinds  the  eyes  of  the  victims. 
When  a  stranger  appears,  the  bonnet  generally  wins. 

London  Times. 

14.  A  local  name  in  Florida  of  the  yellow 
water-lily,  Nuphar  advena.—  Bonnet  a  prdtre,  or 
priest's  bonnet,  in. fort.,  an  outwork  having  at  the  head 
three  salient  and  two  reentrant  angles.  Also  called  steal- 
lowtail.—  Braid  bonnet,  a  thick,  closely  woven  Scotch 
cap  of  wool,  usually  of  a  dark-  blue  color,  and  surmounted 
by  a  bob  or  stumpy  tasse  of  a  different  color.  It  is  round 
in  shape,  the  upper  part  being  much  wider  than  the  band, 
or  part  which  fits  the  head.—  Coal-scuttle  bonnet.  See 
coal-scuttle.— Kllmarnock  bonnet,  a  cap  of  similar  make 
to  the  braid  bonnet,  but  less  wide  at  the  top,  and  furnished 
with  a  peak  of  the  same  material  :  so  called  because  made 
extensively  at  Kilmarnock,  Ayrshire.  —  To  have  a  bee 
In  one's  bonnet.  See  be*\. —  To  have  a  green  bon- 
nett,  to  have  failed  in  trade.- To  vail  (or  vale)  the 
bonnett,  to  doff  the  bonnet  in  iv^m  i. 

0  bonny  Ewe  tree, 

Needes  to  thy  boughs  will  bow  this  knee  and  taile  my 
bonnet.  Nash;  Strange  Newes  (1592),  sig.  D  2. 

bonnet  (bou'et),  K.  [<  bonnet,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
force  the  bonnet  or  hat  over  the  eyes  of,  with 
the  view  of  mobbing  or  hustling. 

Bomu't  him  by  knocking  bis  hat  over  his  eyes,  and  he  is 
at  the  mercy  of  bis  opponent. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Elsie  Venner,  xxiii. 


bonnet 

Il.t   iiitrniin.  To  pull  off  the  bonnet;  make 

obeisance.     xlink.,  (Jor.,  ii.  '2. 
bonnet-  block  (  bon  'et-blok),  n.   Awoodenshape 

ou  which  a  bonnet  is  put  to  bo  pressed. 
bonneted  (bon'ct-ed),  a.     Wearing  a  bonnet. 

or  furnish  i'il  with  a  bonnet.  in  :iny  of  the  senses 

of  that  word. 
bonneter  (bon'et-er),  «.    [<  bomirt.  n.,  13,  + 

-<•)•!.]    One  who  induces  another  to  gamble;  a 

bonnet.      ['Slang.] 

bonnet-fleuk,  ».    Smm1  :is  /»<H»/'/-//H/.-I-. 
bonnet-fluke  (bou'et-flflk),  ».     A  Scotch  name 

of  the  In-ill,  Illiiiiiiliiin  lii  'i-i.t.     See  brill. 
bonnet-grass    (bon'et-gras),  «.      White  bent- 

grass,  Agrostit  ullm. 
bonnet-laird  (bon'et-lard),  ».     One  who  farms 

his  own    property;    a  yeoman;  a  freeholder. 

[Scotch.] 

A  lang  word  or  bit  <>   learning  that  our  fanners  anil 
canna'  sae  weel  follow.  Scott. 


bonnet-limpet  (bon'et-lim'pet),  ».  A  mollusk 
of  the  family  Calyptrteidie.  The  Hungarian 
bonnet-limpet  is  Pileopsis  huiigarica. 

bonnet-macaque  (bon'et-ma-kak/),  «.  A 
monkey  (MaeacHx  xiiiii-ms),  a  native  of  Bengal 


Bonnet-macaque  <  Macacits  xinifiis ,. 

and  Ceylon,  and  well  known  in  confinement, 
which  its  hardy  constitution  enables  it  to  en- 
dure in  any  climate.  It  receives  Its  name  from  the 
peculiar  arrangement  of  the  hairs  on  the  erown  of  its 
head,  which  seem  to  form  a  kind  of  cap  or  bonnet.  Its 
general  color  is  a  somewhat  bright  olive-gray,  and  the 
skin  of  the  face  is  of  a  leathery  flesh-color.  Also  called 
inunya. 

bonnet-monkey  (bon'et-mung/l'ki),  «.  Same  as 
lion  net-macaque. 

bonnet-piece  (bon'et-pes),  ».  [From  the  rep- 
resentation of  a  bonnet  on  the  king's  head.] 
A  Scotch  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1539  by  James 


623 

bonnibelt  (bon'i-bel).  H.    [<  bonnt/l  +  MR,  i 
or  <  F.  bnini/  it  brlli  ,  good  and  beautiful.     Cf. 

bfl/ihoHt:"]     A   handsome   girl  ;  a   fair  maid;  a 
bonny  lass.     ,s/«  ,/.«,-. 

\\VII.  ln.,k  lo  him,  ilium-  ;  lM'*hrv\v  MH-.  wrre  I 
\|"M-M  ih  '••,  you  Hlioiilil  nt-eil  a  good  eye. 

II.  Joiuon,  The  Penates. 

bonnilasset,  «•     [For  Ixniny  /««#.]     A  beautiful 
girl  ;  a  sweetheart. 

\-  tin-  bonilanne  passed  by,  .  .  . 
sin  rovde  at  mee  with  glanncing  eye. 

*i"-iuer,  8hep.  Cal.,  August. 

bonnily  (bou'i-li),  adv.    In  a  bonny  manner; 
beautifully;  finely;  pleasantly. 

His  \v»  <•  t.ii  in^lr,  l,!h)kiti'  imniiUy. 
Burnt,  Cottar's 


bonniness  (bon'i-nes),  «.     [<  bonny1  +  -ness.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  bonny;  beauty.  —  2f. 
Gaiety;  blitheness. 

bonny1  (bon'i),  o.  [Also  written  bonme,  for- 
merly also  bony,  bonie,  <  ME.  bonic,  appar.  ex- 
tended, as  if  dim.,  from  the  reg.  ME.  bon,  bone, 
good.  <  OF.  bon,  fern,  bonne,  good:  see  bon*, 
BOOM*.]  1.  Beautiful;  fair  or  pleasant  to  look 
upon;  pretty;  fine. 

lie  wolde,  after  fyght, 
Bonie  landes  to  heom  dyght. 
King  AKmunder,  in  Weber's  Metr.  Rom.,  1.  SH02. 

Till  Jxnni't  Susan  sj>ed  across  the  plain. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Friday,  1.  100. 

2.  Gay;  merry;  frolicsome;  cheerful;  blithe. 

Then  sigh  not  so, 
But  let  them  go, 
And  be  you  blithe  and  bonny. 

fill  /  1  1...  Much  Ado,  II.  :;. 

]  Hinni'i  and  its  derivatives  are  now  chiefly  Scotch.  The 
Scotch  often  use  bonny  ironically,  in  the  same  way  as  the 
English  Jine  or  pretty  :  as,  a  bonny  penny  to  pay  ;  a  bonny 
state  of  things. 

Ye'll  see  the  toun  intlll  a  bonny  steer  [stir,  hubbub). 

A.  Rom,  Helenore,  p.  90.] 

bonny2t  (bon'i),  ».  [Also  written  bonney, 
bitnny.  Origin  unknown.]  In  mining,  a  mass 
of  ore  adjacent  to  a  vein,  but  not  distinctly 
connected  with  it;  "a  great  collection  of  ore, 
without  any  vein  coming  into  or  going  from  it," 
Pryce.  [Cornwall.  Bare.]  Se«  carbona. 

bonnyclabber  (bon'i-klab-er),  «.  [Also  former- 
ly written  bonny  clabber,  bonniclapper,  bony- 
clabo,  etc.  ;  <  Ir.  bainne,  milk  (cf.  baine,  compar. 
of  ban,  white),  +  claba,  thick  mud.]  1.  Milk 
that  is  turned  or  has  become  thick  in  the  pro- 
cess of  souring.  —  2.  A  drink  made  of  beer  and 
buttermilk  or  soured  cream. 

To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bonnyclabber. 

B.  Jonson,  >"ew  Inn,  I.  1. 


booby-hut 

neut.,  a  good  thing:  see  liana  and  '»" 
Something  of  the  natun-  of  an  honorarium  or 
voluntary  additional  compensation  for  a  ser- 
vice or  advantage;  a  sum  given  or  paid  over 
and  above  what  is  required  to  be  paid  or  is 
regularly  payable.  (»)  A  pn-miur  ,  loan 

"i    lor  u  rharU-r  nr  otli'-r  pri\il>  u>-  m;ntti  <1  to  ;t  >  oinpany. 

(ft)  All  l-Ml-ii  iliviib-nil  ol   :|]|nu:n 

a  joint-stock  i-ninpuiiy,  hoHn-  of  iii*imiiirt-  [MiNiics,  etc.. 
nut  of  accumulated  proflu. 

The  luniks  wliii-h  now  hold  the  >l'-pn»lt»  pay  nothing  to 
the  public ;  they  give  no  bontm,  they  pay  no  nnmiity. 

Webnter,  Speech,  Senate,  May  7,  1834. 

(e)  A  sum  paid  to  the  agent  of  a  company  or  the  captain 
of  a  vessel,  over  and  above  his  stated  pay,  in  piop,,nj,.i, 
io  i  lie  success  of  his  labors,  and  as  a  stimulus  to  extra  ex- 
ertion ;  a  boon.  (</)  Euphemistically,  a  brilie. 

bonus  (bo'nus),  »•.  t.  [<  bonu«,  n."]  To  give  or 
add  a  bonus  to;  promote  by  the  payment  of 
bonuses. 


Obverse.  Reverse. 

Bonnet-piece  of  James  V.,  British  Museum.     ( Size  of  the  original.  '• 

V.  of  Scotland,  weighing  about  88^  grains,  and 
worth  at  the  time  of  issue  40s.  Scotch.  Also 
called  braid-boiiin  t. 

There  Is  a  high  price  upon  thy  head,  and  Julian  Aveuel 
loves  the  glance  of  gold  bonnet-pieces. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  v. 

bonnet-rouge  (F.  pron.  bon-a-rozh'),  ii.  [F., 
lit.  red  cap:  see  bonnet  and  rouge.]  1.  The 
cap  of  liberty  of  the  French  revolutionists  of 
1793.  See  liberty-cup.  Hence  —  2.  A  wearer 
of  such  a  cap;  a  sans-culotte. — 3.  A  red  re- 
publican; an  anarchist  or  communist. 

Bonnet's  capsule.    See  <•«/).</</,'. 

bonnet-shark  (bon'et-shark),  ».  A  kind  of 
hammer-headed  shark,  8/ilii/nitt  tilmro;  a  shov- 
elhead.  It  is  smaller  than  S.  zygoma,  but  may 
attain  a  length  of  6  feet.  It  is  a  widely  dis- 
tributed species. 

bonnet-shell  (bon'et-shel),  «.  The  shell  of  the 
bonnet-limpet. 

bonnet-worm  (bou'et-werm),  «.  A  worm  or 
insect-larva  occurring  in  Florida  in  the  bonnet 
or  yellow  water-lily  (\itphur  ailrrna),  and  used 
as  bait  for  the  black-bass. 

bonney,  «.    See  '«>«»//•-'. 


The  feasts,  the  manly  stomachs, 
The  healths  In  usquebaugh  and  bonntf-dabbfr. 

Fimt,  Perkiu  Warlwck,  ill.  4. 

bonny-dame  (bon'i -dam),  n.  The  garden- 
orache,  Atriplex  hortemis. 

bonsilate  (bon'si-lat),  n.  [Irreg.  <  bone1  + 
»it(ic)ate.~]  A  composition  of  finely  ground 
bones  and  sodium  silicate,  used  as  a  substitute 
for  ivory  and  hard  wood  in  the  manufacture  of 
clock-cases,  canes,  dominoes,  etc.  Haldeman. 

bon  SOir  (F.  pron.  boil  swor).  [F.:  bon,  good; 
.«»';•,  evening:  see  bon*  and  soiree.]  Good  even- 
ing; good  night. 

bonspiel  (bon'spel),  n.  [Sc.,  also  written  bon- 
speet,  honspel;  origin  unknown;  referred  by 
some  to  an  assumed  Dan.  'bomlespil,  a  rustic 
game,  <  bonde  (AS.  bonda,  ME.  bonde,  a  farmer, 
rustic :  see  bond2)  +  spil  =  G.  spiel,  a  game ; 
by  others  to  an  assumed  D.  'bondspel,  <  bond, 
rcrbond,  covenant,  alliance,  +  s/icl,  a  game.]  A 
match  between  two  opposite  parties,  as  two 
parishes,  at  archery,  golf,  curling,  ete. :  now 
generally  restricted  to  the  last-mentioned  game. 

Curling  Is  the  Scotchman's  botupiel,  but  the  toboggan 
hcl.-iiu's  exclusively  to  Canada. 

Montreal  Daily  Star,  Carnival  Number,  1884. 

bontebok  (bon'te-bok),  «.  [D.,  <  bout  (=  G. 
limit),  spotted,  +  bok  =  E.  ftt/cA-l.]  Mcetafihus 
l>ygnriinx,  a  large  bubaline  antelope  of  South 
Africa,  closely  allied  to  the  blesbok,  and  having 
a  similar  blaze  on  the  face.  Also  written  bunt- 
hoi: 

bonte-QUagga  (bon'te-kwag'ft),  n.  <  D.  bont, 
spotted  (see  above),  +  quagga.]  The  dauw 
(which  see), 

bon-ton  (F.  pron.  bon'tdn'),  »•  [F.,  lit.  good 
tone:  see  ban*,  fcoon3,  ton2,  and  tone."]  1.  The 
style  of  persons  in  high  life ;  good  breeding. — 
2.  Polite  or  fashionable  soi-ii  t\ . 

bonus  (bo'nus),  n.  [Appar.  a  trade  word,  <  L. 
boiniti,  mase.,  good,  erroneously  put  for  bnniim. 


companion. 

bonxie  (bonk'si),  «.  [E.  dial.:  perhaps  con- 
nected with  dial,  bonx,  beat  up  batter  for  pud- 
dings ;  origin  unknown.]  A  name  for  the  skua. 
Stercorarius  catarrliacte*.  Montagu.  [Local, 
British.] 

bony  (bo'ni),  a.  [<  (wnei  +  -1/1.]  1.  Consist- 
ing of  bone  or  bones ;  full  of  bones ;  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  bone. —  2.  Having  large 
or  prominent  bones;  stout;  strong. 

Burning  for  blood,  bony,  and  gaunt,  and  grim, 
Assembling  wolves  in  raging  troops  descend. 

Thornton,  Winter,  1.  894. 

3.  Reduced  to  bones;  thin;  attenuated. — 4. 
Hard  and  tough  like  bone,  as  the  fruit  and 
seeds  of  some  plants. 

bony-fish  (bo'ni-fish).  n.  A  local  (Connecticut) 
name  of  the  menhaden,  Breroortiti  tyrannus. 

bonzary  (bon'za-ri),  «.  [<  bonza  (see  bonze)  + 
-ry,  after  monastery."}  A  Buddhist  monastery. 

bonze  (bonz),  «.  [Also  bonza;  =  F.  bonze  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  bonzo  (NL.  bonzux,  bonziua),  <  Jap. 
bonzo,  the  Jap.  way  of  pronouncing  the  Chinese 
fan  sung,  an  ordinary  (member)  of  the  assem- 
bly, i.  e.,  the  monastery,  or  monks  collectively: 
fan,  ordinary,  common;  sung,  repr.  Skt.  san- 
gha  (sarngha),  an  assembly,  <  gam,  together,  + 
•/  han,  strike.]  A  Buddh'ist  monk,  especially 
of  China  and  Japan. 

A  priest  in  England  is  not  the  same  mortified  creature 
with  a  bonze  iu  China. 

(fuldmiith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  «vii. 

bonzian  (bon'zi-an),  n.  [<  bonze  +  -Jan.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bonzes  or  Buddhist  monks 
of  China  and  Japan ;  monkish :  as,  bonzian  max- 
ims; bonzian  mysteries. 

bOO1  (bS),  inter/.     Same  as  60*. 

boo2  (b<i),  n.     Same  as  bu. 

booby  (bS'bi),  n.  and  n.  [Formerly  also  boobie, 
boobec  (the  E.  word  as  applied  to  the  bird  is 
the  source  of  F.  boubie,  the  bird  called  booby) ; 
prob.  <  Sp.  6060,  a  fool,  dunce,  dolt,  buffoon, 
also  a  bird  so  called  from  its  apparent  stupid- 
ity; =  Pg.  6060,  a  buffoon,  =  OF.  baube,  a  stam- 
merer, <  L.  balbu9,  stammering,  lisping,  inar- 
ticulate, akin  to  Gr.  fiapifapoc,  orig.  inarticulate : 
see  balbuties  and  barbarous."]  I.  ».;  pi.  boobies 
(-biz).  1.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dull  or  foolish 
person ;  a  lubber. 

When  blows  ensue  that  break  the  ami  of  toil, 

And  rustic  battle  ends  the  boobies'  broil.         Crabbr. 

An  awkward  booby,  reared  up  and  spoiled  at  his  mother's 
apron-string.          Qoldmnith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  I.  -2. 

2.  The  pupil  at  the  foot  of  a  class :  the  dunce 
of  the  class  or  of  the  school. —  3.  In  progressive 
euchre,  the  player  who  has  failed  most  conspic- 
uously in  the  game. — 4.  The  name  of  various 
species  of  brown  and  white  gannets,  birds  of 
the  family  Sulida:,  genus  Sula.  The  common  booby 
of  the  United  States  is  Sula  leucogantra,  a  well-known 
species  of  the  South  Atlantic  coast.  Others  are  the  red- 
footed  booby,  Sula  pucator,  and  the  blue-faced  booby,  5. 
eyanopn,  found  on  many  coasts  and  Islands  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  world. 

5.  In  New  England,  a  hack  on  runners;  a 
sleigh  kept  for  hire. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  booby  or  boobies ; 
foolish;  stupid. 

He  burned  his  fingers,  and  to  cool  them  he  applied  them 
in  his  booby  fashion  to  his  mouth.  Lamb,  Roast  Pig. 

booby-hatch  (bo'bi-hach),  n.  yaut.,  a  wooden 
framework  with  sashes  and  a  sliding  cover, 
used  in  merchant  vessels  to  cover  the  after- 
hatch. 

booby-hut  (bo"bi-hut),  n.  A  kind  of  hooded 
sleigh.  [Local,  U.  S.] 


booby-hutch 

booby-hutch  (bo'bi-huch),  n.  A  clumsy,  ill- 
contrived  covered  carriage  used  in  the  eastern 
part  of  England. 

boobyish  (bo'bi-ish),  a.  [<  booby  +  -fa**.]  Re- 
sembling a  booby ;  silly ;  stupid. 

boobyism  (bo'bi-izm),  «.  [<  booby  +  -ism.] 
The  character  or  actions  of  a  booby;  stupid- 
ity; foolishness. 

The  donkeys  who  are  prevailed  upon  to  pay  for  permis- 
sion to  exhibit  their  lamentable  ignorance  and  boobyism  on 
the  stage  of  a  private  theatre.  Dickens,  Sketches  by  Boz. 

bood  (bud).  A  Scotch  contraction  of  behooved. 
Also  written  buid. 

Boodha,  Boodhism,  Boodhist,  etc.  See  Bud- 
dha, Buddhism,  Buddhist,  etc. 

boodle1  (bo'dl),  H.  [Also  in  17th  century  (see 
def.  1,  first  extract)  buddle;  in  the  U.  S.  also  by 
apparent  corruption  caboodle;  origin  obscure. 
The  word  agrees  in  pron.  with  D.  boedel,  es- 
tate, possession,  inheritance,  household  goods, 
stuff,  lumber,  from  which,  with  other  slang 
terms,  it  may  have  been  taken  in  the  Elizabeth- 
an period  in  the  general  sense  of  'the  whole 
property,'  'the  whole  lot.']  1.  Crowd;  pack; 
lot :  in  a  contemptuous  sense,  especially  in  the 
phrase  the  whole  kit  and  boodle. 

Men  curiously  and  carefully  chosen  out  (from  all  the 
Buddie  and  masse  of  great  ones)  for  their  approoued  wise- 
dome.  F.  Markham,  Bk.  of  Honour,  IV.  ii.  (N.  E.  D.) 
He  would  like  to  have  the  whole  boodle  of  them  (I  re- 
monstrated against  this  word,  but  the  professor  said  it 
was  a  diabolish  good  word  .  .  .  )  with  their  wives  and  chil- 
dren shipwrecked  on  a  remote  island. 

0.  W.  Holmen,  The  Autocrat,  p.  139. 

2.  Money  fraudulently  obtained  in  public  ser- 
vice ;  especially,  money  given  to  or  received  by 
officials  in  bribery,  or  gained  by  collusive  con- 
tracts, appointments,  etc. ;  by  extension,  gain 
from  public  cheating  of  any  kind:  often  used 
attributively.     [Eeceut,  U.  S.] 

Some  years  ago,  Dr.  McDonald,  then  superintendent  of 
Blackwell's  Island  Asylum,  attempted  to  introduce  the 
[Turkish]  bath  there,  but  ignorance,  politics  and  boodle 
had  more  influence  with  the  New  York  aldermen  than 
science  or  the  claims  of  humanity,  and  the  attempt  was 
ultimately  abandoned.  Alien,  and  Xenrol.,  VIII.  239. 

3.  Counterfeit  money. 

boodle'2  (bo'dl),  n.  [Appar.  a  slaug  variation  of 
noodle.]  A  blockhead;  a  noodle. 

boodle3  (bo'dl),  n.  An  old  English  name  for 
the  corn-marigold,  Chrysanthemum  segetum. 
Also  written  buddle. 

boodler  (bod'ler),  n.  [<  boodle^  +  -e/'1.]  One 
who  accepts  or  acquires  boodle ;  one  who  sells 
his  vote  or  influence  for  a  bribe,  or  acquires 
money  fraudulently  from  the  public.  [U.  S.] 

boody  (bo'di),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  boodied,  ppr. 
boody ing.  [Cf.  F.  bouder,  sulk,  pout:  see  bou- 
doir.'] To  look  angry  or  gruff.  [Colloq.] 

Come,  don't  boody  with  me ;  don't  be  angry. 

Trollopt,  Barchester  Towers,  xxvii. 

boof  (bof),  •».  Peach-brandy:  a  word  in  use 
among  the  Pennsylvania  Germans. 

boohoo1  (bo'ho'),  interj.  A  word  imitating  the 
sound  of  noisy  weeping. 

boohoo1  (bo'ho'),  v.  i.  [<  boohoo,  interj.']  To 
cry  noisily ;  blubber  outright. 

boohoo2  (bo-ho'),  n.  A  sailors'  name  of  the  His- 
tiophorus  americamis,  or  sail-fish.  Also  called 
woohoo. 

booid1  (bo'oid),  a.  [<  boa  +  -oid.~\  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Boidw,  or  family  of  the  boas. 

booid2  (bo'oid),  a.  and  «.     [<  Booidea.]    I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Booidea;  bovine,  in  a 
broad  sense. 
II.  H.  One  of  the  Booidea. 

Booidea  (bo-oi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiovf, 
an  ox,  +  cMof,  appearance,  form.]  A  super- 
family  of  typical  ruminants,  the  bovine,  ovine, 
antilopine,  and  cervine  ruminants  collectively, 
as  contrasted  with  other  ruminants.  The  Booi- 
dea typica  contain  the  families  Bovidce  (with  the  goats, 
sheep,  and  antelopes,  as  well  as  the  oxen),  Saigidm,  and 
Antilocapridce.  The  Booidea  cervijomnia  consist  of  the 
single  family  Cervulce. 

book  (buk),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boock,  bock; 
<  ME.  book,  booke,  boke,  bok  (north,  buk,  buke, 
>  Sc.  buik,  beuk,  buke),  <  AS.  boc  (pi.  bee),  f.,  a 
writing,  record,  charter,  book,  =  OS.  bok  = 
OFries.  bok  =  MD.  boeck,  D.  boek  =  OLG.  bok, 
LG.  book  =  OHG.  buoti,  MHG.  buoch,  G.  buch, 
neut.,  =  Icel.  bok,  f .,  =  Sw.  bok  =  Dan.  bog, 
book,  =  Goth,  boka,  f .,  bok,  neut.,  a  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  pi.  a  writing,  document,  book  (cf. 
OBulg.  bukui,  letter,  in  pi.  writing,  bukvari, 
abecedarium,  Bulg.  Russ.  bukva,  letter;  from 
the  Teut.),  orig.  Teut.  *boks,  a  leaf ,  sheet,  or 
tablet  for  writing ;  usually  referred,  in  spite  of 
philological  difficulties,  to  AS.  (etc.)  boc  (usually 
in  deriv.  form  bece,  beech),  cf .  AS.  bocstwf,  early 


624 

mod.  E.  &ofcsta/(mod.  E.  as  if  "bookstaff  or  "buck- 
staff)  (=  OS.  botetaf  =  MD.  boeckstaf,  D.  boek- 
staaf  =  OHG.  buolistab,  MHG.  buochstap,  G. 
buchstttbe  =  Icel.  bokstnfr=  Sw.  Zwfcgta/=  Dan. 
bogstav),  a  letter  of  the  alphabet,  lit.  appar. 
'beech-staff'  «  AS.  boc,  beech,  +  stctf,  staff), 
an  interpretation  resting  on  the  fact,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  similarity  of  form  between 
AS.  (etc.)  boc,  book,  and  boc,  beech,  that  in- 
scriptions were  made  on  tablets  of  wood  or 
bark,  presumably  often  of  beech  (Venantius 
Fortunatus,  about  A.  D.  600,  refers  to  the  writ- 
ing of  runes  on  tablets  of  ash ;  cf .  L.  liber,  book, 
liber,  bark,  Gr.  /iifiMov,  book,  /ft/Mof,  book,  papy- 
rus :  see  liber,  Bible,  paper) ;  but  AS.  bocstaf,  if 
lit.  '  beech-staff,'  would  hardly  come  to  be  ap- 
plied to  a  single  character  inscribed  thereon ;  it 
is  rather  'book-staff,'  i.  e.,  a  character  employed 
in  writing,  <  boc,  a  writing,  +  stcef,  a  letter  (cf . 
riin-sta>f,  a  runic  character,  stcef-crceft,  gram- 
mar). The  connection  with  beech1  remains  un- 
certain: see  beech,  buck1!.]  If.  A  writing;  a 
written  instrument  or  document,  especially  one 
granting  land ;  a  deed.  The  use  of  books  or  written 
charters  was  introduced  in  Anglo-Saxon  times  by  the  ec- 
clesiastics, as  affording  more  permanent  and  satisfactory 
evidence  of  a  grant  or  conveyance  of  land  than  the  sym- 
bolical or  actual  delivery  of  possession  before  witnesses, 
which  was  the  method  then  in  vogue. 

By  that  time  will  our  book,  I  think,  be  drawn. 

SAai.,lHen.  IV.,iii.  1. 
Come,  let 's  seal  the  book  first, 
For  my  daughter's  jointure. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Elder  Brother,  iii.  3. 

Mr.  Kemble  divides  a  book,  as  distinguished  from  a  will, 
contract,  or  synodal  decree,  into  six  parts,—  I.  The  Invo- 
cation ;  II.  The  Proem ;  III.  The  Grant ;  IV.  The  Sanc- 
tion; V.  The  Date;  VI.  TheTeste.  The  first,  second  and 
fourth  of  these  divisions  are  purely  religious,  and  require 
no  detailed  examination.  Fiveandsix  are  merelytormal, 
useful  only  in  questions  of  chronology  and  genuineness, 
or  as  proof  of  the  presence  of  a  Witan.  The  third  divi- 
sion is  the  grant,  which  contains  all  the  important  legal 
matter  of  the  charter.  H.  Cabot  Lodge. 

Lastly,  there  was  bocland,  or  bookland,  the  land  held  in 
several  property  under  the  express  terms  of  a  written  in- 
strument, or  600*  as  it  was  then  called. 

F.  Pollock,  Land  Laws,  p.  22. 

2.  A  treatise,  written  or  printed  on  any  mate- 
rial, and  put  together  in  any  convenient  form, 
as  in  the  long  parchment  rolls  of  the  Jews,  in 
the  bundles  of  bamboo  tablets  in  use  among 
the  Chinese  before  the  invention  of  paper,  or 
in  leaves  of  paper  bound  together,  as  is  usual 
in  modern  times;  a  literary  composition,  espe- 
cially one  of  considerable  length,  whether  writ- 
ten or  printed. 

A  good  book  is  the  precious  life-Wood  of  a  master-spirit 
embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a  life  beyond 
life.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

3.  Specifically,  the  Bible. 

Who  can  give  an  oath?  where  is  a  book? 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  8. 

4.  A  collection  of  written  or  printed  sheets 
fastened   or  bound   together,    especially  one 
larger  than  a  pamphlet;  a  volume:  as,  this 
book  is  one  of  a  set  or  series. — 5.  A  particular 
subdivision  of  a  literary  composition ;  one  of 
the  larger  divisions  .used  in  classifying  topics, 
periods,  etc.— 6.  Figuratively,  anything  that 
serves  for  the  recording  of  facts  or  events :  as, 

the  book  of  Nature. 

I  have  been 

The  book  of  his  good  acts,  whence  men  have  read 
His  fame  unparallel'd.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2. 

7.  A  number  of  sheets  of  blank  writing-paper 
bound  together  and  used  for  making  entries: 
as,  a  note-  or  memorandum-ioofc  ;  specifically, 
such  a  book  used  for  recording  commercial  or 
other  transactions:  as,  a  day-6oofc,  a  cash-6oofc, 
a  minute-ftooA-,  etc. —  8.  The  words  of  an  opera ; 
a  libretto  (which  see). —  9.  In  betting,  an  ar- 
rangement of  bets  recorded  in  a  book ;  a  list  of 
bets  made  against  a  specific  result  in  a  contest 
of  any  kind:  as,  to  make  a  book;  a  thousand- 
dollar  book.  See  book-maker,  3. — 10.  In  leliist, 
six  tricks  taken  by  either  side. — 11.  A  pile  or 
package  of  tobacco-leaves,  arranged  with  all 
the  stems  in  the  same  direction. — 12.  A 
package  of  gold-leaf,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
leaves  laid  between  sheets  of  folded  paper 
stitched  at  the  back.  The  leaves  are  usually 
3f  inches  square. 

Often  abbreviated  to  bk. 

Back  of  a  book.  See  back*.— Bamboo  books.  See 
bamboo.— Bell,  book,  and  candle.  See  belli.—  Black 
book,  one  of  several  books,  mostly  of  a  political  character, 
so  called  either  from  the  nature  of  their  contents  or 
from  the  color  of  their  binding.  Specifically  —  (a)  A  book 
of  the  Exchequer  in  England  composed  by  Nigel,  Bishop 
of  Ely  (died  1169),  and  wrongly  attributed  to  Gervase  of 
Tilbury.  It  contains  a  description  of  the  Court  of  Exche- 
quer as  it  existed  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  ite  offi- 
cers, their  rank  and  privileges,  wages,  perquisites,  and 


book 

jurisdiction,  with  the  revenues  of  the  crown  in  money, 
grain,  and  cattle,  (b)  A  book  compiled  by  order  of  the 
visitors  of  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII.,  containing  a 
detailed  account  of  the  alleged  abuses  in  religious  houses, 
to  blacken  them  and  to  hasten  their  dissolution.  This 
book  disappeared  not  long  after  the  accomplishment  of 
its  purpose,  (c)  A  book  kept  at  some  universities  as  a  regis- 
ter of  faults  and  misdemeanors  ;  hence,  to  be  in  one's  black 
books,  to  be  in  disfavor  with  one.  (d)  An  ancient  book  of 
admiralty  law,  always  held  to  be  of  very  high  authority, 
compiled  in  the  fourteenth  century,  (e)  A  book  treating  of 
necromancy,  or  the  black  art.— Blue  book,  (a)  A  name 
popularly  applied  to  the  reports  and  other  papers  printed 
by  order  of  the  British  Parliament  or  issued  by  the  privy 
council  or  other  departments  of  government,  because  their 
covers  are  usually  blue.  The  corresponding  books  of  offi- 
cial reports  are  yellow  and  blue  in  France,  green  in  Italy, 
and  red  and  white  in  various  other  countries. 

At  home  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  perusal  of  blue- 
books.  Thackeray. 
(6)  In  the  United  States,  a  book  containing  the  names  and 
salaries  of  all  the  persons  in  the  employment  of  the  govern- 
ment, (c)  The  book  containing  the  regulations  for  the 
government  of  the  United  States  navy.  [Often  written 
with  a  hyphen.)  —Book  of  adjournal,  concord,  disci- 
pline etc.  See  the  nouns.— Book  of  Books,  the  Bible. 
—  Book  of  Homilies.  See  homily.— Book  of  ties,  an 
old  name  for  a  weaver's  memorandum-book  of  patterns. 

Formerly  .  .  .  the  weaver  was  expected  to  tie-up  or  ar- 
range his  loom  to  produce  satins,  twills,  spots,  and  small 
figures,  .  .  .  and  if  he  was  a  careful  man  he  would  have  a 
number  of  the  most  prevailing  patterns  drawn  in  his 
Book  of  Ties.  A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  314. 

Books  of  Council  and  Session.  See  council.— By 
book,  by  the  book,  by  line  and  rule ;  accurately :  as,  to 
speak  by  the  book. 

There  are  so  many  circumstances  to  piece  up  one  good 
action,  that  it  is  a  lesson  to  be  good,  and  we  are  forced  to 
be  virtuous  by  the  book. 

Sir  T.  Bromm,  Eeligio  Medici,  i.  55. 

Canonical  books.  See  canonical.— Christ's  Book,  the 
Gospels. 

A  Latiu  copy  of  the  Gospels,  or,  as  the  Anglo-Saxons 
well  called  it,  a  Christ's  Book. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  357. 
Fleet  books.  See  fleet*.— In  one's  books,  in  kind  re- 
membrance ;  in  favor ;  in  mind  with  reference  to  future 
favors,  gifts,  or  bequests. 

I  must  have  him  wise  as  well  as  proper.  He  comes  not 
in  my  books  else.  Middleton  (and  others'),  The  Widow,  i.  1. 

I  was  so  much  in  hi*  books  that  at  his  decease  he  left  me 
his  lamp.  Addition. 

Orderly  book.    See  orderly.— Symbolical  books.    See 

symbolical.— The  Book  Annexed.     See  annex,  !).— The 

devil's  books  or  picture-books,  playing-cards. 

They  sip  the  scandal  potion  pretty ; 

Or  lee-lang  nights  wi'  crabbit  leuks 

Pore  owre  the  devil's  pictur'd  betiks. 

Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs,  1.  224. 

To  balance  books.  See  balance. — To  bring  to  book, 
to  bring  to  account.— To  Close  the  books,  to  cease 
making  entries  for  a  time,  as  is  done  by  corporations  and 
business  concerns  when  about  to  declare  a  dividend,  etc. 
—  To  hear  a  bookt,  in  the  old  universities,  to  attend  a 
course  of  lectures  in  which  the  book  was  read  and  ex- 
pounded.—To  speak  like  a  book,  to  speak  accurately, 
or  as  if  from  a  book ;  speak  with  full  and  precise  informa- 
tion ;  hence  the  similar  phrase  to  know  like  a  book  (that 
is,  know  thoroughly).— To  suit  one's  book,  to  accord 
with  one's  arrangements  or  wishes.—  To  take  a  leaf  out 
of  one's  book,  to  follow  one's  example. — Without  book. 

(a)  By  memory  ;  without  reading ;  without  notes  :  as,  a 
sermon  delivered  without  book. 

His  writing  is  more  then  his  reading ;  for  hee  reades 
onely  what  hee  gets  without  booke. 
Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Young  Rawe  Preacher. 

(b)  Without  authority :  as,  something  asserted  without 
book. 

book  (buk),  v.  [<  ME.  boken,  <  book,  n.;  cf. 
AS.  bocian,  give  by  charter  (=  OFries.  bokia  = 
Icel.  boka),  <  boc,  book,  charter :  see  book,  «.] 

1.  trans.  It.  To  convey  by  book  or  charter. 

It  was  an  infringement  of  the  law  to  book  family  or 
hereditary  lands.  H.  Cabot  Lodge. 

2.  To  enter,  write,  or  register  in  a  book;  re- 
cord. 

Let  it  be  booked  with  the  rest  of  this  day's  deeds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

I  always  from  my  youth  have  endeavoured  to  get  the 
rarest  secrets,  and  book  them.  B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  enter  in  a  list ;  enroll;  enlist  for  service. 
This  indeede  (Eudoxus)  hath  bene  hitherto,  and  yet  is, 

a  common  order  amongest  them,  to  have  all  the  people 
booked  by  the  lordes  and  gentellmen,  but  yet  it  is  the 
woorst  order  that  ever  was  devised. 

5j*/i«r,  State  of  Ireland. 

4.  To  engage  or  secure  beforehand  by  regis- 
try or  payment,  as  a  seat  in  a  stage-coach  or  a 
box  at  the  opera. —  5.  To  deliver,  and  pay  for 
the  transmission  of,  as  a  parcel  or  merchan- 
dise :  as,  the  luggage  was  booked  through  to 
London. —  6.  To  reserve  accommodation  for ; 
receive,  and  undertake  to  forward :  as,  at  that 
office  passengers  (or  parcels)  were  bonked  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.     [In  senses  4,  5.  and  6, 
confined  to  the  British  islands.]  — 7.  To  make 
into  a  book,  as  gold-leaf,  tobacco-leaves,  etc. 
—  Booked  at  last,  caught  and  disposed  of. 

II.  intratis.  I.  To  register  one's  name  for 
the  purpose  of  securing  something  in  advance ; 
put  one's  name  down  for  something:  as,  to  book 


book 

for  the  play;  I  booked  through  to  London. 
[Great  Britain.]  — 2.  In  Scotland,  to  register 
in  the  Session  record  as  a  preliminary  to  the 
proclamation  of  the  lianns  of  marriage, 
book-account  (buk'a-komit"),  "•  1.  An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book. 
—  2.  Specifically,  in  fc»«Mvr/>i/ii/  by  double  eu- 
try,  an  account  showing  the  transactions  of  a 
merchant  in  regard  to  some  particular  com- 
modity or  branch  of  trade  placed  under  a  head- 
ing such  as  "stock,"  "cotton,"  etc.,  and  not 
referred  to  a  person  with  whom  they  may  have 

I II  clTected. 

bookbinder  (Trtk'Wn'dte),  ».  [<  ME.  book- 
hijinlfi- :  <  bonk  +  himli'r.]  1.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  the  binding  of  books. —  2.  A  binder 
lor  preserving  loose  printed  sheets,  etc.  See 
hiinlcr,  s.  Bookbinders'  cloth.  See  cloth. 

boqkbindery  (buk'biii'der-i),  ». ;  pi.  bookbiml- 
frien  (-iz).  A  place  where  books  are  bound. 

bookbinding  (buk'bin'ding),  n.  The  opera- 
tion of  binding  books;  the  process  of  securing 
the  sheets  of  a  book  within  a  permanent  casing 
of  bookbinders'  board  and  leather  or  cloth,  or 
other  suitable  materials,  covering  the  sides  and 
back,  and  jointed  at  their  junction. 

bookcase1  (buk'kas),  n.  A  case  with  shelves 
for  holding  books. 

book-case'n  (buk'kas),  ».  In  law,  a  case  stated 
or  mentioned  in  legal  works;  a  recorded  case; 
a  precedent. 

bopk-clamp  (buk'klamp),  ii.  1.  A  book- 
binder's vise  for  holding  books  in  the  process  of 
binding. — 2.  A  device  for  carrying  books,  con- 
sisting generally  of  two  narrow  pieces  of  wood 
or  iron,  connected  by  cords  attached  to  a  han- 
dle. The  books  are  placed  between  the  pieces,  ami  wlien 
the  handle  U  turned  the  cords  are  tightened  and  the  books 
secured. 

book-debt    (buk'det),    w.      A   debt   standing 
against  a  person  in  an  account-book, 
bookery  (buk'er-i),  ». ;  pi.  bookeries  (-iz).     [< 
book  +  -ery.]     1.  A  collection  of  books. 

The  \Mi.-  Morellet  .  .  .  has  a  bookery  In  such  elegant 
order  that  people  l>eg  to  go  and  see  ft. 

MM?.  D'Arblau,  Diary,  VI.  346. 

2.  Study  of  or  passion  for  books. 

Let  them  that  mean  by  bookish  business 
To  earn  their  bread,  or  hopeti  to  profess 
Their  hard  got  skill,  let  them  alone,  for  me, 
Busy  their  brains  with  deeper  bookery. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  II.  ii.  28. 
[Bare  in  both  uses.] 

book-fair  (buk'far),  ».  A  fair  or  market  for 
books.  The  most  noted  book-fairs  arc  those  of  Leipsic 
in  Saxony,  which  occur  at  Easter  and  Michaelmas,  and  at 
which  many  other  objects  of  commerce  are  disposed  of  be- 
sides books. 
book-fold  (buk'fold),  ».  A  piece  of  muslin 

containing  24  yards. 

book-formed  (buk'formd),  «.  Having  the 
mind  trained  or  formed  by  the  study  of  books ; 
imbued  with  learning.  [Bare.] 

With  every  tulilf-wit  and  book-formed  sage.     J.  Baillie. 
bookflllt  (buk'ful),  n.     [<  book  +  -fill,  1.]   Full 
of  book-knowledge ;  stuffed  with  ideas  gleaned 
from  books. 

The  bookfnl  blockhead,  ignorantly  read. 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  bead. 

/'"/»'.  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  612. 

bookful  (buk'ful),  ».     [<  book  +  -ful,  2.]    As 
much  as  a  book  contains.     Cotcner. 
book-holder  (buk'hol''der),  w.    If.  The  prompt- 
er at  a  theater. 

They  are  out  of  their  parts,  snre :  it  may  be  'tis  the 
book-holtlrr'*  fault ;  I'll  go  see. 

Fletcher  ami  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  II.  2. 

2.  A  reading-desk  or  other  device  for  support- 
ing a  book  while  open. 

book-hunter  (buk'nun'ter),  M.  An  eager  col- 
lector of  books;  especially,  one  who  seeks  old 
and  rare  books  and  editions ;  a  bibliophile. 

booking-clerk  (buk'ing-klerk),  H.  The  clerk  or 
official  who  has  charge  of  a  register  or  book  of 
entry;  specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  ticket- 
clerk  at  a  railway-station,  theater,  etc. 

booking-machine  (buk'ing-ma-shen*),  M.  An 
apparatus  for  making  tobacco-leaves  into  pack- 
ages called  books. 

booking-office  (buk'ing-of'is),  n.  In  Great 
Britain,  an  ollice  where  applications,  etc..  arc 
received  and  entered  in  a  book ;  specifically, 
the  office  in  connection  with  a  railway,  theater, 
etc.,  where  tickets  are  sold,  or  applications  for 
them  registered. 

bookish  (biik'ish),  n.  [<  book  +  -feftl.]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  books ;  literary:  as,  ' '  book- 
ish skill."  /.'//.  Hull.  Satires,  II.  ii.  19.— 2.  Given 
to  reading ;  fond  of  study ;  hence,  more  ac- 
40 


625 


qnainted  with  books  than  with  men  ;  familiar 
with  books,  but  not  with  practical  life:  as,  "a 
bookish  man,"  AtMi.ioit.  Spectator,  No.  48U.  — 
3.  Learned;  stilted;  pedantic:  applied  either 
to  individuals  or  to  diction:  as.  a  bookish  ex- 
pression. 

bookishly  (buk'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  bookish  man- 
ner or  way  ;  studiously  ;  pedantically. 

she  [Christina  of  Sweden)  was  l*»iki«hlii  given. 

Lord  Tliiirlnir.  state  Papers,  ii.  104. 

bookishness  (biik'ish-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bookish. 

Tile  language  of  high  life  has  always  tended  to  slmpll- 
city  and  the  vernacular  Ideal,  recoiling  from  every  mode 
of  bookithneM.  l>r  Quinary,  Style,  i. 

bookkeeper  (bnk'ke'per),  w.  One  who  keeps 
accounts;  one  whose  occupation  is  to  make  a 
formal  balanced  record  of  pecuniary  transac- 
tions in  account-books. 

bookkeeping  (buk'ke'piug),  «.  The  art  of 
recording  pecuniary  transactions  in  a  regular 
and  systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keeping  ac- 
counts in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  permanent 
record  of  business  transactions  from  which  the 
true  state  or  history  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs 
or  mercantile  dealings  may  at  any  time  be  as- 
certained. Properly  kept  liooks  show  what  a  merchant 
lias,  what  be  owes,  and  what  la  owing  to  him,  as  well  as 
what  sums  he  has  received  and  paid,  the  losses  he  has  in 
cnrred,  etc.  IJooks  are  kept  according  to  one  of  two  chief 
methods,  viz.,  by  finffle  or  by  double  entry.  The  former 
Is  more  simple  and  less  perfect  than  the  latter,  ami  is  now 
in  use  chiefly  in  retail  business.  In  bookkeeyiivj  by  single 
entry,  three  books,  a  day-lxtok,  a  cash-book,  and  a  ledger, 
are  commonly  used,  but  the  essential  book  ls  the  leilmT, 
containing  accounts  under  the  names  of  the  persons  with 
whom  a  trader  deals,  goods  or  money  received  from  any 
one  of  them  being  entered  on  one  side  of  the  account, 
called  the  credit  side,  and  goods  sold  or  money  paid  to 
that  person  l>eing  entered  on  the  opposite  or  debit  side  of 
the  account.  In  bookkeeping  by  double-  entry,  the  ledger 
accounts  are  of  two  kinds,  personal  accounts  such  as  those 
just  descrll>ed,  and  book-accounts,  In  which  the  commod- 
ities dealt  in  are  made  the  subjects  of  separate  accounts, 
and  have  a  debit  and  a  credit  side,  as  In  personal  accounts. 
Thus,  if  a  trader  purchase  100  bales  of  cotton  from  A.  B., 
the  account  in  the  ledger  headed  A.  B.  Is  credited  with  lou 
bales  of  cotton,  so  much,  while  the  account  headed  Cotton 
is  debited  with  the  same  quantity  and  amount  ;  should  the 
trader  sell  10  bales  to  C.  I).,  the  account  headed  C.  D.  is 
debited  with  10  bales  at  so  much,  and  the  account  headed 
Cotton  Is  credited  with  10  bales  ;  and  so  on.  These  book- 
accounts  are  based  on  the  principle  that  all  money  and  ar- 
ticles received  become  debtors  to  him  from  whom  or  to 
that  for  which  they  are  received,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  all 
those  who  receive  money  or  goods  from  us  become  debtors 
to  cash  or  to  the  goods.  In  this  way  every  transaction  Is 
entered  in  the  ledger  on  the  creditor  side  of  one  account 
and  on  the  debtor  side  of  another.  The  books  used  in 
double  entry  vary  In  number  and  arrangement  according 
to  the  nature  of  the  business  ami  the  manner  of  recording 
the  facts.  Transactions  as  they  take  place  from  day  to 
day  are  generally  recorded  in  such  lxx>k«  as  the  stock- 
book,  cash-book,  1  .i  1H  ><  ..  .k,  invoice-book,  and  sales-book,  or 
they  may  all  be  recorded  in  order  in  a  waste-book  or  day- 
book. I'pon  these  books  or  additional  document*  are 
based  the  journal  and  ledger.  The  former  contains  a 
periodical  al»tract  of  all  the  transactions  recorded  in 
the  subordinate  books  or  in  documents  not  entered  in 
these,  classified  into  debits  and  credits,  while  the  latter 
contains  an  abstract  of  all  the  entries  made  in  the  former. 
classified  under  the  heads  of  their  respective  accounts. 

book-knowledge  (buk'nol'ej),  n.  Knowledge 
gained  by  reading  books,  in  distinction  from 
that  obtained  through  observation  and  expe- 
rience. 

bookland  (buk'land),  ».  [Also  back-land,  often 
cited  in  the  old  legal  form  bocland,  <  AS.  hoc- 
land,  <  boc,  charter,  book,  +•  land,  land.]  In 
old  Eng.  law,  charter  land,  held  by  deed  under 
certain  rents  and  free  services;  free  socage 
land.  This  species  of  tenure  has  given  rise  to 
the  modern  freeholds. 

The  title  to  hoc-land  was  based  upon  the  possession  of  a 
boc,  or  written  grant. 

D.  V.  Sow,  German  Land-holding,  Xotes,  p.  170. 

This  process  of  turning  public  property  into  private 
went  on  largely  in  later  times.  The  alienation  was  now 
commonly  made  by  a  document  in  writing,  under  the  sig- 
natures of  the  King  and  his  Witan  ;  land  so  granted  was 
therefore  said  to  be  booked  to  the  grantee,  and  was  known 
as  booklaml.  K.  A.  Freeman,  Norm.  Conq.,  I.  64. 

book-learned  (buk'ler'ned),  a.  [<  book  + 
learned;  cf.  ME.  bok-ilered,  book-taught:  see 
teiri.]  Versed  in  books;  acquainted  with 
books  and  literature  ;  hence,  better  acquainted 
with  books  than  with  men  and  the  common 
concerns  of  life  ;  bookish. 

Whate'er  these  book-learned  blockheads  say, 
Solon's  the  veriest  fool  in  all  the  play.        Oryden. 

book-learning  (buk'ler'ning),  n.  Learning 
acquired  by  reading;  acquaintance  with  books 
and  literature  :  generally  opposed  to  knowledge 
gained  from  experience  of  men  and  things. 

Neither  does  It  so  much  require  book-learning  and  schol- 

arship as  good  natural  sense,  to  distinguish  true  »nd  false. 

T.  Biirnft,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 


book-post 

bookless  Omk'los),  a.     [<  html;  +  -/.*«.]     With- 
out books  or  book-knowledge  ;  unlearned. 
Theftoo*(M»,  minterlng  youth.   .Ww/'ri//*.  TheCtaee,  I. 

booklet  (buk'let),  «.  [<  book  +  dim.  -te«.]  A 
little  book. 

Little  |>a|*r-covere<l  booklet*.     The.  Century,  XXV.  244. 
book-lore  (buk'lor),  w.     Book-learning;  know- 
ledge gained  from  books. 
book-louse  (buk'lous),  ».    A  minute  iicumpter- 

oii-  insi-ct  <>f  the  faiiiilv  /'-<»•.</,<.  ili-tin^ni-ln-il 
by  having  the  tarsi  composed  of  only  two  or 
three  joints,  mid  the  posterior  wings  smaller 
than  the  anterior.  M.  ->t.-..i 

WillgS,   llll'l    is  \rt\    .Irstriu  livr    t.>  I.I.I    hooks.  i-i.|>«-cildly  III 

.him],  places,  iin.l  t»  <  .-II.  '  '  i  ].l.  niti*.  etc. 

book-madness  (buk'mad'nes),  H.     A  rage  for 

]>..--,  .-sin;;  books;  bibliomania. 
book-maker   (buk'ma'ker),  n.     If.  A  printer 

and  binder  of  books.  —  2.  One  who  writes  and 

publishes  books  ;  especially,  a  mere  compiler. 

AnouUlder  whose  kuo«  Icdk'''  <'f  l*ai  Ni|iiwm  i*  <li-ri\t-.l 
from  our  old  trxt-lxioks  and  cyclopaedias,  or  fron  .....  n 
resident  ttook-maJcerf,  may  be  so  for  dazed  u  to  imagine 
the  Japanese  demigods  in  statecraft,  even  as  the  Ameri- 
can newspaper*  make  them  all  princes. 

H'    K.  Urlfin,  In  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXX.  MS. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  book  (see  book,  ».,  9)  on 
a  race  or  other  doubtful  event  ;  a  professional 
betting  man.  See  extract. 

In  betting  there  art-  two  |  turtle  s  —  one  called  "layers,"  as 
the  book-maker!  arc  termed,  and  the  others  "backers,"  In 
which  class  may  Ite  included  owners  of  horses  as  well  u 
the  public.  The  backer  takes  the  odds  which  the  book- 
maker  lays  against  a  horse,  the  former  s]>ecnlatlng  upon  the 
success  of  the  animal,  the  latter  upon  its  defeat  ;  ami  tak- 
ing the  case  of  Cremorne  for  the  Derby  of  1872,  Just  before 
the  race,  the  book-maker  would  have  laid  3  to  1,  or  [H-rbaiw 
£1000  to  £300  against  him,  by  which  transaction,  if  the 
horse  won,  as  he  did,  the  backer  would  win  £1000  for 
risking  earn,  anil  the  Imik-tnaker  lose  the  £11100  which  he 
risked  to  win  the  smaller  sum.  At  first  night  this  may  ap- 
pear an  act  of  very  questionable  policy  on  the  part  of  the 
book-make  r  ;  but  really  It  is  not  so  ;  liecause,  so  for  from 
running  a  greater  risk  than  the  backer,  he  runs  less,  Inas- 
much as  it  is  his  plan  to  lay  the  same  amount  (£10011) 
against  every  horse  in  the  race,  and  as  there  can  be  hut 
one  winner,  he  would  in  all  probability  receive  more  than 
enough  money  from  the  many  losers  to  pay  the  stated  sum 
of  £1000  which  the  chances  arc  he  has  laid  against  the  one 
winner,  whichever  it  Is.  Eng.  Kneye. 

book-making  (buk'ma'king),  n.  1.  The  busi- 
ness of  printing  and  binding  books.  —  2.  The 
writing  and  publishing  of  books;  the  act  of 
compiling  books.  —  3.  The  act  or  practice  of 
making  a  book  on  a  race  or  other  doubtful 
event.  See  extract  under  book-maker,  3. 

bookman  (buk'man),  H.;  pi.  bookmen  (-men). 

[AS.  "bocmaii  in  def.  1  ;  <  for,  book,  charter,  + 

man,  man.]     If.  In  old  Eng.  lav,  one  who  held 

bookland.  —  2.  A  studious  or  learned  man;  a 

scholar;   a  student;  hence,  one  who  is  more 

familiar  with  books  than  with  men  and  things. 

You  two  are  bookwen  :  can  yon  tell  by  your  wit 

What  was  a  mouth  old  at  Cain  s  birth  that's  not  five  weeks 

old  yet?  Shak.,  I..  I..  I...  Ir.  2. 

There  l>e  some  clergymen  who  are  mere  btn£-men. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  I.  3. 

book-mark  (buk'mark),  H.  A  ribbon  or  other 
device  placed  between  the  pages  of  a  book,  to 
mark  a  place  where  reading  is  to  begin,  or  to 
which  reference  is  to  be  made. 

bookmatet  (buk'mat),  n.  A  schoolfellow;  a 
fellow-student:  as,  "the  prince  and  his  book- 
mates,"  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. 

bookmonger  (buk'mung'ger),  n.  A  dealer  in 
books. 

book-muslin  (buk'muz'lin),  n.  A  fine  kind  of 
transparent  muslin  haying  a  stiff  or  elastic  fin- 
ish: so  called  from  being  folded  in  book  form. 

book-name  (buk'nam),  ».  In  ;ool.  and  hot.,  a 
name  (other  than  the  technical  name)  of  an 
animal  or  plant  found  only  in  scientific  trea- 
tises —  that  is,  not  in  use  as  a  vernacular  name. 
It  Is  often  a  mere  adaptation  of  the  Latin  or  technical 
term,  as  paradoxvre  for  an  animal  of  the  genus  /'arn- 
doxHm*. 

book-notice  (buk'no'tis),  n.  A  short  notice  or 
review  of  a  book  in  a  magazine  or  newspaper. 

book-oath  (buk'oth),  n.  An  oath  made  on  the 
Bible  ;  a  Bible-oath. 

I  put  thee  now  to  thy  book^ath  ;  deny  it.  if  thou  canst. 

.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  11.1. 


book-plate  (buk'plat),  ».  A  label,  bearing  a 
name,  crest,  monogram,  or  other  design,  pasted 
in  or  on  a  book  to  indicate  its  ownership,  its 
position  in  a  library,  etc. 

The  book-plate*  described  by  W.  M.  M.  are  those  of  the 
libraries  founded  by  Or.  Bray  in  his  lifetime  and  by  the 
"Associates  of  Dr.  Bray  "  since  his  death. 

\    ,i,ut  Q.,  6th  ser.,  XII.  152. 

book-post  (buk'post),  n.  An  arrangement  in 
the  British  postal  service  by  which  books  and 
printed  matter  other  than  newspapers,  as  well 
as  manuscripts  intended  for  publication,  are 


book-post 

conveyed  at  reduced  rates  of  postage,  when  the 
wrappers  are  left  open  at  the  ends. 

book-rack  (buk'rak),  ».  A  rack  or  frame  for 
supporting  an  open  book,  or  for  holding  a  num- 
ber of  books. 

book-scorpion  (buk'sk6r"pi-on),  ».  A  small 
araclmidan  of  the  genus  CheUfcr;  a  little  false 
scorpion,  found  in  old  books  and  dark  musty 
places.  Cheli/cr  cancroids,  scarcely  a  twelfth  of  an 
inch  Ions,  and  dark-reddish  in  appearance,  is  an  example. 

bookseller  (buk'sel"er),  «.  A  person  who  car- 
ries on  the  business  of  selling  books. 

bookselling  (buk'ser'ing),  ».  The  business  of 
selling  books. 

book-shop  (buk'shop),  K.     A  book-store. 

book-slide  (buk'slid),  w.     Same  as  book-tray. 

book-stall  (buk'stal),  w.  A  stand  or  stall  on 
which  books,  generally  second-hand,  are  dis- 
played for  sale. 

book-stand  (buk'stand),  n.  1.  A  stand  or  sup- 
port to  hold  books  for  reading  or  reference. — 
2.  A  stand  or  frame  for  containing  books  of- 
fered for  sale  on  the  streets,  etc. — 3.  A  set  of 
shelves  for  books. 

book-stone  (buk'ston),  «.     Same  as  bibliolite. 

book-store  (buk'stor),  n.  A  store  or  shop  where 
books  are  sold.  [U.  S.] 

book-trade  (buk'trad),  n.  1.  The  buying  and 
selling  of  books ;  the  business  of  printing  and 
publishing  books. — 2.  Those,  collectively,  who 
are  engaged  in  this  business. 

book-tray  (buk'tra),  M.  A  board  for  holding 
books,  made  generally  of  some  cabinet-wood, 
with  sliding  ends,  often  richly  ornamented. 
Also  called  book-slide. 

book-trimmer  (buk'trim"er),  n.  A  machine 
for  squaring  the  edges  of  unbound  books. 

book-work  (buk'werk),  «.  1.  The  study  of 
text-books,  as  distinguished  from  experimental 
studies,  or  from  instruction  imparted  by  lec- 
tures.—  2.  In  printing,  work  on  books  and 
pamphlets,  as  distinguished  from  newspaper- 
work  and  job-work. 

book-worm  (buk'werm),  ».  1.  A  name  given 
to  the  larvae  of  various  insects,  which  gnaw  and 
injure  books,  but  particularly  to  those  of  two 
species  of  small  beetles,  Anobium  (Sitodrepa) 
paniceum  and  Ptinus  brunneus,  belonging  to  the 
family  Ptinidce.  They  infest  old,  unused  books,  work- 


a,  Sitodrepa  panicea;  b,  enlarged  antenna  of  same  ;  c,  Ptinus 
brunntiis.    (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes. } 

ing  chiefly  in  the  leather  binding,  but  also  riddling  the 
leaves  with  small  holes.  The  larv»  of  both  species  are 
closely  similar,  being  cylindrical  and  curved  like  those  of 
snout-beetles,  but  furnished  with  well-developed  legs,  and 
with  rather  long,  sparse  pubescence.  In  the  imago  state, 
however,  the  species  are  readily  distinguished,  P.  brun- 
neus  being  much  more  slender  in  every  respect  than  A. 

rnteeum. 
A  person  closely  addicted  to  study ;  one  de- 
voted to  the  reading  of  or  to  research  in  books : 
as,  "these  poring  book-worms,"  Toiler,  No.  278. 
[In  this  sense  more  commonly  as  one  word.] 

Though  I  be  no  book-worm,  nor  one  that  deals  by  art,  to 
give  you  rhetoric.  B.  Jomson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 

Instead  of  Man  Thinking,  we  have  the  bookworm. 

Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  77. 

bookwright  (buk'rit),  ».  A  writer  of  books; 
an  author  :  a  term  expressive  of  slight  dispar- 
agement. 

In  London,  at  this  moment,  any  young  man  of  real 
power  will  nud  friends  enough  and  too  many  among  his 
fellow  bookicrights.  Kingtley,  Two  Years  Ago,  xi. 

bool1  (bol),  n.  [Sc.  form  of  bowl2.']  1.  A  bowl 
used  in  bowling. —  2.  A  marble  used  by  boys 
in  play. — 3.  pi.  The  game  of  bowls. 

booP,  M.     See  boul. 

Boole's  canon.     See  canon. 

booleyt,  n.    See  booly. 

Boolian  (bo'li-an),  a.  and  re.  I.  a.  Relating  to 
the  mathematician  George  Boole  (1815-64),  the 
author  of  a  system  of  algebraic  notation  for 


626 

the  solution  of  logical  problems — Boolian  alge- 
bra.   See  algebra. 

II.  «.  An  expression  of  logical  algebra,  sub- 
jwct  to  the  rules  of  Boole's  system,  with  modi- 
fied addition,  and  stating  a  relation  between 
certain  individual  objects,  without  indicating 
how  those  objects  are  to  be  chosen. 
boolyt,  n.  [Also  written  boley,  boly,  <  Ir.  buaile 
=  Gael,  buaile,  a  fold,  place  for  milking  cows. 
Cf.  Ir.  buailidh  =  Gael,  bualaidh,  a  cow-house, 
ox-stall  (cf.  equiv.  L.  bovile),  <  Ir.  Gael,  bo  = 
E.  cow1.]  Formerly,  in  Ireland :  («)Aplaceof 
shelter  for  cattle.  (6)  A  company  of  people 
and  their  cattle  that  wandered  from  place  to 
place  in  search  of  pasture. 

This  keeping  of  cowes  is  of  it  selfe  a  verye  idle  life,  and 
a  fltt  nurserye  for  a  theefe.  For  which  cause  ye  remem- 
ber that  I  disliked  the  Irish  manner  of  keeping  Bolyes 
in  Sommer  upon  the  mountaynes  and  living  after  that 
savadge  sorte.  Spenxer,  State  of  Ireland. 

boom1  (bom),  r.  i.     [An  imitative  word,  a  re- 
vival of  ME.  bummen,  mod.  E.  bum1,  in  its  orig. 
sound  (ME.  u  usually  represented  the  sound 
now  indicated  by  oo  long  or  short) :  see  bum1, 
bomb1,    bomb2,    bump1,    bumble,    etc.,   and  cf. 
boom3.  ]     To  make  a  deep,  hollow,  continued 
sound,    (a)  To  buzz,  hum,  or  drone,  as  a  bee  or  beetle. 
At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 
Athwart  the  thicket  lone. 

Tennyson,  Claribel. 
(6)  To  drum  or  cry,  as  a  bittern. 

And  the  bittern  sound  his  drum, 
Booming  from  the  sedgy  shallow. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  31. 

(c)  To  roar,  rumble,  or  reverberate,  as  distant  guns. 

The  sound  of  the  musket-volleying  booing  into  the  far 
dining  rooms  of  the  Chauss^e  d'Antin. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  I.  iv.  3. 

(d)  To  roar,  as  waves  when  they  rush  with  violence  upon 
the  shore,  or  as  a  river  during  a  freshet,  or  as  a  ship  when 
rushing  along  before  a  fair  wind  under  a  press  of  sail. 

She  comes  booming  down  before  the  wind.  Totten. 

boom1  (bom),  n.  [<6oom1,  ».]  A  deep,  hollow, 
continued  sound,  (a)  A  buzzing,  humming,  or  dron- 
ing, as  of  a  bee  or  beetle.  (&)  The  cry  of  the  bittern,  (c) 
A  roaring,  rumbling,  or  reverberation,  as  of  distant  guns. 

Meantime  came  up  the  boom  of  cannon,  slowly  receding 
in  the  same  direction.  J.  K.  Hosmer,  The  Color  Guard,  vi. 
(d)  A  roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of 
waves. 

There  is  one  in  the  chamber,  as  in  the  grave,  for  whom 
the  boom  of  the  wave  has  no  sound,  and  the  march  of  the 
deep  no  tide.  Bulwer. 

boom2  (bom),  n.  [A  naut.  word  of  D.  origin, 
<  D.  boom  =  LG.  boom,  a  tree,  beam,  bar,  pole, 
=  Sw.  Dan.  bom,  a  bar,  rail,  perch,  boom,  = 
Norw.  bomm,  bumm,  bumb  (according  to  Aasen 
from  LG.  or  D.),  a  bar,  boom,  =  G.  baum,  a 
tree,  beam,  bar,  boom,  =E.  beam,  q.  v.]  1. 
A  long  pole  or  spar  used  to  extend  the  foot  of 
certain  sails  of  a  ship:  as,  the  main-ioow,  jib- 
boom,  studdingsail-feoowi. —  2.  A  strong  barrier, 
as  of  beams,  or  an  iron  chain  or  cable  fastened 
to  spars,  extended  across  a  river  or  the  mouth 
of  a  harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from 
passing. —  3.  A  chain  of  floating  logs  fastened 
together  at  the  ends  and  stretched  across  a 
river,  etc.,  to  stop  floating  timber.  [U.  S.]  — 
4.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen 
how  to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water. —  5. 
pi.  A  space  in  a  vessel's  waist  used  for  stowing 
boats  and  spare  spars — Bentlnck  boom.  See  ben- 
tinck. — Fore-boom,  an  old  name  for  the  jib-boom ;  the 
boom  of  a  fore-and-aft  foresail. — Guess- warp  boom.  See 
guess-warp.— Ringtail  boom.  See  ringtail. 

boom2  (bom),  v.  t.  [=  D.  boomen,  push  with  a 
pole,  <  boom,  a  pole,  boom :  see  boom2,  n.  Cl. 
beam,  t'.]  1.  To  shove  with  a  boom  or  spar. — 
2.  To  drive  or  guide  (logs)  down  a  stream  with 
a  boom  or  pole. — 3.  To  pen  or  confine  (logs) 
with  a  boom. —To  boom  off,  to  shove  (a  vessel  or  boat) 
away  with  spars. 

boom3  (bom),  v.  [A  recent  American  use,  ori- 
ginating in  the  West,  and  first  made  familiar  in 
1878 ;  a  particular  application  of  boom1,  v.  i., 
(d)  (with  ref.  also  to  boom1,  n.,  (d)),  from  the 
thought  of  sudden  and  rapid  motion  with  a 
roaring  and  increasing  sound.  In  later  use 
some  assume  also  an  allusion  to  boom2,  n.,  3. 
When  a  boom  of  logs  breaks,  the  logs  rush 
with  violence  down  the  stream,  and  are  then 
said  to  be  "booming";  but  this  appears  to  be 
the  ordinary  ppr.  adj.  booming,  roaring,  rush- 
ing with  violence,  and  to  have  no  connection 
with  boom2,  n.  or  v."]  I.  intrans.  To  go  on  with 
a  rush;  become  suddenly  active;  be  "lively," 
as  business ;  be  prosperous  or  flourishing.  [The 
earliest  instance  of  the  word  in  this  sense  appears  to  be  in 
the  following  passage : 

"  The  Republicans  of  every  other  State  are  of  the  same 
way  of  thinking.    The  fact  is,  the  Grant  movement  [for  a 
third  term  of  the  presidency]  is  booming." 
J,  B.  McCullayh,  in  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat,  July  18, 1878. 


booming 

Mr.  McCullagh,  in  a  letter  to  one  of  the  editors  of  this 
Dictionary,  says :  "I  cannot  explain  how  I  came  to  use  it, 
except  that,  while  on  the  gunboats  on  the  Mississippi  river 
during  the  war,  I  used  to  hear  the  pilots  say  of  the  river, 
when  rising  rapidly  and  overflowing  its  banks,  that  it  (the 
river)  was  'booming.'  The  idea  I  wished  to  convey  was 
that  the  Grant  movement  was  rising — swelling,  etc.  The 
word  seemed  to  be  a  good  one  to  the  ear,  and  I  kept  it  np. 
It  was  generally  adopted  about  a  year  afterward.  I  used 
it  as  a  noun  after  a  while,  and  spoke  of '  the  Grant  boom.'  "] 
They  all  say  that  one  railroad  spoils  a  town,  two  bring 
it  to  par  again,  and  three  make  it  boom. 

E.  Marston,  Frank's  Ranche,  p.  36. 

II.  trans.  To  bring  into  prominence  or  public 
notice  by  calculated  means;  push  with  vigor 
or  spirit :  as,  to  boom  a  commercial  venture,  or 
the  candidacy  of  an  aspirant  for  office. 
boom3  (bom),  n.  [<  boom3,  v.]  A  sudden  in- 
crease of  activity;  a  rush.  Specifically— (a)  In 
politics,  a  movement  seeming,  or  meant  to  seem,  spon- 
taneous in  favor  of  a  candidate  for  office,  or  in  behalf  of 
some  cause.  (6)  In  com.,  a  sudden  and  great  increase  of 
business ;  a  rapid  advance  of  prices :  as,  a  boom  in  real 
estate ;  a  boom  in  petroleum.  [U.  S.] 

Capital  was  enticed  thither  (to  New  Mexico]  for  invest- 
ment, and  a  great  number  of  enterprises  sprang  up  in  al- 
most every  direction.  The  boom,  however,  fell  almost  as 
rapidly  as  it  arose.  The  Nation,  Jan.  28, 1886. 

boomage  (bo'maj),  n.  [<  boom2  +  -age.]  1. 
Naut.,  aduty  levied  as  a  composition  forharbor- 
dues,  anchorage,  and  soundage. —  2.  Compensa- 
tion or  toll  for  the  use  of  a  boom,  or  for  the 
service  rendered  by  the  owner  of  a  boom  in 
receiving,  handling,  driving,  and  assorting  logs 
floating  in  a  stream.  [U.  S.] 

boom-boat  (bom'bot),  «.  One  of  the  boats 
stowed  in  the  booms.  See  boom2,  n.,  5. 

boom-COVer  (bom'kuv"er),  n.  Naut.,  the  large 
tarpaulin  used  to  cover  over  the  space  where 
the  boom-boats  and  booms  are  stowed. 

boomer1  (bo'mer),  n.  [Appar.  in  ref.  to  the 
sound  made  by  the  animal;  <  boom1  +  -er1,"] 
1.  In  Australia,  a  name  of  the  male  of  a  species 
of  kangaroo. —  2.  A  name  of  the  showt'l  or 
mountain  beaver,  Haplodon  rufus  or  Aplodontia 
leporina.  See  cut  under  Haplodon — Mountain 
boomer,  the  common  red  squirrel.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

boomer2  (bo'mer),  n.  [<  boom3  +  -er1.]  One 
who  booms ;  one  who  starts  and  keeps  up  an 
agitation  in  favor  of  any  project  or  person ; 
one  who  assists  in  the  organization  or  further- 
ance of  a  boom.  [U.  S.] 

The  Federal  Government  holds  them  [the  reservations 
in  the  Indian  Territory]  as  a  trustee  for  the  Indians;  and 
it  will  be  a  hundred  fold  better  to  let  some  acres  remain 
uncultivated  and  unoccupied  rather  than  that  all  shall  be 
given  over  to  the  rapacity  of  white  boomers. 

The  Xation,  Jan.  7,  1886. 

boomerang  (bo'me-rang),  u.  [Recently  also 
boomering,  bomerang,  bomarang  ;  from  a  native 
name  in  New  South  Wales;  wo-mur-rang  and 

bumarin  are 
cited  as  abo- 
riginal names 
of  clubs.] 
1 .  A  mis- 
sile weapon 
of  war  and 
the  chase, 

Boomerangs.  Used     ty     the 

aborigines  of 

Australia,  consisting  of  a  rather  flat  piece  of 
hard  wood  bent  or  curved  in  its  own  plane,  and 
from  16  inches  to  2  feet  long.  Generally,  but  not 
always,  it  is  flatter  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.  In 
some  cases  the  curve  from  end  to  end  is  nearly  an  arc  of  a 
circle,  in  others  it  is  rather  an  obtuse  angle  than  a  curve, 
and  in  a  few  examples  there  is  a  slight  reverse  curve 
toward  each  end.  In  the  hands  of  a  skilful  thrower  the 
boomerang  can  be  projected  to  great  distances,  and  can  be 
made  to  ricochet  almost  at  will ;  it  can  be  thrown  in  a 
curved  path,  somewhat  as  a  bowl  can  be  "screwed"  or 
"twisted,"  and  it  can  be  made  to  return  to  the  thrower, 
and  strike  the  ground  behind  him.  It  is  capable  of  in- 
flicting serious  wounds. 

Hence — 2.  Figuratively,  any  plan,  measure, 
or  project  the  consequences  of  which  recoil 
upon  the  projector,  and  are  therefore  the  oppo- 
site of  those  intended  or  expected. 
booming1  (bo'ming),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  boom1, 
v."]  The  act  of  making  a  deep,  hollow,  contin- 
ued sound,  or  the  sound  itself,  (a)  A  buzzing  or 
droniug,  as  of  a  bee  or  beetle.  (6)  The  crying  of  a  bittern. 
The  marsh-bittern's  weird  batjininri,  the  drumming  of 
the  capercailzie.  P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  55. 

(c)  A  roaring  or  reverberating,  as  of  distant  guns,  (rf)  A 
roaring,  implying  also  a  rushing  with  violence,  as  of  waves. 
booming1  (bo'ming),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  boom1,  v.] 
Making  a  deep,  hollow,  continued  sound  (in 
any  of  the  senses  of  the  verb). 

All  night  the  b<»ntiiti*j  minute  trim 

Had  p»*aled  along  the  deep.   Ilemans,  The  Wreck. 

Still  darker  grows  the  spreading  cloud 

From  which  the  f>t>n,nin:f  tlHimU-rs  sound. 

Bryant,  Legend  of  the  Delawares. 


booming 

booming2  (bo'ming),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  boom3,  t-.] 
Active;  lively;  advancing;  buoyant:  as,  a 
booming  market. 
[U.S.] 

boom-iron  (bom'- 

i''eni),  //.  \nitt., 
a,  metal  ring  on 
a  yard,  through 
which  a  studding- 
sail-boom  is  run 
in  and  out. 

boom-jigger 

(bom  jig'er),  n.  \nitt.,  the  small  purchase 
used  in  rigging  out  a  ituddiogwil-boom,  and, 
by  glutting  the  tacklo,  in  rigging  it  in.  Also 
called  iii-innl-iiHt  ji'jijfi-. 

boomkin  (bOm'kin),  ».    Same  as  buml.iit. 

bopm-mainsail  (bdm'man'sal),  «.  A  fore-and- 
ai'i  mainsail,  tlie  foot  of  which  is  extended  by 
a  boom. 

bqomslang  (bSm'slang),  ».  [D.  (in  S.  Af- 
rica), <  IHMIIH,  tree,  +  slang  (=OHG.  »/««</". 
MHG.  slange,  G.  schlange),  a  snake,  <  "«//«</<•«, 
only  in  t'req.  .il/il;/<n  11,  turn,  toss,  sling,  =  OH(i. 
xliHi/tin,  -\l  I  !<  i.  /iliiii/rut  G.  schlingcn,  wind,  twist, 
sling,  =  E.  sling,  q.  v.]  An  African  tree-snake, 
Hurc/ilinlua  citiH'Hitix. 

boomster  (bom'ster),  «.  [<  boom*  +  -ster.] 
One  engaged  in  booming  the  market  or  a  polit- 
ical candidate  for  office:  one  who  works  up  a 
boom.  [Bare,  U.  S.] 

Moreover,  In-  Ithu  Secretary  of  the  Interior)  dismissed 
him  "when  under  lire"  — that  is,  while  the  Board's  en- 
quiry was  still  in  progress —  an  act  whieh  every  liooiiuttrr 
must  regard  with  UMmnfl.  The  Xatiou,  Feb.  12,  1880. 

boom-tackle  (bSin'tak'l),  n.  A  tackle  consist- 
ing of  a  double  and  a  single  block  and  fall, 
used  in  guying  out  the  maiu-boom  of  a  fore- 
and-aft  rigged  vessel. 

boon1  (b<in),  H.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  also  boyn, 
boyne,  <  Icel.  ban,  a  prayer,  petition,  with  a 
parallel  umlauted  form  been  for  *bten  =  Sw. 
Dan.  ban  =  AS.  ben,  ME.  lien,  bene,  a  prayer: 
see  ben3.  In  the  sense  of  'favor,  privilege,' 
there  is  confusion  with  froon3.]  If.  A  prayer; 
a  petition. 

Our  king  unto  God  made  his  boon.  Minot. 

The  wofull  husbandman  doth  lowd  complaine 

To  see  his  whole  yeares  labor  lost  so  soone, 

For  which  to  Cod  he  made  so  many  an  idle  boone. 

Spenmr,  V.  Q.,  III.  vii.  34. 

2.  That  which  is  asked;  a  favor;  a  thing  de- 
sired; a  benefaction. 

Vouchsafe  me,  for  my  meed,  but  one  fair  look ; 
A  smaller  boon  than  this  I  cannot  beg. 

Shale.,'?.  Q.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

All  our  tra.de  with  the  West  Indies  was  a  boon,  granted 
to  us  by  the  indulgence  of  England. 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Jan.  24, 1832. 

Hence  —  3.  A  good ;  a  benefit  enjoyed ;  a  bless- 
ing; a  great  privilege;  a  thing  to  be  thankful 
for. 

The  boon  of  religious  freedom. 

Sydney  Smith,  Peter  Plymley's  Letters,  li. 

Is  this  the  duty  of  rulers?  Are  men  in  such  stations  to 
give  all  that  may  be  asked  .  .  .  without  regarding  wheth- 
er it  he  a  boon  or  a  lp;uic ''.  Brougham,  Lord  North. 

4.  An  unpaid  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord.  [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

boon1  (b»n),  r.  t.  [<  boon1,  n.,  4.]  To  do  gra- 
tuitous service  to  another,  as  a  tenant  to  a  land- 
lord, lint/ :  Gro.ti:  [Prov.  Eng.] 

boon2  (b8n),  n.  [Also  E.  dial,  bun  (see  buttf),  < 
ME.  bone,  later  also  bunne ;  cf.  Gael,  and  Ir.  fr«- 
ntich,  coarse  tow,  the  refuse  of  flax,  <  Gael,  and 
Ir.  bun,  stump,  stock,  root:  see  6«»i3.]  The 
refuse  stalk  of  hemp  or  flax  after  the  fiber  has 
been  removed  by  retting  and  breaking. 

boon3  (bon),  a.  [<  ME.  boon,  bone,  <  Norm.  P. 
boon,  OF.  bun,  F.  bon,  <  L.  bonus,  good:  see 
hniiiis,  li/nnii,  binniii1,  etc.]  If.  Good :  as,  boon 
cheer. —  2f.  Favorable;  fortunate;  prosperous: 
as,  a  boon  voyage.— 3t.  Kind ;  bounteous ;  yield- 
ing abundance:  as,  "nature  boon,"  Milton,  P. 
L.,  iv.  1M2. 

To  a  boon  southern  country'  he  is  fled. 

M.  AriuiM,  Thyrsis. 

4.  Gay;  merry;  jolly;  jovial;  convivial:  as,  a 
boon  companion;  "jocund  and  boon."  Miltmi. 
P.  L.,  ix.793. 

Fled  all  the  boon  rumpunions  of  the  Earl. 

'/'•  •<iii'i*<:n.  (Jeraint. 

boonaget,  ».  [Also  bonage;  <  boon1,  4,  +  -<»/<•.] 
Boon-work. 

boon-dayt  0>iin'da),  n.  A  day  on  which  Iron- 
work was  performed  by  a  tenant  for  his  lord, 
as  in  harvesting  his  crops. 


627 

boongary  ( biing'gu-ri),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
tree-kangaroo,  l>fn<lr<>t<t<iu.i  lumholtei,  of  north- 
ern Queensland,  Australia. 

boonk  (bougk),  ii.  [Imitative,  like  bump1  and 
bumlili;  a.,  ij.  v.]  The  little  bittern  of  Europe, 

.[nli'tlii  miniilii.       Mniiliii/ii. 

boon-loaft  (bOn'lof),  n.  A  loaf  allowed  to  a 
tenant  when  working  on  a  boon-day. 

boon-work  Ma'wtak),  «.  1.  Unpaid  work  or 
service  formerly  rendered  by  a  tenant  to  his 
lord  ;  boon. — 2.  Work  or  service  given  gratu- 
itously to  a  farmer  by  his  neighbors  on  some 
special  -asitm. 

boopic  (bo-op'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ftotim*;,  ox-eyed: 
see  bui'i/iN.]  Having  eyes  like  those  of  an  ox. 

boops  (bo'ops),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  poimtf,  ox-eyed, 
<  Jolr,  ox  (see  Bos),  +  by,  eye.]  An  old  book- 
name  of  the  A'".-  boops,  a  sparoid  fish  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  the  adjoining  ocean.  It  is 
peculiar  in  the  development  of  only  one  row  of 
notched  trenchant  teeth  in  the  jaws. 

boor  (biir).  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boore,  hour 
(also  improp.  bore,  boar),  possibly,  in  the  form 
hour  (mod.  E.  prop,  'bower,  bou'er)  (cf.  E.  dial. 
bar,  neighbor,  as  a  form  of  address),  <  ME. 
"bour,  <  AS.  gebur,  a  dweller,  husbandman, 
fanner,  countryman  (a  word  surviving  without 
distinctive  meaning  in  the  compound  neighbour, 
n<i</ltbor,  <  AS.  nedh-gebur) ;  out  in  the  ordi- 
nary form  and  pronunciation,  boor,  <  LG.  bur, 
bunr,  MLG.  bur,  gebur,  a  husbandman,  farmer, 
=  D.  buur,  MD.  ghebure,  ghebuer,  neighbor,  D. 
bocr,  MD.  geboer  (a  later  form,  prob.  borrowed 
from  LG.),  a  husbandman,  farmer,  rustic,  knave 
at  cards,  =  OHG.  gibur,  ijiburo,  MHG.  gebur,  ge- 
bure,  G.  bauer,  a  husbandman,  peasant,  rustic, 
=  AS.  gebur,  as  above ;  lit.  one  who  occupies 
the  same  dwelling  (house,  village,  farm)  with 
another,  one  who  dwells  with  or  near  another 
(a  sense  more  definitely  expressed  by  the  AS. 
nedh-gebur,  'nigh-dweller,' neighbor:  see  neigh- 
bor), <  ge-,  together,  a  generalizing  or  coordi- 
nating prefix  (see  ge-),  +  bur,  >  E.  boicer,  a 
dwelling:  see  boicer1.  The  forms,  as  those  of 
others  from  the  same  root  (AS.  ouan,  dwell, 
etc.),  are  somewhat  confused  in  the  several 
languages.  See  boirer1,  boteer1*,  bower0,  etc., 
and  neighbor.']  1.  A  countryman;  a  peasant; 
a  rustic;  a  clown;  particularly,  a  Dutch  or 
German  peasant. 

Knave  meant  once  no  more  than  lad  ;  ...  villain  than 
peasant ;  a  boor  was  only  a  farmer ;  a  varlet  was  but  a 
serving-man ;  .  .  .  a  churl  but  a  strong  fellow. 

Abp.  Trench,  Study  of  Words,  p.  66. 
There  were  others,  the  boon,  who  seem  to  have  had  no 
land  of  their  own,  but  worked  on  the  lord's  private  land 
like  the  laborers  of  to-day. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  Sl«. 
Hence — 2.  One  who  is  rude  in  manners,  or  il- 
literate ;  a  clown ;  a  clownish  person. 

The  profoundcst  philosopher  differs  in  degree  only,  not 
in  kind,  from  the  most  uncultivated  boor. 

Churning,  Perfect  Life,  p.  172. 

The  habits  and  cunning  of  a  boor.  Thackeray. 

Tramped  down  by  that  Northern  boor.  Peter  the  Great. 
D.  G.  Mitchell,  Wet  Days. 
3.  [cap.]  Same  as  Boer. 

boordAt,  n.  and  r.    An  obsolete  form  of  board. 

boord2t,  «.     A  variant  form  of  bourtl1. 

boorish  (boVish),  a.  [<  boor  +  -ish1;  =  D. 
boersch  =  G.  biiutrisch,  clownish,  rustic.]  1. 
Resembling  a  boor ;  clownish ;  rustic ;  awk- 
ward in  manners;  illiterate. 

No  lusty  neatherd  thither  drove  his  klne, 
No  boorish  hogherd  fed  his  rooting  swine. 

W.  Browne,  Brit.  Past,  ii.  1. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  fit  for  a  boor. 

A  gross  and  boorish  opinion.  Milton,  On  Divorce,  i.  9. 
=  8yn.  Boorith,  Churlish,  Clownish,  Loutish.  He  who  is 
boorish  is  so  low-bred  in  habit*  and  ways  as  to  be  posi- 
tively offensive.  He  who  is  churlish  offends  by  his  lan- 
guage and  manners,  they  being  such  as  would  naturally  be 
found  in  one  who  is  coarse  and  selfish,  and  therefore  gener- 
ally insolent  or  crusty  and  rough  ;  the  opposite  of  kind  and 
courteous:  as,  it  i9  churlish  to  refuse  to  answer  a  civil  ques- 
tion. The  opposite  of  tnnn-inh  is  rtjined  or  jtoliff ;  the  op- 
posite of  cl»trni*h  is  '•[•'•nint.  Clownish  is  a  somewhat 
weaker  word  than  boorish,  implying  less  that  is  disgusting 
in  manner  and  speech  ;  it  often  notes  mere  lack  of  refine- 
ment. The  difference  between  clownish  and  loutish  is 
that  he  who  is  cloimish  is  generally  stupid  and  some- 
times ludicrous,  while  he  who  is  loutish  U  perhaps  slov- 
enly and  worthy  of  blame. 

In  some  countries  the  large  cities  absorb  the  wealth  and 
fashion  of  tin-  nation.  .  .  .  and  the  country  Is  inhabited 
almost  entirely  by  boorish  peasantry. 

Ininfl,  Sketch-Book,  p.  80. 
My  master  Is  of  churlish  disposition, 
And  little  recks  to  tlnd  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality. 

flhuk..  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4. 

Tis  flmrni.ih  to  in>M  nn  il-inu'  all  with  otie'sowil  hands, 

as  if  every  man  should  build  his  own  clumsy  house,  forge 
his  hummer,  and  bake  his  dough.  Kmermn,  Success. 


boot 

ll<- (Lord  riirsb-rni-ldj  lalxmil  for  yean  to  mould  his 

dull,  heavy.  Inulisli  son.  stanlio|>,  ,  int.,  a  graceful  man  of 
fashion.  H'.  Mathrm,  (Jetting  on  in  the  World,  ]>.  K. 

boorishly  (b6Vish-li),  adv.    In  a  boorish  man- 
ner. 
Limbs  .  .  .  neither  weak  nor  boorishly  robust. 

I',  ,,in,,,  tr.  of  Martial*  Epigrams,  x.  47. 

boorishness  (bor'ish-nes),  «.  [<  boorish  + 
-in  UK.  )  The  Mate  of  being  boorish;  clownish- 
ness  ;  rusticity ;  coarseness  of  manners. 

boornouse  (bOr-nds'),  "•     Same  as  bur  noose. 

boost,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  boss1.     Chaucer. 

boose1  (boz),  ii.  [=  Sc.  boose,  buine,  bum;  <  ME. 
boose,  base,  <  AS.  *bos  (represented  only  by  tin- 
ONorth.  botrig,  >  boosy1,  q.  v.)  =  Icel.  bass  = 
Sw.  bos  =  Dan.  IHIH*,  a  cow-stall ;  cf.  G.  banse, 
=  Goth,  banut*,  a  bam.]  A  stall  or  inclosure 
for  cattle.  Also  boosy,  bouse.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

boose'-',  ''.  and  ».     See  booze. 

booser,  n.    See  boozer. 

boost1  (host),  v.  t.  [Etym.  unknown.]  To  lift 
or  raise  by  pushing  from  behind,  as  a  person 
climbing  a  tree;  push  up:  often  used  figura- 
tively :  as,  to  boost  a  person  over  a  fence,  or  in- 
to power.  [North.  U.  8.] 

boost1  (btfst),  ii.  An  upward  shove  or  push; 
the  act  of  boosting;  the  result  of  boosting:  a 
lift,  either  literally  or  figuratively :  as,  to  give 
one  a  boost.  [North.  U.  S.] 

boost2*,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  boast1. 

boost3t,  ".  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  host;  a  variant 
of  boist1,  q.  v.]  Same  as  boist1. 

boost4  (bdst),  n.  and  r.     Same  as  buist. 

boosy1  (bo'zi),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boosey, 
bousie,  <  ME.  (not  found),  <  AS.  (ONorth.)  60- 
.-•'</.  infill.  <  "bos,  a  stall :  see  boose1.]  Same  as 
boose1. 

boosy-.  a.    See  boozy. 

boot'  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  boote,  bote,  bot,  <  AS.  bot, 
advantage,  amendment,  reparation  (esp.  in  the 
phrase  to  bote  (lit.  'for  reparation,'  E.  to  boot), 
frequent  in  the  AS.  laws),  =  OS.  bota  =  OFries. 
bote  =  D.  boete  =  LG.  bote  =  OHG.  buoza,  MHG. 
buoze,  G.  busse  =  Icel.  bot  =  Sw.  bot  =  Dan. 
bod  =  Goth,  bota,  boot,  advantage,  profit,  re- 
pair, reparation,  etc. ;  <  Teut."&aten(pret.  bot), 
be  good,  be  useful,  profit,  avail,  whence  ult.  E. 
bet1,  better1,  batten1,  oattle3,  etc.,  and  (as  a  deriv. 
of  boot),  beet?,  mend,  repair:  see  these  words.] 
If.  Profit;  gain;  advantage. 

If  then  the  reward  bee  to  bee  measured  by  thy  merites, 
what  boote  canst  thou  seeke  for,  but  eternall  paine. 

l.niu,  Euphues,  Anal,  of  Wit,  p.  181. 
O  !  spare  thy  happy  dates,  and  them  apply 
To  better  boot.  Spenser,  K.  Q.,  III.  xi.  19. 

2.  Something  which  is  thrown  in  by  one  of  the 
parties  to  a  bargain  as  an  additional  considera- 
tion, or  to  make  the  exchange  equal. 

I'll  give  you  boot.  111  give  you  three  for  one. 

Shot.,  T.  and  C.,  ir.  5. 

3f.   Help  or  deliverance;   assistance;   relief; 
remedy :  as,  boot  for  every  bale. 
She  Is  ...  the  rote  of  bountee  .  .  .  and  soules  bole. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  1.  14. 
Anon  he  yaf  the  syke  man  his  bote. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  424. 
Next  her  son,  our  soul's  best  boot.  Wordsworth. 

4f.  Besource;  alternative. 

There  was  none  other  boote  for  him,  hut  to  arm  him. 

Lord  Berners,  tr.  of  Froissart,  I.  874. 
It  IB  no  boot,  it  is  useless  or  of  no  avail. 

Whereupon  we  thought  It  no  boot  to  sit  longer,  since  we 
could  escape  unobserved. 

R.  KIWI,  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  418. 
To  boot  [AS.  IS  bite],  to  the  advantage ;  Into  the  bargain ; 
in  addition ;  over  and  above ;  besides :  as,  I  will  give  my 
house  for  yours  with  9500  to  boot. 

Helen  to  change  would  give  an  eye  to  boot. 

Shot.,  T.  and  C.,  L  i 
We  are  a  people  of  prayer  and  good  works  to  boot. 

Ifaathonit,  Old  Manse,  I. 
To  make  boot  of,  to  make  proflt  of;  gain  by. 

Give  him  no  breath,  but  now 
Make  boot  of  his  distraction. 

Shot.,  A.  and  C.,  IT.  1. 

boot1  (bot),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  boten,  profit,  <  bote, 
boot,  profit.  The  earlier  verb  was  AS.  liitmi. 
>  ME.  beteii,  mod.  E.  beet:  see  beet*.]  1.  To 
profit ;  advantage ;  avail :  now  only  used  im- 
personally :  as,  it  boots  us  little. 

What  bootes  It  al  to  have,  and  nothing  use? 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vi.  17. 
For  what  I  have,  I  need  not  to  repeat ; 
And  what  I  want,  it  boots  not  to  complain. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ill.  4. 

2f.  To  present  into  the  bargain ;  enrich ;  ben- 
efit. 

I  will  '...( thee  with  what  gift  beside 
Thy  modesty  can  beg.  Mak.,  A.  and  C.,  U.  6, 


boot 

boot2  (bot),  n.  [<  ME.  boote,  bote,  <  OF.  bate, 
a  boot,  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bota  (ML.  bota, 
botta)  (cf.  Gael,  bot,  botuinn,  prob.  from  E.),  a 
boot;  origin  uncertain.  Prob.  not  connected, 
as  supposed,  with  OF.  boiite,  mod.  F.  bottc  = 
It.  botte  (ML.  butta,  bota),  a  butt,  cask,  leathern 
vessel:  see  butt3.']  1.  A  covering  (usually 
of  leather)  for  the  foot 
and  lower  part  of  the  leg, 
reaching  as  far  up  as  the 
middle  of  the  calf,  and 
sometimes  to  the  knee. 
In  most  styles  the  leg  part 
keeps  its  place  by  its  stiffness 
alone,  although  in  certain  fash- 
ions it  has  been  laced  around 
the  calf.  Boots  seem  to  have 
appeared  in  Europe  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
They  were  not  much  worn  at 
first,  because  persons  of  the 
wealthier  classes,  when  abroad, 
were  generally  clad  in  armor. 
At  the  time  of  the  gradual  dis- 
appearance of  armor  very  high 
boots  of  thick  leather  came  into 
favor  as  covering  for  the  legs, 
and  by  the  sixteenth  century 
they  were  already  in  common 
use.  (See  jack-boot.)  Late  in 
the  eighteenth  century  boots 
became  a  usual  part  of  elegant 
costume,  and  were  made  lighter 
and  more  close-fitting.  In  Eng- 
.  land  boots  ceased  to  be  common 

c.  back ;  d,  strap ;  ,,  instep  ;      jn  elegant  costume  as  early  as 

1855,  and  about  fifteen  years 


Boot. 
A:  a,  front ;  bt  side-seam  ; 


f,  vamp,  or  front;  sr, 

ter,  or  counter;  h,  rand  ;  i, 

heel,  of  which^thejront  is  the    later  they  began  to  disappear  in 
United  States;  but  they  are 


breast   and    the    bottom   the 


toe  ;  o,  ball  of  sole.  B  (sec- 
tion) :  a,  upper;  b,  insole;  c, 
outsole;rf,welt;  e,  stitching  of 

the  sole  to  the  welt;/,  stitch- 


Torture  with  the  Boot. 


and  occupations,  as  by  horse- 
men, seamen,  etc. 

ing  of  the  upper  to' the  welt ;    usage,  also,  any  shoe  or 

for  the  bieh'tfof'the  sStches"     Outer  foot-COVCringwhich 

reaches  above  the  ankle, 

whether  for  men  or  women:  more  properly 
called  half-boot  or  ankle-boot. — 3.  An  instru- 
ment of  torture  made  of 
iron,  or  a  combination 
of  iron  and  wood,  fas- 
tened on  the  leg,  be- 
tween which  and  the 
boot  wedges  were  in- 
troduced and  driven  in 
by  repeated  blows  of  a 
mallet,  with  such  vio- 
lence as  to  crush  both 
muscles  and  bones.  The 
boots  and  thumb-screw  were 
the  special  Scotch  instru- 
ments for  "putting  to  the 
question."  A  much  milder 
variety  consisted  of  a  boot 
or  buskin,  made  wet  and 
drawn  upon  the  legs  and 
then  dried  by  heat,  so  as  to  contract  and  squeeze  the  legs. 
The  Scottish  Privy  Council  had  power  to  put  state  pris- 
oners to  the  question.  But  the  sight  was  so  dreadful  that, 
as  soon  as  the  boots  appeared,  even  the  most  servile  and 
hard-hearted  courtiers  hastened  out  of  the  chamber. 

Macaulay. 

4.  A  protective  covering  for  a  horse's  foot. 
—  5f.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  a  drinking- 
vessel :  from  the  use  of  leathern  jacks  to  drink 
from. 

To  charge  whole  boots  full  to  their  friend's  welfare. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  VI.  i.  82. 

6.  In  ornith.,  a  continuous  or  entire  tarsal  en- 
velop, formed  by  fusion  of  the  tarsal  scutella. 
It  occurs  chiefly  in  birds  of  the  thrush  and  war- 
bler groups.  See  cut  under  booted.—  7f.  The 
fixed  step  on  each  side  of  a  coach. — 8f.  An  un- 
covered space  on  or  by  the  steps  on  each  side 
of  a  coach,  allotted  to  the  servants  and  atten- 
dants ;  later,  a  low  outside  compartment,  either 
between  the  coachman's  box  and  the  body  of 
the  coach  or  at  the  rear. 

The  Infanta  sat  in  the  boot  with  a  blue  ribbon  about 

her  arm,  of  purpose  that  the  Prince  might  distinguish  her. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  iii.  15. 

His  coach  being  come,  he  causeth  him  to  be  laid  softly, 
and  so,  he  in  one  boot  and  the  two  chirurgeons  in  the 
other,  they  drive  away  to  the  very  next  country-house. 

J.  Reynolds. 

9.  A  receptacle  for  baggage  in  a  coach,  either 
under  the  seat  of  the  coachman  or  under  that 
of  the  guard,  or,  as  in  American  stage-coaches, 
behind  the  body  of  the  coach,  covered  by  a  flap 
of  leather. — 10.  A  leather  apron  attached  to 
the  dashboard  of  an  open  carriage  and  designed 
to  be  used  as  a  protection  from  rain  or  mud. — 
Balmoral  boots.  See  Balmoral.—  Boots  and  saddles 
[An  adaptation  of  F.  boute-sellc.,  the  signal  to  horse,  <  bonier 
selle,  put  the  saddle  on:  bouter,  put;  sells,  saddle:  see 
butt'  and  sell?.]  Milit.,  the  first  trmnpet-call  for  mounted 
drill  or  other  formations  mounted ;  also,  a  signal  for  the 


628 

assembly  of  trumpeters.—  Clumsy-bOOts,  an  awkward, 
careless  person.  [Colloq.] 

You're  the  most  creasing  and  tumbling  cluinxy  boots  of 
a  packer.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 

Congress  boots  or  gaiters,  high  shoes  with  elastic  sides, 
by  stretching  which  they  are  drawn  on  to  the  feet.  —  Hes- 
sian boots,  a  kind  of  long  boots,  originally  introduced  in 
the  uniform  of  Hessian  troops.—  Salisbury  boot,  a  car- 
riage-boot of  rounded  form,  used  chiefly  in  court  vehicles. 
[Eng.]  —  Skeleton  boot,  a  carriage-boot  framed  with  thin 
pieces  of  iron  instead  of  wood,  and  supporting  the  driver's 
seat.—  Sly-boots,  a  cunning,  artful  person.—  To  put  the 
boot  on  the  wrong  leg,  to  give  credit  or  blame  to  the 
wrong  (tarty  ;  make  a  mistake  in  attribution. 

boot'2  (bot).  r.  t.  [<  &oo<2,  «.]  1.  To  put  boots 
on.—  2.  To  torture  with  the  boot.—  3.  To 
kick;  drive  by  kicking:  as,  boot  him  out  of  the 
room.  [Slang.]  —  4.  To  beat,  formerly  with  a 
long  jack-boot,  now  with  a  leather  surcingle  or 
waist-belt:  an  irregular  conventional  punish- 
ment inflicted  by  soldiers  on  a  comrade  guilty 
of  dishonesty  or  shirking  duty.  N.  E.  D.  [Eng. 
military  slang.] 

boot3t  (bot),  n.  [Appar.  same  as  booft,  used 
for  booty  ;  or  merely  short  for  booty.']  Booty; 
spoil;  plunder. 

Heavy  laden  with  the  spoyle 
Of  harvest's  riches,  which  he  made  his  boot. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vli.  38. 

Like  soldiers,  [bees]  armed  in  their  stings, 
Make  boot  upon  the  summer's  velvet  buds. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  t.  2. 

A  true  Attic  bee,  he  [Milton]  made  boot  on  every  lip 
where  there  was  a  trace  of  truly  classic  honey. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  271. 

boot4t.    Obsolete  preterit  of  bite. 
Bootanese,  «.  and  n.    See  Bhutanese. 
boot-black  (bo't'blak),  n.     One  whose  occupa- 

tion is  to  clean  and  black  boots  and  shoes. 

Also  called  shoe-black. 
boot-catchert  (bot'kach"er),  n.     The  person  at 

an  inn  whose  business  was  to  pull  off  boots  and 

clean  them  ;  a  boots. 

The  ostler  and  the  boot-catcher  ought  to  partake. 

Swtft,  Advice  to  Servants. 

boot-clamp  (bot'klamp),  n.    A  device  for  hold- 

ing a  boot  so  that  it  can  be  sewed. 
boot-closer  (bot'klo"zer),  n.    One  who  sews  to- 

gether the  upper  leathers  of  boots  or  shoes. 
boot-crimp  (bot'krimp),  n.     A  frame  or  last 

used  by  bootmakers  for  drawing  and  shaping 

the  body  of  a  boot. 
boot-cuff  (bot'kuf  ),  n.    A  form  of  cuff  worn  in 

England  in  the  eighteenth  century.    See  cuff. 
booted    (bo  'ted),   a.     [<  boot2, 

v.,  +  -ed2.]    1.  Having  boots  on  ; 

equipped  with  boots  ;  especially, 

equipped  for  riding  :   as,  booted 

and  spurred;  "a  booted  judge," 

Dryden.  —  2.  Inornith.:  (a)  Hav- 

ing the  tarsi  covered  with  fea- 

thers;  braccate:   as,  the  booted 

eagle.     See  cut  under  braccate. 

(b)  Having  the  tarsi  enveloped 

in  a  boot,  that  is,  not  divided 

along  the  acrotarsium,  or  having 

only  a  few  scales  or  scutella  near 

the  toes  ;   holotheeal  ;   ocreate  : 

as,  a  booted  tarsus.    See  boot2,  6. 
bootee1  (bo-te'),  «.    [<  600*2  + 

dim.  -ee.~\     A  trade-name  for  a 

half  or  short  boot  for  women. 
bootee2  (bo'te),  n.     [E.  Ind.]    A 

white,  spotted  Dacca  muslin. 
Bootes  (bo-6'tez),  «.     [L.,  <  Gr.  ftourr/f,  a  name 

given  to  the  constellation  containing  Arcturus, 

lit.  an  ox-driver,  plowman,  <  ftovi;,  an  ox.]     A 

northern    constellation 

containing    the    bright 

star  Arcturus,  and  situ- 

ated behind  the  Great 

Bear.     It   is   supposed   to 

represent  a  man  holding  a 

crook  and  driving  the  Bear. 

In  modern  times  the  constel- 

lation of  the  Hounds  has  been 

interposed    between    Bootes 

and  the  Bear. 
booth  (both),  n.     [=Sc. 

buith,  early  mod.  North. 

E.  bouthe,  buthe;  <  ME. 

bothe,    <    ODan.    "bodh, 

Dan.  bod  =   Sw.    bod, 

booth,  stall,  =Icel.  budh, 

d  welling,  =MHG.  buode, 

hut,  tent,  G.  bude,  booth, 

stall  (cf.  Bohem.  bouda 

=  Pol.  buda  =  Serbian 


The  Constellation  Bostes. 


Booted  Tarsus 
(Robin). 

a,  acrotarsium, 
or  front  of  the  tar- 
sus; b,  planta,  or 
sides  and  back  of 
the  tarsus. 


from  G.;  Gael,  buth  =  Ir. 
both,  boith  =  W.  bwth, 


bootlessness 

perhaps  from  E.);  with  formative  -ill  (-d),  < 
Icel.  boa,  bua  =  AS.  buan,  etc.,  dwell,  whence 
also  AS.  bur,  E.  bower1,  etc. :  see  bower1,  boor, 
etc.]  1.  A  temporary  structure  or  dwelling 
made  of  boards,  boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight 
materials,  or  of  canvas,  as  a  tent. 

The  ruder  tribes  .  .  .  follow  the  herd,  living  through  the 
summer  in  booths  on  the  higher  pasture-grounds,  and  only 
returning  to  the  valleys  to  find  shelter  from  the  winter- 
storms.  C.  Klton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  241. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  stall  for  the  sale  of  goods 
or  refreshments  at  a  fair  or  market,  for  show- 
men's and  jugglers'  exhibitions,  etc.— polling- 
booth,  a  temporary  structure  of  boards,  used  at  elections, 
in  Great  Britain  for  receiving  votes,  and  in  the  United 
States  as  a  stand  from  which  to  distribute  ballots. 

boothage  (bo'thaj),  n.  [<  booth  -t-  -age.']  Cus- 
tomary dues  paid  for  leave  to  erect  booths  in 
fairs  and  markets. 

boothalet  (bot'hal), «.  t.  [<  boots,  for  booty,  + 
hale3.]  To  plunder;  pillage.  Bean,  and  Fl. 

boothalert  (bot'ha'ler),  n.  A  robber ;  a  free- 
booter. 

My  own  father  laid  these  London  boothalera,  the  catch- 
polls, in  ambush  to  set  upon  me. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  v.  1. 

bootholder  (bot'h61"der),  n.  A  jack  or  other 
device  for  holding  a  boot  while  it  is  being  made 
or  cleaned. 

boot-hook  (bo't'huk),  n.  1.  A  sort  of  holdfast 
with  which  long  boots  are  pulled  on  the  legs. 

—  2.  A  button-hook  for  buttoning  shoes. 
boot-hose  (bot'hoz),  n.  pi.     1.   Stocking-hose 

or  spatterdashes,  worn  instead  of  boots. 

Let  the  waistcoat  I  have  last  wrought 
Be  made  up  for  my  father :  I  will  have 
A  cap  and  Mot-hose  suitable  to  it. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  i.  2. 

2.  Extra  stockings  or  leggings  formerly  worn 
with  boots,  and  covering  the  upper  part  of  the 
leg  and  a  part  of  the  thigh,  but  not  the  ankles 
and  feet. 

bootied  (bo'tid),  a.  [<  booty  +  -cd2.]  Laden 
with  booty ;  carrying  off  booty. 

Charged 

The  bootied  spoilers,  conquer'd  and  released 
The  wretched  prey.  J.  Baillie. 

bootikin  (bo'ti-kin),  n.  [<  feoo*1  +  dim.  -i-kin. 
Cf.  manikin.]  1.  A  little  boot. —  2.  A  soft 
boot  or  glove  made  of  oiled  skin,  formerly 
worn  by  persons  affected  with  gout.  That  for  the 
hand  was  a  kind  of  mitten  with  a  partition  for  the  thumb, 
but  none  for  the  fingers. 

I  desire  no  more  of  my  bootikins  than  to  curtail  my  fits 
[of  the  gout].  H.  Walpole. 

3.  Same  as  boot2,  n.,  3. 

booting1!  (bo'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  bating,  increase, 
gain,  <  bote  (see  boot1) ;  partly  confused  with 
booty,  boot3.']  1.  Advantage;  service;  avail. 
Harrington. —  2.  Payment  in  addition  or  into 
the  bargain. 

booting2^  (bo'ting),  n.  [<  6oo<2,  c>>  2,  +  -iwjr1.] 
Torture  by  means  of  the  boot.  See  boot2,  n.,  3. 

booting3t  (bo'ting),  n.  [Appar.  <  boot3  +  -ing  ; 
but  in  sense  1  prob.  an  adaptation  of  butin, 
booty:  see  booty,  butin.]  1.  Booty;  plunder. 

—  2.  The  taking  of  booty. 

I'll  tell  you  of  a  brave  booting 
That  befell  Eobin  Hood.  Old  Ballad. 

booting-cornt  (bo'ting-korn),   «.     [Formerly 
spelled  boting-coi'n  ;  <  booting^  +  coral. ]   Eent- 
corn;  compensation  paid  in  corn.    £l<»int. 
bootjack   (bot'jak),  n.     1.   An  implement  of 
wood  or  iron  used  to  hold  a  boot  while  the  foot 
is  drawn  out  of  it. — 2.  An  actor  of  utility  parts. 
[Theat.  slang.] 
boot-lace  (bot'las),  w.     The  string  or  cord  for 

fastening  a  boot  or  half-boot ;  a  shoe-string. 
boot-last  (bot'last),  «.     See  boot-tree. 
boot-leg  (bo't'leg),  n.     The  part  of  a  boot  above 
the  upper;  leather  cut  out  for  the  leg   of  a 
boot. 

bootless  (bot'les),  a.  [<  ME.  botles,  <  AS.  bot- 
leds  (=  OFries.  botelas  =  Icel.  botalauss),  <  hot, 
boot,  -f-  leas,  -less.]  Without  boot  or  advan- 
tage ;  unavailing ;  unprofitable ;  useless ;  with- 
out profit  or  success. 

It  is  booteless  to  thinke  to  restrayne  them  by  any  penal- 
tyes  or  feare  of  punishment.        Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
Till  the  foiled  King,  from  pathless  glen, 
Shall  bootless  turn  him  home  again. 

Scott,  i.  of  the  L.,  ii.  SO. 

He  certainly  had  ample  leisure  to  repent  the  haste  with 
which  he  had  got  out  of  his  warm  bed  in  Vienna  to  take 
his  bootless  journey  to  Brussels. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  III.  518. 

bootlessly  (bot'les-li),  adv.  Without  use,  profit, 
or  success. 

bootlessness  (bot'les-nes),  n.  [<  bootless  -t- 
-«<««.]  The  state  of  being  unavailing  or  use- 
less. 


bootmaker 

bootmaker  (bot'ma/ker),  ».  One  who  makes 
boots. 

boot-pattern  (Ixit'init'orn),  «.     A  templet  eon 
sisting  of  plates  which  can  bo  adjusted  to  dif- 
ferent sizes,  used  in  marking  out  patterns  of 
boots  for  the  cutter. 

boot-powder  (bOt'poirdr-r),  ».  Massive  talc 
or  soapstone  reduced  to  powder,  used  to  dust 
the  inside  of  a  new  or  tightly  lilting  shoe,  to 
facilitate  drawing  it  on. 

boot-rack  (bot'rak),  ».  A  frame  or  stand  to 
hold  boots,  especially  with  their  tops  ttirnt-d 
downward. 

boots1  (biits),  «.  [PI.  of  boot?.]  1.  The  por- 
ter or  servant  in  a  hotel  who  blacks  the  boots 
of  guests  and  in  some  cases  attends  to  the  bag- 
gage. Formerly  called  a  boot-catcher. 

He  began  life  as  a  bovtg,  he  will  probably  end  as  a  peer. 

To  i;ain  hut  your  smiles,  were  I  Sardanapalus. 
I'd  descend  from  my  throne,  and  be  boutg  at  an  alehouse. 
Barhaiu,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  89. 
2.  In  tales  of  Norse  mythology,  the  youngest 
son  of  a  family,  always  represented  as  espe- 
cially clever  and  successful. — 3.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  youngest  officer  in  a  British  regi- 
ment, or  to  the  youngest  member  of  a  club,  etc. 
[Eug.  slang.] 
boots-,  bouts  (bots),  n.    The  marsh-marigold, 

Cultlui  fitiltmtris. 

boot-stocking  (bOt'stok'ing),  n.  A  large  stock- 
ing of  stout  and  thick  material,  made  to  wear 
over  the  ordinary  shoes  and  other  leg-covering 
in  cold  weather  or  at  times  of  great  exposure. 
His  bout-itockinrjs  coming  bjgh  above  the  knees. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  IviL 

boot-stretcher  (bOt'strech'er),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus for  stretching  the  uppers  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

boot-top  (bot'top),  n.  1.  The  upper  part  of 
the  leg  of  a  boot— 2.  (a)  In  boots  of  the  sev- 
enteenth and  eighteenth  centuries,  the  large 
flaring  upper  part  of  the  boot-leg,  capable  of 
being  turned  over.  Hence  — (6)  A  lace  ruffle 
worn  around  the  leg,  and  covering  the  inside 
of  the  leather  boot-top. — 3.  In  some  modern 
boots,  a  reverse  of  light-colored  leather,  as  if 
a  part  of  the  lining,  turned  over  the  top  of  the 
boot-leg.  See  top-boot. 

boot-topping (bot'top'ing),  n.  Jfaut.:  (a)  The 
operation  of  painting  that  part  of  a  ship's  copper 
which  is  above  the  water-line.  (6)  The  pro- 
cess of  removing  grass,  slime,  etc.,  from  the 
side  of  a  ship,  and  daubing  it  over  with  a  mix- 
ture of  tallow,  sulphur,  and  resin. 
boot-tree  (bot'tre),  n.  An  instrument  consist- 
ing of  two  wooden  blocks,  constituting  a  front 
and  a  rear  portion,  which  together  form  the 
shape  of  the  leg  and  foot,  and  are  inserted  into 
a  boot  and  then  forced  apart  by  a  wedge  for 
the  purpose  of  stretching  it. 
booty  (bo'ti),  ». ;  pi.  booties  (-tiz).  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bootie,  boty,  botie,  <  late  ME.  botye,  bitty, 
prob.  <  MD.  bttet,  D.  butt,  booty,  =  MLG.  bute, 
buite,  LG.  biite,  booty,  also  exchange,  barter, 
=  MHG.  biute,  G.  beute,  booty  (prob.  <  LG.),  = 
Icel.  byti,  exchange,  barter,  =  Sw.  byte  =  Dan. 
by  lie,  exchange,  barter,  share,  booty ;  connected 
with  MLG.  butcn,  exchange,  distribute,  make 
booty,  LG.  bitten,  exchange,  barter,  =  Icel. 
byta,  give  out,  distribute,  exchange,  =  Sw.  byta, 
exchange,  =  I>au.  bytte,  exchange,  barter  (also, 
from  the  noun,  D.  buiten  =  G.  beuten,  make 
booty);  appar.  a  Teut.  word,  but  not  found 
in  early  use.  Cf.  F.  butin  =  Sp.  botin  =  It.  bot- 
tiini  (ML.  liotiiiuHt.  hittiiium,  with  adj.  term.), 
from  the  LG.  The  E.  form  booty,  instead  of 
the  expected  boot  (which  does  occur  later,  ap- 
par. as  short  for  booty),  or  rather  'boutc,  "bout, 
or  "bolt,  from  the  D.  or  LG.,  seems  to  be  due  to 
association  with  the  orig.  unrelated  booft,  profit, 
etc.,  and  in  part  perhaps  to  the  influence  of  the 
1 .  butin,  which  was  also  for  a  time  used  in  E.] 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war ;  plunder; 
pillage. 

When  he  reckons  that  he  has  gotten  a  booty,  he  has 
only  caught  a  Tartar.  sir  X.  L' Estrange. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  rob- 
bery. 

So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquer' d  booty 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

3.  A  prize ;  gain :  without  reference  to  its  being 
taken  by  force. 

I  have  spread  the  nets  o'  the  law,  to  catch  rich  bootitt, 
And  they  come  fluttering  in. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 

Flowers  growing  in  large  number*  afford  a  rich  booty  to 
the  bees,  and  are  conspicuous  from  a  distance. 

Darwin,  Cross  and  Self  Fertilisation,  p.  434. 


629 

To  play  booty,  to  Join  with  confederates  In  order  to  vie- 

tiini/e  another  player,  and  thus  share  in  the  plunder: 
hence,  t.,  piny  dishonestly  ;  give  an  opponent  the-  ii.han 
tam-  at  tli-1  in  order  lo  indue,-  him  to  i,l:n  lor  ],i-li,i 

.-takes.    Uhlch    lie    Will    Ins,-. 

One  thing  alone  remained  to  be  lout— what  he  called 
his  honour —  which  was  already  on  the  scent  In  pint/  («..,///. 
Ditravli,  Young  1'tik.i  . 

=  8Vn.  1.     I'l'i, !•!<•,•.  etc.      See  itillaif,  /I. 

booze,  boose-  (boz),  c.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boosed, 
boosed,  ppr.  boozing,  booning.  [A  var.,  prob. 
orig.  dial.,  of  bouse,  retaining  the  ME.  pronun- 
ciation (ME.  on,  prou.  8,  now  ou):  see  bouse, 
which  is  historically  the  normal  form.]  To 
drink  deeply,  especially  with  a  boon  companion 
and  to  partial  intoxication ;  guzzle  liquor;  tip- 
ple. Also  bouse,  bouze,  bowse. 

He  was  a  wild  and  roving  lad 
For  ever  in  the  alehouse  booniut. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  162. 

booze,  boose2  (boz),  «.  [<  boose,  r.  Cf.  bouse, 
n.]  1.  Liquor;  drink.— 2.  A  drinking-bout; 
a  spree. 

boozed  (bBzd),  a.     Fuddled;  intoxicated. 

boozer  (bO'zer),  n.  [<  boose  +  -erl.  cf.  bouger.] 
A  tippler.  Also  booser. 

boozy,  boosy-  (bo'zi),  a.  [Also  bousy,  bowtty  ; 
<  booze,  v.,  +  -y.  Cf.  bousy.]  Showing  the 
effects  of  a  booze;  somewhat  intoxicated; 
merry  or  foolish  with  liquor.  [Colloq.] 

bo-peep  (bo-pep'),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boh- 
peepe,  boo-peep,  bo-pipe,  etc. ;  <  bo  +  peep.  Cf. 
Sc.  bolceik,  keekbo.]  An  alternate  withdrawing 
or  concealing  of  the  face  or  person  and  sudden 
peeping  out  again  in  a  playful  manner  or  in 
some  unexpected  place,  often  resorted  to  as  an 
amusement  for  very  small  children,  and  gen- 
erally accompanied  by  drawling  out  the  word 
"bo"  when  concealed,  while  "peep"  is  abrupt- 
ly enunciated  on  reappearing:  as,  to  play  bo- 
peep.  In  the  United  States  more  generally 
known  as  peek-a-boo. 

I  for  sorrow  sung, 

That  such  a  king  should  play  bo-peep, 
And  go  the  fools  among.    Shall.,  Lear,  i.  4  (song). 

bppyrid  (bop'i-rid),  «.  A  crustacean  of  the 
family  Bopyrida. 

Bopyfidae  (bo-pir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bopyrus 
+  -idee.]  A  family  of  edriophthalmous  crus- 
taceans, of  the  order  Isopoda,  the  species  of 
which  are  parasitic  on  the  gills  of  other  crus- 
taceans. They  undergo  metamorphosis,  and  the  sexes 
are  distinct.  The  female  is  dlscoidal  and  asymmetrical, 
without  eyes,  while  the  much  smaller  mal«  is  elongated, 
segmented  distinctly,  and  furnished  with  eyes.  There  are. 
several  genera  besides  Bopynu,  the  typical  genus,  as  lone, 
Liriope,  Gyye,  Phryxut. 

Bopyrns  (bo-pi'rus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
isopods,  typical  of  the  family  Bopyrida.  B. 
squillarum,  a  parasite  of  other  crustaceans,  is 
an  example. 

bora  (bo'rji),  n.  [It.,  etc.,  prob.  dial.  (Venetian, 
Milanese,  etc.)  form  of  borea,  north  wind, 
Boreas,  confused  with  Illyrian  and  Dalmatian 
bura,  Turk,  bora,  Serv.  Bulg.  bura,  OBulg.  Buss. 
burya,  Pol.  burza,  a  storm,  tempest,  Lith.  buris, 
a  shower.  Cf.  borasco.]  The  name  given  ou 
the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  sea  to  a  violent  dry 
wind  blowing  from  a  northeasterly  direction. 

borable  (borVbl),  a.  [<  borei,  r.,  +  -able.] 
Capable  of  being  bored.  [Rare.] 

borachiot  (bo-rach'io),  n.  [Also  written  borra- 
chio,  borracho,  borraccio,  boraccio,  etc.,  from 
Sp.  or  It. :  Sp.  borracha  (=  It.  borraccia,  later 
also  borraccio),  a  leathern  wine-bottle,  borracho, 
a  drunkard,  drunken,  prob.  <  borra,  borro,  a 
lamb,  <  borra  (=  Pr.  It.  borra,  F.  bourre),  short 
hair  or  wool,  <  ML.  burra,  rough  hair,  LL.  a 
shaggy  garment:  see  burrel.]  I.  A  large  lea- 
thern bottle  or  bag,  used  in  Spain  and  through- 


Borassus 

boracic  0>o-ras'ik),  a.  [<  borax  (livrac-)  +  -ir.  ] 
Pertaining  to  or  produced  from  borax.  Also 
luiric.  Boracic  add,  boric  add,  HJ-'  Ik,  •  -  -oniponnd 
of  boron  will,  ,,vl».  „  and  I,  \drogen,  having  the  properties 
of  a  weak  acid.  It  i<  a  white,  nearly  tasteless,  crystalline 
solid,  lUghtl?  toluol*  iii  cold  water,  and,  when  the  solution 
is  boile.l,  volatile  with  the  water-vapor.  It  in  obtain-  i  in 
the  free  state  from  the  water  of  the  Tuscan  lagoons  and 
in  tin-  volcanic  formations  of  the  Lipari  islands.  In  the 
I  nited  States  It  is  made  from  the  borax  of  Borax  lake 
In  California,  by  decomposing  it  with  h}dn« -hlorlc  acid 
Like  borax,  It  is  an  efficient  antiseptic. 

boraciferous  (bo-ra-sif  'e-rug),  «.  [<  ML.  borax 
(borne-),  borax,  +"L.  fcrre  =  E.  bearl.]  Con- 
taining or  yielding  borax. 

The  borae\ferau»  basin  of  the  Sultan  Chair,  near  the 
Simaov  River.  .tintr.  Hupp.,  XXII.  9093. 

boracite  (bo'ra-sit),  n.  [<  borax  (borac-)  + 
-»te2.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  borate  and 
chlorid  of  magnesium.  It  crystallizes  lu  the  Isomet- 
ric system  with  tetrahedral  hemihedrlsm,  and  U  remark- 
able for  its  pyro-electrical  properties.  It  usually  exhibits 
to  a  marked  degree  anomalous  double  refraction,  on  which 
account  some  authors  doubt  its  isometric  character 
boracium  (bo-ras'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  borax 
(borac-),  borax.]  The  name  originally  given 
by  Sir  Humphry  Davy  to  boron,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  a  metal. 

boracous  (bo'ra-kus),  a.  [<  borax  (borac-)  + 
-ous.]  Consisting  of  or  derived  from  borax, 
borage  (bur'aj),  n.  [Until  recently  also  writ- 
ten borrage,  barrage,  burridge,  early  mod.  E. 
burrage,  bourrage,  bourage,  borage,  <  ME.  60- 
rage,  buraae,  <  AF.  burage,  OF.  bourrace,  bour- 
rache,  mod.  F.  bourrache  =  Pr.  borrage  =  Sp. 
boraja  (cf.  D.  boraadje,  G.  borelseh,  borretsch, 
Dan.  borasurt)  =  Pg.  borragem  =It.  borraggine, 
borrace,  bor- 
rana,  <  ML. 
borrago,  bora- 
go,  NL.  bora- 
go  (boragin-), 
MGr.  vovpd- 
mov,  borage, 
prob.  <  ML. 
borra,  burra, 
rough  hair, 
short  wool, 
in  ref.  to  the 
roughness  of 
the  foliage ; 
cf.  boraehio, 
burrel,  etc. 
The  histori- 
cal pron.,  in- 
dicated by  the 
spelling  bur- 
rage,  rimes 
with  courage; 

the  present  spelling  borage  is  in  imitation  of 
the  ML.  and  NL.  borago.]  A  European  plant, 
Borago  offidnalis,  the  principal  representative 
of  the  genus,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its 
blue  flowers.  It  Is  sometimes  used  as  a  salad,  occa- 
sionally in  medicine  In  acute  fevers,  etc.,  and  also  in  mak- 
ing claret-cup,  cool-tankard,  etc. 

If  you  have  no  bottle-ale,  command  some  claret  wine 
and  bourraye.  Martton,  What  You  Will,  Iv.  1. 

Boraginacea»  (bo-raj-i-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Borago  (Boragin,-)  +  -acca-'.]  A  large  order  of 
garaopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  herbs  or 
shrubs,  natives  mostly  of  northern  temperate 
regions,  distinguished  by  regular  flowers  and 
by  a  fruit  consisting  of  four  distinct  nutlets  or 
of  a  drupe  containing  four  nutlets.  The  leaves 
are  often  rough  and  hairy.  Some  tropical  species  as  of 
Contia.  are  timber-trees,  others  yield  dyes,  but  the  order 
generally  is  of  little  economical  value.  It  Includes  the 
heliotrope  (lleliotropium\  forget-me-not  (Myototu),  alka- 
net  (Anchiita)  comrrey  (Syinphytinn),  bugloss  (Lycoptu), 
•~ """  '  '  :tho«vermum\.  borage  (which  aee».  etc.  Often 


Flowering  branch  of  Borage  ftoragv  efflei- 
no/it).  (From  Lc  Maout  and  Decaisnc's 
"  Traite  general  de  Botanique.") 


.     [<ML.  borago 

been  removed  piecemeal,  leaving  the  hide  whole,  except     (ooragin-),  borage,  +  -eous.~]     Pertaining  to  or 
at  the  neck  an.l  the  places  where  the  limbs  were.  These     having  the  characteristics  of  the  Boraainea;   a 

' 


water,  the  boraehio  is  hung  with  the  mouth  downward,  so 
that  the  tube  can  be  untied  whenever  necessary,  and  any 
desired  quantity  be  withdrawn.  See  cut  under  buttle.  ' 

Two  hundred  loaves  and  two  bottles  (that  is,  two  skins 
or  bor<Khiot)  of  wine.  Delany,  Life  of  David, 

Dead  wine,  that  stinks  of  the  borrachio,  sup 
From  a  foul  jack,  or  greasy  mapli  i  up' 

SryttM,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  v.  216. 

Hence  —  2.  A  drunkard,  as  if  a  mere  wine- 
bottle. 


How  you  stink  of  wine  !  Do  you  think  my  niece  will 
ever  endure  such  a  bora>-hin  '  You're  an  absolute  bora- 
**  Cenortff,  way  of  the  World,  iv.  10. 


,- 

(oo-ra  go),  n.  [NL.,  ML.  :  see  borage.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Boraginacetr. 
See  borage.  Also  spelled  Borrago. 

boramCZ,  'I.     See  baromet:. 

borast,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  borax.    Chaucer. 

borasCO  (bo-ras'ko),  «.  [Also  borasca,  burrasca 
L*11"  borasque,  borrasque,  <  F.  bourrasque)'  = 
Sp.  Pg.  borrasca,  <  It.  burasca,  now  burratea, 
P«>b.  aug.  of  bora  (bura)  :  see  bora.]  A  violent 
squall  of  wind  ;  a  storm  accompanied  with  thun- 

T>der  and  lightning. 

BOraSSUS  (bo-ras  us),  «.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  Jtpaccrot, 
the  palm-fruit  (Dioscorides).]  A  genus  of  dice- 


Borassus 

cious  palms,  containing  a  single  species,  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  and  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
East  Indies.  See  palmyra. 

borate  (bo'rat),  ».  [<  bor(ax)  +  -ate1.']  A  salt 
formed  by  a  combination  of  boracic  acid  with 
any  base. 

boratto  (bo-rat'6),  ».  [Also  borato,  boratta  (cf. 
D.  borat,  a  kind  of  wool  or  woolen  thread) ;  <  It. 
buratto,  a  thin  fabric :  see  6oM2.]  A  stuff  woven 
of  silk  and  wool,  used  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth : 
perhaps  identical  with  bombazine.  Falrholt. 

borax  (bo'raks),  n.  [In  this  form  <  ML.  borax; 
early  mod.  E.  boras,  borras,  borace,  borrace,  < 
ME.  boras,  <  OF.  boras,  borras,  bourras,  mod. 
F.  borax  =  Sp.  borraj,  earlier  borrax,  =  Pg.  bo- 
rax  =  It.  borrace  =  G.  Dam.  Sw.  borax,  <  ML. 
borax  (borac-),  borac,  boracum,  bauracli,  <  Ar. 
boraq,  buraq,  bauraq,  borax,  prop,  natron,  < 
Pers.  burah,  borax;  by  some  referred  to  Ar. 
baraqa,  shine,  glisten.]  Sodium  tetraborate 
orpyroborate,  Na2B4O7  +  10H2O,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  boracic  acid  and  soda,  it  is 
a  white  crystalline  solid,  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
having  a  sweetish  alkaline  taste.  It  occurs  in  nature  in 
solution  in  the  water  of  lakes  in  Tibet,  Tatary,  China,  and 
California,  and  is  obtained  from  these  waters  by  evapora- 
tion and  crystallization.  The  United  States  is  now  almost 
wholly  supplied  with  borax  from  California.  Borax  is 
also  prepared  artificially  from  soda  and  boracic  acid.  It  is 
much  used  as  a  flux  in  assaying  operations,  and  for  clean- 
ing the  surfaces  of  difficultly  fusible  metals  previous  to 
soldering,  since  when  melted  it  dissolves  the  metallic  oxids 
which  form  on  their  surfaces  when  heated.  It  is  also  used 
in  glass  and  enamel  manufacture :  as  an  antiseptic,  par- 
ticularly in  foods,  because  its  action  on  the  system  is  fee- 
ble even  in  comparatively  large  doses ;  and  as  a  detergent. 
Crude  borax  is  also  called  tineai.—  Glass  Of  borax. 
See  alas*.— Honey  of  borax.  See  honey. 

Borborite  (b&r'bo-rit),  ».  [<  LL.  Borboritce,  < 
LGr.  ftopftopiiTai,  pi.,  <  Gr.  f)6pj3opo(,  mud,  mire, 
filth.]  A  nickname  for  certain  Ophitic  Gnos- 
tics, and  also  in  general  for  one  who  holds  or 
is  supposed  to  hold  filthy  or  immoral  doctrines : 
in  modern  times  specifically  applied  to  a  branch 
of  the  Mennonites. 

borborygm  (bor'bo-rim),  ».  Same  as  borboryg- 
mus. 

borborygmus  (b6r-bo-rig'mus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fiop^opv)'fi6f,  <  fiop{}opv&iii,  have  a  rumbling  in 
the  bowels;  cf.  nopnopvyfioi;  and  Kopnopvyi],  of 
same  sense;  imitative  words.]  The  rumbling 
noise  caused  by  wind  within  the  intestines. 

Borcharclt's  functions,  modulus.  See  the 
nouns. 

bord1t,  »•  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 
board. 

bord2t,  n.    Same  as  bourdl. 

bord3  (bord),  ».  A  striped  material  for  gar- 
ments, made  in  the  Levant. 

bordage1  (bor'daj),  n.  [<  F.  bordage,  <  bord,  a 
ship's  side,  +  -age:  see  board  and  -age.']  The 
planking  on  a  ship's  side. 

bordage-  (bor'daj),  n.  [Law  F.  (LL.  borda- 
gium),  <  OF.  borde,  a  hut,  cot  (see  bordar),  + 
-age.]  Under  the  Norman  kings  of  England, 
the  tenure  by  which  a  bordar  held  his  cot ;  the 
services  due  by  a  bordar  to  his  lord. 

bordalisaundert,  n.  [ME.,  also  boord,  borde, 
burd  alisaundre,  bourde  de  Alisaundre,  etc.,  i.  e., 
'border  (embroidery)  of  Alexandria,' Alexan- 
drian work,  so  named  from  Alexandria  in 
Egypt.]  A  stuff  used  in  the  middle  ages,  prob- 
ably of  silk,  or  silk  and  wool,  and  striped.  Also 
burdaUsaunder. 

bordar,  «.  [Also  border ;  <  ML.  bordarius,  cot- 
tager, <  borda  (>  OF.  borde  =  Pr.  Cat.  borda  = 
Sp.  It.  borda),  a  cottage,  hut,  perhaps  <  Teut. 
(AS.  etc.)  bord,  a  board:  see  board.']  In  Nor- 
man times,  in  England,  a  villein  who  held  a 
cot  at  his  lord's  pleasure,  usually  with  a  small 
holding  of  land  in  the  open  field,  for  which  he 
rendered  menial  service ;  a  cottar. 

bordet,  ».     A  Middle  English  form  of  board. 

Bordeaux  (bor-do'),  ».  1.  A  general  term  for 
the  wines,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in 
the  region  about  Bordeaux,  France,  including 
several  departments,  among  which  Gironde  is 
preeminent ;  specifically,  any  of  the  red  wines 
of  this  region,  commonly  known  in  English  as 
clarets. — 2.  A  general  name  of  azo-dyes  from 
the  azo  derivatives  of  naphthyl  amine.  They 
are  of  a  vinous  red  color. 

bordelt  (bor'del),  n.  [<  ME.  bordel,  <  OF.  bar- 
del  =  Pr.  Pg.  bordel  =  Sp.  burdel  =  It.  bordello, 
<  ML.  bordellum,  a  brothel,  orig.  a  little  hut, 
dim.  of  borda,  >  OF.  borde:  see  bordar.  Bor- 
del has  been  displaced  by  brothel?,  q.  v.]  A 
brothel ;  a  bawdy-house ;  a  house  devoted  to 
prostitution. 

Making  even  his  own  house  a  stew,  a  bordel,  and  a  school 
of  lewdness.  South. 


630 

bordelert  (b&r'del-er),  H.  [ME.,  also  bordiller, 
<  OF.  bordclei;  bordclier,  <  bordel :  see  bordel.] 
The  keeper  of  a  brothel.  Gower. 

bordello  (bor-del'6),  «.  [It.]  Same  as  bordel. 
B.  Jonson;  Milton. 

border  (bor'der),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  bordure,  Sc.  bordour:  <  ME.  border,  bor- 
dure, bordeure,  earliest  form  bordure,  <  OF. 
bordure,  earlier  bordeure,  mod.  F.  bordwe  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  bordadura  =  It.  bordatura,  <  ML.  bor- 
datttra,  border,  edging,  <  *bordare  (pp.  borda- 
tus)  (>  It.  bordare  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  bordar  =  F. 
border),  edge,  border,  <  bordusC>H.  Sp.  bordo  = 
Pg.  borda  =  F.  bord),  edge,  side,  <  Teut.  (AS. 
etc.)  bord,  edge,  side,  mixed  with  bord,  aboard: 
see  board,  where  the  two  orig.  forms  are  dis- 
tinguished. In  termination,  border  is  parallel 
phonetically  with  armor,  the  earlier  accented 
suffix  -ure  having  weakened  under  loss  of  ac- 
cent to  -er,  -or.]  I.  n.  1.  A  side,  edge,  brink, 
or  margin;  a  limit  or  boundary. 

Take  heed  to  yourselves,  that  ye  go  not  up  into  the 
mount,  or  touch  the  border  of  it.  Ex.  xix.  12. 

2.  The  line  which  separates  one  country,  state, 
or  province  from  another;  a  frontier  line  or 
march. 

In  bringing  his  border  into  contact  with  that  of  the 
Danelaw,  Eadward  announced  that  the  time  of  rest  was 
over,  and  that  a  time  of  action  had  begun. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  188. 

3.  The  district  or  territory  which  lies  along  the 
edge  or  boundary-line  of  a  country ;  the  fron- 
tier;  specifically,  in  the  plural,  the  marches  or 
border  districts:  hence,  in  English  and  Scot- 
tish history,  "the  borders,"  the  districts  ad- 
joining the  line  separating  the  two  countries. 

These  outlaws,  as  I  may  call  them,  who  robbed  upon  the 
borders.  Bj>.  Patrick,  Com.  on  Genesis,  xlvi.  34. 

4.  Territory;  domain. 

The  Lord  thy  God  shall  enlarge  thy  border.    Deut.  xii.  20. 

5.  Figuratively,  a  limit,  boundary,  or  verge; 
brink:  as,  he  is  on  the  border  of  threescore; 
driven  by  disaster  to  the  border  of  despair; 
"in  the  borders  of  death,"  Barrow,  Works,  III. 
xvii. —  6.  A  strip,  band,  or  edging  surrounding 
any  general  area  or  plane  surface,  or  placed 
along  its  margin,  and  differing  from  it  by  some 
well-defined  character,  as  in  material,  color, 
design,   or  purpose.     («)  A  narrow  bed  or  strip  of 
ground  in  a  garden  inclosing  a  portion  of  it,  and  gen- 
erally divided  from  it  by  a  path  or  walk.    (6)  Ornamental 
work  surrounding  a  printed  page,  a  handbill,  a  drawing, 
etc.,  the  black  band  around  mourning  stationery,  or  the 
like,    (e)  A  piece  of  ornamental  trimming  about  the  edge 
of  a  garment,  a  cap,  etc.   In  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
perhaps  earlier,  borders  of  garments  were  made  detach- 
able, similar  to  the  apparels  of  the  alb,  and  could  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  garment  to  another ;  they  were  then  rich- 
ly embroidered,  and  are  especially  mentioned  in  wills  and 
inventories. 

And  beneath  the  cap's  border  gray  mingles  with  brown. 
Whittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni. 

(<?)  In  her.,  the  outer  edge  of  the  field  when  of  different 
tincture  from  the  center.  Its  width  is  uniform,  and 
should  be  one  fifth  the  width  of  the 
field.  French  heralds  consider  the  bor- 
der as  one  of  the  ordinaries ;  in  English 
heraldry  it  is  sometimes  a  mark  of  dif- 
ference. The  border  always  covers  the 
end  of  any  ordinary,  as  the  chevron,  f  ess, 
etc.  When  a  coat  of  arms  is  impaled 
with  another,  if  either  of  them  has  a 
border,  it  is  not  carried  along  the  pale, 
but  surrounds  the  outside  of  the  field 
only.  The  border  when  charged  with 


r  i  i 


A  Border  Paly. 


an  ordinary  shows  only  so  much  of  the  ordinary  as  comes 
naturally  upon  that  part  of  the  field  occupied  by  the  bor- 
der ;  thus,  the  cut  represents  a  border  paly  of  six  pieces, 
azure  and  argent. 

7t.  A  plait  or  braid  of  hair  worn  round  the  fore- 
head. 

I  did  try  two  or  three  borders  and  periwigs,  meaning  to 
wear  one.  Pepys,  Diary,  May  9,  1063. 

8.  In  milling,  a  hoop,  rim,  or  curb  about  a  bed- 
stone or  bed-plate,  which  prevents  the  meal 
from  falling  off  except  at  the  proper  opening. 
—  9.  pi.  The  portions  of  scenery  in  a  theater 
which  hang  from  above  and  represent  foliage, 
clouds,  beams,  etc — Alveolar  border.  See  alveo- 
lar.— Mitered  border,  in  a  hearth,  the  edging  about  the 
slab-stone.  =  Syn.  Bouiids,  Confines,  etc.  See  boundary. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  border  of  a 
country.  Specifically— («)  In  England  and  Scotland,  of 
or  pertaining  to  "  the  borders  "  of  those  countries :  as,  the 
border  barons ;  border  thieves,  (b)  In  the  United  States, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  frontier-line  between  the  settled 
and  unsettled  parts  of  the  country  :  as,  a  border  quarrel. 
—Border  ruffian,  in  U.  S.  hist.,  one  of  the  proslavery 
party  in  Missouri,  who  in  1854-58  habitually  crossed  the 
border  into  Kansas  for  the  purpose  of  voting  illegally  and 
of  intimidating  free-State  colonists. 
border  (bor'der),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
dure, Sc.  bordour ;  <  ME.  borduren,  bourduroi, 
border;  from  the  noun.  Cf.  braider,  brouder.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  make  a  border  about;  adorn 


bord-lode 

with  a  border:   as,  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 
Rivulets  bordered  with  the  softest  grass. 

T.  n'arton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry. 

2.  To  form  a  border  or  boundary  to. —  3.  To 
lie  on  the  border  of;   be  contiguous  to;   ad- 
join ;  lie  next. 

Sheba  and  Raamah  border  the  Persian  Gulf.      Raleigh. 
4f.  To  confine  or  keep  within  bounds ;  limit. 
That  nature,  which  contemns  its  origin, 
Cannot  be  border'd  certain  in  itself. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  have  a  contiguous  boundary 
or  dividing  line;  abut  exteriorly:  with  on  or 
upon :  as,  the  United  States  border  on  the  two 
great  oceans. 

Virtue  and  Honour  had  their  temples  bordering  on 
each  other  and  are  sometimes  both  on  the  same  coin. 

Addition,  Dialogues  on  Medals,  ii. 

To  border  on  or  upon,  figuratively,  to  approach  closely 
in  character;  verge  on  ;  resemble  closely:  as,  his  conduct 
borders  upon  vulgarity. 

Wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  .  .  .  deserves  to 
be  branded  as  folly.  Tillotxon,  Works  (ed.  1728),  I.  33. 

bordered  (bor'derd),  p.  a.  [<  border  +  -ed?.~\ 
Having  a  border :  specifically,  in  math.,  applied 
to  a  determinant  formed  from  another  by  adding 
one  or  more  rows  and  columns.  Thus,  a  bordered 
symmetrical  determinant  is  a  determinant  formed  by  add- 
ing a  row  and  column  to  a  symmetrical  determinant. 

borderer  (bor'der-er),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  (Sc.) 
also  bordurer,  bonrdurer :  <  late  ME.  borderer ; 
<  border  +  -er1.]  1.  One  who  dwells  on  a  bor- 
der, or  at  the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a 
country,  region,  or  tract  of  land;  one  who 
dwells  near  to  a  place. —  2.  One  who  approach- 
es near  to  another  in  any  relation.  [Bare.] 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  the  orator. 

B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

3.  One  who  makes  borders  or  bordering. 
bordering  (b6r'der-ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
der, K.]     1.  The  act  of  making  a  border,  or  of 
surrounding  with  a  border. —  2.  Material  for 
a  border;  a  border  of  any  kind;  particularly, 
an  ornamental  band  of  paper  placed  around  the 
upper  part  of  the  walls  of  a  room. 

bordering-wax  (bor'der-ing-waks),  n.  Wax 
used  by  etchers  and  aquatint  engravers  for 
forming  a  bordering  about  plates  which  are  to 
be  etched,  to  retain  the  acid,  it  is  made  of  s  parts 
of  Burgundy  pitch  to  1  part  of  yellow  beeswax.  To  these 
ingredients,  when  melted,  sweet  oil  is  added,  and,  after 
cooling,  the  mixture  is  poured  into  water. 

border-knife  (bor'der-nlf),  «.  A  knife  with  a 
convex  blade  fixed  at  the  end  of  a  long  handle, 
used  to  trim  the  edges  of  sods;  an  edging- 
knife  or  sod-cutter. 

border-land  (bor'der-land),  n.  Land  forming  a 
border  or  frontier ;  an  uncertain  intermediate 
district  or  space :  often  used  figuratively. 

The  indefinite  border-land  between  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdoms.  H.  Spencer,  First  Principles. 

border-lights  (bor'der-litz),  n.  pi.  The  row  of 
gaslights  behind  the  borders  in  a  theater. 

border-plane  (bor'der -plan),  ».  A  joiner's 
edging-plane. 

border-tower  (b6r'der-tou"er),  n.  A  small 
fortified  post,  consisting  usually  of  a  high  square 
tower  with  a  flat  roof  and  battlements,  and  one 
or  more  machicolated  protections  for  the  gate, 
drawbridge,  and  the  like,  and  surrounded  by  a 
strong  wall  inclosing  a  court.  Such  dwellings,  for- 
merly occupied  by  petty  landowners  in  exposed  positions, 
are  frequent  along  the  border  between  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land :  hence  the  name. 

border-warrant  (bor'der-wor'ant),  n.  In  Scots 
law,  a  warrant  issued  by  the  judge  ordinary, 
on  the  borders  between  Scotland  and  England, 
on  the  application  of  a  creditor,  for  arresting 
the  effects  of  a  debtor  residing  on  the  English 
side  of  the  border,  and  detaining  him  until  he 
finds  caution  that  he  shall  sist  himself  in  judg- 
ment in  any  action  which  may  be  brought  for 
the  debt  within  six  months. 

bord-halfpennyt,  n.    Same  as  burgh-halfpenny. 

bord-landt,  ».  [A  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bord, 
a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  bordnr/e2, 
q.  v.),  -f-  land.']  In  feudal  lair,  a  term  of  un- 
certain meaning,  defined,  from  the  apparent 
etymology,  as  the  demain  laud  which  a  lord 
kept  in  his  hands  for  the  maintenance  of  his 
board  or  table,  but  more  probably  land  held 
by  a  tenant  in  bordage. 

bord-lodet,  »•  [A  ME.  law  term,  appar.  <  bord, 
a  table,  board  (but  prob.  with  ref.  to  bordage2, 
q.  v.),  +  lode,  a  leading,  conveyance.]  in  feudal 
law,  some  service  due  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord, 
involving  the  carrying  of  wood,  etc.,  to  the 
lord's  house. 


bordman 

bordmant,  «.      [ME.   'bordman  (only  in  ML. 

bordiuaHiiux),  <  huril,  a  table,  board  (but  prob. 

with  ref.  to  bonliiiir,  q.  v.),  +  man.']     In  law,  a 

i  CUM  lit  of  bord-land;  a  bordar. 
bordont,  «.    A  form  of  bum-ilmi. 
bordraget,  ».    Se<  •  im/irmi. 
bord-service  (bord'ser'vis),  ».     [<  bord-,  aa  in 

iMii-ilni/i;  honliiiiiii,  etc..   +  .-a-ri-ift;  }     InJun/nl 

lair,  tho  tenure  of  bord-lands  ;  bordage. 
bordure  (bor'dur),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME. 

boriliiri;  <  OF",  (and  F.)  boriliiri  •  :  see  lmnli-r.~\ 

An  obsolete  or  archaic  form  of  bonier,  retained 

in  heraldry. 

The  netlierest  ln-iii  or  l*>nlnr>'  of  these  clothes. 

Chaucer,  Bocthius,  i.  prose  1. 

Instead  of  railes  ami  lialiM'-rs,  there  is  a  Ixirdure  of 
capital  letter-.  K,;-/:,,i,  Diary,  Aug.  31,  1654. 

Bordure  compone'.  See  rmitiionl. 
bore1  (bor),  c.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  bornii/. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  sometimes  hour;  <  ME.  bo- 
ren,  borirn,  <  AS.  borian  =  D.  bore  n  =  OHG. 
boron,  MHG.  born,  G.  bohren  =  Icel.  bora  =  Sw. 
borra  =  Dan.  bore,  bore,  =  L.  fordre,  bore,  per- 
forate (see  foramen,  perforate),  =  Gr.  <pap*v, 
0apow,  plow  :  a  secondary  verb,  from,  or  from 
the  same  root  as,  the  formally  more  primitive 
noun,  AS.  bor  (=  D.  boor  =  MLG.  bor  =  Q.  bolir 
=  Icel.  borr  =  Sw.  borr  =  Dan.  bor),  an  auger, 
gimlet;  cf.  Gr.  0u/»<;,  a  plow,  connected  with 
0d/M}f,  a  ravine,  ^d/nrj-g,  pharynx:  see  pharynx. 
See  borel,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  pierce  or  per- 
forate with  a  rotatory  cutting  instrument  ; 
make  a  circular  hole  in  by  turning  an  auger, 
gimlet,  drill,  or  anything  that  will  produce  the 
game  effect:  as,  to  bore  a  plank  or  a  cannon; 
to  bore  the  ground  for  water,  or  with  a  stick. 

I'll  believe  as  soon, 

This  whole  earth  may  he  bored,  and  that  the  moon 
May  through  the  centre  creep.     Shak.,  M.  \.  D.,  III.  2. 
2.  To  form  or  produce  by  rotatory  perforation  : 
as,  to  bore  a  hole  or  a  well. 


situ 

of  t  , 

means  of  explosives. 

Eistler,  Modern  High  Explosives,  p.  811. 
3.  To  penetrate,  make,  or  gain  as  if  by  boring; 
push  or  drive  through  or  into  by  any  pene- 
trating action  :  as,  to  bore  a  plank,  or  a  hole  in 
a  plank,  with  a  rifle-ball. 

Bustling  crowds  I  bored.  day,  Trivia,  iii.  395. 

With  great  difficulty  we  bored  our  way  through  the 
moving  |ice|  pack.  A.  W.  Greelij,  Arctic  Service,  p.  103. 
4f.  To  befool  ;  trick  ;  overreach. 

At  this  instant 
He  bore*  me  with  some  trick. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  L  1. 

I  am  abused,  betrayed,  I  am  laughed  at,  scorned,  baf- 
fled, and  bored,  it  seems.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  6. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  pierce  or  penetrate,  as  a 
gimlet  or  similar  instrument  ;  make  a  hole  or 
holes:  as,  the  auger  bores  well.  —  2.  To  gink  a 
bore-hole,  as  in  searching  for  water,  coal,  etc. 
—  3.  To  be  suited  for  piercing  with  an  auger  or 
other  boring-tool  :  as,  wood  that  bores  well  or 
ill.  —  4.  To  push  forward  or  through  toward  a 
certain  point  :  as,  "  boring  to  the  west,"  Dryden. 

The  elder  streets  (of  Florence]  go  boriny  away  into  the 
heart  of  the  city  in  narrow  dusky  vistas  of  a  fascinating 
plcturesqueness.  II.  Jamen,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  271. 

5.  In  the  HUIHC<II;  to  thrust  the  head  forward 
as  far  as  possible:  said  of  a  horse.  =  8yn.  1.  Per- 
i",-nr,\  etc.  See  penetrate. 

bore1  (bor),  ».  [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bore,  <  AS. 
bor  (=  D.  bimr,  fern.,  =  MLG.  bor,  m.,  =  OHG. 
horn.  t'..  (  !.  hohr  =  Icpl.  horr  =  Sw.  borr,  m.,  = 
Dan.  bor,  neut.),  an  auger,  a  gimlet;  in  sense  3, 
<  ME.  bore  =  Icel.  bora,  a  hole  ;  in  other  senses 
directly  from  the  verb:  see  Sore1,  p.]  If.  Any 
instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or  turn- 
ing, as  an  auger  or  gimlet. 

A  hole  fit  for  tlie  lite  or  square  'we.  ./ox.  Mnmn. 

2.  A  hollow  hand-tool  used  in  nail-making  to 
hold  a  nail  while  its  head  is  being  formed.  — 

3.  A  hole  made  by  boring,  or  as  if  by  boring: 
ag,  "an  auger's  bof»,"  Slink.,  Cor.,  iv.  6.    s,,,  ,  iti 

call\  («l  A  deep  vertical  perforation  made  In  thcearllt 
ill  search  of  water,  or  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  nn 
dcrlvim;  strata,  as  in  searching  for  coal  or  other  minerals; 
a  Iwre-hole.  (b)  The  cylindrical  cavity  or  perforation  ot 
a  tube,  rifle,  cannon,  etc. 

Hence  —  4.  The  caliber  or  internal  diameter 
of  a  hole  or  perforation,  whether  made  by  bor- 
ing or  not,  especially  of  the  cavity  of  a  gnu  or 
tube. 

Beside  th'  Artillery 
of  fourscore  pieces  of  a  mighty  Rnare. 

I>,;iiitiiH,  Noah's  Floud  (ed.  1630),  p.  108. 
The  borer  of  wind  instrument-.  Bacon. 

5t.  A  wound  or  thrust.  -Blue  bore,  an  opening  in 
the  clouds  showing  the  blue  sky.  (Scotch.]  To  wick  a 


631 

bore,  in  tlie  OTHIC  of  curling,  to  drive  a  stone  dexterously 

tlnoticli  an  opening  hetweeii  two  L-'lards. 

bore-  (buri.  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boar,  Imer ; 
appurXMIO.  ban;  H  wave,  billow  (once,  in  doubt- 
ful use)  (cf.  F.  barn;  a  bore);  prob.  <  leel.  bum 
=  Norw.  baara,  a  billoweauged  by  wind  ;  cf.  Sw. 
dial,  bdr,  a  hill,  mound;  prob.  ciiniiei>teil  with 
Icel.  brra  =  E.  brtir1.]  An  abrupt  tidal  wave 
which  breaks  in  an  estuary,  the  water  then  rush- 
ing up  the  channel  with  great  violence  and 
noise.  The  tidal  wave  being  a  wave  of  translation,  the 
shoaling  and  narrowing  of  channels  where  the  tide  rises 
very  rapidly  produce  a  great  increase  in  the  height  of  the 
wave.  The  forward  parts  of  the  wave,  too,  In  shoaling 
water  advance  less  rapidly  than  the  backward  parts,  an, I 
so  cause  a  great  accumulation  in  front.  The  most  cele- 
brated tHires  in  the  old  world  are  those  of  the  (langes,  In- 
dus, and  Brahmaputra.  The  last  is  said  to  rise  to  a  In  ii:lit 
of  12  feet.  In  the  Amazon  and  other  rivers  in  Bra/il  ih 
bore  reaches  a  height  of  from  12  to  16  feet.  In  England 
the  lx>re  is  observed  more  especially  in  the  Severn,  Trent, 
and  Wye,  and  in  the  Solway  Frith.  Tlie  bores  In  some 
bays  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  are  very  remarkable. 
In  some  parts  of  England  it  is  called  eaqer  (which  see) ;  on 
the  Amazon,  the  //*•',/•,,*•<,, -i  .-  on  the  Seine,  the  barre ;  and 
on  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne  in  France,  the  mrucaret. 

When  the  rise  of  the  tide  begins,  the  surface  of  the  water 
is  disturbed  in  mid-channel ;  but  the  water  is  not  broken, 
it  is  merely  like  a  common  wave.  But  as  this  rapid  rise 
elevates  the  surface  suddenly  above  the  level  of  the  flat 
sands,  the  water  immediately  rushes  over  them  with  great 
velocity,  and  with  a  broken  front,  making  a  great  noise. 
And  this  is  the  whole  of  the  bore. 

Airy,  Encyc.  Metrop.,  Tides  and  Waves,  p.  514. 

bore3  (bor),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bored,  ppr.  bor- 
ing. [Thig  word,  verb  and  noun  (the  noun  in 
senses  1  and  2  appar.  preceding  the  verb),  came 
into  use  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century ; 
usually  considered  a  particular  use  of  bore1. 
and  compared  with  G.  drillcn,  bore,  drill,  also 
bore,  weary ;  but  an  immediate  derivation  from 
borel  is  philologically  improbable,  though  it 
may  be  explained  as  a  twist  of  fashionable 
slang  (to  which,  indeed,  the  word  has  always 
belonged),  perhaps  resting  on  some  forgotten 
anecdote.  At  any  rate,  the  word  ig  now  inde- 
pendent of  bore1.]  1.  To  weary  by  tedious 
iteration  or  repetition  ;  tire,  especially  in  con- 
versation, by  insufferable  dullness ;  teage ;  an- 
noy; pester. 

"I  will  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Buckhurst.  "Oh I  no, 
no ;  don't  tell  him  to  come,"  said  Millbank.  "  Don't  bore 
him."  Ditraeli,  Coningsby,  i.  10. 

Bolting  away  to  a  chamber  remote, 
Inconceivably  bored  by  his  Witen-gemote, 
Edwy  left  them  all  joking, 
And  drinking,  and  smoking. 

Hiif/iiiui.  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  21R. 

2.  In  racing,  to  annoy  or  impede  by  crowding 
againgt  or  out  of  the  way. 

bore3  (bor),  ».  [See  bore3,  p.]  If.  Ennui ;  a  fit 
of  ennui  or  listlegs  disgugt  or  weariness. —  2f. 
One  who  suffers  from  ennui. — 3.  One  who  or 
that  which  bores  one,  or  causes  ennui  or  annoy- 
ance ;  anything  which  by  dullness  taxes  the 
patience,  or  otherwise  causes  trouble  or  an- 
noyance ;  specifically,  a  dull,  tiregome,  or  un- 
congenial person  who  tires  or  annoys  by  forcing 
hig  company  or  conversation  on  others,  or  who 
pergigts  in  uninteresting  talk  or  undesired  at- 
tentions. 

Society  Is  now  one  polished  horde, 

Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  bores  and  bored. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xili.  95. 

Learned  folk 

Who  drench  yon  with  aesthetics  till  yon  feel 
As  if  all  beauty  were  a  ghastly  bore, 
The  faucet  to  let  loose  a  wash  of  words. 

l.inirll.  Cathedral. 

A  sort  of  good-natured  persistency,  which  Induced  the 
impression  that  he  was  nothing  worse  than  a  well-mean- 
ing bore,  who  was  to  be  endured  at  all  times  for  the  sake 
of  his  occasional  usefulness  and  universal  cheerfulness. 
Touri/fe,  Fool's  Errand,  p.  32. 


bore4  (bor).     Preterit  of 
bore"'t,  M.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  boar. 
bore8  (bor),  «.    [E.  dial.,  short  f or  borecole,  q.  v. ] 
A  kind  of  cabbage ;  borecole.     Tttsner. 
Boread  (bo're-ad),  n.  and  a.    [<  Gr.  Vopeaorx,  a 
son  of  Boreas,  Bo/w<if  (Bopeao-),  a  daughter  of 
Boreas,  adj.  (fern.),  boreal;  <  Sopiaf.  Boreag.] 
I.  ».   A  child  of  Boreas. 

II.  a.  [I.e.']  Pertaining  or  relating  to  north- 
ern regions;  boreal.  [Rare.] 
boreal  (bo're-al),  a.  [<  ME.  borian,  <  LL.  fto- 
1'i-iiliK,  <  L.  Horeax,  Boreas.]  Pertaining  to,  situ- 
ated in,  or  issuing  from  the  north ;  relating  or 
pertaining  to  the  north  or  to  the  north  wind ; 
northern. 

Above  the  Siberian  snows 
We'll  sport  amid  the  boreal  morning. 

WordtimrtK,  Peter  Bell. 

In  boreal  Dakota,  whose  capital  bears  his  name.  Ccr- 
niany  and  Bismarck  arc  connected  conceptions  of  the 
mind.  .V  ,1.  Rrr.,  CLXIII.  105. 


borer 

Boreal  POle,  in  H.  n,-l,  ti-rmiinilogt.  tile  (Nile  of  the  mag- 

M.  n,    n,  t  ,il,    \\lii--li  point-  to  th, illi 

under  unit™/.     Boreal  province,  iii  ot  th.. 

province-,  established  with  i.i.nnrc  t,,  the  distribution 

uf  marine  ammaK     It  ,  nil,|  i,  .  -  tin-  North    Ulalilic  south 

of  the  arctic  province  to  a  line  passing  through  the  naze 
of  Norway  and  rape  Cod. 

borean  (bo're-an),  a.  [<  Itnmix  +  -an.]  Same 
as  boreal. 

Boreas  (bo're-ag),  M.  [L.,  also  Rorrax,  <  Gr. 
Bopiaf,  Attic  Boppaf,  north  wind,  the  god  of  the 
north  wind;  cf.  Russ.  buri/n,  storm,  /mrtinu,  a 
tempegt  with  snow  :  see  bora.]  1.  In  dr.  tin/Hi., 
the  god  of  the  north  wind. —  2.  The  north  wind 
personified;  a  cold,  northerly  wind. 

borecole  (bor'kol),  H.     [Also  formerly  boorcole; 

<  D.  boerenkool,  borecole,  lit.  peasant's  cab- 
bage, <  boer,  peasant,   +  kool,  cabbage:   gee 
boor  and  cole.]    A  variety  of  liramtica  oleracea, 
a  cabbage  with  curled  or  wrinkled  leaves  which 
have  no  tendency  to  form  into  a  hard  head.     It 
is  valued  chiefly" for  winter  use. 

boredom  (bor'dum),  n.     [<  bore3,  n.,  +  -dom.] 

1.  The  gtate  of  being  a  bore,  or  the  tendency 
to  become  tiregome  and  uninteresting. 

I  presently  found  that  here  too  the  male  could  assert 
his  superiority  and  show  a  more  vigorous  boredom. 

George  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  XV. 

2.  The  state  of  being  bored ;  tedium ;  ennui. 

Some,  stretching  their  legs,  presented  symptoms  of  an 
escape  from  boredom.  Di*raeli,  Young  Duke. 

Our  "sea-anemone,"  a  creature  with  which  everybody, 
since  the  great  aquarium  mania,  must  have  become  famil- 
iar, even  to  the  limits  of  boredom. 

Huxley,  Critiques  and  Addresses,  p.  113. 

3.  Bores  collectively. 

boreet  (bo're),  n.     [Also  written  bory,  bourree; 

<  F.  bourree,  a  rustic  dance.]    A  dance  or  move- 
ment in  common  time. 

Dick  could  neatly  dance  a  jig, 
But  Tom  was  best  at  boreet. 

Siri/t,  Tom  and  Dick. 

boreen  (bo-ren'),  »•  [<  Ir.  bothar  (pron.  bo'her), 
a  road,  +  dim.  -in.]  A  lane  or  narrow  road. 
[Anglo-Irish.] 

boregat  (bor'e-gat),  M.  A  chiroid  fish  of  the 
genug  Hexagrammus:  better  known  as  bodieron 
and  rock-trout.  See  cut  under  Hexayrammug. 

bore-hole  (bor'hol),  n.  A  hole  made  in  boring 
for  minerals,  water,  etc. ;  specifically,  the  hole 
in  which  a  blasting-charge  is  placed.  See  bor- 
ing, 2. 

boreism  (bor'izm),  n.  [Also  written  borixm  ;  < 
bore3  +  -ism.]  The  action  of  a  bore;  the  con- 
dition of  being  a  bore.  [Rare.] 

borelH,  borrePt,  ».  [Early  mod.  E.,  prop,  burel, 
burrel,  burrell,  <  ME.  borel,  burel,  <  OF.  burel, 
later  bureau,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff  (mod.  F. 
bureau,  a  desk,  writing-table,  bureau,  >  E.  bu- 
reau, q.  v.):  see  burrel,  and  cf.  birrus.]  1.  A 
coarse  woolen  stuff,  or  garments  made  of  it; 
hence,  clothing  in  general. 

I  wol  renne  out  my  borel  for  to  shewe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  SR6. 

2.  A  kind  of  light  stuff  the  warp  of  which  wag 
silk  and  the  woof  wool;  a  kind  of  serge, 
borel-t,  borrel2t,  a.    [ME.,  also  burel,  supposed 
to  be  a  particular  use  of  borel1,  n.,  q.  v.     Some- 
times used  archaically  in  mod.  E.]     1.  Belong- 
ing to  the  laity,  ag  opposed  to  the  clergy. 
And  more  we  se  of  Christes  secre  thinges 
Than  borel  folk,  although  that  they  ben  kinges, 
We  live  In  povert  and  in  abstinence. 
And  borel  folk  in  richcsse  and  dispense. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  L  104. 
2.  Rude;  unlearned. 

But,  sires,  liecause  I  am  a  burel  man  .  .  . 
Haveth  me  excused  of  my  rude  speehe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Franklin  s  Tale,  1.  44. 
I  am  but  rude  and  barrel.         Speiwer,  Shep.  Cal.,  July. 
Thou  wert  ever  of  a  tender  conscience,  son  Wilkin, 
though  tlum  hast  but  a  rough  and  bnml  bearing. 

Scott,  Betrothed,  viL 

borelyt,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  burly. 
borent.    Obsolete  form  of  born,  borne,  pp.  of 

ftearl.     Chaucer. 

borer  (bor'er),  ».  [<  bore  1,  r.,  +  -er* ;  =  Q. 
bohrer.]  1.  One  who  boreg  or  pierces. —  2.  A 
tool  or  instrument  used  for  boring;  an  auger; 
specifically,  in  Great  Britain,  a  drill,  an  imple- 
ment used  in  boring  holes  in  rock. — 3.  A  name 
common  to  many  minute  coleopterous  insects 
of  the  group  Xylopliagu,  whose  larvee  eat  their 
way  into  old  wood,  forming  at  the  bottom  of 
the  holes  a  little  cocoon,  whence  they  emerge 
as  small  beetles. — 4.  Some  other  insect  which 
boreg,  either  in  the  larval  or  adult  gtate. — 6. 
A  local  English  name  of  the  glutinous  hag,  Mi/s- 
ine  gltttinosa.  See  cut  under  hag.— 6.  A  bi- 
valve mollusk  which  bores  into  wood  or  stone, 


borer 


632 


borough 


especially  one  of  the  family  Pholadida;.—  7.  In  boring-head  (bor'ing-hed),  re.    1.  The  cutter-    Tote     f()rtune  , 
entom.,  the  terebra  or  ovipositor  when  it  is  used    head  of  a  diamond  drill.— 2.  A  short  cylinder  ^Orn2  ,,   t     see 
for  boring,  as  in  many  beetles,  flies,  etc.-Annu-     carrying  cutting-tools,  fitted  upon  a  boring-bar.  bornei  /bo'rn).    [See  born1.'} 
lar  borer   Sec  annular.—  Clover-root  borer,  a  small  boring-machine  (bor'mg-ma-shen"),  re.     Any 
•//„;,/  (Miiller),  imported  from      aDDaratus  employing  bor- 


scolytid  beetle,  ByUiinut  trij'uln  (Muller),  imported  from  apparat,us  employing  bor 

Europe  into  America  and  very  injurious  to  clover.     The  =^5tnniB   s,1(,f,  o«  thp  bit 

larva  is  cylindrical,  nf  slightly  curved  form,  whitish,  with  mg-tools,  SUCH  as  tne  Dlt 

a  yellowish  head.   The  perfect  beetle  is  a  little  over  2  mil-  auger,  or  drill.     < 
in    length, 


limeters 

elongate-oval  in  form, 
and  of  a  brownish- 
black  color,  the  ely- 
tra being  reddish  and 
somewhat  shining. — 
Grape-root  borer, 
the  larva  of  Algeria 
polintiformit,  a  moth 
of  the'  family  Jlgeri- 
idai,  which  lays  its 
eggs  in  July  or  Au- 
gust at  the  base  of 
the  grape-vine,  close 
to  the  ground.  They 
are  white  fleshy  grubs 
which  eat  the  bark 
and  sap-wood  of  the 
grape-root,  and  trans- 
form to  the  pupa  state 
within  a  pod-like  co- 
coon of  gummy  silk, 
to  which  bits  of 
•wood  and  bark  are 
attached. 

boresont,  n.  An 
obsolete  variant 
of  bauson.  nRW%Jv  Vx 

§pir%^  > 

SSf&S- 

m-f 


See 


bore-tree,  re. 

bour-tree. 
bore-worm  (bor'- 

werm),     re.        A 

name      for      the 

ship-worm,       Te- 
redo navalis :   so 

called  on  account 

of  its  boring  into 

submerged     tim- 
ber, as  the  bottoms  of  vessels,  piles,  and  the  like. 
borhame  (bor'am),  n.       [E.  dial.;   origin  ob-    boring-machine. 

scure.]     A  local  English  name,  in  Northum-  - 

berland,  of  the  lemon  or  sand-sole. 
boric  (bo'rik),  a.     [<  bor(ax)  +  -ic.]     Same  as 

boracic. 
boride  (bo'rid  or  -rid),  n.     [<  bor(on)  +  -ide.] 

A  primary  compound  of  boron  with  a  metallic 


,     ,     , 

b,  larva,  lateral  view ;  c ,  pupa,  ventra' 
view ;  d,  beetle,  dorsal  view.  All  en 
larged. 


Such  ma- 

chines are  used  for  boring 
both  metal  and  wood.  In  the 
first  case  the  boring-tool  is  a 
revolving  cutter  -head,  and  the 
machine  is  essentially  a  drill. 
In  these  machines  the  work 
may  be  stationary  while  the 
cutter-head  advances  as  the 
cut  is  made,  or  the  work  may 
be  advanced  or  fed  to  the  rela- 
tively stationary  cutter-head. 
In  all  there  are  appliances 
for  securing  a  variable  speed 
and  for  adjusting  one  tool  to 
many  kinds  of  work.  They  are 
used  to  bore  out  heavy  cast- 
ings, guns,  cylinders,  wheel- 
hubs,  etc.  The  wood-boring 
machines  are  essentially  ma- 
chine-augers. The  auger  or 
bit  may  be  fixed,  or  may  have 
a  slight  journal  movement  as 
the  work  proceeds.  The  block- 
boring  machine  is  an  apparatus 
consisting  of  two  augers  driven  by  hand  and  a  vise  for 
holding  the  bolt  of  wood  from  which  a  block  is  to  be  made. 
The  carpenters' 
boring-machine  is 
an  auger  supported 
on  a  movable  frame 
in  such  a  way  that 
holes  can  be  bored 
with  it  at  any  an- 
gle. It  is  operated 
by  two  handles  and 
bevel  gearing,  the 
operator  sitting 
astride  the  machine 
while  at  work. 

boring-mill 

(bor   ing-  mil), 
n.       Same     as 


bear1. 

borne'2!  (born),  re. 
borne  (bor-na'),  a. 


Past  participle  of 
Same  as  bourn2. 


Boring-machine. 
a.  b,  nests  of  pulleys ;  c, 
horizontal  face-plate ;  d,  bor- 
ing-shaft ;  gt  hand-wheel ;  ft, 
automatic  feed  arrangement ; 
A,  handle  which  acts  upon  a 
pinion  and  rack  to  raise  or 
lower  the  face-plate;  OT, 
belt-shifter. 


[P.,  pp.  of  borncr,  bound, 
limit,  <  borne,  boundary,  limit:  see  WHJfn3.] 
Bounded;  limited;  narrow-minded;  of  re- 
stricted intelligence. 

He  [Sir  Robert  Peel]  began  life  as  the  underling  of  Lord 
Sidmoutb--the  shallowest,  narrowest,  most  borne,  and 
most  benighted  of  the  old  Tory  crew. 

W.  11.  Greg,  Misc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  234. 

Bornean  (b6r'ne-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Borneo  + 
-are.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  Borneo,  the  largest 
island  of  the  Malay  archipelago. 

II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Borneo. 

bornedt,  p.  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  burned. 
Chaucer. 

borneene  (bor'ne-en),  n.  [<  l>orne(ol)  +  -eree.] 
A  liquid  hydrocarbon  (C10Hi6)  secreted  by 
Dryobalanops  camphora,  and  holding  in  solu- 


boring-rod 

(bor'  ing  -rod), 

n.        A      jointed 


¥ 


boring   (bor'mg),   n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bore*,  «.] 


Carpenters'  Boring-machine. 

rod  to  which  the  tools  used  in  earth-boring  and 
rock-drilling  are  attached. 
>oring-sponge  (bor'ing-spunj),  re.  A  salt-water 
sponge  of  the  genus  Cliona,  which  bores  into 
shells  and  limestone. 


1.  The  act  of  piercing  or  perforating;  specifi-  boring-table  (bor'ing-ta'bl),  n.     The  platform 
cally,  in  mining  and  similar  operations,  the  act     supporting  the  work  in  a  boring-machine, 
of  making  a  hole  in  rock  or  earth  by  means  borism  n.     See  boreism. 

of  a  borer  or  drill.  This  is  often  executed  on  a  large  boritht',  »!  [<  LL.  boriih,  <  Heb.  borith  (Jer.  ii. 
scale  by  the  aid  of  machinery.  Wells  and  shafts  several  oo\  tr  :„  4.1.7.  TWliari  -epiUinn  'snnn  H  A  -nlarir 
feet  in  diameter  are  now  bored  without  blasting,  as  has  ^j  W-  P  M  e  inglisn  version  soap.  J  A  pi 


tion  a  solid  substance,  borueol 
camphor  of  Borneo.     See  Dryobalanops. 

Borneo  camphor.    See  camphor. 

borneol  (bor  ne-ol),  re.  [<  Borneo  +  -ol.~\  Same 
as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  under  camphor). 

bornine  (bdr'nin),  re.  [Appar.  as  born-ite  + 
-ine2.]  Telluric  bismuth :  same  as  tetradymite. 

borning,  borning-rod.    Seeboning,  boning-rod. 

bornite  (bor'nit),  n.  [After  Dr.  Ignatius  von 
Born,  an  Austrian  mineralogist  (1742-91),  + 
-ite2.]  A  valuable  copper  ore,  consisting  of 
about  60  parts  of  copper,  14  of  iron,  and  26  of 
sulphur,  found  mostly  massive,  also  in  iso- 
metric crystals.  It  has  a  peculiar  bronze-color  on 
the  fresh  fracture  (hence  called  by  Cornish  miners  horse- 
flesh ore),  but  soon  tarnishes  ;  and  from  the  bright  colors 
it  then  assumes  it  is  often  named  purple  or  variegated 
copper  and  erubescite. 

bornous,  bornouse.  n.     Same  as  burnoose. 

bqrocalcite  (bo-ro-kal'sit),  n.  [<  boron  +  cal- 
cite.] A  hydrous  calcium  borate,  supposed  to 
occur  with  other  borates  in  Peru. 

boroglyceride  (bo-ro-glis'e-rid  or  -rid),  n.  [< 
boron  +  glycer(in)  +  -ide.]  An  antiseptic  sub- 
stance containing  about  25  per  cent,  of  glyceryl 
borate,  or  propenyl  borate  (€3115603),  and  75 
per  cent,  of  free  boric  acid  and  glycerin  in 
equivalent  proportions. 

boron  (bo'ron),  re.  [NL.,  <  bor(ax)  +  -on.] 
Chemical  symbol,  B;  atomic  weight,  11.  A 
chemical  element  belonging  to  the  group  of 
non-metals.  Two  allotropic  forms  of  this  element  are 
known,  one  a  brown,  amorphous  powder,  slightly  soluble 
in  water,  the  other  (adamantine  boron)  crystalline,  and 
with  a  luster  and  hardness  inferior  only  to  that  of  the 
diamond.  In  all  its  compounds  boron  appears  to  be  triva- 
lent.  It  does  not  occur  in  nature  in  the  free  state,  but 
some  of  its  compounds  are  well-known  articles  of  com- 
merce. It  is  prepared  by  heating  boric  acid  at  a  high 
temperature  with  some  powerful  reducing  agent,  such  as 
potassium  or  aluminium.  Its  oxygen  acid,  boracic  acid, 
and  the  soda  salt,  borax,  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts. 


feet  in  diameter  are  now  bored  without  blasting,  as  has     — "Jrl/T  "»V-         j«j    — •  J 

been  done  in  Paris  in  sinking  artesian  wells,  in  the  great     producing  an  alkali  used  in  cleansing, 
northern  coal-fields  of  France  and  Belgium,  and  elsewhere.  Borja  (bdr'  ja  ;    Sp.  pron.  bdr'ha),  re.     A  sweet 

2.  The  hole  made  by  boring.    Holes  of  small  depth    white  wine  grown  near  Saragossa  in  Spain, 
bored  with  the  drill  for  blasting  are  called   bore-holes.   borlOT  (bor'li),  n.      [E.  dial.]      A  boat  used  by 
if  oT  large  diameter  Sfts^or Swells   a^cording^as'tney     trawlers   about   the  estuary   of   the   Thames, 
are  intended  for  use  in  mining  or  for  supplying  water.  N.  E.  D. 

3.  pi.  The  chips,  fragments,  or  dust  produced  borling  (bor'ling),  n.     [E.  dial.]     A  local  Eng-  boronatrocalcite "(bS-rS -na-tro-kai'sit),  n. 
in   boring.     Also    called    boring-dust.^Ttnee-    lish  name  of  the  river-lamprey.  r<  j,oron  +  natron  +  calcite.]    A  hydrous  borate 

torn1  (b6rn),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  born,  boren  (often 
shortened  bore),  <  AS.  boren,  pp.  of  beran, 
bear,  carry,  bring  forth.  The  distinction  be- 
tween born1  and  borne1  is  recent :  see  bear1.] 
1.  Possessing  from  birth  the  quality  or  char- 
acter stated :  as,  a  born  poet ;  a  born  fool. 


nately  strike  upon  or  beat  it  with  a  heavy  hammer  or 
sledge.  When  one  man  holds  the  drill  and  another  beats 
it,  the  boring  is  two-handed ;  when  the  same  person  holds 
the  drill  with  one  hand,  and  beats  it  with  the  other,  it  is 
single-handed.  [Eng.] 

boring-anchor  (bor'ing-ang"kor),  re.  Same  as 
screw-pile. 

boring-bar  (bor'ing-bar),  n.  A  bar  to  which 
the  cutters  in  a  drilling-  or  boring-machine  are 
secured.  See  cutter-bar. 

boring-bit  (bor' ing-bit),  re.  1.  A  tool  or  instru- 
ment of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  used  for 
making  holes  in  wood  and  other  solid  sub- 
stances. See  bit1. —  2.  A  tool  much  like  a 
priming-wire,  but  more  highly  tempered  and 
with  an  end  somewhat  like  an  auger,  used  for 
cleaning  out  the  vent  of  a  gun  when  it  is  closed 
by  some  metallic  obstruction ;  a  vent-gimlet. 

boring-block  (bor'ing-blok),  n.  In  mech.,  a 
strong  cylindrical  piece  fitted  on  the  boring- 
bar  of  a  boring-machine,  and  having  the  cut- 
ters fixed  in  it. 

boring-collar  (bor'ing-kol"ar),  re.  A  circular 
disk  in  a  lathe,  which  can  be  turned  about  its 
center  in  a  vertical  plane,  so  as  to  bring  any  one 
of  a  number  of  taper  holes  of  different  sizes  con- 
tained in  it  in  line  with  the  piece  to  be  bored. 
The  end  of  the  piece  is  exposed  at  the  hole  to 
a  boring-tool  which  is  held  against  it. 

boring-dust  (bor'mg-dust ),  re.  Same  as  boring,  3. 

boring-gage  (bor'ing-gaj),  re.  A  clamp  or  stop 
fixed  to  the  shank  of  a  bit  or  other  boring-tool 
to  regulate  the  depth  of  the  work. 


of  sodium  and  calcium;  the  mineral  ulexite. 
borosilicate  (bo-ro-sil'i-kat),  n.  [<  bor(ic)  + 
silic(ic)  +  -ate1.]  'A  double  salt,  in  which  both 
boric  and  silicic  acids  are  combined  with  a 
basic  radical,  as  datolite,  which  is  a  borosili- 
cate of  calcium.  Also  called  silicoborate. 


Dunstan  resumed  Alfred's  task,  not,  indeed,  in  the  wide  borough1  (bur'6),  re.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  bor- 
and  generous  spirit  of  the  king,  but  with  the  activity  of  a     ,.„„„/,    lairrrnifih,    bnn 
born,  administrator.       J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  325. 

2.  Innate;  inherited;  produced  with  a  person 
at  birth:  as,  born  wit;  born  dignity:  in  both 
senses  opposed  to  acquired  after  birth  or  from 
experience. 

Often  abbreviated  to  6. 

Born  In  or  with,  inherited  by  birth ;  received  or  im- 
planted at  birth. 

Wit  and  wisdom  are  born  with  a  man. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  66. 
Born  Of,  sprung  from. 

None  of  woman  born  shall  harm  Macbeth. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  1. 

Born  on  the  wrong  side  of  the  blanket.    See  blanket. 
—  Born  to,  destined  to  from  birth,  or  by  right  of  birth. 
I  was  born  to  a  good  estate. 

Swift,  Story  of  an  Injured  Lady. 

In  one's  born  days,  in  one's  lifetime.    [Colloq.] 


There  was  one  Miss  Byron,  a  Northamptonshire  lady, 
whom  I  never  saw  before  in  my  born  days. 

Richardson,  Grandison,  I.  103. 

In  all  his  born  days  he  never  hearn  such  screeches  and 
yells  as  the  wind  give  over  that  chimbley. 

Mrs.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  18. 

To  be  born  again,  to  become  regenerate  in  spirit  and 
character ;  be  converted. 


rough,  burrough,  borrow,  burroic,  borow,  burow, 
etc. ;  sometimes,  esp.  in  comp.,  written  bora  or 
boro';  <  ME.  bonce,  borowe,  borgh,  burgh,  borvg, 
buruh,  etc.,  burie,  buri,  bery,  etc.,  <  AS.  burh, 
buruli,  burg  (gen.  and  dat.  byrig,  whence  the  sec- 
ond set  of  ME.  forms  above,  burie,  etc..  E.  bury1, 
q.  v.),  a  town,  a  fortified  place  (=  OS.  burug, 
burg  =  OFries.  burich,  burch  =MD.  burch,  borch, 
D.  burg,  burgt  =  MLG.  borch  =  OHG.  burvg, 
buruc,  burc,  MHG.  burc,  G.  burg  =  Icel.  borg  = 
Sw.  Dan.  borg  =  Goth,  baurgs ;  hence,  from 
OHG.  etc.,  ML.  burgus,  >  OF.  burc,  berg,  F. 
bourg  =  Pr.  bore  =  Sp.  Pg.  burgo  =  It.  borgo); 
prob.  <  AS.  beorgan  (pp.  borgen)  =  Goth,  bair- 
gan  =  G.  bergen,  etc.,  protect:  see  bury1,  bur- 
row1, burgl,  burgh,  bourg1  (all  ult.  identical  with 
borough),  burgess,  bourgeois,  etc.  The  word  ap- 
pears in  various  f  orms  in  many  names  of  towns : 
Peterborough,  'Edinburgh  or  Edinftoro,  Canter- 
bury, Hamftwflr,  Burgos,  etc.]  1.  Formerly,  a 
fortified  town,  or  a  town  possessing  municipal 
organization ;  also,  a  town  or  city  in  general. 
—  2.  In  England:  («)  A  corporate  town  pos- 
sessing a  regularly  organized  municipal  gov- 
ernment and  special  privileges  conferred  by 


Except  a  man  be  born  again,  he  cannot  see  the  kingdom     royal  charter:  usually  called  a  municipal  bor- 
of  God.  John  iii.  3.     ough.     (b)  A  town  having  the  right  to  send  one 


borough 

or  more  representatives  to  Parliament :  usually 
called  a  iiitrliitiiii-iiliirii  Imniiii/li.  I  ml.  r  tin-  m-m-ial 
laws  ivijiilatiiig  municipal  joverumant,  with  s.nm-  CM  cp 

tions,  tin  lull-messes  of  t-iieh  l>orough  fin!  a  certain  mini 
IH-I-  «if  ci.nncil'.l's  cVi-|->  thn.  \c;il-,  anil  Ibis.-  .-!n-t  !ll<- 

mayor  annually  ami  half  the  aldi-nm  -n  (who  Ml 
years)  tncnnmlly.  Ma>"i ,  aldei  men,  and  councilors  form 
the  council  The  correwondinc  term  in  Scotland  ii,inn-:ii,. 
3.  In  ( '. iiiiii'i -tii-iii,  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  and 
Pennsylvania,  tin  incorporated  nmnieipalit y 
less  populous  Hum  :i  city  unil  differently  gov- 
erned: in  general,  corresponding  to  linen  in 
other  States.  In  \linn<--i>ta  ami  Pennsylvania  its 
tamiulai -ics  air  identical  uiili  ih. is.-  of  inn-  uf  the  primary 
divisions  of  the  county  ;  in  Connecticut  ami  New  Jcrsi-\ 
they  ini-luili-  only  tile  .spare  occupied  by  houses  adjoining 
or  neurly  adjoining. 
4f.  A  shelter  or  place  of  security. 

The  Hat,  levell.  anil  plain.-  Hi-Ms  not  able  tn  afford  ns 
.  .  .  any  tturviiijh  to  shelter  us. 

IMIiunl,  tr.  "f  Aniiniaiius,  p.  114. 

6f.  At  Richmond  in  Yorkshire,  England,  and 
perhaps  other  northern  old  corporate  towns,  a 
property  held  by  burgage,  and  formerly  quali- 
fying for  a  vote  for  members  of  Parliament. 
Jy.  A.  D —  Close  borough,  a  pocket  borough. 

Lansinere  Is  neither  a  rotten  borough,  to  he  bought,  nor 
a  clone  borough,  under  one  man  s  noniiiiiition.  autwtr. 

Pocket  borough,  in  England,  before  the  passage  of  the 
Reform  Bill  of  liti'2  and  the  subsequent  legislation  deal- 
ing with  the  elertive  franchise,  a  Iwrough  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  which  \\as  pi;u  l  irally  in  the  hands 
of  some  individual  or  family. —  Rotten  borough,  a  name 
given  before  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1S32  to  cer- 
tain boroughs  in  England  which  had  fallen  Into  decay  and 
had  a  mere  handful  of  voters,  but  which  still  retained  the 
privilege  of  sending  members  to  Parliament.  At  the  head 
of  the  list  of  these  stood  Old  Sarum,  the  abandoned  site  of 
an  old  town,  which  returned  two  representatives  though 
without  a  single  inhabitant,  the  proprietors  nominating 
whom  they  pleased.  —  To  buy  a  borough,  to  purchase 
the  power  of  controlling  the  election  of  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  a  borough.  1'nder  recent  British  legislation 

this  is  no  longer  possible. 

borough-t,  ».    An  obsolete  form  of  burrow^. 

borough3t,  » •    An  obsolete  form  of  borrow1. 

borough-court  (bur'6-kort),  ».  The  court  of 
record  for  an  English  borough,  generally  pre- 
sided over  by  the  recorder. 

borough-English  (bur'6-ing'glish),  n.  [Irreg. 
translation  of  AF.  tenure  en  burgji  engloys, 
tenure  in  an  English  borough.]  In  law,  a  cus- 
tomary descent  of  some  estates  in  England 
to  the  youngest  son  instead  of  the  eldest,  or, 
if  the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  youngest 
brother. 

It  Is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that  an  institution 
closely  resembling  Borouyh  Etujlinh  is  found  in  the  Laws 
of  Wales,  giving  the  rule  of  descent  for  all  cultivating 
villeins.  Maine,  Early  Hist,  of  Institutions,  p.  223. 

borough-head,  n.    See  borrow-head. 

borough-holder  (bur'6-hol"d6r),  «.  1.  In  Eng- 
land, a  headborough ;  a  borsholder.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.]  — 2.  In  some  parts  of  northern  Eng- 
land, a  person  who  holds  property  by  burgage 
tenure. 

The  Borough-holder*  [Gateshead]  are  qualified  by  ten- 
ure of  bin-gage  tenements,  which  are  particular  freehold 
houses,  alxmt  lf>0  in  number.     They  have  an  estate  in  fee. 
Municip.  Corp.  licportt  (1836X  p.  1528. 

borough-master  (bur'6-raas'ter),  n.  [<  bor- 
iiinjli^  +  nuixli-r.  Cf.  burgliHKixti-r.  Imrgomastcr.] 
The  mayor,  governor,  or  bailiff  of  an  English 
borough. 

boroughmonger  (bur'6-mung'rger),  n.  For- 
merly, one  who  bought  or  sold  the  parliamen- 
tary representation  of  an  English  borough. 

Tliese  were  called  rotten  Itoroughs,  and  those  who  owned 
and  supported  lln-m  l><n-<ii"iii-ii<"ii<i'->:<. 

.1.  I'lnililaniiue,  Jr.,  How  we  are  Governed,  v. 

boroughmongering  (biir'6-mung"ger-ing),  n. 
Trafficking  in  the  parliamentary  representa- 
tion of  a  borough,  a  practice  at  one  time  com- 
mon in  England. 

\\Y  iiwe  Hi.-  r.mjish  jK-i-rape  to  three  sources :  the  spo- 
liation of  llu-  church  ;  the  open  and  flagrant  sale  of  its 
honours  by  the  elder  stuarte;  and  the  bormighmon:irriii^ 
of  our  own  limes.  liitratli,  Coningsby,  iv.  4. 

borough-reeve  (bur'6-rev),  «.     [<  borough*  + 

irt'i-ii,  sifter  MK.  liiirhi-n-i;  <  AS.  bitrk-yerefa.] 

1.  Before  the  Norman  conquest,  the  governor 
of  an  English  town  or  city. 

They  .  .  .  also  freely  chose  their  own  borough-reeve,  or 
port-reeve,  as  their  head  of  the  civic  community  was 
termed.  Sir  /-.'.  Cmt*\i.  F.ng.  roust,  p.  50. 

2.  The  chief  municipal  officer  in  certain  unin- 
corporated English  towns  before  the  passage, 
in  IKJiii.  of  the  Municipal  Corporations  Act. 

borough-sessions  (bur'6-sesh'onz),  «.  jit.  The 
sessions  held  i|unrterly.  or  oftener,  in  an  Eng- 
lish borough  before  the  recorder,  on  a  day  ap- 
pointed by  him. 


688 

boroughship'  (bur'o-sliip),  n.       [<  borough1  + 

-.-.•/<//(.]     A  township;  the  l':n-l  nf  i-onstituting  ;i 

borough  01-  tiiwnship.      \.  K.  D. 
boroughship'-'  (bur'6-ship),  «.      [<  bnrouyk'^  + 

-.v/ii'/i.]      The  condition  of    beim;  sri-iirity  for 

the  ";i»id  behuvior  of  neighbors;   fi-unk-jili-dge. 

\.   /..  l>. 
borough-town  (bm-'o-toun),  n.     [<   ME.  Imrz- 

iinni.  liin-iiii-iini,  »  town  which  is  u  borough,  <  AS. 

hnrliiiiii,  an   inelostire  surrounding  a  castle,  < 

Imrh,  :i  i-iistle,  borough,  +  tun,  iuclosure,  town. 

Hence  the  place-name  Burton.]   A  town  which 

is  a  borough, 
borowe't,  borowe-t,  etc.    Obsolete  forms  of 

linrrnirl,  hurnlli/li^.  eli-. 

borrachiot,  borrachot.  «.    Same  as  borackio. 

Borraginaceae,  etc.    See  Koraginacea,  etc. 

borrasca  (bo-ras'kii),  n.  [<  Sp.  barranca,  storm, 
tempest,  obstruction  (see  borasco);  dar  or  caer 
en  borrasot,  in  mining,  strike  or  light  upon  an 
unprofitable  lead ;  antithetical  to  bonanza,  lit. 
fair  weather:  see  bonanza.]  In  mining,  barren 
rock:  the  opposite  of  bonanza,  1  (which  see). 

borrel  H,  borrel2!.    See  borefl,  bareP. 

Borrelist  (bor'el-ist),  «.  [<  Adam  Borrel,  their 
founder,  +  -ist.]  In  cedes,  hint.,  one  of  a  sect 
of  Mennonites  founded  in  the  Netherlands  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  who  rejected  the  use 
of  the  sacraments,  public  prayer,  and  all  ex- 
ternal worship,  and  led  a  very  austere  life. 

borrow1! (bor  6),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  borowe, 
borough,  etc.;  <  ME.  boroiee,  borwe,  etc.,  <  AS. 
borh,  borg,  a  security,  pledge,  also  a  surety, 
bondsman  (=  OFries.  borh,  borch  =  D.  bory  = 
MHG.  borg,  Q.  borg,  pledge,  security),  <  beor- 
gan  (pp.  borgen)  =  D.  and  G.  bergen,  protect, 
secure:  see  borough1.  The  verb  borrow*  is  from 
the  noun.]  1.  A  pledge  or  surety;  bail;  secu- 
rity :  applied  both  to  the  thing  given  as  secu- 
rity and  to  the  person  giving  it :  as,  "  with  baile 
nor  borrotre,''  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  May. 
Ye  may  retain  as  borrow  my  two  priests.  Scutt. 

2.  A  borrowing;  the  act  of  borrowing. 

Yet  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 

The  borrow  ot  a  week.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2. 

3.  Cost;  expense. 

That  great  Pan  bought  with  deare  borroir. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Sept. 

4.  A  tithing ;  a  frank-pledge. 

borrow1  (bor'6),  «.  [<  ME.  boroteen,  borwen, 
etc.,  <  AS.  borgian  (=  OFries.  borga  =  D.  bor- 
gen (>  prob.  Icel.  borga  =  Sw.  borga  =  Dan. 
borge)  =  OHG.  borgen,  MHG.  G.  borgen),  borrow, 
lit.  give  a  pledge,  <  borh,  borg,  a  pledge,  se- 
curity: see  Sorrow1, «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  take  or 
obtain  (a  thing)  on  pledge  given  for  its  return, 
or  without  pledge,  but  on  the  understanding 
that  the  thing  obtained  is  to  be  returned,  or  an 
equivalent  of  the  same  kind  is  to  be  substituted 
for  it ;  hence,  to  obtain  the  temporary  use  of : 
with  o/  or  from  (formerly  at):  as,  to  borrow 
a  book  from  a  friend ;  to  borrow  money  of  a 
stranger. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king's  tribute,  and 
that  ujMni  our  lands  and  vineyards.  Neb.  v.  4. 

2.  To  take  or  receive  gratuitously  from  another 
or  from  a  foreign  source  and  apply  to  one's  own 
use;  adopt;   appropriate;  by  euphemism,  to 
steal  or  plagiarize  :  as,  to  borrow  aid ;  English 
has  many  borrowed  words ;  to  borrow;  an  author's 
style,  ideas,  or  language. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  borrow  from  others, 
and  sometimes  make  themselves.  Locke. 

It  is  not  hard  for  any  man  who  hath  a  Bible  in  his 
hands  to  borrow  good  words  and  holy  sayings  in  abun- 
dance. iliUon,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

That  is  the  way  we  are  strong  by  borroiriny  the  might 
of  the  elements.  Bmerton,  Civilization. 

3.  To  assume  or  usurp,  as  something  counter- 
feit, feigned,  or  not  real ;  assume  out  of  some 
pretense. 

Those  boi-rou-'d  tears  that  sinon  sheds. 

Shalt.,  Lucrece,  1.  1549. 
Each  part,  depriv'd  of  supple  government, 
Shall,  stiff  and  stark  and  cold,  appear  like  death: 
Vml  in  this  borrotc'tl  likeness  of  shrunk  death 
Thou  shalt  continue  two-and-forty  hours. 

Shot.,  R.  and  .!..  iv.  1. 

4f.  To  be  surety  for ;  hence,  to  redeem ;  ransom. 
I  pray  you,  let  me  bornnc  my  arms  again. 

fihat..  L.L.L.,  v.  2. 

II.  inlrnns.  To  practise  borrowing;  take  or 
receive  loans ;  appropriate  to  one's  self  what 
belongs  to  another  or  others :  as,  I  neither  bor- 
row nor  lend ;  he  borrows  freely  from  other  au- 
thors. 

Whoever  borrow'd  could  not  be  to  blame, 
Since  the  whole  House  did  afterwards  the  same. 

Pope,  Kpil.  to  Satires,  11.  189. 


boscage 

borrow'2  (bor'6),  r.  i.  [Origin  uncertain;  prob. 
orig.  'take  shelter';  cf.  Imrrnic-,  shelter.] 
\'t:tt.,  to  approach  either  land  or  the  wind 
closely.  Nmytli. 

borrOW:'t,  »-      An  obsolete  form  of  borouijb1. 

borrower  (bor'o-er),  «.     1.  One  who  borrows: 

opposed  In  Irniii  ;  . 

N.-ithcr  a  Ixtrrouvr  nor  a  lender  be : 

I1.. i'  loan  i. ft  Insi-lh  both  itself  and  friend  : 

And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of  hiiHlmmlry. 

.sA.ii -..  Hamlet,  I.  :i. 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another, 
and  uses  it  as  his  own;  specifically,  in  literature, 
a  plagiarist. 

> say  I  uii  a  great  borrower.  r ••]- 

borrow-headt,  «•  [Also  written  bttnmgh-head  ; 
orig.  (AS. )  'fritkbHrhlinifoil,  written  frillilinrh- 
hered  in  the  (Latin)  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor; <  fritkbork,a,  tithing  (<  frith,  peace,  + 
borh,  pledge,  security:  see  iwrroiel,  «.),  +  hed- 
fod,  head.]  The  head  of  a  tithing ;  a  headbor- 
ough or  borsholder. 

borrowing  (bor'o-ing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  bor- 
row1, r.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  or  obtaining 
anything  on  loan  or  at  second-hand. —  2.  The 
act  of  taking  and  using  as  one's  own. 

Such  kind  of  borrouing  as  this,  If  it  be  not  better'd  by 
the  Borrower,  among  good  Authors  is  accounted  Pla- 
giarie.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ulli. 

3.  The  thing  borrowed. 

Yet  are  not  these  thefts  but  borrovrings ;  not  impious 
falsities,  but  elegant  flowers  of  speech. 

Jer.  Taylor  (7),  Artif.  Handsomeness,  p.  166. 

borrowing-days  (bor'o-ing-daz),  n.  pi.  The 
last  three  days  of  March,  old  style:  said  to 
have  been  borrowed  from  April,  and  supposed 
to  be  especially  stormy.  [Scotch.] 

borsella  (bdr-sel'il),  «.  [It.  "borsella,  fern.,  cor- 
responding to  borsello,  masc. ,  a  bag,  purse,  pock- 
et, dim.  of  borga,  a  purse:  see  burne  and  purse.] 
In  glass-making,  an  instrument  for  extending 
or  contracting  glass. 

borsholder  (bdrs'hol-dcr),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bosholder,  borsolder,  burseholder,  <  AF.  bori- 
salder,  borghisaldre,  repr.  ME.  boryhes  alder: 
boryhes,  gen.  of  borgh,  a  tithing,  frank-pledge ; 
alder,  chief:  see  borrow^,  n.,  4,  and  elder1,  n.] 
Originally,  in  England,  the  head  or  chief  of  a 
tithing  or  frank-pledge ;  a  headborough ;  after- 
ward, a  petty  constable.  [Now  only  local.] 

bort  (bdrt),  n.  [Formerly  also  boart,  bourt;  cf. 
F.  bort,  bord,  bastard.  Origin  unknown.]  1.  A 
collective  name  for  diamonds  of  inferior  quality, 
especially  such  as  have  a  radiating  crystalliza- 
tion, so  that  they  will  not  take  a  polish.  These 
are  crushed  to  form  dianumd'powder  or  diamond-dust, 
which  is  used  for  cutting  and  polishing  diamonds  and  other 
precious  stones. 

2.  An  amorphous  variety  of  diamond,  brown, 
gray,  or  black  in  color,  and  known  also  as  black 
diamond  or  carbonado,  found  massive  in  Brazil 
in  association  with  pure  diamonds.  This  is  exten- 
sively used  as  the  cutting  material  in  diamond  drills  and 
stone-saws,  for  which  ordinary  diamonds  arc  unsuited 
from  their  crumbling  and  cleaving. 

boruret  (bo'r6-ret),  n.  [<  bor(on)  +  -uret.] 
The  older  form  for  boride. 

borwet,  «•    A  Middle  English  form  of  borrow1. 

Bos  (bos),  w.  [L.,  ace.  bonem,  =  Gr.  /fctf,  an 
ox,  =  E.  coir,  q.  v.  See  bovine,  beef,  bucolic, 
etc.]  A  genus  of  hollow-horned  ruminants, 
having  simple  horns  in  both  sexes,  typical  of 
the  family  Bovula:  and  subfamily  Boi-ina,  con- 
taining the  oxen,  or  cattle.  iu  limits  vary :  It  Is 
now  commonly  restricted  to  the  B.  tam-u*,  the  domestic 
ox,  bull,  or  cow,  and  closely  related  species,  formerly  it 
was  about  equivalent  to  the  subfamily  Borinae,  as  that  term 
Is  now  used.  See  cut  under  ox. 

bosa,  n.    See  bora. 

bosardt,  "•  A  Middle  English  form  of  buzzard. 
Boscades  (bos'ka-dez),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^oo*-<ir 
(pi.  fioandicf),  a  small  kind  of  duck,  lit.  feed- 
ing, <  Joanetv,  feed.]  In  Men-em's  classification 
(1813),  a  group  of  anserine  birds  nearly  coex- 
tensive with  the  modern  family  Anatidtr. 
boscage,  boskage  (bos'kaj),  w.  [<  ME.  boskage, 
buscage,  <  OF.  boscage,  mod.  F.  bocage  =  Pr. 
boscatge  =  Sp.  boscaje  =  It.  boscagaio,  <  ML. 
"boscaticum  (found  only  in  sense  of  '  a  tax  on 
firewood  brought  to  town '),  <  boscus,  buschu*, 
a  thicket,  wood,  <  OHG.  busc,  a  thicket,  =  E. 
busk1:  see  bush1,  bosk,  bosket,  bouquet.]  1.  A 
mass  of  growing  trees  or  shrubs ;  woods,  groves, 
or  thickets ;  sylvan  scenery. 

The  rest  of  the  ground  Is  made  into  several!  inclosures 
all  hedge-worke  or  rowes  of  trees)  of  whole  fields,  mea- 
L  iwes,  boKoge*,  some  of  them  containing  divers  ackers. 

i'rWyn,  War}',  April  1,  1644. 
"Glory  to  God,"  she  sang,  and  past  afar, 
Thridding  the  sombre  botiage  of  the  wood. 

Tennyivn,  Fair  Women. 


do« 


boscage 


634 


bushes ;  full  of  thickets. 

This  is  Britain :  a  little  island  with  little  lakes,  little 
rivers,  quiet  bosky  fields,  but  mighty  interests  and  power 
that  reach  round  the  world.       The  Century,  XXVII.  102. 
In  lowliest  depths  of  bosky  dells 
The  hermit  Contemplation  dwells. 

Whittier,  Questions  of  Life. 


2.  In  old  /««•,  probably,  food  or  sustenance  for    potamia,  who  dwelt  upon  the  mountains,  never 

cattle  which  is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees.  occupied  a  house,  lived  entirely  on  herbs,  and 

bosch,  a.     See  lioslt*.  devoted  their  whole  time  to  the  worship  of 

boschbok,  boshbok  (bosh'bok;  D.  pron.  bosk'-    God  in  prayers  and  hymns.     Sometimes  called 

bok),  n.    [I).  boscMok,  <  boxcli,  wood,  =E.  busli1,  Grazers. 

+  bok=:E.biick1.]    A  name  given  by  the  Dutch  bosky  (bos'ki),  a.     [<  bosk  +  -y1.     Cf.  busky, 

colonists  to  an  antelope  of  the  genus  Tragela-  bushy.]     Woody;  consisting  of  or  covered  with 
phux,  as  T.  sylvitticus.     Also  written  buslibok. 

boschvark,  boshvark  (bosh'vark;  D.  pron. 
bosk'fark),  n.     [D.  boschvark,  <  bosch,  wood,  = 
E.  bush1,  +  vark,  used  only  in  dim.  Darken,  hog, 
=  E.  farrow,  q.  v.]     The  name  given  by  the 
Dutch  colonists  to  the  African  bush-hog,  bush- 
pig,  river-pig,  or  guinea-pig,  as  the  species  of  „                                           "  muunr '<*'—'"'  "'  "'"• 
aquatic  swine  of  the  genus  Potamochcerus  are  Bosmac  (bos  m-ak),  a.  and  n.    \_<  Bosnia  + -ac.] 
variously  called.     p.  africanus,  or  P.  pictns,  is  a  mid-  Same  as  -Bo*»»«»- 

die-sized  swine  with  large,  strong,  protrusive  canine  teeth  All  this  petty  persecution  has  made  Austrian  rule  odious 

and  penciled  ears.  among  the  Bosnians. 

Boselaphus  (bos-el'a-fus),  n.     [NL.,  irreg.  <  L.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  s.,  XXXIX.  146. 

60,?  (Gr.  /*%),  ox  (or  rather  NL.  Bo*  as  a  ge-  Bosnian  (bos'ni-an),  a.  and  n.    [<  Bosnia  + -an.] 

neric  name),  +  Gr.  EAC^O?,  stag.]      A  genus  of  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Bosnia,  a  nominal 

large  bubaliue  antelopes,  including  the  nylghau  province  of  Turkey,  lying  west  of  Servia,  the 

(B.  tragocamelus),  etc.  administration  of  which  was  transferred  to  Aus- 

boshH  (bosh),  n.    [Prob.  <  F.  ebauche  (cf.  debosh  tria-Hungary  by  the  Berlin  Congress  of  1878. 

and  debauch),  a  sketch,  <  OF.  *esboche  =  Sp.  II.  «.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Bosnia. 

esbozo  =  Pg.  esboco  =  It.  sbozzo  (also,  with  dif-  bosom  (buz'um  or  bo'zum),  n.  and  a.     [Early 

ferent  prefix,  abbozzo),  a  sketch;  with  verb,  F.  mod.  E.  also   bosome,  boosome ;  <  ME.  bosom, 

ebaucher,  <  OF.  esbaucher,  esbocher  =  Pg.  esbo-  bosum,  bosem,  <  AS.  bosum,  bosm  (=  OS.  bosom  = 

<}ar—  It.  sbozzare  (also  abbozzare,  sketch),  <  pre-  OFries.  bosm  =  D.  boezem  =  MLG.  buscm,  bosem, 

fix  s-,  es-,  L.  ex-,  out,  +  bozza,  a  rough  draft,  a  bosscn,  LG.  bussem  =  OHG.  buosum,  buosam, 

blotch,  swelling,  =F.  bosse,  >E.  fees*1,  q.  v.     Cf.  MHG.  buosem,  buosen,  G.  busen),  bosom;  per- 

OD.  boetse,  bootse,  a  sketch,  D.  boetseren,  mold,  ' 
emboss,  of  same  ult.  origin.]    A  rough  sketch; 


haps  orig.,  like  fathom,  the  space  between  the 
two  arms;  with  formative  -sm,  <  boh,  bog,  arm: 
see  bough1.]  I.  n.  1.  The  breast;  the  subcla- 
vian  and  mammary  regions  of  the  thorax  of  a 
human  being;  the  upper  part  of  the  chest. 
And  she  turn'd  —  her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden  storm 
of  sighs.  Tennyson,  Loeksley  Hall. 

2.  That  part  of  one's  clothing  which  covers  the 

(oosh),  n.     [<  lurk,  bosh,  empty,  vain,     breast ;  especially,  that  portion  of  a  shirt  which 
useless,  tutile,  void  of  meaning:  a  word  adopt-    covers  the  bosom,  generally  made  of  finer  ma- 
ed  into  E.  use  from  Morier's  novel  "  Ayesha"    +<»™»i  tv.--  *i-«  -«-* 
it  frequently  occurs  in  its  Turk. 


an  outline ;  a  figure. 

The  bosh  of  an  argument,  .  .  .  the  shadow  of  a  syllo- 
gism. The  Student,  II.  287. 
To  cut  a  bosh,  to  make  a  display  ;  cut  a  figure. 
boshHfbosh),?;.*.    [<&O8*l,n.]    Tocutafigure; 
make  a  show.     Tatter. 


terial  than  the  rest 


And  he  put  his  hand  into  his  bosom  again  ;  and  plucked 

sense:    as,   "this   firman   is   bosh  —  nothing."]     it  out  of  his  bom,,,,  and,  behold,  it  waS  turned  attain  as 

Utter  nonsense ;  absurd  or  foolish  talk  or  opin-     his  other  flesh. 

ions;  stuff;  trash.     [Colloq.] 
This  is  what  Turks  and  Englishmen  call  bosh. 

W.  H.  Russell. 
I  always  like  to  read  old  Darwin's  Loves  of  the  Plants, 

bosh  as  it  is  in  a  scientific  point  of  view. 

Kingsley,  Two  Years  Ago,  x. 
bosh2  (bosh),  r.  t.     [<iosft2, «.]     To  make  bosh 

or  nonsense  of;  treat  as  bosh;  spoil;  humbug. 

[Slang.] 
bosh.3  (bosh),  n.     [See  boshes.]     1.  See  boshes. 

— 2.  A  trough  in  which  bloomery  tools  (or,  in 

copper-smelting,  hot  ingots)  are  cooled.     Ray- 
mond, Mining  Glossary. 
bosh4,  bosch  (bosh),  n.     [Short  f  or  Bosclibutter. 

i.  e.,  imitation  butter  made  at 's  Hertogenbosch 

or  den  Bosch  (F.  Bois-U-Duc),  lit.  'the  duke's 

wood,'  a  city  of  the  Netherlands :  D.  boxch  = 

E.  bush1.]    A  kind  of  imitation  butter;  butter- 

ine :  a  trade-name  in  England. 
boshah  (bosh'ii),  n.     [Turk.]     A  silk  handker- 
chief made  in  Turkey, 
boshes  (bosh'ez),  n.  pi.     [Cf.  G.  boschung,  a    "or,  tne  inmost  recess,  etc. :  as,  the  bosom  of 

slope,  <  bdsclwn,  slope,  <  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  bosch,     tno  earth  or  of  the  deep. 

turf,  sod.]     The  lower  part  of  a  blast-furnace)        Upon  the  bosom  of  the  ground. 

extending  from  the  widest  part  to  the  top  of  the 

hearth.     In  the  older  forms  of  blast-furnace  there  was  a 

marked  division  into  specific  zones.    In  many  of  the  more 

approved  modern  forms  there  are  no  such  definite  limits 

but  a  gradual  curvature  from  top  to  bottom.    In  such 

cases  it  is  difficult  to  say  where  the  boshes  begin  or  end 
Bpsjesman  (bosh'ez-man),  n.     [S.  African  D.] 


Ex.  iv.  7. 

3.  The  inclosure  formed  by  the  breast  and  the 
arms;  hence,  embrace;  compass;  inclosure:  as, 
to  lie  in  one's  bosom. 

They  which  live  within  the  bosom  of  that  church. 

Hooker. 

And  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  beggar  died,  and  was  car- 
ried by  the  angels  into  Abraham's  bosom.       Luke  xvi.  22. 

4.  The  breast  as  the  supposed  abode  of  tender 
affections,  desires,  and  passions. 

Their  soul  was  poured  out  into  their  mothers'  bosom. 

Lam.  ii.  12. 

Anger  resteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.  Eccl.  vii.  9. 

Hence  the  weighing  of  motives  must  always  be  confined 

to  the  bosom  of  the  individual.    Jevons,  Polit.  Econ.,  p.  16. 

5\.  Inclination ;  desire. 
You  shall  have  your  bosom  on  this  wretch. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  iv.  B. 

6.  Something  regarded  as  resembling  or  repre- 
senting in  some  respect  the  human  bosom  as  a 
sustaining  surface,  an  inclosed  place,  the  inte- 


Same  as  bushman,  2. 
bosk  (bosk),  n.     [<  ME.  boske,  also  biiske,  unas- 
nlated  forms  of  bush1,  q.  v.  Cf .  boscage,  bosky.] 


Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1. 

Slips  into  the  botom  of  the  lake.  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 
7.  A  recess  or  shelving  depression  around  the 
eye  of  a  millstone._in  Abraham's  bosom,  in  the 
abode  of  the  blessed :  in  allusion  to  the  parable  of  Dives 
and  Lazarus,  Luke  xvi.  19-31.— In  the  bosom  of  one's 
family,  in  the  privacy  of  one's  home,  and  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  family  affection  and  confidence.— To  take  to 
one's  bosom,  to  marry. 

II.  a.  [The  noun  used  attributively.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  bosom,  either  literally  or 
figuratively.  In  particular  —  (a)  Worn  or  carried  on  or 
in  the  bosom  :  as,  a  bosom  brooch,  (fi)  Cherished  in  the 
bosom  :  as,  a  botom  sin  ;  a  bosom  secret,  (c)  Intimate  ; 
familiar;  confidential:  as,  a  bosom  friend. 

I  know  you  are  his  ftotfom-counsellor. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  2. 


The  bosome  admonition  of  a  Friend  is  a  Presbytery  and 
a  Consistory  to  them.  Milton,  Ref.  in  Eng.,  i. 


Blowing  bosks  of  wilderness.          Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 

The  wondrous  elm  that  seemed 
To  my  young  fancy  like  an  airy  bosk, 
Poised  by  a  single  stem  upon  the  earth 

J.  G.  Holland,  Kathrina,  i. 
boskage,  n.     See  boscage. 

bosket,  bosquet  (bos'ket),  n.     [<  F.  bosquet  (=  bosom  (buz'um  or  bo'zum),  v.  t.     [<  bosom,  n.] 
bp.  bosquete  =  It.  boschetto),  dim.  of  OF.  bos  a     *•  To  incl°se>  harbor,  or  cherish  in  the  bosom ; 
thicket:  see  bois,  bosk,  bush1,  and  cf    bouquet    em1:)race  ;  keep  with  care ;  cherish  intimately, 
and  boscage.  ]    A  grove ;  a  thicket  or  small  plan- 
tation m  a  garden,  park,  etc.,  formed  of  trees, 
shrubs,  or  tall  plants.     Also  written  busket. 

nnolnnaocj     ^li^va'H  «»**,\      -.          p/    J,rte(r.         i  — 


fnu  Lca/j  "•      o  uuxKy   T  -ttess.i 

Ihe  quality  of  being  bosky,  or  covered  with 
thickets. 

Boskoi  (bos'koi),  n.  pi.     [Gr.  fioanoi,  pi   of  0o- 
OKOS,  a  herdsman,  <  fUoiutv,  feed,  graze.] 
ancient  body  of  monks  in  Palestine  and  Meso- 


An 


Bosom  up  my  counsel, 

You'll  find  it  wholesome.    Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1. 
rom  the  lion's  hug  his  6osom'<i  whelp.     J.  Baillie. 
2'  T°  conceal;  hide  from  view  ;  embosom. 
To  happy  convents,  bosom'd  deep  in  vines. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  301. 

bosom-board  (buz'um-bord),  n.  A  board  upon 
which  the  bosom  of  a  shirt  or  other  garment  is 
ironed. 


boss 

bosomer  (buz'um-tT  or  bo'zum-er),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  embosoms.  [Rare.] 

Blue  !  "J'is  the  life  of  heaven  — the  domain 
Of  Cynthia  .  .  .  the  bosomer  of  clouds. 

Keats,  Sonnet. 

bosom-spring  (buz'um-spring),  n.  A  spring 
rising  in  the  bosom  or  heart ;  heart-spring ; 
heart-joy.  [Bare.] 

From  thee  that  bosom-sprinrr  of  rapture  flows 
Which  only  Virtue,  tranquil  Virtue,  knows. 

Rogers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  ii. 

bosom-staff  (buz'um-staf),  n.  An  instrument 
for  testing  the  symmetry  of  the  bosom  or  cen- 
tral concavity  of  a  millstone. 
bosomy  (buz'um-i  or  bo'zum-i),  a.  [<  bosom 
+  -y1.]  Full  of  sheltered  recesses  or  hollows. 
AT.  E.  D. 

boson1  (bp'sn),  n.    A  corruption  of  boatswain, 
representing  its  common  pronunciation. 
The  merry  boson  from  his  side 
His  whistle  takes. 

Dryden,  Albion  and  Albanius,  ii.  3. 

boson2t,  n.     [Appar.  <  OF.  *bogon,  dim.  of  boce, 

a  boss:  see  boss1.]     A  bolt  for  the  crossbow, 

haying  a  round  knob  at  the  end,  with  a  small 

point  projecting  from  it. 

bosporian  (bos-po'ri-an),  a.  [<  bosporus  + 
-i-an.]  Pertaining  to  a  bosporus,  particularly 
(with  a  capital)  to  the  Thraeian  or  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  or  to  the  Greek  kingdom  of 
Bosporus  named  from  the  latter  (about  500 
B.  c.  to  A.  D.  259). 

The  Alans  forced  the  Bosporian  kings  to  pay  them 
tribute,  and  exterminated  the  Taurians.  Tooke. 

bosporus  (bos'po-rus),  n.  [L.,  sometimes  in 
erroneous  form  bosphorus,  <  Gr.  j-iocnropof,  a 
name  applied  to  several  straits,  for  /3oof  Tr6pof, 
lit.  ox's  ford  (cf.  E.  Oxford,  <  AS.  Oxenaford, 
oxen's  ford) :  /feof,  gen.  of  /?<%,  an  ox  (see  Bos) ; 
iropof,  passage,  ford  (akin  to  E.  ford)  ( >  E.  pore), 
<  irepav,  pass  over,  cross,  =  E.  fare,  go :  see 
fare,  pore%.]  A  strait  or  channel  between  two 
seas,  or  between  a  sea  and  a  lake.  More  particu- 
larly applied  as  a  proper  name  to  the  strait  between  the 
sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black  Sea,  formerly  the  Thraeian 
Bosporus,  and  to  the  strait  of  Yenikale,  or  Cimmerian  Bos- 
porus, which  connects  the  sea  of  Azov  with  the  Black  Sea 
bosquet,  ».  See  bosket. 

boss1  (bos),  n.  [<  ME.  bos,  bose,  boce,  a  boss,  < 
OF.  boce ,  the  boss  of  a  buckler,  a  botch  or  boil, 
F.  bossc,  boss,  hump,  swelling,  =  Pr.  bossa  = 
It.  bozza,  a  blotch,  swelling  (also  OF.  (Norm.) 
boche,  >  ME.  bocche,  E.  botch1,  q.  v.);  prob.  < 
OHG.  bozo,  a  bundle  (of  flax),  boz,  a  blow,  < 
bozan,  MHG.  bozen,  G.  bosseti,  strike,  beat,  =  E. 
beat1 :  see  beat1.  Ct.  emboss.]  1.  A  protuber- 
ant part ;  a  round,  swelling  process  or  excres- 
cence on  the  body  or  upon  some  organ  of  an 
animal  or  plant.  Hence  — 2f.  (a)  A  hump  or 
hunch  on  the  back;  a  humpback.  (6)  A  bulky 
animal,  (c)  A  fat  woman. 

Be  she  neuer  so  straight,  thinke  her  croked.  And  wrest 

all  parts  of  hir  body  to  the  worst,  be  she  neuer  so  worthy. 

If  shee  be  well  sette,  then  call  hir  a  Ilosse,  if  slender  a 

Hasill  twygge.  Lylg,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  115. 

Disdainful  Turkess  and  unreverend  boss  ! 

Marlmee,  Tamburlfcine,  I.,  iii.  3. 

3.  A  stud  or  knob.  Specifically,  a  knob  or  protuberant 
ornament  of  silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bri- 
dles, harness,  the  centers  of  ancient  shields,  etc.,  or  af- 
fixed to  any  object.    Bosses  are  placed  at  regular  inter- 
vals on  the  sides  of  some  book-covers,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  gilding  or  the  leather  of  the  cover  from 
abrasion. 

He  runneth  .  .  .  upon  the  thick  bosses  of  his  bucklers. 

Job  xv.  26. 

On  the  high  altar  is  placed  the  Statue  of  the  B.  Virgin 
and  our  Saviour  in  white  marble,  which  has  a  bonne  in  the 
girdle  consisting  of  a  very  faire  and  rich  sapphire,  with 
divers  other  stones  of  price.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  4,  1041. 
A  number  of  prominent  crags  and  bosses  of  rock  project 
beyond  the  general  surface  of  the  ground. 

Geikie,  Ice  Age,  p.  17. 

4.  In  sculp.,  a  projecting  mass  to  be  after- 
ward cut  or  carved. —  5.  In  arch.,  an  ornament 


] 
A  B 

Architectural  Bosses.— French.  i3th  century. 

A,  from  sanctuary  of  the  collegiate  church  of  Semur-en-Auxois.  B 
from  the  refector,  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Martin  des  Champs,  Paris 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  1'Architecture.") 

placed  at  the  intersection  of  the  ribs  or  groins 
in  vaulted  or  flat  roofs,  sometimes  richly  sculp- 


boss 

tured  with  armorial  bearings  or  other  devices; 
also,  any  projecting  ball  or  knot  of  foliage,  etc., 
wherever  placed. —  6.  In  iiii-cli.:  (n)  The  en- 
larged part  of  a  shaft  on  which  a  wheel  is  to 
lie  keyed,  cir  any  enlarged  part  of  the  diame- 
ter, as  the  end  of  a  separate  piece'  in  :\  line  of 
shafts  connected  by  couplings.  Hollow  shafts 
through  which  others  pass  are  sometimes  also 
called  liiixif.i,  but  improperly.  (/;)  A  swage  or 
die  used  for  shaping  metals. —  7.  In  ordmim-i  . 
(«)  A  cast-iron  plute  fastened  to  the  back  of  a 
traveling-forge  hearth.  (l>)  Any  protuberance 
or  lug  upon  a  piece  of  ordnance. —  8.  A  soft 
leather  cushion  or  pad  used  for  bossing  (which 
see),  and  also  for  cleaning  gilded  surfaces  and 
the  like  in  porcelain-  and  glass-manufacture. — 
9f.  A  water-conduit  in  the  form  of  a  tun-bellied 
figure ;  a  head  or  reservoir  of  water.  B.  Jonson. 
boss1  (bos),  v.  t.  [<.  ME.  'bossen,  bocen  ;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  ornament  with  bosses  ;  be- 
stud. 

Turkey  cushions  bosu'd  with  pearl. 

Shale.,  T.  of  the  8.,  II.  1. 

His  glorious  rapier  and  hangers  all  boit  with  pillars  of 
gold.  Miihllriim,  Father  Hubbard's  Tales. 

2.  Same  as  emboss*. 

Bost'd  with  length* 
Of  classic  frieze.  TViuij/wn,  Princess,  ii. 

3.  In  ceram.,  to  bring  (a  surface  of  boiled  oil) 
to  perfect  uniformity.     See  bousing,  1. 

boss'2t  (bos),  «.  [<.  ME.  bone,  bocc,  a  cask;  cf. 
OF.  busne,  a  cask,  D.  bus,  a  box,  bos,  a  pack- 
age :  see  box2.]  A  cask,  especially  a  small  cask ; 
a  leather  bottle  for  wine — Old  boast.  (A  term  of 
contempt,  proli.  a  particular  use  of  6o**2,  a  cask,  butt ;  but 
cf.  Icel.  /«<>>/'.  Sw.  bit**,  a  fellow.]  A  toper. 

boss3  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial.;  cf.  MD.  bosse,  busse, 
D.  bus,  a  box,  buis,  a  tube,  pipe,  channel,  = 
Dan.  bonne  =  Sw.  bossa,  a  box :  see  box2,  and  cf . 
boss2.]  A  wooden  vessel  used  by  plasterers 
for  holding  mortar,  hung  by  a  hook  on  a  ladder 
or  a  wall. 

boss4  (bos),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
equiv.  bass*,  q.  v. ;  but  cf .  D.  bos,  a  bundle,  as 
of  straw.]  A  hassock;  a  bass. 

boss3  (bos),  a.  [Also  written  bos,  bois  ;  origin 
obscure.]  Hollow;  empty:  as,  "his  thick  boss 
head,"  lianisnij,  Poems,  I.  283.  [Scotch.] 

boss"  (bos),  n.  and  a.  [A  word  derived  from  the 
Dutch  settlers  in  New  York ;  (.  D.  baas,  master, 
foreman  (used  literally  and  figuratively  like 
boss  in  American  use :  sen  timmermans-baas,  a 
boss  carpenter,  de  vrouw  is  Ac  baas,  the  wife  is 
the  boss ;  Itij  is  hem  de  baas  in  het  zingen,  he  is 
the  boss  in  singing,  etc.),  MD.  baes,  master  of 
the  house,  also  a  friend,  fern,  baesinne,  mis- 
tress of  the  house,  also  a  friend,  =  Flem.  baes 
=  LG.  baas,  master,  foreman  (>  Dan.  ban,  mas- 
ter), =  OHG.  60*0  =  MHG.  bane,  t,  aunt,  G.  base , 
f.,  cousin  (dial,  also  aunt,  niece),  appar.  iilt. 
identical  with  G.  wase  =  LG.  wase,  fV,  cousin, 
aunt.  The  word,  in  the  masc.,  seems  to  have 
meant '  kinsman,  cousin,'  and  to  have  been  used 
especially  as  ref.  to  the  master  of  the  household, 
the  chief  '  kinsman,'  in  fact  or  by  courtesy,  of 
the  inmates.]  I.  n.  1.  A  master.  Specifically— 
(a)  One  who  employs  or  superintends  workmen ;  a  head 
man,  foreman,  or  manager :  as,  the  bosse*  have  decided  <•< 
cut  down  wages.  [V.  S.) 

The  actions  of  the  superintendent,  or  &o*jr,  very  often 
tended  to  widen  the  breach  between  employer  and  em- 
ployee. N.  A.  Ren.,  CXLII.  503. 
The  line  looked  at  its  prostrate  champion,  and  then  at 
the  new  botat  standing  there,  cool  and  brave,  and  not  afraid 
of  a  regiment  of  sledge-hammers. 

T.  Winthrop,  Love  and  Skates. 

(6)  In  If.  .?.  mlitics,  an  influential  politician  who  uses  the 
machinery  of  a  party  for  private  ends,  or  for  the  advantage 
of  a  ring  or  clique*;  a  professional  politician  having  para- 
mount local  influence. 

2.  The  chief;  the  master;  the  champion;  the 
best  or  leading  person  or  thing.    [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
II.  a.  Chief;  master;  hence,  first-rate :  as,  a 
boss  mason;  a  boss  plaver.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

boss"  (bos),  I-./.  [<  boss®,  n.]  To  be  master  of  or 
over ;  manage ;  direct ;  control :  as,  to  boss  the 
house.  [Slang,  U.  S.]-TobOBSit,  to  act  the  master. 
—  To  boss  one  around  or  about,  to  order  one  about ; 
control  one's  actions  or  in"vemciits.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.I 

boss7  (bos),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  perhaps 
orig.  a  learnedly  humorous  use  of  L.  bos,  cow; 
cf.  Icel.  bds,  has,  an  exclamation  used  in  driv- 
ing cows  into  their  stalls  (bass,  a  stall,  boose : 
see  boose*).]  In  the  United  States:  (a)  A  fa- 
miliar name  for  a  cow,  or  any  of  the  bovine 
genus:  chiefly  used  in  calling  or  in  soothing. 
(/>)  On  the  Western  plains,  a  name  for  the  bison 
or  so-called  buffalo. 

bossage  (bos'aj),  n.  [<  F.  bossaqe,  <  bosse, 
boss,  knob:  see  boss*  and  -age.]  In  buililiny: 
(a)  A  stone  which  projects  beyond  the  face  of 


635 

the  adjacent  work,  and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  af- 
terward carved  into  some  ornamental  or  sig- 
nilicaut  form.  (/>)  Rustic  work,  consisting  of 
stones  which  advance  beyond  the  face  of  the 
building,  with  indentures  or  channels  left  in  the 
joinings:  used  chiefly  upon  projecting  corners. 
'['In'  cavities  are  sometimes  round  and  sonirtinir-.  Leveled 
or  in  a  diamond  form,  sometimes  inclosed  with  a  c:tvctt<i 
and  sunn-times  with  a  listel.  ANu  ealle.i  i-i«ti,-  .(.mui*. 

bosse  (bos),  H.  [F.  bosse,  a  boss,  hump,  etc.  : 
Mt  /xi.v.s'i.  Cf.  liii.ia'-i,  a  small  cask.]  A  large 
glass  bottle  filled  with  powder  and  having 
strands  of  qnickmatch  attached  to  the  neck, 
used  for  incendiary  purposes. 

bosselated  (bos'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  F.  bosselcr, 
emboss,  <  bosse,  boss:  see  boss1.]  Covered  with 
inequalities  or  protuberances. 

bosset  (bos'et),  n.  [<  boss*  +  dim.  -et.]  1. 
A  small  boss  or  knob,  especially  one  of  a  series : 
as,  "a  sword-belt  studded  with  bossete,"  Jour. 
AreJtceol.  Ass.,  XXX.  93.— 2.  The  rudimentary 
antler  of  the  male  red  deer. 

bossiness  (bos'i-nes),  ».  The  quality  of  being 
bossy  or  in  relief:  applied  especially  to  sculp- 
ture and  ornament:  as,  "a  pleasant  bossiness," 
Hn.il.-in,  Aratra  Pentelici,  i.  «  21. 

bossing  (bos'ing),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  boss*,  v.] 

1.  In  rcriini.,  the  process  by  which  a  surface  of 
color  is  made  level  and  uniform.    This  is  doue  by 
first  laying  on  a  coat  of  boiled  oil,  usually  with  acamel'H- 
hair  brush,  upon  which  the  color  is  deposited,  generally 
by  being  dusted  from  cotton-wool.    The  coat  of  oil  is  then 
made  perfectly  uniform  and  smooth  by  means  of  a  leather 
boss.     Also  called  fjronnil-laifing. 

2.  The  film  of  boiled  oil  thus  spread  over 
earthenware  to  hold  the  coloring  materials. 

bossism  (bos'izm),  n.  [<  boss6  +  -<*»».]  The 
control  of  politics  by  bosses.  [U.  S.] 

The  vote  of  Pennsylvania  would  be  worse  than  doubtful 
if  boxm'jtin  .  .  .  were  found  .  .  .  to  be  still  the  potential 
force.  The  American,  VI.  38. 

bossivet  (bos'iv),  a.  K  boss*  +  -tie.  Cf.  F. 
bossu,  hump-backed.]  Crooked ;  deformed :  as, 
"a  bossive  birth,"  Osborne,  Advice  to  his  Sou, 
p.  70  (1658). 

bossy1  (bos'i),  a.  [<  boss*  +  -y*.]  1.  Fur- 
nished or  ornamented  with  a  boss  or  bosses. 

His  head  reclining  on  his  bonny  shield. 

Popt,  Iliad,  x.  173. 

2.  Projecting  in  the  round ;  boldly  prominent, 

as  if  composed  of  bosses:  said  of  sculpture,  etc. 

Cornice  or  frieze  with  booty  sculptures  graven. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  716. 

bossy2  (bos'i),  a.  [<  boss6  +  -y*.]  Acting  like  a 
boss;  masterful;  domineering.  [Colloq. .U.S.] 

bossy3  (bos'i),  ».  [Dim.  of  boss*.]  A  familiar 
name  for  a  cow  or  calf.  See  boss'  (a). 

bostal  (bos'tal),  n.  [E.  dial.]  A  winding  way 
up  a  very  steep  hill.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Suffolk).'] 

bostanji  (bos-tan'ji),  n.  pi.  [Turk,  bostdnji,  < 
bostdn,  <  Pers.  bitstdn,  a  garden.]  A  class  of 
men  in  Turkey,  originally  the  sultan's  garden- 
ers, but  now  also  employed  in  various  ways 
about  his  person,  as  in  mounting  guard  at  the 
seraglio,  rowing  his  barge,  etc.,  and  also  in 
attending  the  officers  of  the  royal  household. 
They  number  now  about  600,  but  were  former- 
ly much  more  numerous. 

boston  (bds'ton),  n.  [So  called  from  the  city 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  invent- 
ed by  French  officers  at  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war.]  1.  A  game  of  cards.  The  hands 
are  dealt  and  played  as  in  whist,  each  of  the  four  players 
having  the  right  to  bid  or  offer  to  take  unassisted  a  certain 
number  of  tricks,  to  lose  every  trick  lint  one,  or  every 
trick,  etc.  The  highest  bidder  plays  against  the  rest,  and 
if  successful  gains,  if  defeated  loses,  according  to  the 
size  of  his  bid.  There  are  varieties  of  the  game  known  as 
boston  de  Fontaintbleatt  and  Runsian  burton. 

2.  The  first  five  tricks  taken  by  a  player  in  the 
game  of  boston. 

Boston  Port  Bill.    See  bill*. 

Bostrichidae,  Bostrichus.  See  Bostryclridcc, 
Boriryofhw. 

Bostrychidse  (bos-trik'i-de),  ».  »7.  [NL.,  <  Ros- 
tri/cltus  +  -iV/rt1.]  A  family  of  xylophagous  cryp- 
topentamerous  Colcoptera,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Bostrychus,  containing  small  cylindrical 
beetles,  the  larvae  of  which  are  limbless :  by 
many  associated  with  the  family  Ptinidce. 

Bnxtrychidce  .  .  .  live  in  companies,  and  belong  to  the 
mn-t  dreaded  destroyers  of  forests  of  conifers.  The  way 
in  which  they  cut  into  the  bark  is  very  peculiar,  being 
characteristic  of  the  individual  species  and  indicative  of 
thrir  mode  of  life.  The  two  sexes  meet  in  the  supert'ieKii 
passages,  which  tin-  female,  after  copulation,  continues 
and  lengthens  in  order  to  lay  her  eggs  in  pits  which  -!i* 
hollows  out  for  that  purpose.  The  larvie.  when  hatched, 
cat  out  lateral  passages,  which,  as  the  larvec  increase  in 
size  and  get  farther  from  the  main  passage,  become 
larger,  and  give  rise  to  the  characteristic  markings  on  the 
inside  of  the  bark.  Claut,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  588. 


botanic 

bostrychite  (bos'tri-kit),  H.  [<  Gr.  .'ioorpvxof,  a 
curl  or  lock  of  hair,  4-  -itc'-.]  A  gem  present- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  lock  of  hair. 

bostrychoid,  bostrychoidal  dios'tri-koid.bos- 
tri-koi'dal),  a.  [<  (lr.  *fieOTpoxpei6tit.  contr.  .*>- 
"7,<i'ji.)<V,(-iirly,<  •<'«T*/"I^'T, curl,  +  (i'ior,form.] 
Having  the  form  or  character  of  a  bostrvx. 

Bostrychus  (bos'tri-kus),  «.  [XL.,  <  Or.  /3A. 
"~l><  W>  a  curl  or  lock  of  hair,  also  a  certain  in- 
sect (according  to  some,  (lie  male  of  the  glow- 
worm) ;  also  written  /JoVpu^of ;  cf.  ftorpvc,  a  clus- 
ter of  grapes.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  typical  of 
the  family  Hnxtrurlmlti'  and  subfamily  Jinntry- 
cliiiid',  species  of  which  are  highly  destructive  to 
wood.  One  of  the  most  injurious  ipedes  Is  /•' 
rut,  the  typographer  beetle,  which  infest*  coniferous  trees, 
devouring,  in  both  the  larval  and  the  perfect  state,  tic- 
soft  wood  beneath  the  bark,  thus  causing  the  death  of  tin- 
trees,  other  s|H-cies  are  K.  cltalco<rrafftiu*,  K.  rtriujgra- 
jihun,  etc.  The  trees  thus  affected  are  pines,  spruces, 
larches,  firs,  etc.,  as  well  as  fruit-trees  of  the  orchard,  as 
the  apple.  Also  spelled  Botlriehtu.  See  Boitrychida. 

bostryz  (bos'triks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  as  if  *fi6- 
orpvg  for  I16arpvx°fi  *  curl,  etc. :  see  Bostryclius.] 
In  ''<>'..  a  uniparoua  helicoid  cvnie — that  is,  a 
raceme-like  cyme,  or  flower-cluster,  with  all 
the  branches  or  pedicels  upon  one  side.  It  is 
usually  more  or  less  coiled. 

bostwyst,  a.    An  obsolete  form  of  boisterous. 

Boswellia  (boz-wel'i-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after 
Dr.  John  Biisicell  of  Edinburgh.]  A  genus  of 
balsamic  plants,  natural  order  Burseracea,  the 
species  of  which  are  imperfectly  known.  B.  Car- 
ten  and  some  other  species  of  the  hot  and  dry  regions  of 
eastern  Africa  and  southern  Arabia  furnish  ollhanum 
(which  see),  the  frankincense  of  antiquity.  B.  Frereatia 
of  the  Somali  region  yields  a  highly  fragrant  resin,  the 
primitive  gum  elenii,  largely  used  In  the  East  *»  a  masti- 
catory. B.  thurifrra,  of  India,  the  salai-tree,  also  yields 
a  resin  which  is  used  in  that  country  as  incenae. 

Boswellian  (boz-wel'i-an),  a.  [<  Bostcell  (see 
def.)  +  -ion.]  Relating  to  orresembling  James 
Boswell,  the  friend  and  biographer  of  Dr.  John- 
son ;  characterized  by  an  uncritical  and  simple 
admiration  for  some  person:  used  especially  of 
biographers  and  biography. 

Boswellism  (boz'wel-izm),  n.  [<  Boswell  + 
•ism.]  The  style  or  manner  of  Boswell  as  a 
biographer ;  uncritical  admiration  of  one's  hero, 
with  faithful  but  indiscriminate  narration  of 
details. 

We  think  that  there  Is  no  more  certain  indication  of 
a  weak  and  ill-regulated  Intellect  than  that  propensity 
which,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  we  will  venture  to 
christen  Boiwelliinn.  Macaiday,  Milton. 

Boswellize  (boz'wel-iz),  r.  i.  or  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Bosicelli:ed,  ppr.  Bosieellizinn.  [<  Bostrell  + 
-ize.]  To  write  in  the  style  of  Boswell,  the 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson;  report  or  repro- 
duce with  minuteness  of  detail  or  without  the 
exercise  of  the  critical  faculty. 

One  cannot  help  wishing  that  Bonstetten  had  Boneel- 

liied  some  of  these  endless  conversations,  for  the  talk  of 

<>ray  was,  on  the  testimony  of  all  who  heard  it,  admirable 

for  fulness  of  knowledge,  point,  and  originality  of  thought. 

Loirell,  in  Sew  Princeton  Rev.,  I.  185. 

bot1,  bott1  (bot),  n.  [Generally  used  in  pi.  bots, 
botts,  =s  Sc.  bats,  baits ;  cf.  Gael,  botux,  a  belly- 
worm,  boiteaa,  a  maggot.]  A  name  given  to 
the  larva  or  maggot  of  several  species  of  gad- 
fly when  found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  un- 
der the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep, 
etc.  The  IK>U  which  infest  horses  arc  the  larva;  of  the 
Gatterophiltu  equi,  or  gadfly,  which  deposits  its  eggs  on 
the  tips  of  the  hairs,  generally  of  the  fore  legs  and  mane, 
whence  they  are  taken  int..  the  month  and  swallowed. 
They  remain  in  great  numbers  in  the  stomach  for  several 
months,  and  are  expelled  In  the  excrement  and  become 
pupa?,  which  in  live  weeks  become  perfect  insects,  woolly, 
and  not  quite  half  an  inch  long.  See  cut  under  fof-/fy. 

Peas  and  beans  are  as  dank  here  as  a  dog,  and  this  U 
the  next  way  to  give  poor  jades  the  but*. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  It  1. 

bot2f  (AS.  pron.  bot),  n.  The  Anglo-Saxon  form 
(bot)  of  boot*,  a  fine,  etc.:  only  in  historical 
use. 

A  theft  committed  on  any  one  of  these  three  days  [the 
Gang  days]  was,  by  Alfred's  laws,  sconced  in  a  two-fold 
bot  or  fine,  as  if  it  hud  been  a  Sunday  or  one  of  the  higher 
Church  holydays.  /;.«*.  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  ii.  107. 

botfy.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  bite. 

bot4t,  Ifep.  and  conj.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  but*. 

bot.  1.  An  abbreviation  of  botany,  botanical, 
and  botanist. —  2.  A  contraction  of  bought2. 

botanic  (bo-tan'ik),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  botaniqut, 
<  ML.  botanicus,  <  Gr.  .loravtxof,  <  jiordvti,  an 
herb,  plant:  see  botany.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
botany,  or  the  scientific  study  of  plants.— Bo- 
tanic garden,  a  garden  devoted  to  the  culture  of  plants 
collected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  science  of 
botany. 
U.t  n.  A  botanist. 


botanical 

botanical  (bo-tan'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
concerned  with  the  study  or  cultivation  of 

plants.— Botanical  geography.  Same  as  geographi- 
cal botany  (which  see,  under  botany). 

botanically  (bo-tau'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  botani- 
cal manner;  after  the  manner  of  a  botanist; 
according  to  a  system  of  botany. 

botanise,  v.     See  botanize. 


636 

they  have  become  putrid :  much  used  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to 
thirst.  The  great  white  Kussian  sturgeon,  Acipenser 
huso,  is  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  botargo.  The  best 
botargo  comes  from  Tunis,  is  dry  and  reddish,  and  is  eaten 
with  olive-oil  anil  lemon-juice.  Also  bottaryo. 

We  staid  talking  and  singing  and  drinking  great  draughts 
of  claret,  and  eating  botargo  and  bread  and  butter,  till 
twelve  at  night,  it  being  moonshine.  Pepys,  Diary,  1. 191. 


botany;  one  versed  in  the  structure,  habits, 
geographical  distribution,  and  systematic  clas- 
sification of  plants. 

Then  spring  the  living  herbs,  .  .  .  beyond  the  power 

Of  botanist  to  number  up  their  tribes. 

Thomson,  Spring,  1.  2-24. 

botanize  (bot'a-niz),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  botanized, 
ppr.  botanizing.  [<  botany  +  -ize ;  =  F.  bota- 
niser.  Cf.  Gr.  fioTavi&iv,  root  up  weeds.]  I. 
intrans.  To  examine  or  seek  for  plants  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  and  classifying  them, 
etc. ;  investigate  the  vegetable  kingdom  as  a 
botanist. 

II.  trans.  To  explore  botanically :  as,  to  bot- 
anize a  neighborhood. 
Also  spelled  botanise. 

botanologert  (bot-a-nol'o-jer), n.  [<  botanology 
+  -er1.]  A  botanist.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

botanologyt  (bot-a-nol'o-ji),  7i.  [=  F.  botano- 
logie,  <  Gr.  fioTdvr/,  an  herb,  +  -/u>y«z,  <  /leyeiv, 
speak:  see  -ology.]  The  science  of  botany. 
Bailey. 

botanoraancy  (bot'a-no-man-si),  ».  [=  F.  bo- 
tanomancie,  <  Gr.  ftoravt/,  an  herb,  +  ftavreia, 
divination.]  An  ancient  method  of  divination 
by  means  of  plants,  especially  by  means  of  the 
leaves  of  the  sage  and  fig.  A  person's  name  and 
the  question  to  which  an  answer  was  desired  were  written 
on  the  leaves,  which  were  then  laid  out  exposed  to  the 
wind  ;  as  many  of  the  letters  as  remained  in  their  places 
were  taken  up  and  joined  together  to  form  some  word, 
which  was  supposed  to  be  an  answer  to  the  question. 

Botanophaga  (bot-a-nof'a-ga),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fioTdvr/,  an  herb,  +  (payelvj  eat.]  A  name  of 
the  herbivorous  marsupial  mammals,  as  distin- 
guished collectively  from  the  Zoopha.ga,  or  car- 
nivorous and  insectivorous  marsupials.  The 
kangaroo  is  an  example. 

botany  (bot'a-ni),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bot- 
anie,  formed  from  botanic,  as  if  <  Gr.  fioTavia, 
a  rare  var.  of  fipravri,  an  herb,  grass,  fodder,  < 
f}6oKetv,  feed,  inid.  jioo-neoBai,  feed  one's  self ;  cf. 
L.  vesei,  eat.  ]  The  science  of  plants,  it  treats  of 
the  forms  of  plants,  their  structure,  the  nature  of  the 
tissues  of  which  they  are  composed,  the  vital  phenomena 
connected  with  them,  the  arrangement  of  them  into  larger 
and  smaller  groups  according  to  their  affinities,  and  the 
classification  of  these  groups  so  as  to  exhibit  their  mutual 
relations  and  their  position  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  as 
a  whole.  The  science  further  investigates  the  nature  of 
the  vegetation  which  at  former  epochs  lived  on  the  earth 
as  well  as  the  distribution  of  plants  at  the  present  time. 
It  is  thus  divided  into  several  sections,  (a)  Structural 
or  morphological  botany,  that  branch  of  the  science  of 
botany  which  relates  to  the  structure  and  organization  of 


((.) 

Physiological  or  biological  botany,  that  branch  which  re- 
lates to  the  history  of  vegetable  life,  the  functions  of  the 
various  organs  of  plants,  and  their  minute  structure  and 
method  of  growth,  (c)  Descriptive  botany,  that  branch 
which  relates  to  the  description  and  nomenclature  of 
plants.  Also  called  photography,  (rf)  Systematic  botany, 
that  branch  which  relates  to  the  principles  upon  which 
plants  are  to  be  classified  or  arranged  with  reference  to 
their  degrees  of  relationship.  The  system  of  classification 
now  universally  adopted  is  that  proposed  by  Aiitoine  Lau- 
rent de  Jussieu,  and  improved  and  enlarged  by  De  Can- 
dolle,  Brown,  and  others.  It  is  generally  called  the  nat- 
ural system,  because  it  is  intended  to  express,  as  far  as 
possible,  the  various  degrees  of  relationship  among  plants 


alike  in  all  respects.    Several  artificial  systems  have  been 
proposed,  as  that  of  Toumefort,  based  on  the  modiflca- 


which  was  designed  by  Linnsous  to  be  only  temporary 
proved  of  great  value  to  the  science  of  botany  but  it  has 
now  gone  entirely  out  of  use,  or  is  used  only  as  a  partial 
index  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  (e)  Geographical  botany 
t  branch  which  relates  to  the  natural  distribution  of 
plants  over  the  globe,  and  to  the  inquiry  into  the  causes 
which  have  influenced  or  maintain  this  distribution.  (/) 
Paleontology  or  fossil  botany,  that  branch  which  em- 
braces  the  study  of  the  forms  and  structures  of  the  plants 

earUi  isnco,npSo3sIed8tate  *  ""  ™ri°U8  St™ta  <*  Which  the 

Botany  Bay  gum,  kino,  oak,  resin,  tea,  etc. 
See  the  nouns. 

botargo,  botarga  (bo-tar'go,  -ga),  n.  [<  Sp. 
botarga  (=  It.  botargo,  botarga,  buttarqa,  butta- 
gra,  now  bottarga,  bottarica  =  F.  boutargue),  < 
Ar.  butarkhah,  <  Coptic  outarakhon,  <  o«-,  indef 
art.,  +  Gr.  rapixioa,  dim.  of  TapiXof,  a  dead  body 
preserved  by  embalming,  a  mummy,  meat  pre- 
served by  salting  or  pickling.]  A  relish  made 
t  the  roes  of  certain  fishes  strongly  salted  after 


+  -ina;.]  A  subfamily  of  Ardeida.',  or  herons, 
containing  the  bitterns,  distinguished  from 
true  herons  by  having  only  ten  tail-feathers 
and  two  pairs  of  powder-down  tracts,  and  the 
outer  toe  shorter  than  the  inner.  In  habits  the 
Botaurince  also  differ  from  the  other  Ardeidce,  being  soli- 
tary, nesting  on  the  ground,  and  laying  eggs  unlike  those 
of  true  herons.  See  cut  under  bittern. 
Botaurus  (bo-ta'rus),  n.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  L.  bos, 
an  ox,  -f-  taunts,  a  bull;  suggested  by  the  old 
form  (ME.  butor,  OF.  butor,  botor)  of  bittern1, 
q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  subfamily  Bo- 
tauritue.  See  bittern1. 

botch1!  (boch),  n.  [<  ME.  botche,  bocche,  <  OF. 
boche,  a  botch,  sore,  var.  of  boce,  a  botch,  swell- 
ing, >  mod.  F.  bosse,  E.  boss1:  see  boss1.  Cf. 
OD.  butse,  a  boil,  swelling,  <  butsen,  D.  botsen, 
strike,  beat,  akin  to  OHG.  bozan  =  E.  beat1.  Cf. 
botch2.]  A  swelling  on  the  skin;  a  large  ulcer- 
ous affection ;  a  boil. 

Yet  who  more  foul,  disrobed  of  attire  ? 

Pearl'd  with  the  botch  as  children  burnt  with  fire. 

Uliddleton,  Micro-Cynicou,  i.  3. 
Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  emboss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  180. 

botch1!  (boch),  v.  t.     To  mark  with  botches. 

Young  Hylas,  botch'd  with  stains. 

Garth,  Dispensary,  ii.  160. 

botch2  (boch),  v.  [Also  E.  dial,  or  colloq.  bodge1, 
q.  v.  j  <  ME.  bocchen,  repair,  of  uncertain  origin, 
perhaps  <  MD.  botsen,  butsen,  boetsen,  repair, 
patch,  same  word  as  butsen,  D.  botsen,  strike, 
beat,  knock  together,  akin  to  OHG.  bozan,  beat, 
=  E.  beat1.  Cf.  botch1  and  boss1.']  I.  trans.  1. 
To  mend  or  patch  in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a 
garment :  often  used  figuratively. 

To  botch  up  what  they  had  torn  and  rent, 

Religion  and  the  government.    S.  Butter,  Hudibras. 

Tom  coming,  with  whom  I  was  angry  for  his  botchinr/ 

my  camlott  coat,  to  tell  me  that  my  father  was  at  our 

church,  I  got  me  ready.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  407. 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully ; 
perform,  express,  etc.,  in  a  bungling  manner; 
hence,  to  spoil  by  unskilful  work ;  bungle. 
For  treason  botch'd  in  rhyme  will  Ire  thy  bane. 

Dnjden,  Abs.  and  Achit.,  ii.  485. 

II.  intrans.  To  mend  or  patch  things  in  an 
unskilful  manner;  be  a  bungler  or  botcher. 
botch2  (boch),  n.     [<JoteA2,  «.]     1.  A 
or  ill -finished  part ;  a  flaw ;  a  blemish. 
To  leave  no  rubs  nor  botches  in  the  work. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 

2.  A  patch,  or  a  part  of  a  garment  patched 
or  mended  in  a  clumsy  manner. — 3.  That 
which  is  botched;  ill-finished  or  bungled  work 
generally. 

Fancy  the  most  assiduous  potter,  but  without  his  wheel ; 

reduced  to  make  dishes,  or  rather  amorphous  botches,  by 

mere  kneading  and  baking.  Carlyle. 

A  poorly  paid  teacher,  whose  work  is  a  botch,   and 

therefore  an  injury  to  the  growing  mind. 

Jour,  af  Education,  XIX.  41. 

4.  A  bungling,  unskilful  workman  or  operator 
of  any  kind;  a  botcher. 

botchedly  (boch'ed-li  or  bocht'li),  adv.    [< 

botched,  pp.  of  botch\  v.,  +  -ly"2.~\    In  a  botched 

or  clumsy  manner ;  with  botches  or  patches. 

Thus  patch  they  heaven,  more  botch 'dly  then  old  clothes 

Dr.  H.  More,  Psychathanasia,  III.  iii.  67. 

botcher1  (boch'er),  «.  [<  ME.  *bocchere  (spelled 
bochchare,  Prompt.  Parv.);  <  botclfi  +  -er1.] 
1.  A  mender;  a  repairer  or  Catcher;  specifi- 


both 

botchery  (boch'er-i),  n.  [<  botcli^  +  -en/.]  A 
botching,  or  that  which  is  botched ;  clumsy  or 
bungling  work  or  workmanship.  [Bare.] 

If  we  speak  of  base  botchery,  were  it  a  comely  thing  to 
see  a  great  lord  or  a  king  wear  sleeves  of  two  parishes, 
one  half  of  worsted,  the  other  of  velvet? 

tt'orld  of  Wonders  (1608),  p.  23S. 

botchka  (boch'ka),  «.     Same  as  bocJtka. 
botchy1  (boch'i),"«.     [<  ME.  botchy,  bochy,  etc. ; 

<  botch1  +  -yl.]    Marked  with  botches;  lull  of 
or  covered  with  botches:  as,  "a  botcky  core," 
Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  ii.  1. 

botchy2  (boch'i),  a.  [<  botclfl  +  -yl.]  Imper- 
fect; botched. 

bote1  (bot),  w.  [The  ME.  and  AS.  (dat.)  form 
of  boot1,  ML.  bota,  retained  archaically  in  law 
writings:  see  boot1.'}  If.  Help;  aid;  relief; 
salvation  ;  remedy  in  illness;  boot  (which  see). 
Specifically — 2.  In  old  law:  (a)  Compensation, 
as  for  an  injury ;  amends;  satisfaction;  a  pay- 
ment in  expiation  of  an  offense :  as,  man-bote, 
a  compensation  for  a  man  slain.  (6)  A  privi- 
lege or  allowance  of  necessaries  for  repair  or 
support;  estovers:  as,  house-ftote,  enough  wood 
to  repair  a  house  or  for  fuel;  plow-feote,  cart- 
bote,  wood  for  making  or  repairing  instruments 
of  husbandry ;  hay-fiote  or  hedge-So  te,  wood  for 
hedges  or  fences,  etc. 

bote^t.    Middle  English  preterit  of  bite. 

botest,  prep,  and  conj.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  but1. 

botelt,  7i.     An  obsolete  form  of  bottle2. 

botelert,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  butter. 

botelesst,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  bootless. 

boterol,  boteroll  (bot'e-rol),  «.  [<  F.  boute- 
rolle,  "the  chape  of  a  sheath  or  scabbard"  (Cot- 
grave),  <  bouter,  place,  adapt:  see  butt1.']  In 
her.,  the  chape  or  crampet  of  a  scabbard  used 
as  a  bearing.  Also  bauteroll. 

botewt,  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  boatewe,  botowe, 

<  late  ME.  botew,  butewe,  butwe,  botwe,  <  bote, 
boot,  +  -('10,  -ewe,  repr.  F.  -eau,  <  L.  -ellus,  dim. 
termination.]     A  short  boot. 

bot-fly  (bot'fli),  n.  A  name  given  to  dipterous 
insects  of  the  family  (Estridte,  the  larvae  of 
which  infest  different  parts  of  living  animals. 
See  bot1 .  The  horse-bot,  Gatterophilus  eqm  (Fabricius), 


Let  the  botcher  mend  him:  Anything  that's  mended  is 
but  patched.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  5. 

Physicians  are  the  body's  cobblers,  rather  the  botchers 
of  men's  bodies ;  as  the  one  patches  our  tatter'd  clothes, 
so  the  other  solders  our  diseased  flesh. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  i.  2. 
2.  One  who  botches ;  a  clumsy,  bungling  work- 
man ;  a  bungler. 

botcher2  (boch'er),  71.    [Origin  unknown.]   The 
grilse :  a  local  English  name  in  the  Severn  val- 


botche 


ierly  (boeh'er-li),  a.     [<  botcher1  +  -Zy1.] 
Clumsy;  unworkmanlike.     [Bare.] 
Botcherly  mingle-mangle  of  collections. 

Hartlib,  tr.  of  Comenius,  p.  30. 
Botcherly  poetry,  botcherly .' 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 


(l 


Horse  Bot-fly  (Gasttrofliiltu  eqtif],  about  natural  size.. 
a,  lateral  view ;  b,  dorsal  view. 

is  taken  into  the  stomach  of  the  horse ;  the  ox-hot  lives 
just  under  the  cuticle  of  the  ox ;  and  the  sheep-bot,  (Estrus 
ovis  (Linneeus),  in  the  frontal  sinuses  of  the  sheep.  Other 
animals  are  affected  by  particular  species. 
both  (both),  a.  and  pron.  [=  Sc.  baith,  <  ME. 
both,  booth,  earlier  bothe,  bathe,  etc. ;  not  found 
in  AS.  except  in  the  simple  form  Id,  etc.  (see 
below),  but  perhaps  existent,  being  in  OS., 
etc. ;  otherwise  taken  from  Scand. ;  =  OS.  bedhie, 
bediiia  =  OFries.  bethe,  bede  =  OHG.  bede,  beide, 
MHG.  G.  beide  =  Icel.  bddhir,  m.,  badliar,  f., 
ba:dhi,  badhi,  neut.,  =  Sw.  bdda  =  Dan.  baade, 
both;  cf.  Goth,  bajoths,  n.  pi.,  both;  <  Goth. 
bai  =  AS.  ba  (begen,  bu),  both,  ME.  ba,  bo;  cf. 
L.  ambp  =  Gr.  ajj^u  =  Skt.  ubhdu,  both:  see 
bo1 ;  with  a  termination  of  obscure  origin,  per- 
haps orig.  the  def.  art.  in  pi.  (AS.  tha  =  Goth. 
thai,  tho,  etc.)  coalesced  with  the  adj. ;  but  this 
explanation  does  not  apply  to  tne  Goth,  bajoths.'} 
The  one  and  the  other ;  the  two ;  the  pair  or  the 
couple,  in  reference  to  two  persons  or  things 
specially  mentioned,  and  denoting  that  neither 
of  them^is  to  be  excluded,  either  absolutely 
or  (as  with  either)  as  an  alternative,  from  the 
statement. 

Youre  bother  love  [the  love  of  you  both]. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  168. 

And  Abraham  took  sheep  and  oxen,  and  gave  them 
unto  Abimelech ;  and  both  of  them  made  a  covenant. 

Gen.  xxi.  27. 

He  will  not  bear  the  loss  of  his  rank,  because  he  can 
bear  the  loss  of  his  estate ;  but  he  will  bear  both,  because 
he  is  prepared  for  both.  Bollngbmke. 

Both  had  been  presidents,  both  had  lived  to  great  age, 
both  were  early  patriots,  and  both  were  distinguished  and 
ever  honored  by  their  immediate  agency  in  the  act  of  in- 
dependence. D.  Webster,  Adams  and  Jefferson. 
[The  genitive  uoth's  (ME.  bathes,  bothers,  earlier  bother, 
bathre)  is  now  disused  ;  in  the  earlier  period  it  was  joined 
usually  with  the  genitive  plural  of  the  personal  pronoun. 
Subsequently  the  simple  both,  equivalent  to  of  both,  was 
uaed. 


both 

<  hit  hath  wounded  in--, 
That 'a  l>y  me  wounded ;  bulh  our  remedies 
Within  thy  help  and  holy  ]>hy»ic  lies. 

Xhiik.,  R.  and  J.,  II.  3.] 

Both  two,  both  the  two,  pleonastically  for  l»>ih. 
Both  tin-  IHII  cities  reached  a  hlu'h  pitch  of  prosperity. 
(,',../.•.  Hist.  Ci-ccce,  II.  18. 

both  (both),  ddr.  or  conj.  [<  MK.  linlh/',  lintln  n, 
bathe,  etc.;  from  tho  adj.]  Including  the  two 
(terms  or  notions  mentioned) :  an  adverb  pre- 
ceding two  coordinate  terms  (words  or  phrases  i 
joined  by  tnul,  and  standing  thus  in  an  apparent 
conjunctional  correlation,  both  .  .  .  mid,  equiv- 
alent to  nut  mill/  .  .  .  hut  also.  Both  is  thus 
used  sometimes  before  three  or  more  coordi- 
nate terms. 

I  thought  food  now  to  present  vnto  your  (Jrace  not  any 
better  yit'ti  of  mine  owne,  .  .  .  hut  surely  an  excellent  gift 
of  iin  nttii-f  main  ileiiiwe  and  making,  which  '"•'/'  hath 
dime,  ilnth,  <in<l  shal  do  nim-h  good  t<>  many  other  good 
folke,  aiui  to  your  Noble  Grace  also. 

John  fouler,  1'ref.  to  sir  T.  Morc's  Comfort  against 
(Tribulation  (l..T:i). 

[He)  was  indeed  his  country's  bath  minion,  mirror,  and 
wonder.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

A  great  multitude  both  of  the  Jews  and  also  of  the 
Greeks  believed.  Acts  xlv.  1. 

Which  I  suppose  they  doe  resigne  with  much  willing- 
ness, both  Livery,  Badge,  and  Cognixann-. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxl. 

But  these  discourses  were  both  written  aiul  delivered  in 
the  freshness  of  his  complete  manhood. 

O.  W.  Holme*,  Emerson,  v. 

bother  (boTH'er),  v.  [First  in  the  early  part 
of  the  18th  century,  also  written  bodder,  Sc. 
hnuther,  bather ;  origin  unknown ;  possibly  a  cor- 
ruption of  pother.  The  earliest  instances  seem 
to  be  from  Swift  and  other  Irishmen,  which 
would  seem  to  favor  the  supposed  Ir.  deriva- 
tion, <  Ir.  bnaidhrim,  I  vex,  disturb  (cf.  buaidhirt, 
trouble,  affliction) ;  but  the  Ir.  words  as  pro- 
nounced have  no  resemblance  to  bother,  except 
as  to  the  initial  6. ]  I.  trans.  If.  To  bewilder; 
confuse. 

With  the  din  of  which  tube  my  head  you  so  bother. 

T.  Sheridan,  To  Swift. 

2.  To  give  trouble  to ;  annoy;  pester;  worry. 
Dunsey  bothered  me  for  the  money,  and  I  let  him  have  it. 
George  hliot,  Silas  Marner,  ix. 
He  bothered  his  audience  with  no  accidental  effects. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  280. 

[Used  in  the  Imperative  as  an  expression  of  impatience, 
or  as  a  mild  sort  of  execration. 

Bother  the  woman  for  plaguing  me !  Farrar.] 

=  Syn.  Penter,  Worry,  etc.    See  tease,  v.  t. 

II.  intrans.  To  trouble  one's  self ;  make  many 
words  or  much  ado :  as,  don't  bother  about  that. 
bother   (boTH'6r),  n.     [<  bother,  v.]     If.  Blar- 
ney;  humbug ;  palaver.  N.E.D. — 2.  Trouble; 
vexation;  plague:  as,  what  a  bother  it  is! 

The  bother  with  Mr.  Emerson  Is,  that,  though  he  writes 
in  prose,  he  Is  essentially  a  poet. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  378. 

At  night,  they  [the  ponies]  were  a  bother;  If  picketed 
out,  they  fed  badly  and  got  thin,  and  if  they  were  not 
picketed,  they  sometimes  strayed  away. 

The  Century,  XXX.  223. 

botheration  (boTH-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  bother  + 
-ation.]  The  act  of  bothering,  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  annoyance ;  trouble ;  vexation ; 
perplexity. 

A  man  must  have  a  good  stomach  that  can  swallow  this 
botheration  [autograph  albums]  as  a  compliment. 

Scott,  Diary,  Nov.  20,  1825. 

Their  smallness,  their  folly,  their  rascality,  and  their 
simple  power  of  botheration. 

Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  250. 

botherer  (boTH'er-er),  n.  One  who  bothers, 
vexes,  or  annoys :  as,"  such  botherers  of  judges," 
Warren. 

botherment  (boiH'er-ment),  H.  [<  bother  + 
-iiifiii.]  The  act  of  bettering  or  the  state  of 
being  bothered ;  trouble ;  annoyance ;  bothera- 
tion. [Rare.] 

I'm  sure  t  would  be  a  botherment  to  a  living  soul  to  lose 
so  much  money.  J.  F.  Cooper. 

bothersome  fboTu'er-sum),  a.     [<  liotiier  + 
-.nun/'.  \  Troublesome ;  annoying;  inconvenient. 
By  hisbothtf'ono  <)iiestioning  of  all  traditional  assump- 
tions. The  Ame.ricau,  VII.  235. 
They  [casements]  open  sidewise.  in  two  wings,  and  are 
screwed  together  by  that  bothernoine  little  iron  handle 
over  which  we  have  fumbled  so  often  in  European  inns. 
//.  ./<(;/(<•*.  .ti:.  Portraits  of  Places,  p.  353. 

both-handedness  (both'han'deil'-nes),  n.  The 
power  of  using  either  hand  with  equal  ease; 
ambidexterity. 

The  tendency  toward  what  might  be  called  both-haiuled- 
neM  in  the  use  of  the  brush.  The  Student.  HI.  284. 

both-handst  (both'handz),  ».  A  person  indis- 
pensable to  another ;  a  factotum. 

He  is  his  master's  bttlh-hantl*,  I  assure  you. 

B.  Jonxon,  Bartholomew  K;iir.  i.  1. 

bothie,  n.    See  bothy. 


637 

bothock  (both'ok),  n.  A  name  of  the  fish  other- 
wise called  the  bib.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bothomt,  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
Cliniiri  /-. 

bothrenchyma  (both-reng'ki-mtt),  n.  [XL.,  < 
Gr.  ,WW/jor,  a  pit,  +  tyxvfia,  an  infusion  (>  NL. 
cnrliyiiifi,  a  tissue),  <  eyxieiv,  pour  in,  <  iv,  = 
E.  in1,  +  x'clv>  akin  to  AS.  geotan,  pour.]  In 
lint.,  tissue  composed  of  pitted  ducts. 

bothria,  n.    Plural  of  bothrium. 

Bothriocephalidae  (both'ri-o-se-fari-de),  n.pl. 
[XL.,  <  BothriocephaliiK  +  -idte.]  A  family  of 
cestoid  or  twniate  worms,  order  Cestoiden,  in- 
cluding the  broad  tapeworms,  which  have  only 
two  bothria  or  suckers  on  the  head  (whence 
they  are  also  called  Dibothrwlu-).  It  includes 
the  genera  BoSulQeepktiltU  and  Dibothrium. 

Bothriocephalus(both'ri-o-sef'a-lus), ».  [NL., 

<  Gr.  fiottpiov,  a  small  trench  (see  bothrium),  + 
kefya/i/,  head.]   A  genus  of  the  Centoidea,  or  ces- 
toid worms,  of  which  the  broad  tapeworm,  B. 
latus,  is  the  type.     It  belongs  to  the  group  of 
the  I'm-udniihyllidea  (which  see).     Also  Botr>i<>- 

/•/•/lIllllllK. 

bothrium  (both'ri-um),  ».:  pi.  bothria  (-&). 
[NU,  <  Gr.  fioOfiiov,  a  small  trench,  dim.  "of 
[•iuBpof,  a  pit,  trench.]  One  of  the  facets  or  fos- 
settes  upon  the  head  of  a  tapeworm. 

The  common  tape-worm  .  .  .  wants  the  opposite  both- 
ria.  or  fossettes.  K.  It.  ir.  /•;/.'.  Animal  Life,  p.  584. 

Bothrodendron  (both-ro-den'dron),  «.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  liottpof,  a  pit,  +  tivifwv,  a  tiree.]    In  bot., 
an  extinct  genus  of  plants  of  the  coal  era,  re- 
lated to  Lepidodeiidron. 

Bothrophera  (both-rof'e-rS),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  prop. 
'Bothrophora,  <  Gr.  lioiipof.  a  trench,  a  pit,  + 
-(jiopof,  <  <j>tpeiv  =  E.  bear1.]  The  solenoglvph 
venomous  serpents  of  the  new  world,  so  called 
from  having  a  pit  between  the  eyes  and  nose : 
corresponding  to  the  family  Crotalidte,  and  con- 
trasting with  the  Abothrophera. 

both-sided  (both'si'ded),  a.  Complete;  com- 
prehensive ;  not  limited  or  partial. 

There  is  forced  on  us  the  truth  that  a  scientific  morality 
arises  only  as  fast  as  the  one-sided  conceptions  adapted  to 
transitory  conditions  are  developed  into  both-aided  con- 
ceptions. //.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  p.  98. 

both-sidedness  (b6th'si"ded-nes),  n.  Impar- 
tiality; completeness  or  comprehensiveness  of 
view  or  thought. 

Even  In  our  country  and  age  there  are  dangers  from  the 
want  of  a  due  both-tidedneia.  H.  Spencer,  Sociol.,  p.  397. 

both-sidest  (both'sidz),  a.  Being  or  speaking  on 
both  sides ;  double-tongued ;  deceitful.    [Rare.] 
Damnable  both-tides  rogue !         Shale.,  All's  Well,  Iv.  :'.. 
bothum't,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  bottom. 
bothum2t,  ".    An  obsolete  form  of  button. 
bothy,  bothie   (both'i),   n. ;   pi.    bothies  (-iz). 
[Also  written  bothay ;  appar.  <  Gael,  bothag, 
a  cottage,  hut,  dim.  of  Gael,  and  Ir.  Imtli.  a 
hut;  but  the  th  is  not  sounded  in  these  words. 
See  booth.']     1.  A  small  cottage ;  abut. 
The  salt  sea  we'll  harry, 
And  bring  to  our  Charlie 
The  cream  from  the  bothy 
And  curd  from  the  pen. 

Come  o'er  the  Stream,  Charlie. 

That  young  nobleman  who  has  just  now  left  the  botlm. 

Scott. 

To  accept  the  hospitality  of  a  very  poor  Highland  bothie. 
The  Century,  XXVII.  919. 

2.  A  house  for  the  accommodation  of  a  num- 
ber of  workpeople  in  the  employment  of  the 
same  person  or  company.  More  especially,  a  kind 
of  barrack  in  connection  with  a  large  farm,  where  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  are  lodged. — 
Bothy  system,  the  practice,  common  in  Aberdeenshire 
and  other  northern  counties  of  Scotland,  of  lodging  the 
unmarried  outdoor  servants  and  laborers  employed  on  the 
larger  farms  in  barrack-like  buildings  apart  from  their  em- 
ployer's residence. 

boton6  (bot'on-a),  a.    Same  as  bottoiiy. 

bo-tree  (bo'tre),  M.  [<  Singhalese  bo  (also  boga- 
ha :  gaha,  tree),  a  shortened  form  of  Pali  bodhi, 
the  bo-tree,  short  for  bodhi-taru,  bo-tree  (<  bodhi 
(<  Skt.  bodni),  wisdom,  enlightenment,  +  taru, 
tree),  answering  to  Skt.  bodhi-rriksha  (rritilia, 
tree).  See  Bittldha.']  The  t Ifus  religiosa,  or  pip- 
pul-tree,  under  which  Sakyamuni,  the  founder 
of  Buddhism,  is  said  to  have  become  "enlight- 
ened" (Buddha),  after  forty  days'  fixed  contem- 
plation, during  which  time  he  was  subjected  to 
all  manner  of  temptation,  and  to  have  evolved 
the  four  noble  truths  by  which  mankind  may 
be  delivered  from  the  miseries  attending  up- 
on birth,  life,  and  death.  The  particular  bo-tree 
umliT  which  this  happened  is  said  to  have  been  produce*! 
at  thf  nionu'iit  of  his  birth. 

Botrychium  (bo-trik'i-um).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
liATfirxoc,  equiv.  to  .Worpujof,  a  curl  or  lock,  a 


it,  entire  plant ;  6.  branch  of  the 
fertile  frond,  showing  sporangia. 


bottine 

cluster:  see  Bostrgchux.]  A  genus  of  crypto- 
garaous  plants,  natural  onlcr  <>iihingloiuiaee<r, 
allied  to  the  f«-m~ 

They  IK-HI-  rliMi-red,  vein- 
lew  sporangia  in  >  i.iitt:n  t,  <t 
panicled  spikes  aho\<-  th- 
variously  divided  fr. -M.I 
There  are  several  wiil-h 
distributed  s|HM-ii-s.  kii'.wn 
1>\  the  popular  II;OIK  ••] 

IHiH.nilnft,     IpiMI      Hi 

cent  shape  of  the  division* 
of  the  frond  in  home  IMUI 
mon  kinds.  The  name 
ffrape./ern  is  also  given  to 
tiiem,  and  one  species,  //. 
I'ii-iiiiiiaimm,  it  calle<l  rat- 
tletnate-fern. 

botryllid(bo-tril'id), 
M.  A  tunicate  of  the 
family  Batryllitln: 

Botryllidae  (bo-tril'i- 
de),  n.  /</.  [NL.,  <  Bo- 
trylluji  + -UUr.]  A  fam- 
ily of  compound  ascid- 
ia'ns  or  tunicaries,  of  the  order  Ascidioidea.  They 
have  a  definite  mmilier  of  atcidiozoolds  grouped  alwut 
M  <  .minion  cloaca  of  the  ascidiarium,  the  viscera  of  each 
single  body,  which  Is  not  divided  into  thorax  ami  abdo- 
men, lying  by  the  side  of  the  respiratory  cavity,  and  no 
lobes  around  the  Inhalent  orifice.  There  are  several  gen- 
era besides  BotrifUitit.  Also  hotntllarea  and  Rot riflloute*. 

Botryllus  (bo-tril'ns),  w.  [NL.,  dim.  of  Gr. 
lioY/nf,  a  cluster  or  bunch  of  grapes,  a  curl  or 
lock.]  A  genus  of  compound  ascidians,  typical 
of  the  family  BotryUiaas.  B.  stellatus  and  B. 
i-in/iii'i  11.1  are  examples. 

Botryocephalus  (bot'ri-o-sef'a-lus),  w.  Same 
as  Bntlirinci  jiliolns.  Oken,  1815. 

botryogen  (bot'ri-6-jen),  w.  [<  Gr.  (Mrpvf,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  -r  -ynvx,  producing,  etc.:  see 
-oew.]  A  red  or  ocher-yellow  mineral  from 
Falun  in  Sweden,  consisting  of  the  hydrous 
sulphates  of  iron,  magnesium,  and  calcium. 

botryoid,  botryoidal  (bot'ri-oid,  bot-ri-oi'dal), 
a.  [<  Gr.  ftorpmtt- 
HK,  like  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  <  /io- 
rpif,  »  cluster  of 
grapes,  +  fMor, 
form.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  bunch 
of  grapes ;  like 
grapes,  as  a  min- 
eral presenting  an 
aggregation  of 
small  globes,  in 
bot.,  applied  to  forms  of  inflorescence  which  are  appa- 
rently notryose,  but  in  reality  cymose. 

botryoidally  (bot-ri-oi'dal-i),  adr.  In  a  bot- 
ryoidal manner;  so  as  to" resemble  a  bunch  of 
grapes:  as,  vessels  botryoidally  disposed. 

botryolite  (bot'ri-o-llt),  n.  [<  Gr.  ii6rpvr,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  +  ?./'ft>f,  a  stone.]  A  variety 
of  datolite  or  borosilicate  of  calcium,  occurring 
in  mammillary  or  botryoidal  concretions,  in  a 
bed  of  magnetic  iron  in  gneiss,  near  Arendal  in 
Norway,  and  elsewhere,  its  colors  are  pearl-gray, 
grayish-  or  reddish-white,  and  pale  rose-red.  It  is  said  to 
differ  from  datolite  in  containing  more  water. 

botryose  (bot'ri-os),  a.  [<  Gr.  /Jor/mc,  a  cluster 
of  grapes,  +  -ose.]  In  bot. :  (a)  Of  the  type  of 
the  raceme,  corymb,  umbel,  etc.:  applied  to 
indeterminate  forms  of  inflorescence.  (6)  Clus- 
tered, like  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Botrytis  (bo-tri'tis),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  POT/WC,  a 
cluster  of  grapes.]  A  large  genns  of  rnure- 
dinous  fungi,  usually  growing  upon  dead  wood 
and  leaves,  characterized  by  the  somewhat 
dendroid  mode  of  branching  of  the  fertile  hy- 
phae,  which  bear  simple  spores  more  or  less 
grouped  near  the  tips.  One  species,  /;.  Ba**iana, 
grows  upon  living  silkworms,  and  causes  the  disease  known 
as  mu&cnrdfne.  A  large  number  of  species  growing  npon 
living  plants  were  formerly  included  in  this  genus,  but 
are  now  referred  to  Peronospora. 

bote  (bots),  n.  pi.    See  bofl. 

bott1,  H.    See  boti. 

bott-  (bot),  M.  [<  F.  botte,  a  bundle,  a  truss 
(OF.  dim.  hotel :  see  bottle*).]  The  name 
given  by  lace-makers  to  the  round  cushion, 
held  on  the  knee,  on  which  the  lace  is  woven. 

bottargo,  ».    Same  as  botargo. 

Bottcher  ware.    See  trare*. 

bottelt,  a.    Same  as  boltel. 

botterollt,  ».    Same  as  boterol. 

botthammer  (bot'ham'er),  H.  [<  bott  (prob.  < 
ME.  lintti:  a  form  of  baft)  +  hammer.]  A 
wooden  mallet  with  a  fluted  face,  used  in 
breaking  flax. 

bottine  (bo-ten'),  M.  [F.,  dim.  of  bottt,  a  boot: 
see  feoof2.]  1.  A  half -boot ;  a  woman's  fine 
shoe. — 2.  An  appliance  resembling  a  boot, 


Botryoidal  structure :  Chalcedony. 


Oriental  Goat-skin  Bottles,  or  Wine-skins. 


bottine 

with  straps,  springs,  buckles,  etc.,  to  correct 
or  prevent  distortion  of  the  lower  limbs  and 
feet  of  children. 

hotting  (bot'ing),  H.  [Perhaps  for  tatting,  < 
bat1,  ME.  occasionally  botte,  a  club,  stick.] 
The  operation  of  restopping  the  tap-hole  of  a 
furnace  with  a  plug  of  clay  on  the  end  of  a 
wooden  rod,  after  a  portion  of  the  charge  has 
been  removed. 

bottle1!,  «.  [ME.,  also  botle,  buttle,  <  AS.  botl 
(=  OS.  bodl  =  OFries.  bodel  =  Icel.  bol  (also 
deriv.  baili),  a  dwelling,  abode,  farm,  also  lair, 
den,  =  Dan.  bol,  a  farm,  667,  bolle,  in  local 
names) ;  cf.  bold,  a  dwelling  (>  oyldan,  E.  build, 
q.  v.),  and  6wr(>E.  bower1),  a  dwelling;  <  buan 
(•/  "bit),  dwell:  see  bower1,  bond?,  etc.]  A 
dwelling;  a  habitation:  a  word  extant  (as  -bot- 
tle, -battle)  only  in  some  local  English  names, 
as  Hurbottle,  Newbottle,  Morbattle. 

bottle8  (bot'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottel, 
botle;  <  ME.  hotel,  bottelle  =  D.  bottel  =  LG.  but- 
tel,  butldel,  <  OF.  botel,  m.,  also  boutelle,  boutille, 
F.  bouteille  =  Pr.  Pg.  botellia  =  Sp.  botella  =  It. 
bottiglia,  <  ML.  buticula,  f.,  dim.  of  butis,  but- 
tis,  butta  (> 
OF.  boitte,  F. 
botte),  a  butt : 
see  butfi.~\ 

1.  A    hollow 
mouthed  ves- 
sel   of   glass, 
wood,  leather, 
or  other  ma- 
terial,        for 
holding     and 
carrying      li- 
quids.  Oriental 
nations  use  skias 

or  leather  for  this  purpose,  and  of  the  nature  of  these 
wine-skins  are  the  bottles  mentioned  in  Scripture  :  "  Put 
new  wine  into  new  bottles."  In  Europe  and  North  America 
glass  is  generally  used  for  liquids  of  all  kinds,  but  wine  is 
still  largely  stored  in  skins  in  Spain  and  Greece.  Small 
bottles  are  often  called  rials. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle  ;  as  much  as  a  bot- 
tle contains:  as,  a  bottle  of  wine  or  of  porter. 

—  Capillary  bottle.   See  capillary.  —  The  bottle,  figura- 
tively, strong  drink  in  general ;  the  practice  of  drinking. 

In  the  bottle  discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice  for 
courage,  and  bashfulness  for  confidence. 

Johnson,  Addison. 

bottle2  (bot'l),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bottled,  ppr. 
bottling.  [<  bottk%,  n.~\  1.  To  put  into  bot- 
tles for  the  purpose  of  preserving  or  of  stor- 
ing away:  as,  to  bottle  wine  or  porter.  Hence 

—  2.  To  store  up  as  in  a  bottle ;  preserve  as  if 
by  bottling;  shut  in  or  hold  back  (colloq.  "cork 
up"),  as  anger  or  other  strong  feeling:  usually 
with  up. 

Can  economy  of  time  or  money  go  further  than  to  anni- 
hilate time  and  space,  and  bottle  up  [as  does  the  phono- 
graph] for  posterity  the  mere  utterance  of  man,  without 
other  effort  on  his  part  than  to  speak  the  words  ? 

N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  536. 

bottle3  (bot'l),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bottel, 
botelle,  botle;  <  ME.  botel,  <  OF.  botel,  m.,  equiv. 
to  botelle,  fern.,  dim.  of  botte,  a  bundle:  see 
botfi.]  A  quantity,  as  of  hay  or  grass,  tied  or 
bundled  up.  [Now  chiefly  prov.  Eng.] 
Although  it  be  nat  worth  a  botel  hay. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  14. 
Methinks  I  have  a  great  desire  to  a  bottle  of  hay. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

To  look  for  a  needle  In  a  bottle  of  hay  (=  in  a  hay- 
stack), to  engage  in  a  hopeless  search. 

bottle-alet  (bot'l-al),  ».    Bottled  ale. 

Selling  cheese  and  prunes,  and  retail'd  bottle-ale. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  2. 

bottle-bellied  (bot'l-bel"id),  «,    Having  a  belly 
shaped  like  a  bottle ;  having  a  swelling,  pro- 
tuberant belly ;  pot-bellied. 
Some  choleric,  bottle-bellied  old  spider. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  381. 

bottle-bird  (bot'1-berd),  ».  A  bird  that  builds 
a  bottle-shaped  pensile  nest. 

We  came  across,  in  our  meanderings,  a  small  tree  from 
the  branches  of  which  were  hanging  a  number  of  bottle- 
birds  nests.  Their  shape  is  like  an  elongated  egg  very 
sharp  at  the  small  end,  rather  bulging  out  at  the  other 
end,  while  the  opening  is  at  the  side.  The  bird  is  some- 
thing like  a  sparrow,  witli  a  considerable  touch  of  the  yel- 
low of  a  canary.  E.  Sartorim,  In  the  Soudan,  p.  185. 

bottle-boot  (bot'l-bpt),  H.  A  leathern  case  to 
hold  a  bottle  while  it  is  being  corked. 

bottle-brush  (bot'l -brush),  n.  1.  A  brush 
for  cleaning  bottles.— 2.  The  field-horsetail, 
Bqvtoetttm  arvense.—  3.  The  mare's-tail,  Hip- 
puris  vulgaris.—  4i.  In  Australia,  the  Calliste- 

mou  lanceolatiis.  See  CalJistemon Bottle-brush 

grass,  a  common  name  in  the  United  States  for  the  As- 
jtrella,  Uystrix. 


638 

bottle-bump  (bot'1-bump),  n.  [A  corruption 
of  butter-bump,  bitter-bump.']  A  name  given  in 
some  districts  to  the  bittern,  Rota  arm  steltaris. 

bottle-carrier  (bot'1-kar'i-ur),  ».  A  device  for 
carrying  a  number  of  uncorked  bottles,  used 
in  wine-cellars.  It  consists  of  a  frame  with  a  handle, 
in  which  each  bottle  is  held  by  a  spring-pad  at  the  bottom 
and  by  a  boss  or  projection  which  enters  the  mouth. 

bottle-case  (bot'1-kas),  n.  The  wicker-  or  bas- 
ket-work covering  of  a  demijohn  or  carboy. — 
Bottle-case  loom,  a  machine  for  weaving  bottle-cases. 

bottle-chart  (bot'l-chart),  ».  A  marine  chart 
exhibiting  the  set  of  ocean  surface-currents 
compiled  from  papers  bearing  date,  latitude, 
and  longitude,  found  in  bottles  which  have 
been  thrown  from  ships  and  washed  upon  the 
beach  or  picked  up  by  other  ships.  The  time  be- 
tween the  throwing  of  such  bottles  ami  their  recovery  on 
shore  has  varied  from  a  few  days  to  sixteen  years,  and  the 
distance  from  a  few  miles  to  five  thousand  miles. 

bottle-clip  (bot'l-klip),  n.  A  device  for  closing 
the  mouth  of  a  bottle ;  a  substitute  for  a  cork. 

bottle-coaster  (bot'l-kos'ter),  n.  A  kind  of 
deep  tray  with  divisions  for  bottles,  in  which 
decanters  of  wine  or  cordial  are  passed  round 
a  dinner-  or  banquet-table  after  the  dessert: 
sometimes  made  for  one  decanter  only. 

The  two  Lady  R.'s,  .  .  .  like  two  decanters  in  a  bottle- 
coaster,  with  such  magnificent  diamond  labels  round  their 
necks.  Miss  Edgeworth,  Belinda,  v. 

bottle-cod  (bot'1-kod),  ».      A  name  given  in 

Jamaica  to  the  plant  Capparis  cynophallophora, 

from  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 
bottle-companion,  bottle-friend  (bot'1-kom- 

pan"yon,  -frend),  «.     A  companion  or  frienei  in 

drinking  or  conviviality. 

Sam,  who  is  a  very  good  bottle-companion,  has  been  the 
diversion  of  his  friends.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  89. 

bottle-conjurer  (bot'l-kun"jer-er),  n.  One  who 
exhibits  feats  of  necromancy  with  a  bottle,  as 
extracting  from  it  a  variety  of  liquids  or  more 
than  was  put  in,  or  putting  in  what  apparently 
cannot  pass  through  the  neck. 

Which  to  that  bottle-conjurer,  John  Bull, 
Is  of  all  dreams  the  first  hallucination. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  44. 

bottled  (bot'ld),  a.  [<  bottle?  +  -ecft.-]  1.  Kept 
or  contained  in  a  bottle:  as,  bottled  porter. — 
2.  Big-bellied :  as,  "  that  bottled  spider,"  Shak., 
Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.  [Bare.] 

bottle-dropsy  (bot'l-drop"si),  n.  A  dropsy 
which  affects  the  abdomen  only ;  ascites. 

bottle-fish  (bot'1-fish),  n.  1.  A  name  of  sundry 
plectognath  fishes  of  the  family  Tetrodontidai. 
— 2.  A  name  of  the  Saecopharyruc  ampullaceus, 
a  remarkable  fish  representing  a  peculiar  fam- 
ily of  the  order  Lyomeri.  See  Saccopharyngida'. 

bottle-flower  (bot'l-flou"er),  ».  A  plant,  Cen- 
taurea  Ci/anus  ;  the  bluebottle. 

bottle-friend,  M.    See  bottle-companion. 

bottle-glass  (bot'1-glas),  n.  A  cheap  grade  of 
glass,  usually  of  a  dull  deep-green  color,  used 
for  making  common  bottles,  etc. 

bottle-gourd  (bot'1-gord),  ».  The  fruit  of  La- 
genaria  vitlgaris,  natural  order  Cucurbitaceai. 
See  gourd  and  Lagenaria. 

bottle-grass  (bof'l-gras),  n.  A  kind  of  grass, 
Setaria  viridis.  See  Setarta. 

bottle-green  (bot'1-gren),  ».  and  a.     I.  n.  A 
green  color  like  that  of  common  bottle-glass. 
II.  a.  Of  a  dark-green  color. 

bottlehead  (bot'1-hed),  n.  1.  A  more  correct 
though  not  common  name  for  the  whale  called 
the  bottlenose  (which  see). — 2.  A  name  of  the 
black-bellied  plover,  Squatarola  helvetica. 

bottle-holder  (bot'l-hol'der),  «.  1.  A  glass- 
maker's  tool  for  holding  the  body  of  a  bottle 
while  forming  the  neck. —  2.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles. —  3.  One  who  waits  upon  another  in 
a  prize-fight,  administering  refreshment,  etc. ; 
hence,  a  backer;  a  second;  a  supporter,  en- 
courager,  or  adviser  in  a  conflict  or  trial  of 
any  kind. 
An  old  bruiser  makes  a  good  bottle-holder. 

Smollett,  Adv.  of  Ferd.,  Count  Fathom. 

Lord  Palmerston  considered  himself  the  bottle-holder  of 

oppressed  states.  London  Timeg. 

bottle-imp  (bot'1-imp),  n.  See  Cartesian  devil, 
under  Cartesian. 

bottle-jack  (bot'1-jak),  «.  1.  A  roasting-jack 
shaped  like  a  bottle.— 2.  A  kind  of  lifting-jack. 

bottle-mold  (bot'l-mold),  n.  An  iron  mold 
within  which  a  bottle  is  blown. 

bottlenose  (bot'1-noz),  n.  1.  A  name  of  sev- 
eral species  of  cetaceans  having  bottle-shaped 
noses,  (a)  Of  the  species  of  Hyperobdon,  like  //.  bidens 
of  the  northern  seas,  about  25  feet  long,  (b)  Of  the  species 
of  liahenopterui  or  Globici-ultalus,  the  caainir-whales  Also 
called  btittlehead. 


bottom 

2.  In  med,,  an  eruption  of  small,  red,  suppu- 
rating tubercles  on  the  nose,  such  as  is  pro- 
duced by  intemperate  drinking.     Dunglison. — 

3.  A  name  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  of  the  sea- 
stickleback,    Spiiiachia  vulgaris. — 4.  A  name 
for  the  puffin,  Fratercula  arctica,  from  its  large 
red-and-blue  beak.      See  bottlc-iuwd. —  5.    A 
name   of  the   sea-elephant   or    elephant-seal, 
Macrorliinus  leoiiinus,  and  others  of  the  same 
genus — Bottlenose  oil.    |Prob.  a  corruption  of  Botte- 
Icau's  (name  of  a  manufacturer)  oil.]    An  inferior  grade 
of  olive-oil  used  in  making  Castile  soap. 

bottle-nosed  (bot'1-nozd),  «.  Having  a  bottle- 
shaped  nose ;  having  a  nose  full  and  swollen 
about  the  wings  and  end,  or  inflamed  by  drink- 
ing. 

bottle-Ore  (bot'l-6r),  n.  A  name  for  coarse 
seaweeds,  especially  one  of  the  rock-weeds, 
Fucus  nodosus. 

bottle-pump  (bpt'1-pump),  «.  A  device  for  re- 
moving the  fluid  contents  of  a  bottle.  A  com- 
mon form  is  that  of  a  rubber  bulb  for  forcing  air  into  the 
bottle,  and  a  bent  tube  through  which  the  liquid  is  driven 
out  by  the  pressure  of  the  air. 

bottler  (bot'ler),  «.  [<  ME.  hotelier ;  in  mod. 
use  as  if  <  bottle^,  v.,  +  -er^ ;  but  historically 
a  var.  of  butler.']  One  who  bottles ;  specifically, 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  bottle  wine,  spirits, 
ale,  etc. 

bottle-rack  (bot'1-rak),  n.  A  rack  for  holding 
bottles  placed  in  it  mouth  downward  to  drain. 

bottle-screw  (bot'1-skro),  ».    A  corkscrew. 

bottle-Stand  (bot'l-stand),  ».  1.  A  cruet- 
stand. —  2.  A  wooden  rest  for  draining  bottles 
after  washing. 

bottle-Stoop  (bot'1-stop),  n.  In  med.,  a  wooden 
block  grooved  above  to  hold  a  wide-mouthed 
bottle  obliquely  so  that  a  powder  may  be  easily 
extracted  from  it  with  a  knife  in  dispensing. 

bottle-tit  (bot'1-tit),  n.  A  name  of  the  long- 
tailed  titmouse,  Pants  caudattis  or  Acredula 
caudata:  so  called  from  its  curious  large,  pen- 
sile, bottle-shaped  nest.  See  cut  under  titmouse. 

bottle-track  (bot'1-trak),  n.  The  course  pur- 
sued in  the  ocean  by  a  bottle  thrown  over- 
board with  a  note  of  latitude,  longitude,  and 
date,  and  so  affording  some  data  for  estimat- 
ing the  set  and  velocity  of  currents.  See 
bottle-chart. 

bottle-tree  (bot'1-tre),  w.    An  Australian  tree, 

-  Sterculia  ntpestris,  so  called  from  the  shape  of 
its  trunk, 
which  re- 
sembles a 
soda  -  water 
bottle.  The 
natives  make 
nets  of  its  fibers 
and  quench 
their  thirst 
from  reservoirs 
of  sap  which 
are  formed  in 
the  stem. 

bottle-wax 

(bot'1-waks), 
n.  Astiffwax 
used  to  seal 
the  mouths 
of  bottles 
and  jars. 

bottling-machine  (bot'ling-ma-shen"),  n.  A 
machine  for  filling  and  corking  bottles. 

bottom  (bot'um),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial,  also  bot- 
ton;  =  Sc.  boddem,  boddum,  etc..  <  ME.  bottom, 
bottome,  botome,  botym,  botme,  earlier  bothom, 
boflium,  botltam,  <  AS.  botm  =  OS.  bodom  = 
OFries.  *bodem,  boden,  North  Fries,  bom, 
NFries.  boem,  beam  =  D.  bodem  =  LG.  bodden 
=  OHG.  bodam,  MHG.  bodem,  G.  boden  =  Icel. 
botn  =  OSw.  botn,  Sw.  batten  =  ODan.  bodn, 
Dan.  bund,  bottom;  prob.  =  L.  f  audits  (for 
*f \ulnus)  (whence  ult.  E.  fund,  found2,  J'otnidn- 
Kon,  fundamental,  etc.)  =  Gr.  m>6[i>/i;  bottom, 
=  Skt.  budhna,  depth,  ground.  Cf.  Gael,  bonn, 
sole,  foundation,  bottom,  =  Ir.  bonn,  sole,  =  W. 
ban,  stem,  base,  stock.]  I.  «.  1.  The  lowest 
or  deepest  part  of  anything,  as  distinguished 
from  the  top ;  utmost  depth,  either  literally  or 
figuratively ;  base ;  foundation ;  root :  as,  "the 
bottom  of  a  hill,  a  tower,  a  tree,  of  a  well  or 
other  cavity,  of  a  page  or  a  column  of  figures. 

Ye  consider  not  the  matter  to  the  bottom. 

l.titiitn'i:  Mi  Scrm.  bef.  F,dw.  VI.,  1549. 

Objections  .  .  .  built  on  the  same  bottom.      Atterbury. 

All  customs  were  founded  upon  some  >>"tt>tt/i  nf  reason. 

Sir  T.  Bi-virnf.  I  rn-lnirial,  i. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water:  as,  a 
rocky  bottom ;  a  sandy  bottom ;  to  lie  on  the 
bottom  of  the  sea. — 3.  In  phyg.  geog.,  the  low 


Bottle-tree  (Sterctilia  rufestris). 


bottom 

land  adjacent  to  a  river,  especially  when  the 
river  in  larjje  and  the  level  area  is  of  consider- 
able extent.  Also  called  biitliiin-lni"1. 

on  both  shores  ,,f  that  fruitful  bottom  are  still  to  be 
seen  the  marks  of  ancient  cdillrcs. 

.I.////'./,//,  Travels  in  Italy. 

For  weeks    together   Indians  would    have   their  squalid 
camps  about  Illinois  Town,  and  in  the  bottaml  toward  the 

Big  .Mound.  I''.  Hiirnnn.  lire- p.   1" '•'>. 

4.  Iii  iiiiniii/i.  that  whieh  is  lowest;  in  Penn- 
sylvania coal-wiiiing,  tlie  door,  bottom-roekjor 
stratum  on  whieh  a  eoal-seain  rests. —  B.  The 
lower  or  hinder  extremity  of  the  trunk  of  an 
animal;  the  buttoeks;  I  he  sitting  part  of  man. 
Hence— 6.  The  portion  of  a  chair  on  which 
one  wits;  the  seat. 

V,  two  chairs  were  alike;  such  high  backs  and  low- 
backs,  and  li  ather  bottom*  and  Worsted  lniHum*.      lrrin:i. 

7.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  below  the  wales ; 

lieliee,  the  ship  itself. 
They  had  a  well-rigg'd  Imttuni,  fully  maim  d. 

I  am  Infonncd  .  .  .  that  the  governor  .  .  .  had  deter-     ground-angling. 

mined  to  issue  a  proclamation  for  admitting  provisions  in   bottom-glade  (bot  um-glau),  n. 
American  botlonu,  but  an  arrival  of  a  vessel  from  Con-     ]ev  between  hills :  a  dale. 
necticut  prevented  it. 

S.  Adanu,  in  Bancroft's  Hist.  Const.,  I.  45s. 

at  the 


They  [worsted  goods]  should  be  liotlom.-il  with  indigo. 

tttHt,  v.  ic,. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  rest;  be  based. 

iin  what  foundation  any  proposition  advanced  botlonu. 

Lockf. 

2.  To  strike  against  the  bottom  or  end :  as,  a 

piston  linttiiiiix  when  it  strikes  against  the  end 
of  the  cylinder.  Bottoming  of  gear-teeth,  the 

rubbing  of  the  points  of  the  teeth  of  one  of  a  pair  of  gear- 
wheels against  the  rim  between  the  roots  of  the  teeth  of 
tin  other  :  a  result  of  a  false  adjustment. 

bottom-captain  (bot'um-kap'tan),  «.  In  min- 
ing, the  superintendent  of  miners  in  the  deep- 
est working  part. 

bottomed  (bot'umd),  a.  [<  bottom  +  -erf2.] 
1.  Having  a  bottom  (of  the  particular  kind 
indicated  in  composition) :  as,  fi&t-bottomed ; 
bro&d-bottomed ;  a  full-bottomed  wig. — 2.  Un- 
derlaid ; 


boudoir 

bottom-tool  (bot'um-tOl),  M.     In  turning,  a  tool 
with  a  bent  end,  used  for  working  on  the  inside 
of  the  bottoms  of  hollow  work. 
botton6  (bot-on-a'),  /'.  /'.     Same  as  button;/. 
bottony  (bot'on-i),  n.     [Also  written 
botonr,  <  OF.  liotnii in';  pp.  of  butmincr  (F.  bou- 
linini'i-),  oniainent  \\itli  limls  cir  but- 
tons, <  botnii,  [•'.  linutini,  a  bud,  but- 
qi  ^-\     ton:  see  Imtlnu.]     In  /// r., decorated 
i-vx^    with  buds,  knobs,  or  buttons  at  the 
extremities,  generally  in  groups  of 
three,  forming  trefoils.    Also  called 
bottoned,   botoned.    and    sometimes 
trefoiled  or  treffled.     See  cross. 
botts  (botn),  n.  /it.     See  boft. 
botuliform  (bot'u-li-form),  a.     [<  L.  botulus,  a 
sausage   (>  ult.  E.   bowel),    +  forma,   form.] 
Shaped  like  a  small  sausage ;  allantoid. 


A    Cro»  Bot- 
tony Or. 


ley  between  hills ;  a  dale. 


Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts 

That  brow  this  bottom-ijlatle.    Milton,  Comus,  1. 532. 

Grass  growing 


Anopeuval-  bouche  (bosn),  n.     [F.,  <   OF.   bouche,  bmtce, 
boche,  buche,  etc.,  mouth,  <  L.  buccu,  cheek:  see 
,  and  cf.  boeca.]    If.  In  the  ancient  French 


often  found  at  the  bottom  of  a  smelting-fur-  i«S  ground-gru. 
nace  when  the  operation  has  not  been  skil-  JjN^g..— -JM-J^JJ-gg 
fully  conducted:  chiefly  used  in  reference  to  Bait|c  a,,,i  the  Cattegat  than  in  the  open  ocean  -  chiefly, 
copper-smelting. — 10.  Power  of  endurance;  jt  seems  probable,  on  account  of  the  shallowness  of  these 
stamina;  native  strength:  as,  a  horse  of  good  seas.  £neyc.  Brit.,  III.  295. 
bottom.— 11.  Milit. :  (a)  A  circular  disk  with  bottoming-hole  (bot'um-ing-hol),  ».  In  glass- 
holes  to  hold  the  rods  in  the  formation  of  a  making,  the  open  mouth  of  a  furnace  at  which 
gabion,  (b)  Same  as  6o«oi»-y</a,<>.— 12.  In  shoe-  a  globe  of  crown-glass  is  exposed  during  the 
milking,  the  sole,  heel,  and  shank  of  a  shoe ;  all  progress  of  its  manufacture,  in  order  to  soften 
that  is  below  the  upper. — 13.  In  railroads,  the  it  and  allow  it  to  assume  an  oblate  form, 
ballast  ing  about  the  ties. — 14.  A  platform  BUS-  bottoming-tap  (bot 'um-ing-tap),  n.  A  tap 
pended  from  a  scale,  on  which  the  thing  to  be  used  for  cutting  a  perfect  thread  to  the  bottom 
weighed  is  placed. —  15f.  A  clue  or  nucleus  on  of  a  hole. 

which  to  wind  thread;  the  thread  so  wound,  bottom-land  (bot'um-land),  n.    Same  as  bot- 

Bp.  Warburton;  Bacon.  torn,  3. 


And  beat  me  to  death  with  a  bottom  of  brown  thread. 
SAai.,  T.  of  the  s.,  iv.  3. 


16f.  The  cocoon  of  a  silkworm. 


After  making  nearly  a  semicircle  around  the  pond,  they 
diverged  from  the  water-course,  and  began  to  ascend  to 
the  level  of  a  slight  elevation  In  that  bottom-land  over 
which  they  journeyed.        Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxii. 
Silkworms  finish  their  bottoua  in  about  fifteen  days.  '  '  f          .  ,    ..,   ,     .       , 

Mortimer,  bottomless  (bot  um-les),  a.    [<  bottom  +  -less.] 

17  In  diieinq,  a  color  applied  to  a  fabric  with  Without  a  bottom.  Hence  — (a)  Groundless; 
a  view  of  giving  a  peculiar  hue  to  a  dye  which  unsubstantial ;  false :  as,  "  bottomless  specula- 
is  to  be  subsequently  applied. 

Sandal  wood  is  employed,  chiefly  on  the  continent,  to 
give  a  bottom  to  woolen  cloth  which  is  to  be  afterwards 
dyed  with  indigo. 

Caimrt,  Dyeing  and  Callco-Printing,  p.  131. 
At  bottom,  in  reality,  especially  as  opposed  to  external 
appearance ;  fundamentally  ;  essentially :  as,  he  Is  sincere 
at  bottom. 


tions," 


monarchy,  the  service  of  the  king's  table,  under 
the  direction  of  the  master  of  the  king's  house- 
hold. A  large  number  of  officers  of  different  ranks,  and 
having  accurately  denned  duties,  formed  this  establish- 
ment. 

2.  A  certain  allowance  of  provisions  made  by 
a  king  to  those  who  obeyed  nis  summons  to  the 
field,  according  to  the  feudal  system  of  military 
service.  Hence  — 3t.  Any  supply  of  provisions ; 
food.  Formerly  corruptly  bouge. 

A  bombard-man  that  brought  bouge.  for  a  country  lady 
or  two  that  fainted,  he  said,  with  fasting. 

It.  Jonnon,  Masque  of  Love  Restored. 

4.  In  medieval  armor,  a  notch  or  indentation  in 
the  upper  right-hand  edge  of  the  shield,  allow- 
ing a  weapon  to  be  passed  through  it.    In  the 
justing  shield,   this  was  sometimes  of  the    form  of   a 
diagonal  slit  terminating  in  a  round  hole  of  the  size  of 
the  lance-shaft 

5.  In   ordnance,   a  short  cylinder  of  copper 
placed  in  a  counterbore  in  the  face  of  the 
breech-block,  and  through  which  the  vent  of  a 
piece  of  breech-loading  ordnance  is  drilled ;  a 
bushing.    When  this  copper  cylinder  extends  through 
the  walls  of  the  piece,  It  is  called  a  nent-piece  or  ceitt-b<i»h- 
iiuj.     See  bushing. 

6.  The  mouth  of  a  firearm  of  any  kind;  the 
bore. 

bouche,  bouch  (b6sh),  v.   t. ;    pret.   and 


bouche,  bouch  (Wish),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
bouched,  ppr.  bunching.  .[<  boucltc^  ».]  To 
form  or  drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in,  as  in  a 


Burlre. 

He  fond  but  botmeteji  behestes. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  v.  1431. 

(b)  Fathomless;  unfathomable;  inexhaustible:  gun  which  has  been  spiked, 

as,  a  bottomless  abyss  or  ocean.  bouchee  (bo-sha'),  11.     [F.,  <  bouche,  mouth.] 

Is  not  my  sorrow  deep,  having  no  bottom?  A  patty  or  small  pie;   a  bonbon;  any  dainty 

Then  lie  my  passions  battomleM  with  them.  supposed  to  be  a  mouthful. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ill.  1.  boucherf,  n.   [Early  mod.  E.  also  boirchyer,  late 

bottom-lift   (bot' urn-lift),    «.     In  mining,   the  ME.  botcger,  appar.  <  bouge,  a  bag,  wallet:  see 


„,.„ 


MTMU     IllUJ     HIC     M»«CI      |'(»l  If  v>i    n     ISVA,     ni;an,     wu»f    w  ~j t j  ffiv.  l_        1 

simulate  the  liottom  and  form  a  secret  compartment.—  bottom-plate   (bot  um-plat),    li.      1.    The  bed 


Every  body  was  sure  there  was  some  reason  for  it  at 

bottom.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. ,  .,  ..  ,  _,,  „   , 

Bottom-discharge  water-wheel,  a  turbine  which  dis-     deepest  or  bottom  tier  of  pumps.  bouge1.    But  perhaps  a  var.  of  bowser,  q.  v.j 

charges  the  water  at  the  bottom  instead  of  at  the  sides.—  bottommost  (bot'um-inost),   a.     [<   bottom  +  treasurer;  a  bursar.     Stonyhurst. 

-mont.    Cf.  topmost,  etc.]    Situated  at  the  very  boucherize   (bo'sher-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 

bottom;  lowest.     [Rare.]  boucherised,  \n()T. boucherizing.    [<T Auguste  Boa- 

"lottom-plate  (bot'um-plat),   n.     1.   The  bed  ,•//,,•/,•  (1801-1871),  a  French  chemist,  inventor 

supporting  the  carriage  of  a  printing-press. —  of  the  process,  +  -tie.]     To  impregnate  (tim- 

2.  The  bed  of  knives  immediately  beneath  the  her)  with  sulphate  of  copper  as  a  preservative, 
cylinder  of  a  pulping-engine.    It  Is  formed  of  a  bouchette  (bo-shef),  n.     [Appar.  F.,  dim.  of 
number  of  knife-plates  placed  flat  against  each  other,  bouchf  a  mouth.]    In  medieval  armor,  the  large 

^w^SS!r«aii\s^&~  5£^is!££^1<22Z£t**' 

Between  these  two  sets  of  knives  the  raw  material,  as     breastplate  to  the  upper  one.     fairnolt. 
rags,  wood,  or  other  substance,  Is  ground  to  pulp.  bouching  (bo'shing),  ».     Same  as  bushing. 

3.  In  ordnance,  a  plate  used  in  building  up  bouching-bit  (Wshing-bit),  n.     [<  bmiching, 
grape  and  canister  into  a  cylinder  ready  for    verbal  n.  of  bouche,  v.,   +  Wt1.]     An  instru- 
Foading  into  a  gun.   Cast-iron  top-  and  bottom-plates    ment  used  for  boring  a  hole  in  the  vent-field 


To  be  at  the  bottom  of,  to  underlie  as  a  cause  ;  be  the 
real  author,  source,  or  cause  of. 

She  has  another  lover,  one  Beverley,  who,  I  am  told,  is 
now  in  Bath.—  Odds  slanders  and  lies!  he  must  be  at  the 
h.tiom  «/lt.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  ill.  4. 

To  drain  the  cup  to  the  bottom.  See  cup.—  To  stand 
on  one's  own  bottom,  to  be  independent  ;  act  for  one's 

self. 

II.  a.  [Attrib.  use  of  noun.]  Situated  at  the 
bottom  ;  lowest  ;  undermost  ;  fundamental  :  as, 
the  bottom  stair;  the  bottom  coin  of  a  pile. 

This  is  the  bottom  fact  of  the  whole  political  situation. 

Nineteenth  Ceiilvry,  XX.  29(1. 
Bottom  heat,    see  i,,,it. 

bottom  (bot'um),  f.  [<  bottom,  «.]  I.  truiix. 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  bottom:  as,  to  bottom  a 
shoo  or  a  chair.  —  2.  To  found  or  build  upon  ; 
fix  upon  as  a  support  ;  base. 

Those  false  and  dcccivm;:  grounds  upon  which  many 
l*itt,nii  their  eternal  state.  South. 

Action  is  supposed  to  he  bottomed  upon  principle. 

Up.  Atterbury. 

3.  To  fathom  ;  reach  or  get  to  the  bottom  of. 

The  spirit  of  self-will,  of  insistenre  on  mir  own  views, 
which  we  have  im>l,;i!ilv  in  \i  r  really  /Wfom"/,  1,1  tv;trnl 
to  principles.  QMfMfNfWni  AV'\.  I-  ;;.V. 

4f.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a 
bull  of  thread. 

Therefore,  as  you  unwind  her  love  from  him, 

l.t  -l  it  should  ravel,  and  lie  good  to  none. 
You  must  provide  to  ftoffoj/i  it  mi  me. 

Shak.,  T.  li.  of  V..  iii.  •_'. 

5.  In  /li/riiii/.  to  ilye  first  with  a  certain  color 
in  preparation  for  another. 


are  uaeJ  for  grape,  and  wrought-iron  ones  for  canister. 
Also  called  bottom. 

bottomry  (bot'um-ri),  ».  [Formerly  also  bot- 
tomrrif,  buttimiari/,  bottonnnarie,  bodomery,  etc.; 
=  F.  bomerie  =  G'.  bodmerei  =  Dan.  Sw.  bwlmeri, 
<  D.  bodemerij,  bottomry :  see  bottom  and  -ery, 


of  a  gun  to  receive  the  copper  plug,  or  bouche, 
through  which  the  vent  is  afterward  drilled. 
Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc. 

•oud1,  bowd  (boud),  n.    [<  ME.  bude,  budde, 
boude,  origin  uncertain ;  cf.  AS.  budda,  'scearn- 
,     budda  (occurs  once  improp.  written  scearnbu- 

-ri/.]  Inman«etair,theactofborrowingmonej  }  M£  seharnblMi(le  a  dung-beetle.]    An  in- 

and  pledging  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  that  is,  the         j.''^  breeds  in  grain,  a  weevii.     [Pmy. 
ship  itself,  as  security  for  its  repayment.    The     p      -, 

•TO^^X^SS^^^BSW^  bond*  (bod).     [Also  written  too**,*,  boot 

,...  »_-  .K.     etc^  eontr.  of  behooved,  pret.  of  behoove.]    A 

Scotch  contraction  of  behooved. 

They  both  did  cry  to  Him  above 

To  save  their  souls,  for  they  boud  die. 

Border  MiiutreUy,  III.  140.    (Jamieton.) 

[P.,  <  boudrr,  pout,  sulk, 

+  -<«>,  denoting  place.]    A  small  room  to  which 
a  lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which  she 
may  receive  her  intimate  friends. 
They  «ng  to  him  to  cory  boudoir,.  ^ ^^  ^ 


on  a  voyage,  and  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the 

money.    If  the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money  , 

but  if  the  ship  arrives  safe,  he  is  to  receive  the  money  lent, 

with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulated,  although  it  may 

exceed  the  legal  rate  of  interest.    The  Uckle  of  the  ship 

also  is  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as  the  person  of  the 

iHirrower.    When  a  loan  is  made  upon  the  goods  shipped,  /vx'j       .•>    , 

the  borrower  is  -aid  to  take  up  money  at  /v«/.i/i///-i/lm.  as    DOUQOir  ( I>O  <twor),  H. 

he  is  Imlllnl  personally  to  answer  the  contract.    When  the 

ship  alone  is  pledged,  the  contract   is  called  a  /..»<>/. i«< 

iHind;  but  when  Imtli  ship  and  cargo  are  pledged,  it  is 

called  a  ,-'^i»'iitl.->tti<t  bond. 

A  master  of  a  ship,  who  had  borrowed  twice  his  money 
upon  the  bottoniary.  Pei'iJ*,  War)',  II.  W- 


bouffant 

bouffant  (F.  prou.  bo-fon'),  «.  [F.,  ppr.  of 
bouffer,  puff,  swell.]  Puffed  out:  as,  a  skirt 
very  bouffant  at  the  back. 

bouffeM,  »'•  [Late  ME.,  <  OF.  bouffee,  a  puff 
(cf.  bmiffe,  a  swollen  or  swelling  cheek),  <  bouf- 
fer, swell  the  cheeks:  see  buff2,  }>uff.]  A  puff, 
as  of  flame.  Caxton. 

bouffe-  (bof),  ii.  [<  F.  bouffe,  <  It.  buffa,  jest:  see 
buffoon.]  Opera  bouffe ;  comic  opera.  Seeopsro. 

bouffons  (bo'fonz),  «.  [F.  bouffon,  a  buffoon.] 
Same  as  matanxiiix. 

Bougainvillea  (bo-gan-vil'e-a), n.  [NL., named 
after  A.  de  Bougainville,  a  French  navigator  of 
the  18th  century.]  A  nyctaginaceous  genus  of 
climbing  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical South  America.  The  numerous  flowers  are 
in  clusters  of  three,  subtended  by  as  many  large  colored 
bracts.  B.  speetabilin  and  some  other  species  are  fre- 
quently cultivated  in  greenhouses,  and  are  very  orna- 
mental. 

bougar  (bo" gar),  n.  One  of  a  series  of  cross- 
spars  which  form  the  roof  of  a  cottage,  and 
serve  instead  of  laths.  [Scotch.] 

bouge1  (bo'j),  «.  [Also  bowge;  <  ME.  bouge  (< 
OF.  bouge,  huge,  F.  bouge),nov/  spelled  and  pro- 
nounced budge  (see  budge*,  budget,  etc.);  earlier 
bulge,  q.  v.  Cf.  bouge&.~\  If.  A  bag  or  wallet, 
especially  of  leather. 
Bangui  of  lether  like  bladders. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  408. 

2.  The  bilge  or  swelling  part  of  a  cask;  hence, 
the  cask  itself.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  cowrie. 
Jevons. 

bouge2t  (boj),  v.  [Also  bowge ;  a  form  of  bulge, 
bilge ;  ult.  related  to  bouge1."]  I.  intrans.  To  be 
bilged;  spring  a  leak  or  have  a  hole  knocked 
in  the  bottom ;  founder. 

Which  anchor  cast,  we  soone  the  same  forsooke, 
And  cut  it  otf,  for  fear  least  thereupon 
Our  shippes  should  bowge. 

Gascaigne,  Voyage  into  Holland. 
II.  trans.  To  stave  in  the  bottom  of  (a  ship), 
and  thus  cause  her  to  spring  a  leak ;  knock  a 
hole  in. 

The  Carick,  which  sir  Anthony  Oughtred  chased  hard  at 
the  starne,  and  bowged  her  in  divers  places. 

Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  4. 

To  bowge  and  pierce  any  enemy  ship  which  they  do  en- 
counter. Holland. 

boug63ti  "•     A  corrupt  form  of  bouche. 
bouget   (bo 'jet    or    b8-zha'),   n.      [Sometimes 
spelled   bowget;  <  F.  bougette,  a  little  pouch. 
The  regular  E.  form 
is  budget,  q.  v.     See 
bougei.]    If.  A  bud- 
get  or  pouch.    Spen- 
ser, F.  Q.,  III.  x.  29. 
-2.    fn    her.,   the  Bol*ets- 

figure  of  a  vessel  for  carrying  water,  it  is  meant 
to  represent  a  yoke  with  two  leathern  pouches  attached 
to  it,  formerly  used  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  an 
army.  Also  called  water-bouget. 

bough1  (bou),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow,  boice, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bough,  bogh,  bog,  boge,  bowe,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bog,  boh,  the  arm,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
also  a  branch  of  a  tree  (the  latter  sense  pecu- 
liar to  E.  and  AS.),  =  MD.  boech,  D.  boeg,  bow 
of  a  ship,  =  MLG.  bock,  bucti,  shoulder,  bow  of 
a  ship;  OHG.  buoy,  upper  part  of  the  arm 
or  leg,  shoulder,  hip,  shoulder  of  an  animal, 
MHG.  buoc,  G.  bug,  shoulder,  withers  (of 
horses),  =  Icel.  bogr  =  Norw.  bog  =  Sw.  bog  = 
Dan.  bov,  shoulder  of  an  animal,  bow  of  a  ship 
( >  E.  bowS),  =  Gr.  vr^uf ,  dial.  Trd^tif ,  the  fore- 
arm, =  Skt.  bdhu,  the  arm,  forearm ;  root  un- 
known, but  not  connected  with  bow1  (AS.  bugan, 
etc.),  bend,  with  some  derivatives  of  which, 
however,  the  word  has  been  in  part  confused. 
A  doublet  of  bowZ,  q.  v.]  1.  An  arm  or  branch 
of  a  tree. 

Say  thou,  whereon  I  carved  her  name, 

If  ever  maid  or  spouse 
As  fair  as  my  Olivia  came 
To  rest  heneath  thy  bongla. 

TVn nt/mm,  Talking  Oak. 
2f.  The  gallows. 

Some  who  have  not  deserved  judgement  of  death,  though 
otherwise  perhaps  offending,  have  beene  for  their  goods 
sake  caught  up,  and  carryed  straight  to  the  bough. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

bough1  (bou),  v.  t.    [<  bough1,  ?(.]    To  cover 
over  or  shade  with  boughs.     [Poetic.] 
A  mossy  track,  all  over  boughed 
For  half  a  mile  or  more. 

Coleridge,  Three  Graves. 

bought,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  boti-s. 
bough3!,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buff'*. 
bough4t,  interj.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bo2. 
bough-house  (bou'hous),  n.  A  blind  constructed 

of  boughs  for  the  concealment  of  a  sportsman 

from  the  game. 


640 

bough-pot  (bou'pot),  n.  [Also  written  bowpot, 
and  perversely  beau-pot;  <  bough1  +  pot.']  1. 
A  pot  or  vase  for  holding  flowers  or  boughs  for 
ornament. 

Sir  Oliver  S.  You  have  no  land,  I  suppose  ? 
Charlet  S.  Not  a  mole-hill,  nor  a  twig,  but  what's  in 
the  bough-pots  out  of  the  window. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ill.  3. 

2.  A  nosegay  or  bouquet. 

And  I  smell  at  the  beautiful,  beautiful  bow-pot  he  brings 
me,  winter  and  summer,  from  his  country-house  at  Haver- 
stock-hill.  O.  A.  Sala,  The  late  Mr.  D . 

3.  The  more  or  less  conventional  representa- 
tion in  ornamental  work  of  a  bouquet  or  vase 
full  of  flowers.    Dutch  cabinets  of  inlaid  wood  have 
for  their  most  common  decoration  bough-pots  in  panels. 

bought1!  (bout),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  written 
baughte,  bughte,  etc.,  also  bout,  bou-t,  etc.,  now 
reg.  with  partial  differentiation  of  meaning  bout 
(see  bout1) ;  <  ME.  bought,  boicght,  bougt,  *bugt, 
prob.  a  var.,  reverting  to  the  original  vowel 
of  the  verb,  of  ME.  bygt,  bigt,  bight  (mod. 
E.  bight,  q.  v.),  <  AS.  bylit,  a  bend  (=  MLG. 
LG.  bucltt,  >  D.  bogt,  G.  buclit,  Sw.  Dan.  btigt, 
a  bend,  turn,  bay,  bight;  cf.  Icel.  bugdha, 
a  bend,  a  coil),  <  bugan  (pp.  bogen),  E.  bow, 
bend:  see  tow;1.]  1.  Abend;  flexure;  curve; 
a  hollow  angle. 
Mai  fern,  a  nialander  in  the  bought  of  a  horse's  knee. 

Cotffrave, 

2.  A  bend  or  curve  in  a  coast-line.  See  bight. 
— 3.  A  bend,  flexure,  turn,  loop,  coil,  or  knot, 
as  in  a  rope  or  chain,  or  in  a  serpent ;  a  fold  in 
cloth.  See  bout1. 

In  knots  and  many  bouyhteii  upwound. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i  15. 
The  dragon-tom<7A(*  and  elvish  emblemings 
Began  to  move,  seethe,  twine,  and  curl. 

Tennyxon,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

bought1!,  ".   t.     [Early  mod.  E.    also  bowght, 

bowt;  <  bought1,  n.~\     To  bend;  fold;  wind. 
bought2  (bat).     Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

buy. 

bought3,  boucht  (bucht),  ».  Same  as  bught. 
boughten  (ba'tn),  «.  A  form  of  bought2,  weak 
past  participle  of  buy,  used  adjectively,  and 
assimilated  to  strong  participial  forms  in  -en : 
chiefly  used  in  poetry,  and  colloquially  in  the 
United  States  in  the  sense  of  purchased,  as  op- 
posed to  home-made. 

For  he  who  buried  him  was  one  whose  faith 
Recked  not  of  boughten  prayers  nor  passing  bell. 

Southey,  Madoc  in  Wales,  xiv. 

She  had  some  good  clothes  in  a  chist  in  the  bedroom, 
and  a  boughten  bonnet  with  a  good  cypress  veil. 

S.  0.  Jewett,  Deephaven,  p.  201. 

boughtyt  (bou'ti), «.  [<  bought1  +  -y1.]  Having 
boughts  or  bends ;  bending.  Sherwood. 

bpughy  (bou'i),  a.  [<  bough1  +  -y1."]  Abound- 
ing in  boughs. 

bougie  (bo'ji ;  F.  pron.  bo-zhe'),  n.  [F.,  a  wax 
candle,  a  bougie,  =  Pr.  bugia  =  It.  bugia  =  Sp. 
bujia  =  Pg.  bugia,  a  wax  candle,  <  Bugia,  F. 
Bougie,  AT.  Sijiyah,  a  town  in  Algeria,  whence 
these  candles  were  imported  into  Europe.] 

1.  A  wax  candle  or  waxlight. 

Sometimes  the  bougie*  are  perfumed  with  essences,  so 
that  in  burning  they  may  give  off  an  agreeable  odour. 

Workshop  Receipts,  1st  ser.,  p.  359. 

2.  A  slender  cylinder,   smooth  and  flexible, 
used  to  dilate  or  open  the  rectum,  urethra,  or 
esophagus,  in  cases  of  stricture  or  other  dis- 
eases of  those  parts. 

bouillabaisse  (bo-lya-bas'), ».  [F.,<  Pr.  bouille- 
abaisse,  equiv.  to  F  "bouillon  abaisse :  bouillon, 
broth,  soup  (see  bouillon) ;  abaisse,  pp.  of  abais- 
ser,  reduce :  see  abase."]  In  cookery,  a  kind  of 
fish-chowder  popular  in  some  parts  of  France, 
especially  at  Marseilles. 

This  BmiillabaiKW  a  noble  dish  is, 

A  sort  of  soup,  or  broth,  or  stew, 
Or  hotchpotch  of  all  sorts  of  fishes, 

That  Greenwich  never  could  out-do ; 
Green  herbs,  red  peppers,  mussels,  saffern, 

Soles,  onions,  garlic,  roach  and  dace ; 
All  these  you  cat  at  Terra's  tavern 
In  that  one  dish  of  BauUlalmiste. 

Thackeray,  Ballad  of  Bouillabaisse. 
bouilli  (bo'lye;  F.  pron.  bo-ye'),  »,  [F.,  prop, 
pp.  of  bouillir,  boil:  see  boil12.]  Meat  boiled 
with  vegetables,  especially  in  making  bouillon ; 
boiled  or  stewed  meat  of  any  kind. 
bouillon  (bo'lyon;  F.  pron.  b6-y6ii'),  n.  [F., 
broth,  soup,  etc.  (see  bullion?),  <  bouillir,  boil : 
see  boil2.]  1.  A  kind  of  clear  soup,  consisting 
of  the  strained  liquid  from  a  slow  and  prolong- 
ed boiling  of  meat  (usually  beef)  in  the  piece 
and  sometimes  whole  vegetables. —  2.  In  far- 
riery, an  excrescence  of  flesh  in  a  wound; 
proud  flesh. 


boule 

bouk1  (bouk  or  bok),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bouke,  Sc.  bulk,  <  ME.  bonk,  boukc,  buke,  boot;,  < 
AS.  biic,  the  belly,  =  OS.  Mk  =  D.  bulk  =  MLG. 
buk  =  OHG.  buh,  MHG.  biich,  G.  baticlt,  the  belly, 
=  Icel.  bukr,  trunk  of  the  body,  =  Sw.  buk  = 
Dan.  bug,  the  belly.  In  later  ME.  and  mod.  E. 
confused  with  bouk2  =  bulk1,  q.  v.]  If.  The 
belly.— 2.  The  trunk  of  the  body;  hence,  the 
body  itself.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

bouk'2t,  ».  [ME.,  var.  of  bulk1,  q.  v.]  Same  as 
bulk1. 

bouk3  (bouk),  v.     A  dialectal  form  of  bolk. 

bouk4,  r.  t.     A  dialectal  form  of  buck$. 

boul,  bool2  (bol),  n.  [North.  E.  and  Sc.,  earlier 
also  boicle,  boule;  perhaps  <  MD.  boghel  =  MLG. 
bagel  (=  G.  biigel),  a  bow,  hoop,  ring;  ult.  =  E. 
bail1,  q.  v.]  1.  Abend;  curvature. —  2.  The 
curved  or  semicircular  handle  of  a  pot,  kettle, 
etc. ;  especially,  in  the  plural,  a  movable  han- 
dle in  two  parts,  jointed  in  the  middle,  for  a 
pot  with  ears;  a  bail. — 3.  A  loop  or  annular 
part  serving  as  a  handle  for  something.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  One  of  the  hoops  or  rounded  openings  for  the 
thumb  or  finger  in  the  handles  of  scissors,  (b)  The  loop 
which  forms  the  handle  of  a  key.  (c)  The  ring  on  the 
case  of  a  watch  to  which  the  chain  or  guard  is  attached. 

boulangerite  (bo-lan'jer-It),  n.  [<  Soulanger, 
the  discoverer,  +  -ite2.]  In  mineral.,  a  sulphid 
of  antimony  and  lead,  occurring  in  plumose, 
granular,  and  compact  masses,  of  a  bluish  lead- 
gray  color  and  metallic  luster. 

boulder  (bol'der),  n.  [Also  written  bowlder, 
bolder,  dial,  bowder,  bootlier;  short  for  the  ear- 
lier boulder-stone,  dial,  bowther-,  boother-stone, 
Sc.  bowlderstane  ;  <  ME.  bulderxton,  a  boulder  ; 
cf.  Sw.  dial,  bullersten,  a  large  pebble  or  stone 
in  a  stream,  one  that  causes  a  rippling  in  the 
water  (opposed  to  klappersten,  small  pebble),  < 
bullra  (=Dan.  buldre),  make  a  loud  noise  (cf.  E. 
dial,  bolder,  make  a  loud  report,  bolder,  a  loud 
report,  Sc.  buller,  roar,  rattle  as  stones  falling, 
butter,  a  roaring,  =  MD.  bolderen,  bulderen,  D. 
bulderen,  roar,  rage,  =  MLG.  bulderen  =  G. 
poltern,  make  a  noise,  rattle,  cf.  bullern,  make 
a  loud  noise,  grumble),  +  sfa'«  =  E.  stone;  but 
there  is  no  sufficient  proof  that  the  E.  and  Sw. 
forms  are  connected.]  A  loose  rock,  or  one 
which  has  been  torn  from  its  native  bed  and 
transported  to  some  distance.  As  ordinarily  used, 
the  word  indicates  a  piece  of  rock  which  is  larger  than  a 
pebble  or  cobble,  whose  edges  have  become  weather-worn 
and  more  or  less  rounded,  and  which  lies  upon  the  sur- 
face. 

boulder  (bol'der), »,'.  t.  [<  boulder,  ».]  To  wear 
smooth,  as  an  emery-wheel,  by  abrading  with 
small  flint  pebbles.  Also  spelled  bowlder. — 
Boulclered  down,  said  of  metal  polishing-wheels  or  laps 
when  emery  and  oil  are  spread  over  them,  then  pressed 
into  the  metal  and  worn  down  with  bouldering-stones. 

boulder-clay  (bol'der-kla),  n.  Stiff,  unlami- 
nated,  tenacious  clay,  especially  that  of  the 
glacial  or  drift  epoch  or  ice  age.  Also  called 
drift,  till. 

boulder-head  (bol'der-hed),  ».  A  row  of  piles 
driven  before  a  sea-dike  to  resist  the  action  of 
the  waves. 

bouldering-Stpne(b61'der-ing-stdn), ».  Smooth 
translucent  flint  pebbles,  found  in  gravel-pits 
and  used  to  smooth  the  faces  of  emery-wheels 
and  glazers  by  abrading  any  large  grains  of 
emery  or  other  powder  on  their  surfaces. 

boulder-paving  (border-pa"ving),  n.  A  pave- 
ment of  cobble-stones. 

boulder-stpne  (bol'der-ston),  «..  Same  as  boul- 
der, of  which  it  is  the  older  form. 

bouldery  (bol'der-i),  a.  [<  boulder  +  -yi.]  Ke- 
sembling  a  boulder ;  full  of  boulders. 

The  snperjacent  beds  consist  of  coarse  Itouhlery  shingle 
in  a  sandy  clay  matrix.  Gdkie,  Ice  Age,  p.  192. 

boule1  (boi).  n.     The  proper  French  spelling  of 

buhl. 

boule2  (bo'ie),  H.  [Gr.  /?oi>/#,  will,  counsel,  ad- 
vice, plan,  a  council,  senate,  <  ftotHteOat.  dial. 
/fttteemu,  =  L.  relle  =  AS.  villan,  E.  will :  see 
will,  «>.]  1.  In  Gr.  antiq.,  a  legislative  coun- 
cil, originally  aristocratic,  consisting  of  the 
heads  of  the  citizen  families,  sitting  under  the 
presidency  of  the  king.  Later,  in  Ionian  states, 
where  a  democratic  polity  had  prevailed,  the  boule.  par- 
ticularly at  Athens,  became  a  second  or  higher  popular 
assembly,  corresponding  to  the  senate  in  modern  govern- 
ments. At  Athens  the  boule  consisted  of  iMi  citizens  over 
30  years  of  age,  chosen  annually  by  lot,  50  from  each  tribe. 
It  hail  charge  of  the  official  religious  rites  important  in 
the  ancient  wnrlil,  and  its  chief  legislative  duties  were  to 
examine  or  prepare  bills  for  presentation  to  the  popular 
assembly  (the  real  governing  body),  which  could  modify 
<>r  reject  the  nuu-lusinns  reached  by  the  senate,  and  to 
advise  the  assembly  regarding  affairs  of  state.  The  Athe- 
nian boule  had  also  some  executive  functions,  especially 
in  ruimcctioii  with  the  management  of  the  navy  and  the 
cavalry.  Compare  geruxia. 


boule 
2.  The  legislative  assembly  of  modern  Greece. 


A  Greek  diplomat  once  told  me-  Unit  in  the  Itiml:',  "i 
Assembly,  of  his  country  no  part  of  the  government  <-\ 
penses  was  wutrhrii  ^'  dosrly  us  those  of  the  diplomatic 
service.  ^  '"'  I'riiirrt'iti  Hfr.,  I.  'Jii'i. 

boule:tt.     An  obsolete  fonn  of  lioirl. 
Bouleng6's  chronograph.    See  afevaqprqph. 

See  linlil-x,nr. 


-,      •  -. 

boulet,  boulette  (bo-la',  bo-lot'),  «.  [F.,  a 
bullet,  a  fetlock,  >  E.  bullet,  q.  v.]  In  the 
mitiiiyr,  iv  horse  \vli(p-e  fetlock  or  pastern  joint 
benils  I'orwiird  :iml  onl  of  its  natural  position. 

bouleuterion  (bo-lu-te'ri-on),  «.  ;   pi.  bmi/iiiii 
ria  (-ii).     [<<r.  ..ioi'>MT/,/imr,  <  .••foi'/'-iriv,  advise, 
take  counsel,  <  /few/.//,  counsel:  see  fcoufc8.]    In 
ancient  and  modern  Greece,  a  senate-house  or 
assembly-chamber. 

boulevard  (tm'le-viinl;  F.pron.b61'var),».  £F.; 
older  forms  Imiili  rcrt,  botileverc,  <  D.  or  MLG. 
IIII/IITI-I;.  (!.  hollin-rk,  bulwark:  see  bulwark.  \ 
Originally,  a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortifica- 
tion or  fortified  town  ;  hence,  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished  fortifi- 
cations. The  name  Is  now  sometimes  extended  to  any 
street  or  walk  encircling  a  town,  and  also  to  a  street  which 
Is  of  especial  width,  is  given  a  park-like  appearance  by  re- 
serving spaces  at  tin:  sides  or  center  for  shade-trees,  now- 
ere,  seats,  and  the  like,  anil  is  not  used  for  heavy  teaming. 

boulevardier  (bS'le-viir-der;  P.  pron.  bol-var- 
dya'),  ii.  [F.,  <  boulerard,  boulevard.]  One  who 
frequents  a  boulevard,  especially  in  Paris. 

bouleversement  (b8-le-vers'ment),  n.  [P.,  < 
houlei'ersa;  overthrow,  overturn,  <  boule,  a  ball 
(>  E.  bowl?),  +  verser,  turn,  overturn,  <  L.  ver- 
sare,  turn  :  see  verse,  etc.]  A  turning  upside 
down  ;  the  act  of  overturning  ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing overturned;  overthrow;  overturn;  subver- 
sion; hence,  generally,  convulsion  or  confusion. 

boule-work  (bol'werk),  «.     Same  as  bttM. 

boulimia,  boulimy  (bo-lim'i-a,  bo'li-mi),  «. 
Same  its  luiliiiiia. 

boulinikon  (bo-lin'i-kon),  ii.  [A  trade-name, 
<  Gr.  foiif,  ox,  +  /U»w,  flax,  linen.]  A  kind  oji 
oilcloth  made  from  a  pulp  composed  of  buffalo 
or  other  raw  hide,  cotton  or  linen  rags,  and 
coarse  hair.  Encyc.  Brit. 

boulon  (bo'lon),  ».  [Native  name.]  A  harp 
with  fibrous  strings,  used  by  the  negroes  of 
Senegambia  and  Guinea. 

boultelH,  »•     Same  as  boltel. 

boultel-t,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boutell  ;  <  ME. 
bultelle,  bultell,  <  OF.  "buletel  (earlier  buretel), 
mod.  F.  bluteau,  a  meal-sieve,  <  buJeter,  mod.  F. 
bluter,  sift,  bolt  :  see  bolt8.]  1.  A  kind  of  cloth 
made  for  sifting  ;  hence,  a  sieve.  —  2.  The  bran 
or  refuse  of  meal  after  dressing. 

boultert,  «•    See  bolter?. 

boultint,  »•     Same  as  boltel. 

boulting,  ".     See  bolting^. 

bount  (boun),  a.  [The  earlier  and  proper  form 
of  bound*,  q.  v.  ;  <  ME.  boun,  bonne,  ready,  pre- 
pared^ Icel.  buinn  (>  ODan.  bunt),  ready,  pre- 
pared. pp.  of  butt,  till,  get  ready:  see  bond-, 
boor,  Sower1,  etc.}  Ready  ;  prepared  ;  on  the 
point  of  going  or  intending  to  go. 

She  wus  boun  to  go  the  way  forthright. 

Chaucer,  Franklin  is  Tale,  1.  "59. 
Well  chanced  it  that  Adolf  the  night  when  he  wed 
Had  confeas'd  and  had  sain'd  him  ere  bottnf  to  his  bed. 
Scoff,  Harold  the  Dauntless,  Iv.  14. 

bount  (boun),  r.  [<  ME.  bounen,  bmcncn,  <  boun, 
prepared:  see  boun,  «.]  I.  trans.  To  prepare; 
make  ready. 

The  kyng  boskea  lettres  anon,  to  bvu-nrn  his  bernes  [men  i. 
Joseph  of  Arimathie  (ed.  Skeat),  1.  414. 
I  wold  lii'tin  me  to  Vmtcll.       l><-«trii<-tiini  »/  Tn»j,  1.  827. 
H.  in  trans.  To  make  ready  to  go  ;  go:  as,  to 
busk  and  boun,  a  common  expression  in  old 
ballads. 

80  mourned  he.  till  Lord  Daere's  band 
Were  bowning  back  to  Cumberland. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  v.  .in. 

bounce  (bonus),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bounced,  ppr. 
bouncing.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bounse,  <  ME. 
bountii'ii.  ImnsrH,  beat,  strike  suddenly;  cf.  LG. 
bunsen,  G.  dial.  bitmlwH,  l)eat,  knock,  =  D.  bon- 
zen,  bounce,  throw;  cf.  D.  boas,  a  bounce,  Sw. 
bus,  dial,  bums  =  G.  bums,  bumbs,  bumps,  adv. 
interj.,  at  a  bounce,  at  once  ;  cf.  Icel.  /)<</«, 
imitating  the  sound  of  a  fall.  All  prob.  orig. 
imitative;  ef.bounif2  and  bump-.]  I.  trans.  If. 
To  beat;  thump;  knock;  bang. 
Wilfully  him  throwing  on  the  gnu 
Did  beat  and  liuunse  his  head  and  brest  fill  sore. 

Spenser.  F.  Q.,  IIL  il.  27. 

He  bounced  his  head  at  every  po»t  Swift. 

2.  To  cause  to  bound  or  spring:  as,  to  bounce 
a  ball.—  3.  To  eject  or  turn  out  without  cere- 
mony; expel  vigorously;  hence,  to  dismiss  or 
"ll 


641 

discharge  summarily,  as  from  one's  employ- 
ment or  post.  [Slang,  U.  S.] 

II.  iHtriiim.  If.  To  beat  hard  or  thump,  so  as 
to  make  a  sudden  noise. 

Vet  still  he  bet  and  Imuiut  upon  the  Uore. 

ajpimipjr,  K.  y.,  v.  ii.  21. 
Up,  then,  I  say,  both  young  and  old,  both  man  and  maid 

a*maylng, 

With  drums,  and  guns  that  bounce  aloud,  and  merry  tabor 
playing! 

Beau,  and  /•'(.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  Iv.  :• 

Another  bounce*  as  hard  as  he  can  knock.  N  «>' 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  anything,  so  as  to 
rebound;  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring;  spring  up 
with  a  rebound. 

Against  his  bosom  bounc'd  his  heaving  heart. 

Dryden,  1'al.  and  Arc.,  i.  566. 

3.  To  leap  or  spring;  come  or  go  unceremoni- 
ously. 

As  I  sat  quietly  meditating  at  my  table,  I  heard  some- 
thing bourne  In  at  the  closet-window. 

fiifift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  11.  5. 

4.  To  boast  or  bluster ;  exaggerate ;  lie. 

He  gives  away  countries,  and  disposes  of  kingdoms  -.  and 
bounces,  blusters,  and  swaggers,  as  If  he  were  really  sover- 
eign lord  and  sole  master  of  the  universe. 

/.'/•.  Loiclh,  Letter  to  Warburtou,  p.  14. 

If  It  had  come  to  an  oath,  I  don't  think  he  would  have 
bounced,  neither ;  but,  in  common  occurrences,  there  Is  no 
repeating  after  him.  Foote,  The  Liar,  il.  1. 

bounce  (bonus),  u.  [<  bounce,  t\]  1.  A  sudden 
spring  or  leap. — 2.  A  bound  or  rebound:  as, 
you  must  strike  the  ball  on  the  bounce. — 3.  A 
heavy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump. 

I  heard  two  or  three  Irregular  bounce*  at  my  landlady's 
door,  and  upon  the  opening  of  It,  a  loud  cheerful  voice  in- 
•  i  nil  in-  whether  the  philosopher  was  at  home. 

Addition,  Sir  Roger  at  Vauxhall. 

4f.  A  loud  heavy  sound,  as  of  an  explosion ;  a 
sudden  crack  or  noise. 
I  don't  value  her  resentment  the  bounce  of  a  cracker. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  III. 

5.  A  boast;  a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster;  boast- 
ful language;  exaggeration. — 6.  A  bold  or  im- 
pudent lie ;  a  downright  falsehood ;  a  bouncer. 
[Colloq.] 

"  Why,  whose  should  it  be?"  cried  1,  with  a  Bounce; 
"I  get  these  things  often  ;"— but  that  was  a  bounce. 

(Joldxintih,  Haunch  of  Venison,  1.  42. 
Oh,  Cicero!  .  .  .  not  once  did  you  give  utterance  to 
such  a  bounce  as  when  you  asserted,  that  never  yet  did 
human  reason  say  one  thing,  and  Nature  say  another. 

De  Quineey,  Secret  Societies,  i. 

7.  Expulsion;  discharge;  dismissal.  [Slang, 
U.  8.] — 8.  [Perhaps  of  diff.  origin.]  A  local 
English  name  of  the  dogfish  or  shark,  Scyllio- 
rli  in  us  catulus —  To  get  the  grand,  bounce,  to  be  put 
out  or  discharged  summarily  from  one's  post  or  employ- 
ment. [Slang,  U.  S.] 

bounce  (bouns),  adr.  [<bounce,  v.  and  ».]  With 
a  bounce ;  suddenly. 

Rapp'd  at  the  door,  nor  stay'd  to  ask. 
But  /ma  >,:••'  into  the  parlour  entered. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

bounceable  (boun'sa-bl),  a.  [<  bounce  +  -able.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  bounced,  as  a  ball. — 2.  In- 
clined to  bounce,  or  lie.  [Rare.] 

bouncer  (boun'ser),  n.  [<  bounce  +  -cr1.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bounces. —  2.  Something 
big  or  large  of  its  kind. 

The  stone  must  be  a  bouticer.  De  Quincey. 

3.  A  large,  strong,  vigorous  person :  as,  she  is 
a  bouncer. — 4.  A  strong  muscular  fellow  kept 
in  a  hotel,  restaurant,  or  other  public  resort,  to 
bounce  or  expel  disorderly  persons.  [Slang, 
U.  S.]— 5.  A  liar;  a  boaster;  a  bully.— 6.  A 
barefaced  lie.  [Colloq.] 

But  you  are  not  deceiving  me  ?  You  know  the  first  time 
you  came  into  my  shop  what  a  bouncer  you  told  me. 

Colman  the  Younger,  John  Bull,  11.  3. 

bouncing  (boun'sing),  p.  a.    [Ppr.  of  bounce,  r.] 
1.  Vigorous;  strong;  stout:  as,  " the  bouncing 
Amazon,"  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2;  "a  bouncing 
lass,"  Sulwfi;  IVlliuni.  xlix. — 2.  Exaggerated; 
excessive;  big.     [Colloq.] 
We  have  had  a  merry  and  a  lusty  ordinary, 
And  wine,  and  good  meat,  and  a  bouncing  reckoning. 
Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  i.  i 

3.  Lying;  bragging;  boastful. 

I  never  saw  such  a  bouncing,  swaggering  puppy  since  I 
was  born.  Qoidtmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ill. 

bouncing-bet  (boun 'sing-bet'),  ».  [That  is, 
bouncing  Bet ;  Bet,  Betsy,  familiar  forms  of  Eli- 
zabeth.] A  name  of  the  common  soapwort,  Sa- 
ponaria  officimilin.  See  Saponaria. 

bouncingly  (boun'sing-li),  adv.  Boastingly. 
Barrou;  Pope's  Supremacy. 

bound1  (bound),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bownde, 
botene;  <  ME.  boundc,  bonne,  bunne,  <  OF.  hiiHiit; 
bonne,  bone,  bune,  also  bunde,  bonds  (AP. 
bounde),  earlier  bodne.  <  ML.  bodina,  bodena 
(also,  after  OF.,  hmnni.  bonnu),  earlier  bntinfi, 


bound 

a  bound,  limit.  Cf.  bourn2,  a  variant  of  th<> 
same  word.]  1.  That  which  limits  or  circum- 
scribes; an  external  or  limiting  line;  hence, 
that  which  keeps  in  or  restrains;  limit;  con- 
fine :  as,  the  love  of  money  knows  no  bounds. 

Illimitable  ocean,  without  '<••"/,./. 

Without  diiiM-iiMon  !          M,n..,,,  I'    I.     ii.  M 

The  dismal  night  —  a  night 
In  which  the  Ixiniul*  of  lieu  veil  and  earth  were  lost. 

*  oiiiitiK  of  Arthur 

But  the  power  of  the  West-Saxon  ruler  stretched  beyond 
the  boundi  of  Wessex,  where,  eastward  of  the  Andreds- 

weald,  the  so-called  "Eastern   Klngd m   up.  d  iUelf 

round  the  centre  of  Kent.   J.  It.  Green,  i'"ii'\.  of  KnK.,p.fl6. 

2.  pi.  The  territory  included  within  boundary- 
lines;  domain. 

These  rascals  who  come  hither  to  annoy  a  noble  lady  on 
my  bound*.  >.>«"•,  1'ererll,  I.  vll. 

3.  A  limited  portion  or  piece  of  land,  enjoyed 
by  the  owner  of  it  in  respect  of  tin  only,  and 
by  virtue  of  an  ancient  prescription  or  liberty 
forencouragementtothetinners.  I'ryce.  [Corn- 
wall.]   Butts  and  bounds.   See  butt*.— to  beat  the 
bounds*,  t»  trace  out  the  boundaries  of  a  pariah  by  touch 
ing  certain  points  with  a  rod.  =  Syn.  1.  Border,  ConJIne. 
etc.    See  ftomt'M/  </. 

bound1  (bound),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bounden,  <  bounde. 
n.]  If.  To  confine  within  fixed  limits;  restrain 
by  limitation. 

O  God  !  I  could  be  bounded  In  a  nut-shell,  and  count 
myself  a  king  of  infinite  space,  were  It  not  that  I  have  bad 
dreauipi.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  II.  2. 

It  is  not  Italy,  nor  France,  nor  Europe, 

That  must  bound  me,  If  my  fates  call  me  forth. 

/.'.  Jonton,  Volpone,  ii   1. 

2.  To  serve  as  a  limit  to;  constitute  the  extent 
of ;  restrain  in  amount,  degree,  etc. :  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes  by  our  means. 

Quaff  immortality  and  joy,  secure 

Of  surfeit,  where  full  measure  only  boundi 

Excess.  Hilton,  P.  L,  v.  «S9. 

3.  To  form  or  constitute  the  boundary  of; 
serve  as  a  bound  or  limit  to :  as,  the  Pacific 
ocean  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  west. 

The  lasting  dominion  of  Rome  was  bt»inded  by  the  Rhine 
and  tlie  Danube.  K.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  107. 

4.  To  name  the  boundaries  of:  as,  to  bound 
the  State  of  New  York.  =  gyn.  To  circumscribe,  re- 
strict, hem  in,  border. 

bound2  (bound),  r.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
<  F.  bondir,  leap,  bound,  orig.  make  a  loud  re- 
sounding noise ;  perhaps  <  LL.  bombitare,  hum. 
buzz,  freq.  verb  <  L.  bombus,  a  humming  or 
buzzing,  >  bomb%,  q.  v.]  I.  intraiis.  1.  To  leap; 
jump ;  spring ;  move  by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bound*. 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest,  I.  9ft 

2.  To  rebound,  as  an  elastic  ball.  =  Syn.  Leap, 
Spring,  etc.     See  ikip,  r.  i. 

II.  traits.  1.  To  cause  to  leap.     [Bare.] 
If  I  might  buflet  for  my  love,  or  Imnut  my  hone  for 
her  favours,  I  could  lay  on  like  a  butcher,  and  sit  like  a 
jack-an-apes,  never  oil  SAaJr.,  Hen.  V'.,  r.  •• 

2.  To  cause  to  rebound :  as,  to  bound  a  ball. 
bound2  (bound),  n.     [<  bound3,  r.]     1.  A  leap 
onward  or  upward;  a  jump;  a  rebound. 

The  horses  started  with  a  sudden  bound.          Additon. 

These  Inward  disgusts  are  but  the  first  boundi  of  this 
ball  of  contention.  Decay  of  Chritt.  Piety. 

2.  In  ordnance,  the  path  of  a  shot  between 
two  grazes:  generally  applied  to  the  horizon- 
tal distance  passed  over  by  the  shot  between 
the  points  of  impact. 

bound3  (bound),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  bind;  as  an 
adj.,  in  the  sense  of  obligatory,  usually  in  the 
fuller  form,  bonnden,  <  ifE.  bounden,  <  AS. 
bunilen,  pp.  of  bindan,  bind:  see  bind.]  1. 
Made  fast  by  a  band,  tie,  or  bond;  specifically, 
in  fetters  or  chains ;  in  the  condition  of  a  pris- 
oner. 
Now  Annas  had  sent  him  buund  unto  Caiapluu. 

John  xrill.  24. 

Hence  — 2.  Made  fast  by  other  than  physical 
bonds. 

We  are  bound  together  for  good  or  for  evil  In  our  great 
]H,litical  interests. 

D.  Webtter,  Speech,  Pittsburgh,  July,  1833 

3.  Confined ;  restrained ;  restricted ;  held  firmly. 

Besides  all  this,  he  was  btuml  UP  certain  tributes  all 
more  or  less  degrading.  Brougham. 

Hence — 4.  Obliged  by  moral,  legal,  or  com- 
pellable  ties ;  under  obligation  or  compulsion. 
When  the  case  had  been  heard,  it  was  evident  to  all  men 
that  the  bishop  had  done  only  what  he  was  6uunif  to  do. 
Macaulay,  Hist  Eng.,  vi. 

5.  Certain;  sure.     [Colloq.] 

Those  of  his  following  considered  him  as  smart  as  chain- 
lightning  and  bound  to  rise. 

,  Modern  Instance,  xxx. 


bound 

6.  Determined;  resolved:  as,  he  is  bound  to 
do  it.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.] — 7.  In  entom.,  attached 
by  the  posterior  extremity  to  a  perpendicular 
object,  and  supported  in  an  upright  position 
against  it,  by  a  silken  thread  passing  across 
the  thorax,  as  the  chrysalides  of  certain  Lcpi- 
doptera. —  8.  Constipated  in  the  bowels;  cos- 
tive.—  9f.  Pregnant:  said  of  a  woman. — 10. 
Provided  with  binding  or  a  cover :  said  of  books, 
etc. :  as,  bound  volumes  can  be  obtained  in  ex- 
change for  separate  parts ;  bound  in  leather. — 
Bound  electricity.  See  induction.  —  Bound  extra,  in 
full  binding  (as  opposed  to  half-  or  quarter-binding),  full- 
tooled,  and  forwarded  and  finished  with  extra  care  (gener- 
ally by  hand)  and  in  the  best  materials :  applied  to  bound 
books. — Bound  up  In.  (a)  Embodied  in;  inseparably 
connected  with. 

The  whole  State  .  .  .  being  botind  up  in  the  sovereign. 

Brouyhatn. 

Quarrel  not  rashly  with  adversities  not  yet  understood, 
and  overlook  not  the  mercies  often  bound  up  in  them. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  29. 
(b)  Having  all  the  affections  centered  in ;  entirely  devoted 

She  is  the  only  child  of  a  decrepit  father  whose  life  is 
bound  up  in  hers.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  449. 

bound4  (bound),  a.  [With  excrescent  -d  after 
n,  as  in  sotmdP,  round1,  etc.,  or  by  confusion 
with  bound3,  <  ME.  boun,  boune,  ready,  pre- 
pared: see  boun,  a.~]  Prepared;  ready;  hence, 
going  or  intending  to  go;  destined:  with  to 
01  for:  as,  I  am  bound  for  London;  the  ship  is 
bound  for  the  Mediterranean. 

A  chieftain  to  the  Highlands  bound. 

Campbell,  Lord  Ulliu's  Daughter. 
Willing  we  sought  your  shores,  and  hither  bound, 
The  port  so  long  desired  at  length  we  found. 

Dryden,  .ffllneid,  vii.  294. 

bound4t  (bound),  v.  i.  [Var.  of  boun,  v.,  as 
bound*,  a.,  of  boun,  a."}  To  lead;  go.  [Rare.] 

The  way  that  does  to  heaven  boutnd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  67. 

boundary  (boun'da-ri),  n. ;  pi.  boundaries  (-riz). 
[<  bouncP-  +  -ary ;  cf.  ML.  bunnarium,  bonna- 
rium,  a  field  with  certain  limits.]  That  which 
serves  to  indicate  the  bounds  or  limits  of  any- 
thing ;  hence,  a  limiting  or  bounding  line ;  a 
bound :  as,  the  horizon  is  the  boundary  of  vision ; 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

Sleep  hath  its  own  world, 
A  boundary  between  the  things  misnamed 
Death  and  existence.  Byron,  The  Dream,  i. 

The  Tamar  was  fixed  as  a  boundary  for  the  West  Welsh 
of  Cornwall,  as  the  Wye  had  been  made  a  boundary  for 
the  North  Welsh  of  our  Wales. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  212. 

=  Syn.  Boundary,  Bound,  Border,  Confine,  Frontier.  A 
boundary,  in  its  stricter  sense,  is  a  visible  mark  indicat- 
ing a  dividing-line  between  two  things,  or  it  is  that  line 
itseU ;  it  marks  off  a  given  thing  from  other  things  like 
in  kind,  as  one  field  or  country  from  another.  A  bound,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  the  limit  or  furthest  point  of  extension 
of  one  given  thing,  that  which  limits  it  not  being  specially 
considered ;  it  can  be  used  of  that  which  is  not  limited 
by  anything  like  iu  kind  :  as,  the  boundaries  of  a  field, 
but  the  bounds  of  space  ;  the  boundaries  of  a  science,  but 
the  bounds  of  knowledge.  Hence  the  figurative  uses  of 
bound :  as,  "  I  believe  I  speak  within  bounds,"  where  boun- 
daries would  be  absurd.  Thus,  the  bounds  of  a  parish  may 
be  defined  by  certain  marks  or  boundaries,  as  heaps  of 
stones,  dikes,  hedges,  streams,  etc.,  separating  it  from  the 
adjoining  parishes.  But  the  two  words  are  often  inter- 
changeable. A  border  is  a  belt  or  band  of  territory  lying 
along  a  bound  or  boundary.  A  confine  is  the  region  at  or 
near  the  edge,  and  generally  a  narrower  margin  than  a 
border.  A  frontier  is  a  border  viewed  as  a  front  or  place  of 
entrance :  as,  he  was  met  at  the  frontier.  The  word  is 
used  most  in  connection  with  military  operations  :  as, 
their  frontiers  were  well  protected  by  fortresses. 

I  at  least,  who,  in  my  own  West-Saxon  home,  find  my 
own  fields  and  my  own  parish  bounded  by  a  boundary 
drawn  in  the  year  577  am  not  disposed  to  disbelieve  the 
record  of  the  events  which  led  to  the  fixing  of  that  boun- 
dary. E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  105. 
He  pass'd  the  flaming  bounds  of  space  and  time. 

Gray,  Prog,  of  Poesy,  iii.  2. 

His  princedom  lay 
Close  on  the  borders  of  a  territory 
Wherein  were  bandit  earls,  and  caitiff  knights. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
The  heavens  and  sea 
Meet  at  their  confines,  in  the  middle  way. 

Dryden,  Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  1.  154. 
/Ethelflied  strengthened  her  western  frontier  against 
any  inroad  from  the  Welsh  by  the  erection  of  forts  at 
Scargate  and  Bridgenorth. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  190. 

bound-bailifft  (bound'ba/'lif),  «,     [<  bounds  + 

bailiff;  so  called,  according  to  Blackstone,  in 

allusion  to  the  bond  given  by  the  bailiff  for  the 

faithful  discharge  of  his  duties ;  but  the  term  is 

merely  a  fictitious  explanation  of  bumbailiff.J 

A  sheriffs  officer ;  a  bumbailiff. 

bounded   (boun'ded),   p.   a.      Having  bounds 

or  limits;   limited;   circumscribed;   confined; 

cramped;  narrow. 


642 

The  meaner  cares  of  life  were  all  he  knew  ; 
Bounded  his  pleasures,  and  his  wishes  few. 

Crabbe,  The  Library. 

An  eye  well-practised  in  nature,  a  spirit  bounded  and  poor. 
Tennyson,  Maud,  iv.  7. 

boundedness  (boun'ded-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  bounded,  limited,  or  circumscribed; 
limited  extent  or  range. 

Both  are  singularly  bounded,  our  working-class  repro- 
ducing, in  a  way  unusual  in  other  countries,  the  bounded- 
ness  of  the  middle.  M.  Arnold,  The  Nadir  of  Liberalism. 

bonnden  (boun'den  or  -dn),  p.  a.  [Older  form 
of  bound3,  pp.  of  bind.']  1.  Obliged;  bound,  or 
under  obligation ;  beholden. 

I  am  much  bounden  to  your  majesty. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3. 
It  is  no  common  thing  when  one  like  you 
Performs  the  delicate  services,  and  therefore 
I  feel  myself  much  bounden  to  you,  Oswald. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  i. 

2.  Appointed;  indispensable;  obligatory. 
I  offer  this  my  bounden  nightly  sacrifice.         Coleridye. 
[In  both  senses  archaic,  its  only  present  com- 
mon use  being  in  the  phrase  bounden  duty."] 
boundenlyt  (boun'den-li  or  -dn-li),  adv.    In  a 
bounden  or  dutiful  manner:  as,  "  most  boun- 
denly  obedient,"  Ochin,  Sermons  (trans.),  Epist. 
Dedicatory,  1583. 

bounder  (boun'der), «.    1.  One  who  limits;  one 
who  establishes  or  imposes  bounds. 
Now  the  bounder  of  all  these  is  only  God  himself. 

Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 
2f.  Boundary. 

Kingdoms  are  bound  within  their  bounders,  as  it  were 
in  bands.  Fotherby,  Atheomastix,  p.  274. 

3f.  Formerly,  in  Cornwall,  England,  an  officer 
whose  business  it  was  yearly  to  renew  (hence 
also  called  the  renewer  or  tollar)  the  marks  in- 
dicating the  corners  of  a  tin-bound.  This  had  to 
be  done  once  a  year,  and  usually  on  a  saint's  day,  and  the 
operation  consisted  in  cutting  out  a  turf  from  each  corner, 
and  piling  it  on  the  top  of  the  little  bank  of  turf  already 
laid  there.  Pryce. 

boundless  (bound'les),  a.  [<  bound1  +  -less.] 
Without  bounds  or  limits;  unlimited;  uncon- 
fined;  immeasurable;  illimitable;  infinite:  as, 
boundless  space ;  boundless  power. 

He  who,  from  zone  to  zone, 
Guides  through  the  boundless  sky  thy  certain  flight. 

Bryant,  To  a  Waterfowl. 

In  England  there  is  no  written  constitution ;  the  powers 
of  Parliament,  of  King,  Lords,  and  Commons,  acting  to- 
gether, are  literally  boundless. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  191. 

boundlessly  (bound'les-li),  adv.  In  a  boundless 
manner. 

boundlessness  (bound'les-nes),  ».  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  boundless  or  without  limits. 
bounduret  (boun'dur),  n.  [<  bound^  +  -ure. 
Cf.  boundary."]  A  limit  or  bound.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
bounteous  (boun'te-us),  o.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  boiintuous;  <  ME.  bountyuous,  bonteuous, 
earlier  bountevous,  bountyveits,  bontyvous,  <  OF. 
bontif,  bontive,  benevolent,  <  bonte,  goodness, 
bounty:  see  bounty  and  -ous.~\  1.  Full  of  good- 
ness to  others ;  giving  or  disposed  to  give  free- 
ly ;  free  in  bestowing  gifts ;  bountiful ;  gener- 
ously liberal. 

Such  was  her  soul ;  abhorring  avarice, 
Bounteous,  but  almost  bounteous  to  a  vice. 

Dryden,  Eleonora,  1.  86. 
I  wonder'd  at  the  bounteous  hours, 
The  slow  result  of  winter  showers : 
Yon  scarce  could  see  the  grass  for  flowers. 

Tennyson,  Two  Voices. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  emanating  from  bounty ; 
freely  bestowed;  liberal;  plentiful;  abundant. 
Beauteous  niggard,  why  dost  thou  abuse 
The  bounteous  largess  given  thee  to  give? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  iv. 

=  Syn.  1.  Munificent,  generous,  beneficent,  kind. 
bounteously  (boun'te-us-li),  adv.     In  a  boun- 
teous manner;  with  generous  liberality;  liber- 
ally; generously;  largely;  freely. 

Let  me  know  that  man, 
Whose  love  is  so  sincere  to  spend  his  blood 
For  my  sake ;  I  will  bounteously  requite  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  ii.  2. 

bounteonsness  (boun'te-us-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  bounteous ;'  liberality  in  bestowing 
gifts  or  favors ;  munificence ;  kindness. 

bounteth,  bountith  (boun'teth,  -tith),  n.  [Sc., 
<  late  ME.  bountith,  <  OF.  buntet,  bontet,  earlier 
form  of  bonte,  >  ME.  bounte,  E.  bounty,  q.  v.] 
Bounty;  specifically,  the  bounty  given  in  addi- 
tion to  stipulated  wages. 

bountevoust,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  boun- 
teous. CJtaueer. 

bountiful  (bouu'ti-ful),  a.  [<  bounty  +  -/«/.] 
1.  Liberal  in  bestowing  gifts,  favors,  or  boun- 
ties; munificent;  generous. 


bouquet-holder 

God,  the  bountiful  author  of  our  being.  Locke. 

Our  king  spares  nothing  to  give  them  the  share  of  that 
felicity  of  which  he  is  so  bountiful  to  his  kingdom. 

Drtjden. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  manifesting  bounty; 
abundant;  liberal;  ample:  as,  a  bountiful  sup- 

piy- 

Nurse  went  up  stairs  with  a  most  bountiful  cut  of  home- 
baked  bread  and  bntter.      Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  1.  167. 
The  late  bountiful  grant  from  His  Majesty's  ministers. 
Burke,  Nabob  of  Arcot. 

bountifully  (boun'ti-ful-i),  adv.  In  a  bountiful 
manner;  liberally;  largely. 

They  are  less  bountifully  provided  than  the  rich  with 
the  materials  of  happiness  for  the  present  life. 

Bp.  Porteoux,  Lectures,  II.  xvii. 

bpuntifulness  (boun'ti-ful-nes),  n.     The  qual- 
ity of  being  bountiful ;  liberality  in  the  bestow- 
ment  of  gifts  and  favors, 
bountiheadt,  bountihoodt  (boun'ti-hed,  -hud), 
n.     [One  of  Spenser's  words ;  <  bounty  +  -head, 
-7ioorf.]     Bounteousness ;  goodness;  virtue. 
On  firme  foundation  of  true  bountyhed. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  1. 
bountith,  n.     See  bounteth. 
boun-tree  (bon'tre),  «.     [An  unexplained  var. 
of  bour-tree."}     Same  as  "hour-tree.     [Scotch.] 
bounty  (boun'ti),  n. ;  pi.  bounties  (-tiz).    [<  ME. 
bountee,  bounte,<  AF.  bountee,  OF.  bonte,  bonteit, 
bontet,  buntet,  mod.  F.  bonte  =  Pr.  bontat  =  Sp. 
bondad  =  Pg.  bondade  =  It.  bonta,  <  L.  boni- 
ta(t-)s,  goodness,  <  bonus,  good:    see   boon3."] 
If.  Goodness;  virtue. 

Ne  blott  the  bounty  of  all  womankind 

'Mongst  thousands  good,  one  wanton  dame  to  find. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  i.  49. 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors; 
generosity ;  munificence. 

Let  us  adore  Him  for  the  streams  of  bounty,  which  flow 
unceasingly,  from  the  fountains  of  His  life,  to  all  His 
countless  creatures.  Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  84. 

3.  A  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent  dispo- 
sition ;  that  which  is  given  bounteously ;  a  free 
gift:  as,  "thy  morning  bounties,"  Cowper. 

We  concluded  our  visit  with  a  bounty,  which  was  very 
acceptable.  Addismi,  Sir  Eoger  and  the  Witches. 

4.  A  premium  or  reward ;   specifically,  a  pre- 
mium offered  by  a  government  to  induce  men 
to  enlist  into  the  public  service,  or  to  encourage 
some  branch  of  industry,  as  husbandry,  manu- 
factures, or  commerce — Bounty  emigrant,  one 
whose  passage  to  the  country  where  he  intends  to  remain 
is  partly  or  wholly  paid  by  the  government  of  that  coun- 
try.—Bounty  Land  Act,  a  United  States  statute  of  1850 
(9  Stat.,  520),  granting  lands  to  those  engaged  in  the  mili- 
tary service,  or  to  their  widows  or  minor  children,  in 
amounts  proportioned  to  time  of  service. — Queen  Anne's 
bounty,  a  fund  instituted  by  Queen  Anne  from  the  first 
fruits  and  tithes  of  the  larger  benefices  of  the  English 
Church  to  augment  the  smaller  clerical  livings.  =  Syn.  2. 
Liberality,  Generosity,  etc.     See  beneficence. 

bounty-jumper  (boun'ti-jum//per),  n.  One  who 
enlists  as  a  soldier  for  the  sake  of  a  bounty 
offered,  and  then  deserts,  as  during  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  of  1861-65. 

Bringing  into  the  service  many  bounty-jumpers,  as  they 
were  called,  who  enlisted  merely  for  money,  and  soon  de- 
serted to  enlist  again. 

Hiflyinson,  Young  Folks'  Hist.  V.  S.,  p.  306. 

Bouphonia  (bo-fo'm-8,),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  /tot^dwa,  a 
festival  with  sacrifices  of  oxen,  <  /3ou0<irof,  ox- 
slaying  (poinfavelv,  slaughter  oxen),  <  /3oZ>f,  an 
ox,  +  -dovof,  slaying  (cf.  </>6vof,  <fmvrj,  slaughter, 
murder),  <  *<t>eveiv,  slay,  kill.]  An  ancient  Attic 
festival  in  honor  of  Zeus,  more  commonly  called 
Diipolia  (which  see). 

bouquet  (bo-ka'),  n.  [F.,  a  nosegay,  a  plume, 
<  OF.  botisquet,  bosquet  =  Pr..  bosquet,  lit.  a  lit- 
tle bush,  dim.  of  bosc  =  OF.  bos,  a  wood,  bush  : 
see  bois,  boslcet,  basket,  and  bush.]  1.  A  nose- 
gay; a  bunch  of  flowers;  hence,  something  re- 
sembling a  bunch  of  flowers,  as  a  cluster  of 
precious  stones,  a  piece  or  flight  of  fireworks, 
etc. 

He  entered  the  room  thus  set  off,  with  his  hair  dressed 
in  the  first  style,  and  with  a  handsome  bouquet  in  his 
breast.  Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  97. 

I  have  a  bouquet  to  come  home  to-morrow  made  up  of 
diamonds,  and  rubies,  and  emeralds. 

Oilman  and  Garrick,  Clandestine  Marriage,  i.  -1. 

2.  An  agreeable  non-spiritous  perfume  char- 
acteristic of  some  wines. 

bouquet-holder  (bo-ka'hol"der),  H.  A  contri- 
vance for  holding  together  the  stems  of  cut 
flowers,  whether  held  iu  the  hand  or  secured  to 
the  dress.  Bouquet-holders  held  in  the  hand  are  repre- 
sented in  ancient  Egyptian  bas-reliefs  and  paintings ;  they 
have  always  been  used  in  China  made  of  fine  basket-work 
imd  of  valuable  minerals :  and  in  tin-  eighteenth  century, 
in  western  Europe,  women  carried  Hat  Hasks  of  metal  or 
glass  inserted  within  the  eorsa^e,  holding  tall  nosegays 
which  covered  the  bosom.  Also  called  bauqwtiw. 


bouquetier 

bouquetier  (bo-ke-teV ;  F.  pron.  bd-ke-tya'),  ». 
[F.,  a  nower-vase,  bouquet-holder,  <  hom/iu  I  : 
see  bouquet.]  A  bouquet-holder,  especially  one 
designed  to  bo  carried  in  the  hiind. 

bouquetin  (F.  pron.  bii-ke-tan').  n.  [F.,  earlier 
iMiuc-fsliiin.  tioni'-d'i-xtiiiii  (Cotgrave),  lit.  'wool- 
goat' (fame,  goat;  </<•,  of;  r.ttnin,  nind.  Y'.ituni. 
carded  wool),  but  appar.  nrig.  a  transposition 

Of  G.    .ill  'I Illllll-l,-,    I>.    Stl'l'llliol:-  :     WXtl'illllol:.]         TllC 

Kiiropeaii  ibex  or  stcinbok,  ('fijii'd  it><:f :  hence, 
a  name  of  the  rock-goats  of  the  genus  lln-.r. 
bourt,   bouret,    »•     Middle   English   forms   of 

//nicer1. 

bourach1,  bourock  (bor'ach,  -ok),  «.    [Sc., 

alsi>  written  limi-rorl,;  hiiorifl,',  prob.  dim.  of 
hour,  liottrc,  =  K.  fcoirn-',  i|.  v.  (,'f.  bournch'^.]  1. 
An  inclosure :  applied  to  the  lit  tie  houses  built 
in  play  by  children. — 2.  A  small  cot  or  hut. 

bourach-  (boVach),  ».  [Sc.  (cf.  borra,  borrndl/, 
a  heap  of  stones),  <  Gael,  borracli,  a  projecting 
bank;  cf.  liorni,  borr,  a  knob  or  bunch,  biirrndli, 
a  swelling.  Cf.  ftouroM*.]  1.  A  small  knoll. 
//'«/.'/• — 2.  A  heap;  a  confused  heap;  a  clus- 
ter, as  of  trees  or  people ;  a  crowd. 

bourasque  (bo-rasV),  «.  [F.  /«<«/•«.«/«>•,  now 
lioiirnistfue  =  It.  borasco,  a  stonn,  tempest, 
gust :  see  boraxco.]  A  tempest ;  a  stonn. 

Thrsr  \viv  iii.-ml'.-rs  i.f  the  lleltcr  Skelter  t'lub,  of  the 
U  il.llliv  club,  and  other  aasociuti.ms  formed  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  getting  rid  of  care  and  sobriety.  Sueh 
.lashers  occasioned  many  a  racket  in  Meg's  house  and 
many  a  iHiitrnniiiip  in  Meg's  temper. 

Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well,  I.  27. 

Bourbon  (b8r'bon),  n.  [<  F.  Bourbon,  >  8p. 
Borboii,  It.  £«rfrone.]  1.  A  member  of  the  last 
royal  family  of  France,  or  of  any  of  its  branches. 
The  family  took  its  name  from  Its  ancient  seigniory  of 
Kourhon  (now  Bourbon  I'Archambault,  in  the  department 
of  Allier),  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  by  collateral  inheri- 
tance in  1589,  in  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  The  Bourbon 
dynasty  was  deposed  In  1792,  anil  restored  in  1814.  The 
revolution  of  1S30  brought  to  the  throne  Louis  Philippe 
(\vhu  was  demised  in  1848),  of  the  younger  or  Orleans 
branch,  which  succeeded  to  all  Uie  claims  of  the  family  on 
the  extinction  of  the  elder  brunch  in  1883.  A  line  of  Hour- 
lion  sovereigns  has  reigned  in  Spain  (with  two  interrup- 
tions) since  1700,  and  a  branch,  of  this  line  held  the  throne 
of  Naples  or  the  Two  Sicilies  from  17:tr>  to  1881. 
2.  One  who,  as  was  said  of  the  Bourbons,  "  for- 
gets nothing  and  learns  nothing";  hence,  in 
U.  S.  polities,  an  extreme  conservative;  espe- 
cially, one  who  is  behind  the  time  and  is  op- 
posed to  all  progress:  originally  applied  to 
certain  members  of  the  Democratic  party. — 3. 
[I.  c.]  A  kind  of  whisky  made  of  wheat  or  In- 
dian corn :  originally  limited  to  the  corn-whisky 
made  in  Bourbon  county,  Kentucky. 

Bourbonian  (bor-bo'ni-an),  «.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  family  or  dynasties  of  the  Bourbons. 

Bourbonism  (bor'bgn-izm),  n.  [<  Bourbon  + 
-i»m ;  =  F.  Bourbonistne.]  1.  The  opinions  of 
those  who  adhere  to  the  house  of  Bourbon ; 
legitimism. — 2.  In  U.  X.  politico,  obstinate  con- 
servatism ;  opposition  to  progress. 

Bourbonist  (b8r'bou-ist),  ».  [<  Bourbon  + 
-ist ;  =  F.  Bowfroftfefe.]  One  who  supports  the 
claims  of  the  members  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon to  the  thrones  they  held ;  specifically,  a 
supporter  of  the  claims  of  the  members  of  this 
family  to  the  throne  of  France. 

Bourbon  palm.    See  palm. 

bourd't  (bord),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boward, 
boordc,  <  ME.  boorde,  bourde,  borde,  burde  — 
MD.  boerde,  D.  boert  =  OFries.  bord  =  LG.  boert, 
a  jest,  <  OF.  bourde,  borde,  mockery,  banter, 
jest,  F.  bourde,  bouncer,  humbug,  =  Pr.  borda, 
a  jest,  a  cheat,  a  lie ;  cf.  Bret,  bourd,  a  jest  (prob. 
<  F.),  Gael,  tmtrte,  a  gibe,  taunt,  hurt,  biiirt, 
mockery,  =  Ir.  bitirt,  a  gibe,  taunt.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain.]  1.  A  jest;  a  joke;  fun. 

Whether  our  maister  speake  earnest  or  borde. 

I'dall,  Roister  DoUter,  i.  4. 

c.ramiT.  y,  lltirrill,  for  thy  company, 

For  all  thy  jests,  and  all  thy  merry  bortrdn. 

[>rayton.  Shepherd's  Garland,  p.  53. 

2.  Mockery;  scoffing. 

bourdH  (bord),  c.  [<  ME.  binirden,  <  OF.  boiir- 
<lc>\  sport;  from  the  noun:  see  bounft,  n.]  I. 
iiitrinix.  To  jest;  joke;  say  things  in  jest. 

My  wit  ia  greet,  th.'iiu'h  that  I  l*:«i-<1--  and  pleye. 

l'lniii,;-i:  I'anl. HUT'S  Tale,  1.  :l|i'i. 

II.  trans.  To  make  game  of. 

Shew 
i'.nt  all)  IraM  a\<  IMOII  in  \uiir  l.»uk 

To  him  that  tHiuni*  y.>n  ii"\t.  and  your  throat  open*. 

II.  .In ii.-'.. ii,  Catiline,  i.  1. 

bourd'-'t,  n.     Aii  obsolete  variant  of  board. 
bourdert   (bor'der),   n.     [Early  mod.   E.   ;i!s<> 

liiinnl,  r.    bonnier,    liourdniir ;  <  ME.   bonrdonr. 

burdouri;  bonlere,  etc.,   <    AF.   bmirilnur,    OF. 


643 

bordeor.  a  jester,  <  bonrdi-r,  bordi-r,  jest  :  sec 
bonrd1.]  A  jester;  a  joker;  a  buffoon. 

bourdon1  (bdr'don),  «.  [<  ME.  l>oiiriliiH,<  OF. 
liiiiii-don  =  Pr.  bo'i-ilo  =  Sp.  lion/on  =  Pg.  bonlm, 
=  It.  bordone,  a  staff,  prob.  <  LL.  hurdo(n-),  an 
ass,  mule;  cf.  Sp.  iim/iln.  a  crutch,  prop,  sup- 
purl,  a  particular  use  of  ninli-ln,  tVni.  dim.  of 
iiiiiln,  a  mule.]  1.  («)  A  staff  used  by  pilgrims 
in  the  mil  lil  leases,  {h)  A  Imtnnoi-cuiitoralstaff. 
(r)  A  plain  thick  silver  wand  used  as  a  badge  of 
office.  —  2.  Alanco  USIM!  in  the  just.  See  /»/'<•<. 
—  3.  In  her.,  a  pilgrim's  gtaff  used  as  a  bearing. 

bourdon-  (Imr'don),  11.  [<  MK.  laiiinloH,  bur- 
doun,  lii'i'iliiiiii.  \  (>F.  liiitiriliiii,  mod.  F.  Itoiir- 
ilini,  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  bass  in  music,  =  Sp. 
bordon  =  Pg.  liorddo  =  It.  bordone,  <  ML.  bur- 
iln(n-),  a  drone.  The  E.  word  is  now  biu-ii'n, 
the  refrain  of  a  song:  see  /IMIV/<-«:I.]  In  • 

(a)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  or  a  monotonous 
and  repetitious  grouna-melody.     See  biirdi  »:l. 

(b)  An  organ-stop,  usually  of  16-feet  tone,  the 
pipes  of  which  are  generally  made  of  wood,  and 
produce  hollow,  smooth  tones,  deficient  in  har- 
monics and  easily  blended  with  other  tones. 

bourdon2  (bor'don),  r.  i.     [<  bourdon-,  ».]     In 
ii;  to  drone,"  as  an   instrument  during  a 


pause  in  singing. 

bourdonasset,  u.  [<  OF.  tottntoMMfc  <  bour- 
don, a  staff:  see  bourdon1.}  A  lance  having  a 
light  hollow  handle  of  great  diameter:  appa- 
rently the  same  as  bourdon1,  '2. 

bourdonn6  (bor-do-na'),  a.  [OF.,  <  bourdon,  a 
staff.]  In  her.,  terminating  in  knobs  or  balls: 
as,  a  bourdonne  cross,  which  is  the  same  as  a 
cross  pomm^e.  See  pcunnt^e. 

bourgi  (borg),  H.  [F.,  <  ML.  burgus,  <  OHG. 
MHG.  bare,  G.  bury  =  E.  boroualt1,  q.  v.  Cf. 
bury1,  burgh.]  Atown;  aborough:  chiefly  with 
reference  to  French  towns.  [Rare.] 

Ye  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  your  tmury 

Tlie  murmur  of  the  world  !       Ten»;/*on,  ticraint. 

Bourg2  (borg),  H.  A  name  given  to  the  red  wine 
of  a  Targe  district  in  France  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Uordogne. 

bourgade  (bor-giid'),  n.  [F.,  <  bounj,  a  town, 
market-town:  see  bour<jl.~\  A  straggling  vil- 
lage ;  a  small  French  or  Swiss  market-town. 

The  canton  consists  only  of  villages  ami  little  towns  or 
bouryadef.  J.  Attaint,  Works,  IV.  si 

bourgeois1  (bor-zhwo').  "•  and  «.  [P.,  mod. 
form  of  OF.  burgeis,  a  citizen^  >  E.  burgcsx,  q. 
v.]  I.  w.  1.  In  France,  a  citizen;  a  burgher; 
a  man  of  middle  rank.  —  2.  A  small  French 
coin  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  Uounjeou 
rimple  was  worth  about  a  cent  and  a  half,  the  bonrgfoul 
fort  twice  as  much. 

H.  a.  1.  Belonging  to  or  consisting  of  trades- 
people or  citizens  of  middle  rank  :  as,  bourgeois 
surroundings;  the  bourgeois  class  of  France. 
Hence  —  2.  Wanting  in  dignity  or  refinement; 
common;  mean. 

We  have  no  word  in  English  that  will  exactly  define 
this  want  of  propriety  in  diction.  Vulgar  is  too  strong, 
and  commonplace  too  weak.  Perhaps  lunirtjeoui  comes 
as  near  as  any.  /.«"•/'.  Among  my  Itooks,  1st  ser.,  p.  20. 

bourgeois2,  burgeois  (ber-jois').  "•  [Supposed 
to  be  so  called  from  a  type-founder  named 
Bourgeois:  see  bourgeois*.  The  F.  name  for 
this  type  is  gaillarde:  see  gailliardr,  gnlliiird.'} 
A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  about  100 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  brevier  and 
smaller  than  long-primer. 

This  line  is  printed  in  bourgeois. 

bourgeoisie  (bor-zhwo-ze'),  «.  [F.,  <  bour- 
iieois,  a  citizen  :  see  bourgt-oisi.]  Properly,  the 
French  middle  classes,  but  often  applied  to  the 
middle  classes  of  any  country,  especially  those 
depending  on  trade. 

There  is  no  bmirgeoinie  to  speak  of  ;  immediately  after 
the  aristocracy  come  the  poor  people,  who  are  very  poor 
indi-i-il.  //.  Jawex,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  203. 

bourgeon,  n.  and  r.     See  burgeon. 

bourgignot,  bourginot,  ».  Variants  of  burgn- 
itet. 

Bourguignon  (F.  pron.  bor-ge-nyoii'),  H.  [F., 
<  Hourgoijin-.  Burgundy.]  A  native  or  an  inhab- 
itant of  Burgundy;  aBnrgundian. 

Bourignian  (b8-rin'yan),  <i.  Pertaining  to  the 
Bourignonists  or  to  their  doctrines. 

Bourignonist  (bO-rin'yon-ist).  n.  One  of  a  sect 
founded  by  Antoinette  Bourigiion  (1616-80), 
a  religious  enthusiast  who  assumed  the  Au- 
ijnstinian  habit,  and  traveled  in  France,  Hol- 
land, England,  and  Scotland,  she  maintained  that 
Christianity  <lo»>  nut  t.<n>i>t  in  faitli  ami  prartii'e.  but  in 
in»artl  fi'ciiii^  an-1  supernatural  impulse. 

bourn1,  bourne1  (born),  «.   [Early  mod.  E.  also 

Ixnirnf,  horn/  .  <  M  K.  linnrni  ,  liorm  .  var.  of  earlier 


bouse 

biirne  (whence  the  rc^.  northern  form  bunt-,  q. 
V.),  <  AS.  IHII-III,  bin-Hii.  a  stream:  see  burn". 
Cf.  K.  mourn.  <  AS.  iniirniiii.]  A  stream;  a 
brook:  same  as /<»/"'-'. 

Come  o'er  the  fclil/i'ii,   !'..•»->,  t..  me. 

.S/..it. ,  Lear,  ill.  ti 

I  In  \v..i  .1  •••  .  MI  -  iii  \ai  i,.ii*  j.la.  .   M  antes  in  'it.  at  llrltain, 
'il'  (tbat  K  m.'iitb  >.f  tin-  bum  ..r  rmilet). 
HY.<"*"' ,-!,••,  ete.  | 

bourn-,  bourne- (I'orn  or  liiirn),  «.  [Karlymod. 
!•:.  also  liorin- :  <  F.  /«>/•«/.  fiirnierly  also  bourn' ,  :< 
var.  of  OF.  lunlm ,  lionne,  a  limit,  bound,  ln.nn 
d:iry.  >  E.  frown*/1, q.  v.]  Abound:  limit;  desti- 
nation; goal:  as,  "beyond  the  6o«rw  of  sunset," 
l'i  iiiii/sini.  Princess,  Conclusion. 

The  nn.li-e.nere.1  nnintry,  fr.miwh.ise  I*, urn 
So  traveller  return*  Shall.,  Hamlet,  iii.  I 

There  at  last  it  lay,  the  bmrn  .if  my  long  an. I  »ear> 
pilgrimage,  realizing  the  plans  and  li<i|>r*  of  many  ami 
K.  f.  /liii-t.in.  Kl-Me.linah,  p.  389. 
bourn-1,  bourne3  (born),  f.  t.     See  bom'-. 
bournless  (born'-  or  born'les),  «.    [<  bourn*  + 
-Irxx.]     Having  no  bourn  or  limit.     [Kare.] 
bournonite  (biir' no-nit),  n.     [After  Count  de 
Ho  n  i- mm,  a.  Frencfi' mineralogist  (1751-1825).] 
A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  copper,  of 
a  steel-gray  color  and  brilliant  metallic  luster, 
found  in  the  Harz  mountains,  Cornwall,  and 
Mexico.    Whetl-ore  Is  a  variety  which  owes  its  name  to 
the  form  of  the  twin  crystals,  resembling  a  cog-wheel. 
Also  called  endrtlionite. 

houmous  (bor-noV),  n.    A  French  spelling  of 
burnoose. 

bourock,  «.     See  bourach1. 

bourran,  «.     See  buran. 

bourree(bo-ra'),  n.  [F. :  see  boree.]  1.  A  lively 
dance,  originating  either  in  Auvergne  or  in  Bis- 
cay.— 2.  A  musical  composition  in  which  the 
strict  rhythm  and  cheerful  character  of  such  a 
dance  are  embodied,  it  is  usually  written  in  duple 
rhythm,  the  phrases  being  two  measures  long,  lieginning 
with  the  last  half  of  the 
up-beat.  It  was  much 
used  as  one  meml>er  of 
the  old-fashioned  #wnv, 
and  U  still  popular  as  a 
form  of  comjiosition.  It 
is  allied  to  the  garat. 

bourrelet  (Mr -la'), 

w.     [F. :  see  burlet.] 

1.    The  stuffed  roll 

(see    burlet)    which 

formed  a  part  of  fe- 
male  head-dress   in 

the  fourteenth   cen- 
tury.—  2.    In    milit. 

costume,  a  wreath  or 

turban  of  stuff,  worn 

upon   the  helmet. — 

3.  In  hrr.    See  tortil. 
bourse  (Mrs),  H.  [F., 

a     purse,     bursary, 

an  exchange,  <  OF. 

horse,  <  ML.  Imrsa,  a 

purse,  bag,  etc.:  see  burxe,  purse.]     I.  A  stook 

exchange;  specifically,  the  stock  exchange  of 

Paris,  and  hence  used  of  continental  European 

exchanges  in  general. 
Fraternities  and  companies  I  approve  of,  as  merchants' 

Irfiuritet,  colleges  of  druggists,  physicians,  musicians,  etc. 
Burtna,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Keader,  p.  05. 

2f.  The  bag  of  a  wig.  See  6m/1,  3. 
hour-tree  (bor'tre),  n.  [Sc.,  also  spelled  bur- 
tree,  bore-tree,  and  boun-tree,  and  formerly  burt- 
tret,  <  ME.  burlre,  <  bur-  (uncertain,  but  not, 
as  supposed  by  some,  <  borel,  as  if  from  the  use 
of  elder-twigs,  with  the  pith  removed,  as  tubes ; 
cf.  Sc.  bourtree-,  bountry-gun,  an  air-gun  of  el- 
der) +  tree.]  A  Scotch  name  of  the  elder-tree, 
Sambucux  nigra.— Bourtree-gun,  a  pop-gun  or  bean- 
shooter  made  of  the  wood  of  the  bour-tree  after  the  pith 
has  been  removed. 

bousa  (bo'sii),  w.  Same  as  ftpra. 
bouse1  (bouz,  also  boz,  but  in  the  latter  pron. 
usually  written  boo:e),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  boused, 
ppr.  bousing.  [Also  written  botcse,  bou:e,  and 
also,  repr.  the  now  most  common  though  dial, 
pron.,  boose,  booze ;  early  mod.  E.  bouse,  botcse, 
<  ME.  hoMxi-n  (rare),  appar.  <  MD.  buxen,  later 
buitten,  buysen  =  G.  batmen,  drink,  guzzle;  cf. 
MD.  buixe,  a  large  drinking-vessel,  appar.  iden- 
tical with  D.  huix,  a  tube,  pipe,  conduit,  chan- 
nel. Cf .  bus,  a  box,  barrel,  and  see  6o»s2,  6<>x-.  ] 
Same  as  boozf,  which  is  now  the  usual  form. 

As  though  bold  Robin  Hood 
Would,  with  bis  M.,i, I  Marian, 
Sup  ami  '-" "•»•  from  horn  ami  can. 

A'.viN.  Lines  on  the  Mermaid  Tavern. 

bouse1  (bouz,  also  bdz.  but  in  the  latter  pron. 

usually  written  7««c>.  q.  v.  t.  n.     Same  as  boo:e. 

\»  /»,i/xf  *  n. .!•  Mo  t.'ba. 

I/, ,-..'„...       V  »  Way  t«i  I'ay  Hid  Oebta,  L  1. 


Bourrelet  in  head-dress  c .   . 
Isabeau    of   Bavaria :    about     v 
!  l-rom    Viollet-le-Duc's    "  Diet. 

Mubillcr  fr.HH.Lis." 


bouse 

bOUSe2,  bOWSe2  (bous),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
boused,  bowsed,  ppr.  bousiny,  bowsing.  [Former- 
ly also  written  boiess;  origin  unknown.]  Xniit.. 
to  haul  with  tackle. 

After  the  rigging  is  bowsed  well  taut,  the  seizings  and 
coverings  [must]  be  replaced,  whieh  is  a  very  niee  piece 
of  work.  K.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  16. 

To  bouse  up  the  jib,  figuratively,  to  get  "tight"  or 
drunk.  (Slang.) 

bouse3  (bous  or  bos),  n.  [E.  dial.,  formerly  bous; 
origin  obscure.]  In  mining,  ore  mixed  with 
veinstone ;  second-class  ore,  which  must  un- 
dergo further  preparation  before  going  to  the 
smelter.  [North.  Eng.  lead-mining  districts.] 

bouse4,  ».     Same  as  boose1. 

house-team  (bous'tetn),  n.  In  mining,  the  place 
where  bouse  is  deposited  outside  of  the  mine, 
ready  to  be  dressed  or  prepared  for  the  smelter. 
[North.  Eng.] 

boustrophedon  (bo'-stro-fe'don),  n.  [<  Gr.  ftpv- 
trrpB^fdw,  turning  backward"  and  forward  like 
oxen  in  plowing,  <  /JoSj,  ox,  +  arptyuv,  turn.] 
A  method  of  writing  shown  in  early  Greek  in- 
scriptions, in  which  the  lines  run  alternately 
from  right  to  left  and  from  left  to  right,  as  the 
furrows  made  in  plowing  a  field,  the  plow  pass- 
ing alternately  backward  and  forward. 

It  has  been  noticed  by  Bbckh  and  Franz  that  in  the  ear- 
liest examples  of  boustrophedon  writing  the  first  line  is 
from  right  to  left,  and  the  second  from  left  to  right. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  84,  note. 

bousy  (bo'zi),  a.  [<  borne1  +  -y1.  Cf.  'boozy.'] 
Same  as  boozy. 

bout1  (bout),  «.  [A  later  and  parallel  spelling 
of  bought1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  turn,  loop,  coil,  or 
knot,  as  in  a  rope  or  chain ;  a  bend  or  flexure. 

And  at  the  lowest  end  forget  it  not 
To  leave  a  bout  or  compass  like  an  eye, 
The  link  that  holds  your  hook  to  hang  upon. 

John  Dennys,  in  Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  160. 
In  notes,  with  many  a  winding  bout 
Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out. 

Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  138. 

2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone. 
— 3.  A  going  and  returning,  as  in  plowing, 
reaping,  etc. ;  hence,  as  much  of  an  action  as 
is  performed  at  one  time ;  a  single  part  of  an 
action  which  is  carried  on  at  successive  inter- 
vals.— 4.  A  round  at  anything,  as  in  some  con- 
test ;  a  set-to ;  a  trial :  as,  a  bout  at  single-stick 
or  fisticuffs. 

The  gentleman  will,  for  his  honour's  sake,  have  one  bout 
with  you.  Shak.,  T.  jr.,  iii.  4. 

Look'ee,  master,  if  you'd  wanted  a  bout  at  boxing,  quar- 
ter-staff, or  short-staff,  I  should  never  be  the  man  to  bid 
you  cry  off.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  1. 

6.  A  round  of  indulgence,  as  in  drink:  as,  a 
drunken  bout. 

Here,  replenish  again  ;  another  bout. 

B,  Jonson,  Epicoene,  iv.  1. 

6.  A  turn  or  fit  of  illness :  as,  a  severe  bout  of 
rheumatism. —  7.  In  music,  an  inward  curve  of 
a  rib  of  an  instrument  of  the  violin  kind,  by 
which  the  waist  is  formed — This  (or  that)  bout, 
this  (or  that)  time  or  occasion. 

She  got  oft  for  that  bout.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

The  Prince  ...  has  taken  me  in  his  train,  so  that  I  am 
in  no  danger  of  starving  for  thit  bout. 

Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

bout2t,  adv.  and  prep.  [Early  mod.  E.  and  E. 
dial.  var.  of  bufl,  q.  v.]  Same  as  bufl. 

bout3  (bout),  adv.  and  prep.  [Abbr.  of  about, 
q.  v. ;  now  commonly  written  'bont.'}  About. 
[Colloq.  or  naut.] 

boutadet  (bo-tad'),  «.  [F.,  <  bouter,  thrust, 
butt:  see  HrfA.]  1.  A  sudden  outburst  or  out- 
break. 

His  first  bontade  was  to  kick  both  their  wives  one  morn- 
ing out  of  doors,  and  his  own  too.  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv. 

2.  In  music :  (a)  Especially,  in  the  early  eigh- 
teenth century,  a  composition  having  an  im- 
promptu and  capricious  character.  (6)  An  im- 
promptu dance. 

boutant  (bb'-ton'),  a.  [F.,  ppr.  of  bouter,  thrust: 
see  butt1.]  See  arc  boutant,  under  arc1. 

boute-feut  (bot-fe'),  «.  [F.,  a  forked  match- 
holder,  formerly  used  for  firing  cannon,  <  bou- 
ter, thrust,  +  feu,  fire,  <  L.  focus,  a  fireplace.] 
An  incendiary ;  one  who  incites  to  strife. 

Animated  by  a  base  fellow  called  John  ;i  Chamber  a 
very  boutefeu,  who  bore  much  sway  among  the  vulgar 
they  entered  into  open  rebellion.  Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VIl! 

But  the  hardiness  of  Stuart's  opinions,  his  personal  at- 
tacks, and  the  acrimony  of  his  literary  libels,  presented  a 
new  feature  in  Scottish  literature,  o'f  such  ugliness  and 
horror,  that  every  honourable  man  soon  averted  his  face 
from  this  boutefeu.  7.  D' Israeli,  Calam.  of  Auth.,  p.  202. 

bouterollet,  «.     Same  as  boterol 


644 

bout-hammert,  n.  [For  about-hammer,  equiv. 
to  about-sledge,  q.  v.]  A  blacksmiths'  ham- 
mer; an  about-sledge. 

I  am  for  Vulcan  now,  for  Mars  no  more ; 

If  my  wife  scold,  my  bout-hammer  shall  roar. 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (?),  faithful  Friends,  iv.  5. 

boutisalet,  «••  [An  isolated  instance ;  prop. 
booty-sale.']  A  sale  of  booty;  a  cheap  sale,  as 
a  sale  of  booty  commonly  is. 

The  great  boutijale  of  colleges  and  chantries. 

Sir  J.  Hayward,  Edward  VI.,  p.  88. 

bouton  (bo'ton),  H.  [F.]  Button.- Biskra  bou- 
ton.  Same  as  Aleppo  button  or  ulcer  (which  see,  under 
ulcer). 

bouts,  n.    See  boots2. 

bouts-rimes  (bo"  re-ma'),  n.pl.  [F.:  bouts,  pi.  of 
bout,  end  (see  butfi) ;  rimes,  masc.  pi.  of  rime, 
pp.  of  rimer,  rime,  <  rime,  n.,  rime:  see  rime^.] 
Riming  words  given  out  as  the  line-endings  of  a 
stanza,  the  other  parts  of  the  lines  having  to 
be  supplied  by  the  ingenuity  of  the  person  to 
whom  the  words  are  given. 

Bouvardia  (bo-var'di-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Jardin 
des  Plantes,  Paris.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Bubiaceif,  natives  of  Mexico  and 
Central  America.  They  are  herbs  or  low  shrubs  with 
showy  corymbs  of  red,  yellow,  or  white  flowers.  Several 
species  are  found  in  greenhouses. 

bouweryt,  n.     Same  as  bowery^.     Irving. 

bouza  (bo'za),  «.    Same  as  boza. 

bouze,  n.  and  v.    See  booze. 

bouzy1,  a.     See  boozy. 

Bouzy2  (bo'zi),  «.  A  name  given  to  certain 
sparkling  wines  from  the  small  town  and  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  the  department  of 
Marne  in  France.  The  name  is  also  given,  in- 
appropriately, to  many  other  sparkling  wines. 

bovate  (bo'vat),  n.  [<  ML.  bovata,  <  L.  60* 
(bov-),  ox :  see  Bos.']  An  allotment  of  land  in 
early  English  village  communities,  the  holder 
of  which  was  bound  to  furnish  one  ox  to  the 
plow-team ;  an  oxgang. 

The  full  husband-land,  or  virgate,  was  composed  of  two 
bomtes,  or  oxgangs,  the  bovate  or  oxgang  being  thus  the 
eighth  of  the  hide  or  carucate. 

Seebohm,  Eng.  Vil.  Com.,  p.  61. 

Manifestly  the  bovate  or  oxgang  represented  the  tillage, 
not  of  an  ox-team,  but  of  one  ox  of  the  team,  that  is,  it 
was  the  share  of  the  tilled  land  appropriated  to  the  owner 
of  one  of  the  eight  associated  oxen  contributed  to  the 
cooperative  eight-ox  plough.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  481. 

Boveae  (bo've-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  .Bos  (Bov-)  + 
-etc.]  A  division  of  Bovidce,  practically  equiva- 
lent to  the  genus  Bos  in  a  large  sense,  or  to 
the  modern  subfamily  BorAnoe. 

Bovey  coal.    See  coal. 

bovicnthyid  (bo-vik'thi-id),  ».  A  fish  of  the 
family  Bovichthyidce. 

Bovichthyidae  (bo-vik-thl'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bovichthys  +  -idte.']  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Bovichthys, 
having  the  lower  pectoral  rays  unbranched  and 
simply  articulated,  the  ventral  fins  jugular  and 
separated  by  a  wide  area,  the  anal  fin  moderate, 
and  no  scales.  Only  two  or  three  species  are 
known ;  they  inhabit  antarctic  seas. 

Bovichthys  (bo-vik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bos 
(bov-)  (=  Gr.  /3of.f),  ox,  +  Gr.  i^K'f,  fish.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Bovichthyidce. 

boviculture  (bo'vi-kul-tur),  n.  [<  L.  bos  (bov-), 
ox,  +  cultura,  culture.]  The  breeding  and  rear- 
ing of  cattle  ;  stock-raising.  [Bare.] 

bovid  (bo'vid),  a.  and  n.     I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Bovidce;  bovine. 
II.  ».  One  of  the  Bovidte. 

Bovidae  (bo'vi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-), 
ox,  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  hollow-horned  ru- 
minants, the  ox  tribe,  containing  the  bovines. 
The  family  was  formerly  nearly  coextensive  with  the  ge- 
nus Bos  in  a  large  sense,  including  cattle  as  distinguished 
from  goats,  sheep,  and  antelopes.  In  this  acceptation 
the  family  corresponds  to  the  modem  subfamily  Bovince. 
It  has  been  found  impossible,  however,  to  draw  any  sharp 
dividing  line  between  cattle  and  other  hollow-horned 
ruminants,  among  some  of  which,  as  the  antelopes,  con- 
necting links  occur.  Therefore,  notwithstanding  the  fa- 
miliar difference  between  an  ox  and  a  sheep,  for  exam- 
ple, or  a  goat  and  an  antelope,  the  family  Bovidce  now 
contains  all  of  these  which  have  hollow,  persistent  horns, 
common  to  both  sexes,  generally  two,  sometimes  four, 
and  certain  common  cranial  characters  by  which  tht-.v 
collectively  differ  from  the  saiga  on  the  one  hand  and 
from  the  pronghorn  on  the  other,  these  two  so-called 
antelopes  being  made  respectively  the  types  of  the  fami- 
lies Saigidae  and  Antilocapridce.  The  Bovidce  as  thus 
defined  are  conventionally  divided  into  five  subfamilies : 
Bovinaf,  cattle ;  Ovibovinw,  muskoxen ;  Ovinte,  sheep ;  Ca- 
printe,  goats;  and  Antilopinw,  antelopes.  See  these  words. 

bovlform  (bo'vi-form),  a.  [<  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox, 
+  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  an  ox; 
bovine  in  form  and  structure. 

Bovill's  Act.     See  act. 


bow 

Bovinae  (bo-vi'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Bos  (Bov-)  + 
-ino}.  Cf.  bovine.]  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Bovidos;  cattle;  oxen;  bovines.  They 
are  of  large  size  and  more  or  less  massive  form.  The  head 
is  carried  low  upon  a  short  neck,  the  legs  are  relatively 
short,  with  the  canon-bones  little  or  no  longer  than  the 
phalanges,  the  hoofs  broad,  the  muffle  naked,  the  horns 
simple  and  unbranched,  and  the  tail  tufted  at  the  end. 
There  are  four  inguinal  teats.  The  leading  genera  are 
Bos,  Bubalus,  Anoa,  Bison,  and  Poephaffus,  or  oxen,  buffa- 
loes, bisons,  and  yaks. 

bovine  (bo'vin  or  -vin),  a.  and  n.  [=  F.  bovine 
=  Pr.  bovin,  <  LL.  bovinus,  <  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox.] 

1.  (i.  1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  oxen,  or 
specifically  to  the  Bonnie;  boviform.  Hence  — 

2.  Ox-like;  stolid;  inert;  dull. 

This  bovine  comfort  in  the  sense  alone. 

Lowell,  Three  Mem.  Poems. 

II.  ».   One  of  the  Bovince. 

Bovista  (bo-vis'ta),  n.  [NL.,  <  G.  bojist  (=  Sw. 
bofist),  <  ho-  (of  uncertain  origin;  cf.  buffen, 
puffen  =  'E.puff)  +  fist  =  'E.  fisfl,foisfl,  n.,  in 
its  orig.  sense.  Cf.  lycoperdon.]  A  genus  of 
gasteromycetous  fungi,  or  puffballs,  closely 
allied  to  Lycoperdon,  but  dif- 
fering from  the  latter  in  the 
absence  of  a  sterile  base,  and 
in  the  structure  of  the  cover- 
ing or  peridium,  the  outer 
part  of  which  shells  off.  Three 
species  are  found  in  Great  Britain 
and  a  number  more  in  North  Ameri- 
ca. Several  species  are  edible. 

bow1  (bou),  v.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bowe,  bough;  <  ME. 
bowen,  buwen,  bugen,  <  AS. 
bfigan  (pret.  bedh,  pi.  bugon, 
pp.  bogen),  bend,  bow,  flee, 
strong  verb,  only  intrans.,  = 

OS.    *6«(/O»    =    MD.    bughetl, 

D.  buigen  =  MLG.  biigen  = 
OHG.  bioqan,  MHG.  G.  bie- 
gen  =  Icel.  *bjuga  (preserved  in  pp.  boginn  and 
pret.  3d  pers.  pi.  refl.  bugusk),  bend;  prob.  = 
L.  fugere  =  Gr.  favystv,  flee,  =  Skt.  -\/  bhuj,  bend. 
Orig.  and  prop,  intrans. ;  whence  the  derived 
factitive  form,  AS.  bygan,  biegan,  began,  ME. 
bugen,  etc.,  mod.  E.  dial,  bay,  weak  verb,  trans., 
cause  to  bend :  see  bay9.  Cf.  Icel.  buga  =  Sw. 
buga,  weak  verb,  bow,  make  a  bow.  Hence  ult. 
the  secondary  verbs  bay9,  ftxcfc2,  buckte1,  and 
the  nouns  Sow2,  bought^  =  boufi  =  bight,  baiH, 
boul,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  become  bent  or 
crooked ;  assume  a  curved  form  ;  bend ;  curve. 
[Still  in  colloquial  use  in  Scotland.] 

Better  bow  than  break.  Proverb. 

Like  an  ass  whose  back  with  ingot*  bows. 

Shalt,,  M.  for  M.,  iii,  1. 
2t.  To  tend;  turn;  incline. 

Thei  bouMen  awei  fro  the  lawe  of  God. 

Wyclif,  Baruch  Iv.  12. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  downward;  take  a  bent 
posture  or  attitude ;  stoop. 

The  flame  o'  the  taper 
Sou's  toward  her,  and  would  under-peep  her  lids. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2. 
As  to  soft  gales  top-heavy  pines  bow  low. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  391. 

4.  To  bend  the  neck  under  a  yoke ;  submit  or 
become  subject;  yield:  as,  to  bate  to  the  in- 
evitable. 

On  of  us  two  mot  bowe  douteles. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  440. 
Often  tyme  it  is  betere  to  bow  than  to  berst, 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  34. 

5.  To  bend  the  body  or  head  in  worship,  or 
in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  or  submission: 
with  to  or  before,  and  sometimes  emphasized 
by  down. 

The  rest  of  the  people  bowed  down  upon  their  knees. 

Judges  vii.  6. 
The  evil  bow  before  the  good.  Prov.  xiv.  19. 

To  bow  and  sue  for  grace 
With  suppliant  knee.          Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  111. 

6.  To  make  a  bow;  incline  the  body  or  the 
head  toward  a  person  by  way  of  salutation  or 
friendly  recognition,  or  in  acknowledgment  of 
some  courtesy. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  bend ;  make  curved 
or  crooked;  cause  to  assume  and  retain  a  bent 
shape. 

They  rather  breake  him,  than  bom  him,  rather  tnarre 
him,  then  mend  him.  Ascham.  The  Scholemaster,  p.  31. 

2.  To  cause  to  stoop  or  become  bent,  as  with 
old  age  or  a  burden ;  hence,  to  crush. 

Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd  you  to  the  grave. 

SftOt.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1. 
fiotr  him,  yet  bow  him  more, 
Dii.-h  that  snn»>  itlass  of  water  in  his  face. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  T,ody,  iii.  4. 


bow 

3.  To  cause  to  bend  in  submission  ;  cause  to 
submit;  subdue. 
£010  not  mine  honour. 

/•'Mr/i.  /-(".'I'/  Hix-tlirr),  Tuo  \nhle  Kinsmen,  111.  8. 
Authority  forgets  a  <lyin^  king, 

l.:il>l   Uidow'd  of  till-  pOWW  ill   I" 

Tlmt  luiir'il  tin-  will.  Tfiniii-'i'ii.  MorM  d'  Arthur. 
4f.  To  bend:  inlli'ct;  <-;insi-  tn  di-viad-  from  a 
given  condition. 

We  /«•"•  HiiiiL's  Mir  eontnu>   VKI\  to  make  them  eome  to 
their  natural  stralghtnaM.  l:>i,;,,i.  ulieism. 

5f.  To  incline;  turn  in  :i  particulnr  dil-ectiou; 
influence. 

Not  to  '"•"'  :md  I'iiis  their  opinions.  t'tttlri: 

Kor  troubles  mill  udvcr.-itiiM  do  more  lunr  in.  -us  minds 

to  religion.  Baton. 

6.  To  bend  or  incline  in  worship  or  adoration, 
or  in  token  of  submission,  homage,  respect, 
civility,  condescension,  or  attention. 

Ami  they  cried  hcfore  him,  B<>»-  tin-  knee  ;  and  he  made 
hint  ruler  over  all  tin-  lan.l  of  Egypt.  Uen.  xli.  43. 

And  Moses  made  haste,  and  bowed  his  head  toward  the 
earth.  Ex.  xxxlv.  8. 

They  eame  to  meet  him,  and  knrt'tl  themselves  t<>  the 
ground  before  him.  2  Ki.  11.  l.'i. 

Botf  down  thine  car,  and  hear  the  words  of  the  wise. 

I'rov.  xxll.  17. 

7.  To  express  by  a  bow  or  by  bowing:  as,  to 
bow  one's  thanks  or  assent.  —  8.  To  accompany 
or  usher  in,  out,  etc.,  with  a  bow  or  bows. 

I  aaw  the  station-master  bvn<  them  into  the  carriage. 

Dickens. 

Aiifient  Hospitality,  long  since. 
With  ceremonious  thrift,  bowed  out  of  doom. 

Lowell,  Under  thu  Willows. 
To  bow  down  the  back,  .see  &odfci. 
bow1  (bou),  n.  [<  ME.  boice,  a  bend,  <  boieen, 
bend:  see  bowl,  ,•.  cf.  ooit'2.]  An  inclination 
of  the  head  or  a  bending  of  the  body  in  salu- 
tation, or  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  civil- 
ity, submission,  assent,  or  thanks. 
bow-  (bo),  H.  [<  ME.  bowf,  boghe,  boge,  etc.,  a 
bend,  curve,  bow  for  shooting,  etc.,  <  AS.  boga, 
a  bow  for  shooting,  a  rainbow  (in  general  sense 
'bend'  only  in  comp.)  (=  OS.  bogo  =  OFries. 
boga  =  D.  boog  =  MLG.  boije  =  OHG.  bogo, 
MHG.  boge,  Or.  bogen  =  Icel.  bogi  =  OSw.  boyhi, 
Sw.  b&ge  =  Dan.  owe,  a  bow,  etc.),  <  bOujan  (pp. 
bogen),  bow,  bend:  see  bow1,  c.]  If.  A  bend; 
a  curve. 
The  bowe.  of  the  ryver  of  Humber. 

Tremta,  tr.  of  Hlgden  (ed.  1865),  II.  87. 

2.  A  weapon  consisting  of  a  strong  strip  of  elas- 
tic wood  or  other  elastic  material,  with  a  string 
stretched  between  its  ends,  used  for  shooting 
arrows.  When  the  bow  hus  been  bent  to  its  full  extent 
by  pulling  the  string  back  from  it,  the  recoil  of  the  string 
(against  the  inner  side  of  which  the  notch  of  the  arrow 


is  placed)  when  released  impels  the  arrow.  The  bow 
and  arrow  have  been  used  in  all  ages  and  by  many  peoples 
as  a  weapon,  and,  though  superseded  in  the  advance  of 
civilization  by  firearms,  are  still  in  use  among  savage 
tribes,  and  are  the  officially  recognized  weapon  of  the 
Manchu  garrisons  of  China,  where  archery  is  still  one  of 
the  subjects  of  examination  for  officers  in  the  regular  army. 
Bows  were  at  one  time  divided  into  longbows  and  cross- 
bows.  During  the  middle  ages  the  nations  of  Europe  used 
longbows  of  5  or  B  feet  in  length,  the  shorter  ones  being 
used  by  horsemen,  and  the  longer  by  the  foot-archers.  The 
bows  now  commonly  used  in  archery  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
single-piece  bow,  or  self-bow,  and  the  back  or  union  bow. 
The  single-piece  bow  is  made  of  one  rod  of  hickory,  lance- 
wood,  or  yew,  the  last,  if  perfectly  free  from  knots,  being 
considered  the  most  suitable  wood.  The  union  bow  is  made 
of  two  or  sometimes  three  pieces  glued  together.  See  cuts 
under  arbaligter,  bur/nan,  and 


3.  The  name  of  several  implements  shaped  like 
a  bent  bow.     («)  In  m»«iV,  an  implement  originally 
curved,  but  now  almost  straight,  by  means  of  which  the 
tone  is  produced  from  instruments  of  the  violin  kind.     It 
i-  maileof  a  slender  staff  of  elastic  wood,  to  the  two  slightly 
projcctim;  ends  of  which  a  quantity  of  horse-hairs  (about 
H    .1  100)  are  fastened.     These,  being  rubbed  with  resin 
and  drawn  over  the  strings  of  the  instrument,  cause  it  to 
sound,    (b)  An  implement  consisting  of  a  piece  of  wood 
curved,  and  having  a  string  extended  from  one  extremity 
to  the  other,  used  (1)  by  smiths  In  turning  a  drill,  (2)  by 
turners  in  turning  wood,  and  (:>)  by  hatters  in  preparing 
fur  and  wool  for  their  use. 

4.  Any  bent  or  curved  thing,    specie-ally  —  (a)  A 
rainbow. 

And  it  shall  roine  to  pass,  when  I  bring  a  cloud  over  the 
earth,  that  the  /»>«•  shall  he  seen  in  the  cloud.  Gen.  ix.  14. 
(&)  The  part  of  a  yoke  which  embraces  the  animal's  neck  ; 
hence,  the  yoke  it 

As  the  ox  hath  his  f»m-,  sir,  the  horse  his  curb,  and  the 
falcon  her  bells,  so  man  hath  his  desire-. 

Muk..  As  you  Like  it.  iii.  ;i. 

(c)  In  auiLllf  >•//,  one  of  two  pieces  t»f  wood,  united  so  us  to 
form  an  arch  lit  i  inu  the  horse's  hack,  which  serve  to  give 
the  saddle  its  proper  form.  (<l)  In  firearm*,  the  guard  of 
the  trigger.  (?)  The  bent  guard  of  a  sword-hilt.  (.<  )  on, 
of  the  bent  slats  which  support  the  hood,  canopy,  or  tilt 
of  a  covered  wagon  or  carriage.  (<j)  The  franiini;  of  the 
-  of  a  pair  of  spcetarle>.  (In  in  nn-li.  :  (It)  An  arch 
(of  imi-oiin  >.  :i-  in  a  gateway  or  l<rid'_'eor  in  a  tlyini:  hut 
tress.  .V.  K.  l>.  (•!}  \  part  of  a  huildin-  which  projects 
from  a  straight  wall,  properly  curved,  but  sometimes, 


645 

more  loosely,  polygonal  In  plan,  (i)  In  drafting,  m  flexible 
•trip  which  run  be  In-nt  t..au>  deilred  curve;  an  arcograph. 
5.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  taking  the 
sun's  altitude  at  sea,  consisting  of  a  large  arch 
of  90°  graduated,  a  shank  or  staff,  a  side  vane, 
a  sight-vane,  and  a  horizou-vane. — 6.  A  knot 
composed  of  one  or  two  loops  and  two  ends:  a 
bow-knot;  hence,  a  ("single  bow"  or  "double 
bow  ")  looped  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon,  etc. ; 
a  ribbon,  neck-tie,  etc.,  tied  in  such  a  knot. — 
7.  A  stroke  of  the  bow  of  a  violin :  as,  the  up- 
botc  or  the  down-owe. —  8.  A  ring  or  loop  of 
metal  forming  a  handle,  (a)  The  loop  at  the  end  of 
the  handle  of  a  key.  (M  One  of  the  two  hoops  of  a  pair  of 
scissors  fitted  for  the  thumb  and  the  tinkers.  See  liaill  and 
knil.  Back  of  a  bow.  See  backi.— Bows  and  bills,  the 
cry  raised  in  old  times  by  the  English  to  give  an  alarm  in 
their  camp  or  to  encourage  the  people  to  take  to  anna. — 
Bow  top,  or  top  bow,  In  coach-builtliny,  a  piece  of  wood 
used  to  support  the  roof -boards  or  the  leather  of  the  top 

of  a  carriage.  —  Compound  bow,  a  bow  made  of  t» 

more  pieces  lashed  or  riveted  together. —  Grafted  bow, 
a  compound  bow  formed  of  two  pieces  joined  together  at 
tin  hiindle.  — Self-bow,  in  archery,  *  bow  made  of  one 
entire  piece  of  wood.  Also  called  tingle-piece  bow. — 
Sinew-backed  bow,  a  IMJW  whose  elasticity  Is  increased 
by  the  use  of  sinew  along  the  back,  either  in  a  cable  of 
twine,  as  among  the  Eskimos,  or  laid  on  solid  by  means  of 
glue,  as  with  many  triln-»  in  the  western  1  lilted  states. 
Single-piece  bow.  same  as  telf-imc.-  To  bend  or  draw 
a  bow,  to  shoot  with  a  bow.— To  draw  the  (or  a)  long- 
bow, to  exaggerate;  He.— To  have  two  strings  (or 
more  than  one  string)  to  one's  bow,  to  have  more 
than  one  means  of  accomplishing  something. 

Miss  Bertram  .  .  .  might  be  said  to  haae  tiw  tiring*  to 
her  bow.  She  had  Rushworth-feellngs  and  Crawford-feel- 
ings, and  In  the  vicinity  of  Sotherton  the  former  had  con- 
siderable effect.  Jane  Ataten,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

bow2  (bo),  v.  [<  bow2,  n.  In  some  cases  6oM>2 
(bo),  r.,  can  hardly  be  distinguished,  as  writ- 
ten, from  ooirl  (bou),  r.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  bend 
into  the  form  of  a  bow ;  inflect ;  curve :  as,  to 
I" 'ii-  a  ribbon ;  bowed  shutters. 

A  three-pence  bow'd  would  hire  me. 

Skat.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  8. 

Insects  in  inserting  and  withdrawing  their  proboscides, 
bow  them  forwards  or  upwards. 

Darwin,  Fertil.  of  Orchids  by  Insects,  p.  113. 

2.  In  iniufie :  (a)  To  perform  by  means  of  a  bow 
upon  a  stringed  instrument:  as,  to  bow  a  pas- 
sage well.  ('0  To  mark  (a  passage)  so  as  to  in- 
dicate the  proper  method  of  bowing. — 3.  In 
hat-making,  to  separate  and  distribute  in  the 
basket  (the  filaments  of  felting-fur)  by  means 
of  a  bow. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  curved  or  bent. —  2. 
To  perform  or  play  by  means  of  the  bow :  as, 
a  violinist  who  bows  with  great  taste. 

bow3  (bou),  n.  [Same  word  as  bough1,  but  in 
the  naut.  sense,  first  in  the  17th  century,  and  of 
LG.  or  Scand.  origin :  Icel.  bogr  =  Norw.  bog  = 
Sw.  bog  =s  Dan.  bong,  bor,  bow  of  a  ship,  also 
shoulder  of  an  animal,  =  D.  boeg,  bow  of  a  ship, 
=  MLG.  boch,  buck,  bow  of  a  ship,  shoulder 
(>  G.  bug  in  this  sense),  =  AS.  bog,  boh,  arm, 
branch:  see  bough1.']  If.  Same  as  bough1. 
Compare  with  bmrpot  for  bouglipot. — 2.  Naut., 
the  forward  part  or  head  of  a  ship,  beginning 
where  the  sides  trend  inward,  and  terminating 
where  they  close  or  unite  in  the  stem  or  prow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow ;  a  broad  one, 
a  bold  or  bluff  bow. — 3.  The  foremost  oar  used 
in  rowing  a  boat,  or  the  person  who  pulls  that 
oar:  the  bow-oar — Doubling  of  the  bow  (naut.), 
thick  planking  at  the  bow  of  a  vessel  to  protect  it  from 
injury  by  the  anchor-bill.—  On  th6  bow  (naut.),  on  that 
part  of  the  horizon  which  Is  within  45  of  the  line  ahead. 

bow4  (bou),  w.     A  Scotch  form  of  bolt2. 

I  trust  you  remember  you  are  owing  to  the  laird  four 
atones  of  barley-meal,  and  a  bow  of  oats. 

Scott,  Abbot,  II.  si 

bow5  (b»),  n.  [Also  written  bu ;  <  Icel.  bv,  a 
farm,  stock,  cattle  (=  Dan.  Sw.  bo,  dwelling, 
=  AS.  /)<(  =  OS.  66,  dwelling,  =  D.  bouic,  tillage, 
building,  =  OHG.  6«,  dwelling,  tillage,  build- 
ing, MHG.  bit,  bou,  G.  batt,  tillage,  building), 
<  frii«  =  AS.  Ilium,  dwell:  see  6ya,  bowerl,  boor, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.]  A  herd  of  cattle; 
the  stock  of  cattle  on  a  farm :  as,  a  ftotc  of  kye 
(that  is,  cows).  [Obsolete,  except  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  England.] 

bowut,  bowet,  »•  [Prob.  a  reduced  form  of 
liii/l*.]  The  provisions  of  a  benefice  granted 
by  the  pope.  A".  E.  D.  [Scotch.] 

bowablet  (bou'a-bl),  a.  [<  ooici  +  -able.]  Ca- 
pable of  being  Ibowed  or  bent ;  flexible. 

bow-arm  (bo'iinn),  M.  1.  The  arm  that  moves 
the  bow  in  playing  an  instrument  of  the  violin 
family;  a  violinist's  right  arm.  See  bow-hand. 
—  2.  In  iirrhrry,  the  arm  employed  in  holding 
the  bow,  ordinarily  the  left  arm. 

bow-backed  (bo'bukt),  «.  Having  a  back  bent 
like  u  bow.  Tennyson. 


bowel 

bow-bearer  (bo'bSr'er),  ».  In  »i<i  /.»;/•  Imr, 
an  under-officer  of  a  forest,  whose  duty  was  to 
give  information  of  trespasses. 

bow-bellt  (bo'ticli.  a.  One  born  within  the 
sound  of  the  bells  of  the  church  of  Bow,  which 
is  near  the  center  of  the  City  of  London;  a 
cockney,  ftr/tii.  ami  /•'/. 

bow-bent  (bo 'bent),  a.  Bent  like  a  l>»w; 
crooked. 

A  sibyl  old,  >xiir-li.  at  with  crooked  age. 

Hilton,  Vac.  Ex.,  L  (M. 

bow-billed  (bo'bild), «.  Having  the  bill  bowed 
or  arcuate,  as  some  birds. 

bow-boy  (l)6'boi),  H.  A  boy  who  uses  a  bow; 
>licciiic:ill\,  Cupid.  Xluilc. 

bow-brace  (bo'bras),  n.  A  covering  of  bone, 
metal,  or  leather  for  protecting  the  left  arm  of  a 
bowman  from  the  percussion  of  the  bow-string. 

bow-case  (bo'kas),  n.  A  long  bag  of  wood, 
leather,  or  cloth,  in  which  a  bow  is  kept  when 
not  in  use. 

bow-chaser  (bou'eha'ser),  n.  A  gun  pointed 
over  the  bow  of  a  ship  of  war,  for  firing  at  a 
chased  vessel. 

bow-clavier  (bo'kla'vi-er),  n.  A  musical  in- 
strument having  a  keyboard  and  strings  like 
a  harpsichord  or  piano,  in  which  the  tones 
were  produced  by  the  friction  of  little  bows  or 
resined  wheels  pressed  against  the  strings. 
Such  an  instrument  is  said  to  have  been  attempted  about 
1000  at  Nureml>erg,  and  many  were  constructed  lu  the 
eighteenth  century.  Also  called  bow-harpfichord. 

bow-compass,  bow-compasses  (bo'kum'pas, 
-ez),  ».  See  campus*. 

bowd,  ».     Bee  fcourf1. 

bowdark,  w.     See  bodark. 

Bowdlerism  (bod'ler-izm),  H.  [<  Bawdier 
(Thomas  Bowdler,  who  published  in  1818  an  ex- 
purgated edition  of  Shakspere)  +  -ism."]  The 
practice  of  omitting  from  an  author's  edited 
writings  words  or  passages  considered  offensive 
or  indelicate. 

Bowdlerization  (bod'ler-i-za'shon), «.  [< 
Bowdlerize  +  -ation."]  Expurgation  of  offensive 
or  indelicate  passages  or  words  from  an  edited 
book  or  writing. 

Bowdlerize  (bod'ler-iz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
Bowdlerized,  ppr.  Bowdlerizing.  [<  Bowdler  (see 
Bowdlerism)  +  -ize.~\  To  expurgate  in  editing 
by  expunging  words  or  passages  considered 
offensive  or  indelicate. 

Hence,  when  the  incessant  human  sacrifices  In  Israel 
during  the  age  of  the  kings  are  all  put  down  to  the  in* 
fluence  of  foreign  idolatries,  we  may  fairly  inquire  whether 
editorial  Bowdlrriting  has  not  prevailed  over  historical 
truth.  Huxley,  hi  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  489. 

bow-drill  (bo'dril),  n.  A  drill  worked  by  means 
of  a  bow  and  string.  The  string  is  turned  about  the 
spindle  of  the  drill,  which 
is  moved  by  a  reciprocat- 
ing motion  of  the  !M>W. 

Bow-dye  (bo'di),  n. 
A  kind  of  scarlet 
color,  superior  to 
madder,  but  inferior 
to  the  true  scarlet 
grain  for  fixedness 
and  duration :  first 
used  in  Bow,  London. 

bowed  (bod),  i>.  a.  [< 
doir2  +  -fff2.]  1.  Bent  like  a  bow;  emboweU. 
In  heraldry  also  termed  fleeted  or  reflected. —  2. 
Having  a  convex  or  bulging  form :  as,  a  bowed 
shield. 

bowed-embowed  (bod'em-bod'),  «.  See  em- 
bowed. 

bowel  (bou'el),  ».  [<  ME.  bmeel,  bowele,  bouel, 
buel,  boel,  <  OF.  boel,  buel,  m.,  also  boele,  buele, 
t.,  F.  IIIIIHIH  (whence  prob.  E.  bayou,  q.  v. )  =  Pr. 
budel  =  It.  budello,  <  ML.  botellus,  an  intestine, 
<  L.  botellus,  a  sausage,  dim.  of  botulus,  a  sau- 
sage, en-it:,  an  intestine.]  1.  One  of  the  intes- 
tines of  an  animal;  a  division  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  l>elow  the  stomach ;  a  gut,  especially 
of  man :  chiefly  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  the 
intestines  collectivelv. —  2t.  One  of  the  viscera ; 
any  internal  organ  of  the  body,  as  the  stomach, 
liver,  brain,  etc. — 3.  pi.  The  interior  part  of 
anything. 

Kush'd  Into  the  botetlt  of  the  battle. 

Sltak.,  1  Heu.  VL,  L  1. 
It  was  great  pity,  so  it  was, 
That  villainous  saltpetre  should  be  dlgg'd 
Out  of  the  boircU  of  the  harmless  earth. 

SAo*-.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  L  3. 

4.   ;>/.  The  inner  parts  as  the  seat  of  pity  or 
kindness;  hence,  tenderness ;  compassion. 

He  that  relieves  another  upon  the  bare  suggestion  and 
tomb  of  pity,  doth  not  this  so  much  for  his  sake  as  for  hU 
•a  Sir  T.  Brmtnt,  ReUgio  Medici,  it  4. 


bowel 

What  the  plague,  have  yon  no  bott'da  for  your  own  kin- 
dred? filii'rittan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  .'f. 
5f.  pl-  Offspring;  children. 

Thine  own  bowel*,  which  do  call  thee  sire, 
The  mere  effusion  of  thy  proper  loins. 

Shale.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  1. 

To  move  the  bowels,  to  produce  evacuation  of  the 

bowels  by  administering  a  suitable  aperient  or  cathartic. 

bowelt  (bou' el),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  boweled  or 


646 

are  the  knave  of  trumps,  the  higher  of  the  two,  called  the 
rniht  IKHIVI;  and  the  knave  of  the  suit  having  the  same  color 
as'  the  trump,  called  the  left  bower. 

But  the  hands  that  were  played 

By  that  heathen  Chinee, 
And  the  points  that  he  made, 

Were  quite  frightful  to  see  — 
Till  at  last  he  put  down  a  right  bower, 
Which  the  same  Nye  had  dealt  unto  me. 

JUWOAT  ^wvn  *3ij,  v.  t. ,  ^»i^u.  i'ii'i    !'['•  v\rKj\jmj™  VM.  ftret  Harte,  Heathen  Chinee. 

bowellerl,  ppr.  boweling  or  bowelling.  [<  ME.  bower7  (i,6'er),  n.  [<  6o»c2,  n.  and  r.,  +  -er*. 
bowelen;  cf.  OF.  boeler;  from  the  noun.]  lo  cf  bou.,.(.r  n  lf  A  bow-maker;  a  bowyer.— 
take  out  the  bowels  of;  eviscerate;  penetrate  2  One'who  plays  with  a  bow  on  a  violin  or 
the  bowels  of;  disembowel. 

Drawn  and  hanged  in  his  armour,  taken  down  alive  and 
boivelled.  Stou',  Edward  II.,  an.  1326. 

bowellesst  (bou'el-les),  a.     [<  bowel  +  -less.] 
Without  tenderness  or  pity ;  unfeeling. 

Miserable  men  commiserate  not  themselves ;  bowelleKS 
unto  others,  and  merciless  unto  their  own  bowels. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  7. 

bowel 

tises 

animals.     Holland. 


other  stringed  instrument. 
lower8  (bo'er  or  bou'er),  n.  [Also  written 
boocr ;  <  bow&,  a  head  of  cattle,  farm-stock,  + 
-er1.]  A  person  who  rents  or  leases  the  dairy 
stock  on  a  farm,  together  with  pasture  and  fod- 
der for  them,  and  makes  what  he  can  from 
their  produce,  the  cultivation  of  the  farm  still 

[S. 


,  f  remaining  with  the  farmer  or  proprietor. 

>wel-pryert  (bou'el-pn'to),  «     One  who  prac-    w_  count|es  of  Scotland.] 
ises  divination  by  examining  the  intestines  of  T,ower_anchor  (bou'er-ang"kor),  w.     An  ai 


An  anchor 
See  bower3. 


era  Ptilonorhynchus,  Chlamydodera,  etc.,  consti- 


carried  at  a  ship's  bows.     ^^  „„„„.  -. 

bowel-pryingt  (bou  el-pn'mg),  ».    Divination  t,owerJbird  (bou'er-berd),  ».     The  name  of  the 
by  examining  the  bowels  of  animals.    Holland.     Australian  oscine  passerine  birds  of  the  gen- 

bowemte   (bo   en -it),   n.      [Alter  George   T.  ,.,,,, 

Bowen,  who  described  it  in  1822.]  A  variety 
of  serpentine  from  Smithfield,  Rhode  Island, 
of  light-green  color  and  fine  granular  texture. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  its  re- 
semblance to  jade. 

bower1  (bou'er),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bour, 
boure,  etc. ;  <  ME.  bour,  <  AS.  bur,  a  dwell- 
ing, house,  room,  chamber  (=  OS.  bur  —  MLG. 
bur,  a  house,  cage,  LG.  buur,  a  cage,  =  OHG. 
bur,  a  chamber,  MHG.  bur,  G.  bauer,  a  cage, 
=  Icel.  bur,  a  chamber,  larder,  store-room,  = 
Sw.  bur  =  Dan.  bur,  formerly  buur),  <  bium  = 
Icel.  bua,  etc.,  dwell.  Cf.  booth,  bottle1,  build, 
etc.,  from  the  same  root.  Hence  ult.  boor, 
bowvrS,  and  neigh-bour,  neiglt-bor."]  1.  A  dwell- 
ing or  habitation;  particularly,  a  cottage;  an 
unpretentious  residence ;  a  rustic  abode.  [Now 
only  poetical.] 

Courtesy  oft-times  in  simple  bowers 

Is  found  as  great  as  in  the  stately  towers. 

Sir  J.  Harinaton,  tr.  of  Ariosto,  xiv.  62. 

2f.  An  inner  room;  any  room  in  a  house  ex- 
cept the  hall  or  public  room;  hence,  a  bed- 
chamber. 

In  hast  came  rushing  forth  from  inner  liuwre. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  viii.  5. 

3.  Especially,  a  lady's  private  chamber;  a  bou- 
doir.    [Poetical.] 

The  feast  was  over  in  Branksome  tower, 
And  the  Ladye  had  gone  to  her  secret  bower. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  1. 

4.  A  shelter  made  with  boughs  or   twining 
plants ;  an  arbor ;  a  shady  recess. 


bow-knot 

bow-fast  (bou'fast),  «.     Naut.,  a  rope  or  chain 
by  which  a  ship  is  secured  at  the  bow. 
bow-file  (bo'fil),  n.    A  file  having  a  bowed  or 
curved  edge ;  a  riffler. 

bowfin  (bou'fin),  n.    A  name  of  the  mudfish, 
Amia  cah-a.     Also  called  brindle,  grindle,  law- 
yer, dogfish,  etc.     See  cut  under  Amiida?. 
b'owget,  ''.    See  bouge%. 

bow-grace  (bou'gras),  n.  Ncmt.,  a  frame,  or 
composition  of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  stem, 
or  bows  of  a  ship  to  secure  it  from  injury  by  ice. 
bow-hand  (bo'hand),  n.  1.  In  archery,  the 
hand  that  holds  the  bow,  commonly  the  left 
hand. —  2.  In  music,  the  hand  that  draws  the 
bow ;  a  violinist's  right  hand —  On  the  bow-hand, 
(rt)  On  the  wrong  side  ;  wrongly  ;  inaccurately. 

He  shootes  wyde  on  the  bom  hand,  and  very  farre  from 
the  marke.  Spemer,  State  of  Ireland. 

(/>)  Wrong  in  one's  calculations. 

Uber.  Well,  you  must  have  this  wench,  then  1 
Ric.  I  hope  so ; 

I  am  much  o'  the  bom-hand  else. 

Bean,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  i.  3. 

bow-harpsichord  (bd'harp'si-kord),  n.  Same 
as  boir-clarifr. 

bow-head  (bo'hed),  ».  A  species  of  right 
whale ;  the  polar  right  whale  or  Greenland 
whale,  Balcena,  mysticetus.  See  also  cut  under 
whale. 

bow-headed  (bo'hed-ed),  a.  Having  a  bowed 
or  bent  head,  as  a  right  whale. 

bowie  (bou'i),  11.  [Perhaps  from  OF.  btiie,  prob. 
same  as  buire,  a  water-pitcher,  vessel  for  wine, 
<  bitire,  F.  boire,  <  L.  biberc,  drink.]  A  large 
wooden  milk-bowl.  [Scotch.] 

bowie-knife  (bo'e-nif;  in  the  Southwest  pro- 
nounced bo'e-nif),  n.  [After  its  inventor, 
Colonel  James  Bowie,  died  1836.]  A  heavy 
sheath-knife  first  used  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century  in  Kentucky  and  other  parts  of 
the  United  States  which  were  then  on  the  bor- 
ders of  civilization.  The  blade  is  from  9  to  10  inches 
long,  and  has  only  oue  edge ;  the  back  is  straight  for  three 


Satin  Bower-bird  (Ptilonorhynchits  holosericfvs}. 

tuting  with  some  authors  a  subfamily  Ptilono- 
rliyneliina,  of  the  family  Oriolida;.  They  are  re- 
markable for  building  what  are  called  bowers,  runs,  or  play- 
houses, which  they  adorn  with  gay  feathers,  rags,  bones, 
shells,  and  other  white,  bright,  or  conspicuous  objects. 
There  are  several  species  of  both  the  genera  named  ;  the 
best-known  are  the  satin  bower-bird,  P.  holoseric 


,  ceiut,  and 

the  spotted  bower-bird,  C,  maculata.  The  bowers  are  not 
the  nests  of  the  birds,  but  places  of  resort  where  they 
amuse  themselves. 

bower-eaves  (bou'er-evz),  n.  pi.    The  eaves  of 
a  bower  or  bedchamber. 

A  bow-shot  from  her  bower-eave*. 

Tmnijmn,  Lady  of  Shalott,  iii. 


I  only  begged  a  little  woodbine  bower 
Where  I  might  sit  and  weep. 

W.  Mason,  English  Garden,  3. 

bower1!  (bou'er),  r.  [<  bowerl,  «.]  I.  tra-tig.  bowered  (bou'erd),  a.  [<  Sower1  +  -ef?2.]  Fur- 
To  inclose  in  a  bower,  or  as  in  a  bower ;  em-  nished  with  bowers,  recesses,  or  alcoves.  Ten- 
bower;  inclose. 

O  nature  !  what  hadst  thou  to  do  in  hell, 

When  thou  didst  bower  the  spirit  of  a  fiend 


In  mortal  paradise  of  such  sweet  flesh ?  i/V,  *«i^i    /T^,,'A«  rr.nA\ 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  2.   DOWer-maid  Jbqu  er-mad), 

II.  intrans.  To  take  shelter ;  lodge. 
Spredding  pavilions  for  the  birds  to  bovfre. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  VI.  x.  6. 


nysoit. 

bowerly  (bou'er-li),  a.    [See  burly!-.] 
stout ;  burly.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

"_    ~  n..    [<   boweri   + 

maid.  Cf.  ME.  bourmaiden.]  A  young  woman 
in  attendance  on  a  lady ;  a  lady's-maid ;  a  wait- 
ing-woman. [Now  only  poetical.] 


On»  who  bower-thane  (bou'er-than),  n.  [Mod.  form  of 
ME.  burtheiti,  <  AS.  bur-thegn,  <  bur,  bower, 
+  thegn,  thane.]  A  chamberlain  under  the 
Saxon  kings. 

The  chamberlain,  or  bower-thane,  was  also  the  royal 
treasurer.  Thorite,  tr.  of  Lappeuberg's  Hist.  Eng.,  v. 


bower2  (bou'er),  «.    [<  ftoic1  + 
or  that  which  bows  or  bends ;  specifically,  a 
muscle  that  bends  the  joints. 
His  rawbone  annes,  whose  mighty  brawned  bowrs 
Were  wont  to  rive  steele  plates.    Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  I.  viii.  41. 

bower3  (bou'er).  n.     [<  6oic3  +  -eel.]     An  an-  , 

chor  carried  at  the  bow  of  a  ship.    The  two  bower-  bower-woman  (bou  er-wum"an),  «.     Same  as 
anchors  were  formerly  of  unequal  size,  and  were  called 
the  best  and  small  bower  respectively  ;  but  when  (as  gen- 
erally now)  of  equal  size,  they  are  known  as  the  starboard 


and  port  bowers. 


bower-maid.     Scott. 

bowery1  (bou'er-i),  a.  [<  ftOM-er1  +  -yi.]  Of 
the  nature  of  a  bower;  containing  bowers; 
leafy;  shady. 


The  whaler  .  .  .  made  a  clumsy  piece  of  work  in  get-  vnTiroTTT2  rhoii'tr  il  «  •  r.1  linirprirs  I  \i\  TAlsn 
ting  her  anchor,  being  obliged  to  let  go  her  best  bower,  DOWery^OOU  61-1),  M.,  pi.  DOlieneS  (-1Z).  \_A18O 
and,  ttimlly,  to  get  out  a  kedge  and  a  hawser.  written  bowerie  and  bouwery ;  <  D.  bouwery,  a 


A  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  250. 
bower4  (bou'er),   H.      [<  boifS,  I,   =  boiir/lil, 

+  -er1.]     In  falconry,  a  young  hawk  when  it 

begins  to  leave  the  nest  and  to  clamber  on  the 

boughs.    Also  called  bowess,  bowet. 
bower5t,  «•      [Late  ME.  boueer,  <  D.  bouwer,  a 

farmer,  peasant  (in  this  sense  prop,  boer),  also 

a  builder,  =  G  bauer,  a,  peasant,  also  a  builder :     ,„  ,„.„.„,...„„„„  „.  „„  „„.,„, 

see  boor,  and  cf.  boicer®.]    A  peasant ;  a  farmer,     public  by  his  talent  at  dreaming. 
bower6  (bou'er),  n.    [E.  spelling  of  G.  bauer,  a  -f™'"! 

peasant,  a  farmer  ;  in  a  German  pack  of  cards,  bowess,  bowet1  (bou'es,  -et),  n.    [See  bower*.] 

the  knave  or  jack ;  =  D.  boer,  a  farmer,  the     In  falconry,  a  young  hawk  when  it  begins  to 

knave  in  cards,  >  E.  boor,  q.  v.]     In  euchre,     leave  the  nest. 

one  of  the  two  highest  cards,  or,  if  the  joker  bowet1  (bou'et),  n.     See  bowess. 

is  used,  the  second  or  third  highest.    Tin.  bowers  boweta  (b6'°t),  11.     Same  as  buat. 


farm,  prop,  fanning,  husbandry,  <  bouwer,  a 
farmer:  see  bowei'5  and  boor.]  Among  the 
Dutch  settlers  of  New  York,  a  farm ;  a  country- 
seat;  a  rural  retreat.  Hence  the  name  of  the  Boicerii. 
a  long,  wide  street  in  the  city  of  New  York,  originally  a 
road  through  the  bowery  or  farm  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the 
last  Dutch  colonial  governor  of  New  Netherlands. 

A  goodly  boH'erie  or  farm  was  allotted  to  the  sage  Oloffe 
in  fMUMderation  of  the  service  he  had  rendered  to  the 


Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  133. 


Bowie-knife  and  Sheath. 

quarters  of  its  length,  and  then  curves  toward  the  edge  in 
a  slightly  concave  sweep,  while  the  edge  finishes  toward 
the  point  in  a  convex  curve.  The  guard  is  very  small, 
and  the  tongue  is  of  the  full  breadth  of  the  grip  or  barrel, 
which  is  formed  of  two  rounded  pieces  of  wood  or  bone. 
The  best  knives  were  made  by  frontier  blacksmiths,  of  old 
horse-rasps  and  the  like,  and  naturally  differed  much  in 
size  and  pattern.  The  term  is  used  at  present  for  almost 
any  large  sheath-knife. 

bowing1  (bo'ing),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  6ow2,  ».]  1. 
The  operation  of  separating  and  arranging  as 
desired  the  filaments  of  some  fibrous  material, 
as  hatters'  fur  or  (in  Eastern  countries)  cotton, 
by  vibrating  a  bow-string  upon  it.  In  hat-making, 
Ijarge  ;  as  practised  on  a  small  scale,  the  felting  of  the  fur  or  wool 
is  partly  accomplished  by  bowing. 
2.  In  music:  (a)  The  general  method  of  using 
the  bow  in  playing  upon  an  instrument  of  the 
violin  family.  It  includes  the  method  of  holding  the 
bow,  the  direction  in  which  it  is  moved,  the  pressure  put 
upon  it,  the  part  of  the  hair  that  is  employed,  the  place 
upon  the  strings  where  it  is  applied,  and  every  other  detail 
in  the  management  of  the  bow  which  influences  the  quality 
and  loudness  of  the  tone  produced.  (6)  The  method  by 
which  the  notes  of  a  given  passage  are  distrib- 
uted between  up-  and  down-strokes  of  the  bow. 
To  secure  an  intended  effect,  or  general  uniformity  among 
many  players,  the  bmmnii  of  a  passage  is  indicated  by  vari- 
ous marks;  r-i  or  <— '  indicates  a  stroke  beginning  with 
the  nut,  that  is,  down  ;  while  y  or  ^  indicates  a  stroke 
beginning  with  the  iwint,  that  is,  up. 

bowing'-*  (bo'ing),  n.  [<  6o«-5,  M.,  +  -iwp1.]  A 
lease  of  the  dairy  stock  on  a  farm.  See  bower6. 
[Scotch.] 

bowingly  (bou'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  bending  man- 
ner. Hiiloet. 

bow-instrument  (bo'In'stro-ment),  n.  A 
stringed  instrument  played  by  means  of  a  bow, 
as  the  double-bass,  the  small  bass  or  violon- 
cello, the  tenor,  the  violin  proper,  etc. 

bow-iron  (bo'i"ern),  «.  A  clasp  or  holder  used 
to  secure  the  bows  of  a  carriage-top. 

bowk1  (bouk),  11.     Same  as  bulk1.     [Scotch.] 

bowk-  (bouk),  r.  t.     Same  as  btictf.    [Scotch.] 

bow-kail  (bou'kal),  «.  [Cf.  borecole.]  Cab- 
bage. Burns.  [Scotch.] 

bowking  (bou'king),  n.     Same  as  biiel'iini-. 

bow-knot  (bo'not),  n.  A  slip-knot  made  by 
drawing  a  portion  of  a  cord,  ribbon,  etc.,  in  the 
form  of  a  bow  through  an  involution,  which  is 


bow-knot 

then  tightened  rniiiiil  tin-  bow.  The  knot  i- 
sini|ilc  if  there  is  only  one  bow,  double  if  there 
lire  two ;  it  I-JIM  be  easily  nut  ic<l  by  drawing  the 
bow  back. 

bowl1  (boll.  it.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  K.. 
bull,  tinil  still  so  spelled  in  some  senses  (see 
l,i,in  Mini  /,»//•-');  <  MK.  lM,ll,,<  AS.  bolin,  a  bowl, 

=  OFries.  hull,!  [in  ip.)  =  (>ll(i.  hfilln.  MIKi. 

bollf,  a  round  vi'sscd.  <i.  holli;  a  bulb,  onion,  = 
Icel.  Imlli  =  Sw.  Ml  =  Dan.  Imlli-.  a  bowl ;  <•!'.  I'. 
fro/,  a  bowl,  (i.  hoirli;  a  bowl,  <  K.  /«>ir/l.  Some- 
what confused  with  boirl-  and  oilier  forms  from 
L.  AII//II  (sec  /<«//•-!,  /////»,  /»<//-',  etc.);  prob.  nil. 
akin  to  bo/i-l,  hull1,  etc.]  1.  A  low-standing 
concave  vessel  used  for  various  domestic  and 
other  purposes,  chiefly  for  holding  liquids  or 
liquid  food.  A  bowl  U  properly  somewhat  licinUpheri- 
caf,  laix'cr  tliiin  ;i  cup  ;iiut  deeper  an<l  less  flaring  than  a 
IIM-III  (although  in  (Ireat  Itritain  howls  for  table  use  are 
commonly  called  />ti*in*),  and  witllout  a  cover  ;  but  bowls 
for  some  specitlc  uses,  as  sugar-howls,  are  widely  varied 
in  shape  ami  pii>\i<i<il  with  covers. 

And  thun  shall  make  the  dislics  thereof,  and  spoons 
thereof,  .  .  .  and  lioirfx  thereof,  to  eover  [margin,  jntiir 
out]  withal.  Ex.  xiv.  28. 

More  specifically — 2.  A  large  drinkiug-cup ;  a 
goblet:  in  this  sense  now  chiefly  figurative,  as 
an  emblem  of  festivity  or  dissipation. 

Come,  forward,  gentlemen,  to  church,  my  boys! 
When  we  have  done,  I'll  give  you  cheer  in  boirls. 

ll.-ini.  iiinl  /•'/.,  Scornful  Lady,  iv.  2. 
There  .St.  John  mingles  with  my  friendly  bold 
The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul. 

Pope,  Irolt  of  Horace,  I.  127. 
But  let  no  footstep  heat  the  floor, 
Nor  bind  of  wassail  mantle  warm. 

7Vrtm/*f»«,  In  Memoriam,  cv. 

3.  Anything  having  the  general  shape  or  use  of 
a  bowl,  as  a  natural  depression  in  the  ground, 
the  pound  or  central  portion  of  a  fishing-weir, 
the  hollow  or  containing  part  of  a  vessel  or 
utensil  having  a  stem  or  a  handle,  etc. :  as,  the 
IHHI-I  of  a  chalice,  a  spoon,  or  a  tobacco-pipe. 
bowl2  (bol;  E.  dial,  boul  (the  reg.  historical 
pron.) ;  Sc.  bol),  ».  [<  ME.  bowle,  boule,  <  OF. 
boulf,  F.  houle  =  Pr.  bolit  =  Sp.  Pg.  bold  =  It. 
liiilln,  liulla,  a  ball,  <  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  a  stud, 
any  round  object,  >  E.  butfi,  billa,  etc.  Some- 
what confused  with  bowl1,  bolel,  and  ball!.]  If. 
A  ball;  any  sphere  or  globe.  [So  used  till  late 
in  the  seventeenth  century.]  — 2.  A  large  solid 
ball  of  hard  wood  used  in  playing  (a)  the  game 
of  bowls  on  a  level  plat  of  greensward  called 
a  bowling-green,  or  (6)  the  game  of  skittles  or 
ninepins  on  a  long,  floored  surface  of  wood 
called  a  bowling-alley.  (See  bowls.)  In  the  for- 
mer game  the  howls  are  made  with  a  bias,  that  is,  oblate 
on  one  side  and  prolate  on  the  other,  and  are  of  a  size 
which  admits  of  their  Mug  grasi>ed  more  or  less  nrrnly 
between  the  thumb  and  the  fingers.  In  the  latter  game 
the  halls  are  sometimes  much  larger,  and  furnished  with 
holes  to  facilitate  grasping  them,  and  are  but  slightly 
biased,  if  at  all. 

Like  an  miinstructed  howler,  he  thinks  to  attain  the 
jack  hy  delivering  his  Ixnrl  straightforward  upon  it.  Scott. 

3.  A  turn  at  a  game  of  bowls :  as,  it  is  his  hotel 
next. — 4  (pron.  b«l).  A  marble  used  by  boys  in 
play ;  in  the  plural,  the  game  itself.  [Scotch.] 
—  5.  In  a  knitting-machine,  the  roller  or  anti- 
friction wheel  on  which  the  carriage  traverses. 
— 6.  One  of  the  buoys  or  floats  used  by  herring- 
fishers  about  Yarmouth,  England,  to  support 
the  drift-net  and  keep  its  edge  uppermost. 
These  bowls  are  colored  to  mark  the  divisions 
of  the  fleet  of  nets.  -Burnt  bowl,  etc.  See  burnt. 
bowl-  (bol).  r.  [<  bmi-r-,  ft.]  I.  intraiis.  I. 
To  play  with  bowls  or  at  bowling:  as,  "  chal- 
lenge her  to  ho/rl."  Slink:,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  1. —  2. 
To  roll  a  bowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowls. — 3. 
To  deliver  the  ball  to  be  played  by  the  bats- 
man at  cricket. — 4.  To  move  horizontally, 
with  a  rapid  and  easy  motion,  like  a  ball:  as, 
the  carriage  boieled  along. 

We  btntieit  along  the  great  North  road.  Jin.  Gore. 

II.  Ira  UK.  1.  To  roll  or  trundle,  as  a  bowl. 
I'.reak  all  the  spokes  and  fellies  from  her  wheel, 
And  hud  the  round  nave  down  the  hill  of  heaven. 

Skat.,  Hamlet,  U.  1 
2.  To  pelt  with  or  as  with  bowls. 

I  had  rather  be  set  quick  i'  th'  earth, 
Ami  /«»<cf(f  to  death  with  turnips. 

.S'Aii*-..  M.  W.  of  W..  iii.  4. 

To  bowl  put,  in  mV'ivf.  to  put  out  of  play  by  knocking 
down  one's  hails  or  stumps  hy  a  hall  il.'lhetv.l  hy  the 
bowler:  as,  Smith  was  Ix'Mfd'vul  at  the  tlrst  ball.— To 
bowl  over,  to  knock  down  ;  kill.  (Hunting  slang.) 

If  the  animal  passes  near  him  it  requires  hut  little  skill 
to  hurl  it  urn-  with  his  double  barrel  as  It  goes  by. 

SlHirttiiKin  *  (jazt'ttfff,  p.  82. 

bowl-alleyt  (bol'al'i),   n.      Same   as   boirling- 
aUey. 
bowlder,  «.     See  boulder. 


647 

bow-legged  (bo'leg'ed  or  -legd),  a.  Having  the 
legs  bowed  outward;  bandy-legged. 

In  IHTSOII  the  duke  was  of  the  middle  size,  well  made, 
cvcpt  that  he  was  somewhat  bow-Uffged.  I'rncvtt. 

bowler1  (bo'ler),  H.  [<  boir/l  +  -,rl.]  1.  A 
workman  who  shapes  the  bowl  of  a  spoon. — 
2f.  '  >ne  who  makes  bowls. 

bowler*  (bo'ler),  n.  [<  boaP,  v.,  +  -«•!.]  1. 
One  who  plays  at  bowls. — 2.  In  cricket,  the 
player  who  bowls  or  serves  the  ball ;  the 
pitcher. —  3.  [<  />»«•/-.  ».,  +  -»•;•'. J  A  low- 
crowned  stiff  felt  hat;  a  "billycock."  Also 
bowler-tiat.  ,V.  E.  i>. 

bowline  (bo'liu  or  -Hn),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  biiirlin,  holiiir,  bolin,  bowliii/i.  h<il/iii<ii-,  Im- 
II/H,  etc.;  <  ME.  hoin-li/in;  bouline,  a  compound 
prob.  not  formed  in  E.,  but  of  Scand.  origin : 
Icel.  boglina  (rare)  =  Norw.  hot/Una  =:  Sw.  0017- 
lina,  bolin  =  Dan.  borline  (or  bugline,  formerly 
bougline)  =  D.  boeglijn  (>  OF.  boeline,  boline,  F. 
bouline,  G.  bolcine);  <.  Icel.  6017,  Sw.  bog,  etc., 
shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship  (see  bowa),  +  Una  =  E. 
line-  ;  the  first  element  is  then  the  same  as  E. 
bow3,  and  the  strict  E.  pron.  would  be  bou'lin. 
Cf .  bowsprit.}  1.  Xaut.,  a  rope  leading  forward 
and  fastened  to  the  leech  of  a  square  sail,  it  Is 
used  to  steady  the  weather-leech  of  the  sail  and  keep  it 
forward,  and  thus  to  make  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  wind. 

He  afterwards  said  that  we  sailed  well  enough  with  the 
wind  free,  but  that  give  him  a  taut  bowline,  and  he  would 
heat  us,  If  we  had  all  the  canvas  of  the  Royal  George. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  ":). 

2.  In  ship-building,  a  curve  representing  a  ver- 
tical section  of  the  bow-end  of  a  ship.— Bow- 
line on  a  bight,  a  bowline-knot  made  on  the  bight  of  a 
rope.— On  a  bowline,  said  of  a  ship  when  sailing  close  to 
the  wind. 

The  Ayacucho  went  off  on  a  bowline,  which  brought 
her  to  windward  of  ua. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast. 

To  check  the  bowline,  to  slacken  it  when  the  wind  be- 
comes more  favorable.— To  sharp  the  main  bowline 
or  hale  the  bowline,  to  pull  it  harder. 

bowline-bridle  (bo'lin-bri'dl),  n.  The  span  on 
the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  at- 
tached. 

bowline-cringle  (bo'lin-kring'gl),  M.  The  loops 
worked  in  the  leech  of  a  sail  to  which  the  bow- 
line or  bowline-bridle  is  attached. 

bowline-knot  (bo'lin-not),  n.  A  certain  knot 
much  used  by  sailors.  See  knot*. 

bowling1  (bo'ling),  «.  [<  bowl1  +  -ing*.]  In 
dyeing,  the  washing  of  fabrics  by  passing  them 
over  rollers  in  a  vessel  of  water. 

The  pieces,  after  the  last  dip,  are  washed  over  rollers  by 
the  process  known  as  bowling. 

Of  Still,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  284. 

bowling'2  (bo'ling),  H.     [Verbal  n.  of  botcP,  r.] 
The  act  of  playing  with  or  at  bowls. 
We  grant  you,  sir, 
The  only  benefactor  to  our  boirliag, 
To  all  our  merry  sporte  the  first  provoker. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ill.  2. 

bowling-alley  (bo'ling-al'i),  «.  A  covered 
place  for  the  game  of  oowls,  provided  with  a 
passage  or  alley  of  smooth  planking  on  which 
to  roll  the  balls.  See  ninepins. 

bowling-crease  (bo'ling-kres),  n.     See  crease*. 

bowling-green  (bo'ling-gren),  n.  A  level  piece 
of  greensward  kept  smooth  for  bowling. 

bowling-ground  (bo'ling-ground),  «.     A  bowl- 
ing-green. 
The  subtlest  boiHing-grountl  in  all  Tartan . 

/-'.  Jontton,  Masques. 

bowl-machine  (bol'ma-shen'),  H.    A  lathe  for 

making  wooden 
bowls. 

bowls  (bolz),  ». 
[PI.  of  6oir,2.  «.] 
A  game  played 
with  bowls  on 
a  bowling-green : 
applied  also  to 
skittles  or  nine- 
pins (which  see). 
American  bowls. 

Same  as  niilfirin*.- 
Carpet  bowls,  a 
parlor  game  similar 
t«  that  played  on 
a  howling-green,  in 
which  small  halls  of 
Iiorcelaiu  or  earthen- 

W  :uv  :MV  ll-etl. 

bowl-spirit(b61'- 
spir'it),    H.      In 
dyeing,  nitrate  of 
BO™.,,.  «th  century.  (KmmVioiteMe.   £"'  prepared  by 

Due's  '•  iVt.  du  Molnlier  fran^ais." )  dissolving       pure 

Hi.,  armor  consists  of  a  short  hauberk  till   ill   nitric   aciil 

i:nvere<!  l>v  .1  leather  jack.  .1  Meel  cap,  •    ooo   rn 

in  I  .,  steel  bracer  on  the  left  forearm.  Of    *}"    1W.,   WltH 


bowsprit 

the  addition  of  a  small  amount  of  hydrochloric 

acid. 
bowman1  (bo'man),  n. ;  pi.  Itoicmen  (-men).     [< 

MK.  bitirriiiiiii ;  <  /»/«•'•*  +   /«««.]     A  man  who 

uses  a  bow;  an  archer.     See  cut  in  preceding 

column, 
bowman-  (bou'man),  n. ;   pi.  buicwen  (-men). 

[<  boitS,  3,  +  man.]     The  man  who  rows  the 

foremost  oar  in  a  boat ;  the  bow-oar.     Totten. 
Bowman's  corneal  tubes.    See  ,-nntenl. 
Bowman's  disks,  glands.    See  <I,K/.;  ,//,//»/. 

bowman's-root  (bo'inan/.-rot),  M.  1.  A  popu- 
lar name  given  in  the  United  Shites  to  plants 
of  thegeiins  llil/i-nin.  perennial  rosaceous  herbs, 
the  roots  of  which  are  used  u>  a  mild  emetic. — 
2.  A  name  of  I.ndirigiu  ulti  rnijulm. 
Also  called  braumont-root. 

bow-net  (bo'net),  M.  [Not  found  in  ME. ;  <  AS. 
IxMia-Ht-t,  biM/r-Hi't :  see  feoirH  and  net1.]  A  con- 
trivance for  catching  lobsters  and  crawfish, 
made  of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at 
the  end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other, 
and  having  at  the  mouth  a  little  rim  bent  iii- 
ward  to  oppose  the  return  of  the  fish. 

bow-Oar  (bou'or),  ».  1.  The  foremost  oar  used 
in  pulling  a  boat. —  2.  The  person  who  pulls 
the  bow-oar.— 3.  In  a  whale-boat,  the  oar  next 
to  the  forward  one.  C.  M.  Scammon. 

bow-pen  (bo'pen),  ».  A  drafting-compass,  car- 
rying a  pen  (or  pencil) 
at  the  extremity  of  one 
leg.  The  two  legs  of  the  com- 
pass form  a  bow  or  spring 
which  tends  to  open  it,  but 
is  retained  in  any  desired  p"- 
sition  by  means  of  a  set-screw. 

bow-piece  (bou'pes),  ». 
A  piece  of  ordnance  car- 
ried in  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-pin  (bo'pin),  n.  1. 
A  cotter  or  key  for  keep- 
ing the  bows  of  an  ox- 
yoke  in  place. — 2.  A 
small  pin  or  piece  of 
wood  with  a  nead  or 
knot,  used  by  hatters  in 
vibrating  the  string  of  the  bow  used  in  bowing 
fur  or  wool. 

bowpot,  «.     See  boughpot. 

bow-saw  (bo'sa),  11.  A  sweep-saw;  a  turning- 
saw.  See  frame-eate. 

bowse1  (bouz),  r.  i.     Same  as  booze. 

bowse2,  r.  t.     See  bouse?. 

bowsert,  »•  [Early  mod.  E.  boaster,  appar.  a 
corruption  of  OF.  boursier,  a  bursar:  see  bur- 
sar.] The  bursar  or  treasurer  of  a  college. 

bowseryt,  ».  [Early  mod.  E. :  see  btnrser  and 
bursary.]  A  bursary  or  treasurer's  office  in  a 
college. 

bow-snot  (bo'shot),  n.  1.  A  shot  from  a  bow. 
—  2.  The  distance  traversed  by  an  arrow  in 
its  flight  from  a  bow. 

Three  unu--shot>  from  the  Sachem's  dwelling 
They  laid  her  in  the  walnut  shade. 

Whittier,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  III. 

bowsprit  (bo'-  or  bou'sprit),  «.  [Also  boltsprit, 
early  mod.  E.  also  bolesjirit,  boresprit,  -gjireet, 
etc.;  <  ME.  bouspret;  cf.  Sw.  bogsprot  =  Norw. 
bogspryt  =  Dan.  bugspryd  (formerly  bovgspryd, 
borsprod)  =  MLG.  boclittpret,  LG.  bnogspret  =  D. 
iHiegspriet,  >  G.  bugspriet,  bowsprit.  The  var. 
E.  forms  show  that  the  word  was  not  a  native 
compound,  but  is  rather  of  Scand.  or  LG.  ori- 
gin ;  <  Sw.  boa.  etc.,  =  E.  6oir»  (of  a  ship),  + 
spriit,  etc.,  =  E.  sprit:  see  bate3  and  sjirit,  and 
cf.  bowline.]  A  large  spar  which  projects  for- 
ward from  the  stem  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel, 
rk'yond  it  extend  the  jih -1» .,  mi  and  the  Hying  jib  boom.  The 
liowsprit  la  secured  downward  by  the  boMay*  and  the 


Bow-pens. 


a.  Bowsprit :  ».  Bobstaj*. 

gammoning  (which  see),  and  at  the  sides  by  the  ootnrunt- 
f/irouiln.  which  are  secured  to  the  bows  of  the  ship,  from 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit  a  spar  calleil  th> 
or  dolphin-striker  projects  downward  to  support  the  mar- 
tingale-stays, and  two  smaller  spars,  called  "'A/.A-. , ,.  pro 
jiet  sidewise  to  support  the  jib-guy».  (In  the  fi>rctopmast- 


bowsprit 

stay,  the  jib-stay,  anil  the  flying-jilt  stay  (which  extend 
downward  from  the  foretopmast-head  and  the  foretop- 
gallantniast-heacl  to  the  ends  of  the  bowsprit,  jib-boom, 
and  flying-jib  boom)  are  set  the  foretopmast-staysail,  the 
jib,  and  the  flying  jib.  Corruptly  written  boltsi>rit.  —  Bed 
of  the  bowsprit.  See  derfi.— Bowsprit-cap,  the  cap  on 
the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit,  through  which  the  jib-boom 
traverses.  See  cap.— Running  bowsprit,  a  bowsprit 
that  can  be  runout  and  in  like  a  jib-buinn.—  Standing 
bowsprit,  a  permanently  fixed  bowsprit. 

bowssenM,  *'•  t.     Same  as  booze. 

bowssen2t,  «•  *•  [<  Corn,  beuzi,  immerse,  drown.] 
To  duck ;  immerse  (especially  in  a  holy  well, 
as  for  the  cure  of  madness).  See  extract. 

The  water  fell  into  a  close  walled  plot ;  upon  this  wall 
was  the  frantick  person  set,  and  from  thence  tumbled 
headlong  into  the  pond ;  where  a  strong  fellow  tossed  him 
up  and  down,  until  the  patient,  by  foregoing  his  strength, 
had  somewhat  forgot  his  fury ;  but  if  there  appeared  small 
amendment,  he  was  bowaened  again  and  again,  while  there 
remained  in  him  any  hope  of  life  for  recovery. 

R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

bowstaff  (bo'staf),  ». ;  pi.  bowstaves  (-stayz). 
In  archery,  a  selected  and  prepared  piece  of  tim- 
ber for  a  bow;  the  bow  in  a  rough  state.  Yew 
is  the  timber  generally  preferred,  and  prior  to  the  use  of 
gunpowder  bowstaves  were  an  important  article  of  com- 
merce. 

bowstring  (bo' string),  n.  [<  6oic3  +  string;  cf. 
AS.  bogen  (for  bogan,  gen.  of  60170)  streng.'] 

1.  The  string  of  a  bow,  by  which  it  is  drawn 
and  the  arrow  discharged.     Bowstrings  are  made 
of  many  materials,  a  very  common  one  being  rawhide, 
which  does  not  stretch  easily.     Bows  from  western  Africa 
have  the  strings  of  twisted  or  plaited  cane ;  those  of  the 
Hindus  are  frequently  of  silk,  not  twisted,  but  of  parallel 
threads  bound  together  at  intervals. 

2.  A  similar  string  used  for  strangling  offend- 
ers in  the  Ottoman  empire ;  hence,  by  meton- 
ymy, execution  by  strangling. 

There  was  no  difference  whatever  between  the  polity  of 
our  country  and  that  of  Turkey,  and  ...  if  the  king  did 
not .  .  .  send  mutes  with  bow-ittrings  to  Bancroft  and  Hali- 
fax, this  was  only  because  His  Majesty  was  too  gracious 
to  use  the  whole  power  which  he  derived  from  heaven. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

bowstring  (bo'string),  v.  t.  [<  bowstring,  «.] 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  bowstring. — 2.  To  stran- 
gle with  a  bowstring. 

bowstring-bridge  (bo'string-brij),  «.  Abridge 
in  which  the  horizontal  thrust  of  the  arch  is 


Bowstring-bridge,  Howslett,  England. 

sustained  by  a  horizontal  tie  attached  as  nearly 
as  possible  at  the  chord-line  of  the  arch.  Also 
called  tension-bridge. 

bowstring-girder  (bo 'string-gender),  ».  A 
cast-  or  wrought-iron  or  built-up  girder,  having 
a  tie-rod  that  forms  an  integral  part  of  it :  much 
used  in  store-fronts,  etc.  See  boiestring-brirlge. 

bOWSy,  «.     Same  as  boozy. 

bowtt,  n.     See  bout1. 

bowtell  (bo'tel),  n.    Same  as  boltel. 

bow-timbers  (bou'tim"berz),  n.  pi.  Naut.,  the 
timbers  that  form  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

bow-window  (bo'win'do),  n.  A  window  built  so 
as  to  project  from  a  wall ;  properly,  one  that  is 
in  plan  a  segment  of  a  circle.  See  bay-window. 

bow-wiset  (bo'wiz),  adv.  In  the  form  or  figure 
of  a  bow.  Trevisa. 

bow-wood  (bo'wud),  n.  1.  Wood  used  for 
making  bows;  timber  suitable  for  bows. — 2. 
The  Osage  orange,  Madura  aurantiaca,  of  the 
Mississippi  valley.  Its  very  strong  and  elastic  wood 
was  much  used  by  the  Indians  for  their  bows.  See  Ma- 
dura. 

bow-WOW  (bou'wou'),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
boiigh-wougn,  botvgh-wawgli,  baic-icuw,  etc.,  imi- 
tative of  the  repeated  bark  of  a  dog;  cf.  L.  bau- 
bari,  Gr.  /3a*f«v,  bark:  see  baw%,  bawl1,  etc.] 
The  loud  bark  of  a  dog,  or  an  imitation  of  it. 
—Gone  to  the  bow-wows,  gone  to  rain ;  utterly  lost. 
[Colloci.]— The  bOW-WOW  theory.  See  language. 

bowyer1  (bo'yer),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bowier  ; 
<  ME.  bowyere,  bowgere,  boicere,  <  boice,  boge 
(see  ftoro^,  ,,.);  +  _e,.Ci  _er_  The  y  represents 
orig.  g;  so  in  sawyer,  ult.  <  AS.  saga,  saw,  and 
lawyer,  ult.  <  AS.  lagu,  law.  Cf.  6o«?erT.]  If. 
An  archer;  one  who  uses  a  bow:  as,  "the  boir- 
i/er  king,"  Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  648. 

They  lay  in  earth  their  bowifer-chief. 

Bryant,  Legend  of  the  Delawares. 
2.  One  who  makes  bows. 

Good  shooting  may,  perchance,  be  more  occupied,  to  the 
profit  of  all  boittyers  and  fletchers.      Ascham,  Toxophilus. 

bowyer2t,  ».     Same  as  boyer.    Skinner. 
bowze,  bowzy.    See  booze,  boozy. 
box1  (boks),  n.     [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box  =  D.  bun 
(-boom,  -tree)  =  OHG.  MHG.  Imlis  (-bourn),  G. 


648 

Imclis  =  Sw.  bit*  (-bom)  =  Dan.  bux  (-bom)  = 
F.  buis  =  Pr.  bois  =  Sp.  6o.r  =  Pg.  buxo  =  It. 
bosso,  busso,  <  L.  buxus  =  Gr.  nvjof,  box-trei>, 
boxwood;  hence  box2,  q.  v.  Cf.  box-tree.}  A 
small  evergreen  tree  or  shrub,  Buxus  sempcr- 
rircns,  a  dwarfed  variety  of  which  is  used  for 
ornamental  hedges,  and  in  gardening  as  an 
edging  for  flower-beds.  See  Buxus  and  box- 
wood.— African  box,  a  name  given  to  Myrnnr.  Afrifinm. 

Marmalade  box.  Same  as  genipap. 
box2  (boks),  n.  [<  ME.  box,  <  AS.  box,  a  box, 
chest,  =  OHG.  buhsu,  MHG.  biilise,  G.  buclise,  a 
box,  barrel  of  a  gun,  a  gun,  =  MD.  buise,  buyse, 
a  drinking-vessel  (>  prob.  E.  bouse1,  q.  v.),  D. 
buis,  a  pipe,  tube,  channel,  bus,  a  box,  pot,  bar- 
rel of  a  gun  (cf.  E.  blunderbuss),  bole,  box  of  a 
coach,  =  MLG.  lasse,  a  box,  pipe,  =  Icel.  byssa, 
a  box,  mod.  a  gun  (the  D.,  MLG.,  and  Icel.  forms 
have  been  affected  by  the  F.  forms :  see  boisfi), 
<  L.  buxus,  buxum,  anything  made  of  boxwood 
(cf.  Gr.  irvi-if,  a  box,  >  E.  pyx),  <  buxus  =  Gr. 
Tnfof,  box-tree,  boxwood:  see  box1.  The  forms 
in  Rom.  and  Teut.  are  numerous  and  involved : 
see  boist1,  boost3,  bush%,  bushel,  boss2,  etc.]  1. 
A  case  or  receptacle  for  articles  or  materials  of 
any  kind.  When  used  absolutely,  box  usually  signifies 
a  rectangular  case  of  wood  with  a  lid  or  a  removable 
cover,  and  with  a  clear  inner  space  for  storing  or  packing ; 
but  for  specific  uses  boxes  are  made  of  any  adaptable  ma- 
terial, and  of  any  size  or  shape,  or  may  consist  of  com- 
partments in  a  larger  receptacle,  with  or  without  covers, 
or  with  permanent  covers  and  top  or  side  openings. 
Among  such  specific  kinds  are  cash-boxes,  bandboxes, 
pill-boxes,  ballot-boxes,  dice-boxes,  the  boxes  in  a  print- 
ers' case,  etc.  For  boxes  known  by  other  names,  see 
chest  and  trunk. 

2.  A  money-chest,   especially  one  in  which 
money  for  some  particular  purpose  is  collected 
or  kept :  as,  a  poor-6ox  ;  a  missionary^*. 

So  manie  moe,  so  everie  one  was  used, 
That  to  give  largely  to  the  boxe  refused. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  1224. 

3.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains. — 4.  A 
receptacle  under  the  driver's  seat  on  a  carriage ; 
hence,  the  seat  itself. 

Where  would  you  like  to  sit?  In  or  out?  Back  to  the 
horses  or  the  front?  Get  you  the  box,  if  you  like. 

Disraeli,  The  Young  Duke. 

6.  A  package  or  case  of  presents,  especially 
Christmas  presents.    ' 
Such  a  box  as  our  prentices  beg  before  Christmas. 

Cotgrave. 

6.  A  compartment  or  place  shut  or  railed  off  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  small  number  of  peo- 
ple in  a  public  place,     (a)  A  compartment  in  the 
common  room  of  a  tavern  or  other  house  of  refreshment. 
(6)  A  seated  compartment  in  a  theater  or  other  place  of 
amusement:  as,  "the  boxes  and  the  pit,"  Dryden.    (e)  In 
courts  of  justice,  the  seats  set  apart  for  jurymen  and  the 
stand  for  witnesses. 

The  whole  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the  apparatus  of 
the  system,  and  its  varied  workings,  end  in  simply  bring- 
ing twelve  good  men  into  a  box. 

Brougham,  Present  State  of  the  Law,  Feb.  7,  1828. 
(d)  A  separate  compartment  or  a  roomy  stall  for  a  horse 
in  a  stable  or  railroad-car. 

7.  A  place  of  shelter  for  one  or  two  men  en- 
gaged in  the  performance  of   certain  duties: 
as,   a  sentry-box;  a  signalman's  box. — 8.   A 
snug  house ;  a  small  country-house  for  tempo- 
rary use  during  the  continuance  of  some  sport, 
as  of  hunting :  as,  a  shooting-6o.r. 

Let  me  keep  a  brace  of  hunters  —  a  cozy  box — a  bit  of 
land  to  it,  and  a  girl  after  my  own  heart,  and  I'll  cry  quits 
with  you.  Bulwer,  Pelham,  Ixxvii. 

9.  In  mach. :  (a)  A  cylindrical  hollow  iron  in  a 
wheel,  in  which  the  axle  runs.  (6)  In  a  pump : 
(1)  The  cap  covering  the  top  of  the  pump.  (2) 
A  pump-bucket.  (3)  A  hollow  plunger  with  a 
lifting-valve.  (4)  A  casing  about  a  valve,  (c) 
The  pulley-case  in  a  draw-loom  on  which  rest 
the  rollers  that  conduct  the  tail-cords,  (d) 
The  receptacle  for  a  shuttle  at  the  end  of  the 
lathe  of  a  loom,  (e)  The  socket  for  the  screw 
in  a  screw-vise.  (/)  The  opening  into  which 
the  end  of  a  rib-saw  is  wedged. — 10.  In  carp., 
a  trough  for  cutting  miters.  See  miter-box. — 
11.  Naut.,  the  space  between  the  back-board 
and  the  stern-post  of  a  boat,  where  the  coxswain 
sits. — 12.  In.  founding,  the  flask  orframe  which 
holds  the  sand. — 13.  The  keeper  into  which 
the  bolt  of  a  lock  enters  in  locking.  Also  called 
.  the  staple  of  the  lock. — 14.  In  a  printers'  case, 
the  compartment  for  a  single  character:  as, 
the  n-box  is  empty;  the  comma-6or. — 15.  A 
battery  for  wild-fowl  shooting;  a  sink-box. 
—Antifriction  box.  See  antifriction.—  Aquatic  box. 
See«<?«rt(i'c.  —  Hot  box,  a  journal-box  heated  by  the  fric- 
tion of  a  rapidly  revolving  axle  or  arbor,  as  in  a  locomo- 
tive or  railroad-car. 

A  real  American  is  not  comfortable  without  a  hot  box 
occasionally  in  the  course  of  a  long  journey. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  8. 


box-coil 

In  a  box,  In  a  tight  box,  in  a  perplexing  or  embarrass- 
ing situation ;  in  a  difficulty.— In  the  (or  a)  wrong  box, 
in  an  awkward  situation ;  mistaken. 

"Sir,"  quoth  I,  "if  you  will  hear  how  St.  Augustine  ex- 
pounded that  place,  you  shall  perceive  that  you  are  in  n 
iprony  box."  Ridley,  Works,  p.  163(1554). 

I  perceive  that  you  and  I  are  in  a  wrong  box. 

J.  Udall,  Diotrephes,  p.  31. 
He'd  soon  rind  himself  in  the  wrong  tuts  with  Surah  Jane 

D ,  I  warrant.  G.  A.  Sala,  The  late  Mr.  D . 

Omnibus-box.  See  omnibus. —  Salting-box  (milif..),  a 
small  box  containing  mealed  powder  which  is  sprinkled 
upon  the  fuses  of  shells  that  they  may  take  flre  from  the 
blast  of  the  powder  in  the  chamber. 
box2  (boks),  v.  t.  [<  btix'*,  »(.]  1.  To  place  in 
a  box;  inclose  as  in  a  box ;  confine ;  hoard. 

Saving  never  ceased 
Till  he  had  box'd  up  twelve  score  pounds  at  least. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  box,  as  a  wheel.— 3.  To 
make  a  hole  or  cut  (in  a  tree)  for  the  sap  to  col- 
lect :  as,  to  box  a  maple. — 4.  Naut.,  to  cause  (a 
vessel)  to  turn  short  round  on  her  heel  by  bra- 
cing the  head-yards  aback :  sometimes  followed 
by  off :  as,  to  box  off  a  vessel.  See  haul. —  5. 
To  form  into  a  box 'or  the  shape  of  a  box:  as, 
to  box  the  scenes  on  a  stage — TO  box  the  com- 
pass, to  name  the  point*  of  the  compass  in  their  order ; 
nem'e,  figuratively,  to  make  a  complete  turn  or  round. 
box3  (boks),  n.  [<  ME.  box,  a  blow,  buffet 
(the  verb  is  not  found  in  ME.);  supposed  to 
be  of  Scand.  origin:  Dan.  bask,  a  slap,  blow, 
baske,  strike,  slap,  thwack,  but  this  is  repre- 
sented in  E.  by  bash^,  q.  v.,  while  Sw.  basa,  beat, 
whip,  flog,  bas,  a  beating,  is  represented  by 
baste1,  q.  v.  Cf.  MD.  boke,  early  mod.  D.  beuk, 
MHG.  hue,  a  blow,  connected  with  the  verb, 
MD.  boken,  MHG.  bochen,  strike,  slap :  see  buck*. 
None  of  these  forms  suits  the  case;  and  it  is 
most  probable  that  the  sense  has  originated  in 
some  particular  use  of  6ox2,  n.  or  v."]  If.  A 
blow  of  any  kind. 

The  kyng  castes  up  his  schelde,  and  covers  hym  faire, 
And  with  his  burlyche  brande  a  box  he  hyme  reaches. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1111. 

2.  A  blow ;  specifically,  a  blow  on  the  head 
with  the  fist,  or  on  the  ear  with  the  open  hand. 

Give  him  a  box,  hard,  hard,  on  his  left  ear. 

B.  Jontson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iii.  4. 

He  represented  to  him  very  warmly  that  no  gentleman 
could  take  a  box  on  the  ear.  ..."  I  know  that ;  but  this 
was  not  a  box  on  the  ear,  it  was  only  a  slap  o'  the  face." 
Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  Letters,  J«ne  22,  1759. 

box3  (boks),  «.  [<  bo*3,  «.  Cf.  F.  boxer  =  D. 
boksen  =  LG.  baaksen  =  Icel.  byxa  =  Norw. 
baksa  =  Sw.  baxa  =  Dan.  baxe  =  G.  baxen,  boxen, 
all  <  E.  boxZ.~\  I.  trans.  To  beat;  thrash; 
strike  with  the  fist  or  hand ;  especially,  to  strike 
on  the  ear  or  side  of  the  head :  as,  "  they  600;  her 
about  the  ears,"  North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  115. 

By  heaven  !  a  little  thing  would  make  me  box  you. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  iii.  1. 

II.  intrans.  To  fight  with  the  fists,  whether 
bare  or  incased  in  boxing-gloves;  combat  with 
or  as  with  the  hands  or  fists. 

A  leopard  is  like  a  cat,  he  boxes  with  his  fore  feet. 

iV.  Grew. 

box-and-tap  (boks'and-tap'),  ».  An  apparatus 
for  cutting  the  wooden  screws  used  for  carpen- 
ters' benches,  etc. 

box-barrow  (boks'bar''6),  ».  A  large  four- 
sided  wheelbarrow  for  carrying  bulky  loads. 

box-beam  (boks'bem),  n.  A  hollow  beam  hav- 
ing sides  of  plate-iron  united  by  angle-irons. 

box-bed  (boks'bed),  n.  A  boxed-in  bed,  or  a 
bed  that  folds  up  in  the  form  of  a  box. 

boxberry  (boks'ber''i),  ». ;  pi.  boxberries  (-iz). 
The  wintergreen  or  checkerberry  of  North 
America,  Ganltheria  procumbeiis. 

box-car  (boks'kar),  H.  An  inclosed  and  cov- 
ered freight-car. 

box-coat  (boks'kot),  ».  1.  A  heavy  overcoat 
worn  by  coachmen. —  2.  Early  in  the  present 
century,  an  overcoat  with  a  cape,  approximately 
of  the '  form  of  the  coachman's  great-coat :  in- 
tended originally  for  travelers  on  the  outside  of 
coaches. 

I  shall  believe  it 
.  .  .  when  1  shall 
see  the  traveller  for 
some  rich  trades- 
man part  with  his 
admired  box-coa-t,  to 
spread  it  over  the 
defenceless  shoul- 
ders of  the  poor  wo- 
man, etc. 

I. '/>i<l>.  Modem 
IGallantry. 

box-coil  (boks'- 
koil),  n.     A  steam-heating  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  a  series  of  straight  tubes  connected  by 


Box-coil  with  return  bends. 


box-coil 

return  bends,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  paral- 
lelopipedon. 

box-crab  (boks'krab),  w.  The  popular  name 
of  a  crab  of  the  genus  Calappa :  so  called  from 
its  resemblance  when  at  rest  to  a  box.  See  cut 
under  Cnluppn. 

box-day  (boks'da),  //.  In  the  Scottish  law- 
courts,  a  day  appointed  liy  the  judges  during; 
the  vacations  on  which  pleadings  or  any  papers 
ordered  by  the  court  Imve  to  be  lodged.  Also 
baring-day. 

box-drain  (boUs'ilmni,  ».  An  underground 
dr:iin  regularly  built  with  upright  sides  and 
a  flat  stone  or  brick  cover,  so  that  the  section 
lins  the  appearance  of  a  square  box. 

boxent  (boVsn),  a.  [<  ME.  boxen,  replacing 
AS.  biffin  for  "bi/xi-n  for  "boxen,  <  box  (see  box*) 
•+•  -en.]  1.  Made  of  boxwood :  as,  "  boxen  haut- 
boy," Gay,  Prol.  to  Shep.  Week.— 2.  Resem- 
bling box. 
Her  faded  cheeks  are  chang'd  to  Itturn  hue.  Drydfn. 

boxer1  (bok'ser),  n.  [<  6ox2  +  -er1.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  pack  or  put  up  things  in  boxes. 

boxer2  (bok'ser),  «.  [<  tox$  4-  -er1.]  One  who 
fights  with  his  fists;  a  pugilist. 

Boxer  Shrapnel.     See  shrapnel. 

box-fish  (boks'fish),  n.  A  name  of  sundry  plec- 
tognath  fishes  of  the  suborder  Gymnodontes  and 
family  Tetrodontida:.  [Rare.] 

box-frame  (boks'fram),  n.  The  inclosed  space 
inside  a  window-casing  in  which  the  balance- 
weights  are  hung. 

box-girder  (boks'ger'der),  n.  In  niech.,  a  kind 
of  girder  resembling  a  box,  made  of  boiler- 
plates fastened  together  by  angle-irons  riveted 
to  the  top  and  bottom  plates.  Such  girders  are 
much  used  tor  spans  of  from  30  to  (10  feet,  on  account  of 
their  elasticity  and  power  of  resisting  impact. 

boxhaul  (boks'hal),  c.  t.  Xaut.}  to  veer  (a  ship) 
round  on  her  heel  when  it  is  impracticable  to 
tack.  This  is  effected  hy  putting  the  helm  a-lee,  brae-inn 
the  head-yards  flat  aback,  squaring  the  after-yards,  taking 
in  the  drivers,  and  hauling  the  head-sheets  to  windward. 
When  the  vessel  begins  to  gather  sternway  the  helm  is 
shifted  and  the  sails  trimmed.  Smyth. 

box-hook  (boks'huk),  n.  1.  A  hand-tool  resem- 
bling a  cotton-hook,  used  in  handling  heavy 
freight. — 2.  A  caut-hook  used  in  pressing 
down  the  covers  of  boxes  so  that  they  can  be 
nailed  or  screwed. —  3.  Gripping-irons  used  in 
hoisting  heavy  boxes  or  bales. 

boxiana  (bok-si-an'a  or  -a'nS),  «.  pi.  [A  feigned 
Latin  form,  <  box3  +  -i-ana :  see  ana1,  -ana.} 
The  annals  of  prize-fighting;  the  literature  of, 
or  gossip  or  anecdotes  concerning,  pugilism. 

boxing1  (bok'sing),  ».  [<  box?  +  -t'/ij/1.]  1. 
\iiut.,  a  square  piece  of  dry  hard  wood  used 
in  connecting  the  frame-timbers  of  a  ship. —  2. 
One  of  the  eases  on  each  side  of  a  window  into 
which  the  inside  shutters  are  folded. — 3.  pi. 
The  sides  of  a  window -frame  where  the  weights 
hang. — 4.  i>l.  Among  millers,  coarse  flour  sepa- 
rated in  the  process  of  bolting. — 5.  The  pro- 
cess of  fitting  a  piece  of  wood  to  receive  a 
tenon. — 6.  The  giving  of  a  box  or  present,  as 
at  Christmas.  See  boring-tlay. 

boxing-  (bok'sing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  box3,  r.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  fighting  with  the  fists, 
with  or  without  boxing-gloves ;  sparring. 

boxing-day  (bok'sing-da),  n.  1.  In  England. 
the  first  week-day  after  Christmas,  when  Christ- 
mas boxes  or  presents  are  given  to  one's  em- 
ployees, to  postmen,  etc. — 2.  In  the  Scottish 
law-courts,  same  as  tot-day. 

boxing-glove  (bok'sing-gluv),  M.  A  padded 
glove  used  in  sparring. 

boxing-machine  (bok '  sing  -  ma  -  shen  * ),  n .  A 
machine  used  for  boring  out  the  boxes  of  the 
hubs  of  car-wheels. 

boxing-match  (bok'sing-mach),  n.  A  contest 
at  boxing;  a  pugilistic  encounter;  a  prize-fight. 

boxing-night  (bok' sing-nit),  n.  In  England, 
the  first  week-night  after  Christinas ;  the  night 
of  boxing-day. 

boxing-off  (bok'sing-6f),  n.  Xaut.,  the  act  of 
forcing  the  ship's  head  off  the  wind  by  bracing 
the  head-yards  aback. 

box-iron  (boks'i'ern),  n.  A  smoothing-iron 
containing  an  inclosed  space  for  live  coals  to 
keep  it  hot. 

box-keeper  (boks'ke'per),  «.  An  attendant  at 
the  boxes  of  a  theater. 

box-key  (boks'ke),  n.  A  socket-key  for  turn- 
ing large  nuts. 

box-lobby  (boks'lob'i),  n.  In  a  theater,  the 
lobby  leading  to  the  boxes. 

box-lock  (boks'lok),  «.  A  door-lock  designed 
to  be  fastened  to  the  surface  of  the  door. 


box-metal  (lioks'met'al),  n.  A  brass,  bron/.e. 
or  antifriction  alloy  used  for  the  journal-boxes 
of  axles  or  shafting. 

box-money  (tx)ks'inun'i),  n.  At  hazard,  money 
l>niil  to  the  person  who  furnishes  the  box  and 
dice. 

box-office  (boks'of'is),  n.  The  office  in  a  thea- 
ter in  which  tickets  are  sold. 

box-packing  (boks'pak'ing),  n.  Cotton-waste 
or  similar  material,  saturated  with  a  lubricant, 
for  packing  the  journal-box  of  an  axle  or  shaft. 

box-plait  (boks'plat),  n.  A  double  fold  or  plait, 
.is  on  a  shirt-bosom  or  in  the  skirt  of  a  woman's 
ihvss. 

box-plaiting  (boks-pla"tiug),  ».  1.  A  method 
of  folding  cloth  alternately  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  double  plait  or 
fold  on  each  side. — 2.  The  plaits  formed  in  this 
manner. 

box-seat  (boks'set),  n.  A  seat  in  a  theater- 
box,  or  on  the  box  of  a  coach. 

box-set  (boks'set),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  scene 
which  is  boxed  in  with  walls  and  ceiling. 

box-setter  (boks'set'er),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
fitting  axle-boxes  to  the  hubs  of  wheels. 

box-slater  (boks'sla'ter),  ».  An  isopod  crusta- 
cean of  the  family  Idotetdce.  H.  A.  Xicholiion. 

box-slip  (boks'slip),  n.  A  slip  of  boxwood  in- 
laid in  the  beechwood  of  which  molding,  tongu- 
iug,  and  grooving  planes  are  made,  to  form  an 
edge  or  wearing  part. 

box-snuffers  (boks'snuf'erz),  n.  pi.  Snuffers 
having  a  receptacle  for  the  burnt  wick  cut  off. 

box-stall  (boks'stal),  w.  A  roomy  inclosed  stall 
in  which  horses  or  cattle  can  be  kept  without 
tying. 

box-strap  (boks'strap),  n.  In  mach.  and  liuiM- 
ing,  a  flat  bar  with  nght-angled  bends,  used  to 
confine  a  rectangular  bar  or  projection. 

box-thorn  (boks'thdrn),  w.  A  name  given  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Lycium,  more  particularly 
L.  barbamm. 

box-tortoise  (boks't6r*tis),  n.  A  tortoise  with 
a  hinged  plastron  which  can  be  so  closely  ap- 
plied to  tne  edge  of  the  carapace,  when  the 
head,  tail,  and  limbs  have  been  drawn  in,  that 
the  animal  is  practically  boxed  up  in  the  shell ; 
a  tortoise  of  the  family  Cistudinida.  Generally 
called  box-turtle  in  the  United  States. 

box-trap  (boks'trap),  n.  1.  A  contrivance  for- 
merly used  in  firing  military  mines,  consisting 
of  a  rectangular  box  placed  vertically  in  com- 
munication with  the  mine.  The  upper  end  was 
closed,  and  a  few  inches  below  the  top  was  a  sliding  shelf 
upon  which  was  placed  a  piece  of  ignited  punk.  The 
mine  was  flred  by  withdrawing  the  shelf  by  means  of  a 
long  cord,  and  allowing  the  lighted  punk  to  fall  upon  the 
powder-train  below. 

2.  A  trap  in  the  form  of  a  box,  used  for  cap- 
turing small  animals. 

box- turtle  (boks'ter'tl),  ».  The  common  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  box-tortoise. 

box-valve  (boks'valy),  w.  A  box-shaped  por- 
tion of  a  pipe,  in  which  a  valve  is  placed. 

boxwood  (boks'wud),  n.     [<  fcoi1  +  wood"1.] 

1.  The  fine  hard-grained  timber  of  the  box, 
much  used  by  wood-engravers  and  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  musical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments, tool-handles,  etc.    The  largest  supplies  come 
from  the  Levant.    The  wood  is  very  free  from  gritty 
matter,  and  on  that  account  its  sawdust  is  much  used  for 
cleaning  jewelry  and  for  other  pifrposes.    See  Buxu*. 

2.  The  name  given   to  several  trees   which 
have  hard,  compact  wood,  taking  a  fine  polish : 
in  the  United  States  to  Cornus  florida,  and  in 
the  West  Indies  to  Sduefferia  frutesceiis,  I'itex 
umbrosa,  and  Tecoma  pentaphylla.     Some  spe- 
cies of  Eucalyptus  and  of  Lophostemon  are  so 
called  in  Australia. 

boy1  (boi),  n.  [<  ME.  boy,  boye,  boi  ;  of  obscure 
origin,  prob.  LG. :  cf.  E.  Pries,  boi.  boy,  a  young 
man;  not  easily  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
h< in;  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  MD.  boef,  a  boy,  D. 
boef,  a  knave,  =  OHG.  "buobo  (only  as  a  proper 
name,  Buobo),  MHG.  buobe,  Or.  bitbe,  dial,  bub, 
btta,  a  boy,  a  knave,  =  Icel.  bofi  =  Sw.  bof,  a 
knave.  Of.  Icel.  Bui,  Dan.  Boye,  a  proper  name.] 

1.  A  male  child,  from  birth  to  full  growth, 
but  especially  from  the  end  of  infancy  to  the 
beginning  of  youth :  also  applied  to  a  young 
man,  implying  immaturity,  want  of  vigor  or 
judgment.  et<-. 

Speak  thou,  600 ; 

Perhaps  thy  childishness  will  more  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  Shnt.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Men  of  worth  ami  parts  will  not  easily  admit  the  famil- 
iarity of  boy»t  who  yet  need  the  care  of  a  tutor.       Lock*. 

2.  In  familiar  or  playful  use  (usually  in  the 
plural),  a  grown  man  regarded  as  one  of  the 


boycott 

iiuiT  memlier-  ,,f  a  family,  as  an  intimate 
friend  or  associate,  or  as  having  in  any  respect 
a  boyish  relation  or  character. 

Then,  to  sea,  boyi.  Skat.,  Tempest,  U.  2. 

We  are  Roman  6oy«  all.  and  boyi  of  mettle. 

Ftetchrr,  Bonduca,  II.  4. 

Speclfl<"illv  in  Hi.-  I  niti-il  states— (a)  In  the  South,  es- 
pecially ix'fnn-  ill--  ul>oljiioM  of  slavery,  a  negro  man.  (6) 
An  unscrupulous  local  politician,  especially  in  a  Urge 
city;  one  of  tin-  ni»n»<.-i-iv  <>r  Biil»udinates  of  the  "ma- 
•  •tiiiii-'  of  a  party  in  local  politics  and  elections:  as,  a 
Ilrk.-l  not  an -cptablf  to  the  Ooyi. 

S.  A  youngservant;  a  page:  as.  "boys,  grooms, 
and  lackeys,"  Shale.,  Hen.  VIII..  v.  '2.  Hence  lu 

<  iimpMuiiii  v...r.i      .in;. ! imt-s  applied  to  grown  men  with- 
out any  i<lra  of  yontb  or  contempt :  as,  a  potboy. 

4.  [Supposed  by  some  to  be  "a  corruption  of 
Hind,  bhaiee,  a  servant";  but  the  Hind,  word, 
prop,  iihiii,  means  '  brother,'  and  boy  in  this 
use  is  merely  the  E.  word.  Cf.  6oy2.]  In  India 
and  the  treaty-ports  of  China  and  Japan,  etc., 
a  native  male  servant,  especially  a  personal 
servant;  a  butler  or  waiter,  house-boy,  office- 
boy,  etc.,  as  distinguished  from  a  coolie  or 
porter:  in  common  use  among  foreigners. — 
Boy-bishop,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  Ht.  Nicholas, 
the  patron  of  scholars,  but  more  particularly  of  school- 
boys, from  the  fact  that  he  was  remarkable  for  very  early 
piety;  also,  a  name  given,  according  to  a  very  ancient 
custom,  which  wan  abolished  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
to  a  boy  chosen  from  the  cathedral  choir  on  St.  Nicholas's 
day  (December  6th)  as  a  mock  bishop.  The  boy  enjoyed 
episcopal  honors  till  Innocents'  Day  (December  28th),  and 
the  rest  of  the  choir  were  his  prebends. 

In  those  bygone  times  all  little  boyseither  sang,  or  served, 
about  the  altar,  at  church ;  and  the  first  thing  they  did 
upon  the  eve  of  their  patron's  festival  was  to  elect  from 
among  themselves,  In  every  parish  church,  cathedral,  and 
nobleman's  chapel,  a  bishop  and  his  officials,  or,  as  they 
were  then  called,  "a  Nicholas  and  his  clerks."  This  boy- 
bitthop  and  his  ministers  afterwards  sang  the  flrst  vespers 
of  their  saint;  and,  in  the  evening,  arrayed  in  their  ap- 
propriate vestments,  walked  all  about  the  parish. 

Hack,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  II.  216. 
Old  boy,  a  familiar  name  for  the  devil. 

They  used  to  have  witch  Sabba'  days  and  witch  sacra- 
ments, and  sell  their  souls  to  the  "/•/  boy. 

Mr*.  Stum,  Oldtowu,  p.  194. 

Roaring  boys.  See  roaring.— Yellow-boys,  gold  coins ; 
guineas,  eagles,  napoleons,  etc.    [Slang.  ] 
boy1  (boi),  v.  t.    [<  Sow1,  «.]     If.  To  treat  as  a 
boy,  or  as  something  belonging  to  or  befitting 
a  boy. 

My  credit's  murder'd, 
Baffled,  and  boy'd. 

Beau,  (iml  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  II.  3. 

2.  To  act  or  represent  in  the  manner  of  a  boy : 
in  allusion  to  the  acting  by  boys  of  women's 
parts  on  the  stage.  [Rare.] 

I  shall  see 
Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  boy  my  greatness. 

Shak.,  A.  andt'.,  v.  S. 

boy2  (boi),  «.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  boyee, 
bhoyee,  boee,  bhoee,  repr.  Hind,  bhoi,  <  Telugu 
lini,  prop,  a  man  of  the  fisherman  caste,  whose 
usual  occupation  is  the  carrying  of  litters  and 
palankins.  or,  as  in  Madras,  domestic  service.] 
In  India,  as  far  north  as  the  Nerbudda  river,  a 
palankin-bearer.  Yule  and  Burnell,  Anglo-Ind. 
Glossary. 

boyar  (boi'fir),  n.  [<  Rnss.  boyarinu,  pi.  hot/are, 
formerly  bolyarinii  =  Bulg.  boltrin  =  Serv.  bol- 
yar  =  Pol.  bojar  (>  Turk,  boyar  =  Hung,  boidr 
=  Lith.  bajoratt  =  MGr.  poifait,  foh&Sai,  etc.),  < 
OBulg.  bolyarinii,  appar.  <  boliy,  great,  illustri- 
ous.] A  personal  title  given  to  the  highest  class 
of  Russian  officials  previous  to  the  reign  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  title  conferred  a  rank  in  the  state,  but 
brought  no  special  duties  with  It.  Then}  was,  however,  a 
council  of  boyars,  and  it  was  customary  to  add  to  pub- 
lic papers,  "The  bat/art  have  approved  of  it"  The  title 
gradually  died  out  in  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great,  as  It 
was  no  longer  newly  conferred.  (Sfhuylfr,  Peter  the 
Great.)  The  term  in  popular  usage  came  to  signify  the 
higher  aristocracy.  It  still  lingers  in  Rumania,  when  the 
popular  name  for  the  conservatives  is  the  boyar  party. 

boyard  (boi'ard),  n.     Same  as  boyar. 

boyau  (bwo-yo'),  n. :  pi.  boyaux  (-yoz').     [F., 

<  OF.  boel,  a  gut,  >  13.  boirel :  see  boicel  and 
IHII/,, a.]     In  fort.,  a  ditch  covered  with  a  para- 
pet, serving  as  a  means  of  communication  be- 
tween two   trenches,  especially  between  the 
first  and  third  parallels.     Also  called  a  ~i;i:uii 
or  an  approach. 

boy-blindt  (boi'blind),  a.  Blind  as  a  boy; 
undiscerning :  as,  "so  boy-blind  and  foolish," 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Pilgrimage,  iii.  2. 
[Rare.] 

boycott  (bpi'kot),  «•.  t.  [From  the  name  of  the 
first  prominent  victim  of  the  system,  Captain 
Boycott,  a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  Connemara, 
and  the  agent  of  Lord  Earne,  an  Irish  land- 
lord.] To  combine  (a)  in  refusing  to  work  for, 
buy  from,  sell  to,  give  assistance  to,  or  have 
any  kind  of  dealings  with,  and  (b)  in  prevent- 
ing others  from  working  for,  buying  from,  sell- 


boycott 


860 


brace 


ing  to,  assisting,  or  having  any  kiud  of  deal-  thing  easy  or  trifling,  as  opposed  to  the  earnest 

ings  with  (a  person  or  company),  on  account  business  or  hard  work  of  a  man. 

of  political  or  other  differences,  or  of  disagree-  This  is  no  boya-pUti/.                 Fletcher,  Bonduca,  ii.  3. 

ments  in  business  matters,  as  a  means  of  in-  boyuna  (boi-u'na),  ».     [Of.  Sp.  boyuna,  fern,  of 

thctmg  punishment,  or  of  coercing  or  mtmn-  boyuno,  belonging  to  cattle,  <  boi/,  now  bueu  = 

dating.     The  word  was  introduced  in  Ireland  in  1880,  ~       "    ' 
and  soon  became  (like  the  practice)  common  throughout 
the  English-speaking  world,  and  was  adopted  by  the  news- 
papers in  nearly  every  European  language. 
boycott  (boi'kot),   n.     [<  boycott,  r.]     An  or- 
ganized attempt  to  coerce  a  person  or  party 

into  compliance  with  some  demand,  by  com-  boza  (bo'za),  «.      [Also  written  bosa,    bouza, 

bining  to  abstain,  and  compel  others  to  abstain,  boiisa,  boozah,  boozeh,  etc.,  F.  bouza,  Gr.  busa, 

from  having  any  business  or  social  relations  etc.,  Russ.  Serv.  etc.buza,  <  Ar.  buse,  Pers.  biiza, 

with  him  or  it ;  an  organized  persecution  of  a  Hind,  buza,  boza,  Turk,  boga,  a  thick  white  fer- 


Pg.  boi,  ox,  <  L.  bos  (bov-),  ox:  see  lios.  Cf. 
600.]  1.  A  large  serpent  of  South  America, 
black  and  slender,  having  an  intolerable  smell. 
—  2.  A  harmless  reptile  or  snake  common  in 
Ceylon. 


person  or  company,  as  a  means  of  coercion  or 
intimidation,  or  of  retaliation  for  some  act,  or 
refusal  to  act  in  a  particular  way. 

boycottee  (boi-kot-e'),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -e«l.] 
One  who  is  boycotted.  [Rare.] 

boycotter  (boi'kot-er),  «.  [<  boycott  +  -ci-i.] 
One  who  boycotts  ;  one  who  takes  part  in  the 
organized  persecution  called  a  boycott. 


mented  drink  made  from  millet.]  1.  A  popu- 
lar Egyptian  drink,  made  by  boiling  millet-seed 
in  water  and  fermenting  the  infusion,  adding 
afterward  certain  astringent  substances. —  2. 
An  inebriating  mixture  of  darnel-meal,  hemp- 
seed,  and  water. — 3.  A  preparation  of  honey 
and  tamarinds, 
bozon  (bo'zon),  n.  In  tier.,  same  as  bird-bolt1. 


boycotting  (boi'kot-ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  boy-  Bp.     An  abbreviation  of  bishop, 
cott,  t\]     The  act  or  practice  of  subjecting  an  Br.     In  chem.,  the  symbol  of  bromine. 
obnoxious  person  or  company  to  the  organized  Brabancon  (bra-bon-son'),  n.    [F.,  man  of  Bra- 
persecution  called  a  boycott.     See  boycott,  r.       bant,  a  province  of  Belgium.]     Same  as  Bra- 
Boycotting  originally  implied  the  organized  persecution     banter. 

of  an  individual  by  an  entire  community;  as  transplanted  BrabanQOnne  (bra-boil-8On'),H.  [F.,<  Brabant."] 
to  this  Muntry  [Umted  States]  it  implies  the  persecution     The  popular  patriotic  songof  the  Belgians  since 

1830,  when  they  threw  off  Dutch  rule.  The  words 
were  composed  by  a  French  actor  named  Jenneval,  then  at 
Brussels.  Each  verse  ends  with  a  varied  refrain  relating 
to  the  substitution  of  the  tree  of  liberty  for  the  orange,  in 


, 

allusion  to  the  sovereign  house  of  Orange,  then  ruling  the 
Netherlands. 


who  call  themselves  workingmen. 

Phila.  Record,  No.  4529,  p.  2. 

Boycotting  was  not  only  used  to  punish  evicting  land- 
lords and  agents,  tenants  guilty  of  paying  rent,  and  trades- 
men who  ventured  to  hold  dealings  with  those  against  n'"!:  /v,      v.      '»A  \          r/  D     j 
whom  the  [Land]  League  had  pronounced  its  anathema;  Brabanter  (bra-ban  ter),  «.    [<  Brabant  + 
'mt  the  League  was  now  strong  enough  to  use  this  means     See  Brabancon.']    One  of  a  class  of  mercenary 

soldiers  and  bandits  from  the  old  duchy  of  Bra- 
bant, who  figured  in  the  Anglo-French  wars  of 
the  eleventh  and  thirteenth  centuries. 
Brabantine  (bra-ban'tin),  a.  [<  Brabant  + 
-w1.]  Pertaining  to  Brabant,  formerly  a 
duchy,  now  partly  comprised  in  the  provinces 
of  North  Brabant  and  Brabant,  belonging  re- 
spectively to  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium. 


as  an  instrument  of  extending  its  organization  and  filling 
its  coffers.  Shopkeepers  who  refused  to  join  and  subscribe 
received  reason  to  believe  that  they  would  be  deprived  of 
their  custom ;  recalcitrant  fanners  found  themselves  with- 
out a  market  for  their  crops  and  cattle. 

Annual  Register,  1880. 

boydekint,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  bodkin^. 

boyer  (boi'er),  11.    [Formerly  also  boioycr ;  =  F. 
buyer,  <  Flem.  boeyer  =  D.  boeijer,  a  vessel  used 


to  lay  buoys,  <  Flem.  boey  =  D.  ftoci,  a  buoy :  see  brabble  (brab'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brabbled, 
buoy.]    A  Flemish  sloop  with  a  raised  work  or 
castle  at  each  end. 

boyeryt,  ».    [<  boyl  +  -ery.~\    Boyhood.     North. 
boyhood  (boi'hud),  n.   [<  boyl  +  -hood.]    1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy  or  of  immature  age ;  the 
time  of  life  during  which  one  is  a  boy. 

Look  at  him  in  his  boyhood.  Swift. 

Turning  to  mirth  all  things  of  earth 
As  only  boyhood  call.  Hood,  Eugene  Aram. 


ppr.  brabbling.  [<  D.  brabbelen'  confound, 
stammer.  Cf.  blabber1  and  babble.]  To  wran- 
gle ;  dispute  or  quarrel  noisily. 

He  held  me  with  brabblinij  till  the  clock  strook,  and  then 
for  the  breach  of  a  mimite  he  refused  my  money. 

Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
Melantius,  thou  art  welcome,  and  my  love 
Is  with  thee  still :  but  this  is  not  a  place 
To  brabble  in.  — Calianax,  join  hands. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  i.  2. 


2-0      •   -i    c     -,.  T    T_.  *          .     T  _r-»          -.  otftitt.  uiui  fi.,  ->iaui  s  irageuy,  i.  j. 

.  Boyish  feeling;  light-heartedness.    [Rare.]  1,,-vvi-,  /v.    um  r/  j,    m        -i 

—  3.  Boys  collectively  brabble  (brab'l),  «.     [<  brabbte,  «.]    A  broil; 


—   .  ecvey 

boyish  (boi'ish),  a.     [<  boyl  +  -M*!.]     Belong-    a  elamor°us  ™n*e,stj,a 
ing  to  a  boy;  pertaining  to  boyhood;  in  a  dis- 


This  petty  brabble  will  undo  us  all. 

Shalt.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  1. 


Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 
=  Svn.  Juvenile,  Puerile,  etc.     See  youthful. 

boyishly  (boi'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  boyish  manner. 

boyishness  (boi'ish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  boyish. 

boyism  (boi'izm),  n.  [<  fcoi/l  +  -ism.']  1.  The 
state  of  being  a  boy ;  boyishness. 

The  boyistn  of  the  brothers  ...  is  to  be  taken  into  ac- 
count. T.  Warton,  Notes  on  Hilton's  Smaller  Poems. 
2.  Something  characteristic  of  a  boy ;  pueril- 
ity. 

A  thousand  such  boyimne,  which  Chaucer  rejected  as  be- 
low the  dignity  of  the  subject.  Dryden,  Preface  to  Fables. 
[Rare  in  both  uses.] 

Boyle's  law.    See  law. 

boyn  (boin),  ».  [Sc.,  also  spelled  boin,  boyen, 
bowyne;  perhaps  <  OF.  btiion,  extended  form  of 
buie,  a  vessel  for  water  or  wine,  >  prob.  Sc. 
bowie,  q.  v.]  1.  A  washing-tub.  Gait.— 2.  A 
flat,  broad-bottomed  vessel,  into  which  milk  is 
emptied  from  the  pail. 
Also  called  bine. 

boy-queller  (boi'kwel"er),  n.  One  who  quells 
or  conquers  boys ;  one  who  is  able  to  cope  only 
with  boys.  [Rare.] 

Where  is  this  Hector? 
Come,  come,  thou  boy-queUer,  show  thy  face. 

8hak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  5. 

boyshipt  (boi'ship),  H,  [<  boyl  +  -ship."]  Boy- 
hood. Beaumont. 

boy's-love  (boiz'luv),  n.  A  name  of  the  south- 
ernwood, Artemisia  Abrotamtm,  from  an  oint- 
ment made  with  its  ashes  used  by  young  men 
to  promote  the  growth  of  a  beard. 


A  clamorous, 


Cf.  D.  brabbelaar,  stammerer.] 

noisy,  quarrelsome  fellow. 

We  hold  our  time  too  precious  to  be  spent 

With  such  a  brabbler.  Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2. 

brabbling  (brab'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  brab- 
ble, r.]  Clamorous;  wrangling;  quarrelsome ; 
noisy. 

He  gave  notice  to  his  government  that  commerce  would 
have  no  security  in  Antwerp  "  in  those  brabbling  times." 
Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  18. 

brabblinglyt  (brab'ling-li),  adr.  In  a  brab- 
bling manner. 

Neither   bitterly    nor 
brabblinglii. 

Bp.  Jewell,  Def.  of  Apol. 
[for  Ch.  of  Eng.,  p.  44. 

bracse  (bra'se),  n. 
pi.  [L. :  see  breech, 
breeches.']  In  antiq., 
a  garment  equiv- 
alent to  the  mod- 
ern trousers,  it  was 
made  either  loose  or 
close-fitting,  and  its  use 
was  characteristic  of  the 
Gauls  and  of  Oriental 
peoples.  Itwasnotworu 
by  the  Greeks,  nor  by  the 
Romans  before  the  end  of 
the  republic.  After  the 
first  century  A.  D.,  how- 
ever, it  came  into  use 
among  the  Romans,  es- 
pecially in  the  military 
forces  stationed  in  in- 
clement climates  ;  and 
toward  the  close  of  the 


Bracfe.—  Statue  of  Paris,  Vatica 
Museum. 


breeches:   see  Ireecli."] 


• 


Braccate. —  Foot  of  Snowy  Owl. 


boy  S-play  (boiz'pla),  «.    Childish  amusement ;     emPi're  j,'  ^  vf,ry  «e"" 
anything  free  from  risk  or  severe  labor;  any!     SSMffi'  J&?^JXltt£ 


iin   tlic 


braccae  (brak'se),  «.     See  braca;. 

braccate  (brak'at),  «.     [<  L.  "braccatiis,  prop. 
bracatus,  <    braca;,  pi.,  ' 
In  ortiith.,  having  the 
tarsi  feathered;  hav- 
ing the  feet  furnished 
with  feathers  to  the 
bases  of  the  toes  or 
of  the  claws. 

bracciale  (brak-si-a'- 
le ;  It.  pron.  brat- 
chia'le),  «. ;  pi.  brae- 
ciali  (-Ii).  [It.,  a  bras- 
sard or  chevron,  also 
as  in  def.,  <  L.  brac- 
chiale,  an  armlet,  bracelet,  etc.,  <  braccliium  (> 
It.  braecio),  arm.]  A  projecting  bracket  of  iron 
or  bronze,  having  a  socket  and  ring  for  hold- 
ing a  flagstaff,  torch,  or  the  like,  and  sometimes 
a  large  ring.  These  brackets  are  affixed  to  Italian  pal- 
aces of  the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  and  are  often  of  great 
richness  of  design,  especially  at  Sienna  and  Florence. 

braecio  (brat'chio),  n.  [It.,  <  L.  braccliium, 
arm :  see  brace1."]  A  measure  of  length  used  in 
Italy,  varying  from  half  a  yard  at  Lodi  to  a 
yard  at  Milan.  See  brass2. 

brace1  (bras), «.  [<  ME.  brace, <OF.  brace,  brase, 
brasse,  brache,  the  two  arms  extended,  an  arm- 
ful, a  fathom,  pair,  F.  brasse  =  Pr.  brassa  = 
Sp.  braza  =  Pg.  braga,  a  fathom,  <  L.  brachia, 
pi.  of  bracJiium,  braccliium,  arm,  prob.  <  Gr.  fipa- 
XI<M>,  arm ;  cf.  Ir.  and  Gael,  brae  =  W.  braich 
=  Bret,  breach,  the  arm.  From  the  L.  singular 
braccliium  comes  OF.  bras,  bras,  F.  bras  =  Sp. 
brazo  =  Pg.  braqo  =  It.  braecio,  arm.  Hence 
bracelet  and  embrace."]  1.  A  prop  or  support; 
specifically,  in  arch.,  a  piece  of  timber  placed 
near  and  across  the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a 
building  in  order  to  strengthen  it.  When  used 
to  support  a  rafter  it  is  called  a  strut. —  2. 
That  which  holds  two  or  more  things  firmly 
together ;  a  cincture  or  bandage. —  3.  A  pair ; 
a  couple:  as,  a  brace  of  ducks  :  used  of  persons 
only  with  a  shade  of  contempt  or  colloquially. 

But  you,  my  brace  of  lords,  were  I  so  minded, 
I  here  could  pluck  his  highness'  frown  npon  you. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1. 
Will  he  have  a  brace, 
Or  but  one  partridge? 

Fletcher  (ami  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 
The  two  muskets  I  loaded  with  a  brace  of  slugs  each. 

Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

4.  A  thick  strap  by  which  a  carriage-body  is 
suspended  from  C-springs.  E.  H.  Knight. —  5. 
In  printing,  a  vertical  double-curved  line,  used 

to  connect  two  or  more  lines:  thus,  ?      ,  >  or 

'  bowl  y 

two  or  more  staves  in  music. —  6.  A  leather 
band  placed  about  the  cords  of  a  drum  and 
sliding  upon  them :  used  to  raise  or  lower  the 
tone  by  increasing  or  lessening  the  tension  of 
the  cords:  as,  "the  braces  of  the  war  drum," 
Derham,  Phys.  Theol. —  7.  pi.  Straps  passing 
over  the  shoulders  to  sustain  the  trousers;  sus- 
penders.— 8.  A  device  for  supporting  a  weak 
back,  curved  shoulders,  etc. —  9.  J\'aut. :  (a) 
One  of  the  ropes  fastened  to  the  yards  of  a 
ship,  one  to  each  yard-arm,  which,  reaching  to 
the  deck,  enable  the  yards  to  be  swung  about 
horizontally.  They  also  help  the  yards  to  sup- 
port the  strain  caused  by  the  wind  on  the  sails. 
(6)  pi.  Straps  of  brass  or  metal  castings  fas- 
tened on  the  stern-post,  to  receive  the  pintles 
by  which  the  rudder  is  hung. — 10.  A  defense 
or  protection  for  the  arm;  specifically,  one 
used  in  archery.  Same  as  bracer,  2. 

"It  hath  been  a  shiel 
Twixt  me  and  death  " :  and  pointed  to  this  brace. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  1. 
lit.  State  of  defense. 

For  that  it  [Cyprus)  stands  not  in  such  warlike  brace, 
But  altogether  lacks  the  abilities 
That  Rhodes  is  dress'd  in.  Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3. 

12.  The  state  of  being  braced  ;  tension;  tight- 
ness. 

The  laxness  of  the  tympanum  when  it  has  lost  its  brace 
or  tension.  llMrr. 

13f.  An  arm  (of  the  sea). 

He  schal  so  passe  the  wature,  that  ys  cleped  the  brace  of 
Seint  George  [ML.  lirachium  S.  (JeorgiiJ.  that  is  an  arm 
«f  the  sea.  MiiinKlrrillr,  p.  ia>. 

14.  A  curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wood  for 
holding  and  turning  boring-tools,  etc. ;  a  bit- 
stock.  There  are  various  forms  of  braces,  the  most  com- 
mon being  the  carpenter*'  bract-.  bit-ln-a«>.  f»t-*t«i-k,  or 
linnd-bra*'' .  \\airli  is  a  tool  for  turning  a  boring-bit  or 
auger.  It  consists  of  a  crank-formed  shaft,  with  a  metal 
^iK'krt  rulli-il  tin1  ixcil  at  one  extremity,  and  on  the  other 
a  swiveh'd  head  (nr  aixhiuii  or  WnVM).  By  which  the  boring- 


brace 


651 


tool  or  bit,  tlxed  in  tin;  pad.   is  pressed  forward  h\    tin 
uiukmaii.     ><•'    "/<.//-   !•,'!:•.  <M,  anil  cut  under  l,il  */<«-k. 

15.  A  wooden  rod  with  spiked  ends, 


brace-head  (bras'hed),  «.   In  /•<»•/,  -//«n»</,  ii  largo 
box,  key,  nr  wrench,  with  long  levers  or  uadlM, 
used  in  turning  a  boring-tool, 
used  to  Bupipprt  •oenery  in  a  theater.  brace.key  (bras'ke),  ».    In  »//»/»</,  a  tiller  ,•„„ 

-16.   ,,l.   '1  he   iMtiun  slides  on  the     Hiatill!f  Of  t\vo  ir,m  j,,,ndles  serewed  together  in 

opposite  ways,  so  a8  to  elip  between  them  the 
rods  used  in  deep  borings,  When  tin-  ban. II. •»  an- 
screwed  on  (Irmly  tin-}  I'MI  MI  tun  levers  fnrtiiriiiiiL'  tin-  i",N 

;i-  r'i|iiircil,  the  top  length  of  roil  being   furnished  willl  ,1 

-«i\i  I  H.  Miir'Kin,  Manual  of  Mining  Tooli,  p.  162. 
bracelet  (bras'let),  n.  [<  F.  brm-rli-l,  dim.  of 
i  )!•'.  lii-itrrl.  brnchel,  an  annlet  or  defense  for  the 
arm.  <  ML.  brnrhilt;  <  L.  bracchiale,  an  armlet,  < 
liriii-cliiiiui,  the  arm:  see  brace1,  «.]  1.  An  or- 
namental baud,  ring,  or  clasped  chain  for  the 


cords  of  a  snare-drum,  by  which  the 
tension  of  the  head  is  vaned.—Brace- 
blt.  Sec  MI.  French  brace,  an  angle  brmo. 
(whichsee).  — Geared  brace,  a  bin  ing  tool  the 

liit  or  drill  of  »  bieh  i*  turned  li\  a  hand-crank 

ami  in  M  I  gear.     Principal  brace,  in  build- 
..race  immediately  under  tin   princi]wl 
ratters,  nr  parallel  to  them,  and  in  a  state  of 
comprc-.-i. >n       It   MTTW    tn  a—ist  the  princi- 
lluill.ri.,       pals  ill  supporting  the    roof  timbers.     »iVf. 
Ratchet-brace,  a    carpenters'  brace   In 
which,  by   means  of  gearing,  a   haek-and-forth  motion  is 
converted  into  a  rotary  one,  thus  causing  tin   bit  to  turn. 
Wind-brace,  a  diagonal  brace  to  tie  the  rafters  of  a 

roof  together  and  prevent  racking.  Ill  the  best  examples 
of  medieval  routs  tie-  u  ind-braees  are  arched,  and  run  from 
tin  principal  rafters  to  the  purlins.  Kiicy>\  11,-it.  =  Syn.  3. 

('"ll/ilr.  etc.       See  /»I|Y. 

brace1  (bras),  i<.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  braced,  ppr. 
lirncitig.  [<  ME.  brncen,  brace,  embrace,  <  OF. 
bracer,  lirarii-r,  brtixser,  <  brace,  embrace,  =  Pr. 
brnniMir  =  It.  bracciarc,  brace ;  from  the  noun.] 
If.  To  clasp  or  grasp;  embrace;  hold  firmly. 

Swet  frcnde,  I  fele  mortal  detbc  me  brace, 
Seller  After  thys  comforth  to  pun -hai -e 
Off  surgery-erafte  ne  with  medicine, 
I  in  .-lulled  1  am  fill  of  uenyine. 

/;,„„.  .,(   l;,,l,  „„„  (K.  K.  T.  S.),  1.  1446. 
A  sturdy  lance  in  bis  right  hand  he  b,;,,;-,l. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  xl.  75. 

2.  To  bind  or  tie  closely;  fit  or  secure  by  ties; 
bandage;  strap. 

The  women  of  China,  by  bracing  and  binding  them, 
from  their  Infancy,  have  very  little  feet  Locke. 

They  braced  my  aunt  against  a  board. 
To  make  her  straight  and  tall. 

O.  1C.  Holmes,  My  Aunt. 

3.  To  string  or  bend  (a  bow)  by  putting  the 
eye  of  the  string  in  the  upper  nock  preparatory 
to  shooting. — 4.  To  make  tense;  strain  up;  in- 
crease the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of ;  strength- 
en :  used  both  literally  and  figuratively :  as,  to 
brace  the  nerves. 

The  tympanum  is  not  capable  of  teusion  that  way,  In 
such  a  manner  as  a  drum  is  braced. 

Holder,  Elements  of  Speech. 
He  drank  —  'twas  needful  his  poor  nerves  to  brace. 

Crabbe,  The  Borough. 

Strong  affection  braced  the  feeble  mind  of  the  princess. 
Macaulay,  Ulst.  Eng.,  ix. 

5.  To  fix  in  the  position  of  a  brace;  hold  firm- 
ly in  place :  used  reflexively :  as,  to  brace  one's 
self  against  a  post  or  a  crowd. — 6.  To  furnish 
with,  or  support  or  prop  by,  braces:  as,  to  brace 
a  building  or  a  falling  wall. — 7.  Naut.,  to  swing 
or  turn  around  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  by  means 
of  the  braces. 

We  caught  the  southeast  trades,  and  ran  before  them 
for  nearly  three  weeks,  without  so  much  as  altering  a  sail 
or  bracinij  a  yard.  /i.  //.  Daiut,  Jr. ,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  63. 

8.  In  irriting  and  printing,  to  unite  or  connect 
by  a  brace,  as  two  or  more  lines,  staves  of 
music,  etc.  To  brace  aback,  see  «/«<•*.— To  brace 
about,  to  brace  (the  yards  of  a  ship)  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion.— To  brace  fortht,  to  press  forth. 

The  prince  of  planetis  that  proudely  is  pight 
Sail  brttcryurtl,  his  beiues  that  oure  belde  blithes. 

i'or*  Plays,  p.  12S. 

To  brace  in  (naut.),  to  slack  the  lee  braces  and  haul  in 
the  weather  inn--  To  brace  sharp  («n«(.),  to  cause  the 
yards  to  have  the  smallest  possible  angle  with  the  keel. — 
To  brace  up.  ("1  \ant..t»  lay  the  \ards  more  fore-and- 
aft,  so  that  the  ship  will  sail  closer  to  the  wind.  (6)  To 
increase  the  tension,  tone,  or  vigor  of  :  often  used  intran- 
sitively with  the  object  understood. 
Every  nerve  in  his  frame  was  braced  up  for  a  spring. 

H'trltfim.  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  3Hi. 

brace2?  (bras),  u.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  miii- 
iii,i,  the  Mooring  around  the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 
[Cornwall.] 

braced  (brust),/).  «.     1.  In  her.,  interlaced  or 
linked  together:  said  of  bearings  so  arranged. 
Also  brmcd. —  2.  In 
entom.,  attached  by 
the  caudal  extremi- 
ty and  supported  in 
an    upright    or    ob- 
lique position  by  a 
silken  thread  cross- 
ing the  thorax,  and 
fastened  to  the  sup- 
porting surface:  said 
of  the  chrysalis  of  a  butterfly.    Also 
called  fiirt  or  hoiiinl.     Braced  inter- 
laced, in  !„->-..  same  as  I, ,-„,-• ./.  1. 
brace-drill  (bras'dril),  n.     A  drill 
shaped   like   a   carpenters'  brace, 
used  for  boring  mettils.     In  one  form  a  feed-screw 
and  hack  -center  tie-  latter  abutting  against  some  rigid 
body  or  part,  are  substituted  for  the  hand-plate  or  breast 
plate. 


Three  Chevrons 
Br:icett. 


Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Bracelets. 

wrist,  now  worn  mostly  by  women.  Bracelets 
were  among  the  earliest  personal  ornaments,  and  are  seen 
in  rich  and  varied  forms  In  ancient  Egyptian  and  Assyrian 
sculptures.  They  have  been  worn  almost  universally, 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present  day.  by  Imth  savage 
and  civilized  peoples.  See  armlrt,  armilla,  and  ban/ilr?. 

I  decked  thee  also  with  ornaments,  and  I  put  brarrlet* 
upon  thy  hands,  and  a  chain  on  thy  neck.  Ezek.  xvt  11. 

Both  his  hands  were  cut  off,  being  known  to  have  worn 
bracelet*  of  gold  about  his  wrists.  Sir  J.  Ilaj/imrd. 

2.  Humorously,  a  shackle  for  the  wrist;   a 
handcuff. 

'I  here  he  shall  keep  close, 
Till  I  provide  him  flies  and  food  ;  for  yet 
His  iron  bracelets  are  not  off. 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Xohle  Kinsmen,  li.  6. 

3.  A  piece  of  armor,  whether  the  lower  part  of 
the  brassart  or  the  wrist-piece  of  the  gauntlet 
(which  see). 

Armed  with  back  and  breast,  head  piece  and  bracelet*. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose,  if. 

4.  In  palmistry,  a  mark  across  the  inside  of  the 
wrist,  single,  double,  or  triple. 

brace-mold  (bras'mold),  ».  In  arch.,  a  mold- 
ing formed  by  the  union  of  two  ogees,  and  in 
section  resembling  the  brace  used  in  printing. 
Sometimes  a  small  bead  is  inserted  between 
the  ogees. 

brace-pendant  (bras'pen'dant),  ».  Xaut.,  a 
length  of  rope  or  chain  into  which  the  brace- 
block  is  spliced. 

bracer  (bra'ser),  n.     [<  brace,  v.,  +  -«•! ;  in  sense 

2,  <  ME.  bracer,  brasere.  <  OF.  brat,  the  arm :  see 
brace1,  «.]     1.  One  who  or  that  which  braces, 
binds,  or  makes  firm;  a  band  or  bandage. —  2. 
In  arclteru,  a  wrist-guard  worn  over  the  sleeve 
on  the  left  arm  as  a  protection  against  the  fric- 
tion or  the  catching  of  the  bowstring,  it  U  com- 
monly of  leather,  hut  sometimes  of  metal,  and  was  for- 
merly even  of  Ivory,  and  frequently  a  decorative  object. 
The  glove  Is  sometimes  made  to  serve  as  a  bracer.    See 
cut  under  ixwmanl. 

Upon  his  arm  he  bar  a  gay  bracer, 
And  by  his  side  a  swerd  and  a  tiokeler. 

Chaucer,  Uen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  111. 
A  bracer  serueth  for  two  causes,  one  to  sane  his  anne 
from  the  stryjte  of  the  strynge,  and  his  doublet  from 
wearynge,  and  the  other  is,  that  the  strynge  gljilvii^e 
sharpelye  and  (juicklye  of  the  bracer,  may  make  the 
sharper  shoote.  Ascttam,  Toxophilus. 

3.  That  which  braces  or  stimulates  the  nerves ; 
a  tonic ;  specifically,  a  drink  taken  early  in  the 
morning.     [Colloq.] 

brace-stake  (bras  stak),  M.  A  stake  competed 
for  by  braces  of  dogs  instead  of  individuals,  as 
in  field-trials. 

bracht,  brachet  (brach  or  brak),  H.  [In  the 
pron.  orach  also,  and  properlv,  written  brateli 
(see  brtiteli,  hratchct);  <  MS.  bracht,  <  OF. 
brache,  F.  brnque  =  Pr.  brae  =  Sp.  Pg.  braco  = 
It.  bracco  (cf.  ML.  braccus,  bracco),  <  OHG. 
brncclio,  MHO.  G.  bracke  =  D.  brak  =  8w.  brack. 
a  dog  that  hunts  by  the  scent :  origin  unknown. 
The  mod.  pron.  brak  follows  mod.  F.  braque, 
and  requires  the  spelling  "brack  (or,  as  F., 
braqw).']  A  bitch  of  the  nound  kind;  specifi- 
cally, a  species  of  scenting  hound :  a  pointer  or 
setter. 

\  sow  pig  by  chunce  .sucked  a  brach,  and  when  she  was 
uroHii  would  miraculously  hunt  all  manner  of  deer. 

Burlun.  Anal,  of  Mel. 


brachiate 
Brachelytra  ib™  k.-i'i-trai.  „.  t,i.    \\i...  <  Or. 

V'M".  short.  +  I/.T,,.,,,  a  ..hcHth,  shard:  sec 
<•/(/.;•»«. j  In  Latreille's  system  of  - 
lion,  a  division  of  I'ati-n/iti  i-n  including  tin- 
rove-beetles,  or  Xl<i/ilti/liiiiiln;  which  hav  tin- 
elytra  short,  not  nearly  covering  the  abdomen, 
the  untennie  short,  not  clnvate,  and  usually 
two  anal  appendage  ,.,-  th(Me  foi^t,  „,. 

known  as  cuclrtail*,  from  the  wa>  the)    hai 
up  their   tails.      With   the   .S7n/./il//i;n</<r  the  1'trlapttulir 
are  sometimes  associated  under '/traeA'/yfra.    Thwe  are 
;.<us.  \utli  tlxed  abdomen  and  no  anal  appendage*. 
, 

brachelytrOUS  (bra-kel'i-tnis),  a.  |<  r.rni-h,- 
litim  +  -oux.]  Having  short  elytra;  specifical- 
ly, pertaining  to  the  Jiracln  lytrn.  AUo  linn-lni- 

I  Itftl'OHX. 

brachett,  ».    See  bratrln-i. 

brachia.  ».    Plural  of  bracliinm. 

brachial  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-al),  a.  and  n.  [<  L. 
brachialin,  bracchiali.t,  <  IrodUtM  (prop,  brac- 
i-liinm),  arm:  seeftr«c<-l,  ».]  I.  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  the  arm,  fore  leg,  wing,  pectoral  fin,  or  other 
fore  limb  of  a  vertebrate ;  especially,  belonging 
to  the  upper  part  of  such  member,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow. —  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  brachia  of  the  lirachiopoda  or  of  other  ani- 
mals, as  the  wings  of  pteropods,  the  arms  of 
cephalopods,  the  rays  of  crinoids,  etc.— Bra- 
chial appendages,  a  pair  of  organs 
characteristic  of  the  brachlopods, 
and  suggesting  the  name  of  the 
class  Rrachinftmla ;  they  are  prolon- 
gations of  the  lateral  port  ions  of  the 
lips  or  margins  of  the  mouth,  and  are 
therefore  also  called  labial  appen- 
doges.— Brachial  artery,  or  hu- 
meral artery,  the  principal  artery 
of  the  n  pi  >er  arm ;  the  continuation  of 


the  axillary  artery  from  its  exit  from 
the  axilla  to  Its  division  int. 


Brachial  Appendages 


fricaitj.     a,   adducto 
pressions;  /.teeth. 


radial 

and  ulnae  arteries,  which  hi  man 
occurs  just  below  the  ellww.  —  Bra- 
chial plexus,  the  network  or  interlacing  of  the  anterior 
branches  of  lower  cervical  and  upper  dorsal  spinal  nerves, 
which  are  distributed  to  the  fore  limb:  the  brachiplex. — 
Brachial  veins,  the  vena;  comltes,  or  companion  veins, 
of  the  hrachlal  artery,  which  unite  with  each  other  and 
with  the  basilic  vein  to  form  the  axillary  vein. 

II.  ».  1.  In  ichth.,  one  of  the  series  of  bones 
to  which  the  rays  of  the  pectoral  fins  of  fishes 
are  attached. 

The  fourth  or  lowest  of  the  four  brachial*  which  together 
may  represent  the  humenis,  and  to  which  the  tin-rays  an; 
attached.  Mirart,  Elcm.  Anat.,  p.  162 

2.  In  human  anat. :  (a)  The  brachial  artery. 
(6)  In  the  Latin  form  brachintis  (atiticux).  a 
muscle  of  the  front  of  the  upper  arm.  arising 
from  the  front  of  the  humerus  and  inserted  into 
the  ulna,  flexing  the  forearm.  Also  called 
anticobrachialis.  See  cut  under  muscle. —  3. 
One  of  the  joints  of  the  branches  of  a  crinoid, 
between  the  radial*  and  the  palmars ;  one  of  the 
joints  of  the  third  order,  or  of  a  division  of  the 
radials. 

brachiale  (brak-i-a'le),  ».;  pi.  brachialia  (-H-ft). 
[L.,  prop.  neut.  of  brachialig,  bracchialix :  see 
brachial,  bracelet.']  1.  In  crinoids,  same  as  bra- 
chial, 3. 

At  the  third  radiale,  the  series  bifurcates  into  two  series 
of  brachialia.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  fiflu. 

2.  Kccleg.,  a  reliquary  in  the  shape  of  a  hand 
and  forearm,  usually  held  erect  with  the  hand 
open  and  the  fingers" wearing  rings. — 3.  pi.  See 
extract. 

Besides  their  gloves,  our  bishops  wore,  on  occasions, 
a  certain  kind  of  loose  sleeves,  called  brnchialia,  which 
could  be  easily  drawn  over  the  alb  high  up  almost  to  the 
elbow,  and  thus  hinder  the  cuffs  of  that  vesture  and  its 
beautiful  apparels  from  lieing  splashed  when  the  bishop, 
on  Huh  Saturday,  baptized  the  new-born  infants  in  the 
font  which  he  had  just  hallowed. 

Hodc,  church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  164. 

brachlalgia  (brak-i-al'ji-»).  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bra- 
rliium,braechiu»i,  arm,  +  fer.  -a> ; la,  <  a'/fnv,  feel 
pain,  <  «';  in ,  pain.]  Neuralgia  in  the  arm. 

brachialia,  w.     Plural  of  bracliia/i. 

brachialis  (brak-i-»'lis),  M.  [L.]  See  brachitil. 
n..  -2  (ft). 

Brachiata  (brak-i-a'ta),  «.  pi  [NL.,  ncut.  pi. 
of  L.  brachiatus,  briii-rliititim :  see  brachidti.} 
An  order  of  crinoids,  the  brachiate  crinoids  or 
crinoids  proper,  having  five  or  more  branching 
arms.  There  are  two  families.  Ki>,-riirid<t  and  Cotitatii- 
li'l,i'.  Thisdhisinu  includes  all  the  living  erinolds,  as  well 
as  many  of  (lie  extinct  ones,  ami  is  distinguished  from  the 
Blattoidea  an  all  of  which  are  extinct.  Abu 

called  t;,-«'-l,,it,r. 

brachiate  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-at),  a.  [<  L.  bra- 
chiatHg.  braechialim.  having  arms:  see  brachitil.] 
1.  In  hot.,  having  widely  spreading  branches 
arranged  in  alternate  pairs,  or  decussate;  fur- 
nished with  brachia. —  2.  In  roof. :  («)  Having 
brachia  of  any  kind:  brachiferous.  (ft)  Specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Itrai'hiata. 


brachiferous 

brachiferous  (bra-kif'e-rus),  «.  [<  L.  bntchia, 
pi.  of  brachium,  bracchium,  arm,  +  fcrre  =  E. 
bear1.]  Bearing  brachia:  applied  to  the  sub- 
umbrellar  disk  of  Discophora  (which  see). — 
Brachiferous  disk.  See  extract. 

In  most  of  the  Khizostonridie,  not  only  do  the  edges  of 
the  lips  unite,  but  the  opposite  walls  of  the  hydranth  be- 
neath the  umbrella  are,  as  it  were,  pushed  in,  so  as  to  form 
four  chambers,  the  walls  of  which  unite,  become  perforated, 
and  thus  give  rise  to  a  sub-umbrellar  cavity,  with  a  roof 
formed  by  the  umbrella,  and  a  floor,  the  brachiferonif  disk, 
suspended  by  four  pillars.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  125. 

Brachina  (bra-ki'nji),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  braclmim, 
bracchium,  arm,  +  -ina^.]  A  supposed  larval 
stage  of  a  starfish,  as  an  Asteracanthion :  a 
name  given,  like  Bipiimaria  and  Brachiolaria, 
under  the  impression  that  the  organism  was  a 
distinct  animal. 

Brachinidse  (bra-kin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bra- 
chinus  +  -ido3.]  A  family  of  adephagous  bee- 
tles, typified  by  the  genus  Brachimis:  now 
merged  in  Carabidai.  Also  Brachinida  and 
Braehinides. 

Brachininae  (brak-i-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bra- 
chinus +  -/««.]  The  bombardier-beetles  as  a 
subfamily  of  Cambidce. 

Brachinus  (bra-ki'nus),  n.  [NL.,  so  named  in 
reference  to  the  shortness  of  the  wing-cases ; 

<  Gr.  flpaxvc,  short.]    A  genus  of  adephagous 
beetles,  of  the  family  Carabidce,  sometimes  giv- 
ing name  to  a  family  Brachinida!.    They  are 
the  bombardier-beetles,  of  which  B.  crepitans  is 
an  example.     See  cut  under  bombardier-beetle. 

brachiocephalic  (brak"i-o-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a- 
lik),  a.  [<  L.  brachium,  'dracchium  (Gr.  ppaxi- 
uv),  arm,  +  Gr.  nntycM/,  head,  +  -ic."]  In  anat., 
of  or  pertaining  both  to  the  upper  arm  and  to 
the  head :  as,  the  brachiocephalic  (innominate) 
artery  and  veins. 

Brachiolaria  (brak*i-o-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
brachiolmn,  dim.  of  brachium,  bracchium,  arm, 
+  -aria.  Cf.  Brachina.]  The  larva  of  a  star- 
fish :  a  name  given  by  Leuekart  under  the  erro- 
neous impression  that  it  was  a  distinct  animal. 
See  Bipinnaria. 

Brachionichthyinae  (brak//i-o-nik-thi-i'ne),  n. 
pi.  [NL.,  <  Brachionichthys  4-  -4nce.]  In  Gill's 
classification  of  fishes,  a  subfamily  of  Antenna- 
riidas,  with  the  rostral  spine  or  tentacle  and  two 
robust  spines  developed,  the  second  dorsal  well 
developed,  the  body  oblongoclavif orm,  and  the 
pelvic  bones  short. 

brachionichthyine  (brak"i-o-nik'thi-in),  a.  and 
n.  I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brachionichthyince. 

II.  n.  A  fish  of  the  subfamily  Brachionich- 
thyince. 

Brachionichthys  (brayi-o-uik'this),  n.   [NL., 

<  Gr.  fipariuv,  arm,  +  ixBvt;,  fish.]     A  genus  of 
fishes  with  pediculate  pectorals,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Brachionichthyinte. 

brachionid  (bra-ki'o-nid),  n.  A  rotifer  of  the 
family  Brachionidw. 

Bractiionidae  (brak-i-on'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.;  < 
Brachionus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  rotifers,  in- 
cluding the  genera Brachionus,  Anuraa,Not(ews, 
and  Sacculus,  having  a  broad  shield-shaped  lori- 
cate body  and  short  jointed  foot:  in  a  wider 
sense  also  called  Brachionwa. 

Brachionus  (bra-M'o-nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  jipa- 
Xiw,  arm,  shoulder:  see  brachium.']  A  genus 
of  rotifers,  typical  of  the  family  Brachionidce  or 
Brachionaia.  B.  urceolaris  is  an  example.  See 
cut  under  troehal. 

brachiopod,  brachiopode  (brak'i-6-pod,  -pod), 
».  and  a.  I.  n.  One  of  the  Brachiopoda. 

In  most  Brachiopods,  the  oral  area  is  narrowed  to  a 
mere  groove,  and  is  produced  on  each  side  of  the  mouth 
into  a  long  spirally-coiled  arm,  fringed  with  tentacles ; 
whence  the  name  of  Brachiopoda,  applied  to  the  group. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  397. 
A§e  of  brachiopods,  the  Silurian  period. 

II.  a.  Same  as  brachiopodous. 
Brachiopoda  (brak-i-op'o-da),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ftpavfui>i  arm,  +  ir&f  (*<%-)  =  E./oo«.]     A 
class  of  mollusk-like  animals  distinguished  by 
the  development  of  two 
labial    (generally    called 
brachial)  appendages,  di- 
verging from  either  side 
of  the  mouth.    The  animal  is 
invested  in  a  mantle  which  ex- 
tends laterally  and  forward,  is 
highly  vascular,  and  secretes  a 
shell  composed  of  dorsal  and 
ventral  valves  opening  aborally ; 
it  is  without  foot  or  branchiae, 
respiration  being  effected  by  the 
branchial  mantle.    By  the  old- 
er naturalists  the  species  were 
regarded  as  bivalve  shells,  or 


652 

at  least  as  true  mollnsks ;  but  by  later  writers  they  have 
been  separated  as  representing  (alone  or  with  Polyzoa)  a 
peculiar  branch  or  subkingdom  Mvllitscoidea,  and  approxi- 
mated to  or  associated  with  the  worms,  Venues.  The  class 
is  generally  divided  into  two  subclasses  or  orders,  Arthro- 
pomata  or  CHstcnterata,  and  Lyopomata  or  Tretenterata. 
The  families  of  the  inarticulate  or  lyopomatous  brachio- 
pods are  the  LinguKua,  CraniidiK,  and  Discinidce,  all  of 
which  have  living  representatives.  The  families  of  the 
articulate  or  arthropomatous  brachiopods  are  the  Terebra- 
tulidie,  Ithynchonellidie,  Theeiida',  Spin/frit  lie,  Kimincki- 
nidce,  Pentameridte,  Strophmnemdce,  Orthidce,  and  Pro- 
ductidoe.  The  species  are  very  numerous,  nearly  4,000  hav- 
ing been  described ;  theyare  mostly  extinct,  and  all  marine. 
They  flourished  especially  during  the  Silurian  period,  and 
some  Silurian  genera,  as  Lingula,  are  still  extant.  See  cut 
under  Linyulince.  Many  of  the  species,  especially  of  the 
family  Terebratulidee,  are  known  as  lampshells. 

brachiopode  (brak'i-o-pod),  «.  and  a.  See 
brachiopod. 

brachiopodous  (brak-i-op'o-dus),  a.  [As  Bra- 
chiopoda +  -ous.]  Belonging  to  the  class  Bra- 
chiopoda. Also  brachiopod. 

brachiplex  (brak'i-pleks),  ».  [<  L.  brachium, 
bracchium,  arm,  +  NL.  plexus.]  The  brachial 
plexus  of  nerves.  See  brachial  plexus,  under 
brachial. 

brachiplexal  (brak-i-plek'sal),  a.  [<  brachi- 
plex +  -«(.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  brachi- 
plex. 

brachistocephali  (bra  -  kis  -  to  -  sef '  a  -  li),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fip&xiGToc,,  superl.  of  flpaxi'S,  short, 
+  /cE0a/>4,  head.]  Those  persons  or  races  of 
men  who  are  brachistocephalic. 

brachistocephalic  (bra-kis"to-se-farik  or-sef- 
a-lik),  a.  [As  brachistocephali  +  -ic.]  In  ethnol., 
Having  or  pertaining  to  a  head  whose  transverse 
diameter  is  to  its  length  about  as  .85  to  1. 

brachistochrone  (bra-kis'to-krpn),  n.  [Word 
invented  by  John  Bernoulli  in  1694;  <  Gr. 
ppdxtoTo;,  superl.  of  (jpax'vs,  short,  +  xp^"°ft 
time:  see  chronic.]  The  curve  upon  which  a 
body  moves  in  the  least  possible  time  from  one 
given  point  to  another.  According  to  the  nature  of 
the  forces  that  are  supposed  to  act  upon  the  body,  and 
the  constraints  to  which  it  may  be  subject,  the  brachisto- 
chrone takes  various  geometrical  forms,  mostly  spiral  or 
consisting  of  branches  united  by  cusps,  like  the  cycloid, 
which  is  the  brachistochrone  for  a  body  moving  under  a 
constant  force  and  subject  to  no  condition  except  that  de- 
fining the  brachistochrone.  Until  recently  always  spelled 
brachystochrone. 

brachium  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  brachia 
(-a).  [L,,  prop,  bracchium,  the  arm,  >  ult.  E. 
brace!,  n.,  q.  v.]  1.  The  upper  arm,  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  elbow,  coinciding  in  extent 
with  the  humerus;  the  arm  proper,  as  distin- 

fnished  from  the  antebrachium  or  forearm. — 2. 
he  humerus.  [Rare.]  —  3.  An  arm-like  process 
of  the  brain.  See  phrases  below. — 4.  An  arm- 
like  part  of  a  body.  Specifically— (a)  In  crinoids, 
one  of  the  rays  or  arms  given  off  from  the  calyx,  and  to 
which  the  pinnuloj  may  be  attached.  See  cut  under  Crt- 
noidea.  (b)  In  cephalopods,  one  of  the  long  arms  or  ten- 
tacles which  bear,  in  the  Acetabidifera,  the  rows  of  suckers. 
See  cut  under  JHbranchiata.  (c)  One  of  the  subumbrellar 
tentacular  processes  upon  the  brachiferous  disk  of  a  dis- 
cophorous  hydrozoan.  See  cut  under  Discophora. 

The  long  tentacles  which  terminate  each  brachium  [of 
Cephea]  are  blue.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  127,  note. 

5.  In  bot.,  an  arm-like  process  or  appendage : 
applied  by  Bentham  to  the  projecting  processes 
at  the  summit  of  the  column  in  some  orchids. 
—Brachia  conjunctiva,  two  rounded  white  tracts  in  the 
brain  passing  forward,  one,  the  brachium  conjunctivum  an- 
teriutt,  from  the  nates,  and  the  other,  the  brachium  conjunc- 
tivum  pogterim,  from  the  testis,  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
mesencephalon.  Also  called  brachia  corporum  quadri- 
//eminorum,  brachia  of  the  optic  lobes.—  Brachia  con- 
junctorla  or  copulativa,  the  superior  peduncles  of  the 
cerebellum.— Brachia  of  the  optic  lobes.  See  brachia 
conjunctiva. — Brachium  pontis,  the  middle  peduncle  of 
the  cerebellum,  a  median  mass  of  fibrous  nerve-tissue 
connecting  the  pons  Varolii  with  the  cerebellum,  over- 
hung and  concealed  by  the  lateral  lobe  of  the  cerebellum. 
See  pontibrachium. 

Brachmant,  n.    Same  as  Brahman. 

brachy-.  [NL.  brachy-,  <  Gr.  (ipaxvf,  short.] 
An  element  in  some  words  of  Greek  origin, 
meaning  short. 

brachycatalectic  (brak-i-kat-a-lek'tik),  a.  and 
n.  [<  L.  brachycataUcticmn,  prop,  brachycata- 
lectum  (sc.  metrum,  meter),  <  Gr.  ppaxvuaTaAt;- 
KTOV  (so.  uirpov,  meter),  <  ppaxi'f,  short,  +  */tara- 
ATIKTOC,,  verbal  adj.  of  Kara'Arryeiv,  leave  off,  stop; 
cf.  KaTaA7iKTtK6f,  deficient:  see  catalectic.]  I. 
a.  In  pros.,  wanting  the  last  foot  of  the  last 
dipody:  as,  a  brachycatalectic  verse  or  line.  This 
term  is  properly  applied  only  to  lines  measured  by  dipo- 
dies,  such  as  trochaics  and  iambics.  The  ordinary  Eng- 
lish heroic  line,  as,  for  example, 

Of  man's  first  dis  ]  obedience  and  |  the  fruit, 
is  an  iambic  trimeter  brachycatalectic,  as  contrasted  with 
the  corresponding  acatalectic  trimeter,  as, 

See  how  he  lies  |  at  random,  care  |  lessly  dlffus'd. 
II.  ii.  A  verse  wanting  the  last  foot  of  the 
last  dipody. 


brachyelytrous 

brachycephali  (brak-i-sef'a-H),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  brachycephulus :  see  brachycephalous.]  In 
ethnol.,  those  people  whose  cephalic  index 
(see  cephalic)  is  80  and  upward,  and  who  con- 
sequently have  short  skulls  or  are  brachyce- 
phalic. 

brachycephalic  (brak"i-se-fal'ik  or  -sef'a-lik), 
a.  [Aabrachyci')ilial-oiu  +  -ic.]  Short-headed: 
applied,  in  ethnol.,  to  heads  whose  diameter 
from  side  to  side  is  not  much  less  than  that 
from  front  to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  80  to 
100,  as  those  of  the  Mongolian  type;  and  also 
to  races  or  individuals  having  such  heads:  op- 
posed to  dolichocephalic.  There  are  two  sections  of 
this  group,  brachistocephalic  and  eurycephalic.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  a  braehycephalic  race  inhabited  Europe  before 
the  Celts.  Also  brachycephalous,  brachykephalic,  brachy- 
kephalous. 

For  the  extremes  of  these  varieties  [of  cranial  form], 
Ketzius  proposed  the  names  of  brachy-kephalic  or  short- 
headed,  and  dolicho-kephalic  or  long-headed,  which  have 
come  into  general  use.  Dawxon,  Origin  of  World,  p.  427. 

Brachycephalidae  (brak"i-se-fal'i-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brachycephalus  +  -idee.]  A  family  of 
oxydactyl  opisthoglossate  anurous  batrachians. 
Giinther. 

Brachycephalina  (brak-i-sef-a-.H'nfi,),  ».  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brachycephalus  +  -i»d2.]  A  super- 
family  group  of  frogs,  including  the  families 
Phruniscidai  and  Brachycephalidce. 

brachycephalism  (brak-i-sef'a-lizm),  n.  [< 
brachycephal-ic  +  -ism.]  In  ethnol.,  the  quality, 
state,  or  condition  of  being  brachycephalic. 
Also  brachyl-ephaUsm,  brachycephaly. 

brachycephalous  (brak-i-sef'a-lus),  a.  [<  NL. 
brachycephalus,  <  Gr.  /Jpo^-u/ce^a/lof,  short-head- 
ed, <  flpaxbf,  short,  +  iteipa?.!/,  head.]  Same  as 
brachycephalic.  Also  written  brachykephalous. 
The  prevailing  form  of  the  negro  head  is  dolichocepha- 
lous ;  that  of  civilized  races  is  mesocephalous  and  brachy- 
cephalotu.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  500. 

Brachycephalus  (brak-i-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL. : 
see  brachycephalous.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Brachycephalkke.  By  recent  herpetolo- 


Brazilian  Toad  {BrachycephalHs  tfhifpiutn). 

gists  it  is  referred  to  the  family  Engystomidoe  (in  an  en- 
larged sense)  or  Phryniscid(K.  B.  ephippium  is  a  small 
bright-yellow  Brazilian  toad,  with  a  bony  plate  saddled  on 
the  back. 

brachycephaly  (brai-i-sef'a-li),  n.  [<  brachy- 
cephal-ie  +  -)/.]  Same  as  brachycephalism. 

Brachycera  (bra-kis'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  brachycerus,  lit.  short-horned:  see  bra- 
chycerous.]  A  suborder  of  Diptera,  including 
those  dipterous  or  two-winged  flies  which  have 
short  antennse,  apparently  not  more  than  three- 
jointed,  one-  or  two-jointed  palpi,  and  larvas 
developed  from  the  egg.  They  are  aquatic  or  ter- 
restrial, feeding  on  vegetable  or  animal  food,  or  parasitic, 
the  perfect  insect  feeding  on  the  juices  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals. The  great  majority  of  dipterous  insects,  including 
all  the  ordinary  flies,  belong  to  this  suborder.  The  fam- 
ilies are  variously  grouped ;  by  some  they  are  classed  as 
Dicluxtce,  Tetrachcetce,  and  llexachtetie,  according  to  the 
number  of  pieces  composing  the  proboscis.  Another  di- 
vision is  into  two  tribes,  Muscaria  and  Tanystomata. 

brachycerpus  (bra-kis'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  bra- 
chycerus, lit.  short-horned,  <  Gr.  ftpaxi'f,  short,  + 
Kcpac,  horn.]  In  en  torn. ,  having  short  antenna? ; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachycera. 

brachydiagonal  (brak"i-dl-ag'o-nal),  «.  and  n. 
[<  Gr.  fipaxtl<;,  short,  +  diagonal.]  I.  a.  Short 
and  diagonal :  as,  the  brachydiagonal  axis,  the 
shorter  lateral  axis  in  an  orthorhombic  crystal. 
II.  n.  The  shorter  of  the  diagonals  in  a 
rhombic  prism. 

brachydomatic  (brak"i-dp-mat'ik),  a.  [<  bra- 
chydome  +  -atic2.]  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  brachydome. 

brachydome  (brak'i-dorn),  n.  [<  Gr.  ppaxw, 
short,  +  Sofia  (Aa/iar-),  a  house,  chamber.]  In 
crystal.,  a  name  given  to  planes  in  the  ortho- 
rhombic  system  which  are  parallel  to  the  shorter 
lateral  (or  brachydiagonal)  axis  while  inter- 
secting the  other  two  axes.  See  dome\  5. 

Brachyelytra  (brak-i-el'i-tra),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Bracheli/tra. 

brachyelytrous  (brak-i-el'i-tms),  a.  Same  as 
brachelytroun. 


brachygrapher 

brachygrapher  (bra-kig'r;i-fer;,  ».  [<  hra- 
jkfgnpltf  +  -ir1.]  A  writer  in  shorthand;  a 
stenographer. 

He  uskril  tin-  ''i-Hrhyfrraphtr  whether  he  wrote  the  notes 
nf  that  Hi-nnnn.  Qaytitn,  Notes  on  IVm  Quixote,  f.  8. 

brachygraphy  (iira-kiK'ra-fi),  «.    [=  V. 

iiriiplni-.  <  tir.  ip'.t"..  short,  +  -jpa^/n,  <  y 


. 

write.]     The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in  short- 
hand; stenography. 

And  he  is  to  take  thr  wliolo  dunces  from  tlie  foot  by 
bracl<ii<inii>liii,  inn)  so  n>aki<  a  memorial,  if  not  a  map  of 
Mir  tmsiui-ss.  B.  Jftnson,  Fan's  Anniversary. 

What  have  we  here  —  the  Art  of  llrarhi<imphy  f 

Marflint  (ttut  Ilark*f<'<t,  Inaatiate  Countess,  v. 

brachykephalic,  brachykephalous,  etc.  See 
frroCrtyoepAoHc,  bracJwcephaknu,  etc. 

brachylogy  (bru-kil'o-ji),  «.  [=F.  brachylogie, 
<Gr.  pfaxv^cr/ia,  brevity  in  speech  or  writing,  < 
ftpaxvMyof,  short  in  speech,  <  (ipaxvf,  short,  + 
Myctv,  speak.]  In  rliet.  and  t/ram.,  brevity  of 
diction;  a  concise  or  abridged  form  of  expres- 
sion ;  especially,  non-repetition  or  omission  of 
a  word  when  its  repetition  or  use  would  be  ne- 
cessary to  complete  the  grammatical  construc- 
tion: as,  I  do  not  think  so  now,  but  I  have 
(thought  so)  ;  this  is  as  good  (as)  or  better  than 
that. 

Brachymeridse  (brak-i-mer'i-de),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Hnii'lit/Htmix,  '2,  +  -iilir.]     A  family  of  batra- 
chians,  named  from  the  genus  Brachymerus. 
liiinlln  r. 

Brachymerus  (brak-i-me'rus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ppaxvf,  short,  T  /<vpof,  a  thigh.]  1.  In  entom.  : 
(a)  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  named  by 
Dejean  in  1834.  (6)  A  genus  of  hymenopterous 
insects.  —  2.  In  lierpet.,  the  typical  genus  of 
Brachuwirida:  Smith,  1849.  —  3.  A  genus  of 
brachiopods,  of  the  family  Pentamerid<e.  y.  S. 
filmier,  1865. 

brachymetropia  (brak'i-me-tro'pi-a),  ».   [NL., 

<  Gr.  jipaxi'S,  short,  +  utrpov,  measure,  +  Ity 
(<JJT-),  eye,  sight.]     Same  as  myopia. 

brachymetropic  (brak*i-me-trop  ik),  a.  Same 
as  myopic. 

brachymetropy  (brak-i-met'ro-pi),  ».  See  bra- 
chyntctronia. 

brachyodont  (brak'i-o-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ppaxl't, 
short,  +  iiSoi'f  (bSovr-)  =  E.  tooth.]  Having  a 
short  or  low  crown  :  applied  to  the  teeth  of  the 
Cervidce:  distinguished  from  hypsodont.  See 
extract. 

The  true  molars  of  the  Cervidee  are  brathyodmif,  and 
those  of  the  Bovidaj  hypsodont  ;  i.  •  .  .  the  teeth  of  the 
former  have  comparatively  short  crowns,  which  .  .  .  take 
their  place  at  once  with  the  neck  ...  on  a  level  with  or 
a  little  above  the  alveolar  border. 

W.  II.  Flower,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  431. 

Brachyoura,  brachyoural,  brachyouran,  etc. 
See  Brachyura,  etc. 

brachypinacoid  (brak-i-pin'a-koid),  ».  [<  Gr. 
ftpaxi'c,  short,  +  jiiiiacoia.']  In  crystal.,  a  plane 
in  the  orthorhombic  system  which  is  parallel 
to  the  vertical  and  shorter  lateral  (bracnydiag- 
onal)  axes. 

brachypleural  (brak-i-pl8'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  Jpaxi><;, 
short,  +  NL.  pleura  +  -«?.]  Literally,  having 
short  pleura  :  specifically  said  of  trilobites  all  of 
whose  anterior  pleura  are  of  the  same  relative 
length  in  the  adult  :  opposed  to  macropleural. 

The  Swedish  Paradoxides,  like  those  of  the  typical  Me- 
nerlan  beds,  and  unlike  those  of  Bohemia,  are  all,  so  far  as 
determined,  of  the  Jlrachuplettral  type. 

Am*.  Jmir.  Sci.,  Sdser.,  XXXIII.  475. 

Brachypodes  (bra-kip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iipaxi-t,  short,  +  TTOI/J  (nw>-)  =  E.  foot.']  In 
Sundevall's  classification  of  birds,  the  sixth 
phalanx  of  the  cohort  Cichlomorpha;,  including 
8  families  of  dentirostral  oscine  Passeres,  such 
as  the  waxwiugs,  orioles,  swallow-flycatchers, 
caterpillar-catchers,  and  drongo-shnkes. 

Brachypodinae  (brak'i-po-dl'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Bnekmtu  (-pod-),  4  (d),  +  -itue?]    A  sub- 
family of  the  family  Merulidtr  (Swainson),  com- 
prising short-legged  thrushes  now  known  as 
Pyriinnotiihr,  mid  various  other  birds.     [Not  in 

IIS!'.] 

brachypodine   (bra-kip'o-din),  a.   and  ».     I. 
n.  Short-footed,  as  a  thrush  ;  specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  BrachypixHiiit  . 
II.  «.  A  bird  of  the  subfamily  Bra-chypwiiiur. 

brachypodous  (bra-kip'o-dus),  a.  [AsBrachy- 
pod-es  +  -OM«.]  1.  In  hot.,  having  a  short  foot 
or  stalk.  —  2.  In  zool.,  short-footed.  See  Bra- 
fhyintg,  Brachypodes. 

brachyprism  (brak'i-prizm).  «.  [<Gr.  0paxlf, 
short,  +  -piafia,  a  prism.]  In  crystal.,  a  prism 
of  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  between  the 
unit  prism  and  the  brachypinacoid. 


653 

In  the  topaz  rrystal  the  brachypritm  and  the  pyramid 
are  the  pvtQOBriMMl  -  Irrm-nt*,  aiutocUted  with  the  prism. 

JBnry.-.  I:  i,i..  XVI.  360. 

Brachypteracias(bra-kip-t«-ra'si-a8),  n.  [NL., 
<  brticnyptfriui  (see  brarln/iiti  rotis)  +  (Cor)acias  : 
sec  t'nr<iciitx.~]  A  remarkable  genus  of  Mada- 
gasoan  pioarian  birds,  of  the  fmnily  <'<>rin-i«ln  . 
The  type  is  //.  li-/ilosnuiii.  I.Hi'ri:*inii/f,  1834. 

Brachypteraciinae  (bra-kip-te-ra-si-i'ne),  >i.pl. 
[XL.,  <  Jirii<-lii//>ti  rin-itiH  +  -in<r.~\  The  ground- 
rollers,  a  peculiar  Madugascan  subfamily  of 
birds,  of  the  family  Coraciidie,  represented  by 
the  genera  Brachyptcraciag,  AMurniii,  and 


Brachypterae  (bra-kip'te-re),  «.  /</.  [NL., 
fern.  pi.  of  anumgftsnu:  see  brachyptcroim.]  1. 
In  Cuvier's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
I'lilwi/K  ili'K,  embracing  diving-birds,  as  grebes, 
loons,  auks,  and  penguins.  —  2.  In  Suudevall's 
system  of  classification,  the  fourth  phalanx  of 
the  cohort  Cichlomorplitr,  embracing  three  fami- 
lies of  the  short-winged,  long-tailed  wren-war- 
blers of  the  Australian,  Indian,  and  Ethiopian 
regions. 

Brachypterl  (bra-kip'te-ri),  n.pl.  [NL.,  mage. 
pi.  of  brachypterus  :  see  brachypterous.]  In 
ornitli.,  a  group  of  short-winged  diving-birds, 
as  the  auks,  loons,  and  grebes;  the  Unnatores 
or  PygojMidex  of  some  authors. 

brachypterous  (bra-kip'te-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
brachypterus  (>  F.  brachypt&re),  <  Gr.  ftpaxi-- 
KTcpof,  short-winged,  <  fipaxi-*;,  short,  +  KTcp6v,  a 
wing,  feather,  =  E.  feather.]  In  ornith.,  having 
short  wings  ;  brevipennate.  Specifically  applied  to 
those  water-birds,  as  the  Brachypteri  or  Itrachypttrtx, 
whose  wings  when  folded  do  not  reach  to  the  root  of  the 
tail. 

Brachypus  (brak'i-pus),  w.  [NL.  (pi.  brachy- 
podes),  <  Gr.  fipaxvf,  short,  +  irorf  (jrorf-)  =:  E. 
foot.']  1.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  lizards.  Fite- 
inger,  1826.  —  2.  In  conch.,  a  genus  of  gastro- 
pods. —  3.  In  entom.:  (a)  A  genus  of  beetles. 
Schonherr,  1826.  (b)  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Dolichopodidw.  Meigeii, 
1824.  —  4.  In  ornitli.  :  (a)  A  genus  of  swifts. 
Meyer,  1815.  See  Apus,  Micropus,  and  Cypselu*. 
(b)  A  genus  of  thrushes  and  other  birds,  of  the 
subfamily  Rrachypoditue.  Suiainson,  1824. 

brachypyramid  (brak-i-pir'a-mid),  «.  [<  Gr. 
fipaxvc,  short,  +  »ri>pa///f,  pyramid.]  In  crystal., 
a  pyramid  in  an  orthorhombic  crystal  lying  be- 
tween the  zone  of  unit  pyramids  and  the  brachy- 
domes. 

Brachyrhamphus  (brak-i-ram'fus),  w.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  ppaxi-f,  short,  +  pa/^r,  bill,  snout.]    A 
genus  of  brachypterous  brachyurous  tridactyl 
palmiped  birds,  of  the  family  Alcidte,  the  mur- 
relets,  several  species  of  which  inhabit  the  Pa- 
cific coasts  of  Asia  and  America.    /;.  tutlitzi  and 
B.  hypoleiicv*,  the  latter  inhabiting  Lower  California,  are 
the  leading  species.   Theyare  small,  slender-billed  murres, 
related  to  the  species  of  (7ria,  or  guulemote.     /.'.  nu>nm<- 
rattt*  is  the  marbled  murrelet.     Also  Rrachyramphwi. 

Brachyrhynchinas  (brak'i-ring-M'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brachyrhynchua,  1,  +  -itux.  ]  Asubfamily 
of  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  family  Aradidtr, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brachyrhynchug.  They  have 
a  very  short  rostrum  (whence  the  name),  thickened  mar- 
gins of  the  posterior  segments  of  the  abdomen,  and  the 
elytra  confined  within  tne  limits  of  the  abdominal  disk. 
Also  Brnchifrhynchitut. 

Brachyrhynclius  (brak-i-ring'kus),  «.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  ppaxw,  short,  +  l>i>yx°fj  a  snout,  beak.]  1  . 
In  entom.,  the  typical  genus  of  Brachyrhynchi- 
n<e.    Laporte,  1833.  —  2.  A  genus  of  reptiles. 
Fitsinytr,  1843. 

brachystochrone,  n.  Erroneous,  though  the 
original  and  until  recently  the  usual,  spelling 
of  orachistochrone. 

Brachystola  (bra-kis'to-lft),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
flpaxif,  short,  +  <rro).fi,  a  rooe,  stole  :  see  «tote2.] 
A  genus  of  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 


^ 


Lubber  Grasshopper  '  Brachystoln 


AcriilidcE.  B.  maiina  is  a  large  clumsy  locust,  common 
on  the  western  plains  of  N'orth  America,  where  it  is  known 
as  tin-  lubber  grasshopper. 

Brachystoma,  Brachystomata  (bra-kis'to-mS. 
brak-i-sto'ina-ta),  «.  ///.  [XL.,  <  Gr.  VM  " . 
short.  +  rrronn,  pi.  nrnnarn,  month.]  A  division 


Brachyurus 

of  brachycproiis  dipterous  insects,  character- 
ized by  the  short  proboscis.  It  is  composed  of 
such  families  a>  the  i.i/iiiiin,  I  In  midtr,  DoU- 

r/iii/iiiiliilir.  and  ^'ir/iliiiUi'. 

brachystomatous,    brachystomous   (brak-i- 

sto'niji-tiis,  bi'ii-kis'tM-niii-),  n.  [A-  /iY</</,// 
ftoMOM,  linii-lii/x/iiiun,  +  -mm.  ]  I hivinga small 
or  short  mouth,  beak,  or  proboscis;  specifically, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Itriirhyxlniiiiilii. 

Brachytarsi  (bruk-i-tiir'si),  „.,,!.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/<p<U''f,  short,  +  ropo-of,  the  flat  of  the  foot, 
mod.  tarsus:  see  tarsus.']  A  division  of  the 
order  I'ni.iiiiiiir  or  lemuroids,  represented  by 
the  lemurs  proper. 

Brachyteles  (bra-kit'e-l§z),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
[jpaxi'f,  short,  +  rftar,  end,  with  ref.  to  A  teles, 
q.  v.]  A  genus  of  South  American  spider-mon- 
keys, having  a  thumb,  though  a  short  one :  sep- 
arated by  Spix  from  Ateles:  synonymous  with 
Eriodes  (which  see). 

brachytypous  (bra-kit'i-pus),  o.  [<  Gr.  /Jpo^f, 
short,  +  riVof,  form,  type.]  In  mineral.,  of  a 
short  form. 

Brachyura  (brak-i-u'ril),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  less  cor- 
rectly Brachyoura;  neut.  pi.  of  brachyurus,  short- 
tailed:  see  brachyurous.]  1.  A  group  of  short- 
tailed  stalk-eyed 
decapodous  crus- 
taceans, such  as 
ordinary  crabs: 
opposed  to  Mao- 
rura  (which  see). 
The  short  and  small 
tail,  or  abdomen,  is 
closely  folded  under 
the  cephalothorax, 
forming  the  apron. 
The  Rrachiinra  are 
sometimes  artificial- 
ly divided  into  four 
groups,  Oxyjttomata, 
Oxyrhynchn,  Cycio- 
metopa,  and  Cata- 
metopa ;  now  more 
frequently  into 
altout  Iti  families, 
without  superfami- 
ly  grouping. 
2.  In  mammal., 
a  group  of  short- 
toiled  bats,  the 
same  as  Embal- 
lonuridte  (which 
see). 

Also    Brachy- 
oura. 

brachyural 
(brak-i-u'ral),  a. 
[As  brachyur-ous 
+  -al]  Short- 
tailed  :  applied 
to  a  section  of  the  Crustacea,  as  the  crabs,  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  macrurous  or  long- 
tailed  crustaceans,  as  the  lobsters.  Also  spelled 
brachijoural. 

brachyuran  (brak-i-u'ran),  w.  [As  brachyur-oun 
+  -an.]  One  of  the  brachyurous  crustaceans. 
Also  brachyouran. 

brachyure  (brak'i-ur),  w.  [<  NL.  Brachyurus : 
see  brachyurous.]  1.  A  South  American  mon- 
key of  the  genus  Brachyurus,  in  the  classifica- 
tion of  Spix. —  2.  An  ant-thrush  or  breve  of 
the  genus  Pitta  (or  Brachynras). —  3.  A  crab  or 
other  brachyurous  crustacean. 

Brachyuridse  (brak-i-u'ri-de),  ».  pi.  [NL-,  < 
Brachyurus,  2,  +  -iVto.]  Same  as  Pittida. 
[Not  in  use.] 

brachyurous  (brak-i-u'rus),  a.  f  <  NL.  brachy- 
vrus,  short-tailed,  <  Gr.  3paxi<$,  short,  +  ovp&, 
tail.]  1.  Short-tailed;  having  a  short  tail. 

The  prevalence  of  Macrurous  tefore  Brachytiroui  Po- 
dophthalmia  is,  apparently,  a  fair  piece  of  evidence  in 
favour  of  progressive  modification  in  the  same  order  of 
Crustacea.  Huxlty,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  tSS. 

2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brachy- 

Also  braehyourous. 

Brachyums  (brak-i-u'ms),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
•,'•{•»  short,  +  ol'fM,  tail.]  1.  A  genus  of 
South  American  monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebid<r 
and  subfamily  I'ithtriinir,  containing  the  oua- 
karis  or  short-tailed  sakis,  of  which  there  are 
several  species,  as  B.  ccbun,  B.  rubicunda,  B. 
ouakari.  This  genus  was  proposed  by  Spix 
in  1823;  it  is  also  called  Ouaicaria.—  2.  A 
genus  of  birds,  the  leading  one  of  the  familv 
Pittida:  (or  Brachyurida;) ;  the  breves  or  old- 
world  anWhrushes.  In  this  sense  the  word  was 
introduced  by  Thunberg  in  1821 ;  it  was  revived  by  Bona 
part«  in  1850,  and  thru  used  by  Elliot  in  lii-  monograph 
of  the  Pitti,f,r :  but  it  i<  n..«  •!;- 


Carapace  of  Shore-crab  ;  Carcintu  mar- 
nas),  a  typical  brachyuran.  showing  the 

Cirts  of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces, 
pper  fiyure  ( dorsal )  :  /,  rostrum ;  a,  orbit ; 
ft.  cervical  groove  i  f\,  epigastric  lobe  ; 
g*.  protogastric  ;  *4,  meMga&tric ;  f*.  hy. 
poea&tric  :  ff>.  urwastric;  c,  fl,  anterior 
ana  posterior  cardiac  lobes;  A.  hepatic 
lobe;  »l,  *>,  W.  epibranchial,  nioohran- 
chi.il.  and  metabranchial  lobes. 

Lower  figure  r  ventral):  a,  rostral  sep- 
tum; 6,  antennary  sternum,  or  epistoma : 
c.  suture  between  a  and  A ,-  d.  supraciliary 
lobe ;  e .  internal  suborbital  lobe  ;  /,  anten- 
n.i ;  y,  articular  cavity  for  ophthalmite  :  It. 
same  for  the  antennule :  o,  orbit ;  ift,  tub- 
hepatic  region ;  rf,  anterior  pleura]  region. 


bracing 


654 


brad 


bracing  (bra'sing),  n.     [Verbal  11.  of  brace1,  r.] 

1.  The  act  of  one  that  braces,  or  the  state  of 
being  braced. 

The  mural  sinew  of  the  Knglish,  indeed,  must  have  Invn 
strung  when  it  jidnntted  of  sneh  stringent  bracing. 

Froutlt,  Hist.  Bug.,  i. 

2.  In  etigiit.,  a  system  of  braces:  as,  the  bra- 
riiig  of  a  truss. 

bracing  (bra'sing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  brace1,  i:] 

Having  the  quality  of  giving  strength  or  toue; 

invigorating :  as,  a  tracing  air. 

To  read  him  [Di-yden]  is  as  bracing  as  a  northwest  wind. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  79. 

brack1!  (brak),  •».  [Not  found  in  correspond- 
ing form  and  sense  in  ME.  or  AS.  (though  agree- 
ing in  form  with  the  closely  related  early  ME. 
brae,  <  AS.  gebnec,  gebrec  =  OS.  gibrak  =  MLG. 
brak  =  OHG.  gabrch,  MHG.  gebrech  =  Icel.  brak 
=  Sw.  brak  =  Dan.  brag,  a  loud  noise);  cf. 
MLG.  brak,  neut.,  rarely  rnasc.,  equiv.  to  brake, 
fern.,  a  break,  breach,  defect,  trespass,  =  MD. 
braecke,  D.  braak,  fern.,  breach,  breaking,  bur- 
glary, =  OHG.  braclut,  MHG.  brdchc,  fern., 
breaking  (of  ground  after  harvest:  see  brakeA). 
The  word,  in  E.,  is  practically  another  form  of 
brccJc  (q.  v.),  which,  with  the  equiv.  brake1, 
breek2,  and  break,  n.,  is  practically  a  var.  of 

breach  (q.  v.),  break  and  breach  being  the  usual  vover,,th^  mou*h,  °f.  a  shaft-  , 
representatives,  in  noun  form,  of  the  orig.  verb,  Bracket1  (brak  et),  v.  t     [<  bracket,  n.] 


2.  A  gas-pipe  with  a  burner,  and  often  a  sup-  Bracon  (brak'on),  n.     [NL.]     A  genus  of  ich- 

port  for  a  shade  or  globe,  projecting  from  a  neumon-flies,  giving  name  to  the  family  Sraco- 

wall  or  pillar.    Such  brackets  are  commonly  provided  nidte.     B.  impostor  and  E.  charus 

with  one  or  more  joints,  in  order  tliat  the  position  of  the  (Riley)  are  examples. 


formerly  called  crotchets,  used  to  inclose  a  note, 
reference,  explanation,  or  the  like,  and  thus  sep- 
arate it  from  the  context;  sometimes,  also,  one 

of  a  pair  of  braces  \  j-  similarly  used,  or  a  sin- 
gle brace  |  used  to  couple  two  or  more  lines 
or  names.  Hence  —  5.  The  position  of  being 


sects,  otherwise  known  as  Ichneu- 
mones  adsciti,  distinguished  from 
the  true  ichneumon-flies  by  having 
only  one  recurrent  nerve  in  the  fore 
wing  instead  of  two.  The  larva;  most- 
ly infest  caterpillars  and  the  larvie  of  bee- 
tk-s  living  in  wood.  The  genera  are  nu- 
merous. Also  Hfufiiinh'*.  llractrnitei*. 


cellence  at  the  first  three  days'  examinations.  The  class- 
list  was  called  the  bracket*,  and  the  last  day's  examination 
the  examination  of  the  brackets. 


plete  armor,  a  defense  for  the 
thighs  and  hips,  composed  of  ring- 
shaped  plates  of  steel  worn  hori- 


BraconnierefrtJ. 
(From      Viollet- 


A  candidate  who  was  dissatisfied  with  his  bracket  might  zontally  one  below  another,  form-  .„.„„.  „  „.,.,. 
challenge  any  other  candidate  he  pleased  to  a  fresh  ex-  jng  a  jjind  of  skirt  and  secured  du  Mobilil!'  'ran- 
amination-  to  one  another  either  by  vertical  5" 


AS.  brecan,   E.  break,   etc. :   see  break^  breck, 
breach.]    1.  A  break  or  opening  in  anything;  a 
breach;  a  rent.     [Still  in  dialectal  use.] 
The  last  hour  of  his  promise  now  run  out, 
And  he  break?    Some  brack's  in  the  frame  of  nature 
That  forceth  his  breach. 

Chapman,  Revenge  of  Bussy  D'Ambois,  iv.  1. 
There  warn't  a  brack  in  his  silk  stockin's. 

Mm.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  59. 

2.  A  flaw;  a  defect;  an  imperfection. 

You  may  find  time  out  in  eternity,  .  .  . 
Ere  stain  or  brack  in  her  sweet  reputation. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 

3.  A  broken  part ;  a  piece. 

brack1!  (brak),  v.  t.  [A  var.  of  break;  cf.  brack1, 
n.]  To  break. 

brack2t  (brak),  n.  [Prop,  adj.,  <  D.  brak,  MD. 
brack  (=  MLG.  brack,  LG.  brak,  brackish,  briny), 
in  comp.  brak-water,  brackish  water,  brak-goed, 
goods  spoiled  by  salt  water  (>  Dan.  brak,  G. 
brack,  brackish  (in  comp.  brackwasser,  brackgut, 
etc.);  G.  brack,  refuse,  trash);  prob.  same  as 
MD.  brack,  fit  to  be  thrown  away,  and  ult.,  like 
brack1,  from  the  root  of  break,  q.  v.  Cf.  brack- 
ish, bracky.]  Brackish  water;  saltwater. 
Scorn'd  that  the  brack  should  kiss  her  following  keel. 
Draytnn,  Win.  de  la  Poole  to  Queen  Margaret,  i.  316. 

brack3  (brak),  «.  [A  var.  of  brake3,  n.]  A  kind 
of  harrow,  tfalliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bracken  (brak'en),  H.  [<  ME.  broken,  brakan, 
etc.,  a  northern  form,  Sc.  bracken,  brechan, 
breckan,  brecken,  braikin;  of  Seand.  origin:  < 
Sw.  broken  =  Dan.  bregnc,  fern,  bracken;  cf. 
Icel.  burkni,  fern ;  AS.  braccc,  fern :  see  brake^.] 
A  fern,  especially  the  Pteris  aquilina  and  other 
large  ferns.  See  brake&. 

The  bracken  rusted  on  their  crags. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris. 

bracken-clock  (brak'en-klok),  n.     A  lamelli- 


./.  W.  L.  Glaisher,  Proc.  Lond.  Math.  Soc.,  xviii.  12. 

_,     ,  straps  to  which  each  plate  was  riveted,  or  by 

6f.  A  mime  g!Ven  to  a  head-dress  of  the  four-    being  sewed  to  a  skirt  of  stuff,  or  by  rivets  slid- 
teenth  century.—  7.  In  mining,  the   platform    ing  in  grooves.     See  Almain-rivet. 

bract  (brakt),  n.     [=  F.  bractee,  <  L.  braetea, 
also  brattea,  a  thin  plate  of  metal,  gold-leaf, 


1.  To 


furnish  with  or  support  by  a  bracket  or  brack- 
ets ;  in  writing  and  printing,  to  place  within 
brackets. —  2.  To  place  on  or  within  the  same 
bracket  or  brackets ;  join  or  mention  together 
as  coequal  or  correlative ;  connect  by  or  as  if  by 
a  printers'  brace:  as,  the  names  of  Smith  and 
Jones  are  bracketed,  or  bracketed  together,  as 
candidates.  [For  a  corresponding  use  of  the 
noun,  see  bracket1,  n.,  5.] 
bracket2,  «.  Same  as  bragged. 
bracket-crab  (brak'et-krab),  ».  A  hoisting  ap- 
paratus fastened  to  a 
wall. 

bracketing  (brak '  et  - 
ing),  n.  [<  bracket1  + 
-ing1."]  The  series  of 
wooden  ribs  nailed  to 
the  ceiling,  joists,  and 
battening  to  support 
cornices,  especially 
large  plaster  cornices. 
—Cove  bracketing.  See 

cove-bracketing. 

bracket-trail  (brak'et- 
tral),  ».  Milit.,  a  kind 


Bracts. 

i.  Campanula  :  a,  a,  bracts ;  l>,  t>,  brac- 
teoles.  a,  Marigold :  a,  a,  bracts  of  the 
peduncle;  *,  bractsof  the  involucre.  (From 
Le  Maout  and  Decaisne's  '"  ~ 
de  Botanique." ) 


veneer.]  1.  In 
bot.,  a  leaf  in 
a  flower-cluster 
or  subtending  a 
flower,  usually 
differing  some- 
what from  an 
ordinary  leaf  in 
size,  form,  or 
texture,  often 
much  reduced, 
and  sometimes 
petaloid,  high- 
ly colored,  and 
very  conspicu- 
ous. —  2.  In 
roo/.,  a  part  of 
a  hydrozoan  li- 
kened to  a  bract 


,  frame  ;  #,  post ;  c,  handle  ; 
(*",  sheave-block. 


connected  by  transoms. 

Those  designed  for  siege-guns  were  longer  and  had  two 
sets  of  trunnion-beds.    For  transportation  the  trunnions 


Traite  general 

of    a    plant;    a 

hydrophyllium.  See  cuts  under  Athori/bia  and 
hydrophyllium. — 3.  A  thin  plate  of  metal  used 
as  an  ornament,  as,  for  example,  one  of  the 
gold  disk-like  ornaments  made  in  Scandinavian 

'      I      Ml           ,         If.  !!'<'•.,         'I          I'.    I     L    I   1    I  '  .  >,1  T-"!       • 

of  built-up  trail  former-    countries  m  the  \ikmg  age. 
ly  used,  consisting  of  bracteal  (brak  te-al),  a.     [=  F.  braeteal,  <  LL. 
two  girders  or  brackets    bractealis,  of  metallic  plates,  <  L.  braetea:  see 
bract.]     Relating  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bract. 
bracteate  (brak'te-at),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  bracte- 


were  shifted  to  tlie  traveling  trumiion-beds  or  those  near- 
est the  trunnion-plate.    See  trail. 


corn  beetle,  Amsoplia"(PhyllopertJin)  horticola,  brackishness  (brak'ish-nes),  n. 

the  larva  of  which  is  very  destructive  to  grasses    being  brackish ;  saltness  in  a  slight  degree."        bracted  (brak '  ted),  «.     IX 
and  trees.     Curtis.  v>fo/>tiTr  ^v,«ni,'m  „      rv  j;«i    „    ..  ,  -F     •.-.    .  „,  -     _"    .  .  "-. 

bracket1  (brak'et),  n. 


[Early  mod.  E.  brak- 
_     Possessing  a  salt  or 

somewhat  salt  taste ;  salt  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree :  applied  to  water. 

Choakt  with  the  labouring  ocean's  bracki*h  tome. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.  i. 

The  quality  of 

ness  in  a  sli  " 

brackly  (brak'li),  a.     [E.  dial.,  as  if  <  brack1  + 

[Early  mod.  E.  bragget;  -ly1,  but  rather  a  var.  of  brockle  =  brickie:  see 
prob.  connected  with  Sp.  bragueta,  a  kind  of  brickie.]  Brittle.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
quarter  or  projecting  molding,  a  particular  use  Brackmant,  ».  Same  as  Brahman. 
ol  &ra;7«efa(=  Ol.  6rag««c),  the  opening  of  the  brackyt  (brak'i),  a.  [<  brack%  +  -y1.]  Same 
tore  part  of  a  pair  of  breeches,  <  Sp.  Pg.  bragas,  as  brack-tali :  as,  "  brackii  fountains,''  Dravton. 
breeches:  see  breech.  The  word  is  usually  as- 
sociated with  brace1.]  1.  A  supporting  piece 
or  combination  of  pieces  of  moderate  projec- 
tion, generally  springing  from  a  vertical  sur- 
face, (a)  I,,  arch.,  an  ornamental  projection  from  the 
face  of  a  wall,  intended  to  support  a  statue,  pier,  etc.;  a 
corbel,  (b)  In  carp.:  (1)  A 
wooden  support  of  triangu- 
lar outline  placed  under  a 
shelf  or  the  like.  (2)  An  or- 
namental piece  supporting  a 
hammer-beam,  (3)  A  tie  for 
strengthening  angles.  (<•)  One 
of  the  stays  that  hold  a  loco- 
motive-boiler to  the  frame; 
also,  of  those  used  to  hold  the 
slide-bars,  (d)  Any  projecting 
wooden  or  metal  piece  fas- 
tened to  a  wall  or  other  sur- 
face as  a  support  for  some  ob- 
ject. Brackets  for  machinery 
are  of  very  many  different 
forms,  according  to  the  situa- 
tions in  which  they  are  placed 
and  the  uses  for  which  they 

serve,  as  wall-bracket*,  lianging-braeteti  or  humierx  etc 
See  hanger. 


ate,  <  L.  bracteatus,  covered  with  gold-leaf,  < 
braetea :  see  bract."]  I.  a.  Furnished  with 
bracts,  in  any  sense  of  that  word. 

II.  n.  In  numis.,  one  of  certain  silver  coins 
current  in  the  middle  ages, 
chiefly  in  Germany.  Bracte- 
ates  were  first  issued  about  the 
middle  of  the  twelfth  century, 
were  of  very  thin  material,  and 
stamped  with  a  design  in  re- 
pousse. 


Furnished 


German  Bracteate,  Brit- 
ish Museum.  (Size  of  the 
original. ) 


In 


Bracket  for  Statue.— Cathe- 
dral of  Reims,  France;  i-jth 
century. 


bract  +  -erf2.] 
with  bracts. 

bracteiform     (brak '  tf  -  i  - 
form),   a.      [=  F.    brdctei- 
forme;  <  L.  braetea,  a  thin 
plate  (mod.  E.   bract),  +  forma,   shape.] 
bot.,  resembling  a  bract. 

bracteolate  (brak'te-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  bractcoJa 
(see  bracteole)  +  -ate1."]  Furnished  with  brac- 
teoles. 

bracteole  (brak'te-61),  n.  [=  F.  bracteole;  <  L. 
bracteola,  a  thin  leaf  of  gold,  in  NL.  a  little 
bract,  dim.  of  braetea :  see  bract.]  In  bot.,  a 
little  bract  situated  on  a  partial  flower-stalk  or 
pedicel,  between  the  bract  and  the  calyx,  and 
usually  smaller  than  the  true  bract.  Also  called 
bractlet.  See  cut  under  bract. 

bractless  (brakt'les),  a.  [<  bract  +  -less.]  In 
bot.,  destitute  of  bracts. 

bractlet  (brakt'let),  «. 
Same  as  bracteole. 

brad  (brad),  «.  [<  ME.  brat/,  usually  brod,  Sc. 
broil  (also  prod:  see  /imd),  <  Icel."  broddr,  a 
spike,  =  Sw.  In-odd  =  Dan.  orodde,  a  frost-nail, 
=  AS.  brord,  >  ME.  brurd,  a  point,  blade,  or 
spire  of  grass;  cf.  Corn,  briin,  :i  sting;  perhaps 
ult.  connected  with  bristle,  q.  v.  See  braird, 
A  slender  flat  nail  having,  instead 


[<  bract  +  dim.  -let.] 


brad 

of  a  head,  a  slight   projection  on  OIK-  side.     It 
•  •il    when    it    i-   ili-.sinililc  that   Ihr    head    should  nut 

project,  as  in  joinery,  cabinet-work,  anil  pattcrn-makem' 

work. 
brad  Omul),   c.    '.  ;   prot.  anil  pp.  bi-addi-d,  ppr. 

bradding.     [<  hntil,  «.]      To  nail  wi' 
brad-awl  (brad'al),  «.     An  awl  used  to  make 

holes  for  brails. 

brad-driver  (bnd'dr!'vte)i  ».  A  tool  used 
principally  for  fastening  moldings  to  door- 
panels  with  brads.  It  consists  of  a  holder  and 
a  plunder  driven  liy  a  mallet.  Also  called 
brad-butter. 

Bradford  clay.    Se.-  ,-/,i,/. 

bradoon  (bra-<liin'),  ii.     Same  MS  liriilomi. 
brad-setter   (brad'sefer),   H.     Same  as  lirml- 

bradyarthria  (brad-i-iir'thri-ii),  ».  [NL.,  < 
dr.  v'"'1".,  slow,  +  lifAftov,  a  joint.]  In  palhol., 
slowness  of  speech  dependent  on  disease  or  de- 
fect in  the  nerve-centers  of  articulation.  Also 
called  bradylalia. 

bradycrote  (brad'i-krot),  a.  |X  Or.  /1/xiifn;, 
slow,  +  Kp6rof,  a  beating,  clapping,  etc.]  In 
med.,  pertaining  to  or  producing  infrequency 
of  pulse. 

bradylalia  (brad-i-la'li-ii),  ».  [NL.,  <  Or. 
.fyinilrr,  slow,  +  /.aZof,  talking,  talkative.]  Same 
as  briu/i/iirlln'iii. 

bradypepsia  (brad-i-pep'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
,</«i(!cTn/'/a,  <  /tyxjdi'f,  slow.  '4-  jrt^iif,  digestion, 
<  irmreiv,  digest.]  Slow  digestion. 

bradyphasia  (brad-i-fa'zi-H,),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ji/xiot't;,  glow,  +  <t>aatr,  speaking,  <  ifxivat,  speak.] 
Slowness  of  speech. 

bradyphrasia  (brad-i-fra'zi-ii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ftxMvc,  slow,  +  <j>i>6aif,  speech:  see  phrase.]  In 
pa  thai.,  slowness  of  speech  due  to  mental  de- 
fect or  disease. 

bradypod,  bradypode  (brad'i-pod,  -pod),  «. 
A  slow-moving  animal;  a  sloth;  one  of  the 
Bradypoda. 

Bradypoda  (bra-dip'o-dii),  it.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
lipaSunoAa,  neut.  pi.  of  (ipaiinrovf,  slow  of  foot  : 
gee  BradtipHx.']  A  term  proposed  by  Blumen- 
bach  for  an  order  of  mammals,  nearly  the  same 
as  the  subsequently  named  Cuvierian  Edentata, 
or  the  earlier  Bruta  of  Liuuseus:  applied  in  a 
more  restricted  sense  to  the  sloths  and  sloth- 
like  edentates  :  synonymous  with  Tardigraila. 
See  slotli. 

bradypode,  «.     See  bradypod. 

bradypodid  (bra-dip'o-did),  n.  An  edentate 
mammal  of  the  family  Bradyjtodidas. 

Bradypodidae  (brad-i-pod'i-de),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
linidiiints  (-/mil-)  +  4<te.]  A  family  of  Ameri- 
can edentates,  the  sloths.  They  have  10  teeth  in  thr 
upper  jaw  anil  8  in  the  lower,  of  persistent  growth,  consist  - 
ing  of  vasodentine  invested  with  dentine  and  cement  with- 
out enamel  ;  their  fore  limbs  are  longer  than  the  hind  ones  ; 
they  have  not  more  than  three  di,;i  ts,  bearing  large  claws  ; 
the  tail  is  rudimentary  ;  the  ears  nre  small  ;  the  pelage  is 
coarse  and  crisp  ;  the  stomach  is  simple  ;  there  is  no  caecum, 
and  the  placenta  is  discoid  and  deciduate.  There  are  two 
leading  genera  extant,  BradypttJt  and  Cholopu*.  See  ttluth, 
and  cut  under  Cholopus. 

Bradypus  (brad'i-pus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ppai'u- 
Trouf,  slow  of  foot,  <  ppaiii'f,  slow,  +  jroi'f  (;ro<5-) 
=  E.  foot.']  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Bradi/podida:  containing  me  ai,  or  three-toed 
or  collared  sloth,  H.  tridai-lyhix  or  torquatus. 

bradyspermatism  (brad-i-sper'ma-tizm),  H. 
[<  Gr.  Bpadbf,  slow,  -t-  aTrepfia(T-),  seed,  +  -I.V/M.] 
Inpathol.,  a  too  slow  emission  of  the  semen. 

brae  (bra),  H.  [=  E.  bray*,  q.  v,]  The  side  of 
a  hill  or  other  rising  ground;  an  acclivity:  a 
stretch  of  sloping  ground  ;  aslope.  [Scotch.] 

o'er  Imnk  and  km,', 
Like  tire  from  flint  he  glanced  away. 

Nn,/,,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  Si 

brag  (brag),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr. 
bragging.  [<  ME.  braygi  n,  bragrn,  \  OF.  ara- 
i/iii'r,  flaunt,  brave,  brag,  >  brague,  pleasure, 
amusement,  bragard,  gallant,  gay  (see  hnig- 
!l<ir»:  of  Celtic  origin  :  cf.  \V.  bragio,  brag,  also 
brae,  boastful,  =  Ir.  hragaim,  I  boast,  =  Bret. 
braga,  flaunt,  strut,  walk  pompously,  wear  fine 
clothes;  related  to  Gael,  brai/lt,  a  burst,  explo- 
sion, and  thus  ult.  to  E.  break,  Icel.  braka, 
creak,  etc.  Cf.  crack,  boast,  as  related  to  i-rai-k, 
break  with  a  noise.  See  bray",  brairl1,  and 
brace.']  I.  iiilrinis.  1.  To  use  boastful  lan- 
guage; speak  vaingloriously  of  one's  self  or 
belongings  ;  boast  ;  vaunt  :  used  absolutely,  or 
followed  by  of,  formerly  sometimes  by  on: 
as,  to  bray  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat  of 
arms. 

>'or-\vh\  he  bn>tcth  and  l 


uith  many  bolde  othes. 
Pf  n  /'/..  »•„„(„  (ID,  xiii.  ••*!. 


655 

1'onceit,  mi. re  rirli  in  mutter  than  In  words, 

/.'('/•/-  •:!  hi*  substance,  not  "/ornann  Tit. 

Shale.,  It.  and  .1.,  ii.  i;. 

It  u  \  *cveral  I'api.tU  that  UJMHI  such  a  day, 

or  mind  a  tmi'-   u<   -h<nild  tlnd  tbc  hottest  weather  that 
ever  was  in  KiiKland  ;  and  words  of  plainer  sense. 

I'rpyt,  Diary,  III.  X. 

Yet,  lo  !  in  me  what  authors  have  to  brag  on ! 
K'-diieed  at  last  to  hiss  in  mv  own  dragon. 

Pope,  Duiu-iad,  iii.  is:,. 

2t.  To  sound,  as  a  trumpet ;  blare ;  bray. 

yviiannc  the  voyce  of  the  troni|>e  ...  iii  gonre  eerls 
••Hi.  Wyclif,  Josh.  vi.  5  (Oxf.X 

II.  Irani*.  1.  To  boast  of.     [Rare.] 
He  brag*  his  service.  Shale.,  Cymlieline,  v.  8. 

Hear  thy  good  luck  with  you  when  you  cross  these  paved 
stones,  and  by  our  Lady,  you  may  hra</  Scotland. 

.sv»»/,  Alilwt,  I.  xvii. 

2f.  To  blow  (a  trumpet). 

Thane  the  Bretones  (widely  braggtne  theire  trompjiez. 
Mortt  .\,ilnif.    \.  1 1- 1. 

brag  (brag),  H.     [<  ME.  brag ;  from  the  verb.] 

1 .  A  boast  or  boasting ;  a  vaunt ;  also,  boast- 
fidnegs. 

What  owtward  bray  so  euer  Is  borne  by  them,  Is  In  deed, 

of  it  selfe,  and  in  wise  men*  eyes,  of  no  great  estimation. 

Ancliuiii,  The  Sclioli-niasti  i .  p.  N, 

Life  invests  itoelf  with  inevitable  conditions.  »lik-li  tin 

unwise  seek  to  dodge,  which  one  and  another  brags  that 

he  does  not  know ;  brags  that  they  do  not  touch  him ;  but 

the  brag  is  on  his  lips,  the  conditions  are  in  his  soul. 

Emernm. 

2.  A  thing  to  boast  of;  source  of  pride. 
Beauty  is  Nature's  brag.  Hilton,  Corniu,  1.  745. 

The  sprout  of  an  aik, 

Bonnie,  and  blooming,  and  straight  was  iu  make  ; 
The  sun  took  delight  to  shine  for  its  sake, 
And  it  will  be  the  bray  o'  the  forest  yet.    Border  ballad. 

3.  A  game  of  cards:   same  as  poker. — 4.  A 
bragger. 

bragt  (brag),  a.  [<  ME.  brag;  from  the  noun.] 
Proud;  boasting:  as,  "that  bragge  prescrip- 
tion," Stapletoii,  Fortress  of  the  Faith  (1565), 
fol.  68.  Also  used  adverbially. 

Seest  how  brag  yond  Bullocke  beares, 
So  smirke,  so  smoothe,  his  pricked  eares? 

Spenter,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feb. 

Bragantia  (bra-gau'shi-S),  ».  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  undershrubs,  of  the  natural  order  Aristolo- 
chiacea;,  including  three  or  four  species  of  the 
East  Indies.  B.  tomentosa  is  very  bitter,  and  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  emmenagogue. 

bragaudt,  bragawdt,  «.    Same  as  braggetf. 

bragay  (bra-ga').  «•  [E.  dial.;  origin  un- 
known.] A  local  English  name  of  the  gadoid 
fish  otherwise  called  the  bib. 

braggadocio  (brag-a-do'shio),  H.  [<  Bragga- 
rlocliio,  name  of  a  boastful  character  in  the 
"Faerie  Oueene"  (ii.  3);  coined  by  Spenser  < 
E.  brag,  with  an  Italian-seeming  termination.] 

1.  A  boasting  fellow ;  a  braggart. 

What  rattling  thunderclappe  breakes  from  his  lips  • 
O  !  'tis  native  to  his  part.      For  acting  a  moderue  bray- 
yadoch  ...  it  may  seeme  to  suite. 

Harntun,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  Ind.,  p.  4. 

The  world  abounds  iu  terrible  fanfarons,  In  the  mas<|iie 
of  men  of  honour  ;  but  these  braggadacim  are  easy  to  lie 
detected.  Sir  K.  L'Entranye. 

2.  Empty  boasting ;  brag:  as,  '' tiresome  brag- 
gadocio," Bultcer,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  iv.  '2. 

He  shook  his  list  at  Lord  Wlcklow  and  quoted  Cicero, 
man  braggadocio*. 

Durratli,  quoted  ill  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  514. 

braggardt  (brag'ard),  a.  and  H.  Earlier  form 
of  braggart. 

braggardiset,  ».  [<  OF.  bragardise,  <  bragard, 
bragging:  see  braggart.'}  Bragging;  braggar- 
liistn.  Minnhru. 

braggardismt  (brag'Sr-dizm),  H.  [<  braggard 
+  -ism.']  Boastf ulness ;  vain  ostentation:  as, 
"  what  braggardimi  is  this  f  "  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V., 
ii.  4.  Also  braggartism. 

braggart  (brag'art),  a.  and  H.  [Formerly  brag- 
i/iinT;  =  SlD.  braggaerd,  a  fop,  <  OF.  bragard, 
gay,  gallant,  flaunting,  also  braggard,  bragging, 
braggadocio-like,  <  braguer,  flaunt,  brag :  see 
brag,  r.  The  E.  braggard,  braggart,  as  a  noun, 
is  practically  a  var.  of  bragger.]  I.  a.  Boast- 
ful; vauntingly  ostentatious. 

Shout  that  his  braggart  hosts  are  put  to  rout ! 

His  empire  has  gone  down  !    K.  It.  Stoddanl,  Ciraar. 

Talking  of  himself  and  his  plans  with  large  and  brag- 
gart vagueness.  Unwell*.  .Modern  Instance,  vi. 

II.  n.  A  boaster;  a  vaunting  fellow. 

\Vho  knows  himself  a  braggart, 
Let  him  fear  this  ;  for  it  will  come  to  pass, 
That  every  tmi'fiart  shall  lie  found  an  ass. 

.sVoiA..  All,  Well,  iv.  M. 

braggartly  ll>riig'iirt-li),  a.    [<  bramini-t  +  -/yl.] 

Boastful, 


brahma 

Who  ever  Haw  true  learning,  wiftdoln,  or  wit,  voui-luuifc 
mansion    in    any   proud,    \;mi  .-|..i  i-m-    an  i 
spiril1;  Chapiium,  Ilia<l.  ill.,  I'omiiient. 

braggartry  (brag'iirt-ri),  «.  ;  pi.  bragi/tn-tri'* 
(-nz).  [(braggart  +  -»•//.]  Vain  boasting; 
linasl  l/rx.  linn-.  [Kure.] 

braggatt,  »•     Same  as  braggi  /-'. 

bragger  (brag'er),  «.  [<  MK.  /-;•«(/.'/"•'.  <  brag 
+  -/•/•!.]  One  who  brags. 

Evere  ware  tiles  Bretons  brawicrr*  of  olile. 

M.,,l:     .1,1.1 

The  loudest  l,ra<i<frx  of  .lews  and  UrcciallH  are  found 
guilty  of  spiritual  ignorance.     //<I/»/H.  p.  047. 

bragget't,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  bnn-ii  t] 
bragget-t  (brag'et),  «.     [Also  written  braggiit, 
hrnHcit,  lini/:,  I  (and,  after  W.,  bragaut,  braifinnl. 
bragawd,  bragoe),  formerly  also  brarl.n-n, 
bragwort,  bregicort  (in  simulation  of  icorft)  ;  < 
ME\  braget,  brai/at,  brngot.  <    \V.  bragmrd,  bra- 
!/i><l,  a  kind  of  mead  (=  Corn,  bregaud,  bragot,  a 
kind  of  mead,  =  Ir.  bracat,  malt  liquor),  <  brag 
(=  Ir.  braiclt  =  Gael,   braich),  malt,  <  bragiit, 
issue,  sprout,  =  Gael,    brack,    ferment,  =   Ir. 
bracaim,  I  ferment;  perhaps  akin  to  E.  frrcir1.] 
A  kind  of  mead  made  of  ale  boiled  with  honey, 
seasoned  with  pepper,  cloves,  mace,  cinnamon, 
nutmegs,  and  fermented  with  wort  or  yeast. 
His  mouth  was  sweete  as  brayitt  is  or  meth. 

Chauctr,  Millers  Tale,  L  75. 

Qood  ale,  perrys,  bragoet,  syder,  and  methegllns,  was 
the  true  auntlent  British  and  1'royan  drinks. 

M:i  :  *'""   Dutch  Courtezan,  v.  1. 
And  we  have  served  there,  armed  all  in  ale, 
With  the  brown  bowl,  and  charged  with  braggat  stale. 

It.  Jitnuun,  Gypsies  Metamorphosed. 
Such  a  dainty  doe  to  be  taken 
By  one  that  knows  not  neck-tieef  from  a  pheasant, 
Nor  cannot  relish  bniyini  from  ambrosia? 


bragging 
Boastful. 


Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night-  Walker,  I.  4. 
(brag'ing),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  brag,  r.] 


Loud  and  bragging  self-importance.  W.  Black. 

braggingly  (brag'ing-li),  orfr.     In  a  bragging 

manner;  boastingly. 
bragless  (brag'les),  a.    [<  brag  +  -les«.]   With- 

out bragging  or  ostentation.     [Rare.] 

Ii'".  The  bruit  in,  Hector's  slain  —  and  by  Achilles. 
Ajax.  If  it  be  so,  yet  braglew  let  it  be. 

Shak.,  T.  and  ('.,  v.  10. 

braglyt  (brag'li),  adr.  [<  brag,  a.,  +  -ty2.] 
Bravely;  finely. 

How  bragly  it  [a  hawthorn)  begins  to  bud. 

Spenter,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 

bragott,  »•     Same  as  bragged. 

braguette  (bra-get'),  «.  [OF.  :  see  bracket^.] 
A  piece  of  armor  corresponding  to  a  cod-piece. 
Also  written  brauette.-Qn&t  braguette,  a  name 
sometimes  given,  at  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  to 
the  tassets,  when  developed  into  a  sort  of  skirt  See  bra 
conniere. 

bragWOrtt  (brag'wert),  ».  A  Scotch  form  of 
lifin/i/et^. 

Brabiia1,  Brahm  (brii'ma,  bram),  n.  [Hind. 
brahm,  bralima,  <  Skt.  brah  man  (nom.  brali'ma), 
neut.,  devotion,  adoration,  worship,  prayer, 
sacred  word,  divine  science,  theosopny,  the 
impersonal  divinity;  referred  to  the  V  brih, 
bark,  be  thick,  great,  strong,  >  briltant,  great. 
mighty,  lofty,  ult.  akin  to  AS.  beorg,  E.  barroir, 
a  hill,  mound:  see  barroir1.]  In  Hindu  reli- 
gion, the  highest  object  of  philosophic  adora- 
tion ;  the  impersonal  and  absolute  divinity  ;  the 
ineffable  essence  of  the  sacred.  Also  Brama. 

Brahma'2  (bra'ma),  H.  [Hind.  Brah'ma,  <  Skt. 
brahman'  (uom.  brahma'),  masc.,  one  who  prays 
or  worships,  a  pray-er,  worshiper,  directing 
priest,  overseer  of  sacred  things,  also  the  im- 
personal divinity.]  In  later  Hindu  religion  or 
theosophy,  the  personified  Brahm;  the  divini- 
ty conceived  as  a  god;  the  creator,  i  nknown  in 
the  older  sacred  literature,  Brahma  becomes  by  degrees 
an  object  of  adoration  to  the  Brahmans,  and  is  artificially 
combined  into  a  triinillti  or  trinity  with  Vishnu  and  Siva. 
iH-iiig  regarded  as  Creator,  while  \  ishnu  is  Preserver,  ami 
Siva  is  Destroyer.  Brahma  was  never  worshiped  by  the 
people,  anil  only  one  temple  sacred  to  him  is  known.  By 
modern  Hindus  he  is  represented  as  a  red-colored  figure, 
with  four  heads  ami  four  anus,  and  often  accompanied  by 
his  vehicle,  the  swan.—  Day  Of  Brahma.  See  dayl. 

brahma8  (bra'mS),  «.  [An  abbreviation  of 
liralnuaiiutrn.'}  A  variety  of  the  domestic  hen, 
of  large  size,  belonging  to  the  Asiatic  class. 
The  light  brahma*  are  white  and  black  in  color,  the  black 
appearing  on  the  hackle  feathers  as  a  rich  stripe,  heavier 
in  the  hen  than  in  the  cock,  and  also  in  the  wing-primartos, 
the  npiR  T  weh  of  the  secondaries,  and  in  the  tail,  the  sickles 
uf  the  cock  lielng  glossy  green-black.  The  il'irlc  brahma 
i  -01  -k  shows  a  breast  of  solid  black  or  black  mottled  with 
white,  hackle  and  saddle  ailvcr-w  hilc,  wing-bom  white. 
wing-bars  green-black,  primaries  and  secondaries  black 
edged  with  white,  tail  glossy  green-black;  while  the  hen 
is  of  a  uniform  gray  color,  each  feather  penciled  with 
darker  gray,  or  black.  The  brahma*  have  pea-comb*  and 

feathered  I,-* 


Brahmaic 

Brahmaic  (bra-ma'ik),  a.  [<  Brahma^  +  -ic.] 
Brahmanic. 

Brahman,  Brahmin  (bra'man,  -min),  ».  [For- 
merly also  Brachman,  Brackman,  etc.  (L.  Brach- 
mance,  Brachmanes,  Gr.  Bpaxpavef,  pi.);  <  Hind. 
brahman,  corruptly  bdman,  <  Skt.  brahmana',  m. 
(brdhmani',  f. ),  <  brah'man,  prayer,  etc.:  see 
Brahma^,  Brahm.]  A  member  of  the  sacred  or 
sacerdotal  caste  among  the  Hindus.  From  being 
in  the  beginning  individuals  and  families  distinguished  for 
wisdom,  sanctity,  and  poetic  power,  they  gradually  con- 
solidated their  influence  and  became  a  strictly  hereditary 
class,  holding  in  their  hands  the  ministry  of  holy  things, 
the  custody  of  the  scriptures  and  knowledge  of  their  sacred 
and  learned  dialect,  and  the  performance  of  the  sacrifice. 
They  were  held  to  be  created  from  the  mouth  of  Brahma, 
to  be  inviolable,  and  entitled  to  the  worship  of  the  other 
castes.  Theoretically,  the  life  of  a  Brahman  was  divided 
into  four  stages,  those  of  student,  householder,  anchorite, 
and  ascetic.  In  later  times  the  relations  and  occupations 
of  the  castes  have  become  much  confused,  and  Brahmans 
are  to  he  found  in  every  grade  of  dignity  and  of  very  va- 
rious modes  of  life.  There  are  many  subdivisions  of  the 
caste,  more  or  less  isolated,  and  refusing  intercourse  with 
one  another.  Also  written  Bramin. — Brahman'8-bead, 
the  name  given  in  India  to  the  seed  of  El&ocarpus,  made 
into  rosaries  for  the  priests,  and  into  bracelets,  necklaces, 
etc. 

Brahmana  (bra'ma-na),  n.  [Skt.  Brd'hmana, 
prop,  the  dictum  of  a  priest/  brahman',  a  priest, 
Brahman.]  One  of  the  prose  portions  of  the 
Vedas,  which  contain  injunctions  for  the  per- 
formance of  sacrifices,  and  explain  their  origin 
and  the  occasions  on  which  the  mantras  had  to 
be  used,  sometimes  adding  illustrations  and 
legends,  and  sometimes  mystical  and  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Brahmanee  (bra'ma-ne),  n.  [Also  Brahminee, 
<  Hind,  brdhmani,  brahmni,  corruptly  bdmni,  < 
Skt.  brdhmani',  fern,  of  brahmana',  a  Brahman.] 
A  woman  of  the  Brahman  caste ;  the  wife  of  a 
Brahman. 

My  mother  was  a  Brahmanee,  but  she  clave  to  my  father 

well; 
She  was  saved  from  the  sack  of  Jullesar  when  a  thousand 

Hindoos  fell.  Sir  A.  C.  Lyall,  The  Old  Pindaree. 

Brahmaness  (bra'man-es),  n.  [<  Brahman  + 
-ess.]  Same  as  Brahmanee. 

Brahmanic,  Brahmanical  (bra-man'ik,  -i-kal), 
a.  [<  Brahman  +  -ic,  -ieal.]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brahmans  or  to  their  doctrines,  worship, 
and  polity.  Also  Brahminic,  Brahminical. 

Brahmanism  (brii/man-izm),  n.  [<  Brahman 
+  -ism.]  The  religion  or  system  of  doctrines 
of  the  Brahmaus ;  the  social  system  of  ancient 
India,  with  the  Brahmans  as  leading  caste. 
Also  Brahminism. 

Brahmanist  (bra'man-ist),  H.  [<  Brahman  + 
-ist.]  An  adherent  of  Brahmanism.  Also 
Brahminist. 

Brahmin,  Brahminic,  etc.  See  Brahman,  Brah- 
manic, etc. 

brahmlny  (bra'mi-ni),  a.  [Cf .  Hind,  brdhmani, 
the  wife  of  a  Brahman,  also  a  ghost :  see  Brah- 
manee and  Brahma."]  Devoted  to  Siva  by  the 

Brahmans :  as,  a  brahminy  bull Brahmlny  duck, 

the  Casarca  rutila,  or  ruddy  sheldrake. — Brahmlny  ld.te[ 
an  East  Indian  bird  of  prey,  the  HaKastur  indus,  rever- 
enced by  the  Hindus  as  sacred  to  Vishnu. 

Brahmoism  (bra'mo-izm),  n.  [<  Brahmo(-So- 
maj)  +  -ism.]  The  tenets  of  the  Brahmo- 
Somaj. 

Brahmo-Somaj  (bra'mo-so-maj'),  n.  [<  Hind. 
brahma,  Brahma  (prayer),  +  samdj,  society,  as- 
sembly, lit.  a  worshiping  assembly.  See  Brah- 
wa1,  Brahman.]  A  monotheistic  religion  in 
India,  which  originated  with  Rajah  Earn  Mohun 
Roy,  a  Hindu  reformer,  who  died  in  1833,  and 
received  a  new  impulse  and  a  new  direction 
under  his  successor,  Keshub  Chunder  Sen,  who 
died  in  1885.  The  mystical  theology  of  the  Brahmo- 
Somaj  can  only  be  proximately  stated  in  the  language  of 
Occidental  philosophy.  Its  fundamental  tenet  is  the  uni- 
versal presence  of  the  Divine  Spirit,  who  pervades  all  na- 
ture and  inspires  all  who  are  willing  to  receive  him.  Man 
is  equipped  for  this  purpose  with  a  faculty  of  spiritual  in- 
sight, a  faith-faculty,  called  Yoga.  Inspiration  ia  a  univer- 
sal fact,  and  all  the  great  world-teachers  have  been  divinely 
inspired  prophets ;  all  the  great  world-religions  contain 
some  divine  truth ;  and  in  all  their  great  sacraments  there 
is  some  spiritual  benefit.  It  is  not  clear  whether  Christ 
is  regarded  as  simply  the  greatest  of  these  inspired  pro- 
phets, or  as  something  more.  Some  utterances  indicate 
a  recognition  of  his  character  as  divine.  The  Brahmo- 
Somaj  differs  from  Deism  in  teaching  the  personal  com- 
munion of  the  soul  with  a  personal  God,  and  from  Chris- 
tianity in  not  teaching  any  specific  revelation  of  a  remedy 
for  sin.  It  is  an  aggressively  missionary  religion,  and  it's 
preaching  has  been  accompanied  by  works  of  practical 
reformation,  such  as  the  abolition  among  its  adherents  of 
polygamy,  of  caste,  and  of  idolatry  in  all  its  forms  the  re- 
formation of  marriage  customs,  and  a  temperance  reform. 

braid1  (brad),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brayde, 
breyde,  breide,  etc.,  <  ME.  braiden,  breiden,  bray- 
den,  breyden,  etc.,  <  AS.  bregdan,  bredan  (pre't. 
brizgd,  brad,  pi.  bnigdon,  brudon,  pp.  brogden, 


656 

broden),  move  to  and  fro,  vibrate,  brandish, 
draw,  weave,  braid,  turn,  change,  etc.,  =  OS. 
bregdait  =  OFries.  brida  =  LG.  breiden  =  OHG. 
brettan  =  Icel.  bregdha,  draw,  weave,  braid, 
etc.  ;  orig.  '  move  quickly  to  and  fro,  glance  '  ; 
cf.  Icel.  braga,  flicker;  prob.  from  same  root 
as  bright1,  q.  v.  Cf.  abraid  and  upbraid.  The 
word  took  in  AS.  and  ME.,  and  in  later  dial. 
use,  a  great  variety  of  senses,  all  arising  ult. 
from  that  of  '  quick  motion.'  Other  forms,  obs. 
or  dial.,  are  breads,  breed,  brede?,  broud,  browd, 
broid,  etc.  :  see  also  brmder,  brouder,  browder.] 

1.  trans.   If.   To  take,  draw,  pull,  or  snatch 
quickly;  reach;  throw;  cast;  brandish. 

He  ryt  [rideth]  his  spere  brayding. 

King  AKsaunder,  1.  7373. 
Hir  kerchef  of  hir  heed  she  brayde. 

Ctumcer,  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  739. 

2.  To  weave  by  passing  three  or  more  strands, 
strips,  or  lines  of  over  and  under  each  other 
alternately  ;  plait  ;  interlace  :  as,  to  braid,  the 
hair,  straw,  tape,  etc. 

Braid  your  locks  with  rosy  twine. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  105. 

3.  To  form  by  braiding;  interweave  the  ma- 
terial of  in  strands  or  strips  :  as,  to  braid  a  straw 
hat  or  a  rug.  —  4.  In  domestic  econ.,  to  beat  and 
blend,  as  soft  substances,  particularly  to  press 
them  with  a  spoon  through  a  sieve.  —  5f.  To 
upbraid;  reproach. 

If  thou  talkest  a  little  longer,  I  thinke  thou  wilt  braid 
mee  with  the  sailing  of  his  life. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintns  Curtius,  vill. 
Few  love  to  hear  the  sins  they  love  to  act  ; 
'Twould  'braid  yourself  too  near  for  me  to  tell  it. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  i.  1. 

Braided  rug,  a  rug  or  mat  for  the  floor,  formed  by  braid- 
ing strips  of  woolen  or  silk  fabrics,  and  afterward  sewing 
them  together.—  To  braid  St.  Catherine's  tresses,  to 
live  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses. 

Longfellow,  Evaugeline,  ii.  1. 

Il.intrans.  If.  To  move  quickly  ;  start;  rush. 
Whan  she  saugh  tweyne  come  hir  to  socour,  she  braied 
rudely  oute  of  theire  handes.    Merlin(E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  464. 
Troilus  .  .  .  disposed  wod  out  of  his  wit  to  breyde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  230. 

2t.  To  start  suddenly  (out  of  sleep)  ;  awake. 
With  the  falle  right  out  of  slepe  she  brayde. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  365. 

3.  To  nauseate  ;  desire  to  vomit.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  4.  To  be  like;  resemble  in  appearance  or 
character.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

braid1  (brad),  n.  [<  ME.  braid,  breid,  <  AS. 
braid,  bred  (for  *br(egd,  *bregd),  trick,  deceit, 
gebregd,  quick  motion,  trick,  deceit  (=  Icel. 
bragdh,  a  quick  motion,  trick,  scheme),  <  breg- 
dan =  Icel.  bregdha,  move  quickly,  etc.  :  see 
braifP-,  v.]  If.  A  quick  motion;  a  start. 


brain 

braiding-machine  (bra'ding-ma-shen'O,  n.  I. 
A  machine  for  weaving  braid,  or  for  covering 
tubes,  cords,  or  wires  with  a  flat  or  round 
plaiting. —  2.  A  machine  for  sewing  braid  upon 
a  fabric ;  a  braider. 

braidism  (bra'dizm),  n.  [From  James  Braid 
of  Manchester,  Eng.,  who  published  his  inves- 
tigations in  1843.]  Hypnotism  (which  see). 

braidist  (bra'dist),  n.  [As  braid-ism  +  -ist.] 
A  hypnotist  or  hypnotizer. 

Braid's  squint.    See  squint. 

braik  (brak),  n.    A  Scotch  spelling  of  brake3. 

brail  (bral),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brayle,  < 
ME.  brayle,  <  OF.  braiel,  brawl,  braioel,  braoiel, 
braieul,  a  cincture,  orig.  for  fastening  breeches 
(cf.  brayette,  mod.  F.  brayette,  the  flap  of  trou- 
sers), <  braie  (>  E.  brayS,  q.  v.),  <  L.  braces, 
breeches:  see  braces,  breech.']  1.  Naut.,  one  of 
certain  ropes  made  fast  to  the  after-leech  of  a 


She  waketh,  walwith,  maketh  many  a  brayde. 

Chmiter,  Good  Women,  1.  1164. 
2t.  A  moment. 

But  curtois,  debonair,  and  vertuous  ; 

Hyt  appered  well  by  hys  workes  eche  braide. 

Rom.  offartenay  (E.  E.  T.  S),  1.  6239. 

For  as  1  sodainely  went  in  hand  therewith,  and  made  it 

in  a  breide.  Sir  T.  More,  Works  (1557). 

3f.  A  turn  (of  work);  a  job.  —  4f.  A  trick;  de- 
ception. 

Man  rose  with  all  her  maids, 

Blushing  thus  at  love's  braids. 

Greene,  Radagon  in  Dianam. 


Sail  set.  Sail  '.railed  up. 

a,  peak-brail ;  f>,  throat-brail ;  c,  lower  brail. 

fore-and-aft  sail,  and  led  through  blocks  on  the 
mast  or  gaff  down  to  the  deck,  to  assist  in  tak- 
ing in  the  sail ;  a  rope  made  fast  to  the  head  of 
a  jib  for  a  similar  purpose. 

The  brails  were  hauled  up,  and  all  the  light  bauds  In 
the  starboard  watch  sent  out  on  the  gaff  to  pass  the  gas- 
kets. R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  257. 

2.  In  falconry :  (a)  A  piece  of  leather  used  to 
bind  up  a  hawk's  wing.  (6)  [<  F.  brayevl,  "the 
parts  or  feathers  about  the  Hauks  fundament, 
called  by  our  falconers  the  brayl  in  a  short- 
winged  and  the  pannel  in  a  long-winged  hauk" 
(Cotgrave).]  The  mass  of  feathers  about  a 
hawk's  fundament;  the  crissum  of  a  falcon. 
brail  (bral),  v.t.  [<  brail  n.]  1.  To  fasten  up 
(the  wings  of  a  bird).— 2.  Naut.,  to  haul  in  by 
means  of  the  brails :  usually  followed  by  up. 

These  trades  lasted  nearly  all  the  way  ...  to  the  line ; 
blowing  steadily  on  our  starboard  quarter  for  three  weeks, 
without  our  starting  a  brace,  or  even  brailing  down  the 
skysails.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  341. 

brain  (bran),  «.  [<  ME.  brain,  brein,  brayne, 
earlier  bragen,  <  AS.  briegen,  bregen,  brcegn  = 
OFries.  brein  =  MD.  breghen,  breghe,  D.  brein 
=  MLG.  bregen,  bragen,  LG.  brdgen,  bregen, 
brain ;  not  in  G.  or  Scand. ;  root  unknown.]  1. 


by  plaiting  or  weaving  together  several  strands  of  silk, 
cotton,  wool,  or  other  material,  used  as  trimming  for  gar- 
ments, for  stay-laces,  etc.  (c)  Straw  or  other  similar  ma- 
terial plaited  into  bands  for  use  in  making  bonnets  or  hats. 
6.  A  wicker  guard  for  protecting  trees  newly 
grafted.  [Prov.  Eng.]  -in  a  braldt,  at  a  braldt, 
in  a  moment ;  on  the  instant.  ROM.  of  the  Rose. 
braidif  (brad),  a.  [An  adj.  use  of  braidl,  n.,  4, 
deceit.]  Deceitful;  crafty. 

Since  Frenchmen  are  so  braid, 
Marry  that  will,  I  live  and  die  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  2. 

braid2  (brad),  a.    Broad.     [Scotch.] 

braid-bonnet  (brad'bon'et),  n.  Same  as  bon- 
net-piece. 

braid-comb  (brad'kom),  n.  A  back  comb  for  a 
woman's  hair. 

braider  (bra'der),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
braids ;  specifically,  an  attachment  to  a  sew- 
ing-machine for  guiding  a  braid  which  is  to  be 
sewed  on  or  into  the  work. 

braiding  (bra'ding),  n.  [Verbal  u.  of  braid}, 
v.]  1.  The  act  of  making  or  attaching  braids. 
—  2.  Braids  collectively. 

A  gentleman  enveloped  in  mustachios.  whiskers,  fur 
Mdhn,  and  braiding.  Thackeray. 


Side  view  of  Human  Brain  and  upper  part  of  Spinal  Cord,  the  skull 

and  other  coverings  being  removed. 

C.  C,  C,  cerebrum,  or  brain  proper,  showing  the  convoluted  surface 
of  the  right  cerebral  hemisphere  ;  Cb,  cerebellum,  or  little  brain  — 
the  striated  surface  of  its  right  half;  MOb,  medulla  oblongata ;  -V, 
the  spinal  cord  with  beginnings  of  the  spinal  nerves  ;  B,  body  of  sixth 
cervical  vertebra ;  Sp,  its  neural  spine,  or  spinous  process. 

In  anat.,  the  soft  grayish  and  whitish  mass  fill- 
ing the  cranial  cavity  of  a  vertebrate,  consist- 
ing of  ganglionic  nerve-cells  and  nerve-fibers, 
with  the  requisite  sugtentacular  ami  vascular 


brain 

tissue;  tho  onoephalon  (which  see);  the  part  of 
the  c  ere  bro  spinal  axis  which  is  contained  in 

the   cranium.     It  in  divided  by  onatomiata  Into     (1) 

,  nmiprisilitf  the  rerehnil  lieniM- 

(«»r  latfi;il    li;i]\-  , 

<lf      till'      crl'i-lil  HUM 

With  til*'  n|f,l>  t"l\ 
Inlu-s  ;  rj)  the  tl»t 
I  -I  nt  '  IK--'  i'h«  I"  ii. 
eninpri.siiiK  the 
thahtini  '.pliri, 
and  utln-r  (mrtn 
;i1i-'i]t  ih.  third 
ventricle;  (:i)  the 
mete  ncejinalon, 
<«t\  \\ir\ni\\x  the 
uarta  ahmit  tho 
Sylvian  uquedm-t, 
corpora  quudri- 
Kt'iidim  above  and 
crura  cerehri  he- 
Inu  ;  (4)  the  <•/>• 
fiii-i'i'hnli'ii,  com- 
pn.-in-  the  cere- 
bellum and  i«.n- 
VaroW;and(..)th. 

Base  of  Human  Brain.  n'.-t,',,,;-^/,,,'. 

,  frontal  lol*  of  cerebrum  ;  B.  temporal  »W**«tfa    oMn,,:i,t 

lobe  of  same,  separated  from  A  by  the  Syl-  tat  extending  fruin 
' 


657 


braird 


Inflammation  of 


the  latter,  theme  of  siyht  are  conne.  ted  with  the  hinder  brain-feVOf  (bflin'fe'v^r),  «.      Illf 
part  of  tin-  tlmlamus.     I  he  iiiiten  are  involved  in  the  sit:  it-      » i, .    \  „    •        „!,_-  -,  • 

Function,  and  the  tertM  mm  lo  b»w  doM  relations  »,ti,  ,"".  linn";  phrenitta    m.'iimgitis. 

nmii  i  nt.  i  'ing  by  the  auditory  nerve.    The  ccrclx  I  brainge    (liranj),   r.   i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brainged. 


him  is  concerned  with  the  coordination  of  muscular  con 
tractions  in  the  uarryiiiK  out  of  voluntary  actions,  while 
the  u  led  n  I  In  ohlon^ata  <  untani-  a  lame  number  of  centers 
for  comparatively  simple  function*,  as  vasomotor  action. 

c.il.lia.    a.  'lion,  iv-p  nation,  deuhltillon.  etc.      I  see  also  CUt       SOlneilllllg     UOISIIV 

iimlei  ,-i,!-r/,li,i/,,,,.)    I  n.m  its  complexity,  the  brain  is  tuu-     through  anger,     ai 


jpr.  tiritiiii/iiii/.  [<'i,niii..-ti-d  with  hraiinji-ll,  rush 
headlong;  as  a  noun,  rushing  headlong,  doing 
anything  carelessly ;  origin  ulisenrc.]  To  do 
something  noisily  and  lmmi-<llv. 
^urnt.  [Scotch.] 


, 

vian  fissure;  t'C,  corpus  callosum  —  its  fore 
end;  cA  cerebellum;  M,  medulla  oblongn- 
ta  ;  P,  pituitary  body  ;  /,  olfactory  "  nerve  " 
(so  called  —  rather  olfactory  lobe,  or  rhincn- 
ccphalon)  ;  //,  optic  nerve,  after  dccussa- 
tion  with  its  fellow  at  the  chiasni  ;  ///,  motor- 
octili  nerve:  /A*.  pathetic  nerve;  yt  trige 
' 


pons  to  the 
foramen  magnum. 
Th«  prosencepha- 
Ion  is  now  usually 
divided  into  the 
v  /<ii«-nre],halim,  or 


,,.,l-t,if.,ual  nerve;  fl,  atxlucent !  nerve  !*•//.  T 

r.ui.il    nerve;    /'///,    auditory    nerve ;    IX,  olfactory 

glos&opharyngeal  nerve;  .Y,  pncumogastric  and    proscnceplia 

nerve:    .ft,  spinal  accessory    nerve;    A'//,  l,,n    proper       The 

hyiMtelossal   nerve.      The    rounded    masses  th«lfliiipiieeiihnlon 

near?//  arc  the  corpora  albicantia  :  A 7  rests  : 

upon  the  puns  Varolii.  is  also  called  ilirn 

cephalon.  By  Hnx- 

ley  and  others  the  cpencephalou  of  the  above  nomencla- 
ture is  called  mfcmigptalen,  and  the  next  segment  (the 
fifth)  is  then  named  -injtelencejjhalon.  Common  Knulish 
eqllivalenteof  the  above  five  segments  are  fore-brain,  'tween- 
brain,  midbrain,  hiiulbrain,  and  afterbrain;  these  are 
terms  translated  directly  from  the  nomenclature  of  the 
lierman  anatomists,  who  call  them  respectively  rm;!,-,- 
hirn,  zvrijchenhirn,  inittelhirn,  hinterhirn,  and  nacliltiin. 
Haeckel  calls  them  pnifupxifche,  deutopayche,  int'xt,p*,ii'li,', 
ntetapsyrhe,  and  epipnycne.  These  five  segments  are  fun- 
damentally distinct,  ami  correspond  embryologically  to 
as  many  cerebral  vesicles  or  brain-bladders  which  arise 
from  three  primitive  vesicles  by  subdivision.  The  sim- 
plest and  a  common  division  of  the  brain  is  into  the  «•- 
rebntin  or  brain  proper,  the  cerebellum  or  little  brain,  the 
JMIIIH  I'arolii,  and  the  medulla  obtoiufata.  (See  cuts  under 
cerebral  and  corpus.)  The  human  brain  is  distinguished 
for  the  relatively  enormous  size  and  surface-complexity  of 
the  cerebrum  or  prosencephalon,  which  completely  covers 
the  cerebellum  and  olfactory  lobes,  and  is  marked  by 
many  deep  fissures  or  sulci  separating  gyri  or  convolu- 
tions. The  cerebrum  is  divided  into  right  and  left  halves, 
or  cerebral  hemispheres,  connected  by  the  great  trans* 
verse  commissure  or  corpus  callosum.  Each  hemisphere 
is  divided  into  three  primary  lobes,  frontal,  parietal,  and 
occipital,  and  many  more  detailed  subdivisions  of  ita  sur- 
face are  recognized.  The  Interior  of  the  brain  (which  is 
primitively  hollow)  is  traversed  in  the  adult  by  a  set  or 
system  of  connected  cavities  known  as  ventricle*  or  c&lia. 
The  tlrst  and  second  of  these  are  the  right  and  left  ven- 
tricles of  the  hemispheres,  or  proccelia ;  the  third  is  the 
diacoslia ;  the  fourth  is  the  epiccelia ;  passages  connecting 
these  are  the  foramina  of  Monro  and  the  aqueduct  of  Syl- 
vius. The  brain  and  adjoining  portions  of  the  spinal  cord 
give  rise  to  12  pairs  of  nerves,  called  cranial  nerve*  lw>- 
oause  they  emerge  from  foramina  in  the  base  of  the  skull. 
(See  cranial.)  Brain-substance  is  of  two  kinds,  gray  gan- 
glionlc  or  cellular  nerve-tissue,  and  white  commissural  or 
llbrons  nerve-tissue.  The  gray  matter  which  invests  the 
cerebrum  and  cerebellum  is  also  called  the  cortical  sub- 
stance, in  distinction  from  the  white  or  medullary  sub- 
stance of  the  interior.  \  brain  is  In  fact  a  collection  of 
gray  ganglia  united  by  white  commissures.  Besides  the 
cortex,  there  are  several  ganglia  or  collections  of  gray 
matter  in  the  interior,  as  the  corpora  striata,  the  optic 
thalami,  the  optic  lobes  or  corpora  ijuadrigcmina,  the  cor 
pora  dentata  of  the  cerebellum,  and  the  eor|nira  olivaria  u 
the  medulla  ohlongata.  Connected  with  tho  brain  are  tw 


ally  spoken  of  in  the  plural  in  certain  relations:  as,  to  beat  hrainlsh    (bra  '  lli.sll),    a.        [<    brain     +     -/.«/('.  | 

2.  In  l'»^w",7lH'''|!rincipal  ganglion  of  the  ner-     "^strong ;.  passionate;   also,   perhaps,    .111- 
vous  system,  situated  in  the  head,   over  tin      ' 

esophagus,  and  formed  by  the  coalescence  of  .,,„.'.;  -I," '"Hamlet.lv  i 

several  supra-esophageal  ganglia.     The  nerve* of  v_  ,    ,  ,,  ,™    . 

the  eyes  amfai.ten.He  are  din  ,  tl>  connected  with  it,  and  brainless  (bran  les),  a.     [<  Mfc.  brainlcs  (=  D. 

it   i;i\e.H  oil  t«o  inferior  branches  which  surround  the     oreinloog);  <  brain  +  -lesg. J    Weak  in  the  brain ; 

esophagus  and  unite  beneath  in  the  suhesophageal  gan-     witless;  stupid:  as,  "the  dull  brainlcrtx  Ajax," 

ulion.    Sometimes  this  Kiinglion  is  regarded  as  a  nart  of     v'A/i/-    T    nnn  P     i    ^ 

the  brain,  beim;  distimjnished  a>  ii  ,,  while  the  -u_" ,    V  m. 

principal  ,„  upper  ganglion  is  called  the  cerebrlim.  Drainlessness  (bran'les-nes),  H.    The  state  of 

3.  The  same  or  a  corresponding  portion  of  the    being  brainless;  lack  of  sense;  stupidity, 
nervous  system  in  many  other  invertebrates. —       Where  indolence  or  brainlmnen  has  brought  aixmt  a 

4.  Understanding;  intellectual  power;  fancy;    !»"«•»  satisfaction.  The  Aaurican,  vn.  as. 
imagination:  commonly  in  the  plural:  as,  a  brain-maggot  (bran'mag'ot),  »i.  Same  as  braix- 
man  of  brains;  "my  brain  is  too  dull,"  Scott.       iconii,  I . 

God  will  be  worshipped  and  served  according  to  hU  ?re-  b,rainf>an   (bran'pan),  u.      [<  ME    brain/tonne 

script  word,  and  not  according  to  the  train  of  man.  (=  Ornes.  breiniianne  =   MLO.  brrgenpanne, 

Abp.  Sandy*,  Sermons,  fol.  128  b.     LG.  bra'penuaiine);  <  brain  +  j>an.     Of.  equiv. 

The  poison  and  the  dagger  are  still  at  baud  to  butcher    A8.    keafotlpanne,  the   skull,    lit.  'head-pan.'] 

a  hero,  when  a  poet  wants  the  brain*  to  save  him.  That  part  OI  the  skull  which  incloses  the  brain ; 

Dnjden,  Pref.  to  Don  Sebastian,     the  cranium. 


To  beat  or  cudgel  one's  brains,  to  try  earnestly  to  re- 
call or  think  of  something,  or  t<»  concentrate  one's  attention 
and  thought  upon  it :  as,  he  teat  Ai>  braint  for  a  simile. 


My  ijfHi'ii 


n  had  been  cleft  with  a  brown  bill. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  10. 
I  learnt  more  from  her  in  a  flash, 
Tlian  if  my  brainpan  were  an  empty  hull 
And  every  Muse  tumbled  a  science  in. 

Tennytoa,  Princess,  il. 

terested  in  or  eager  about  something;  lie  over-persistent  brain-racking  (bran'rak'ing),  a.     Harassing; 
and  zealous  in  promoting  some  scheme  or  movement :  as,     perplexing 

to  have  reform  on  the  brain.    [Colloq.]  —  Water  on  the  hrairi-sanrt  ibriin'tmnd')  »      Tn  mint    tlin  , 
brain,  dropsy  of  the  brain ;  hydrocephalus.  Sana;,  H.     m  anal.,  tne  eartny 

brain  (bran),  v.t.     [<  ME.  brainen,  dash  out  the    Pfticles    found   in  the    conanum  or   pineal 
1.  To  dash  out  the    $and'  forming  the  so-called  aeemtlus  ccrebri. 
They  are  minute  accretions  uf  calcium  carbonate,  calcium 
phosphate,  and  magnesium  phosphate,  with  some  animal 
substance. 

brain-sick  (bran'sik),   a.     Disordered  in  the 
understanding;  fantastic;  crotchety;  crazed. 


Cudgel  thy  braiiu  no  more  about  it ;  for  your  doll  ass 
will  not  mend  his  pace  with  beating.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1. 

To  have  (something)  on  the  brain,  to  be  extremely  in 


brains;  from  the  noun.] 
brains  of;  kill  by  beating  in  the  skull. 
There  thou  must  brain  him.          Shak.,  Tempest,  ill.  2. 


When  Uncas  had  brainfd  his  first  antagonist,  he  tunied 
like  a  hungry  lion  to  seek  another. 

r,  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  ill. 


(Juicke  wittes  also  be,  in  most  part  of  all  their  dolngn, 

2     Figuratively    to    destroy;   defeat;    balk;    '  !tie'  ^wK^he'Lc'hf.femaster,  p. ss. 

thwart.      [Bare.]  We  nave  ajrejdy  suffered  from  the  misconstructions 

It  was  the  swift  celerity  of  his  death  .  .  .  "'"'  broils  which  seem  to  follow  this  poor  lirain-nrk  lady 

That  brain'd  my  purpose.      Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1.     wherever  she  comes.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  II.  xviii. 

3f.  To  get  into  the  brain;  conceive;  under-  brainsickly  (bran'sik-li),  adv.     Fantastically; 
stand.     [Bare.]  madly. 

T!»  still  a  dream ;  or  else  such  stuff  as  madmen  You  do  unbend  your  noble  strength,  to  think 

Tongue,  and  brain  not.  Skak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  4.  *>  brainnckly  of  tilings.          Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  i. 

brain-bladder  (bran'blad'er),  ».    In  embryo!.,  brain-sickness  (bran'sik-nes),  «.    Disorder  of 
a  cerebral  vesicle;  one  of  the  hollow  dilated    the  brain;  insanity.    Holland. 
portions  of  the  brain  of  any  embryonic  cranial  brainstone  (bran'ston),  n.     See  brain-coral. 
vertebrate.  brainstone-COral  (bran'ston-kor'al),  H.     Same 

In  all  Skulled  Animals,  from  the  Cyclostomi  to  Man,  . as  ?''"'"-<'' "" a<- 

the  same  parts,  although  in  very  various  forms,  develop  Drain-tnTOD   (bran  throb),   n.     The   throbbing 
from  these  five  original  brain-bladdert.  of  the  brain. 

HatcM,  Evol.  of  Man  (trans.),  II.  220.  brainward  (bran'wilrd),  adr.  and  n.      Toward 

brain-box  (bran'boks),  n.   The  cranium  proper ;    or  tending  toward  trie  brain, 
the  cranial  part  of  the  whole  skull,  containing        If,  from  any  cause,  there  is  excessive  brainwird  deter- 
the  brain,  as  distinguished  from  the  facial  parts     initiation  of  the  blood,  the  plethora  of  the  capillaries  gives 
of  the  same  "^  *°  mcreast<l  mental  excitement. 

brain-case  (bran'kas),  «.     Same  as  brain-bos. 

brain-cavity  (bran'kav'i-ti),  H.  1.  One  of  the  brain-wave  (bran  wav),  H.  A  so-called  tele- 
ventricles  of  the  brain.— 2.  The  interior  of  the  Pat^c  vibration  supposed  to  be  concerned 
cranium  or  skull,  containing  the  brain.  m  tne  transference  of  a  thought  from  one  mind 


non-nervous  structures,  the  comiriilm  or  eniphysis  ccrcln  i 
and  the  pituitary  body  or  hypophysis  cereori.  "  The  brain 
is  covered  by  three  membranes  or  mminffei,  of  which 
the  external  Is  the  dura  mater,  the  middle  the  arachnoid, 
ami  tlie  inner  the  pfa  mater.  Stoat  mammals  have  a  brain 
like  that  of  man.  but  in  descending  the  mammalian  scale 
the  cerebrum  becomes  relatively  smaller  and  has  fewer 
if  any  convolutions,  the  corpus  callosum  Itecomes  rudi- 
mentary, and  the  olfactory  lobes  enlarge.  (Sve  cuts  under 
:;/;/•»<  ami  »«/<•«*.)  In  the  brain  of  binls  tile  hemispheres 
are  smooth,  there  is  no  corpus  callosum  or  pons  \arolii, 
and  I  lie  optic  lobes  »n<  of  immense  size.  There  is  no  brain 
in  the  lowest  vertebrate,  -I  i// iJi <<t.rtix.  The  average  weight 
of  the  bruin  in  adult  males  of  the  European  type  is  alxillt 
1,400  yrams  ( t'.i.;,  ounces);  in  women  about  l,2.r>0  grams 
(44  ounces).  The  brain  is  in  its  highest  activity  the  orgnn 
of  consciousness  or  mind,  and  its  general  function  is  that 
of  furnishing  the  most  complex  ami  extensive  outgoing 
stimulation  of  muscles  and  oilier  active  tissues  as  u  re 
spouse,  more  or  less  immediate,  to  the  must  i  nmjilex  ami 
extensive  incoming  sensory  stimulation,  \\ith  functions 
of  this  high  decree  of  complexity  are  associated  in  .some 
parts  much  simpler  functions  resemblim;  those  of  the  spi 
nal  cord.  The  cortex  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  is  the 
portion  of  the  bruin  in  which  the  most  complex  coordina- 
tions seem  to  lw  effected,  and  which  is  most  directly  in 
volved  in  mental  acts.  Certain  parts  of  the  cortex 'an. 
however,  peculiarly  related  to  certain  special  incom 
outuoimr  stimulation-,  ami  are  called  senson  or  motor 
centers.  (See  cerebral,  and  cerebral  localization,  under  lo- 
calizatioii.)  The  corpus  striatum  is  usually  regarded  as 
especially  concerned  with  stimulations  passing  downu  ard. 
and  the  optic  thalamus  with  those  passing  upward  :  among 


brain-coral  (bran'kor'al),  N.  The  popular 
name  of  coral  of  the  genus  Meandrina :  so  called 
because  it 
resembles  in 
its  superfi- 
cial appear- 
ance the  con- 
volutions of 
(he  human 
brain.  The  ge- 
nus is  of  the 
family  Meandri- 
/,."'•'.,  !>elong- 

ins;    to  the  ;l]H>  Brain  coral  (.Mtan4rma  ccntriform 

rose  division  of 

stone-corals.    Also  called  l,,;tinxt,nir  and  braiiutone^xiral. 


stone-corals.    Also  called  In-aiiuttonr  and  braiiutoite^vral.      ofcomprebension 

brained  (brand),  «.     [<  brai,i  +  -«rf2.]    1.  Fur-  bralrd  ^brgrd)i  „.' 
iiishe.1  with  brains:  used  chiefly  in  composi-  ; 

tion:  as,crack-fcr«i«erf;  terebra,,,,,!. 


to  another  by  other  than  physical  means  of 
communication . 

Such  expressions  as  drnm-iraw  (Kuowles).  mentlferolls 
ether  (Maudsley),  .  .  .  testify  to  this  natural  though  pre- 
mature desire  to  ticket  or  identify  a  force  which  .  .  . 
cannot  at  present  lw  correlated  with  nerve-force. 

Proc.  Soc.  /•«>«*.  Kfnearch,  Oct.  1888,  p.  178. 

brain-work  (bran'werk),  ii.  Intellectual  labor ; 
cerebration. 

brain- worm  (brau'werm),  ».  1.  A  worm  in- 
festing or  supposed  to  infest  the  brain.  Also 
called  brain-maggot. —  2.  The  vermis  of  the 
cerebellum. 

brainy  (bra'ni),  «.  [<  brain  +  -y1.]  Having 
a  good  brain ;  intelligent ;  sharp-witted ;  <juii<k 


If  the  other  two  be  brained  like  us.  the  state  totters. 

Shot.,  Tempest,  iii.  i 


<  AS.  brord,  a 

point,  blade  of  grass  (see  brad);  but  the  form 
depends  rather  upon  ME.  brerd,  <  AS.  brerd, 
kreord,  (Worth,  breard,  edge,  brink,  =  OHG. 
lirort,  edge,  etc. ;  prob.  connected  with  AS. 
2.  [Pp.  of  brtiiii,  r.]  Having  the  brains  knocked  brord,  a  point.]  A  grain-crop  when  it  first 
or  dashed  out;  killed  by  a  blow  which  breaks  makes  ita  appearance  above  ground.  [Scotch.] 
tin1  skull.  The  bminl  of  the  Lord,  that  begins  to  rise  so  green  in 

brain-fag  (b ran  'fag).  ".      Mental  fatigue  or  ex-     the  land,  will  grow  in  |>e»ce  to  a  plentiful  harvest    Gait. 
Imustion.  as  from  overwork.  braird  (brfird),  r.  i.     [<  braird,  «.]     To  spring 

In  state,  of  e\ti  cm,  -I,,-,,;,,!,,,,  the  horizon  is  narrowed     "!>•  as  «<>(''ls:   slm.it   forth  from   the  earth,  as 
,iim,.,t  to  the  p;uwing  « onl.  JHni,VLW,     grain ;  germinate.     [Scotch.] 


brairo 

brairo  (bra'ro),  w.  [A  corruption  of  F.  blaircau, 
badger.]  A  Canadian  French  name  of  the 
American  badger,  Taxidca  americana. 

braise1,  v.  and  «.     See  braize*. 

braise'2,  «.     See  braize2. 

braise",  braisee  (bra-za'),  a.    [F.]    Braized. 

braiser,  ».     See  braizer. 

brait  (brat),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  Among  jew- 
elers, a  rough  diamond. 

braize1,  braise1  (braz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
braized,  ppr.  braizing.  [<  F.  braiser,  cook  over 
live  coals,  <  braise  =  Pr.  brasa  =  Sp.  brasa  = 
Pg.  braza  =  It.  bracia,  brascia,  bragia,  etc., 
live  coals,  embers  (cf.  F.  braser,  solder;  OF. 
and  F.  em-braser,  OF.  es-braser,  a-braser  =  Pr. 
em-brascr  =  Sp.  a-brasar  =  Pg.  a-brazar  =  It. 
ab-braciare,  etc.,  set  on  fire);  of  Scand.  origin: 
<  Dan.  braae,  fry,  =  Sw.  brasa,  flame,  =  Icel. 
brasa,  harden  by  fire  :  see  brass1  and  brazier2.'] 
To  cook  (meat)  by  stewing  in  a  thick  rich  gravy 
with  vegetables,  etc.,  and  then  slowly  baking. 

braize1,  braise1  (braz),  n.  [<  braize1,  v.~]  In 
cookery,  braized  meat. 

braize'2  (braz),  «.  [ Also  braise;  perhaps  akin  to 
barse,  bass*,  and  bream1,  q.  v.]  1.  An  acanthop- 
terygian  fish  of  the  genus  Pagrus,  P.  vulgaris, 
of  the  family  Sparidai,  found  in  British  seas. 
Also  called  becker. — 2.  A  local  Scotch  name 
of  the  roach.  Also  braze. 

braize3  (braz),  n.  [A  var.  of  breeze3.']  The 
dust  of  charcoal  which  accumulates  around 
the  furnace  of  charcoal-works ;  coal-dust. 

The  dust  or  braize  of  the  Philadelphia  coal-yards  is 
sold  for  use  in  flre-boxes  [of  locomotives]  of  suitable  con- 
struction. Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  601. 

braizer,  braiser  (bra'zer),  n.  [<  braize*,  braise*, 
+  -er*.]  A  covered  pot,  stew-pan,  or  kettle 
used  in  braizing. 

braizing-pan  (bra'zing-pan),  n.  A  small  cov- 
ered pan  or  air-tight  oven  in  which  meat  is 
braized. 

brake1  (brak).  Obsolete  or  archaic  preterit  of 
break. 

brake1  (brak),  n.     [Var.  spelling  of  break;  cf. 

brack1  and  brake2.]     If.  A  break;  brack;  flaw. 

The  slighter  brakes  of  our  reformed  Muse. 

Webster,  Works,  iv.  141.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  A  mechanical  device  for  arresting  the  mo- 
tion of  a  vehicle:  now  usually  classed  with 
brake3.  See  brake3,  n.,  9. 

brake'2t  (brak),  v.  [<  ME.  braken  (=  D.  braken), 
vomit,  a  secondary  form  of  breken,  E.  break  = 
G.  brechen,  break,  vomit :  see  break,  and  cf. 
parbrakc.]  I.  intrans.  To  vomit. 

Brakijn or castyn,  orspewe,  vomo.   Prompt.  Parv.,p.47. 
And  as  an  hounde  that  et  gras  so  gan  ich  to  brake. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vii.  430. 

II.  trans.  To  vomit ;  cast  up. 
The  whal  ...  a  warth  fyndez 
There  he  brakez  vp  the  buyrne  [man,  sc.  Jonah]. 

Alliterative  Puems  (ed.  Morris),  1.  3339. 

brakes  (brak),  «•.  [<  ME.  brake,  an  instrument 
for  breaking  flax,  also  a  name  for  other  me- 
chanical contrivances  ;  not  found  in  AS.,  but 
prob.  of  LG.  origin :  MLG.  LG.  brake  =  MD. 
braecke,  T>.  braak  (vlas-braak,  flax-brake)  =  Sw. 
braka  (lin-braka,  flax-brake)  =  Dan.  brage,  a 
brake  (cf.  OD.  brake,  a  clog  for  the  neck,  MD. 
braecke,  braake,  an  instrument  for  holding  by 
the  nose  ;  cf .  OHG.  brecka,  MHG.  G.  breche,  a 
brake) ;  <  MLG.  LG.  D.,  etc.,  breken =G.  brechen 
=  AS.  brecan,  E.  break,  q.  v.  Brake3  is  thus 
practically  equiv.  to  break,  n.,  of  which,  in 
some  recent  uses,  it  is  only  a  different  spelling, 
conformed  to  the  older  word.]  1.  A  tool  or 
machine  for  breaking  up  the  woody  portion  of 
flax,  to  loosen  it  from  the  harl  or  fibers. —  2. 
The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked. 
— 3.  A  bakers' kneading-machine, — 4.  A  sharp 
bit  or  snaffle :  as,  "  a  snaffle  bit  or  brake,"  Gas- 
coinne,  Steele  Glas. —  5.  An  apparatus  for  con- 
fining refractory  horses  while  being  shod. — 6. 
A  medieval  engine  of  war  analogous  to  the  bal- 
lista. 

Yet  ceased  not  eyther  the  brakes  or  scorpions,  whereof 
these  discharged  stones  thicke,  the  other  sent  out  darts 
as  fast.  Holland,  tr.  of  Ammianus,  xx.  8. 

They  view  the  iron  rams,  the  brakes,  and  slings. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso. 

7.  A  large  heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods 
after  plowing.  Also  called  drag. —  8.  A  kind 
of  wagonette.  A  large  and  heavy  variety  of 
this  vehicle  is  used  for  breaking  in  young 
horses  to  harness. —  9.  Any  mechanical  device 
for  arresting  or  retarding  the  motion  of  a  ve- 
hicle or  car  by  means  of  friction.  The  most  com- 
mon form  is  that  of  curved  wooden  or  iron  shoes  pressed 
against  the  rims  of  the  wheels.  In  this  sense  sometimes 
spelled  break.  See  air-brake. 


658 


bramble 


equal.— Single-lever  brake,  a  brake  which  has  but  a 
single  lever,  to  which  the  force  is  applied.   The  fulcrum 


10.  The  fore  part  of  a  carriage,  by  which  it  brakebusht,  n.      [ME.  brakebushe;  <  brake**  + 
is    turned.— 11.    A   basket-makers'    tool   for     bush*.]     A  fern-brake. 

stripping  the  bark  from  willow  wands.— 12f.  brake-hanger  (brak'hang"er),  n.    A  link  or  bar 
An  old  instrument  of  torture.    Also  called  the    by  which  brake-beams  and  their  attachments 

Duke  of  Eseter's  daughter Automatic  brake,  a    are  suspended  from  a  truck-frame  or  car-body. 

brake  which  acts  mechanically  under  certain  circum-  Car-Builder's  Diet.— Parallel  brake-hanger,  a  bar 
stances,  as  on  a  railroad-train  when  one  car  becomes  de-  or  imi<  so  attached  to  a  brake-beam  as  to  maintain  the 
tached  from  the  rest.— Block-brake,  a  brake  used  in  brake-head  and  brake-shoe  in  the  same  relative  positions 
retarding  a  moving  part  by  the  pressure  upon  it  of  a  sta-  when  the  brakes  are  released,  thus  preventing  the  brake- 
tionary  block.—  Compressed-air  brake.  See  air-brake,  shoes  from  striking  against  the  wheel. 
—  Continuous  brake,  a  series  of  car-brakes,  so  arranged  brake-head  (brak'hed),  n.  A  piece  of  wood  or 
that  all  can  be  controlled  from  some  one  point  on  the  .  Yniltp  hparn  and  bparins 

train.    See  air-ftraie.- Double-lever  brake,  a  brake  on     ir<>n   fastened  to   a   biake-beaa   ana    De 
a  car-truck  or  four-wheeled  car,  having  two  levers  so  ar-     against  the  wheels,  forming  both  a  brake-blocs 
ranged  that  the  pressure  on  the  two  sets  of  shoes  will^be     and  a  brake-shoe. 

per  (brak '  hop  "  er),  «.  [<  brake*  + 
hopper.]  A  name  for  the  grasshopper-warbler, 
Sylvia  locustella,  or  Locustella  natvia.  Macgil- 
lirray.  [Local,  British.] 

brakeman  (brak'man),  «. ;  pi.  brakftnen  (-men). 
1.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  apply  the  brakes 
on  a  railroad-train  which  are  operated  by  hand. 
—  2.  In  mining,  the  man  in  charge  of  the  wind- 
ing-engine. 

Sometimes  spelled  breakman,  and  in  Great 
Britain  often  called  brakesman. 
brakent,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  bracken. 
brake-Shaft   (brak 'shaft),  n.      The   shaft  on 
which  is  wound  the  chain  by 
which  the  power  of  a  car-brake 
operated  by  hand  is  applied  to 
the  wheels. 

brake-shoe  (brak'shs),  n.    A 
piece  of  wood  or  metal  fitted 


The  single  lever  F,  pivoted  at  mid-length,  is  operated  by  chain: 

.  ....  _jds  from  the  brake-wheel  on  either  platform.    To  the  lever  art       ^ . 

attached  rods  G,  H.  proceeding  to  the  brake-bars  which  carry  the      to    a    brake-block,     Or    forming 


one  piece  with  it,  and  serving 


Plan. 
Single-lever  Car-brake. 

„._ r,  pivoted  at  mid-1 

and  rods  from  the  brake-wheel  on  eithe 

attach 

shoes. 

of  the  lever  is  upon  one  brake-beam,  and  from  its  shorter  ag  a^rubber  to  retard,  by  fric" 

arm  a  rod  extends  to  the  brake-beam  of  the  other  pair  of  t-         „.:»>,    «,„   wliool  troaH    ny 

wheels  of  the  same  truck. -To  bleed  the  brakes.     See  ' 

i,(ee(j  -tire,  the  movement  of  a  wheel. 

brake3  (brak),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braked,  ppr.     -Brake-shoe  valve,  in  an  air-  or 
ivrnl-;,,,  MT  r   T  r   T>  7irnt-*>i ( ">  F1   hrat!iirr\     vacuum-brake,  a  valve  so  arranged  as  to  relieve  the  pres- 

braktng.    I  =  MLG.  LG. D.  hraken  (>t  .M  aquer)     sm.e  upon  the  wneel  when  it  becomes  too  great 

=  Sw.  braka  =  Dan    brage,  brake ;  from  the  Brakesman    (braks'man),   n. ;    pi.    brakesmen 

noun.   Cf.  break,  D.]    If.  To  crack  or  break  (the  /.^n) i      See brakeman 

stalks  of  flax)  in  order  to  separate  the  woody  - l 
portions  from  the  fiber.    Now  written  break. 

It  [flax]  must  be  watered,  dried,  braked,  tew-tawcd,  and 
with  much  labor  driuen  and  reduced  in  the  end  to  be  as  soft 

and  tender  as  wooll.     Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xix.  (proem).  , 

_  „  ,.  ,  ,  ,,  brake-Strap  (brak  strap),  n.  The  strap  sur- 
2  To  retard  or  stop  the  motion  of  by  the  ap-  roundi  tne  pulley  of  a  friction-brake, 
plication  of  a  brake  brakett  «.  A Middle  English  form  of  bragget2. 
brake*  (brak)  ,,  [<  ME  6^  (see  6roA-o5);  £™*ew,  (brakVan)  £  On  European  rail- 
not  m  AS.,  but  prob  of  LG.  ongin:  MLG.  °™ys,  the  van  or  car  n  a  freight-train  to  the 
6^^hJb-UShl8'^^' ^ie'.a.r^OW;b,US^;  whLs  of  which  the  brake  isg  applied.  See 


(brak'spol),  n.  An  enlargement, 
fcy  a  sleeye  or  otherwise,  of  a  brake-shaft  to  give 
Kreater  speed  and  less  power  to  the  brake.  Car- 


j,ra],e3  a 
.      ' 


1 

of  a 
used  to  control 


orig.  appar.  rough  or  broken  ground ;  cf.   D. 

braak  (-land)  =  MLG.  brake  =  G.  brache,  land 

broken  but  not  sowed,  MHG.  brdcke,  OHG. 

brdcha,  the  breaking  of  land  after  harvest  (=  f    . 

MLG.  brake  =  MD  braecke,  D.  braak,  breaking,     ^rake  -  2  A  heavy  wheel  furnished  with  cams 

a  break :  see  fcracfc1) ;  hence  in  comp.,  G.  brack-  j   h         j*      f     tri    hammer. 

feld,  equiv.  to  D.  braakland,  fallow  land;  OHG.  vrakiBi,t  a     gee  brackish 

MHG.    brdchmanft,    '  plowing-montii,'    June;  ^     fe y  (fca'ki),  «.     [<  brake*  +  -y*.]     Full  of 

whence  separately  as  an  adj     D    braak  =  G.     gjg^   abounding  with  brambles  or  shrubs; 

brack  (>  Dan.  brak)  fallow;  ult   <  D   breken  =  h  'th  a|  ubmk    thickets  and  deep 

OHG.  brechan,  MH6.  brechen,  G.  breclien  =  AS.     slolf  h'   ,,  BpfmU  Heaven  upon  Earth. 

brecan,  E.  break;  being  thus  closely  akin  to 

brack*  and  to  brake3.]      1     A  place  overgrown         Redeem  arts  from  their  rough  and  brakey  seats,  where 

with  bushes  or  brushwood,  shrubs,  and  bram-     thev  lav  hid  a"d  overgrown  with  thorns.^  ^^^ 

bles;  a  thicket;  in  the  United  States,  a  cane-  .      ., 

'      is,  a  tract  of  ground  overgrown  with  JraUt.     An .obsolete  spelling  of  brawl. 

Brama  (bra  ma),  n.    [NL.]    The  typical  genus 
of  fishes  of  the  family  Bramida.    The  pomfret, 
This  green  plot  shall  be  our  stage,  this  hawthorn  brake     B   ^  ig  an  examp<[e.     Schneider,  1801.     See 

cut  under  pomfret. 

Bramah  lock,  press.    See  the  nouns. 

Scott,  Young  Lochinvar.  Bramantcsque  (brii-man-tesk'),  a.    Relating  to 
The  mid-forest  brake,  Or  having  the  character  or  style  of  the  works 

Rich  with  a  sprinkling  of  fair  musk-rose  blooms.      .      of  Bramaute  (1444-1514),  a  noted  Italian  archi- 

?nAX^Mel°^*^-  ^ue^upr^^^^ 

ing  Dy  U  emseives.  the  origfnal  (fesign   for  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Peter's  at 

brake0    (brak),  n.      [<  ME.  brake,  appar.  <  AS.  Rome,  of  which   the   execution  was   interrupted  by  his 

bracce  (rare),   a   fern :    see   bracken.      Appar.  death.    The  epithet  Bramantesque  was  early  applied  to 

confused  in  ME.,  etc.,  with  brake*,  a  thicket,  the  style  of  architecture  now  called  Renaissance,  from  the 

-,         t     A       1         T     i_        i         n  t         -i       ~\          mi  nrApmniimf  rwlrtsin   nolH    \\v   Tt»'*irvi'jiif*>  iti  it«  mriimt.mri 

etc. ;  cf.  brake*,  brakebush,  fern-brake.]  The 
name  given  to  Pteris  aquilina  and  other  large 
ferns.  See  Pteris. 


, 

our  tiring-house.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  1. 

He  staid  not  for  brake,  and  he  stopped  not  for  stone, 
He  swam  the  Esk  river  where  ford  there  was  none. 


preeminent  position  held  by  Bramante  in  its  formation. 

The  artist  who   introduced    Renaissance  architecture, 
then  called  Bramantesque,  into  Lombardy. 

C.  C.  Perkim,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  182,  note. 
Others  [leaves]  are  parted  small  like  our  ferns  or  braki-*. 

E.  Terry,  Voyage,  p.  105.  bramantip  (bra-man 'tip),  n.   Same  as  bamaUp. 

Buckhorn-brake,  a  name  sometimes^  applied  to  the  Brarnatherium  (bra-ma-the'ri-um),  ».     [NL., 

prop.  "Brail m atherium,  <  Brahma*  +  Gr.  ffqpiov, 


flowering  fern,  Osmunda  regalia. —  Cliff-brake,  a  com- 


Tto/o'nZ^ '«»  BCnU8  Pel&a-~  Roci-brake,  the  plant  £flf '  beast'J'T "genus  of  'gi'g'antic '  artiodactyi 

brake-bar  "(brak'bar),  «,  A  bar  connecting  the  mammals  of  uncertain  position,  related  to  Si- 

brake-shoes  of  opposite  wheels  of  a  carriage  of  Mthenum.    Like  the  latter,  it  had  four  i*,™*.  iu,,i  ,i, 

,  .    j  mams  occur  with  those  of  fsieatherium  ITI  !]»•  middle  and 

anv  Kina.  late  Tertiary  deposits  of  the  Sivalik  hills  in  India.     Ful- 

brake-beam    (brak'bem),    n.      A   wooden    bar  wner  and  Cantleroy,  1846. 

supporting  the  brake-blocks  of  a  car-truck.  bramble  (bram'bl),  n.    [<  ME.  brembrl,  bronbil, 

brake-block   (brak'blok),   n.      A  wooden   or  bremtnil,  <  AS.  brmnbel,  brembel,  prop,  bremcl 

metal  block  holding  the  shoe  or  piece  which  (also  brember,  ME.  brembcr:  see  brambleberry), 

bears  against  the  tread  or  tire  of  a  wheel  when  =  ODan.  bremle,  brymlc  =  LG.  brummel  (-beren, 

the  brake  is  applied.  pi.),  bramble;  dim.  of  the  form  seen  in  ME. 


bramble 

liriimr,  bramble,  =  Ml),  In-ininr,  In  mi  .  I),  liriiiini 
=  MLG.  linini.  liriiiiii-,  ln-i  ntr,  liriiwii/i  .  1,1  1.  IH-HUHI. 
bramble,  broom-plant,  =  OHG.  bniina,  hnium, 
MH(i.  l/i'ii  mi  ,  lir.'imlilc.  1  1.  ilial.  (Swiss)  lirnnn  n. 
bramble,  (J.  bram,  lirnnii  ,  broom-plant  (also  an 
awl,  punch,  from  the  souse  of  'thorn').  Akin 
to  fcroo/M1,  (|.  v.]  A  numc  common  to  plants 
of  tho  genus  Huliitx,  especially  mnl  usually  in 
England  tin1  common  blackberry,  /I.  J'rii/icn.iii.--  : 
occasionally  (from  these  plants  bring  armed 
with  prickles),  any  rough  prickly  shrub,  as  (he 

ddgrose,   llnxil  riniiliil. 


The  briuiiiili'  Hour  that.  In-reth  the  red  hepe. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  35. 

bramble  (bram'bl),  r.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  brnm- 
hli-il,  ppr.  brambling,  [<  bramble,  ».]  To  pick 
brambles  or  blacki>emes. 


All  persons  found   in-finif'/iii'i,  nutting.  and  otherwise 
toHDMriag  in  ...  Woods,  will  be  prosecuted. 

ifnotcil  In  jr.  and  Q.,  7th  scr.,  II.  327. 

brambleberry  (bram'bl-ber'i),  »i.;  pi.  bram- 
bleberries  (-iz).  [ME.  not  found,  <  AS.  )»•••- 
mel-berie  (cf.  brember,  ME.  brember,  equiv.  to 
brembel.  bremcl,  bramble)  (=  MLG.  brdmber  = 
OHG.  bramberi,  MHG.  brdmbcre,  brdmber,  G. 
brombeere  =  8w.  brombar  =  Dan.  brombasr,  a 
blackberry,  =  MD.  braembfsir,  D.  braamhr:ir,  > 
P.  framboise,  Pr.  framboisn,  Hp.  frambueso,  It. 
dial,  flnnbocsa,  ML.  J'r<ii>ib<inra,  raspberry),  < 
bremcl,  bramble,  +  berie,  berry.]  1.  The  berry 
of  a  bramble;  especially,  a  blackberry.  —  2. 
The  plant  itself.  See  bramble.  [Eng.] 

bramble-bond  (bram'  bl-bond),  n.  A  band 
made  of  the  long  shoots  of  the  bramble,  for- 
merly used  in  thatching  roofs. 

bramble-bush  (bram'bl-bush),  n.  [<  bramble  + 
bush;  cf.  D.  braambosch  =  MLG.  brambusch  = 
ODan.  bremlebitsk.']  The  bramble,  or  a  thicket 
of  brambles. 

brambled  (bram  'bid),  o.  [<  bramble,  n.,  + 
-ed2.]  Overgrown  with  brambles. 

Forlorn  she  sits  upon  the  brambled  floor. 

T.  Warton,  Ode,  ill. 

bramble-finch   (bram'bl-finch),   n.      Same  as 

bramblini/. 
bramble-net   (bram'bl-net),  ».     A  hallier,  or 

net  for  catching  birds. 
bramble-rose  (bram'bl-roz),  n.     The  dogrose, 

Kosa  canina. 

firamblc-roec*,  faint  and  pale.  Tmnyton,  A  Dirge. 

bramble-worm  (bram'bl-werm),  n.    Same  as 

brandling,  2. 
brambling  (bram'bling),  n.  [<  bramble  +  -»'n<73.] 

A  common  European  conirostral  oscine  pas- 

serine bird,  of  the  family  Fringillidw,  Fringilla 


• 

r 


Rramhling  or  Mnuntain-finch  (Frittfitla 


montifrinnilln,  or  inonntain-ftnch,  closely  re- 
lated to  and  resembling  the  chaffinch,  /'.  <•«•- 
II-/IK,  but  larger.  Also  called  bramble-finch. 

brambly  (bram'bli),  a.  [<  bramble  +  -yl.] 
Full  of  brambles:  as,  "bramhly  wildernesses," 
Ti-HHi/mtn,  The  Brook. 

braniet  (briim),  n.  [<  OF.  brame,  bram,  a  cry 
of  pain  or  longing  (=  Bret,  bram,  a  noise,  = 
Sp.  It.  liraiiin,  desire),  <  brnmcr  =  Pr.  bramar  = 
Sp.  bntmar,  cry  out,  =  It.  hmm/ire,  desire,  long 
for,  <  OHG.  breman  =  AS.  bn-mman  =  MD. 
bi-t-Himen,  roar:  see  ftrtm1.]  Intense  passion  or 
emotion. 

Through  Ions;  languor  and  hart-burning  brain'. 
She  shortly  like  a  pyned  ghost  became. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ii.  62. 


869 

bramid  (bnnn'id),  H.    A  fish  of  (he  family  I'.rn- 

niiilii  . 

Bramidae  (bram'i-dc),  n.  />/.  [XL.,  <  Jlnimii  + 
-ill"'.]  A  family  of  acanthoptcrygian  li.-ln-s. 
represented  by  the  genus  liriinin.  It  Ul 

tile   Ullpcrfainih    'firiiinhruiilril,  anil   in  chani'-tcri/c.l    Ii)    an 

nli]i,i|._' ,  ntii]irrs.-,-il  b,,.[\.  i-"iiii'l«  .1  heail.  Mug  dorsal  and 
anal  tins  with  few  anterior  spines,  anil  (wi-feet   II. 
ventral  tins.     The  few  specie*  are  Inhabitant!  of  latin  r 
deep  seas.    Hee  cut  under  /•<•/*// r.  t. 

Bramin,  etc.    See  Brahman,  etc. 
bramoid  (bram'oid),  a.  and  «.      [<  JSrama  + 
-»"'.]    I.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 

lll'llllllilir. 

II.  ».  A  fish  of  tho  family  Bramidu: 
bran1  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  bran,  also  brrn,  brin, 
partly  <  OF.  bren,  bran,  also  refuse,  dung,  F. 
bran,  bran,  =  Pr.  bren  =  OSp.  bren  =  It.  dial. 
brennn  (ML.  In iniiniii.  brannitni),  bran,  <  \V. 
bran,  bran,  husk,  =  Ir.  bran,  chaff,  =  Bret. 
brenn, bran;  and  partly  (like  OF.,  etc.)  directly 
from  the  Celtic.]  The  outer  coat  of  wheat,  rye, 
or  other  farinaceous  grain ;  the  husky  portion 
of  ground  wheat,  separated  from  the  flour  by 
bolting. 

bran1  (bran),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  branned,  ppr. 
branning.  [<  bran1,  n.l  To  steep  in  a  bath,  of 
bran  and  water,  as  cloth  before  or  after  dyeing, 
or  skins  for  tanning. 

Brannfd  goods  are  not  afterwards  soaped,  but  simply 
washed  In  the  washing  machine  for  half  an  hour  with 
cold  or  tepid  water. 

Cronkei,  Dyeing  and  Calico- Printing,  p.  3O9. 

bran2  (bran),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  origin  unknown.] 
A  name  of  the  common  crow.  Corvun  corone. 
Macmllirray.  [Local,  British.] 

bran-*  (bran),  r.  A  dialectal  form  of  bren, 
burn1. 

bran-bread  (bran'bred'),  n.  [<  ME.  ftronfcrerf.] 
Bread  made  of  bran,  or  of  unbolted  flour. 

branct,  n.  [OF.  branc;  cf.  F.  branche,  branch: 
see  branch.]  A  linen  vestment  similar  to  a 
rochet,  formerly  worn  by  women  over  their 
other  clothing. 

brancard  (brang'kard),  n.  [F.,  a  litter,  shaft, 
thill,  <  Pr.  branc,  F.  branche,  branch,  arm.]  A 
horse-litter.  Lady  M.  W.  Montagu. 

branch  (branch).  H.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
braunch ;  <  ME.  branche,  braunche,  bronche,<.  OF. 
branche,brance,  F.  branche,  branch,  =  Pr.  branca, 
also  branc,  =  OSp.  and  OPg.  branca  =  It.  branca, 
branch,  claw,  =  Wall,  branca,  hand,  fore  foot  (> 
G.  branke,  dial,  pranke,  claw,  pranke,  brante, 
prante,  a  paw,  esp.  of  a  bear),  <  ML.  branca, 
claw ;  perhaps  of  Celtic  origin :  cf .  Bret,  branc, 
an  arm,  =  W.  braich,  an  arm,  a  branch,  =  L. 
brdchium,  bracchium,  arm,  branch,  claw:  see 
brace1,  ».]  I.  n.  1.  A  division  or  subdivision  of 
the  stem  or  axis  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  other  plant 
(the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifications  being 
called  branchlets,  twigs,  or  shoots) ;  a  bough. 
A  great  elm  tree  -pi-fad  Its  broad  branchtt  over  it. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  427. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  branch  in  its  re- 
lation to  the  trunk ;  an  offshoot  or  part  extend- 
ing from  the  main  body  of  a  thing;  a  ramifica- 
tion; a  subdivision ;  an  outgrowth. 

Withouteu  braunch  of  vyce  in  ony  wyse, 
In  trouthe  alwey  to  don  yow  my  servyse. 

Chaucfr,  Troilus,  III.  133. 

Hpeciflcally — (a)  Any  member  or  part  of  a  body  or  system; 

a  department :  a  section  or  subdivision :  as,  a  branch  of  a 

society ;  the  various  branche*  of  learning. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  ...  the  study  of  Ju- 
risprudence and  of  some  branches  of  politics  has  made 
great  progress. 

>Vi'  (1.  C.  Ijewif,  Authority  in  Matters  of  Opinion,  iii. 

It  is  a  very  prevalent  notion  among  the  Christians  of 
Europe,  that  the  Moos'lims  are  enemies  to  almost  every 
branch  of  knowledge. 

A'.  W.  Law,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  277. 

(/')  A  line  of  family  descent,  in  distinction  from  some 
other  line  or  lines  from  the  same  stock :  as,  the  English 
or  the  Irish  branch  of  a  family,  (c)  Any  descendant  In 
such  a  line.  [Rare.] 

His  father,  a  younger  branch  of  the  ancient  stock  planted 
In  Somersetshire.  R.  Corf  if,  Survey  of  Cornwall. 

,'/)  Inborn.,  any  portion  of  a  real  curve  capable  of  descrip- 
tion by  the  continuous  motion  of  a  point.  Every  hrain- h 
either  extends  to  infinity  or  returns  into  itself  (rrrntrant 
branch) ;  but  some  old  geometers  considered  a  branch  to 
be  ended  by  a  cusp,  (e)  A  piece  of  pipe  including  a  length 
of  the  main  pipf  ami  a  shorter  piece  branching  from  it. 
When  the  latter  is  at  riant  angles  to  the  former,  the 
branch  is  a  T-branch ;  if  at  an  acute  angle,  it  is  a  Y-branch. 
If  there  are  two  branching  pieces,  It  is  called  a  dmtblf 
Crunch.  (/>  Tile  metal  piece  on  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a 
tire-enu'ine  In  \\hirh  the  nozle  is  screwed.  (//)  One  of  the 
sides  of  a  hor-r-h-M  (M  In  furl.,  tin-  \iin^  "i-  I^IIL:  sill- 
of  a  horn-  or  crown-work  ;  also,  one  of  the  jmrts  of  a  zig- 
/au-  approach.  (0  In  a  sword-hilt,  cither  of  two  pieces 
which  project  at  right  anirles  to  the  barrel  and  to  the 
blade  of  the  sword,  forming  guards  for  the  hand.  See 


branchiae 

/""     ( /)  I;i  MtoM  ,  tti--  M;I-J>  I  hi  in  <ir  i.ni.-i-  jM.rtlon  of  a 

-.  hh-nlatf  antenna,     (it)   1  -mall  v.  in. 

or  string  of  ore,  conne c  te.l   tilth   01  Man.  h 

from  the  main  ]o.le.    See  1'ilf.    (I)  In  a  luiilh  .  i-itlu  ruf  two 
lient  pieces  of  iron  tihich   IN  ar  tin-  bit.  the  ,10—  . 
and  the  cnrli. 

3.  In  the  southern  and  some  of  the  western 
I'll! ted  States,  the  general  name  for  any  stream 
that  is  not  a  large  river  or  a  bayou. 

Most  of  the  branch™  or  streams  were  dried  up.    Ining. 

4.  The  diploma  or  commission    is-ued   liy  tlie 
proper  authority  to  a  pilot  who  has  passed  an  ex- 
amination for  competency. — 5f.  A  chandelier. 
Ash. — 6.  A  branched  candlestick  or  candle. 

Tills  I  funeral]  procession  was  headed  by  an  acolyte  with 
a  cross  between  two  clerks,  each  of  whom  carried  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  light  called  "  a  white  branch,"  because  com- 
posed of  three  tapers  who.. tin..-  up  out  of  one  root  as  It 
were,  !>eing  twisted  together  at  tne  lower  end  —  an  ein- 
bh-iii  of  the  Trinity,  lliu-k.  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  4S7. 

Bastard  branch.  See  battard.—  Branches  of  ogives, 
in  'ti-'-ti.,  the  rilts  of  groined  vaults  travel-King  fr«m  one 
angle  to  another,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
arches  which  make  the  sides  of  the  square  of  which  the 
liranches  are  the  diagonals.  See  arc  o<ri'rv.  under  are!. — 
Branch  herring.  Complete  branch,  in 

geom.,  a  branch  of  H  curve  considered  as  not  interrupted 
by  passing  through  infinity.  See  2  (cf),  aliove.— Falling 
branch,  in  (run.,  that  portion  of  the  trajectory  In  which 
the  projectile  approaches  the  earth. 

II.  a.  Consisting  of  or  constituting  a  branch  ; 
ramifying;  diverging  from  a  trunk,  main  stem, 
or  main  body :  as,  a  branch  road  or  railroad ;  a 
branch  society. 

branch  (branch),  r.  [<  ME.  braunchen,  <  OF. 
branchir  =  Pr.  brancar,  branch,  =  It.  brancare, 
grip;  from  the  noun.]  I.  intrant.  1.  To  spread 
in  branches;  send  out  branches,  as  a  plant. — 
2.  To  divide  into  separate  parts  or  subdivisions ; 
diverge:  ramify — To  branch  off,  to  form  separate 
parts  or  (tranches ;  diverge  from  any  main  stem,  line,  or 
course.— To  branch  out,  to  ramify;  engage  in  lateral 
operations,  as  in  business ;  digress,  as  In  discourse. 
To  branch  out  into  a  long  extempore  dissertation. 

Spectator,  So.  247. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  divide,  as  into  branches; 
make  subordinate  divisions  in. 

The  spirits  of  things  animate  .  .  .  are  branched  into 
canals  as  blood  is.  /.'">•>/<.  Nat.  Hist. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needlework;  decorate  with 
embroidery;  adorn  with  flowers  or  other  orna- 
ment, as  in  textile  fabrics. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed, 
Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought. 

ftpenner. 

Calling  my  officers  about  me,  In  my  branched  velvet 
gown.  Shot.,  T.  N.,  U.  5. 

A  dress 
All  i,i-iiwli',l  and  Hower'd  with  gold. 

Tenuymn,  Ucraint. 

To  branch  (a  thing)  oat,  to  make  It  spread  out  in  divi- 
sions like  branches.  [Rare.] 

Ah,  my  Olaclnto  .  .  . 

Branches  me  out  his  verb-tree  on  the  slate. 

Brmcning,  King  and  Book,  II.  64. 

branch-chuck  (branch'chuk).  n.  In  mech.,  a 
chuck  formed  of  four  branches  turned  up  at 
the  ends,  each  furnished  with  a  screw. 

Branchelliidae  (brang-ke-li'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Branchfllion  +  -irf<r.]  A  family  of  leeches, 
typified  by  the  genus  Branchellion.  They  are  dis- 
tuignished  oy  the  development  of  a  pair  of  lateral  bran- 
chiform  lobes  on  each  segment  of  the  liody.  The  oral 
sucker  is  entire  and  strjctured  at  its  origin.  A  common 
European  species  is  Branchellion  ttrrjicdinvi. 

Branchellion  (lirang-kel'i-on),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
i^pa-jX'a,  gills.]  A  genus  of  Hirudinra,  or  leech- 
es, typical  of  the  family  Branrhelliida;  having 
the  sides  of  the  body  lobate  or  extended  into 
lobe-like  appendages. 

brancher  (bran'cher),  n.  [<  ME.  branrher, 
bmuncher,  a  young  hawk;  <  branch  +  -«•!.]  1. 
That  which  snoots  forth  branches. — 2.  A  young 
hawk  or  other  bird  when  it  begins  to  leave  the 
nest  and  take  to  the  branches  of  trees. 
Thai-coy  braunchen  in  brede  hettyr  was  never. 

Morte  Arthurr  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  190. 

I  say  that  the  eyas  should  have  her  meat  unwashed, 

until  she  liecomes  a  branchi-r.  Scott,  Abbot.  I.  44. 

branchery  (bran'cher-i),  H.     [T branch  +  -cry.] 

A  sv-tern  of  branches, 
branchia    (brang'ki-a),    n.1      [LL.,  NL. :    see 

In-iiiii'liiii .~\     One   of  the   constituents  of  the 

branchial  apparatus;   a  gill.      See   bronchia-. 

[Rare.] 
branchia  (brang'ki-ft),  ».2  pi.     [NL. :  see  brnn- 

i-liin:]     Same  as  brnncliin:     [Rare.] 
branchiae  (brang'ki-e),  H.  pi     [L.,  pi.  (cf.  LL. 

(NL.)  branrhia,  fern,  sing.,  XL.  briinchiii,  neut. 

pi.,  the  proper  form),  <  Gr.  Bptffpa,  pi.,  gills. 

fip&yx10*,  sing.,  a  fin ;  cf.   ppAyxof,  hoarseness. 
\iov  =  pp6yxun',  windpipe:  see  brnncliin.] 

1 .  <  irgans  subservient  to  respiration  through 


branchiae 

the  medium  of  water.  They  arc  highly  vascular, 
with  thin  walls,  permitting  the  aeration  of  the  blood  by 
tlie  oxygen  in  the  water  which  comes  in  immediate  con- 
tact with  them.  They  are  developed  from  different  parts 
of  the  body  in  different  classes  of  animals.  See  gilll,  and 
cuts  under  Polyplacophora  and  Tetrabranchiata. 

2.  In  Arthropoda,  as  crustaceans,  specifically, 
the  externally  projecting  processes  of  the  body 
or  its  limbs,  which  are  supplied  with  venous 
blood  (which  is  thus  brought  into  contact  with 
the  air  dissolved  in  water),  and  constitute  a 
special  respiratory  organ.     See  cut  under  Po- 
dophthttlmia.    Other  kinds  of    respiratory  organs  in 
arthropods  are  tracheo-branchite,  trachea,  and  pulmonary 
xacs.    See  these  words. 

3.  In  Vermes,  any  appendages  of  the  head  or 
body  so  modified  as  to  act  as  a  respiratory  or- 
gan ;  the  various  processes  which  protrude  or 
radiate  from  the  head  or  other  region  of  the 
body,  and  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  a 
respiratory  function.     See  cut  under  Protnla. 

In  ...  [Amphinomldce,  Ettnieida,  and  Terebelliilce]  the 
branchiae  are  ciliated  branched  plumes  or  tufts  attached 
to  the  dorsal  surface  of  more  or  fewer  of  the  somites.  In 
[Serpulidce]  .  .  .  they  are  exclusively  attached  to  the  an- 
terior segment  of  the  body,  and  present  the  form  of  two 
large  plumes,  each  consisting  of  a  principal  stem,  with 
many  lateral  branches.  Hnxky,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  210. 

4.  In  entom.,  gill-like  appendages  on  the  bodies 
of  certain  insect-larvee  and  -pupae  which  live  in 
the  water,   as  many   dragon-flies  and  gnats. 
They  are  expansions  of  the  integument,  and  it  is  supposed 
that  they  "absorb  air  from  the  water,  and  convey  it  by 
the  minute  ramifications  of  the  tracheal  vessels,  with 
which  they  are  abundantly  supplied,  into  the  main  tra- 
cheae, to  be  distributed  over  the  whole  body."    Sen-port. 

branchial  (brang'ki-al),  rt.  [<  NL.  bratichialis, 
<  L.  bronchia,  gills :  see  branchim.]  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  brauchise  or  gills ;  or,  in  ani- 
mals which  have  no  gills  properly  so  called, 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  parts  considered  homol- 
ogous with  gills,  as,  in  a  bird  or  mammal,  parts 
of  the  third  postoral  visceral  arch,  or  of  any 
visceral  arch  behind  the  hypidean. —  2.  Per- 
formed by  means  of  branchiae:  as,  branchial 
respiration;  a  branchial  function. _ Branchial 
aperture,  the  aperture  or  outlet  for  water  which  has  sup- 
plied the  branchiie,  lying  behind  them.  In  fishes  there 
are  2,  one  on  each  side ;  rarely  the  two  are  confluent  in 
a  single  inferior  aperture.  In  selachians  they  are  gen- 
erally in  5  pairs,  rarely  iu  0  or  7.  In  myzonts  they  are 
usually  in  7  pairs,  rarely  8  or  more  than  7,  and  sometimes 
continent  in  an  inferior  pair  of  "  pores."  In  invertebrates 
they  vary. —  Branchial  arch,  in  lishes,  one  of  the  arches 
of  the  branchial  apparatus  which  support  the  branchial 
filaments  on  each  side.  —  Branchial  bar,  the  hardened 
portion  of  the  branchial  apparatus  which  supports  the 
sills :  same  as  branchial  arch.— Branchial  basket.  See 
basket,  10.— Branchial  cavity,  or  branchial  chamber. 
(«)  The  cavity  on  each  side  of  which  are  the  branchire :  it  is 
behind  and  generally  confluent  with  the  oral  cavity.  (6) 
In  Crustacea,  a  cavity  or  space  inclosed  by  the  branchios- 
tegite  or  gill-cover  (formed  by  a  free  pleura!  part  uf  tilt- 
carapace),  and  bounded  internally  by  the  epimera  of  the 
branchiferous  somites. — Branchial  Cleft,  one  of  the  lat 
eral  foramina  behind  the  head  which  are  apparent  in  the 
embryos  of  vertebrates,  soon  disappearing  in  the  higher 
types,  but  longer  persistent  (sometimes  through  life)  in 
the  lower,  as  in  the  amphibians :  homologous  with  the 
branchial  aperture*. — Branchial  coil,  a  spirally  curved 
tube  formed  by  a  diverticuHun  of  the  superior  pharyngeal 
mucous  membrane  in  certain  fishes,  such  as  the  clupeids 
(for  example,  menhaden)  and  related  forms.—  Branchial 
duct,  in  myzonts,  a  short  canal  (interior)  between  a  bran- 
chial pouch  and  the  intestinal  cavity,  or  one  (exterior)  be- 
tween a  pouch  and  the  exterior  of  the  body. —  Branchial 
fold,  the  series  of  branchial  filaments  around  the  convex 
margin  of  a  branchial  arch.  —  Branchial  framework. 
Same  as  branchial  skdetun.  —  Branchial  ganglion,  a 
ganglion  which  supplies  the  branchire,  as  in  certain  mol- 
lusks.—Branchial  gut,  a  rudimentary  branchial  cham- 
ber.—  Branchial  heart,  a  specialized  widened  vascular 
canal  which  supplies  the  branchiie.  —  Branchial  lamella, 
a  row  of  branchial  filaments  approximated  to  one  another 
and  forming  a  lamella-like  structure.  In  fishes  there  are 
generally  two  lamella;  to  most  of  the  arches,  surmounting 
their  convex  edges.  Also  called  branchial  plate. — Bran- 
chial pharynx,  a  pharynx  with  a  branchial  apparatus,  as 
in  the  tunicates. — Branchial  plate.  Same  as  branchial 
lamella.— Branchial  pore,  a  pore-like  branchial  aper- 
ture common  to  all  the  branchial  ducts  of  one  side,  such 
as  occurs  in  myxiuids  or  hags. — Branchial  pouch,  in  my- 
zonts and  selachians,  a  pouch-like  structure  of  the  bran- 
chial apparatus  in  which  and  from  which  the  branchiiv 
are  developed.— Branchial  ray,  in  selachians,  one  of  the 
cartilaginous  rods  radiating  from  a  branchial  arch  back- 
ward, and  affording  support  to  the  branchial  pouches.— 
Branchial  respiration,  respiration  by  means  of  bran- 
chise  or  gills.— Branchial  sac,  the  respiratory  chamber 
containing  the  branchiie  in  the  tunicates.  It  is  the  large 
pharyngeal  dilatation  into  which  the  oral  aperture  leads, 
and  which  presents  the  stigmata  through  which  the  cav- 
ity of  the  sac  communicates  with  the  atrium.  See  cut 
under  Tunicata.— Branchial  septum,  in  certain  tu- 
nicates (for  example,  Salpidai),  a  gill  detached  from  the 
wall  of  the  branchial  chamber  and  forming  a  rafter  stretch- 
ing from  its  dorsal  wall  to  the  ventral  wall.— Branchial 
sinus,  a  vascular  sinus  into  which  blood  passes  from  the 
visceral  sac  on  its  way  to  the  branchiae—  Branchial 
skeleton,  the  harder  framework  which  is  subservient  to 
the  branchiae  in  branchiferous  animals.  Also  called  bran- 
chial /,-«u«-«wi.—  Branchial  slit,  the  space  between 
neighboring  branchite  or  branchial  arches. —  Branchial 
tentacle,  in  certain  worms  (for  example,  terebellids),  one 
"f  the  tentacle-like  organs  of  the  head,  performing  in  part 


660 

a  respiratory  function.  Branchial  tuft,  in  tnbicolous 
chretopodous  worms,  an  aggregation  of  contractile  ten- 
tacular filaments  iu  the  cephalic  region,  assuming  in  part 
the  office  of  branchiae. 

Branchiata  (brang-ki-a'ts),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  branchiatus,  having  'gills:  see  bronchia  tf.~] 
In  zo67.,  a  name  used  with  various  significations. 
(a)  In  some  systems  of  classification,  one  of  the  prime 
divisions  of  the  Arthropoda,  by  which  all  crustaceans, 
in  a  broad  sense,  are  collectively  distinguished  from 
the  Tracheata,  or  insects  in  the  widest  sense  (arachnids, 
myriapods,  and  insects  proper) :  so  called  from  having  a 
branchial  instead  of  a  tracheate  respiratory  apparatus. 


divided  into  Crustacea  proper  (including  the  two  main 
groups  of  Entotnostraca  and  Malacostraca)  and  Poecilo- 
poda,  represented  by  Limulm,  etc.  (6)  A  division  of  ver- 
tebrates containing  those  which  for  some  time  or  perma- 
nently breathe  by  gills;  the  amphibians  and  fishes,  as 
distinguished  from  reptiles,  birds,  and  mammals :  synony- 
mous with  Ichthyopsida  (which  see),  (c)  In  mollusks,  same 
as  Branchiayaiiteropoda.  (d)  A  division  of  annelids  con- 
taining those  which  breathe  by  gills,  or  the  tubicolous  and 
errant  worms,  corresponding  to  the  groups  Cephalobran- 
cliia  and  Notnbranchiata.  00  A  group  of  echinoids  with 
gills  on  the  buccal  membrane  and  with  ambnlacral  plates 
only  on  the  latter,  including  all  the  echinoid  families  ex- 
cept Cidarida1.  Ludirig. 

branchiate,  branchiated  (brang'ki-at,  -a-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  branehiatus,  having  gills,  <  L.  bran- 
chice,  gills:  see  bronchia;.]  Having  permanent- 
gills  :  contrasted  with pnlmonate  or pulmonated  : 
as,  "  branchiated  Vertebrata,"  Huxley,  Anat. 
Vert.,  p.  70. 

Branchifera  (brang-kif 'e-ra), n. pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  bronchifer :  see  branchiferous.]  In  zool. : 
(a)  Same  as  Branchiogasteropoda ;  a  division  of 
Gasteropoda  including  those  which  breathe  by 
gills:  opposed  to  Pulmonifera.  (6)  In  De  Blain- 
ville's  system  of  classification,  a  division  of 
univalves,  of  the  order  Cervicobranchiata,  equiv- 
alent to  the  family  Ftssurellidat ;  the  keyhole 
limpets. 

branchiferous  (brang-kif'e-rus),  a.  [<  NL. 
branchifer,  having  gills,  <  L.  bronchia:,  gills, 
+  ferre  =  E.  beari.]  1.  Bearing  gills;  having 
brauchire. 

In  the  Amniota,  also,  the  arrangement  which  has  been 
transmitted  from  their  branchifemtt  ancestors  is  retained 
during  certain  stages  of  embryonic  life,  in  the  form  of 
clefts  in  the  wall  of  the  pharynx. 

Qtgenbaur,  C'omp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  545. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Branchifera. 

branchiform  (brang'ki-fonn).  a.  [<  L.  bron- 
chia', gills,  +  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form, 
character,  or  appearance  of  gills. 

branchihyal  (braug-ki-hi'al),  «.  and  M.  [<  L. 
branchial,  gills,  +  NL.  hy(oideus),  hyoid,  +  -al.] 
I.  a.  Pertaining  to  the  gills  and  tongue,  or  to 
the  branchial  and  hyoidean  arches. 

II.  n.  One  of  the  elements  or  joints  of  a 
branchial  arch.  The  lowermost  or  hypobranchial  is 
called  the  basal  branchihyal,  and  the  uppermost  or  epi- 
branchial  is  distinguished  as  the  superior  branchihyal. 
K.  D.  Cupe. 

branchiness  (bran'chi-ues),  H.  The  character 
of  being  branchy;  the  state  of  being  full  of 
branches. 

branching  (bran'ching),  jj.  a.  [Ppr.  of  branch, 
».]  Furnished  with  branches;  shooting  out 
branches. 

Not  thrice  your  braitchinii  limes  have  blown 
Since  I  beheld  young  Laurence  dead. 

Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

branchiocardiac  (brang'ki-o-kar'di-ak),  a. 
[<  Gr.  ffpdyxia,  gills,  +  KapSia  =  E.  heart :  see 
cardiac.']  Pertaining  to,  lying  between,  or  sep- 
arating a  branchial  and  a  cardiac  region  or  di- 
vision :  applied  to  a  groove  on  each  side  of  the 
middle  line  of  the  thoracic  portion  of  the  cara- 
pace of  a  crustacean,  separating  the  cardiac  divi- 
sion of  the  carapace  from  the  branchial  division. 

Branchiogasteropoda  (brang"ki-6-gas-te-rop'- 
o-da),  11.  pi.  [NL.,  <  L.  bronchia:,  gills,  + 
NL.  Gtwteropoda .]  A  division  of  gastropo- 
dous  mollusks  which  breathe  the  air  contained 
in  water.  Kespiration  may  be  effected  in  three  ways  : 
first,  the  blood  may  be  simply  exposed  to  the  water 
in  the  thin  walls  of  the  mantle-cavity,  as  in  some  of  the 
Heteropoda ;  secondly,  the  respiratory  organs  may  be  in 
the  form  of  outward  processes  of  the  integument,  exposed 
in  tufts  on  the  back  and  sides  of  the  animal,  as  in  the 
Xudibranchiata,  such  as  the  sea-slugs,  etc. ;  and  thirdly, 
the  respiratory  organs  may  be  in  the  form  of  pectinated 
or  plume-like  branchiie,  contained  in  a  more  or  less  com- 
plete branchial  chamber  formed  by  an  inflection  of  the 
mantle,  as  in  the  whelks,  etc.  The  Bratichiw/asteropoda 
fall  into  two  distinct  scries,  the  one  being  hermaphrodite, 
with  the  gills  placed  toward  the  rear  of  the  body,  and  the 
other  having  the  sexual  organs  in  distinct  individuals. 
The  Branchiofftisteropoda  are  divided  into  three  orders  : 
(1)  Pronobrawhiata  (sexes  distinct,  gills  usually  inclosed), 
as  whelks,  etc. ;  (2)  0/risthobranchiata  (sexes  usually 
united  in  the  same  individual,  gills  often  exposed),  as 
sea-slugs,  etc. ;  (8)  Jleferopoda  (free-swimming  .uusti-"- 
pods),  as  member*  of  the  genus  Cariiuiria. 


branchiostege 

branchiogasteropodous  (brang "  ki  -  6  -  gas  -  te- 
rop'o-dus),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  lintii- 
chiogasteropoda. 

brarichiopallial  (brang"ki-6-pal'i-al),  a.  [<  L. 
branch'ut,  gills,  +  pallium,  mantle:  see  />n/- 
II  urn.]  In  Mollusca,  of  or  pertaining  to  both 
the  brauchise  and  the  pallium:  applied  to  a 
ganglion  of  the  nervous  system  in  relation  with 
the  gills  and  the  mantle. 

Branchiopneusta  (brang"ki-op-nus'ta),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ftpdyx'o,  gill8-  +  *KvevnTO£,  verbal 
adj.  of  weiv,  breathe.]  A  superfamily  group 
of  pulmonate  gastropodous  mollusks,  by  means 
of  which  such  aquatic  families  as  Auneulida- 
and  Linino}ida>  are  collectively  distinguished 
from  the  Helicultt,  or  land-snails  proper,  the 
latter  being  contrasted  as  Nephropneusta.  The 
two  groups  correspond  respectively  to  the  Basommato- 
phora  and  Stiilotitmatophora  of  some  authors. 

Branchiopnoa  (brang-ki-op'no-a),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  /3pa;',t«z,  gills,  +  -xvodc.,  'breathing  (irvo'/, 
a  breathing),  <  mielv,  breathe.]     A  loose  syn- 
onym of  Crustacea,  crustaceans  being  so  called 
because  they  breathe  by  branchiae. 

branchiopnoan  (brang-ki-op'no-an),  «.  and  11. 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brdnchiopnou . 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Branchiopnoa. 
branchiopod  (brang'ki-o-pod),  ».  and  a.    I.  n. 
An  animal  belonging  to  tie  order  Branchiopoda. 
Also  branchiopode. 
II.  a.  Gill-footed;  branchiopodous. 
Also  branchiopodan. 
Branchiopoda  (brang-ki-op'o-da),  n.pl.    [NL., 

<  Gr.   Spayxta,  gills,   +   xoi'f  (KO&-)  =  E.  foot.'} 

1.  In  Latreille's  system  of   classification,  the 
first  order  of  his  Entmnostraca,  characterized 
as  having  a  mouth  composed  of  an  upper  lip, 
two  mandibles,  a  tongue,  and  one  or  two  pairs 
of  maxillae,  and  the  branchiae  more  or  less  an- 
terior:  so  called  because  their  branchiae  or 
gills  are  situated  on  the  feet.    The  order  thus  de- 
nned was  divided  into  two  sections :  (1)   Lophyropwla 
(Carcinoida,  Ostracoda,  and  Cladocera);  (2)  Phyllopoda 
(Ceratophtkahna  and  Aspidophora). 

2.  As  defined  by  Huxley,  a  group  of  entomostra- 
cous  Crustacea,  embracing  only  the  two  groups 
Phyllopoda  and  Cladocera.    it  is  represented  by 
such  genera  as  Aputf,  Xt'balia,  Branchipits,  Limneti*, 
Daphnia,  and  their  allies,  which  pass  into  one  another  so 
gradually  that  the  groups  Phyllopoda  and  Cladocera  can 
hardly  be  established.    The  genera  named  conform  to  the 
definition  of  Entomontraca  (which  see)  in  invariably  pos- 
sessing more  or  fewer  than  twenty  somites ;  and  the  tho- 
racic and  abdominal  appendages  are  nearly  always  more 
or  less  foliaceous,  resembling  in  many  respects  the  ante- 
rior maxilliped  of  one  of  the  higher  Cnmtacea.    See  cut« 
under  Amu,  Daphnia,  and  Luuuetin. 

branchiopodan  (brang-ki-op'o-dau),  n.  and  a. 
Same  usuranchiopod. 

branchiopode  (brang 'ki-o -pod),  n.  Same  as 
branchiopod. 

branchiopodous  (braug-ki-op'o-dus),  «.  [< 
branchiopod  +  -OH«.]  Gill-footed;  belonging  to 
the  order  Branchiopoda. 

Branchiopulmonata  (braug^ki-o-pul-mo-ua  '- 
ta),  it.  pi.  [NL..  neut.  pi.  of  branchiopulmo- 
li'atus:  see  branchiopulmonate.']  A  division  of 
the  class  Arachnida,  in  an  enlarged  sense, 
adopted  by  some  naturalists  to  include  the  ex- 
isting genus  Limulus,  or  horseshoe  crabs,  and 
the  extinct  Eurypterina  and  Trilobita. 

Following  Prof.  Ed.  Van  Benedeu,  I  include  Limulus,  the 
Eurypterina,  and  Trilobites  under  the  Arachnida  as  Bran- 
ckwpiilinonata.  Gf'ienbanr,  L'omp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  xix. 

branchiopulmonate  (brang"ki-6-purmo-uat), 
a.  and  «.  [<  NL.  braiichiopulmonatus,  <  L. 
bronchia;,  gills,  +  pulmo(H-),  lung.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Branchiopulmonata. 
II.  ;/.  A  member  of  the  Branchioi>iilmonata. 

Branchiopus  (brang-ki'o-pus),  H.  [NL.]  Same 
as  BrniH'liipus. 

branchiostegal  (brang  -  ki  -  us 'te- gal),  «.  [< 
branchiostege  +  -ah']  Relating  to  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  brauchiostege.- Branchiostegal  rays, 
branchiostegal  membrane.  See  extract,  and  cuts  un- 
der LepUottren  mid  Sonatina. 

Braiu"liM«tef/al  ray*  are  attached  partly  to  the  inner, 
and  partly  to  the  outer,  surface  of  the  hyoidean  arch. 
They  support  a  membrane,  the  braneMofM|fi0i  nfittbram', 
which  serves  as  a  sort  of  inner  gill-cover. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  136. 

branchlostegan  (brang-ki-os'te-gan),  ff.  and  n. 
[<  branchiosteye  +  -an.]  I.  a.  "1.  Same  as 
hraiH'litosteyouH. — 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Kri/ncliiostegi. 

II.   »'•    One  uf  the   lil'iliii-llinnli-i/i. 

branchiostege  (braug'ki-o-stej),  //.  [<  Gr. 
•f/jii;^™,  gills,  +  ort';//,  a  root',  a  covering,  <  ort- 
7«v=L.  tegerc,  cover:  .sec  teijuuicnt,  tile.]  In 
fishes,  the  'membrane  which  lies  beneatli  the 


branchiostege 

operculum  anil  covers  tin-  Rills;  the  brarichios- 
legal  membrane,  ll  is  supported  liy  the  bran- 
chiostegal  riiys.  [Unusual.] 

Branchiostegi  (bnuig  ki-os'te-ji),  »•  y'.    [NL., 

pi.  of  briiiirliioKtri/HH :  see  braneliiostege,}  In 
Artedi's  iclilhyological  system,  an  order  of 
bony  fishes  erroneously  supposed  to  have  no 
braiichioHtogalrays.  itiiu-iiulrii  hi-i;.  i,,n,  /;./;/«(.,., 

tt<t,-tt'-i"«.  r^./i./if.-n'*,  anil  l,»i>hittx,  that  is,  tin-  plei  IUL; 
natltoiis  and  |K-dieiilate  llshes.  \\  ith  other  hetiToueiieuiis 
I. iinl  The  liiaiLchial  apertures  are  innrli  aarmwed,  and 
thr  branelli'isleual  lays  ami  liraliediie  are  entilvK  iiiU'rual 

and   rnn.'ral.'.l. 

branchiostegite  (brang-ki-os'te-jit),  ».  [< 
liriiiii-liin.iti-iir  +  -Hi--.']  In  I'l-iiMlaeea,  a  free 
pleura!  part  of  the  carapace  in  relation  with 
llir  hranclme,  forming  a  cover  for  the  gills  and 
bounding  the  branchial  chamber  exteriorly. 

If  thr  in •'///••AMM/.  ./I/,  is  cut  away  along  the  groove,  it 
will  he  found  that  it  in  attached  to  the  sides  (it  thr  head. 
whieh  projects  a  little  beyond  the  anterior  part  of  tin1 
thorav.  Iliiflry,  Crayfish,  p.  SO. 

branchiostegOUS   (braug-ki-os'te-gus),   a.      [< 
liruiicliiostni, •  +  -««,v.]    1.  Having  covered  gills : 
as,   a  braiiehinnti-anus  fish. — 2.  Covering    the 
gills:  as,  the  hranchiostegous  membrane. 
Alsn  hniiiclnaxli-iiuii. 

Branchiostoma  (brang-ki-os'to-ma),  «.  [XL., 
<Gr.  [i/idyxia,  gills,  +  arti/ia,  mouth:  see  stomti.] 
1.  A  genus  of  leptocardians  in  which  the  mouth 
is  surrounded  by  fringes,  which  were  at  one 
time  erroneously  supposed  to  have  the  fnnc- 


Head  of  Lancelot  ^Rratichiostatna,  or  Amphioxus, 

enlarged. 

a,  notochord:  *,  representatives  of  fin-rays,  or  neural  spines;  (, 
jointed  oral  ring ;  rf,  filamentary  appendages  of  the  mouth  ;  tt  ciliated 
lobes  of  pharynx  ;  /,  e,  part  of  branchial  sac ;  A,  A,  spinal  cord. 

tious  of  brauchise:  synonymous  with  Amjilii- 

OXUS.     It  represent*  a  special  family,  Braitctiiimtomida', 
un  order  Pnartfny"ln-<tncrti!  or  Cirroxtomi,  a  class  Li-j-t"- 
•  •urilii,  ami  a  superclass  Acrania,  of  vertebrate  animals. 
See  these  words,  and  .  I  inphiaxus. 
2.  A  genus  of  myriapods.     Newport,  1846. 

branchiostomatous  ( Drang'ki-os-to'ma-tus), «. 
Same  as  liriiiifhiontoiiioug. 

branchiostome  (brang'ki-os-tom),  M.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Branchiostoma  ;  an  amphioxus 
or  lancelrt. 

branchiostoniid  (brang-ki-os'to-mid),  n.  Alep- 
tocardian  of  the  family  Branchwstoniidtr. 

Branchiostomidae  (brang'ki-os-tom'i-de),  n. 
lit.  [XL.,  <  BraneMottoma  +  -ida-.]  The  only 
known  family  of  leptocardian  vertebrates, 
represented  by  the  genus  Branchiontoma.  The 

li.nh  is  compressed  and  elonirute-fnsiforui,  being  pointed 
behind  as  well  as  in  front,  inui  is  naked  and  colorless,  with 
very  evident  transverse  muscular  lines  and  with  slightly 
developed  fln-folds  l>ehini|.  Ni>  paired  eyes  are  developed', 
an. I  the  mouth  is  simply  an  inferior  elongated  slit  sur- 
rounded by  eirri.  The  species  burrow  in  the  sand,  ami 
1»robably  live  in  all  warm  seas.  Srr  .|,,^.AM.T",<  ami  ln,n-. 
tt,  the  former  being  a  synonym  of  Branchiostoma  and  the 
latter  a  iiopular  name  of  the  species, 
branchiostomoid  (brang-ki-os'to-moid),  a.  and 
H.  I.  a.  Of  or  having  characteristics  of  the 

Itt'lttlftliostlHIlilltt'. 

II.  n.  A  braiichiostomid. 

branchiostomqus  (hrang-ki-os'to-mus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  ji/M'j'x'a,  gills,  +  OTO/«I,  mouth.]  Having 
cirri  (as  if  branehia?)  about  the  month ;  pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  firinirlii- 
Ottomidte.  Also  branehioHttnimtiHis. 

Branchiotoca  (brang-ki-ot'o-kji),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  V'<;  t'".  gills.  +  row*;,  birth.]  In  Owen's 
classification  of  vertebrates,  a  seriesorso-calleil 
"  genetic  section  "  containing  those  which  have 
gills  at  birth,  whence  the  name,  it  included  an 
Hie  amphibians,  fishes,  and  llsh-likc  vertebrates,  and  is 
tbii.s  equivalent  to  /cA//ii/"/'.«/'/"  (uhieh  see).  It  \\a>  un 
tra^tt'il  «itb  l'n''ii»i»t<"-ti  (birds  an<l  replilrM 

branchiotOCOUS  (brang-ki-ot'o-kns),  ii.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
lii'tiitctiiotocft, 

branchiotroch  (brang'ki-o-trok),  n.  [<  (!r. 
li/KJj.rm,  gills,  +  r/>o;fof,  a  wheel.]  The  post- 
oral  or  branchial  division  of  a  trochosphere,  as 
distinguisheil  from  the  preoral 


Ml 

branchiotrochal  (brang-ki-ot 'ro-kal),  ii.  [< 
iiriiiirliiniriM-li  +  -ni.']  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 

a  bvancliiotrooh  :  as,  brinii-liinlrni'liiil  cilia. — 2. 
Having  a  branchiotroch,  as  a  poly/nan. 

Branchipodidae  (brang-ki-pod'i-de),  «.  /./. 
[NL.,  <  l!rtiii<-liii>nx  (-/««/-)  +  -•</«•.]  A  family 
of  tin-  Branekiopoda  (Pkfttopoda).  The  eyes  are 

-talk. -.1  in    JI...IUMI  ulaii'il.   there  U  no  carapace,  und  the 

annual-,    -u  im    upon    their    bucks.      The   family    is  lepie 
sented  by  tile  genera  Bruin-lii/,,'*  and  A>t>itiiti. 

Branchipus  (brang'ki-pus),  H.  [KL.,al80,  and 
prop.,  nrtattUwtH  (cf.  Hi-mi i-liin/iiiilti)  ;<  Ur. 
\'ia,  gills,  -r  ~oi'f  (rod-)  =  E.  foot.]  The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  lirinirhiiiiiiHilii:  Tin- 
thoracic  seKinents  are  all  free;  the  head  resemble*  that 
of  an  edriophthalntoiu  crtutacean,  hut  carries  a  pair  of 
large  stalked  eyes ;  there  are  two  antennules  (peculiarly 
modified  in  the  male),  two  antenna;,  one  pairof  mantliM.  - 
and  two  iialrs  of  maxilla?,  diiroffphaliu  U  a  synonym. 

branchireme  (brang'ki-rem),  »».  [<  L.  braii- 
rhiu;  gills,  +  rrmus,  an  oar,  hand  or  foot  of  a 
swimmer.]  A  crustacean  having  branchial 
legs,  or  legs  with  branchin  attached  to  them ; 
a  branchiopod. 

Branchiura  (brang-ki-u'ril),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

\ia,  gills,   +  oiipA,  tail.]     A  suborder  of 

parasitic  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Siphomi- 

Ktoma  ;  the  carp-lice.    It  consists  of  the  sinitle  family 

I ,  mliilce,  haviiiK  larve  coni|M>uud  eyes,  a  IOIIK  pmtnulle 

spine  in  front  of  the  suctorial  tulie  of  the  mouth,  and  four 

pairs  of  elongated  hiramous  swimming-feet.    But  the  Ar- 

>iulid(f  are  by  most  authors  referred  to  the  RraiifhiitpiMtn. 

branchiurous  (brang-ki-u'rus),  a.    Pertaining 

to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Branchiura. 

branch-leaf  (branch'lef),  «.    A  leaf  growing 

(fii  a  branch. 

branchless  ( branch'les),  a.  [<  branch  +  -less.'] 
Destitute  of  branches  or  shoots;  barren;  bare; 
naked. 

If  I  lose  mine  honour, 
I  lose  myself :  better  I  were  not  youn, 
Than  yours  so  braiichlfw.        .S'AoJb.,  A.  and  i '..  iii.  4. 

branchlet  (branch'let),  n.  [<  branch  +  dim. 
•let."]  A  little  branch ;  a  twig ;  a  subdivision 
of  a  branch. 

Making  the  leaves  in  the  woods  flutter  on  their  branch- 
Mi.  C.  F.  Woolmn,  Anne,  p.  »4. 

branch-pilot  (branch'pi'lot),  ».  A  pilot  pos- 
sessing a  diploma  or  certificate  of  competency 
from  the  proper  authority.  See  branch,  I.,  4. 

branch-point  (branch/point),  n.  In  math.,  a 
point  upon  a  Biemann's  surface  such  that,  in 
going  around  it,  the  values  of  a  function  are 
interchanged. 

branchstand  (branch'stand),  i\  t.  In  falconry, 
to  make  (a  hawk)  take  the  branch,  or  leap  from 
tree  to  tree,  till  the  dog  springs  the  game. 

branchT    (bran'chi),   a.      [<  branch   +   -«i.] 

1.  Full  of  branches;    having  wide-spreading 
branches. 

The  fat  earth  feed  thy  branchy  root 

Tennyton,  Talking  oak. 

2.  Embowered     in     or     overshadowed     by 
branches:   as,  "the  woodman's  branchy  hut, 
J.  Baillie. 

brand  (brand),  H.  [<  ME.  brand,  brand,  <  AS. 
brand,  brond,  a  burning,  a  sword  (=  OFries. 
brand  =  OD.  brand,  a  burning,  a  sword.  1). 
brand,  a  burning,  fuel,  =  MLG.  brant  =  OHG. 
MHG.  brant,  G.  brand,  a  burning,  a  brand,  a 
sword,  =  Icel.  brandr,  a  firebrand,  a  sword,  = 
Sw.  brand  =  Dan.  brand,  a  firebrand,  fire)>  orig. 
a  burning,  <  *brinuan  (pret,  bran)  =  Goth.  6n'»i- 
nan,  etc.,  burn :  see  burn1.  Hence,  from  OHG., 
in  the  sense  of  'sword,'  OF.  brand,  brant,  bran 
=  Pr.  bran  =  It.  brando,  a  sword  (>  OF.  bnni- 
ilir,  etc.,  brandish:  see  brandish),  F.  brandiin, 
a  torch,  brand:  see  brundon^.  See  also  brunt'-, 
brruft,  liriiKli'd."]  1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood, 
or  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood  partly  burned. 
Is  not  this  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  tire  :  /.  rh.  iii.  .'. 

The  deep-mouthed  chimney,  dimly  lit  by  dying  bmmfc. 
U'Httier,  (iarrison  of  Cape  Ann. 

2.  A  sword.     [Now  only  poetical.] 

Then  drew  he  forth  the  brawl  Excalihur. 

'/'•  itn'inont  Morte  d'Arthur. 

3.  A  mark  made  by  burning  with  a  hot  iron, 
as  upon  a  cask,  to  indicate  the  manufacturer 
or  the  quality  of  the  contents,  etc..  or  upon  an 
animal  as  a  means  of  identification ;  a  trade- 
mark ;  hence,  a  mark  made  in  other  ways  than 
by  burning,  as  by  cutting  or  painting. —  4. 
(Duality  or  kind,  as  indicated  by  a  brand:  as, 
flour  of  a  good  brand. 

Any  quantity  of  t£iin]H>wdcr  so  finished  or  blended  as  to 
give  identical  results  at  proof  U  termed  a  brand,  and  re- 
.  i  i\es  a  distinctive  nnmlicr.  Brit.,  XI.  328. 

5.  A  mark  formerly  put  upon  criminals  with 
a  hot  iron,  generally  to  indicate  the  character 


brand-iron 

of  their  crime  and   for  identification  ; 
any  mark  of  infamy;  a  stigma. 

i.iM.    tin-  I, mi,.  MI- ha;  these  petty  braadi 
That  calumny  doth  n-e.  .s'AnJr.,  W.  T.,  II.  J. 

Tories    ami    Whig*   had    mud   ...    In    putting  a 

'. a  l.udiou.  M  i.t.  Kng.,  xiv. 

6.  A  disease  of  plants  which  usually  appearx 
as  blackish  pustules,  resembling  Imrin-d  >pot-. 
the  cause  of  the  disease  being  some  parasitic 
fungus.  The  term  is  usually  restricted  t..  the  1. 1,  ML, 

-p,,rii     slat'-    "f   tlliiLl    I..  l..h;lh..    I..    III.     /,../,,,,..         \l-. 

called  rii*r,  mini,  and  hum.  Bladder-brand.  Haine  a. 
hMH.1, 

brand  (brand),  r.  t.  [<  MK.  briiiiilfn,  briinilitu 
=  D.  branden ;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  burn  or 
impress  a  mark  upon  with,  or  as  if  with,  a  hot 
iron. 

Catholicism  has  i  '  into  the  national  heart 

of  Ireland  ami  Poland  by  the  sufferings  they  have  endured 
from  tile  enemies  of  their  race  anil  faith. 

//.   .V.  ll.r.;,l,nm.  Shi.lt  Studies,  p.  388. 

2.  To  mark  in  some  other  way,  as  with  a  pig- 
ment: as,  to  brand  sheep. —  3".  To  mark  with 
a  hot  iron  as  a  punishment  for  crime. 
The  thief  with  brantled  palms,  and  the  liar  with  cheeks 
abashed.  Striiihtirn>',  la  Time  of  Revolution. 

[Branding  was  formerly  a  punishment  for  various  of- 
fenses, hut  is  no  longer  practised  in  civilized  countries.  I 

4.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy  upon ; 
stigmatize  as  infamous:  as,  to  hi-nml  an  act 
with  infamy. 

Enormities  braiulfd  and  condemned  by  the  first  ami 
most  natural  verdict  of  common  humanity.  Smith. 

We  find  the  sober  and  the  industrious  branded  hy  the 
vain  and  the  Hie  with  this  odious  appellation  [miserl. 

Gotdnuitk,  The  Be«,  No.  X. 

branded  (bran'ded),  (i.  [A  form  of  brinded,  q. 
v.,  suiting  its  ultimate  source,  brand.'}  1.  Brin- 
dled; of  a  reddish-brown  color.  [Scotch.]  — 
2.  In  rod'/.,  marked  as  if  branded  or  colored. — 
Branded  drum,  a  scirenoid  fish,  Seiirna  ocxllata,  with 
brand-like  spota  at  the  root  of  the  tail.  See  rfrum,  and  cut 
under  r(ilfi*h. 

brandenburg(bran'den-berg),  H.  [Named  from 
Brandenburg  in  Germany.]  1.  A  kind  of  orna- 
mental buttons  with  loops,  worn  on  the  front  of 
a  man's  coat.  See  frog. —  2.  An  ornamental 
facing  on  a  military  coat,  having  somewhat 
the  character  of  the  preceding,  and  forming 
parallel  bars  of  embroidery:  peculiar  to  cer- 
tain uniforms,  such  as  those  worn  by  hussars 
and  the  like. 

Brandenburg  porcelain.    See  porcelain. 

brander1  (bran'der),  H.  [<  brand,  r.,  +  -erl.~] 
1.  One  who  brands. —  2.  [G.  brander,  <  D.  bran- 
der, a  fire-ship,  =  E.  brander1.}  A  name  ap- 
plied in  German  universities  to  a  student  dur- 
ing his  second  term.  Longfellow. 

brander2  (bran'der),  H.  [Shortened  from  ME. 
brandire,  brand-iron :  see  brand-iron.  Cf .  brand- 
rith.]  1.  A  gridiron.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  Same  as 
brandrith,  3.  [North.  Eng.] 

brander-  (bran'der),  r.  [<  brander2,  n.]  I. 
trans.  To  broil  on  a  brander  or  gridiron  ;  grill. 
[Scotch.] 

II.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  broiled  on  a 
gridiron.     [Scotch.] 

There's  no  muclcle  left  on  the  spule-hane ;  it  will  bratuler 
though  ;  it  will  brander  vera  weel. 

Hciitt,  Bride  of  Lammennoor,  I.  iTiii. 

brandering  (bran'der-ing),  «.  [<  brander^  a 
gridiron,  •£  -inyl.]  The  operation  of  covering 
the  under  side  of  joists  with  battens,  to  which 
laths  can  be  fastened  to  give  a  better  hold  to 
the  plastering. 

brand-goose  (brand'gfis),  H.  Hame  as  brent- 
goose. 

brandied  (bran'did),  a.  [<  brandy  +  -erf2.] 
Mingled  with  brandy:  made  stronger  by  the 
addition  of  brandy;  flavored  or  treated  with 
brandy. -Brandied  fruit,  fruit  preserved  with  the  ad 
dition  of  brandy  I"  the  syrup. 

brandify  (brmn'di-fl),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bran- 
dified,  ppr.  brandifying.  [<  brandy  +  -fy.]  To 
brandy ;  mix  brandy  with. 

You  drink  three  glasses  of  a  brandyjied  liquor  called 
sherry  at  dinner.  Tbaclceray,  Early  and  Late  Papers. 

branding-iron  (bran'ding-I'ern),  M.  Same  as 
briind-iron,  3. 

brand-iron  (brand'I'ern),  ».  [<  ME.  brandirru. 
brontliroii,  hmndhirne,  also  brandire,  brondyn- 
(>  Sc.  brander,  a  gridiron:  see  brander2),  etc.,  < 
AS.  brandisen  (=  D.  brandij:cr  =  MHG.  briiiil- 
i:cn,  G.  brandeiseH  =  ODan.  brandejarn  =  Sw. 
brandjcrn,  a  trivet),  an  andiron,<  brand,  a  brand. 
+  iscn,  iron:  see  brand  and  iron.  Cf.  brtiHil- 
rith.}  1.  An  iron  bar  or  stand  on  which  to 
support  brands  or  burning  wood ;  an  andiron. 

A  massy  old  .  .  .  brand-iron  about  a  yard  and  a  half 

wide,  and  the  two  upright  ends  three  feet  sin  inches  high. 

If.  llmrill.  Remarkable  I'laces  (1842),  I.  »l 


brand-iron 

2.  A  trivet  to  set  a  pot  on.— 3.  An  iron  used 
in  branding. 

Shnine  burning  brond-yronx  in  her  hand  did  hold. 

Spenser,  F.  Cj.,  III.  xii.  24. 

4f.  [A  forced  sense,  with  ref.  to  brand,  a 
sword.]  A  sword. 

He  with  their  multitude  was  nought  dismayil, 
But  with  stout  courage  turnd  upon  them  all, 
Ami  with  his  broniliron  round  about  him  layd. 

Spenser,  W.  Q.,  IV.  iv.  32. 
The  villaiue  met  him  in  the  middle  fall, 
And  with  his  club  bet  backe  his  brondyron  bright. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VI.  viii.  10. 

brandish,  (bran'dish),  -a.  [<  ME.  braundishen, 
braumlinen,  <  OF.  brandiss-,  stem  of  certain 
parts  of  brandir,  F.  brandir  (=  Pr.  Pg.  brandir 
=  Sp.  blandir  =  It.  brandire),  brandish,  <  brand, 
etc.,  a  sword:  see  brand."]  I,  trans.  1.  To  move 
or  wave,  as  a  weapon ;  raise  and  move  in  va- 
rious directions ;  shake  or  flourish  about:  as,  to 
brandish  a  sword  or  a  cane. 
His  brandished  sword  did  blind  men  with  his  beams. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  play  with;  flourish:  as,  "to 
brandish  syllogisms,"  Locke. 

II.  t  intrant.  To  move  with  a  flourish ;  toss. 
Brawndixche  not  with  thin  heed,  thi  schuldris  thou  ne 
caste.  Babe.es  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  39. 

He  will  brandish  against  a  tree,  and  break  his  sword 
.  .  .  confidently  upon  the  knotty  bark. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

brandish  (bran'dish),  ».  [<  brandish,  v.]  A 
shake  or  flourish,  as  of  a  weapon. 

I  can  wound  with  a  brandish,  and  never  draw  bow  for 

the  matter.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

Brandishes  of  the  fan.  Tatler,  No.  157. 

brandisher  (bran'dish-er),  n.  One  who  bran- 
dishes: as,  "  brandishers  of  speares,"  Chap- 
man, Iliad,  ii. 

brandishing1  (bran'dish-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
brandish,  v.]  The  act  of  flourishing  a  weapon. 

brandishing2  (bran'dish-ing),  n.  A  corruption 
of  bratticing. 

brandlet  (bran'dl),  v.  [Also  written  branle; 
<  F.  branler,  formerly  spelled  bransle.r,  shake, 
prob.  contr.  from  brandeler  (=It.  brandolare;  cf. 
P.  brandiller,  shake,  wag),  <  brandir,  brandish : 
see  brandish,  brantlc,  and  brawl2.]  I.  intrans. 
To  waver ;  totter ;  shake  ;  reel. 

Princes  cannot  be  too  suspicious  when  their  lives  are 
sought ;  and  subjects  cannot  be  too  curious  when  the  state 
brandies.  Lord  Northampton,  in  State  Trials,  1006. 

II.  trans.  To  shake ;  agitate ;  confuse. 
This  new  question  began  to  branle  the  words  of  type  and 
antitype.  Jer.  Taylor,  Real  Presence,  xii.  §  28. 

brandlett,  «.     [Cf.  brantail.]    An  old  name  for 

the  redstart,  Itutieilla  ph&nicura. 
brandling  (brand'ling),  n.     [<  brand  +  -ling1.] 

1.  The  smolt,  or  salmon  of  the  first  year. —  2. 
A  small  red  worm  of  the  family  Lumbricidw, 
Lumbricus  fcetidus,  related  to  the  earthworm, 
but  with  the  body  banded  with  alternate  brown 
and  yellow  segments.      It  especially  harbors 
in  old  dunghills,  and  is  used  for  bait  in  fresh- 
water fishing.     Also  called  bramble-worm. 

Also  written  branlin. 

brand-mark  (brand'mark),  n.  A  distinguishing 
mark  burned  upon  the  skin  or  horn  of  an  animal 
as  a  means  of  identification ;  hence,  a  mark  cut, 
as  on  timber,  or  painted,  etc.,  for  this  purpose. 
brand-new,  bran-new  (brand'-,  bran'nu'),  a. 
[<  brand  +  new;  =  MD.  brandnieuw;  cf.  the 
equiv.  E.  dial,  brand-fire  new,  fire-new  (in  Shak- 
spere),  D.  vonkel-nieuw  =  G.  fitnhel-neu,  lit. 
'spark-new,'  G.  nagel-neu,  lit.  'nail-new,'  like 
E.  spick-and-span  new,  span-new,  q.  v.  But  in 
popular  use  the  first  element,  brand,  is  not  felt, 
the  common  form  being  bran-new,  and  bran 
regarded  as  an  intensive  of  new."]  New  as  a 
brand,  that  is,  glowing  like  metal  newly  out  of 
the  fire  or  forge ;  hence,  quite  new ;  fire-new. 

A  pair  of  bran-new  jockey-boots,  one  of  Hoby's  primest 
fits.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  23. 

The  reassertion  of  an  old  truth  may  seem  to  have  upon 
it  some  glittering  reflection  from  the  brazen  brightness  of 
a  brand-new  lie.  Swinburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  183. 

brandon1  (bran'dpn),  n.  [<  ME.  braundon,<OF. 
and  F.  brandon  =  'Pr.  brando  =  Sp.  blando  =  Pg. 
brandSo  =  It.  brandone,  brand,  firebrand,  torch ; 
in  def.  3,  with  sense  of  brand,  <  OF.  brand,  etc., 
a  sword:  see  brand.]  If.  A  torch;  a  brand;  a 
flame. 

He  bar  the  dragon  in  his  hande  that  yaf  thourgh  his 
throte  so  grete  braundon  of  fler  that  the  eir  that  was 
blakke  of  the  duste  and  powder  becom  all  reade. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  406. 

2.  A  wisp  of  straw  or  stubble.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 3t.  A  sword. 

Her  right  hand  swings  a  brandon  in  the  air. 

Drummond,  Flowers  of  Sion,  No.  35. 


662 

brandon2t  (bran'don),  n.  [Cf.  brantle,  branlt2.] 
A  kind  of  dance. 

bran-drench  (bran'drench),  n.  A  bath  used 
in  leather-manufacture,  prepared  by  soaking 
wheaten  bran  in  cold  water,  diluting  with  warm 
water,  and  straining  through  a  fine  hair  sieve. 

brandreth,  «.     See  brandrith. 

brandrettet,  «•     Same  as  brandrith. 

brandrith,  brandreth  (brand'rith,  -reth),  n. 
[<  ME.  braitdrytlie,  also  in  corrupt  forms  brande- 
lede,  branlede,  branlet,  an  iron  tripod  fixed  over 
a  fire;  <  AS.  brandreda,  an  andiron  (but  the 
ME.  form  may  be  from  Icel. ;  cf.  Icel.  brandreidh, 
a  grate,  =  OHG.  brantreita,  MHG.  brantreite),  < 
brand,  E.  brand,  +  *reda  =  Icel.  reidha,  imple- 
ments, reidhi,  tackle,  rigging,  etc. :  see  array, 
v.  Cf.  branded,  brand-iron.]  1.  An  iron  tripod 
fixed  over  a  fire ;  a  trivet;  a  brand-iron.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  2.  A  fence  or  rail  round  the  opening  of 
a  well.  [Eng.] 

Wells  are  digged,  and  they  are  compassed  about  witli  a 
Brandrith  lest  any  should  fall  in. 

Contemns,  Visible  World,  p.  109. 

3.  One  of  the  supporters  of  a  corn-stack.  Also 
called  Grander.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
brandschatz  (brant'shats),  v.  t.  [<  G.  brand- 
schatzen  (MHG.  brantschatzen),  lay  (a  town) 
under  contribution,  in  time  of  war,  by  threat 
to  burn,  <  brand,  burning,  +  schatzen,  to  lay 
under  contribution,  <  schatz,  tax,  contribution.] 
To  lay  (a  captured  town)  under  contribution,  in 
time  of  war,  by  threat  to  burn  it,  or  by  actually 
burning  it  in  part.  [Bare.] 

He  [Drake]  returned  in  the  midsummer  of  1586,  having 
captured  and  brandschatzed  St.  Domingo  and  Carthagena, 
and  burned  St.  Augustine. 

Motley,  United  Netherlands,  II.  102. 

brand-spore  (brand'spor),  n.  Same  as  teleuto- 
sjiore. 

brandstickle  (brand'stik'l),  n.  [Cf .  banstickle.  ] 
An  Orkney  name  for  the  stickleback. 

bran-duster  (bran'dus"ter),  «.  In  milling,  an 
apparatus  for  removing,  by  means  of  agitators 
and  sieves,  the  flour  that  may  cling  to  bran 
after  it  has  passed  the  bolting-mill. 

brandwinet  (brand'wln),  n.  Same  as  brundij- 
wine. 

Buy  any  brand-wine,  buy  any  brand-untie? 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  iii.  1. 

brandy1  (bran'di),  n.  [Short  for  brandy-wine, 
q.  v.]  A  spirituous  liquor  obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  wine,  or  of  the  refuse  of  the  wine- 
press. The  average  proportion  of  alcohol  in  brandy 
ranges  from  48  to  54  per  cent.  The  name  brandy  is  now 
given  to  spirit  distilled  from  other  liquors,  and  in  the 
United  States  to  that  which  is  distilled  from  cider  and  from 
peaches.  See  grande  champagne,  fine  champagne,  (under 
champagne),  cognac,  and  eau-de-vie.—  British  brandy,  a 
common  kind  of  brandy  distilled  in  England  from  malt 
liquors,  and  given  the  flavor  and  color  of  French  brandy 
by  artificial  means. 

brandy1  (bran'di),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and.  pp.  brandied, 
ppr.  brandying.  [<.  brandy1,  n.]  To  mix  or  fla- 
vor with  brandy. 

brandy2  (bran'di),  a.  [<  brand,  n.,  6,  +  -y1.] 
Smutty.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brandy-bottle  (bran'di-bof'l),  n.  A  name  of 
the  yellow  water-lily  of  Europe,  Nuphar  luteum, 
from  the  odor  of  the  flower  or  the  shape  of  the 
seed-vessel. 

brandy-fruit  (bran'di-frSt),  n.  Fruit  preserved 
in  brandy,  to  which  sugar  is  usually  added. 

brandy-pawnee  (bran'di-pa/'ne),  n.  [<  brandy1 
+  pawnee,  an  E.  spelling  of  Hind,  pdni,  water.] 
The  Anglo-Indian  name  for  brandy  and  water. 

brandy-snap  (bran'di-snap),  n.  A.  gingerbread 
cracker  flavored  with  brandy. 

brandy-winet  (bran'di-win),  ».  [<  D.  brande- 
wijn,  also  brandtwijn,  formerly  brand-wijn  and 
brandende  wijn  (=  MLG.  brannewin;  cf.  Sw. 
branni'in  =  Dan.  bramdevin  =  F.  brandevin,  after 
the  D.  form),  <  branden  (ppr.  brandende,  pp. 
gebrandt),  burn,  also  distil  (<  brand  =  E.  brand, 
a  burning),  +  wijn  =  E.  wine.  Cf.  G.  brandwcin 
(after  the  D.),  brantwein,  branntwein,  MHG. 
brantwein,  brant  wein,  also  prant  wein,  also  ae- 
prant  wein,  i.  e.,  burnt  wine.  Now  shortened 
to  brandy1,  q.  v.  ]  Brandy. 

It  has  been  a  common  saying,  A  hair  of  the  same  dog ; 
and  thought  that  brandy-wine  is  a  common  relief  to  such. 

Wiseman,  Surgery. 

brangle1  (brang'gl),  v.  i.  [Prpb.  a  modifica- 
tion of  brandle  or  brabble,  in  imitation  of  wran- 
gle. Words  of  this  sort,  being  regarded  as 
more  or  less  imitative,  are  subject  to  irreg. 
variation.]  To  wrangle ;  dispute  cpntentiously ; 
squabble.  [Now,  with  its  derivatives,  obsolete 
or  rare.] 


brant 

Here  I  conceive  that  tlesh  and  blood  will  tti-angle, 
And  murmuring  Reason  with  the  Almighty  wrangle. 

Sylvcxti'f,  tr.  of  l)u  litirtas. 

An  honest  man  will  not  offer  thee  injury;  ...  if  he 
were  a  branyliny  knave,  'tis  his  fashion  so  to  do. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  379. 

brangle1  (brang'gl), «.   [<  brangle1^.]  A  wran- 
gle ;  squabble ;  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 
A  bramile  between  him  and  his  neighbour. 

Sirift,  Works,  XXI.,  Letter  410. 

brangle2t,  »»•     [Var.  of  brantle,  q.  v.]    A  kind 

of  dance.     See  brantle. 
branglement  (brang'gl-ment),  n.     [<  brangle1 

+  -mcnt.]     A  brangling,  brangle,  or  wrangle, 
brangler  (brang'gler),  n.    One  who  brangles; 

a  quarrelsome  person. 
This  poor  young  gentleman  .  .  .  was  first  drawn  into  a 

quarrel  by  a  rude  branyler,  and  then  persecuted  and  like 

to  be  put  to  death  by  his  kin  and  allies. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  112. 

branglesome  (brang'gl-sum),  a.      [<  brangle1 

+  -some.]     Quarrelsome.     Mackay. 
brangling  (brang'gling),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  bran- 
gle1, v.]     A  quarrel  or  wrangle. 

She  does  not  set  business  back  by  unquiet  brandings 
and  find-faulting  quarrels. 

Whitlock,  Manners  of  Eng.  People,  p.  347. 

branial  (bra'ni-al),  a.  [Irreg.  <  brain  +  -ial ; 
after  cranial,  etc.]  Pertaining  to  the  brain; 
cerebral. 

brank1  (brangk),  i:  i.  [<  ME.  branken,  prance, 
walk  proudly  (of  a  horse),  appar.  a  modified 
form  of  prank,  i:]  1.  To  make  a  show  or  fine 
appearance;  prank.  [Bare.] 

Lieutenant  Hornby  .  .  .  came  brankinr/  into  the  yard 

with  two  hundred  pounds'  worth  of  trappings  upon  him. 

//.  Kingxley,  Raveushoe,  xxxii. 

2.  To  hold  up  the  head  affectedly.     [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brank2  (brangk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  of  Cel- 
tic origin;  cf.  L.  brance,  variant  brace,  quoted 
by  Pliny  as  the  ancient  Gallic  name  of  a  white 
kind  of  corn,  li.sandala,  var.  scandala,  LL.  sean- 
dula.]  Buckwheat.  [Eng.] 

brank:''t,  ».     [Cf.  brangle1.]    Confusion. 

brank*t,  "•     [Cf.  brangle2.]     A  kind  of  dance. 

brank-"'  (brangk),  n.    See  branks. 

branks  (brangks),  n.pl.  [<  Gael,  brancas,  now 
brangas,  brangus,  an  instrument  of  punishment, 
a  kind  of  pillory  (cf .  brang,  a  halter),  =  Ir.  bran- 
cas, a  halter;  prob.  from 
Teut. :  cf.  D.  prang,  pinch, 
confinement,  pranger,  pinch- 
ers, barnacle,  collar,  uk0nm- 
ger.  dial,  pfranger,  a  pillory, 
<  D.  LG  prangen  =  MHG. 
pfrengen  =  Goth,  praggan 
(in  comp.),  press;  of  Slavic 
origin:  cf.  OBulg.  prenshti 
(in  comp.),  stretch.]  1.  An 
instrument  formerly  used  in 
parts  of  England  and  Scot-  Brants, 

land  for  correcting  scolding 
women:  a  scolding-bridle.    It  consisted  of  a  head- 
piece inclosing  the  head  of  the  offender,  with  a  flat  iron 
which  entered  the  mouth  and  restrained  the  tongue. 

2.  A  sort  of  bridle  for  horses  and  cows.    In- 
stead of  leather,  it  has  on  each  side  a  piece  of  wood  joined 
to  a  halter,  to  which  a  bit  is  sometimes  added,  but  more 
frequently  a  wooden  nose  resembling  a  muzzle.    [Scotch.] 

3.  The  mumps. 

brankursine  (brang'ker-sin),  n.  [<  F.  branc- 
ursine,  branche-ursine  =  Pr.  branca  orsina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  branca  ursina  =  It.  brancorsina,  branca  or- 
sina, <  ML.  branca,  a  claw  (see  branch),  +  L. 
ursimt-s,  of  a  bear,  <  ^lrsus,  bear ;  the  leaves  hav- 
ing some  resemblance  to  bears'  claws.]  Bear's- 
breech,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Acanthus. 

branle1!,  »•     See  brandle. 

branle2  (bron'l),  ».  [F. :  see  brantle,  brawl2.] 
A  kind  of  dance ;  the  generic  name  of  all  dances 
in  which  one  or  two  dancers  lead  all  the  others, 
who  repeat  all  that  the  first  have  done,  as  the 
grandpere  and  the  cotillion.  See  brantle,  brawl2. 

branlin  (bran'lin),  n.     Same  as  brandling. 

bran-new,  a.     See  brand-new. 

branning  (bran'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bran1,  v.] 
The  process  of  steeping  cloth  before  or  after 
dyeing,  or  skins  preparatory  to  tanning,  in  a 
bath  or  vat  of  bran-water. 

They  [skins]  are  now  ready  for  the  branning,  which  is 
done  by  mixing  40  Ibs.  of  bran  with  20  gallons  of  water, 
and  keeping  them  In  this  fermentable  mixture  for  three 
weeks.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  86. 

branny  (bran'i),  a.  [<  bran1  +  -y1.]  Having 
the  appearance  of  bran;  consisting  of  bran. 

branslet,  n.    See  brantle. 

brant1  (brant),  a.  [Also  written  brent;  <  ME. 
brant,  brent,  <  AS.  brant,  bront  =  Icel.  brattr 
=  OSw.  tranter,  Sw.  brant,  bratt=Dan.  brat, 
steep.]  Steep;  precipitous.  [Now dialectal.] 


brant 

A  man  may  ...  sit  on  a  bmnt  hill  side,  hut  it  In'  uive 
never  so  little  forwanl,  In-  raimot  ship,  .  .  .  lmt  In-  must 
nenls  run  headlong.  Atcham,  Toxophilus,  i. 

brant2  (brunt),  n.  Same  as  brent-goose  —  White 
brant,  a  name  ot  n  i-,Aiaer(ui  r*.  /,  i; 

reiM,  in  the  I'liilcd  Stairs  and  ranaila.  uln  iv  it    i 

moil.       Till'   plumage  "f  till'  ilclult    is  Slli.w    whitr.  I  \,  rplill- 

thr  Mark  primaries  tinil  usually  a  ni-l\  r.ilm  ,,n  ihr  head  ; 

tin'  hill  iiinl  feet  IIP'  pinkish.     See  i-ut  under  ('/,.•„. 
Branta  (bran'tii),  ».     [NL.,  <  brant-.']     1.  A 

ifeiitis  nl'  p-ese:  same  as  Ili-rnir/n  IT  Itn  ullm*. 

—  2.  A  genus  of  ilnrks  :  ,-i  synonym  of  I'lilii/ulfi. 
brantail  (bran'tiil),  ».     [B.dial.,  fur  'liriml-lnil 

or  "bi'iiinl-tiiil,  that  is,  red-tail.  See  brand,  braiil- 

J'ojc,  brr>it-no<>,i<:]     \  iiiimo  of  the  redstart,  Ku- 

In'illn  /i/Hi'iiicin-ii.     Miinliii/ii.     [Local,  British.] 
brant-foi  (brant'foks),  n.     [<  bran  ft  for  brand 

(in  allusion  to  its  yellowish-brown  color)  + 
I'n.c  ;  =  1).   bniiiilros  =  G.  brand/ticks,  brant- 

fox,  a  sorrel  horse;  cf.  Sw.  braml-raf  =  Dan. 

brnnilra-r,  brant-fox  (Sw.  raf  •=  Dan.  rar,  fox). 

See  brent*,  brent-goose.']  Vulpes  alopex,  a  variety 

of  Swedish  fox,  smaller  than  the  common  fox. 
brant-goose    (brant'gos),   n.     Same  as  brent- 

(fnitsi-. 

brantlet  (  bran'tl),  n.  [Also  written  bransle  and 
by  contraction  brawl  (see  brawft),  <  OF.  hnin- 
sle,  F.  branle,  a  dance,  <  bransler,  now  branler, 
shake:  see  brandle.]  1.  A  kind  of  dance.  See 
branle'*. 

The  King  takes  out  the  Duchessc  of  York,  anil  the  Duke 
the  Duchcsse  of  Buckingham,  the  Duke  of  Moninouth  my 
Laily  Castlemalne,  anil  so  other  lords  other  ladles  ;  and 
they  danced  the  Itrantle.  Pepyi,  Diary,  Dec.  80,  1862. 

2.  A  song  for  dance-music. 

Bramles,  ballads,  virelayes,  and  verses  valne. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  8. 

branular  (bran'u-lftr),  a.  [A  Latin-seeming 
form  made  from  6raln,  after  granular  as  related 
to  grain.'}  Relating  to  the  brain;  cerebral. 
[Bare.] 

Either  a  trick,  practised  upon  me,  or  it  might  be  a  branti- 
lar  Illusion.  7.  Taylor,  World  of  Mind,  p.  634. 

braquemardt,  «.    Same  as  braquemart. 
braquemart  t,  n.     [OF.,  also  braquemard,  bra- 

quemar  (  >  ML.  bragamardus,  braquemardus)  ; 

cf.  OF.  braquet,  a  poniard,  Walloon  braket,  a 

sword.]     A  short  sword  with  a  single  edge. 

It  is  generally  thought  to  have  been  that  type  of  sword 


in  which  the  back  Is  perfectly  straight  and  the  edge  curves 
out  in  such  a  way  that 
near  the  point. 


out  in  such  a  way  that  the  broadest  part  of  the  blade  is 


. 

braset,  v.  t.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  brace1. 

brasen,  n.    See  brazen. 

brash1  (brash),  p.  t.  [The  several  words  spelled 
brash  are  chiefly  of  dial,  origin  and  of  mod. 
appearance,  and  appar.  in  part  of  mod.  forma- 
tion. The  senses  overlap,  and  make  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  words  uncertain.  Brash*-  is  appar. 
a  popular  formation  on  break,  tract1,  with  the 
terminal  form  of  bash,  dash,  crash,  words  of 
similar  sense  ;  cf.  brash1,  n.,  and  brash3,  a.  In 
the  sense  of  '  assault,  attack,'  it  is  also  found  in 
early  mod.  Sc.  as  bresche,  appar.  a  var.  of  brush, 
«'.;  cf.  MLG.  braschen,  breschcn,  intr.,  crack, 
make  a  loud  noise,  roar,  boast,  brassen,  make 
a  loud  noise,  =  Norw.  braska,  make  a  loud 
noise,  roar,  boast,  =  Sw.  braska,  rustle,  bustle, 
boast,  =  Dan.  braske,  boast,  brag.  See  brastle.] 
[Scotch.]  1.  To  break  to  pieces;  smash:  as, 
lie  brashed  in  the  door.  —  2.  To  disturb;  disor- 
der; break  up  the  order  or  comfort  of. 
I  am  terribly  brashed  with  all  these  tumblings  about. 

Carlyle,  in  J'roude,  U.  100. 
3f.  To  assault;  attack. 

brash1  (brash),  n.  [<  brash*,  r.;  cf.  MLG. 
brasch,  a  crack,  crasn,  Dan.  brash,  a  boast, 
ODan.  also  a  crash,  loud  noise,  a  boast.  In 
sense  4,  cf.  dial,  brauch.  The  word  in  this 
sense  cannot  be  taken,  as  supposed,  from  mod. 
F.  brivhe  (pron.  nearly  brash),  breccia;  more- 
over, breccia  is  a  different  thing  from  brash: 
see  breccia,  breach."]  1.  A  crash.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  2.  An  assault  ;  an  attack.  [Scotch.]  —  3. 
An  effort;  a  short  turn  of  work.  [Scotch.]  — 
4.  A  confused  heap  of  fragments.  (a)lngtol.,  a 
mass  of  loose,  broken,  or  angular  fragments  of  rocks, 
resulting  from  weathering  or  disintegration  on  the  spot. 
Liifll.  (I*)  .\niit.,  small  fragments  "f  rrnshed  ice  collected 
by  winds  or  currents  near  the  shore,  but  si.  Im'srly  com- 
pacted that  a  ship  can  easily  force  its  way  through.  A'n  »c. 
The  ice  first  forms  in  thin,  irregular  Hakes  called 
"sludge,"  and  when  this  is  compart  enough  to  hold  snow 
it  is  known  as  brash.  J-'nf>i<-.  Hi-it..  XIX.  328. 

(e)  Kef  use  boughs  of  trees;  clippings  of  hedges;  loose 
twigs. 

brash2  (brash),  «.  [Hardly  connected,  as  sup- 
posed, with  Icol.  brrHsk-h-ikr,  weakness  of  body, 
<  bri'i/skr,  weak,  inlirm  (in  a  moral  sense),  prop. 
brittle  isee  brush'*),  but  perhaps  a  particular 
use  of  brash*,  «.]  1.  A  transient  fit  of  sickness. 
llurm.  [Scotch.]  —  2.  A  rash  or  eruption.  [Lo- 


063 

eal.  Kii^-l  —  3.  Acidity  in  the  mouth  occasioned 
by  a  ilisnnlereil  st.iinach.  Also  called  icater- 
lirasli.  Weaning  brash,  «  severe  form  of  diarrhea 

wllirll   s,,mrlimrs  tolll.W*   wrahill-- 

brash:!  (brash),  a.  [Cf.  K.  dial.  (North.)  brass- 
<*-li.  brittle;  proli.,  with  si  >me  alteration  of  form 
i  perhaps  li\  i-onfusion  with  brash*,  «.,4),  <  Irel. 
bri'i/skr,  mod.  also  brciskr.  brittle  (cf.  brash1*)  • 

pi-rhilp-   Illl  .  en  n  neet  I'll    with   bi'illl.-  :i  Mil  br  !<•/;/•  .  I 

Brittle,      [Local,  U.  8.] 

brash1  (brush),  a.  [Perhaps  of  Celtic  origin: 
cf.  Gael,  bras,  Ir.  bran,  brasach,  hasty,  impetu- 
ous, keen,  active,  nimble ;  cf.  also  D.  barsch,  > 
G.  barsch  =  Dan.  Sw.  barsk,  harsh,  impetuous. 
Not  connected  with  the  eijuiv.  rash*.]  Impetu- 
ous;  rash ;  hasty  in  temper.  Grose.  [Colloq., 
Eng.  and  U.  S.]' 

brash4  (brash),  «.  [Appar.  <  brash*,  a. ;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash1,  n.j  A  vio- 
lent push.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash4  (brash),  r.  i.  [Appar.  <  brash*,  a.;  but 
perhaps  a  particular  use  of  brash*,  t'.]  To  run 
headlong.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brash5  (brash),  «.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
brash*.)  A  shower. 

brashy1  (brash'i),  a.  [Appar.  <  brash*,  n.,  4,  + 
-i/1.]  Small;  rubbishy.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brashy2  (brash'i),  a.  [<  brash2  +  -y1.]  Subject 
to  frequent  ailment,  as  horses ;  delicate  in  con- 
stitution.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brashy3  (brash'i),  a.  [Also  braushic;  appar.  < 
brush"  +  -;/1.]  Stormy.  [Scotch.] 

brasiatort,  n.  [ML.,  <  brasiare,  brew :  see  bras- 
serie.] A  brewer. 

brasiatrilt,  ».  [ML.,  fem.  of  brasiator,  q.  v.] 
A  female  brewer. 

brasier,  «.    See  brazier. 

brasil,  «.     See  brazil. 

brasilin,  brasiline,  n.    See  brazilin. 

brasils  (bras'ilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  brassil,  and  E. 
dial,  brti-il,  sulphate  of  iron.]  A  kind  of  coal 
occurring  in  the  middle  of  the  Ten-yard  coal 
in  South  Staffordshire,  and  preferred  by  some 
smelters  for  reverberatory  furnaces,  because  it 
contains  so  much  inorganic  matter  that  a  too 
rapid  consumption  is  prevented.  Percy. 

brasinat  (bra-si'na),  n.  [ML.,  also  bratsina 
(OF.  brexfinc),  <  brasiare,  brassare,  brew:  see 
brasserie.']  A  brew-house. 

brasinariat,  "•    [ML.]    Same  as  brasina. 

brasiumt,  "•  [ML.,  also  bracium :  see  bras- 
xi'i-if.']  Malt. 

brasniatiast,  «•  [Gr.  ffpao/taTlac,.  equiv.  to  fipa- 
ffD/f,  an  upward  earthquake,  <  ppaaaciv,  shake, 
throw  up.]  An  earthquake,  when  character- 
ized by  an  upward  movement. 

brasque  (brask), «.  [<  F.  brasque.'}  A  paste 
variously  made,  used  as  a  lining  for  crucibles 
and  furnaces. 

'I'lir  brasque  of  the  larger-sized  crucibles  is  formed  of 
anthracite  powder,  powdered  gas-carbon,  and  gas-tar. 

W.  II,  Greenwood,  Steel  and  Iron,  p.  24. 

brasaue  (brask),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brasqued, 

To  - 


ppr.  brasquing. 
brasque. 


[<  brasque,  n.]     To  line  with 


The  pig  Is  melted  in  a  separate  hearth,  in  fact  is  passed 
through  a  sort  of  "running  out"  nre  or  rennery  before 
it  reaches  the  tin.  i  \  proper  ;  the  bed  of  this  latter  is 
>irii*iueil  or  lined  with  charcoal  powder  moistened  and 
rammed  in.  and  so  forcibly  compressed. 

Jlmyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  319. 

brass1  (bras),  ».  and  a.  [<  ME.  bras,  bres,  <  AS. 
bra's,  brass,  =  Icel.  bras  (Haldorsen),  solder  (> 
Gael,  iirais  =  Ir.  pros  =  \V.  preg,  brass)  ;  related 
to  Icel.  brasa,  harden  in  the  fire,  =  Sw.  brasa, 
flame,  =  Dan.  brase,  fry,  >  F.  braser,  solder 
(see  braize1)  ;  cf.  OSw.  and  Sw.  brasa,  fire,  Icel. 
brass  (occurring  once),  a  cook.  Hence  bra~e", 
brazen,  brassen,  etc.]  I.  «.  1.  An  important 
alloy,  consisting  essentially  of  copper  and  zinc. 
The  proportion  in  which  the  two  metals  are  combined  dif- 
fers considerably  in  different  kinds  of  brass.  Brass  in  gen- 
eral is  harder  tlmn  copper,  and  consequently  wears  better 
than  that  metal.  It  in  nialleiihle  and  ductile,  so  that  it  can 
lir  riisily  rolled  into  thin  sheets,  or  be  hammered  into  any 
desired  shape.  It  turns  easily  in  the  lathe,  and  can  be 
drawn  into  tine  wire  ;  moreover,  it  has  an  attractive  golden 
color,  and  is  cheaper  than  copper.  The  color  of  brass  va- 
ries with  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients.  A  full  yellow 
\ai  irt  y  r<m  tains  aliout  two  parts  of  copper  to  one  of  zinc. 
This  alloy  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  was  made  by 
thrui  Ik'fore  they  had  any  knowledge  of  the  metal  zinc- 
as  such.  His  not  among  the  metallic  substances  1111-11- 
tii'iiril  l.y  Homer;  but  it  was  well  known  to  Stralw,  who 
ilrsrrilirs  the  tnmlc  of  manufacturing  it  from  the  zinkifer- 
ous  ore  (calamin)f  and  calls  the  alloy  orichalc  (op«iyaAitovX 
Srrr,  inftai,  motaic  gold,  Muntz't 

tin  tul.  ami  >/'//•<»  no't'il.    In  rlirtoriral  comparisons,  brua 
i-  a  r.mini.'H  t>[M>  of  hardness,  durability,  or  obduracy. 
I  Tiless  my  nerves  were  frraw  or  hammer'd  steel. 

Shak.,  Sonnet*,  CM. 

Mm  s  rvil  manners  live  iu  brat*  ;  their  virtues 
\\  .  »rite  iii  water.  SAa*.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  2. 


,., 

(died   1399),  in  Wotmin- 
6ter  Abbey. 


brassage 

2.  A  utensil,  ornament,  nr  other  artielc  made 
of  brass:  as,  to  elean  the  In-mmes  on  board  a 
ship. —  3.  In  inii'-li..  a  pil- 
low, beariiiK.  <-olhir,  lx>x, 
or  bush,  support  ing  a  gud- 

gcoll  :  so  elllleil  liee.-illse  i'fe- 

ijiieiitly    made    ,,f    In-.,-.-. 

4.  Ill     llliill<-rill    ilfi'liiinl..     :i 

funeral  monument  consist- 
ing of  a  plate  of  brass,  usu- 
ally of  rectangular  shape 
and  often  of  large  size,  in- 
cised with  an  effigy,  coats 
of  arms,  inscriptions,  and 
frequently  accessory  orna- 
ment. Such  brasses  are  some- 
times splendidly  cnamrlnl  In 
some  examples  the  designs  are 
executed  in  relief,  or  in  nlirf 
In  combination  with  engraving. 
Slabs  of  stone  inlaid  with  figures, 
etc.,  Ill  brass  are  also  called 
brasses,  and  are  a  usual  form  of 
medieval  monument.  Both  the 
plates  of  brass  and  the  inlaid 
stones  were  frequently  placed 
in  the  ordinary  pavement  of 
churches.  Comparatively  few  of 
such  inonumcnU  executed  wholly 
in  brass  survive,  as  the  value  of  the  metal  has  caused  it  to 
be  melted  down  and  applied  to  other  uses. 

Among  the  knightly  bratxex  of  the  graves, 
And  by  the  cold  Mir  Jacets  of  the  dead. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

5.  A  brass  musical  instrument,  or,  collectively, 
the  brass  instruments  in  a  band  or  an  orches- 
tra.— 6.  Money.     [Now  only  colloq.] 

Withonten  pite,  pilour!  pore  men  thou  robbedest, 
And  beere  heor  braf  on  till  bac  to  Calcys  to  sulle. 

Fieri  I'tmcman  (A),  iii.  189. 
We  should  scorn  each  bribing  varlet's  bratt. 

Dp.  Hall,  Satires,  IV.  T.  12. 

Trying  to  get  out  of  debt,  a  very  ancient  slough,  called 
by  the  Latins  aes  alienum,  another's  bra**,  for  some  of 
their  coins  were  made  of  brass;  still  living,  and  dying, 
and  buried  by  this  other's  bran*.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  9. 

7.  In  coal-mining,  iron  pyrites.    It  occurs  in  small 
particles  disseminated  through  the  coal,  or  in  veinlets  or 
thin  scaly  partings.    [Rarely  used  except  in  the  plural.) 

8.  Excessive  assurance;  impudence;  brazen- 
ness:  as,  he  has  brass  enough  for  anything. 
[Colloq.] 

She  In  her  defence  made  him  appear  such  a  rogue  that 
the  chief  justice  wondered  he  had  the  bra**  to  appear  in 
a  court  of  justice.  Royer  Sorth,  Examen,  p.  426fl. 

To  me  he  appears  the  most  impudent  piece  of  brtu* 
that  ever  spoke  with  a  tongue. 

GoldtnMh,  She  .Stoops  to  Conquer,  iii. 

Brass-blacking.  See  Wactiw.— Brass-color,  in  gltun- 
makinrj,  a  preparation  for  staining  glass,  made  by  expos- 
Ing  thin  brass  plates  upon  tiles  in  the  annealing-arch  of 
a  glass-house  until  they  are  completely  oxidized  into  a 
black  powder.  This  powder,  fused  with  glass,  gives  vari- 
ous tints  of  green  and  turquoise.  —  Brass- foil,  or  brass- 
leaf,  Dutch  leaf  or  Dutch  gold,  formed  by  iK'iiting  out 
plates  of  brass  to  extreme  thinness.  —  Brass-powder,  cop- 
per and  its  various  alloys  ground  to  flue  powder  and  used 
with  varnish  for  decorative  purposes.  Many  of  the  so- 
called  bronze-powders  are  brass-powders. 

U.  a.  Made  or  composed  of  brass ;  pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  brass ;  brazen ;  brassy. 

Trumjiet,  blow  loud, 
Send  thy  braiu  voice  through  nil  these  lazy  tents. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  I.  3. 
Brass  Instrument.  See  mml-instrument.—  Brass  rule. 

brass1  (bras),  r.  t.  [<  brass*,  ti.  Cf.  fcrorei.]  To 
cover  or  coat  over  with  brass.  Copper  Is  brassed 
by  exposing  its  surface  to  the  fumes  of  metallic  zinc,  or 
by  boiling  it  in  diluted  hydrochloric  acid  to  which  an 
amalgam  of  zinc  and  cream  of  tartar  has  been  added. 
Iron  is  brassed  by  plunging  it,  after  cleaning,  Into  melted 
brass,  and  by  electro-deposition. 

brass2  (bras),  n.  [In  def.  1,  same  as  brace*,  q. 
v. ;  in  dejf.  2,  <  OF.  brasse,  "  a  fathom  or  an  arm 
full ;  or  a  measure  of  five  foot "  (Cotgrave),  F. 
brasse,  naut.,  a  fathom  (=  Pr.  brassa  =  Cat. 
brassa  =  Sp.  bra:a  =  Pg.  brac.it  (ML.  brassia, 
brassa),  a  fathom),  same  as  brace ,  the  two  arms, 
<  L.  brachia,  pi.  of  brachium.  brarcliium,  arm : 
see  brace*  (of  which  brass^  is  a  doublet)  and 
brachium.  Cf.  It.  braccio  (>  Swiss  (rtMNf),  a 
measure,  a  'cubit'  or  'fathom.'  lit.  arm,  <  L. 
brachium,  arm.]  If.  Suut.,  same  as  brace. — 
2.  A  continental  European  measure  of  length, 
equal  to  the  extended  arms  or  more ;  a  fathom. 
The  old  French  brtuac  was  63.9  English  inches ;  the  Span- 
ish braza  In  Castile,  65.7  inches ;  the  Catalan  bratta,  80.6 
inches ;  the  brtuailo  of  the  Canary  Isles  (a  variety  of  the 
Spanish  braza),  71.6  inches ;  the  bm.-a  of  Portugal  and 
Brazil,  86  Inches ;  the  Norwegian  bra*.*,  commonly  used  on 
North  German  nautical  chart*.  74.1  inches.  IThe  word  is 
n  nifnsed  with  another  derived  from  the  singular  braehimn 
ami  signifying  an  arm's  length.] 

brassage  (bras'aj),  H.  [OF.  brassage,  brassaige 
(ML.  lira:'  niiimii.  lirni'ni/ium),  brassage  (cf.  ML. 
braccatitr.  minter).  K.  DnoMttgO,  coinage,  mint- 
age, <  brasser,  stir  up  (the  melted  metal) :  see 


brassage 

brasserie.']    A  percentage  levied  to  pay  for  the 
cost  of  coining  money.     See  seigniorage. 

brassart,  brassard  (bras'art,  -ard),  «.  [Also 
b  russet  (Skinner);  <  F.  brassart,  b'rassat,  brassal, 
now  brassard,  <  bras,  arm:  see 
brace1,  n.,  and  cf.  bracer,  2.]  In 
the  armor  of  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries,  that  part 
which  covered  the  arm,  supersed- 
ing the  vambrace,  bracelet,  rere- 
braee.  etc. 

brass-band  (bras'band'),  ».  A 
band  or  company  of  musical  per- 
formers, all  or  most  of  whom  play 
upon  metal  (chiefly  brass)  wind- 
instruments  ;  a  military  band. 

brass-bass  (bras'bas),  «.  A  per- 
coideous  fish,  Morone  interrupta: 
so  called  from  its  bright  brassy  color,  tinged 
with  blue  on  the  back  and  marked  on  the  sides 
with  7  to  9  large  interrupted  black  bands.  It  at. 
tains  the  size  of  the  common  white  perch,  and  inhabits 
fresh  waters  of  the  Mississippi  valley. 

brasse1  (bras),  «.  [Cf.  G.  brasseit,  the  bream; 
ult.  =  barse,  bass1.  Cf.  bream1."]  A  name  of 
the  European  bass. 

brasse2,  n.     See  brags'2. 

brassent,  «•  [Sc.  brassin;*<.  brass  +  -ctfi:  see 
brazen.']  A  variant  of  brazen. 

brasserie  (bras'er-e),  ».  [P.  (ML.  brasseria),  < 
brasser,  brew,  mash,  stir  up,  <  OF.  bracer,  <  ML. 
braciare  (brasiare,  braxare,  brassare),  brew,  < 
bracium  (brasium,  bra-sum),  brace  (>  OF.  braz, 
bres),  malt,  L.  (Gallic)  brace  (var.  brance),  a 
kind  of  corn ;  cf.  brank^.]  In  France,  a  brew- 
ery, or  a  beer-garden  attached  to  a  brewery ; 
also,  any  beer-garden  or  beer-saloon. 

To-day  while  Mr.  B.  was  sitting  in  a  bras&erit,  a  lady 
approached  and  shot  him. 

N.  Y.  Herald,  Dispatches  from  Paris. 

brassett  (bras'et),  n.     Same  as  braggart. 

brass-finisher  (bras'fin"ish-er),  n.  A  workman 
who  perfects  and  polishes  articles  made  of 
brass. 

brass-founder  (bras'foun'der),  n.  A  maker  of 
brass  or  of  articles  cast  in  brass. 

brass-furnace  (bras'fer"nas),  «.  One  of  two 
kinds  of  furnace  for  the  making  and  founding 
of  brass,  (a)  A  reverberatory  furnace  for  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  alloy.  (b)  A  crucible  furnace  for  small  quan- 
tities. In  this  furnace  the  crucible  is  placed  within  a  cast- 
iron  cylinder  lined  with  fire-brick  and  set  over  a  fire-pit. 
The  mouth  of  the  cylinder  is  covered  with  a  metal  block 
called  a  tile.  Each  crucible  has  its  own  flue  connecting 
with  the  chimney.  The  oven  for  drying  cores  is  generally 
placed  above  the  furnace,  and  connected  with  the  flue  to 
utilize  the  heat  of  the  latter. 

Brassica  (bras'i-ka),  n.  [L.  (>  AS.  brassica, 
ME.  brassik,  brasik'j,  cabbage.]  A  genus  of  cru- 
ciferous plants,  including  more  than  a  hundred 
species,  all  of  which  are  natives  of  Europe  and 
northern  Asia.  Several  species  have  long  been  in  culti- 
vation, and  are  the  origin  of  a  large  number  of  varieties  of 
plants  used  as  table  vegetables  and  as  fodder.  IS.  oleracea 
has  given  rise  to  all  the  forms  of  cabbage,  cauliflower, 
broccoli,  kohl-rabi,  kale,  Brussels  sprouts,  etc.,  cultivated 
for  their  leaves  or  inflorescence,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  kohl- 
rabi, for  the  turnip-like  enlargement  of  the  stem.  B.  cam- 
pestrin  is  the  parent  of  the  turnip  and  of  the  rutabaga,  in 
which  the  nourishment  is  stored  in  the  root,  and  of  the 
colza  and  rape,  which  are  raised  for  the  oil  of  the  seed.  B. 
alba  and  B.  niyra  are  the  white  and  black  mustards.  The 
charlock,  B.  Sitiapistrum,  usually  a  troublesome  weed,  and 
some  other  species  in  the  East,  are  sometimes  cultivated, 
chiefly  for  their  seeds.  See  cuts  under  broccoli  and  sprouts. 

brassie,  n.    See  brassy2. 

brassil  (bras'il),  ».  [See  brasite,  brazil.']  In 
mining,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  pyri- 
tiferous  material  occurring  in  metalliferous 
veins  or  in  connection  with  coal.  [Eng.] 

brassily  (bras'i-li),  adr.  Impudently;  with 
brazen  confidence. 

brassiness  (bras'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  or  ap- 
pearance of  being  brassy. 

brassing  (bras'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brass1,  v.] 
The  operation  of  coating  objects  of  metal  with 
a  film  of  brass. 

Brassolina  (bras-o-li'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bras- 
solis  +  -i>KB.~\  A  subfamily  of  nymphalid  but- 
terflies, confined  to  America,  of  a  brown  color 
with  short  body  and  thickened  antennae.  Bras- 
iolis  and  Caligo  are  leading  genera,  the  latter  containing 
the  owl-butterflies. 

brassoline  (bras'o-lin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Brassolina;. 

Brassolis  (bras'o-lis),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
nymphalid  butterflies,  typical  of  the  subfamily 
Brassolinw. 

brass-pavedt  (bras'pavd),  a.  Paved  with  brass ; 
hard  or  firm,  as  brass.  Spenser. 

brass-smith  (bras'smith),  n.  A  smith  who 
works  in  brass. 


664 

brass-visaged  (bras'viz/ajd),  «.  Brazen-faced ; 
impudent:  as,  "that  brass-visaged  monster,"  B. 
Jonson. 

brass-wind  (bras'wind),  ».  In  music,  that  divi- 
sion of  an  orchestra  which  comprises  players 
upon  metal  wind-instruments :  contrasted  with 
the  wood-wind,  the  strings,  etc. 

brassy1  (bras'i),  a.  [<  brass1  +  -y1.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  any  of  the  qualities  of 
brass;  brazen:  chiefly  used  in  a  derogatory 
sense :  as,  a  brassy  taste ;  the  coloring  is  brass;/. 

Enough  to  press  a  royal  merchant  down, 

And  pluck  commiseration  of  his  state 

From  brassy  bosoms.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1. 

2.  Brazen-faced;  impudent.     [Colloq.] 

There's  no  gallant 

So  brassy-impudent  durst  undertake 
The  words  that  shall  belong  to  't. 
Sliddleton  (and  another),  Mayor  of  Queenborough,  iii.  1. 

brassy2  (bras'i),  «.  [Also  brassie,  bressie.  Cf. 
braise1.  Fish-names  are  very  unstable.]  A 
Scotch  name  of  the  bib,  a  gadoid  fish. 

brastt  (brast).  An  obsolete  form  (present,  pret- 
erit, and  past  participle)  of  burst. 

Dreadfull  Furies  which  their  chains  have  brast. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  31. 

brastiumt,  n.    A  variant  of  brasium. 

brastle  (bras'i),  ».  i.  [<  ME.  brastlien,  <  AS. 
brastlian,  bwrstlian,  crackle,  as  burning  wood, 
a  falling  tree,  thunder,  etc.  (=  MHG.  brasteln, 
prasteln,  Qr.prasseln,  crackle),  freq.  of  *bras- 
tian  (=  OHG-.  braston,  praston,  MHG.  braste>i, 
crackle),  <  berstan  (pret.  Ixerst,  *brast),  burst: 
see  burst,  brast,  and  cf.  brustle1,  which  is  a  dou- 
blet of  brastle.]  If.  To  crackle ;  crack  with  a 
noise. 

Speren  brastlien,  sceldes  gonnen  scanen. 

Layanwn,  III.  141. 
2.  To  boast ;  brag ;  crack.     [North.  Eng.] 

brat1  (brat),  n.     [<  ME.  bratt,  a  coarse  cloak, 

<  ONorth.  bratt,  <  Gael,  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle, 
apron,  rag,  =  Ir.  brat,  a  cloak,  mantle,  veil, 
bratog,  a  rag,  =  W.   brat,  a  rag,  pinafore.] 
If.  A  coarse  mantle  or  cloak.    Chaucer. — 2. 
A  child's  bib  or  apron.    [North.  Eng.] — 3.  A 
clout;  a  rag.    Sums.    [Scotch.] — 4.  The.  film 
on  the  surface  of  some  liquids,  as  on  boiled 
milk  when  cold.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

brat2  (brat),  n.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  per- 
haps a  particular  use  of  brat1,  a  child's  bib  or 
apron,  a  rag,  etc. :  see  brat1.']  A  child :  now 
used  only  in  contempt:  as,  "this  brat  is  none 
of  mine,"  Shall.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3 ;  "  their  dirty  brats," 
Tiiaclceray. 

O  Israel !  O  household  of  the  Lord ! 

O  Abraham's  brats  I  O  brood  of  blessed  seed ! 

Gascoiffne,  De  Profimdis. 

brat3  (brat),  n.  [Cf.  bret.~]  A  local  English 
name  of  the  turbot. 

bratch  (brach),  n.  [The  proper  spelling  of 
brack  in  this  pronunciation :  see  brach,  and  cf . 
bratchet.]  See  brach.  Grose. 
bratchet  (brach'et),  ».  [Sc.  also  bratchart;  < 
ME.  bracket,  <  OF.  bracket  (=  Pr.  braquet;  ML. 
brachttus),  dim.  of  brache,  a  hound:  see  brach.] 
A  kind  of  hound;  a  brach:  applied  contemptu- 
ously to  a  child. 

The  bratchet's  bay 
From  the  dark  covert  drove  the  prey. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii.,  Int. 

To  be  plagued  with  a  bratchet  whelp  —  Whence  come  ye, 
my  fair -favoured  little  gossip?  Scott,  Keuilworth,  II.  xxi. 

bratht,  a.    [Sc.  also  braith;  <  ME.  brath,  broth, 
braith,  <  Icel.  brddhr  =  Sw.  br&d  =  Dan.  brad, 
sudden,  hasty.]    Hasty;  violent;  fierce. 
For  this  word  was  Saul  wrath, 
For  oft  sith  was  he  bremli  [brimly]  brath. 
MS.  in  Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  Gloss.,  p.  81. 

bratht,  »•    [ME.,  <  Icel.  brddh,  haste,  <  bradhr, 
hasty:  see  brath,  a.]     Violence;  fierceness. 
In  the  bmth  of  his  breth  that  brennez  alle  thinkez. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  1.  221K. 

brathlyt,  adv.  [Sc.  also  braithly  ;  <  ME.  brathly, 
brothly,  braithly,  brathli,  etc.;  <  brath  +  -ly2.] 
Hastily;  violently;  fiercely. 

Beris  to  syr  Berille  and  brnthely  hym  hittes. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1771. 
brattach  (brat'ak),  w.   [<  Gael,  brattich,  banner, 
flag,  ensign,  <  brat,  mantle,  cloak,  veil,  rag: 
see  brat1.]    A  standard.     [Scotch.] 

Their  forces  are  assembling  on  each  side,  and  not  a  man, 
claiming  in  the  tenth  degree  of  kindred,  but  must  repair  to 
the  Brattach  of  his  tribe.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  I.  xiii. 

brattice  (brat'is),  n.  [=  E.  dial,  brattish,  a  shelf, 

<  ME.  bretais,  bretasce,  bretis,  bretage,  britage, 

<  OF.  breteche,  bretesehe,  bertesche,  bretesque  (= 
Pr.  bertresca  =  It.  bertesca,  baltresca,  ML.  reflex 
bretechia,   breteschia,   bertescha,   berthesca,  ber- 
tresca, etc.),  perhaps  <  OHG.  MHG.  bret,  G. 


braunite 

brett  =  AS.  bred,  a  plank:  see  board. ]  In 
mining,  a  board,  plank,  or  brick  lining  or  parti- 
tion in  a  level  or  shaft,  usually  designed  to  form 
an  air-passage  or  confine  the  current  of  air  to 
a  certain  route.  Also  written  brettice,  brettis. 
brattice  (brat'is),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bratticed, 
ppr.  bratticiiiy.  [<  brattice,  n.]  To  separate 
by  a  brattice. 

The  improvement  of  the  circulation  by  brattlcing,  or 
separating  the  upward  and  downward  currents  by  plates 
ortubi-s.  Ii.  Wilson,  Steam  Boilers,  p.  168. 

brattice-cloth  (brat'is-kloth),  n.  In  coal-min- 
ing, a  heavy  cloth  or  canvas,  often  covered  with 
some  water-proof  material,  and  used  tempora- 
rily as  a  brattice. 

bratticing,  brattishing  (brat'is-ing,  -ish-ing), 
«.  [Also  corruptly  (in  2d  sense)  brandishing; 

<  ME.  bretasynge,  britey.ving,  an  outwork,  etc., 

<  bretasce,  etc.,  brattice.     See  bartizan,  which 
is  appar.  a  var.  of  bratticing.      In  3d  sense 
directly  from  brattice.     See  brattice.]     1.  An 
ornamental  cresting,  generally  of  open-work, 
as  a  medieval  cresting  of  foliage,  or  the  like. 
—  2.  Any  open-work  of  rich  and  varied  design, 
especially  in  metal. — 3.  A  fence  of  boards  in 
a  mine  or  around  dangerous  machinery.     See 
brattice. 

brattish  (brat'ish),  n.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  brat- 
tice.] 1.  A  shelf. — 2.  A  seat  with  a  high  back. 
[Prov.  Eng.-] 

brattishing,  «.     See  bratticing. 

brattle  (brat'l),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brattled,  ppr. 
brattling.  [Appar.  an  imitative  word.  Cf. 
brastle  and  rattle.]  1.  To  make  a  loud  rum- 
bling or  rattling  noise ;  thunder. — 2.  To  move 
rapidly  with  a  clattering  noise. 

brattle  (brat'l),  n.  [<  brattle, «;.]  1.  A  clatter- 
ing noise  like  that  made  by  the  feet  of  horses 
moving  rapidly. —  2.  Rapid  motion;  a  short 
rapid  race. 

Thou  need  na  start  awa'  sae  hasty, 
WT  bickering  brattle! 

Burns,  To  a  Mouse. 
3.  A  violent  attack. 

brattling  (brat'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brattle, 
v.~\  The  act  of  making  a  clattering  noise ;  tu- 
mult; uproar;  quarrel. 

Her  voice  that  clove  through  all  the  din,  .  .  . 
Jarr'd,  but  not  drown'd,  by  the  loud  brattling. 

Byron,  Sardanapalus,  iii.  1. 

His  voice  sounded  not  unlike  the  brattlinff  of  a  tin  trum- 
pet —  owing  to  the  number  of  hard  northwesters  which 
he  had  swallowed  in  the  course  of  his  sea-faring. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  86. 

bratty  (brat'i),  ». ;  pi.  brattles  (-iz).  [Dim.  of 
brat1.]  An  apron.  [Scotch.] 

branch  (brach),  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  brauche, 
brawche.  Cf.  brash1,  n.,  4.]  Bakings  of  straw 
to  kindle  fires.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brauchin  (bra'chin),  n.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  < 
branch  +  -in  for  -ing1.]  A  collar  for  a  horse, 
made  of  old  stockings  stuffed  with  straw. 
[Prov.  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 

braudt,  v.    See  broud,  broid. 

brauderiet,  «•   An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

braughwam,  «.  [E.  dial.,  also  brouglmham  and 
brouf/hton  ;  origin  uncertain.  ]  A  dish  composed 
of  cheese,  eggs,  bread,  and  butter,  boiled  to- 
gether. 

braul1!,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brawl1. 

braul2  (bral),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  blue  and  white 
striped  cloth  made  in  India. 

Braula  (bra'la),  n.  [NL.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  Sraulida'.  Braula  caeca  is  the 
common  bee-louse. 

braulid  (bra'lid),  n.  A  bee-louse  of  the  family 
Braiilida!. 

Braulidae  (bra'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Braula  + 
-ida;.]  A  family  of  pupiparous  dipterous  in- 
sects, the  bee-lice,  represented  by  the  genus 
Braula. 

The  family  Braulida  comprises  only  a  single  minute 
species,  not  two  millimeters  in  length.  The  head  is  large, 
wholly  without  eyes,  the  thorax  small  and  without  wings, 
and  the  legs  are  short  and  stout,  with  strong  pectinated 
claws.  These  degraded  flies  are  parasitic  upon  honey- 
bees, especially  the  drones,  living  among  the  hair  of  the 
thorax.  Stand.  Sat.  llist.,  II.  433. 

brauna  (bra'na),  n.  [Braz. ;  also  written  ba- 
rauna  and  garauna.]  1.  A  native  name  for 
Melanoxylon  Braunia,  a  tall  leguminous  tree  of 
Brazil,  the  wood  of  which  is  very  durable  and 
beautiful,  and  is  applied  to  many  uses. —  2.  A 
species  of  Cassia. 

brauncht,  n.  and  v.   An  obsolete  form  of  branch. 

Brauneberger  (brou-ne-bar'ger),  n.  [G.]  A 
white  wine  made  near  Treves  on  the  Mosel. 

braunite  (brou'mt),  «.  [<  M.  Braun,  of  Gotha, 
+  -ite2.]  A  native  oxid  of  manganese,  con- 
taining also  20  per  cent,  of  manganese  silicate. 


braunite 

It  occurn  in  tetragonal  crystal!  of  a  brownish-black  color 
in  Tinning]:!,  Hi.    ll:uv.,  I'inlin. . lit,  und  elsewhere. 

Brauronian  (bra-ro'ni-an),  a.  [<  (ir.  !!/»"- 
puvia,  of  Brauron,  an  epithet  of  Artemis,  <  IVwu- 
/xii',  an  Attic  village  and  dome  near  Marathon.] 
Of  or  relating  to  Brauron,  a  demo  of  Attica,  or 
to  its  inhabitants;  specifically,  an  epithet  of 
Artemis,  who  was  worshiped  under  this  title  on 
the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

brava  (brii'vii).    Sec  n-miirks  under  braro,  intt  ij. 

bravadet  (blf-vad'),  n.  [<  F.  liravade:  eeebra- 
rni/ii.]  Same  as  braradn. 

Thf  mvnt  I'acheco,  like  himself,  this  hot 
Ami  llerce  limeade  shall  in  a  trice  make  » ain. 

Fanshatpf. 

bravado  (bra-va'do),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
braradi:  (<  r\  bniraile)  =  ODan.  bravat,  <  Sp. 
brnriidii,  now  hninita  (—  It.  brarata),  boast, 
vain  ostentation,  <  bravo  =  F.  brave  =  It.  bravo, 
brave,  bullying:  see  brnre  and  bravo.]  I.  n. ; 
pi.  bravados  or  braradoeit  (-doz).  1.  Preten- 
tious boldness  or  bravery ;  arrogant  or  boast- 
ful menace ;  swaggering  defiance. 

In  spite  of  our  host's  bravado.  I,  >•/'././. 

No  sooner  was  this  mail  bravado  agreed  upon  than  they 
turned  the  reins  of  their  horses  and  made  for  Seville. 

li-i-fii'i.    M -isll  rhn.nielc,  1 1.   M'.l. 

2f.  One  who  indulges  in  boastful  and  arrogant 
menaces. 

The  hectors  and  bravailoes  of  the  House,  who  show  all 
the  zeal  on  this  occasion.  Pepyi,  Diary,  Feb.  28, 1687. 

II.  a.  Arrogantly  bold  or  menacing ;  said  or 
done  in  bravado:  as,  "bravado  bets,"  Disraeli, 
Coningsby,  v.  5. 

bravado  (bra-va'do),  v.  i.     [<  bravado,  n.]    To 

act  in  a  spirit  of  bravado  ;  storm ;  rage.  [Rare.] 

Like  winds  where   Kulns  bramido'd.       Lloyd,  The  Poet. 

bravaisite  (bra-va'zit),  «.  [<  Bravais,  a  French 
crystallographer,  +  -iie2.]  A  hydrous  silicate 
of  aluminium  with  small  amounts  of  iron,  cal- 
cium, magnesium,  and  potassium,  occurring  in 
crystalline  fibrous  forms  in  the  coal-measures 
of  Noyant,  in  Maine-et-Loire,  France. 

brave  (brav),  a.  and  «.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 
=  G.  brav  (17th  century)  =  MD.  bramce,  brave, 
fine,  gallant  (in  appearance),  brave,  fierce,  also 
fine,  gallant  (Kilian),  mod.  D.  braaf,  brave,  gal- 
lant, courageous  (cf.  MD.  brauwen,  adorn,  bru- 
veren,  be  fierce,  =  MLG.  braveren  =  ODan.  bra- 
vere,  strut),  =  Dan.  brav,  brave,  worthy,  =  OSw. 
braf,  Sw.  bra,  good,  >  prob.  8c.  braw,  good, 
also  pleasant,  fine,  handsome,  etc.,  <  F.  brace, 
brave,  fine,  gallant,  etc.,  introduced  in  the  16th 
century,  <  It.  braro,  brave,  hardy,  Olt.  tempes- 
tuous (ef.  bravo,  n.,  cutthroat,  assassin,  bravo), 
=  Sp.  Pg.  bravo,  brave,  etc.,  =  Pr.  brau,  fern. 
/ii-i/ra,  brave,  hard,  wicked,  etc.  (ML.  bravus, 
a  bravo,  cutthroat);  perhaps  =  OF.  "brou  hi 
rabroiier,  check,  chide,  etc.,  brouaz,  brouhaha, 
a  bluster,  brouhoiix,  storms,  blusters,  etc., 
brouee,  blustering.  Origin  and  relations  un- 
certain. There  appear  to  be  at  least  two 
words  confused:  in  the  sense  'fine,  good,'  etc., 
cf.  Bret,  brav,  bran,  flue,  agreeable,  pretty, 
braga,  strut,  dress  in  fine  clothes  (see  brag);  in 
the  sense  '  bold,  wild,'  etc.,  cf.  OF.  braou,  brau, 
ML.  brarug,  bravis,  a  young  untamed  ox,  Olt. 
bravo,  tempestuous,  Sp.  brava,  a  heavy  swell 
of  the  sea,  OF.  "brou,  (above),  etc. ;  W.  bratr, 
terror,  fright.]  I.  a.  1.  Possessing  or  exhibit- 
ing courage  or  courageous  endurance;  in- 
trepid; valiant;  fearless:  as.  a  brave  warrior ; 
a  brave  act;  he  was  brave  under  calamity. 

Two  braver  men 
Ne'er  spurr'd  their  coursers  at  the  trumpet's  sound. 

Skat.,  8  Hen.  VI.,  v.  7. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  feiu',  .  .  . 
But  he  whose  noble  mind  its  fears  subdues. 

,/.  /;„/'/,..  Basil. 

The  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  brace  live  on. 

Dr.  Seuvll,  The  Suicide,  ii.  66. 

2.  Making  a  fine  display  in  bearing,  dress,  or 
appearance  generally ;  having  a  noble  mien : 
said  of  persons. 

I  have  gold,  and  therefore  will  be  brave, 
In  Mlks  I'll  rattle  it  of  every  colour. 

Greene,  Tu  Quoque,  vii. 

3.  Splendid;  beautiful;  gorgeous;  gaudy:  said 
of  things. 

With  blossoms  braoe  bedecked  daintily. 

Spetuer,  F.  Q.,  I.  vii.  32. 

And  wear  my  dagger  with  the  braver  grace. 

Skak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  4. 

He  hud  them  into  the  very  best  room  in  the  house  (a 
very  brave  room  it  was). 

llu Hi/mi,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  252. 

4.  Excellent;  capital;   fine;   admirable.    |K..r 
m.Th  in  very  common  use  in  this  seuse  as  a  general  term 


Ml 

of  commendation ;  often  also  u«ed  Ironically  ;  now  ohso- 
lete  except  perhaps  in  irony.] 

Iron  Is  a  bran-  commodity  where  wood  ahoundeth. 

/;,. 
1  II  devise  thee  braw  punishments  for  him. 

Shot.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4. 

=  8yn.  1.  Gallant,  Valiant,  Courageous,  Brav,  Ueroir, 
valorous,  danntlesa,  chivalrous,  doughty,  resolute,  man- 
ful. <inii-n:i  -I'l.-n.li.l  in  ill-.-,-  ,,]•  Dualities  i«  most  ap- 
liroprhttely  used  willi  r.^iiril  to  couniu'e  which  exhibit* 
itself  in  deeds  attracting  attention  au.l  applause  :  of  the 
first  four  words  it  is  that  which  may  have  in  it  most  of 

.•..Mlplllil.-Mt    Ulld    I'M, I     of    hiuh    ci.uimcn.hltion,    bUt    It   U 

often  a  strong  word,  expressing  gplendid  bravery  in  ac- 
t  ii  in  :  us,  he  was  a  ijallant  officer.  Valiant  Is  also  brave  in 
action,  especially  in  opposing  physical  force,  as  In  buttle. 
The  word  is  now  elevated  and  poetic.  Courageous  denotes 
the  possession  of  that  spirit  which  enables  one  fearlessly 
and  with  full  presence  of  niiml  to  face  danger.  Krart  Is  the 
most  comprehensive  of  the  words;  it  may  denote  the  pos- 
session  ..f  the  highest  and  noblest  kind  of  courage  and  for- 
titude, of  that  spirit  which  enables  a  man  to  bear  up  against 
evil  and  danger,  as  well  as  to  go  forth  to  face  it  < 
limit*  has  much  of  this  breadth  of  meaning,  but  Is  appli- 
cable rather  to  doing  than  to  enduring  ;  brarf  is  both  pas- 
sive and  active.  Iffroie  combines  the  meaning  of  all  the 
other  words  in  the  superlative  degree.  It  indicates  a  lofty 
MI]»  i  MI  it  \  to  fear,  a  noble  self-forgetfulness,  an  almost 
superhuman  power  to  dare,  achieve,  or  suffer.  It  bears 
the  same  relation  to  the  other  words  that  miblime  bean  to 
•iri'iit,  grand,  or  lofty. 

Tin-  Sardinian  fleet  had  been  withdrawn  from  Venice, 
and  the  gallant  resistance  of  the  Venetians  was  fast  draw- 
ing to  a  close.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  108. 

Plague  on't;  an  I  thought  he  had  been  valiant  and  so 
cunning  in  fence,  I'd  have  seen  him  damned  ere  I'd  have 
challenged  him.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ill.  4. 

But  he  rose  upon  their  decks,  and  he  cried : 
"I  have  fought  for  Queen  and  Faith  like  a  valiant  man 
and  true."  Tennyson,  The  Revenge. 

Only  be  thou  strong  and  very  courageous,  that  thou 
mayest  observe  to  do  according  to  all  the  law  which 
Moses  my  servant  commanded  thee.  Josh.  i.  7. 

But,  what  with  pleasure  Heaven  itself  surveys, 
A  brave  man  struggling  in  the  storms  of  fate, 
And  greatly  falling  with  a  falling  state. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  Cato,  1.  81. 

II.  M.  [Cf.  bravo,  n.]  1.  A  brave,  bold,  or 
daring  person ;  a  man  daring  beyond  discretion. 
Specifically — 2.  A  North  American  Indian  or 
other  savage  warrior:  as,  the  chief  was  accom- 
panied by  two  hundred  braces. 

Two  from  among  them  [Indian  warriors)  advancing, 
( 'anie  to  parley  with  Standlsh,  and  offer  him  furs  as  a 

present;  .  .  . 

Braces  of  the  tribe  were  these,  and  brothers  gigantic  in 
stature.    Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  3tandish,  vii. 
With  three  strokes  to  each,  the  scalps  of  the  victims  be- 
ing suddenly  taken  off,  the  braoe  flies  back  with  his  com- 
panions, to  hang  the  trophies  in  his  cabin. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  I",  s.,  II.  431. 

3f.  A  hector ;  a  bully ;  a  bravo. 

Too  insolent,  too  much  a  brace.  Drydeti. 

4f.  [<  brave,  v.]  A  boast;  a  challenge;  a  de- 
fiance. 

I  will  not  bear  these  braves  of  thine. 

Skat.,  T.  of  the  8.,  iii.  1. 

TU  time 
To  be  avenged  on  you  for  all  your  braves. 

Marlom,  Edward  II.,  iii.  3. 

brave  (brav),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  braved,  ppr. 
braving.  [<  F.  braver,  brave,  affront,  defy,  etc., 
<  brave,  brave.]  1.  To  encounter  with  cour- 
age and  fortitude ;  set  at  defiance ;  defy ;  chal- 
lenge; dare. 

The  ills  of  love,  not  those  of  fate,  I  fear  ; 
These  I  can  brave,  but  those  I  cannot  I..-.-H-.  Dryden. 
Louis  the  Fifteenth  braved  t  lit  hatred  and  contempt  of 
his  subject*  during  many  years  of  the  most  wlious  and 
imbecile  niisgovcrmnent. 

ilacaulay,  West.  Rev.  Defence  of  Mill. 

2f.  To  wear  a  boasting  appearance  of. 
To  brave  that  which  they  believe  not.       Bacon,  Essays. 

Another, 

Reputed  valiant,  lives  by  the  sword,  and  takes  up 
Quarrels,  or  braces  them,  as  the  novice  likes, 
To  gild  his  reputation.  Ford,  Fancies,  i.  3. 

3f.  To  make  fine,  showy,  or  splendid.    [Rare.] 

He  [the  sun)  should  have  brao'd  the  east  an  hour  ago. 
Skat.,  Rich.  III.,  v. ;!. 

To  brave  out,  to  face  out ;  brazen  out :  generally  with  an 
indefinite  it  as  object. 
However  we  bra  ce  it  out,  we  men  are  a  little  breed. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  iv. 

bravely  (brav'li),  adv.      In  a  brave  manner. 
CO  r.mrageously;  gallantly;  splendidly;  heroically. 
Who  combats  brawly  is  not  therefore  brave. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  115. 
(ft)  Finely ;  gaudily. 

And  decked  herself  bravely,  to  allure  the  eyes  of  all  men 
that  should  see  her.  Judith  x.  4. 

(e)  Well ;  prosperously  :  as,  he  is  getting  on  brarely. 
The  tug  was  towing  bravely. 

V.  C.  RiUKll,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxi. 

bravenessf  (brav'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing brave;  bravery:  as,  "the  linircnesn  of  the 
exploit,"  Hollanil,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  306. 


brawl 

bravery  (bra'ver-i),  M.;  pi.  brareritt  (-iz).     [< 
F.  liraverif,  gallantry,  splendor,  etc.,  <  It, 
brave:  see  brave  and  -fry.]     1.  The  quality  of 
being  brave;   courage;   heroism;   undaunted 
spirit;  intrepidity;  gallantry;  fearlessness. 

Keiuemlirr,  sir,  my  liege,  .  .  . 
The  natural  bratmj  of  your  isle. 

Sl:,,k  .  rjmU-IIni-,  III.  I. 
Lancelot,  the  flower  of  bravery. 

•/-in,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  Showiness;  splendor;  magnificence. 

The  bravery  of  their  tinkling  ornaments.  Is.  111.  18. 

Oreat  bravery  of  building,  to  the  marvelloiu  beantlfyliiK 

of  the  realm.  0 ' 

No  more  in  the  midnight  tempest 

Will  she  mock  the  mounting  sea, 
Strong  in  her  oaken  timbers, 
And  her  white  sail's  bravery. 

llallefk,  Epistles. 
St.  Show;  ostentation;  parade. 

Prefaces,  .  .  .  and  other  speeches  of  reference  to  the 
person,  are  great  wastes  of  time ;  and  though  they  seem 
to  proceed  of  modesty,  they  are  bravery.  Bacon. 

N'or  would  I  you  should  melt  away  yourself 
In  flashing  bra  very. 

B.  Jonton,  Every  Man  In  his  Humour,  L  1. 

4t.  Bravado;  boast. 

I  commended  but  their  wits,  madam,  and  their  brarr- 
riet.  I  never  looked  toward  their  valours. 

/;.  Jonson,  Eplcwne,  iv.  2. 

There  are  those  that  make  it  a  point  of  bravery  to  bid 
defiance  to  the  oracles  of  divine  revelation. 

Sir  Jt.  L'Estrange. 
5t.  A  showy  person. 
A  man  that  Is  the  bravery  of  his  age.         Beau,  and  Ft. 

He  Is  one  of  the  braveries,  though  he  be  none  of  the  wits. 
IS.  Jonson,  Kpir.cne,  I.  1. 

=  8yn.  1.  Valor,  daring,  pluck,  boldness,  mettle,  audacity. 
For  comparison,  see  brave. 

bravi  (bra've).   See  remarks  under  bravo,  interj. 
bravingt  (bra'ving),  11.   [Verbal  n.  of  brave,  r.] 
Bravado;  defiance. 

With  so  proud  a  straine  of  threats  and  bravings. 

Chapman,  Odyssey,  xxi. 

bravingly  (bra'ving-li),  adv.  In  a  braving  or 
defying  manner.  Sheldon.  [Rare.] 

bravissimo  (bra-vis'i-mo),  inter/.  [It.,  super!, 
of  bravo,  q.  v.]  Superlative  of  braro. 

That's  right —  I'm  steel  —  Bravo !  —  Adamant— Bravisri- 
ma.'  Caiman,  Jealous  Wife,  i.  1. 

bravityt,  ».     [<  brave  +  -ity.]     Bravery. 

bravo  (bra'vo),  iiiterj.  [It.  adj.  (pi.  brari,  fern. 
brava,  pi.  brave),  >  F.  brave,  >  E.  brave,  q.  v.] 
Well  done !  good !  sometimes  used  as  a  noun : 
as,  "with  bravo  and  handclapping,"  Carlyle, 
French  Rev.,  II.  v.  6. 

The  Italian  Prima  Donna  sweep  a  courtesy  of  careless 
pity  to  the  over-facile  pit  which  unsexes  her  with  the 
bra  co !  Lotcetl,  On  a  Certain  Condescension  in  Foreigners. 

|In  Italian  the  word  Is  an  adjective,  ami  the  correct  usage 
is  to  say  bravo  to  a  male  singer  or  actor,  brava  to  a  female, 
andfrramto  a  company;  but  in  French  and  properly  In 
English  the  word  is  a  mere  interjection.  Careful  persons 
familiar  with  the  Italian  usage  do,  however,  discriminate 
as  to  gender.] 

bravo  (bra'vo),  ».;  pi.  bravos  or  bravoes  (-voz). 
[It.  (ML.  bravus),  <  bravo,  adj.:  see  brave.]  A 
daring  villain ;  a  bandit ;  one  who  sets  law  at 
defiance ;  an  assassin  or  murderer. 

Slab,  like  bravoes,  all  who  come  that  way. 

Churchill,  The  Apology. 

Was  not  this  Venice,  and  is  not  Venice  forever  associ- 
ated with  brarofs  and  unexpected  dagger  thrusts? 

UotfelLj,  Venetian  Life,  xl. 

bravura  (bra-vd'rfi),  w.  and  a.  [It.,  bravery, 
spirit,  <  braro:  see  brave.]  I.  n.  In  aimtir.  » 
florid  air,  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in 
the  performer,  and  serving  to  display  his  or 
her  power,  flexibility  of  voice,  and  distinctness 
of  articulation. 

II.  «.  In  music,  spirited;  florid;  brilliant: 
as,  a  bravura  air:  chiefly  applied  to  vocal  com- 
positions, but  occasionally  to  instrumental. 

braw  (bra),  a.  and  «.  [Sc.:  see  brave.]  L  «• 
Brave;  fine;  gay;  handsome;  pleasant;  agree- 
able ;  worthy ;  excellent ;  stout :  as,  a  bratr  new 
gown ;  a  braw  man ;  brau;  lads  and  bonny  lasses. 
[Scotch.] 

There's  brair,  braw  lads  on  Yarrow  braes. 

Burns,  (Jala  Water. 

II.  ».  ;>'.  One's  best  apparel ;  finery. 

brawdt,  r.  t.     See  broud,  broid. 

brawderyt,  «.    An  obsolete  variant  of  broidery. 

bra  wet  (brou'et),  w.  A  young  eel.  Also  writ- 
ten braicat.  [North.  Eng.] 

brawl1  (bral),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brail.  < 
ME.  brallen,  cry  out,  vociferate,  =r  D.  brallen, 
boast,  =  Dan.  bralle,  jabber,  chatter,  =  MHG. 
prdlen,  G.  jiraMen,  boast,  vaunt,  flaunt;  appar- 
ently identical  with  ME.  brawlen,  braulen,  quar- 
rel, \V.  braid,  a  boast,  brolio,  boast,  vaunt,  bra- 
gal,  vociferate,  etc.  Cf .  also  F.  brailler  (=  Pr. 
brailar),  cry  out,  bawl,  prob.  <  braire,  bray :  see 


brawl 

The  ult.  source  of  all  these  forms  is 
perhaps  the  same.  See  brag."]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  speak  loudly  and_complainingly  or  angrily; 
be  clamorous  or  noisy;  quarrel  noisily  and  in- 
decently. 

I  do  the  wrong,  and  flrst  begin  to  brawl. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 

2.  To  roar,  as  water  flowing  over  a  pebbly  or 
rocky  bed ;  make  a  loud  babbling  noise. 
The  brook  that  brawls  along  this  wood. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  1. 

Crossing  the  brook  at  the  ford,  where  it  brawled  over 
pebble  and  shallow.     Longfellow,  Miles  Standish,  iii. 
=  Syn.  1.  To  wrangle,  squabble,  dispute  (noisily). 

II.  trans.  1.  To  wrangle  about ;  be  noisy  or 
contentious  regarding. 

I  care  not  what  the  sects  may  brawl. 

Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 

2.    To   drive   away  or  beat  down  by  noise. 
[Bare.] 

Your  deep  wit  .  .  . 
Reason'd,  not  brawl'd  her  [Truth]  hence. 

Sir  K.  Diyby,  Preface  to  Nature  of  Man's  Soul. 
brawl1  (bral),  it.    [<  brawl1,  0.]    A  noisy  quar- 
rel; loud,  angry  contention;  an  uproar;  row; 
squabble:  as,  " stout  polemick  brawl,"  S.  But- 
ler, Hudibras. 

He  is  a  devil  in  private  brawl. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  4. 
A  creature  wholly  given  to  brawls  and  wine. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

The  whole  world  knows  that  this  is  no  accidental  brawl, 
but  a  systematic  war  to  the  knife,  and  in  defiance  of  all 
laws  and  liberties.  Emerson,  Affairs  in  Kansas. 

=  Syn.  Broil,  Affray,  etc.  See  quarrel,  n. 
brawl2  (bral),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brail;  a 
corruption  of  earlier  bransle,  also  written  bran- 
sel,  brantle,  brangle,  etc.,  <  F.  bransle,  now 
branle,  a  dance,  same  as  bransle,  braille,  verbal 
n.  of  bransler,  branler,  shake,  move,  etc. :  see 
brandle,  brantle,  branle."]  A  kind  of  dance ;  a 
branle. 

Good  fellowes  must  go  learne  to  daunce, 

The  brydeal  is  full  near-a ; 
There  is  a  brail  come  out  of  Fraunce, 

The  fyrst  ye  harde  this  yeare-a. 
Good  Fellou-eii (1569).  (Halliwell,  Note  to  Marston's  Plays.) 

Thence  did  Venus  learn  to  lead 
The  Idalian  brauis.        B.  Jonson,  Vision  of  Delight. 
My  grave  lord-keeper  led  the  brawls ; 
The  seal  and  maces  danced  before  him. 

Gray,  Long  Story. 

brawler  (bra'ler),   n.      [ME.  brawlere."]     One 
who  brawls ;  a  noisy  fellow ;  a  wrangler. 
The  great  statesman  degenerated  into  an  angry  brawler. 
Buckle,  Civilization,  I.  xii. 

brawlie,  adv.     See  brawly. 

brawling  (bra/ling),  n.  [ME.  braulyng;  verbal 
n.  of  brawl*,  v.~]  The  act  of  quarreling ;  specifi- 
cally, in  Eng.  law,  the  offense  of  quarreling  or 
creating  a  disturbance  in  a  church  or  church- 
yard. 

brawling  (bra/ling),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  braid1,  v.~\ 

1.  Contentious;  quarrelsome  ;  noisy. 

I  know  she  is  an  irksome,  brawling  scold. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2. 
The  spirit-grieving  sounds  of  brawling  commerce. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  160. 
From  brawling  parties  concords  come. 

Lowell,  To  the  Muse. 

2.  Making  the  noise   of  rushing  water:   as, 
"brawling  springs,"  Collins. 

The  brawling  streams  shall  soon  be  dumb. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old- Year  Song. 
brawlingly  (bra'ling-li),  adv.    In  a  brawling 

or  quarrelsome  manner, 
brawlins   (bra'linz),   adv.      Same    as   brawly. 

[Scotch.] 

brawly  (bra'li),  adv.  and  a.  [Also  brawlie;  = 
E.  bravely.'}  Bravely;  finely;  heartily;  very 
well;  in  good  health  or  condition.  [Scotch.] 

I  am  brawly  now  again— it  was  nae  great  thing  that 
ailed  me.  Scott,  Abbot,  II.  82. 

brawn  (bran),  n.  [<  ME.  braun,  brawn,  mus- 
cle, boar's  flesh,  <  OF.  braon,  a  piece  of  flesh, 
=  Pr.  bradon,  brazon,  braon  =  OSp.  brahoti,  < 
OHG.  brdto  (aco.  brdton),  a  piece  of  flesh  for 
roasting,  MHG.  brdte,  G.  braten,  roast  meat  (= 
AS.  bratae,  roast  meat),  <  OHG.  bratan,  MHG. 
braten,  G.  braten  =  AS.  brcedan  =  OFries. 
breda  =  D.  braden,  roast,  broil  (cf.  Dan.  brad, 
a  joint  of  meat) ;  cf.  Gr.  xpffleiv,  burn,  blow  into 
a  flame.]  1.  Boar's  flesh  ;  the  flesh  of  the  boar 
or  of  swine,  collared  so  as  to  squeeze  out  much 
of  the  fat,  boiled,  and  pickled. 

I  see  nothing  here  like  Christmas,  excepting  brawn  and 
mincepies  in  places  where  I  dine. 

Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  38. 
2.  Aboar.  Beau,  and  Fl.  [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 
Bulle-nekkyde  was  that  bierne,  and  brade  in  the  scholders 
Brok-brestede  as  a  brawne  with  brustils  fulle  large 

Morte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  1095. 


666 

3.  The  flesh  of  a  muscular  part  of  the  body : 
as,  the  brawn  of  the  arm,  thigh,  etc. 

Itwas  ordained  that  murtherers  should  be  brent  on  the 
brawn  of  the  left  hand.  Hall,  Hen.  VII.,  an.  1.".. 

4.  Well-developed  muscles;  muscular  strength. 
Brawn  without  brain  is  thine.  Dryden,  Fables. 
Here,  then,  is  a  great  stalwart  man,  in  perfect  health, 

all  brawn  and  rude  muscle,  set  up  before  us  as  the  ideal 
of  strength.  S.  Lanier,  The  English  Novel,  p.  54. 

5.  Figuratively,  the  arm:  from  its  muscles  or 
strength.     [Rare.] 

I'll  hide  my  silver  beard  in  a  gold  beaver, 
And  in  my  vantbrace  put  this  wither'd  brawn. 

Shak.,  T.  andC.,i.  3. 
I  had  purpose 

Once  more  to  hew  thy  target  from  thy  brawn, 
Or  lose  my  arm  for't.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  6. 

6.  Head-cheese — Mock  brawn,  the  flesh  of  a  pig's 
head  and  feet  cut  in  pieces,  and  boiled,  pickled,  and 
pressed  into  a  form. 

brawnedt  (brand),  a.  [< brawn  +  -c<72.]  Brawny; 

strong:  as,  "brawned  bowrs,"  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I. 

viii.  41. 
brawner  (bra'ner),  n.   [<  braten  +  -er1.']  A  boar 

killed  for  the  table. 
brawn-fallent   (bran 'fa In),   a.     Having  the 

brawny  or  muscular  parts  of  the  body  shrunk 

or  fallen  away ;  wasted  ;  thin ;  weak. 

Were  not  Milo  his  armes  bramiefallen  for  want  of 
wra.stlyng?  Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  127. 

brawniness  (bra'ni-nes),  n.  [<  brawny  + 
-ness.']  The  quality  of  being  brawny ;  strength; 
hardiness. 

This  brawniness  and  insensibility  of  mind  is  the  best 
armour  against  the  common  evils  and  accidents  of  life. 

Locke,  Education,  §  113. 

brawny  (bra'ni),  a.     [<  ME.  brawny,  fleshy  (of 
fruit);  <  brawn  +  -yi.]    1.  Fleshy;  muscular; 
having  large  strong  muscles ;  bulky ;  strong. 
Oxe  dounge  about  her  rootes  yf  that  me  trete 
The  pomes  sadde  and  brawny  wol  it  gete. 

Palladium,  iii.  106. 
The  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 
Are  strong  as  iron  bands. 

Longfellow,  Village  Blacksmith. 
2.  Figuratively,  firm ;  hardened ;  having  great 
power  of  resistance. 
A  brawny  conscience  which  hath  no  feeling  in  it. 

J.  Meile,  Apost.  of  the  Latter  Times,  ii. 

braws  (braz),  n.  pi.    See  braw,  n. 

braxy  (brak'si),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial.,  Sc.  also 
braies,  braxit,  also  bracks,  braik.  Cf.  brack1  and 
brash?."]  I.  n.  1.  A  disease  of  sheep  character- 
ized by  inflammation  of  the  bowels  and  reten- 
tion of  the  urine:  also  called  the  sickness  in 
some  parts  of  Scotland.  The  name  is  also  given 
to  a  variety  of  other  diseases  of  sheep. — 2.  A 
sheep  having  the  braxy;  hence,  the  mutton  of 
such  a  sheep. 

II.  a.  Affected  or  tainted  with  braxy:   as, 
braxy  sheep ;  braxy  mutton. 
Also  spelled  braksy. 

bray1  (bra),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  brayer, 
breier,  breltier,  F.  broyer  =  Pr.  Sp.  bregar,  pound, 
bray,  prob.  <  MHG.  brechen  =  E.  break,  q.  v.] 
To  pound  or  beat  thoroughly,  as  with  a  pestle 
or  other  instrument ;  triturate,  crush,  mix,  etc., 
by  beating  or  any  analogous  action :  as,  to  bray 
drugs ;  to  bray  printers'  ink.  See  brayer1. 

Recipe  the  cromys  of  whyte  brede,  &  swete  apyls,  & 
gokkis  of  eggis,  &  bray  tham  wele. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  53. 

Though  thou  shouldst  bray  a  fool  in  a  mortar,  .  .  .  yet 
will  not  his  foolishness  depart  from  him.  Prov.  xxvii.  22. 

bray2  (bra),  v.  [<  ME.  brayen,  <  OF.  braire,  < 
ML.  bragire,  bray,  bragare,  cry,  squall,  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin:  see  brag  and  brawl1."]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  utter  a  loud  and  harsh  cry:  with 
reference  now  especially  to  the  ass,  but  for- 
merly also  to  the  bull,  deer,  and  other  animals, 
as  well  as  to  man. 

Whan  the  squyers  hadde  cried  and  braied  for  theire  lord 
longe  while,  the!  toke  hym  vp  and  bar  hym  to  theire  hos- 
tell.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  467. 

Whan  the  Sarazin  felte  hym-self  so  diffouled,  he  nedde 
cryinge  and  brayinge  as  a  bole  [bull]. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  552. 
Laugh,  and  they 
Return  it  louder  than  an  ass  can  bray. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

Hence  —  2.  To  make  a  loud,  harsh,  disagree- 
able sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  bray!  Gray,  The  Bard. 

And  varying  notes  the  war-pipes  brayed 
To  ever  varying  clan.  Scott,  Marmion,  v.  5. 

II.  trans.  To  utter  with  a  loud,  harsh  sound, 
like  the  ass. 

The  kettle-drum  and  trumpet  thus  brat/  out 

The  triumph  of  his  pledge.         Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4. 

Arms  on  armour  clashing  bray'd 
Horrible  discord.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  209. 


brazen 

bray2  (bra),  n.  [<  ME.  lirtty,  a  loud  cry,  also 
brayt,  <  OF.  brait  =  Pr.  brat;  from  the' verb.] 
A  harsh  cry,  especially  that  of  an  ass;  hence, 
any  similar  harsh  or  grating  sound. 

Several  times  a  day  we  arc  stunned  and  overwhelmed 
with  the  cracked  brays  of  three  discordant  trumpets. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  2fx 

bray3t  (bra),  n.  [<  OF.  braie,  a  kind  of  bastion, 
a  dike  or  bank,  <  ML.  braca,  a  dike  or  bank, 
same  as  OF.  braie,  <  ML.  bniga,  part  of  a  river 
confined  between  dikes  to  facilitate  the  catch- 
ing of  fish.]  A  bank  or  mound  of  earth  used 
in  fortification ;  a  breastwork ;  a  bulwark ;  spe- 
cifically, a  wall  or  other  work  in  advance  of 
and  covering  the  gate  of  a  fortress. 

That  they  could  scant  put  their  heads  over  the  bray  or 
bulwark.  Hall,  Hen.  VIII.,  an.  16. 

Order  was  given  that  bulwarks,  brays,  and  walls  should 
be  raised  in  his  castles  and  strongholds. 

Lord  Herbert,  Hen.  VIII.,  p.  28. 

bray4  (bra),  n.  [=  So.  brae,  bra,  <  ME.  braye, 
also  bra,  bro,  etc.,  <  Gael,  braigh,  the  upper  part 
of  any  thing  orplace  (braigh  duthcha,  the  higher 
parts  of  a  district;  braigh  Lochabar,  the  braes 
of  Lochaber,  etc.),  also  braidli  =  Ir.  braid,  up- 
per part,  height ;  cf .  W.  brig,  top,  summit,  bre, 
hill,  peak,  =  AS.  beorh,  E.  barrow,  a  hill,  mound: 
see  barrow1.']  A  piece  of  sloping  ground;  an 
acclivity  or  declivity. 
Against  a  rocke  or  an  hye  braye. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus,  Works,  p.  170. 

Push'd  up  the  bray,  indignantly  they  feel 
The  clanking  lash  and  the  retorted  steel. 

Brookes,  The  Fox-Chase. 

bray5  (bra),  n.  [Also  written  brey ;  <  F.  braye, 
"  a  close  linnen  breek  or  under-slop,  .  .  .  also 
a  clout,"  pi.  brayes,  "short  and  close  breeches, 
drawers,  or  under-hose  of  linnen,  &c.,"  .  .  . 
also  "  barnacles  for  a  horse's  nose  "  (Cotgrave), 
mod.  F.  braies,  breeches,  <  L.  braca;,  breeches : 
see  braca,  brail,  and  breech."]  If.  A  clout  for 
a  young  child.  Kersey,  1708. —  2.  In  her. :  (a) 
Barnacles  or  twitchers  for  subduing  a  horse: 
used  as  a  bearing,  (b)  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  brake3,  break."]  A  bearing  similar  to  the 
preceding  in  form,  representing  a  tool  used 
for  breaking  hemp :  sometimes  called  a  hemp- 
bray,  hemp-brake,  or  hackle.  One  or  other  of  these 
hearings  is  frequently  used  in  allusive  heraldry  for  fami- 
lies of  the  name  Bray  and  the  like. 

brayd,  braydet,  r.  and  «.    See  braid. 

brayer1  (bra'er),  M.  [<  bray1  +  -er1."]  Imprint- 
ing, a  small  composition-roller  used  for  tritu- 
rating and  spreading  the  ink  on  a  table  or  slab 
and  daubing  it  on  a  platen  or  disk. 

brayer2  (bra'er),  n.  [<  bray2  +  -er1."]  One 
who  or  that  which  brays  like  an  ass. 

Brayera  (bra-ye'ra),  n.     [NL.]     See  Hagenia. 

brayette  (bra-yef),  n.  [F.]  Same  as  braguette. 

braying  (bra 'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  brayinge;  verbal 
n.  of  bray2,  «.]  1.  The  harsh  crying  of  an 
ass. —  2.  Vocal  or  instrumental  clamor ;  harsh 
utterance. 

There  he  stands  with  unimpeachable  passivity  amid  the 
shouldering  and  braying  ;  a  spectacle  to  men. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  v.  2. 

braylet,  ».  and  v.     See  brail. 

braynet,  «•    See  brain. 

braze1  (braz),  «.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  ME.  brasen,  <  AS.  brasian,  cover 
with  brass,  <  braes,  brass :  see  brass1.  Cf.  glaze, 
(.glass;  graze,  <  grass. ,]  To  cover  or  ornament 
with  brass,  or  as  if  with  brass:  as,  "a  tripod 
richly  brazed,"  Chapman,  Odyssey,  xv. 

Show  of  clouds 
That  braze  the  horizon's  western  rim. 

Lou-ell,  Under  the  Willows. 

braze2  (braz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brazed,  ppr. 
brazing.  [<  F.  braser,  OF.  braser,  solder,  <  Icel. 
brasa,  harden  by  fire :  see  brass1  and  braize1. 
Partly  confused  with  braze1,  from  the  same  ult. 
source.]  1.  To  solder,  especially  with  hard 
solder,  such  as  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  it  was  enacted  that  all  arrow- 
heads should  be  well  braced  and  hardened  at  the  points 
with  steel.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  372. 

2f.  To  harden ;  make  callous. 

Let  me  wring  your  heart :  for  so  I  shall,  .  .  . 
If  damned  custom  hath  not  brazil  it  sn. 
That  it  is  proof  and  bulwark  against  sense. 

slink..  Hamlet,  iii.  I. 
braze3,  ».     See  brai:e2,  2. 
brazed  (brazd).  a.     In  her.,  same  as  braced,  1. 
brazen  (bra'zn),  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  br«.<,  n. 
<  ME.  brasen,  <  AS.  brtesen,  of  brass,  <  bra's, 
brass,  +  -en2.~\    1.  Made  of  brass  :  as,  a  brtt:.Tii 
helmet. —  2.   Pertaining  to  brass;  proceeding 
from  brass. 


brazen 

Trumpeter*, 
With  brazen  din  blunt  you  the  city  s  car. 

.sViii*-.,  A.  andt;.,  Iv.  8. 

3.  Extremely  Strom;:  impenetrable:  from  brass 
often  serving  as  a  type  of  strength,  impend  m- 
bility,  mid  Ilif  like:  as,  "  environed  with  a  bra- 
.:< ii  wall,"  ."•'/«//,•.,:!  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4.— 4.  Impu- 
dent; having  a  front  like  lirass. 
Such  u  lirttzt'ii  il'-t;  *mv  ni'v.-i  in>  r\r*  l»rtnM. 

<;nl'!.imith.  She  Stoops  til  Conquer,  ii. 

Talbot  .  .  .  appeared  iluily  with  ItrnZfn  front  Itefore  the 
princess  whose  ruin  he  hud  ploth-.l. 

(fOMtthy,  Hist.  Eng.,  vl. 

Also  spelled  lintKi-ii. 

Brazen  age.  ><•'•  "''-*'  '"  n<tiil>"l»<.in  ami  history,  under 
"•/'.  Brazen  dish,  a  bnws  di*h  nmilr  in  the  tinii'  «\ 
Hi  my  VIII.,  nnil  kept  I'lKiiiuil  to  a  pillar  at  Wirluwurth 
in  DeVbyshirr,  Knylimil.  it  H  iwil  by  the  lead-miners  in 
tin-  Low  (Yak  ;LS  ii  stuntlanl  measure.  Brazen  horn. 
Siime  a*  liiiriihuiiitf-horn.  Brazen  8ea(2  Ki.  xxv.  18),  111 
.1. •//•,*/,  luih'j..  :i  larne  vessel  of  brass  placed  in  Solomon's 
temple,  called  a  molten  tea  ill  1  Ki.  vii.  M.2.'i-2S,  where  It  i> 
described.  It  stood  on  12  brazen  oxen,  and  was  10  cubit* 
from  brim  to  brim,  .'•  in  height,  and  30  In  circumference. 
It  was  designed  for  the  priesU  to  wash  themselves  in  he- 
fore  they  performed  the  service  of  the  temple. 
brazen  (bra'zn),  v.  t.  [<  brazen,  a.]  To  be- 
have with  insolence  or  effrontery  in  regard  to : 
with  an  indefinite  it  as  object. 

Mi-n  would  face  it  and  brazrn  it.  Latimer. 

To  brazen  out,  to  persevere  in  treating  with  effrontery  : 
with  an  indefinite  it,  or  a  noun  like  matter,  a/air,  busi- 
ness, etc. 

I'm  resolved  to  brazen  the  business  out. 

Sir  J.  Vanbnujh,  The  Relapse,  Iv.  4. 

Thornton  .  .  .  brazened  it  out  with  his  usuallmpudence. 
Bulmr,  IVIhain.  lixviii. 

brazen-browed  (bra'zn-broud),  a.    Shameless ; 
impudent. 
Noon-day  vices  and  brazen-browed  iniquities. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Slur     i     : 

brazen-face  (Itra'zn-fas),  n.    An  impudent  per- 
son ;  one  remarkable  for  effrontery. 
Well  said,  brazfn-faee  ;  hold  it  out. 

Shot.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  2. 

brazen-faced  (bra'zn-fast),  a.  Impudent;  bold 
to  excess;  shameless:  as,  " a  brazen-faced  var- 
let,"  Hhiik.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 

brazen-fisted  (bra'zn-fis'ted),  a.  Having  hard 
fists,  as  if  of  brass. 

brazenly  (bra'zn-li),  adv.  In  a  brazen  man- 
ner; boldly;  impudently. 

brazenness  (bra'zn-nes),  «.  1.  Appearance 
like  brass;  brassiness. — 2.  Impudence ;  excess 
of  assurance. 

He  had  a  sonorous  bass  voice,  and  an  air  of  self-confi- 
dence Inclining  to  brazenness. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  1. 

brazier1  (bra'zier),  n.  [Also  brasier;  <  ME. 
brasiere,  brusyere,  a  worker  in  brass,  <  bras, 
brass,  +  -i-cre,  -y-ere,  as  in  collier,  etc.  Cf. 
brain1.]  An  artificer  who  works  in  brass. 

brazier2  (bra'zier),  ».  [Also  brasier;  <  F.  bra- 
sier, a  pan  of"  live  coals,  formerly  bracier,  "a 
burning  coal,  quickfire  of  coals,  hot  embers " 


Bronze  Brazier  made  in  1675  by  Pedro  Cerdanyae  for  the  Guildhall  of 
Barcelona.    (From  "  L* Art  pour  Tons.") 

(Cotgraye)  (cf.  braisiere,  a  camp-kettle),  < 
braise,  live  coals:  see  braize1.]  An  open  pan 
for  burning  charcoal,  used  especially  for  heat- 
ing rooms  in  southern  and  eastern  countries, 
such  as  Italy,  China,  Japan,  etc. 

Four  nice-looking  Japanese  girls  brought  us  thick  cot- 
ton quilts  to  sit  upon,  and  braziers  full  of  burning  char- 
coal, to  warm  ourselves  by. 

Luili/  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xix. 

brazier3  (bra'zier),  n.  [Anotherform  of  bruize'*, 
D.  brnneiH,  etc.,  bream:  see  bream1.]  A  name 
used  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ireland  for  the 
common  sea-bream,  Pagellus  centrodontus. 

brazil  (bra-7.il'),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brasil 
(with  accent  on  the  first  syllable;  cf.  brassil, 
brkmel-cnck),  <  ME.  brasil,  bra.*yle  =  ODan. 
brasilie,  Dan.  brattilic(-tra!)  =  Norw.  bresel,  bri- 
sel,  <  OF.  brrsil,  mod.  F.  bresil  =  Pr.  brexil.  l>n-- 
zilh  =  Sp.  OPg.  brazil  (>  mod.  It.  brasile :  ML. 
brasiliitm,  braxile,  bresillum,  brisiltum.  lirixin- 
fiim),  orig.  a  red  dyewood  brought  from  the 
East.  Origin  uncertain ;  perhaps,  as  Die/,  sug- 
gests, <  Pr.  brezilliar  (=  F.  breftillcr),  break  into 
fragments,  crumble,  <  Itriza,  a  fragment,  little 


667 

bit  (=  F.  bris,  a  breaking  open,  a  wreck,  former- 
ly fragments,  rubbish:  see  />n#>2,  ».,  fcivr;c:l).  < 
l'in::ur  —  F.  briser,  break :  see  bruise  and  di-lirin. 
The  name  would  refer  to  the  form  in  which  the 
dyewood  was  imported.  Now  usually  in  comp. 
brazil-iriHxl,  with  direct  reference  to  the  eoiin- 
try  Bruxil.  The  country,  named  .Vanta  t'rw-  l>y 
its  (second)  discoverer,  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral 
(1500),  afterward  received  the  name  Brazil,  it 
is  said,  from  King  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  on 
account  of  its  producing  red  dyewood.  The 
name  had  been  long  before  applied  to  a  sup- 
posed island  in  the  Atlantic,  perhaps  by  asso- 
ciatimi  with  Pliny's  Iiitntlte  I'urpurarm  (lit. 
Purple  Islands),  sometimes  supposed  to  refer 
to  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo.]  If.  A  heavy  dye- 
wood  of  the  genus  Ceesalpinia  (<".  .sviy//«/«),  im- 
ported from  the  East,  now  known  as  sappan- 
icood  (which  see). 

Him  nedeth  not  his  colour  for  to  dien 
With  brasil  nc  with  grain  of  I'ortlngale. 

Chaucer,  C.  T.  (ed.  Tyrwhitt),  1.  15464. 

2.  A  very  heavy  dyewood,  from  Brazil  and 
other  parts  of  tropical  America.    The  true  brazil- 

«iM"l  is  from  the  leguminous  tree  C(fsalpinia  ecftimir,t. 

hut  the  name  is  also  given  to  c.  i*ltni,hnr<Me*.     W I- 

known  as  peach-wood  and  lima-wood  are  said  to  be  from 
the  same  species.  The  wood  has  a  slightly  aromatic  odor 
and  a  bitter-sweet  taste.  To  extract  the  coloring  matter, 
the  wood  is  finely  ground,  allowed  to  ferment  in  the  air, 
and  then  toiled  in  copper  cylinders  with  water.  The  ex- 
tract produces  purple  dyes  with  salts  of  Iron,  and  red  with 
salts  of  alumina.  Lakes  used  by  decorators  are  also  made 
from  it,  and  common  red  ink  is  prepared  by  adding  a  little 
alum  and  acid  to  a  decoction  of  It.  Also  spelled  uratil. 

Are  my  bones  brazil,  or  my  flesh  of  oak  ? 

U,  mend  what  thou  hast  made,  what  I  have  broke. 

Qtiarles,  Emblems,  iii.  5. 

3.  Sulphate  of  iron.     [North.  Eng.] 
brazil-cockt,  »•     [Also  written  brasil-cock,  and 

corruptly  brixxel-cock,  brixsil-coek,  with  ref.  to 
Brazil,  representing  America,  the  place  of  its 
origin.]  A  turkey. 

braziletto  (braz-i-let'6),  n.  [Pg.  brazilete,  bra- 
zil-wood ;  Sp.  brasilete,  F.  bresillct,  dim.  of  bragil, 
etc. :  see  brazil.]  A  wood  resembling  brazil- 
wood, obtained  from  the  West  Indies  and  parts 
of  Central  America,  from  species  of  Ccesalpinia, 
C.  crista  and  C.  pectinata,  and  the  nearly  allied 
Peltophorum  l.imi/i  i.  It  is  used  for  dyeing  and  in 
cabinet-work.  The  bastard  or  false  braziletto  of  the  same 
region  includes  a  number  of  different  shrubs  or  trees,  as 
Puramnia  Antidemna,  natural  order  Simambacea,  the 
saxifragaceous  Weiamannia  pinnata,  and  the  araliaceous 
Sriadoithyllitm  fapitatum. 

Brazilian  (bra-zil'ian),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  [<  lirazil 
(Pg.  Brazil,  Sp.  Brasil,  etc. :  see  brazil)  +  -tan.] 
Pertaining  to  Brazil,  an  empire  and  the  largest 
country  of  South  America :  as,  Brazilian  produc- 
tions— Brazilian  balsam.  See  bal*a>n.— Brazilian 
bean.  See  6ra»i.— Brazilian  cocoa, guarana.—  Brazil- 
ian pebbles,  lenses  for  spectacles  ground  from  pure, 
colorless  rock-crystal  obtained  from  Brazil.— Brazilian 
plait,  in  England,  plait  made  of  dried  flag  grass  which  is 
imported  from  the  West  Indies,  and  perhaps  from  South 
America. 
II.  M.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Brazil. 

brazilin,  braziline  (braz'i-lin),  n.  [<  brazil 
+  -in2,  -ine'* ;  also  written  breziline,  after  F. 
bresiliiie.]  A  crystallizable  coloring  principle 
(Ci6H14OB)  obtained  from  brazil-wood.  Also 
written  brasilin,  brasiline,  breziline. 

Brazil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  n.  The  seed  of  the 
fruit  of  Berthofletia  eicelsa,  a  tree  of  the  natu- 
ral order  AfyrlacetF,  a  native  of  Guiana,  Vene- 
zuela, and  Brazil.  The  fruit  is  nearly  round  and 
about  t)  inches  in  diameter,  having  an  extremely  hard 
shell  about  i  inch  thick,  and  containing  from  18  to  24 


breach 

brazing-tongs  (iirrr/.iu^  ti'mgz),  n.  i>l.    Tongs 
with  broad  flat  jaw*,  used   in   brazing.     See 

' 


a,  c 

Brazil-nut. 

ii.  fruit  of  Bertkolletitt  txcetsa ,'  t,  same  with  portion  of  shell 
removed  ;  c,  a  single  nut  on  larger  scale. 

triangular  wrinkled  seeds,  which  are  so  fitted  together 
« ithin  the  shell  that  when  once  disturl>ed  It  is  impossible 
to  replace  them.  When  the  fruita  are  ripe  they  fall  from 
the  tree  and  are  collected  by  Indians.  They  are  then  split 
open  with  an  ax,  and  the  seeds  are  taken  out  and  packed 
in  baskets  for  transportation.  Besides  lieing  used  as  an 
article  of  dessert,  a  bland  oil,  used  by  watchmakers  and 
other*,  is  expressed  from  them.  See  Bertholletia. 

Brazil-root  (bra-zil'rdt),  n.   A  name  sometimes 
i:i\en  to  the  root  of  ipecacuanha. 
Brazil  tea.     Same  as  mate. 
Brazil  wax.    See  ires. 
brazil-wood  (bra-zil'wud),  ii.     Same  as  brazil. 


breach  (breeh),  M.  [<  (1)MK.  lin  i-ln:  aiso.  with- 
out assimilation, /</•</.'  (>  mod.  K.  lirmk.  n..  and 
dial,  liri'il:-.  <|.  v.),  also  brekke  (>  mod.  K.  dial. 
In  "•/,-,  q.  V.),  <  AS.  •'.  .-.  found  only 

in  the  Kcnse  of  'a  piece'  (in  eonip.  /</«-,„<//»/», 
|iieeemcal,  /i/i//-i/' ''/""•'•.  u  piece  of  bread),  = 
OKries.  bnh\  • .  in. 

and  f.,  a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  Ml).  /</•/.. 
a  break,  breach,  fracture,  =  MI.<;.  Iml.i.  n 
breach,  violation ;  the  above  forms  being  mixed 
with  (L')  ME.  bruche,  'bryche,  also,  without  as- 
sibilation,  brykr,  brike,  a  breach,  violation,  in- 
jury, ruin  (>  K.  dial,  brick1,  a  flaw,  Sc.  brick, 
a  breach,  a  division  of  land),  <  AS.  bryce,  brice 
(=OHG.  brtih,  MHG.  (i.  hrnch),  m.,  a  breaking, 
breach,  fracture,  violation,  fragment,  piece 
(cf.  MD.  breucke,  D.  breuk,  t.,  a  breaking,  frac- 
ture, rupture,  crime,  fine,  =  G.  briiche,  t.,  a 
crime,  fine) ;  cf .  (3)  E.  dial,  brock,  AS.  tjebroc, 
neut.,  =  1).  brok,  m.,  =  OHG.  brocco,  MHG. 
brocke,  G.  brocke,  bracken,  m.,  =  Goth,  gabruka, 
t.,  a  fragment,  piece,  bit  (see  brock*) ;  and  (4) 
several  other  closely  related  noun  forms  (see 
brack1,  brake1,  etc.);  <  breean  (pret.  breec,  pp. 
brocen),  break.  Breach  is  thus  a  deriv.  of  break, 
related,  in  present  though  not  in  orig.  form,  to 
break  as  speech  is  to  speak.  Hence  (from  ME.  or 
MLG.)  OF.  MF.  breche,  breselie,  mod.  F.  breche, 
a  breach,  gap,  break,  injury,  >  Sp.  Pg.  brecha, 
a  breach,  =  It.  breccia,  formerly  also  brecchia, 
a  breach,  a  gap,  a  rupture.  =  G.  bresche,  a 
breach  in  a  wall,  etc.  The  It.  breccia,  gravel, 
now  technically  breccia,  =  F.  breche,  breccia, 
is  closely  related,  but  may  be  taken  from  the 
G. :  see  breccia.  See  break,  n.,  breck2,  brcck, 
brick1,  brack1,  brake's,  related  to  and  in  part 
identical  with  breach;  see  also  brick?.]  1. 
The  act  of  breaking :  now  used  only  figuratively 
of  the  violation  or  neglect  of  a  law,  contract,  or 
any  other  obligation,  or  of  a  custom. 

A  custom 
.More  honour'd  in  the  breach,  than  the  observance. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  I.  4. 

The  deadliest  sin  her  mind  could  reach 
Was  of  monastic  rule  the  breach. 

Sent!,  Mannlon,  ii.  ;;. 

2.  An  opening  made  by  breaking  down  a  por- 
tion of  a  solid  body,  as  a  wall,  a  dike,  or  a 
river-bank ;  a  rupture ;  a  break ;  a  gap. 

Could  make  old  Trent, 

Drunk  with  my  sorrow,  to  start  out  in  breaches, 
To  drown  their  herds,  their  cattle,  and  their  corn. 

/;.  Joiumn,  Sad  Shepherd,  L  2. 

Thou  hast  made  the  earth  to  tremble ;  thou  hast  broken 
it;  heal  the  breaches  thereof.  IN.  Ix.  i 

He  then  led  his  men  to  the  assault,  taking  charge  him- 
self of  those  who  were  to  storm  the  breach. 

Prescott,  Kerd.  and  Isa.,  it  11. 

3f.  A  break  or  interruption  in  utterance. 

And  all  her  sister  N'yinphes  with  one  consent 
Hupplide  her  sobbing  breaches  with  sad  complement. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  Iv.  35. 

4.  A  rupture  of  friendly  relations ;  difference ; 
quarrel. 

There's  fallen  between  him  and  my  lord 

An  unkind  breach.  Shak.,  Othello,  IT.  1. 

5.  Infraction ;  violation ;  infringement :  as,  a 
breach  of  the  peace,  of  a  promise,  or  of  a  con- 
tract. 

This  breach  upon  kingly  power  was  without  precedent. 

Clarendon. 
It  is  no  breach  of  charity  to  call  these  fools. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Keligio  Medici,  ii.  1. 
The  first  steps  in  the  breach  of  a  man's  integrity  are 
much  more  important  than  men  are  aware  of. 

Strele,  Spectator,  No.  448. 

6.  Injury;  wound;  bruise. 

Breach  for  breach,  eye  for  eye,  tooth  for  tooth. 

Lev.  xxiv.  30. 

7.  The  breaking  of  waves ;  the  dashing  of  surf. 

Some  hour  l>efore  you  took  me  from  the  breach  of  the 
sea  was  my  sister  drowned.  Shak..  T.  N.,  U.  1. 

We  scudded  with  frightful  velocity  !>efore  the  sea,  and 
the  water  made  clear  breaches  over  us.  /'**•,  Tales,  I.  154. 
Breach  of  arrest,  a  military  offense  committed  by  an 
officer  in  arrest  who  leaves  his  quarters  or  limits  without 
authority  from  hi-s  superior  officer.  It  is  punishable  hy 
cashiering.— Breach  of  arrestment,  in  .•*•<>'»  late,  an  act 
of  contempt  of  legal  authority  committed  by  an  nrrestee 
disregarding  the  arrestment  used  In  his  hands,  and  paying 
the  sum  or  delivering  the  i:.»»l.-  united  to  the  common 
ileMor.  —  Breach  Of  Close,  in  lair,  an  uiiwarrant.-ii 
try  on  another's  land.  —  Breach  of  covenant.  :i  violation 
of  a  covenant  contained  in  a  deed  either  to  door  refrain 
from  doing  a  direct  act.-  Breach  of  duty,  the  failure  to 
i  M  rule  any  ottiee.  eniplojmi  lit,  tn^t.  etc..  ill  a  proper 
manner.— Breach  of  promise,  .1  violation  of  ones  word 
or  undertaking  ;  non -fiimlmciit  "f  what  one  had  agreed  to 
do:  often  used  al»olutely  for  breach  of  pruinUi-  of  mar- 
riage.—  Breach  of  the  peace,  a  violation  of  the  public 


breach 

peace,  as  by  a  riot,  affray,  or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary 
to  law  and  injurious  to  the  public  welfare.— Breach  of 
trust,  a  violation  of  duty  by  a  trustee,  an  executor,  or 
other  person  in  a  fiduciary  position.— To  batter  In 
breach.  See  &att«-i.  =  Syn.  1-4.  Rupture,  etc.  See/i-iK- 
tin v.— 2.  Opening,  cleft,  chasm,  rift,  rent,  fissure.— 4.  Mis- 
understanding, alienation,  disaffection,  falling  out. 
breach  (brech),  r.  [<  breach,  ».]  I.  trans.  To 
make  a  breach  or  opening  in. 

The  first  bombardment  had  in  no  place  succeeded  in 
tn'ruclti/i"  tin-  walls. 

C.  D.  Yonge,  Naval  Hist,  of  W.  Britain. 

Koaring  torrents  have  breath'd 

The  track.  31.  Arnold,  Rugby  Chapel. 

H.  intrans.  To  spring  from  the  water,  as  a 
whale. 

When  the  watch  at  the  masthead  sees  the  whale  spring 
from  the  water,  he  cries,  "There  she  breacliet!" 

Stand.  Nat.  Ilitt.,  V.  207. 

breaching-battery  (bre'ching-bat"er-i),  n.  See 

lniHcry. 

breachy  (bre'chi),  a.  [<  breach  +  -y1.]  Apt  to 
break  fences ;  unruly :  applied  to  cattle.  [Col- 
loq.] 

bread1  (bred),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bred,  < 
ME.  breed,  bred,  <  AS.  bread  (=  OPries.  brad  = 
OS.  brad  =  D.  brood  =  MLG.  brot,  LG.  brood 
=  OHG.  MHG.  brot,  G.  brot  =  loel.  braudh  = 
Sw.  Dan.  brod),  bread,  prob.,  like  broth1,  q.  v., 
from  the  root  of  bredwaii,  etc.,  brew :  see  breu'1. 
The  AS.  bread  first  appears  in  the  cpmp.  hco- 
breiid,  bee-bread  (see  bee-bread) ;  it  is  seldom 
found  alone:  the  usual  word  for  'bread'  was 
hlaf,  E.  loaf1,  q.  v.]  1 .  A  kind  of  food  made 
of  the  flour  or  meal  of  some  species  of  grain, 
by  kneading  it  (with  the  addition  of  a  little 
salt,  and  sometimes  sugar)  into  a  dough,  yeast 
being  commonly  added  to  cause  fermentation 
or  "lightness,"  and  then  baking  it.  The  yeast 
causes  alcoholic  fermentation  and  the  production  of  al- 
cohol and  carbonic  acid ;  the  latter,  an  expanding  gas, 
pushes  the  particles  of  dough  asunder,  causing  the  bread  to 
rise,  and,  with  the  alcohol,  is  soon  expelled  by  the  heat  of 
the  oven.  See  yeast.  In  mlt-rixiny  bread  the  fermenta- 
tion is  said  to  be  carried  on  by  bacteria.  Bread  is  some- 
times made  partly  or  wholly  from  the  products  uf  other 
than  cereal  plants,  as  beans,  lentils,  chestnuts,  some  kinds 
of  bark,  etc. 

2.  Figuratively,  food  or  sustenance  in  general. 
Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  aloue.  Mat.  iv.  4. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed. 
What  then ''.  is  the  reward  of  virtue  bread  ? 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  150. 

Many  officers  of  the  army  were  arbitrarily  deprived  of 
their  commissions  and  of  their  bread. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Aerated  bread.  See  aerate.— Bloody  bread.  See 
Moody.—  Bread  Acts,  English  statutes  of  1822  (3  Geo. 
IV.,  c.  10«)  and  1836  (6  and  7  Win.  IV.,  c.  37)  regulating 
the  making  and  sale  of  bread,  and  prohibiting  the  adul- 
teration of  bread,  meal,  and  flour.— Bread  and  butter, 
one's  means  of  living.  [Colloq.] 

Your  quarrelling  with  each  other  upon  the  subject  of 
bread  and  butter  is  the  most  usual  thing  in  the  world. 

Swift,  To  Duchess  of  ljueeusberry,  Aug.  12, 1732. 

Brown  bread,  («)  Wheaten  bread  made  from  unbolted 
flour,  which  thus  includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  finer 
parts  of  the  flour :  in  the  United  States  commonly  called 
Graham  bread,  (b)  In  New  England,  wheaten  or  rye  bread 
containing  an  admixture  of  Indian  meal :  a  variety  of  it 
is  called  specifically  Boston  brown  bread.— Hottentot's 
bread.  See  Hottentot.— St.  John's  bread,  a  children's 
name  for  ergot.  Berkeley.—  Statute  Of  bread  and  ale, 
an  English  statute  of  1266,  better  known  as  the  amimi 
•jmnis  et  cereiritr,  regulating  the  sale  of  those  commodi- 
ties.—Tatar  bread,  the  root  of  a  cruciferous  plant. 
Crambe  Tatarica,  cultivated  for  food  in  Hungary.— To 
break  bread.  See  break.— To  know  on  which,  side 
one's  bread  Is  buttered,  see  buttcri,  v. 

bread1  (bred),  v.  t.  [<  bread1,  «.]  In  cookerii, 
to  prepare  with  grated  bread ;  cover  with  white 
of  eggs  and  bread-crumbs. 

bread2  (bred),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  bretlen,  <  AS.  briedan 
(=  OS.  bredian  =  OHG.  breiten,  MHG.  G.  breiten 
=  Icel.  breidhja  =  Sw.  breda  =  Dan.  brede  = 
Goth.  *braidjan,  in  comp.  us-braidjaii),  make 
broad,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad,  a.,  and  cf. 
broad,  r.,  and  broaden.']  To  make  broad; 
spread.  Kay;  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bread'2t,  «.  [<  ME.  bredc,  <  AS.  briedii  (=  D. 
breedtc  =  OHG.  breiti,  MHG.  G.  breite  =  It-el. 
breidd  =  Sw.  bredd  =  Dan.  bredde  =  Goth. 
braidei),  breadth,  <  brad,  broad:  see  broad.'] 
Breadth.  Also  brede.  [The  older  word,  now 
displaced  by  breadth.'] 

Thoughe  it  be  clept  the  Tour  of  Babiloyne,  git  natheles 
there  were  ordeyned  with  inne  many  Mansiouus  and 
many  gret  dnellynge  Places,  in  length  and  brede. 

Xandeville,  Travels,  p.  41. 
On  bredet,  abroad. 

Sorwe  yblowe  on  brede.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  530. 

bread3  (bred),  v.  t.  [Var.  of  braid1 ;  <  ME.  brrdc». 

<  AS.  bredan,  bregdaii :  see  braid1.']    lanet-mak- 

iinj,  to  form  in  meshes ;  net.  Also  breathe,  brede. 

To  bread  or  breathe  a  net  is  to  make  a  net. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVII.  359. 


668 

bread3,  brede  (bred),  n.  [Var.  of  braid1,  n.] 
A  piece  of  embroidery;  a  braid.  [Obsolete  or 
poetical.] 

A  curious  brede  of  needlework.  Drydfn, 

She  every  day  came  to  him  in  a  different  dress,  of  the 
most  beautiful  shells,  bugles,  and  breda. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  11. 
O  Attic  shape  !  Fair  attitude  !  with  brede 
(If  marble  men  and  maidens  overwrought. 

Keati,  Ode  on  a  Grecian  Urn. 
The  .  .  .  wave  that  rims  the  Carib  shore 
With  momentary  brede  of  pearl  and  gold. 

Lowell,  Sea-weed. 

bread-and-butter  (bred'and-but'er),  a.  1. 
Seeking  bread  and  butter,  or  the  means  of  liv- 
ing ;  controlled  by  material  wants  and  desires ; 
mercenary :  as,  the  bread-and-butter  brigade 
(applied  to  office-seekers  in  the  United  States). 
—  2.  Eating  much  bread  and  butter,  as  young 
boys  or  girls ;  hence,  belonging  to  adolescence ; 
in  the  stage  of  growth :  as,  she's  but  a  bread-and- 
butter  miss.  [Colloq.] 
The  wishy-washy  bread-and-butter  period  of  life. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xli. 

bread-barge  (bred'barj),  «.  The  wooden  box 
or  tub  in  which  the  crew  of  a  merchant  vessel 
keep  their  daily  allowance  of  biscuit. 

bread-basket  (bred'bas'/ket),  n.  1.  A  basket 
for  holding  or  carrying  bread;  specifically,  a 
tray,  generally  oval  in  shape,  used  for  holding 
bread  at  table. —  2.  The  stomach.  [Slang.] 

I  ...  made  the  sonp*maigre  rumble  in  his  bread-basket, 
ami  laid  him  sprawling.        Foote,  Englishman  in  Paris,  i. 

breadberry  (bred'ber*i),  «.  An  article  of  diet 
for  convalescents  and  persons  in  delicate  health, 
made  by  pouring  boiling  water  on  toasted  bread 
and  seasoning  it  with  sugar,  etc. ;  pap. 

bread-chippert  (bred'chip'er),  «.  One  who 
chips  or  slices  bread. 

Not  to  dispraise  me;  and  call  me  pantler,  and  bread- 
chipper,  and  I  know  not  what?       Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ti.  4. 

bread-corn  (bred'kdrn),  n.  Corn  or  grain  of 
which  bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  maize,  etc. 

breadent  (bred'n),  «.  [<  bread1  +  -en2.']  Made 
of  bread.  [Rare.] 

breadfruit  (bred'frot),  n.  The  fruit  of  the  tree 
Artocarpus  incisa.  See  below — Breadfruit-tree. 
(a)  The  A rtocarpus  iiwina.  a  native  of  Java  and  the  neigh- 
boring islands,  but  long  in  cultivation  in  all  the  tropical 
islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  more  recently  introduced  in  the 
West  Indies  and  other  parts  of  tropical  America.  Tilt- 
leaves  are  large,  rough,  and  lobed.  The  fruit  is  composed 
of  the  numerous  small  female  flowers  united  into  one  large 
fleshy  mass  about  the  size  of  a  child's  head,  and  is  covered 
with  hexagonal  marks  externally,  which  are  the  limits  of 
the  individual  flowers.  It  is  roasted  before  being  eaten, 


Branch  of  the  Breadfruit-tree  (Artocarptts  incisa),  with  staminate 
and  pistillate  inflorescence. 

and  though  insipid  it  forms  the  principal  article  of  food 
in  the  South  Sea  islands.  Another  species  of  Artoenrimx 
(A.  integri/olia)  yields  a  coarser  sort  of  breadfruit,  called 
jack-fruit.  See  Artocarjnui.  Also  called  bread-tree.  (6)  A 
rubiaceous  shrub  of  northern  Australia,  Gardenia  eduli*. 
bearing  a  small  edible  fruit.— Hottentot  breadfruit,  "f 
South  Africa,  the  stem  of  Emwhalarto*  Ca/cr,  which  is 
stripped  of  its  leaves,  buried  in  the  ground  for  some  months, 
and  then  pounded,  when  it  furnishes  a  quantity  of  farina- 
ceous matter  resembling  sago.  Also  called  Kajir-bread. 
breadingt,  ».  [<  breads  +  -ing1.]  A  windrow 
or  swath.  [Prov.  Eng.]  See  extract. 

Breadi-ntjs  of  corn  or  grass,  the  swathes  or  lows  wherein 
the  mower  leaves  them.  Kennett  (Halliwell). 

bread-knife  (bred'ulf),  ».     A  knife  for  cutting 

bread, 
breadless  (bred'les),  a.    [ME.  bredlees ;  <  bread1 

+  -less.]     Without  bread ;  destitute  of  food. 
Plump  peers  and  breadlenn  bards  alike  are  dull. 

.  P.  Whitrhead,  State  Dunces, 
breadmeal  (bred'mel),  n.    The  mountain-meal 

orbergmehl  of  Sweden  and  Finland.   See  hinj- 

mehl. 
bread-nut  (bred'nut),  n.     The  fruit  of  the  tree 

Brosimnm  Alicastrum,  natural  order  Urticacecc. 


break 

See  Brosimwm.  The  bastard  bread-nut  of  Jamaica  is  the 
fruit  of  a  similar  species,  I'tieitdolmedia  apuria. 

bread-room  (bred'rom),  n.  An  apartment 
where  bread  is  kept,  especially  such  an  apart- 
ment in  a  ship,  made  water-tight,  and  some- 
times lined  with  tin  to  keep  out  rats. 

bread-root  (bred'rot),  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Psoralea,  the  P.  esculenta.  See  Psoralea. 

bread-sauce  (bred'sas),  «.  A  sauce  usually 
made  of  grated  bread,  milk,  onions,  pepper,  etc. 

breadstuff  (bred'stuf),  n.  [<  bread1  +  *tnff,  «.] 
Any  kind  of  grain  from  which  bread  is  made ; 
meal ;  flour :  generally  used  in  the  plural  as  a 
commercial  term  to  signify  all  the  different 
varieties  of  grain  and  flour  collectively  from 
which  bread  is  made. 

breadth  (bredth),  ».  [<  late  ME.  bredtJie. 
bredethe  (with  suffix  -th  as  in  Irui/tli,  width. 
strength,  etc.),  older  form  brede,  <  AS.  briedii, 
breadth:  see  bread1*,  «.]  1.  The  measure  of 
the  second  principal  diameter  of  a  surface  or 
solid,  the  first  being  length,  and  the  third  (in 
the  case  of  a  solid)  mMbMM.  Thus,  if  a  rectangular 
parallelopiped  measures  3  feet  by  2  feet  by  1  foot,  its 
breadth  is  2  feet.  The  breadth  of  a  surface  is,  in  the  com- 
mon use  of  the  word,  the  distance  between  the  margins, 
which  are  regarded  as  the  fides,  as  distinguished  from 
length,  or  the  distance  from  end  to  end. 
Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  largeness ;  freedom 
from  naiTowness  or  restraint;  liberality:  as, 
breadth  of  culture,  breadth  of  view,  etc. —  3. 
That  quality  in  a  work  of  art,  whether  pictorial 
or  plastic,  which  is  obtained  by  the  simple, 
clear  rendering  of  essential  forms,  and  the 
strict  subordination  of  details  to  general  effect. 
Breadth  of  design,  of  color,  of  light  and  shade,  or  of  sur- 
face treatment,  gives  an  impression  of  mastery,  ease,  and 
freedom  in  the  use  of  material  on  the  part  of  the  artist, 
which  conveys  a  sense  of  repose  and  dignity  to  the  mind. 

4.  In  logiCj  extension;  the  aggregate  of  sub- 
jects of  which  a  logical  term  can  be  predicated. 
—  5.  Something  that  has  breadth ;  specifically, 
apiece  of  a  fabric  of  the  regular  width ;  a  width. 
— Essential  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real  things  of 
which,  according  to  its  very  meaning,  a  term  is  predicable. 
The  term  being,  for  example,  is  from  its  meaning  predicable 
of  everything.  — Informed  breadth,  the  aggregate  of  real 
things  of  which  a  term  is  predicable  with  logical  truth, 
on  the  whole,  in  a  supposed  state  of  information. 

breadthen  (bred  then),  v.  t.  [<  breadth  +  -en1. 
Cf.  lengthen.]  To  "make  broader;  extend  or 
stretch  transversely.  [Rare.] 

To  extend  the  pieces  to  their  utmost  width  a  machine 
called  a  brfadtheninr/  machine  is  employed. 

Ure,  Diet,  I.  867. 

breadthless  (bredth'les),  a.  [<  breadth  +  -less.] 
Without  breadth.  Dr.  H.  More. 

breadthwise,  breadthways  (bredth' wiz,-waz), 
adv.  [<  breadth  +  -wise,  -ways.]  In  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth. 

bread-tray  (bred'tra),  ».  A  tray  for  holding 
bread. 

bread-tree  (bred'tre),  «.  Same  as  breadjruit- 
trec,  (a)  (which  see,  under  breadfruit). 

bread-weight,  «.    Same  as  troy  iceif/lit. 

breadwinner  (bred'win"er),  n.  1.  One  who 
earns  a  livelihood  for  himself  and  those  depen- 
dent upon  him :  usually  restricted  to  one  who 
is  directly  dependent  upon  his  earnings  from 
day  to  day  or  from  week  to  week. 

The  breadwinner  being  gone,  his  goods  were  seized  for 
an  old  debt,  and  his  wife  was  driven  into  the  streets  tn 
beg.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xiii. 

2.  That  by  means  of  which  one  earns  one's 
bread.  [Rare.] 

The  book-making  specialist  of  our  generation  probably 
yields  to  none  of  his  predecessors  in  the  literary  roll  in 
respect  of  industry,  skill,  and  accuracy ;  but  his  subject, 
as  a  rule,  is  his  business,  his  bread  inn  nn-. 

Quarterly  Jtrr.,  (JLXII.  51S. 

breadyt  (bred'i),  a.  [<  bread1  +  -//!.]  Resem- 
bling bread. 

break  (brak),  v. ;  pret.  broke  (brake  is  obsolete 
or  archaic),  pp.  broken  or  broke  (obsolescent  or 
poetical),  ppr.  breaking.  [Early  mod.  E.  and 
dial,  also  breck;  <  ME.  breken  (pret.  brak,  brek, 
6rafce.pl.  brazen,  Imkcn,  pp.  broken,  broke),  < 
AS.  brecan  (pret.  brae,  pi.  brwcon,  pp.  brown) 
=  OS.  brekan  =  OFries.  breka  =  D.  breken  = 
MLG.  breken,  LG.  breken,  brcekcn  =  OHG.  brt-h- 
li/ni.  MHG.  breehen,  G.  brechen  =  Goth,  brikaii. 
break  (cf.  Icel.  braka,  bruise,  braka,  creak,  Sw. 
braka,  crack,  =  Dan.  bra-kke,  break  —  weak 
verbs),  =  L./r«wf/f re (perf./rer/i);  perhaps  =  Gr. 
Inryvi'vai,  break;  cf.  Skt.  \fbhan4  (for  "bhraiij'), 
break.  Hence  (from  AS.  etc.)  breach,  break, 
n.,  breck,  brrck-,  brick1,  brake1,  brake?,  brtil:i'A, 
brock1*,  perhaps  brook1,  etc.;  (through  Rom.) 
bray1,  breccia,  brictile,  etc.;  and  (from  L.)/mr- 
iion,  fracture,  fragile,  frail1,  fraijiiii'iit,  etc.]  I. 
trout,  1.  To  divide  into  parts  or  fragments  vio- 


break 

li-iitly,  us  by  :i  blow  or  strain;  part  by  a  rup- 

tnro  iif  substance;  fracture:  used  primarily  nf 
rigid  solid  material*:  us.  to  brml-  u  stone  i.r  a 
stick;  to  break  a  wall. 

And  the  widows  of  Ashnr  arc  loud  in  their  wall. 
And  the  Idols  nre  broke  In  tin  temple 

Byron,  Destruction  ,if  ScniiMi-Jn  iii, 

2.  Specifically,  in  l<nr,  to  open  or  force  one's 
way  into  (a  dwelling,  store,  etc.)  burglariously. 
\  house  is  said  to  be  hfuk-'n  by  a  burglar  when  any  pa'rt 
or  fastening  of  it  is  removed  with  intent  1"  ellcet  nil  en- 
1 i  ailee. 

3.  To  destroy  the  continuity  of  in  any  way; 
destroy  the  order  or  fonniitioii  of;  diaeoniud  : 
interrupt;  disorder;    specifically,  of  the  gkiu, 
lacerate :  as,  to  break  the  center  of  an  army ; 
to  lircnk  ranks;  the  stone,  frilling,  broke  t he  sur- 
face of  the  water;  to  break  an  electric  circuit  : 
to  break  one's  sleep;  the  blow  broke  the  skin. 

This  hereditary  right  should  lie  kept  so  sacred  us  never 
to  break  the  succession.  >'«•///,  Sent,  of  Oh.  of  Eng.  Man,  II. 

No  other  objeet  break* 

The  waste,  lint  one  dwarf  tree. 

Stiellri/,  Julian  and  Muddalo. 

4.  To  destroy  the  completeness  of;  remove  a 
part  from;   hence,  to  exchange  for  a  smaller 
amount,  as  a  bank-note  in  payment :  as,  to  bn'/il: 
a  set  of  chessmen;  to  break  a  ten-dollar  bill. 

''•nt  I  ai icasy  about  these  same  four  guineas  :  I  think 

yon  should  have  given  them  hack  again  to  your  master  ; 
ami  yet  I  have  broken  them.  BJMantjm,  P&meU,  xvii. 

6.  To  lessen,  impair,   or  destroy  the  force, 
strength,  or  intensity  of;  weaken :  as,  a  con- 
stitution broken  by  dissipation;    to    break   a 
child's  will ;  to  break  the  force  of  a  blow. 
An  old  man,  broken  with  the  storms  of  state. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  Iv.  8. 

I'll  rather  leap  down  first  ami  break  yonr  fall.    Dri:<l*-ii. 
Too  courteous  are  you,  fair  Lord  Lancelot. 
I  pray  you,  use  some  rough  discourtesy 
To  hlunt  or  break  her  passion. 

Tmnynon,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

6.  To  tame ;  train  to  obedience ;  make  tract- 
able :  as,  to  break  a  horse  or  a  hunting-dog  for 
work  in  the  field. 

Why,  then  thou  canst  not  break  her  to  the  lute? 

Shak.,T.  of  the  S.,  11.1. 

7.  To  violate,  as  a  contract,  law,  or  promise, 
either  by  a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  law  or 
promise,  or  by  neglect  or  non-fulfilment. 

I'nhappy  man  !  to  break  the  pious  laws 

Of  nature.  Dryaen. 

8.  To  make  bankrupt,  as  a  bank  or  a  merchant : 
destroy,  as  the  credit  of  a  bank. 

The  credit  of  this  liank  being  thin  broken  did  exceeding- 
ly discontent  the  people.  Evelyn,  Diary,  March  12,  167-2. 

9.  To  reduce  in  or  dismiss  from  rank  or  posi- 
tion as  a  punishment:  as,  to  break  an  officer. 

It  must  lie  allowed,  Indeed,  that  to  break  an  English 
frcelHiru  officer  only  for  blasphemy  was,  to  speak  the 
gentlest  of  such  an  action,  a  v»ry  high  strain  of  absolute 
power.  >«•'/(,  Against  Altolishing  Christianity. 

The  captain  .  .  .  has  the  power  to  turn  his  officers  olf 
duty,  and  even  to  break  them  and  make  them  do  duty  as 
sailors  in  the  forecastle. 

K.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  11. 
10f.  To  disband. 

My  birthday  was  ominous.  .  .  .  The  regiment  in  which 
my  father  served  being  broke.  Steriir. 

11.  To  make  a  first  and  partial  disclosure  of, 
as  an  opinion  or  project ;  especiallv,  to  impart 
or  tell  cautiously  so  as  not  to  startle  or  shock; 
also,  simply,  tell;  inform:  as,  to  break  unwel- 
come news  to  a  person. 

His  nerves  are  so  weak,  that  the  night  of  a  poor  relation 
maybe  too  much  for  him.  I  should  have  gone  llrst  t.. 
break  it  to  him.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  1. 

12f.   To  cut   up,  as  game,    .skill  in  breaking  the 

killed  deer  was  con.si.lerc'l  as  important  invenery  a.s  bold- 
ness in  the  chase  itself. 

They  found  him  liy  a  water  side, 
Where  he  brake  the  beast  that  tide, 
The  hart  that  was  so  wild. 

Sir  Triiniiimf.  in  Ellis  Collection. 

13.  To  tear.     [Prov.  Eiig.] 

In  this  county  I  Hampshire!  break  is  used  for  tear,  and 
tear  liirbmik:  as,  I  haven-torn  my  best  decanter  or  china 
dish  ;  I  have'  n-in-ukr  my  tine  cambric  apron.  Orate. 

To  break  a  blockade,  to  render  it  inoperative  by  dri\  ing 
off  or  destroying  the  blockading  force.  To  break  a  gun 
to  open  It  by  the  action.— To  break  a  Jest,  to  utter  a 
jest;  crack  a  joke.  <)!n-«<i;  fioffafftrMv.  To  break  a 
lance,  to  enter  the  lists  with  an  opponent  ;  make  a  trial 

of  skill.  -To  break  an  electrical  circuit,  s.-,-  rfrvu* 
-To  break  a  path,  a  road,  or  a  way,  t"  force  a  passage 
through  obstacles  or  difficulties.  To  break  bread.  («) 

To  take  a  meal  :  share  one's  hospitalil).  (M  To  celebrate 
the  communion.— To  break  bulk,  (a)  To  begin  to  UN 
load,  (b)  To  ivniou •  :i  part  ll'oin  a  pan-el  or  qnantit)  of 
goods. 

I  heard  v  |;.  Howard  impeach  S'  W-  Pen  in  the  HOIK, 
of  Lords,  for  hn'iikin'i  hulk  and  taking  away  rich  goods  out 
•  •t  (he  K,  India  prizes  formerly  taken  by  I.ord  Sandwich. 
KMyn,  Mary,  April  it.  tin1.-. 


669 

To  break  camp,  to  pack  up  tents  and  cmiip  utensils,  and 

march.     To  break  cover  <>r  covert,  to  come 

forth  from  a  lurklng-plac.  when 

hilllteil. 

On  this  little  knoll,  If  anywhere, 
There  Is  good  chance  that  we  shall  hear  the  hounds  : 
Here  often  they  break  corrrt  at  our  f«et. 

Teiinyma,  Oeraint. 

To  break  down.  (»)  To  take  down  by  breaking ;  destroy 
by  breaking:  as,  to  break  down  a  fence:  flgnratlx 
overcome:  as.  to  break  ilmrn  all  opposition,  (fc)  To  paw 
(the  press-cake  of  gunpowder)  between  the  toothed  rollers 
of  a  granulating  machine.-  To  break  gates.    See  gatei. 

To  break  ground,  (a)  To  upturn  the  surface  of  the 
ground:  dig;  plow.  </,)To  dig;  open  trench**; commence 
excavation,  as  for  building,  siege  operations,  and  the  like ; 
hence,  figuratively,  to  liegln  to  execute  any  plan. 

How  happy,  could  I  but,  in  any  measure,  .  .  .  make 
manifest  to  you  the  meanings  of  Heroism  ;  the  divine 
relation  .  .  .  which  in  all  times  unites  a  Urcat  Man  to 
other  men;  and  thus,  as  It  were,  not  exhaust  my  subject. 
hut  so  much  as  brent.  ./,,,..,,,/  on  ft. 

Carli/le,  Heroes  and  Hero- Worship,  i. 
(!•)  .Vim/.,  to  release  the  anchor  from  the  Ix.ttoin.  —  To 
break  in,  to  tame ;  discipline ;  make  tractable,  as  a  horse. 
-To  break  Jail  or  prison,  to  make  one's  escape  from 
confinement.— To  break  Joint,  to  tie  so  arranged,  as 
stones,  bricks,  shingles,  etc.,  In  building,  that  the  joints  In 
one  course  do  not  coincide  with  thine  in  the  contiguous 
courses.  Stee  uoinl'. 

A  wire  cable  is  composed  of  many  threads,  and  these 
completely  in'-nlc  juint  with  each  other,  and  thus  neu- 
tralize any  defect  in  the  wires.  Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  241. 
To  break  liberty  or  leave  (««»/.),  to  remain  away  from 
a  ship  after  the  time  specified  for  returning.— To  break 
no  squares,  see  »<y»«iv.— To  break  of  a  habit  or  prac- 
tice, to  cause  to  abandon  It.— To  break  off.  (a)  To  sever 
by  breaking :  as,  to  break  of  a  twig.  (6)  To  put  a  sudden 
stop  to ;  Interrupt ;  discontinue  ;  leave  off  ;  give  up  :  as, 
to  break  off  a  marriage  engagement. 

All  amazed  brake  of  Ms  late  intent. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  4tt). 
She  ended  here,  or  vehement  despair 
Broke  o/  the  rest.  Milton,  P.  L,  x.  1008. 

To  break  one's  fast,  to  take  the  ttrst  food  of  the  day. 
.See  breakfa*t. 

Happy  were  our  forefathers,  who  iimke  their  fa*l»  with 
herbs.  Taylor. 

To  break  one's  head,  to  cut  one's  head  by  a  blow ;  stun 
or  kill  one  by  a  blow  upon  the  head. 

He  has  broke  mi/  head  across,  and  has  given  Sir  Toby  a 
bloody  coxcomb  too.  Shak.,  T.  X.,  v.  1. 

To  break  One's  heart,  to  Income  heart-broken  or  griev- 
ously afflicted :  as,  he  broke  hit  heart  over  her  misfor- 
tunes.—To  break  one's  mind,  to  reveal  one's  thought* : 
with  to. 
Break  thy  mind  to  me.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I,  who  much  deslr'd  to  kuow 
Of  whence  she  was,  yet  fearful  how  to  break 
My  mind,  adventur'd  humbly  thus  to  speak.   Dryden. 
To  break  one's  word,  to  violate  a  promise  or  pledge; 
act  contrary  to  an  engagement.— To  break  open,  to  force 
open;  unclose  by  violence:  as,  to  break  oven  a  door. — 
To  break  out  a  cargo,  to  unstow  it  so  that  It  may  be 
easily  unloaded.— To  break  Prisctan's  head,  to  violate 
the  rules  of  grammar.     [1'iLsdan  was  a  celebrated  Roman 
grammarian.] 

Fair  cousin,  for  thy  glances, 
Instead  of  breaking  Pri*cian'Jt  head 

I  had  been  breaking  lances.  /•,,.,,/ 

To  break  ranks  (un'ff/.).  to  leave  the  ranks  ;  fall  cut- 
To  break  step  (>«  it  it.),  to  cease  marching  In  cadence ; 
march  at  will.  — To  break  the  back,  to  strain  or  dislo- 
cate the  vertebra1  as  with  too  heavy  a  burden. — To  break 
the  back  of.  (a)  To  destroy  the  force  or  efficiency  of ; 
weaken  at  a  vital  point :  as.  one  mistake  broke  the  back  of 
the  enterprise.  (6)  A'aut.,  to  break  the  keel  and  keelson 
of,  as  a  ship.  (<•)  Figuratively,  to  accomplish  the  greater 
or  most  difficult  part  of :  as,  to  break  the  back  of  a  heavy 
piece  of  business.  — TO  break  the  bank.  See  bank'l.— 
To  break  the  grain,  to  destroy  a  tendency  to  crystallize, 
as  in  stearie  acid  by  mixture  with  palmitic  acid.— To 
break  the  heart  of,  t«i  afflict  grievously;  cause  great 
sorrow-  or  grief  U> ;  cause  to  die  of  grief.— To  break 
the  heartstrings  of,  to  inflict  great  grief  or  hopeless 
sorrow  upon ;  afflict  overwhelmingly. 

NO  time  to  break  jests  when  the  heart*trinn»  arc  alwut 
to  be  broken.  Fuller,  Jesting. 

To  break  the  Ice,  to  overcome  obstacles  and  make  a  be- 
ginning; especially,  to  overcome  the  feeling  of  restraint 
incident  to  a  new  acquaintanceship. 

I  have  often  formed  a  resolution  to  break  the  ice,  and 
rattle  away  at  any  rate. 

Gold*mith,  She  Stoo)M»  to  ConijUer,  ii. 

The  ice  of  ceremony  being  once  broken.  Scott. 

To  break  the  neck,  to  dislocate  a  joint  of  the  neck.— 
To  break  the  neck  of.  (a)  To  destroy  the  main  force 
of ;  ruin  or  destroy. 

Break*  the  neck  of  their  own  cause.  Milton. 

(b)  To  get  over  the  worst  part  of;  get  more  than  half 
through. 

He  was  a  capital  spinner  of  a  yarn  when  he  had  broken 
the  neck  e;  his  day's  work.  Hughe*. 

To  break  the  parlet,  to  begin  the  parley.  Shak.  -  To 
break  up.  i«>  '!<•  cut  up.  as  game. 

lloyct.  yon  can  carve: 

/,,,;',  ,.,,  this  capon.  Shuk..  L.  I-  I..,  Iv.  1. 

i'<)  To  open  or  lay  open  :  as,  to  break  up  a  floor ;  to  break 
n/i  fallow  ground,  (c)  To  discontinue  or  put  an  end  to  ; 
as,  to  break  tin  housekeeping,  (rf)  To  separate ;  disinte- 
grate ;  disband  :  as,  to  break  up  a  company  or  an  army. 

(c)  TO  impair;  exhaust :  fatigue  greatly. 

The  six  hours  of  deadly  terror  which  1  then  endured 
have  /,,•.,(,«  me  ,,,,  l.odi  and  soul.  I'nr.  Tales.  I.  liil. 


break 
To  break  upon  the  wheel,  to  torture  or  put  to  death 

by  stretching  on  a  c.irt  wheel.  or  a  noodcn   frame   in  the 

f'.nn  of  a  Mt.  Andrew's  cron,  and  breaking  the  limb,  with 
an  iron  liar:  a  mode  of  punishment  IM  .....  :\  much 
in  some  paru  of  Europe.     To  break  water,  to  ri-,  toth. 
surface  of  the  water,  as  a  Ash. 
Numbers  of  these  flsh  (bluensh)  may  be  s. 
it  any  time  on  the  banks  and  shoak. 

Xpnrttman*  Gazetteer.  ,, 

To  break  wind,  to  give  vent  to  wind  from  the  body  by 
the  anus.—  To  break  word*,  to  \iolate  a  pledge  or  an 
obligation. 

They  thai  '.,.'•  ,..„./  .mi,  ii,  n,  11  will  break  again 
With  all  the  world,  and  so  .I..-I  thon  uilh  me. 

/;,,<..   tad  I'l     M.,,.1  -  I'ragwly,  |||.  i. 


II.  inlruim.  1.  To  be  separated  into  parts 
or  fragments  under  tin-  notion  of  some  force. 
as  a  blow  or  a  strain  ;  bvconu-  fractured:  as,  the 
rock  broke  into  a  thousand  pieces  :  the  in-  ln-nl.  • 
under  his  feet.—  2.  To  becmno  discontinuoiiH, 
disconnected,  disordered,  or  dM&tapltod  ; 
lose  continuity  or  formation  :  as,  at  the  las! 
charge  the  line  broki-  ;  the  circuit  broke. 

The  command,  charge,  was  given,  and  was  executed 
with  loud  cheen  and  with  a  run  ;  wl  .....  the  last  of  the 
enemy  broke.  r.  >'.  Uriinl,  Personal  Memoir*,  I.  :<.-,!. 

3.  Specifically  —  («)  To  change  suddenly  and 
involuntarily  from  a  natural  to  a  higher  and 
shriller  tone  or  to  a  whisper  :  said  of  the  voice. 
(b)  In  music:  (1)  To  change  from  one  register 
to  another,  as  a  musical  instrument.  (2)  To 
change  from  one  combination  of  pipes  to  an- 
other, especially  when  having  more  than  one 
pipe  to  tin'  note  :  said  of  compound  organ-stops, 
like  the  mixture,  the  cornet,  etc.  —  4  .  To  change 
from  one  gait  into  another:  said  of  ahorse:  as, 
to  break  into  a  gallop.—  5.  To  burst;  happen 
or  begin  to  be  with  suddenness  or  violence. 
(a)  To  discharge  Itself  spontaneously,  as  a  tumor. 
The  same  old  sore  break*  out  from  age  to  age. 

Tennytun,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 
(6)  To  burst  forth  or  liegin  with  violence,  as  a  storm. 

A  second  deluge  o'er  our  heads  may  break.         Dryilen. 

The  whole  storm,  which  had  long  been  gathering,  now 
broke  at  once  on  the  head  of  Hive.  Maeaulay,  lord  dive. 
(<0  To  burst  Into  speech  or  action  :  generally  followed  by 
""'.  (See  phrases  tielow.) 

I  would  not  have  your  women  hear  me 

Break  into  commendation  of  you  ;  'tis  not  seemly. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid  s  Tragedy,  Iv.  1. 
(a)  To  begin  as  If  with  a  burst  or  break. 

And  from  our  own  the  glad  shout  breakt, 

Of  Freedom  and  Fraternity  !          Whittirr,  Pasan. 

6.  To  become  impaired,  weakened,  or  reduced  ; 
especially,  to  decline  in   health,  strength,  or 
personal  appearance. 

I'm  sorry  Mopsa  break*  so  fast  : 
I  said  her  face  would  never  last. 

Stci/t,  fade  tins  and  Vanessa. 

7.  To  begin  to  be  :  said  specifically  of  the  day, 
dawn,  or  morning. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breakt  yonder? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  Iv.  1. 

Hie  day  of  wrath,  against  which  Leibnitz  had  warned 
the  monarchs  of  Europe,  was  beginning  to  break. 

Banernft,  Hist.  Const.,  II.  38ft. 

8.  To  force  one's  way  (into,  out  of,  or  through 
something). 

Oo,  break  among  the  press,  and  ttnd  a  way  out 

To  let  the  troop  pass  fairly.    Shak..  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  3. 

9.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation;  become 
bankrupt. 

He  thai  puts  all  upon  adventures  doth  of  tentimes  break 
and  come  to  poverty.  Bacon,  Riches. 

There  came  divers  of  Antonio's  creditors  in  my  com- 
IMiiy  to  Venice,  that  swear  he  cannot  choose  but  break. 
Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  lit  1. 

The  true  original  chairs  were  all  sold,  when  the  Hun 
tingdoiis  broke.  Gray,  Utters.  I.  217. 

10.  To  lose  friendship;  become  hostile;  be  in 
opposition  or  antagonism  :  commonly  with  with. 

To  break  upon  the  wore  of  danger  or  expense  Is  to  l« 
mean  and  narrow-spirited.  Jereuni  Collirr.  Friendship. 

11.  In  pool,  to  make  a  break;  make  the  first 
shot  or  opening  play.    See  break.  ».,  15.—  12. 
,\aul.,  to  hog  or  sag.—  13.  In  hurt.  :  (a)  To  put 
forth  new  buds.      (6)   To  flower  before   the 
proper  time. 

In  our  turnip  and  carrot-beds  a  few  plants  often  break 
-  that  Is,  flower  too  soon. 

Daririii.  \  ar.  of  Animals  and  Hants,  p.  s. 

14f.  To  broach  a  subject  ;  come  to  an  explana- 
tion: with  to  or  trith. 

The  chamlier  Uving  voydcd.  he  brake  irilh  him  in  theae 
>'  in,  I.  iila.  Kuphues  and  his  England,  p.  if!. 

Then,  alter,  t,,  her  lather  will  I  break. 

Shak..  Much  Ado.  i  I. 

To  break  across.   <vc  «<•.•.•««.    To  break  away,  i 
disengage  om'l  .-.It  alimpth  :  escape,  as  from  a  captor, 
t>\  sudden  and  \iolent  action  ;  hen.',-,  to  l,a\c  suddenly. 
Fear  me  not.  man.  I  will  not  break  ami;/. 

S*o*.,  <-.  of  E.,  Ir.  4. 


break 

(ft)  To  be  dissipated  or  disappear,  as  fog  or  clouds.— To 
break  down.  («)  To  come  down  l>y  breaking:  as,  the 
conch  bmkf  ilmrn.  (ft)  To  fail  in  any  undertaking  through 
incapacity,  miscalculation,  emotion,  embarrassment,  or 
loss  of  health. 

Some  do/en  ""mm  did  double  duty,  and  then  were 
blamed  for  ftmt/, //"/  i/mr//. 

'/,.  M.  Atcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  p.  08. 

(c)  To  lose  one's  health  ;  become  sick.    (d)Tobe  oven n- 

by  emotion;  weep,    (e)  To  granulate,  as  gunpowder.  —  To 
break  forth,  (n)  To  burst  out ;  be  suddenly  manifested  ; 
exhibit  sudden  activity  :  as,  a  cry  broke  forth. 
His  malice  'gainst  the  lady 
Will  suddenly  break  forth. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

Break. forth,  ye  hearts  that  frozen  winters  bind 
lu  icy 'chains  more  strong  than  close  the  year! 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  40. 


670 


breakman 


cess  or  projection  from  the  general  surface  of  breaker  (bra'ker),  n.     [<  ME.  brekere;  <  break 

any  architectural  part  or  feature.— 5.  In  hat-  +  -erl.}      1.  One  who  or  that  which  breaks 

making,  the  angle  formed  by  the  body  and  the  anything,  as  a  machine  to  crush  ores,  stones, 

brim  of  a  hat  — 6    In  a  ship,  the  part  where  a  and  other  hard  substances.  Specifically— (n)  A  m,,i 

decktennmatesandthedescenttothenextdeck  setter  or ^"^  ^ ^a^Xrf  ItT^lt 

begins.— 7.  A  contrivance  to  check  the  velocity  Jj.fSutoce.    [Somersetshire,  Eug.J    (b)  A  structure  in 

of  a  wheeled  carriage ;  a  brake.    See  brake3,  9.  which  coal  is  broken,  sized,  and  prepared  for  market. 

— 8.  In  teleg. :  (a)  A  commutator  or  contrivance  [Anthracite  region  of  Penn.)    (c)  One  whose  occupation  it 

for  interrupting  or  changing  the  direction  of  ^^^2^^uaiyamaae  oftead/whtohMlTM^ 

electric  currents,  (b)  An  interruption  of  the  con-  break  a  tuue  o{  gi^  O'r  piaster  of  Paris  at  the  pr<  .per  time 

tinuity  of  a  conductor. — 9.   In  music:  (a)  The  for  igniting  the  charge  in  fuses  of  a  certain  construction. 

point  in  the  scale  where  the  quality  of  voice  of  Farrow,  Mil.  Encyc.     (e)  In  cotton-mnmif. ,  a  breaking- 

one  register  changes  to  that  of  another,   as  ™f ine  (wl^ch  se^  tfj^™^*^^ 

irom  tenor  to  alto  or  from  alto  to  soprano.    (6)  ()  A  „  ht  st          ,ow  for  ,)reaking  ,,ew  gro,md. 

The  point  where  the  chest-voice  changes  to  the  2    A  violator  or  transgressor:  as,  a  breaker  of 

head-voice,     (c)  The   point  where   a   similar  the  law.— 3.  A  wave  broken  into  foam  against 

aftss E£? ^£f3Ag £-vs  change occure  in  MrtriSsSfttart  ^^i&Sfrsir* near the sur- 


ings ; ,  --   -   --  -  . 

forth  into  singing,"  Isa.  xliv.  23.— To  break  from,  to 
disengage  one's  self  from ;  leave  abruptly  or  violently.— 
To  break  in,  to  leave  the  point,  and  start  to  chase  game : 
said  of  a  dog  on  point.— To  break  into,  (a)  To  enter  by 
force,  especially  burglariously :  as,  to  break  into  a  house. 
In  (aw,  opening  a  latched  door,  or  pushing  open  an  unfas- 
tened but  closed  sash,  may  be  a  breaking  which  will  con- 
stitute burglary,  (ft)  To  break  forth  into. 

It  is  very  natural  for  men  who  are  abridged  in  one  ex- 
cess to  break  into  some  other. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  Iviii. 
To  break  in  upon,  to  intrude  upon  suddenly  or  vio- 
lently.—To  break  loose,  to  get  free  by  force;  escape 
from  confinement  by  violence;  shake  off  restraint. — To 
break  Off.  («)  To  part ;  become  separated  :  as,  the  branch 
broke  off.  (6)  To  desist  suddenly. 

Do  not  break  of  so.  Shak.,  C.  ot  E.,  i.  1. 

TO  break  Off  from,  to  part  from  with  violence.— To 
break  out.  (a)  To  issue  forth  ;  arise  or  spring  up :  as,  a 
fire  breaks  out ;  a  sedition  breaks  out ;  a  fever  breaks  out. 
(ft)  To  appear  in  eruptions :  said  of  certain  diseases ;  to 
have  pustules  or  an  efflorescence  on  the  skin :  said  of  a 
person,  (c)  To  throw  off  restraint  and  become  dissolute : 
as,  after  living  quietly  he  again  broke  out.  (d)  To  give 
vent  to  the  feelings  impetuously  by  speech. 

As  soon  as  my  uncle  Toby  was  seated  by  the  fire,  and 
had  filled  his  pipe,  my  father  broke  out  in  this  manner. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  32. 

To  break  sheer  (naut.\  to  be  forced  the  wrong  way  by 
the  wind  or  current,  so  as  not  to  lie  well  for  keeping  clear 
of  the  anchor :  said  of  a  ship  at  anchor.  — To  break  Shot, 
to  leave  the  point,  when  the  gun  is  discharged,  to  chase 
game:  said  of  a  dog  on  point.— To  break  through,  (a) 
To  disregard  or  overcome :  as,  to  break  through  all  restraint 
or  reserve,  (ft)  To  act  contrary  to ;  violate  with  impu- 
nity :  as,  to  break  through  a  law  (in  such  a  manner  as  to 
avoid  the  penalty).— To  break  up.  (n)  To  dissolve  and 
separate  :  as,  a  company  breaks  up ;  a  meeting  breaks  up; 
the  ice  breaks  up  ;  a  fog  breaks  up. 

We  went  into  Mrs.  Mercer's,  and  there  mighty  merry, 
smutting  one  another  with  candle  grease  and  soot,  till  most 
of  us  were  like  devils.  And  that  being  done,  then  we  broke 
up,  and  to  my  house.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  430. 

(ft)  In  altf.,  said  of  an  equation  or  quantic  when  in  con- 
sequence of  particular  relations  between  its  coefficients 
it  reduces  to  a  product  of  factors  of  lower  degree. — To 
break  with.  («)  To  part  in  enmity  from ;  cease  to  be 
friends  with ;  quarrel  with :  as,  to  break  with  a  friend  or 
companion. 

Be  not  afraid  to  break 

With  murderers  and  traitors.  B.  Jonson,  Catiline. 

He  had  too  much  consideration  and  authority  in  the 
country  for  her  to  wish  to  break  with  him.  Prescott. 

(ftt)  To  broach  a  subject  to  ;  make  a  disclosure  to. 

But  perceiving  this  great  alteration  in  his  friend,  he 
thought  fit  to  break  with  him  thereof.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

If  thou  dost  love  fair  Hero,  cherish  it ; 
And  I  will  break  with  her,  and  with  her  father, 
And  thou  Shalt  have  her.         Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1. 

break  (brak),  «.  [In  most  senses  of  mod.  ori- 
gin from  the  verb  break,  the  older  noun  being 
breach  with  its  variants :  see  breach.  In  some 
senses  merely  a  different  spelling  of  the  re- 
lated brake3,  q.  v.]  1.  A  forcible  disruption 
or  separation  of  parts ;  a  gap  or  opening  made 
by  breaking;  a  fracture,  rupture,  or  breach: 
as,  a  break  in  a  wall,  a  beam,  or  a  garment. — 

2.  A  breaking  off ;  an  interruption  of  continu- 
ity; a  sudden  stoppage  or  suspension;  a  gap 
between  parts ;  specifically,  imprinting,  the  gap 
between  two  paragraphs. 

All  modern  trash  is 
Set  forth  with  numerous  breaks  and  dashes.    Swift. 

He  [Alfred]  looked  on  the  peace  he  had  won  as  a  mere 
break  in  the  struggle,  and  as  a  break  that  might  at  any  mo- 
ment come  suddenly  to  an  end. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  125. 

3.  A  breaking  or  bursting  out  or  away ;  a  sud- 
den or  marked  transition  from  one  course, 
place,  or  state  to  another :  as,  a  break  of  the 
voice;  the  break  of  day;  the  prisoner  made  a 
break  for  freedom. 

The  several  emotions  of  mind,  and  breaks  of  passion,  in 
this  speech,  are  admirable.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  100. 

4.  In  arch. :    (a)  A  distinct  variation  in  the 
style  of  a  part  of  a  building  from  that  of  other 
parts ;  the  place  where  such  a  change  occurs 
in  the  design,  or  the  junction  in  the  building 
of  two  distinct  styles  or  designs.     (6)  A  re- 


in  the  clarinet  such  a 
change  occurs  between  the 
notes  B  fiat  and  B  natural. 
(d)  The  singing,  or  the 


horn,  fr™  lack 


face :  generally  in  the  plural. 

The  night-winds  sigh,  the  breakers  roar, 
And  shrieks  the  wild  sea-mew. 

Byron,  (Jhilde  Harold,  i.  13. 


f±ll  U52MA 

more  imperfectly  or  with  greater  difficulty  than    SSlVSS'-wfc 

the  notes  above  or  below  it.     (/)  In  an  organ-  Breakfast  (brek'fast),  n.    [Late  ME.  brekefaste; 

-  " 


break  +'fasfi,  'n.  Cf.  F.  dejeuner,  a  break- 
fast, <  dejeuner,  break  fast:  see  dejeuner.'}  1. 
The  first  meal -in  the  day;  the  meal  by  which 
one  breaks  the  fast  lasting  from  the  previous 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  first  meal. —  2.  A 
meal  or  food  in  general. 

f  my  death.      Dryden. 


stop,  the  sudden  change  in  the  proper  scale- 

series  of  pipes  to  a  series  lower  in  pitch.     (</) 

In  organ-building,  the  points  in  the  scale  of 

stops  having  more  than  one  pipe  to  a  note, 

where  for  any  reason  the  relative  pitch  of  the 

pipes  is  altered  :  especially  applied  to  mixture- 

stops  having  several  pipes  to  each  note.  —  10. 

In  a  bakery,  a  bench  on  which,  or  a  machine  by       T"e  wolve9  wl»  **  a  bre"Vai 

which,  dough  is  kneaded.—  11.   In  mining,  a    Act's  breakfast.    See  act. 

crack  or  fissure  caused  by  the  sinking  of  strata,  breakfast  (brek  fast),  r.    [<  breakfast,  n.  ;  orig. 

—  12.In<«»e-#raJi*np,apieceofmetalnextthe    two  words,  break  fast.]     I.  tram.   To  furnish 
shank  of  a  type  which  is  broken  off  in  finishing,     with  the  first  meal  in  the  day;   supply  with 

—  13.  On  the  stock  exchange,  a  sudden  decline    breakfast. 

in  prices.—  14.  Inpool,  the  shot  that  breaks  or       II.  intrans.  To  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day. 

scatters  the  balls  as  piled  together  at  the  be-        First,  sir,  I  read,  and  then  I  breakfast. 

ginning  of  the  game  ;  hence,  the  first  shot  or  Prior,  Ep.  to  F.  Shepherd,  May  14,  1689. 

play,  or  the  right  to  the  first  play:  as,  it  is  my  breakfast-cap  (brek'fast-cap),  n.    A  small  cap, 

break.—  15.  Infort.,  same  &s  brisure,  1.—  16.  A     ugually  made  of  muslin  or  lace  and  ribbons, 

large,  high-set,   four-wheeled  vehicle,  with  a     worn  at  breakfast  by  married  women. 

straight  J>ody  and  a  seat  in  front  for  the  driver 

and  another  behind  for  footmen.—  17.  A  reg- 

ular  sale  of  tobacco  at  the  time  when  the  hogs- 

heads  are  first  opened.      [Local   Virginia.]- 

18.  The  quantity  of  hemp  prepared  in  one  year. 


Best  St.  Petersburg  clean  Hemp  of  the  ftreaA  of  the  year 
1796.  Mass.  Mercury,  April  29,  1798. 


The  Mistress,  in  a  pretty  little  breakfast-cap,  is  moving 
about  the  room  with  a  feather-duster. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  71. 

(brek'fas-ting),  n.     The   act  of 
tst ;  a  party  at  breakfast. 


No  breakfasting*  with  them,  which  consume  a  great  deal 
of  time.  Chesterfield. 

19.  Same  as  breck,  4 — Break  of  day,  the  first  ap-  vroav  in   (bvak'inl    »      Tn  rnrv     a  hole  made 
pearance  of  light  in  the  morning;  the  dawn    daybreak.       DreaK-m  (DiaK  in),  «.     in  carp.,  a 

in  brickwork  with  the  ripping-chisel,  to  receive 

He  arrived  with  his  guide,  a  little  after  break  of  day,  at  i        fhfi  „    ,1  of  „  y,Pam    or  the  like 

Charing-cross.          Addison,  Foxhunter  at  a  Masquerade.    ,a  Plu?>  tn26?,,  .  H W     i  et.       i 

breaking  (bra  king),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  break,  v. ; 

Break  of  the  forecastle  (naut.), ,  the  after-edge  of  the  _  u  g^ykwitf.]  i.  in  worsted-manuf.,  the  pro- 
cess of  uniting  the  short  slivers,  as  received 
from  the  comber,  into  one  continuous  rope  or 
sliver,  by  doubling  and  running  through  draw- 
ing-webs.—  2.  [Imitation  of  G.  brechung.}  In 


topgallant  forecastle.— Break  of  the  poop  (naut.),  the 
forward  end  of  the  poop-deck. 

breakable  (bra'ka-bl),  a.     [<  break  +  -able.} 
Capable  of  being  Broken. 

We  shall  see  what  a  breakable  barrier  this  Afghanistan 
is,  if  we  look  at  a  few  plain  facts  plainly. 

Marvin,  Gates  of  Herat,  viii. 

breakage  (bra'kaj),  «.     [<  break  +  -age.}     1. 
The  act  of  breaking. —  2.  The  amount  or  quan- 


.— .  - 

tity  of  anything  broken:  as,  the  breakage  was  breaking-diameter 
excessive ;  allowance  for  breakage  of  goods  in 
transit. — 3.   Naut.,  the  act  of  leaving  empty 
spaces  in  stowing  the  hold. 

breakax  (brak'aks),  n.  1.  A  large  tree  of  Ja- 
maica, Sloanea  Jamaicensis,  natural  order  Tili- 
ace(e. — 2.  A  species  of  Citharexylum  with  ex- 
ceedingly hard  wood,  found  in  Mexico. 

breakbone  fever.     See  fever  and  dengue. 

breakbones  (brak'bonz),  n.    An  English  name 


philol.,  the  change  of  one  vowel  to  two  before 
certain  consonants,  as,  in  Anglo-Saxon  (where 
the  phenomenon  abounds),  earm  for  'arm,  arm, 
the  for  *ertJie,  earth,  etc. 


The  diameter  of  a  test  specimen  of  metal  at 
the  point  of  rupture  when  subjected  to  tensile 
stress.  It  is  measured  and  used  to  determine  the  area 
of  the  cross-section  at  that  point  after  rupture.  The 
comparison  of  this  area  with  the  original  area  of  the  same 
cross-section  gives  the  degree  of  constriction  or  the  per- 
centage, technically  called  the  contraction  of  area. 
breaking-engine  (bra'king-en"jin),  «.  In  cot- 
ton-manuf., the  first  carding-machine  following 
the  lapper;  a  breaker. 

of  the"  stitch  wort,  Stellaria  Holostea,  from  the  breaking-frame  (bra'king-fram),«.  Amachine 
fragility  of  its  joints.  for  splicing  and  stretching  slivers  of  wool. 

break-circuit  (brak'ser"kit),  n.  Any  device  breaking-weight  (bra'king-wat),».  The  weight 
for  opening  or  closing  an  electrical  circuit ;  a  which  must  be  hung  from  a  rod  of  given  cross- 
circuit-breaker. 

breakdown  (brak'doun),  ».  1.  A  falling  apart, 
as  of  a  carriage ;  a  downfall ;  a  crash ;  hence,  a 
failure ;  a  collapse. 

Well  .  .  .  here  is  another  breakdown. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  i.  t,reafc_ir(m    (brak '  I "  em),   ».      In   carpenters' 

The  complete  breakdown  of  the  Republican  party  in  the  planes  with  double  irons,  the  top  or  front  iron, 

m  the  lower  edge  of  which  is  in  contact  with  the 

2.  A  noisy,  lively  dance,  sometimes  accom-  face  of  the  lower  cutting-iron  just  above  its  eut- 
paiiied  by  singing,  as  m  the  southern  United  ting  edge  As  the  shaving  is  cut.  the  break- 
States.  [U.  S.]  jron  furns  or  breaks  it  away  from  the  wood. 

Don't  clear  out  when  the  quadrilles  are  over,  for  we  are  break-lathe  (brak'laTH),  H.      A  lathe  having  a 
going  to  have  a  breakdown  to  wind  up  with  j      u     bed   in  order  to  jncl.ease  its  swing 

Aew  England  Tales.  *  J e          it     forturaing  objects  of  large  r~«"~ 

Here  is  a  belle  Alncame,  so  exhilarated  by  her  sur-  ,    ,,'  ™    TT°T-.. 

roundings  that  she  is  dancing  a  break-down.  a  gap-lathe  Or  gap-bed  latlie. 

New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  86.  breakman,  M.     See  brakemaii. 


section  or  placed  upon  any  structure  in  order 
to  break  it.  It  measures  the  cohesion  of  the 
material  experimented  upon. 

The  floor  was  loaded  with  pig-iron  to  one-fourth  of  it^ 
breaking-might.  Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  293. 


r*    TT     i.-,,;.,i,< 
E.  H.  Knight. 


breakneck 

breakneck  (bnik'nek),  «.  and  </.  [<  6m//.-  + 
,l,.f  ",-/.-.]  I.  n.  1.  A  fall  that  breaks  fee 
neck;  a  dangerous  business. 

To  iln't,  nr  ii",  is  certain  _ 

Tn  Til,'  :i  In''  Ill  SMifj   "•  "'I  '•  '- 

2.  A  steep  place  >  n<lani;cring  the  neclc. 

II.  «.  Endangering  the  neck  or  Mo;  ex- 
tremely hazardous:  as,  he  rode  at  a  taMMMft 
pace. 

On  ehimney.tops,  .  .  .  over  the  roofs,  ...  on  aw] 
lan'-i.'.!,.  '  "ten  ;".  vaii.a,,  -..- 

patriotic  601  '  '"''•""•  »««*«•»• 

break-Off  (briik'of).  //.  The  part  of  the  action 
of  a  bneoh-loftdmg  firearm  immediately  be- 
hind the  lireerh. 

break-promise  CbHUt'prom'iMi  ».      One  who 

makes  si  practice  of  (.miking  his  promise. 

1  uill  think  you  tin-  most  pathetical  break-uromue.  and 
the  moat  hollo*  lo  *'"<*•,  As  y<m  Like  It,  Iv.  l. 

breakshare  (brak'shur),  M.  [A  perversion  of 
/„•(/..•//, Minnlat inn lii-i'<il;.  +  ffeor».]  Atermsome- 
time's  used  as  an  equivalent  to  linisy. 

breakstaff  (brak'staf),  n.  The  handle  of  a 
blacksmith's  bellows.  ,/.  X.  PMMpS. 

breakstone  (brak'ston),  n.  [<  break  +  obj. 
xtiiiic,  after  the  L.  name  saxifraga,  <  saxum,  a 
rock,  +  frangerc,  to  break,  with  special  refer- 
once  to  their' use  as  a  remedy  in  cases  of  calcu- 
lus.] A  name  given  to  several  different  plants, 
especially  to  species  of  the  genus  Saxifraga, 
to  pimpernel  (Tini/iiHi'liii  ,NVu  (/ro0«),  and  to  the 
parsley-pie  rt  (Alchemilla  arvensis). 

break-up  (brak'up),  «.  and  a.  I.  n.  A  disrup- 
tion; a  dissolution  of  connection;  a  separation 
of  a  mass  into  parts;  a  disintegration;  a  dis- 
baiidment. 

Seldom  was  there  a  greater  break-up  among  the  specu- 
laturs  tlian  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  J.  S.  M 

The  general  break-up  of  parties  which  took  place  last 
decade  Tlie  American,  VIII.  2,s. 


671 


•         <. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in  celebration  of  the 
breaking  up  or  termination  of  any  society,  as- 
sociation, meeting,  or  the  like:  as,  a  break-up 
party  or  ceremony. 

break-van,  «.    See  brake-van. 

breakwater  (brak'wa'ter),  «.  [<  break  +  obj. 
water.'}  Any  structure  or  contrivance,  as  a 
mole,  monnd,  wall,  or  sunken  hulk,  serving  to 
break  the  force  of  waves  and  protect  a  harbor 
or  anything  exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves. 
The  breakwater  at  Plymouth,  England,  is  5,100  feet  in 
length,  339  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  45  feet  at  top,  and  at 
the  level  of  low  water  of  spring  tides  there  is  a  set-otf  of  60 
feet.  The  sea-slope  from  set-olf  to  top  is  1  in  5.  The  largest 
work  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  is  the  Delaware 
breakwater,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Delaware  Buy, 


lly  ti,,.sr:iiiiv:iin»,  or  >>"•»'"•.     King  of  the  breams, 

l',',,n,i.-.,-,,tl i*.     White  bream, a  lUhof  the  tamilj 

nda.Abranu     I  .*-mi,rmi ininEuropean 

mten       It  iMnm-h  lik.-  Hi'    I. ream,  but  has  a  iborUTBUl 

nn,  larger  scales,  and  t«o  io»s..r  pharyngcal  teeth. 
bream-  (brc-m),  t.  t.  [Prob.,  like  the  equiv. 
hi-iii i in-,  connected  with //)•»»/// >,  D.  Itrcin,  (mM, 
from  the  materials  commonly  used.  ]  .\<iut.. 
to  clear,  as  a  ship's  bottom,  of  shells.  MBWMO, 
ooze,  etc.,  by  applying  to  it  kindled  furze, 
reeds,  or  other  light  combustibles,  so  as  to 
soften  the  pitch  and  loosen  the  adherent  mat- 
ters, which  may  then  be  easily  swept  off.  Also 
called  broom. 

bream;it, «.  [<  ME.  as  if  "brtmc  =  ( )1 1"  i .  bremn, 
M I K ;.  bn-m,  m.,  G.  breme,  t. ;  the  same,  without 
the  formative  -.»,  as  brimge:  see  brintse  and 

'.]     Same  as  bri'   <  '. 

breamflat  (brem'flat),  n.  A  local  English  (Cam- 
bridgeshire) name  of  the  white  bream, 
brean  (bren),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.]  To  sweat;  per- 
spire. [Prov.  Eng.] 
brear  (brer),  n.  Bee  breer'-. 
breard  (brerd),  v.  Same  as  braird. 
breast  (brest),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brest,  < 
ME  brest,  freest,  <  AS.  bredst  (neut.,  usually 
pi.)  =  OS.  briost  =  OFries.  briast  =  Icel.  brjost 
=  Sw.  brost  —  Dan.  bryst,  neut.,  =  (with  vari- 
ation of  vowel  and  gender)  OFries.  brust,  burst, 
borst,  NFries.  borst  =  MLG.  borst,  LG.  borst 
=  D.  borst  =  OHG.  MHG.  brust,  G.  brust,  fern., 
=  Goth.  brust!>,  fern,  pi.,  orig.  perhaps  a  dual 
form;  origin  uncertain.  Not  being  found  out- 
side of  Teut.,  the  origin  has  been  sought  in 
the  Teut.  verb,  AS.  berstan,  etc.,  E.  burst :  see 
burst.]  1.  One  of  two  soft  protuberant  bodies 
adhering  to  the  thorax  in  women,  in  which  the 
milk  is  secreted  for  the  nourishment  of  infants ; 
the  mammary  gland  and  associated  structures. 
—  2  The  outer  part  of  the  thorax,  or  the  ex- 
ternal part  of  the  body  between  the  neck  and 
the  belly,  in  man  and  beasts. 

My  Eustace  might  have  sat  for  Hercules ; 
So  muscular  he  spread,  so  broad  a  breast. 

Tennyion,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

3  In  entom.,  the  lower  or  sternal  surface  of  the 
thorax.— 4.  Figuratively,  the  seat  of  the  affec- 
tions and  emotions;  the  repository  of  con- 
sciousness, designs,  and  secrets;  the  affec- 
tions ;  the  heart. 

Pass  by  my  outside, 
My  breait  I  dare  compare  with  any  man. 

Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 

Each  in  his  breatt  his  secret  sorrow  kept.  Rowe. 

5.  The  mind ;  the  secret  thoughts. 


breast-knot 

To  breast  up  a  hedge,  t.. . m  the  (are  of  a  hedge  on  •>!.• 
ride  so  as  t.,  lay  I'"''''  In.-  principal  up.  i-lit  itMBld  III.' 
plant-  "(  wliirh  it  is  OOnsUtOUA 

II.  MraM.    T<>  practise  breasting,   SB 
deer.     Sec  ln-iostim/,  :i. 

breast-backstay  (brest'bak'sta).  n.  .\nitt.,  an 
extra  support  to  a  topmast,  Mnawtmg  of  a 
rope  extending  from  the  topmast-head  on  the 
weather  side  to  I  he  ship's  channels  forward  of 
the  standing  backstays.  See  littrkxtay. 

breast-bandd'rest'bamh,  />.    1.  Wnrt,,»BMw 

of  canvas  or  a  rope  fastened  in  some  BxmVB- 
nient  place,  and  passed  rouml  the  l»>ily  «if  tin- 
man who  heaves  the  lead  in  sounding,  to  pre- 
vent his  falling  into  the  sea.     Also   called 
parrel-rope  (which  see).— 2.  A  broad  leather 
band  placed  across  the  breast  of  a  horse  and 
BMd  as  a  substitute  for  a  collar, 
breast-beam  (brest'bem),   n.     1.  A  beam   a 
the  break  of  a  quarter-deck  or  forecastle.— 2. 
The  cloth-beam  of  a  loom.— 3.  The  forward 
transverse  beam  of  a  locomotive, 
breast-board  (brest'bord),  ».    A  weighted  sled 
used  in  rope-walks  to  maintain  the  tension  of 
the  yarns  while  being  twisted  into  a  strand, 
breast-bone  (brest'bon),  «.    [<  ME.  brestbon,  < 
AS.  brefatbdn,  <  brcdst,  breast,  +  ban,  bone.] 
The  bone  of  the  breast ;  the  sternum, 
breast-chains  (brest'chanz), «.  /»(.  Chains  used 
to  support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carriage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  hames:  usually  called 
breast-straps  when  leather  is  used  instead  of 
chains. 

breast-cloth*,  »-    A  stomacher, 
breast-cloutt  (brest'klout),  n.  A  bib  for  a  child. 

ll'riyht. 
breast-deep  (brest'dep),  a.     As  deep  as  from 

the  breast  to  the  feet;  as  high  as  the  breast. 


Mean  of  *  sections  of  Delaware  Breakwater. 
A,  water-line  ;  B,  base-line. 

2,568  feet  long  at  top,  with  an  ice-breaker  1,353  feet  long. 
-Floating  breakwater,  a  contrivance,  consisting  of  a 
series  of  tqmirc.  frames  of  timber,  connected  by  mooring- 
chains  or  -cables,  attached  to  anchors  or  blocks  of  stone 
in  sueh  a  manner  U  to  form  a  basin,  within  which  vessels 
riding  at  anchor  may  be  protected  from  the  violence  of 
the  waves.  ..  „« 

bn-xHie,  F.  Mine,  <  OHG.  bralisima,  brahsina, 
MHG.  brow  m,  brnlmen,  G.  brassen  =  OS.  bres- 
xfiiin  =  1).  bnixcm  =  OSw.  brain,  Sw.  brOMM  = 
Dan.  brasen,  a  bream ;  from  the  same  source  as 
barse  =  bass1 ;  cf.  trowe1.]  1.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Cyprinidai,  Abramis  brama,  common  in 
the  fresh  waters  of  Europe.  It  has  a  compressed 
and  rather  deep  body,  a  short  obtuse  snout,  small  and 
somewhat  inferior  mouth,  uniserial  pbarypgeaj  teeth,  the 
dorsal  tin  of  about  12  rays,  and  the  anal  flu  with  . 
rays  commencing  under  the  last  of  the  dorsal  s.  It  some- 
times attains  a  «  eight  of  12  to  14  pounds.  The  flesh  is  in- 
sipid and  little  Wtee 1.  Also  called  wllmi-  bmim.  See 

9.  Aoyprinotd  fisli  related  to  the  preceding, 

as  for  example  the  white  bream  orbreamttat, 
or  resembling  it  in  having  a  deep  body,  as  the 
carp-bream.  I'tinixxinx  tiibflin.  a  variety  of  the 
crucian  carp. — 3.  A  name  given  to  various 
SlMiridn;  more  fully  called  xrti-bri'diitx:  in  Eng- 
land, for  example',  to  species  of  >••/»/ nw,  I'a- 
;/>-iix,  I'tiiit'lliix.  and  <  'mi  tlninix,  and  in  the  United 
States  to  Dinkxlux  liolbrooki,  the  pinfish,  and 
to  Lagoflnn  rnomboiilcn,  the  sailor's-choice.  See 
cut  under  Li/notlon.— 4.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Bramitla;  as  liay's  bream,  Brama  rtii/i.—  S.  In 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  centrarchoid 
fish,  such  as  the  common  sunfish,  EttpomotU 
;/i/(h»xi/x.  and  various  species  of  the  related  ge- 
nus Lfiitniii".  as  the  blue  bream.  Upontt  poW- 
dux.  -Blue bream, the  i.rimmuiiallidiu.-  Bream fam- 


The  choice  and  removal  of  senators,  however,  was  l>y  no 
means  left  perfectly  free  to  the  censors,  nor  had  it  been 
in  the  breaet  of  the  consuls  and  dictators  before  the  insti- 
tution of  the  censorial  office. 
6t.  In  music,  the  chest;  capacity  for  singing. 

An  excellent  song,  and  a  sweet  songster;  a-fiue  frnxuf 
of  his  own.  B.Jon*on. 

In  singing,  the  sound  is  originally  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  lungs;  which  are  so  essential  an  organ  in  this 
respect,  that  to  have  a  good  breast  was  formerly  a  com- 
mon periphrasis  to  denote  a  good  singer. 

Sir  J.  llawkiiu,  Hist,  of  Music,  ill.  460. 


Set  him  breant-deep  in  earth,  and  famisli  hlni.^    ^  ^ 

breast-drill  (brest'dril),  n.    In  mech.,  a  drill- 
stock  operated  by  a  crank  and  bevel  gearing, 
and  having  a  piece  against  which  the  workman 
bears  his  breast  when  engaged  in  drilling, 
breasted  (bres'ted),  a.    1.  Having  a  breast  (of 
the  kind  indicated  in  composition) :  as,  broad- 
breasted,  deep-breasted,  etc.— 2f.  In  music,  hav- 
ing a  chest:  as,  "singing  men  well  breasted, 
Fiddes,  Life  of  Wolsey,  App.,  p.  128. 
breast-fast  (brest'fast),  n.    A  large  rope  or 
chain  used  to  fasten  the  midship  part  of  a  ves- 
sel to  a  dock  or  to  another  vessel,  as  the  bow- 
fast  fastens  her  forward  and  the  stern-fast  aft. 
breast-gasket  (brest'gas'ket),  n.  An  old  name 
for  a  bunt-gasket. 

breast-harness  (brest'har'nes),  n.  A  harness 
employing  a  breast-band,  in  distinction  from 
one  using  a  collar. 

breast-height  (brest'hit),  n.  In  fort.,  the  in- 
terior slope  of  a  parapet. 

breast-high  (brest 'hi),  a.  As  high  as  the 
breast. 

Lay  madam  Partlet  basking  In  the  sun, 
Brea*t-hvjh  in  sand.  Drytten,  Cock  an.l  Wat. 


7.  Anything  resembling  the  breast  in  posi- 
tion, either  as  being  in  front,  like  the  human 
breast,  or  below,  like  the  breast  in  the  lower 
animals.  Specifically — (a)  In  af/ri.,  the  front  part  of  the 
mold-board  of  a  plow.  (6)  In  arch.:  (1)  The  portion  of  a 
wall  between  a  window  and  the  floor.  (2)  The  portion  of 
a  chimney  between  the  flues  and  the  apartment,  h.  II. 
Kniitht.  M  In  carp.,  the  lower  surface  of  a  hand-rail,  rafter, 
etc  M)  In  mininy:  (1)  The  chamber  or  room  in  which 
coal  is  being  mined.  (2)  The  face  at  which  the  working 
is  going  on.  (S)  In  metal-mining,  a  point  at  which  a  large 
mmntlty  of  ore  is  being  worked:  as,  a  fine  breatt  of  ore. 
(e)  The  front  part  of  a  furnace.  (/)  Same  as  breatttnp,  1. 
In  order  that  a  wheel  may  lie  a  breast  wheel,  it  must  be 
provided  with  the  breant  or  circular  trough. 

Hankine,  Steam  Engine,  S  150. 

(,l)  The  swelling  portion  of  a  huh. 
&  That  part  of  certain  machines  against  which 
tlie  breast  of  the  operator  pushes,  as  in  the 
breast-drill,  breast-plow,  etc.—  9t.  A  line  on 
which  persons  or  things  are  ranged  abreast,  or 
side  by  side. 

The  troops  marched  in  close  order,  the  foot  by  twenty- 
four  in  a  breatt,  and  the  horse  by  sixteen. 
10    A  bush  for  a  small  shaft  or  spindle— Back 
and  breast.    s,o  Mfti.-PUlar  and  breast    8eej>W- 
ifr     To  make  a  clean  breast  of,  to  disclose  (secrets 
which  weigh  upon  one's  mind  or  conscience);  make  fu 
>  onfrssion  of.  _ 

breast  (brest),  r.  [<  breast,  ».]  I.  trans.  To 
oppose  with  the  breast;  act  with  the  breast 
upon ;  bear  the  breast  against ;  hence,  to  meet 
in  front  boldly  or  openly ;  stem. 

Behold  the  throaden  sails, 
Borne  with  tin-  invi-itilc  and  i-ri-i-ping  wind. 
Draw  the  hiw  l».ti.nii.  through  the  furrow  d i  sea, 
Breaitinj  the  lofty  surge.       «*«*.,  Hen.  V.,  Ui.  (cho.). 


breast-hook  (brest'huk),  w.  One  of  the  thick 
pieces  of  timber  shaped  in  the  form  of  knees 
and  placed  directly  across  the  stem  of  a  ship, 
to  strengthen  the  fore  part  and  unite  the  bows 
on  each  side.  See  cut  under  stem. 

Her  huge  bows  rose  up,  showing  the  bright  copper,  and 
her  stem  and  breatt-hooki  dripping,  like  old  Neptune  s 
locks,  with  the  brine. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  10. 

breasting  (bres'ting),  u.    [<  breast  +  -iaql.1  1. 
In  math.,  the  curved  channel  in  which  a  breas 
wheel  turns.    It  follows  closely  the  curve  of  the  wheel 
through  about  a  quarter  of  its  circumference,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  the  water  until  it  has  spent  it«  force 
upon  the  wheel.     Also  called  breatl.     See  bnail-u-heel. 
2    The  bed  against  which  tlie  wheel  of  a  rag- 
engine  works.— 3.  A  method  of  deer-hunting 
in  which  several  horsemen  ride  abreast  through 
the  cover  and  shoot  from  the  saddle. 

Breantiiil  is  employed  where  the  deer  make  their  home 
in  very  hig~li  grass,  such  as  U  to  be  found  on  some  of  the 
prairies  of  the  South-west. 

6.  B.  Orinnett,  (iun  and  R.nl,  p.  1..2. 

breasting-knife  (bres'ting-nif),  11.  In  shoe- 
making,  a  knife  used  in  cutting  a  clean  face  on 
the  side  of  the  heel  of  a  boot  or  shoe  next  to 
the  waist. 

breast-knee  (brest'ne),  ».  In  sIiip-buiMina,  n 
large  knee  fitted  in  the  bows  of  a  ship  against 
the  apron  and  stemson,  to  give  additional 
strength. 

breast-knot  (brest'not),  ».     A  knot  of  nbbo 
worn  on  the  breast. 

What  may  we  not  hope  .  .  .  from  the  Inflm-mvof  this 
Addvm,  Freeholder. 


breast-line 

breast-line   (brest'lin),   «.     A   rope    used    to 
unite  the  pontoons  of  a  floating  bridge, 
breast-molding  ftowBt'infil'clmg),  n.    1.  The 
molding  on  a  window-sill. —  2.    Paneling  be- 
neath a  window. 

breast-pain  (brest'pau),  n.  A  distemper  in 
horses,  indicated  by  stiffness  and  staggering 
of  the  fore  legs,  and  inability  to  bow  the  head 
to  the  ground. 

breast-pang  (brest'paug),  «.  Angina  pectoris. 
See  am/inn.  [Rare.] 

breastpin  Cbrest'pin).  H.  A  pin  worn  on  the 
breast  for  a  fastening  or  for  ornament;  a 
brooch;  a  scarf-pin. 

breastplate  (brest'plat),  «.  [ME.  brestjilate ;  < 
breast  +  plate.]  1.  A  square  ornament  worn 
by  the  Jewish  high  priest,  consisting  of  the  same 
textile  fabric  as  the  ephod,  and  bearing  twelve 
precious  stones  engraved  with  the  names  of  the 
twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  set  in  gold.  The  breast- 
plate was  hung  by  chains  of  gold  to  that  part  of  the  ephod 
which  was  on  the  shoulder,  and  the  lower  side  was  se- 
cured to  the  girdle  Ijy  blue  laces ;  for  this  purpose  four 

rings  of  gold  were 
secured  to  the  four 
corners.  It  was 
also  called  the 
breafitjilrtte  of  judg- 
ment, because  it 
contained  the 
Urim  and  the 
Thnmmim. 
2.  The  armor 
for  the  front  of 
the  bodv,  when 
made  in  one 
piece  reaching 
from  the  waist 
to  about  the 
collar-bone,  it 
was  not  introduced 
until  a  very  late 
period  in  the  his- 
tory of  armor,  and 
was  not  common 
until  the  early 
years  of  the  six- 
teenth century, 
when  armor  for  the 
limbs  was  being 
abandoned.  See  back  unit  breast  (under  back*),  corselet, 
and  euirani. 

3.  A  strap  that  runs  across  a  horse's  breast. — 

4.  A  plate  or  piece  which  receives  the  butt- 
end  of  a  boring-tool,  and  is  held  against  the 
breast  when  the  tool  is  in  use.     Also  called  con- 
science an&palette. —  5.  The  sternum  or  central 
piece  on  the  lower  side  of  the  cephalothorax 
of  a  spider,  between  the  bases  of  the  legs. — 
6.  The  lower  shell  or  plastron  of  a  tortoise. 
Darwin. 

breast-plow  (brest'plou),  «.  A  kind  of  spade 
with  a  cross-bar  against  which  the  breast  is 
pressed  to  propel  it,  for  cutting  and  paring  turf. 

breast-pump  (brest'pump),  H.  A  small  suction 
apparatus  for  drawing  milk  from  the  breast. 

breast-rail  (brest'ral),  w.  The  upper  rail  of 
a  balcony  or  of  a  breastwork  on  the  quarter- 
deck of  a  ship. 

breast-ropet  (brest'rop),  n.  Naut.,  an  old  term 
for  parrel-rope.  See  breast-band,  1. 

breast-strap  (brest'strap),  ».  A  strap  used  to 
support  the  neck-yoke  of  a  carnage-harness, 
and  connected  with  the  names  or  collar. — 
Breast-strap  slide,  an  iron  loop  sliding  on  the  breast- 
strap  and  taking  the  wear  of  the  ling  on  the  end  of  the 
neck-yoke. 

breast-summer,  n.     See  brest-summer. 

breast-wall  (brest'wal),  •«.  1.  A  retaining 
wall  at  the  foot  of  a  slope. — 2.  A  wall  built 
breast-high. 

breastweed  (brest'wed),  «.  A  name  given  to 
the  lizard's-tail  of  the  United  States,  Kawurus 
eernuus,  from  its  use  as  a  remedy  in  mammary 
inflammation,  etc. 

breast-wheel  (brest'hwel),  «.  A  water-wheel 
with  radial  floats  or  buckets,  upon  which  the 


Breastplate, 


century ;  steel 
ing  a 
"  L'A 


mented  with  gilding,  and  bearing  a  coat  of 
arms  on  the  orcast.  (From  "  L'Art  pour 
Tons.") 


672 

water  is  admitted  at  any  point  from  about  the 
plane  of  the  axle  to  45°  or  more  above  it.  The 

water  is  confined  to  the  floats  by  a  breasting  of  planks  or 
masonry,  almost  touching  the  periphery  of  the  wheel  and 
extending  from  the  bottom  of  the  sluice  to  near  the  low- 
est point  of  the  wheel.  If  the  water  is  admitted  to  the 
wheel  at  a  point  very  near  its  summit  and  on  the  same 
side  as  the  sluice,  it  is  called  a  pitch-back  wheel. 

breast-WOOd  (brest'wiid),  «.  In  liort.,  the 
shoots  of  fruit-trees  which  grow  out  from  the 
front  of  the  branches  trained  on  espaliers  or 
against  walls. 

breastwork  (brest'werk),  n.  1.  In  fort.,  a 
hastily  constructed  work  thrown  up  breast- 
high  for  defense. —  2.  Naut.,  a  sort  of  balus- 
trade of  rails  or  moldings  which  terminates  the 
quarter-deck  and  poop  at  the  fore  ends,  and 
also  incloses  the  forecastle  both  before  and 
behind. — 3.  The  parapet  of  a  building. 

breat  (bret),  n.  [Another  form  of  bret,  brit, 
q.  v.l  A  local  English  name  of  the  turbot. 

breath  (breth),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  breth,  <  ME. 
breetli,  bretli,  <  AS.  brceth,  breath,  odor;  cf. 
OHG.  bradain,  MHG.  bradem,  G.  brodem,  broden, 
steam,  vapor,  exhalation;  perhaps  connected 
with  AS.  bradan  =  OHG.  brdtan,  MHG.  brdten, 
G.  braten,  roast,  broil  (see  brawn),  and  with  Gr. 
7T/W/0EH),  burn,  blow.  The  vowel  in  breath,  orig. 
long,  has  become  short,  while  remaining  long 
in  the  verb  breathe.']  If.  Vapor;  steam;  ex- 
halation. 

Then  sehalle  thou  caste 

Into  the  pot  and  cover  in  hast, 

And  loke  no  brethe  ther  passe  out. 

Liber  Cure  Cocoruin,  p.  19. 
That  is  blode  and  fire  and  brethe  of  smoke. 

Hampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  I.  4727. 

When  bremly  brened  those  besteg,  &  the  brethe  rysed, 
The  savour  of  his  sacrafyse  sogt  to  hym  euen 
That  all  spedeg  «fe  spylleg. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  609. 

2.  The  air  inhaled  and  exhaled  in  respiration. 

My  breath  to  heaven  like  vapor  goes  : 
May  my  soul  follow  soon ! 

Tennyson,  St.  Agnes'  Eve. 

3.  Ability  to  breathe;  life  as  dependent  on 
respiration. 

Xo  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath.     Dryden. 

4.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely:  as, 
to  be  out  of  breath;  to  be  in  breath. 

The  king  shall  drink  to  Hamlet's  better  breath. 

Shot.,  Hamlet,  v.  2. 
I  lose  my  colour,  I  lose  my  breath.    Tennynott,  Eleiinore. 

5.  A  single  act  of  breathing;  a  respiration:  as, 
he  swears  at  every  breath;  to  draw  a  full  breath. 

Between  two  breathn  what  crowded  mysteries  lie, — 
The  first  short  gasp,  the  last  and  long-drawn  sigh  ! 

0.  W.  Holme*,  A  Rhymed  Lesson. 

Hence  —  6.  The  time  of  a  single  respiration; 
a  single,  act ;  an  instant. 

The  historian  makes  two  blunders  in  a  breath. 

Pretcott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  14. 
Sweet  and  bitter  in  a  breath. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  iii. 

7.  Respite;  pause;  time  to  breathe. 

Give  me  some  little  breath,  some  pause. 

S7i«*.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  2. 

8.  A  gentle  exercise,  causing  a  quicker  respi- 
ration.    [Rare.] 

But,  for  your  health  and  your  digestion  sake, 

An  after-dinner's  breath.          Shak.,  T.  and  0.,  ii.  3. 

9.  A  respiratory  movement,  as  of  free  air ;  a 
blowing. 

calm  and  unruffled  as  a  summer's  sea, 

When  not  a  breath  of  wind  flies  o'er  its  surface. 

Addition,  Cato,  i.  4. 

10.  Spoken  words ;  speech.     [Rare.] 

A rt  thou  —  thou  —  the  slave  that  with  thy  breath  hast  kill'd 
Mine  innocent  child?  Shak.t  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

I  will  stand. 

Like  the  earth's  center,  unmoved.  —  Lords,  your  breath 
Must  finish  these  divisions. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

11.  A  mere  word;  a  trivial  circumstance;  a 
thing  without  substance;  a  trifle. 

A  dream,  a  breath,  a  froth  of  fleeting  joy. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  212. 
A  breath  can  make  them,  as  a  breath  has  made. 

GroMouiiM,  Deg.  VII.,  1.  R4. 

12.  An  odorous  exhalation. 

The  breath 
1  >f  the  fading  edges  of  box  beneath. 

Tennyson,  Song. 

13.  In"  philoi. ,  a  breathing;  aspiration;  aspi- 
rate sound. 

in! 
ive 


Breast-wheel. 


Even  in  the  latest  Semitic  alphabets  the  breaths  ai 
emi-consonants  of  the  primitive  Semitic  alphabet  ha 
etatmd  their  Original  character. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  184. 


_.._ 

retai 


breathe 

14.  Opinion;  sentiments:  as,  I  would  fain  hear 
his  breath  on  this  matter.  Jnniicntm.  [Scotch.] 
—  Breath  of  the  nostrils,  in  the  I'.ible,  vital  breath  (see 
Hen.  ii.  7);  hence,  anything  essential  to  the  existence  of  a 
person  or  an  institution ;  the  inspiring  cause  of  anything, 
or  that  which  sustains  it. 

No  institutions  spring  up  in  such  countries  except  those 
which  the  prince  founds,  and  he  may  be  truly  said  to  be 
the  breath  of  their  nostril*.  Brougham. 

Out  Of  breath,  breathless ;  short  of  breath. 

Too  much  breathing  put  him  o»(  nf  breath. 

Milton,  Ep.  Hobson,  ii. 

To  gather  breath.  See  gather.— To  get  one's  second 
breath,  to  recover  the  free  use  of  the  lungs  after  the  first 
exhaustion  incident  to  running,  rowing,  etc.  [Uolloq.]  — 
Under  the  breath,  in  a  whisper.  With  bated  breath. 
See  bate-. 
breathable  (bre'Tiia-bl),  a.  [<  breathe  +  -able.] 

Capable  of  being  breathed ;  respirable. 
breathableness  (bre'THa-bl-nes),  «.    The  state 
of  being  breathable. 

breathe  (breTH),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Ireatltnl, 
ppr.  breatliin</.  [<  ME.  brethen,  breathe,  blow, 
exhale  odor,  <  breth,  breath:  see  breath.]  I. 
in  trans.  1.  To  draw  air  into  and  expel  it  from 
the  lungs ;  respire ;  figuratively,  to  live. 
When  he  breathed  he  was  a  man.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  '1. 

Where,  in  the  vast  world, 

Doth  that  man  breathe,  that  can  so  much  command 
His  blood  and  his  affection? 

B.  Juntson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

I  did 
(jiod's  bidding  and  man's  duty,  so,  breathe  free. 

Browning,  King  and  Book,  I.  253. 

2.  To  make  a  single  respiration. 

Before  you  can  say,  Come,  and  Go, 

And  breathe  twice.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

3.  To  take  breath ;  rest  from  action. 

Breathe  awhile,  and  then  to  't  again. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  11.  4. 
Well,  let  this  breathe  a  while. 
B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  v.  1. 

4.  To  pass,  as  air;  blow:   as,   "when  winds 
breathe  sweet,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Compl.,  1.  103. 

Oh,  breathe  upon  thy  ruined  vineyard  still ; 
Though  like  the  dead  it  long  unmoved  has  lain. 

Jone*  Very,  Poems,  p.  88. 

5.  To  give  utterance  to  disparaging  or  calum- 
nious remarks;  make  insinuations:  with  upon. 

You  must  seem  to  take  as  unpardonable  offence,  as  if 
he  had  torn  your  mistress's  colours,  or  breathed  upon  her 
picture.  B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

6.  To  exhale,  as  an  odor;  emanate. 

And  all  Arabia  breathes  from  yonder  box. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  i.  134. 

7.  Figuratively,  of  inanimate  things,  to  be  in- 
stinct; be  alive. 

The  staircase  in  fresco  by  Sir  James  Thornhill  breathed 
with  the  loves  and  wars  of  gods  and  heroes.  Disraeli. 

IE.  trans.  1.  To  inhale  and  exhale  in  respi- 
ration: as,  to  breathe  vitiated  air. —  2.  To  in- 
ject by  breathing;  infuse:  with  into:  as,  "to 
breathe  life  into  a  stone,"  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1. 
And  the  Lord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  the  ground, 
and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of  life.    Gen.  ii.  7. 
Where  faith  made  whole  with  deed 
Breathe*  its  awakening  breath 
Into  the  lifeless  creed.         Lowell,  Coium.  Ode. 

3.  To  exhale;  send  out  as  breath;  express; 
manifest. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth's  mould 
Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment? 

Milton,  Comus,  I.  245. 

They  [the  Indians]  entered  .  .  .  into  an  agreement  to 
twenty-nine  rules,  all  breathiivj  u  desire  to  conform  them- 
selves to  English  customs. 

Emerson,  Historical  Discourse  at  Concord. 

4.  To  exercise ;  keep  in  breath. 

Methinks  .  .  .  every  man  should  beat  thee;  I  think 
thou  wast  created  for  men  to  breathe  themselves  upon 
thee.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3. 

I'll  send  for  one  of  these  fencers,  and  he  shall  breathe 
you,  by  my  direction. 

H.  Joanna,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  4. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into;  cause  to  sound  by 
breathing. 

They  breathe  the  flute  or  strike  the  vocal  wire.      Prim: 

6.  To  utter;  speak;  whisper. 

Or  let  the  church,  our  mother,  breathe  her  rinse. 

Shak..  K.  John.  iii.  1. 

Thus  breathes  she  forth  her  spite.    Shak.,  Lncreee,  1.  762. 
That  breathe  a  thousand  tender  vows. 

'/'.  /n/ir.<»ii.  In  Memoriam,  xx. 

7.  To  suffer  to  rest  or  recover  breath. 

He  breathtl  Ids  sword,  and  rested  him  till  day. 

,s>rv*xt'y,  K.  tj.,  VI.  xi.  47. 

A  moment  no\v  he  .sl;ieke«l  bis  speed, 
A  moment  breathed  his  panting  steed. 

Nwr.  L.  .,f  L.  M.,  i. 

8.  To  open  and  bleed  (a  vein). 
Kvery  village  burlier  \vhu  hr<-uf/i' >l  n  vein. 

Ency>:  Kri>.,  XI.  603. 


breathe 

To  breathe  one's  last,  to  die. 

He,  safe  return'd,  the  nice  of  glory  past, 

Ni  u  to  hU  frieri.U   eMihraee,  ha>l  l>«nr/i  <l  hi*  last. 

breathed  (bretht),  a.  [<  breath,  n.,  +  -crf2.]  1. 
Endowed  with  breath;  exercised. 

A  man  so  bivath'd.  that  certain  hi'  would  tlcht,  yea, 
From  morn  till  niuht.  ,s/i««-.,  I..  L  U,  r.  2. 

If  I  he  just,  all  praises  must 
Be  given  to  well  A,  r ,,/;,../  .lilum  I  hrust. 

fihiflfii,  Hyde  Park,  iv.  t. 

2.  Out  of  breath. 

Mr.   Tiilkiugliorn  arrives  In  bis  turret-room,  a  little 
bri'fttlirii  hy  the  jonniey  up.         /><VAv//x,  Itleak  House,  xli. 

3.  In   /ihilnl.,  uttered  with  breath  as  distin- 
guished from  voice;  surd  or  mute. — 4.  In  com- 
pounds, having  that  capacity  for  breathing  in- 
dicated by  the  prefix:  as,  uliort-bretitlml. 

breather  (brfi'raer),  «.  1.  One  who  breathes 
or  lives. 

she  shows  a  hoily  rather  than  a  life  ; 

A  statue,  than  a  breather.        Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  111.  :i. 

2.  One  who  utters  or  whispers. 

for  my  authority  bears  of  a  credent  hulk. 

That  no  particular  scandal  once  can  touch, 

But  it  confounds  the  breather.    &hak.,VL.  for  M.,  iv.  4. 

3.  One  who  animates  or  inspires. 

The  breather  of  all  life  does  now  expire; 

His  milder  Father  summons  him  away.      A"<   ' •-. 

4.  Anything,  as  a  walk,  gymnastic  exercise, 
etc.,  that  stimulates  or  gives  healthy  action  to 
the  breathing  organs.     [Colloq.] 

So  here  we  are  at  last  — that  hill's  a  breather. 

Caiman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  Iv.  11. 

breathfult  (breth'ful),  a.     [<  breath  +  -ful.~\ 

1.  Full  of  breath :  as,  "the&raitf./«Hbellowes," 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  38.— 2.   Odorous;  fra- 
grant. 

Fresh  Costmarie  and  breathfull  Camoiuill. 

Spenser,  Mulopotmos,  1.  185. 

breathing  (bre' wring),  n.  [<  ME.  brethynge,  a 
current  of  air ;  verbal  n.  of  breathe,  ».]  1.  Res- 
piration ;  the  act  of  inhaling  and  exhaling  air : 
as,  "a  difficulty  of  breathing,"  Melmoth,  tr.  of 
Pliny,  vi.  16. 

she  sleeps :  her  breathings  are  not  heard 

In  palace  chambers  far  apart.    Tennyson,  Day-Dream. 

2.  Aspiration;  secret  prayer  or  desire. 
Earnest  desires  and  breathings  after  that  blessed  state. 

Tillotson,  Sermons,  I.  xxiv. 

3.  Aerial  motion ;  respiratory  action. 

There's  not  a  breathing  of  the  common  wind 
That  will  forget  thee. 

Wonlsuvrth,  To  Toussalnt  1'Ouverture. 

4.  Figuratively,  a  gentle  influence  or  opera- 
tion; inspiration :  as,  the  breathings  of  the  Spirit. 

The  air 
Is  like  a  breathing  from  a  rarer  world.    X.  P.  Willis. 

5+.  A  breathing-place ;  a  vent. 

The  warmth  distends  the  chinks,  and  makes 
New  breathin<fs,  whence  new  nourishment  she  takes. 

Dryden. 

6.  Physical  exercise,  from  the  fact  that  it  calls 
the  lungs  into  free  play:  as,  the  Oxford  crew 
took  their  breathings  every  morning  at  ten. 

I  lack  breathing  and  exercise  of  late.  Scoff. 

7.  Utterance;  words. 

I  am  sorry  to  give  breathing  to  my  purpose. 

Shak.,  A.  and  ('..  i.  ::. 

8.  Time  taken  to  recover  breath;   hence,  a 
stop ;  a  delay. 

Come,  you  shake  the  head  at  so  long  a  breathing. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  II.  1. 
Give  me  a  little  breathing,  till  I  can 
Be  able  to  unfold  what  I  have  seen. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  3. 
Thou  hast  open'd  our  difficult  and  sad  times,  and  given 
us  an  unexpected  breathing  after  our  long  oppressions. 

Milton,  Def.  of  Humb.  Bemonst. 

9.  Iii  gram.,  aspiration  or  its  absence,  or  a  sign 
indicating  it.    In  Greek  there  are  two  breathings  — 
the  aspirate  (si>iritus  asper)  or  the  rough  breathing,  indi- 
cated by  a  mark  (')  equivalent  to  onr  letter  h,  and  the  lenis 
(spiritm  leniit)  or  the  smooth  breathing  ('),  Indicating 
simply  tiic  absence  of  the  rough.    Thus  it  is  equal  to  has, 
but  i«  to  is.    Breathing  capacity.    See  capacity. 

breathing-hole  (bre'THing-hol),  «.  1.  A  vent- 
hole,  as  in  a  cask. — 2.  One  of  the  spiracles  or 
stigmata  through  which  insects  respire.  Also 
called  breathiiig-iiort: — 3.  The  spiracle  or  blowy- 
hole  of  a  cetacean. — 4.  A  hole  in  the  ice  where 
an  aquatic  mammal,  as  a  seal,  comes  up  to 
breathe. 

breathing-mark  (bre'THing-miirk),  n.  1.  In 
innxic,  a  small  mark  (*,  ',  or  V)  placed  above  a 
vocal  score,  indicating  the  point  at  which  the 
singer  may  properly  take  breath. —  2.  Same  as 

breathing-place  (bre'THing-plas),  n.     1.    A 
place  when-  fivsh  air  can  be  breathed;  a  vent. 
48 


673 

Bach  bough  .  .  .  finding  sonx  i  I'lnre 

runout  the  other  In  ,: 

tn,  Klein,  of  Kiuwln. 

2.  The  place  for  a  pause  in  a  sentence  or  a 
poetic  verse ;  a  cesura. 

That  ca^nia,  "r  /<»••'•  /'//<// 

M   /'.  fiiilney,  Defence  of  r.>.«y. 

breathing-pore  (l>re'<niing-p6r),  «.  1.  In  /</-//- 
Kin!.,  a  microscopic  apertun-  I'm-  the  escape  or 
admission  of  air,  as  in  tho  cuticle  of  plants. 
See  HtuHiti. — 2.  Same  as  brutthing-hole,  -. 

breathing-space  (hre'Tlling-spaa), «.  Abreath- 
ing-time;  an  intermission  of  exertion. 

breathing-time  (bre'THing-tim),  n.  Pause; 
relaxation. 

We  may  have  some  breathing-time  between  our  promise 
and  its  accomplishment.  Dp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience. 

breathing-tube  (bre'THing-tub),  ».  Iu  eiitmn.. 
the  respiratory  tube  of  certain  aquatic  larvie  and 
dipterous  puparia.  It  Is  •  slender  Integumental  pro- 
longation, bearing  at  the  tip  one  or  both  of  the  anal  stig- 
mata, through  which  the  Insect  obtains  air  at  the  surface 
of  the  water  or  semifluid  filth  In  which  It  lives.  The  breath- 
ing-tube Is  also  possessed  hy  ceitain  adult  heteropters. 

breathing-while  (bre'THing-hvdl),  n.  An  in- 
termission of  exertion;  a  breathing-time.  Shak. 

Except  when  for  a  breathing-while  at  eve. 
Some  niggard  fraction  of  an  hour,  he  ran 
Beside  the  river-bank.  Tenni/ion,  Aylmer's  Field. 

breathless  (breth'les),  a.     [<  ME.  brethles;  < 
breath  +  -less.'}     1.  Without  breath;  dead. 
Denies  the  rites  of  funeral  Bros  to  those 
Whose  breathless  bodies  yet  he  calls  his  foes. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc.,  1.  84. 

2.  Out  of  breath ;  spent  with  labor  or  exertion. 

Unwounded  from  the  dreadful  close, 
But  breathless  all,  Fltz-James  arose. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  16. 

3.  That  takes  away  the  breath. 

How  I  remember  that  breathless  flight ! 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  Iv. 

4.  Marked  by  an  apparent  forgetfulness  to 
breathe;  absorbed;  eager;  excited. 

The  young  folks  would  crowd  around  the  hearth,  lis- 
tening with  breathless  attention  to  some  old  crone  of  a 
negro,  who  was  the  oracle  of  the  family. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  168. 
The  holy  time  is  quiet  as  a  nun 
Breathless  with  adoration. 

n'ordtimrth,  Misc.  Sonnets,  i.  30. 

breathlessness  (breth'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  breathless  or  out  of  breath  with  exer- 
tion; difficulty  in  breathing. 

breath-sound  (breth'sound),  n.  In  physiol., 
a  sound  caused  by  the  movement  of  the  air 
in  the  lungs  in  respiration.  Also  called  respi- 
ratory murmur — Cogged  breath-sound,  in  i>athol., 
an  interrupted  or  jerky  respiratory  sound,  most  marked 
in  inspiration.  Also  called  con-wheel  respiration. 

breccia  (brech'ia),  M.  [It.,  formerly  also  brec- 
chia,  gravel,  now  technically  breccia,  =  F. 
breche,  connected  with  It.  breccia  =  Sp.  Pg.  bre- 
cha,  <  F.  breche,  a  breach ;  all  of  Teut.  origin : 
see  breach,  and  cf.  brash*,  «.]  In  geol.,  a  con- 
glomerate in  which  the  fragments,  instead  of 


Breccia.—  Polished  Surface. 

being  rounded  or  water-worn,  are  angular.  The 
term  is  most  frequently  applied  to  volcanic  masses  made 
up  of  fragments  which  nave  become  consolidated  into  rock 
before  becoming  rounded  by  friction  against  each  other 
or  by  the  action  of  water. 

brecciated  (brech'i-a-ted),  a.  [<  breccia  -f 
.„/,.!  +  -<>rf2.]  Having  the  character  of  a  breccia. 

According  to  Professor  Ramsay  the  breedatett,  sub- 
angular  conglomerates  and  boulder  beds  of  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  .  .  .  are  of  glacial  origin. 

J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  p.  294. 

brecciation  (brech-i-a'shon),  «.  [<  breccia  + 
-ntinii.']  The  condition  of  being  brecciated. 
See  breccia. 

brecht,  «•    A  Middle  English  form  of  breech. 

brecham  (brech'am),  «.  [Sc.,  also  brechame; 
prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Gael,  braigjideach,  a 
horse's  collar,  braighdean,  a  cow's  or  calf's  col- 
lar, =  Ir.  lirniijhdi-an,  a  collar,  Gael,  braidean, 
a  little  collar,  dim.  of  braid,  a  horse-collar,  a 
brecliam,  =  Ir.  braid,  a  collar,  <  Gael.  Ir.  bra- 
ijliiul,  nock,  throat,  windpipe.]  A  collar  fora 
work-horse.  [Scotch.] 


breech 
brechan,  breckan  <  im-k'iin), «.   A  Scotch  form 

of  lii-Ki-l:,  n. 

breche't,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  breech. 
breche-t,  «•  An  obsolete  spelling  of  breach. 
Brechites  (bre-ki'tcz),  ».  [ML.,  <  Gr.  fto 

ID  wet  :  see  /win,  and  cf.  aspergillum .]     Same 

as  .t*/nri/illiim,  -. 
breck  (brek),  H.     [<  MK.  brrkke,  var.  of  bri  I  • . 

a  break,  breach,  etc. :  see  breach,  and  cf.  break, 

n.,  brick1,  and  brack1,  all  ult.  <  break,  q.  v.]     If. 

A  break;  breach;  fracture.     Tuster. 

Swlche  a  falrenesse  of  a  nekke 
Had  that  swete  that  bone  nor  brrkke 

Vj~  lh.  i   DOM!  -•  •  M 

Chaueer,  Death  of  Blanche,  I.  940. 

2f.  A  bruise.  Kersey,  1708.— 3t.  A  breach;  a 
gap  in  a  hedge. —  4.  [Also  called  break;  prop, 
land  broken  up  and  allowed  to  lie  fallow.]  A 
piece  of  uninclosed  arable  land ;  a  sheepwalk, 
if  in  grass.  Halliwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.]—  5.  A 
large  new-made  inclosure.  arose.  [Prov. 
Eng.]— 6.  A  field.  [Suffolk,  Eng.] 

The  bird's  chosen  breeding-place  was  In  wide  field*  — 
breclu,  as  they  are  locally  called  — of  winter-corn. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  878. 

breckan,  «.    See  brechan. 

breckins  (brek'inz),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
bracken. 

bred1  (bred).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
breed. 

bred'2t,  «.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  bread*. 

brede't,  ».  and  r.    See  bread^. 

brede-t,  ».     See  bread3,  braid*. 

brede3t,  r.  *.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  breden,  < 
AS.  braxlan,  roast:  see  brawn.'}  To  roast. 

bredge1,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  bridge*. 

bredge^t,  r.  t.    See  bridge*. 

bred-soret  (bred'sor),  n.  A  whitlow,  or  a  sore 
coming  without  a  wound  or  visible  cause.  Also 
called  breeder. 

bree1  (bre),  M.  [Sc.,  also  brie,  brue,  broo,  <  ME. 
bre,  full  form  breire,  <  AS.  briic,  also  brig,  a  pot- 
tage of  meal,  pulse,  etc.,  =  Fries,  bry  =  D.  brij 
=  MLG.  bri,  brig  =  OHG.  brio,  MHG.  bri,  brie, 
G.  brei,  broth,  etc.  Connection  with  breic*,  v. 
(AS.  breowan,  etc. ),  is  doubtful.]  Broth ;  soup ; 
juice;  sauce;  water;  moisture  of  any  kind. 
[Scotch.] 

bree-  (bre),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  bray*, 
brae. 

bree:i  (bre), ».  t.  [E.  dial.]  To  frighten.  Halli- 
iccll.  [North.  Eng.] 

bree4  (bre),  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  brow. 

breech  (brech),  n.  [<  ME.  breech,  breche,  brech. 
also  unassibilated  breke,  brek,  prop.  pi.  and 
meaning  'breeches,'  the  covering  of  the  breech 
(whence  the  double  pL  breeches,  the  now  prev- 
alent form  in  that  sense :  see  breeches),  <  AS. 
bree,  also  braic  (pi.  of  the  unrecorded  sing. 
"6roc),breeches(the  additional  sense  of 'breech,' 
given  by  Bosworth,  rests  on  a  doubtful  trans- 
lation of  a  single  passage).  =  OFries.  brok,  pi. 
brek,  =  D.  broek  =  ULG.brok,  LG.  bnwk  =  OHG. 
bruoh,  MHG.  brnoch,  G.  bruch  =  Icel.  brok,  pi. 
bratkr,  breeches  (8w.  bracka,  breeches,  brok, 
naut. ,  breeching),  =ODan.  brog,  breeches,  hose, 
Dan.  brog,  naut.,  breeching.  Cf.  L.  brdca',  pi., 
breeches  (>  It.  braca  =  Sp.  Pg.  braga  =  Pr. 
braya  =  OF.  brait,  breeches,  F.  braie,  a  swad- 
dling-band,  >E.  bray&  and  brail,  q.  v.).  regard- 
ed as  of  Celtic  origin;  cf.  Bret,  bragez ;  but  the 
Gael.  Ir.  brigi/t,  breeches,  is  perhaps  from  E. 
The  relation  of  the  Teut.  forms  to  the  Celtic  is 
uncertain.]  If.  Breeches. 
Tliyn  oldo  breech.  Chaueer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  480. 

That  you  might  still  have  worn  the  petticoat, 
And  ne'er  have  stol'n  the  breech  from  Lancaster. 

Shak.,  3  Men.  VI.,  T.  &. 

2.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  behind.— 3.  The 
hinder  part  of  anything;  specifically,  the  mass 
of  metal  behind  the  bore  of  a  cannon,  or  the 
part  of  a  small  arm  back  of  the  barrel,  including 
the  rear  of  the  latter  in  breech-loaders. — 4. 
\niit..  the  angle  of  a  knee-timber,  the  inside  of 
which  is  called  the  throat. 
breech  (brech),  r.  [<  breech,  ».]  L  trans.  1. 
To  put  into  or  clothe  with  breeches. 

Who  was  anxious  to  know  whether  the  blacksmith's 
youngest  boy  was  breeched.        Macaulay,  Hist  Eng.,  xx. 

Have  I  not  shaved  my  people,  and  breeched  them? 

Laiulor.  Peter  the  Great 

2.  To  cover  to  the  breech  or  hilt.     [Bare.] 

There,  the  murtherers, 

Steep'd  in  the  colours  of  their  trade,  their  daggers 
Unmannerly  breeeh'd  with  gore.    Shak..  Macbeth,  U.  S. 
(Various  other  readings  and  interpretations,  such  as  rccch- 
ed  (soiled  with  a  dark  yellow),  itrfixhcit.  thmlhed,  etc. ,  hare 
been  proposed  by  shaksperlan  commentators.) 


breech  674 

Q     T~    ,i,,v  ,  a  t>,«  rirwpph  were  demanded  this  plan  was  abandoned,  as  the  mechani- 

3.  To  whip  on  the  Dreecn.  ca)       liances  0,  the  (lay  dill  not  anow  Of  accurate  fitting 
Had  not  a  courteous  serving-man  conveyed  me  away,         d  '  jck  wor|(jn,,  0(  ti,e  breech-piece.    Since  about  1840, 

whilst  he  went  to  fetch  whips,  I  think,  in  my  conscience,      nowe\,er  breech-loading  firearms  have  been  made  success- 
he  would  have  breeched  me. 

Robert  Taylor  (1612),  Hog  hath  Lost  his  Pearl,  vi. 

4.  To  fit  or  furnish  with  a  breech :  as,  to  breech 
a  gun.— 5.  To  fasten  by  a  breeching. 

II.  intrans.  To  suffer  whipping  on  the  breech. 

I  am  no  breechina  scholar  in  the  schools. 

Shak.,T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  1. 

breech-band  (brech'band),  n.    Same  as  breech- 

breech-barrow  (brech'bar"6),  «.    A  large  high 

truck  used  in  moving  bricks  in  a  brick-yard. 
breech-block  (brech'blok),  «.   A  movable  piece 

at  the  breech  of  a  breech-loading  gun,  which 

is  withdrawn  for  the  insertion  of  a  cartridge  and 

closed  before  firing,  to  receive  the  impact  of  the 

recoil.    E.  H.  Knight.    See  cut  under  breech- 
loader. 
breech-clout  (brech'klout),  n.     The  cloth  cov-     ^  ^         „„  uuc  U1OTV _„ — _ . 

ering  the  breech,  worn  by  American  Indians     a  plied  to  firearms:  as,  a  breech-loading  rifle. 

and  other  uncivilized  peoples.  breech-mechanism    (brech  'mek"a-nizm),   ». 

breeches  (brich'ez,  formerly  and  still  occasion-    Th        rts  coinprised  ^  the  breech  of  a  gun ; 

ally  bre'chez),  n.  pi.     [<  ME.  breche,  breches,        _.j*a._n_  3T    __v. 

pi.,  usually  breclie,  brech,  also  breke,  brek  (>  So. 

breeks,  breik,  etc.) :  see  breech,  itself  pi.]     1.  A 

bifurcated  garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the 

body  from  the  waist  to  the  knees,  or,  in  some 

cases,  only  to  mid-thigh. —  2.  Less  properly, 

trousers  orpantaloons — Breeches  Bible.  SeeSible. 

—To  wear  the  breeches,  to  usurp  the  authority  of  the 

husband :  said  of  a  wife. 
Children  rule,  old  men  go  to  school,  women  wear  the 

breeches.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. ,  To  the  Reader. 


Martini  Breech-loader. 

fully,  and  have  gradually  come  into  general  use  for  all 
purposes.  Rapidity  of  firing,  ease  of  cleaning,  and  close 
adjustment  of  the  missile  to  the  bore,  excluding  windage, 
are  the  advantages  of  this  form  of  arm. 
breech-loading  (brech'lo'ding),  a.  Receiving 
the  charge atthe  breech  instead  of  the  muzzle : 


specifically,  the  mechanical  device  for  opening 
1  closing  the  breech  of  a  gun  in  loading  and 


=  Syn.  See  trousers. 

breeches-buoy  (brich'ez-boi),  n.  In  the  life- 
saving  service,  a  name  given  to  an  apparatus, 
like  a  short  pair  of  breeches,  moving  on  a  rope 
stretched  from  a  wreck 
to  the  shore,  for  the 


purpose  of  landing  per- 
sons from  the  wreck. 
breeching   (brich'ing), 
n .    [Verbal  n.  of  breech, 
t\]     1.  A  whipping  on 
the  breech. 
I  view  the  prince  with  Aris- 

tarchus'  eyes, 
Whose  looks  wereasa&reecft- 

ing  to  a  boy. 

Marlowe  (and  ShaltspereT), 
(Edw.  III. 

2.  Hard,  clotted  wool 
on  the  buttocks  of  a 
sheep.  —  3.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  harness 
which  passes  round  its 
breech,  and  which  ena- 
bles it  to  back  the  vehi- 
cle to  which  it  is  har- 
nessed. The  breeching  Breeches-buoy, 
is  connected  by  straps 

to  the  saddle  and  shafts.  Also  called  breech- 
band.  See  cut  under  harness. — 4.  In  naval 
gun.,  a  strong  rope  passed  through  a  hole  in  the 
caseabel  of  a  gun  and  fastened  to  bolts  in  the 
ship's  side,  to  check  the  recoil  of  the  gun  when 
it  is  fired. — 5.  A  bifurcated  smoke-pipe  of  a 
furnace. 

breeching-bolt  (brich'ing-bolt),  n.    A  bolt  in  a 

ship's  side  to  which  the  breeching  is  fastened. 

breeching-hook  (brich'ing-huk),  n.    A  curved 

hook  on  the  shafts  of  a  carriage  to  which  the 

breeching  of  the  harness  is  secured. 

breechlng-loop   (brich'ing -lop),  n.     Naut.,  a 

loop  of  metal  formerly  cast  on  the  breech  of 

guns,  through  which  the  breeching  was  passed. 

breecnless  (brech'les),  a.    Without  breeches ; 

hence,  naked. 

He  bekez  by  the  bale  fyre,  and  breklesse  hyrne  semede. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1048. 


x 'pes),  n.     1.  The  wrought- 

coil  shrunk  on  the  rear  end  of  the 
steel  tubes  of  the  Fraser  system  of  heavy  guns. 
Over  the  rear  end  of  the  steel  tube  is  shrunk  a  very  pow- 
erful  coil,  called  the  breech-piece.  Vre,  Diet.,  IV.  83. 

2.  A  heavy  mass  of  steel  which  supports  the 
wedge  in  the  Krupp  system  of  guns. 
ireecn-pin  (brech'pin),  n.    In  gun.,  a  mounted 
plug  screwed  into  the  rear  end  of  the  barrel 
of  a  firearm.    In 
a  breech-loader  the 
plug  forms  the  bot- 
tom of  the  charging- 
chamber  or  well ;  in 
a    muzzle-loader    it 
forms  the  bottom  of 
the  bore. 

breech-screw 

(brech'skro),    n.    «,  plug; 
Same  as  breech- 


Breech-pin. 

;  tenon ;  f,  tang ;  rf,  tang-screw 
hole ;  f,  face. 


pin. 

breech-Sight  (brech'sit),  m.  That  sight  of  a 
gun  which  is  placed  next  the  breech ;  the  hind 
sight. 

breech-wrench  (brech'rench),  n.  A  wrench 
employed  in  turning  out  the  breech-pin  of  a 
muzzle-loading  firearm. 

breed  (bred),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bred,  ppr.  breed- 
ing. [<  ME.  breden,  <  AS.  bredan,  nourish, 
cherish,  keep  warm  (=  D.  broeden  =  MLG.  bro- 
den,  LG.  broden  =  OHG.  bruoten,  MHG.  bru- 
eten,  G.  briiten,  brood,  hatch),  <  brod,  brood : 
see  brood,  n.,  and  cf.  brood,  v.  Breed  is  relat- 
ed to  brood  as  feed  to  food.']  I.  trans.  1.  To 
procreate;  beget;  engender;  hatch. 

Yet  every  mother  breeds  not  sons  alike. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3. 

2f.  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body  by 
development  or  organic  process. 

The  worms  .  .  .  that  did  breed  the  silk. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4. 

Children  would  breed  their  teeth  with  less  danger. 

Locke. 

3.  To  cause  ;  occasion ;  produce ;  originate. 

What  pains 
I  have  bestow'd,  to  breed  this  present  peace. 

ShaJc.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2. 

I  honour  philosophical!  instructions,  and  blesse  the  wits 
which  bred  them.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

E'en  when  sober  truth  prevails  throughout, 
They  swear  it,  till  affirmance  breeds  a  doubt. 

Cowper,  Conversation. 

Intemperance  and  lust  breed  infirmities.  TUlotsoit. 


_.  _.„ .. 4    To  produce;  be  the  native  place  of:  as,  a 

breech-loader  ( brech' 16  "der),  n.     A  firearm    pond  breeds  fish;  a  northern  country  breeds  a 
loaded  at  the  breeeh.  The  term  is  generally  confined     race  of  stout  men. 
to  small  arms,  whether  used  in  hunting  or  in  war,  large 
guns  being  usually  referred  to  as  breech-loading  cannon. 


Springfield  Breech-loader. 

Side-view  of  gun  with  breech-block,  d,  thrown  up ;  c ,  breech-pin ; 
ft,  tiring-pin ',  nt.  thumb-piece. 

The  earliest  European  firearms  were  made  to  load  at  the 
breech  j  but  as  soon  as  accuracy  of  aim  and  long  range 


Hail,  foreign  wonder ! 
Whom  certain  these  rough  shades  did  never  breed. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  266. 

Why  doth  Africa  breed  so  many  venomous  beasts,  Ire- 
land none?  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  293. 

The  barren  soil  does  not  treed  fevers,  crocodiles,  tigers, 
or  scorpions.  Emtrson,  Compensation. 

5.  To  bring  up;  nurse  and  foster ;  take  care  of 
during  the  period  of  growth :  as,  born  and  bred. 

Young  Archas, 

A  boy  as  sweet  as  young ;  my  brother  breeds  him, 
My  noble  brother  Brisky  breeds  him  nobly. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  7. 

Ah  !  wretched  me !  by  fates  averse  decreed 

To  bring  thee  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed. 

Dryden. 


breeding 

6.  To  form  by  education ;  train :  as,  to  breed  a 
son  to  an  occupation ;  a  man  bred  at  a  univer- 
sity: commonly  with  tip. 

To  breed  up  the  son  to  common  sense. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires. 

The  trade  he  breeds  them  up  in.  Locke. 

7.  To  procure  by  the  mating  of  parents,  and 
rear  for  use:  as,  to  breed  canaries;  to  breed 
cattle  for  the  market — Bred  out,  degenerated. 

The  strain  of  man's  bred  out 
Into  baboon  and  monkey.        Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1. 
Well  bred,  having  good  manners ;  well  instructed :  as, 
his  actions  show  him  to  be  well  bred.    See  well-bred. 
A  gentleman  mil  bred,  and  of  good  name. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

I  have  not  seen  a  cobbler  [in  Paris]  who  is  not  better 
bred  than  an  English  gentleman. 

Sydney  Smith.,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 

=  Syn.  1.  To  generate.— B.  To  nourish,  nurture.— 6.  To 
educate,  school,  discipline. —  7.  To  raise. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  beget  or  bear  offspring; 
produce  young;  be  fruitful:  used  figuratively 
of  increase  generally. 

That  they  may  breed  abundantly  in  the  earth,  and  be 
fruitful.  '  Gen.  viii.  17. 

Where  they  most  breed  and  haunt. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  6. 

I  make  it  [money]  breed  as  fast.       Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
The  mother  had  never  bred  before.  Carpenter. 

2.  To  have  birth;  be  produced;  arise;  grow; 
develop:  as,  maggots  breed  readily  in  carrion. 

As  fester'd  members  rot  but  by  degree, 
Till  bones,  and  flesh,  and  sinews  fall  away, 
So  will  this  base  and  envious  discord  breed. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  procure  the  birth  of  young:  with  from  : 
as,  to  breed  from  a  mare  of  good  stock. — 4f.  To 
be  pregnant. 

Mercy,  being  a  young  and  breeding  woman,  longed  for 
something  that  she  saw  there,  but  was  ashamed  to  ask. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii.,  Shepherds. 
To  breed  in  and  in,  to  breed  from  animals  of  the  same 
stock  that  are  closely  related.— To  breed  true,  to  pro- 
duce offspring  exhibiting  the  same  characteristics  of  form, 
color,  and  general  qualities  as  the  parents :  said  of  ani- 
mals, poultry,  etc.,  of  pure  breed. 
breed  (bred),  ».  [<  breed,  «.]  1.  A  race  or 
progeny  from  the  same  parents  or  stock ;  espe- 
cially, a  race  of  men  or  other  animals  having 
an  alliance  by  nativity  and  some  distinctive 
qualities  in  common,  which  are  transmitted  by 
heredity;  hence,  family;  extraction:  as,  a  breed 
of  men  in  a  particular  country ;  horses  or  sheep 
of  good  breed. 

I  bring  you  witnesses. 
Twice  fifteen  thousand  hearts  of  England's  breed. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

The  farmer  race  of  Arabs,  the  most  despised  by  their 
fellow  countrymen,  and  the  most  hard-favored,  morally 
as  well  as  physically,  of  all  the  breed. 

R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  260. 

Hence — 2.  Sort;  kind:  in  a  general  sense. 

This  courtesy  is  not  of  the  right  breed. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

3f.  A  number  produced  at  once;  a  hatch;  a 
brood:  as,  "above  an  hundred  at  a  breed,"  N. 
Grew.—  4f.  Increase  of  any  sort,  especially 
interest  on  money ;  usury. 

For  when  did  friendship  take 
A  breed  of  barren  metal  of  his  friend  ? 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 
5f.  Breeding. 

That  countrey  is  a  very  greate  soyle  of  cat-tell,  and 
verye  fltt  for  breede.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

breed-batet  (bred'bat),  n.  [<  breed,  v.,  +  obj. 
bate3,  «.]  One  who  breeds  or  incites  to  quar- 
rels: as,  "no  tell-tale  nor  no  breed-bate,"  Shak., 
M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4. 

breeder  (bre'der),  n.  1 .  One  who  or  that  which 
breeds,  procreates,  or  produces  young:  used 
especially  of  the  female. 

You  love  the  breeder  better  than  the  male. 

SAdfc.,3Hen.  VI.,  U.  1. 

2.  One  who  educates  or  rears;   figuratively, 
that  which  rears. 

Italy  and  Rome  have  been  the  best  breeders  ...  of  the 
worthiest  men.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  produces,  causes,  or 
brings  about:  as,  he  was  a  breeder  of  dissen- 
sions. 

Time  is  the  nurse  and  breeder  of  all  good. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1. 

4.  One  who  procures  the  birth  of  young ;  one 
who  raises  a  particular  breed,  as  of  animals; 
technically,  in  herd-  and  stud-books,  the  owner 
of  the  dam  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  ani- 
mal recorded.— 5f.  Same  as  bred-sore. 

breeding  (bre'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  breed,  v.~\ 
1.  The  act  of  generating  or  producing.— 2. 
The  rearing  of  cattle  or  live  stock  of  any  kind, 
particularly  by  mingling  or  crossing  one  strain 


breeding 

of  a  species  or  variety  with  another,  with  a 
view  to  improve  the  breed.  See  arWMfMdMy 
and  in-antl-in. — 3.  Upbringing;  nurture;  edu- 
cation; hmtruction. 

slit-  had  her  breeding  at  my  father's  charge. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  II.  8. 

4.  Deportment  or  behavior  in  social  life ;  man- 
ners, especially  good  manners :  as,  good  breed- 
iitfj  (politeness);  a  man  of  no  lircnliiiti  (that  is. 
a  very  ill-bred  man). 

As  men  of  6»v. •-/,/,</.  >n]iietimen  men  of  wit, 
'I"  avoid  great  errors,  must  the  less  commit. 

/'"/"',  Essay  on  Criticism,  I.  259. 

In  society  his  gooi!  '</•  ••  <tin-i  and  vivacity  made  him  al- 
ways uelriiiiir.    Min-itulnjt,  Dramatists  of  the  Restoration. 

6f.  Descent;  extraction. 

Honest  ucntleinan,  I  know  not  your  breeding. 

Shot.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  8. 

Breeding  In  the  line,  breeding  from  animals  of  the  same 
variety,  but  of  different  parentage.  =  8yn.  1.  Generation, 
production. — 2.  Raising. — 3.  Training,  discipline. 

breeding-cage  (bre'ding-kaj),  n.  1.  A  contri- 
vance used  by  entomologists  for  rearing  in- 
sects in  captivity,  as  a  box  of  wire  netting,  a 
jar  covered  with  cloth,  or  any  similar  arrange- 
ment.—  2.  A  large  cage,  with  a  box,  pan,  or 
compartment  for  a  nest,  in  which  a  pair  of 
birds  are  placed  for  breeding  in  captivity. 

breeding-pen  (bre' ding-pen),  «.  I.  A  pen  or 
inclosure,  or  a  yard  with  the  necessary  house 
for  shelter,  in  which  animals  or  poultry  are 
confined  for  the  purpose  of  producing  pure- 
bred stock. —  2.  At  exhibitions  of  poultry,  a 
certain  number  of  females,  commonly  four,  but 
sometimes  five,  shown,  together  with  a  male,  in 
competition  for  a  prize. 

breedlingt  (bred'ling),  n.  [<  breed  +  -ling*  ]  A 
native ;  an  inhabitant. 

Over  most  sad  fens,  all  the  way  observing  the  sad  life 
which  the  people  of  the  place  —  which,  if  they  be  born 
there,  they  do  call  the  Breedlingi  of  the  place— do  live. 
Ptpys,  Diary,  Sept.  17,  1683. 

breek1,  n.  Scotch,  northern  English,  and  ob- 
solete form  of  breech. 

breek2t,  ».  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  variant  of 
break  or  breach. 

breeks  (breks),  a.  pi.  Scotch  and  northern  Eng- 
lish form  of  breeches. 

I  have  linen  breekt  on.    /•'.  Jonton,  Magnetick  Lady,  v.  4. 

breeme1t,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  bream1. 

breeme'2t,  «•    See  brim*. 

breer1.  brere  (brer),  «.  [=  brier,  q.  v.]  A  com- 
mon English  name  for  the  blackberry,  Rubux 
friiticimitu,  and  the  dogrose,  Kosa  canina :  hence 
Brerecliff,  Brerecroft,  and  other  names  of  places. 

The  amorous  birds  now  pair  in  every  brake, 
And  build  their  mossy  homes  in  field  and  brere. 

SheUey,  AdonaU,  viii. 

breer2  (brer),  n.  and  r.    [Sc.]    Same  as  braird. 
breese,  «.    See  breeze*. 


675 

brim1.  Ct.  Skt.  bhramara,  a  large  black  bee, 
perhaps  from  the  same  root.]  A  gadfly;  a 
horse-fly;  specifically,  one  of  certain  strong- 
bodied  dipterous  insects  of  the  family  Tatia- 
nidtv.  There  are  many  species.  The  lams  live  In  niolit 
ground,  and  are  subaquatlc.  The  black  breeie,  Tabanii* 
HI  ruin t  ( Fuhrii-iiis),  Is  one  of  the  largest  North  American 
species.  Also  called  breeze-jly. 

But  he  them  all  from  him  full  lightly  swept, 
As  doth  a  Steare,  in  heat  of  sommers  day, 
With  his  long  tuile  the  bryzei  brush  away. 

Speiuer,  K.  Q.,  VI.  i.  J4 
Runs  like  a  heifer  bitten  with  the  brize 
About  the  court.  B.  Jonton,  New  Inn,  v.  1. 

breeze1!,  r.  i.     [<  breeze*,  n.]    To  buzz. 

breeze2  (brez),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brize, 
briegg;  =  Q.  brige  =  Dan.  brig,  <  F.  brize,  now 
brige.  a  breeze,  =  Sp.  briga  =  Pg.  briza,  the 
northeast  wind ;  of .  It.  brezza,  a  cold  wind ;  pos- 
sibly same  as  bise,  q.  v.,  with  intrusive  -r.]  1. 
A  moderately  brisk  wind ;  a  movement  of  air 
not  so  strong  as  a  gale :  as,  a  refreshing  breeze ; 
a  stiff  breeze  at  sea. 

The  heat  of  Summer  [In  Virginia)  Is  In  Jane,  July  and 
August,  but  commonly  a  cool  Brit**  asswages  the  velie- 
mency  of  the  heat. 

S.  Clarke,  Plantations  of  the  English  In  America 

[(1670),  p.  5. 

From  land  a  gentle  breeze  arose  at  night.  Dryften. 

2.  A  noisy  quarrel;  a  disturbance;  a  row. 
[Colloq.] 

The  marine  went  forward  and  gave  the  order ;  and  Jem- 
my, who  expected  a  breeze,  told  his  wife  to  behave  quietly. 
Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  xv. 

Land-breeze,  sea-breeze,  breezes  blowing  respectively 
from  the  land  to  or  over  the  sea,  and  from  the  sea  over 
the  land.  The  former  is  apt  to  blow  especially  by  night, 
and  the  latter  by  day ;  ana  in  some  regions  this  alterim 
tfon  occurs  with  great  regularity.  =  Byn.  Ou»t,  etc.  Sec 
i'-iitfi,  n. 

breeze2  (brez),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  breezed, 
ppr.  breezing.  [<  breeze^,  n.]  To  blow  gently. 

[Bare.]  —To  breeze  up  (nan/.),  to  blow  with  greater 
strength ;  freshen. 

breeze8  (brez),  n.  [=  E.  dial,  briss?  (q.  v.),  dust, 
rubbish,  <  F.  bru,  rubbish,  fragments,  break- 
age, etc.,  <  briner,  break:  see  bruige  and  brazil. 
and  cf.  debris.  But  in  sense  2  perhaps  <  OF. 
brege,  cinders,  orig.  live  coals,  F.  braise,  live 
coals:  see  braise1.']  1.  House-sweepings,  as 
fluff,  dust,  ashes,  etc. —  2.  The  material  sifted 
put  from  house-ashes,  extensively  used  in  burn- 
ing bricks;  cinders.  [Eng.] 

breeze-fly  (brez'fli),  n.    Same  as  breeze*. 

breeze-oven  (brez'uv'n),  n.  1.  An  oven  for 
the  manufacture  of  small  coke. —  2.  A  furnace 
designed  to  consume  breeze  or  coal-dust. 

breezy  (bre'zi),  a.     [<  breeze*  +  -y*.~]     1.  Of 
the  nature  of  a  breeze ;  blowy ;  windy. 
The  breezy  call  of  incense-breathing  morn. 

Gray,  Elegy. 

2.  Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes :  as, 
the  breezy  shore. —  3.  Figuratively,  brisk ;  live- 
ly; sprightly:  as,  a  breezy  essay. 
The  chapter  on  "  Value  "  is  particularly  fresh  and  breezy. 
The  American,  VIII.  87. 

bregma  (breg'ma),  M.  ;  pi.  bregmata  (-ma-tS). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Ppfypa,  also  pptxpa>  the  front  part  of 
the  head,  sinciput,  prob.  <  /Jp^rttv,  wet,  moisten ; 
perhaps  akin  to  E.  rain,  q.  v.]  In  anat.,  the 
junction  of  the  sagittal  and  coronal  sutures  of 
the  skull ;  the  anterior  f  ontanel.  it  was  so  named 
because  in  infants  it  is  soft,  and  was  thought  to  corre- 
spond with  the  most  humid  part  of  the  brain.  Also  writ- 
ten brechma  and  brechmus.  See  cut  under  i-raniuiitctry. 

Bregmaceros  (breg-mas'e-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
,  the  front  part  of  the  head,  the  sinciput, 
,  horn.]  A  genus  of  anacan thine  fishes, 


Black  Breeze  (  Tahattut  atratta). 
a,  larva  ;  *,  pupa  :  f.  Imago.    (Alt  slightly  enlarged.) 

breeze1  (brez),  «.  [Also  written  breese,  early 
mod.  E.  brize,  brizze,  brise^  briese,  <  ME.  brese, 
<  AS.  bredsa,  britisa  (only  in  glosses),  a  gadfly ; 
not  found  in  other  tongues,  and  supposed  to 
be  an  irreg.  reduction  of  'brimsa  (also  cited 
as  AS.,  but  not  well  authorized:  see  brimse, 
brimsey)  =  MD.  bremse,  D.  brems  =  OHG.  bri- 
ttriMd/MHG.  brimse,  G.  bremse  =ODan.  brimse, 
bremse,  Dan.  bremse  =  Sw.  broms,  a  horse- 
fly; also  (without  the  formative  -g)  bream  = 
OHG.  bremo,  MHG.  G.  breme,  MD.  bremme  (see 
bream'-*) ;  so  named,  perhaps,  from  its  buzzing: 
cf.  AS.  hri'iiimiin,  roar,  OHG.  breman,  MHG. 
brcmen,  roar,  buz/..  MHO.  (i.  hritninirti,  D.  brom- 
men,  hum,  buzz,  grumble.  L.  fremere,  roar:  see 


Brtfrnacervs  atletnticus. 

containing  a  few  small  pelagic  species,  and 
representing  in  some  systems  a  family  Breg- 
macerotida'. 

bregmacerotid  (breg'ma-se-rot'id).  ».  A  fish 
of  the  family  Bregmacerotidte. 

BregmacerotidsB  (breg'ma-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Bregmaceros  (-rot-)  +  -ida:.]  A  family 
of  gadoid  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Breg- 
maceros. They  have  a  robust  caudal  portion  truncate 
nvex  behind,  almost  without  |inx-urrent  caudal  rays 
above  or  below,  with  an  antemedian  anus,  moderate  sub- 


brent-goose 

orbitaU,  terminal  mouth,  jugular  ventrals  abnormally 
cli -v. l.ijird,  .in  iii-i-lplul  ray,  a  continuous  dorsal  fln  mostly 
confined  to  the  caudul  portion,  and  an  anal  nearly  similar 
to  the  long  dorsal.  The  few  known  specie*  are  of  small  site, 
and  Inhabitants  of  the  high  or  deep  sea* ;  their  nearest  rel- 
atives are  supposed  to  be  the  codfishe*. 

bregmata,  ».    Plural  of  br<  <//«</. 

bregmatic  (breg-mat'ik),  a.  [<  bregma(t-)  + 
-•c.J  Of  or  pertuiniiig  to  the  bregma :  as,  brea- 
matic  tension. 

brehon  (bre'hon),  ».  [<  Olr.  britht-m,  a  judge, 
Ir.  Gael,  breitheamli,  a  judge,  <  Olr.  breth,  Ir. 
Gael,  breith,  f.,  Olr.  Ir.  bram,  m.,  judgment,  de- 
cision.] One  of  the  ancient  hereditary  judges 
of  Ireland,  similar  to  those  of  Scotland  during 
its  Celtic  period. 

In  the  territories  of  each  sent,  judges,  called  Brthotu, 
and  taken  out  of  certain  families,  sat  with  primeval  sim- 
plicity on  turfen  benches  in  some  conspicuous  situation, 
to  determine  controversies. 

//attain,  Const.  Hist.,  III.  390. 

Brehon  laws,  the  ancient  system  of  laws  of  Ireland. 
These  laws,  originally  unwritten,  and  developed  by  the 
brehon*,  were  largely  embodied  at  an  early  period  in  cer- 
tain ancient  writings  known  now  as  Brehon  Tract*.  Of 
these  two  have  been  translated  :  the  Senefiut  Mar,  or  Great 
Book  of  the  Law,  compiled,  It  is  said,  by  nine  "  pillars  of 
Erin,"  under  the  superintendence  of  St.  Patrick ;  and  the 
Book  of  Ait-in,  containing  the  wisdom  of  two  of  the  most 
famous  brehons,  the  "Royal  Cormac"  and  the  "Learned 
Cennfaelah."  This  system  of  law  was  not  entirely  super- 
seded by  English  laws  among  the  native  Irish  until  about 
1050. 

breithauptite  (brit'houp-tit),  «.  [After  the 
German  mineralogist  J.  A.  F.  Breithaupt  (1791- 
1873).]  An  antimonide  of  nickel  occurring  in 
hexagonal  crystals  and  also  in  massive  forms. 
It  has  a  copper-red  color  and  brilliant  metallic 
luster. 

breitoline  (bri'to-lin),  n.  [Named  for  the  in- 
ventor, L.  Breit.  ]  A  musical  instrument  of  the 
violin  family,  having  five  metal  strings  and 
a  compass  somewhat  lower  than  a  viola.  It  is 
fastened  upon  a  table,  like  a  zither,  and  played 
with  a  bow. 

breloque  (bre-lok'),  ».  [F. ;  origin  uncertain.] 
A  seal,  locket,  charm,  or  other  small  trinket  or 
article  of  jewelry  attached  to  a  watch-chain. 

bremet,  a.    See  brim*. 

bremelyt,  adv.    See  brimly. 

Bremen  blue,  green,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

bremlyt,  adv.    See  brimly. 

bren't  (en-en),?.  [<  ME.  brennen,the  usual  form 
of  burn*,  q.  v.]  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  va- 
riant of  burn*. 

Closely  the  wicked  flame  his  tjowels  brent. 

Spenter,  F.  if.,  III.  vll.  16. 

The  Romanies  this  Night  (Candlemas  Day]  went  about 
the  City  of  Rome,  with  Torches  and  Candle*  brrnning  in 
Worship  of  this  Woman  Febnia,  for  hope  to  have  the 
more  Helpe  and  Succoure  of  her  sonne  Mars. 

J.  Brand,  In  Bourne  s  Pop.  Antlq.  (1777),  p.  224. 

bren'2t,  ».  An  obsolete  variant  of  bran*.  Chau- 
cer. 

brennage  (bren'aj),  n.  [<  OF.  brenagc  (ML. 
brenagium),  <  bren,  ML.  brennium,  bran  :  see 
bran*.']  In  old  law,  a  tribute  or  composition 
which  tenants  paid  to  their  lord  in  lieu  of  bran 
which  they  were  obliged  to  furnish  for  his 
hounds. 

brenninglyt,  arfc.  Burningly ;  ardently.  Chau- 
cer. 

brent1  (brent),  a.    [=  brant1,  q.  v.]    1.  Steep; 
upright;  straight;  high. — 2.  Smooth;  unwrin- 
kled :  applied  to  the  brow.     [Scotch.] 
Your  bonnie  brow  was  brent.       Burnt,  John  Anderson. 

Her  fair  brent  brow,  smooth  a*  th'  unruukled  deep 
When  a'  the  winds  are  in  their  caves  asleep.      Ramtay. 

brent2  (brent),  n.    Same  as  brent-goose. 

brenta  (bren'tft),  n.  [It.]  An  Italian  liquid 
measure,  generally  equal  to  about  18  or  19  gal- 
lons. But  the  brenta  of  Crema  was  only  IflJ  United 
States  gallons,  and  the  brenta  of  Rome  was  S7.8.  The 
last  was  quite  exceptional. 

brente  (bren'te),  n.  [Cf.  brenta.']  A  Swiss 
liquid  measure,  varying  in  capacity  from  10.31 
to  17.66  gallons. 

brent-fox  (brent'foks),  M.    See  brant-fox. 

brent-goose  (brent'giJs),  n.  [Also  brant-goose 
andbrand-goose,  often  shortened  to  brent,  brant, 
G.  brentgans  Q  prob.  It.  branta);  all  due  to  Icel. 
brandgds  (=  Sw.  brandg&s  =  Dan.  brandgaas), 
<  brandr  (=  Sw.  Dan.  brand  =  E.  brand :  with 
reference  prob.  to  the  color;  cf.  brant^ox)  + 
gds=  Sw.  gas  =  Dan.  gaas  =  E.  goose.]  The 
brent  or  brant,  a  goose,  Benticla  brenta,  of  the 
family  Anatidce,  inhabiting  most  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere.  It  is  smaller  than  most  geese,  and 
has  the  heaa,  neck,  and  bill  black,  the  neck  with  patches 
of  small  whit*  stripes,  the  tall-covert*  whit*,  and  the  body- 
colors  dark.  It  breed*  in  high  latitudes,  migrating  south 


brent-goose 


676 

bretesse  (bre-tes'),  n.  [OF.  bretesse,  F.  breteche, 
(wtor/iCithebattlementsofawall,  etc.:  seebret- 
tice,  brattice,  the  reg.  E.  form  of  the  word.]  In 
medieval  fort. :  (a)  A  tower  of  timber  of  several 
stories,  crenelated,  loopholed,  and  fitted  with 
other  contemporary  devices  for  offense  and  de- 
fense. It  differed  from  the  belfry  in  that  it  was 
fixed  instead  of  movable,  (b)  A  construction  of 
timber,  of  a  more  or  less  temporary  character, 
projecting  from  a  wall,  etc.,  especially  over  a 
gateway  or  a  passage,  which  by  its  aid  could 


Brent-goose  (Bernicla  brenta*. 

in  the  autumn.    There  are  several  varieties.    Also  called 
brant-fiooite  and  brand-goose. 

brenthian  (bren'thi-an),  n.  and  a.     [<  BrentJnu 

+  -ian.]    I.  «.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Brenthus. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Brenthus. 

brenthid  (bren'thid),  «.  A  beetle  of  the  fam- 
ily lirenthidai. 

Brenthidse  (bren'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bren- 
thus +  -idai.]  A  family  of  rhynchophorous  co- 
leopterous insects,  related  to  the  Ctirculionida. 
They  are  of  an  elongate  form,  and  have  long  snouts  and 
moniliform  antennce.  The  genera  are  numerous. 

Brenthus  (bren'thus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  fl 
an  unknown  water-bird  ;  also,  with  var.  fi 
applied  to  a  singing  bird.]  1 .  A  genus  of  snout- 
beetles,  remarkable  for  the  excessive  length 
and  narrowness  of  the  body.  The  beak  in  the  fe- 
male is  long  and  filiform ;  in  the  male,  short,  with  the  man- 
dibles at  the  tip  much  more  developed  and  of  exceptional 
form.  The  numerous  species,  mostly  tropical,  constitute 
now  a  distinct  family  of  rhyuchophorous  beetles,  and 


Northern  Brenthian,  ftrentfms  (Eupsalis)  minutus. 


the  genus  Brenthus  has  been  separated  into  numerous 
genera.  Only  one  species,  Brenthus  (Eupxalix)  minntm 
(Drury),  inhabits  the  eastern  portion  of  the  United  States. 
The  larva  bores  into  the  hard  wood  of  oak-trees,  usually 
after  these  have  been  felled.  The  males  are  very  pugna- 
cious. Also  Brentus. 

2.  A  genus  of  geese,  proposed  by  Sundevall  in 
1873  to  replace  Brnntn.  [Not  in  use.] 

brent-new  (brent'nu),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of 
brand-new. 
Cotillon  brent-new  frae  France.    Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

Brentus  (bren'tus),  n.     Sameas-BrenWiw*,  1. 

brequet-chain  (bre-ket'chan),  n.  [Said  to  be 
named  after  a  celebrated  French  watchmaker 
named  Briguet,  but  influenced  by  F.  briquet,  a 
little  chain.]  A  short  watch-guard  or  chain 
to  which  the  watch-key  is  sometimes  attached ; 
a  fob-chain. 

brere,  ».    See  breeri. 

br6sillet  (bra-ze-la'),  n.  [F.,  brazil :  see  brazil.] 
Same  as  braziletto. 

bressomer,  bressummer  (bres'om-er,  -um-er), 
«.  Corruptions  of  brest-summer". 

brest1  (brest),  ».  If.  An  obsolete  spelling  of 
breast.—  2.  In  arch.,  a  torus.  [Rare  or  obso- 
lete.] 

brest^t  (brest),  v.  and  n.  An  obsolete  variant 
of  burst.  ' 

brest-summer,  breast-summer  (brest  'sum"- 
er),  «.  In  arch.,  a  summer  or  beam  placed 
horizontally  to  support  an  upper  wall  or  parti- 
tion, as  the  beam  over  a  shop-window ;  a  lintel. 
Corruptly  written  bressomer,  bressummer. 

bret  (bret),  n.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  birt,  burt;  origin 
unknown.  Cf.  brift.]  A  local  English  name  (in 
Cornwall)  of  the  brill,  and  also  of  the  turbot. 


Bretesses. 
( From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "Diet,  de  1* Architecture.") 

be  more  readily  commanded  by  the  garrison 
through  machicolations,  etc.  Such  bretesses  are 
distinguished  from  hoarding  in  that  the  latter  forms  a  con- 
tinuous gallery  crowning  a  wall  or  a  tower,  while  the  for- 
mer are  isolated  on  three  sides. 

bretesse  (bre-te-sa'),  a.  [Pp.  of  OF.  *bretesser, 
bretesclier,  provide  with  battlements,  <  bretesse, 
brctesehe,  etc. :  see  bretesse.]  In  lier.,  battled  on 
both  sides,  the  projections  coming  opposite  each 
other:  said  of  a  bend,  a  fesse,  or  the  like.  Also 
spelled  brettessf. 

bretessed  (bre-tesf),  a.  In  her.,  same  as  bre- 
tesse. 

bretexedt,  a.  [ME.,  also  bretaged,  pp.,  equiv. 
to  bretessed.]  Furnished  with  a  bretesse. 

bretfult,  a.  [ME.,  also  brerdful.  <  brerd  (<  AS. 
brerd,  breord,  top,  brim:  see  braird)  +  -ful.] 
Brimful:  as,  "bretf-ul  of  pardouns,"  Chaucer, 
Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  687. 

brethelt,  «.     A  variant  of  brothel^. 

bretherhedet,  ».  An  old  form  of  brotherhood. 
Chaucer. 

brethren  (bre5H'ren),n.  Plural  of  brother.  See 
phrases  under  brother. 

bretiset,  «•    Same  as  bretesse. 

Breton  (bret'on),  a.  and  n.  [F.,  a.  and  n. ;  ult. 
same  as  Briton,  q.  v.]  I.  a.  Relating  to  Brit- 
tany or  Bretagne,  a  former  province  in  north- 
western France,  or  to  the  language  of  its  peo- 
ple. 

Here  on  the  Breton  strand  ! 

Breton,  not  Briton.     Tennyson,  Maud,  xxiv. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  of  Brittany.— 2.  The  na- 
tive language  of  Brittany ;  Armoric  (which  see). 

brett  (bret),  n.  [Perhaps  from  the  proper  name 
Brett.  ]  A  four-wheeled  carriage  having  a  calash 
top  and  seats  for  four  besides  the  driver's  seat. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

brettesse',  «.    See  bretesse'. 

brettice  (bret'is),  ».     Same  as  brattice. 

Bretwalda  (bret'wol-da),  n.  [AS.  Bretwalda, 
otherwise  Bryten-,  Breten-walda,  -wealda,  a  title 
of  uncertain  meaning,  occurring  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle  (A.  D.  827) ;  <  Bret,  otherwise 
Bryt,  sing,  of  Brettas,  Bryttas,  Britons,  or  Bry- 
ten, Britain  (but  this  is  disputed),  +  -wealda  (in 
comp.),  a  ruler,  <  wealdan,  rule:  see  wield.]  A 
title  sometimes  applied  to  an  Anglo-Saxon  king 
whose  supremacy  over  some  or  all  of  the  other 
kingdoms  was  acknowledged.  The  nature  of 
this  supremacy  is  unknown. 

It  was  to  these  exploits  that  Ceawlin  owed  that  dignity 
of  Bretwalda,  which  ^lle  before  him  had  gained  by  the 
destruction  of  Anderida 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  392. 

breunerite  (broi'ner-It),  n.  [After  Count  Bren- 
ner of  Austria.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  the 
carbonates  of  magnesium  and  iron,  whitish, 
and  after  exposure  brownish,  in  color,  it  occurs 
usually  in  rhombohedral  crystals,  and  is  intermediate  be- 
tween  the  rhombohedral  carbonates  of  magnesium  (mac- 
nesite)  and  iron  (siderite). 


breviary 

breve  (brev),  n.  [<  It.  breve  =  F.  breve,  f.  (bref, 
m.),  <  L.  brevis,  short :  see  brief.]  1.  In  music : 
(a)  The  third  variety  of  note  used  by  medieval 
musicians,  haying  one  half  or  one  third  the 
value  or  duration  of  a  long  note,  or  longa:  its 
form  was  |=j  .  (6)  In  modern  notation,  the 
longest  note  used,  having  double  the  duration 
of  a  semibreve.  Its  form  is  either  |{cj|  or  H  .  It 
occurs  rarely,  since  the  semibreve  or  whole  note  is  com- 
monly regarded  as  the  longest  note  necessary,  and  as  the 
standard  to  which  all  other  notes  are  to  be  referred. 
2f.  Iii  law,  a  writ;  a  brief. —  3.  In  writing  and 
printing,  a  mark  (~)  used  to  indicate  that  the 
vowel  over  which  it  is  placed  is  short. — 4f.  In 
pros.,  a  short  syllable. 

Corrector  of  breves  and  longes.  Hall,  Rich.  III.,  an.  3. 
5.  [<  F.  bref,  fern.  breve,_  short;  from  their  short 
tails.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  ant- 
thrushes  of  the  family  1'ittida;.  Also  called 
brachyurc.  See  Brachynrits,  2. 

brevet,  ''•  *.  [<  ME.  breven  (=  MD.  brieven  = 
OHG.  brieren  =  Icel.  brefa),  <  ML.  breviare, 
write  down,  narrate,  prop,  note  in  brief,  <  L. 
breris,  brief,  whence  breve,  E.  brief,  a  writing, 
a  brief:  see  brere,  n.,  brief,  n.  and  v.,  and  bre- 
I'iate.]  1.  To  write  down;  describe. 

As  hit  is  breued  in  the  best  boke  of  romaunce. 

Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knight,  1.  2521. 

2.  To  enter  in  a  book ;  book;  brief. 

The  clerke  of  the  cochyn  shalle  alle  thyng  breue. 

Boke  of  Curtanye,  L  563. 
At  conntyng  stuarde  schalle  ben, 
Tylle  alle  be  breuet  of  wax  so  grene, 
Wrytten  in-to  bokes,  with-out  let, 
That  be-fore  in  tabuls  hase  ben  sett. 

Babees  Boole  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  316. 

3.  To  tell ;  say. 

Breve  us  thi  name.  King  Alisaunder,  p.  78. 

brevet  (bre-vef),  n.  and  o.  [<  ME.  brevet,  a  let- 
ter of  indulgence,  <  OF.  brierct,  F.  brevet  (ML. 
brevetum),  a  commission,  license,  etc.,  lit.  a 
short  writing,  dim.  of  OF.  brief,  F.  bref,  a  writ- 
ing: see  brief'.]  I.  n.  If.  A  letter  of  authority ; 
a  commission. 

I  wol  go  fecche  my  box  with  my  breuettes 
And  a  bnlle  with  bisshopes  lettres. 

Piers  Ploumum  (B),  v.  649. 

2.  In  the  British  and  American  armies,  a  com- 
mission to  an  officer  which  promotes  him  to  a 
higher  rank,  without  conferring  a  right  to  re- 
ceive corresponding  advance  in  pay.    in  Great 
Britain  it  does  not  descend  lower  than  the  rank  of  captain, 
nor  ascend  higher  than  that  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  con- 
fers the  right  to  a  corresponding  advance  in  command. 
In  the  United  states  army  it  extends  from  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant  to  that   of  lieutenant-general,  but  gives  no 
advanced  command  except  by  special  assignment  of  the 
President.    Brevets  are  conferred  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate  for  "gallant  actions  and  meri- 
torious services." 

They  give  brevets  to  majors  and  captains  to  act  as  colo- 
nels in  the  army.  Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  Letter  61. 

3.  A  patent;  a  warrant;  a  license;  a  commis- 
sion ;  an  official  diploma  in  writing,  conferring 
some  privilege  or  distinction.    [French  usages.] 

II.  a.  Assigned  or  conferred  by  brevet;  ap- 
pointed by  brevet. 

What  is  called  brevet  rank  is  given  to  officers  of  all 
branches  of  the  army  as  a  reward  for  brilliant  and  length- 
ened service ;  and  when  such  nominal  rank  has  been  heldfor 
a  certain  number  of  years,  it  is  usually  converted  into  sub- 
stantial rank.  A.  Fonblanque,  Jr.,  How  we  are  Governed. 
Brevet  officer.  See  officer. 

brevet  (bre-vef),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brevetted, 
ppr.  brevetiing.  [<  brevet,  n.]  To  confer  brevet 
rank  upon. 

brevetcy  (bre-vef  si),  n.  [<  brevet  +  -cy.] 
Brevet  rank.  [Bare.] 

brevextensor  (brev  -eks-  ten  'sor),  n.  [NL., 
contr.  of  brevis  extensor,  short  extensor.]  A 
short  extensor  muscle.  [Rare.]  — Brevextensor 
digitorum,  the  short  extensor  of  the  toes,  a  muscle  lying 
upon  the  instep,  lisually  called  extensor  brevis  digitorum. 
Co  HP*. 

breviary  (bre'vi-a-ri  or  brev'i-a-ri),  n. ;  pi. 
!»•<  riuries  (-riz).  [ME.  breviar;  <  L.  breviarium, 
an  abridgment  (ML.  specifically  in  def.  2), 
neut.  of  brcriarius,  abridged,  <  breris,  short: 
see  brief.]  If.  An  abridgment;  a  compend; 
an  epitome.  Holland. —  2.  In  the  Rom.  Cath. 
Ch.,  a  book  containing  the  daily  offices  which 
all  who  are  in  major  orders  are  bound  to  read. 
It  consists  of  prayers  or  offices  to  be  used  at  the  canonical 
hours,  and  is  an  abridgment  of  the  services  of  the  early 
church,  which  from  their  great  length  were  exhausting. 
It  is  made  np  largely  of  the  Psalms,  passnges  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  and  the  fathers,  hymns,  anthems, 
etc.,  all  in  Latin,  arranged  for  the  various  seasons  and 
festivals  of  the  church.  A  similar  book,  known  as  a  /.ortt- 
foriuni  or  portaxi,  wa^  in  use  in  England  before  the  Refor- 
mation. The  Order  for  Morning  and  Evening  Prayer  in 
the  English  Book  of  Common  Prayer  is  mainly  a  transla- 
tion and  condensation  from  the  breviary  according  to  the 
use  of  Sarum.  Besides  the  Roman  breviary,  which  is  in 
most  common  use,  there  are  also  others  of  various  ar- 


breviary 

rangellK'nl,  either  of  I'l-rliiln  ivli-jion,  (,P|.I~  en-  loral. 
often  of  hi.-tori<  al  int'-rcst. 

3.  A  name  given  to  similar  compilations  u-.-il 
in  the  Ureek  and  Oriental  churches  —  Absolu- 
tions In  the  breviary.  See  abtutuiimi.  Breviary  of 
Alaiic,  :i  compilation  of  tin-  uriuni  ami  imuiitt.-n  latt* 
of  Itotiir,  iiiadr-  liy  A]  arii-  II.,  kin^of  the  Visigoths,  A.  D.  500. 

breviatet,  <••  '•    [<  L.  oreotattu,  pp.  ni'  in-i-i-inn. 

shorti'ii,  <  tin  ris,  short.  Cf.  iihlin  riiiti  ami  ln-i-rt-. 

V.]      To  abrillgl1.      SllfriCnnil.      Sri'  <;///)/•<  /•»(/»  •. 

breviatet,  breviatt,  ".  [<  L.  i»-rri<ttHx,  /,,•<  via- 
tum,  neut.,  m>.  of  breviare,  shorten:  see  the 
verb.]  1.  A  short  compcnd;  a  brief  state- 
ment; a  suminiiry. 

I  will  give  you  it  Itrreutt  of  all  that  hath  bt-en  spoken. 
n,  Family  of  Love,  v.  3. 


'I'll.'  same  little  brteiatr*  of  Infidelity  have  .  .  .  been 
published  :iiiil  dNpiTxcd  «ith  jjreat  activity. 

Ilj>.  l'"if""i-.  i  hargi1  to  Diocese  of  London. 

2.  A  lawyer's  brief.     S.  Butler. 

breviature  (bre'  vi-a-tur),  n.  [<  breviate  + 
-nrc.]  An  abbreviation.  Johnson.  [Rare.] 

brevicaudate  (brey-i-ka'dat),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  vuutla,  tail.]  Having  a  short  tail; 
brachyuvous. 

Breviceps  (brey'i-seps),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  br<  ris, 
short,  +  caput,  in  comp.  -ceps  (-cipit-),  head.] 
A  genus  of  tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the 
family  BrggMpitfda, 

brevicipitid  (brev-i-sip'i-tid),  n.  A  toad-like 
amphibian  of  the  family  lirericipitidce. 

Brevicipitidae  (brev'i-si-pit'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Breuieeps  (-cipit-)  +  -idw.]  A  family  of  firmister- 
nial  salient  amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Breviceps.  They  have  dilated  sucral  dlapophyses,  pre- 
coracolds,  the  coracoids  directed  moderately  backward 
and  much  dilated  forward  on  the  epicoracoid  cartilage, 
and  no  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw.  The  species  are  few  and 
are  confined  to  Africa.  Also  written  Brf.cir*pul<v. 

breviductor  (brev-i-duk'tor),  H.  [NL.,  <  L.  bre- 
vis, short,  +  dtictor,  leader.]  The  short  ad- 
ductprial  muscle  of  the  thigh;  the  adductor 
brevis.  [Rare.] 

brevier  (bre-ver'),  «.  [So  called  from  being 
used  in  printing  breviaries;  <  G.  brevier,  <  F. 
brfyiaire,  <  L.  breriariunt,  a  breviary:  see  brevi- 
ary.'] 1.  A  size  of  printing-type  measuring  112 
lines  to  the  foot,  next  larger  than  minion  and 
smaller  than  bourgeois.  The  larger  type  of 
this  Dictionary,  as  in  the  present  paragraph,  is 
brevier.  —  2.  Figuratively,  something  smaller 
than  another  taken  as  a  norm,  tones.  Key  to 
N.  A.  Birds. 

breviflexor  (brev-i-flek'sor),  n.  [NL.,  <  L. 
brevis,  short,  +  NL.  flexor.]  A  short  flexor 
muscle.  [Rare.]  See  flexor  —  Breviflexor  digl- 
toriim,  the  short  flexor  of  the  toes.  Also  called  Jtcxor 
brevudiijitorum.  —  Breviflexor  hallucls,  the  short  flexor 
of  the  great  toe.  Also  called  Jtexor  breoix  i>oltici*  vtdi*.  — 
Breviflexor  minimi,  the  short  flexor  of  the  little  flutter 
or  the  little  toe.  Also  called  fle-xor  bred*  minimi  ditfiti. 
—Breviflexor  pollicls,  the  s,hort  flexor  of  the  thu'mh. 
Also  called  flexor  breoix  pollicin. 

brevifoliate  (brev-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  folium,  leaf  :  see  foliate.]  In  bot.,  hav- 
ing short  leaves. 

brevilingual  (brev-i-ling'gwal),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue."}  Having  a  short 
or  small  tongue  ;  specifically,  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Brcvilinyucs  or  Brerilini/iiia. 

Brevilingues  (brev-i-ling'gwgz),  H.  pi.  [NL., 
pi.  of  breviliiifjuis,  short-tongued,  <  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  lingua  =  E.  tongue.]  In  Merrem's 
classification  (1813),  a  group  of  birds  including 
the  hoopoes  and  kingfishers,  or  the  Upuptila- 
and  AleeiliniiliK  of  modern  authors. 

Brevilinguia  (brev-i-ling'gwi-S,),  n.  pi.  [NL., 
neut.  pi.  of  breviliiiguis,  short-tongued:  see 
Brevilingues.]  In  some  systems  of  classification, 
a  group  of  Lacerti/ia,  or  lizards,  comprising 
those  with  an  elongated  and  sometimes  snake- 
like  body,  a  short  tongue,  and  generally  eye- 
lids: cnnlrjist  rd  with  Fissiliiiguia,  CrassUinguia, 
yrnii'liiiifnin,  etc. 

breviloquence  (bre-vil'o-kwens),  ».  [<  L.  brr- 
rilixjiifiitid.  <  hi-<'i'i/:,</ii<:n(t-)s,  short-speaking, 
<  brevif.  short,  +  liMiuens,  ppr.  of  loqui,  speak.] 
A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speaking.  [Rare.] 

brevi  maim  (bre'-vi  ma'nu).  [L.,  lit.  with  a 
short  hand:  brevi,  abl.  of  brevis,  short;  ninini. 
abl.  of  niaiiHx,  hand:  see  brief  and  manual.] 
1.  Offhand;  immediately;  without  delay;  at 
once.  —  2.  At  or  by  one's  own  hand;  without 
the  intervention  of  another;  specifically,  in 
Nco/v  luir,  on  one's  own  authority,  or  without 
legal  warrant. 

breviped  (brev'i-ped),  a.  and  «.     [<  L.  l> 
short,  +  ties  (  />ed-)  =  E.  foot.]    I.  «.  In  ornith., 
having  short  feet. 
II.  ii.  A  bird  having  short  feet. 


677 

brevipen  (brev'i-pen),  «.     [<  NL.  breripennis : 
see  Sr< /•//"  /uu-*.]    A  bird  having  short  wings; 
specifically,  one  of  the  Mm  i/,,  nn/ii,i  or  , 
ne  nncs. 

Brevipennatae  (brev'i-pe-na'te),  ».  ///.  [XL.. 
fern.  pi.  of  brevipennatus,  short-winged:  see 
brei-ipeiimitr]  A  group  of  brachypterous  or 
short-winged  web-footed  birds,  the  Bradtyptt- 
res  or  Pygopodes,  including  the  penguins,  anks, 
guillemots,  loons,  and  grebes.  [Not  in  use.] 

brevipennate  (brev-t-pen'it).  a.  and  n.  [<  ^fL. 
bri-ripriinahu,  <  L.  brerin,  short,  +  nennatun, 
winged:  see  pennate.]  I.  a.  Having  short 
wings ;  brachypterous ;  specifically,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Brerijicnnatce  or  Breeipi-nin.*. 
II.  11.  A  bird  having  short  wings. 

Brevipennes  (brev-i-pen'ez),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  brevijiennis,  <  L.  brevis,  short,  +  penna,  wing: 
see  pen1.]  In  Cuvier's  classification  of  birds, 
the  first  family  of  Grallic,  comprising  the  os- 
triches and  cassowaries,  emus,  dodos,  and  di- 
dine  birds,  and  the  apteryx :  an  artificial  group, 
but  in  the  main  the  same  as  fitrutniones  or  Ba- 
tita: 

brevirostral  (brev-i-ros'tral),  a.  Same  as  bre- 
ttttttratt. 

brevirostrate  (brev-i-ros'trat),  a.  [<  L.  brevis, 
short,  +  rostrutus,  beaked,  <  rostrum,  beak.] 
In  ornith.,  having  a  short  bill. 

Brevirostres  (brev-i-ros'trez),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  brevis,  short,  +  rostrum,  beak.]  In  Sunde- 
vall's  classification  of  birds,  a  synonym  of  his 
Cursores. 

brevity  (brev'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  brevitas,  <  brevis, 
short.]  1.  Shortness ;  especially,  surprising  or 
excessive  curtailment  of  the  tiling  spoken  of: 
as,  the  brevity  of  human  life.  Specifically — 2. 
Shortness  in  speech  or  writing ;  conciseness ; 
condensation  into  few  words. 
Hi-reiiii  Is  the  soul  of  wit.  Slialc.,  Hamlet,  li.  2. 

This  argument  is  stated  by  St.  John  with  his  usual  ele- 
gant brevity  and  simplicity. 

Bji.  Porteuiu,  Rel.  Observance  of  Good  Friday. 
=  8yn.  2.  Compression,  terseness,  pithiness,  succinctness, 
condensation,  sententiousness,  curtness. 

Brevoortia  (bre-v6r'ti-a),  n.  [NL. ;  named  after 
Mr.  J.  Carson  Brevoort,"oi  New  York.]  A  North 
American  genus  of  herrings,  family  Clupeidce, 


Menhaden,  or  Mossbunker  (Brevoortia  tyrannns ,. 

characterized  by  the  elongated  intestine  and 
carinated  scales.  /:.  tt/raiinu*  is  the  well-known  moss- 
bunker  or  nn-nli:i.l.  ii.  formerly  included  in  the  genus 
Aloud  or  Ctupea  (A.  or  C.  menhaden).  See  menhaden. 
brew1  (brfl),  r.  [<  ME.  breicen  (pret.  brcic,  later 
brcicede,  brewed,  pp.  browcn,  later  breu-ed),  < 
AS.  brediean  (strong  verb ;  pret.  "bredir,  pi.  "bru- 
won,  pp.  gebrowen ;  found  only  in  pp.)  =  OFries. 
briuica  =  D.  brouicen  =  MLG.  brutcen,  broicen, 
bruen,  LG.  brugen,  bruen,  brouen  =  OHO.  6n'«- 
iran,  MHG.  briutcen,  bruicen,  G.  bmuen  =  Icel. 
brut/go,  =  Sw.  bnjgqa  =  Dan.  brijggc,  brew; 
prob.  connected  with  L.  de-frutum,  new  wine 
boiled  down,  Gr.  fipivov  (for  *QpvTov~),  a  kind 
of  beer;  the  primitive  meaning,  as  indicated 
by  the  (probable)  derivatives  broth1  and  bread1, 
being  prob.  more  general,  'prepare  by  fire,' 
hence  'boil,  brew,  bake.'  See  also  breicis, 
brose1.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  produce  as  a  beverage 
by  fermentation;  prepare  (beer,  ale,  or  other 
similar  liquor)  from  malt,  or  from  malt  and 
hops,  or  from  other  materials,  by  steeping,  boil- 
ing, and  fermentation. —  2.  To  prepare  by  mix- 
ing, boiling, or  the  like;  mingle:  mix;  concoct: 
as,  to  brew  a  bowl  of  punch ;  "  drinks  breved 
with  several  herbs,"  Bacon. 

Brew  me  a  pottle  of  sack.        Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  HL  5. 

A  witch  who  breir'd  the  philtre.  Tennyson,  Lucretius. 
3.  To  contrive ;  plot ;  prepare :  as,  to  brew  mis- 
chief. 

He  hfeic  this  cursednesse  and  al  this  synne. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  I.  395. 

I  found  it  to  lie  the  most  malicious  and  frantick  surmise, 
and  the  most  contrary  to  his  nature  that,  1  think,  had  r\rr 
been  !>>'•  \\'<>n<»i. 

Or  breir  firm-  tempests  on  the  wintry  main. 

P oj«,  R.  of  the  I,.,  II.  85. 

II.  i nil-tins.  1.  To  conduct  the  operations  or 
the  business  of  brewing  or  making  beer. 

I  wash,  wring,  brnr,  bake,  scour.   >'/»d-..  M.  W.of  \V.,i.  4. 

2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation ;  be  mixing, 
forming,  or  collecting;  be  impending:  chiefly 


briarbot 

in  tin-  present  participle:  as,  a  storm  is  bn •«•- 
n'll  in  tin-  west. 

Is  some  ill  it-bremng  toward  my  rest. 

Shale.,  M.  of  V.,  Ii.  6. 

Kroin  the  appearance  of  the  cloud*  a  gale  wu  evidently 
"ig.  Marryal. 

brew1  (bro),  H.  [<  breici,  r.]  The  mixture  formed 

by  lire  wing;  that  which  is  brewed, 
brew-t.    Obsolete  form  of  bree  (which  see), 
brewage  (bro'iij),  «.  [<  breic1  +  -age.]  A  mixed 
drink ;  drink  brewed  or  prepared  in  any  way. 
Ill  no  pullct-s|*enn  In  my  Itreirayr. 

M.  W.  of  W.,  III.  8. 

Some  well-spiced  breu"  Miliun,  Areopogltica. 

A  rich  breiraye  made  of  the  best  Spaiilah  wine. 

Mami"«  :.  II  -t    I'.iiit.,  11. 

brewer  ( lirO'er),  n.  [<  ME.  brewere  (=  D.  linni- 
«•(/•=  G.  brauer);  <  breu-1  +  -er1.]  One  who 
brews ;  specifically,  one  whose  occupation  is  the 
preparation  of  malt  liquors.— Brewers'  grains. 
Same  a- 

brewery  (brS'er-i),  ». ;  pi.  breweries  (-iz).  [= 
D.  brouiccrij  =  G.  brauerei ;  <  breic1  +  -<r//.] 
1.  A  brew-house;  an  establishment  in  which 
brewing  is  carried  on. —  2f.  Brewers  collec- 
tively; the  beer-trade. 

If  they  should  hring  any  distress  and  trouble  upon  the 
London  bremrj/.  It  would  occasion  the  making  ill  drink, 
and  drive  the  people  to  brew  themselves,  which  would  de- 
stroy the  duty.  C.  Dnernaitt,  Essays  on  Trade,  I.  70. 

brewett,  «.  [<  ME.  breicet,  bruet,  <  OF.  brouet, 
pottage  or  broth,  dim.  of  brou,  broth,  pi.  brouet, 
>  E.  brevis,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  pottage. 

brew-house  (bro'hous),  n.  [<  ME.  breiclioujt  (= 
OHG.  briihiid,  G.  brauhaus)'.  <  breic1  +  house.] 
A  house  or  establishment  in  which  the  opera- 
tions of  brewing  are  carried  on. 

brewing  (br8'ing),  n.    [Verbal  n.  of  brew1,  r.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  preparing  liquors  from 
malt  and  hops;    the  process  of  extracting  a 
saccharine  solution  from  malted  grain  and  con- 
verting that  solution  into  a  fermented  alcoholic 
beverage  called  ale  or  beer.    The  process  usually 
followed  by  the  brewer  may  lie  divided  into  cl«ht  distinct 
purts,  viz.,  the  grinding  of  the  malt,  mashing,  boiling, 
cooling,  fermenting,  cleansing,  racking  or  vattlug,  and  fin- 
ing or  cleaning. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once. 

A  bmciiuj  of  new  lieer,  set  by  old  lieer,  maketh  It  work 
again.  Bacon,  Nat.  HUt. 

3.  A  mixing  together. 

I  ani  not  able  to  avouch  anything  for  certainty,  such  a 
brriciny  and  sophistication  of  them  they  make. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xlv.  «. 

brewis  (bro'is),  «.  [<  ME.  brewen,  brotcea, 
broutcys,  etc.,  <  OF.  broueg,  prop,  pi.,  from  sing. 
"brou,  <  ML.  brodum,  gravy,  broth,  <  OHG. 
bntd  =  E.  broth1,  q.  v.  Cf.  brose1.]  If.  Broth ; 
pottage. 

What  an  ocean  of  brewu  I  shall  swim  lu! 

Fletcher  (and  another  ?),  Prophetess,  L  :t. 

Thou  for  all 

The  kitchen  breicitt  that  was  ever  supt 
Shalt  not  once  dare  to  look  him  in  the  face. 

Tenni/naii,  Gareth  and  Lynett*. 

2.  Bread  soaked  in  broth  or  the  liquor  in  which 
beef  is  being  boiled ;  also,  brown  bread  wanned 
in  milk, 
brew-lockt,  M.     A  brewing. 

I  ne'er  hurt  their  churning*, 
Their  brtw-lockg,  nor  their  batches. 

Middletan,  The  Witch,  i.  2. 

brewsterH  (bro'ster),  n.  [<  ME.  breu-ster, 
breicestere,  brovstere,  a  female  brewer,  also  a 
(male)  brewer,  <  breicen,  brew,  +  -ster.]  One 
who  brews;  a  brewer;  more  especially,  a  wo- 
man who  brews. 

He  [the  chemist)  is  not  a  larmier  like  another,  but  a 
man  who  adds  new  utility  and  value  to  ever)'  creature  In 
the  brewery.  Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  575. 

brewster2  (bro'ster),  M.  The  sweet-bay,  Magno- 
lia glauea.  [New  Jersey.] 

brewsterite  (bro'ster-itl,  ».  [After  Sir  David 
HreiCKter  (1781-1868).]  A  white,  yellow,  or 
green  pellucid  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family, 
occurring  in  short  prismatic  crystals;  a  hy- 
drous silicate  of  aluminium,  strontium,  and 
barium. 

breydt,  r.  and  «.     See  braid1.     Chaucer. 
breziline  (bre-zil'in),  «.     [F.  bresiline.]    Same 
as  brazil  in. 

brian  (bri'an),  r.  /.  [E.  dial.,  ]>erhaps  for 
'brine,  <  brine,  orig.  a  burning.  Cf.  brin1,  var. 
of  burn1.]  To  keep  fire  at  the  mouth  of  (an 
oven),  either  to  give  light  or  preserve  the  heat. 
[North.  Eng.] 

briar,  briary.  etc.    See  brier,  briery,  etc. 
briarbot  (bn'Hr-bot),  «.    [<  briar,  brier,  +  (ap- 
par.)  bot,  a  var.  of  but-.]     A  local  Irish  name 
of  the  fish  called  the  angler.    Several  brier-like 
protuberances  arm  the  head. 


Briarean 

Briarean  (bri-a're-an),  a.  [<  LL.  Briareius, 
pertaining  to  the  giant  Briareus,  <  Gr.  Bpiapeiif, 
older  (Homeric)  form  Bpidpeuf,  <  f)piap6f,  strong.  ] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Briareus,  a  giant 
of  Grecian  mythology  fabled  to  have  a  hun- 
dred hands;  hence,  having  or  seeming  to  have 
many  hands;  reaching  or  grasping  in  many 
directions. 

Briareida  (bri-a-re'i-de),  H.  i>l.  [NL.,  <  Bria- 
reum  +  -ida!.~\  A  family  of  alcyonarians,  of  the 
order  Gorgoniacece,  having  an  internal  skeleton 
of  calcareous  spicules,  but  no  horny  axis. 

Briareum  (brl-a're-um),  ».  [NL.,  <  LL.  Bria- 
reius, pertaining  to  Briareus:  see  Brio/ream.'} 
The  typical  genus  of  alcyonarians  of  the  family 
Briareidee. 

Briaridae  (bri-ar'i-de), ».  pi.  Same  as  Briareidte. 

bribable  (bri'ba-bl),  a.  [<  bribe  +  -able."]  Ca- 
pable of  being  bribed;  liable  to  be  bribed:  as, 
a  bribable  class  of  electors. 

Wendell  had  designated  him  by  implication  as  a  per- 
son bribed,  or  bribable.  The  Nation,  Jan.  13, 1870. 

bribaget  (bri'baj), ».  [<  bribe  +  -age.'}  Bribery. 

bribe  (brib),  n.    [<  ME.  bribe,  a  gift,  <  OF.  bribe, 

a  gift,  prop.,  as  in  ML.  briba,  Picard  brife,  a 

piece  of  bread  given  to  a  beggar,  =  Sp.  briba  = 

It.  birba,  vagrancy  (cf.  OF.  briban,  also  Sp.  bri- 

bon,  It.  birbone,  birbante,  a  vagrant),  prob.  orig. 

a  piece  broken  off  (cf.  brick1,  brick2),  <  Bret. 

breva  =  W.  briwo,  break,  perhaps  akin  to  E. 

break,  q.  v.]     If.  A  gift  begged ;  a  present. 

This  sonipnour  .  .  . 

Rod  forth  to  sompne  a  widew,  an  old  ribibe, 
Feyning  a  cause,  for  he  wolde  han  a  bribe. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  80. 

2.  A  gift  or  gratuity  bestowed  for  the  purpose 
of  influencing  the   action  or  conduct  of  the 
receiver;   especially,  money  or  any  valuable 
consideration  given  or  promised  for  the  be- 
trayal of  a  trust  or  the  corrupt  performance  of 
an  allotted  duty,  as  to  a  fiduciary  agent,  a  judge, 
legislator,  or  other  public  officer,  a  witness,  a 
voter,  etc. 

She  did  corrupt  frail  nature  with  some  bribe, 
To  shrink  mine  arm  up  like  a  wither'd  shrub. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2. 

He  that  took  the  silver  basin  and  ewer  for  a  bribe, 
thinketh  that  it  will  never  come  out. 

Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 
His  horse  was  a  bribe,  and  his  boots  a  bribe ;  and  told 
us  he  was  made  up  of  bribes,  as  an  Oxford  scholar  is  set 
out  with  other  men's  goods,  when  he  goes  out  of  town, 
and  that  he  makes  every  sort  of  tradesman  to  bribe  him  ; 
and  invited  me  home  to  his  house,  to  taste  of  his  bribe 
wine.  Pepys,  Diary,  III.  211. 

3.  Anything  that  seduces :  as,  the  bribes  offered 
by  glory  or  power. 

bribe  (brib),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bribed,  ppr.  brib- 
ing. [<  ME.  briben,  only  in  the  sense  of  '  steal,' 

<  OF.  briber  =  Sp.  bribar,  beg,  go  about  beg- 
ging; from  the  noun:  see  bribe,  ».]     I.  trans. 
It.  To  steal. 

For  ther  is  no  thef  without  a  louke, 
That  helpeth  him  to  wasten  and  to  souke 
Of  that  he  briben  can  or  borwe  may. 

Chaucer,  Cook's  Tale,  1.  53. 

I  tribe,  I  pull,  I  pyll.  Palsgrave. 

Divide  me  like  a  brib'd  buck,  each  a  haunch. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5  (fol.  1623). 

[Most  modern  editions  read  here  bribe.] 
2.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  considera- 
tion to  for  acting  contrary  to  desire  or  duty; 
induce  to  a  certain  course  of  action  by  the  gift, 
or  offer  of  something  of  value ;  gain  over  or 
corrupt  by  a  bribe. 

How  pow'rful  are  chaste  vows  !  the  wind  and  tide 
You  bribed  to  combat  on  the  English  side.       Dryden. 
No,  sir,  take  your  pitiful  present,  and  know  that  I  am 
not  to  be  bribed  to  screen  your  villanies  by  influence  and 
corruption.  Sheridan,  The  Camp,  i.  1. 

Bribed  with  large  promises  the  men  who  served 
About  my  person.  Tennyson,  Geraint. 

II.  intrans.   If.   To  steal.— 2.  To  practise 
bribery;  give  a  bribe  to  a  person. 

An  attempt  to  bribe,  though  unsuccessful,  has  been 
holden  to  be  criminal,  and  the  defender  may  be  indicted. 

Bouvier. 

bribee  (bri-be'),  ».  [<  bribe  +  -eel.]  One  who 
receives  or  agrees  to  receive  a  bribe.  [Bare.] 

bribeless  (brib'les),  a.  [<  bribe  +  -less.]  In- 
capable of  being  bribed;  not  to  be  bribed. 
[Bare.] 

Conscience  is  a  most  bribeless  worker,  it  never  knows 
how  to  make  a  false  report. 

Bp.  Reynolds,  On  the  Passions,  p.  534  (Ord  MS.). 
bribe-pander  (brib'pan//der),  n.    One  who  pro- 
cures bribes.     Burke. 
briber  (bri'ber),  n.     [In  sense  1,  <  ME.  bribour, 

<  OF.  bribeur,  a  thief.    In  sense  2,  directly  < 
bribe,  v.,  +  -erl.~\     1*.  A  thief;  a  robber. 


678 

Who  saveth  a  thefe  whan  the  rope  is  knet, 
With  some  false  turne  the  bribour  will  him  quite. 

Lydgate,  Trag.,  1.  152. 

2.  One  who  bribes ;  one  who  gives  or  offers  a 
bribe ;  one  who  endeavors  to  influence  or  cor- 
rupt another  by  a  bribe. 

Nor  can  I  ever  believe  that  he  that  is  a  briber  shall  be 
a  good  justice.  Latimer,  2d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550. 

briberpust  (bri'ber-us),  a.  [<  briber  +  -ous.'] 
Pertaining  to  bribery. 

bribery  (bri'ber-i),  ».  [<  ME.  briberie,  bribrye, 
<  OF.  briberie,  theft,  robbery:  see  bribe  and 
-ery.~\  If.  Theft;  robbery;  extortion;  rapacity. 

Fy  on  thee  fundlyng, 
Thou  lyfes  hot  bi  brybre. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  194. 

Ye  make  clean  the  utter  side  of  the  cup  and  of  the  plat- 
ter; but  within  they  are  full  of  bribery. 

Geneva  Bible,  Mat.  xxiii.  25. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  taking  a 
bribe,  or  of  influencing  or  being  influenced  by 
a  bribe  or  bribes ;  especially,  the  act  of  pajdng 
or  receiving,  or  of  agreeing  to  pay  or  receive, 
a  reward  other  than  legal  compensation  for  the 
exercise  of  official  or  delegated  power  irrespec- 
tive of  the  dictates  of  duty,  or  for  a  false  judg- 
ment or  testimony,  or  for  the  performance  of 
that  which  is  known  to  be  illegal  or  unjust. 

Bribery  is  a  princely  kind  of  thieving. 

Latimer,  3d  Serm.  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

Judicial  bribery,  the  bribing  of  a  judge,  magistrate,  or 
any  person  concerned  judicially  in  the  administration  of 
justice.  It  is  the  receiving  or  offering  of  any  undue  reward 
by  or  to  any  person  whose  ordinary  profession  or  business 
relates  to  the  administration  of  public  justice  in  order 
to  influence  his  behavior  in  office,  and  incline  him  to 
act  contrary  to  the  known  rules  of  honesty  and  integrity. 
Greenleaf. 

bribery-oath  (bri'ber-i-6th),  w.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  oath  which  may  be  administered  to  a 
voter  at  a  parliamentary  election,  if  the  poll- 
ing sheriff  see  cause,  certifying  that  he  has 
not  received  a  bribe  for  his  vote. 

bric-a-brac  (brik'a-brak),  n.  [F.,  of  uncer- 
tain origin ;  according  to  Littre,  based  on  the 
phrase  de  brie  et  de  broc,  by  hook  or  by  crook : 
OF.  de,  from;  brie,  a  cage  or  trap  for  birds 
(whence  the  phrase  prendre  au  brie  (or  brit), 
to  take  at  advantage);  et,  and;  broc,  a  jug, 
flagon,  tankard,  pot.  According  to  others, 
a  varied  reduplication  of  "brae,  <  MD.  brack- 
goed,  damaged  goods,  waste :  see  brack2.  For 
the  reduplication,  cf.  the  equiv.  E.  term  knick- 
knacks.]  Objects  having  a  certain  interest 
or  value  from  their  rarity,  antiquity,  or  the 
like,  as  old  furniture,  plate,  china,  and  curios- 
ities ;  articles  of  virtu ;  ornaments  which  may 
be  pretty  or  curious,  but  have  no  intrinsic  claim 
to  rank  as  serious  works  of  art.  The  term  is 
often  used  with  a  sense  of  depreciation. 

Two  things  only  jarred  on  his  eye  in  his  hurried  glance 
round  the  room ;  there  was  too  much  bric-a-brac,  and  too 
many  flowers.  H.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  xxxi. 

brichet  (bresh),  n.  [OF.  (ML.  brica) :  see  bri- 
cole.]  Same  as  bricole,  1. 

brichettet  (bri-shet'),  ».  A  collective  name 
for  armor  for  the  hips  and  thighs.  Planche. 

brick1  (brik),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.,  <  ME.  brike, 
bryke,  unassibilated  form  of  "bryche,  bruche,  < 
AS.  brice,  bryce,  a  breach,  break,  fracture,  a 
piece,  fragment:  see  breck  and  breach,  of  which 
brick'-  is  a  dial,  variant:  see  also  brack1.  Cf. 
brick2."]  1.  A  breach.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] — 

2.  A  rent  or  flaw.    Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 

3.  A  portion  of  land  (apparently  the  same  as 
breck.  4).    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

brick1  (brik),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of  break;  cf. 
brick1,  «.]  To  break  by  pulling  back. 

brick2  (brik),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bricke,  brique;  <  ME.  bryke,  later  brigue,  after 
OF.  brique,  a  brick,  a  plate,  leaf  or  wedge  of 
metal,  mod.  F.  brique  (cf.  mod.  It.  briceo,  Ir. 
Gael,  brice,  <  E.),  a  brick;  appar.  <  MD.  (Flem.) 
bricke,  brijke,  a  tile,  brick,  bricke,  a  disk,  plate, 
=  MLG.  bricke,  a  disk,  plate,  piece  in  checkers, 
chess,  or  backgammon,  name  of  a  game  played 
on  ice,  =  G.  bricke,  a  small  board,  a  round  wood- 
en plate,  =  Sw.  bricka,  a  piece  in  checkers,  etc., 
=  ODan.  bricke,  brikke,  Dan.  brik,  brikke.  a  wood- 
en plate,  a  blank  (coin),  a  piece  in  checkers, 
etc. ;  cf.  ODan.  *brik,  partition,  in  comp.  briks- 
dor,  the  door  between  the  choir  and  the  body  of 
a  church  (dm-  =  E.  door),  =  Norw.  brik  (brik),  a 
short  table  or  bench  near  the  door  or  fireplace,  a 
bar,  railing,  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  = 
Icel.  brik,  a  low  wall  or  partition  of  boards,  a 
square  tablet,  a  tablet  or  panel  in  a  bedstead, 
etc.  The  F.  brique,  a  brick,  is  usually  explained 
as  a  particular  use  of  OF.  and  F.  dial,  brique,  a 


brick 

piece,  fragment,  this  being  referred  to  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce,  a  piece,  fragment  (cf.  F.  dial. 
brique  du  pain,  equiv.  to  AS.  hldfes  brice,  a 
piece  of  bread) ;  but  neither  of  the  two  Teut. 
forms,  Icel.  brik  (with  long  vowel),  a  tablet, 
etc.,  MD.  brijke  (with  long  vowel),  MD.  MLG. 
bricke  (with  short  vowel),  a  brick,  tile,  plate, 
etc.,  agrees  in  sense  or  form  with  the  AS.  brice, 
bryce,  a  piece,  fragment,  and  its  cognates,  nor 
can  either  be  brought  into  connection  with  the 
primitive  verb  of  the  latter  (Icel.  breka  =  MD. 
MLG.  breken  =  AS.  brecan,  E.  break),  except 
perhaps  through  the  medium  of  the  OF.  But 
the  sense  of  '  brick,'  which  does  not  belong  to 
the  AS.,  G.,  and  Scand.  forms,  is  a  derived  one ; 
cf .  the  explanatory  synonyms  brickstone,  brick- 
tile.  The  MD.  and  MLG.  cognates  of  the  AS. 
brice,  bryce  (E.  breach,  dial,  brick1,  breck,  q.  v.) 
are  different:  see  breach.  Cf.  MLG.  bricke, 
LG.  prikke  —  MD.  prick,  D.  prik  =  late  MHG. 
pryecke,prycke,  G.  bricke,  pricke  =  OD&n.  bricke, 
a  lamprey;  appar.  a  different  word.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  (usually)  of 
moistened  and  finely  kneaded  clay  molded  into 
rectangular  blocks  (the  length  of  which  is  com- 
monly twice  the  breadth),  and  hardened  by  be- 
ing burned  in  a  kiln,  or  sometimes,  especially 
in  warm  countries,  by  being  dried  in  the  sun. 
Hun-dried  bricks  are  usually  now,  as  in  remote  antiquity, 
mixed  with  chopped  straw  to  give-them  greater  tenacity. 
(See  adobe.)  Bricks  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  are 
generally  red  (see  brick-clay\  but  some  clays  produce  yel- 
lowish bricks,  as  for  example  the  Milwaukee  brick  much 
used  as  an  ornamental  building  material  in  the  United 
States.  The  bricks  made  in  China  and  Japan  are  invaria- 
bly of  a  slaty-blue  color.  [Brick  is  used  in  the  singular 
collectively  for  bricks  in  the  mass  or  as  a  material.  ] 

Also,  that  no  chymneys  of  Tymber  be  suffred,  ne  thacch- 
ed  houses  w*yn  the  Cyte,  but  that  the  owners  do  hem  awey, 
and  make  them  chymneys  of  Stone  or  Bryke  by  mydsomer 
day  next  comraynge,  and  tyle  the  thacched  houses  by  the 
seid  day,  in  peyn  of  lesynge  of  a  noble. 

Ordinances  of  Worcester  (1467),  in  Eng.  Gilds,  p.  386. 

2.  A  mass  or  object  resembling  a  brick :  as,  a 
brick  of  tea;  a  silver  brick.  Specifically — 3. 
A  loaf  of  bread.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 4.  In  her.,  a 
charge  similar  to  a  billet,  but  depicted  so  as  to 
show  the  thickness,  that  is,  in  perspective. — 
Bath  brick,  a  substance  used  for  polishing  or  cleaning 
metallic  utensils,  consisting  of  the  fine  silicious  sand  de- 
posited in  the  river  Parret,  in  Somersetshire,  England, 
of  which  Bath  is  the  capital.  This  material  is  made  into 
bricks  at  Bridgewater,  and  is  extensively  used  in  both 
England  and  America. — Blue  brick,  brick  with  a  blue  sur- 
face obtained  in  burning.  They  contain  iron  and  lime,  are 
exceedingly  hard,  and  highly  esteemed  for  durability.— 
Bristol  brick,  a  name  by  which  Bath  brick  is  sometimes 
known  in  the  United  States.—  Carving-brick.  Same  as 
cutlery-brick. — Concave  brick,  a  brick  used  in  making 
arches  or  curves ;  a  compass-brick. —Dutch  bricks,  bricks 
of  a  dirty  brimstone -color,  used  for  paving  yards,  stables, 
etc.— Feather-edged  brick,  a  brick  of  a  prismatic  form 
used  for  arches,  vaults,  etc.—  Flanders  brick,  a  soft  brick 
used  for  cleaning  knives,  and  for  similar  purposes.  The 
name  is  little  if  at  all  used  in  the  United  States.— Flemish 
brick,  a  species  of  hard  yellow  brick  used  for  paving.— 
Floating  bricks,  bricks  made  of  light  silicious  earth 
called  fossil  meal,  capable  of  floating  on  water,  and  also 
remarkable  for  their  infusibility  and  as  non-conductors  of 
heat.  They  were  made  by  the  ancients,  and  the  process 
was  rediscovered  in  Italy  in  1791.  Powder-magazines 
have  been  experimentally  made  of  them  with  success. — 
Gaged  brick,  a  brick  made  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge,  to 
conform  to  the  radius  of  the  soffit  of  an  arch. — Green 
brick,  a  brick  not  yet  burned  ;  unfinished  brick.— Hol- 
low brick,  a  brick  made  with  perforations  through  it  for 
heating  or  ventilating  purposes,  or  to  prevent  moisture 
from  penetrating  a  wall.—  Place-brick,  common  rough 
brick,  for  walks,  cellars,  etc.— Pressed  brick,  brick  which 
has  been  pressed  in  a  machine  or  clamp,  and  is  thus  more 
compact  and  smoother  than  ordinary  brick.  It  is  used  for 
fronts  and  the  finest  work. — Salmon  brick,  a  li^ht,  soft 
brick,  of  inferior  quality,  and  of  a  light  satfron  color,  due 
to  incomplete  burning.— Stone  brick,  a  very  hard  kind  of 
brick  made  at  Neath,  in  Wales,  much  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  furnaces,  from  its  power  of  resisting  heat.— To 
have  a  brick  In  one's  hat,  to  be  intoxicated.  [Colloq.] 
-Washed  brick,  a  brick  that  has  been  exposed  to  the 
rain  before  being  burned,  and  hence  of  inferior  grade. 

II.  a.  Made  of  brick ;  resembling  brick :  as, 
a  brick  wall ;  a  brick-red  color. 
brick2  (brik),  v.  t.     [<  brick2,  «.]     1.  To  lay  or 
pave  with  bricks,  or  to  surround,  close,  or  wall 
in  with  bricks. 

A  narrow  street,  closely  bricked  in  on  all  sides  like  a 
tomb.  Dickfnx. 

2.  To  build  in  with  bricks ;  place  in  brickwork. 

Brick  me  into  that  wall  there  for  a  chimney-piece, 
And  say  I  was  one  o'  the  Ccesars,  done  by  a  seal-cutter. 
Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iv.  3. 

3.  To  give  the  appearance  of  brick  to:  said  of 
a  plastered  wall  when  it  is  smeared  with  red 
ocher  and  joints  are  made  in  it  with  an  edge- 
tool,  and  then  filled  with  fine  plaster  to  resem- 
ble brickwork. 

brick3  (brik),  n.  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Usu- 
ally referred  to  brick2,  various  stories  being  in- 
vented in  explanation.  According  to  one  ac- 


brick 

count,  the  expression  arose  in  the  English  uni- 
versities as  a  humorous  translation  of  Aris- 
totle's TCT/Myuvof  uvi/p,  a  perfect  (lit.  'square' 
or  rectangular)  man:  see  tetragon  and  square.} 
A  good  fellow,  in  an  emphatic  sense:  a  term  of 
admiration  bestowed  on  one  who  on  occasion 
or  habitually  shows  in  a  modest  way  groat  or 
unexpected  courage,  kindness,  or  thoughtful- 
ness,  or  other  admirable  qualities.  [G'olloq.] 

"In  brief  I  ili.ll  t  Mirk  to  tlrrhuv  Kilthfl    l)ifk, 

So  they  riilh'tl  him  for  whorl,  wiw  a  regular  brick; 
A  metaphor  taken,  I  have  not  the  page  aright, 
Out  of  an  ethical  work  liy  tin-  stayyrite." 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  Brothers  of  Blrchington. 
School-fellows  of  Heriot's  Hospital,  like  bricks  of  boys, 
supplied  him  with  food  for  six  weeks. 

The  Century,  XXVH.  331. 

brick-ax  (brik'aks),  n.  A  two-edged  ax  used 
in  shaping  bricks. 

brick-barrow  (brik'bar'6),  n.  In  brickmaking, 
a  wheelbarrow  used  for  carrying  bricks,  dif- 
fering from  the  ordinary  form  in  having  the 
wheel  in  the  middle,  the  bricks  being  piled 
upon  slats  running  lengthwise  at  each  side. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  n.  A  piece  or  fragment  of 
a  brick ;  especially,  a  piece  of  a  brick  used  as 
a  missile.  See  bat1,  8 — Brickbat  cheese,  fee 
cheese^. 

brickbat  (brik'bat),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  brii-l.- 
batted,  ppr.  brickbatting.  To  assail  with  pieces 
of  brick:  as,  the  mob  brickbatted  the  police. 

brick-built  (brik'bilt),  a.  Built  with  brick :  as, 
"the  brick-built  town,"  Dryden. 

brick-clamp  (brik'klamp),  n.  A  stack  of  bricks 
in  order  for  burning.  E.  H.  Knight, 

brick-clay  (brik'kla),  n.  Clay  used  or  suitable 
for  making  bricks  and  tiles :  a  tolerably  pure 
silicate  of  alumina,  combined  with  various  pro- 
portions of  sand,  and  with  not  more  than  2  per 
cent,  of  lime  and  other  alkaline  earths.  The 
red  color  of  common  bricks  depends  on  the 
presence  of  a  little  iron  peroxid. 

brick-dust  (brik'dust),  n.  Dust  from  disinte- 
grated bricks ;  specifically,  the  dust  of  pounded 
Bath  brick  (which  see,  under  brick2,  n.),  or  the 
earth  from  which  Bath  brick  is  made. 

brick-earth  (brik'erth),  H.  Any  kind  of  ma- 
terial which  is  suitable  for  making  bricks,  or 
which,  with  or  without  the  addition  of  other 
materials,  can  be  used  for  that  purpose,  in  and 
near  London  the  alluvial  deposits  resting  upon  the  Lon- 
don clay  are  known  as  brick-earth,  and  they  may  be  de- 
scribed as  being  a  sandy  loam,  passing  by  fine  gradations 
into  clay  or  marl.  Near  London  that  kind  of  earth  which 
without  any  addition  makes  the  best  kind  of  brick  is 
called  by  the  brickmakers  mulM  ;  it  is  a  clayey  material, 
containing  a  considerable  quantity  of  chalk  in  fine  parti- 
cles. In  the  United  States  the  material  used  for  making 
bricks  is  almost  always  called  brick-clay,  or  simply  clay. 

The  collection  of  Sir  Antonio  Brady  contains  portions 
of  no  fewer  than  a  hundred  elephants,  all  collected  from 
the  brick-earth  of  Ilford.  llwaey,  Physiography,  p.  284. 

bricken1  (brik'n).  v.  t.  [Appar.  <  bricW-  + 
-en1.]  To  hold  (toe  head)  up  and  back ;  bridle. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

bricken2  (brik'n),  a.  [<  brick*  +  -e»2.]  Made 
of  brick.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-field  (brik'feld),  n.  A  field  or  yard  where 
bricks  are  made. 

brickfielder  (brik'fel'dfer),  n.  [Appar.  in  allu- 
sion to  the  heat  of  a  brick-field.]  A  hot  north 
wind  prevalent  in  southern  Australia.  [Local 
slang.] 

bricking  (brik'ing),  H.  [<  brick?  +  -in;/1.]  1. 
Brickwork. —  2.  An  imitation  of  brickwork 
made  on  a  plastered  surface. 

brick-kiln  (brik'kil),  M.  A  kiln  or  furnace  in 
which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned ;  also,  a  pile 
of  bricks  for  burning,  laid  loose,  with  arches 
underneath  to  receive  the  fuel. 

bricklayer  (brik'la"er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  build  with  bricks — Bricklayers' Itch, 
a  species  of  eczema  produced  on  the  hands  of  bricklayers 
by  the  contact  of  lime. 

bricklaying  (brik'la'ing),  n.  The  art  of  build- 
ing with  bricks,  or  of  uniting  them  by  cement 
or  mortar  in  various  forms;  the  art  or  occupa- 
tion of  laying  bricks. 

brickie  (b'rik'l),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brikle, 
and  dial,  brockle,  bruckle ;  <  ME.  brekil,  brukcl, 
brokel,  also  brucltel,  So.  brokyll,  brukyl,  etc., 
appar.  <  AS.  *brecol,  "brycel  (=  MD.  brokel  = 
MLG.  brokel;  cf.  D.  brokkelig,  G.  brocklig),  with 
suffix  -ol,  -el,  forming  adjectives  from  verbs, 
<  brecan  (pp.  brocen),  break:  see  break.  Now 
superseded  by  the  equiv.  but  etymologically 
ditt.  brittle,  q.  v.]  Brittle ;  easily  broken. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

But  th'  Altare,  or.  the  which  this  Image  staid, 
Wa»,  O  great  pity !  built  of  brickie  clay. 

Spenser,  Euines  of  Time,  1.  499. 


679 

The  purest  glaase  U  the  most  brickie,  .  .  .  and  the  quick- 
est wit  the  more  easily  wooiic  to  folly. 

(jrrene,  Repentance,  To  the  Reader. 

brickleness  (brik'1-nes),  n.  Brittleness.  [Ob- 
solete or  prov.  Eng.] 

bricklow  (brik'16),  n.  f  Appar.  of  native  ori- 
gin.] A  species  of  acacia,  native  in  Australia. 

brick-machine  (brik'ma-shen'),  n.  An  appa- 
ratus for  molding  bricks,  .some  brick-in^ 
use  wet  clay  from  a  pug-mill,  others  dry  clay.  In  the  for- 
mer the  elay  is  discharged  from  the  pun-mill  in  a  solid 
stream,  which  is  cut  by  the  brick-machine  into  brick- 
shaped  pieces ;  in  the  latter  the  dry  clay  is  delivered  to 
molds  placed  on  a  horizontal  revolving  table,  while  pis- 
tons press  the  elay  int..  them,  and  then  eject  the  molded 
brick.  Also  called  brick-preu. 

brickmaker  (brik'ma'ker),  n.  One  who  makes 
bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to  make  bricks. 

brickmaking  (brik'ma''king),  n.  The  art  of 
making  bricks. 

brick-mason  (brik'ma'sn),  «.    A  bricklayer. 

bricknog  (brik'nog),  a.  Composed  of  timber 
framing  filled  in  with  brickwork :  as,  a  bricknog 
partition. 

bricknogging  (brik'nog-ing),  n.  Brickwork  car- 
ried up  as  a  filling  in  timber  framing. 

brick-press  (brik'pres),  n.    Same  as  brick-ma- 

C/liHI  . 

brickstone  (brik'ston),  n.  A  brick.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

brick-tea  (brik'te),  n.  A  kind  of  tea  formed  by 
softening  the  larger  leaves  and  refuse  twigs  and 
dust  of  the  tea-plant  with  steam  or  boiling 
water  and  molding  them  into  a  brick-shaped 
mass.  In  this  form  it  is  extensively  sent  overland  from 
China  to  Russia.  It  is  consumed  largely  in  Siberia  and 
Mongolia,  where  it  serves  also  as  a  medium  of  exchange. 

brick-tile  (brik'til),  n.    A  brick.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

brick-trimmer  (brik'trim'er),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
brick  arch  abutting  against  the  wooden  trimmer 
in  front  of  a  fireplace,  as  a  safeguard  against  fire. 

brickwallt,  n.  [An  accom.  form  of  bricoil,  bri- 
cole.] Same  as  bricole,  3. 

brickwise  (brik'wis),  a.  and  adv.  Arranged  like 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  with  the  ends  in  each  row  over 
the  middle  parts  of  the  row  below. 

brickwork  (brik'werk),  n.  Work  done  or  con- 
structed with  bricks ;  bricklayers'  work. 

bricky  (brik'i),  a.  [<  brick*  +  -y1.]  1.  Full  of 
bricks,  or  formed  of  brick. — 2.  Of  the  color  of 
common  brick:  as,  a  bricky  red. 

brick-yard  (brik'yard),  n.  A  place  where 
bricks  are  made. 

bricoilt,  «•    Same  as  bricole,  3. 

bricole  (bri-kol'),  n.  [In  sense  3,  also  formerly 
brickol,  bricoil,  and  by  popular  etym.  brickwall; 
<  F.  bricole,  also  bricolle,  mod.  F.  bricole,  back- 
stroke, toils,  breast-band,  strap,  =  It.  briccola  = 
8p.  brigola  (ML.  bricola;  cf.  ML.  brica,  OF. 
briche),  a  catapult,  perhaps  <  MHG.  brechel,  a 
breaker,  <  brecnen  =  E.  break."]  If.  A  military 
engine  for  throwing  darts  or  quarrels ;  a  kind 
of  catapult.  Also&ricAe. —  2.  Harness  worn  by 
men  wno  have  loads  to  carry  or  to  drag. —  3t. 
A  side-stroke  at  tennis. 

brid1t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bird1. 

brid'2t,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  bride. 

bridal  (bri'dal),  n.  and  o.  [Formerly  also 
bridall;  prop^  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  bridale, 
bride-ale,  <  ME.  bridale.  brudale,  <  AS.  brydealo 
(also  bryd-caloth,  flat.),  bridal,  lit.  bride-ale, 

1.  e.,  bride-feast,  <  bryd,  bride,  +  ealo  (gen. 
and  dat.  ealoth),  ale,  in  comp.  a  feast:  see  ale. 
Cf.  church-ale,  clerk-ale,  etc.    In  mod.  use  the 
terminal  element  has  been  assimilated  to  the 
suffix  -al,  and  the  word  accordingly  used  also 
as  an  adj.,  like  nuptial,  etc.]    I.  n.  If.  A  feast 
at  a  marriage ;  a  wedding-feast. 

We  see  no  ensigns  of  a  wedding  here  ;  no  character  of 
a  bride-ale:  where  be  our  scarves  and  our  gloves? 

B.  Jotuon,  Kpica-ne,  111.  2. 

2.  A  marriage ;  nuptials. 

Did  her  honor  as  the  Prince's  bride, 
And  clothed  her  for  her  bridal*  like  the  sun. 

Tennywn,  Oeraint. 

Sweet  day.  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright, 
The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky. 

O.  Herbert,  Virtue. 

U.  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride  or  to  a  wedding: 
as,  a  bridal  wreath. 

Come,  I  will  bring  thee  to  thy  bridal  chamber. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  Iv.  1. 

bridaltyt  (bri'dal-ti),  n.  [<  bridal  +  -«y.]  Cele- 
bration of  a  nuptial  feast. 

At  Quintain  he, 
In  honour  of  this  bridaltee, 
Hath  challenged  either  wide  countee. 

B.  Joiwon,  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

bridal-wreath  (bri'dal-reth),  n.  1.  The  com- 
mon name  of  :i  cultivated  species  of  Spiraa, 


bridegroom 

,S.  hyprririfiiliii,  with  long  recurved  branches 
and  numerous  small  white  double  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves. —  2.  The  t'runcoa  rarnosu, 
a  somewhat  shrubby  saxifragaceous  plant  of 
Chili,  with  long  crowded  racemes  of  white 
flowers.  It  is  cultivated  in  England. 
bride1  (bri.l),  H.  [<  ME.  bride,  bryde,  bnule, 
nom.  prop,  without  the  final  e,  brid,  bryd,  brud, 
often  transposed  bird,  btird,  etc.  (gee  birtft),  a 
bride,  a  young  lady,  <  AS.  bryd,  a  bride,  =  OS. 
brud  =  OFries.  breid  =  MD.  brud,  D.  bruid  = 
MLG.  brut,  LG.  brud  =  OHG.  MHG.  britt,  G. 
hrniil,  bride  (i.  e.,  betrothed  woman),  =  Icel. 
briidlir  =  Sw.  Dan.  liruil,  a  bride,  =  Goth,  bruths, 
daughter-in-law  (>  ult.  F.  bru,  earlier  brvy, 
"brut,  ML.  brut,  brttta,  daughter-in-law),  cf. 
comp.  bruth-faths,  bridegroom  (see  bridegroom) ; 
root  unknown.]  1.  A  woman  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 

lie,  only  he,  can  tell,  who,  match'd  like  me,  .  .  . 

Has  by  his  own  experience  tried, 

How  much  the  wife  l»  dearer  than  the  bride. 

Lord  Lyttelton,  An  Irregular  Ode. 

2.  A  name  of  the  American  wood  or  summer 
duck,  Aix  xponsa.    Coues. 

brideif  (brid),  v.  [<  bridei,  n.]  I.  trans.  To 
make  a  bride  of ;  marry.  [Rare.] 

I  knew  a  man 

Of  eighty  winters,  this  I  told  them,  who 
A  lass  of  fourteen  brided. 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  v.  2, 

H.  intniiiK.  (with  indefinite  it).  To  act  like 
a  bride ;  assume  the  air  of  a  bride. 

Maidens  commonly  now  a  dayes  are  no  sooner  borne, 
but  they  beginne  to  brute  U. 

Lilly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  83. 

bride2  (brid),  n.  [<  ME.  bride,  a  bridle,  <  OF. 
F.  bride,  a  bridle,  string,  strap,  button-loop, 
etc.,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida,  a  bridle:  see  bridle.] 
If.  A  bridle. 

Theo  lady  .  .  .  syngeth  of  Dydo  and  Enyas, 
How  love  heom  ladue  by  strong  bride. 

King  A I im under,  1.  7025. 

2.  Iii  needlework,  lacemaking,  etc.,  a  loop,  link, 
or  tie. 

bride-ale  t  (brid'al),  n.  An  old  and  etymologi- 
cal form  of  bridal: 

bride-bed  (brid'bed),  n.  [<  ME.  (not  found),  < 
AS.  bryd-bed  =  MLG.  brutbedde  =  D.  bruidsbed 
=  MHG.  brutbette,  G.  brautbett.']  The  marriage- 
bed.  Shak.  [Rare.] 

bride-bowlt  (brid'bol),  ».    Same  as  bride-cup. 

bride-brancht  (brid'branch),  w.  A  sprig  of  rose- 
mary formerly  carried  at  weddings  as  a  token 
of  remembrance. 

I'd  ride  forty  miles  to  follow  such  a  fellow  to  church  ; 
and  would  make  more  of  a  sprig  of  rosemary  at  his  burial 
than  of  a  gilded  bride-branch  at  mine  own  wedding. 

Middle/on,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  i.  1. 

bride-cake  (brid'kak),  n.  Same  as  wedding- 
cake. 

In  the  North,  slices  of  the  Bride-cake  are  put  through 

the  Wedding  Ring,  they  are  afterwards  laid  under  Pillows 

at  Night  to  cause  young  Persons  to  dream  of  their  Lovers. 

J.  Brand,  In  Bourne's  Pop.  Autiq.  (1777),  p.  335. 

bride-chamber  (brid'cham'ber),  ».  A  nuptial 
apartment. 

Can  the  children  of  the  bridrchatnker  mourn,  as  long 
as  the  bridegroom  is  with  them?  Mat.  ix.  16. 

bride-CUpj  (brid'kup),  n.  A  bowl  or  cup  of 
spiced  wine  and  other  ingredients  formerly 
served  with  bride-cake  at  wedding-feasts.  Al.su 
called  bride-bowl. 

Get  our  bed  ready,  chamberlain ; 
Host,  a  bridf-riiii ;  you  have  rare  conceits, 
And  good  ingredients.        II.  Jonam,  New  Inn,  T.  1. 

bride-day  (brid'da),  n.  The  marriage-day. 
Scott. 

bridegroom  (brid'gr6m),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bridegrome  (Tyndale,  A.  D.  1525),  with  inserted  r 
as  in  the  simple  groom  (q.  v.) ;  <  ME.  bridegome, 
bridgume,  bredgome,  brudgume,  <  AS.  brydguma, 
also  brydiguma  (brydi  for  bryde,  gen.  of  bryd)  (= 
OS.  brudigumo  =  OFries.  breidgoma  =  D.  bruide- 
gom,  bruigom  =  MLG.  brudegam,  LG.  bnidegam, 
brodegam,  brogam  =  OHG.  brutigomo,  MHG. 
briutegome,  G.  brautigam  =  Icel.  brudligumi  = 
Sw.  brvdgum,  -gvmme,  =  ODan.  brvdcgomme, 
brudgomme,  Dan.  brvdgom),  lit.  bride's  man,  < 
bryd,  gen.  bryde,  etc.,  bride,  +  gttma,  man:  see 
bride1  and  groom.  Cf.  Goth,  brutlifatlig,  bride- 
groom^ brutiis,  daughter-in-law  (bride),  +  J'atJis 
=  Or.  irfatf  =  Skt.  pati,  husband,  lord:  see 
despot,  potent,  etc.]  1.  A  man  newly  married, 
or  about  to  be  married. 
He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  bridegroom.  John  111.  29. 

Those  dulcet  sounds  in  break  of  day 
That  creep  into  the  dreaming  bridegroom  t  ear, 
And  summon  him  to  marriage.    SAoJt.,  M.  ofV.,  lit  2. 


bridegroom 


2.   [Perhaps  in  allusion  to  its  sparkling  appear- 
ance.]    A  local  name  in  Banft'skire,  Scotland, 
of  the  gemmous  dragonet,  Callionymun  li/i'ti. 
bride-houset  (brid'hous),  n.     A  public  hall  for 
celebrating  marriages. 

A  bride-house,  as  when  a  hall  or  other  large  place  is  pro- 
vided to  keepe  the  bridall  in.  Xmnenclator  (1W5). 

bride-knott  (brid'not),  ».  A  breast-knot ;  a 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  a  guest  at  a  wedding ; 
a  wedding-favor. 

bride-lacet  (brid'las),  n.  Fringed  strings  of 
silk,  cotton,  or  worsted,  formerly  given  at  a  wed- 
ding to  the  friends  of  the  bride  and  groom  to 
tie  up  the  rosemary-sprigs  they  carried  (see 
bride-branch).  After  the  ceremony  they  were 
twisted  into  the  hats  or  in  the  hair,  and  worn 
as  streamers. 

Nosegays  and  bride  laces  in  their  hats. 

Heywood,  Woman  Killed  with  Kindness. 

bridelyt  (brid'li),  a.  [<  bridcl  +  -fyl.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  bride  ;  nuptial. 

She,  hating  as  a  heinous  crime  the  bond  of  bridely  bed, 
Did  fold  about  her  father's  neck  with  fawning  arms. 

Goldiivj. 

bridemaid,  «.    See  bridesmaid. 

brideman,  ».     See  bridesman. 

bridescake  (bridz'kak),  n.  Bride-cake.  See 
wedding-cake. 

bride's-laces  (bridz'la"sez),  n.  An  English 
name  of  the  dodder. 

bridesmaid,  bridemaid  (bridz'-,  brid'mad),  n. 
A  young  girl  or  an  unmarried  woman  who  at- 
tends on  a  bride  at  her  marriage  during  the 
ceremony. 

bridesmaiding  (bridz'ma-ding),  «.    The  state 
of  being  a  bridesmaid.     [Rare.] 
I'll  bide  my  time  for  bridesmaiding.  Trollope. 

bridesman,  brideman  (bridz'-,  brid'man),  n. ; 
pi.  bridesmen,  bridemen  (-men).  [<  bride's,  poss. 
of  bride1,  or  bride,  +  man.  Cf.  MLG.  brfttman 
=  Icel.  brudhmadhr  =  ODan.  brudemand;  cf. 
OF.  brumen,  a  fiance^]  A  man  who  attends 
upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at  their  marriage. 
bride's-staket  (bridz'stak),  «.  [Also  bride- 
stake,  <  bride1  +  stake;  with  reference  to  wed- 
ding festivities.]  A  stake  or  post  set  in  the 
ground  to  dance  round,  especially  at  a  wedding. 
Ji.  Jonson. 

bridewell  (brid'wel),  «.  [So  called  from  a  pal- 
ace built  in  1522  near  St.  liride's  or  Bridget's 
Well,  in  London,  which  in  1553  was  turned 
into  a  penal  workhouse,  officially  called  Bride- 
well Hospital.]  A  house  of  correction  for  the 
confinement  of  vagrants  and  disorderly  per- 
sons. The  name  is  now  generally  given  to  a  prison  in 
connection  with  a  police-station,  for  the  temporary  deten- 
tion of  those  who  have  been  arrested  by  the  police. 
bridewort  (biid'wert),  n.  Species  of  Spiraa, 
S.  Ulmaria  and  S.  salicifolia,  named  from  the 
feathery  appearance  of  their  panicles  of  white 
flowers. 

bridge1  (brij),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bredge; 
<  ME.  brigge,  bregge,  brugge  (unassibilated  brig, 
brugg,  So.  briij),  <  AS.  brycg,  bricg  =  OFries. 
brigge,  bregge  =  D.  brug  =  MLG.  brugge,  LG. 
brugge  =  OHG.  brucca,  MHG.  brucke,  ^brilckc, 
G.  brucke,  a  bridge,  =  Icel.  bryggja  =  Sw. 
bri/gga  =  Dan.  brygge,  a  pier,  landing-stage, 
gangway,  rarely  a  bridge ;  connected  with  Icel. 
bru  =  Sw.  bro  =  Dan.  bro,  a  bridge,  a  paved 
way.  Perhaps  akin  to  brow;  cf.  OBulg.  brim, 
a  bridge,  also  brow :  see  ftroic.]  1.  Any 
structure  which  spans  a  body  of  water,  or  a 
valley,  road,  or  the  like,  and  affords  passage 
or  conveyance.  Bridges  are  made  of  various  mate- 
rials, principally  stone,  iron,  and  wood,  and  in  a  great 
variety  of  forms.  In  an  arch-  or  arched  bridge  the  pas- 
sage or  roadway  is  carried  by  an  arch  or  arches,  which  are 

supported  by  abut- 
ments or  by  piers. 
Such  bridges  are 
constructed  of 
brick,  stone,  iron, 
steel,  or  wood. 

Panel-truss  Bridge.  Brick     is     Seldom 

used  alone,  except 

for  comparatively  small  spans,  and  for  unimportant  work 
when  stone  cannot  readily  be  obtained.  In  more  impor- 
tant works  it  is  often  combined  with  stone,  which  is  intro- 
duced to  bind,  to  distribute  pressure,  to  protect  the  more 
exposed  portions,  and  for  architectural  effect.  Stone, 
wherever  it  can  be  used,  is  the  most  valuable  material  on 
account  of  its  mas- 
siveness,  stability 
of  form,  and  resis- 
tance to  the  ele- 
ments ;  but  it  is  in- 
ferior to  iron  in 


economy,  facility  of 


Common  Truss  Bridge. 


680 

arch  known  was  built  over  the  Allier,  at  Vieille-Krioude. 
France,  in  1454.  Its  span  was  183.~*  feet,  with  a  rise  of  BO 
feet.  The  bridge  over  the  Dee  at  Chester  has  a  greater 
span  (200  feet),  but 
less  rise  (42  feet). 
The  first  arched 
bridge  built  of  iron 
was  erected  over 
the  river  Severn,  Fink-truss  Bridge. 

in    England,    and 

consists  of  5  parallel  ribs  of  cast-iron,  with  a  span  of  100 
and  a  rise  of  40  feet.  The  Southwark  bridge  over  the 
Thames  at  London,  the  central  one  of  the  three  arches  of 
which  has  a  span  of  240  with  a  rise  of  24  feet,  formerly 
ranked  as  the  largest  iron  arched  bridge ;  but  this  span  has 
since  been  more  than  doubled,  as  notably  in  the  bridge  over 

the  Mississippi  at 
St.  Louis,  and  the 
Washington  bridge 
over  the  Harlem 
river  in  New  York 
city.  In  an  arched- 
beam  bridge  arched 
beams  in  compres- 
sion constitute  the 


bridge 


Arched-beam  BrHtje. 


principal  members  and  sustain  the  load.  The  beams  are 
sometimes  built  of  parallel  layers  of  planks,  which  are 
made  to  break  joint.  In  the  more  important  constructions 
the  archesare  often  compound.  They  have  been  employed 
in  modern  bridges  of  considerable  magnitude.  An  arched- 
tnise  bridge  is  a  form  in  which  the  compression-member 
is  an  arched  beam, 
as  in  the  McCallura 
truss.  In  a  beam- 
truas  bridge  the 
load  is  supported 

by    beam-trusses    or 

openwork  beams.   A 


rched-truss  Bridge. 


construction,  and  ready  adaptability  to  various  situations. 
Among  the  finest  monuments  of  antiquity  are  ranked  the 
remains  of  Roman  arched  stone  bridges.  The  largest  stone 


. 

compression-chord  and  a  tension-chord  are  essential,  and 
the  stresses  are  transferred  from  one  to  the  other  on  their 
way  to  the  points  of  support  by  means  of  struts  and  ten- 
sion-bars, which  together  are  called  web-members.  See 
phrases  below  for  other  forms. 

At  Trompyngton,  nat  fer  fro  Cantebrigge, 
Ther  goth  a  brook  and  over  that  a  brigge. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  2. 

2.  The  upper  line  or  ridge  of  the  nose,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  two  nasal  bones.  —  3.  In 
engraving,  a  board  resting  on  end-cleats,  on 
which  the  engraver  rests  his  hand  in  working. 
In  etching  two  bridges  are  used  :  one  with  low  feet  or 
cleats,  to  serve  for  work  on  the  unbitten  plate  ;  the  other 
with  higher  feet,  to  raise  it  above  the  bordering-wax  after 
it  has  been  applied. 

4.  A  wall,  generally  made  of  fire-brick,  which  is 
built  at  both  ends  of  a  reverberatory  furnace, 
to  a  certain  height,  in  order  to  isolate  the  space 
in  which  the  metallurgical  operation  is  con- 
ducted.   The  wall  nearest  the  fireplace  is  called  the  fire- 
bridge ;  the  other,  at  the  opposite  end,  the  flue-bridge. 

5.  In  gun.,  the  two  pieces  of  timber  which  con- 
nect the  two  transoms  of  a  gun-carriage.  [Eng.  ] 
—  6.  In  metal.,   the  platform   or    staging  by 
which  ore,  fuel,  etc.,  are  conveyed  to  the  mouth 
of  a  smelting-furnace.  —  7.    That   part    of   a 
stringed  musical  instrument  over  which  the 
strings  are  stretched,  and  by  which  they  are 
raised  above  the  sounding-board.    In  bow-instru- 
ments, such  as  the  violin,  the  bridge  is  arched,  in  order 
to  allow  the  bow  to  strike  any  one  string  without  touching 
the  others. 

8.  Naut.,  a  raised  platform  extending  from 
side  to  side  of  a  steamship  above  the  rail,  for- 
ward of  amidships,  for  the  use  and  convenience 
of  the  officer  ill  charge.  It  affords  him  an  uninter- 
rupted view,  and  is  furnished  with  means  for  communi- 
cating, by  automatic  signals,  witli  the  engine-room  and 
the  wheel-house.  Many  large  vessels  have  two  bridges, 
one  forward  of  and  one  abaft  the  mainmast  ;  and  it  is 
now  very  common  for  the  bridge  to  be  made  in  two  tiers, 
one  above  the  other,  with  often  an  outlook-station  still 

higher  than  the  up- 
per tier.  In  side- 
wheel  steamers  the 
bridge  connects  the 
paddle-boxes. 
9.  A  metal  bar 
supported  at 
one  or  both 
eudsofawatch- 
plate,  andf  orm- 

ing  a  bearing  for  a  part  of  the  works.  —  10.  The 
balance-rynd  of  a  millstone.  —  1  1  .  In  car-build- 
ing, a  timber,  bar,  or  beam  which 
is  supported  at  each  end.  —  12.  In 
euchre,  a  position  where  one  side 
has  scored  four  points  and  the 
other  only  one.  —  13.  In  elect.,  an 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  re- 
sistance of  a  conductor,  the  ar- 
rangement of  whose  parts  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a  bridge. 
A  common  form  is  called  Wlicul- 
stone's  bridge,  from  the  inventor. 
resistance  —  Archlvolt  of  a 
bridge.  Sue  arcliimlr.—  Asses'  bridge. 
See  ;«»i-y  axiiiontin.  —  Bottom-road 
bridge,  a  bridge  whose  roadway  is  suit- 
ported  upon  the  lower  chord  in  a  truss- 
bridge,  or  at  the  bottom  in  a  tubular 
bridge.  Also  called  through  bridge.  Op- 


Bottom-road  or  Through  BrioVe. 
(See  below.) 


posed  to  d>'<-k-briilffe  or  toii-road  brid'if.  —  Box-girder 
bridge.  More  commonly  called  lubuiur  In-iilt/r  (which 
see).—  Cautaliver  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  span 
is  formed  by  bracket-shaped  beam-trusses,  extending 
inward  from  their  supports  and  connected  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  span  either  directly  or  by  an  intermediate  truss 
of  ordinary  construction.  W  lien  piers  are  used  to  support 
the  beam-trusses,  they  are  placed  near  the  center  of  tach 
truss,  and  not,  as  in  ordinary  truss-bridges,  at  its  ends. 
The  strains  due  to  a  load  upon  the  span  arc  carried  out- 
ward toward  the  ends  of  the  bridge  and  beyond  the  pit'is 
by  bracket-arms  similar  to  those  forming  the  central  span, 
the  extremities  of  which  may  be  secured  to  other  piers  to 
serve  the  twofold  purpose  of  resisting  by  their  weight  the 


Cantaliver  Bridge.  Niagara  Falls.  New  York. 

uplift  caused  by  the  load  when  upon  the  central  span  and 
of  themselves  supporting  vertical  pressure;  or  they  may 
form  part  of  other  spans  similar  to  the  central  one.  This 
form  of  bridge  presents  the  great  advantage  of  permitting 
the  construction  of  the  main  span  without  scalloldings  be- 
neiith.  A  tine  example  is  the  cantaliver  bridge  below  Ni- 
agara Falls,  built  for  the  Michigan  Central  and  Canada 
southern  railways.— Check-bridge  of  a  furnace,  a  fire- 
bridge: so  called  because  it  was  supposed  to  check  the 
draft.— Counterpoise  bridge,  a  bascule-bridge  in  which 
counter-weights  help  to  raise  the  platform. — Electric 
bridge,  a  term  applied  to  several  •contrivance!'  for  deter- 
mining the  resistance  of  an  electric  circuit,  all  essentially 
identical  with  Wheatstone's  bridge  (which  see,  under  re- 
sistance). —  Floating  bridge,  (n)  A  boat,  raft,  or  pontoon 
bridge,  (b)  A  part  of  a  bridge,  supported  by  a  ciiisson  or 
pontoon,  which  can  swing  into  and  away  from  the  line  of 
roadway,  (c)  Mitit.,  a  kind  of  double  bridge,  of  which  the 
upper  member  projects  beyond  the  lower,  and  is  capable 
of  being  moved  forward  by  pulleys:  used  for  carrying 
troops  over  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks  of  a 
fort. — Flying  bridge,  a  suspension-bridge,  or  a  bridge 
built  for  temporary  use,  as  a  pontoon  bridge. —  Hanging 
bridge,  a  suspension-bridge.  The  term  is  general]}  ;ip- 
plied  to  the  more  primitive  forms  of  suspension-bridge. — 
Hoist-bridge.  Same  as  Hfting  bridge.—  Induction- 
bridge.  See  indtiction.—  Lattice-bridge,  a  bridge  in 
which  the  web  between  the  chords  or  the  main  compres- 


Lattice-bridge  (side  elevation). 

a,  roadway ;  t>,  sleepers  ;  c,  transverse  beams ;  tf,  f,  ft,  stringers ; 
e,  lattice-ribs ;  f,  cross-beams. 

sion-  and  tension-membei-s  is  formed  by  lattice-work. — 
Leaf-bridge,  a  hinged  lifting  bridge.— Lifting  bridge,  a 
drawbridge  the  span  of  which  moves  in  a  vertical  plane 
instead  of  horizontally.  Also  called  httixt-bridtie. —  Pivot- 
bridge,  a  swinging  bridge  balanced  upon  a  pivot.  It  is 


Pivot-  or  Swing-bridge. 

often  formed  by  two  equal  spans,  covering  a  channel  on 
each  side  of  the  pivot-pier.—  Pontoon  bridge,  a  platform 
or  roadway  supported  upon  pontoons.  Bridges  of  this 
kind  are  largely  used  in  military  operations,  the  pontoons 
being  formed  of  air-tight  bags  or  hollow  metallic  vessels. 
—  Rope  bridge,  a  hanging  bridge  consisting  of  a  platform 
supported  by  ropes,  or  simply  of  a  rope  carried  across  the 
stream  or  chasm,  and  supporting  a  basket  or  car  which  is 
drawn  backward  and  forward.  Such  bridges  are  used  in 
mountainous  districts,  especially  in  India  and  South  Amer- 
ica, and  are  sometimes  made  of  sufficient  strength  to  afford 
passage  to  droves  of  loaded  mules.  The  ropes  are  often 
made  of  plaited  thongs  of  hide,  or  even  of  rushes.— 
Suspension-bridge,  a  ruatlway  suspended  from  ropes, 
chains,  or  wire  cables,  usually  hung  between  massive  tow- 
ers of  masonry,  and  securely  anchored  at  the  extremities. 
The  most  notable  of  suspension-bridges  is  that  between 
New  York  and  Brooklyn,  over  the  East  River.  The  main 
span  is  1,595$  feet  long,  the  altitude  at  the  center  135  feet 
above  mean  high  water,  the  height  of  the  towers  2763 
feet,  and  the  total  length  5,989  feet.  The  roadway  is  sus- 
pended from  four  cables  of  steel  wire,  each  15f  inches  in 


bridge 

diameter.     Through  bridge.  .Same  a»  lnittnM.nad  bridge: 
opposed   t"  dKk-bTidQt  or  <<,/'-''"<"'  briit<jr.~  Top-road 
bridge,  a  bridge  i"  which  tlie  roadway  la  UIHIII  m-  aimvr 
tin'  upper  chord  of  the  truss.     Also  culled  drck-brulm-. 
Trussed-aroh bridge, an  mvh,  ii  in  ,mi  ini.i^i  uiih  which 

ii  lius,  has  been  combined  to  stiffen  or  strengthen  it. — 
Tubular-arch  bridge,  a  bridge  in  which  the  primary 


Tubular-arch  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
supporting  Illeluhrl  ^;i  re  arrlird  til  lies.-  -  TUbUlaT  bridge, 

a  bridge  tnrrniiiL;,  ;is  ;i  \\lmle.  a  great  hollow  beam.  It  Is 
a  box-beam,  sufficiently  lar^c  to  admit  of  the  passage  of 
vehicles  through  It.  The  first  works  of  this  kind  were 
the  Conway  and  Britannia  railway  bridges  in  Wales.  The 
latter,  over  the  Mcnai  strait,  opened  in  1850,  consists  of 
two  independent  rectangular  tubular  beams  of  wrought- 
iron  1,511  feet  long,  with  a  single  span  of  450  feet.  Hie 
Victoria  tubular  bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Montreal 
Is  about  two  miles  long.  Also  called  box-yirder  bridge.— 
Wheatstone's  bridge.  See  renntaiux. 
bridge1  (brij),  •<>.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bridged,  ppr. 
bridging.  [<  ME.  "bryggen  (not  found),  <  AS. 
brycgian  (also  in  comp.  ofer-brycgutn,  bridge 
over)  =  MLG.  brugi/en  =  OHG.  briiecon,  MHG. 
bracken,  briickcn,  dr.  briickeii,  bridge:  cf.  Icel. 
briia,  bridge  over;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To 
build  a  bridge  or  bridges  on  or  over ;  span  with 
a  bridge:  as,  to  bridge  a  river. — 2.  To  make  a 
bridge  or  bridges  for. 

Xerxes,  .  .  .  over  Hellespont 

Bridging  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  joln'd. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  x.  310. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  span  or  get  over;  serve  as 
or  make  a  way  of  passing  or  overcoming :  as, 
conversation  bridged  the  intervals  of  the  play ; 
•  to  bridge  over  a  difficulty. 

Every  man's  work,  pursued  steadily,  tends  in  this  way 
to  become  an  end  in  itself,  and  so  to  bridge  over  the  love- 
less chasms  of  life.  George  KIM. 

I  cannot  but  think  that  there  is  room  for  all  of  us  to 
work  in  helping  to  bridge  over  the  great  abyss  of  ignorance 
which  lies  at  our  feet.  Uuxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  71. 

bridge2*,  v.  t.  [Also  bredge,  <  ME.  briggen, 
breggen,  by  apheresis  for  abriggen,  abreggen, 
mod.  E.  abridge,  q.  v.]  To  shorten;  abridge. 

Byreven  man  his  helthe  and  his  welfare, 
And  his  dayes  briggen  and  schorte  his  lyf. 
Occleve,  MS.  Soc.  Antiq.,  134,  fol.  251.    (Halliwell.) 

bridge-bar  (brij'biir),  w.  In  a  car-coupling,  the 
bar  carrying  the  load. 

bridge-board  (brij'bord),  n.  One  of  the  notched 
boards  of  a  stair  to  which  the  ends  of  wooden 
steps  and  risers  are  fastened.  Also  called 
notch-board. 

bridge-deck  (brij'dek),  n.  A  bridge  of  spacious 
dimensions,  forming  a  partial  deck,  extending 
from  side  to  side  of  a  vessel  amidships. 

bridge-head  (brij'hed),  n.  In  fort.,  a  work 
covering  that  end  of  a  bridge  which  is  most  ex- 
posed to  an  enemy ;  a  tete-de-pont. 

bridge-islet  (brij'i'let),  «.  A  portion  of  land 
which  becomes  insular  at  high  water,  as  the  isle 
of  Lindisfarne  in  England. 

bridge-pit  (brij 'pit),  n.  1. 
That  part  of  the  moat  of  a 
fortified  place  which  is  be- 
neath the  drawbridge  when 
it  is  lowered. — 2.  A  pit 
provided  to  receive  the 
counterpoise  of  a  bascule- 
bridge. 

bridge-rail  (brij'ral),  a.  A 
railroad-rail  having  an 
arched  tread  and  lateral 
foot-flanges.  E.  H.  Knight. 

bridge-stone  (brij'ston),  n.  A  flat  stone  bridg- 
ing over  a  gutter  or  narrow  span. 

bridge-tower  (brij'tou'er),  a.  1.  A  tower  for 
the  defense  of  a  bridge,  usually  erected  upon 
the  bridge  itself,  the  road  passing  through  arch- 
ways in  its  lower  story,  which  could  be  closed 
by  gates.  Bridges  were  commonly  defended  In  this  way 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  many  such  towers  remain,  as  at 
Cahors  in  France,  and  notably  at  Prague  in  Bohemia. 
2.  Less  properly,  a  tower  defending  the  ap- 
proach to  a  bridge  in  the  manner  of  a  tete-de- 
pont.  A  notable  Instance  of  such  a  tower  is  that  at  Villc- 
nenve,  opposite  Aviirnon,  on  the  Rhone- 
bridge-train  (brij'tran),  n.  Milit.,  a  division 
of  an  army  carrying  the  materials  and  imple- 
ments required  for  the  passage  of  troops  across 
a  river;  a  pontoon-train. 

bridge-tree  (brij'tre),  a.  A  beam  by  %yhich  the 
spindle  of  the  runner  in  a  grinding-mill  is  sup- 
ported. It  can  be  adjusted  so  as  to  vary  the 
relative  distances  of  the  grinding  surfaces. 


Bridge-tower.—  Moldau  Bridge,  Prague,  Bohemia. 

Bridgettine  (brij'e-tin),  «.     See  Jirigitlinr. 
bridge-ward1   (brij'ward),  «.     [<   ME.  brigge- 
icard,  <  AS.  bricgtccard,  <  brieg,  bri/cg,  bridge, 
+  tceard,  ward,  keeper.]   The  warden  or  keeper 
of  a  bridge. 

Those  whose  route  lay  along  the  river  .  .  .  summoned 
the  Bridgetcartl,  and  demanded  a  free  passage. 

Scott,  Abbot,  I.  175. 

bridge-ward'-  (brij'ward),  n.  [<  bridge  +  ward 
(of  a  key).]  In  locTusmithinq,  the  principal 
ward  of  a  key,  usually  in  the  plane  of  rotation. 

bridgewater  (brij'wa-ter),  ».  A  kind  of  broad- 
cloth manufactured  in  Bridgewater,  England. 
1'lanche. 

bridging  (brij'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bridge1,  r.] 
In  arch.,  a  piece  of  wood  placed  between  two 
beams  or  other  pieces,  to  prevent  them  from 
approaching  eacu  other,  single  Milting  has  one 
pair  of  diagonal  braces  at  the  midlcngth  of  the  joists.  In 
double  bridging  there  are  two  pairs  of  cross-braces  divid- 
ing the  joists  into  three  lengths.  More  generally  called 
a  strutting-  or  straining-piece.  E.  H.  Knight. 

bridging-floor  (brij'ing-flpr),  «.  In  arch.,  a 
floor  in  which  bridging-joists  are  used. 

bridging-joist  (brij'ing-joist),  H.  In  arch.,  a 
joist  which  is  sustained  below  by  transverse 
beams  called  bind- 
ing-joists; also,  a 
joist  which  is  nail- 
ed or  fixed  to  the 
flooring-boards. 

Bridgittine  (brij'- 
i-tin),  n.  See  liri- 
gittine. 

bridgy  (brij'i),  a. 
- 


Bridge-rail. 


Full  of  bridges ;  re- 
sembling a  bridge. 
Sherwood.  [Bare.] 

bridle  (bri'di),  H.  [<  °4«. "/ i.  Mois,;;  J; ?SS? 

ME.  bridel,  <   AS. 

bridel,  also  brideh  =  OFries.  bridel  =  MD.  breu- 
del,  D.  breidel  =  MLG.  LG.  breidel  =  OHG.  bridel, 
britel,  brittil,  priddil,  prittiL,  MHG.  bridel,  britel 
( >  OF.  bridel = It.  predella,  a  bridle,  also  in  short 
form,  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  brida  =  OF.  and  P.  bride,  a 
bridle,  >  E.  bride*,  q.  v.),  G.  breidel,  also  britel, 
brittel;  root  unknown.]  1.  That  portion  of 
the  gear  or  harness  of  a  horse  (or  other  animal 
similarly  used)  which  is  fitted  to  its  head,  and 
by  which  it  is  governed  and  restrained,  con- 
sisting usually  of  a  head-stall,  a  bit,  and  reins, 
with  other  appendages,  according  to  its  par- 
ticular form  and  uses.  See  cut  under  harness. 

Mony  of  hem  fide-men  ther  ben, 

That  rennen  by  the  brydeU  of  ladys  shene. 

Babeei  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

And  Manas,  when  with  ivy  bridle*  bound, 
She  led  the  spotted  lynx. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius,  Satires,  i.  2O3. 

2.  An  old  instrument  of  punishment  and  re- 
straint  for   scolds:    a   simpler   form    of    the 
branks.— 3.  Figuratively,  a  restraint;  a  curb; 
a  check. 
A  continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.  Watt». 

This  fort  is  the  bridle  of  the  whole  cittr,  and  was  well 
stor'd  and  garrison'd  with  native  Spanyards. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  31,  1645. 

4.  The  piece  in  the  interior  of  a  gun-lock  which 
covers  and  holds  in  place  the  tumbler  and  sear, 
being  itself  held  by  the  screws  on  which  they 
turn.  See  cut  under  gun-lock. — 5.  The  piece 


brief 

on  the  end  of  a  plow-beam  to  which  tin-  draft- 
nhackle  is  attached;  the  clevis.  Also  culled  mu- 
sic or  ji/inr-liiinl.  —  6.  In  nnnii.,  a  link,  flange, 
or  other  attachment  for  limiting  the  moven  i  •  •  n  t 
of  any  part  of  a  machine. — 7.  A'aut.,  a  chain  or 
rope  span  both  ends  of  which  are  made  fast, 
the  strain  or  power  being  applied  to  the  bight. 
—  8.  In  /nit/nit.,  a  small  baud  attaching  two 
parts  to  each  other,  as  two  serous  surfaces  after 
inflammation,  or  the  sides  of  the  urethra  after 
urethritis,  or  stretched  across  a  pustule  or 
vesicle,  modifying  its  shape. —  9.  In  an«t.,  a 
frenum  (which  see).  Branches  of  a  bridle.  S«* 

(wanr/i.-  Mooring-brtdle(/KM/f. ),  the  chain  ruble  attach- 
ed t-i  itenniiiiriit  iii'wirintiH.-  To  bite  on  the  bridle',  to 
suffer  great  hardships.  ItmrT. 

bridle  (bri'dl),  r.\  pret.  and  pp.  bridled,  ppr. 
bridling.  [  <  .M  I-:,  liriilti-n,  bridelen,  <  A8.  ge- 
bridlian  (=  MD.  breydelen,  D.  breidelen  =  OHG. 
briltilfiH,  MHG.  briteln,  pritteln,  G.  breidelen, 
briteln,  britteln),  bridle,  restrain,  <  bridel,  bri- 
dle.] I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  bridle  on:  as,  to 
bridle  a  horse. 

Where  steeds  run  arow, 
I  have  seen  from  their  bridled  lips 
Foam  blown  as  the  snow. 

Swinfmnu,  A  Lamentation. 

2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern ;  check,  curb, 
or  control :  as,  to  bridle  the  passions. 

Savoy  and  Nice,  the  keys  of  Italy,  and  the  citadel  In  her 
hands  to  bridle  .Switzerland.  Burkr. 

Oft  his  smooth  and  bridled  tongue 
Would  give  the  lie  to  his  Hushing  cheek. 

SheUry,  Rosalind  and  llelen. 
Syn.  2.  To  repress,  master,  sulnlue. 
n.   intrans.  To  hold  the  head  up,  in  the 
manner  of  a  spirited  horse  under  a  strong  rein, 
especially  as  an  expression  of  pride,  scorn,  or 
resentment;  assume  a  lofty  manner  so  as  to 
assert  one's  dignity  or  express  indignation; 
toss  the  head ;  strut :  generally  with  up. 

Gave  a  crack  with  her  fan  like  a  coach-whip,  and  bridtd 
out  of  the  room  with  the  air  and  complexion  of  an  incens'd 
Turkey-Cock.  Gibber,  Careless  Husband,  11.  2. 

Assure  a  lady  .  .  .  that  she  looks  killing  to-day,  she  In- 
stantly bridles  up,  and  feels  the  force  of  the  well-timed 
flattery  the  whole  day  after.  QMtmith,  The  Bee,  No.  5. 

How  would  she  have  bridled  had  she  known  that  .  .  . 
(she]  only  shared  his  meditations  1 

Barhttm,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  22. 

If  you  charge  them  with  any  particular  sin,  they  bridle 
up  and  deny  that  sin  fiercely  enough.  Kinydey. 

bridle-chains  (bri'dl-chanz),  «.  pi.     In  mining, 

short  chains  by  which  the  cage  is  attached  to 

the  hoisting-rope. 
bridle-hand  (bri'dl-hand),  u.     The  hand  which 

holds  the  bridle  in  riding;  the  left  hand.    Scott. 
bridle-path  (bri'dl-path),  n.     A  path  which  is 

wide  enough  to  be  traveled  on  horseback,  but 

not  in  a  carriage.     Also  bridleway. 
bridle-port  (bri'dl-port),  H.    Xatit.,  the  forward 

port  on  the  gun-deck  of  a  frigate. 
bridler  (brid'ler),  n.     One  who  bridles;   one 

who  restrains  or  governs. 

The  prelates  Imast  themselves  the  only  ftn'rffer*  of  schism. 
Milton,  (.'hurch-Oovernment,  I.  7. 

bridle-rein  (bri'dl-ran),  n.  [<  ME.  bridilreyne 
(equiv.  to  AS.  bridel-thtcang,  lit.  bridle-thong); 

<  bridle  +  rein.'}      A  rein  uniting  a  bit  with 
some  other  part  of  the  harness,  or  leading  to 
the  hand  of  the  rider  or  driver. 

bridle-road  (bri'dl-rod),  n.    A  bridle-path. 

bridle-rod  (bri'dl-rod),  «.  One  of  the  elements 
of  a  parallel  motion,  as  on  the  steam-engine. 

bridle-Stricture (bri'dl-strik'tnr),  ».  In  pathol., 
a  stricture  formed  by  a  band  crossing  the  ure- 
thral  passage. 

bridleway  (bri'dl-wa),  n.    A  bridle-path. 

bridle-wise  (bri'dl-wiz),  a.  Trained  to  obey 
the  bridle :  applied  to  a  horse  which  is  guided 
by  pressure  of  the  bridle  against  his  neck  in- 
stead of  by  pulling  on  the  bit. 

bridoon  (bri-do'n').  n.  [<  F.  bridon,  <  bride,  a 
bridle :  see  bridle.'}  A  light  snaffle  or  bit  of  a 
bridle  used  in  addition  to  the  principal  bit,  and 
with  a  separate  rein.  Also  spelled  bradoon. 

brief  (bref),  n.  and  n.     [I.  a.  <  ME.  breef,  brrf, 

<  OF.  brrf.  brief,  F.  brr f=  Pr.  breii  =  Sp.  Pg.  ft. 
breve,  <  L.  frrma=Gr.  /Jpajif,  short;  ft.abbreri- 
ate,  abridge,  brerity,  brevet,  etc.,  brachygraphy, 
etc.    II.  n.  <  ME.  breef,  brefe,  bref,  a  commis- 
sion, writing,  etc.,  <  OF.  bref,  brief,  F.  brrf  = 
Pr.  breu,  brieti  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  brere  =  OS.  brrf  = 
D.  brief  =  LG.  bref =  OHG.  briaf,  brief,  MHG. 
G.  brief  =  Sw.  bref =  Dan.  brev,  a  letter,  etc.,  < 
L.  brevis  (sc.  libelltis,  a  little  writing),  or  neut. 
breve,  a  short  writing  (see  also  brere  and  brevet ), 

<  brevis,  neut.  breve,  short:  see  above.]    L  o. 
1 .  Small  with  respect  to  length  ;  short. 


brief 


This  mon  that  Matheu  jef 
A  peny  that  wes  so  bref. 

Specimens  of  Lyric  Poetry  (ed.  Wright),  p.  43. 
It  is  very  difficult  to  notice  this  great  language  suitably 
in  the  brief  space  available. 

R.  y.  Cust,  Mod.  Langs.  E.  Ind.,  p.  45. 

2.  Abbreviated;  cut  or  made  short:  as,  the 
brief  skirts  of  a  ballet-dancer.    [Humorous.]  — 

3.  Short  in  duration;  lasting  a  short  time. 

How  brief  the  life  of  man.     Sliak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2.  blieft  (bref ),  adv. 
A  fainter  bloom,  a  more  delicate  and  briefer  beauty.  short ;  briefly. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  ii. 

4.  Short  in  expression ;  using  few  words ;  con- 
cise; succinct. 

Duch.  I  will  be  mild  and  gentle  in  my  words. 

K .  Rich.   And  brief,  good  mother,  for  I  am  in  haste. 

Shalt.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 


Thy  power  is  confined,  thy  time  is  limited  ;  both  thy 
latitude  and  extension  are  briefed  up. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  135. 


682  brigandine 

2.  A  utensil  used  in  breweries  and  in  dairies 
to  set  the  strainer  on.  [North.  Eng.]— 3.  A 
kind  of  iron  set  over  a  fire.  Hattiwcll.  [North. 
Eng.] — 4.  A  ledge  of  rocks  running  out  into 
the  sea.  E.  D. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  brief ;  instruct  by  a  bnet.  brig2  (brig),  n.     [Short  for  brigantine^,  q.  v. 

Hence  D.  brik,  G.  brigg,  Dan.  brig,  Sw.  brigg, 
F.  brick,  Ar.  brik,  a  brig.]  1 .  A  vessel  with  two 
masts  square-rigged,  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
mast and  foremast.— 2.  The  place  on  board 


Descriptive  lists  of  15,107  soldiers  briefed  and  filed  away. 
Rep.  of  Sec.  U.  S.  Treasury,  1886,  p.  590. 


[Rare.] 

I  never  could  look  a  counsel  in  the  face  again  if  I'd  neg- 
lected to  brief  him  with  such  facts  as  these.          Trollope. 

[<  brief,  a.~\     1.  In  brief;  in 


Brief,  I  recover'd  him  ;  bound  up  his  wound. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  I 

2.  In  or  after  a  short  time ;  soon;  quickly. 


The  brief  style  is  that  which  expresseth  much  in  little. 
B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 


But  that  a  joy  past  joy  calls  out  on  me, 
It  were  a  grief  so  brief  to  part  with  thee : 

Farewell.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3.   brigade  (bri-gad'),  «• 

briefless  (bref'les),  a.     [<  brief,  n.,   +  -less.'}    g(,de,  ' 
Having  no  brief:  as,  a  briefless  barrister. 


a  man-of-war  where  prisoners  are  confined. — 
Hermaphrodite  brig,  a  brig  that  is  square-rigged  for- 
ward and  schooner-rigged  aft.  Also  called  brig-schooner. 

She  passed  out  of  hail,  but  we  made  her  out  to  be  an  her- 
maphrodite brig,  with  Brazilian  colors  in  her  main  rigging. 
R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  18. 


v___  __  ,;  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  bri- 
gade, <.  F.  brigade,  <  It.  brigata  (ML.  brigata, 
brigada),  a  troop,  company,  <  brigare,  contend : 


5.  Clever;  good:  as,  a  brief  discourse;  "hegae  brieflessness  (bref'les-nes),  n.     The  state  of    see  brigand.]     1.  A  party  or  division  of  troops 
us  a  very  brief  sermon,^'  Jamieson.  _  [Scotch.]     j,eing  without  a  brief  or  a  client. 


[Scotch.]  —  7t.    Quick;   ready ;  briefly  (bref'li),  adv.     [<  ME.  brefly,  brevely;  , 

brief  +  -%2.]  1.  In  a  brief  manner;  concisely;     squadrons,  or  battalions,  under  the 
in  few  words. — 2.  With  little  length ;  shortly:     of  a  brigadier,  or  brigadier-general. 


—  6.    Keen. 

eager, 

Doe  you  not  perceive  the  noose  you  have  brought  your 
selfe  into  whilst  you  were  so  briefe  to  taunt  other  men 
with  weaknesse?  Milton,  Del.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 


as,  in  entom.,  briefly  pilose,  hairy,  or  spinous. 
[Rare.] 


or  soldiers,  whether  cavalry  or  infantry,  regu- 
lars or  militia,  consisting  of  several  regiments, 

command 

_   ^  r  ^  A  brigade 

of  horse  is"a  body  of  eight'or  ten  squadrons;  of  infantry, 
four,  five,  or  six  battalions  or  regiments. 


as,  I  hear  smallpox  is  very  brief  there. 
Eng.  ]  —  In  brief,    (a)  In  few  words ;  briefly. 

Open  the  matter  in  brief.  Shak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

(6)  In  short. 

In  brief,  sir,  study  what  you  most  affect. 

Shak.,T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1. 

=  Syn.  3.  Short-lived,  ephemeral,  transitory,  fleeting.— 4. 
Compact,  compendious. 

II.  n.  1.  A  short  or  concise  writing;  a 
short  statement  or  account;  an  epitome. 

I  shall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a  sum  or  brief  can  make 
a  cause  plain.  Bacon. 

And  she  told  me, 

In  a  sweet  verbal  brief.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

Out  of  your  gentleness,  please  you  to  consider 
The  brief  of  this  petition,  which  contains 
All  hope  of  my  last  fortunes.        Ford,  Fancies,  ii.  1. 

Specifically — 2.  In  law:  (a)  A  formal  memo- 
randum in  systematic  order,  but  concisely  ex- 
pressed, of  the  points  of  law  or  of  fact  to  be 
developed  or  expanded  in  argument,  or  to  be 
pursued  in  the  examination  of  a  witness;  in 
English  law,  more  usually  an  abridged  relation 
of  the  facts  of  a  litigated  case  drawn  up  by  the 
attorney  for  the  instruction  of  a  barrister  in 
conducting  proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice. 

The  young  fellow  had  a  very  good  air,  and  seemed  to 
hold  his  brief  in  his  hand  rather  to  help  his  action  than 
that  he  wanted  notes  for  his  further  information. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  186. 

His  matter  was  so  completely  at  his  command  that  he 
scarcely  looked  at  his  brief.  R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  272.  brier-bird  (brl'er- 

(6)  A  writ  summoning  one  to  answer  to  any 
action ;  or  any  precept  of  the  sovereign  in  writ- 
ing issuing  from  any  court  and  ordering  some- 
thing to  be  done,  (c)  In  Scots  law,  same  as 


script.     Quarterly  ^.<-</. 

L  briefness  (bref'nes),  n.      [<  ME.   breffnes;  < 

brief  +  -ness.]     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
brief;  shortness;  brevity;  conciseness  in  dis- 
course or  writing. 
We  passe  over  that,  brefnes  of  tyme  consyderynge. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  70. 

There  is  a  briefness  of  the  parts  sometimes  that  makes 
the  whole  long.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

brier  (bri'er),  n.     [E.  dial._and  So.  breer;  <  ME. 
brere,  <  AS.  brer,  also  breer,  a  brier,  bramble ; 
cf.  Icel.  brorr,  a  brier  (rare  and  uncertain). 
Cf.  Ir.  Gael,  preas,  a  bush,  brier  (Ir.  briar,  a 
thorn,  pin,  bodkin,  is  prob.  bor- 


household. 

irigade  (bri-gad'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brigaded, 
ppr.  brigading.  [<  brigade,  n.]  1.  To  form  in- 
to a  brigade  or  into  brigades :  as,  regiments  of 
militia  are  brigaded  with  regiments  of  the  line. 

In  the  organization  of  the  army  my  regiment  was  bri- 
gaded with  the  Sixth,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Regiments  of 
Louisiana  Infantry. 

Gen.  Rich.  Taylor,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXVI.  85. 

Hence  —  2.  To  arrange  or  embody  in  a  single 
collection  or  group ;  group  together,  as  in  zool- 
ogy, under  a  single  name.  [Rare.] 

The  two  Classes  [Birds  and  Reptiles)  which  he  [Huxley] 
had  previously  brigaded  under  the  name  of  Sauropsida. 
A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  34. 

An  officer 


brieve  (which  see).    '  (d)  In  England,  T  letter  brier-root  (bri'er-rot),  n.     [<  brier,  an  adapted 

E.  form  of  F.  bruy&re,  dial,  briere,  heath  (see 


patent  from  proper  authority  authorizing  a 
public  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of 
money  for  any  public  or  private  purpose ;  a  li- 
cense to  make  collections  for  repairing  churches, 
making  up  for  losses  by  fire,  etc. :  sometimes 
called  a  church  brief  or  king's  letter. 

This  day  was  read  in  our  church  the  Briefe  for  a  collec- 
tion for  reliefe  of  y  Protestant  French,  so  cruelly,  bar- 
barously, and  inhumanly  oppress'd. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  April  25, 1686. 
3f.  A  writing  in  general ;  a  letter. 

Bear  this  sealed  brief, 
With  winged  haste,  to  the  lord  marshal. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 
4f.  In  music,  same  as  breve,  1. 

Upon  the  word  best  there,  you  see  how  I  do  enter  witli 
an  odd  minum,  and  drive  it  through  the  brief;  which  no 
intelligent  musician,  I  know,  but  will  affirm  to  be  very 
rare.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 

5.  The  name  given  to  certain  official  docu- 


brier,  also  a ,  __, ,       , 

rowed  from  E.).     The  F.  bruyere,  dial,  briere 

(earlier  bruyere,  briere  —  Cat.  bruguera  =  It.  brigade-major  (bri-gad'ma"jor),  TO.    

dial,  brughiera  (ML.  bruarium^  bruera),  heath,  appOinted  by  a  brigadier  to  assist  him  in  the 
heather,  prob.  <  Pr.  bru  =  It.  dial,  brug  =  Swiss  management  and  ordering  of  his  brigade. 
bruch,  heath;  of  Celtic  origin:  <  Bret,  brug,  brigadier  (brig-a-der'),  TO.  [=  It.  brigadiere,  < 
heath,  =  W.  brw g,  a  brake,  growth),  is  not  re-  F  brigadier,  <  brigade,  brigade.]  A  general  offl- 
lated.  The  reg.  mod.  E.  form  would  be  breer,  cer  wno  commands  a  brigade,  whether  of  horse 
which  exists  dialectally ;  cf.  friar,  earlier  frier,  or  footi  an(j  ranks  next  below  a  major-general. 
<  ME.  frere.  ]  A  prickly  plant  or  shrub  in  gen-  brigadier-general  (brig  -  a  -  der '  gen '  e  -  ral),  n. 
eral;  specifically,  the  sweetbrier^or  the  green-  game  as  brigadier. 

brigand  (brig'and),  ».  [Formerly  also  brigant 
(after  It.) ;  <  F" brigand,  a  brigand,  OF.  brigand, 
brigant,  an  armed  foot-soldier  (ML.  brigantes, 
brigandi,  pi.,  foot-soldiers),  <  It.  brigante,  a 

I  will  tear  your  flesh  with  the  thorns  of  the  wilderness     brigand,  pirate,  also  an  intriguer,  <  brigante, 
nd  with  briers.  vm.  , .         •»  Qf  g^g££  gtrive  afteri  contend  for,  solicit, 

<  briga,  strife,  quarrel,  trouble :  see  brigue.]  If. 
A  sort  of  irregular  foot-soldier. —  2.  A  robber; 
a  freebooter;  a  highwayman;  especially,  one 
of  a  gang  of  robbers  living  in  secret  retreats  in 
mountains  or  forests. 

These  solitudes  gave  refuge  to  smugglers  and  brigands. 
Buckle,  Civilization,  II.  65. 

Francois,  with  his  belt,  sabre,  and  pistols,  had  much  the 
aspect  of  a  Greek  brigand. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  33. 

=  Syn.  2.  Bandit,  etc.    See  robber. 


brier  (which  see).     Also  spelled  briar. 

The  gentle  shepheard  satte  beside  a  springe, 
All  in  the  shadowe  of  a  bushye  brere. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  December. 


trier-uuu  ^mi  ci-ucm;.  «.  A  popular  name 
of  the  American  goldfinch,  Chrysomitris  (or 
Astragalinus)  tristis.  See  cut  under  goldfinch. 
briered  (bri'erd),  a.  [<  brier  +  -ecP.]  Set 
with  briers.  Chatterton. 


brier),  +  rooi2.]  The  root  of  the  white  heath, 
Erica  arborea,  a  shrub  often  growing  to  a  large 
size.  The  roots  are  gathered  extensively  in  the  south 
of  France  and  in  Corsica  for  the  purpose  of  being  made 


into  tobacco-pipes,  commonly  called  brier-wood  pipes.  The  brigandage  (brig'an-daj),  n.  [<  F.  brigandage, 
^^y"S^^ill^0t\M^'^y^ow^^&  <  brigand  +  -age.}  The  life  and  practices  of 
with  a  circular  saw.  The  blocks  are  then  placed  in  a  vat  a  brigand ;  highway  robbery  by  organized 
and  subjected  to  a  gentle  simmering  for  a  space  of  twelve  gangs;  figuratively,  organized  spoliation:  as, 
hours,  during  which  they  acquire  the  rich  yellowish-brown  hriaandaae  in  the  legislature  or  on  the  bench, 
hue  for  which  the  best  pipes  are  noted,  and  are  then  in  a 

The  rule  of  the  Turk  has  never  become  a  government; 
it  has  never  discharged  the  duties  of  government ;  it  was 
foreign  brigandage  five  hundred  years  back,  and  it  re- 


condition for  turning. 

brier-wood  (bri'er-wud),  n.  The  wood  of  the 
brier-root,  used  for  making  tobacco-pipes. 

briery1  (bri'er-i),  a.  [<  brier  +  -fl.J  Full  of 
briers;  rough;  thorny.  Also  briary. 

The  thorny  brake  and  briery  wood. 

Fawkes,  Death  of  Adonis. 

A  nightingale  sang  in  the  briery  thickets  by  the  brook- 
side.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  55. 


mains  foreign  brigandage  still. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  419. 

Many  of  the  peasants  in 
their  distress  had  taken 
to  poaching  or  brigandage 
in  the  forests. 
C.  U.  Pearson,  Early  and 


.  -  v  , 

ments  emanating  from  the  pope,  having  a  less  brierySf  (bri  'er-i),  n.     [For  'bnerery,<  brier 
solemn  character  than  a  bull.  +  ~ery-    cf  •  fernery,  pinery,  etc.]     A  place 


The  Bull  being  the  highest  Authority  the  Pope  can  give, 
the  Brief  is  of  less.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  86. 

6.  [Also  spelled  breif,  breef,  <  OF.  bref,  brief, 
a  spell,  talisman,  <  ML.  breve,  in  pi.  brevia,  a 
writing  containing  magical  characters  carried 
as  an  amulet  or  talisman :  a  particular  use  of 
L.  breve,  a  writing,  as  above.]  A  spell.  Burns. 
[Scotch.]  =Syn.l.  Abridgment,  Compendium,  Compend, 
etc.  See  abridgment. 

brief  (bref),  v.  t.  [<  brief,  n.  In  earlier  form 
breve,  q.  v.]  1 .  To  abridge ;  shorten ;  make 
a  brief  of:  as,  to  brief  pleadings. 


brigander,  n. 


[xxvi. 
Same 


(brev),  TO.     [A  Sc.  ..... 

In  Scots  law,  a  writ  issuing  from  Chancery,  di- 
rected to  any  judge  ordinary,  ordering  trial  to 
be  made  by  a  jury  of  certain  points  stated  in 
the  brieve.  Now  used  chiefly  in  the  election  of  tutors 
to  minors,  the  cognoscing  of  lunatics  or  idiots,  and  the 
ascertaining  of  widows'  tierce. 

brig1  (brig),  n.    [=  bridge^,  q.  v.]     1.  Abridge. 
[Scotch.] 

Now,  do  thy  speedy  utmost,  Meg, 
And  win  the  key-stane  o'  the  brig. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 


an-din),  n.  and  a. 
[Also  brigantine,  bri- 
gander,  brigandier 
(obs.)  (ME.  'brigan- 
te/fe— Gower);<OF. 
brigandine  (ML.  bri- 
gandina,  brigantina), 
<  brigand,  a  foot-sol- 
dier: see  brigand.] 
I.  n.  1.  A  medieval 


Brigandine  From  Mus^e  d'Artil- 
lerie,  Paris.  (From  ViolleMe-Dur's 
"  Diet,  du  Mobilier  frani;ais.") 


brigandine 

coat  of  fence  made  of  linen  or  leather  upon 
which  overlapping  scales  of  steel  were  sewed. 
The  plates  of  steel  were  generally  quilted  ln-i»ci-n  t»o 

tluVklu-SM'S   of    ^tull'.        Tile    1  .ri^aililirir    U.I-   '  -]•'  rially    tile 

arinur  of  the  infantry  soldier,  hut  wag  sometime!  combined 
with  plate- armor  even  in  costly  suits. 
Furbish  the  spears  and  put  <m  the  brigandina. 

Jet.  xlvi.  4. 

2f.  A  foot-soldier  wearing  a  brigandine;  a 
brigand. 

II.  " .  Made  like  a  brigaudine ;  of  the  nature 
of  a  brij*andino :  as,  a  in</» '"'"<<  garment. 
brigandine"t  (brig'an-din),  n.    An  old  form  of 
brttjantiitel. 

brigandish  (brig 'an -dish),  a.  [<  briganil  + 
-4ftK]  Like  a  brigand. 

We  fancied  that  they  [peasants  near  Naples]  had  a  briit- 
<h  look.        C.  D.  Warner,  Winter  on  tile  -Nile,  p.  20. 

brigantt  (brig'ant),  n.     Same  as  brigand. 

brigantine1  (brig'an-tin  or  -tin),  n.  [=  D.  bri- 
guntijii  =  G.  briyantine  =  8w.  brigaiitin,  <  F.  bri- 
gantin,  <  It.  brigantino  (ML.  brigantinus),  a  brig- 
antine, orig.  a  roving  or  pirate  vessel,  <  bri- 
gante,  a  pirate,  brigand:  see  brigand,  and  cf. 
fcr«72  and  brigandine^.]  1.  A  small  two-masted 
vessel,  square-rigged  on  both  masts,  but  with 
a  fore-aiid-aft  mainsail  and  the  mainmast  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  foremast,  it  differ* 
from  a  hermaphrodite  brig  in  having  a  square  topsail  and 
topgallantaall  on  the  mainmast.  This  term  is  variously 
applied  by  mariners  of  different  nations,  but  the  above  is 
its  most  generally  accepted  definition. 

Like  as  a  warlike  Brigandine,  applyde 

To  flght,  layes  forth  her  threatfull  pikes  afore. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos. 

2t.  A  robber.— 3f.  Robbery. 

brigantine2  (brig'an-tin),  n.  Same  as  britjan- 
rfiwe1. 

brigbotet,  "•  [A  term  in  old  law-books,  repr. 
Als.  bricgbot,  prop,  brycgbot,  a  contribution  for 
bridge-repairing,  <  brycg,  bridge,  +  bot,  boot : 
see  boot1.]  A  contribution  for  the  repair  of 
bridges,  walls,  and  castles. 

briget,  »•  [ME.:  see  brigue.]  Contention. 
Chaucer. 

bright1  (brit),  a.  [<  ME.  bright,  briht,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bryht,  briht,  transposed  forms  of  the  usual 
beorht  =  OS.  berht,  beraht  =  OHG.  beraht,  be- 
rcht,  MHG.  bcrht(in&.  remaining  only  in  proper 
names,  Albrecht,  Ruprccht,  etc. ;  frequently  so 
used  in  AS.  and  LG.)  =  Icel.  bjartr  =  Goth. 
bairhts,  bright;  prob.,  with  old  pp.  suffix  -t,  < 
Teut.  T/  "berh  =  Skt.  •/  bhrdj,  shine,  perhaps 
=  L.  flag-  in  flagrare,  flame,  blaze,  burn, 
Jtamma  ('flagma),  flame,  =:  Gr.  Qteyitv,  blaze, 
burn.  Cf.  black,  bleak1.']  1.  Radiating  or  re- 
flecting light;  filled  with  light;  brilliant;  shin- 
ing ;  luminous ;  sparkling :  as,  a  bright  sun. 

It  were  all  one 

That  I  should  love  a  bright  particular  star, 
And  think  to  wed  it,  he  is  so  above  me. 

Shot.,  All's  Well,  i.  1. 

Candles  were  blazing  at  all  the  windows.  The  public 
places  were  as  bright  as  at  noonday. 

ilacaulay.  Hist  Eng.,  x. 

2.  Transmitting  light;  clear;  transparent,  as 
liquors. 

From  the  brightest  wines 
lie  turn  d  abhorrent  Thmnmii. 

S.  Manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light  is  to  the 
eye;  evident;  clear. 

He  must  not  proceed  too  swiftly,  that  he  may  with  more 
ease  ami  brighter  evidence  .  .  .  draw  the  learner  oil. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  the  Mind. 

4.  Resplendent,  as  with  beauty ;  splendid. 

Thy  beauty  appears, 
In  its  graces  and  airs. 
All  '"•';//.•'  as  an  angel  new  dropt  from  the  sky. 

ParneU,  Song. 

5.  Illustrious;  glorious:  as,  the  brightest  period 
of  a  kingdom. 

The  brightest  annals  of  a  female  reign. 

Cotton,  Wonder*  of  the  Peake. 

6.  Having  or  marked  by  brilliant  mental  quali- 
ties; quick  in  wit;  witty;  clever;  not  dull:  as, 
he  is  by  no  means  bright;  a  bright  remark;  a 
bright  book. 

If  parts  allmv  tlicr,  think  how  Bacon  shined, 
The  wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of  mankind. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  282. 

7.  Sparkling  in  action  or  manner;  animated 
or  animating ;  vivacious ;  lively ;  cheerful. 

Bo  bright  and  jovial  among  your  guests  to-night. 

SAot.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2. 

The  golden-crowned  thrush,  .  .  .  with  the  dullest  of 
gold  upon  his  crown,  but  the  brightest  of  songs  in  his 
heart.  The  Century,  XXXII.  2T«. 

8.  Favorable;  pleasing;  auspicious:  as, &  bright 
prospect. 

i;ive  up  tin-  promise  of  l>ri:itit  days  that  cast 

\  ,-n  \oiir  nation  from  afar.     Bryant,  Spain. 


9.  In  iHtiiitiiKj,   luminous;  glittering;  full  of 
light.     A  picture  Is  said  to  be  bright  when  the  light*  so 
much  prevail  as  to  overcome  the  shadows,  and  are  kept 
so  clear  ami  distinct  a*  to  produce  an  effect  of  brilliancy. 

10.  \tiut..  alert;  vigilant. 

Keep  a  bright  lookout  there  forwards !  Cooper. 

-Syn.  1.  (i lowing,  lustrous,  gleaming,  radiant,  effulgent 
—  6.  Acute,  intelligent,  discerning.  -  8.  Promising,  en- 
counmiiiL,'. 

bright1!,  adr.  [<  ME.  brightc,  brigte,  brihte,  < 
briht,  bright:  see  bright!,  a.]  Brightly.  Chaucer. 
bright1  (brit),  n.  [<  ME.  bright,  brigt,  <  AS. 
byrhtu,  birhtu  (=  OHG.  berahti),  t.,  beorht, 
neut.,  brightness,  <  beorlit,  bright:  soe  bright^, 
a.]  Brightness. 

Darkness  we  callo  the  nyght, 
And  lith  [light)  also  the  bright. 

Tomieley  Mysteries,  p.  1. 

bright1*  (brit),r.  t.  [<  ME.  brighten,  brihten  (with 
reg.  inf.  suffix  -en),  <  AS.  burhtan,  be  bright, 
geoerhtan,  make  bright  (=  OHG.  giberehton  = 
Goth,  qabairhtjan,  make  bright),  <  beorht. 
bright. ]  To  make  bright;  brighten. 
bright2*,  f. «.  See  brite. 

bright-cut  (brit'kut),  a.  Engraved  or  chased 
so  as  to  show  the  brightness  of  the  material  as 
left  by  the  tool ;  not  polished  or  colored, 
brighten  (bri'tn),  v.  [<  brighft  +  -en*.  Cf. 
bright!,  t1.]  I.  intrans.  To  grow  bright  or  more 
bright;  become  less  dark  or  gloomy:  literally 
or  figuratively. 

Like  the  sun  emerging  front  a  cloud, 
Her  countenance  brightens,  and  tier  eye  expands. 

Wordsworth,  Laodamia. 

The  great  sweep  of  the  Coliseum,  with  the  blue  sky 
brightening  through  it*  upper  tier  of  arches. 

Hatrthorne,  Marble  Faun,  i. 

II.  trails.  1.  To  make  bright  or  brighter  in 
any  manner;  shed  light  on;  make  to  shine; 
increase  the  luster  of. 

Her  celestial  eyes 
Adorn  the  world  and  brighten  up  the  skies.      l>rydei>. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom  from ;  cheer ;  make  gay  or 
cheerful:  as,  to  brighten  prospects. 

This  makes  Jack  brighten  up  the  room  wherever  he 
enters,  and  changes  the  severity  of  the  company  Into  .  .  . 
gaiety  and  good  humour.  Steele,  latler,  No.  2011. 

3.  To  make  illustrious  or  more  distinguished ; 
heighten  the  splendor  of;  add  luster  to. 

The  present  queen  would  brighten  her  character  if  she 
would  exert  her  authority  to  instil  virtues  into  her  people. 

Siri/t. 

4.  To  make  acute  or  witty ;  sharpen  the  facul- 
ties of. — 5.  To  add  brilliancy  to  the  colors  of 
(prints,  etc.),  by  boiling  them  in  a  solution  of 
soda. 

of  bright - 
passes  over 

the  surface  of  the  melted  metal  when  lead 
containing  silver  is  assayed  on  a  cupel  in  a 
muffle.  At  the  moment  of  the  brightening,  the  assay, 
which  had  before  been  in  rapid  motion,  becomes  perfectly 
quiet.  This  occurs  as  soon  as  the  last  trace  of  lead  has 
been  absorbed  by  the  cupel. 

2.  In  dyeing,  same  as  blooming1,  2. 
bright-harnessed  (brit'har'uest),  a.    Having 

bright  armor.     Milton. 

brighthoodt  (brit'hnd),  w.  [ME.  brighthod;  < 
bright1  +  -hood.]  Brightness. 

The  heroes  of  my  brighihode  ar  byrnande  so  bryghte. 

York  Plays,  p.  8. 

brightish  (bri'tish),   a.      [<  brighft  +  -ishi.] 

Somewhat  bright, 
brightly  (britOi),  adv.     [<  ME.  brihtly,  briht- 

liche,<.  AS.  brihtlice,  beorhtlice,  <  beorht,  bright.] 

In  a  bright  manner;  splendidly;  with  luster; 

cheerfully. 

A  substitute  shines  brightly  as  a  king, 

Until  a  king  be  by.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  I. 

And  Enoch  faced  this  morning  of  farewell 
Brightly  and  boldly.          Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

brightness  (brit'nes),  «.  [<  ME.  brightnes, 
brihtnesse,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorhtnes  (=OHG.  beraht- 
ni.wi),<  beorht  +  -nes :  see  bright1  and  -ness.]  1. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  bright;  splendor; 
luster;  glitter:  as,  "  the  brightness  of  the  sun," 
Acts  xxvi.  13. — 2.  Acuteness  of  intellect  or 
faculty;  sharpness  of  wit. 

The  brightness  of  his  parts  .  .  .  distinguished  him. 

Prior. 

3.  Cheer;  cheerfulness. 

Vex'd  with  the  present  moment's  heavy  gloom, 
Why  seek  ye  bnghtnat  from  the  years  to  come  T 

Prior,  Solomon,  ill. 

=  Syn.  1.  Brilliancy,  effulgence.— 8.  Acumen,  mother-wit, 

iniremiity. 

Bright's  clause,  disease.    See  clause,  disease. 
brightsome  (brit'sum),  a.    [<  bright1  +  -some.] 
Very  bright ;  brilliant. 


brightening  (brit'ning),  n.   [Verbal  n.  < 
en,  t'.]    1.  the  flash  of  light  which  pas 


brilliance 

Out  of  my  jewelry,  choose  thy  choice  of  diamond*, 
'lill  tliou  tin. I  vnui:  as  urightfome  as  thine  eye*. 

Chapman,  Bund  Beggar. 

brightsomeness  (brit' sum -nes),  n.  Great 
brightness ;  brilliancy. 

The  briyhttomenetM  of  the  Uospol  wai  dimmed  In  be- 
coming  stiorn  of  many  of  IU  grace-working  ordinances. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  II.  283. 

bright-work  (brit'werk),  n.  JVauf.,  those  metal 
objects  about  the  decks  of  a  vessel  which  are 
kept  bright  by  polishing. 

Brigittine  (brij  i-tin),  n.  and  a.  [Also  Bridget- 
tun,  Itridgittinr,  Jirigettine,  etc.,  <  Brigitta,  Lat- 
inized form  of  Ir.  Brighiil,  E.  Bridget,  +  -//.» 1. 1 

1.  n.  1.  A  member  of  an  order  of  nuns  and 
monks  established  by  St.  Brigitta  (Bridget),  a 
Swedish  princess,  about  1344,  under  the  Augus- 
tinian  rule.    The  nuns  (who  were  much  the  more  nu- 
merous) and  monks  dwelt  in  contiguous  houses,  under  the 
temporal  government  of  a  prioress.    Before  the  Refor- 
mation the  order  hail  spread  into  many  countries  of  Eu- 
rope ;  and  there  are  still  a  few  homes  of  Brigittine  nuns, 
Including  one  In  F.nitland  founded  at  a  recent  period  by  an 
English  community  that  was  transferred  to  Portugal  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  time. 

2.  A  member  of  a  conventual  order  of  virgins 
founded  by  St.  Bridget  of  Ireland  in  the  sixth 
century,  which  existed  for  several  centuries  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Brigitta  or  to  the  or- 
der founded  by  her:  as,  Brigittine  indulgence, 
brignole   (bre-nyol'),   n.     [F.,   <   Brignoles,  a 
town  in  the  department  of  Var,  France,  cele- 
brated for  its  prunes.  ]    A  variety  of  the  com- 
mon plum  furnishing  tne  dried  fruits  known  as 
Provence  prunes  or  French  plums, 
brigoset  (bri-gos'),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  bri- 
gous;  <  ML.  origosus  (It.  brigoso),  <  briga,  con- 
tention: see  brigue.']    Contentious. 
Very  brigoae  and  severe. 

T.  Puller,  Moderation  of  the  Church  of  Eng.,  p.  324. 

brigoust,  n.     See  brigose. 

brig-schooner  (brig'skB'ner),  »i.  Same  as  her- 
maphrodite brig  (wnich  see,  under  brig%). 

briguet  (breg),  n.  [F.,  a  cabal,  intrigue,  etc., 
OF.  brigue  (>  ME.  brigr)  =  It.  briga  =  Pg.  briga 
=  Sp.  Pr.  brcga  (ML.  briga),  quarrel,  conten- 
tionj  strife,  etc.  Cf.  brigand."}  A  cabal;  an 
intrigue;  a  faction;  contention. 

The  politicks  of  the  court,  the  briyues  of  the  cardinals, 
the  tricks  of  the  conclave.  Chesterfield. 

brignet  (breg),  r.  i.  [<  F.  briguer;  from  the 
noun:  see  brigue,  «.]  To  canvass;  intrigue. 

Our  adversaries,  by  briijuing  and  caballing,  have  caused 

so  universal  a  defection  from  us.     Suift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i. 

I  am  too  proud  to  briyue  for  admission.          Bp.  llurd. 

brike1t,  n.     A  Middle  English  variant  of  brick1 

and  breach. 

Oenylon  Oliver  .  .  . 

Broughte  this  worthy  king  in  swlch  a  brike. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  L  400. 

brike2t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brick*. 

brill  (bril),  n.  [Also  written  jirill,  E.  dial. 
jiearl;  prob.  <  Corn,  brilli,  mackerel,  contracted 
from  brithelli,  pi.  of  brilliel,  a  mackerel,  lit. 
spotted,  <  brith,  spotted,  speckled,  =  W.  brych, 
brcch=Ii.  Gael,  breac,  speckled.  Cf.  Ir.  Gael. 
breac,  a  trout,  Manx  brack,  a  trout,  a  mackerel. 
Fish-names  are  unstable.]  A  flatfish,  Bothus 
or  Rhombus  larvis,  of  the  family  I'lcuntnectida. 
In  its  general  form  it  resembles  the  turbot,  but  Is  inferior 
to  it  in  both  size  and  quality.  It  has  scales,  but  very 
small  ones,  and  the  dorsal  and  anal  fins  have  more  numer- 
ous rays  than  those  of  the  turbot.  It  Is  taken  on  many 
of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  the  principal  part  of  the  supply 
for  the  London  market  being  from  the  southern  coast  of 
Knuland,  where  it  is  abundant. 

brillante  (brel-lan'te),  a.  [It.,  =  F.  brillant: 
see  brilliant.]  In  music,  brilliant:  noting  a 
passage  to  be  executed  in  a  brilliant,  dashing, 
showy,  or  spirited  manner. 

brilliance,  brilliancy  ( bril'yans, -yan-si),  n.  [< 
brilliant:  see  -ance,  -ancy.]  1.  The  quality  of 
being  brilliant;  great  brightness;  splendor; 
luster:  as,  the  brilliance  of  the  diamond. 

Star 
The  black  earth  with  brilliance  rare. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  it 

2.  Figuratively,  remarkable  excellence  or  dis- 
tinction ;  admirable  or  splendid  quality  or  qual- 
ities ;  absolutely,  conspicuous  mental  ability  or 
an  exhibition  of  it.  [in  this  sense  brilliancy  is 
more  commonly  used.] 

The  author  does  not  attempt  to  polish  and  brighten  hU 
composition  to  the  Ciceronian  gloss  and  brilliancy. 

Macaulay. 

When  the  circulation  has  been  artificially  exalted  by 

stimulants,  there  is  an  easy  and  rapid  current  of  thought*, 

showing  lUelf  In  what  we  describe  as  unusual  brilliancy. 

H.  Spencer,  Prln.  of  Psychol.,  f  lot 

=  Syn.  E/ulgence,  Luster,  etc.    See  radiance. 


brilliant 

brilliant  (bril'yant),  «.  anil  w.  [<  V.  Ill-Want 
(E.  -Hi-  =  -ly-,  repr.  the  former  sound  of  P.  -11-), 
ppr.  of  briller  =  Pr.  Sp.  brillar  =  Pg.  brilhar  = 
It.  brillare,  glitter,  sparkle,  <  ML.  as  if  "beril- 
lare,  sparkle  like  a  beryl  or  other  precious 
stone,  <  L.  berillus,  beri/Uits,  a  beryl,  gem,  eye- 
glass; ef.  It.  dial,  brill,  a  beryl,  ML.  Mllum, 
an  eyeglass,  >  G.  Mile,  D.  Ml,  spectacles:  see 
beryl.']  I.  a.  1.  Sparkling  with  light  or  luster; 
glittering;  bright:  as,  a  brilliant  gem;  a  Ml- 
liant  dress. 

A  current  of  electricity  is  ...  capable  of  stimulating 
the  optic  nerve  in  such  a  way  that  brilliant  colours  are 
perceived,  although  the  experiment  is  made  in  perfect 
darkness.  Rood,  Modern  Chromatics,  p.  95. 

2.  Figuratively,  distinguished  by  admirable 
qualities;  splendid;  shining:  as,  abrilliant  wit; 
a  brilliant  achievement. 

Washington  was  more  solicitous  to  avoid  fatal  mistakes 
than  to  perform  brilliant  exploits.  Ames. 

The  Austrians  were  driven  back  [at  Goito]  with  heavy 
loss,  the  issue  of  the  battle  being  decided  by  a  brilliant 
charge  of  the  Cuueo  brigade,  commanded  by  the  C'rown 
Prince  in  person.  E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  83. 

=Syn.  1.  Lustrous,  radiant,  effulgent,  resplendent,  showy, 
conspicuous. —2.  Illustrious,  notable. 

II.  «.  [Cf.  F.  brillant,  a  diamond.]  1.  The 
form  in  which  the  diamond  and  other  precious 
stones  are  cut  when  intended  to  be  used  as  or- 
naments, whenever  the  shape  and  cleavage  of 
the  uncut  stone  allow  this  to  be  done  without 
too  much  loss  of  material.  The  brilliant  is  suscep- 
tible of  many  small  modifications  as  regards  the  size,  pro- 
portions, and  even  the  number  of  the  facets ;  but  in  the 
most  perfect  cut  there  are  58  facets.  The  general  shape  of 
all  brilliants  is  that  of  two  pyramids  united  at  their  bases, 
the  upper  one  being  so  truncated  as  to  give  a  large  plane 


FIG-.  1 


684 

and  is  formed  liy  removing  one  third  of  the  thickness  of  the 
stone ;  the  opposite  small  end,  called  the  culet  or  cnllet, 
is  formed  by  removing  one  eighteenth  of  the  thickness  of 
the  stone.  The  girdle  is  the  widest  part,  and  forms  the 
junction-line  between  the  upper  part,  called  the  crown, 
and  the  lower  part,  called  the  pavilion.  Fig.  2  shows  the 
top  (a),  side  (b),  and  back  (e)  views  of  a  modern  brilliant 
cut  with  58  facets.  T  is  the  table ;  C,  the  culet ;  O,  the 
girdle;  A,  the  templets  or  bezels  (of  which  there  are  4  in 
all) ;  B,  the  upper  quoins  or  lozenges  (of  which  there  are 
4) ;  S,  star-facets  (of  which  there  are  8  in  the  crown) ;  E, 
skill-  or  half-facets  (8  in  the  crown  and  the  same  number 
in  the  pavilion) ;  D,  cross-  or  skew-facets  (8  in  each  part) ; 
P,  pavilion-facets  (4  in  number) ;  Q,  lower  or  under-side 
quoins  (of  which  there  are  4)  — making  58  facets  in  all. 
Sometimes  extra  facets  are  cut  around  the  culet,  making 
68  in  all.  In  tig.  3,  a  and  b  show  top  and  side  views  of  the 
single  cut,  or  half  brilliant ;  c  is  a  top  view  of  the  old  Eng- 
lish single  cut.  In  fig.  4,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side,  and 
back  views  of  a  brilliant  with  42  facets.  In  flg.  5,  a,  6,  and 
c  show  top,  side,  and  back  views  of  the  split  or  double  bril- 
liant, with  74  facets.  In  fig.  6,  a,  b,  and  c  show  top,  side, 
and  back  views  of  the  Portuguese  cut,  which  has  two  rows 


uiMii'ii     ruse,  M  nun  inn  -  Kwjrau  uuv   tn  mm 

more  rows  of  triangular  facets  are  added.    Fig.  8  shows 


Fig.  8.  —  Regent  Diamond.     (  Size  of  the  original.  ) 

the  form  and  size  of  the  famous  Regent  diamond,  belong- 
ing to  the  government  of  France.  It  weighs  136J  carats, 
and  is  generally  considered  the  most  valuable  diamond 
known,  having  been  estimated  by  experts  at  twelve  mil- 
lion francs.  It  comes  very  near  being  a  perfect  brilliant 
in  form,  but  is  a  little  too  thick  or  deep  for  its  breadth, 
while  the  Koh-i-noor,  as  cut  since  it  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Queen  of  England,  is  too  thin  or  spread.  Any 
gem  may  be  cut  in  brilliant  form  ;  but  when  the  word  bril- 
liant is  used  by  itself,  it  is  always  understood  to  mean  a 
diamond. 

2.  The  smallest  regular  size  of  printing-type, 
about  20  lines  to  the  inch,  very  rarely  used. 


Thii  line  U  ut  i 


surface,  the  lower  one  terminating  almost  in  a  point.  The 
manner  in  which  the  brilliant  is  derived  from  the  funda- 
mental octahedral  form  (a  in  ng.  1)  is  shown  in  fig.  1,  b 
and  c.  The  uppermost  large  flat  surface  is  called  the  table, 


3.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  high-spirited  horse, 
with  stately  action.  —  4.  A  bright  light  used 
in  fireworks.  —  5.  A  cotton  fabric  with  a  raised 
pattern  figured  in  the  loom,  and  with  or  with- 
out a  design  in  colors  —  Double  brilliant,  or  Lis- 
bon cut,  a  form  with  two  rows  of  lozenge-shaped  squares 
and  three  rows  of  triangular  facets.  —  Half-brilliant  cut, 
the  most  simple  form  of  the  brilliant  cut  (see  above),  very 
generally  employed  for  stones  which  are  too  small  to  ad- 
mit of  numerous  facets.—  Trap-brilliant,  or  split-bril- 
liant, a  form  differing  from  the  full  brilliant  in  having 
the  foundation  squares  divided  horizontally  into  two  tri- 
angular facets,  forming  an  obtuse  angle  when  viewed  in 
elevation  (see  above). 

brilliantly  (bril'yant-li),  adv.     In  a  brilliant 
manner;  splendidly. 
One  of  these  [banners]  is  most  brilliantly  displayed. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  II.  56. 

brilliantness  (bril'yant-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brilliant  ;  .  brilliancy  ;  splen- 
dor; glitter. 

brilliolette,  brillolette  (bril-yo-lef,  -o-let'), 
n.  [F.  brillolette,  <  brill-ant,  brilliant,  -t-  -alette. 
See  briolette.~\  Same  as  briolette. 

brills  (brilz),  n.  pi.  [Cf.  G.  Mile,  D.  bril,  spec- 
tacles: see  brilliant."]  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
of  a  horse. 

brim1!,  »•  [ME.  Mm,  <  AS.  Mm,  the  sea, 
ocean,  flood  (=  Icel.  Mm,  sea,  surf),  orig.  per- 
haps the  (roaring)  surf,  <  "brimman,  strong 
verb,  >  bremman,  weak  verb,  roar  (see  brim3), 
=  MHG.  brimmen,  strong  verb  (>  brummen, 
weak  verb,  G.  brummen  =  D.  brommen,  hum, 
buzz,  growl,  grumble);  cf.  OHG.  breman,  MHG. 
bremen,  strong  verb,  roar,  buzz,  =  L.  fremere, 
roar,  rage,  =  Gr.  jipefieiv,  roar,  >  /Jp^of,  a  roar- 
ing, esp.  of  waves,  =  Skt.  \/  bhram,  wander, 
whirl,  flutter,  be  agitated.  Hence  comp.  brim- 
«!«<?.]  The  sea;  ocean;  water;  flood. 
In  middes  the  brig  was  ouer  the  brim. 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  125.' 
He  .  .  .  lepith  dune  into  the  brimme. 

Early  Eng.  Poems  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  150. 

brim2  (brim),  n.  [<  ME.  Mm,  brem,  brym, 
brimme,  brymme,  margin,  esp.  of  a  river,  lake, 
or  sea  (=  MHG.  brem,  border,  brim,  G.  dial. 
(Bav.)  bram,  border,  stripe,  G.  bramc,  brame, 
border,  edge,  >  F.  berme,  E.  berm,  q.  v.  ;  cf. 
Icel.  barmr  =  Sw.  bram  =  Dan.  brasmme,  border, 
edge,  brim);  usually  explained  as  a  particular 
use  of  ME.  brim,  <  AS.  brimt  the  sea,  ocean,  the 
sea  as  surf  (hence  brink,  brim):  see  ftnw1.]  1. 


brimful 

A  brink,  edge,  or  margin;  more  especially,  the 
line  of  junction  between  a  body  of  water  and 
its  bank,  or  between  the  bank  and  the  adjoin- 
ing level  :  as,  to  descend  to  the  brim  of  a  lake  ; 
the  river  is  full  to  the  brim. 

There  is  a  cliff  [at  Dover]  :  .  .  . 
Bring  me  but  to  the  very  brim  of  it. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  1. 

By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  119. 

New  stars  all  night  above  the  brim 

Of  waters  lighten'd  into  view  ; 
They  climb'd  as  quickly,  for  the  rim 

Changed  every  moment  as  we  flew. 

Tennyson,  Voyage,  st.  4. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  anything  hollow:  as,  the 
brim  of  a  cup. 

He  froth'd  his  bumpers  to  the  brim. 

Tennyson,  Death  of  the  Old  Year. 

3.  A  projecting  edge,  border,  or  rim  round  any- 
thing hollow:  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

And  therefore  would  he  put  his  bonnet  on, 
Under  whose  brim  the  gaudy  sun  would  peep. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1088. 
Should  the  heart  closer  shut  as  the  bonnet  grows  prim, 
And  the  face  grow  in  length  as  the  hat  grows  in  brim? 
Whittier,  The  Quaker  Alumni. 

Brim  of  the  pelvis,  in  anat.  ,  the  upper  orifice  or  inlet  of 
the  pelvis,  formed  by  the  upper  border  of  the  symphysis 
pubis,  the  iliopectineal  line  of  each  ilium,  and  the  prom- 
ontory of  the  sacrum.  =Syn.  Seerwn. 
brim2  (brim),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [<  brim'2,  n."]  I.  trans.  To  fill  to  the 
brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

One  brave  June  morning,  when  the  bluff  north-west  .  .  . 
Brimmed  the  great  cup  of  heaven  with  sparkling  cheer. 
Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

I  drink  the  cup  of  a  costly  death, 
Brimm'd  with  delirious  draughts  of  warmest  life. 

Tennyson,  Eleanore,  st.  8. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  be  full  to  the  brim  :  as,  a 
brimming  glass.  —  2.  To  coast  along  near;  skirt. 
[Bare.] 

Where  I  brim  round  flowery  islands.  Keats. 

To  brim  over,  to  run  over  the  brim  ;  overflow  :  often  used 
in  a  figurative  sense. 

He  was  also  absolutely  brimming  over  with  humour. 

Edinburgh  Rev. 

brim3  (brim),  r.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  brimmed,  ppr. 
brimming.  [Early  mod.  E.  brimme,  <  ME.  brt/m- 
men,  be  in  heat,  orig.  roar  (cf.  ruft  for  a  simi- 
lar development  of  sense):  see  brim^.J  To  be 
in  heat,  as  a  boar  or  sow.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
Now  bores  gladly  brymmeth. 

Palladiui,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  98. 

brim4t  (brim),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  breeme, 
breme,  <  ME.  brim,  brym,  brem,  brimme,  brymme, 
and  with  orig.  long  vowel,  bryme,  breme,  <  AS. 
breme,  bryme,  ONorth.  broeme,  celebrated,  fa- 
mous.] 1.  Famous;  celebrated;  well  known; 
notorious.  Warner.  —  2.  Violent;  fierce;  terri- 
ble ;  sharp. 

The  noyse  of  peple  up  stirte  thanne  at  ones 
As  breme  as  blase  of  straw  iset  on  fyre. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  155. 

Thistles  thikke 
And  brerea  brymme  for  to  prikke. 

Bom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  1835. 

And  now  sith  these  tidings  haue  come  hither  so  brim  of 
y  great  Turks  enterprise  into  these  partes  here,  we  can 
almost  neither  talke  nor  thinke  of  any  other  thing  ela. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1578),  fol.  3. 
I  also  heard  a  violent  storm  described  as  very  brim,  a 
word  which  I  had  supposed  to  be  obsolete  in  this  sense. 
If.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  268. 

3.  Strong;  powerful. 

The  child  .  .  .  was  a  big  barn,  &  breme  of  his  age. 

William  of  Palerne,  1.  18. 

4.  Sharp;  acute. 

And  of  the  stones  and  of  the  sterres  thow  studyest,  as  I 

leue, 
How  euere  beste  or  brydde  hath  so  breme  wittes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xii.  224. 

brim5  (brim),  •».    [Appar.  a  var.  of  bream1.']   A 

fish  of  the  family  Centrarchidai,  the  long-eared 

sunfish,  Lepomis  auritus. 
brim6  (brim),  n.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  brine2,  q. 

v.    Cf.  Sc.  brime  =  E.  brine^.~]    The  forehead. 

[North.  Eng.] 

brime  (brim),  n.    A  Scotch  form  of  brine1. 
brimflllt  (brim'fil),  v.  t.     [<  brinft  +  filll.]    To 

fill  to  the  top.     Crasliaw. 
brimfiret,  »•     [ME.  brimfir,  brin  fire,  <  brin-  (< 

brinncn,  brennen,  burn)  -1-  fire,  fire.     Cf.  briin- 

xtoiie.']     Sulphur. 

Towarde  Sodome  he  sag  the  roke 
And  the  briitjircs  stinken  smoke. 

Gfnrsis  and  Exodus,  1.  1153. 


brimful  (brim'ful'),  "•  [<  ftn'm2  +/»//.]  Full 
to  the  brim  or  top  ;  completely  full  :  rarely  used 
attributively:  as,  a  glass  brimful  of  "wine; 
"  brimful  of  sorrow,"  Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1  ;  -'her 


brimful 

brimful  eyes,"  Drydrn,  Sigismonda  and  Uuis- 
cardo. 

My  heart 
Brimful  of  those  wild  tales. 

'/'.  ,,n:/.i<i,l,    F;lir    \\  olllrll 

brimfulness  (brim'ful'nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  brimful ;  fullness  to  the  top.  [Rare.] 

brimless  (brim'les),  a.  [<  brim-  +  -legs.]  Hav- 
ing no  brim :  as,  a  brimlesK  liat. 

brimlyt,  <t<lr.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Irreemli/,  breme- 
ly,  <  MM.  liri/mlii,  'hri'iiily.  bri-iui'ltj ;  <  brim*  + 
-lyV.]  1.  Violently;  fiercely;  terribly. 

The  kyn^i'  blyschil  |  looked]  one  the  beryne  with  hisbrode 

inline  |cy«i| 
That  fullu  bn/mlit  for  hreth  brynte  as  the  gledyii. 

Mvrte  Arthure,  1.  llti. 

2.  Hastily;  quickly. 

Brymly  before  us  be  thai  broght, 
Our  dedcs  that  shalle  dam  us  hldrm-. 

Tvwnfley  Myttteriex,  p.  105. 

3.  Loudly. 

Brlddes  ful  brt-nielf/  on  the  bowes  singe. 

William  of  Paltrnr,  I.  23. 

Thon  hast  blown  thy  blast  bretmlye  abroad. 

Percy  fol.  MS.,  lii.  71. 

brirame '  t,  brimme'-'t.     See  brim1,  frri'm2,  etc. 

brimmed  (brirad),  p.  a.  [<  brinfi  +  -erf"-*.]  1. 
Having  a  brim;  in  composition,  having  a  brim 
of  the  Kind  specified:  as,  a  broad-frrimmerf  hat. 
—  2.  Filled  to  the  brim;  level  with  the  brim. 

May  thy  brimmed  waves  for  this  « 

Their  full  tribute  never  miss. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  924. 

brimmer  (brim'er),  M.     [<  brim2,  n.,  +  -er1.] 

1.  A  bowl  full  to  the  top. 

Dear  brimmer!  that  makes  our  husbands  short-sighted. 
Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  v.  1. 

When  healtlut  go  round,  and  kindly  brimmer*  flow. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  ill.  99. 

2.  A  broad-brimmed  hat.     [Bare.] 

Now  takes  his  brimmer  off.  A.  Bromc,  Songs. 

brimming  (brim'ing),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  brim2, 
v. ;  the  allusion  is  to  the  foaming  and  spar- 
kling of  water  when  it  brims  over.]  An  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  gleam  exhibited  at  night  by  a 
school  of  herrings. 

brirnnile  (brim'I),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
bramble. 

brininesst  (brim'nes),  n.  [ME.  bremnes;  <  brim 
+  -ness.]  Fierceness;  rage. 

At  Mid  Aprille,  the  mono  when  myrthes  begyn, 
The  season  full  si. fir  of  the  salt  water, 
And  the  brnnnes  abated  of  the  brode  ythes  [waves]. 
Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1086. 

brim-sand  (brim' sand),  »».  [<  brim1  +  sand.} 
Sea-sand.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brimse  (brimz),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  brims, 
formerly  brimsey;  not  found  in  ME.  or  AS., 
though  an  AS.  form  "brimsa  is  generally  cited, 
and  was  possibly  existent,  as  the  orig.  form  of 
breeze^,  AS.  brio.ta,  brcAsa :  see  breeze^,  where 
forms  cognate  with  brimse  are  given.]  A  gadfly: 
same  as  breeze1.  Halliicell.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 

brimseyt,  »•  Same  as  brimse.  Cotgrave;  Topsell. 

brimstone  (brim'ston),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  oriiii- 
ston,  brymston,  bremston,  brumston,  corrupt 
forms  of  brinston,  brynston,  brcnslon,  brnnston, 
bronston,  transposed  bernston,  bornston,  etc.  (= 
Icel.  brennisteinit ;  cf.  Sc.  brimstone,  brttntstunc, 
etc.),  <  brin-,  bren-  (AS.  bcrnc-  in  bernelac,  a 
bunit-offering)  (<  brinnen,  brentten,  AS.  *brin- 
nan,  burn),  +  ston,  stone.  Cf.  brimfire.']  I.  w. 

1 .  Sulphur ;  specifically,  sulphur  in  a  concrete 
or  solidified  state,  or  reduced  from  that  state : 
as,  ro\\-brimstone  ;  fluid  brimstone. 

Both  were   cast  alive  into  a  lake  of  fire  burning  with 
triiiitt'iii''.  Rev.  xix.  20. 

2.  The  brimstone  butterfly.  Newman.  [Colloq. 
or  prov.  Eng.]  —Vegetable  brimstone,  a  name  given 
to  the  ititlammablf  spores  of  species  of  Lycopodittm,  i-in 
ployed  in  the  preparation  ..f  fireworks. 

II.  n.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  of  brim- 
stone :  as,  brimstone  matches. 

Fi'i'in  his  hn'iii*t<>u>   bril  ;it  brt-ak  nf  day 
A-walking  the  devil  has  gone. 

Coleridge,  The  Devil's  Thoughts. 

2.  Sulphur-yellow  in  color;  resembling  brim- 
stone or  sulphur  in  color;  bright-yellow. — 
Brimstone  butterfly,  a  species  of  butterfly,  Gvimjitn •//.<• 
rhaittni,  marked  by  the  ;in^nhiti(in  of  the  \\  hm-tips,  by  tin- 
yellow  color  of  both  sexes,  and  by  a  iv<l  -pot  in  the  niiilillr 
of  each  wing.  See  cut  in  next  column. —  Brimstone 
moth,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  Rumia  crattritata,  having 
yellow  wings  with  light  streaks,  and  chestnut-colored 
spots  on  the  fore  wings. 

brimstone-wort  (brim'ston-wert),  H.  An  um- 
belliferous plant,  I'l'iici  tin  mini  offirinulr,  the 
roots  nf  which  yield  a  yellow  sap  which  quick- 
ly iH'comes  hard  and  dry  and  smells  not  unlike 
brimstone. 


its.-, 


brimstony  (brim'sto-ni),  a.  [<  brimstone  +  -i/1.] 
Full  of  or  containing  brimstone;  resembling 
brimstone;  sulphurous:  as,  "brimstony,  blue, 
and  fiery,"  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  5.  [Rare.] 

brin't,  v.  An  obsolete  variant  of  burn1.  Chaucer. 

brin*  (brin),  w.  FF.,  a  blade,  shoot;  origin  un- 
known.] One  or  the  radiating  sticks  of  a  fan. 

brincht  (brinch),  r.  i.  [Also  written  brince,  ear- 
ly mod.  E.  brynch,  also  brindice,  <  It.  brindisi, 
brindesi  (Florio),  F.  brinde,  formerly  bringue 
(Cotgrave),  a  drinking  to,  a  toast.]  To  drink 
in  answer  to  a  pledge;  pledge  one  in  drinking. 

blinded  (brin'ded),  a.  [Same  as  E.  dial,  and 
8c.  branded,  of  a  reddish-brown  color  with 
streaks  or  patches  of  darker  brown  or  black 
(>  brandie,  a  name  often  given  to  cows  in  Scot- 
land); the  vowel  modified,  appar.  after  Icel. 
brand-  in  deriv.  brondottr,  brinded,  as  a  cow, 
for  "brandottr  (cf .  brand-Krossottr,  brinded  with 
a  white  cross  on  the  forehead)j  <  brandr=  E. 
brand.  Thus  brinded,  as  above,  is  nearly  equiv. 
to  branded,  pp.  of  brand,  v.:  see  brand.]  1. 
Properly,  of  a  gray  or  tawny  color  marked  with 
bars  or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue;  brindled:  ap- 
plied more  loosely  to  any  animal  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  spots,  and  by  Milton 
to  the  lioness,  whose  hide  is  of  a  nearly  uni- 
form hue:  as,  "the  brinded  cat,"  Shak.,  Mac- 
beth, iv.  1 ;  "three  brinded  cows,"  Vryden,  Cock 
and  Fox. 

She  tamed  the  brinded  lioness 
And  spotted  mouutain-pard. 

Hilton,  Comus,  1.  44:1. 

The  brinded  catamount,  that  lies 
High  in  the  boughs  to  watch  his  prey. 

Bryant,  Hunter  of  the  Prairies. 

2.  In  her.,  spotted:  said  of  a  beast  used  as  a 
bearing, 
brindle  (brin'dl),  H.     [Assumed  from  brindled.'] 

1.  The  state  of  being  brinded;  a  color  or  mix- 
ture of  colors,  of  which  gray  is  the  base,  with 
bands  of  a  darker  gray  or  black  color:  as,  "a 
natural  brindle,"  Kichardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 
—  2.  A  name  of  the  mudfish  or  bowfin,  Amia 
cah'a.     See  cut  under  Amiida:. 

brindled  (brin'dld),  a.  [A  kind  of  dim.  form  of 
brinded.]  Brinded ;  variegated  with  streaks  of 
different  colors. 

And  there  the  wild-cat's  brindled  hide 
The  frontlet  of  the  elk  adonis. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L,  1.  2T. 

brindle-moth  (brin'dl-m6th),  n,  A  name  given 
by  some  British  collectors  to  moths  of  the  ge- 
nus Xylopliasia. 

brine1  (brin),  n.  [=  Sc.  (irreg.)  brime,  <  ME. 
brine,  bryne,  <  AS.  bryne  (=  MD.  brijn),  brine, 
salt  liquor ;  a  particular  use  of  bryne  (early  ME. 
brune  =  Icel.  brunt),  a  burning/  'brinnan,  burn : 
see  6ri«i,  6«c«i.]  1.  Water  saturated  orstrong- 
ly  impregnated  with  salt,  like  the  water  of  the 
ocean;  salt  water.  Artificial  brine  is  used  for  the 
preservation  of  the  flesh  of  animals.  Ash,  vegetables,  etc. 

2.  The  sea  as  a  body  of  salt  water;  the  ocean. 

The  air  was  calm,  and  on  the  level  brine 
Sleek  Panope  with  all  her  sisters  play'd. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  I.  D6. 

3.  Tears. 

What  a  deal  of  brine 
Hath  wash'd  thy  sallow  cheeks  for  Rosaline : 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  II.  3. 

brine1  (brin),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brined,  ppr. 
'brining.  [<  brine1,  n.]  1 .  To  steep  in  brine,  as 
corn,  in  order  to  prevent  smut. — 2.  To  mix 
salt  with;  make  briny:  as,  to  brine  bay. 

If  he  wrung  fruin  me  a  tear,  1  brin'd  it  so 

\\  ith  scorn  or  shame,  that  him  it  nouritth'd  not. 

Donne,  Lore's  Diet. 

brine'^t,  ».     [Cf.  North.  E.  brim,  the  forehead; 
<  ME.  bryne,  brow,  <  Icel.  brun,  pi.  brynn.  mod.  * 
bryr,  brow,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn,  brow:  see  ftrow.] 
The  eyebrow. 

or  brow  of  the  eye,  supercilium. 

/'... I,,;*.  Pare.,  p.  61. 


bring 

brine3  (brin),  r.    [E.  dial. ;  cf.  equiv.  dial.  / 
appar.  corruptions  of  bring.']     To  bring:  as,  to 
i.n,,,  it  hither.     [Prov.  Eng.  (Norfolk).] 

brine-pan  (brin'pan),  «.  A  pit  in  which  salt 
«;iti-r  i.-  rv.iporatetl  to  olitnin  the  salt. 

brine-pit  (biin'pit),  ».  A  salt  spring  or  well 
from  which  water  is  taken  to  be  boileuor  evap- 
orated for  making  salt. 

brine-pump  (brin'pump),  «.  A  pump  employed 
in  some  steam-vessels  to  clear  the  boiler  of  the 
in  in, •  which  collects  at  the  bottom  of  it. 

brine-shrimp  (brin'shrimp),  n.  A  small  braii- 
chmpodnus  crustacean,  Artemia  salina,  found 
in  brackish  water  and  in  brine.  See  Artemia. 
Also  called  brine-tcorm. 

brine-spring  (brin'spring),  n.  A  spring  of  salt 
water. 

brine-valve  (brin'valv),  B.  A  blow-off  valve 
for  removing  concentrated  salt  water  from  a 
steam-boiler. 

brine-worm  (brin'werm),  n.  Same  as  brine- 
shrimp. 

bring  (bring),  «•.  t.:  pret.  and  pp.  brought,  ppr. 
bringing.  K  ME.  bringen,  occasionally  brengen 
(pret.  broghte,  brohte,etc.),<.  AS.  brinyan  (strong 
present,  with  pret.  *brang,  pi.  'brungon,  forms 
assumed  from  the  once-occurring  pp.  brungen), 
also  brengan  (weak  present,  with  pret.  brohte, 
pp.  broht),  =  OS.  brengian,  rarely  bringian,  = 
OFries.  breiu/a,  bringa  =  D.  brengen  =  OHG. 
bringan,  MHG.  O.  bringen  (>  Sw.  bringa,  Dan. 
bringe)  =  Goth,  briggan  (pret.  brahta),  bring. 
The  forms  are  prevailingly  weak;  the  strong 
forma  are  prob.  assumed  after  the  analogy  of 
verbs  like  sing,  swing,  etc. :  so  in  Sc.  and  vul- 
gar E.  pret.  brang,  orunq.]  1.  To  bear,  con- 
vey, or  take  along  in  coming;  take  to  the  place 
where  the  receiver  is,  or  where  the  bearer  stays 
or  abides ;  fetch :  as,  bring  it  hither,  or  to  me ; 
to  bring  a  book  home. 
llring  me,  I  pray  thee,  a  morsel  of  bread.  1  Kl.  xvii.  11. 

Brituj  me  spices,  bring  me  wine. 

Ti'iiny*<ni,  Vision  of  Sin,  ir. 

Hhe  from  a  carved  press  brought  him  linen  fair, 
And  a  new-woven  coat  a  king  might  wear. 

William  Morrit,  Earthly  I'aradlse,  I.  295. 

2.  To  cause  to  come  or  accrue ;  be  the  means 
of  conveying  possession  of;  impart;  devolve 
upon:  as,  the  transaction  brought  great  profit; 
his  wife  brought  him  a  large  dowry. 

She  shall  bring  him  [in  marriage]  that 
Which  he  not  dreams  of.  Shale.,  w.  T.,  Iv.  4. 

Music  that  6rin.7*  sweet  sleep. 

Tennymn,  Choric  Song,  I. 

3.  To  cause  to  come  or  pass,  as  to  a  new  place, 
state,  or  condition ;  impel;  draw  on;  lead:  as, 
to  bring  one  to  a  better  mind. 

The  fortress  .  .  .  shall  he  briny  ...  to  the  ground. 

Isa.  xxv.  11 

(iod  had  brought  their  counsels  to  naught.    Neh.  iv.  l.V 

We  bring  to  one  dead  level  ev'ry  mind. 

Pope,  Dunclad,  Iv.  268. 

Profitable  employments  would  in-  a  diversion,  If  men 
could  but  be  ftrought  to  delight  in  them.  Locke. 

4.  To  aid  in  coming  or  passing,  as  to  one's 
home  or  destination ;  conduct ;  attend ;  accom- 
pany. 

Yet  give  leave,  my  lord, 
That  we  may  bring  you  something  on  the  way. 

SAo*.,  M.  for  M.,  1.  1. 

5.  To  convey  or  put  forth  as  a  product ;  bear 
or  be  the  bearer  of ;  yield :  as,  the  land  brings 
good  harvests. 

Because  she  brought  him  noue  but  girls,  she  thought 
Her  husband  loved  her  not.      /.'.  Jonnon,  New  Inn,  i.  1. 

6.  To  convey  to  the  mind  or  knowledge ;  make 
known  on  coming,  or  coming  before  one ;  bear 
or  impart  a  declaration  of. 

Be  thoii  there  until  I  6rin<r  thee  word.          Mat  ill.  13. 

What  accusation  bring  ye  against  this  man  ? 

John  xvlli.  49. 

7.  To  fetch  or  put  forward  before  a  tribunal ; 
make  a  presentation  of;  institute;  declare  in 
or  as  if  in  court :  as,  to  lirimj  an  action  or  an 
indictment  against  one;  the  jury  brought  the 
prisoner  in  guilty. 

Ill  briny  mine  action  on  the  proudest  he 

That  stops  my  way.          Shall.,  T.  of  the  a,  HL  2. 

A  friend  of  mine  here  was  doubting  whether  he  should 
bring  an  action  against  two  persons  on  so  unfortunate  a 
day  as  Saturday.  E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  1. 340. 

8.  To  cause  to  become ;  make  to  be. 

I  was  brought  acquainted  with  a  Burgundian  Jew  who 
had  married  an  apostate  Kentish  woman. 

Evelyn,  Diary.  Aug.  28,  1041. 

To  bring  about,  to  effect ;  accomplish. 


bring 

It  enabled  him  to  gain  the  most  vain  and  impracticable 
into  his  designs,  and  to  bring  about  several  great  events 
for  the  advantage  of  the  public.  Addixon,  Freeholder. 

Yes,  yes,  'faith,  they're  agreed  — he's  caught,  he's  en- 
tangled —  my  dear  Carlos,  we  have  brought  it  about. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  li.  4. 

To  bring  a  chain  cable  to,  to  put  it  round  the  capstan 
ready  for  heaving  up  the  anchor.  — To  bring  a  nest  Of 
hornets  about  one's  ears.  See  hornet.—  To  bring  a 
person  to  Ills  bearings.  See  bearing.—  To  bring  a  ship 
to  anchor,  to  let  go  the  anchor.— To  bring  by  the  lee 
(iiaitt.),  to  have  the  wind  come  suddenly  on  the  lee  side, 
owing  to  the  yawing  of  the  vessel,  a  sudden  change  in  the 
wind's  direction,  or  the  bad  steering  of  the  helmsman.— 
To  bring  down,  (a)  To  take  down ;  cause  to  come  down ; 
lower,  (I)  To  humiliate ;  abase.  Shak.  (c)  To  cause  to 
fall;  hence,  of  game,  to  kill.  [Colloq.] 

By  my  valour  !  there  is  no  merit  in  killing  him  so  near : 
do,  my  dear  Sir  Lucius,  let  me  briny  him  down  at  a  long 
shot.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

To  bring  down  the  house,  to  elicit  a  burst  of  applause 
or  laughter  from  those  present,  as  In  acting  or  public 
speaking.— To  bring  far  ben.  See  6eni.—  To  bring 
forth,  (a)  To  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ;  hence,  give  rise 
to ;  be  the  cause  of. 

Idleness  and  luxury  brinq  forth  poverty  and  want. 

TUlotion. 
(b)  To  bring  to  light;  disclose;  reveal. 

The  heavens  have  thought  well  on  thee,  . 
To  bring  forth  this  discovery. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

To  bring  forward,  (a)  To  produce  to  view ;  cause  to  ad- 
vance. (6)  To  adduce:  as,  to  bring  forward  arguments  in 
support  of  a  scheme.— To  bring  grist  to  the  mill.  See 
gnat.— To  bring  home  to.  (a)  To  prove  conclusively 
to  belong  or  be  applicable  to  or  be  true  of,  as  a  charge 
of  any  kind.  (M  To  impress  upon  the  feeling;  cause  to 
be  felt :  as,  he  brought  it  home  to  them  very  vividly ;  in 
preaching,  strive  to  bring  the  truth  home  to  the  hearers. 

Several  prisoners  to  whom  Jeffreys  was  unable  to  bring 
home  the  charge  of  high  treason  were  convicted  of  misde- 
meanours. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng. 
To  bring  In.  (a)  To  bring  from  another  place,  or  from 
withoutlo  within  a  certain  precinct. 

Look  you  brintj  me  in  the  names  of  some  six  or  seven. 
Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  ii.  1. 

(b)  To  supply ;  furnish ;  yield :  especially  used  in  speak- 
ing of  a  revenue,  rent,  or  income  produced  from  a  certain 
source. 

The  sole  measure  of  all  his  courtesies  is,  what  return 
they  will  make  him,  and  what  revenue  they  will  bring  him 
in.  South. 

(c)  To  introduce ;  especially,  to  introduce  to  the  notice  of 
a  legislature :  as,  to  bring  in  a  bill. 

Cain  was  not  therefore  the  first  murderer,  but  Adam, 
who  brought  in  death.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  ii.  4. 

Since  he  could  not  have  a  seat  among  them  himself,  he 
would  bring  in  one  who  had  more  merit.  Taller. 

(d)  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  or  station. 

But  he  protests  he  loves  you ; 
And  needs  no  other  suitor  but  his  likings  .  .  . 
To  bring  you  in  again  [namely,  to  your  former  office  |. 
Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  1. 

(et)  To  reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  and  government. 
Perforce  bring  in  all  that  rebellious  rout. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

To  bring  off.  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  from  a  place ;  rescue  : 

as,  to  bring  off  men  from  a  wreck. 
A  brave  young  fellow,  of  a  matchless  spirit ! 
He  brought  me  off  like  thunder,  charg'd  and  boarded, 
As  if  he  had  been  shot  to  save  mine  honour. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  1. 

(b)  To  procure  to  be  acquitted ;  clear  from  condemnation  ; 
cause  to  escape,    (c)  To  dissuade ;  change,  as  from  an  opin- 
ion or  purpose ;  cause  to  abandon. 

'Tis  a  foolish  thing  for  me  to  be  brought  of  from  an 
Opinion  in  a  thing  neither  of  us  know. 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  79. 

To  bring  on.  (a)  To  bear  or  convey  or  cause  to  be  con- 
veyed with  one  from  a  distance :  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity 
of  goods,  (d)  To  cause  to  begin :  as,  to  bring  on  a  battle. 

All  commanders  were  cautioned  against  bringing  on  an 
engagement.  U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  373. 

(c)  To  originate  or  cause  to  exist :  as,  to  bring  on  a  disease. 

(d)  To  induce ;  lead  on. 

With  a  crafty  madness,  keeps  aloof, 
When  we  would  bring  him  on  to  some  confession. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

To  bring  one's  nose  to  the  grindstone.  See  grind- 
stone.— To  bring  ont.  (a)  To  expose;  detect;  bring  to 
light  from  concealment ;  as,  to  bring  out  one's  baseness. 
(6)  To  find  by  calculation  or  argument ;  deduce ;  infer. 

The  more  strictly  Mr.  Gladstone  reasons  on  his  premises, 
the  more  absurd  are  the  conclusions  which  he  brings  out. 
Macaulay,  Gladstone  on  Church  and  State, 
(c)  Topublish :  as,  to  bring  out  a  new  edition  of  a  book.— 
Tq  bring  over,  (a)  To  carry  over ;  bear  across ;  as,  to 
bring  over  despatches ;  to  bring  over  passengers  in  a  boat. 
(6)  To  convert  by  persuasion  or  other  means ;  draw  to  a 
new  party ;  cause  to  change  sides  or  an  opinion. 

What  did  I  not  undergo  of  danger  in  this  negotiation  to 
have  brought  him  over  to  his  Majesty's  interest,  when  it 
was  intirely  in  his  hands !  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  24, 1680. 

The  Protestant  clergy  will  find  it  perhaps  no  difficult 
matter  to  bring  great  numbers  over  to  the  church.  Swift. 

To  bring  round,  (a)  To  persuade:  as,  I  will  under 
take  to  bring  him  round  to  your  views,  (b)  To  lead  up  to 
in  an  indirect  manner :  as,  he  brought  round  the  conver- 
sation to  his  favorite  topic,  (c)  To  recover,  as  from  a 
swoon.— To  bring  to.  (a)  To  bring  back  to  conscious- 
ness, as  a  person  partly  drowned.  (&)  Naut. :  (1)  To  heave 
to ;  force  (another  ship)  to  heave  to  or  stop.  (2)  To  bend 


686 

(a  sail)  to  its  yard  or  gaff.-  To  bring  to  bag,  in  hunting, 
to  kill.—  To  bring  to  bear,  or  to  bear  upon,  (a)  TO 
cause  to  have  influence  or  effect,  or  to  operate  upon. 

Every  author  has  a  way  of  his  own  in  bringing  his  points 
to  bear.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  9. 

All  powerful  action  is  performed  by  bringing  the  forces 
of  nature  to  bear  upon  our  objects.  Emerson,  Art. 

No  force  of  imagination  that  I  can  bring  to  bear  will 
avail  to  cast  out  the  youth  of  that  very  imagination  which 
endeavours  to  depict  its  latter  days. 

W.  K.  Cli/ord,  Lectures,  I.  230. 

(b)  To  bring  into  range,  or  the  range  of  :  as,  to  bring  a  gun 
to  bear  upon  a  target.—  To  bring  to  book.  See  book.—  To 
bring  to  gaff.  See  naff.—  To  Dring  to  light,  to  bring 
into  view  ;  reveal.—  To  bring  to  mind,  to  recall,  as  what 
has  been  forgotten  or  what  is  not  present  to  the  mind.  — 
To  bring  to  pass,  to  cause  to  come  to  pass  ;  effect. 

The  thing  is  established  by  God,  and  God  will  shortly 
bring  it  to  pass.  Gen.  xli.  32. 

To  bring  to  the  gangway.   See  gangway.—  To  bring 
to  the  hammer.   See  hammer.  —  To  bring  under,  to 
subdue  ;  repress  ;  restrain  ;  reduce  to  obedience. 
The  Minstrel  fell  !—  but  the  foeman's  chain 
Could  not  bring  his  proud  soul  under. 

Moore,  Minstrel  Boy. 

To  bring  up.  (a)  To  bear,  convey,  or  lift  upward,  (b) 
In  printing,  to  give  the  proper  light  and  shade  to,  as  a 
print  of  an  engraving,  by  means  of  a  suitable  distribu- 
tion of  pressure  in  the  press,  produced  by  overlays  ;  also, 
to  equalize  the  pressure  upon,  as  any  part  of  a  form  on  a 
press,  by  underlaying  it  with  cardboard  or  paper,  (c)  In 
lithog.,  to  make  apparent  ;  make  visible,  as  a  drawing  or  a 
greasy  spot  upon  the  stone,  (d)  To  rear  ;  nurture  ;  care 
for  during  adolescence  :  used  with  reference  to  the  needs 
of  both  the  body  and  the  mind. 

God  by  this  tribulation  calleth  him,  and  biddeth  him 
come  home  out  of  the  countrey  of  siune,  that  he  was  bred 
and  brought  vp  so  long  in. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  41. 

I  consider  it  the  best  part  of  an  education  to  have  been 
born  and  brought  up  in  the  country.  Alcott,  Tablets,  p.  48. 

The  noble  wish 

To  save  all  earnings  to  the  uttermost, 
And  give  his  child  a  better  bringing-up 
Than  his  had  been.         Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

(«)  To  introduce  to  notice  or  consideration  :  as,  to  bring 
up  a  subject  in  'conversation.  (/)  To  cause  to  advance 
near  :  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or  the  reserves. 

The  troops  from  Corinth  were  brought  up  in  time  to  re- 
pel the  threatened  movement  without  a  battle. 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs,  I.  415. 

(g)  Naut.,  to  stop  (a  ship's  headway)  by  letting  go  an 
anchor  or  by  miming  her  ashore,  (h)  To  pull  up  (a  horse)  ; 
cause  to  stop  :  often  with  short  :  as,  he  brought  up  his 
horse  short  (that  is,  caused  it  to  stop  suddenly)  ;  hence, 
figuratively,  to  stop  suddenly  in  any  career  or  course  of 
action  ;  bring  before  a  magistrate  ;  pull  up. 

You  were  well  aware  that  you  were  committing  felony, 
and  have  probably  felt  tolerably  sure  at  times  that  you 
would  some  day  be  brought  up  short.  Trollops. 

To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  move  onward  in  the  rear  ; 
form  the  rear  portion.—  To  bring  up  with  a  round 
turn  (naut.),  to  stop  (the  running  of  a  rope)  by  taking  a 
round  turn  on  a  belaying-piu  or  cavil  ;  hence,  figurative- 
ly, to  stop  the  doing  of  anything  suddenly  but  effectually. 
=  Syn.  Bring  up,  Rear,  etc.  See  raixe. 

bringer  (bring'er),  n.  One  who  brings,  in  any 
sense  of  the  verb. 

brinish  (bri'nish),  a.  [<  brine1  +  -toftl.]  Like 
brine:  briny;  salt  or  saltish:  as,  "her  brinish 
tears/'  Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1. 

brinishness  (bri'nish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  brinish  or  saltish. 

brinjal  (brin'jal),  n.  [Also  improp.  bringall 
=  Pg.  beringela,  <  Tamil  brinjaul,  the  egg- 
plant.] The  East  Indian  name  of  the  fruit  of 
the  egg-plant,  Solanum  Melongena. 

brinjarree  (brin-jar'i),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also 
written  brinjaree,  <  Hind,  birinjari,  a  camp-fol- 
lowing dealer  in  rice,  <  birinj,  Pers.  birinj,  rice  ; 
mixed  with  Anglo-Ind.  benjary,  bunjary,  bunja- 
ree,  <  Hind,  banjdri,  banjdra  (as  in  the  del).  < 
Skt.  vanij,  merchant:  see  banian1,  banyan^.] 
In  India,  a  dealer  in  grain,  salt,  etc.,  who  car- 
ries his  goods  about  from  market  to  market, 
especially  in  the  Deccan. 

brink  (brmgk),  ».  [<  ME.  brink,  brenk,  edge,  of 
LG.  or  Seand.  origin  :  MLG.  LG.  brink,  brink, 
margin,  edge,  edge  of  a  hill,  a  hill,  =  G.  dial. 


connected  with  Icel.  bringa,  a  grassy  slope, 
orig.  the  breast,  =  Sw.  bringa,  breast,  = 
Dan.  bringe,  chest.  Cf.  W.  bryncyn,  a  hillock,  < 
bryn,  a  hill;  of.  bron,  the  breast,  breast  of  a 
hill.]  The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  steep 
place,  as  of  a  precipice  or  the  bank  of  a  river; 
verge;  hence,  close  proximity:  as,  "the  preci- 
pice's brink,"  Dry  den;  to  be  on  the  brink  of 
ruin. 

We  understood  they  were  a  people  almost  upon  the 
very  brink  of  renouncing  any  dependence  on  y  Crowne. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  June  6,  1671. 
On  the  farthest  brink  of  doubtful  ocean. 

Lowell,  Appledore. 
=  Syn.  See  rim. 


brisk 

briny  (bri'ni),  a.    [<  brine1  +  -y1.]    Pertaining 
to  brine;  of  the  nature  of  or  affected  by  brine ; 
salt ;  salty :  as,  a  briny  taste ;  the  briny  flood ; 
briny  tears. 
Late,  with  the  rising  moon,  returned  the  wains  from  the 

marshes, 
laden  with  briny  hay,  that  filled  the  air  with  its  odor. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  2. 

brioche  (bre-osh'),  »•  [F.,  a  cake,  fig.  a  blun- 
der; origin  unknown.]  1.  A  sort  of  pastry  made 
with  flour,  eggs,  and  butter. —  2.  A  round  and 
stuffed  cushion  for  the  feet  to  rest  on.— 3.  A 
stitch  in  knitting,  originally  used  in  making 
this  kind  of  footstool. 

briolet  (bri'o-let),  n.    See  briolette. 

briolette  (brl-o-lef),  n.  [<  F.  briolette,  also  writ- 
ten briollette  for  brillolette  (whence  E.  also  bril- 
liolette),  <  brillant,  brilliant:  see  brilliant.']  A 
form  in  which  the  diamond  is  sometimes  cut ; 
that  form  which  would  result  from  joining  two 
rose  diamonds  back  to  back  and  adding  several 
rows  of  triangular  facets.  (See  rose  and  dia- 
mond.) Also  brilliolette,  briolet. 

brionin,  brionine,  n.    See  bryonin. 

briony,  «.     See  bryony. 

briquet,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  brick2. 

briquet  (bri-kef;  F.  pron.  bre-ka'),  n.  [F.,  a 
steel,  tinder-box,  dim.  of  brique,  brick:  see 
brick2.']  1.  A  steel  prepared  for  striking  a 
light  with  a  flint.  In  heraldry,  as  a  bearing, 
it  is*  almost  peculiar  to  the  collar  of  the  Golden 
Fleece.  See  order. —  2.  A  small  brick. — 3. 
Coal-dust  molded  for  fuel  into  the  shape  of 
bricks  or  balls.  [In  the  last  two  senses  also 
briquette.] 

brise1!,  n.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze^. 

brise2t,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  breeze1*. 

brise3  (briz),  n.  [Also  written  briee  ;  <  F.  brise, 
a  piece  of  ground  newly  broken  up  for  tillage 
after  lying  long  untilled,  <  briser,  break;  cf. 
bruise.  Cf.  equiv.  E.  dial,  breck.']  Ground  that 
has  lain  long  untilled.  Kersey,  1708 ;  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brise  (bre-za'),  a.  [F.,  pp.  of  briser,  break : 
see  bruise.']  In  her. :  (a)  Broken:  said  of  any 
bearing  when  depicted  as  torn  asunder.  (6) 
Bearing  a  mark  of  cadency  or  brisure :  said  of 
a  shield  which  is  differenced  in  this  way.  Also 
spelled  brizd. 

brisement  (brez'ment;  F.  pron.  brez'mon),  n. 
[F.,  <  briser,  break":  see  bruise.]  In  surg.,  a 
breaking  or  tearing  asunder — Brisement  forc6, 
the  forcible  breaking  down  of  ankylosis. 

Brisinga  (bri-sing'ga),  n.  [NL.  (P.  C.  As- 
bjornsen),  named  in  allusion  to  Icel.  Brisin- 
ga men  (AS. 
Brosinga  (for 
*Breosinga) 
mene),  the 
necklace  of 
the  Brisings, 
which  figures 
in  Scand.  my- 
thology: Bri- 
singa, gen.  of 
Brisingr,  Bri- 
sing;  men  (= 
AS.  mene),  a 
necklace.]  A 
genus  of  star- 
fishes, typical 
of  the  family 
Brisingida!. 

Brisingida  (bri-sin'ji-da),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
singa +  -ida.]  A  group  of  Asteroida,  or  star- 
fishes, typified  by  the  genus  Brisinga. 

Brisingidae  (bri-sin'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bri- 
singa +  -ido!.]  A  remarkable  family  of  star- 
fishes, of  the  order  Asteroidea,  having  the  body 
shaped  as  in  the  ophiurians  or  sand-stars,  with 
long  rounded  rays  distinct  from  the  disk,  and  the 
ambulacral  grooves  not  continued  to  the  mouth. 
B.  coronata  is  a  beautiful  Norwegian  species. 

brisk  (brisk),  a.  [Appar.  <  W.  brysg  =  Gael. 
briosg,  also  brisg  =  Ir.  *brisg,  quick,  nimble, 
lively;  cf.  W.  brys,  haste,  brysio,  hasten,  Gael. 
Ir.  briosg,  a  start;  bounce,  Ir.  6ra,  lively,  brisk, 
Gael.  Lr.  bras,  lively,  hasty,  etc.  Cf.  brash*. 
Not  connected  with  frisk  and  fresh;  but  some 
refer  to  F.  brusque.']  1.  Quick  or  rapid  in  ac- 
tion or  motion;  exhibiting  quickness;  lively; 
swift;  nimble:  as,  a  brisk  breeze. 

We  split  the  journey,  and  perform 
In  two  days'  time  what's  often  done 
By  brixki-r  travellers  in  one. 

Cowper,  tr.  of  Horace's  Satires,  i.  6. 

Hence  — 2.    Sprightly;   animated;  vivacious; 
gay:    as,  "a  brisk,   gamesome    lass,"   Sir  B. 


Deep-sea  Starfish  (Bri'si'nfa  coronata 


687 


brisk 

U  Estrange.— S.  Full  of  lively  or  exciting  ac- 
tion or  events ;  exciting ;  interesting. 

You  have  had  a  brisk  time  of  it  at  Howick,  ami  all  the 
organs  of  combaUvi'iicss  Inuv  been  c-alleil  into  ui'tiun. 

>>/«.•;/  ftniiili,  Ti.  the  Countess  Orey. 

4.  Burning  freely;   bright:  as,  a  brisk  fire.— 

6.   Effervescing  vigorously:  said  of  liquors:  bristle  (bris'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bristled,  ppr. 
a, .brisk  cider. —  6.   Performed  or  kept  up  with    bristling.     [<  ME.  bristlen,  brustlen  (=  O.  bor- 

steln),  bristle;  from  the  noun.]    I.  trans.  1. 


briskness ;  rapid ;  quick :  as,  a  brisk  fire  of  in- 
fantry. 

Brisk  toll  alternating  with  ready  cane.  Wordsworth. 
7f.  Vivid;  luminous. 

Hi:  hunts  about  the  proudest  World  to  buy 

Hi.'  choice  of  purest  and  of  brightest  Cloth 
lirifk  in  the  Tynan  am)  si.loniun  dye, 
As  due  to  Ills  fuir  Uarlinu. 

J.  llaiuinant.  Psyche,  I.  88. 

Had  It  [my  instninieiit)  magnified  thirty  or  twenty-five 
times,  it  had  made  the  object  appear  more  brisk  and  plea- 
sant. Newtm. 
=  Svn.  1.  Alert,  nimble,  quick,  rapid,  sprightly,  prompt, 
spry,  smart,  bustling,  wide-awake,  eager.  See  active  and 

brisk  (brisk),  r.  [<  brisk,  a.]  I.t  trans.  To 
make  lively ;  enliven ;  animate ;  refresh :  some- 
times with  up.  Killingbeck. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  brisk,  lively,  or  ac- 
tive :  with  up. 

brisken  (bris'kn),  v.  [<  brisk  +  -en1.]  I.  i«- 
tni/ts.  To  be  or  become  brisk,  active,  or  lively. 
[Rare.] 

I  heartily  wish  that  business  may  brisken  a  little. 
Quoted  in  W.  Mathewa's  Getting  on  in  the  World,  p.  209. 

II.  trans.  To  make  brisk  or  lively, 
brisket  (bris'ket),  n.    [<  ME.  bruskette,  <  OF. 
•brnsket,  bruschet,  later  briehet,  mod.  F.  brechet, 
prob.  <  Bret,  bruclted,  dial,  brusk,  the  breast. 


British 

2.  A  similar  appendage  on  some  plants;   a    kind  of  pasteboard,  sometimes  glazed  on  tin- 
stiff,  sharp  hair. —  3.  In  dipterous  insects  of  the     surface,  used  by  artists, 
division  Brachycera.  the  arista  or  terminal  part  Bristol  brick.     SIM-  l,>-n-i-. 
of  the  antenna.— 4.  In  ornitlt.,  a  bristly  fea-  Bristol  diamond.    Same  as  Bristol  stone  ( which 
ther;  a  feather  with  a  stout  stiff  stem  and  little    see,  undor  stum  i. 

or  no  web.-Rictal  bristles,  vibrissaj.   s«e  nbrissa.    Bristol  milk,  paper,  porcelain,  pottery,  red, 

stone.     See  the  nouns. 

[F.,  <  briser,  break:  see 


To  erect  the  bristles  of ;  erect  in  anger  or  de- 
fiance, as  a  hog  erects  its  bristles. 

Now,  for  the  bare-pick'd  bone  of  majesty 
linth  dogged  war  bristle  his  angry  crest, 
And  snarleth  In  the  gentle  eyes  of  peace. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3. 

Boy,  bristle  thy  courage  up.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  U.  8. 

2.  To  make  bristly.— 3.  To  fix  a  bristle  on: 
as-to  bristle  a  shoemaker's  thread. 

BE.  intrans.  1.  To  rise  up  or  stand  on  end 
like  bristles. 

Nought  dreadful  saw  he  ;  yet  the  hair 
'Oan  brittle  on  his  head  with  fear. 

H'l'Uiam  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  lli.  4i 

2.  To  stand  erect  and  close  together  like  bris- 
tles. 

A  forest  of  masti  would  have  brittled  in  the  desolate 
port  of  Newry.  llacaulati. 

3.  To  be  covered,  as  with  bristles:  as,  the 
ranks  bristled  with  spears.    See  to  bristle  with, 
below. —To  bristle  against,  to  come  In  collision  with, 
contradict,  or  oppose  somewhat  rudely.    [Kare.] 

The  wife  may  not  bristle  against  her  husband. 

./.  Udall,  On  Ephesians,  v. 

The  annotation  here,  as  in  many  places,  bristles  again*' 
the  text.  Sir  H'.  Hamilton. 

To  bristle  UP,  to  show  anger,  resentment,  or  defiance. 


brisure  (briz'ur),  «.     . 

lini'mr.]  1.  In  permanent  fortification,  a  break 
in  the  general  direction  of  the  parapet  of  the 
curtain,  when  constructed  with  orulons  and 
retired  flanks.  Also  spelled  briznre. — 2.  In 
her.,  same  as  cailrnci/,  -. 

briti,  brltt1  (brit),  v.  [E.  dial.,  also  (in  II.) 
brite ;  <  ME.  brytteti,  <  AS.  bryttian,  brittian, 
divide,  distribute,  dispense,  =  Icel.  brytja, 
chop  up;  a  secondary  verb,  supplying  in  ME. 
and  later,  with  the  deriv.  britten,  a.  v.,  the 
place  of  the  primitive,  ME.  'breten,  "ttreoten,  < 
AS.  bre6tan  (pret.  bredt,  pp.  "broten),  break, 
bruise,  demolish,  destroy,  =  OS.  'briotan,  bre- 
ton  =  OHG.  "briozan,  tr.,  break,  MHG.  briezen, 
intr.,  burst  forth.  =  Icel.  brjatti  =  8w.  bryta  = 
Dan.  bryde,  break,  fracture,  refract,  =  Goth. 
"briutan  (not  found,  but  assumed  from  the  other 
forms,  and  from  the  appar.  thence  derived 
Spanish  ML.  britare,  demolish,  destroy).  Hence 
britten,  brittle,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  break  in 
pieces;  divide. 

Mis  hede  the!  ofsmyten,  to  London  was  It  born, 
The  dede  body  the[l)  britten  [pret.  pi.]  on  four  quartern 
corn.  Lanytoft,  Ohron.  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  244. 

2.  To  bruise;  indent.   Hattitcell,   [Prov.  Eng.] 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  fall  out  or  shatter,  as  over- 
ripe hops  or  grain.     Grose;  Halliieell. — 2.  To 
fade  away ;  alter.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng;] 


the  'ribs ;  in  a  horse,  the  part  extending  from 
the  neck  at  the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore  legs. 


chest,  claw  of  a  bird.]     The  breast  of  an  ani-     "To"Diistle'wiUi7(o)  To  te  covered  with  anything  as  .  "TjS  "brittsTbrit)    «      fProb.  =  bret  oT'birt, 
mal,  or  that  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to    if  with  bristles.  °"  pl'ied  to  a  Werent  fish :   see  bret.]    1.  A 

The  hill  of  La  Haye  Sainte  brittlmg  vnth  ten  thousand 
bayonets.  Thackeray. 

As  spectroscopy  becomes  the  daily  work  of  iron-found- 
ers, and  miners,  and  the  like,  it  will  lie  found  to  be  frro- 
fling  with  beautiful  scientific  truths  In  every  part  of  the 
spectrum,  which  may  be  used  in  these  practical  applica 
tfons  of  the  science  of  optics. 

J.  X.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  199. 

You  cannot  shut  up  Burns  In  a  dialect  bristling  with 
archaisms.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  23K. 


(6)  To  manifest  conspicuously :  as,  he  bristled  icith  ex- 
citement. 


briskly  (brisk'li),  adv.  In  a  brisk  manner; 
quickly;  actively;  vigorously;  with  life  and 
spirit. 

Ay,  woo  her  briskly  —  win  her,  and  give  me  a  proof  of 
your  address,  my  little  Solomon. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  ii.  1. 

briskness  (brisk'nes), ».  1.  Quickness;  vigor 
or  rapidity  in  action:  as,  the  briskness  of  the 
breeze. —  2.  Liveliness;  gaiety;  vivacity. 

Hlsftri»*7K»8,his  jollity,  and  his  good-humour.  Dryden.  bristled  (bris'ld),  a.    [<  bristle  + -ed2.]    1.  Hav- 
3    The  sparkling  quality  of  an  effervescing  li-    ing  bristles;  hence,  stiffly  bearded :  as,  "  bris- 

'  *  tied  lips,"  Shak.,  COT.,  ii.  2.— 2.  In  her.,  having 
bristles  on  the  neck  and  back:  said  specifi- 
cally of  a  boar  used  as  a  bearing,  when  the  bris 
ties  are  of  a  different  tincture,  it  is  specified  :  as,  a  boar  » 
head  and  neck  sable,  bristled  or. 
bristle-fem  (bris'1-fern), «.  The  common  name 
of  species  of  Trichomanes,  especially  T.  radi- 
cans,  from  the  bristle  that  projects  beyond  the 


applied 

young  herring  of  the  common  kind,  occurring 
in  large  shoals,  and  formerly  classed  as  a  sepa- 
rate species,  Clupea  minima. —  2.  A  general 
name  for  animals  upon  which  whales  feed,  as 
('Ho  borealis,  etc.:  whale-brit. 

Brit.     An  abbreviation  of  British  and  Britain. 

Britain-crown  (brit'an-  or  brit'n-kroun),  n. 
[<  Britain  +  crown  :  Britain,  <  ME.  Britaine,  < 
OF.  Bretaine,  Brctaigne,  F.  Bretaane,  <  L.  Bri- 
tannia, Britain,  <  Britanni,  the  Britons,  later 
L.  Brito(n-),  a  Briton.  Cf.  AS.  Bryteii,  Britain, 
Bryttas,  Brittas,  Brettas,  Britons:  see  British.] 


quor:  applied  also  to  water,  as  in  the  extract. 
The  briskness  of  spring  water,  and  the  preference  given 
to  It  as  a  beverage,  is  partly  occasioned  by  the  carbonic 
acid  which  it  contains.  »'.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,8848. 
brisiuak  (bris'mak),  „.    [Origin  unknown.]    A 
torsk.     [Shetland  islands.] 
bri8S1t,  »•  *•     [ME.  brissen,  var.  of  arisen,  bryseii, 
brusen,  bruise :  see  bruise.]    To  bruise ;  break. 
The  Jewes  brimeder  hys  bonys. 


cuD-shaped  indusium. 

rionctiT'      i»jo   w.ijo.  ,  . 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Hood,  p.  204.   bnstle-graSS  (bris'1-gras),  H 
bliss'-*  (bris),  n.     [E.  dial.,  appar.  <  F.  bris,    nus  Sctaria. 
breakage,  wreck,  formerly  also  fragments,  <  bristle-herring  (bns  1-her'ing),  n 


Grass  of  the  ge- 
The  name 


Obverse. 
Britain-crown  of  James  I.,  British  Museum. 


Reverse. 

f  Size  of  the  original. 


briser,  break  (see  briss*,  bruise,  and  cf.  de- 
bris)  but  perhaps  affected  by  breeze*,  ashes, 
cinders  :  see  £«£•».]  Dust;  rubbish.  Halli- 
well.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

a.  lhi.i«'iJfi>    H    nl      TNL     <  Brissus  + 
ae  U>          le),  n.  pi.     \  IL,.,  ^  a 

Same  as  Spate»</Mto. 


An  English  gold  coin  first  issued  in  1604  by 
James  I.,  and  current  at  the  time  for  five  shil- 

under  Charles  I. 
See  metal. 

(bri-tan'ik),  a.  [<  L.  Britannicus,  < 
Britannia,  Britain.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain:  as,  Her  Britannic  Majesty. 

n.     Same  as  britska. 

t>rit),  r.  «'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brited,  ppr.  brit- 
[Also  spelled  bright;  origin  unknown.] 


of  certain  species  of  the  genus  Dorosoma,  of 
the  family  Dorosomida;,  in  which  the  last  ray 
of  the  dorsal  fin  is  prolonged  into  a  whip-like 
filament.  The  species  occur  chiefly  in  tropical  seas  and 
riven,  but  one,  D.  eepedianum,  Is  common  In  the  United 
States,  and  Is  generally  called  thread-herring.  See  cut 
-  under  gizzard-shad. 

Brissinse  (bri-si'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  Bnssus  +  bristle-moss  (bris'l-mds), ».   A  species  of  moss 

-tnoc.]    A  subfamily  of  Spatangida!,  typified  by    ^j,  a  hairy  calyptra,  of  the  genus  Orthotri-  brite 

the  genus  Brissus.  chum  inn 

brissle  (bris'l),  v.  t.    Same  as  birsle.     [Scotch  bristle-pointed  (bris'l-poin'ted),   a.      Termi-    TO 'be  or  become  over-ripe, 'as  wKeat,  barley,  or 

and  North.  Eng.]  nating  gradually  in  a  very  fine  hair,  as  the    hops.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Brissotin  (brisro-tin),  n.    See  Girondist.  leaves  of  many  mosses.    Lindley.  brither  (bri<FH'er),)i.    A  Scotch  form  of  brother. 

Brissus  (bris'us),  ».     [NL.]    A  genus lof  echi-  bristletail   (bris'1-tal),   n.    A  common  name  Briticism  (brit'i-sizm),».   [<  British  (Latinized 

noids,  typical  of  the  family  Bnsstdai  (Itpatangi-    of  the  thysanurous  insects  of  the  suborder    Britic-)  + -ism.~\     A  word,  phrase,  or  idiom  of 

dai)  and  subfamily  Brissince. 
bristle  (bris'l),  n.    [<  ME. ' 

tel,  berstle  (=  D.  borstel  = 

of  brust  (>  Sc.  birse,  birs:  see  brusfi,  birse),  a    ^0<jeO. 

bristle,  <  AS.  byrst,  neut.,  =  MLG.  borste,  f.,  =  bristlewort  (bris'1-wert),  n.    A  general  name 

OHG.  burst,  m.,  borst,  neut.,  bursta,  f.,  MHG.     used  by  L^dley  for  plants  of  the  order  Des- 

borst,  m.  and  neut.,  borste,  f.,  G.  borste,  a  bristle,     paMJ,-ace<E. 

MHG.  G.  burstf,^a.  brush^=  l^-^urs^  *•>_=  bristliness  (bris'li-nes),  n.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing bristly. 


.     .  ,  , 

Sw.  borst,  m.,  =  Dan.  borste,  a  bristle  ;  by  some 


Brettas  (sing.  Bryt,  Brit,  Bret,  rare),  L.  .Bri- 
tanni,  ML.  also  Britones,  Britons,  the  original 
Celtic  inhabitants  of  Britain ;  a  name  of  Celtic 
origin :  cf.  W.  Brython,  a  Briton,  pi.  a  tribe  of 
Britons.]  X.  &  I.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Great 
Britain,  or  in  the  widest  sense  the  United 


derived,  with  formative >  -t,  from  the  root  of  bristling  (bris'ling),  p.  a.    Standing  up  stiffly    Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  its 

(lH(i       htirrt'ti      ii/mvii      (ff\r    */)«r.«/»»V     hA    STltT.       i;i__  i_Z-rAi_~  .1         »»    ...  i i-    . 


OHG.  barren,  parren  (for  "barsen),  be  stiff, 
stand  out  stiffly;  by  others  connected  with  E. 
bur1,  burri.]  1.  One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy 
hairs  of  certain  animals,  especially  those  of 
the  hog  kind  which  are  not  hairless,  large  and 
thickly  set  along  the  back,  and  smaller  and 
more  scattered  on  the  sides.  The  bristles  of  the 
domestic,  hog  and  of  some  other  animals  are  extensively 
used  fur  making  brushes,  shoemakers'  wax-ends,  etc. 

She  hadde  so  grete  brintelis  on  her  bakke  that  It  trayled 
«ii  tin-  -ri'innlr  t  failome  huge. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  ill.  421. 


i  bristles. 

With  chatt'ring  teeth,  and  bristling  hair  upright. 

Dryden,  Fables. 

r  (bris'li),  a.    [<  bristle  +  -yi.]  1.  Thickly 
istles,  or  with  hairs  like  bristles; 
'a  bristly  neck,"    Thackeray. —  2. 
t  bristle  or  bristles. 

Rugged  scales  and  bristly  hairs.  Bentley. 

Bristol-board  (bris'tol-bord),  «.    [Named  from 
the  city  of  Bristol,  in  England.]     A  fine,  smooth 


inhabitants :  as,  the  British  people  or  empire ; 
British  legislation  or  interests.— 2.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  ancient  Britons  or  their  lan- 
guage. 

Sometimes  abbreviated  Brit. 
British  gum  lion,  etc.    See  the  nouns.— British  plate, 
albata  (which  see).-  British  sheet-glass.  Same  as  broad 
glass  (which  see,  under  broad). 

13.  n.  1.  [Used  as  a  plural.]  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Great  Britain,  including  specifically  the 
English,  Welsh,  and  Scotch.— 2.  The  language 


British 

of  the  ancient  Britons,  represented  by  the  mod- 
ern Welsh  and  Cornish. 

Britisher  (brit'ish-er),  n.  A  British  subject  or 
citizen  in  any  part  of  the  world,  but  more  par- 
ticularly a  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Great 
Britain,  especially  of  England.  [Now  chiefly 
colloquial  or  humorous.] 

Briton  (brit'pn),  «.  and  a.    [<  ME.  Britnn,  Bru- 
tun,  etc.,  <  OF.  Breton,  a  Briton,  usually  a  Bre- 
ton or  native  of  Brittany  in  France,  <  ML.  Bri- 
to(n-),  pi.  Britones,  L.  Britanni,  Britons:  see 
British.}    I.  n.  A  native  of  Great  Britain;  es- 
pecially, one  of  the  original  Celtic  inhabitants 
of  the  island  of  Britain. 
II.  a.  British.     [Bare.] 
A  Briton  peasant.  Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  1. 

britska  (brits'ka),  n.  [Also  written  britsska 
and,  more  prop., "britchka;  <Pol.  bryczka  —  Buss. 
briehka,  dim.  of  Pol.  bri/ka,  a  freight-wagon,  = 
Buss,  brikii,  a  sort  of  light  carriage.]  In  Bus- 
sia,  a  light,  partly  covered  four-wheeled  car- 
riage. The  Polish  britska,  also  used  in  Russia,  has  a 
pole,  a  body  of  wickerwork,  and  a  leather  top. 

britt1,  britt2.    See  brit\  britf. 

brittent  (brit'n),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  brit- 
tenen,  britnen,  bryttenen,  bruttenen,  brutnen,  bret- 
nen,  divide,  break  up,  cut  to  pieces,  <  AS.  bryt- 
nian,  divide,  distribute,  dispense  (of.  Icel.  brot- 
na,  be  broken),  <  breotan  (pp.  *broten),  break: 
see  feri*1.]  To  break  up ;  cut  to  pieces ;  cut  up ; 
carve. 

Thus  schall  I  brittvn  all  youre  bones  on  brede. 

York  Plays,  p.  292. 

britterworts  (brit'er-werts),  re.  pi.  The  Diato- 
maceai. 

brittle  (brit'l),  a.  [<  ME.  britel,  brutel,  brotel, 
etc.,  <  AS.  as  if  *brytcl,  with  suffix  -el  forming 
adjectives  from  verbs,  <  breotan  (pret.  bredt.  pi. 
*bruton,  pp.  *broten),  break:  see  brift  and  brit- 
ten.  Cf .  brickie,  an  equiv.  word  of  different  ori- 
gin.] If.  Fickle;  changeable. 

How  brotel  and  how  false  he  was. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2555. 

2.  Breaking  easily  and  suddenly  with  a  com- 
paratively smooth  fracture,  as  glass ;  fragile ; 
not  tough  or  tenacious. 

Brass,  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  .  .  .  becomes  brittle 
at  temperatures  approaching  to  redness,  but  while  cold  it 
possesses  considerable  malleability. 

W.  A.  Miller,  Elem.  of  Chem.,  §  519. 

3.  Figuratively,  easily  destroyed;  perishable; 
fleeting. 

One  woful  day  sweeps  children,  friends  and  wife, 
And  all  the  brittle  blessings  of  my  life ! 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Lucretius,  iii.  85. 
Brittle  silver  ore.    Same  as  stephanite. 
brittleness  (brit'1-nesX  n.     [<  ME.  brittilnesse, 
brutelnes,  etc.]      If.  Instability;  changeable- 
ness. 

The  see  may  ebbe  and  flowe  more  and  lesse, 

The  welken  hath  might  to  shyne,  reyne  and  hayle  : 

Right  so  mote  I  kythe  my  brotelnesse. 

Chaucer,  Fortune,  1.  63. 

2.  The  property  of  breaking  readily  with  a 
comparatively  smooth  fracture;  frangibility : 
the  opposite  of  toughness  and  tenacity. 

A  rod  of  good  steel,  in  its  hardest  state,  is  broken  al- 
most as  easily  as  a  rod  of  glass  of  the  same  size,  and  this 
brittleness  can  only  be  diminished  by  diminishing  its  hard- 
ness. G.  Ede,  in  Campin's  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  360. 

brittle-Star  (brit'1-star),  n.  A  name  of  sundry 
sand-stars,  or  ophiurians,  from  their  fragility. 
See  cuts  under  Astrnphyton  and  Ophiolepis. 

britzska,  n.    See  britska. 

Briza  (bri'za),  re.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ftpi&tv,  nod  (cf. 
the  common  name  quaking-grass).  The  form 
seems  to  have  been  suggested  by  Gr.  /)p%a,  a 
grain  like  rye,  in  Thrace  and  Macedonia  still 
so  called.  Cf.  w<£olic  ftpiatia,  for  pi^a,  root.]  A 
genus  of  grasses,  commonly  called  quaking- 
grass,  maidenhair-grass,  or  lady's-hair.  There  are 
ten  species,  mostly  natives  of  Europe  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean region,  of  little  agricultural  importance.  Some  of 
them  are  cultivated  for  ornament  on  account  of  their 
gracefully  nodding  spikes. 

brizeM,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze1. 

brize2t,  »»•    An  obsolete  form  of  breeze^. 

brize3,  n.     See  brine3. 

briz6  (bre-za'),  a.    Same  as  brise. 

brizure  (briz'ur),  re.     Same  as  brisure,  1. 

bro.  An  abbreviation  of  brother;  pi.  bros. :  as, 
Smith  Bros.  &  Co. 

broach  (broch),  n.  [Also,  in  sense  of  an  orna- 
mental pin,  spelled  brooch  (see  brooch1) ;  early 
mod.  E.  broche,  <  ME.  broche,  a  pin,  peg,  spit, 
spear-point,  taper,  <  OF.  broche,  F.  broche,  a 
spit,  brooch,  etc.,  =  Pr.  broca  =  Sp.  Pg.  broca, 
an  awl,  drill,  spool,  etc.,  =  It.  brocca,  a  split 
stick  (with  masculine  forms,  OF.  and  F.  dial. 


688 

broc,  a  spit,  =  It.  brocco,  a  sharp  stake,  a  sprout, 
etc.),  <  ML.  broca,  brocca,  a  spit,  a  sharp  stake, 
any  sharp-pointed  thing;  cf.  L.  brochns^  broc- 
chus,  brocus,  projecting  (of  the  teeth  of  animals: 
see  brochate);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  W. 
procio,  stab,  prick  (>  E.  prog);  Gael,  brog,  a 
shoemakers'  awl,  <  brog,  spur,  stimulate,  goad 
(>  E.  bragi).]  If.  A  spit. 

Thre  balefulle  birdez  his  brochez  they  turne. 

Morte  Arthure,  1.  1029. 

And  some  failed  not  to  take  the  child  and  bind  it  to  a 
broach,  and  lay  it  to  the  fire  to  roast. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  259. 
He  turned  a  broach,  that  had  worn  a  crown. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII. 

2f.  A  spear. 

That  fruit  was  of  a  mayden  born 

On  a  theoues  tre  is  al  totorn 

A  broche  thorwout  his  brest  [bor]n. 

Legends  of  the  Holy  Rood  (ed.  Morris),  p.  133. 
3.  An  awl;  a  bodkin.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 4.  A 
spike;  a  skewer;  a  sharp  stick;  specifically,  a 
rod  of  sallow,  hazel,  or  other  tough  and  pliant 
wood,  sharpened  at  each  end  and  bent  in  the 
middle,  used  by  thatchers  to  pierce  and  fix  their 
work.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Broche  for  a  thacstare  [thaxter,  thatcher],  nrmaculum. 
Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  52. 

5f.  A  spur.—  6f.  A  fish-hook.   Prompt.  Parv.— 
7f.  A  spike  or  standard  for  a  candle. 
A  broche  with  a  fote,  ij  new  torches. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  327. 

8f.  A  taper ;  a  torch. 

Hewe  fuyr  of  a  flynt  four  hundred  wynter ; 

Bote  thou  haue  tache  to  take  hit  with  tunder  and  broches, 

Al  thy  labour  is  lost.  Piers  Ploimum  (C),  xx.  211. 

9.  A  spindle ;  a  spool.     [Scotch.] 

Broche  of  threde,  vericulum.          Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  52. 

10.  In  arch.,  formerly,  a  spire  of  any  kind ;  now, 
specifically,  as  used  in  some  parts  of  England 
and    by    some 

writers  on  arch- 
itecture, a  spire 
which  rises  di- 
rectly from  the 
walls  of  its  tow- 
er, without  par- 
apets and  gut- 
ters.—  11.  A 
narrow  -  point- 
ed chisel  used 
by  masons  for 
hewing  stones. 
—  12.  Any  ta- 
pered boring- 
bit  or  drill. 
Broaches  used  for 
boring  wood  are 
fluted  like  the  shell- 
bit,  but  tapered  to- 
ward the  point ; 
but  those  used  in 
boring  metal  are 
solid,  and  usually 
three-,  four-,  or  six- 
sided.  Their  com- 
mon forms  are 
shown  in  the 
annexed  figures. 


Broaches  are  also 
known  as  wideners 
and  reamers. 


Broaches. 

A,  southwest  tower,  Cathedral  of  Bayeux, 
Normandy ;  B,  Church  of  St.  Nicholas.  Wai- 
cot,  England. 


13.  A  straight  steel  tool  with  file-teeth  for 
pressing  through  irregular  holes  in  metal  that 
cannot  be  dressed  by  revolv- 
ing tools. — 14.  That  part  of 
the  stem  of  a  key  which 
projects  beyond  the  bit  or 
web,  and  enters  a  socket  in 
the  interior  of  the  lock. — 15. 
That  pin  in  a  lock  which  en- 
ters the  barrel  of  the  key. 
E.  H.  Knight.— 16.  The  stick 
from  which  candle-wicks  are 
suspended  for  dipping. —  1 7. 
A  gimlet  used  in  opening 
casks  for  sampling  their  con- 

*  is  an  example     ,  •  A       r    m.±.          j» 

iches  or  reamers     tents. 18.    A   fitting  for  an 

Sro5efor'mae°ai.'iB- * of  Argand  gas-burner.— 19.  A 
start,  like  the  end  of  a  spit, 
on  the  head  of  a  young  stag. — 20.  A  pin  or  clasp 
to  fasten  a  garment;  specifically,  an  ornamen- 
tal pin,  clasp,  or  buckle,  and  especially  a  breast- 
pin, of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  attached  to 
the  dress  or  depending  from  the  neck :  in  this 
sense  now  usually  spelled  brooch  (which  see), 
broach  (broch\  r.  t.  [<  ME.  brochen,  bore,  spur, 
spit,  tap  (in  this  sense  cf.  the  phrase  setten  on 
broche,  set  abroach,  after  F.  mettre  en  broche: 
see  abroach),  <  OF.  brocher,  spur,  spit,  etc.,  F. 
brocher,  stitch,  figure,  emboss  (=  Pr.  brocar  = 
Pg.  brocar,  bore,  =  It.  broccare,  urge,  incite. 


Broaches  for  Boring. 
Fig.  a  is  an  example 
of  fir     • 


broad 

etc.),  <  brocite,  etc.,  spit:  see  broach,  n.  Cf. 
brocade,  brochure,  etc.]  If.  To  spit;  pierce  as 
with  a  spit. 

The  Erie  that  knew  &  wyst  moche  of  the  chasse  bracked 
the  bore  thrughe  the  brest. 

Horn,  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  235,  note. 

I'll  broach  the  tadpole  on  my  rapier's  point. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 
2f.  To  spur. 

Broche^  the  baye  stede,  and  to  the  buske  rydej. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  918. 

3.  In  masonry,  to  rough-hew.  [North.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.]  —  4.  To  open  for  the  first  time 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  something;  more 
especially,  to  tap  or  pierce,  as  a  cask  in  order 
to  draw  the  liquor :  as,  to  broach  a  hogshead. 

Descending  into  the  cellars,  they  broached  every  cask 
they  found  there.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  564. 

Hence,  figuratively  —  5.  To  open,  as  the  mouth 
for  utterance. 

Desiring  Virtue  might  be  her  first  growth, 
And  Hallelujah  broach  her  holy  mouth. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  68. 

6.  To  let  out ;  shed. 

This  blow  should  broach  thy  dearest  blood. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  4. 

7.  To  state  or  give  expression  to  for  the  first 
time;  utter;  give  out;  especially,  begin  con- 
versation or.  discussion  about;   introduce  by 
way  of  topic:   as,  to  broach  a  theory  or  an 
opinion. 

This  error  .  .  .  was  first  broached  by  Josephus. 

Raleigh,  Hist.  World,  i.  3. 

Here  was  our  Paolo  brought 
To  broach  a  weighty  business. 

Browning,  Ring  and  Book,  I.  107. 

8f.  To  give  a  start  to ;  set  going. 

That  for  her  love  such  quarrels  may  be  broach'd. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  it.  1. 

Droved  and  broached.  See  drove*.— To  broach  to 
(naut.,  used  intransitively),  to  come  suddenly  to  the  wind, 
as  a  ship,  by  accident  or  by  the  fault  of  the  helmsman  (a 
dangerous  position  in  a  gale). 

broacher  (bro'cher),  re.    [<  broach  +  -ec1.]    If. 
A  spit. 
On  five  sharp  broachers  rank'd  the  roast  they  turn'd. 

Dryden,  Iliad,  i.  638. 

2.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or  utters ;  a  first 
publisher. 

The  first  broacher  of  a  heretical  opinion. 

Sir  R.  L'Egtrange. 

Deadly  haters  of  truth,  broachers  of  lies. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  HI. 

broaching-press  (bro'ching-pres),  n.  A  ma- 
chine-tool employing  a  broach,  Tised  in  slotting 
and  finishing  iron. 

broach-post  (broch'post),  «.  In  carp.,  a  king- 
post. 

broach-turner  (broch'ter"ner),  re.  A  menial 
whose  occupation  is  to  turn  a  broach  or  spit ;  a 
turnspit. 

Dish-washer  and  broach-turner,  loon!— to  me 
Thou  smellest  all  of  kitchen  as  before. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lyuette. 

broad  (brad),  a.  and  re.  [=  Sc.  braid;  <  ME. 
brood,  brod,  <  AS.  brad  =  OS.  bred  =  OFries. 
bred  =  D.  breed  =  MLG.  bred,  LG.  breed  =  OHG. 
MHG.  G.  breit  =  Icel.  breidhr  =  Sw.  Dan.  bred 
=  Goth.  braids,  broad.  Hence  bread%,  breadth. 
The  pron.  would  be  reg.  brod  (like  goad,  road, 
etc.).]  I.  a.  1.  Wide;  having  great  breadth, 
as  distinguished  from  length  and  thickness ; 
used  absolutely,  having  much  width  or  breadth ; 
not  narrow :  as,  a  strip  no  broader  than  one's 
hand ;  a  broad  river  or  street. 

In  are  [a]  broae  strete  he  igon  mete  threo  enihtes. 

Layamon,  I.  217. 

Broad  breast,  full  eye,  small  head,  and  nostril  wide. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  296. 

2.  Large   superficially ;  extensive ;  vast :   as, 
the  broad  expanse  of  ocean. 

Each  year  shall  give  this  apple-tree 
A  broader  flush  of  roseate  bloom. 

Bryant,  Planting  of  the  Apple-Tree. 

3.  Figuratively,  not  limited  or  narrow;  liber- 
al;  comprehensive;    enlarged:   as,  a  man  of 
broad  views. 

In  a  broad,  statesmanlike,  and  masterly  way.     Everett. 

Narrow  spirits  admire  basely  and  worship  meanly ; 
broad  spirits  worship  the  right.  Thackeray. 

Specifically — 4.  Inclined  to  the  Broad  Church, 
or  to  the  views  held  by  the  Broad-Church  party 
of  the  Church  of  England.  See  Episcopal— 
5.  Large  in  measure  or  degree;  not  small  or 
slight;  ample;  consummate. 

gif  hym-self  be  bore  blynde  hit  is  a  brod  wonder. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  584. 


broad 

He  urius,  aiirl  limk.s  broad  notmenfte  with  a  stare. 

/'..;..-,  linneiad,  ii.  IIM. 


6.  Widely  diffused;  open;  full:   a8,  in 
sunshine;  broad  daylight. 

Fill  oft,  wliiin  it  in  bmlf  day. 

tinti'fr,  t'nnf.  Ainant.,  ii.  107. 

I  count  littlo  of  tlu-  many  things  I  see  paM  at  bt-mul  IHMHI 
day,  in  large  and  open  stiv<  N. 

Sterih',  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  10:1 

It  was  broad  day,  and  the  people,  recovered  from  their 
panic,  were  enabled  to  see  and  estimate  the  force  of  the 
enemy.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  B. 

7.  Unconfined;   free;   unrestrained,    (o)  U»ed 

absolutely. 

As  hniail  and  general  an  the  casing  air. 

.s7«i*-.,  Miifbcth,  Hi.  4. 

(A)  I  nrestrained  by  a  sense  of  propriety  or  fitness  ;  unpol- 
ishnl  ;  loutish. 
Tell  him  his  pranks  have  been  too  broad  to  bear  with. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  ill.  4. 

(.•)  I  'unstrained  by  considerations  of  decency;  indeli- 
cate; indecent. 

As  chaste  and  modest  as  he  is  esteemed,  it  cannot  be 
denied  but  in  some  places  he  is  broad  and  fulsome. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  Dcd. 
(d)  Unrestrained  by  fear  or  caution  ;  bold  ;  unreserved. 
For  from  broad  words,  and  'cause  he  fall'd 
His  presence  at  the  tyrant's  feast,  I  hear, 
Macduff  lives  in  disgrace.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  ill.  6. 

8.  Characterized  by  a  full,  strong  utterance  ; 
coarsely   vigorous;    not  weak    or  slender   in 
sound  :  as,  broad  Scotch;  broad  Doric  ;  a  broad 
vowel,  such  as  a  or  d  or  <i.  —  9f.  Plain;  evi- 
dent. 

Proves  thee  far  and  wide  a  broatl  goose. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  II.  4. 

10.  In  the  fine  arts,  characterized  by  breadth  : 
as,  a  picture  remarkable  for  the  broad  treatment 
of  its  subject.  See  breadth,  3  —  As  broad  as  (It 
Is)  long,  equal  upon  the  whole  ;  the  same  either  way. 

It  is  as  broad  as  long  whether  they  rise  to  others  or 
bring  others  down  to  them.  Sir  K.  L'Eitrange. 

Broad  Church,  the  popular  designation  of  a  party  in 
the  Church  of  England.  See  Episcopalian.—  Broad  fo- 
llo,  broad  quarto,  etc.,  names  given  to  drawing-pa- 
per folded  the  broadest  way.  —  Broad  gage.  See  ffttyeZ. 
—  Broad  glass,  window-glass  of  a  cheap  quality  formed 
by  blowing  a  long  cylinder,  cutting  It  apart,  and  al- 
lowing the  pieces  to  soften  and  flatten  out  in  a  kiln. 
See  glass.  Also  called 
British  sheet-glass,  cylin- 
der-glass, German  platf- 
ylastt,  and  spread  ipindow- 
glass.—  Broad  lace,  a 
woolen  fabric  made  in 
bands  alxmt  4  inches 
wide,  and  used  as  an 
ornamental  Iwrder  to 
the  upholstery  of  a  car- 
riage. Car<bttilder's  Diet. 
Broad  pennant 
(mutt.*,  a  swallow-tailed 
nag  carried  at  the  mast- 
head of  a  mau-of-war  as 
the  distinctive  mark  of  a 
commodore.  =  Syn.  1. 
Extended,  spread.  —  1 
and  2.  Wide,  Broad.  See 
wide.—  "I.  (c)  Vulgar,  ob- 
scene. 


»w:   \  uroau    T  tir- 

Brit- 
very  A 
V  to  /l\ 

B  an-  y  II  V 

arked  M      \   \ 

-"'"Is  f     I          ^ 

£2oa  r      im      ^ 


Broad  Pennant  of  a  Commodore, 
United  States  Navy. 


II.  H.  1.  A  shallow,  fenny  lake  formed  by 
the  expansion  of  a  river  over  adjacent  flat  land 
covered  more  or  less  with  a  reedy  growth;  a 
flooded  fen,  or 
lake  in  a  fen  : 
as,  the  Norfolk 
broads.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

A  broad  is  the 
spread  of  a  river 
into  a  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, which  is  cer- 
tainly neither  lake 
nor  lagoon. 

X:>uth>'H.  letters 
[(1812),  II.  307. 

Tlion  across  the 
mill  -  pool,  and 
through  the  deep 
.TiioKs.  out  into  the 
brnattn,  and  past  the 
withered  beds  of 
wee,  Is  which  told  of 
coming  winter. 

//.  Kiiujsley, 

[Ravenshoe,  viii. 

2.  In  meeh.,  a 
tool  used  for 
turning  down 
the  insides  and 
bottoms  of  cyl- 
inders in  the 
lathe.  —  3.  An 
English  coin 
lirsl  issued  in 
1C19  by  James 
I.,  and  worth  at 
the  time  20*. 
44 


Broad  of  lames  I..  British  Museum. 
( Sixe  of  the  original. ) 


C,S!I 

Tin1  ooin  was  also  issued  subsequently.     Also 
called  laurel  and  broad-piece. 
broad  (brad),  adv.     [<  ME.  brootle,  brode,  <  AS. 
brdtli;  (=  MHG.  breite,  O.  breif),  broadly ;  from 
the  adj.]     If.  Broadly;  openly;  plainly. 

Crist  spak  himself  ful  brimde  in  holy  writ. 

Chaueer,  Gen.  Prol.  toC.  T.,  I.  T.V.I. 
2f.  Widely;  copiously;  abundantly.  Chaucer. 
—3.  Broadly;  fully. 

With  all  his  crimes  broad  blown,  as  hush  as  May. 

.I'/mit.,  llainl. -l,iii.:i. 
Lying  broad  awake  I  thought  of  you  and  Eflle  dear. 

Tennyson,  May  IJneen  (t'cp|icln«i»ni. 

broadt.  v.  t.  [ME.  broden,<.  AS.  brddian,  spread, 
<  brad,  broad.  Cf.  ftrcorf2.]  To  make  broad; 
spread. 

Tyll  the  blessed  bredd  [bird]  brodid  his  wlngis. 

Richard  the  Redden. 

broad-arrow  (brad'ar'6),  n.  [<  ME.  brode  arow, 
brmlarice,  etc.,  a  heavy  arrow;  <  broad  +  ar- 
row.] The  royal  mark  of  Brit- 
ish government  stores  of  every 
description,  which  it  is  felony 
obliterate  or  deface.  Personi 
lawfully  in  possession  of  goods  marked 
with  the  broad-arrow  forfeit  the  goods 
and  are  subject  to  a  penalty  of  £200. 
The  broad-arrow  was  the  cognizance  of  Broad-arrow. 
Henry,  Viscount  Sydney,  Earl  of  Rom- 
ni •> .  Vaster-general  of  Ordnance  from  1693  to  1702,  and  was 
in  -i  used  in  his  time.  In  heraldry  It  differs  from  the 
pheon  (which  see)  in  having  the  inside  of  the  barbs  plain, 
broadax  (brad'aks),  n.  [<  ME.  brodax,  brood- 
axe,  etc.,  <  AS.  brddcex,  <  brad,  broad,  +  <tx, 
ax:  see  broad  and  oji.]  If.  A  battle-ax. — 2. 
An  ax  with  a  broad  edge,  for  hewing  timber. 
See  cut  under  ax. 

Then  let  the  sounds  of  measured  stroke 

And  grating  saw  begin, 
The  broad-axe  to  the  gnarled  oak, 
The  mallet  to  the  pin ! 

Whittier,  Ship-Builders. 

broad-based  (brad'bast),  a.  Having  a  broad 
foundation;  securely  founded.  [Rare.] 

Her  throne  .  .  . 
Broad-based  upon  her  people's  will. 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 

broadbill  (brad'bil),  ».  1.  The  shoveler-duck, 
Spatula  clypeata. —  2.  The  spoonbill,  Platalea 
leucorodia. — 3.  The  scaup-duck,  Fuligula  ma- 
ril  ,  and  other  species  of  that  genus. — 4.  A 
bird  of  the  family  Kuryltrmida'.  There  are  nine 
or  ten  species  of  broadbills  peculiar  to  the 
Indian  region.  Also  called  broadmouth. 

broad-billed  (brad'bild),  a.  In  ornith.,  having 
a  broad  bill.—  Broad-billed  sandpiper,  the  LimimUi 
jdatttrhiinclia. 

broadbrim  (brad'brim),  n.  1.  A  hat  with  a 
very  broad  brim,  especially  the  form  of  hat 
worn  by  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Hence — 2.  A  member  of  that  society;  a 
Quaker.  Carlyle.  [Colloq.] 

broad-brimmed  (brad'brimd),  a.  1.  Having 
a  broad  border,  brim,  or  edge. 

Oovert  Ixjckerman,  without  taking  his  pipe  out  of  his 
mouth,  turned  up  his  eye  from  under  his  broad-brimmed 
hat  to  see  who  hailed  him  thus  discourteously. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  251. 

2.  Wearing  a  hat  with  a  broad  brim. 

This  broad-brimm'd  hawker  of  holy  things. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x. 

broadcast  (brad'k&st),  a.  1.  Cast  or  dispersed 
upon  the  ground  with  the  hand,  as  seed  in  sow- 
ing: opposed  to  sowed  in  drills  or  rows. — 2. 
Widely  spread  or  diffused. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  n.  In  agri.,  a  method 
of  sowing  in  which  the  seed  is  thrown  from  the 
hand  in  handfuls. 

My  lads,  said  he,  let  broad-catt  be, 

And  come  away  to  drill.  Hood. 

broadcast  (brad'kast),  adv.  1.  By  scattering 
or  throwing  at  large  from  the  hand :  as,  to  sow 
broadcast. — 2.  So  as  to  disseminate  widely ;  in 
wide  dissemination. 

An  impure,  so  called,  literature  sown  broadcast  over  the 
land.  Blackwood's  May. 

broadcloth  (brad'kldth),  n.  A  fine  woolen  cloth, 
commonly  black,  with  a  finished  surface,  mostly 
used  in  making  men's  garments :  so  called  from 
its  breadth,  which  is  usually  60  inches. 

Every  whole  woollen  cloth,  called  broad  cloth,  which 
shall  be  made  and  set  to  sale  after  the  feast  called  St. 
Peter  ad  vincula,  which  shall  be  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
M.CCCC.LXV.,  after  the  full  watering,  racking,  straining, 
or  tenturing  of  the  name,  ready  to  sale,  shall  hold  and 
contain  in  lenirth  xxiv  yards,  and  to  every  yard  an  inch, 
containing  the  breadth  of  a  man's  thumb,  to  l>e  measured 
by  the  crest  of  the  same  cloth,  and  in  breadth  ij  yards,  or 
vij  quarters  at  the  least,  within  the  lists. 

Kn:,li»h  fiilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  S51,  note. 

They  be  all  patched  clontea  and  ragges,  in  comparison 
of  faire  wolien  broade  cloathet. 

Aseham,  The  Scholeniaster,  p.  60. 


broadside 

broaden  fbra'dn),  r.   [<  broad  +  -ml.  Cf.  broad, 
i'.]    I.  intrant.  To  grow  broad  or  broader. 
To  broaden  Into  IwundleH  day. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  zcv. 

II.  truHH.  To  make  broad;  increase  in 
breadth ;  render  more  broad  or  comprehensive : 
a.s.  '•broaden'd  nostrils,"  Thomson,  Winter. 

broad-eyed  (bratl'id),  a.  Having  a  wide  view 
or  survey. 

broad-fronted  (br&d'frun'ted),  a.  Having  a 
broad  front;  having  a  wide  forehead:  as, 
••linind-fro/iti-d  Ca-sar,"  Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  5. 

broad-gage  (brad'gaj),  a.  Having  the  space 
between  the  rails  wider  than  the  standard  gage 
of  ."><U  inches:  said  of  a  railroad  track:  opposed 
to  narrow-gage,  which  signifies  less  than  the 
standard  width.  See  gage%. 

broadhorn  (brad'h&rn),  n.    A  name  by  which 
the  flat-boats   on  the   Mississippi  and  other 
American  rivers  were  formerly  known. 
A  broad-horn,  a  prime  river  conveyance.  /  •  •  •  •  < 

The  river's  earliest  commerce  was  in  great  barges,—  keel- 
IH ults,  broadhorns. 

S.  L.  Clement,  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  p.  41. 

broad-horned  (brad'hornd),  a.  Having  wide- 
spread horns.  Huloet. 

broadleaf,  broadleaf-tree  (brad'lef,  -tre),  ». 
A  tall  tree,  Terniinalia  latifolia,  natural  order 
Combretacetz,  common  in  Jamaica,  bearing  large 
and  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  end  of  the 
branches. 

broadly  (brad'li),  adv.    1.  In  a  broad  manner. 
That  broadly  flows  through  Pylos'  fields. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v. 
Custlne  has  spoken  out  more  broadly. 

Burke,  Present  State  of  Affairs. 

These  simple,  broadly  draped  figures  were  sculptured 
by  Niccola  at  Pisa.  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  p.  21. 
Specifically — 2.  In  zool.,  so  as  to  extend  over  a 
relatively  large  space :  as,  broadly  emarginate ; 
broadly  Insinuate,  etc.  A  part  is  broadly  trun- 
cate when  the  truncation  is  nearly  or  quite 
equal  to  its  greatest  width, 
broadmouth  (brad'mouth),  n.  A  bird  of  the 
family  Euryleemidie  (which  see);  a  broadbill. 
broadness  (brad'nes),  H.  [<  broad  +  -ness.']  1. 
Breadth;  extent  from  side  to  side. —  2.  Coarse- 
ness; grossness;  indelicacy. 

Broadness  and  indecency  of  allusion. 

Craik,  Eng.  Lit.,  I.  524. 

broad-piece  (brad'pes),  n.   Same  as  broad,  n.,  3. 
broad-seal  (brad'sel),  n.     The  official  or  great 
seal  of  a  country  or  state:  as,  "the  king's 
broad-seal,"  Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  61.    [More  cor- 
rectly as  two  words.]  —Broad-seal  war.  in  U.  s. 

hist.,  a  contest  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  In  Decem- 
ber, 183°,  as  to  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  five  \Vhig 
members  from  New  Jersey,  who  had  certificates  of  election 
under  the  broad  seal  of  the  State,  but  whose  seats  were 
contested  by  Democratic  claimants. 
broad-seal  (brad'sel),  v.  t.     [<  broad-geal,  n.] 
To  stamp  as  with  the  broad  seal ;  guarantee ; 
make  sure. 
Thy  presence  broad-seals  our  delights  for  pure. 

/,'.  Jotison,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

broad-shouldered  (brad'shol'derd),  a.   Having 
the  back  broad  across  the  shoulders. 
Broad-shouldered,  and  his  anus  were  round  and  long. 

Dryden. 

broadside  (brad'sid),  n.     1.  The  whole  side  of 
a  ship  above  the  water-line,  from  the  bow  to  the 
quarter. — 2.  A  simultaneous  discharge  of  all 
the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  vessel  of  war:  as,  to 
fire  a  broadside. — 3.  In  general,  any  compre- 
hensive attack  with  weapons  of  any  kind  di- 
rected against  one  point  or  object. 
Give  him  a  broadside,  my  brave  hoys,  with  your  pikes. 
/.'••/".  and  /'/.,  PhlUster,  v.  4. 

4.  A  sheet  printed  on  one  side  only,  and  with- 
out arrangement  in  columns;  especially,  such 
a  sheet  containing  some  item  of  news,  or  an 
attack  upon  some  person,  etc.,  and  designed 
for  distribution. 

Every  member  of  the  convention  received  a  copy  of  this 
draft  of  a  constitution,  printed  on  broadsides  in  large 
type.  tlancni.fl,  Hist  Const,  I.  119. 

Van  Cltters  gives  the  best  account  of  the  trial.  I  have 
seen  a  broadside  which  confirms  his  narrative. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi.,  note. 

5.  Any  surface  resembling  the  side  of  a  ship 
in  breadth,  etc.,  as  a  house-front. 

In  the  great,  blank,  gray  broadside,  there  were  unly 
four  windows.  Dickens. 

Broadside  on,  with  the  side  in  advance:  sldewlse.— To 
take  on  the  broadside,  to  treat  freely  and  unceremoni- 
ously. 

Determined  to  take  the  world  on  the  broadside,  and  eat 
thereof,  and  be  filled.  Carlyle,  Diderot 

broadside  (brad'sid),  adv.  [<  broadside,  n.] 
1.  With  the  broadside  directed  toward  the 
point  specified. 


broadside 

The  landing  of  truops  .  .  .  beneath  the  batteries  of  four- 
teen vessels  of  war,  lying  broadside  to  the  town. 

,  Orations,  p.  79, 


690 


brocket 


2.   Pell-mell;  unceremoniously :  as,  to  go  or  £r     ae5v       i  -             gr,r™  ^ 

send  broadside.     [Rare.]  brocard  (brok' ard  ,  «.     [< OF.  brocard, 

He  used  in  his  prayers  to  send  the  king,  the  ministers  <m  m°d'  *  '»  *au°t.'  Jeer,  raillery)  ML. 

*.     ^     .    .  .  /win     an    i.'i      i.il     IT    10    c?oiH     f»nrvi      Jtmitit. 


of  state,  ...  all  broadside  to  hell,  but  particularly  the 
^t-neral  himself.  Swift,  Mem.  of  Capt.  Creichton. 

broad-Sighted  (brad'sV'ted),  a.  Having  a  wide 
view.  Quarterly  Rev. 

broad-speaking  (brad'spe"'kmg),  a.  1.  Using 
vulgar  or  coarse  language ;  speaking  with  a  vul- 
gar accent. —  2.  Speaking  plainly  out  without 
endeavoring  to  soften  one's  meaning. 

broad-spoken  (brad'sp6"kn),  a.  Character- 
ized by  plainness  or  coarseness  of  speech,  or 
by  a  vulgar  accent ;  unrefined. 

broad-spread  (brad'spred),  a.   Widely  diffused. 

broad-spreading  (brad'spred"ing),  a.    Spread- 
ing widely. 
His  broad-sprradiny  leaves.          Stiak.,  Kich.  II.,  iii.  4. 

broadstone  (brad'ston),  n.     Same  as  ashler. 


or  Conidce:  so  called  from  the  peculiar  colora-     ing  teeth  (of  animals):  see  branch."]    Having 
tion.  tusks,  tushes,  or  perennial  teeth ;  specifically, 

brocage,  «.     See  brokage.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  lirochata. 

a  maxim  brocnet,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  bioach 
brocardi-    and  broach1.     Chaucer. 

cum,  so  called,  it  is  said,  from  Brocard,  prop.  broch6    (bro-sha'),   a, 
Burchhard  or  Burkard,  bishop  of  Worms  (died    stitch,  sew:  see  broach.'] 
1025),  who  published  a  collection  of  ecclesi- 
astical canons,  "Regulee  Ecelesiasticee,"  also 
known  as  lirocardica  or  Erocardicorum  opus."] 
1.  A  law  maxim  founded  on  inveterate  cus- 
tom, or  borrowed  from  the  Roman  law,  and  ac- 


counted part  of  the  common  law. 


An  elementary  principle   or  maxim;  a  short 
proverbial  rule ;  a  canon. 

The  legal  brocard,  "Falsus  in  uno,  falsus  in  omnibus," 
is  a  rule  not  more  applicable  to  other  witnesses  than  to 
consciousness.  Sic  W.  Hamilton. 

The  scholastic  brocard  [Nihil  est  in  intellectu  quod  non 
fuerit  in  sensu]  ...  is  the  fundamental  article  in  the 

'the 
261. 


[F..   pp.   of  brocket; 
1.  Sewed  or  stitched: 

said  of  a  book  which  is  not  bound  or  covered, 
except  with  a  paper  wrapper.  See  brochure. — 
2.  Ornamented  in  weaving  with  threads  which 
form  a  pattern  on  the  surface;  brocaded:  said 
of  astuff,  specifically  of  silk:  as,  afo'ocAe'ribbon. 
Hence  — 2.  brochet  (bro-sha'),  n.  [F.,  a  pike,  luce,  for- 


merly also  a  faucet,  dim.  of  broche,  a  spit, 
broach :  see  broach.]  A  fish  of  the  family 
I'ii-liti/lir,  I'miiriclila  saxatilis,  having  an  elon- 
gated form  and  pointed  head,  thus  slightly  re- 
sembling a  pike.  It  is  highly  colored  and  has  an 
ocellated  spot  at  the  root  of  the  tail.  It  is  an  inhabitant 
of  the  fresh  waters  of  South  America  and  Trinidad.  [Lo- 
cal in  Trinidad.] 

brqchette  (bro-shef),  ».  [F.,  dim.  of  broche,  a 
spit :  see  broach.']  A  skewer  to  stick  meat  on, 
used  in  cookery. 


creed  of  that  school  of  philosophers  who  are  called  " 

„.,,„.      ^.^  „=„„„„,.  sensualists."  Ferrier,  lust,  of  Metaphysics,  p.  i 

broadsword  (brad'sord),  n.    A  sword  with  a  brocardic  (bro-kar'dik),  n.     Same  as  brocard. 
broad  blade,  as  distinguished  from  one  with  a        I  make  use  of  all  the  brocardics,  or  rules  of  interpreters ; 

narrow  blade  or  from  a  three-sided  thrusting-  that  is,  not  only  what  is  established  regularly,  in  law,  but  brochurp  fbro-shiir')  «       I"F    <  hrnrlter  u< 

sword-  a   sword   of  w>iii>h  the  erlrrn  aswoll   ,  ,  what  is  concluded  wise  and  reasonable  by  the  best  inter    Drocnure  (,or(         ir  ;,  «.      |*  .,  <>  oraclier,  stilch. 

sworu,  a  swora  ot  wmcn  tne  eage  as  well  as  ,)reters.  ,/«•.  Tarfor  Pref  to  Duct  Dub      see   broach.]     1.    A  pamphlet;    an    unbound 

the  point  IS  used.     All  forms  of  sword  which  have  a  >,,.„„., +-t  A«  „,,,  *„,.,     „/,„.'    „,,„  *--*-    -••— '--••    " 

flat  blade  for  cutting  are  called  broadtwordt,  in  contrast  DrOCatt,  w.     All  old  form  of  biocade. 

to  swords  used  for  thrusting  alone.    See  claymore.  DrOCatCl,   brocatelle    (brok  a-tel),    n.       [<    F. 

broadtail  (brad'tal),  n.     One  of  the  numerous  brocatelle  =  Sp.  brocatel,  <  It.broccatello,  varie- 

species  of  old-world  parrots,  of  the  genus  Pla-  gated  marble  (F.  brocatel,  tinsel  or  thin  cloth 

of  gold  or  silver),  dim.  of  broccato,  brocaded, 


tyeercux.     P.  L.  Sclater. 

broadthroat  (brad  '  throt),  w.  [<  broad  + 
throat;  a  translation  of  Euryltemns,  q.  v.]  A 
book-name  of  birds  of  the  family  Euryltemidee 
(which  see).  Also  called  broadbill  and  broad- 
mouth. 

broad-tool  (brad'tol),  n.  A  stone-masons'  chisel 
with  a  very  wide  edge,  used  for  finishing. 
broad-tread   (brad'tred),  a.     Having  a  wide 
face  or  tread,  as  a  car-wheel. 
Broadwell  ring.     See  ring. 
broadwise  (brad'wiz),  adv.     [<  broad  +  -wise.'] 
In  the  direction  of  the  breadth  ;  breadthwise  : 
as,  to  measure  broadwise. 

broamt,  n.  [Origin  obscure;  perhaps  a  mis- 
print.] Apparently,  a  spirit  or  goblin. 

The  approach  of  the  sun's  radiant  beams  expelleth  gob- 
lins,  bugbears,  hob-thrushes,  broaina,  screech-owl  mates, 
night-walking  spirits,  and  tenebrions. 

Urijuhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  24. 

brob  (brob),  «.  [E.  dial. ;  perhaps  an  alteration 
of  brod,  a  nail,  brad,  verb  brod,  prick :  see  brod 
and  brad.']  1 .  A  wedge-shaped 
spike,  driven  along  the  side  of 
a  timber  which  abuts  against 
another,  to  prevent  it  from 
slipping.— 2.  In  coal-mining,  a 
short,  thick  piece  of  timber, 
used  for  supporting  the  coal  which  is  being 
holed  or  undercut;  a  prop.  [Midland  coal- 
field, England.] 

brob  (brob),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  broblted,  ppr. 
brobbing.  [E.  dial.,  <  brob,  n.']  To  prick  with 
a  bodkin.  Halliwell.  [North.  Eng.] 
Brobdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  a.  and  w. 
I.  a.  Like  or  likened  to  an  inhabitant  of  the 
fabled  region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "Gul- 
liver's Travels";  hence,  of  enormous  size;  gi- 
gantic. 


brocade:  see  brocade.']  1.  A  variety  of  orna- 
mental marble,  the  most  famous  localities  of 
which  are  in  Italy  and  Spain.  That  from  Siena, 
which  is  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  and  beautiful 
variety  known,  consists  of  a  ground  of  yellow  marble  tra- 
versed by  numerous  interlacing  veins  of  darker  material, 
most  of  which  are  of  a  deep-violet  color. 
2.  An  inferior  material  used  for  curtains,  fur- 
niture-covering, and  the  like,  made  of  silk  and 
wool,  silk  and  cotton,  or  pure  wool,  but  having 
a  more  or  less  silky  surface. 

The  Vice-Chancellor's  chaire  and  deske,  Proctors,  &c. 
cover'd  with  brocatall  (a  kind  of  brocade)  and  cloth  of 
gold.  Evelyn,  Diary,  July  9,  1669. 

Also  written  brocatello. 

broccoli  (brok'o-li),  n.  [It.,  pi.  of  broccolo,  a 
sprout,  cabbage-sprout,  dim.  of  brocco,  a  spit, 
skewer,  shoot :  see  broach."]  One  of  the  many 
varieties  of  the  common  cabbage  (Brassica  ole- 
racea),  in  which  the  young  inflorescence  is  con- 


book,  of  which  the  sheets  are  held  together  by 
sewing  only.     See  broche.— 2.  Specifically,  a 
small  pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  matter  of  transi- 
tory interest. 
brock1  (brok),  n.     [<  ME",  brok,  <  AS.  broc  = 


Broccoli  (Brassica  oleracea,  var.). 

traded  into  a  depressed  fleshy  edible  head, 
is  closely  similar  to  the  cauliflower. 
broch  (broeh),  n.     Same  as  brotigh2. 


It 


German  prose,  as  written  by  the  mob  of  authors,  pre-  PrOC£  V"roen; ,  «.     same  as  Drought. 

seuts,  as  in  a  Brobdingnagian  mirror,  the  most  offensive  Drocnan  (broeh  an),  n.     [Gael.  Ir.  brochan,  por- 
f aulta  of  our  own.                           De  Quinary,  style,  i.     ridge,  gruel.]   Oatmeal  boiled  in  water ;  thick 
II.  «.  A  gigantic  person.  porridge.     [Scotland  and  Ireland.] 

"Sally!"8creamedthefiroMing>(ia<;ia»,"whatbedrooms  brochant  (bro'shant),  a.      [F.,  ppr.  of  brocher, 
is  disengaged?    A  gentleman  wants  a  bed."  stitch,  etc.  :  see  brocade."]     In  her.,  lying  over 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  v.     and  covering  :  said  of  any  bearing  which  partly 
droct,  n.     [i . :  see  bric-a-brac."]     A  large  vessel     covers  another.     Also  brouchant. 

with  a  handle,  and  generally  made  of  metal  or  brochantite  (bro-shan'tit),  n.     \_MterSrocliant 

coarse  pottery,  for  holding  liquids.  deVilliers,  a  French  mineralogist  (1773-1840).]     «rt~ —  —   —  *-• 

brocade  (bro-kad  ),  «.     [<  Sp.  brocado  (=  Pg.  An  emerald-green   mineral  consisting  of  hy-     Srockett;  Halliwell. 

brocado  =  It.  broccato ;  ef.  F.  brocart),  brocade,  drous  sulphate  of  copper.     The  crystals  are  in  The  carter  smot « 

prop.  pp.  of  'orocar  (=  Pg.  brocar,  bore)  =  F.  thin  rectangular  and  transparent  tables. 


Dan.  brok,  a  badger;  prob.  of  Celtic  origin: 
W.  broch  =  Corn,  broch  =  Bret,  broch  =  Gael. 
Ir.  Manx  broc;  Ir.  also  brech  and  brochd,  a  bad- 
ger; prob.  so  called  from  its  white-streaked 
face,  <  W.  brech  =  Gael.  Ir.  breac,  speckled  (see 
brill);  cf.Gael.  brocach,  brucach,  speckled  in  the 
face;  of.  also  Dan.  broget,  Sw.  brokig,  party- 
colored:  see  brocket.  Cf.  bauson."]  A  badger. 
Or  with  pretence  of  chasing  thence  the  brock, 
Send  in  a  cur  to  worry  the  whole  flock  ! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 
[Sometimes  used  as  a  term  of  reproach. 
Marry,  hang  thee,  brock!  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.] 

brock2  (brok),  n.  [Shetland  brnck,  <  ME.  *brok 
(not  found),  <  AS.  gebroc,  neut.,  a  piece,  a 
fragment  (cf.  broc,  affliction,  trouble,  fatigue) 
(=  OHG.  brocco,  MHG.  brocke,  G.  bracken,  m., 
=  Dan.  brokke  =  Goth,  aa-bruka,  f.,  a  piece ; 
cf.  dim.  MLGr.  brock>-l  =  ODan.  broggel,  apiece, 
fragment),  <  brecan  (pp.  broccn),  break :  see 
break,  and  cf.  breach  with  its  variants  breck, 
brick1,  brack1,  etc. ;  cf.  also  brockle."]  A  piece; 
a  fragment.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

brock2  (brok),  v.  t.  [Also  brok,  =  OHG.  bro- 
chon,  brockdii,  MHG.  G.  bracken  -=  Dan.  brokke, 
break,  crumble ;  from  the  noun.]  To  break, 
crumble,  or  cut  into  bits  or  shreds.  [Scotch.] 

brock3t,  ''•  t.  [ME.  brokken,  perhaps  a  secon- 
dary form  of  brcken  (pp.  broken),  break.  Cf. 
brock2."]  To  cry  out;  murmur;  complain:  a 
word  of  somewhat  uncertain  meaning,  found 
only  in  the  two  passages  quoted. 

What  helpth  hyt  the  crokke 
That  hys  [is]  to  felthe  [fllth]  ydo, 
Aye  [against]  the  crokkere  to  brokke, 
"  Why  madest  thou  me  so?" 

William  de  Shoreham,  Pieligious  Poems(ed.  Wright),  p.  106. 

He  singeth  brokkywje  [var.  crou-yng,  Wright,  Morris]  as  a 
nyghtingale.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  191. 

brock4  (brok),  n.  [E.  dial. ;  cf.  ME.  brok  (see 
quot.);  cf.  Icel.  brokkr,  also  brokk-hestr,  a  trot- 
ter, trotting  horse,  brokka,  trot.  Origin  and 
relations  uncertain;  the  alleged  AS.  "broc,  an 
inferior  horse,  a  shaking  horse,  jade"  (Bos- 
worth),  does  not  exist,  the  def .  being  due  to  an 
eiTOr  of  translation.]  A  cart-horse  or  draft- 
horse:  a  word  of  uncertain  original  meaning, 
applied  also  in  provincial  English  to  a  cow. 


not  and  cryde  as  he  were  wod, 
Hayt  brok,  hayt  scot.     Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  245. 


other  ornaments :  also  applied  to  other  stuffs 
wrought  and  enriched  in  like  manner. 

A  gala  suit  of  faded  brocade.  Irving. 

2.  A  kind  of  bronze-powder  used  for  decorating, 
brocaded  (bro-ka'ded),  o.  1.  Woven  or  worked 
into  a  brocade. 

Brocaded  flowers  o'er  the  gay  mantua  shine. 

Gait,  Panthea. 
2.    Dressed  in  brocade.— 3.   Decorated  with 


classification  of  mammals,  a  tribe  or  suborder  brock6  (brok),  n.  [Perhaps  another  use  of 
of  his  Diplodon  tia,  corresponding  to  the  Pachij-  brock1,  a  badger.  ]  1 .  A  pig.—  2.  Swill  for  f  eed- 
dermato,  herbivorous  Cetacea,  and  Modentia  of  ing  pigs.  [North  of  Ireland.] 


Chairodia  (swine),  and  Syrema  (Sirenia),  three  of  which 


Cuvier:  so  called  from  usually  having  persis-  brock7  (brok),  w.     Short  for  bracket. 
tently  growing  teeth,  as  the  tusks  of  the  ele-  brock8   (brok),    ».      [Possibly  shortened  from 
phant  or  the  incisors  of  a  rodent,  or  projecting     broccoli."]     A  cabbage.     [Prov.  Bug.] 
tushes,  as  those  of  the  swine  and  hippopotamus,  brock9  (brok),  «.     A  variant  of  brought 

Jed  his  nrochata  mtojroboscutea,  iM-nti,,,  brockage  (brok'aj),  «.  [Appar.  <  brock2  +  -age.} 

In  nitwis.,  an  imperfect  com. 


flowers,  etc     in  "relief :'  as"'  <," braced          '     S"  <^pting  C/^rfmj  are  "ow  "cognized  orders  of 
rm- __,',,'.     L  Ie._    as>    a    orocaaed   silk.      Mammalia;  hut  the  name  is  not  in  use. 

brochate  (bro'kat),  a.     [<  NL.  brochatus,  hav-     picked  out. 

A  name  given     ing  projecting  teeth,  <  L.  brochus,   brocchus,  brocket   (brok'et),  a. 
broccits,  projecting  (of  teeth),  having  project- 


the  cone-shells. 


All   imperfect   coins,  curiously  termed    brockmies,  are 
Ure,  Diet.,  III.  349. 

[<  Dan.   broget,  older 
broket,  party-colored:  see  brock1."]     Va- 


form 


riegated;  having  a  mixture  of  black  or  other  broggourt.  A  Mi 
color  and  white  :  applied  chiefly  to  cattle,  brogue1  (brog),  i 
[Scotch.]  Also  brocket  I,  brnki-d,  and  hroakit.  Ir.  brftg,  a  shoe,  < 


brocket 

A  Middle  English  variant  of  br»l:<  r. 
n.      [Sc.  brog,  brogue,  <  Gael. 
,  Gael,  also  a  hoof.   The  brogue 
was  made  of  rough  hide;  it  was  regarded  as 
characteristic  of  the  wilder  Irish,  and  so  the 
name  came  to  designate 
their  manner  of  speaking 
English.]     1.   Formerly, 
in  Ireland,  a  shoe  made 
of  rawhide,  with  the  hair 
outward,  reaching  as  far 
as  the  ankle  and  tied  by 
thongs. —  2.     A     similar 
foot-covering     worn     by 
the  Scotch  Highlanders, 

^tflSkrWflteTa.    Havingawhitelon-     ™^™M? ^^^h'S'hKo 

gttudinal  mark  down  the  face,  like  a  badger, 
brockisht  (brok'ish),  a.     [<  brock*  +  -Wi1.] 

Like  a  brock  or  badger;  beastly:  brutal:  as, 

••  broeki.ili  boors,"  Sp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  i. 
brockle    (brok'l),    a.   and   n.     [E.  dial.,   also 

bnickle,  var.   of  brickie,   <  ME.  brekel,  brokel, 

brukel:  see  brickie,  and  cf.  broclfl,  «.]     I.  a. 

1.  Same  as  brickie. —  2.  Apt  to  break  through 

a  field:  said  of  cattle.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Il.t  "•  Broken  pieces;  fragments;  rubbish. 
brockram  (brok'ram),  n.     Calcareous  breccia 

derived  from  the  waste  of  the  carboniferous 

limestones,  occurring  in  the  north  of  England, 


brocket  (brok'ct),  «.  [<  ME.  broket,  substituted 
forF.  bmciirt,  now  broyuiirt,  a  brocket,  H  named 
from  having  but  one  tine  to  his  horn,  <  OF. 
broi;  \'\  linii-lti;  dial.  ln-i><;:\  -]>it.  liniuch,  etc.,  a 
tine  of  a  stag's  horn;  cf.  OF.  brin/ui-t,  dim.  of 
broc,  as  above.  Cf.  E.  i>rirl;H,  <  prick,  a  point, 
etc..  and  G.  spiesser,  a  brocket,  <  spies*  =  E. 
»»«'•*.]  1.  A  red  deer  two  years  old ;  a  pricket. 

'I'lu-  term  ha.  hern  used  (in  the  plural)  by  some  natural 
ists  to  iloL'iiiitc  a  ui'i'up  of  the  deer  family. 
2.   Any  deer  of  South  America  of  the  genus 
I'liriitCUS.     The  red  brocket  is  C.  rufus  of  Brazil;  the 


Ancient  Iribh  li 


, 

stripped  off  or  half  dried,  and  having  holes  to 
allow  water  to  escape. 

To  shun  the  clash  of  foeman's  steel 

No  Highland  brogue  has  turned  the  hr.-l. 

Scutt,  Nora's  Vow. 

Slum-  [of  the  new  captains  and  lieutenants!  had  been  -» 
used  to  wear  broyvet  that  they  stumbled  and  shuffled 
aliout  strangely  in  their  military  jack-boots. 

Maeaalay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vl. 


3.  A  smooth  piece  of  wood  worn  on  the  foot 
in  the  operation  of  washing  tin,  when  the  ore 
is  in  fine  particles.  —  4.  A  dialectal  manner 
of  pronunciation  :  especially  used  of  the  mode 
of  pronouncing  English  peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

In  the  House  of  Commons,  the  Scotch  accent  and  the 
Irish  broijve  may  be  often  heard.  Quarterly  Her. 

*  (brog).  ».    A  variant  of  brog'*.    Jfurit*. 


in  sandstones  of  Permian  age,  and  especially 
well  developed  in  the  valley  of  the   Eden. 

f  North.     1'jMf^.  I  UiUKllC"    V,IJlvi5yj    **•       **•    ****»•*"*>  v*   *"  "M    •       •••""  «iv. 

brod  (brod),  «.    [So.,  <  Icel.  broddr,  a  spike;  cf.  brogues  (brogz), «.  pi.  Same  as  breeches.  [Prov. 

Gael.  Ir.  brod,  a  goad,  prickle,  sting :  see  brail,    Eng.] 

andcf.prorf.]    1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument,  broidt 

—  2.  A  prick  with  such  an  instrument;  hence, 

an  incitement ;  instigation. 
brod  (brod),  r.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brodded,  ppr. 

broddiiig.    [<  broil,  «.]    To  prick ;  spur;  pierce  ; 

prod  :  often  used  figuratively.     [Scotch.] 
broddle  (brod'l),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  broddled,  broider  (broi'der),  t.  t.     [Early  mod.  E. 

ppr.  broddliHi/.     [E.  dial.,  freq.  of  brod,  t:]    To     brouder,  broicder,  brauder,  broiler;  <  ME.  i 

prick;  pierce;  make  holes  in. 
brodekin,  brodequin  (brod 'kin),  ».     [<  F. 

brodequiH,  earlier  "brosequin,   brousequin  =  It. 

borzacchino  =  Sp.  borcegui,  formerly  barsegui, 

boszegui,  bolzequin  =  Pg.  borzeguin,  <  MD.  bro- 

seken,  brosken,  broosken,  buskin:   gee  buskin.'] 

A  buskin  or  half-boot.     [Obsolete  or  rare.] 


Instead  uf  shoes  and  stockings,  a  pair  of  buskins  or 
brodekins.  Kcltard,  Hist.  Eng. 

brodelM,  brodel'^t.    See  brothel*,  brothel"*. 

brodert,  broderert.    See  braider,  broiderer. 

Brodie's  disease,  joint.    See  the  nouns. 

broellat  (bra-el'S,),  n.  [ML. ;  OF.  brouelle.]  A 
coarse  kind'  of  cloth,  used  for  the  ordinary 
dresses  of  countrymen  and  the  monastic  clergy 
in  the  middle  ages,  f'airholt. 

brog1  (brog), ».  [Sc.,  <  Gael,  brog,  a  shoemakers' 
awl:  see  broach.]  1.  A  pointed  instrument, 
as  a  shoemakers'  awl;  a  joiners'  awl. — 2.  A 
small  stick  used  in  catching  eels.  [North.  Eng.] 
— 3.  A  jab  with  a  sharp  instrument.  [Scotch.] 

brog1  (brog),  r.  *. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bragged,  ppr. 
bragging.  [<  brog,  n.;  cf.  Gael,  brog,  spur, 
stimulate,  goad,  and  see  prog.]  1.  To  prick 
with  an  awl  or  other  sharp-pointed  instrument ; 
push  or  thrust,  as  an  instrument:  as,  to  brog 
leather.  [Scotch.] 

an  elshin  through  bend  leather. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian,  v. 


broidt  (broid),  v.  [<  ME.  broyden,  broicden,  etc., 
variants  (due  to  the  pp.  broden,  broaden)  of 
breiden,  braiden,  braid :  see  braid*,  and  cf. 
broider.']  Same  as  braid*. 

Hire  yolwe  heer  was  broieded  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 
tresse.  Chaucer,  Knight  s  Tale,  1.  191. 

also 

bronc- 

dren,  brauderen,  confused  with  (as  if  freq.  forms 
of)  broyden,  brotcden  (early  mod.  E.  broid,  broud, 
var.  forms  of  braid* :  see  braid*,  broud,  brand), 
but  prop.  var.  forms  of  borduren,  barderen, 
E.  border,  v.  (after  broiilery,  broudery,  q.  v.) ; 
ult.  <  F.  broder,  usually  border  (=  Sp.  Pg.  601- 
ilar  =  It.  bordare,  <  ML.  "bordare),  adorn  with 
needlework,  prop,  work  on  the  edge,  <  bord, 
border,  edge,  welt,  or  hem  of  a  garment,  etc. : 
see  border  and  board.  Cf.  embroider.]  To  adorn 
with  figures  of  needlework,  or  by  sewing  on 
ornaments;  embroider:  as,  ''a  brmdered  coat," 
Ex.  xxviii.  4.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

A  red  sleeve 
Broidttr'd  with  pearls. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine, 
buff  coats  all  frounced  and  broidered  o'er. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  15. 

i'der-er),  ii.    [<  ME.  braiderere, 
•wderere ;<  braider  + -er*.]    One 

who  embroiders;  an  embroiderer.     [Rare.] 
broideress  (broi'der-es),  w.    [<  broider  +  -ess.] 

A  woman  who  embroiders;  an  embroideress. 


».;  pi.  broideries  (-iz).    [< 

broiderie,  broudery,  brawdrye,  < 

OF.  broderie,  broidery,  <  broder,  broider,  bor- 
der: see  broider.  Ct.  embroidery.]  Embroidery; 
ornamental  needlework  wrought  upon  cloth. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

The  frail  bluebell  peereth  over 
Rare  broid'ry  of  the  purple  clover. 

Tennyson,  A  Dirge. 

[OF.,  also  broingc,  brugne,  brunie, 


2.  To  catch  (eels)  by  means  of  small  sticks 
called  brogs.     [North.  Eng.] 
brog-  (brog),  H.     [Sc.  also  brogue,  perhaps  a 

particular  use  of  brog*,  2;  but  cf.  Icel.  brugg,  broignet,  »•  [<->F.,  also  broingc,  brugne,^  brunie, 
a  scheming,  machination,  lit.  a  brewing,  <  ML.  bronia,  brunia,  of  Teut.  origin,  <  AS.  byrnc, 
iiriii'tia,  brew,  concoct:  see  brew*.]  A  trick.  etc.,  a  cuirass :  see  byniie.']  In  the  early  mid- 
brog:i  (brog),  ii.  [Perhaps  an  altered  form  of  die  ages,  a  defensive  garment  made  by  sew- 
(«»/';  but  cf.  ML.  broijilus,  etc.,  a  thicket,  G.  ing  rings  or  plates  of  metal  upon  leather  or 

woven  stuff.  For  this  was  substituted  the  hauberk  of 
mail  by  those  persons  who  could  afford  the  expense ;  but 
the  hroigne,  which  could  be  manufactured  at  home  or  by 
any  person  who  could  sew  strongly,  was  in  use  among  the 


briihl,  a  marshy  place  overgrown  with  bushes, 
under  broiP.]  A  swampy  or  bushy  place. 
Hitlliu-1-n.  [North.  Eng.] 

brog4!,  «•     A  variant  of  6ro;/»<  '. 

brogan    (bro'gan  or  bro-gan'),  «.     [Cf.  Gael. 
brognn,  pi.  of  brag:  see  brogue*.]    1.  Af 
half-boot  in  which  the  j 
is  undivided,  and  broac 

the  instep-piece,  and  are  tied  by  strings. — 2. 
A  boat  used  on  Chesapeake  Bay.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

broggerite  (breg'er-it),  n.  [After  the  Norwe- 
gian mineralogist  W.  C.  .Broker.]  A  mineral 
allied  to  uranmite,  and  consisting  largely  of 
uranium  oxid. 

brogglet  (brog'l),  r.  i.  [Freq.  of  brog*.  c..  q.  v.] 
1.  TO  pierce:  prick.  [Scotch.]— 2.  To  fish  for 
pels  by  troubling  the  water.  Wright. 


peasantry,  and  even  among  foot-soldiera,  at  least  as  late 
as  the  fourteenth  century. 

iir'iiiiiifi'.]  1.  ^A  form  of  broil1  (broil),  v.  [=  Sc.  broilyie,  brulyie,  <  ME. 
part  covering  the  instep  brailen,  <  OF.  bruiller,  broil,  grill,  roast,  <  bruir 
d  side-flaps  meet  above  in  same  senses  (F.  brouir,  blight),  <  MHG. 
briii'ji-ii,  briien.  scald,  singe,  burn,  G.  briilieii, 
scald  (=  MLG.  brogen,  broien,  brugcn,  scald, 
cook,  =  MD.  broeijen,  scald,  D.  broeijen,  hatch, 
brood,  breed,  soak,  grow  hot),  <  MHG.  brueje, 
G.  briihe  =  MD.  broeije,  broth,  <  Teut.  •/  *bro, 
warm,  heat.  Cf.  bree*,  bretcix,  and  see  brood1.] 
I.  triniK.  To  cook  by  the  direct  action  of  heat 
over  or  in  front  of  a  clear  fire,  generally  upon 
a  gridiron,  as  meat  or  fish. 


brokage 

He  cowde  route  iiml  setlie  unit  '»"i(l-'  and  fire. 

Chaucer,  Oen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  383. 

II.  inlraim.  1.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action 
of  heat,  as  meat  over  a  fire.  Hence  —  2.  Figu- 
ratively,  to  be  greatly  heated;  be  heated  to 
the  point  of  great  discomfort. 

God  save  you,  sir  !    Where  have  you  l«en  tmitliim ' 

..  Hen.  VIII.,  Iv.  1. 

3.  To  fret ;  stew ;  be  very  impatient. 

He  broiled  with  impatience  to  put  iiis  ileHign  in  exe- 
cution. MtnW,  Tri-tram  Mialidy,  il.  5. 

broil2  (broil),  ii.  [In  the  earliest  use  known, 
Lord  Berners's  translation  of  Froissart,  vol.  ii. 
c.  140  (1525),  the  word  is  spelled  breuil,  appar. 
<  OF.  'breul,  'breuil,  "broil,  a  tumult,  broil  (= 
It.  broglio,  Olt.  also  brollo,  broggio  (Florio), 
confusion,  tumult,  rising,  revolt),  a  verbal  noun, 
agreeing  with  the  newly  formed  mod.  F.  brouillt- 
(>  early  mod.  E.  broilly,  Sc.  brulyir),  disagree- 
ment, misunderstanding,  falling  out  (cf.  OF. 
ill-mi  i  n  i  .  brouillis,  quarrel,  contention,  discord, 
confusion),  <  OF.  brouiller,  mod.  F.  brouiller  (= 
Pr.  brolhar  =  OSp.  brollar  =  Pg.  brolhar=  It. 
brogliare,  Olt.  also  brollare),  confuse,  jumble, 
trouble,  mar,  spoil,  otc.,prob.  orig.  entangle  as 
in  a  thicket  (cf.  E.  Broyl,  the  name  of  a  wood 
in  Sussex),  <  breul,  breuil,  broil  (=  Pr.  bruelh, 
m. ;  also  OF.  bruelle  =  Pr.  brurlha  =  Pg. 
brulha,  t.),  a  thicket,  grove,  wood,  forest  (agree- 
ing with  the  assumed  forms  cited  above  in 
the  sense  of  'tumult,  confusion'),  =  It.  bruolo, 
a  kitchen-garden,  brolo,  an  orchard,  Olt.  broilo, 
brollo,  a  garden,  <  ML.  broilus,  brolium,  bro- 
gilug,  also  broel,  a  wood,  forest,  park,  deer- 
park,  also  a  field,  meadow,  orchard,  prob.  < 
OHG.  "broil,  MHG.  briiel,  G.  briihl,  a  marshy 
place  overgrown  with  bushes:  a  word  of  un- 
known origin.  Cf.  E.  dial.  (North.)  brog,  a 
swampy  or  bushy  place.]  An  angry  tumult; 
a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention ;  discord. 

But  Cassaues  retyring  Into  Persia  to  pacific  new  broilei, 
the  Sultan  recouered  the  same. 

Pure/tan,  Pilgrimage,  p.  281. 
Your  intestine  broil* 
Weakening  the  sceptre  of  old  Night. 

Jltttun,  P.  L.,  11.  1001. 
And  deadly  feud,  or  thirst  of  spoil, 
Break  out  in  some  unseemly  brm'L 

Scott,  Ma rm ion.  i.  -Hi. 
=  8yn.  Affray,  Altercation,  eU'.     See  quarrell,  n. 

broil2t.r.».  [<  broiP,  n.  Ct.  embroil*.]  To  raise 
a  broil ;  quarrel ;  brawl. 

broil3  (bril),  ».  [Also  written  bryle ;  origin  un- 
certain.] In  mining,  a  collection  of  loose  frag- 
ments, usually  discolored  by  oxidation,  resting 
on  the  surface,  and  indicating  the  presence  of 
a  mineral  vein  beneath.  See  outcrop  and  gos- 
san. [Cornwall,  Eng.] 

broiler1  (broi'ler),  H.  [<  broil*  +  -er*.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  broils ;  any  device  for 
broiling  meats  or  fish. —  2.  A  chicken  fit  for 
broiling. — 3.  A  hot  day.  See  broiling. 

broiler^  (broi'ler),  n.  [<  brmft,  r.,  +  -er*.] 
One  who  excites  broils  or  promotes  quarrels. 

Wliat  doth  he  but  turn  bniler,  .  .  .  make  new  libels 
against  the  church?  Hammond,  Sermons,  p.  M4. 

broileryt,  "•  [Early  mod.  E.  broylery,  broil- 
lerie,  also  (as  F.)  brouillerie,  <  F.  brouillerit, 
confusion,  <  brouiller,  confuse:  see  broift.] 
Contention;  dispute. 

broiling  (broi'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  broil*,  v.] 
Excessively  hot  and  humid ;  torrid :  as,  a  broil- 
ing day. 

The  weather  for  this  fortnight  has  been  broiling  without 
interruption,  one  thunder-shower  excepted,  which  did  not 
cool  the  air  at  all.  Gray,  Letters,  I.  898. 

broillyt,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  broi  ft. 

broilmentt,  ».  [=  Sc.  brulyiement ;  <  broif*  + 
-mrnt.]  A  broil;  a  brawl. 

broinderg  (broin'derg),  H.  [<  Gael,  brudhearg, 
redbreast,  lit.  red-bellied.  <  brtt  (gen.  bronn, 
dat.  broinn),  belly  (=  W.  bru,  belly),  +  dcarg, 
red.]  A  name  for  the  redbreast,  Erythacus 
ntbecula.  Macgillivray.  [Local,  Scotch.] 

brokage  (bro'kaj),  ».  [Also  written  brocage,  < 
ME.  brokage,  brocage,  <  broc-  in  brocour,  bro- 
ker, -t-  -age.  See  broker.]  1.  An  arrangement 
made  or  sought  to  be  made  through  the  agency 
of  a  broker  or  go-between. 

He  woweth  hire  by  inene  and  by  fcr.., 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  L  188. 

2.  The  premium  or  commission  of  a  broker; 
the  gain  or  profit  derived  from  transacting  busi- 
ness as  broker  for  another. — 3.  The  trade  of 
a  broker ;  the  transacting  of  commercial  busi- 
ness, as  buying  and  selling,  for  other  men.  See 
broke1*,  bnikir. 

The  Jewcs  in  Rome  .  .  .  live  onely  upon  brolcage  and 
usury.  Evelyn,  Wary,  Jan.  15. 1B*5. 


brokage 

Proud 
Of  liis  rich  cloaks  auci  suits,  though  got  l>y  linkage. 

Masttiitt/n;  Duke  of  .Milan,  iii.  2. 
Marriage  brokage.    See  mamY/.w. 
broke1  (brok).     Preterit  and  (with  broken)  past 
participle  of  break. 


692 

ness  Of  heart,  the  state  of  having  the  spirits  crushed  by 
grief  or  despair  ;  abject  mental  misery. 

Helpless,  hopeless  broke  iiitcitx  of  heart. 

Byron,  Corsair,  iii.  22. 

Nor  was  this  submission  the  effect  of  content,  but  of 
mere  stupefaction  and  brokennexs  of  heart.^  Th()  iron  had 
entered  into  his  soul. 


bromlite 

with  six  bromine  atoms.     It  crystallizes  in  yel- 
low needles. 

bromate  (bro'mat), «.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -afei.]  A 
salt  formed  by  the  combination  of  bromic  acid 
with  a  base. 


on,  Works,  ii.  94.    (Davits.) 


r, j entered  iiiio  ins  noui.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvii.   bromatOgraphy  (bro-ma-tog'ra-fi),  n.      [<  Gr. 

brokeH,  n.    [A  var.  of  ferae*;!,  q.  v.]   A  breach.  broken.winded  (bro'kn-win'ded),  a.      Having     pp^(r-),  food,  +  -ypajia,  <  j,,d^v,  write,  de- 
for  broke,  eye  for  eye,  andjooth  fortooth.^  ^  ^    ghort  breath  or  digordered  respiration,  as  a     scribe.]     A  descnption  of  foods.     Also  bro- 

horse.     See  broken  wind,  under  wind?.  mograplty  and  bromatology. 

bromatology  (bro-ma-tol  o-ji),  n.    [<  Gr.  ppo- 
" ,  food,  +  -'Aoyia,  '<  ).eyt:iv,  speak:  see  -ology.] 

* —    — '., ":"'.,.  urvwtur.  IYAU.    vtvutiwi  ,   aiow,  »viuu  I^CJUA,  **.!..     ~~ —  as  orottiautyrttptty. 

is  not  found  in  this  sense.     See  broker  and       6         '    ML  abrocator  with  a  corresponding  brome  (brom),  n.     [<  Gr.  /3p^of,  a  stench:  see 

brokage.]     1.  To  transact  business  for  another  - ->     <= j. .•„„ 

in  trade ;  act  as  agent  in  buying  and  selling 
and  other  commercial  business ;  carry  on  the 
business  of  a  broker.— 2f.  To  act  as  a  go- 
between  or  procurer  in  love  matters ;  pimp. 

And  brakes  with  all  that  can  in  such  a  suit 

Corrupt  the  tender  honour  of  a  maid. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iii.  B. 

We  do  want  a  certain  necessary  woman  to  broke  between 
them,  Cupid  said.  Faiisham. 

3f.  To  transact  business  by  means  of  an  agent. 


vcru,  ^P.  abroker,  ML.  "abrocare  (also  in  deriv.  bromine.]     Same  as  bromine, 

abrocamentum:  see  abbrochment),  act  as  a  bro-  brome-grass  (brom'gras),  n.     [<  brome,  E.  for 

ker);  prob.  of  LG.  origin:  MLG.  bruker,  a  bro-  NL.  Bromus,  +  grass.']    A  common  name  for 

ker,= 4ast  Fries,  broker,  a  broker  (schips-broker,  grasses  of  the  genus  Bromus,  of  which  there 

a  ship-broker) ;  prob.  orig.  '  one  who  uses,  oc-  are  about  40  species  widely  distributed,  chiefly 

cupies,  manages';  cf.  MD.  broke,  bruyck,  breuk,  through  the  northern  temperate  zone.    They  are 

D«»),L..;l.    ,           ,.,,of.,,,,   CMT  P     Tmilrinnr    nap  nearly  allied  to  the  fescue-grasses(/'i'*f««i),  but  are  mostly 

.gebruik,  use,  custom  (MLG.  brukinge,  use,  ^^         of  com,)lir,ltivelv  lifctlve  ¥nlne.    chess  or  cheat 

usufruct),  =  OHG.  bruh,  G.  branch,  custom,  ge-  (B  se^aumls)  and  Schrader's  brome-grass  (B.  mtioloides) 

braueh,  custom,  use,  employment,  etc.,  =  Dan.  have  been  cultivated  as  annual  forage-grasses.    Also,  cor- 

brug  =  Sw.  bruk,  use,  employment,  custom,  _ruptly,  broom-grass. _ 
),  business ;  from  the  verb,  MD.  bniyeken, 


when  men  shall  wait  upon  others'  necessity,  broke  by  ser- 
vants and  instruments  to  draw  them  on,  ...  and  the  like 
practices.  Bacon,  Riches. 

broke3t,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  brookl. 

broke4t,  "•  *•     A  Middle  English  form  of  brook%. 

broked.  «.     See  brocket.     [Scotch.] 

broken  (bro'kn),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  break;  <  ME.  bro- 
ken, often  shortened  to  broke,  <  AS.  brocen,  <  bre- 
can,  break:  see  break.]  1.  Not  integral  or  en- 
tire ;  fractional :  opposed  to  round,  as  applied 
to  numbers. 

This  new-created  income  of  two  millions  will  probably 
furnish  £6B5,000  (I  avoid  broken  numbers).  Burke. 

2.  Rough;  intersected  with  hills  and  valleys 
or  ravines :  applied  to  the  surface  of  a  country 
or  district.— 3.  Bankrupt.— 4.  Imperfect;  un- 
grammatical;  wanting  in  fluency  or  correct- 
ness of  pronunciation :  as,  broken  French. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me  in  broken  English. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

5.  In  her.,  depicted  as  having  been  forcibly 
torn  off,  leaving  the  end  shivered  or  splintered. 
—  6.  In  enfant.,  abruptly  bent  at  an  angle  ;  ge- 
niculate  :  said  specifically  of  antennes  in  which 
the  terminal  portion  forms  an  angle  with  the 
longbasal  joint.  — Broken  beer.  See  be.eri.—  Broken 
cadence.  See  cadence.— Broken  Chords,  in  music,  chords 
the  tones  of  which  are  played  in  succession  instead  of  si- 
multaneously. See  arpeggio.—  Broken  colors,  in  paint- 
ing, colors  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  or  more  pig- 
ments. The  term  is  usually  applied  to  those  tints  which 
result  from  the  combination  in  various  proportions  of  blue, 
red,  and  yellow.— Broken  line,  a  line  formed  of  a  num- 
ber of  straight  lines  joined  at  their  ends  and  not  forming 
a  continuous  straight  Hue.  —  Broken  man,  a  member  of  a 
clan  which  had  been  broken  up,  or  one  separated  from  his 
clan  on  account  of  crime ;  hence,  an  outlaw ;  a  vagabond ; 
a  public  depredator.  [Scotch.  ] — Broken  meat,  victuals, 
fragments  of  food.  — Broken  music,  music  played  on 
harps,  guitars,  and  other  instruments  on  which  the  chords 
are  usually  played  as  arpeggios. 

Fair  prince,  here  is  good  broken  music. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  I. 

Broken  voyage,  in  u>hale-fixhinfr,  an  unprofitable  voy- 
age, or  a  losing  voyage.  C.  M.  Scammon,  Marine  Mam- 
mals (Glossary),  p.  310.— Broken  water,  waves  breaking 
on  and  near  shallows,  or  by  the  contention  of  currents  in 
a  narrow  channel. — Broken  wind.  See  itrindz. 
broken-backed  (bro'kn-bakt),  a.  [ME.  broke- 
bakked.]  1.  Having  the  back  broken,  in  any 
sense  of  the  noun  back:  as,  a  broken-backed 
book. 


bruken,  use,  need,  refl.  use,  have  to  do  with,  = 
OHG.  bruhhen,  MHG.  bruchen,  G.  brauchen,  use, 
need,  =  AS.  brucan,  ME.  bruken,  brouken,  bro- 
ken, use,  possess,  enjoy,  digest,  mod.  E.  brook, 
endure:  see  brook2.  The  F.  brocanter,  deal  in 
second-hand  goods,  is  prob.  of  the  same  origin.] 


Bromel,  a  Swedish  botanist  (1639-1705).]  A 
genus  of  American  tropical  plants,  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Bromeliacete,  including  four  or  five 
species  having  rigid,  spiny-margined  leaves 
closely  packed  upon  a  short  stem.  The  wild  pine- 
apple (B.  Piivjuin)  is  often  used  4s  a  hedge-plant,  and  yields 
what  is  known  as  pinguin  fiber.  The  istle-grass  of  Mexico 
(B.  ftylvextrix)  produces  an  excellent  fiber. 


. 

1.  A  middleman  or  agent  who,  for  a  commis-  JJromeliacese  (bro-me-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
sion  or  rate  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  the  trans-  Bromelia  +  -ucece.]  A  natural  order  of  endo- 
action,  negotiates  for  others  the  purchase  or  genous  plants,  with  inferior  ovary,  allied  to 
sale  of  stocks,  bonds,  commodities,  or  property  tne  AmarylUdaceai,  but  with  only  three  of  the 

divisions  of  the  perianth  resembling  petals, 
and  the  rigid  leaves  often  scurfy  and  spiny. 
The  species  are  all  natives  of  tropical  or  subtropical  re- 
gions  of  America,  and  many  of  them  are  epiphytes.  The 
order  includes  the  pineapple  (Ananas)  and  some  valuable 
fiber-plants  of  the  genera  Brontelia  and  Karatas.  The 
other  more  important  genera  are  Tillandsia  (to  which  the 
Spanish  moss  of  the  southern  Vnited  States  belongs),  Pit- 
cairnia,  s&chinea,  and  BUlberyia,  many  species  of  which 

,  SLJ^£^|  in  huthousea  for  their  curiou8  habit  and 

er,  or  a  lender  of  bro'mhydrate  (brom-hl'drat),  «.      [<  brom(ate) 
+  hydrate.]     Same  as  hydrobromate. 

I.-.,™1-,,  rVivfi'mi  na>    »   •  nl    brnniifidft  CVvro-mi'- 
DronuaS  (bro  mi-US),  ».  ,  pi.  Or  mi 

a-dez).  [Gr.  Ppo/uaf,  a  large  cup.]  In  arcJiteol., 
a  cup  or  drinking-vessel  of  the  type  of  the  scy- 
phus,  but  of  larger  size. 

bromic  (bro'mik),  a.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -ic.]  Per- 
taining to  bromine.—  Bromic  add,  an  acid  contain- 
ing bromine  and  oxygen  with  hydrogen  replaceable  by  a 
base.  —  BromlC  Silver,  the  mineral  bromyrite. 

bromide  (bro'mid  or  -mid),  n.  [<  brom(me)  + 
-wfe2.]  A  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
bromine  with  another  element  or  with  an  or- 
ganic radical.  Also  bromuret. 

bromidrosis  (bro-mi-dro'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/Ipufiof,  a  stench,  +  idpuf,  sweat,  perspiration.] 
Fetid  perspiration. 

brominated  (bro'mi-ua-ted),  a.  [<  bromine  + 
-rtfc2  +  -fd%.]  In  chem.,  treated  or  combined 
with  bromine.  Fweues. 


of  any  kind,  or  who  attends  to  the  doing  of  some- 
thing for  another.  Brokers  are  of  several  kinds,  ac- 
cording to  the  particular  branch  of  business  to  which  their 
attention  is  confined,  as  stock-brokers,  exchange-brokers, 
bill-brokers,  cotton-brokers,  ship-brokers,  etc.  See  these 
words. 

Tom  Folio  is  a  broker  in  learning,  employed  to  get  to- 
gether good  editions,  and  stock  the  libraries  of  great  men. 

Addison,  Tom  Folio. 

2.  One  who  lends  money  on  pledges,  or  lets  out 
articles  for  hire ;  a  pawnbrok 
goods. 

The  price  of  these  hir'd  clothes  I  do  not  know,  gentlemen  ! 

Those  jewels  are  the  broker's,  how  you  stand  bound  for 

'em  !  Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  1. 

3f.  A  pimp  or  procurer ;  a  pander. 
May  be,  you  look'd  I  should  petition  to  you, 
As  you  went  to  your  horse ;  flatter  your  servants, 
To  play  the  brokers  for  my  furtherance. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  i.  2. 
Hence,  broker, lackey!  ignomy  and  shame 
Pursue  thy  life.  Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  11. 


[Some  editions  read  broker-lackey.] 
Broker's  note,  a  bought  or  sold  note  ;  a  voucher  deliv- 
ered by  a  broker  to  his  principal  containing  particulars 
of  a  sale  or  purchase.—  Custom-house  broker.  See  <•»*• 
tom-hou»e.— street  broker,  or  curbstone  broker,  ii 
stock-broker  who  is  not  a  member  of  the  stock  exchange, 
but  who  carries  out  the  orders  of  others  by  transactions  in 
the  streets,  or  by  going  from  office  to  office.    [U.  S.] 
brokerage  (bro'ker-aj),  ii.     [<  broker  +  -aye; 
substituted  for  earlier  brokage.']     1.  The  busi- 


ness  or  employment  of  a  broker.  —  2.  The  fee  bromine  (bro'min),  «.    [<  NL.  brominium,  <  Gr. 
----  1  -----  .i«  —  4.__«»«t:  — 


or  commission  given  or  charged  for  transacting 
business  as  a  broker. 

brokerlyt   (bro'ker-li),  a.     [<  broker  +  -ly1.] 
Mean;  servile. 

We  had  determined  that  thou  should'st  have  come 
In  a  Spanish  suit,  and  have  carried  her  so ;  and  he, 
A  brokerly  slave !  goes,  puts  it  on  himself. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iv.  4. 


Yellow,  thumbed,  devastated  by  flies  and  time,  stained  vrni..onrt  Chrn'kAr  ii   »       K  brnker  +  -«  1     The 
with  spots  of  oil  and  varnish,  broken-backed,  dog's-eared   pTOKeryt  (Dro  Ker-lJ,  n.      \\orokei  T    y.\ 
-  a  sorry  lazar-house  copy,  which  no  bookstall-keeper     business  of  a  broker.     Marlowe. 
would  look  at.  G.  A.  Sala,  Dutch  Pictures,  broking  (bro'king),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  broke'-,  i:~\ 

1.  Engaged  as  abroker. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the 
business  of  a  broker  or  a  pawnbroker. 

Redeem  from  broking  pawn  the  blemish'd  crown. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  1. 
3.  Pandering;  pimping. 


brokket. 


Specifically — 2.  Naut.,  hogged:  descriptive  of 
the  condition  of  a  ship  when,  from  faulty  con- 
struction or  from  grounding,  her  frame  be- 
comes so  loosened  as  to  cause  both  ends  to 
droop. 

broken-bellied  (bro'kn-bel"id),  «.      Having  a 
ruptured  belly ;  hence,  broken  down ;  degener- 
ate.    [Rare.] 
Suchisourfcroten-fceiKcdage.    E.  Sandys,  Essays,  p.  168.   broma  (bro'ma),  n. 

broken-hearted  (bro'kn-har'ted),  a.     Having 
the  spirits  depressed  or  crushed  by  grief  or 
despair. 
He  hath  sent  me  to  bind  up  the  brokenhearted.   Isa.  Ixi.  1. 

brokenly  (bro'kn-li),  adv.  1.  Iii  a  broken,  in- 
terrupted manner ;  without  regularity. —  2.  In 
broken  or  imperfect  language. 


Is  't  you,  Sir  Pandarus,  the  broking  knight  of  Troy? 

Middle,  ton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  ii.  1. 


See  brock^,  brocks,  etc. 
[<  Gr. 


lipijfiof,  also  Ppo/u>f,  a  stench.]  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Br ;  atomic  weight,  80.  A  non-metallic  ele- 
ment allied  in  its  chemical  relations  to  chlo- 
rine and  iodine.  It  is  a  dark-reddish  liquid,  opaque 
except  in  thin  layers,  sparingly  soluble  in  water,  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  3.19  at  32°  F.  It  is  volatile,  and  emits 
at  ordinary  temperatures  reddish  vapors  which  have  a 
powerful  suffocating  odor,  and  are  intensely  irritating  to 
the  mucous  membrane.  When  dropped  on  the  skin,  bro- 
mine produces  corrosive  sores.  It  is  not  found  native, 
but  occurs  combined  with  bases  in  very  minute  quantities 
in  sea-water  and  the  ashes  of  marine  plants,  and  in  larger 
amount  in  certain  mineral  springs.  Some  ores  of  silver 
also  contain  bromine  in  combination.  With  hydrogen 
bromine  forms  hydrobromic  acid  (HBr),  and  with  bromine 
or  hydrobromic  acid  most  metals  form  compounds  called 
bromides,  which  are  extensively  used  in  medicine.  Bro- 
mine itself  is  also  used  medicinally  in  very  dilute  solu- 
tions. Also  called  bf"ni'>. 

brominism   (bro'min-izm),   «.      [<  bromine  + 
-ixm.]     Same  as  bromism. 
bromise,  *'•  t.    See  bromize. 

"fa.'  f°,°di  <  Wp«-  bromism  (bro'mizm),  «.  [<  brom(ine)  +  -i#>n.] 
A  diseased  condition  produced  by  excessive 
use  of  bromides.  It  is  characterized  by  somnolence. 
weakness  of  mind  and  memory,  confused  speech,  feebleand 
staggering  gait,  impaired  senses,  diminished  reflex  excita- 
bility, suppression  of  sexual  instinct,  eruption  on  the  skin, 
feebleness  of  the  heart,  catarrh,  etc.  Also  called bromini*in. 


If  you  will  love  me  soundly  with  your  French  heart,  I 
will  be  glad  to  hear  you  confess  it  brokenly  with  your 
English  tongue. 


anew,  2d  aor.  e'flpuv,  eat ;  cf .  /iopa,  food,  L.  vorare, 
devour,  from  the  same  root.]     1.  Aliment. — 
2.  A  preparation  from  cocoa-seeds  or  -beans, 
used  in  decoction  as  a  beverage. 
bromal  (bro'mal),  «.     [<  bromiine)  +  al(cohol).'] 

^  ,/y-is       j-t*~v-rV\     -it     •        j 11       O.T_  A;  iccuieiiesB  ui  me  iicm  t,  liiimiii,  i-n .   ^\iov  ^.n»**-«^.  vj.. 

A  compound  (CBr3COH)  obtained  by  the  action  i,romite  (bro'inlt),  «.     Same  as  brotni/ritc. 

of  bromine  on  alcohol.    It  is  a  colorless,  oily  fluid,  hromize  (bro'miz),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  ppl  bromi:<-d. 

of  a  penetrating  odor  and  sharp,  burning  taste.    It  has  "     ,.,.,.,}.:.:..,.       ,  /  i,r<>IH(jllf)  +  .;>  1      In  ,,lto- 

been  used  in  medicine,  having  properties  similar  to  those  PPr-  Dromtsmg.      L\f 

of  chloral  tog.,  to  prepare  or  treat  with  a  bromide 


.  ., 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2.  bromaloin  (bro  '  ma-loin),  n.     [<  brom(ine)  +     spelled  li 

H3 


Also 


,     . 

brokenness  (bro'kn-nes),  n.       [<   broken    +     (barb)aloin.]    A  substance  (C34H30Br6Oi4)  de-  bromlite  (brom'  lit),  «.     [<  Brom  ley  (Bromley 
-ness.]     The  state  of  being  broken.    Broken-    rived  from  barbaloin  by  replacing  six  hydrogen     Hill  in  Cumberland,  England)  +  -ifr2.]     A  car- 


bromlite 

bonate  of  barium  and  calcium  in  orthorhombic 
crystals,  intermediate  between  witherite  and 
strontianite.  Also  called  ul«t<»iit<: 

bromochloralum  (bro'mo-klo'ni-lum),  n.  A 
solution  of  the  chloriti  and  bromide  of  iilumin 
ium,  frequently  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

bromoform  (ImV  mo-form),  n.  [<  brom(ine)  + 
-form,  as  in  chlnmforin,  q.  v.]  A  colorless  lim- 
pid liquid  of  agreeable  odor,  formed  by  the 
action  of  bromino  and  potassium  hydrate  mi 
wood-spirit  or  ordinary  alcohol.  It  is  analo- 
gous to  chloroform,  but  contains  bromine  in 
place  of  chlorine. 

bromogelatin  (brd'mo-jel'a-tin),  a.  Formed 
from  or  prepared  with  certain  bromides  to- 
gether with  silver  nitrate  and  gelatin,  as  the 
sensitive  emulsions  used  for  preparing  dry 
plates  in  photographic  work.  See  emuMon  and 
ilercloper. 

bromography  (bro-mog'ra-fl), ».  [<  Or.  flp£>/ta, 
food,  T  -)pa<t>ia,  <  yp&Quv,  write.]  Same  as  \trt>- 
matoijraphy. 

bromoiodized  (bro'mo-i'o-dizd),  «.  Impreg- 
nated with  bromides  and  iodides,  as  the  collo- 
dion plate  used  in  the  wet  process  of  photog- 
raphy. 

bromuret  (bro'mu-ret),  «.  [<  brom(iiie)  + 
-tiret.]  Same  as  bromide. 

bromureted  (bro'mu-ret-ed),  a.  [<  bromuret  •+• 
-<•!/-.]  Impregnated  or  combined  with  bromine. 

Bromus  (bro'mus),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bromos  in 
Pliny),  <  Gr.  /3p6/iof,  also  fiopuos,  a  kind  of  oats, 
from  same  root  as  ftopd,  food,  and  fipufia,  food : 
see  broma.]  A  genus  of  grasses;  the  brome- 
grass  (which  see). 

bromyrite  (bro'mi-rit), «.  [<  bro»i(ide)  +  (anj)u- 
rite.]  Native  silver  bromide,  of  a  yellowish- 
green  color,  occurring  at  Huelgoat  in  Brittany, 
in  Mexico,  and  in  Chili,  accompanying  other 
ores  of  silver.  Sometimes  called  bromite  and 
bromic  silver. 

bronchi,  ».     Plural  of  bronchus. 

bronchia  (brong'ki-a),  «.  pi.  [LL.,  <  Gr.  /ip6-j- 
Xia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  in  sing,  fip6yxtov,  equi  v. 
to  ftpdyxof,  the  windpipe ;  cf .  /Jpaj^ia,  the  gills : 
see  bronchia;.]  The  bronchial  tubes.  See  bron- 
chial. 

bronchial  (brong'ki-al),  a.  [<  bronchia  +  -al.] 
Belonging  to  the  bronchi  or  the  bronchia. — 
Bronchial  arteries,  branches  of  the  thoracic  aorta  ac- 
companying the  bronchial  tubes. — Bronchial  glands. 
See  y land. — Bronchial  hemorrhage.  same  as  bran- 
chahemorrhagia.—  Bronchial  membrane,  the  mucous 
meml>r;im>  lining  the  bruriehi  and  bronchial  tubes. — 
Bronchial  tubes,  the  ramifications  of  the  bronchi,  ter- 
minating in  the  infmulibula  of  the  lungs. — Bronchial 
veins,  tin-  veins  accompanying  the  bronchial  tubes  ami 
emptying  into  the  superior  intercostal  and  azygous  veins. 

bronchic  (brong'kik),  a.  [<  bronchus  +  -ic.] 
Same  as  bronchial. 

bronchidesmus  (brong-ki-des'mus),  n.     [NL., 

<  Gr.  fi/m-)xoc.,  the  windpipe,  +  6eofi6f,  a  band, 
tie,  <  tfeiv,   bind,    tie.]      A  membrane  which 
unites  the  bronchi  of  birds  to  some  extent. 

The  membrane  .  .  .  which  was  termed  by  Garrod  the 
brmifkidetmux  is  complete  in  the  storks. 

BeMard,  Proc.  Zool.  Sue.,  June,  1886,  p.  321. 

bronchiectasic  (brong'ki-ek-tas'ik),  a.  K  bron- 
fhirettutiM  +  -ic ;  prop,  "bronchiectatic.]  Like  or 
pertaining  to  bronchiectasis. 

bronchiectasis  (brong-ki-ek'ta-sis),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  tlpuyxia,  bronchial  tubes, "+  curootf,  exten- 
sion, <  i'KTeivfiv  =  L.  esten-d-ere,  extend.]  In 
put  hoi.,  dilatation  of  the  bronchial  tubes  as  pro- 
duced in  phthisis  and  chronic  bronchitis. 

bronchiole  (brong'ki-61),  a.  [<  bronchiolHS.]  A 
smalt  bronchial  tube. 

bronchiolus  (broug-ki'o-lus),  «. ;  pi.  broncliioli 
(-H).  [NL.,  dim.  of  bronchus,  q.  v.]  A  bron- 
chiole. 

bronchiostenosis  (brong-ki-os-te-no'sis),  «. 
[NL.,  <  Ur.  fipo-jxia,  the  bronchial  tubes,  + 
erevuaif ,  contraction,  <  OTFVOVV,  contract,  narrow, 

<  oret>or,  narrow.]     In  pathol.,  contraction  of  a 
bronchus  or  a  bronchial  tube. 

bronchitic  (brong-kit'ik),  «.  [<  bronchitis  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchitis. 

bronchitis  (brong-ki'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  bronrlnm. 
windpipe  (see  bronchia),  +  -itis.]  In  patlml.,  an 
inflammation  of  the  bronchial  membrane.  It 
is  a  complaint  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  and 
may  be  acute  or  chronic.  Capillary  bronchitis, 
inflammation  involving  the  minute  bronchial  tubes. 

broncho,  ».     See  bronco. 

bronchocele  (brong'ko-sel  or  -se'le),  n.  [< 
Gr.  ,ipo;.  x<«^-l,  a  tumor  in  the  throat,  {  /fyx'y.fT, 
Ilic  windpipe,  +  KI/'/II.  n  tumor.]  Same  as  ijoili r. 

bronchohemorrhagia  (broug '  ko  -  hem  -o  -  ra'- 
Ji-*)>  "•  [NL.,  <  Ur.  {3pA)x<>s,  windpipe,  +  aiuap- 


603 

,  hemorrhage.]  A  term  proposed  by  Andral 
for  the  exudation  of  blood  from  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  the  bronchial  tubes,  commonly  called 
hriiitriiitil  In  iniirrltiHft  . 

bronchophonic  (brong-ko-fon'ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  bronchophony. 

bronchophony  (brong-kof  '6-ui),  «.  [<  Gr. 
Xnr.,  the  windpipe,  +  ^n"?,  voice.]  In  /nithol., 
an  abnormal  sound  of  the  voice  heard  in  aus- 
cultation of  the  chest.  It  is  loud,  near,  and 
thrilling,  but  not  so  distinctly  articulated  as 
in  pectoriloquy. 

bronchopneumonia  (brong'ko-nu-mo'ni-jl),  «. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  i1p6-,x"<:,  the  windpipe,  +  NL.  /""  "- 
moiiia,  q.  v.]  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the 
lung-substance,  associated  with  and  usually 
secondary  to  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  smaller  bronchial  tubes.  Also 
called  catarrhal  and  tabular  pneumonia. 

bronchopneumonitis  (brong-ko-nu-mo-ni'tis), 
n.  [As  broncho/mi  nmonia  +  -itig.]  Same  as 
bronchopneumonia. 

bronchorrhagia  (brong-ko-ra'ji-S),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  fip6)xof,  the  windpipe,  +  -payia,  <  pirjvvvai, 
break,  burst.]  In  pathol.,  hemorrhage  from  the 
bronchial  tubes. 

bronchorrhoea  (lirong-ko-re'ii),  n.  [^NL.,  <Gr. 
ftp6yxof,  the  windpipe,  4-  poia,  a  flowing,  flux,  < 
peiv,  flow.]  In  pathol.,  copious  exudation  from 
the  bronchial  tubes. 

bronchostenosis  (brong-ko-ste-no'sis),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  jipoyxof,  the  windpipe,  +  artvuatf,  constric- 
tion: see  bronchiostenositi.]  In  pathol.,  con- 
striction of  a  bronchus. 

bronchotome  (brong'ko-tom),  n.  [<  Gr.  flp6)- 
Xoc,  the  windpipe,  +  ro'u6^,  catting,  verbal  adj. 
of  rtuveiv,  ra/tetv,  cut.]  In  surg.,  an  instru- 
ment for  making  the  incision  into  the  larynx 
or  trachea  in  the  operation  of  bronchotomy. 
There  are  many  forms. 

bronchotomy  (brong-kot'o-mi),  «.  [<Gr.  fip&y- 
xoc.,  the  windpipe,  +  rofiia,  late  form  of  TO//J?,  a 
cutting,  <  rtfiveiv,  rafieiv,  cut;  cf.  anatomy.]  In 
.-•«)•(/.,  the  act  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
windpipe  or  larynx,  usually  for  the  purpose  of 
affording  a  passage  for  air  into  and  out  of  the 
lungs  when  any  disease  or  accident  hinders 
respiration  by  the  usual  channels,  or  to  extract 
foreign  bodies  which  have  lodged  in  the  trachea. 
The  operation  is  called  tracheotomy  when  the  opening  is 
made  into  the  trachea,  and  iartfntjotointi  when  made  into 
the  larynx. 

bronchotracheal  (brong-ko-tra'ke-al),  a.  [< 
bronchus  +  trachea  +  -«/.]  Situated  partly  in 
the  bronchi  and  partly  in  the  trachea  :  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  syrinx  of  oligomyodian  or 
haploophonous  birds,  which  is  usually  of  this 
character.  Also  tracheobronchial. 

bronchos  (brong'kus),  n.  ;  pi.  bronchi  (-ki). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Ilp6)x°f,,  the  windpipe:  see  bron- 
chia.] Either  of  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
trachea:  also  sometimes  used  to  denote  any 
small  bronchial  tube.  See  trachea,  lung,  and 
cut  under  thorax. 

bronco  (brong'ko),  n.  [Commonly,  but  incor- 
rectly, spelled  brottcho  ;  appar.  a  particular  ap- 
plication of  Sp.  bronco,  rough,  rude,  sturdy, 
crusty,  crabbed,  morose,  =  Pg.  bronco,  rough, 
rude,  coarse,  awkward.]  On  the  northwestern 
plains  of  the  United  States,  an  unbroken  or 
imperfectly  broken  horse,  usually  a  mustang 
or  Indian  pony. 

In  ami  out  among  the  craft  of  heavier  burden  shuffled 
the  small,  tough  brunchon.  The  Century,  XXXI.  «."•. 

brondt,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brand. 

brongniardite  (bron-yar'dit),  ».  [After  the 
French  mineralogist  A.  Brongniart  (1770- 
1847).]  A  sulphid  of  antimony,  lead,  and  sil- 
ver, occurring  massive  in  Mexico,  with  grayish- 
black  color  and  metallic  luster. 

brontea,  ».    Plural  of  bronteum. 

Bronteidae  (bron-t«'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bron- 
tes +  -irfa'.]  A  family  of  trilobites. 


Brontes  (bron'tez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
one  of  the  Cyclopes,  lit.  'thunderer,'  <  ,J/<ovr//, 
thunder.]  A  genus  of  Devonian  trilobites, 
having  a  broad  radiating  tail,  giving  name  to 
a  family  Bronteifla.'.  Also  Bronteits. 

bronteum  (bron-te'um),  n.  ;  pi.  brontea  (-S). 
[<  Gr.  fipovTtim',  <  ppovrii,  thunder.]  In  the 
ancient  theater,  a  machine  for  producing  sound 
in  imitation  of  thunder. 

Bronteus  (brou'te-us),  n.  [NL.  :  see  Brontes.] 
Same  as  Brontea. 

brontolith  (bron'to-lith),  H.  [<  Gr.  fipovrr/, 
thunder,  +  >/rt».  stone.]  An  aerolite  or  mete- 
orolite  ;  literally,  a  thunder-stone. 


bronze 

brontology   (bron-tol'o-ji),   «.     [<   Gr.   jif 
thunder,  +  ->«jm,  <  /i';«r,  speak:  see  -vlogy.] 
A  di -course  or  dissertation  upon  thunder. 

Brontosaurus  (bron-t<>-na'rus),  u.  [NL.,  <  (ir. 
V"' T'/.  thunder,  +  aavpof,  lizard.]  A  genus  of 
hu^e  fossil  dinosaurian  reptilen,  notable  for 
tlicir  small  liead  and  diminutive  brain-cavity, 
the  whole  skull  not  exceeding  some  of  tin' 
neck-bones  in  size.  One  species  was  about  50 
feet  long,  and  probably  weighed  'JO  tons  or 
more. 

Brontotheriidse  (bron'to-the-ri'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  liniiitotherium  +  -i<la-.]  A  family  of 
huge  perissodactyl  ungulate  mammals  from  the 
Miocene  of  North  America,  established  for  tin- 
reception  of  the  genus  Brmitotherium  :  same  as 
Mi'iinilonliilii'  and  Titanotlicriiild . 

Brontotherium  (bron-to-the'ri-um),  ».  TNL., 
<  Gr.  fipmT//,  thunder,  +  Oqpiov,  beast.]  A 
genus  of  gigantic  extinct  perissodactyls,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Broiitotheriida;. 

Brontozoum  (bron-to-zo'um),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
BpAvrtK,  one  of  the  Cyclopes  (see  Bronte*),  + 
Cyov,  animal.]  A  genus  of  gigantic  animals, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  birds,  now  believed  to 
be  dinosauriau  reptiles,  known  only  by  their 
tracks  in  the  Triassic  formation  of  the  Con- 
necticut valley.  The  stride  was  about  8  feet, 
and  the  length  of  the  footprint  about  17  inches. 

bronze  (bronz),  n.  and  u.  |  =  D.  brim*  =  G. 
bronze  =  Dan.  lron;e  =  Sw.  broiut,  <  F.  bronze 
=  Sp.  bronce  =  Pg.  bronze,  <  It.  bronzo,  bronze 
(cf.  Bulg.  Serv.  Kuss.  bronza.  Sloven,  bronec, 
brunec,  brunc,  Pol.  bronc,  Alban.  brunze,  NGr. 
ujr/joiivrfof,  bronze,  appar.  from  the  Horn.),  < 
ML.  bromium  (also  bronsiwu,  prop,  adj.,  >  It. 
bronzino,  bronzed),  bronze;  perhaps,  as  some 
suppose,  altered  through  Rom.  influence  from 
an  orig.  "brunitium,  neut.  of  brunitius,  prop, 
adj.,  brown,  but  found  only  as  a  noun  (also 
brtmicus),  applied  to  a  horse,  <  brunus  (/  It. 
hruno,  P.  brun,  etc.),  brown,  <  OHG.  briin  =  AS. 
brun,  E.  brown  :  see  brown,  and  cf.  burnixh.]  I. 
«.  1.  An  alloy  of  which  copper  forms  the  pre- 
dominating portion,  and  into  the  composition  of 
which  tin  almost  always  enters :  but  the  name 
is  also  given  to  alloys  containing  no  tin.  The 
proportion  of  copper  in  various  bronzes  itt  usually  liftween 
80  and  90  per  cent. ;  in  some  It  falls  as  low  as  70.  The 
proportion  of  tin  in  the  bronzes  of  different  ages  and 
those  used  for  various  purposes  is  almost  as  variable  atf 
that  of  copper.  Bronze  used  for  bells  has  the  largest 
amount  of  tin ;  in  some  it  reaches  25  per  cent.  The  bronze 
formerly  used  for  cannon  contained  al>out  10  per  cent,  of 
tin  and  often  a  small  amount  of  zinc.  Statuary  bronze  is, 
and  has  l>een  from  the  l>eginning  of  its  use  for  the  pur- 
pose, of  very  variable  composition.  In  some  statuary 
called  bronze  there  is  less  than  1  per  cent,  of  tin,  while 
zinc  U  present  in  sufficient  quantity  almost  to  justify 
calling  the  material  brass.  Tin-  zinc  in  various  pieces  of 
statuary  cast  within  the  past  two  or  three  hundred  yean, 
and  erected  in  some  of  the  principal  cities  of  Europe, 
varies  in  quantity  from  less  than  1  per  cent,  to  25.  Lead 
is  present  ill  many  bronzes,  but  usually  in  small  amount, 
rarely  being  as  much  as  8  per  cent.  Itronze  is  an  alloy  of 
importance  to  Imth  the  arts  and  commerce,  and  is  also  of 
great  historical  interest,  since  it  has  been  known  from 
remote  age*  over  a  large  part  of  the  world.  It  is  pre- 
ferred to  simple  unalloyed  copper,  on  account  both  of  its 
color  and  of  its  greater  durability.  Among  prehistoric 
races  the  use  of  bronze  preceded  that  of  iron :  and  among 
their  remains  are  found  swords,  axes,  and  other  cutting 
instruments  of  this  material,  sometimes  artistically  made 
and  ornamented,  as  well  as  domestic  implements  and 
utensils  of  many  kinds.  The  ancient  Greeks,  Romans, 
etc.,  made  statuary  of  it  in  enormous  quantities,  and  also 
coins,  recording  tablets,  and  a  great  variety  of  articles  of 
common  use.  It  is  now  not  only  used  for  cannon  (for 
which  purpose  it  has  lieen  to  a  great  extent  supplanted 
by  steel),  bells,  and  statuary,  but  also  for  parts  of  various 
machines,  especially  Iwarings,  and  for  screw-propellers. 
The  beauty  and  durability  of  bronze  statuary  depend  in 
no  small  degree  on  the  color  and  composition  of  the  oxi- 
dized fllm  or  incrustation  which  forms  upon  it  when  it  is 
exposed  to  the  weather.  This  U  called  Its  jiatina  (which 
see).  In  recent  times  numerous  experimento  have  been 
made  with  a  view  to  improve  the  quality  of  bronze  in 
various  ways,  in  particular  by  the  addition  of  mnall  quan- 
tities of  other  substances,  especially  metals.  The  most 
important  result  of  these  experiments  seems  to  be  pAon- 
phor-broiue,  an  alloy  patented  by  two  Belgian  metal- 
lurgists about  1670,  and  now  extensively  used  where 
toughness  and  resistance  to  wear  are  required.  The 
amount  of  phosphorus  in  phosphor-bronze  U  less  than 
1  per  cent,  and  the  effect  it  produces  is  proliably  due  to 
its  reducing  action  on  the  oxiiltt  of  the  other  metals  dur- 
ing the  process  of  manufacture.  Phoaphor-hronze  is  of 
tiner  grain  and  color,  and  is  believed  to  be  much  more 
durable,  than  ordinary  bronze ;  and  it  is  thought  by  many 
that  it  will  eventual!}'  be  proved  to  be  the  best  material 
for  artillery.  Extensive  experiments  have  also  been  made 
with  manganese,  lead,  and  other  metals.  Aluminium 
bronze  is  an  alloy  of  copper  and  aluminium  now  in  use, 
especially  where  tensile  strength  is  required.  So-called 
iteel  bronze  is  bronze  hardened  by  mechanical  compression. 
It  has  not  come  into  general  use,  but  was  intended  by  iu 
inventor  to  be  used  for  cannon.  Sw  aluminium. 
2.  A  work  of  art,  as  a  statuette,  bust,  or  model, 
composed  of  bronze,  whether  cast  or  wrought. 
— 3.  A  brown  pigment  or  coloring  substance 


bronze  694 

resembling  bronze;  bronze-powder.— 4.  Bold-  bronzing-machine  (bron'zing-ma-shen''),  n.   A 
ness;  impudence ;  brass.  machine  for  decorating  wall-papers,  fabrics, 

Imbrown'd  with  native  bronze,\o'.  Henley  stands,  labels,  . etc.,  with  bronze-powder. 

Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands.  bronZlSt  (bron'zist),  n.     [<  bronze  +  -1st.]     One 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iii.  199.     w],o  casts  bronzes,  or  works  in  bronze. 

Amber  bronze.   See  amber*.— Bavarian  bronze,    sey  bronzite  (bron'zit),  n.     [<  bronze  +  -ite1.]     A 
Bavarian.  —  Chemical  bronze,  nitromuriate  of  plati-     ferriferous  variety  of  the  mineral  enstatite,  hav- 


in  addition  i  t»  2  per  cent,  of  mercury.— Manganese 
bronze  an  alloy  formed  by  the  addition  of  from  1  to  2 
per  cent,  of  manganese  to  the  proportions  of  copper  and 
zinc  used  in  making  brass.— White  bronze,  a  generic 
name  given  to  the  lighter  bronzes  which  approach  the 
color  of  tin. 
II.  a.  1 .  Made  of  or  resembling  bronze :  as, 


_  ! luster 

due  to  microscopic  inclusions. 
bronzy  (bron'zi),   a.     [<  bronze  +  -y1.] 
seinbling  bronze :  as,  a  bronzy  appearance. 
The  Cicindela  maritima,  which  is  found  only  on  sandy 


brook 

H.  trans.  1.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and  cherish : 
as,  a  hen  broods  her  chicks ;  hence,  to  nourish. 
The  thrifty  earth  that  bringeth  out 
And  broodeth  up  her  breed. 

Warner,  Albion's  Eng.,  ii.  11. 
2.  To  cherish  with  care. 

See  how  he  broods  the  boy.        Fletcher,  Bouduca,  iv.  2. 
She  broods  and  blesses  me,  she  calms  and  gathers  me. 
JK.  S.  Pkelps,  Beyond  the  Gates,  p.  195. 

Be-     3-  To  ponder  over ;  plan  or  mature  with  care : 
a    "+n  Tiwi/i//  Txrnr  "  Jlftrnn..  Wfl.r  "with  Stmin. 


as,  "to  brood  war,"  Bacon,  War  with  Spain. 

You'll  sit  and  brood  your  sorrows  on  a  throne.    Dryden. 

sea-shores,  is  of  a  pale  bronzy  yellow,  so  as  to  be  almost  brood'^t,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  broad. 
invisible.  A.  R.  Wallace,  Nat.  Select.,  p.  57.  brOOd-capSUle    (brod'kap"sul),  n.      A  cyst  or 


a  bronze  statue.— 2.  Characterized  by  the  use  broo1  (bro),  n.     Same  as  bree1.  capsule  in  which  tsenia-heads  are  developed,  as 

of  bronze:  as,  the  bronze  age.— Bronze  age.    See  broo2  (bro),  n.     See  brow,  11.  an  echinocoecus  (which  see). 

archaeological  ages,  under  age.— Bronze  coloring,  sur-  brooch1  (broch  or  broch),  n.     [Same  as  broach,  brood-cavity    (brod'kav//i-ti),  n.     A  brood- 
face  effects  resembling  those  of  bronzes  produced  either  brooch  being  the  commoner  spelling  of  the     pouch,  in  general. 

*re?^^B^™^°^^2r0J)J3d^to'iuadl«)torlM    word  in  this  sense.]    An  ornamental  clasp  con-  brood-cell  (brod'sel),  n.    In  bee-culture,  a  cell 

sisting  of  a  pin  and  a  projecting  or  covering     of  a  honeycomb  destined  for  the  reception  of 

a  larva.  The  brood-cells  are  separated  from  the  honey- 
cells,  generally  occupying  a  different  comb. 
brooder  (bro'der),  n.  A  device  for  the  artificial 
rearing  of  young  chickens  or  other  birds.  It  con- 
sists essentially  of  an  inclosed  run,  where  the  young  birds 
are  fed,  and  a  covered  place  for  them  to  run  into,  which 
is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  90'  F.,  either  by  means 
of  a  lamp  placed  beneath  the  metallic  floor^or  by  hot  air 

Brooch  of  the  Merovingian  period,  found  at  St.  Denis  and  now  in  the 
Musee  de  Cluny,  Faris.      r 


matter.  See  bronzing.—  Bronze  green.  See  green.— 
Bronze  turkey,  a  large  variety  of  domestic  turkey  with 
dark-brown  plumage  having  a  brilliant  metallic  luster. 
bronze  (bronz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bronzed, 
ppr.  bronzing.  [=  P.  bromer  =  Sp.  broncear, 
OSp.  bronzar  =  Pg.  bronzear,  bronze  ;  cf.  It.  ab- 
bronzare,  tan,  scorch,  sunburn,  imbrown  ;  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  make  brown  or  of  the  color 
of  bronze,  as  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Seam'd  with  an  ancient  swordcut  on  the  cheek, 


. 
"  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran<;ais.    J 


or  water-pipes  carried  above  or  below  the  space  occupied 
by  the  chicks. 


And  bruised  and  bronzed.  .      brooding  (bro'ding),  p.  a.      [Ppr.  of  brood1,  ».] 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine,     shield,  used  for  fastening  the  dress,  or  merely     j_  y^g^  as  a  bird  on  her  eggs:  as,  a  brood- 


His  face  was  bronzed  as  though  by  burning  climes. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  414. 


for  display.  When  the  garment  is  large  and  heavy,  as 
a  cloak  or  the  ecclesiastical  cope,  the  brooch  has  gener- 
ally been  found  insufficient,  and  has  been  replaced  by  the 
agraffe  or  some  other  form  of  clasp.  Ornamental  brooches 
are  now  worn  mostly  by  women,  but  were  formerly  worn 
by  both  sexes,  sometimes  on  the  hat  or  cap.  Also  spelled 
broach. 

He  has  a  wide  beard  and  flowing  yellow  hair ;  a  green 
cloak  wrapped  around  him  ;  a  bright  silver  brooch  in  his 
cloak  over  his  breast. 

Quoted  by  IF.  K.  Sullican,  Introd.  to  O'Curry's  Anc. 
[Irish,  p.  ccccxlvi. 

With  broches  and  aiglets  of  gold  upon  their  caps. 

R.  Robinson,  tr.  of  Sir  T.  More's  Utopia,  ii.  6. 

Honour  's  a  good  brooch  to  wear  in  a  man's  hat  at  all 
times.  B.  Jonson. 


[Bare.] 


Not  the  imperious  show 

^B3ft%  a.  i,  13. 
(broch),   n.     [Origin  uncertain.] 


2.  To  give  the  color  or  appearance  of  bronze 
to,  as  by  applying  copper-dust  or  -leaf  to 
the  surface,  etc. — 3.  To  harden  or  make  like 
bronze;  hence,  figuratively,  to  make  hard  or 
unfeeling. 

The  lawyer  who  bronzes  his  bosom  instead  of  his  fore- 
head. Scott. 

bronze-backer  (bronz' bak  "er),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  black-bass. 

Bronze-backer  is  one  of  its  pet  names  among  the  anglers. 
Goode,  American  Fishes. 

bronzed  (bronzd),  p.  a.  Colored  by  bronzing; 
of  a  bronze  color;  tanned — Bronzed  glass,  orna- 
mental glass  of  dark-green  paste,  which  has  been  exposed 
to  corrosive  vapors,  so  that  the  surface  is  iridescent  when 
seen  by  reflected  light.— Bronzed-sun  disease.  Same 
as  Addison's  disease  (which  see,  under  disease). 

bronze-gold  (bronz'gold),  n.     A  name  given  to 

all  the  so-called  bronzes  which  have  a  golden  brooch'2    (broch),   n,     [Origin  uncertain.]     A 
color.  monotint,  or  picture  in  one  color,  as  a  sepia 

bronze-liquid  (bronz'lik"wid),  n.     A  kind  of    sketch. 

varnish  mixed  with  bronze-powder  to  make  brood1  (brod),  n.      [<  ME.  brood,  brod,  <  AS. 
bronze-paint.  brod  (=  D.  broed  =  MLG.  brot  =  OHG.  MHG. 

bronze-liquor  (bronz'lik"or),  n.     A  solution  of    brvot,  G.  brut),  brood;  with  formative  -d,  from 
antimony  chlorid  and  copper  sulphate,  used  for 
bronzing  gun-barrels,  etc. 

bronze-paint  (brouz'paut),  n.  A  pigment  con- 
sisting of  bronze-powder  with  varnish  as  a  ve- 
hicle. Commonly  called  gold-paint. 

bronze-powder  (bronz'pou"der),  n.  A  pig- 
ment made  by  reducing  leaves  of  Dutch  metal, 
or  some  similar  alloy,  to  powder.  The  color  is 
varied  as  may  be  desired  from  pale-yellow  to  deep-red,  by 
using  different  proportions  of  the  component  metals,  cop- 
per and  zinc. 

bronzewing  (bronz'wing),  n.  A  name  for  cer- 
tain species  of  Australian  pigeons,  chiefly  of  the 
genus  Phaps,  distinguished  by  the  bronze  color 
of  their  plumage.  The  common  bronze-winged  ground- 
dove,  P.  chalcoptera,  abounds  in  all  the  Australian  colo- 
nies, and  is  a  plump  bird,  often  weighing  a  pound,  much 
esteemed  for  the  table. 

brpnzify  (bron'zi-fi),  ».  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bron- 
zified,  ppr.  bronzifying.  [<  bronze  +  -<-/)/.]  To 
make  like  bronze ;  cast  in  bronze ;  represent 
in  a  bronze  figure  or  statue. 

St.  Michael  descending  upon  the  Fiend  has  been  caught 
and  bronzijied  just  as  he  lighted  on  the  castle  of  St.  An 


ing  hen. 

Still  did  the  nightingale 
Unto  his  brooding  mate  tell  all  his  tale. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  309. 
2.  Warming:  as,  "the  brooding  heat,"  Tenny- 
soii,  Mariana  in  the  South.— 3.  Pondering; 
thinking  deeply ;  disposed  to  ponder  or  think 
deeply :  as,  a  brooding  disposition. 

I  could  cite  many  instances  where  the  brooding  humor 

...  of  our  new  people  long  since  cropped  out  in  rhyme. 

Stedman,  Poets  of  America,  p.  59. 

4.  Settled;  rooted;  fixed  in  the  heart:  a  fig- 
urative use  derived  from  the  steadfastness  with 
which  a  bird  sits  on  her  eggs. 

A  brooding  and  unavowed  hostility. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  II.  ix. 

A  mare  kept  for 


brood-mare  (brod'mar),  n. 
breeding. 

brood-pouch  (brod 'pouch),  n.  A  pouch,  or 
some  similar  cavity  of  the  body  of  an  animal, 
in  which  eggs  or  young  are  received  and  de- 
tained for  a  time ;  a  brood-cavity. 

He  |the  male  stickleback]  only  bears  the  brood-pouch  and 
alone  builds  the  nest.  Claus,  Zoology  (trans.),  p.  104. 

In  the  Entoprocta  there  is  a  peculiar  brood-pouch. 

E.  Ji.  Lankester,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  433. 

the  same  root  (*6ro. .warm,  heat)  as  G.  briihe,  brood-space  (brod'spas),  n.     A  brood-cavity, 
broth:  see  broift.    Hence  breed,  q.  v.]     1.  Off-        An  JJJ  theVood.J,M  £_*  between  the  bod/and 
spring;  progeny.  .       .     _    .        ..       the  mantle.  Oegenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  268. 

broody  (bro'di),  a.  [<  ME.  *brody,  <  AS.  bro- 
dig  (=  G.  briitig),  broody,  <  brod,  brood.]  1. 
Of  a  brooding  disposition ;  inclined  to  brood  or 
sit,  as  a  hen. 

Tegetmeier  states  that  a  cross  between  two  non-sitting 
varieties  [of  the  common  fowl]  almost  invariably  produces 
a  mongrel  that  becomes  broody,  and  sits  with  remarkable 
steadiness.  Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Origin  of  Civilisation,  p.  S54. 

2.  Breeding  or  adapted    for  breeding:   as,  a 


The  lion  roars  and  gluts  his  tawny  brood.  Wordsworth. 
2.  A  hatch;  the  young  birds  hatched  in  one 
nest,  or  those  placed  together  in  the  care  of  one 
hen,  or  in  an  artificial  brooder:  as,  a  brood  of 
chickens  or  of  ducks. — 3.  That  which  is  bred; 
species  generated;  that  which  is  produced; 
hence,  figuratively,  sort  or  kind. 

Have  you  forgotten  Libya's  burning  wastes,  .  .  . 

Its  tainted  air,  and  all  its  broods  of  poison? 

Addison,  Cato. 


. 

broody  bitch. 


tin  or  copper  ore,  as  mundic  or  black-jack.  S  . 
Hunt.  —  5.  A  north  of  Scotland  name  for  sal- 
mon-fry.— Ants'  brood.  See  ««(!.—  To  sit  on  brood*, 
to  be  in  the  act  of  brooding,  like  a  bird  sitting  on  eggs  ; 
figuratively,  to  ponder. 

There's  something  in  his  soul, 
O'er  which  his  melancholy  sits  on  brood. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 
=  Syn.  2.  Cone  y,  etc.    See  Hock. 


gelo. 


Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xxxv. 


bronzine  (bron'zin),  a.  [=  It.  bronzino,  bronzed, 
sunburnt  (cf.  ML.  bronzinus,  n.,  bronze);  < 
bronze  +  -in*1.]  Resembling  bronze;  bronze- 
colored. 

bronzing  (bron'zing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bronze, 
v."\  1.  The  process  of  giving  a  bronze-like  sur- 
face to  metals,  plaster,  wood,  and  other  sub- 
stances. This  is  commonly  effected  by  the  application 
of  a  liquid  called  chemical  bronze,  a  solution  of  the  chlorid 
(nitromuriate)  of  platinum ;  it  may  also  be  done  by  the 
electrotype  process,  or  by  dusting  with  a  bronze-powder 
any  surface  which  has  been  rubbed  with  linseed-oil  varnish. 
2.  A  metallic  color  or  iridescent  appearance 
as  of  bronze. 

By  this  time  the  dark  shadows  ought  to  show  the  green- 
ish, almost  metallic  look  known  as  broiiziiuj. 

Lea,  Photography,  p.  45. 

Bronzing-salt,  antimony  chlorid,  so  called  because  it  is 
used  in  the  process  of  browning  gun-barrels  and  other 
articles  of  iron  ;  bronze-liquor. 


4.  In  mining,  any  heterogeneous  mixture  with  brook1  (bruk),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  brooke, 

broke;  <  ME.  brook,  brok,  <  AS.  broc,  a  stream,  = 
D.  broc k  =  MLG.  brok,  LG.  brook,  a  marsh,  pool, 
=  OHG.  bruoh,  MHG.  bruoch,  G.  bruch,  a  marsh, 
bog ;  perhaps  orig.  a  gushing  stream  (cf .  spring), 
being  possibly  connected  remotely  with  AS. 
brecan,  etc.,  break,  burst  forth:  see  break.']  A 
natural  stream  of  water,  too  small  to  be  called 
a  river. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets ;  those  united  make  brooks; 
and  those  coming  together  make  rivers,  which  empty 
themselves  into  the  sea.  Locke. 

Brook-trout.    See  trout.— To  fly  at  the  brookt.  See 

brook1  (bruk),  r.  i.  [Appar.  <  brook*,  ».]  To 
draw  together  and  threaten  rain:  said  of  the 
clouds:  with  up.  [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

brook2  (bruk),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  brooken,  broken, 
later  forms  of  brouken,  bniken,  use,  possess, 
enjoy;  of  food,  digest  (whence  the  mod.  sense 
of  '  stomach,  endure ') ;  <  AS.  brncaii  (pret.  breac, 
pi.  brucon,  pp.  brocen),  use,  have  the  use  of,  en- 
Joy,  esp.  food,  =  OS.  In-iikiiii  =  OFries.  briiku 
=  MD.  bruyekrn,  gliebrui/rken,  D.  gebntiken  = 
MLG.  bruken,  use,  =  OHG.  bnlhhan,  MHG.  bru- 
clien,  G.  bran clicn,  use,  need,  =  Goth,  briikjati, 
use,=L.  frni  (for  */n<</n), enjoy  (>frugcs,  fruits, 
fructus,  fruit:  see  fruit),  perhaps  =  Skt.  V  bliuj 
(for  *bhruj1),  enjoy,  esp.  food.  See  broker, 


.     .  ,       .  . 

brood1  (brod),  r.  [<  ME.  broden,  brood  (<  brod, 
brood),  equiv.  to  the  earlier  breden,  breed  :  see 
breed,  ?.]  I.  intrans,  1.  To  sit  persistently  on 
eggs,  covering  and  warming  them  with  the  body 
and  wings,  for  the  purpose  of  hatching  them  : 
said  of  birds. 
Brodyn,  as  byrdys,  f  oveo,  f  etifico.  Prompt.  Parv.  ,  p.  53. 

Thou  from  the  first 

Wast  present,  and  with  mighty  wings  outspread 
Dove-like  sat'st  brooding  on  the  vast  abyss. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  21. 

2.  To  rest  fixedly  like  a  brooding  bird. 

Raven  darkness  brooded  o'er  the  deep. 

Sir  W.  Jones. 

3.  To  meditate  long  and  anxiously  ;  remain  a 
longtime  in  anxiety  or  solicitous  thought  ;  have 
the  mind  dwelling  persistently  on  a  subject: 
with  on  or  over. 

Half  mad 
With  exile,  and  with  brooding  on  his  wrongs. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedoeles. 


brook 

also/r«i(,  fructify,  etc.]  If.  To  use;  enjoy; 
have  the  full  employment  of. 

So  mot  I  lii-iiiil,,'  \\el  niyii  eyen  twaye. 

i 'ha f.  Nun  s  Priests  Tale,  1.  479. 

2f.  To  earn ;  deserve. 

Which  name  she  (.,.»./,-./  a*  well  for  her  proportion  mid 
grace  as  for  the  muny  happy  voyages  she  made  in  her 
Majesty's  service. 

Sir  /(.  llntrkiiu.  Voyage  to  the  South  Sea.  p.  11. 

3.  To  bear;  endure;  support;  put  up  with: 
always  in  a  negative  sense. 

Your  win,  sir,  insulted  me  in  a  manner  which  my  honour 
could  not  l>r<K>k.  Hhrriilan,  The  Rivals,  v.  8. 

They  could  ill  brook  the  slightest  Indignity  at  his  hand. 
/'n-nrntl,  r'enl.  anil  Isa.,  Int. 
To  leisurely  deliJiN  and  sauntering  (liouuhts 
That  hrtt»k  no  ceiling  narrower  than  the  mile. 

/,"«,•//,  I'nder  the  Willows. 

brook-fish  (bruk'tish),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
('illiriiiiiilniiliilit'  and  genus  Fundulns:  same  as 
laUiflsh  ami  mummychog.  [Local,  U.  S.] 

brookite  (bruk'it),  n.  [After  Henry  James 
Brooke,  an  English  crystallographer  (1771- 
1857).]  One  of  the  three  forms  in  which  titani- 
um dioxid  occurs  in  nature.  It  Is  found  in  on  ho 
rhombic  crystals  of  a  In-own  or  yellow  color  to  black,  and 
adamantine  to  metallic  luster.  Jurinite  U  another  name 
for  the  same  mineral.  Arkaiutitt  is  an  iron-black  variety 
from  Magnet  Cove,  Arkansas. 

brooklet  (bruk'let),  n.  [<  brook1  +  dim.  -let.] 
A  small  brook.  Longfellow. 

brooklime  (bruk'lira),  «.  [<  ME.  broklemp,  brok- 
lembc,  broklympe,  <  brok,  brook,  +  lemp,  etc. ; 
of  obscure  origin.]  A  plant,  Veronica  Be.ceii- 
bttnga,  with  blue  flowers  in  loose  lateral  spikes. 
See  speedwell. 

brook-mint  (briik'mint),  «.  [<  AS.  brocminte, 
<  broc,  brook,  +  minte,  mint.]  The  water-mint, 
Mentha  sylvestris. 

brook-moss  (bruk'mds),  n.  A  name  given  to 
species  of  the  genus  Dicitelyma,  slender  aquatic 
mosses,  with  elongated  leaves  in  three  ranks, 
and  with  the  fruit  on  short  lateral  branches. 

brookweed  (bruk'wed),  M.  A  plant,  the  water- 
pimpernel,  Xamolits  f'aleraiidi.  See  Saniolus. 

brooky  (brtik'i),  a.  [<  brook1  +  -y1.]  Abound- 
ing with  brooks:  as,  "Hebron's  brooky  sides," 
J.  Dyer,  The  Fleece,  ii. 

broom1  (brom),  H.  [<  ME.  broom,  brom,  broom 
(the  plant,  L.  i/enista]  (also  applied  to  the  tama- 
risk, L.  myrica),  a  brush,  <  AS.  brom  =  MD. 
broem  (ef.  MLG.  bram,  LG.  braam),  broom 
(L.  genista):  see  bramble.]  I.  The  popular 
name  of  several  plants,  mostly  leguminous 
shrubs,  characterized  by  long,  slender  branch- 
es and  numerous  yellow  flowers.  The  common 
or  Irish  broom  is  the  Cyti#us  (Genixta)  *copariu*,  abun- 
dant throughout  Europe,  and  famous  as  the  planta  genuttn 
(French  jtlante  geii£t)  which  was  the  badge  of  the  Plall- 
tagenets.  It  is  a  valuable  remedy  in  dropsy,  being  one 
of  the  most  efficient  of  hydragogues,  and  its  seeds  are 
used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  Spanish  hroom  (Spartiuin 
junceum)  is  a  closely  allied  species,  as  is  also  the  dyer's 
broom  ((jr/ii-itn  tinftoria),  which  was  formerly  much  used 
as  a  yellow  dye  and  as  the  basis  of  the  once  celebrated 
Kendal  green.  See  cuts  under  Cutintt  and  Genitta. 
2.  A  besom,  or  brush  with  a  long  handle,  for 
sweeping  floors,  etc. :  so  called  from  being 
originally  made  of  the  broom-plant.  Brooms  are 
now  made  in  Europe  of  this  and  various  other  materials : 
and  In  the  United  States  their  manufacture  from  broom- 
com  is  an  important  business.  A  broom  at  the  masthead 
of  a  vessel  indicates  that  she  is  for  sale,  a  sign  derived 
probably  from  the  old  habit  of  displaying  boughs  at  shops 
and  taverns.  — Butcher's  broom,  a  prickly  liliaceous 
shrub,  JtuHfug  wtileatux:  so  called  from  its  use  by  butchers 
in  Europe  in  sweeping  their  blocks.  Also  called  knee- 
hull  11.  Yellow  broom,  a  name  sometimes  given  in  the 
ruitcil  states  to  the  wild  indigo,  llantifia  tinctoria. 

broom1  (bro'm),  v.  t.     [<  broom1,  n.]    To  sweep, 
or  clear  away,  as  with  a  broom. 
The  poor  old  workpeople  broominfj  away  the  fallen 

leaves.  Tli<l'-k-''i;i;/.   Ne\\ro.n    r-.  l\iii. 

broom2  (brom),  r.  t.     Same  as  bream-. 

broom-brush  (bro'm' brush),  H.  A  whisk-broom 
or  clothes-brush  made  from  broom-corn.  [U.  S.] 

broom-bush  (brom'bush),  n.  A  weedy  annual 
composite,  1'nrthenium  Histerophorus,  of  tropi- 
cal America. 

broom-corn  (brom'korn),  «.  A  variety  of  >>'«»•- 
i/lniii/  i-iilii/irr,  a  tall  reed-like  grass,  rising  to 
a  height  of  8  or  10  feet,  a  native  of  India.  The 
branched  panicles  are  made  into  brooms  and  brushes,  for 
which  purpose  the  plant  is  lamely  cultivated  in  the  Tinted 
Stall's.  The  seed  is  Msed  as  feed  for  cattle. 

broom-grass  tbrom'gras),  ».  1.  Same  as 
bronu'-tii-axs. —  2.  In  the  United  States,  some 
species  of  Andropoiioii,  as  .1.  xcoparius  and  A. 
miicronritfi.  Also  called  broom-m  <!</<'. 

broom-head  (brom 'lied),  ».  An  adjustable 
clasp  for  holding  bunches  of  broom-corn  to  a 
broom-handle. 

broom-rape  (brom'rap),  «.  A  name  given  to 
parasitic  leafless  plants  of  the  genus  Orobum-ln  , 


69'j 

and  in  the  United  States  to  species  of  the  smii 
lar  allied  genera  I'ltelipira  and  Aphyllon.     See 


broom-root  (brOm'rot),  ».  A  root  exported 
from  Mexico  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
brushes.  U  Is  supposed  to  be  the  root  of  a  grass,  also 
kilo"  M  in  trade  as  I/-  j-n-nn  or  French  irhink. 

broom-sedge  (brOm'sej),  «.  Same  as  broom- 
gratt, 

broomstaff  (brOra'staf),  ».     Same  as  broom- 

broomstick  (brBm'stik),  n.  The  stick  or  han- 
dle of  a  broom. 

broom-tree  (brom'tre),  n.  A  shrubby  compo- 
site, Bacclutris  scoparia,  of  the  mountains  of 
Jamaica,  broom-like  from  its  slender,  densely 
crowded,  almost  leafless  branchlets. 

broom-vise  (brom'vis),  n.  A  clamping  arrange- 
ment for  flattening  and  holding  broom-corn  so 
that  it  can  be  sewed  into  brooms. 

broomweed  (brSrn'wed),  n.  A  species  of  Cor- 
ehoruf,  ('.  nilir/tiosus,  of  tropical  America,  used 
for  making  brooms.  The  iweet  broomwerd  of  the 
tropics  is  a  common  weed,  Scoparia  dulcin,  of  the  nataral 
order  Scrophulariareaf. 

broomy(bro'mi),  a.  [<  broom1  +  -y1.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  broom ;  bearing  broom : 
as,  a  "  broomy  peak,"  •/.  Baillii; 

broose  (bro's),  H.  [Sc.,  also  spelled  bruse,  bruise : 
see  def.]  A  race  at  country  weddings.- TO 
ride  the  broose*,  to  run  a  race  on  horseback  at  a  wed- 
ding from  the  church  to  the  place  where  the  wedding- 
foilt  was  to  be  held.  He  who  first  reached  the  house  was 
said  to  »•''«  tlif  broone,  that  Is,  the  bmte,  the  prize  of  spice- 
broth  allotted  to  the  victor.  Jamietan.  See  bro«ei. 

broozet,  r.     Same  as  broicse1. 

Brora  beds.    See  bed1. 

brose1  (broz),  ».  [Sc.,  <  Gael,  brothas  (th  silent), 
brose.  Cf .  broose,  broth.]  A  Scotch  dish,  made 
by  pouring  boiling  water,  boiling  milk,  the  liquid 
in  which  meat  has  been  boiled,  or  the  like,  on 
oatmeal,  barley-meal,  or  other  meal,  and  imme- 
diately mixing  the  ingredients  by  stirring.  The 
dish  is  denominated  from  the  nature  of  the  liquid :  as,  kail- 
brote,  \rater-brotr,  berf-brose,  etc.— Athole  brose,  honey 
and  whisky  mixed  together  in  equal  parts,  used  in  many 
parts  of  Scotland  as  a  cure  for  hoarseness  and  sore  throat 
arising  from  a  cold.  In  the  Highlands  oatmeal  Is  some- 
times substituted  for  the  honey.  So  called  from  Athole. 
a  district  of  Perthshire,  Scotland. 

brose2t,  ''•  An  obsolete  Middle  English  form  of 
bruise. 

brosely  (broz'li),  «.  [So  called  from  the  town 
of  Brosely  in  Shropshire,  where  there  was  a 
large  manufactory  of  pipes.]  A  tobacco-pipe. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

Brosimum  (bro'si-mum),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /?pw- 
aiuof,  eatable,  <  jipuatf,  food,  equiv.  to  /ipuua, 
food :  see  broma.]  A  genus  of  Urticacea;,  sub- 
order Artocarpea;,  one  species  of  which,  B.  Ga- 
lactodendron,  is  the  cow-tree  of  South  America. 
11.  Alicatitniin,  the  hreadnut-tree,  common  in  the  woods 
of  Jamaica,  produces  nuts  which  when  roasted  are  used 
as  bread,  and  taste  like  hazel-nuts.  The  wood  resembles 
mahogany,  and  Is  sometimes  used  by  cabinet-makers. 
The  leaves  and  young  branches  form  a  most  useful  fatten- 
ing fodder  for  cattle.  The  snake-  or  leopard-wood,  used 
as  veneers  and  for  walking-canes,  is  yielded  by  a  species. 
/;.  .\uiii.-in.  from  British  Guiana. 

Brosmiidae  (bros-mi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
mius +  -('do1.]  A  family  of  anacanthine  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brosmius:  same  as  the 
subfamily  Brosmiina:  Also  Brosinida'. 

Brosmiinae  (bros-mi-i'ne),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bros- 
niiim  +  -ina-.]  A  subfamily  of  gadoid  fishes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Brosmius,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  development  of  only  one  long 
dorsal  and  anal  fin  and  the  separation  there- 
from of  the  caudal.  Also  Brosmimr. 

Brosmius  (bros'mi-us),  M.  [NL.,  <  Icel.  brosma 
=  Norw.  broxme,  the  vernacular  name  of  the 
Brosmiiifi  broxme.]  A  genus  of  fishes  belong- 
ing to  the  cod  family,  Gadidte.  One  species,  found 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Scotland,  is  commonly  called 
the  tank  or  (int.  See  tornk. 

brostent,  pp.  A  Middle  English  form  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 

brosy  (bro'zi),  a.  [<  brose1  +  -y1.]  Like  brose; 
semifluid.  [Scotch.] 

brotany  (brot'a-ni),  n.  [A  short  form  (like 
equiv.  AS.  priitene)  of  ML.  abrotanum:  see 
nbrotanum.]  Southernwood. 

brotch  (broch),  r.  t.  [Perhaps  a  var.  of  the 
equiv.  hnith,  which  is  appar.  <  Icel.  brrgdha, 
braid,  knot,  twine,  =  AS.  bregdan,  E.  braid1, 
q.  v.]  To  plait  straw  ropes  round  (a  stack  of 
corn).  JamicKon.  [Scotch.] 

brotelt,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 

brotelnesst,  w.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brit- 

brot-ground  (brot'ground),  »•  [<  *brot,  ult.  < 
AS.  oroten,  pp.  of  breotan,  break  (see  brott).  + 


brother 

Croiind   newly   limken   up.      ( 1'ruv. 


broth"1  (broth),  u.  [<  MK.  l-roili,  <  AS.  broth  = 
Icel.  briiilli  =  <)H(i.  brut,  broil  (>  Ml,,  broilinn. 
liniiliii/ii,  >  It.  lirmlii,  lirni/ii  =  Sii.  Pg.  brodio  = 
Pr.  bro  =  W.  'lirmi,  pi.  lirourx,  >  ME.  browes,  > 
E.  brewis,  q.  v.),  broth;  cf.  Ir.  broth  =  Gael. 
brot,  broth,  Gael,  brothas,  brow  i-<-<-  /mine1); 
prob.  (with  formative  -th)  from  the  root  (*bru) 
of  brew1,  q.  v.]  Liquor  in  which  flesh  is  boiled 
and  macerated,  usually  with  certain  vegetables 
to  give  it  a  better  relish.  In  Scotland  the  name  U 
seldom  used  except  when  pot  barley  forms  one  of  the  in 
gradients. 

Good  broth,  with  goocl  kccpinu,  do  much  now  and  then; 

Good  diet,  with  wisdom.  t»'*l  c.imforteth  men.     Tti 


broth-t,  a.     See  broth. 

brothel1^  ».  [ME.,  also  brethel  (and  corruptly 
brodel,  brodelle),  a  wretch,  a  depraved  man  or 
woman ;  der.  bretheling,  a  wretcn ;  <  AS.  *bre6- 
than,  only  in  comp.  a-oreMian,  ruin,  frustrate, 
pp.  abrothea,  degenerate,  base,  trifling;  con- 
nections doubtful.]  A  wretch ;  a  depraved 
person ;  a  lewd  man  or  woman. 

For  MOM  is  vche  boye  bold,  brothel  and  other, 
To  talken  of  the  tnnlte  to  beon  holden  a  syre. 

Piers  /'lomnan  (A),  XL  61. 

A  in-i.ihi-l,  which  Mlcheaa  hlght. 

Oower,  Conf.  Amant.,  III.  17S. 

brothel2  (broth'el),  n.  [An  early  mod.  E.  cor- 
ruption of  ME.  bordel,  a  house  of  ill-fame,  by 
confusion  with  ME.  brothel,  a  wretch :  see 
brothefl.]  A  house  of  lewdness  ;  a  house  ap- 
propriated to  the  purposes  of  prostitution;  a 
bawdy-house ;  a  stew. 

Epicurism  and  lust 

Make  It  more  like  a  tavern  or  a  brothel, 
Than  a  grac'd  palace.  Shak.,  Lear,  L  4. 

brothel2*  (broth'el),  r.  t.  [<  brotheft,  n.  Cf.  bor- 
del, n.]  To  haunt  brothels.  Sylrester,  tr.  of  Du 
Bart  as. 

brothelert,  brothellert  (broth' el -er),  n.    [< 
brothel?  +  -<fl.    Cf.  bordeler.]     One  who  fre- 
quents brothels. 
Gamesters,  jockies,  brotheller*  impure.    Coteper,  Task,  II, 

brothel-houset  (broth'el-hous),  «.     A  brothel. 

brothellert,  ".    See  brotheler. 

brothelryt  (broth'el-ri),  n.     [<  brotheft  +  -ry.] 

1.  A  brothel. —  2.  Lewdness;  obscenity. 

Brothftrii  able  to  violate  the  ear  of  a  pagan. 

11.  Jon*o»,  I>cd.  of  Volpone. 

brother  (brir?H'er),  ». ;  pi.  brothers  or  brethren 
(-erz,  breTH'ren).  [=  Sc.  brither,<  ME.  brother, 
<  AS.  brothor,  brother  =  OS.  brothar  =  OFries. 
brother,  broder  =  D.  broeder  =  MLG.  broder,  LG. 
broder,  broor  =  OHG.  bruodar,  MHG.  bruoder, 
G.  bruder  =  Icel.  brodhir  =  Sw.  Dan.  broder, 
bror  =  Goth,  brothar,  a  word  common  to  all 
the  Indo-Eur.  languages :  =  Gael.  Ir.  brathair 
=  W.  braird,  pi.  brodyr,  =  Corn,  bredar  =  Manx 
6ro«r  =  Bret.  breur,  brer  =:  OBulg.  bratru,  bratu 
=  Pol.  and  Serv.  brat  =  Bohem.  bratr  =  Russ. 
bratu  (Hung,  bardt,  <  Slav.)  =  Lith.  brdlis  = 
Lett,  brdlis  =  OPruss.  bratis  =  L.  frater  (>  It. 
frate,  fra,  with  dim.  fratello  =  Wall,  frate  (> 
Alb.  frat)  =  Pg.  frade  =  OF.  frere  (>  ME./reir, 
E.  friar,  q.  v.),  mod.  F.  frere  =  Pr.  fraire,  > 
prob.  OSp.  fraire,  freire,  Sp.  fraile,  freile,  con- 
tracted fray,  frey  =  OPg.  freire,  Pg.  fret,  used, 
like  It.  frate,  fra.  as  an  appellation  of  a  monk, 
the  Sp.  word  for  '  brother  in  the  natural  sense 
being  hermano  =  Pg.  irmSo,  <  L.  yermanus,  ger- 
mane, gennan ;  cf.  also  E.  fraternal,  etc.)  =  Gr. 
<j>pa-ri/p,  fpari/p,  one  of  the  same  tribe,  orig.  a 
brother,  =  Skt.  bhrdtar,  Prakrit  bhad,  bhdaro 
(Hind,  bhai,  bhaiyd,  Panjabi  pdi,  Pali  bhata) 
=  Zend  and  OPers.  bratar,  Pers.  birddar  (> 
Turk,  birader)  =  Pahla\-i  birdd  =  Kurdish  herd, 
brother ;  ulterior  origin  unknown :  the  term,  is 
appar.  the  suffix  -tar  (E.  -ther)  of  agent.  The 
pi.  brethren  is  from  ME.  bretheren,  brethren, 
formed,  with  weak  pi.  ending  -en,  from  brether, 
brethre,  brithere,  also  pi.,  an  umlauted  form  of 
AS.  brothru,  also  brothor,  the  usual  pi.  of  brothor; 
cf.  AS.  dat.  sing,  brether.]  1.  A  male  person, 
in  his  relation  to  another  person  or  other  per- 
sons of  either  sex  born  of  the  same  parents;  a 
male  relative  in  the  first,  degree  of  descent  or 
mutual  kinship:  used  also  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals: the  converse  of  sister.  See  brother-i*- 
linr  and  half-brother. 

My  brother  and  thy  uncle,  calld  Antonio. 

Sliak.,  Tempest,  I.  •_'. 

2.  A  male  person  in  his  relation  to  any  other 
person  or  persons  of  the  same  blood  or  ances- 
try :  a  member  of  a  common  family  or  race  in 
his  relation  to  all  other  members ;  in  the  plural. 


brother 


696 


brouse 


all  members  of  a  particular  race,  or  of  the  hu-    under  brother.-]     Abrother  on  both  the  father's  Brotulinae  (brot-u-h  ne)  «  ^.    [NL.,<  Brotula 
ZJTSeeln  general,  as  regards  each  other.  and  the  mother's  side ;  a  full  brother.  +  -.«*.]     A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes  typi- 

a he  was her  father's  brother  [that  brotherheadt  (bruTH'er-hed),  n.     [<  ME.  bro-     fled,  by  the  genus  Brotula,  to  winch   different 
Jacob  told  l  xxix  l"     the rlied  var  of  brotherhod.~\     See  brotherhood,      limits  have  been  assigned. 

hren  everywhere,  that  brotherhood  (bruTH'er-hud; )«,[<  MB.  brother-  brotulmejbrot^-lin),  n.  and  «.     I.  «,  A  fish 


Let  us  send  abroad  imto  o 
are  left  in  all  the  land  of  Israel.  1  Chron.  xiii.  2. 

Of  whom  such  massacre 
Make  they,  but  of  their  brethren;  men  of  men? 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  680. 

3.  One  of  two  or  more  men  closely  united  with- 
out regard  to  personal  kinship,  as  by  a  common 
interest ;  an  associate ;  one  of  the  same  rank, 
profession,  occupation;  or  belief,  especially  in 
law,  religion,  or  organized  charity. 

We  few,  we  happy  few,  we  band  of  brothers; 

For  he  to-day  that  sheds  his  blood  with  me 

Shall  be  my  brother.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3. 

4.  Specifically,  as  a  translation  of.  friar,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  mendicant  order. 

Going  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out, 

One  of  our  order.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  2. 

6.  In  the  plural  form  brethren,  the  designation 
of  several  Christian  organizations,  derived  from 
the  fact  that  the  title  was  used  by  the  primitive 
Christians  in  speaking  of  themselves ;  specifi- 
cally, a  sect  of  German  Baptists,  more  popularly 
known  as  Dunkers. —  6.  A  member  of  a  reli- 


hod  (usually  brotherhed,  E.  brotherhead) ;  < 
brother  +  -hood.']  1.  The  fact  or  condition  of 
being  a  brother. 

My  brother  kill'd  no  man,  his  fault  was  thought, 

And  yet  his  punishment  was  bitter  death. 

Who  sued  to  me  for  him  ?  .  .  . 

Who  spoke  of  brotherhood?       Shak.,  Rich,  III.,  it  1. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  brotherly. 

And  friendship  shall  combine,  and  brotherhood. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  11.  1. 

3.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpose ;  a 
fraternity. 

The  church  was  a  brotherhood ;  no  other  relation  so 
aptly  distinguished  the  spirit  of  union  and  self-sacrifice 
which  it  was  designed  should  belong  to  it. 

Q.  P.  Fisher,  Begin,  of  Christianity,  p.  649. 

4.  A  class  of  individuals  of  the  same  kind,  Brotulophis  (bro-tu'lo-fis),  n. 
profession,  or  occupation. 

The  brotherhood  of  Christendom. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace,  ii. 

The  gloom 


gious  congregation  whose  members  do  not  re-  brother.in.iaw  (bruTH'er-in-la"),  „.      [<  ME. 

,...\\-.,  tha  YYiMaafltfWA/1      KM*  AiHtAtM  ttlPTnaplvPS  tn     "AVW"          ***•"*«      \  _*>_     ,-^-rx 


ceive  the  priesthood,  but  devote  themselves  to 
teaching  or  good  works;  also,  a  lay  member 
of  a  community  having  priests. — 7.  Figura- 
tively, one  who  resembles  another  in  manners 
or  disposition. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  ill  his  work  is  brother  to  him 


brother  in  lawe,  brodyr  yn  lawe,  etc.,  after  OF. 
frere  en  lay  [lot],  ML.  frater  in  lege.~\  The 
brother  of  one's  husband  or  wife;  also,  one's 
sister's  husband.  For  some  purposes,  but  not  all,  the 
legal  incidents  of  the  affinity  cease  on  the  death  of  the  one 


of  the  subfamily  Brotvlinte. 

H.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brotulin<s  or  Brotulidw. 

brotuloid  (brot'u-loid),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  Same 
as  brotulid. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters 
of  the  Brotulidai. 

brotulophidid  (brot-u-lof'i-did),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Brotulophididie. 

Brotulophididae  (brot"u-lo-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Brotulopliis  (-phid-)  +  -idee."]  A  family 
of  Ophidioidea,  represented  by  the  genus  Bro- 
tulopliis, and  including  ophidioids  with  subbra- 
chial  (or  thoracic)  ventrals  reduced  to  simple 
filaments,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  length. 

Brotulophis  (bro-tu'lo-fis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Brotula 
+  Gr.  o0<f,  a  serpent.]  The  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Srotulophididte,  having  the  aspect 
of  Brotula,  but  still  more  elongate  and  snake- 
like,  whence  the  name. 
>rotUS  (bro'tus),  n.  [Cf.  E.  dial,  brotts,  frag- 
ments, leavings,  droppings,  nit.  <  AS.  bredtan 
(pp.  broten),  break:  see  brift,  brott."]  Some- 
thing added  gratuitously;  an  additional  num- 
ber or  quantity  thrown  in :  same  as  lagniappe  : 
used  by  negroes  and  others  about  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

brouchant,  a.     Same  as  brochant. 


whose  marriage  formed  the  tie.  ---------  , 

that  is  a  great  waster.  Prov.  xviii.  9.  brotherless  (bruTH'er-les),  a.    [<  ME.  "brother-  broudt,  browdt,  «'•  '•     [ME.  brouden,  browden, 

Often  abbreviated  bro.,  plural  bros.  les,  <  AS.  brothorleds:  see  brother  and  -less.]     etc.,  also  brqiden,  ,etc.,  variants  of  braiden^etc., 

[The  plural  form  brethren  is  not  now  used  in  the  sense  of     Without  a  brother. 


male  children  of  the  same  parents,  but  only  in  the  wider  hrotherlineSS  (bruTH'er-li-nes),  ». 
meanings  of  the  word  fcroWierj-Amyclasan  brothers.   "        "VrTr ™  v\: i +i-.™i,. 


The  state 


See '"Amyclamn.-  Apostolic  Brethren.     See  apostolic,     or  quality  of  being  brotherly. 
n.,  l  (c),  and  ApostoUne.  —Arval  Brethren  or  Brothers,  brother-lovet  (bruTH'er-luv),  n.    Brotherly  af- 
See  aroaiv.— Attidian  Brethren.    See  Attidian.— Bo- 
hemian 
Clerks 

clerical „,  ___ „    _ 

1376,  devoted  to  education  and  labor,  and  not  bound  by 
perpetual  vows.    Thomas  a   Kempis  belonged  to  it.    It 


ie  areru*.— Atuoian   jsretnren.     nee           mn.—ou-  lection.     Oaaf, 

emian  Bretnren.     See   Bohemian.— Brethren  and  i,rntv,priv  (bruTH'er-li'l   a 

lerks  of  the  Common  Life,  a  monastic  fraternity,  DJ°J?er/y-},    ,,?         „  ^"; 

erical  and  lay,  originating   in  the  Netherlands  about  <  Ab.  OloWortw.   see  brot 


fection.    Shale. 

[<  ME.  *brotherly, 
brother  and  -ty1.]     Per- 
taining to  brothers;    such  as  is  natural  for 
brothers  ;  becoming  brothers ;  kind ;  affection- 


braid:  see  braid1,  and  cf.  broid,  braider.']    1. 

To  braid. 

Hire  yolwe  heer  was  branded  [var.  broyded,  breided]  in  a 
tresse, 

Byhynde  hire  bak,  a  yerde  long  I  gesse. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  191. 

2.  To  embroider. 

Whit  was  hire  smok,  and  broivdid  al  byfore 

And  eek  behind  on  hire  coler  aboute 

Of  cole-blak  silk.  Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  62. 


brotherwort  (bruTH'er-wert),  n.     An  old  name 


a.     [ME.;  origin  obscure.] 


ren  of  Chelcic,  followers  of  Peter  Chelczicky,  a  Bohe- 
mian reformer  of  the  fifteenth  century.  They  were  or- 
ganized into  a  separate  community  in  1457,  and  soon 
became  known  as  Bohemian  Brethren. —  Brethren  Of 
the  Christian  Schools,  a  Roman  Catholic  order,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  lay  men,  devoted  to  the  education  of  the 
poor,  founded  in  France  in  1679,  and  now  numerous  in 
various  parts  of  the  world.— Brethren  of  the  Com- 
munity, one  of  the  two  parties  into  which  the  Fran- 
ciscans were  divided  in  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth 
century.— Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit,  a  sect  which 
arose  in  the  thirteenth  century,  pantheistic  in  doctrine, 
perfectionists  in  principle,  and  enthusiasts  in  practice. 
—  Brethren  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  Brethren  of  the 
Redemption  of  Captives,  an  order  of  monks  in  the 

o'f 'charity. 'VSeeS'ari(j/.— Christian  Brothers.    See     for  the  creeping  thyme,  Thymus  Serpyllum. 
Christian!.—  Elder  Brethren,  the  masters  of  Trinity   hrothlyt.  adv.     See  brathly. 
House,  London,  the  corporation   charged  with  the  regula    -  — -.          .  . 

tion  and  management  of  the  lighthouses  and  buoys  on 
the  shores  and  rivers  of  England,  with  the  licensing  of 
pilots,  and  with  a  general  supervision  over  the  lighthouse 
boards  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  called  respectively  the 
Commissioners  of  Northern  Lights  and  the  Ballast  Board 
of  Dublin.—  Exclusive  Brethren.  See  Plymouth  Breth- 
ren, below.—  Full  brothers.  See  .full.—  Plymouth 
Brethren,  Plymouthites,  a  sect  of  Christians  which 
first  attracted  notice  at  Plymouth,  England,  in  1830,  but 
has  since  extended  over  Great  Britain,  the  United  States, 
and  among  the  Protestants  of  France,  Switzerland,  Italy, 
etc.  They  recognize  all  as  brethren  who  believe  in  Christ 
and  the  Holy  Spirit  as  his  vicar,  but  they  have  no  for- 
mal creed,  ecclesiastical  organization,  or  official  ministry, 
which  they  condemn  as  the  causes  of  sectarian  divisions. 
Also  called  Darbyites,  after  Mr.  Darby,  originally  a 
barrister,  subsequently  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of 
England,  and  thereafter  an  evangelist  not  connected 
with  any  church,  to  whose  efforts  their  origin  and  the 
diffusion  of  their  principles  are  to  be  ascribed.  In  a 
narrower  sense  the  Darbyites  are  a  branch  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  entitled  Exclusive  Brethren,  on  account 
of  the  strictness  of  their  views  and  the  exclusiveness  of 
their  communion. —  United  Brethren,  or  Unity  of 
Brethren  (Unitas  Fratrum),  the  official  designation  of 
the  Bohemian  Brethren  and  of  their  successors  the  Mo- 
ravian Brethren,  or  Moravians. 
brother  (bruTH'er),  a.  Bearing  a  fraternal 


ate :  as,  brotherly  love.  =syn.  Brotherly,  Fraternal,  broudert,  browdert,  «>•  *•    Variants  of  broider. 
The  former  of  these  words  expresses  the  more  affection  ; 
the  latter  is  often  more  formal  or  official. 

Be  kindly  affectioned  one  to  another  with  brotherly 
love. 


Where'er  you  spy 
This  browdered  belt  with  characters,  'tis  I. 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  ii.  1. 


Rom.  xii.  10".  hrouderyt,  »•     A  variant  of  broidery. 
state,  broudingt,  brOWdingt,  ».     Embroidery. 


Harness  .  .  .  wrought  so  weel 
Of  goldsmithrye,  of  bronzing,  and  of  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1640. 


With 

Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 

Over  his  brethren.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  26. 

brotherlyt  (bruTH'er-li),  adv.    After  the  man- 

ner  of  a  brother ;  kindly;  affectionately.  brouette  (bro-ef),  n.    [F.,  a  wheelbarrow,  also. 

,,, ,       in  contempt,  a  carriage,  formerly  also  a  sedan 

With  these  principles  who  knows  but  that  at  length  he       ,     .          ..f  '.    TJ       ,  P  '     .  harmirtie  ~\      A 

might  have  come  to  take  the  Covenant,  as  others,  whom     chair;    ult.   <.    ULi.    Oirota  .    see    Oaroucne.}      A 
they  Brotherly  admitt,  have  don  before  him.  small  two-wheeled  carnage. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  ix.  hrough1  (broch),  n.  [Also  lirugh,  a  var.  of 
burgh,  burch,  for  borough:  see  borough^.]  1. 
A  borough. —  2.  A  fortified  place.  Compare 
brouglfi.  [Scotch  in  both  senses.] 

Shaggy;  brough2  (broch),  n.  [Also  brugh,  brogh,  broch, 
and  burg,  burrow  ;  supposed  to  be  a  particular 
use  of  brought,  burg,  for  bwoughl,  a  fortified 
place ;  but  in  the  sense  of '  circle,' '  halo,'  cf .  bur- 
roM)2,  M.,4.]  1.  An  ancient  circular  building  or 
round  tower  such  as  exist  in  Scotland  and  the 


stiff. 

His  berde  was  brothy  and  blake,  that  tille  his  brest  rechede. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1090. 

brott  (brot),  n.  [Appar.  <  Icel.  brot,  a  broken 
piece,  a  fragment  (cf.  broti,  trees  felled  and  left 
lying),  <  brjota  (=  AS.  bredtan,  pp. 


-    SPA 

.  see 


•ivtu  i=  .n.o.  urcuMin,  uu.  muion,.  adjacent  islands.  The  Burg  of  Mousa  is  a  circular 
ttrifi  and  of  brot-aroiinrl  brohit  I  building  41  feet  high  ;  its  walls,  which  are  double,  with  a 
ant*-,  antt  Cl.  VrOt-grOUna,  OraiUS,}  ....,„,.."„„,.„  between  t.hpm.  rtiminiah  from  14  feet  in 


1.  Shaken  corn.    Brockett.     [Prov.  Eng.] — 2. 

pi.  Fragments;  droppings;   leavings.     [Prov. 

Eng.] 

Jrotula  (brot'u-la),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of  fishes, 

typical  of  the  family  Brotulida;,  now  restricted 


Brotula  barbata. 


to  B.  barbata,  a  species  found  in  the  Caribbean 
sea. 


relation  in  a  general  sense;  of  the  character  brot'ulid  (brot'u-lid),  »,    A  fish  of  the  family  brougham  (bro'- 

nf  n   l ....  .t  l,. . ..  .    «r,    n   i....  :!.....  ~  ......;.,....          _-          -.  .  ^         .-•'.'.  *       mTi  rtT  hrnmV   ti. 


vacant  space  between  them,  diminish  from  14  feet  in 
width  at  the  base  to  8  feet  at  the  summit,  and  inclose  a 
central  area ;  the  door  is  7  feet  high.  These  structures 
are  older  than  the  Scandinavian  invasions,  and  probably 
date  almost  from  the  bronze  age. 
2.  An  encampment  of  a  circular  form;  a  ring 
fort.  Also  called  Pecht's  [Fid's]  house  or 
Pecht's  castle. —  3.  In  the  game  of  curling,  one 
of  the  two  circles  drawn  around  the  tee. — 4. 
A  hazy  circle  around  the  sun  or  moon,  con- 
sidered as  a  presage  of  a  change  of  weather. 
[Scotch  in  all 
senses.] 

brought,  »•  An 
obsolete  spell- 
ing of  brow. 


of  a  brother :  as,  a  brother  man  or  magistrate.     Brotulidce.    Also  called  brotuloid. 

n  removed  and  planted  in  a  remote  place  close  Brotulid*  (bro-tu'li-de),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Brotula 

+  -idle.  ]  A  family  of  teleocephalous  fishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Brotula,  having  various  limits 
in  different  systems.  Made  by  Gill  a  family  of  Ophi- 
dioidea, with  jugular  ventrals  reduced  to  one  or  two 
rays,  and  the  anus  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  length. 


her  long-style  plant.  "   Darutin. 

brother  (bruTH'er),  j?.  <.  [<  brother,  «.]  1.  To 
consider  or  treat  as  a  brother;  address  as  a 
brother.— -2.  To  relate  as  brothers ;  make  kin. 


am  or  brom),  n. 
[After  the  first 
Lord  Brough- 
am.'] A  four- 
wheeled  close 


Brougham. 


One  Die,  one  Mintage,  one  Humanity  ;  every  man  the  .,•/,. 
kinsman  of  every  other;  mankind  brothered  in  the  one  UrOtUllIia  (biot-u-ll  na),  n.  pi. 


mould  of  the  Creative  Word. 

G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  198. 

brother-german  (bruTH'er-jer'man),    ».      [< 
brother  +  german^;  cf.  Sp.  liermano,  a  brother, 


carriage,  with  one  or  two  horses,  and  adapted 
v,.,.  .„..„„...  to  carrv  either  two  or  four  persons. 

[NL.,  <  Bro-  brought  (brot).    Preterit  and  past  participle  of 


tula  +  -ina.]     In  Giinther's  system  of  classi-     bring. 

fication,  the  first  group  of  Ophidiidte,  having  brouilleriet,  «•     See  broilery. 

ventral  fins  developed  and  attached  to  the  hu-  broukt,  v.  t.    An  older  form  of  brook*. 

meral  arch.  brouset,  v.     See  bruise. 


Fruiting  Branch  of 
the  Paper-mulberry 
( Hroussonetia  f<if.y- 
rt/era). 


Broussa  ware 

Broussa  ware.    8<-o  pattern. 

Broussonetia  (bro-so-ne'shijl),  n.     [NL.,  after 

M.  lirvimmiiet  or  BrMMWWMtj  :i  French  naliinil- 

ist  (1761-1807).]    A  genus  of 

plants,  of  two  or  three  species, 

natural  order  I'rlieneen;  nearly 

allied  to  the  mulberry,  unlives 

of  eastern  Asia  and  (lie  I'acifie 

islands.  Thepapcr-mnli«  n>  i/.'.  /«- 

liilfifefii)  ami  /;.  Kti'iniil'fi-i arc  i-iilti- 

vated  ill  »'hili:i  ;iml  Jap:iM.  uhrre    111.- 

Imrk  of  the  yiiin-  sh""l-.  i,  tin-  (-hid 
material  for  the  manufacture  of  pap« 
From  tin-  bark  »f  tin-  paper-molberrji 

is   also    made    the    tapa-rl.ith    exteli 

siVl'I.Y    IISI-.I    I  ]|I"H'.:!l»lll     I'oluleSia. 

brouzet,  »•  and  '•.    See  broiene1. 

brow  (l>ron),  M.  [<  ME.  browe, 
linin-i',  <  AS.  6c«,  pi.  brua, 
liruini.  eveln-ow,  also  eyelash, 
=  ONortli.  brun  =  (with  an 
appar.  formative  -n)Icel.  bruit, 
old  pi.  bryiin,  =  Sw.  Dan.  bryn  (>E.  brine2,  q.  v.) 
(cf.  G.  brauiie,  below),  eyebrow;  closely  related 
to  ME.  brew,  breow,  broy,  bre,  bra,  bro,  etc., 
eyebrow,  <  AS.  brajw,  bredw,  also  breg,  eyelid 
(used  differently  from  bru),  =  OFries.  bre  in 
dg-bre,  eyelid,  =  OS.  brdlia,  brdwa  =  MI). 
bruiiwe,  hroitwr,  eyelid  (1).  in-iikhrtiauw,  eye- 
brow), =  OHG.  brdwa,  MHO.  bra,  brdwe,  G. 
liriiiii',  also  briniiie,  eyebrow,  =  Icel.  bra,,  eyelid, 
=  Gael,  bra,  eyebrow,  =  Bret,  abrant,  eyebrow, 
=  OBulfj.  briiff,  obruvi  =  Serv.  brv,  obrm  s= 
Bohein.  briri,  olirwi  =  Pol.  brew  =  Kuss.  brorf 
=  Litli.  bmrin,  eyebrow,  =  Gr.  otypt'S,  eyebrow, 
=  Pers.  ubru  =  Zend  brrat  =  Skt.  ftftrw,  eye- 
brow; cf.  Ir.  Gael,  abhra,  eyelid.  Perhaps  re- 
lated to  brae,  bray*,  q.  v.,  and  ult.  to  E.  bridge*.] 
1.  The  prominent  ridjje  over  the  eye,  forming 
an  arch  above  the  orbit. — 2.  The  arch  of  hair 
over  the  eye ;  the  eyebrow. 

your  inky  frroira,  your  Mack  silk  hair. 

Mink.,  As  you  Like  it,  ill.  5. 

3.  The  forehead. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow. 

Shot.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3. 

4.  The  general  expression  of  the  countenance. 

lie  told  them  with  a  maisterly  Brow,  that  hy  this  act  he 
hail  oblig'd  them  above  what  they  had  deserv'd. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  v. 

To  whom  thus  .Satan,  with  contemptuous  trow. 

Milton,  P.  L,  iv.  886. 

5.  laentom.,  that  part  of  an  insect's  head  which 
lies  between  the  elypeus  and  the  vertex,  gen- 
erally just  above  the  antennse. — 6.  The  edge 
of  a  steep  place ;  the  upper  portion  of  a  slope : 
as,  "the  brow  of  the  hill,"  Luke  iv.  29.— 7. 
In  England,  a  fringe  of  coppice  adjoining  the 
hedge  of  a  field. — 8.  In  cval-mining,  an  under- 
ground roadway  leading  to  a  working-place, 
driven  either  to  the  rise  or  to  the  dip.     Oren- 
ley.     [Leicestershire,  Eng.] — 9.  Naut.,  an  old 
name  for  an  inclined  plane  of  planks  from  the 


A  Ship's  Brow. 

shore  or  the  ground  to  a  ship,  to  facilitate  entry 
and  exit.  In  this  sense  also  spelled  brniii/li. — 
10.  In  a  saw-mill,  an  incline  up  which  logs  are 
drawn  to  be  sawed. — 11.  [Also  written  broo : 
taken  as  a  particular  use  of  broir,  "an  ill  bnur" 
being  then  orig.  a  frowning  or  unfavorable 
look;  "nae  brow,"  no  (sc.  favorable)  look  or 
view.]  View;  opinion:  in  the  phrases  an  HI 
broir,  an  unfavorable  opinion;  nae  brow,  no 
good  opinion.  [Scotch.] 

But  thir  ridings  and  wappenshawings,  my  leddy,  I  hae 
not  broo  of  them  »va.  Scott,  old  Mortality,  vii. 

Bent  brow.    00  An  arched  eyebrow.   (6)  A  wrinkled  or 
knit  brow.     To  knit  the  brows,  to  fn>«  n. 
brow  (brou),  r.  t.    [<  broir,  ».]    To  form  a  brow 
or  elevated  border  to.     [Bare.] 

Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts, 

That  brixe  this  bottom-glade.    Milton,  Comus,  1.  582. 


097 

brow-ague  (brou'a'Ku),  «.     Frontal  neuralgia. 

Browaflia  (bro-wal  i-a),  «.     [From  J.  Kroirall 

(1707-55),  bishop  of  Aim  in  Finland.]    A  genus 

of  South  American  herbaceous  plants,  natural 

order  .V;'«/i/i ul<irinren>,  some  species  of  which 

are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

brow-antler  ( brou' ant "16r),  n.     1.  The  lirst 

spike  that  grows  on  a  deer's  head. — 2.  The  first 

branch  or  tine  of  an  antler,  overhanging  the 

forehead.     See  miller. 

Also  called  brow-snag. 

brow-band  (brou'band),  n.  1.  A  band  or  fillet 
worn  round  the  brow. —  2.  In  saddlery,  a  band 
of  a  bridle,  headstall,  or  halter,  which  passes 
in  front  of  the  horse's  forehead,  and  has  loops 
at  its  ends  through  which  pass  the  cheek-straps, 
browbeat  (brou"bet),  «'.  t. ;  pret.  browbeat,  pp. 
tiniirbeattn,  ppr.  browbeating.  [<  brow  +  beat.] 
To  depress  or  bear  down  with  haughty,  stern 
looks,  or  with  arrogant  speech  and  dogmatic 
assertions ;  in  general,  to  bear  down  by  impu- 
dence. 

He  [Jeffreys]  soon  found  that  it  was  not  quite  so  easy  to 
browbeat  the  proud  and  powerful  barons  of  England  in 
their  own  hall,  as  to  intimidate  barristers  whose  bread  de- 
pended on  his  favor,  or  prisoners  whose  necks  were  at  his 
mercy.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Mr.  Necker  .  .  .  was  browbeaten  and  intimidated. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  II.  485. 
=  Syn.  To  overliear,  insult,  bully,  hector, 
browbeater  (brou'be'ter),  n.     One  who  brow- 
beats; a  bully.     Warren. 

brow-bound  (brou'bound),  a.  Crowned;  hav- 
ing the  head  encircled,  as  with  a  diadem. 
[Poetical.] 

Brow  bound  with  the  oak.  Shak.,  Cor.,  it  2. 

A  queen,  with  swarthy  cheeks  and  bold  black  eyes, 
Brov-tmuiul  with  burning  gold.  Trnnymn,  Kair  Women. 

browdt,  <'•  *.     See  broud. 

browden  (brou'dn),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  browden, 
brinitlen,  etc.,  pp.  of  braiden,  breiden,  etc.,  move, 
draw,  snatch,  pull,  etc. :  see  braid1.]  1.  Anx- 
ious ;  foolishly  fond. —  2.  Vain ;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

browdert,  ".  t.    See  brouder. 

browdingt,  n.     See  branding. 

browest,  Drowist,  »•     See  brewis. 

browless  (brou'les),  a.  [<  brow  +  -less.]  With- 
out shame.  [Rare.] 

So  browlean  was  this  heretick. 

/..  Addimn,  Life  of  Mahomet,  p.  84. 

brown  (broun),  «.  and  n.  [<  ME.  brown,  broun, 
brun,  <  AS.  brun  =  OFries.  brun  =  D.  bruin  (> 
E.  bruin,  q.  v.)  =  MLG.  brim  =  OHG.  MHG. 
brun  (>  ML.  brunus,  >F.  Pr.  brun  =  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
bruno,  brown,  >  F.  brunir,  etc.,  burnish,  >  E. 
burnish,  q.  v.),  G.  braun  =  Icel.  brunn  =  Sw. 
brun  =  Dan.  brun  =  Lith.  brunns,  brown,  =  Gr. 
*<t>pvvof,  brown,  in  fyti'vof,  ifipl-vr/,  a  toad  (cf.  L. 
rubcta,  a  toad,  <  ruber,  red,  reddish) ;  with  for- 
mative -«,  <  -i/  *bru  =  Skt.  "bhru,  redupl.  in 
Skt.  babhni,  reddish-brown,  as  subst.  a  beaver 
(see  beai-erl) ;  cf.  ii.funu.1,  dusky,  black.]  I. 
a.  Of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness or  yellowness. 

Broun  he  was,  and  lenc,  and  rough  of  heer,  more  than 
a-nother  man.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  405. 

Cheeks  frroicii  as  the  oak-leaves.  Longjelloie. 

Brown  atrophy,  bread,  holland,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Brown  hematite,  brown  Iron  ore.  Same  as  Umn- 
nite. — Brown  madder.  ?*ee  imttdfr.  —  Brown  mix- 
ture, a  cough-mixture  containing  camphorated  tincture  of 
opium,  wine  of  antimony,  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  and  other 
less  important  ingredients :  the  mistura  glycyrrhlzso  com- 
poslta  of  the  pharmacopeia.—  Brown  ocher.  See  ocher. 

Brown  pink,  an  artists'  pigment  made  from  Avignon 
berries  (JUammu  infrctoriu*),  or,  letter,  from  quercitron- 
hark,  as  this  latter  is  not  so  fugitive.  It  is  sometimes 
called  util  de  iirain.— Brown-red  game,  a  variety  of  the 
game-fowl  in  which  the  hackle-  and  saddle-feathers  of  the 
cock  are  bright-red,  shading  off  to  lemon-yellow,  finely 
striped  with  black,  the  back  and  wing-tows  rich-red,  the 
primaries,  secondaries,  and  wing-coverts  or  bars  and  tail 
black,  the  breast  and  lower  parts  of  the  body  black,  the 
feathers  having  brown  shafts  and  a  slight  lacing  of  the 
same  color.  The  hen  is  plain  black,  with  hackle-feathers 
edged  with  yellow .  Brown  study,  a  state  of  mental  ab- 
.str:u-tinn  or  meditation  ;  a  reverie.  [Often  with  a  hyphen.] 
Faith,  this  brown  study  suits  not  with  your  black, 
Your  habit  and  your  thoughts  are  of  two  colours. 

/;.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iii.  S. 

M>  <  Mm  pan  ion  approached  and  startled  him  from  his  fit 
of  broirn-xf  "'I?/.  Irving. 

To  do  (a  person)  brown,  to  deceive  him  ;  take  him  in. 
[Colloq.] —To  do  up  brown,  to  do  thoroughly.    [Colloq.) 

U.  ».  1.  Adarkcolorinelinedtoredoryellow. 
It  may  be  obtained  by  mixing  red,  black,  and 
yellow. — 2.  A  halfpenny.  [English  slang.] — 
Alizarin  brown,  alizarin  red  changed  to  a  brown  by  mix- 
ing ferrocyaiiicleof  potash  with  the  color,  which  is  di-coni- 
posed  in  steaming  and  yields  Prussian  blue.  —  Aniline 
brown,  a  brow  n  pimnent  obtained  by  heating  a  mixture  of 
aniline  violet  or  aniline  bine  w  itb  hydrocbloratfl  of  aniline 
to  240",  ami  keeping  it  at  this  temperature  till  the  mixture 
becomes  brown  in  color.  This  brown  is  soluble  in  water. 


Brownlan 

aleobnl,  and  acid*,  and  euti  be  n.seil  in  >ls*  MI_-  Antwerp 
brown,  a  rol.,r  ilse.l  t.y  aMM.s  ni;nl<-  !>•.  'Hum 

with  a  ilninu'-oil;  l.iluinen.  Archil  brown,  a  coal-Ur 
color  lined  ill  d)cing.  Bismarck  brown.  >anp'  M  /./.. 

„„/.„.  1,,-nu-n,  Caledonia  brown,  a  pi^n.em  u-r.|  l.i 
artisU  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a  native  eaitli  of  Kn-jlaixl, 
and  is  of  an  orange  russet-brow  n  iolor.  Canelle-brown. 
sain.-  as  ,,!,:  ,:,il.-n,-  1,,;,,,-,,.  Cappa«h  brown,  a  pit-men! 

Used  li>  altl-t'  ill  nil  jl.lllltllu  In.  i'l-  Irnlll  I  ~p'''i«'M  of 
hi.-  earth  rnltlailjill-  III.HI'J.HI'  -  .  f.,llll-<  ll<;tl  <  :i].|i:i_'h  ill 

Ireland.-  Cassel  brown,  a  piunn-nt  \>  r\  -nmLd  to  Van- 
dyke brown  (which  see.  In  •!,,»  j.  Chestnut-brown,  In 
coal-tar  colont,  a  kind  of  maroon  (wbSeb  -•  •  >.  II  <an  in 
dyed  on  silk,  cotton,  and  wool  Cinnamon-brown. 
Same  as  phrualtnt  frroim.  -  -  Fast  brown,  a  I'mil  -t.n-  eolor 
n«i-.|  iiMl.ii-ing.  beliingiiigtothe  o\>  a/o  m  i,  up.  Orenate 
brown,  lM*taHsium  i»opuri>tirate,  prepareil  by  the  a<ti»n 
of  potassium  cyanide  on  picric  acid.  It  forum  browniih- 
red  crystalline  scales,  which  are  green  by  reflected  light. 
It  to  soluble  In  hot  water  and  alcohol,  giving  a  very  deep 
violet-red  color.  When  dry  it  explodes  very  readily,  and 
is  therefore  kept  In  the  form  of  a  paste,  to  which  glycerin 
Is  added  in  order  to  keep  it  moist.-  Havana  brown,  u 
coal-tar  color  similar  to  phenyl  brown,  used  to  produee  .  ,n 
wool  brown  colors  fast  to  the  light.-  Ivory-brown,  a 
pigment  the  same  as  bone-brown,  except  that  ivory  U 
substituted  for  Inine.  Leather-brown.  Name  ss  phenyl 
fcroM'ii.  —  Madder-brown,  a  brown  dye  derived  from  ca- 
techu and  worked  with  madder  eolni-v  Manchester 
brown,  same  as  phmylrne  brown.  —  Manganese  brown, 
a  color  produced  in  dyeing  by  passing  the  cotton,  impreg- 
nated with  manganous  chlorid,  through  a  mixture  of  so- 
dium hyjKH'hlorite  and  caustic  soda.-  Mars  brown,  an 
artists'  pigment,  prepared  by  calcining  a  mixture  of  sul- 

Rhate  of  iron,  alum,  and  potash.  Its  color  varies  through 
rown,  yellow,  and  red,  according  to  the  heat  employed  In 
calcining.  It  may  be  ler  me.  1  an  artificial  ocher.  —  Phenyi 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  Its  composition 
is  complex  and  unknown.  It  Is  prepared  by  treating  phe- 
nol with  a  mixture  of  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid,  and  is 
mostly  used  in  dyeing  leather.  Also  called  leather-brown. 
Phenylene  brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing.  It 
is  the  hydrochlorld  of  triamidoazolienzene,  and  Is  used 
on  wool,  cotton,  and  leather.  Also  called  Bitnnartk  brmrn, 
canelltjn'own,  cinnajnon-brwm,  Manchfxter  brown.  — 
Prussian  brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists,  prepared  by 
calcining  an  aluminous  Prussian  blue,  forming  a  com- 
pound of  sesquioxid  of  iron  and  alumina.  It  is  orange- 
brown,  and  resembles  burnt  sienna,  hut  is  not  so  rich  in 
tone.  —  Purple  brown,  a  pigment  composed  of  oxid  of 
iron.  It  is  sometimes  called  n>n,  •>„,,<  oxitt.  Resordn 
brown,  a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyeing,  obtained  by  com- 
bining a  diazo-compound  with  resorcin  in  the  ordinary 
way,  and  acting  on  the  azo-compound  formed  with  some 
other  diazo-compound.—  Small  brown,  a  variety  of  mar- 
bled paper  in  which  the  design  consists  of  small  round 
spots  or  shells.  Spanish  brown,  an  Inferior  pigment 
consisting  of  a  highly  adulterated  dark  oxid  of  iron.  It 
Is  used  to  some  extent  as  a  priming-paint,  but  chiefly  by 
masons  to  color  mortar.-  Spirit-brown,  In  dyeing,  a 
color  obtained  by  treating  material  dyed  yellow  from  bark 
with  peachwood,  logwood,  and  alum.-  Vandyke  brown. 
an  important  brown  pigment  used  both  by  artists  anil 
house-painters.  It  is  a  siiecies  of  peat  or  lignite,  of  a  very 
dark,  semi-transparent,  reddish-nrown  color.  —  Verona 
brown,  a  pigment  used  by  artists  in  oil-painting.  It  is  a 
calcined  ferruginous  earth,  of  a  reddish-brown  tone. 
brown  (broun),  v.  [<  ME.  brounen,  <  AS.  bru- 
ii  in  n.  become  brown  (=  OHG.  brunen,  MHG.  bri- 
unen,  make  brown),  <  brun,  brown:  see  brown, 
a.]  I.  in  trans.  To  become  brown. 
II.  trans.  To  make  brown  or  dusky. 

A  trembling  twilight  o'er  the  welkin  moves, 
llftiim*  the  dim  void  and  darkens  deep  the  groves. 

./.  £ar!oir,  Columbiad,  ill.  618. 

Specifically  —  (n)  To  produce  a  brown  color  in  by  exposure 
to  heat,  as  of  meat,  bread,  etc.,  to  that  of  a  fire  in  roasting 
or  toasting,  or  of  the  skin  to  that  of  the  snn.  (b)  To  give  a 
brown  luster  to  (articles  of  iron,  as  gun-barrels,  etc-X  by 
applying  certain  preparations. 

brownback  (broun'bak),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
red-breasted  snipe,  Maerorltamphus  griseus.  — 
2.  A  name  of  the  great  marbled  godwit,  Linto- 
sa  fedoa. 

brown-bess  (broun'bes),  ».  [Said  to  be  formed 
in  punning  imitation  (Bess  for  Bill)  of  bnnrn- 
liill.  the  old  weapon  of  the  English  infantry.] 
A  name  given  to  the  regulation  bronzed  flint- 
lock musket  formerly  used  in  the  British  army. 

brownbill  (broun'bil),  n.  A  kind  of  halbert  for- 
merly used  by  the  English  foot-soldiers.  See 
bilV,  2. 

The  black,  or  as  it  was  sometimes  called,  the  broirn-btU, 
was  a  kind  of  halbcrt  .  the  cutting  part  hooked  like  a  wood- 
man's bill,  from  the  back  of  which  projected  a  spike,  and 
another  from  the  head. 


brown-blaze    (broun  '  blaz),    ».      The    fumes 

which  rise  from  the  furnace-flame  in  reducing 

zinc  when  cadmium  is  present.    They  are  due 

to  oxid  of  cadmium. 
brown-clock  (broun'klok),  n.   The  cockchafer. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 
brown-coal  (broun'kol),  «.    The  variety  of  coal 

more  commonly  named  lignite.     See  coal  and 

lii/nite. 
brown-crops  (broun'krops),  n.    Pulse.    [Prov. 

Eng.] 
brown-george   (broun  'jorj),    a.      1.    A  large 

earthen  pitcher.  —  2.  A  coarse  kind  of  bread. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 
Brownian  (brou'ni-an),  n.    Pertaining  or  relat- 

ing to  any  person  bearing  the  name  of  Brown  ; 


Brownian 

Brunonian.— Brownian  movement,  a  rapid  oscilla- 
tory motion  often  observed  in  very  minute  particles  sus- 
pended in  water  or  other  liquid,  as  when  carmine  or  gam- 
boge is  nibbed  up  in  water,  and  first  described  by  Robert 
Brown  (1757-1831),  a  Scotch  botanist  and  agriculturist.  It 
is  a  purely  physical  phenomenon,  not  vital,  and  is  prob- 
ably explained  by  the  fact  that  the  particles  are  in  very 
delicate  equilibrium,  and  hence  extremely  sensitive  to 
the  slightest  change  of  temperature.  Also  and  originally 
called  Bniiuinian  iitotinn  or  movement. 
brownie  (brou'ni),  «.  [Se.,  dim.  of  brown:  so 
called  from  their  supposed  color.]  In  Scot- 
land, a  spirit  supposed  to  haunt  houses,  partic- 
ularly farm-houses.  The  brownie  was  believed  to  be- 
very  useful  to  the  family,  particularly  if  treated  well  by 
them,  and  to  the  servants,  for  whom  while  they  slept  he 
was  wont  to  do  many  pieces  of  drudgery.  In  appearance 
the  brownie  was  said  to  be  meager,  shaggy,  and  wild. 

It  would  be  easy  to  trace  the  belief  in  brownies  ...  to 
the  lar,  or  hearth  spirit  of  the  ancients. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  204. 

browning  (brou'ning),  re.  [Verbal  n.  of  brown, 
v."]  1.  The  act  of  making  brown.  Specifically, 
the  process  of  darkening  the  polished  surfaces  of  gun- 
barrels  and  other  metallic  objects.  Chlorid  or  butter  of 
antimony,  called  browing~Kalt,  is  used  in  the  process. 
2.  A  preparation  of  sugar,  port  wine,  spices, 
etc.,  for  coloring  and  flavoring  meat  and  made 
dishes. 

Brownism  (brou'nizm),  n.     [<  Brown  +  -ism."] 

1.  The  ecclesiastical  system  and  doctrine  of 
the  Brownists ;  Independency  or  Congregation- 
alism. 

However,  I  must,  without  fear  of  offending,  express  my 
Jear,  that  the  level!  of  that  rigid  thing  they  call  Brown- 
ism  has  prevailed  sometimes  a  little  of  the  furthest  in 
the  administrations  of  this  pious  people. 

C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  i.  :i. 

2.  The  Brunonian  theory.     See  Brunonian. 
Brownist  (brou'nist),  H.     [<  Brown  +  -ist."]    A 

follower  of  Robert  Brown  or  Browne  (about 
1550-1633),  a  Puritan,  who  first  organized  the 
body  of  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  England 
afterward  called  Independents.  See  Congregi/- 
tionalist. 

I  had  as  lief  be  a  Brmeiiint.  as  a  politician. 

S/i«*.,T.  N.,  iii.  •>. 

II  I  hate  any,  'tis  those  schismaticks  that  puzzle  the 
sweet  peace  of  our  Church  ;  so  that  I  could  be  content  to 
see  an  Anabaptist  go  to  hell  on  a  BrmrnM't  back. 

Howell,  Familiar  Letters,  I.  vi.  :!•-'. 

The  word  Puritan  seems  to  be  quashed,  and  all  that  here- 
tofore were  counted  such  are  now  Brownixtg.  Miltim. 

Brownistic,  Brownistical  (brou-nis'tik,  -ti- 
kal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Brownists  or 
to  their  doctrines  and  practices;  characterized 
by  Brownism. 

About  the  time  of  Governour  Bradford's  death,  religion 
itself  had  like  to  have  died  in  that  colony,  through  a  lib- 
ertine and  Brownistick  spirit  then  prevailing  among  the 
people,  and  a  strong  disposition  to  discountenance  the 
gospel-ministry,  by  setting  up  the  "gifts  of  private  breth- 
ren" in  opposition  thereto.  C.  Slather,  Mag.  Chris.,  ii.  *2. 

brown-leemer,  brown-leeming  (broun'le"mer, 
-ming),  n.  Aripe  brown  nut.  Also  called  broirn- 
shuller.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brownness  (broun'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing brown. 

brown-shuller  (broun'shuFer),  n.  [That  is, 
*brown-slieller."]  Same  as  troirn-leemer. 

brown-spar  (broun'spar),  n.  A  name  given  to 
a  ferruginous  variety  of  dolomite. 

brownstone  (broun'ston),  «.  A  name  given  to 
various  kinds  of  dark-brown  sandstone.  In  the 
United  States  it  is  the  sandstone  from  the  quarries  in  the 
Triassic  or  New  Red  Sandstone,  and  especially  such  a  stone 
from  quarries  in  the  Connecticut  river  valley,  much  used 
as  a  building-stone. 

brown-stout  (broun'stouf),  n.  A  superior  kind 
of  porter.  See  stout. 

brownwqrt  (broun'wert),  re.  [ME.  not  found ; 
<  AS.  brun-wyrt,  <  brun,  brown,  +  wyrt,  wort.] 
1.  A  name  of  the  plants  Scrophularia  aquatica 
and  8.  nodosa,  derived  from  the  color  of  the 
stems. —  2.  A  name  of  the  self-heal,  Brunella 
vulgaris,  from  its  use  in  a  disease  of  the  throat 
called  die  briiutie  (the  brown)  in  German. 

browny  (brou'ni),  a.  and  «.     [<  brown  +  -a1. 

Cf.  brownie.]    I.f  a.  Somewhat  brown :  as,  "  his 

browny  locks,"  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  85. 

II.  n. ;   pi.  brownies  (-niz).      The  top-knot. 

[Local  Eng.  (Cornwall).] 

brow-post  (brou'post), «.  In  arch.,  a  cross-beam. 

browse1  (brouz),  «.  [Appar.  for  "broust,  <  OF. 
broust,  a  sprout,  shoot,  bud,  F.  brout,  browse, 
browse-wood  (cf .  Sp.  broza,  rubbish  of  leaves, 
etc.,  brota,  brote,  germ  of  a  vine,  bud  of  trees, 
thickets,  rubbish),  prob.  <  MHG.  bros,  G.  dial. 
(Bav.)  bross,  brosst,  a  bud  (ef.  Bret,  brous,  a 
bud,  shoot,  broust,  a  thick  bush,  brousta,  browse ; 
prob.  from  the  F.) ;  cf.  OS.  brtistian,  sprout,  and 
see  brush."]  The  tender  shoots  or  twigs  of  shrubs 
and  trees,  such  as  cattle  may  eat ;  green  food  fit 
for  cattle,  deer,  etc.  Also  spelled  broir-r. 


698 

The  whiles  their  gotes  upon  the  brovzes  fedd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  45. 
Up  hither  drive  thy  goats,  and  play  by  me  : 
This  hill  has  browse  for  them,  and  shade  for  thee. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i.  943. 
The  deer  leave  the  mountains  and  come  to  the  plains 
below  to  feed  on  the  browse  of  the  birch. 

Sportsman'*  Gazetteer,  p.  63. 

browse1  (brouz),  t:  ;  pret.  and  pp.  browsed,  ppr. 
browning.  [Also  browze,  early  mod.  E.  also 
brouse,  bronze,  brooze,  appar.  for  *broust,  <  OF. 
brouster,  F.  brouter  (cf.  E.  dial,  brut,  browse) 
=  Pr.  brostar,  nibble  oil  the  buds,  sprouts,  and 
bark  of  plants,  browse,  <  OF.  broust,  a  sprout, 
shoot,  bud:  see  browse1,  ».]  I.  trans.  1.  To  feed 
on ;  pasture  on ;  graze :  said  of  cattle,  deer,  etc. 

Elysian  lawns 
Browsed  by  none  but  Dian's  fawns.    Keats,  Ode. 

The  fields  between 
Are  dewy-fresh,  browsed  by  deep-udder'd  kine. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  To  nibble  and  consume ;  eat  off:  said  of  cattle. 

The  barks  of  trees  thoil  browsedst.    Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  i.  4. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  graze;  specifically,  to  feed 
on  the  tender  shoots,  branches,  or  bark  of  shrubs 
and  trees :  said  of  herbivorous  animals. 

Such  like  sort  of  fruit,  which  those  animals  brouz  'it  upon. 
Oldys,  Life  of  Raleigh. 

The  full  lips,  the  rough  tongue,  the  corrugated  cartila- 
ginous palate,  the  broad  cutting  teeth  of  the  ox,  the  deer, 
the  horse,  and  the  sheep,  qualify  this  tribe  for  browsing 
upon  their  pasture.  Paley,  Nat.  Theol.,  ii. 

2.  To  feed :  said  of  human  beings.     [Bare.] 
There  is  cold  meat  i'  the  cave ;  we'll  browse  on  that. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  6. 

browse2  (brouz),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  In 
metal.,  imperfectly  smelted  ore. 

browser  (brou'zer),  re.  One  who  browses.  Also 
spelled  browzer. 

browse-WOOd  (brouz'wud),  n.  Bushes  or  twigs 
on  which  animals  feed.  [Rare.] 

brow-sickt  (brou'sik),  a.  Sick  with  the  brow- 
ague  ;  dejected ;  hanging  the  head. 

But  yet  a  gracious  influence  from  you 
May  alter  nature  in  our  brow-sick  crew. 

Suckliny,  Prol.  to  a  Masque. 

browsing  (brou'zing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  browse*, 
/•.]  A  place  where  animals  may  browse :  as, 
"  ftrwrsHf.i/sforthe  deer,"  Howell,  Letters,  I.  ii.  8. 
Also  browzing. 

brow-snag  (brou'snag),  n.   Same  as  broic-atitler. 

browspot  (brou'spot),  «.  A  glandular  body 
between  the  eyes  of  a  frog  or  toad;  the  inter- 
ocular  body,  probably  giving  rise  to  the  fiction 
of  the  jewel  in  the  head  of  these  animals. 

browst  (broust),  n.  [Connected  with  brou;  a 
form  of  brew1,  q.  v.]  That  which  is  brewed ;  as 
much  liquor  as  is  brewed  at  one  time.  [Scotch .  ] 

browstert,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  brewster*. 

brow-transom  (brou'tran'som),  n.  An  upper 
transom. 

browze,  «.  and  r.     See  browse1. 

browzer,  browzing.     See  browser,  browsing. 

broydt,  ''•  t.    An  obsolete  form  of  braid1. 

bruang  (bro'ang),  ».  The  native  name  of  the 
Malayan  sun-bear,  Helarctos  malayanus.  It  has 
line  and  glossy  black  fur.  with  a  white  patch  on  the  breast. 


bruise 

bruck),  <  Gr.  fipovxof,  a  locust  without  wings.]  1 . 
A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  represented  by  the  pea- 
weevils.  It  so  closely  resembles  iu  general  appearance 
the  snout-beetles  that  it  is  usually  classed  with  the  Khi/u- 
chophora.  Recent  investigations  have,  however,  demon- 
strated the  fact  that  it  is  much  more  closely  related  to  the 
leaf-beetles  (Chruiomelid<f),  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
only  by  the  distinctly  pedunculate  submentum.  A  large 
number  of  small  species,  now  subdivided  into  several  gen- 
era, are  comprised  in  this  genus,  all  readily  recognizable 
from  their  squarish  form,  somewhat  narrowing  anteriorly  ; 


European  Grain-Bruchus  (  R.eranarius}.  (  Small  figure  shows  natural 
size.)    a,  egg  of  Bruchits  pisi,  magnified. 

the  head  being  produced  into  a  short  beak,  and  the  hind 
femora  usually  dilated  and  in  most  species  toothed.  In  the 
larval  state  they  live  in  the  seeds  of  plants,  especially  of 
the  family  Leguntin<»f<v,  as  the  bean  and  pea.  The  holes 
often  observed  in  peas  are  made  by  the  perfect  brncbus 
to  effect  its  escape. 

2.  [I.  c.]  A  member  of  this  genus.  [The  word 
bruchun  is  used  in  the  Douay  version  of  the  Bible,  by  literal 
transcription  from  the  Latin,  in  several  places  where  the 
King  James  version  has  locust,  caterpillar,  or  caiikenconn  ; 
the  first  two  are  also  found  in  Challoner's  revision  in  some 
places  where  the  Vulgate  has  bruchug.} 

brucina  (bro-si'na),  n.  [NL.]    Same  as  brucine. 

brucine,  brucin  (bro'sin),  «.  [<  Brueea  (a  ge- 
nus of  shrubs  named  after  J.  Bruce  (1730-94), 
the  African  traveler)  +  -intV,  -in?."]  A  vege- 
table alkaloid  (C2H2eN2Oi),  discovered  in  what 
was  thought  to  be  the  bark  of  the  Brueea  anti- 
dysenterica,  but  which  was  that  of  Strychnos 
NwK-vomica.  Its  taste  is  exceedingly  bitter  and  acrid, 
and  it  forms  with  the  acids  salts  which  are  soluble  and  gen- 
erally erystallizable.  Its  action  on  the  animal  economy 
is  similar  to  that  of  strychnine,  but  much  less  powerful. 

brucite  (bro'sit),  n.  [After  Dr.  Bruce,  a  min- 
eralogist of  New  York.]  1.  A  native  hydrate 
of  magnesium,  usually  found  iu  thin  foliated 
plates,  of  a  white  or  greenish  color  and  pearly 
luster.  —  2.  Same  as  chmtdrodite. 

brack  (bruk),  H.  [E.  dial.,  also  brock;  <  ME.  bruk, 
brake,  a  young  locust,  grasshopper.  =  Sp.  brnyo 
=  It.  bruco,  a  grub,  caterpillar,  <  L.  bruchus  : 
see  Bruchus.']  A  field-cricket.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bruckle  (bruk'l),  a.  A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  brickie. 

Lasses  and  glasses  are  brvckle  ware.          Scotch  proverb. 

bruet,  i'-     An  obsolete  spelling  of  brew1. 


bruett, 


See  breu-et. 


Bniang  (Hflarctos  malayanus). 

and  a  long  and  very  flexile  tongue,  which  it  insinuates 

into  recesses  of  the  nests  of  wild  bees,  to  rob  them  of  their 

honey.    It  is  easily  domesticated,  very  harmless,  and  fond 

of  children. 
brubru  (bro'bro),  «.     [Prob.  a  native  name.] 

A  book-name  of  an  African  shrike,  the  Lanius 

or  Xilans  brubru. 
bruchid  (bro'kid),  re.     A  beetle  of  the  family 

Hrucliitlii'. 
Bruchidae  (bro'ki-de),  n.  pi.   [NL.,  <  Bruchus  + 

-iilit'.']     A  family  of  phytophagous  Coleoptera, 

typified  by  the  genus  Bruchus. 
Bruchus  (bro'kus),  •«.     [LL.  bruclms,  ML.  also 

hrueus  (>  ult.  E.  dial,  bruck,  a  field-cricket:  see 


, 

bruff(bruf),  a.  [E.dial.;  cf.  bhiffi."]  1.  Hearty; 
jolly;  healthy.  —  2.  Proud  ;  elated.  —  3.  Rough 
'in  manner.  HalliweU.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

brugh,  i'.     See  brouglfi. 

brugnet,  «•  [OF.  :  see  broigne."]  Same  as 
broigne. 

bruti  (bro),  n.  A  name  of  the  pig-tailed  ma- 
caque, Macacus  nemestrinus. 

bruik  (bruk),  v.  t.    A  Scotch  form  of  brook2. 

bruilzie(bruTzi),  ».     See  brulyie. 

bruin  (bro'in;  D.  pron.  broin),  «.  [The  name 
given  to  the  bear  in  the  Dutch  version  of  the 
celebrated  tale  or  fable  of  Reynard  the  Fox, 
being  merely  the  D.  bruin  =.  OHG.  MHG.  brun, 
G.  braitn  =  E.  brown,  q.  v.]  A  name  given  to 
the  bear.  [As  a  quasi-proper  name,  it  is  often 
written  with  a  capital  letter.] 

bruise  (broz),  *.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bruised,  ppr. 
bruising,  [The  spelling  bruise  is  due  to  OF. 
bruiser  (see  below)  ;  early  mod.  E.  bruse,  brute, 
<  ME.  broosen,  brosen,  brusen,  also  brousen, 
broi/sen,  more  frequently  brysen,  brisen,  bresen, 
also  brissen,  bressen,  break,  bruise;  partly  < 
AS.  brysan,  break,  bruise  (to  which  all  the  ME. 
forms  except  broosen,  brosen,  brousen,  broy- 
sen  could  be  referred;  but  the  reg.  mod.  rep- 
resentative of  AS.  brysfin  would  be  brize  or 
"breeze  :  see  briseS)  ;  partly  <  OF.  bruscr,  broser, 
bruiser,  bruisier,  briiicr,  brisi-r,  F.  briser,  break 
(to  which  all  the  ME.  forms  could  be  referred). 
Cf.  6ms2,  briseZ,  breeze3,  brazil.  It  is  not  certain 
that  the  AS.  form  is  related  to  the  F.  form  ; 
the  origin  of  both  is  unknown.  Cf.  Gael.  Ir. 
brift,  break.]  I.  trntix.  1.  To  injure  by  a  blow 
or  by  pressure  without  laceration  ;  contuse,  as 
a  pliant  substance;  dent  or  beat  in  without 
breaking,  as  anything  hard:  as,  to  bruise  the 
hand;  a  brniseri  apple;  "his  bruised  shield," 
Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.,  Prol.  (cho.). 


bruise 

And  shewyd  to  me  all  the  Castyll  with  Iti  The  towers, 

the  wallys  ;u-r  sore  /-,<,..(/</  and   iinikyn  with  the  erthe 
qwake  which  wus  in  April!  last  past. 

TwiUii'itiiii,  Diaii.   n(  r.nx.  Travell,  |i.  Is 

Hi-  r.nle  UU.T   tiyiu  on  horscl.ak   tlire  or  fomv   I>m-- 

ami  ln-infn>'il  hyiu  More  uml  fonlr  lh;it   uy.-h   hi    uatt  ther- 

with  »layii.  I/.T/M,  <!•:.  !•:.  T.  S.I,  iii.  ITU. 

2.  To  crush  by  beating  or  pounding;  pound; 
bray,  as  drugs  or  articlow  of  food. 

Man,  like  to  cassia,  i*  prov  il  liest.  being  In-u*.*-'**. 

n.  /,.,(,,    Dnchea  "I  Main.  iii.  :.. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  beat  down  or  oppress;  cud- 
gel, as  the  brain ;  scourge  ;  damage. 

/>Vi/iV./  iimlenieaUi  the  yoke  of  tyranny. 

SI,*, I,:',  liieh.  III.,  v.  •_'. 

1  will  frrinV  tny  hntiiiH  and  confine  in\-i'lf  to  much 
vexation.  i:*-*ni.  ami  /•'/.,  w m-Hatcr,  v.  •>. 

II.  hitman.  To  fight  with  the  fists;  box. 

Bruiitiii't  was  eonsiilere.l  ii  line,  manly  old  English  cus- 
tom. Thackeray. 

bruise  (broz),  «.  [<  bruise,  r.]  A  contusion; 
a  superficial  injury  caused  by  impact,  without 
laceration,  as  of  an  animal  body,  a  plant,  or 
other  impressible  object. 

bruiser  (bro'zer),  n.      1.  One  who  bruises. — 

2.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula  of 
telescopes.     It  is  nmde  of  hruas,  ahout  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  thick,  hammered  as  near  the  gage  as  possible.     By 
this  instrument  the  speculum  is  prepared  fur  the  hands 
of  tin-  polisher. 

3.  The  name  of  various  machines  for  bruising 
grain,  etc.,  for  feeding  cattle. — 4.  A  boxer; 
a  pugilist ;  a  bully. 

For  do  not  men  delight— 
We  call  them  men  —  our  bruisers  to  excite, 
And  urge  with  bribing  gold,  and  feed  them  for  the  fight '.' 

Crabbe. 

Gentlemen  were  bruisers,  and  bruisers  were  gentlemen. 
J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  7. 

5.  A  name  applied  to  various  plants  supposed 
to  be  efficacious  in  healing  bruises,  as  bruise- 
wort,  soapwort,  etc.  [Eng.] 
bruisewort  (broz'wert),  n.  [ME.  brysewort,  < 
brysen,  bruise,  +  wort,  wort.]  A  name  given  to 
several  plants,  as  the  daisy  (Bellis peretitiis),  the 
soapwort  (Ka)>onari<i  officinalis),  etc.,  from  their 
supposed  efficacy  in  healing  bruises. 

In  the  curious  treatise  of  the  virtues  of  herbs,  Royal 

MS.  18  A.  vi.,  fol,  72  b,  Is  mentioned  " bryaeicort,  or  boii- 

wort,  or  daysye,  consolida  minor,  good  to  hreke  bocches." 

Way,  Promptorium,  p.  52,  note. 

bruising  (brS'zing),  «.     [Verbal  n.  of  bruise,  r.] 

1.  In  foix-working,  the  process  of  passing  flax, 
after  retting,  between  grooved  rollers,  to  break 
the  woody  portion;  scutching. — 2.  A  method 
of  treating  Tiides  by  rubbing  the  grained  side 
with  a  graining-board. — 3.    In    trine-making, 
the  process  of  pounding  or  stamping  grapes 
with  a  wooden  maul  or  pestle,  to  soften  the 
skins  and  fleshy  part. 

bruit  (br8t),  n.  [<  ME.  brut,  brmjt,  brout,  <  OF. 
limit,  brui,  F.  bruit,  noise,  uproar,  rumor  (=  Pr. 
bruich,  bruit,  brut  =  It.  brnito  ;  ML.  bntgitus),  < 
OF.  bruin;  F.  bruire  =  Pr.  brugir,  bruzir  =  It. 
bruire,  rustle,  roar;  of  uncertain  origin.]  1. 
Report;  rumor;  fame. 

A  ln-nit  ran  from  one  to  the  other  that  the  king  was 

slain.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

There  came   an  uncertaine  bruite  from  Barbados  of 

some  disorder  there.  Evelyn,  Diary,  June  26,  1«71. 

To  view  what  bruit  by  virtue  got,  their  lives  could  justly 

crave. 

A  I'rai*e  of  Muitremt  Rim,  Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  I.  38. 

2.  A  noise ;  a  loud  sound ;  a  din. 

Some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap.  Hood. 

3.  [Mod.  F.,  pron.  brwe.]   In  pathol.,  the  name 
given  to  sounds  of  various  nature,  in  general 
abnormal,  produced  in  the  body,  or  evoked  in 
it,  by  percussion  or  succussion :  used  to  some 
extent  in  English.  -Bruit  de  galop,  a  cardiac  sound 
suggesting  a  gallop.  tin1  annual  tiist  sound  l>eing  preceded 
by  a  faint  presystolic  sound.  —  Bruit  de  sole,  a  rough  car- 
diac mm  nmr.  sim-,  Ming  tin-  soliml  of  u  saw. —  BlTlit  du 
diable  (ilevil  >  linin  I,  ;i  runtiiiuims  humming  snuinl  beanl 
in  the  jugular  veins  at  the  base  of  the  neck  ;  venous  hum. 
It  is  more  frequent  and  more  marked  in  young  persons 
than  in  adult-,  ami  in  anemic  than  in  normal  states. 

bruit  (brdt),  r.     [<  bruit,  ».]     I.   trans.  To  an- 
nounce with  noise ;  report ;  noise  abroad. 
l!y  tliis  great  clatter  one  of  the  greatest  not« 
Seems  limit:,!.  .s'A.<;,.,  Macbeth,  v.  7. 

Thou  art  no  less  than  fame  hath  bruit*-*!. 

Shale.,  I  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  3. 

It  is  marvel!  to  think  what  Ills  friends  meant,  to  let 
come  abroad  such  shallow  reasonings  with  the  name  of  a 
man  so  much  kruitett  for  learning. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  5. 
But  a  dark  rumour  will  tie  bruited  up, 
h'roiu  tribe  to  tribe,  until  it  reach  his  ear. 

M.  Arnold,  Sohrab  and  Rustuin. 

II.  in  trims.  To  give  forth  sound ;  sound. 
Bronze  clarions  awake  and  faintly  Itmit. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 


bruleH,  ''-  '•  [ME.,  <  OF.  brutrr,  brunt,  r.  \-  . 
linili-r.  burn  :  sci-  bruxtlf'^,]  To  bum. 

In  cilery  part  put  to  wan  the  lire, 

Thcr  i>ayimnc»  were  brulrd  and  breml  entire. 

It*,  in.  of  Partenay  (Y..  K.  T.  S.),  1.  2288. 

\u  I  he  nioste  parte  of  thys  said  abbay 
liy  liym  stroied.  bruled  and  acorched  tho  : 
Thcr  not  lefte  ue  In.ile  •/  Boiile  man  that  day. 

Jtnui.  of  Partenay  (K.  K.  T.  S.),  1.  3813. 

brule'-'t,  ''.  An  obsolete  form  of  broil1.  Catholi- 
I-IIH  .///</'"•"»'• 

briilee  (brii'la),  n.  [P.,  prop.  fern.  pp.  of  brA- 
lir,  burn.]  In  Canada,  a  piece  of  woodland 
from  which  the  timber  has  been  burned;  a 
burned  district. 

brulyement  (brul'ye-ment),  n.  Same  as  broil- 
iinni.  [Scotch.] 

brulyie  (brtil'yi),  n.  [So.,  also  written  brulzie 
(here,  as  in  a#RO\1zie,  etc.,  :  represents  the  old 
2-shaped  y;  -ly-,  like  -Hi-  in  billiards,  represent- 
ing the  former  F.  sound  of  -//-),  <  F.  brouillc, 
a  quarrel,  etc.  :  see  broil2.'}  Same  as  broil2. 
Burns. 

brulzie  (brul'yi),  n.    See  brulyie. 

Brumaire  (br6-mar'),  n.  [F.  (after  L.  "bruma- 
rius),  <  brume,  fog,  <  L.  bruma,  winter:  see 
brume.]  The  second  month  in  the  calendar 
adopted  by  the  first  French  republic,  beginning 
October  22d  and  ending  November  20th  (179o\). 

brumal  (brfi'mal),  a.  [=  P.  ftrumaf.  <  L.  bru- 
malis,(.  bruma,  winter  :  see  brume.]  Belonging 
to  winter;  wintry;  hibernal.  Sir  T.  Herbert; 
.Sir  T.  Browne. 

And  In  the  sky  as  yet  no  sunny  ray, 

But  brumal  vapors  gray.  Longfellow. 

brume  (br8m),  n.  [F.,  fog,  mist,  haze,  <  L. 
bruma,  the  shortest  day  in  the  year,  the  win- 
ter solstice,  hence  winter;  prob.  for  *brevima, 
equiv.  to  brevissima,  snperl.  fern,  of  breris, 
short:  see  brief.]  Mist;  fog;  vapors.  [Rare.] 

And  suddenly  through  the  drifting  brume. 
The  Man-  of  the  horns  began  to  ring. 


brummagem  (brum'a-jem).  a.  [Formerly  also 
spelled  bromidgliam"  etc.,  corruptions  of  Bir- 
mingham in  England,  where  many  plated  arti- 
cles and  cheap  trinkets  are  made.]  Showy  but 
worthless;  fictitious;  sham.  [Slang  or  colloq.] 

brumous  (bro'mus),  a.  [<  brume  +  -oun.]  Per- 
taining or  relating  to  winter;  hence,  foggy; 
misty;  dull  and  sunless:  as,  a  brumous  climate. 

brun  (brim),  v.    A  dialectal  form  of  bum*. 

brunet,  "•     Same  as  broigne. 

brunette  (bro-nef),  «.  and  a.  [F..  fern.  dim.  of 
brnti,  brown:  see  broicn.  Cf.  burnetl,  burnef*.] 
I.  ».  A  woman  with  dark  hair  and  eyes  and 
brown  or  dark  complexion. 

Your  fair  women  therefore  thought  of  this  fashion  to  in- 
sult the  olives  and  the  brunettes.      Manchester  Guardian. 

II.  «.  Dark  in  color;  having  a  brownish  or 
olive  tone  :  said  of  the  complexion. 

bruniat,  «•     [ML.]     Same  as  broigne. 

brunion  (brun'yon),  ».  [<  F.  brugnon,  a  nec- 
tarine, <  L.  pruiium,  a  plum  :  see  prune.]  A 
nectarine. 

Brunner's  glands.    See  gland. 

Brunonian  (br8-no'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  ML. 
Bruno(n-)  (<  brunux,  brown),  proper  name  cor- 
responding to  E.  Broicn  (see  fcrown),  +  -ifl».]  I. 
a.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  any  person  bear- 
ing the  name  of  Brown;  Brownian.-  Bruno- 
nian motion  or  movement.  Same  as  Bimrnian  mure- 
inent  (which  see,  under  Broimian).  —  Brunonian  theory, 
a  theory  of  medicine  founded  by  Dr.  John  Brown  of 
Edinburgh  (173.VS8),  according  to  which  diseases  are 
divided  into  two  classes,  those  resulting  from  a  deficiency 
and  those  resulting  from  an  excess  of  excitement  —  the  out- 
class to  be  treated  with  stimulant*,  the  other  with  debili- 
tating in.-.  Urines,  Also  called  JJroirnisin. 

II.  n.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity in  Providence,  Khode  Island. 

brunstane  (brun'stan),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of 
iH'iitistinif'. 

brunswick  (brunz'wik),  n.  [Named  from 
liruiixirirk  (G.  Braunschweig)  in  Germany.]  A 
close-fitting  outdoor  habit  for  ladies,  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Germany  about  1750. 
The  upper  portion  was  made  with  the  lapels  open,  and  a 
collar  like  that  of  a  man's  coat. 

Brunswick  green.    See  green. 

brunt1  (brunt),  «.  [<  ME.  brunt,  bront,  shock, 
impetus,  sudden  impulse;  appar.,  with  forma- 
tive -t  (cf.  Dan.  brynde,  conflagration,  heat  ; 
Goth,  "brunsts,  in  afa-brunste,  a  whole  burnt- 
offering),  connected  with  brune,  AS.  bryne,  a 
burning  (also  brine:  see  brine1)  (=  Icel.  bruni, 
a  burning,  >  brnna,  advance  with  the  speed  of 
lire,  said  of  a  stsimlurd  in  the  heat  of  battle, 
of  a  ship  under  full  sail,  etc.),  <  'brinnan  :  see 
burn1.]  1.  A  sudden  shock  or  impetus;  a 


brush 

collision,  onset,  or  attack ;  a  strenuous  effort. 
[Now  rare.] 
Tlu-i  Kporereii  tin  ir.  hone  over  the  briggc  at  a  brunt. 

Merlin,  II.  281 

I  miiHt  resolve  to  stand  to  the  hazard  of  all  bruntiaow. 
I'ord,  Love'i  Sacrifice,  T.  2. 

It  Is  Instantly  and  Irrecoverably  scattered  by  our  flnt 
brunt  with  some  real  affair  of  common  life.       It.  Taylor. 

2.  The  heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset; 
the  strength  or  violence  of  any  contention. 

Hie  quiver  of  your  argument*  which  Is  ever  thin,  aud 
weakly  stor'd,  after  the  first  brant,  la  quite  empty. 

Hilton,  Church Covernmcnt,  L  6. 

We  tin. I  the  Christian  chivalry  always  ready  to  bear  the 
Imint  of  battle  against  the  Moors. 

Preteott,  Ferd.  and  lua.,  L  B. 

brunt1!,  v.  i.     [ME.  brunten;<  brunt,  n.]     To 
make  a  sudden  start.     Prompt.  I'arv. 

brunt'2  (brunt),  pp.  and  p.  a.    A  dialectal  form 
of  burnt. 

brunyt,  n.     See  byrnie. 

brush  (brush),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  brushe, 
brusche ;  <  ME.  brusxhe,  brutche,  <  OF.  broehe, 
brace,  broisse.  brosse,  a  bush,  a  bushy  place, 
brushwood,  thicket,  =  Pr.  brossa  =  8p.  bro;a, 
brushwood,  thicket,  rubbish  of  leaves  and  bark, 
=  ML.  bruseia,  a  thicket  (cf.  ML.  brugtale, 
OF.  brousaille,  >  ME.  bruschalle,  a  thicket), 
appar.  confused  with  bruscus  (>  It.  Sp.  Pg. 
brusco,  F.  brusc,  >  G.  brusch,  butcher's  broom, 
knee-holly;  cf.  It.  brusca,  "ling  or  heath  to 
make  brushes  or  broomes  with"  (Florio),  now 
a  horse-brush),  also  ruscug,  var.  of  L.  rugcum, 
rustum,  butcher's  broom;  hence,  as  a  particu- 
lar sense  of  the  same  word  (from  the  use  of 
small  bushy  plants,  as  heath,  for  the  purpose), 
a  brush,  ME.  brunshe,  brusche,  <  OF.  brouetse, 
broisse,  brosse,  F.  brosse  =  Sp.  broza,  brum,  a 
brush;  cf.  ML.  bruxtia,  a  kino;  of  comb  (resting 
partly  perhaps  on  MHG.  burste,  a  brush,  <  borst 
=  AS.  byrst,  bristle:  see  bristle);  perhaps  < 
MHG.  bro;,  a  bud,  shoot:  see  browse1.  The 
forms  and  senses  are  involved ;  for  the  senses, 
cf.  broom1.]  1.  The  small  trees  and  shrubs  of 
a  wood ;  a  thicket  of  small  trees ;  scrub. 
Out  of  the  thickest  bnuh.  Spenter,  F.  Q.,  III.  L  15. 

The  country  is  almost  wholly  marshy,  and  covered  with 
bnuh  or  low  palms,  with  ponds  here  and  thero. 

Science,  V.  216. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off ;  brushwood : 
a  sense  common  in  the  United  States. —  3.  A 
tract  of  country  covered  by  thickets ;  hence,  a 
thinly  settled  country ;  the  backwoods.  [South- 
western U.  8.] — 4.  An  instrument  of  various 
forms,  according  to  its  intended  use,  consist- 
ing of  a  quantity  of  some  flexible  material 
attached  to  a  handle  or  stock.  Brushes  are  used 
for  applying  paint  aud  similar  substances,  cleaning, 
polishing,  rubbing,  smoothing,  etc.  Their  commonest 
materials  are  bristles  and  certain  kinds  of  hair.  For 
some  purposes  these  are  secured  ill  a  bunch  to  a  ferrule 
at  the  end  of  a  handle,  or  bound  or  fastened  to  the  handle 
itself ;  for  others  they  are  inserted  in  doubled  tufU  Into 
holes  bored  in  a  stock,  with  or  without  a  handle,  the  pro- 
jecting doubled  ends  being  secured  by  wires  or  otherwise, 
and  in  ordinary  forms  covered  by  a  back-piece  glued  on. 
Among  the  materials  used  for  making  brushes  are  bristles, 
hair  of  the  badger,  bear,  and  goat,  hair  from  the  tails  of  the 
red  and  black  sable,  camels'  hair  (so  called,  hut  commonly 
Russian  squirrel),  fitch-  (skunk-)  and  horsehair,  broom- 
corn,  ratan,  split  cane,  rushes,  cocoanut-flber,  the  rooU 
and  Miters  of  many  tropical  plants,  wire,  spun  glass,  fea- 
thers, etc.  The  won!  is  often  compounded,  showing  the 
specific  purposes  for  which  It  is  used,  as  blacking-,  clothes-, 
dust-,  hat-,  hair-,  nail-,  paint-,  tooth-,  scrubbing-,  and 
whiten  ash  brush.  See  pencil. 

5.  Anything  resembling  a  brush,  as  the  tails 
of  some  animals,  as  the  fox,  or  the  panicles  of 
broom-corn  used  in  the  manufacture  of  brooms. 
— 6.  An  agricultural  instrument  made  of  small 
trees,  as  the  birch,  and  used  instead  of  a  harrow 
for  covering  grain,  grass-seed,  etc.,  after  they 
have  been  sown. —  7.  In  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chines (which  see,  under  electric),  one  of  the 
bundles  of  copper  wires  or  plates  which  are  in 
contact  with  the  commutator  of  the  armature 
on  opposite  sides,  and  serve  to  take  off  the  posi- 
tive and  negative  currents  of  electricity  gener- 
ated.— 8.  In  ili'ft..  the  luminous  phenomenon, 
consisting  of  diverging  rays  of  pale-blue  light, 
observed  when  the  discharge  of  an  electric 
machine  takes  place  into  the  air  from  a  small 
ball  or  rounded  point. — 9.  [From  the  verb.] 
A  passage ;  especially,  a  quick  ride  through  the 
brush  or  across  country  ;  a  chase. 

Let  us  enjoy  a  bru*h  across  the  county.  Fielding. 

10.  A  skirmish;  a  slight  encounter:  a  shock; 
a  collision:  as,  to  have  a  brush  with  the  enemy. 

Let  grow  thy  sinews  till  their  knots  be  strong, 
And  tempt  not  yet  the  bruthet  of  the  war. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  T.  ». 


brush 

He  might,  methinks,  have  stood  one  brush  with  them, 
and  have  yielded  when  there  had  been  no  remedy. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  188. 

1 1 .  An  application  of  a  brush,  as  in  sweeping 
or  dusting ;  a  brushing ;  a  removal  as  if  with  a 
brush:  as,  give  my  hat  a  brush.     [Colloq.] 

Leaves  .  .  .  have  with  one  winter's  brush 

Fell  from  their  boughs.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3. 

12.  A  painter;  one  who  uses  a  brush:  as,  a 
brother  brush, —  Haidlnger's  brushes,  optical  figures, 
early  described  by  the  Austrian  mineralogist  W.  von  Hai- 
dinger  (1795-1871),  appearing  like  colored  brushes,  some- 
times resembling  the  ordinary  interference-figures  (see 
interference)  of  a  biaxial  crystal,  observed  with  ordinary 
transmitted  light  in  sections  of  certain  minerals,  especially 
those  which  effect  a  marked  absorption  of  color,  as  an- 
dalusite,  iolite,  etc.    The  term  also  includes  the  peculiar 
phenomenon  of  four  small  colored  tufts  observed  by  some 
persons  with  the  naked  eye,  by  others  when  a  Nicol  prism 
is  used,  upon  looking  at  a  bright  light,  as  a  white  cloud. 
The  latter  phenomenon  is  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  polar- 
izing action  of  the  eye  itself.— Hydraulic  brush.    See 
hydraulic.—  Revolving  brush,  a  cylindrical  brush  sup- 
ported in  a  frame  and  made  to  revolve  rapidly  on  an  axis 
by  gearing  or  other  mechanism.    Such  brushes  are  used 
for  street-sweeping,  and  also  by  barbers.— Rotary  brush. 
Same  as  rerolamg  brush.  =Syn.  10.  Kencounter,  Skirmish, 
etc.    See  encounter. 

brush  (brush),  v.  [<  ME.  bruschen,  <  OF.  bros- 
ser,  v.  i.,  beat  the  brush  or  thicket  for  game, 
scour  the  country,  also  simply  cross,  pass,  F. 
brosser  (=  Sp.  brozar,  brush),  <  brosse,  brush, 
thicket:  see  brush,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  sweep 
or  rub  with  a  brush :  as,  to  brush  a  hat. 

The  robes  to  kepe  well  &  also  to  bntiche  them  clenly. 

Babees  Book  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  180. 

Let  their  heads  be  sleekly  combed,  their  blue  coats 

brushed.  Shak.,  1.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 

Dark  wiry  hair  brushed  on  one  side. 

Bulwer,  Pelham,  xl. 

2.  To  remove  by  brushing  or  by  lightly  pass- 
ing over:  as,  to  brush  off  dust. 

Though  from  off  the  boughs  each  morn 
We  brush  mellifluous  dews.        Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  429. 
I  think  the  very  best  thing  is  to  brush  all  the  old  Dons 
off  the  stage.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  v.  2. 

3.  To  sweep  or  touch  as  with  a  brush  ;  strike 
lightly  by  passing  over  the  surface ;  pass  lightly 
over:  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing. 

Brush'd  with  the  hiss  of  rustling  wings. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  768. 

A  thousand  nights  have  brush'd  their  balmy  wings 
Over  these  eyes.  Dryden. 

4.  Figuratively,  to  ruffle ;  excite. 

Poor  Silas's  loss  served  to  brush  the  slow  current  of 
Raveloe  conversation.  George  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  x. 

5.  To  furnish  with  brushes  or  branches  of  dead 
trees  to  climb  on :  as,  to  brush  peas.  —  To  brush 
up,  to  furbish ;  polish ;  renovate ;  hence,  to  improve  in 
any  way ;  make  brighter  or  clearer,  as  the  memory  or  past 
knowledge. 

You  have  commissioned  me  to  paint  your  shop,  and  I 
have  done  my  best  to  brush  you  up  like  your  neighbours. 

Pope. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  move  quickly  or  in  haste ; 
rush :  as,  to  brush  past  a  person. 

Then  Pollux  .  .  .  brusshit  into  batell. 

Destruction  of  Troy,  1.  1216. 

Snatching  his  hat,  he  brushed  off  like  the  wind. 

Goldsmith. 
Brush'd 
Thro'  the  dim  meadow  toward  his  treasure-trove. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

2.  To  move  or  skim  over  with  a  slight  contact, 
as  a  brush.  Dryden. 

The  stamens  are  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  and 
in  falling  off  do  not  bruith  over  the  lowly-seated  stigmas. 
Darwin,  Different  Forms  of  Flowers,  p.  42. 

brush-bird  (brush'berd),  n.  Same  as  scrub- 
bird. 

brush-burn  (brush'bern),  M.  The  injury  result- 
ing from  violent  friction,  as  sliding  down  a  rope 
or  a  slope  of  grass  or  ice.  The  effects  are  often 
similar  to  those  of  scalding  water. 

brusher  (brush' er),  «.  1.  One  who  brushes.— 
2.  In  leather-manuf.,  one  who  performs  the 
mechanical  work  of  dyeing  skins.  C.  T.  Davis, 
Leather,  p.  728. 

brushett,  «•     [ME.  bruschet,  <  OF.  brossettes, 

heath,  dim.  of  brosse,  etc.,  brush,  heath:  see 

brush  and  -et2.]    1.  A  thicket.— 2.  Brushwood. 

And  in  that  ilke  brusschet  by, 

Five  thousand  of  othre  and  more. 

MS.  Ashmole,  33,  fol.  10.    (Hallimll.) 

brushful  (brush'ful),  n.  [<  brush  +  -ful.]  As 
much  as  can  be  lifted  with  a  brush :  as,  a  bi-ush- 
ful  of  paint. 

b'rush-hat  (brush'hat),  n.  A  hat  which  in  the 
process  of  sizing  is  continually  brushed  with  a 
hand-brush,  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  a  nap 
to  the  surface. 

brushiness  (brush 'i-nes),  n.  [<  brushy  + 
-imss.]  The  quality  of  being  brushy. 


700 

brushing  (brush'ing),  p.  a.  Brisk;  rapid:  as, 
a  brutthiiit/  gallop. 

brushing-machine  (brush ' ing- ma -shen"),  n. 
1.  An  apparatus  for  removing  the  dust  from 
hats,  or  for  laying  the  nap.— 2.  A  machine 
having  a  cylindrical  brush,  used  to  lay  the  nap 
on  cloth  after  shearing.— 3.  An  apparatus  for 
removing  the  dust  and  fuzz  from  wheat.  It 
consists  of  a  series  of  brushes  and  a  blast  of 
air  for  blowing  away  the  dust  and  refuse. 

brushite  (brush'it),  «.  [After  Prof.  Brush  of 
Yale  College.]  A  hydrated  phosphate  of  cal- 
cium found  in  the  guano  of  Aves  Islands  and 
Sombrero  in  the  West  Indies,  in  slender  mono- 
clinic  crystals  of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

brush-jack  (brush'jak),  n.  A  hand-tool  for 
holding  bunches  of  brushwood  while  binding 
them  into  mats  or  fascines  for  use  in  embank- 
ments, etc. 

brushlet  (brush'let),  ».  [<  brush  +  dim.  -let.] 
In  entom.,  a  scopula  or  small  brush-like  organ 
on  the  leg  of  a  drone-bee,  used  for  cleansing 
the  body.  Westwood. 

brushman  (brush'man),  n. ;  pi.  brushmen  (-men). 
One  who  plies  the  brush ;  a  painter. 
How  difficult  in  artists  to  allow 
To  other  brushmen  even  a  grain  of  merit ! 

Wolcot,  Odes,  viii. 

brushment  (brush'ment),  n.  [<  brush  +  -merit. 
Cf.  bushment.]  Brust  or  small  wood. 

brush-monkey  (brush'mung'ki),  n.  A  name 
of  the  species  of  small  American  marmosets 
of  the  genus  Midas. 

brush-ore  (brush'or),  «.  An  iron  ore  found  in 
the  forest  of  Dean,  England.  Also  called  black- 
brush.  Ure, 

brush-plow  (brush'plou),  n.  A  strong  plow 
used  for  breaking  up  rough  land  covered  with 
brush  and  small  trees. 

brush-puller  (brush'pul"er),  «.  A  machine  for 
pulling  up  brushwood  by  the  roots.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

brush-tailed  (brush'tald),  a.  Having  a  bushy 
tail :  specifically  applied  to  certain  porcupines 
of  the  genus  Atherura. 

brush-tongued  (brush'tungd),  a.  Having  a 
brushy  tongue :  specifically  applied  to  parrots 
of  the  group  Tnchoglossince. 

brush-turkey  (brush'ter"ki),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  a  large  gregarious  rasorial  bird  of 
Australia,  the  Talegallus  lathami,  of  the  family 
Megapodiidw,  of  about  the  size  of  a  turkey, 
blackish-brown  above  and  silvery-gray  below : 
so  called  because  it  lives  in  the  brush  or  scrub. 

brush-wheel  (brush'hwel),  «.  1.  A  toothless 
wheel  sometimes  used  in  light  machinery  to 
turn  a  similar  wheel  by  means  of  bristles,  or 
some  brush-like  or  soft  substance,  as  cloth, 
buff-leather,  india-rubber,  or  the  like,  attached 
to  the  circumference. — 2.  A  circular  brush 
used  in  a  lathe,  with  polishing-powders,  for 
cleaning  and  polishing  curved,  indented,  and 
chased  work. 

brushwood  (brush' wud),  n.  [<  brush  +  wood1.] 
1.  A  thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and 
shrubs. —  2.  Branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

brushy  (brush'i),  a.     [<  brush  +  -yl.]    Resem- 
bling a  brush;  full  of  brush;  rough;  shaggy; 
long-haired. 
The  brtixlni  substance  of  the  nerve. 

Boyle,  Works,  III.  343. 

As  soon  as  we  got  down  near  the  brushy  ravine  we  rode 
along  without  talking.  T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  129. 

brusk1,  brusque  (brusk),  a.  [<  F.  brusque,  < 
It.  brusco  (=  Sp.  Pg.  brusco),  rude,  sharp,  sour ; 
origin  unknown.]  Abrupt  in  manner ;  rough; 
rude. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  that  the  Scottish  gentleman  .  .  . 
found  but  a  brusk  welcome.  Wotton,  Reliquise,  p.  582. 
=  Syn.  See  abrupt. 

brusk2  (brusk),  a.  [Cf.  ML.  bruscatus,  of  a 
bronze  color,  pp.  of  bruscare,  bruxare,  scorch, 
burn.]  In  her.,  tawny. 

bruskness,  brusqueness  (briisk'nes),  n.  [< 
brusk,  brusque,  +  -ness.]  The  character  of  be- 
ing brusk ;  a  rude,  abrupt,  or  blunt  manner. 

He  was  almost  fierce  in  his  brusqueness. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 

brusque,  brusqueness.     See  bruskl,  bruskness. 
brusquerie  (brus'ke-re),  n.     [F. .  <  brusque :  see 
brusk  and  -ery.]     Same  as  bruskness. 

Dorothea  .  .  .  spoke  with  cold  bntsfmerie,  ...  in 
amusing  contrast  with  the  solicitous  amiability  of  her  ad- 
mirer. George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  I.  25. 

Brussels  carpet,  lace,  sprouts.  See  the  nouns. 
brust1  (brustT),  i).  A  dialectal  variant  of  burst: 

as,  "  like  to  brust,"  Burns. 
brust2t,  n.    [ME. :  see  birse,  bristle.]   A  bristle. 


brutalism 

No  Jupiter,  no  Apolin, 
No  is  worth  the  brunt  of  a  swin. 
Spec.  Early  Eng.  iletr.  Rom.  (ed.  Ellis),  H.  332. 
Roland  lough  [laughed]  and  said, 
No  is  worth  the  brust  of  a  swine. 

Rom.  of  Roland. 

bnist2t,   «•     [ME.,   for   *brusted,  bristled,  en- 
raged, <  brust,  a  bristle :  see  bristle.]    Bristled; 
enraged. 
Cometh  the  maister  budel  [beadle)  brust  ase  a  bore. 

Polit.  Songs  (ed.  Wright),  p.  151. 

brusten  (brus'tn).  A  dialectal  variant  of  burst, 
past  participle  of  burst. 

brUStleH  (brus'l),  v.  [<  ME.  britstlien,  a  par- 
allel form  to  brastlien,  <  AS.  brastlian,  also 
bcerstlum,  crackle :  see  brastle.  As  an  imitative 
word,  of.  rustle.]  I.  intrans.  To  crackle ;  make 
a  small  crackling  noise ;  also,  to  rustle,  as  a  silk 
garment. 

He  routeth  with  a  slepy  noise, 
And  bruttleth  as  a  moukes  froise, 
When  it  is  throwe  into  the  panne. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii.  93. 

See,  where  the  sea  comes !  how  it  foams  and  brustles .' 
Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  crackle ;  crack. 
Break  'em  more ;  they  are  but  bnistled  yet. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  ii.  6. 

brustle2t,  «•  A  dialectal  or  obsolete  form  of 
bristle. 

brustle2t  (brus'l),  r.  i.  I.  An  obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  bristle. — 2.  To  approach  one 
threateningly:  as,  "  I'll  brustle  up  to  him,"  Ot- 
way. 

brustle3t  (brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  brusell;  appar. 
a  freq.  form  of  bruise,  ME.  briisen,  prob.  sug- 
gested by  brustle1.]  To  bruise ;  crush. 

brustle4  (brus'l),  v.  t.  [Also  written  brusle;  < 
OF.  brusler,  later  bruler  (>ME.  brule,  roast,  fry), 
mod.  F.  bruler  =  Pr.  bruslar,  burn,  =  It.  brus- 
tolare,  burn,  now  grill,  fry,  toast,  appar.  (<  L. 
as  if  "per-nstulare;  cf .  Pr.  usclar  for  *ustlar  = 
OSp.  vslar  =  It.  ustolare  =  Wall,  ustura,  <  L. 
ustulare,  burn)  dim.  or  freq.  of  i"r.  bruzar, 
bruizar  (for  'brussar)  =  It.  bruseiare,  bruciare, 
ab-brusciare  (ML.  bruscare,  bruxare,  brustare, 
burn,  <  L.  as  if  *perustare,  freq.  of  L.  perurere, 
pp.  perustus,  burn  through,  <  per,  through,  + 
urere,  burn.  The  forms  touch  some  of  different 
origin,  as  those  of  broil1,  q.  v.,  and  in  E.  the 
word  may  be  indeed  a  particular  use  of  brustle1, 
crackle:  see  brustle1.]  To  parch.  Halliwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

brut,  r.  i.  [E.  dial.,  also  brit,  appar.  <  F.  brou- 
ter,  OF.  brouster,  browse:  see  browse1.]  To 
browse. 

Bruta  (bro'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L. 
brutus,  irrational,  brute:  see  brute.]  If.  In 
the  Linnean  system  of  classification,  the  sec- 
ond order  of  Mammalia,  containing  the  gen- 
era ElepMs,  Trichechus,  Bradypus,  Myrmeco- 
phaga,  Manis,  and  Da»ypus. — 2.  In  mod.  zool., 
disencumbered  of  the  genera  Elephas  and  Tri- 
chechus, and  same  as  Edentata.  [There  is  a  grow- 
ing tendency  to  use  the  term  in  this  sense  instead  of 
Edentata,  which  latter  is  literally  incorrect,  few  of  the 
so-called  edentates  }>eing  toothless.] 

brutal  (bro'tal),  a.  [=  F.  brutal,  <  ML.  bruta- 
lis,  savage,  stupid,  <  L.  brutus,  applied  to  dumb 
animals:  see  brute.]  1.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling a  brute ;  brutish  :  as,  brutal  nature ; 
"brutal  kind,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  565. 

In  Irish  districts,  men  deteriorated  in  size  and  shape, 
the  nose  sunk,  the  gums  were  exposed,  with  diminished 
brain  and  brutal  form.          Emerson,  Eng.  Traits,  p.  299. 
How  widely  doth  the  brutal  courage  of  Ajax  differ  from 
the  amiable  bravery  of  Diomedes ! 

Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews. 

Hence  —  2.  Savage;  cruel;  inhuman;  unfeel- 
ing: as,  brutal  passions;  brutal  manners. 
Brutal  alike  in  deed  and  word, 
With  callous  heart  and  hand  of  strife, 
How  like  a  fiend  may  man  be  made  ! 

WhiUier,  Mogg  Megone,  iii. 

3.  Rude;  harsh;  coarse;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  human  eye  and  mind  together  integrate,  so  to 
speak,  the  impressions  of  many  separate  and  selected 
moments  into  one  general  view,  while  the  camera  can 
only  give  a  brutal  copy  of  an  unseleeted  state  of  things, 
with  all  its  atmospheric  and  other  imperfections. 

Science,  IV.  202. 

=  Syn,  2.  Brutish,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute);  unfeeling, 
ruthless,  rude,  rough,  gross,  merciless,  barbarous. 

brutalisation,  brutalise.     See  tndaUgation, 

brutalize. 

brutalism  (bro'tal-izm),  n.  [<  brutal  +  -ism] 
The  practice  or  "exercise  of  brutality;  inhu- 
manity. 

The  industrial  system  of  Europe  required  for  its  admin- 
istration an  amount  of  suffering,  depravity,  and  brutal- 
inn,  which  formed  one  of  the  great  scandals  of  the  age. 
Everett,  Orations,  II.  63. 


brutality 

brutality  (brii-tal'i-ti),  «.;  pi.  brutalitir*  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  brulaliti;  <  ML.  brutalittt(t-)»,  <  brutiilix: 
see  fer«<«J.]  1.  The  quality  of  being  brutul; 
inhiiniiitiity;  xavageness;  gross  cruelty;  in- 
sensibility to  pity  or  shume. 

It  is  to  lie  note. I  (hat  (In-  unredeemed  '•/  'Hi, i, hi  implied 
tiv  the  sioi ies  of  (he  earlier  gods  Is  in  the  fttorieti  of  the 
later  considerably  mitigated. 

//.  .-I/"'"'''''.  I'rin.  .if  Si.,-io!.,  |  107. 

2.  A  Havagc,  shameless,  or  inhuman  act. 

The  mere  bnitiilitir*  exercised  In  war  by  enraged  con- 
i|iieKus  .11.  pel-imps  to  )•••  laid  out  of  view  in  estimating 
the  praetieal  effects  of  despotism.  Brougttam. 

=  Syn.  1.  ltarl)arity,  ferocity,  truciilence. 

brutalization  (brO*t»l-i-za'shgn),  n.  [<  bru- 
l<ili;r:  see  -titiiiii.]  The  act  o?  brutalizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  brutalized.  Also  spelled 
brutaliatition. 

Smtples  of  conscience  respecting  the  rectitude  of  their 
cause  would  paralyze  ..tlieers  »nd  soldiers.  So  that  a  cer- 
tain brtitnlization  has  t«  l>e  maintained  during  our  pass- 
ing phase  of  civilization. 

U.  Spencer,  Study  of  Soclol.,  p.  190. 

brutalize  (brO'tal-iz),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  brutal- 
ized, ppr.  brutalizing.  [=  P.  brutaluer,  <  bru- 
tal: see  brutal."]  I.  tram.  To  make  brutal, 
coarse,  gross,  or  inhuman ;  lower  to  the  level 
of  a  brute. 

Strange  !  that  a  creature  rational,  ant)  cast 

In  himmn  mould,  should  tirutaliz?  by  choice 

His  nature.  Coteper,  Task,  i. 

Degraded  anil  brutalized  by  a  long  course  of  oppressive 

niispn  eminent.  H'hatrli/. 

II.  intrtniK.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.  [Kare.] 

He  .  .  .  brutalized  with  them  in  their  habits  and  man- 
ners. Addimn,  Freeholder. 

Also  spelled  brutaltse. 

brutally  (br6'tal-i),  adv.  In  a  brutal  manner ; 
cruelly;  inhumanly  ;  in  a  coarse,  gross,  or  un- 
feeling manner. 

Brutally  repulsed  by  the  attending  lictors. 

(roldtinith,  Alcander  and  Septimius. 

brute  (brot),  u.  and  ».  [=  F.  brut,  fern,  brute, 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  brutu,  <  L.  brutun,  heavy,  unwieldy, 
stupid,  insensible,  unreasonable ;  particularly 
applied  in  later  I-/,  to  the  lower  animals.]  I. 
a.  1.  Senseless;  unconscious. 

Not  walking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of  brute  earth. 

Bentleii. 

2.  Wanting  reason ;  animal ;  not  human :  as, 
a  brute  beast. 

A  creature  .  .  .  not  prone 
And  brute  as  other  creatures,  but  endued 
With  sanctity  of  reason.        Hilton,  P.  L.,  vii.  607. 
1  was  amazed  to  see  such  actions  and  behaviour  in  /..;•', 
beasts.  Strift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  1. 

3.  Characteristic  of  animals;  of  brutal  charac- 
ter or  quality. 

Brute  violence  and  proud  tyrannic  power. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  I.  219. 

The  oppressed  invoked  the  power  of  Christianity  to  re- 
sist the  tyranny  of  brute  force. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  I".  S.,  II.  4M. 

4.  Blunt  or  dull  of  sentiment ;  without  seusi- 
'   bility ;  rough  ;  uncivilized  ;  insensible. 

The  brulf  philosopher  who  ne'er  has  proved 

The  joy  of  loving  or  of  l>eing  loved.  Pope. 

5.  Not  associated  with  intelligence  or  intellec- 
tual effort ;  unintelligent ;  irrational. 

A  more  legitimate  kind  of  valour  that,  showing  itself 
against  the  untamed  forests  and  dark  brute  Powers  of  na- 
ture, to  conquer  nature  for  us.  Carlylt. 

6.  Harsh;  crude.     [Rare.] 

The  brute  fact  is  expressed  iu  tlie  phrase  "One  man's 
meat  is  another  man's  poison." 

O.  W.  Holmes,  A  Mortal  Antipathy,  vii. 
=  8yn.  Unite,  BrutM,  Brutal,  BeaMy,  Bential.  Brute  is 
the  most  general  of  these  words,  and  remains  nearest  to  the 
distinguishing  difference  between  man  and  beaut,  irration- 
ality: as,  brute  force,  Rruti*h  is  es|>ecially  uncultured, 
stupid,  -K.vriin-  :  as,  brutes  and  still  more  brutish  men. 
Itriitnl  implies  cruelty  or  lack  of  feeling:  as,  brutal  lan- 
guage or  conduct,  n<'<ixtlii  expresses  that  which  is  alto- 
gether unworthy  of  a  man,  especially  that  which  is  filthy 
;unl  dtagmttlig  in  conduct  or  manner  of  life.  Bettial  is 
applied  chiefly  to  that  which  is  carnal,  sensual,  lascivious : 
as,  bextinl  vices  or  appctit.-s. 

The  feats  of  Hercules  .  .  .  were  triumphs  of  brute  force. 
Sninnfr,  Fame  and  Glory. 

The  brutith,  the  animal  instincts,  as  is  often  the  case, 
had  been  developed  earlier  than  the  intellectual  qualities. 
llairtliiirm;  Seven  tlables,  Xli. 
To  m:isk  .  .  . 
With  a  glassy  smile  his  brutal  scorn. 

'/sow,  Maud,  vi. 
This  fllthy  simile,  this  l»a*tl»  line. 

Pope,  Ep.  to  Sat,  U.  181. 
And  since  his  ways  are  sweet, 
And  theirs  are  bentlal,  hold  him  less  than  man. 

'' «n.  Coining  of  Arthur. 


Tenntfxiii.  Coming  of  Arthur. 
I.  w.  1.  A  beast,  especially  one  of  the  high- 
quadrupeds;  any  animal  as  distinguished 
in  man. 


XX.  ".  *..  •• 
or  quadruped 
from  man. 


701 

Brutei  may  lie  considered  u  either  aerial,  terrestrial, 

aquatic,  or  amphibious.  Isrk'. 

2.  A  brutal  person;  a  savage  in  disposition  or 
manners ;  a  low-bred,  unfeeling  person. 

An  ill-natured  brute  of  a  husband.  r'ranklin. 

brutehood  (brot'hud),  «.  [<  brute  +  -hood.] 
The  state  of  being  a  brute;  the  condition  of 
being  brute  or  brutish  in  nature  or  habits. 

It  ls  modestly  suggested,  by  no  means  dogmatically  af- 
firmed, .  .  .  that  the  influences  that  have  raised  mankind 
from  brutehood  to  Its  present  condition  have  not  yet  ex- 
pen,  led  th.ir  force.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVI.  461. 

brutelt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 

brutely  (brot'li),  «dr.  1.  In  a  rude  manner;  as 
a  brute.  Milton. — 2.  By  brute  force ;  without 
intelligent  effort;  blindly.  [Rare.] 

Property  will  brutely  draw 
Still  to  the  proprietor. 

jfwenon,  The  Celestial  Love. 

bruteness  (brOt'nes),  n.  [<  brute,  a.,  +  -aesg.] 
The  state  of  being  brutal  or  a  brute.  [Rare.] 

That  sire  he  fowl  bespake  :  Thou  dotard  vile, 
That  with  thy  bnitenemif  shendst  thy  comely  age. 

Spenter.V.  Q.,  II.  Mil.  12. 

The  immobility  or  bntteuetu  of  Nature  is  tbe  absence 
of  spirit.  Kinenon,  Nature. 

brutiflcation  (brS'ti-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  brutify  : 
see  -fy  and  -ation.]  The  act'of  brutifyiug;  the 
act  or  state  of  becoming  or  making  brutal  or 
degraded. 

She  would  have  saved  thee,  as  I  said  before,  from  bruti- 
fication.  J.  Baillif. 

This  ultra  Circcan  transformation  of  spirit  and  brutiji- 
ration  of  speech  we  do  not  find  in  the  lighter  interludes  of 
great  and  perfect  tragedy.  Smnburne,  Shakespeare,  p.  194. 

brutify  (bro'ti-fi),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bnttififtl, 
ppr.  brutifyiny.  [<  F.  brutifier,  <  L.  as  if  *bm- 
tificare,  <  brutus,  brute,  a.,  +  -ficare,  <  facere, 
make.]  To  bring  into  the  condition  of  a  brute ; 
degrade  the  moral  or  physical  state  of;  make 
senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling. 

Not  quite  brutijied  and  void  of  sense. 

Barrow,  Works,  III.  6. 

It  has  possessed  only  two  secrets  for  governing,  ...  to 
drain  and  to  brutify  its  subjects.  Benthain. 

brutilt,  a.     A  Middle  English  form  of  brittle. 
brutish  (brS'tish),  a.     [<  brute,  n..  +  -w*i.]     1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  brute  or  brutes. 

There  his  welwoven  toyles,  and  subtil  traines, 
He  laid  the  brutinh  nation  to  enwrap. 

Speiuer,  Astrophel. 
Wandering  gods  disguised  in  brutuh  forms. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  481. 

2.  Like  a  brute;  characteristic  of  brutes,  (a) 
Unfeeling ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 

Bombarding  of  Cadiz  ;  a  cruel  and  brutuh  way  of  mak- 
ing war,  first  begun  by  the  French. 

Kcelyn,  Diary,  August  25, 1885. 

Not  riches 

Can  purchase  him,  nor  honours,  peaceably, 
And  force  were  brutuh. 

Fletcher  (and  another  f),  Nice  Valour,  iv.  1. 
(6)  Gross ;  carnal ;  bestial. 
It  is  the  iirut;,h  love  of  tbis  world  that  is  blind. 

Baxter,  Saint's  Rest,  xlv. 

(c)  Uncultured  ;  unrefined ;  Ignorant ;  stupid ;  Insensible. 
Unites  and  brutiith  men  are  commonly  more  able  t«  bear 
pain  than  others.  S.  Grew,  Cosmologia  Sacra. 

They  were  not  so  brutuh  that  they  could  be  Ignorant  to 
call  upon  the  name  of  God.  Hooter,  Eccles.  Pol.,  v.  1 3ft. 

=  Syn,  Brutal,  Beastly,  etc.  (see  brute),  dull,  barbarous, 
animal,  sensual. 

brutishly  (bro'tish-li),  adr.  In  a  brutish  man- 
ner; grossly;  irrationally ;  stupidly ;  savagely. 
South. 

brutishness  (brS'tish-nes),  n.     The  state  or 
quality  of  being  brutish  in  nature,  disposition, 
or  appearance ;  savageness. 
Not  true  valour,  but  brutithneM.  Bp.  Sprat. 

In  many  of  the  Cynocephali,  longitudinal  osseous  ridges 
are  developed  upon  the  maxilla',  and  greatly  increase  the 
lirutinhnat  of  their  aspect.  Huxley,  Anat.  Vert.,  p.  898. 

brutism  (bro'tizm),  «.  [<  brute  +  -ism.]  Brutal 
instincts  or  tendencies;  bruteness;  animality. 

bruttingt  (brut'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  brut,  v.] 
Browsing. 

Hornbeam  preserves  itself  best  from  tbe  bruttintt  of  the 
deer.  /•>./,/„,  Sylva,  I.  Ti.  2. 

brutum  fulmen  (brS'tum  ful'men).  [L. :  bru- 
timi,  neut.  of  brutug,  insensible;  fulmen,  a  thun- 
derbolt: see  brute  and  fulminate.]  A  harmless 
thunderbolt ;  mere  noise  like  thunder ;  empty 
noise  and  nothing  more. 

The  actors  do  not  value  themselves  upon  the  clap,  but 
regard  it  as  a  mere  brnfumfulmtn,  or  empty  noise,  when 
it  has  not  the  sound  of  the  oaken  plant  in  it. 

Addi*im,  The  Tnmkmaker  at  the  Play. 

Brutus  (bro'tus),  «.  [Appar.  in  reference  to 
Brutus,  one  of  the  two  celebrated  Romans  of 


Biyum 

tlmt  name.  Roman  busts  ami  stitttu-N  often 
show  such  an  arrangement  of  the  hair.]  A  for- 
mer mode  of  dressing  the  hair,  in  which  it  wan 
brushed  back  from  the  forehead,  and  worn  at 
first  in  disorder,  afterward  in  close  curls,  i  h. 
style  seems  to  have  originated  In  Paris  at  the  time  of  ti,. 
Revolution (1793-94),  when  It  wu  the  fashion  to  imitat.  th. 
eoiiteniix.rary  conception  of  Roman  antiquity.  As  trmns- 
planu-d  to  F.ngland.  the  style  lasted  lunger  than  In  France. 
The  word  is  now  used  for  a  lock  of  hair  brushed  upward 
and  backward  from  the  forehead. 

He  wore  liis  hair  with  the  curls  arranged  in  a  Brutu*  a 
laGcoive  tin-  Fourth.  Mauhrir. 

bruyere  (br8-yar'),  «.  [F.,  formerly  bruyerr, 
brtere.,  heath:  see  under  brier.']  The  tree- 
heath  of  Europe,  Erica  arborea. 

Bryaceae  (bri-a'sf-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  liryuw  + 
-actxe.]  An  order  of  mosses,  comprising  all  tin' 
true  mosses,  as  distinguished  from  the  peat- 
moss (Hpliagnum)  and  the  schizocarpous  mosses 
(.4ndrea?a).  See  mow. 

Bryanite  (bri'an-It),  n.  [From  their  founder, 
William  Bryan  (a.bout  1815).]  One  of  a  Metho- 
dist body,  more  properly  known  as  Bible  Chris- 
tiana (which  see,  under  Bible). 

Brydges  clotht.  S&me  a&  cloth  of  Bruges  (which 
see,  under  clutli). 

brygmus  (brig'mus),  «.  [NL.,  <  Or.  fipvfft6f,  a 
biting,  gnashing  of  teeth,  <  fipi'itciv,  bite,  gnaw, 
gnash.]  In  itatliol.,  gnashing  or  grating  of  the 
teeth  during  sleep :  a  symptom  in  certain  dis- 
eases. 

bryle  (bril),  «.     Same  as  brt>U3. 

brym't,  brymme1*,  etc.    See  &ri/«i,  etc. 

brynkt,  n.     See  brink. 

bryological  (bri-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
bryology ;  consisting  of  mosses :  as,  the  bry<>- 
logical  flora.  Suture. 

bryologist  (bri-ol'o-jist),  w.  [<  bryology  +  -iff.] 
A  botanist  who  hai*  made  a  special  study  of  the 
mosses  and  is  skilled  in  their  determination ; 
a  specialist  in  bryology. 

Thanks  to  our  sole  surviving  bryiiloyiit,  the  venerable 
Lesquerenx,  we  have  at  length  a  comprehensive  manual 
of  North-American  mosses.  Science,  IV.  44H. 

bryology  (bri-ol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  flpiw,  moss  (see 
Kryuin),  +  -/oyia,  <  ttyetv,  speak :  see  -olngy.~\ 
The  science  of  mosses,  their  structure,  affinities, 
classification,  etc. 

Bryonia  (bri-o'iii-a),  ».  [L.,  <  Gr.  flpvuvia,  also 
ll/jvuvy,  bryony,  ^  fl/ri'tiv,  teem,  swell,  be  full. 
Hence  E.  bryony.'}  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat- 
ural order  Cucurbitacece :  seebryitny. —  2.  [/.  c.] 
The  name  in  the  pharmacopoeias  of  the  root  of 
Bryonia  alba  and  B.  dioicu,  used  as  a  cathartic. 

brypnin,  bryonine  (bn'o-nin), «.  [<  bryony  + 
-in2,  -int2.]  A  white  intensely  bitter  principle, 
a  glucoside  (C^oHgoOjg)  extracted  from  the 
root  of  Bryonia  alba  and  It.  dioica.  Mao  spelled 
brionin,  brionine. 

bryony  (bri'o-ni),  n.  [<  L.  bryonia:  see  Bryo- 
nia.] The  common  name  of  species  of  Bryo- 
nia, a  cucurbitaceous  genus  of  plants,  possess- 
ing acrid,  emetic,  and  purgative  properties 
which  have  given  them  repute  as  remedies  for 
many  diseases  from  early  times.  The  common 
white-  or  red-berried  bryony,  B.  dioita,  and  the  black- 
berried,  B.  alba,  are  t«>th  natives  of  Europe.  Also  spelled 
brinny.  —  Bastard  bryony,  of  the  West  Indies.  \'itu(Cu- 
nu)  neyiiidm.—  Black  bryony,  of  Europe,  the  Tamv* 
rommunw,  a  tall  climbing  plant  )>elonging  to  the  natural 
order  Diotcoreateir.  It  has  large  black  roots,  the  acrid 
juice  of  which  has  been  used  In  plasters. 

Bryophyta  (bri-of'i-tft),  «.  pi.     [<  NL.  bryo- 

ntum,  <  Gr.  (ipim>,  moss,  +  fvrfo,  a  plant.] 
ivision  of  the  higher  cryptogams,  including 
the  lli/intii;i  and  mosses. 

bryophyte  (bri'o-fi*),  »•  A  member  of  the 
Bryophytft. 

brybretin  (bri-o-ret'in),  M.  [Irreg.  <  bryonin.] 
A  substance  produced  from  the  glucoside  bry- 
onin by  treating  it  with  an  acid. 

Bryozoa  (bri-o-zo'a),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ppim, 
moss  (see  Bryum),'+  fyw,  pi.  <#a,  an  animal.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  the  I'olyzoa,  from 
their  resemblance  to  mosses.  Ehrenberg,  1831. 
See  1'olyzoa. 

bryozpan  (bri-o-zo'an),  a.  and  «.    I.  «•  In  -<>>,l.. 
relating  to  the  Bryozoa. 
II.  ».  One  of  the  Bryozoa. 

bryozoid  (bri-o-zo'id),  n.  and  n.  Same  as  bryo- 
~<*tn. 

bryozoon  (bri-o-zo'on),  «.     Same  as  bryo:<xin. 

bryozoum  (bii-o-zo'um),  ».  [NL.,  sing,  of 
MyMMj  One  of  the  Bryozoa.  Dana. 

Bryum  (bri'um),  ».  [NL.  (L.  bryon),  <  Or. 
,1/n  in;  a  kind  of  mossy  seaweed,  tree-moss, 
lichen,  the  clustering  male  blossom  of  the 
hazel,  a  blossom  or  flower,  <  pai-civ,  teem  or 
swell,  be  full,  grow  luxuriantly.]  A  large  and 


Bryum 

•of  rn  .    characterized  bv     which  infest  their  hides.     B.  erythrorhynchiia  Is  common 

important  genus  ot  a    DJ          Damaral8iid,  where  it  is  known  to  the  natives  as  the 

fruit  borne  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  a     tmba,/uthua,    S!r  Allarew  smith. 

pendent,  pyriform  capsule  which  has  a  double  jjui,alus  (bu'ba-lus),  n.    [L. :   see  buffalo.']    1. 

row  of  transversely  baiTed  teetli.  ^  genus  or  subgenus  of  bovines,  containing 

bryzet,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  breeze*.  tne  buffaloes  proper,  as  the  Indian  buffalo  and 

B.  Sc.     An  abbreviation  of  Baccalaureus  Scien-    j^e  African  buffalo:  sometimes  restricted  to 

tirr.  or  Bachelor  of  Science. 
bu  (bo),  w.     [Jap.]     A  rectangular  silver  coin 
of  Japan,  equal  to  one  fourth  of  a  rio  or  tael. 
It  is  not  now  in  circulation,  but  the  name  is  still  some- 
times given  to  the  fourth  part  of  a  yen  or  dollar.    Also 


bubonic 


the   latter.     Hamilton  Smith,  1827.     See  cuts 
under  buffalo.—  2.    [I-  c-l    A  member 
genus. 

(bub'er),   «.     [<  bubi.  2,   +  -ed.] 


spelled  boo,  and  formerly  called  (erroneously  when  more 

than  one  were  spoken  of)  ichiboo  and  itzeboo. 
bu.,  bush.     Abbreviations  of  busliel  or  bushels. 
buansuah,  buansu  (bo-an-so'a,  b8-an-so'),  n. 

The  native  name  of  the  Cyon  primatrus,  the  bubble1  (bub'l),  n, 

wild  dog  of  Nepal  and  northern  India,  sup- 


Though  I  am  no  mark  in  respect  of  a  huge  butt,  yet  I 
an  tell  you  great  bubbers  have  shot  at  me. 

Middleman,  Spanish  Gypsy,  ii.  1. 


poration,  the  South  Sea  Company,  which  wan  to  hii\e  a 
monopoly  of  the  trade  with  Spanish  South  America,  and 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock  of  which  was  to  constitute  the 
fund.  The  refusal  of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  re- 
lations with  England  made  the  privileges  of  the  company 
worthless ;  but  by  means  of  a  series  of  speculative  opera- 
tions  and  the  infatuation  of  the  people  its  shares  were 
inflated  from  £100  to  £1,050.  Its  failure  caused  great  dis- 

-c   tm,o     tress  throughout  England. 

of  this  bubble1  (bub'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bubbler},  ppr. 
bubbling.    [=  MLG.  LG.  bubbeln  =  MD.  D.  boli- 
belen  =  Dan.  boble,  bubble  ;  from  the  noun.]   I. 
iiitrans.  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 
boiling  or  agitated;  send  up  bubbles. —  2.  To 
run  with  a  gurgling  noise;  gurgle:  as,  ''bub- 
bling fountains,"  Pope,  Autumn,  1.  43. 
On  yon  swoll'n  brook  that  bubbles  fast 
By  meadows  breathing  of  the  past. 

Tennyson,  In  Meinoriam,  xcix. 

3.  To  utter  a  bubbling  or  gurgling  cry.    [Rare.] 

At  mine  ear 
Rubbled  the  nightingale.       Tennymii,  Princess,  Iv. 

II.  trail*.  1.  To  cause  to  bubble. 

I'd  bubble  up  the  water  through  a  reed.  Keats. 

2.  To  cheat ;  deceive  or  impose  on ;  hoodwink ; 
bamboozle. 


Knbblnl  out  of  their  goods  and  money ! 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  i.  11. 

When  slavery  could  not  bully,  it  bubbled  its  victim. 

W.  Phillips,  Speeches,  p.  377. 


Buansuah  ( Cyoii  fritntgv, 


posed  by  some  to  be  the  original  type  of  the 
dog  tribe.  It  is  of  a  reddish  color,  pale  underneath, 
with  a  bushy,  pendulous  tail,  and  in  size  intermediate 
between  the  wolf  and  the  jackal,  but  with  very  strong 
limbs.  It  is  capable  of  being  tamed.  See  Cyan. 

Buarrhemou  (bo-a-re'mon),  •«.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
fiovf,  ox,  +  apfif/uuv,  speechless :  see  Arrhemon.~\ 
An  extensive  genus  of  pityline  tanagers,  con- 
taining about  35  species,  of  terrestrial  habits 
and  dull  colors.  Bonaparte,  1850.  See  Arrhe- 
mon. 

buat  (bo" at),  w.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  buite,  a  firebrand, 
Ir.  also  fire.]  A  hand-lantern.  Also  written 
bowet.  [Scotch.] 

buaze-fiber  (bu'az-fi"ber),  11.  The  fiber  of  a 
polygalaceous  bush  of  tropical  Africa,  Sccuri- 
daca  pallida,  described  as  of  excellent  quality 
and  resembling  flax. 

bub1  (bub),  «.     [Perhaps  short  for  bubble;^  cf. 


,„„„„,     v .„  ...     [First  in  early  mod.  E. ; 

=  MLG.  bubbele,  LG.  bubbel  =  MD.  bobbel  = 
Dan.  boble  =  Sw.  bubbla,  formerly  bubla,  a  bub- 
ble. The  E.  and  Scand.  forms  are  prob.  of  LG. 
origin,  but  all,  like  the  equiv.  early  mod.  E. 
burble  (see  burble),  L.  bulla  (see  bulla,  butt"*, 
boil?,  etc.),  Skt.  budbiida,  Hind,  builbudd,  bul- 
buld,  Hindi  bnluld,  Pali  bubbulam,  a  bubble 
(and,  more  remotely,  like  Bohem.  boubel,  bub- 
lina,  Pol.  babel,  >  Little  Russ.  bombel,  a  bubble 
—  words  having  the  same  ult.  base  as  bomb2, 
bombus,  q.  v.),  are  prob.  ult.  imitative  of  the 
sound  of  the  gurgling  of  water  in  which  bub- 
bles are  forming.  Cf.  blubber,  blobber,  blob. 

The  senses  of  'a  trifle,  delusion,  trick,'  etc.,  bubijie-2  (bub'l),  c.  i.  [Also,  bibblc;  cf.  bubble^ 
proceed  naturally  from  the  lit.  sense,  and  have  and  6;,(&6e,..]  TO  shed  tears  in  a  sniveling, 
no  orig.  connection  with  the  accidentally  sum-  blubbering,  childish  way.  Jamieson.  [Scotch 
lar  It.  bubbola,  bubula,  a  trick,  fib,  sham,  deceit,  and  yor^  Eng.] 

pi.  bubbole,  idle  stories,  formerly  "bubole,bub-  bubble3  (bub'l),  «.  Snot.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] 
bule,  toies,  iests,  vanities,  nines,  trifles,  bub-  bubble-bowt,  n.  [A  piece  of  fashionable  slang, 
bles"  (Florio),  <  bubbotare,  cheat,  trick,  rob,  mentjOned  by  Pope,  along  with  cosin,  tampion. 
formerly  "  bubolare,  to  bubble"  [i.  e.,  cheat,  wi,nar  toupee,  in  the  quot.  below,  as  "in  use 
gull,  dupe]  (Florio),  <  bubbola,  bubula,  formerly  in  this  present  year  1707";  supposed  to  stand 
biibola,  pupola,  puppula,  a  hoopoe  (see  hoop*, 
hoopoe,  upupa),  the  figure  of  speech  being  the 
same  as  the  verbs  gull  and  dupe,  q.  v.]  1.  A 
small  vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated 
with  air  or  other  gas,  and  floating  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  fluid.  Such  vesicles  can  sometimes,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  soap-bubble,  be  separated  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  liquid,  or  be  formed  independently  of  it,  by 


blowing  from  a  pipe  or  other  instrument. 

Oh,  Fortune, 

That  thou  hast  none  to  fool  and  blow  like  bubbles 
But  kings  and  their  contents  ! 

Fletcher  (and  another"!),  Prophetess,  hi.  :(. 

Ay,  thus  we  are  ;  and  all  our  painted  glory 
A  bubble  that  a  boy  blows  into  the  air, 
And  there  it  breaks. 


for  *biibble-beau,  <  bubble,  i\,  +  obj.  beau;  but 
perhaps  of  no  particular  meaning.]  A  tweezer- 
case. 

Lac'd  in  her  cosins  [stays]  new  appear'd  the  bride, 
A  bubble-bow  and  tumpiun  [watch]  at  her  side, 
And  with  an  air  divine  her  colmar  [fan]  ply'd. 
Then,  oh  !  she  cries,  what  slaves  I  round  me  see  ! 
Here  a  bright  Redcoat,  there  a  smart  toupee. 

Pope,  Treatise  on  the  Bathos. 

bubbler  (bub'ler),  w.  It.  One  who  cheats.  Pope. 
—  2.  A  fish  of  the  family  Sci&nidte,  Aplodinotus 
i/riinniens,  the  fresh-water  drumfish,  found  in 
the  waters  of  the  Ohio  river:  so  called  from 
the  peculiar  noise  it  makes.  Also  called  bub- 
bliiuj-fiith. 


Bern,,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  •>.   bubb'le-shell  (bub'1-shel),  «.  A  shell  of  the  fam- 
2.  A  small  globule  of  air  or  other  gas  in  or  ris-    Uy  Bullidte  and  genus  Bulla,  of  an  oval  form,  with 

•i  i  •      _    •  .3  rt       ml -I_l  nAJ!«.I_l^  -  •  •••  "     •  t     .  »...•«  .  » 


6«62.]  1.  A  substitute  for  yeast,  prepared  by  jug  through  a  liquid. —  3.  The  vesicle  of  air  in  the  outermost  whorl  involving  all  the  others. 
,,,; .  ;,,,r  meal  nr  flniit-  with  a.  litt.lfi  vBB.st  in  M,  j-j-g  giag8  gpirit-tube  of  a  mechanics'  level. —  Species  are  numerous  in  tropical  and  warm 

4.  One  of  the  small  hollow  beads  of  glass  for-     seas.     See  cuts  under  Bulla. 

merly  used  for  testing  the  strength  of  spirits  by  bubbling  (bub'ling),  \>.  n.  [Ppr.  of  bubble1,  v.} 

Tjbli 


mixing  meal  or  flour  with  a  little  yeast  in  a 
quantity  of  warm  wort  and  water. —  2.  Strong 
drink  of  any  kind;  liquor,  especially  malt  li- 
quor. [Cant.] 

bub2t  (bub)>  r-  '•  [Short  for  bubble.']  To  throw 
out  in  bubbles.  Mtr.  for  Mays. 

bub3  (bub),  n.  [Also  bubby;  origin  obscure ; 
cf .  pap.  The  word  bears  a  close  but  accidental 
resemblance  to  Hind,  babbi,  babi  (a  pron.  u),  a 
woman's  breast.]  A  woman's  breast.  [Vulgar.] 

bub4  (bub),  H.  [Also  bubby,  a  dim.  form ;  usu- 
ally supposed  to  be,  like  bud2,  a  corruption 
of  brother.  Cf.  G.  bubej  etc.,  a  boy:  see  boy.'] 
A  boy:  used  in  familiar  address.  [Colloq., 
U.  S.] 

Bubalichthyinae  (bu-bal-ik-thi-i'ne),  n.  pi. 

Vatostoinidce :  synonymous  with  Ictiobina;  (which 
see). 

bubalicb.tb.yine  (bu-bal-ik'thi-in),  «.  and  n.  I. 
«.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Bu  balich  thyina: 

H.  «.  One  of  the  Bubalichthyiiui';  a  buffalo- 
fish. 

Bubalich.tb.ys  (bu-bal-ik'this),  ...  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
balu.t  +  Gr.  i^tft'f,  a  fish.]  The  typical  genus 
of  catostomoid  fishes  of  the  subfamily  Buba- 
liclitlii/iua1;  the  buffalo-fishes. 

bubaline  (bu'ba-lin),  a.  [<  L.  bubalinun,  per- 
taining to  the  bubalug,  buffalo.]  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  bubalus  or  buffalo. —  2.  Resembling 
a  buffalo ;  bovine :  as,  the  bubaline  group  of 
antelopes:  specifically  applied  to  Aleelapliux 
bubalis,  the  bubaline  antelope. 

bubalis  (bu'ba-lis),  n.  [NL.,  also  bubale;  < 
Gr.  /M'/te/..r,  an  African  species  of  antelope; 
doubtfully  referred  to  fiovf,  ox.]  A  large  bu- 
baliue  antelope  of  Africa,  Alccltiplmt  bubalis. 

Bubalornis  (bii-ba-lor'nis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Buba- 
lus +  Gr.  bpvtf,  a  bird.]  A  genus  of  African 
weaver-birds,  of  the  family  Ploceidte ;  the  buf- 
falo weaver-birds.  They  are  named  from  their  habit 
.if  following  cattle  in  order  to  feed  on  the  parasites 


the  rate  at  which  they  rise  after  being  plunged 
in  them.  See  bead,  7. —  5.  Anything  that  wants 
firmness,  substance,  or  permanence ;  that  which 
is  more  specious  than  real ;  a  vain  project ;  a 
false  show ;  a  delusion ;  a  trifle. 

A  soldier,  .  . . 

Seeking  the  bubble  reputation 
Even  in  the  cannon's  mouth. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 


War,  he  sung,  is  toil  and  trouble  ; 

Honour,  but  an  empty  bubble.  v.-'uvi,^.*/...-..'!.  i     . 

Dniden,  Alexander's  Feast.    DUDbly'  (bub  ll),  a. 


Emitting  or  exhibiting  bubbles ;  giving  out  a 
sound  such  as  is  caused  by  bubbles ;  gurgling. 

The  bubbling  cry 
Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  agony. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  ..... 

bubbling-fish  (bub'liug-fish),  n.  Same  as  bub- 
bler, 2.  Rafinesque. 

bubbly1  (bub'li),  a.  [<  bubble^  +  -y1.]  Full  of 
bubbles:  as,  ''bubbly  spume,"  Nash,  Lenten 
Stuffe,  p.  8. 

[<  bubble*  +  -i/l.]    Snotty: 


6.  An  inflated   speculation;  a  delusive  com-     ^|ej^  has  &  * 

'extraordinary 'profits;  ^^^^^  " 


as    insuring 

hence,  a  financial  imposition  or  fraud;  a 
cheating  trick :  as,  the  South  Sea  bubble.  See 
below. 

This  may  not  at  first  sight  appear  a  large  sum  to  those 
who  remember  the  bubbles  of  1825  and  of  1845. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eug.,  xxiv.   bubby'2  (bub'l),  «. 

7t.  A  person  deceived  by  an  empty  project ;  a 
dupe. 
He  has  been  my  bubble  these  twenty  years. 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 


[North.  Eng. 
A  turkey-cock, 
z).  [See  &«&».] 


His  pity  and  compassion  make  him  sometimes  a  btibblf 
to  all  his  fellows.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  27. 

Bubble  Act,  an  English  statute  of  1720,  intended  to  re- 
strict illusory  schemes  of  corporate  or  associate  organiza 


A  woman's  breast. 

Why  don't  you  go  and  snck  the  bubby  f 

Arbuthnot,  John  Bull. 

[Dim.  of  &!<&!.]  A  familiar 
term" of  address  to  little  boys;  bub.  [U.  S.] 
bubo1  (bu'bo),  n.  [=  F.  bubon  =  Sp.  bubon  = 
Pg.  bubao  =  It.  bubone  =  Wall,  buboin,  <  ML. 
bubo(n-),  a  tumor,  <  Gr.  ftovfluv,  the  groin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.]  In  med.,  an  inflamma- 
tory swelling  of  a  lymphatic  gland,  especially 
such  as  arises  in  the  groin  from  venereal  in- 


_____  fection. 

tion  :  adopted  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  such  frauds  as  Bul,02  (bu'bo),  n.    PL-  an  owl,  the  homed  owl. 

^S^tSfcS»^:'.ga<£<.^S  Thei^me  is  s'uppoUd  to  be  imitative  of  its  cry 

as  if  *bu-bu;  cf.  E.  tu-whoo,  etc.]  A  genus  of 
large  owls  with  conspicuous  plumicorns,  rela- 
tively small  ear-aperture,  incomplete  facial 
disk,  and  feathered  feet,  it  contains  the  great  owl 

or  eagle-owl  of  Europe.  II.  unu-iiit»*.  the  givat  horned 
owl  of  North  America.  />'.  tbytuiamu,  and  sundry  other 
species.  See  cut  on  next  page. 

-<  ML.  bubo(n-),  a  tu- 
ii  jMttliol.,  pertaining 
to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  bubo. 


from  the  sounds  made  during  frying. 

Rank  and  title  !  bubble  and  squeak .'  No  !  not  half  so 
good  as  bubble  and  squeak ;  English  beef  and  good  cab- 
bage. But  foreign  rank  and  title ;  foreign  cabbage  and 
beef !  foreign  bubble  and  foreign  squeak .' 

Bulwer,  My  Xovel,  viii.  s. 

(b)  In  New  England,  hash  or  minced  meat. — South  Sea 

bubbl 

abou 

Earl 

purchasers  of  which  should  become  stockholders  in  a  cor- 


_                     ,                                     .  —  speces.      ec        on    e             . 

)ble,  a  financial  scheme  which  originated  in  England  hllbonic  (bu-bon'ik)    a      \< 

lit  1711  and  collapsed  in  1720.    It  was  proposed  by  the  "              '.,,  ;,,,/,,,n    +  lfa.1     T 

1  of  Oxford  to  fund  a  floating  debt  of  £10,000,000,  the  mor  (see [<> 


Buboninae 


roa 

bucaneer.  buccaneer  (buk-a-uer'  ),  r.  i.    |  <  /<»•• 

niii-i-r.  n.\     To  act  the  piirt  ol'  a  pirati-  m-  free- 
booter.     ihiin-lniii  lii-r. 


Virginia  Horned  Owl  («»&<  vi 


Buboninae  (bii-bo-m'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  _/>'«/<•<- 
(Buboii-)  +  -iiue'.]  A  subfamily  of  owls,  family 
Xtritjida:,  adopted  by  some  writers  for  the  gen- 
era Bubo,  Scops,  and  some  other  horned  or 
"cat"  owls. 

bubonlne  (bu'bo-uin),  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Biilioiiinif. 

bubonocele  (bii-bo'no-sel  or  -se-le),  n.  [<  Gr. 
jiovjluvuKi/'/ >/,  <  fiovft&v,  the  groin  (see  bubol),  + 
KJ/'A!/,  tumor.]  In  patliol.,  inguinal  hernia  or 
rupture :  often  restricted  to  an  oblique  inguinal 
hernia  which  has  not  passed  the  external  ring, 
but  occupies  the  inguinal  canal. 

bubuklet,  n.  A  pimple :  a  word  of  uncertain  f  orm 

and  origin,  found  only  in  the  following  passage, 

where  it  is  put  into  the  mouth  of  a  Welshman. 

His  face  is  nil  biibnklf*,  and  welks,  and  k'nolw,  and  tiames 

of  fire.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  Hi.  «. 

Bubulcus  (bu-bnl'kus),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  bubii/cu.*, 
a  plowman,  herdsman  (cf.  biibnlus,  pertaining 
to  oxen  or  cattle),  <  bos  (toe-),  an  ox:  see  Box.} 
A  genus  of  herons,  containing  the  buff-backed 
heron,  B.  ibis,  formerly  called  Ardea  bubttlcus 
and  Ardea  russata,  chiefly  an  African  species, 
related  to  the  squacco  heron. 

bubulin  (bu'bu-lin),  ».  [<  L.  bubulus,  pertain- 
ing to  cattle  ('<  to*  (tor-),  an  ox:  see  Bos),  + 
-i»2.]  A  peculiar  substance  existing  in  the 
dung  of  beasts,  which  is  copiously  precipitated 
by  metallic  salts,  tincture  of  galls,  and  alum, 
and  therefore  active  in  the  application  of  cow- 
dung  to  calico-printing. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'au),  «.  [<  F.  toucan, 
"a  woodden-gridiron,  whereon  the  Cannibals 
broyle  pieces  of  men,  and  other  flesh"  (Cot- 
grave),  a  place  for  smoking  meat;  said  to  be  a 
native  Carib  word;  hence  bucaneer,  etc.  See 
bucaneer.']  1.  A  kind  of  gridiron  for  smoking 
meat. —  2.  A  place  where  meat  is  smoked. — 3. 
In  the  West  Indies,  a  place  where  coffee  or  co- 
coa is  dried.  III.  London  News. 
Also  bocan,  bouean. 

bucan,  buccan  (buk'an),  v.  t.  [Also  written  bou- 
can;  <  F.  bimctiner,  ?  bouean,  E.  bucan,  ».,  q. 
v.]  To  cut  into  long  pieces,  salt,  and  smoke  on 
a  bucan,  as  beef:  a  mode  of  preserving  meat 
formerly  practised  bythe  Caribs  and  afterward 
by  Europeans  in  the  West  Indies.  Also  boucan. 
Dressed  in  the  smoke,  which  in  their  language  they  call 
tmiicaned.  Hakluyt. 

bucaneer,  buccaneer  (buk-a-ner'), «.  [<  F.  tow- 
canier,  a  curer  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  <  bou- 
caner,  smoke  meat,  <  bouean,  a  place  for  smok- 
ing meat:  see  bucan,  «.]  1.  Originally,  one  of 
the  French  settlers  in  Hispaniola  or  Hayti  and 
Tortugas,  whose  occupation  was  to  hunt  wild 
cattle  and  hogs,  and  cure  their  flesh. 

It  is  now  hi  Ji  time  to  speak  of  the  French  nation  who 
inhabit  a  great  part  of  this  island  [Hispaniola].  .  .  .  The 
Mnnt-Ts  are  a-ain  ili\  i«le<l  into  several  sorts.  Ki.i1  s. .me  <ii 
these  are  onh  i:i\cn  to  hunt  wild  Hulls  and  Cows,  others 
onl\  hunt  \vilil  Bores.  The  first  of  these  two  sorts  of 


Tilt-  irreverent  /"" 

Hath  stormed  and  rilled  the  nunnery  of  the  Illy. 

'/,  Al  Fresco. 

bucaneerish,  buccaneeriah  (buk-a-ner'ish),  «/. 
[<  bucaneer  +  -ixh  '  .  |  Resembling  a  bucaneer. 

By  miionliiiht  HL-  art-  eivepiii^  under  the  frowning  rlilt- 
of  AlMji.tr)  da,  and  V(j>a^t-  all  ni^'llt  in 
Ion.  C.  D.   Wurm-r.  \\interoli  the  Nile,  p.  414. 

bucaro  (bo'kii-ro),  w.  [Sp.  Inicurn,  a  v.-s-.-l 
made  of  an  odoriferous  earth  of  the  name  name, 
>  Pg.  bucaro,  a  sort  of  earth.]  An  earthen- 
ware water-jar  used  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 
Those  made  in  Estremadura,  of  light-reddish 
clay,  are  especially  esteemed. 

bucca  (buk'ii),  «.  ;  pi.  bucca;  (-66).  [L.  ;  la-nee 
bocca,  boucKe,  buckle'2,  buckler,  etc.]  In  ««<//., 
the  hollow  part  of  the  cheek  which  projects 
when  the  cheeks  are  inflated;  also,  the  entire 
cheek,  and  hence  the  mouth  as  a  whole,  with 
reference  to  its  cavity  and  all  the  surrounding 
parts. 

buccal  (buk'al),  a.  [<  bucca  +  -al;  =  V.  buccal.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  bucca  or  cheek.  —  2.  Per- 
taining to  the  sides  of  the  mouth,  or  to  the  mouth 
or  mouth-parts  as  a  whole  ;  oral;  maxillary.  — 
Buccal  artery,  a  hram-h  of  the  internal  maxillary  art  en 
—  Buccal  cavity,  the  cavity  of  the  mouth.-  Buccal  fun- 
nel, in  Kiitifrm.  See  matt  ax.  —  Buccal  ganglia,  in  Mol- 
liuca,  ganglia  which  give  of!  nerves  to  the  mouth  and  ali- 
mentary canal.  They  are  connected  with  the  cerehral 
ganglia  by  a  pair  of  nerves  along  the  esophagus.  —  Buccal 
glands.  See  uland.  —  Buccal  mass,  in  Xoltu*ca,  the  so- 
called  pharynx,  the  organ  of  prehension  and  mastication 
of  food,  present  in  all  molluaks  except  lamellibranchs.  See 
cut  under  Diuraiiehiata.—  Buccal  nerve,  (n)  A  branch 
of  the  facial  nerve  which  supplies  the  buccinator  and  ortii- 
cnlaris  oris  muscles.  (b)  A  branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary 
nerve  supplying  the  integument  and  mucous  membrane  of 
the  cheek.  -  Buccal  openings  or  fissures,  in  Coleoptera. 
posterior  prolongations  of  the  mouth-cavity,  oneach  side  of 
the  mentum.—  Buccal  sutures,  in  Coleoptera,  impressed 
lines  originating  in  the  bnccal  fissures  or  corners  of  the 
mouth,  running  backward,  and  often  coalescing  behind. 
Also  called  guiar  suture*.—  Buccal  vein,  a  vein  of  the 
cheek  emptying  into  the  facial  vein. 

buccan,  buccaneer,  buccaneerish.  See  bucan  , 
bucaneer,  bucaneerish. 

buccate  (buk'at);  a.  [<  NL.  buccatus,  <  L.  6uc- 
ca,  the  cheek  distended.]  In  entom.,  having 
distended  genee,  or  cheeks,  as  certain  Diptera. 

buccellationt  (buk-se-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  buccel- 
la,  a  small  mouthful,  small  bread  divided  among 
the  poor  (cf.  buccellatum,  a  soldier's  biscuit), 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek,  mouth:  see  bucca.} 
The  act  of  breaking  into  small  pieces.  Harris. 

bucchero  (bpk-ka'ro),  n.  [It.]  In  archawl.,  a 
kind  of  ancient  Tuscan  pottery  of  a  uniform 
black  color,  and  neither  glazed  nor  painted. 
Vases  in  this  ware  are  of  two  classes  :  those  scantily  orna- 
mented with  designs  in  low  relief,  impressed  upon  the 
clay  by  the  rotation  of  an  engraved  cylinder  ;  and  those 
of  later  date,  profusely  ornamented  with  reliefs  from  inde- 
pendent stamps,  and  with  figures  molded  separately  and 
applied  to  the  surface.  This  ware  is  peculiar  to  Tuscany, 
and  is  found  particularly  in  the  tombs  of  Vulei,  Chiusi, 
and  the  neighboring  region.  Often  called  bucchero  tu-ro 
(black  Imechero). 

buccin  (buk'sin),  «.     Same  as  buccina. 

buccina  (buk'si-nft),  ».  ;  pi.  bueciuai  (-ne).  [L., 
prop,  bucitta,  a  (crooked)  trumpet  (>prob.  Gr. 
limani  (in  deriv.  sometimes  jimv-),  a  trumpet), 
prob.  for  *bovieinu,  <  bos  (tor-),  an  ox,  cow, 
+  caitere,  sing,  play;  orig.  a-cow's  horn.]  An 
ancient  musical  instrument  of  the  trumpet  kind, 
originally  a  horn  of  an  ox  or  cow,  blown  by  a 
shepherd  to  assemble  his  flocks.  See  bungyne. 

buccinal  (buk'si-nal),  a.  [<  buccina  +  -«/.] 
1.  Shaped  like  a  trumpet.—  2.  Sounding  like 
a  horn  or  trumpet. 

buccinator  (buk'si-na-tor),  n.  ;  pi.  buccinaUirex 
(buk^si-ua-to'rez).    [L.,  prop,  biieimitor,  <  buci- 
's,  bl 
' 


Hunter*  are  called  lli/<-»ii"i-*.  .  .  .  When  the  _ 
KO  into  the  woods  to  hunt  for  wild  hulls  and  cows,  they 
eomniunly  mnain  there  the  space  of  a  whole  twelvemonth 
in-  two  years  without  returning  home. 

llu<-<t/ii'-ffi  t./  America  (London,  10H4),  p.  ">:t. 

2.  A  pirate;  a  freebooter;  especially,  one  of 
the  piratical  adventurers,  chiefly  French  and 
British,  who  combined  to  make  depredations 
on  the  Spaiiianls  in  America  in  the  second  half 
of  the  seventeenth  century:  so  called  because 
the  first  of  the  class  were  Frenchmen  driven 
from  their  business  of  bucauiug  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  of  Hispaniola. 

H<-  i\Yanvn  Hastings]  \vas  far  too  enlightened  a  man  t<» 
look  on  a  i;ivat  rmpiiv  niereh  as  a  lni,-:-niti-'i-  wnnM  lo..U 
en  a  ualK-.m.  V-r  .'"/'"/.  \\.-ntvn  ll::>tin-- 

Also  swelled  Imriniii  r,  buct'ttnicr. 


;  pp.  'bucinatus,  blow  a  trumpet,  <  bucina, 
trumpet:  see  buccina.']  1.  In  «««/.,  the  trum- 
peter's muscle  ;  a  thin  flat  muscle  forming  the 
wall  of  the  cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and 
also  in  blowing  wind-instruments  (whence  its 
name).  —  2.  The  specific  name  of  the  trumpeter 
swan  of  North  America,  Cygnus  buccinator.  — 
Buccinator  nerve,  the  buccal  nerve  of  the  inferior  uuix- 
illary. 

buccinatory  (buk'sin-a-to-ri),  «.  [<  bucciiintnr 
+  -y.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  buccinator 
muscle. 

The  liuei-iiMl":;/  muscles  along  his  ehecks. 

>'f.  rite,  Tristram  Shaudy,  iii.  8. 

buccinid  (buk'si-nid).  «.    A  gastropod  of  the 

family  linrriiiithr;  a  whelk. 

Bucciiiidae  (buk-sin'i-de),  «.  /il.  [NL.,  <  />'»<•- 
<V'M«»I  +  -fV/Vr.]  A  family  of  rhachiglossati- 

pri>Ni>liraiiehiatc   gastropodous  mollusks.  typi- 
tied  by  the  ^'eiius  liiicfiiiinii.  to  wliieh  very  dlf- 


Bucellas 

Cerent  limits  IIHM-  been   «-sitrnei|.     ii\  ti i.iei 

author*  representatives  of  inrioiis  other  i leni  fumllii- 

were  associated  with  /.'">•  ••/.«„..  )'••  modern  authors  it 
is  restricted  to  a  smaller  detluite  -.-i-nip  <|.  lined  chiefly  In 
the  armature  of  the  month.  Tin-  animal  ha*  a  lingual 
ribbon  armed  uitli  erect  cuspidate  median  teeth  ami 
lateral  teeth,  surmounted  i.y  -j  i  of  which  the 

outermost  are  largest.  The  shell  I*  represented  by  that 
known  as  the  whelk.  The  typical  specie*  are  inhabi 
tants  of  the  cold  seas,  but  others  are  Inhabitants  of  warm 
seat.  See  cut  mi'l-  • 

bucciniform  (buk-sin'i-f&rm),  a.    [<  Bucciimm 
+  L.  forma,  form.]     Having  the  form  or  ap- 
. i  nee  of  a  buccinoid  whelk. 

Buccininae  (buk-si-ni'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  /(«<•«•/- 
n  a  HI  +  -iiue.~]  A  subfamily  of  bucciuoid  gas- 
tropodous  mollusks.  See  Buediiiiln. 

buccinoid  (buk'si-noid),  a.  and  n.    [<  Bucrinum 
+  -oid.~]    I.  ((.  Resembling  molluMks  of  the  ge- 
nus BIII-I-IIIIIIII  :  shaped  like  a  whelk. 
II.  H.  A  member  of  the  family  Bucciimln . 

Buccinoida  (buk-si-noi'da),  n.  pi.  [NL.]  Same 

Buccinoides  (buk-si-no-ed'),  it.  pi.  [F.]  The 
name  of  Cuvier's  third  family  of  pectinibran- 
chiate  gastropods,  sometimes  Latinized  as  Buc- 
cinoida. The  group  includes,  but  is  more  exten- 
sive than,  the  modern  family  Buccinida. 

buccinopsid  (buk-si-nop'sid),  «.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  Bucciiiopsifla: 

Buccinopsidae  (buk-si-nop'si-de),  w.  pi.    [NL., 

<  Burcinopitix  +    -/(/«'.]     A  family  of  rhachi- 
glossate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Buc- 
cinopsis.    The  animal  has  an  elongated  lingual  ribbon, 
with  thin  unarmed  median  teeth  and  unlciispid  versatile 
lateral  teeth.     The  shell  is  like  that  of  a  whelk. 

Buccinopsis  (buk-si-nop'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Bucci- 
niim  +  Gr.  oV"f,  appearance.]  A  genus  of  gastro- 
pods with  shells  like  those  of  the  genus  Bucci- 
mint,  typical  of  the  family  Bttccinopxida:. 

Buccinum  (buk'si-num),  n.  [L.,  prop,  bucinum, 
a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple,  <  bucina.  a 
trumpet.]  The  typical 
genus  of  mollusks  of  the 
family  Buccinida.  By 
the  old  authors  numerous 
and  very  heterogeneous  spe- 
cies were  combined  in  it,  but 
by  modern  systematists  it  IK 
restricted  to  the  whelks,  of 
which  B.  undatum  is  a  typi- 
cal example. 

Bucco(buk'6),«.    [NL., 

<  L.  bucco,  a  babbler, 
blockhead,     fool,     lit. 
one  who  has  distended 
cheeks,  <  bucca,  cheek.] 
In    ornith.,    a    generic 
name    variously    used, 
(a)  By  Brisson(17oU)  applied 
to  a  genus  of  birds  contain- 
ing an  American  species  of 

the  modern  family  Bucconi-      commou  Whelk  (Buctiitum 

'/<>•  ana  two  species  of  Capita-  Httdatum'i. 

nidce.   (b)  By  Linnanis  (1766) 

used  fora  genus  of  birds,  containing  one  American  species 
of  Bucconidce,  erroneously  attributed  to  Africa,  (c)  Ap- 
plied to  a  genus  of  birds,  containing  a  heterogeneous 
lot  of  species  composing  the  two  families  Buccimidce  and 
Caiiitoiiidcf.  (d)  Transferred  by  Tenmdnck  (1820)  to  the 
Capitonidec,  or  scansorial  barliets.  {f)  Restored  by  Gray 
(1H46)  to  the  American  barbacous,  and  used  by  nearly  all 
subsequent  ornithologist*  as  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Btu'conidce,  or  puff-birds.  About  15  species  art- 
known,  all  from  .South  and  Central  America,  having  a 
stout,  turgid  bill,  broad  at  the  base  and  somewhat  hooked 
at  the  end,  with  basal  nostrils,  rlctal  vibrisoae,  short  round- 
ed wings,  moderate  rounded  toil  of  12  rectrices,  and  zygo- 
dactyl  feet,  with  the  third  toe  longest  B.  coilaru  is 
reddish-brown,  with  a  black  collar ;  the  other  species  are 
mostly  pied  with  black  and  white,  or  otherw  Ue  variegated. 

buccolabial  (buk-6-la'bi-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  cheek  and  lip.  Buccolabial  nerve,  the  buccal 
branch  of  the  inferior  maxillary  nerve  :  sometimes  restrict- 
ed to  its  terminal  branch.  —  Superior  buccolabial 
nerve,  the  bnccal  branch  of  the  facial  nerve. 

Bucconidae  (bu-kon'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Buc- 
ro(n-)  +  -i'rf<e.]  The  puff- birds;  the  fissirostral 
/.ygodactyl  barbets;  the  barbacous;  a  family 
of  picariau  birds  related  to  the  jacamarg,  or 
(iiilhttliilii:  They  have  a  large,  heavy  head  and  bill, 
prominent  rictal  ribrissa),  short  rounded  wings  and  toil. 
the  toes  yoked  in  pairs,  torsi  scutellate  and  reticulate,  no 
aftershafts,  nude  oil-gland,  10  primaries,  12  rectrices,  oper- 
eiilatc  nostrils,  and  eyelashes.  The  family  U  small  and 
<c  impact,  and  confined  to  America,  when-  it  is  represented 
by  about  43  *i>ecies  of  the  7  genera  Bueco,  MalacoptHa. 
MiffiniKinKfhii.  \ininiita.  Hapaloptila,  Mmiatha  (or  Mo- 
mim),  and  i'li>  f'<i'-/->-  i-<t.  The  name  w-as  formerly  Indefi- 
nitely applied  to  different  groups  of  birds  represented  by 
the  genera  Cajiitu,  .Wri/aliewa,  etc.,  as  well  as  Bucco. 

buccula  (buk'u-li),  M.  ;  pi.  buccula!  (-le).  [L., 
dim.  of  bucca,  the  cheek  or  puffed-out  mouth. 
Cf.  burble-.]  In  (/Mat.,  the  fleshy  part  under 
the  chin. 

Bucellas  (bu-sel'as),  M.  A  Portuguese  wine  for- 
merly much  exported  to  England.  It  is  made 
near  Lisbon. 


bucentaur 

bucentaur  (bu-sen'tar),  n.  [=  F.  bucentanre 
=  It.  bucentorio,  bucentoro,  <  Gr.  /fot>f,  ox,  + 
Kfvravpof,  centaur.]  1.  A  mythical  monster, 
half  man  and  half  bull ;  a  centaur  with  the  body 
of  a  bull  in  place  of  that  of  a  horse. — 2.  leap.] 
The  state  barge  of  Venice,  in  which  the  doge 
and  senate  annually  on  Ascension  day  per- 
formed the  ceremonial  marriage  of  the  state 
with  the  Adriatic,  symbolic  of  the  commercial 
power  of  the  republic. 

The  spouseless  Adriatic  mourns  her  lord, 

An  annual  marriage  now  no  more  renewed ; 
The  Bucentaur  lies  rotting  nnrestored, 
Neglected  garment  of  her  widowhood. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  93. 

Bucephala  (bu-sef'a-la),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  bu- 
crphalus,  <  Gr.  /SractyaAOf,  ox-headed:  see  Bu- 
cephalus.] A  genus  of  ducks,  of  the  subfamily 
Fuligulinte,  based  by  Baird  in  1858  upon  the 
buffle-headed  duck  of  North  America  (Anas 
albeola  of  Linnseus,  Fuligula  albeola  of  authors 
in  general,  now  Bucephala  albeola),  including 
also  the  garrots,  called  by  him  Bucephala  ame- 
ricana  and  B.  islandica.  See  buffle1. 

Bucephalus  (bu-sef'a-lus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  /3ow- 
KF^a/of,  ox-headed,  <  fiovc,,  ox,  +  K&tx&fi,  head. 
Cf.  L.  Bucephalus,  Bucepha- 
la, also  Bucephalus,  <  Gr.  Sov- 
KeipaZaf,  the  name  of  the  cele- 
brated war-horse  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.]  1.  The  cer- 
carian  larval  stage  of  certain 
flukes,  or  Trcmatoda,  named 
under  the  supposition  that  it 
was  a  distinct  animal.  Buce- 
phalus polyitwrphus,  a  parasite  of 
the  fresh-water  mussel,  whose  spo- 
rocysts  sometimes  fill  all  the  inter- 
spaces of  the  viscera  of  the  mus- 
sel, is  supposed  to  develop  into  the 
trematode  genus  Gaxteroxtomum,  a 
parasite  of  fresh-water  fishes. 

X      T      i  j.     A  ^    •        Bucephalus  polymer- 

2.  In  herpet.,  a  genus  of  Afn-      thus,  magnified. 
can  snakes,  of  the  family  Den-      «,  ».  suckers;  c. 
drophidce,   as   the    Bucephalus   dafappend'agesf'0'"' 
capensis. — 3.  [I.  c.~\  A  snake  of 
this  genus:  as,  "the  Cape  bucephalus," Sclater. 

Buceridae  (bu-ser'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  short  for 
Bucerotidai.]  Same  as  Buccrotid<e. 

Buceroides  (bu-se-roi'dez),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
ceros +  -aides.  ]  In  Blyth's  classification  of  birds 
(1849),  a  division  of  Syndactyli,  including  the 
hornbills  and  hoopoes,  or  Bucerotida;  and  Upu- 
pidw,  respectively  also  called  Appcndirostres 
and  Arculirostres:  distinguished  from  Halcy- 
oides  (which  see). 

Bucerontidae  (bu-se-ron'ti-de),  w. pi.  Improper 
form  of  Bucerotidce. 

Buceros  (bu'se-ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ftoiixepuf, 
flovKcpaof,  horned  like  an  ox,  <  [iovc,  ox  (see 
-Bos),  +  Kcpac.,  horn.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bucerotidce.  It  was  formerly  coextensive  with 
the  family,  but  is  now  variously  restricted. 

Bucerotidae  (bu-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
ceros (-rot-)  +  -idie.']  The  hornbills ;  a  family  of 
non-passerine  insessorial  birds  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  old  world,  having  a  huge  bill,  sur- 
mounted by  a  boss,  casque,  or  horn,  in  some 
cases  as  large  as  the  bill  itself.  The  technical 
characters  are  a  highly  pneumatic  skeleton,  peculiar 
pterylosis,  no  aftershafts,  hairy  eyelashes,  10  rectrices, 
tufted  elajodochon,  no  cajca,  a  gall-bladder,  and  sympel- 
mous  syndactylous  feet.  About  50  species  are  described, 
distributed  in  about  20  modern  genera.  See  hornbiU. 
Also  called  Bucerktte,  Bucerontidtie. 

Buchanite  (buk'an-It),  ».  [<  Buchan  (see  def.) 
+  -ite'2.]  One  of  a  sect  which  arose  in  1783,  in 
the  Belief  Congregation  at  Irvine,  Scotland, 
under  the  leadership  of  a  Mrs.  (more  commonly 
known  as  Lucky)  Buchan.  She  declared  herself  to 
be  the  woman  of  Kev.  xii.,  and  Mr.  White,  the  pastor 
of  the  congregation  to  which  she  belonged,  her  "man- 
child  " ;  and  she  taught  her  followers  that  they  would  be 
translated  to  heaven  without  tasting  of  death.  The  sect 
was  always  small,  and  is  now  extinct. 

bucholzite  (b8'kolt-sit),  n.  [Named  after  the 
chemist  Buchholz  (1770-1818).]  A  variety  of 
fibrolite. 

buchu  (bu'ku),  n.  [A  native  name;  also  spell- 
ed buckit.]  The  leaves  of  several  species  of 
Barosma,  shrubby  plants  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  having  an  aromatic  taste  and  penetrat- 
ing odor,  and  extensively  used  in  medicine  for 
various  disorders  of  the  stomach  and  urinary 
organs.  See  Barosma. 

bucfcl  (buk),  re.  [<  ME.  buk,  bucke,  bukke,  a 
male  deer;  also,  as  orig.,  a  he-goat ;  <  AS.  bucca, 
a  he-goat  (AS.  gat,  >  E.  goat,  is  a  she-goat;  cf. 
gdt-bucca,  a  he-goat;  cf.  AS.  hwfer  =  L.  caper,  a 
he-goat;  Gr.  Kairpoc,,  a  boar) ;  buc  (rare),  a  male 
deer,  =  OS.  buk,  a  he-goat,  =  Fries,  bok  =  D.  bok 
=  OHG.  boch,  MHG.  boc,  G.  bock  =  Icel.  bukkr, 


704 

also  bokkr  and  bokki,  =  Sw.  bock  =  Dan.  buk,  he- 
goat,  ram,  buck  (deer).  Cf.  Skt.  bukka  (Hind. 
bok,  boka),  Zend  biiza,  a  goat.  Hence  (from 
Teut.)  F.  bouc,  OF.  boc  (whence  ult.  E.  butcher, 
q.  v.)  =  Pr.  boc  =  Cat.  boc  =  Sp.  dial,  boqui; 
OSp.  buco  =  It.  becco  (ML.  buccus)  =  W.  bwch 
=  Gael,  boc  =  Ir.  boc,  poc  =  Corn,  byk  =  Bret. 
buch,  bouch,  a  he-goat.]  1.  A  he-goat. 

Asofaticchen  [kid]  .  .  .  kumeth  a  stinkinde  got  [goat], 
other  [or]  a  bucke.  Ancren  Stale,  p.  100. 

Wher  [whether]  I  sal  etc  bules  flesche 
Or  drinke  the  Mode  of  buckes  nesche? 

Ps.  xlix.  (1.)  13  (Mid.  Eng.  version). 

2.  The  male  of  the  deer,  the  antelope,  the  rab- 
bit, or  the  hare:  often  used  specifically  of  the 
male  of  the  fallow-deer;  a  roebuck. —  3.  A  gay 
or  fashionable  man ;  a  fop;  a  blood;  a  dandy. 

He  had  brilliant  underwaistcoats,  any  one  of  which 

would  have  set  up  a  moderate  buck.  Thackeray. 

A  whole  class  of  young  bucks  of  the  lower  order  —  *'Ar- 

Ss"  is  the  British  term— get  themselves  up  in  the  closest 
lowable  imitation  of  bull-fighters. 

Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  26. 

4.  A  male  Indian.  [U.S.]  —  5.  A  male  negro. 
[U.  S.]—  6f.  The  mark  of  a  cuckold. 

Buck?  I  would  I  could  wash  myself  of  the  buck! 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

Great  buck,  a  roebuck  in  its  sixth  year  or  older. — To 
blow  the  buck's  hornt,  to  lose  one's  trouble ;  go  whistle. 
She  loveth  so  this  heende  Nicholas 
That  Absolon  may  bloiee  the  bukkeit  horn. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  201. 

buck1  (buk),  t: i.  [<&«<*!,«.  Ct.~M.HG.  bocken, 
butt  like  a  goat,  also  as  G.  bocken,  smell  like  a 
goat,  also  buck.  Cf .  buck2  and  buck*.  ]  1 .  To 
copulate,  as  bucks  and  does. —  2.  To  butt:  a 
sense  referred  also  to  buck*  (which  see). 

buck2  (buk),  r.  [Prob.  of  dial,  origin,  not  be- 
ing recorded  in  literature  until  recently ;  prob. , 
like  the  related  buckle1,  of  LG.  origin :  cf .  MD. 
bucken,  bocken,  bend,  D.  bukken,  bow,  stoop, 
submit,  yield,  =  MLG.  bucken,  LG.  bukken  = 
MHG.  bucken,  bucken,  G.  bucken,  bend  (cf. 
MHG.  bocken,  sink  down,  tr.  lay  down),  =  Sw. 
bucka  =  Norw.  bukka  =  Dan.  bukke,  bow;  a 
secondary  verb  from  D.  buigen,  G.  bitgen,  etc., 
=  AS.  biigan,  E.  bow1,  bend.  Buck2  is  thus  for- 
mally a  secondary  form  of  bore1,  dial.  bitg3,  bend 
(cf .  buxom  =  bucksome,  of  the  same  origin),  hav- 
ing as  its  freq.  form  buckle1.  In  the  2d  and 
3d  senses  the  verb  might  be  referred  to  buck1, 
a  goat,  as  caper1  to  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  G. 
bocken,  naut.,  heave  up  and  down,  pitch;  of  a 
horse,  bend  down  the  neck  and  fling  out  be- 
hind, usually  referred  to  bock,  a  goat.]  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  bend;  buckle.  [U.S.] 

To  buck,  meaning  to  bend,  is  a  common  word  in  the 
South.  The  American,  VI.  237. 

2.  To  spring  lightly.  Hallitcell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
— 3.  To  make  a  violent  effort  to  throw  oft  a 
rider  or  pack,  by  means  of  rapid  plunging 
jumps  performed  by  springing  into  the  air,  arch- 
ing the  back,  and  coming  down  with  the  fore 
legs  perfectly  stiff,  the  head  being  commonly 
held  as  low  as  pos- 
sible :  said  of  a 
horse  or  a  mule. 
—4.  To  "kick"; 
make  obstinate  re- 
sistance or  objec- 
tion: as,  to  buck 
at  improvements. 
[Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To 
punish  by  tying 
the  wrists  toge- 
ther, passing  the 
arms  over  the  bent 
knees,  and  put- 
ting a  stick  across 
the  arms  and  in 
the  angle  formed 
by  the  knees.  [U. 
S.]  —  2.  To  throw,  or  attempt  to  throw  (a  rider), 
by  bucking:  as,  the  bronco  bucked  him  off. 
[U.  S.] 

buck2  (buk),  ».  [<  buck2,  r.]  A  violent  effort 
of  a  horse  or  mule  to  rid  itself  of  its  rider  or 
burden ;  the  act  of  bucking. 

buck3  (buk),  i\  t.  [=  Sc.  bank,  <  ME.  bouken, 
wash  or  steep  in  lye  (not  in  AS.),  =  MD.  bui- 
ken  =MLG.  buken,  LG.  buken  =  MHG.  bucln  n, 
beiichen,  G.  bauchen  =  Sw.  byka  =  Dan.  bygc ; 
cf.  Bret,  buga  =  OF.  bucr  =  Sp.  *bugar  =  It. 
bucare  (Florio),  wash  in  lye  (>  F.  bttee,  Sp.  bu- 
gada,  It.  bucata  (obs.),  bucato,  washing  in  lye), 
<  ML.  "bucare,  prob.  borrowed  from  Teut.  Cf. 
Gael.  Ir.  buac,  dung  used  in  bleaching,  the  liquor 


Bucking  Bronco. 


bucked 

in  which  cloth  is  washed,  bleached  linen  cloth, 
linen  in  an  early  stage  of  bleaching  (cf.  Ir.  bu- 
acar,  cow-dung),  <  Gael.  Ir.  bo  =  W.  buw.  a  cow, 
=  E.  cow1,  q.  v.  But  the  connection  of  these 
Celtic  forms  with  the  Teut.  is  doubtful.]  To 
soak  or  steep  (clothes)  in  lye,  as  in  bleaching; 
wash  in  lye  or  suds ;  clean  by  washing  and 
beating  with  a  bat. 

buck3  (buk),  n.  [=  Sc.  bouk:  see  buck**,  c.]  1. 
Lye  in  which  clothes  are  soaked  in  the  opera- 
tion of  bleaching;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes 
are  washed. — 2f.  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked 
or  washed  in  lye  or  suds ;  a  wash. 

Of  late,  not  able  to  travel  with  her  furred  pack,  she 
washes  bucks  here  at  home.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

Well,  I  will  in  and  cry  too  ;  never  leave 
Crying  until  our  maids  may  drive  a  buck 
With  my  salt  tears  at  the  next  washing-day. 

B.  Jonnon,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iii.  5. 
If  I  were  to  beat  a  buck,  I  can  strike  no  harder. 

Maxsinrier,  Virgin-Martyr,  iv.  2. 

buck4  (buk),  v.  t.  [E.  dial.,  not  found  in  ME. ; 
=  MD.  boken,  booken  =  MLG.  boken  (LG.  freq. 
bokern)  =  MHG.  bochen,  michen,  G.  pochen  = 
Sw.  boka  =  Norw.  buTca  =  Dan.  dial,  boge,  Dan. 
pukke,  beat,  knock,  strike,  stamp,  as  ore,  etc. ; 
cf.  D.  poken,  poke,  =  ME.  pokfn,  pukken,  E. 
poke :  see  poke1.  The  3d  and  4th  senses  touch 
upon  those  of  buck1  and  buck2.]  1.  To  beat. 
Halllwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  In  mining  and  ore- 
dressing,  to  break  into  small  pieces  for  jigging. 
The  tool  with  which  this  is  done  is  called  a  buckiny-iron, 
and  the  support  on  which  the  ore  is  placed  to  be  thus 
treated  a  burkinu-plate. 

3.  To  push;  thrust.  Jamieson.  [Scotch.] — 4. 
To  strike  with  the  head  ;  butt.  [U.  S.] 

buck5  (buk),  n.     [E.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  bouk, 

<  ME.  bouk,  the  trunk,  body,  belly,  <  AS.  buc, 
the  belly :  see  bouk1.]    1.  The  breast.— 2.  The 
body  of  a  wagon.     Halliircll. 

buck6  (buk),  n.  [Perhaps  a  particular  use  of 
buck1;  cf.  similar  uses  of  E.  horse,  F.  cheval, 
and  D.  e;el,  an  ass,  an  easel,  >  E.  easel.']  A 

frame.  Specifically — (a)  A  frame  composed  of  two  X- 
shaped  ends  joined  at  the  middle  by  a  bar,  on  which  to 
saw  wood  for  fuel.  Also  called  gawbuck  and  gaicfwrge. 
{U.  S.]  (6)  A  frame  or  table  on  which  leather  is  laid 
while  being  glazed. 
buck7  (buk),  n.  [Sc.,  <  ME.  buk  (in  comp.),  *bok, 

<  AS.  boc,  beech,  commonly  in  deriv.  bece,  E. 
beech :  see  beech1  and  book.]    The  beech :  a  dia- 
lectal word  used  in  literary  English  only  in  the 
compounds  buck-mast  and  buckwJteat;  also  in 
dialectal  buck-log. 

buck8  (buk),  n.  [An  abbr.  of  buckpot,  q.  v.] 
An  earthenware  pot  made  of  clay  found  in  some 
parts  of  British  Guiana.  Also  called  bnckpot. 

buck9  (buk),  v.  i.  [Appar.  imitative ;  but  cf. 
bock,  boke2,  belch.~\  To  make  a  noise  in  swal- 
lowing; gulp.  [Shetland.] 

buck9  (buk),  n.  [<  fciioA-9,  «?.]  A  hollow  sound 
which  a  stone  makes  when  thrown  into  the 
water  from  a  height.  [Shetland.] 

buck10  (buk),  n.  [Cf.  Corn,  buchar,  sour  milk.] 
1.  A  kind  of  minute  fungus  (as  supposed)  in- 
festing ill-kept  dairies.  [Cornwall.] — 2.  The 
spittle-fly.  [Cornwall.] 

buck-ague  (buk'a"gu),  «.     Same  as  buck-fever. 

buck-and-ball  (buk'and-bal'),  n.  A  cartridge 
for  smooth-bore  firearms  containing  a  spherical 
bullet  and  three  buck-shot :  now  little  used. 

buckayro  (bu-ka'ro),  n.  Same  as  buckers. 
[Western  U.  S.] 

buck-basket  (buk'bas'ket),  «.  A  basket  in 
which  clothes  are  earned  to  the  wash. 

They  conveyed  me  into  a  buck-basket ;  .  .  .  rammed  me 
in  with  foul  shirts  and  smocks,  socks,  foul  stockings, 
greasy  napkins.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  5. 

buck-bean  (buk'ben),  n.     Same  as  bog-bean. 
buckboard  (buk '  bord),  «.     [<  buck  (appar.  as 

in  buck-wagon,  q.  v. )  +  board ;  but  commonly 

understood    as 

<  buck2,  bend, 
bounce,  + 
board.]  A  four- 
wheeled      car- 
riage in  which 
a    long  elastic 
board  or  frame 
is  used  in  place 

of  body,  springs,  and  gear.  It  has  one  or  more 
seats.  The  board  is  fastened  directly  to  the  rear  axle  at 
one  end  and  to  the  bolster  of  the  fore  axle  at  the  other 
end,  or  is  used  in  connection  with  a  side-bar  gear.  Also 
called  Imck-tni'iiut. 

bucked  (bukt  or  buk'ed),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also 
buckard;  explained  by  Grose  as  "soured  by 
keeping  too  long  in  the  milk  bucket,  or  by  a 
foul  bucket " ;  but  appar.  <  buck10  +  -ed.  ]  Sour ; 
turned  sour,  as  milk ;  rancid.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


bucker 

bucker1  OmkVr),  ».  f<  //«<•/•'-'  +  -er1.]  1.  A 
horse  that  bucks. — 2.  A  bent  piece  of  wood. 
especially  that  on  which  a  slaughtered  animal 
is  suspended.  [  I'rnv.  Eng.] — 3.  A  horse's  hind 
leg.  [I'rov.  Eng.] 

bucket- (buk 'or),  n.   [=MI,(r.  Ixtkrr,  n  knocker; 

<  hurl**  +  -(•/•!.]    In  ininiii;/:  (a)  One  who  bucks 
or  bruises  ore.     (b)  A  flat  broad-lieaded  hum- 
mer used  in  bucking  ore. 

bucker'  (buk'er),  H.  [Abbr.  of  buckayro,  an 
accom.,  simulating  backer1,  of  Sp.  rin/iii-ni.  a 
cowherd:  see  I'lttinrrn.']  A  cowboy.  T.  Kooge- 
rrlt.  (Western  U.  S.I 

bucket  (buk'ot),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  bocket, 

<  ME.  linki  I,  liiil.i -it< ,  lml;iit,  of  uncertain  origin, 
I >erhaps  Celtic,  <  Ir.  hnii-mil  =  (!ael.  humid,  a 
bucket,  =  Corn.  Imket,  a  tub  (Diefenbach),  which 
forms,  if  not  from  E.,  are  connected  with  Ir. 
Iniifi-iiil,  a  knob,  boss.  (iael.  lntraul,&  pustule,  < 
Ir.  bociiint,  I  swell,  =  Gael,  hoc,  swell ;  less  prob. 
connected  with  AS.  hue  (or  buc),  a  pitcher,  jug 
(L.  lagcna,  hyclria).    Cf.  E.  boak,  dial,  a  pail.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  drawing  up  water,  as  from  a 
well;  a  pail  or  open  vessel  of  wood,  leather, 
metal,  or  other  material,  for  carrying  water  or 
other  liquid. — 2.  A  vane,  float,  or  box  on  a 
water-wheel  against  which  the  water  impinges, 
or  into  which  it  falls,  in  turning  the  wneel. — 
3.  The  scoop  of  a  dredging-machine,  a  grain- 
elevator,  etc. — 4.  The  float  of  a  paddle-wheel. 
—  8.  The  piston  of  a  lifting-pump. — 6.  Asmuch 
as  a  bucket  holds ;   half  a  bushel — Air-pump 
bucket.    s«>  nit-pump.     Dumping-bucket,  a   square 
i>"\  with  u  drop-bottom,  used  in  mining. —  To  kick  the 
bucket,  to  die.    [Slang.] 

"  Fine  him  a  pot, "  roared  one,  "  for  talking  about  kidcitui 
the  bucket ;  he's  a  nice  young  man  to  keep  a  cove's  spirits 
up,  and  talk  about '  a  short  life  and  a  merry  one.' " 

l\; n  i.-'.l-  u.  Alton  Locke,  li. 

Ventilated  bucket,  a  bucket  in  a  water-wheel  having 
provision  for  the  escape  of  the  air  carried  into  it  by  the 
water. 

bucket  (buk'et),  r.  [<  bucket,  «.]  I.  intrans.  1. 
To  dip  up  water  with  a  bucket ;  use  a  bucket. 

Like  Danaides'  Sieve-like  Tub  is  filling  ever, 
But  never  full  for  all  their  /nickeling. 

Silleenter,  Memorials  of  Mortalitte,  st.  23. 

2.  [In  allusion  to  the  rapid  motion  of  a  bucket 
in  a  well.]     To  move  fast.     [Slang.] 

He  sprang  into  the  saddle  smiling,  because  the  visit 
was  over,  and  bucketed  back  at  a  nana-gallop.  Dickens. 

U.  trans.  To  pour  water  upon  with  a  bucket. 

Wo  be  to  him  whose  head  is  bucketed  with  waters  of  a 
scalding  bath.  /;,..  Ilatket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  194. 

bucket-engine  (buk'et-en'jin),  n.  An  appli- 
cation of  Hie  principle  of  the  water-wheel,  con- 
sisting of  a  series  of  buckets  attached  to  an 
endless  chain  which  runs  over  a  pair  of  sprock- 
et-wheels, from  either  one  or  both  of  which 
power  may  be  obtained :  designed  to  utilize  a 
stream  of  water  which  has  a  considerable  fall, 
but  is  limited  in  quantity.  E.  H.  Knight. 

bucketful  (buk'et-ful),  n.  [<  bucket  +  -/«/.] 
As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 

bucket-lift  (buk'et-lift),  w.  In  macJt.,  a  set  of 
iron  pipes  attached  to  a  lifting-pump,  as  of  a 
mine. 

bucket-pitch  (buk'et-pich),  n.  In  an  overshot 
water-wheel,  a  circular  line  passing  through 
the  elbows  of  the  buckets. 

bucket-rod  (buk'et-rod),  ».  In  mach.,  one  of 
the  wooden  rods  to  which  the  piston  of  a  lift- 
ing-pump is  attached. 

bucket-shop  (buk'et-shop),  ».  An  establish- 
ment conducted  nominally  for  the  transaction 
of  a  stock-exchange  business,  or  a  business 
of  similar  character,  but  really  for  the  regis- 
tration of  bets  or  wagers,  usually  for  small 
amounts,  on  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  prices  of 
stocks,  grain,  oil,  etc.,  there  being  no  transfer 
or  delivery  of  the  stocks  or  commodities  nomi- 
nally dealt  in.  [U.  8.] 

1  l'ut>  '  ;md  "calls"  and  bttckrt  *A<»;>  u|>vratii>n8  are  gam- 
tiling  transactions.  ;md  should  IK-  trosited  accordingly. 

The  X,lli«n.  XXXVI.  364. 

bucket-valve  (bnk'et-valv),  «.     In  a  steam-en- 
gine, the  valve  on  the  top  of  the 
air-pump  bucket.    /•.'.  If.  Kiiiijht. 

bucket-wheel  (buk'et-hwel),  n. 
A  machine  for  raising  water, 
consisting  of  a  wheel  over  which 
passes  a  rope  or  chain  carry- 
in;;  a  series  of  buckets  which 
dip  into  the  well  and  discharge 
at  the  surface.  In  other  forms 
the  buckets  are  fixed  to  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel. 

buckeye  '(buk'i),  «.    [X  buck1,  a 
deer,  +  eye;  in  allusion  to  the 
45 


705 

appearance  of  the  naked  seed.]  1.  An  Ameri- 
can name  for  the  different  species  of  horse- 
chestnut,  ./•>(•«/«.•<,  native  to  the  United  States. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Fetid  Buckeye  (^sett/at 

a,  nut ;  f>.  dehiscing  fruit. 
(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S."> 

The  species  commonly  distinguished  are  the  sweet  buck- 
eye (./•.'.  /''/••(? ).  the  Ohio  or  fetid  buckeye  (./-.'.  tjlabrct),  and 
the  California  buckeye  (JB.  Californica).  The  wood  in 
white,  soft,  and  spongy,  and  furnishes  splints  for  basket*, 
etc. 

The  buckeye*  were  putting  forth  their  twisted  hortu  of 
blossom.  /(.  L.  Stevenson,  Silverado  Squatters,  p.  54. 

2.  An  inhabitant  of  Ohio,  which  is  often  called 
the  Buckeye  State,  from  the  great  number  of 
horse-chestnuts  in  it. —  8.  A  flat-bottomed 
centerboard  schooner  of  small  size  (3  to  15 


Baltimore  Buckeye. 

tons),  decked  over,  and  with  a  cabin  aft,  used 
in  oyster-fishing  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Also 
called  bugeye. 

The  buckeyes  .  .  .  are  an  exaggeration  of  the  dugout 
canoe.  .  .  .  The  primitive  builder  bored  two  holes,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  stem,  through  which  to  pay  out  his  cables. 
These  were  simply  two  round  holes,  bored  with  a  large 
auger,  and,  when  the  boat  was  coming  bead  on,  resembled 
to  the  fancy  of  the  negroes  the  eyes  of  a  buck. 

C.  P.  Kunhardt,  Small  Yachts,  p.  234. 

Spanish  buckeye,  tfngnadia  upecwsa,  a  tree  of  Texas 

and  Mexico  nearly  related  to  .Km-  liu. 
buck-eyed  (buk'id),  a.  Having  a  bad  or  speckled 

eye :  said  of  a  horse. 
buck-fever  (buk'fe'ver),  n.    Nervous  agitation 

of  a  hunter  upon  the  approach  of  deer  or  other 

large  game.     Also  called  buck-ague. 
buckflnch  (buk'finch),  «.     [Cf.  Dan.  bogfinkc.] 

A  name  for  the  chaffinch.  Fringilla  ceelebs. 
buckheading  (buk' hed'mg),  n.     Cutting  off 

live  hedge-thorns,  fence-height.  Grose.  [North. 

Eng.] 
buckhorn  (buk'hflrn),  n.    [=  ODan.  Dan.  bukkc- 

hnrn,  a  buck's  horn,  also  fenugreek.]     1.  The 

substance  of  the  horns  of  bucks  or  deer,  used 

in  making  knife-handles,  etc. — 2.  A  name  for 

the  club-moss,  Lycopodium  claratum.—  BuckHorn 

brake.     See  brake !>'. 

buckhorn-sight  (buk'hdrn-sit),  n.  A  rifle- 
sight  which  has  a  branching  projection  on 
each  side  of  the  sight-notch. 

buck-hound  (buk'hound),  n.  A  kind  of  hound, 
resembling  a  small  staghound,  used  for  hunting 
bucks. 

buckle,  bucky  (buk'i),  ».  [Sc.,  of  uncertain 
origin.  In  sense  1,  cf.  L.  buccinum,  prop. 
Inn-ilium,  a  shell-fish  used  in  dyeing  purple  (see 
/lucent  UIH);  also  OF.  bouquet,  "a  great  prawn" 
i( 'otgrave).]  1.  The  Scotch  name  for  marine 
univalve  shells  in  general,  as  whelks,  etc.: 


buckle 

especially    applied     til    the     red     whelk, 

ilinniix  aiitii/iiH.v.  iilsu  called  I  lie  ruarnig  , 

from  the  sound  heard  when  it  is  held  to  the 
ear. —  2.  A  perverse,  refractory  person;  a  mis- 
chievous madcap.  DeevU'a  or  dell's  buckle,  (a) 
A  (wrticlllar  >|M-I  ii-M  i.f  thai  kin>!  »t  -ti,  IU  r.-illcd  buckle*. 
('•>  Sunn-  ii-  '.".•<•..•.  •_'.  //.../.;. 

bucking1  (buk'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck1,  r.] 
act  of  copulating,  as  bucks  and  does. 

bucking-  (bilk'ing),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  Intel.-,  r.  ] 
A  vice  peculiar  to  the  horses  of  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  the  western  American  plains,  of  Spanish 

descent,  and  to  mules.      See  linrk",  r. 
bucking-  (buk'ing),  /'.  n.     [I'pr.  of  Imclft,  «.] 

(iiven  In  bucking;  addicted  to  the  practice  of 

bucking:  as,  a  burking  horse. 
bucking3  (buk'ing),  «'.      [Verbal  n.  of  hitrk'-1,  r. 

Also  written  boirkin//.']     The  act  or  process  of 

steeping  or  soaking  in  lye  or  caustic  soda,  as 

in  bleaching  cotton  thread,  etc. 

The  boiling  (also  called  "bowking"  or  "bucking")  with 
caustic  soda  solution  takes  place  in  targe  Iron  boiler*  or 
"klers." 

J.  J.  Uummd,  The  Dyeing  of  Textile  Fabrics,  p.  73. 

bucking4  (buk'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buck*,  «.] 
The  act  of  breaking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

Buckingham  lace.    See  lace. 

bucking-iron  (buk'ing-i'ern),  it.  In  mining,  a 
tool  for  bucking  or  pulverizing  ore. 

bucking-kier  (buk'mg-ker),  n.  A  large  circu- 
lar boiler  or  kier  used  in  bleaching. 

bucking-plate  (buk'ing-plat),  «.  In  mining, 
an  iron  plate  on  which  the  ores  are  placed  in 
the  process  of  bucking. 

bucking-stool  (buk'ing-stol),  n.  A  washing- 
block. 

buckish  (buk'ish),  a.  [<  buck1,  3,  +  -MA1.] 
Pertaining  to  a  buck  or  gay  young  fellow; 
foppish. 

buckishness(buk'ish-nes),  n.  Foppishness;  the 
quality  or  condition  of  a  buck. 

buckism  (buk'izm),  n.  [<  buck1,  3,  +  -ism.'] 
The  quality  of  being  a  buck ;  foppery. 

I  waa  once  a  delightful  auctioneer  —  my  present  trade  Is 
buckimn.  Morton,  Hecreta  worth  Knowing,  ili.  2. 

buck-jumper  (buk  '  jum  *  per),  n.  A  bucking 
horse  or  mule.  [U.  8.] 

When  they  found  that  he  sat  a  buck-jumper  as  if  the  an- 
imal symlmlized  the  arch-nend  himself,  they  took  him  to 
their  hearts. 

Arch.  Forbf*,  Souvenirs  of  some  Continents,  p.  66. 

buckle1  (buk'i),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buckled,  ppr. 
buckling.  [Prob.,  like  the  simple  form  DUCI&, 
of  LG.  origin;  cf.  MD.  buchelen,  buechelen, 
boeeJiflen  (for  "buckelcn,  etc. —  Kilian),  strive, 
tug  under  a  load,  =  G.  dial.  (Bav. )  refl.  aufbiick- 
cln,  raise  the  back,  as  a  cat  (lit.  buckle  one's 
self  up) ;  freq.  of  the  verb  repr.  by  buck'*.  Cf . 
MD.  adj.  boechel,  curved,  bent.  A  different 
word  from  buckle^,  r.,  though  confused  with  it 
in  some  senses.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  bend;  bow. 

Whose  fever-weaken'd  joints, 
Like  strengthless  hinges,  buckle  under  life. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  I.  1. 

Antonio  .  .  .  saw  the  Imards  burkl*  tinder  the  feet  of 
the  walker.  C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  vt  7. 

The  top-mast  studding-sail  Ixiom,  after  bticklintj  up  and 
springing  out  again  like  a  piece  of  whalebone,  broke  off  at 
the  boom-iron.  A  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  76. 

2.  To  curl ;  become  wrinkled ;  shrivel  up. 

Melted  and  buckkd  with  the  heat  of  the  Are  like  parch- 
ment /'••."."«,  Diary,  Kept.  :..  1666. 

3.  To  yield  assent ;  agree  :  with  tn :  as,  I  can't 
buckle  to  that.    [Colloq.]  — 4.  To  bend  to  some- 
thing; apply  one's  self  with  vigor;  engage  in 
with  zeal:  with  to:  as,  "go,  buckle  to  the  law," 
Dryden. —  6.  To  enterupon  some  labor  or  con- 
test; struggle;  contend:  with  icilli. 

The  bishop  was  as  able  and  ready  to  buckle  irith  the 
lord  protector,  as  he  was  »>'/<  him. 

Latimer.  2d  St-riii.  Ix'f.  F.dw.  VI.,  1649. 

Why  met  you  not  the  Tartar,  and  defied  him? 
Drew  your  dead-doing  sword,  and  buckled  <nih  him  f 
Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  IT.  5. 

To  buckle  in,  to  close  In ;  embrace  or  seize  the  body,  u 
in  a  scuffle.  [U-  S.] 

II.  trans.  To  bend ;  curl ;  shrivel  as  by  the 
application  of  heat. 

Like  a  bow  buckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  more  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 

ford  and  Dekkrr,  WiU-h  of  Edmonton,  IL  1. 

The  force  generated  in  these  plates  [accumulator!,  tend- 
ing to  buckle  them,  is  something  enormous,  and  no  ordinary 
separator  would  be  able  to  resist  this.  Science,  IV.  380. 

buckle1  (buk'i),  w.  [<  biirkli ',  r. :  usually  re- 
ferred to  buckle^,  n.  Cf.  Dan.  bukkel,  a  curl.] 

1.  A  bend,  bulge,  or  kink,  as  in  a  saw-blade. — 

2.  A  contorted  expression  of  the  face.    Church- 
ill.—  3f.  Any  curl  of  hair,  especially  a  long 


buckle 

curl  carefully  arranged,  and  turned  toward  the 
head,  worn  by  women  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury.—4f.  The  condition  of  being  curled,  as  of 
hair. 
He  lets  his  wig  lie  in  buckle  for  ;\  whole  half  year. 

Addition,  Spectator,  No.  129. 

buckle2  (buk'l),n.  [<ME.  boktc,  bokel,boele,etc., 
<  OF.  boclc,  buclc,  F.  boucle,  the  boss  of  a  shield, 
a  ring,  a  buckle,  =  Pr.  bocla,  bloca  =  OSp.  blucu 
=  MLG.  bokele  =  MD.  boeckel,  bockel  =  MHG. 
buckel,  boss  of  a  shield,  G.  bucket,  a  boss,  knob, 
hump,  <  ML.  bucula,  buccula,  a  beaver,  a  shield, 
the  boss  of  a  shield,  a  buckle,  L.  buccula,  a  bea- 
ver, a  little  cheek  or  mouth,  dim.  of  bucca, 
cheek:  see  bucca.'}  1.  A  clasp  consisting  of  a 
rectangular  or  curved  rim,  with  one  or  more 
movable  tongues  secured  to  the  chape  at  one 
side  or  in  the  middle,  and  long  enough  to  rest 
upon  the  opposite  side :  used  for  fastening  to- 
gether two  straps  or  belts  or  the  ends  of  the 
same  strap,  or  for  some  similar  purpose.  It  is 
sewed  or  otherwise  fastened  to  one  band  or  end,  and  the 
other  is  passed  through  it,  being  kept  from  slipping  by 
the  tongue  or  tongues.  Buckles  for  use  in  dress  have 
often  been  made  highly  ornamental,  especially  for  shoes. 
See  shoe-b  tickle. 

2.   In  her.,    same    as   arming-buckle. — 3.   An 
iron  loop  for  fastening  the  blade  to  the  frame 

of  a  wood-saw.^  TO  turn  the  buckle  of  the  belt 
behind,  to  prepare  to  join  in  close  fight. 
buckle^  (buk'l),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buckled,  ppr. 
bueklin;/.  [<  ME.  buclcn,  bokelen,  boclen,  buckle, 
stud,  <  OF.*bocl<r,  bonder,  F.  bonder,  buckle; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
buckle  or  buckles. — 2.  To  prepare  for  action 
of  any  kind  (a  metaphor  taken  from  buckling 
on  armor  previous  to  engaging  in  battle); 
hence,  to  set  vigorously  to  work  at  anything: 
with  a  reflexive  pronoun. 

The  Sarazin  .  .  .  him  buckled  to  the  field. 

Speiuer,  F.  Q.,  I.  vl.  41. 

Hereupon  Cartwright  buckled  himself  to  the  employ- 
ment. Fuller. 
3f.  To  join  in  battle. 
The  foot  .  .  .  were  buckled  with  them  in  front. 

Sir  J.  llayward. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit.     [Bare.] 

How  brief  tlie  life  of  man,  .  .  . 
That  the  stretching  of  a  span 
Buckles  in  his  sum  of  age. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2. 

5.  To    join    together;     unite    in   marriage. 
[Scotch.] 

Dr.  R.,  who  buckles  beggars  for  a  tester  and  a  dram  of 
Geneva.          i  Scott. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  marry. 
Good  silly  Stellio,  we  must  shortly  buckle. 

Mother  Bombie.    (Ilallm-ell.) 

buckle-beggar  (buk'l-beg"ar),  n.  [Sc.,  also 
buckle-the-beggars  ;  <  buckle2,  v.,  5,  +  obj.  beg- 
gar.] A  person  who  performs  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  in  a  clandestine  and  irregular  man- 
ner. Scott. 

buckled1  (buk'ld),jA  a.  [<  buckle*  +  -ed*.]  Not 
smooth  and  flat;  bent,  wavy,  or  wrinkled; 
having  the  appearance  of  having  been  crum- 
pled—  Buckled  plates,  iron  plates  used  as  a  foun- 
dation for  flooring  in  fire-proof  buildings,  in  place  of 
brick  arches.  Their  edges  have  a  flat  rim  called  a  fillet, 
and  the  middle  is  slightly  convex.  They  are  generally 
of  a  square  or  an  oblong  form,  and  rest  upon  iron  gir- 
ders with  the  convex  side  upward. 

buckled'2  (buk'ld),  p.  a.  [<  buckle^  +  -ecP.] 
1.  Fastened  with  a  buckle. — 2.  In  her.,  hav- 
ing a  buckle,  as  a  belt,  garter,  or  the  like. 

buckle-horns  (buk'l-hornz),  n.  pi.  Short 
crooked  horns  turning  horizontally  inward. 
Grose.  [North.  Eng.] 

buckle-mouthed!  (buk'l-moutht),  a.  Hav- 
ing large  straggling  teeth.  [North.  Eng.] 

buckler  (buk'ler),  n.     [<  ME.  bokeler,  bocler, 
etc.,  <  OF.  bocler,  bucler,  F.  bouclier  (=  Pr. 
bloquier  =  Sp.  Pg.  broquel  =  It.  brocchiere  = 
MLG.  bokeler  =  D.  beukelaar  =  MHG.  buckeler 
=  Icel.  buklari  =  ODan.  buckler,  buglere)  (ML. 
as  if  "buccularius),  a  shield,  <  bode,  the  boss  of 
a  shield:  see  buckle'*.]     1.  A  shield;  specifi- 


706 

cally,  a  small  shield  intended  to  parry  blows  or 
thrusts;  but  not  so  large  as  to  cover  the  body. 
The  buckler  of  the  middle  ages  in  western  Europe  was 
generally  round,  and  rarely  more  than  two  feet  in  diam- 
eter, eighteen  inches,  or  even  less,  being  a  more  common 
size.  It  was  generally  grasped  by  the  hand  only,  and  held 
at  arm's-length,  and  in  combat  was  interposed  to  receive 
the  blow  of  a  sword,  like  the  dagger  which  was  held  for 
this  purpose  in  the  left  hand  in  later  times.  See  filiielil. 
2.  Naut.,  a  piece  of  wood  fitted  to  stop  the 
hawse-holes  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
coming  in,  or  to  stop  the  circular  hole  in  a  port- 
lid  when  the  gun  is  run  in.  Hawse-bucklers 
are  now  made  of  iron. — 3.  The  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  carapace  or  shell  of  a  trilobite. — 
4.  A  plate  on  the  body  or  head  of  a  fish ;  espe- 
cially, a  plate  in  front  of  the  dorsal  fin  in  va- 
rious catfishes,  or  Nematognathi. — 5.  A  stage 
of  the  molting  American  blue  crab,  Callinectes 
hastatus,  when  the  shell  has  become  nearly 
hard. —  6.  A  piece  of  beef  cut  off  from  the  sir- 
loin—  Blind  buckler.  See  blindl. 
buckler  (buk'ler),  v.  t.  [<  buckler,  n.]  To  be 
a  buckler  or  shield  to ;  support ;  defend. 

They  shall  not  touch  thee,  Kate  : 
I'll  buckler  thee  against  a  million. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

buckler-fern  (buk'ler-fern),  n.  A  name  of  spe- 
cies of  Aspidium,  especially  of  the  section  Lais- 
trea,  which  are  distinguished  by  free  veins  and 
round,  reniform  indusia. 

buckler-fish  (buk'ler-fish),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
genus  Cephalaspis. 

buckler-headed  (buk'ler-hed"ed),  a.  Having 
a  head  like  a  buckler.  Lyell. 

buckling  (buk'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buckle^, 
».]  The  act  of  bending;  tendency  to  bend  or 
become  wavy. 

The  thinness  of  the  blade  [of  the  hand-saw]  requires 
that  it  should  be  made  wide  to  give  it  sufficient  stiffness 
to  resist  buckling.  Morgan,  Manual  of  Mining  Tools,  p.  114. 

buckling-comb  (buk'ling-kom),  n.  A  small 
comb  used  to  secure  the  curls  called  buckles 
worn  by  women. 

buck-log  (buk'log),  n.  [<  buckT,  beech  (as  in 
buck-mast,  buckwheat),  +  log."]  A  beech  log. 

A  brutal  cold  country  .  .  .  to  camp  out  in  ;  never  a  buck- 
log  to  his  nre,  no,  nor  a  stick  thicker  than  your  finger  for 
seven  mile  round.  //.  Kingsley,  Geoffry  Hamlyn,  v. 

buck-mackerel  (buk'mak"e-rel),  ».  A  name 
about  Banff,  Scotland,  of  the  scad,  Trachurus 
trachurus. 

buck-mastt  (buk'mast),  n.  [<  ME.  bukmast  (= 
MLG.  bokmast),  <  buk  for  *bok,  beech  (see 
buckT,  beech*),  +  mast?.  Cf.  buckwheat.]  The 
mast  or  fruit  of  the  beech-tree;  beech-mast 
(which  see). 

The  bores  fedynge  is  propreliche  ycleped  akyr  [acornl  of 
ookys  beryuge,  and  bukmaxt.  MS.  Kodl.,  p.  546.  (Ilalliu'ell.) 

buck-moth  (buk'm6th),  «.  A  name  given  to  a 
delicate  crape-winged  moth,  Hemileuca  maia 
(Drury),  of  the  family  Hornbyc'idie :  so  called,  it 


Exterior.  Interior. 

Buckler,  beginning  of  i6th  century. 

it  at  the  girdle.    (From  Viollet-le- 
lobilierfrancais.") 


The  hook  is  intended  for  ban 
Due's  "Diet. 


Male  Buck -moth  (Hentileuca  maia}  and  Eggs,  natural  size. 

is  said,  on  account  of  its  flying  late  in  the  fall, 
when  the  deer  run.  The  larva?  feed  on  the  oak  and 
willow,  and  tile  eggs  are  laid  in  naked  rings  around  their 
twigs. 

buckpot(buk'pot),  n.  [SeebuckS.]  A  cooking- 
pot  made  in  British  Guiana  from  a  peculiar  local 
clay.  It  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  necessary  for  the 
proper  making  of  the  dish  called  pepper-pot  (which  see). 

buckra  (buk'ra),  n.  and  a.  [In  the  southern 
United  States  also  bockra.  Said  to  mean,  on 
the  Calabar  coast  in  western  Africa,  a  power- 
ful and  superior  being,  a  demon.  J.  L.  Wilson.'] 
I.  n.  A  white  man:  used  by  the  blacks  of  the 
African  coast,  the  West  Indies,  and  the  south- 
ern United  States. 

II.  «.  White:  as,  buckra  yam,  white  yam. 
[Negroes'  English.] 


buckskin 

buckram  (buk'ram),  M.  andfl.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  buckeram,  <  ME.  bokcram,  bockrom,  once 
baugercn  (=  MD.  bockerael),  <  OF.  boqueran, 
boucaran,  boquerant,  bouqueran,  bouqucrrant, 
bougucrant,  boughcran,  bourgrain,  bougrain,  F. 
bougran  =  Pr.  bocaran,  boqueran  =  Cat.  bocaran 
=  Sp.  bucaran,  bocaran  =  It.  Intcherame;  MLG. 
bukram  =  MHG.  buckeram,  buggeram;  ML. 
boqueraunus,  buckram.  Origin  unknown;  by 
some  conjecturally  referred  to  ML.  boqucna, 

f  oat's  skin  (cf.  botjuinus,  of  a  goat),  <  OF.  boc, 
MHG.  boc,  G.  bock  =  E.  buck1 ;  by  others  sup- 
posed to  be  a  transposition  of  F.  bouracan,  bar- 
racan: see  barracan.]  I.  n.  1.  Formerly,  a  fine 
and  costly  material  used  for  church  banners 
and  vestments  and  for  personal  wear;  also,  a 
cheaper  material  used  for  linings. 

Fine  linen,  of  that  kind  by  the  older  ecclesiastical  writ- 
ers called  "byssus,"  which,  during  the  middle  ages,  was 
known  here  in  England  under  the  name  of  "buckram." 
Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  104. 

2.  In  recent  times,  coarse  linen  cloth  stiffened 
with  glue  or  gum,  used  as  a  stiffening  for  keep- 
ing garments  in  a  required  shape,  and  recently 
also  in  binding  books. — 3f.   A  buckram  bag 
used  by  lawyers'  clerks. 

Lean.  Alas,  I  was  brought  up 

Ama.  To  be  an  ass, 

A  lawyer's  ass,  to  carry  books  and  buckrams ! 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  7. 
How  he  is  metamorphos'd ! 
Nothing  of  lawyer  left,  not  a  bit  of  buckram, 
No  soliciting  face  now. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  2. 

4.  The  ramson  or  bear's-garlic,  Allium  ursinum. 
— 5.  In  the  old  herbals,  the  cuckoo-pint,  Arum 
maeulatum. 

II.  a.  Made  of  or  resembling  buckram  of 
either  kind ;  hence,  stiff ;  precise  ;  formal. 

Two  rogues  in  buckram  suits.     Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Buckram  scribe.  Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate. 

A  black  buckram  cassock  was  gathered  at  his  middle 
with  a  belt,  at  which  hung,  instead  of  knife  or  weapon,  a 
goodly  leathern  pen-and-ink  case.  Scott,  Kenilworth,  I.  ix. 
[Used  as  a  general  term  of  contempt. 

Ah,  thou  say,  thou  serge,  nay,  thou  buckram  lord ! 

Shak.,  •>  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7.] 

buckram  (buk'ram),  v.  t.  [<  buckram,  n.]  To 
strengthen  with  buckram,  or  in  the  manner  of 
buckram ;  make  stiff.  Camper,  Task,  vi.  652. 

Natural  good  taste,  and  still  more  his  buckramed  habit 
of  clerical  decorum,  .  .  .  carried  him  safely  through  the 
.  .  .  crisis.  Hauihortie,  Scarlet  Letter,  xx. 

buck-saw  (buk'sa),  n.  A  saw  set  in  an  upright 
frame  or  bow,  and  used  with  both  hands  in 
cutting  wood  on  a  support  called  a  buck.  [U.  S. 
and  Canada.] 

buck's-beard  (buks '  berd),  n.  A  herbaceous 
perennial  plant,  Tragopogon  pratensis,  more 
usually  called  goafs-beard,  from  its  long, 
coarse,  tawny  pappus. 

buckshish,  bucksheesh  (buk'shesh),  «.  Same 
as  bakshish. 

buck's-horn  (buks'horn),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  plants  on  account  of  their  forked 
leaves,  as  the  Plantago  Coronoptis  (also  called 
buck's-horn  plantain},  the  Senebiera  Corono- 
l»is,  and  the  South  African  Lobelia  coronopi- 
folia. 

buck-shot  (buk'shot),  n.  A  large  size  of  shot, 
so  named  from  its  use  in  killing  deer Buck- 
shot war,  in  U.  S.  hint.,  a  contest  in  the  Pennsylvania 
House  of  Representatives,  accompanied  by  mobs  and 
other  violent  demonstrations,  in  December,  1H.S8,  be- 
tween two  rival  organizations,  the  one  composed  of 
Whigs,  the  other  of  Democrats,  each  of  which  claimed 
to  be  the  true  House.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
reported  threat  of  a  Whig  member  that  the  mob 
should  feel  ball  and  buck-shot  before  the  day  was 
over. 

buckskin  (buk'skin),  ».  and  a.  [<  buck!  + 
skin;  =  Icel.  bukkaskinn  =  Dan.  bukkcskind.] 
I.n.l.  The  skin  of  a  buck.—  2.  A  kind  of  soft 
leather  of  a  yellowish  or  grayish  color,  made 
originally  by  treating  deerskins  in  a  peculiar 
way,  but  now  usually  prepared  from  sheepskins. 
In  its  preparation  a  great  deal  of  manipulation  is  required, 
the  softness  which  is  its  chief  characteristic  being  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  either  oil  or  brains  in  dressing  it.  It 
was  formerly  used  for  clothing,  as  by  American  Indians, 
frontiersmen,  and  soldiers,  but  is  now  used  principally  for 
thick  gloves. 

3.  pi.  Breeches  made  of  buckskin. 

A  very  stout,  puffy  man  in  buckskin*  and  Hessian  boots. 

4.  A  person  clothed   in  buckskin :  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  American  troops  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War. —  5.    A  horse  of  the  color  of 
buckskin.     [Western  U.  S.] 

II.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  buckskin. — 2. 
Of  the  color  of  buckskin:  used  of  a  horse. 
[Western  U.  S.] 


bucksome 

bucksomet,  a.    An  obsolete  spelling  nf  bujrom. 
buck-Stall  (buk'stal),  n.     A  toil  or  net  to  take 

ilriT.       (I  .  lii'nmn. 

Bucktail  (bnk'tal),  «.  A  name  originally  given 
to  the  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  iii  New- 
York  I'ily,  but  about  ISlT-lKi  extended  in  its 
application  to  ineiiiliers  of  thai  1'aclion  of  1li<- 
Democratic-  Republican  pan  y  in  I  he  State  which 
opposed  l)e  Witt  (  'lintoii. 

llelter  siiei  -i  •>-,  ill  i  oiMitulional  reform  was  iittniin-il  in 
N'  u  \urk,  ill  spite  <>l  ail  ilirr^MUit  liinnnll  lietureii  tin 
I  'litit"tii:in>  .1111]  thr  ;int!  <  'lilitonian-  '  or  Tain 

many  .....  n,  in  they    u  .  n    r;ill.il      all  ..(  whom  professed 
the  re|iiihllr:in  i  rrril  uI  I  ln<  nation. 

.SV/i.ili/,-,-.    Hi,t.    I    .  S..    111.  l!i7. 

buckthorn  (buk'thorn),  n.  [<  bnrl,-i  +  Ilinni. 
Ac-cording  to  some,  a  mistaken  rendering  of 

the  (i.  hu.filiini,  a   tiaiislalion  of  the  (ir.  nvgii- 


707 

white  flowers  and  wing-angled  fruit,  a  native 
ul  (  ienrgiii  and  the  (  Jnlf  States.  Also  called  liti 
ami  ii'iiiiifniiil. 

bucnemia   (buk-ne'nii-ii),  ii.     [NL.,  <  (ir. 
ox,    +  M'//»//.   the  leg.  |     A    disease  of  the  leg 
dislingiiis-  nit-,  dilTiise,  inflammatory 

•welling. 

bucolic  (liii-kol'ik),  ii.  ami  n.  [<  L.  bucolicus, 
<  (ir.  frirMi/iKoi,  rustic,  pastoral,  <  /'fcnwtf/or,  a 
cowlienl.  herdsman,  <  <oi  c.  an  ox  (see  Bos),  + 
-no/'*;,  perhaps  for  -nu/.ur,  as  in  oin-ci/of,  a  goat- 
herd, <  m'/tn;  move,  -i'/raOai,  be;  otherwise 
connected  with  A////I.  ii  ra  .....  horse,  L.  celer, 
swift,  Skt.  ^  kill,  drive.]  I.  a.  1.  Pastoral; 
relating  to  country  alTaira,  or  to  a  shepherd's 
life  and  occupation  :  as,  bucolic  song. 

••lljhis,"  the  GClvliratrd  thirteenth  idvl  of  Theocritus, 

is  not  a  '>".-<'/>'•  IMI,  MI.  lint  classified  an  narrative  or 


Buddhism 

nently  attuched  to  the  parent  nrganiiim,  and 
Bomefiincs  U-coninit:  .Ictached;  an  incipient 
/.oiiiil.  or  bud-like  hr^'inning  of  a  new  in<liviil- 
ual  in  a  eonipoiind  aniiiinl.  S«-e  cut  under  I'nm- 
//iiniilin-iii.  —  6.  In  ..'Kil.  ami  mini.,  a  part  or  or- 
gan like  or  likened  to  a  bud:  a»,  a  tin-til. •  Inul : 
a  gustatory  Inul.  —  7.  A  weaned  calf  of  the  first 
year.  Hull  i  in  u.  [I'rov.  Kim.  | — 8.  A  young 
lady  just  ••come  out"  in  society.  [Slimy;.]  Ac- 
CeBSOry  bUdS,  ''"'I-  KU|>|ilcnientary  to  the  nollnally  will 
i.u\  :iullar>  )iud.  either  at  itit  title  or  aliove  it. —  Adven- 
titious buds,  such  bndrt  us  arc  |.r.>.ln  ilyand 
iiitlniiit  order  from  any  |«rt  of  the  8t4-m  or  root,,  or  from 
leaves.  Blind  bud.  see  Mm,/ 1.  Bud-variation,  '" 

the  ontL'i-owth  of  a  bud,  the  deviation  in  an)  res)n-et  from 
the  ordinary  growth  of  the  plant,  producing  what  Is 


the  oiitu'i-owth  of  a  bud.  the  deviation  in  any  respect  from 
plant,    producing  what  Is 
commonly  known  as  a  sport.     Many  remarkable  \  u 


Ktivtta    'hfixthorn  'of  I  >ioscoridc><  1     1     The  nnn        •  •  •  •  not  kMWMM  poem,  lint  claiwineil  as  narrative  or 
Kama,    r  1111,0  Its.J    1.   inepop-     1H.I11|.t.|,,l.  ,„  character,  yet  exhihiu  many  touches  of  the 

ular  name  oi  species  ol    lJ,,i,,,nmt  (  which  see).      /„„,,/,,  ,w,.etness.  .M,,/,,,,I,,.  \  i,  t.  r,,eU,  p.  til. 


Tin  riiiiimi.n  buckthorn  is  li.  fiitliarticttx  ;  the  thi  i  - 
buckthorn,  /i.  /n/.  v/o,  •/</-.-  Hi..  alder  liuekthorn,  li.  l''rn/i- 
inda,  or  In  tht*  United  states  /.'.  ('"«'•'•.••'  •,-..•.  and  the 
Silterian  Imektlioi  n,  or  redwood,  /.'.  o7///nv..ri//'/*i. 

2.  A  local  English  name  of  the  haddock  :  chiefly 

applied  to  dried  haddock.    Day.  -  Jamaica  buck- 

thorn, the  Cherokee  rose  (Itona  knigota),  used  fur  hcd«i  •». 

Sea-buckthorn,  "f  tlic  coasts  <>t  r.nrn|>c.  the  //i>/». 

!•!,:!•  rluannmda,  natural  order  1:7,  i  •././„,;,  •,,,•.  Southern 
buckthorn,  <><  the  southern  I  nitcd  States,  a  small  supn 

taccous  tree.  /.'iiiiie/i'n  /./,-/.,  „  /,-.<.     Texas  buckthorn,  a 

small  tlii'i-nv  shrno  ol  a  ^ums  allied  In  RtaflMMM 

buck-tooth  (Inik'toth),  i/.  [<  buck  (uncertain: 
perhaps  hiicl.  i  ;  cf.  M  K.  i/nl-lntlii  il,  goat-toothed) 
+  lnoth.]  Any  tooth  that  juts  out  beyond  the 
rest. 

His  jaw  was  underhuiiK,  anil  when  he  laiiKheit  twn 
white  Int'-k-teeth  prutrnded  themselves,  and  glistened  sav- 
agely in  sjilte  of  the  grin.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bucku,  n.     See  buchu. 

buck-wagon  (buk'wag'on),  H.  [In  South  Afri- 
can D.  bokicni/ni  (in  def.  1),  appar.  <  bok,  =  E. 
buck1,  a  goat,  +  irni/c/i  =  E.  iriiijon.  Cf.  /<«<•/,•- 
board.]  1.  A  transport-wagon  with  strong  pro- 
jecting framework  extending  over  the  wheels  in 
order  to  carry  heavy  loads,  used  in  South  Africa. 
—  2.  Same  as  burklxmrd. 

buckwash  (buk'wosh),  i'.  t.  To  wash  in  lye  or 
buck;  cleanse  by  bucking. 

buckwashing  (buk'wosh  'ing),  H.  [Verbal  n. 
of  bucku'anh,  r.]  The  act  of  washing  linen,  etc. 

Ftird.    How  now?  whither  bear  yon  this? 
Sere.     To  the  laundress,  forsooth. 

Mn.  F.  Why,  what  have  yon  to  do  whither  they  bear 
It?  You  were  best  meddle  with  t«tck-ira*liing. 

tfliak..  M.  \V.  of  W.,  1U.  3. 

buckweedt  (buk'wed),  n.     A  kind  of  herb.     E. 

riiillil>«,  1706. 

buckwheat  (buk'h  wet),  n.  [A  Sc.  and  North.  E. 
form  (=  I),  borkirrit  =  MLG.  bokicc'e  =  G.  buch- 
HV/.-CH  =  Dan.  boi/hmlc),  <  buck'!,  beech,  +  wheat. 
Cf.  buck-mast.  It  receives  its  name  from  the  re- 
semblance of  its  triangular  fruit  to  beechnuts. 
The  NL.  name  I-''i</<>/>i/n»ii  is  a  translation  of 
the  E.  name.]  1.  The  common  name  of  Fiigo- 
ixftitcntuiH,  natural  order  /Wi///»««mr. 
and  of  its  seeds. 
It  is  n  native  of  cen- 
tral Asia,  an  annual  of 
easy  culture,  Knitting 
on  the  poorest  soils; 
ami  tlioiinh  the  ^rain 
is  los  nntritiotu  than 
that  of  most  cereals, 
it  is  used  t<>  a  con- 
siderable extent  for 
food  ti'i-  both  men  and 
animals.  The  chief 
nse  of  its  flour  in  the 
United  States  Is  in 
the  generally  popular 
form  of  buckwheat 
paneake  .  i  li 

dian  huckwlieat  (/'. 
7'fM.Vi-iOH)  is  of  in- 
ferior quality  anil  is 
less  cultivated. 
2.  In  the  West  In- 
dies, Ann-ill  rn 
xcintdi'iix.  natural 
order  r/«Ho/»><i/i/- 
i-ni'.  an  annual 
climbing  plant  of 


2.  Agricultural:   used  humorously  or  in  dis- 
paragement.   Bucolic  cesura,  bucolic  dieresls.  s, 

'.=SyH,  ra*torat,  Jttmnr,  et<-.     See  mm/. 

II.  n.  [<  L.  liiifiilii'iiiii,  pi.  bucolica,  neut.  of 
liin-<ilii-i<s:  see  I.]  1.  A  pastoral  poem,  repre- 
senting rural  affairs,  or  the  life,  manners,  and 
occupation  of  shepherds:  as,  the  bucolics  of 
Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

The  first  modern  Latin  /"/••>.//.•*  arc  those  of  Petrarch. 
T.  H'artnn,  Hist.  Rag.  Poetry,  f  28. 

2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.     [Rare.] 

Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  English 
Imculic.  T.  Warlun,  Hist.  Bug.  Poetry,  i  40. 

3.  A  countryman  ;  a  fanner:  used  humorously 
or  in  depreciation. 

bucolical  (bu-kol'i-kal),  a.    Same  as  bucolic. 

Bucorvus  (bu-kor'vus).  H.  [NL.,  </?«(cm>«)  + 
Curi-int.']  A  genus  of  hornbills,  family  Bucero- 
liiln;  based  upon  li.  abi/tiifinicus,  an  African  spe- 
cies, the  ground-honibill,  notably  different  from 
the  others  in  its  terrestrial  habits. 

bucrane  (bu'kran),  n.     Same  as  bucranium. 

An  immense  Roman  sarcophagus  of  oriental  granite, 
with  masks  carved  upon  Its  lid  anil  festooned  bMnMU 
upon  its  sides. 

C.  C.  1'erkin*,  Italian  sculpture,  Int.,  p.  liv. 

bucranium(bu-kra'ni-um),  M.  ;  pi.  bitcrania  (-a). 
[In  sense  1,  NL.  ;  in  sense  2,  L.L.,  a  certain 
plant;  <  Gr.  /totwpeiwor,  an  ox-head,  a  kind  of 
bryony,  <  /Joff?  ox,  +  upaviov,  skull,  cranium.] 


in  c'ldtivated  plants  arise  in  this  way,  ami  are  pcrpetn 
iy  any  of  the  prin  es«e»  of  propmrati.  m  b>  means  of 
iiUiU  Common  bud.  see  common.-  Embryo  buds. 
See  ruibi-yo.  Gustatory  bud».  See  tatte-bud.—to  nip 
In  the  bud.  >••!•  »•'/•. 

bud1  (bud),  r.  ;  pret.  aud  pp.  butldetl,  ppr.  Innl- 
iliiii/.  [<  ME.  btultU'H  =  I),  bolten  ;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  li'iniK.  1.  To  ingraft  a  bud  of  or 
on,  as  of  one  plant  on  the  stem  of  another  : 
as,  to  /mil  a  garden  rose  on  a  brier,  or  a  brier 
witli  a  garden  rose.  See  huddling,  ».,  3.  —  2. 
To  put  forth  by  or  as  if  by  the  natural  process 
of  budding. 

From  your  swelling  downs,  .  .  .  where  prickly  furze 
//in/«  lavish  gold.  Krat*,  Endymlon,  I. 

II.  intrunx.  1.  To  put  forth  or  produce  budg  ; 
be  in  bud.  —  2.  To  be  in  the  condition  of  a  bud  ; 
sprout  ;  begin  to  grow  or  to  issue  from  a  stock 
in  the  manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  horn.  —  3.  Figu- 
ratively, to  b«  in  an  early  stage  of  development. 
—  4.  To  eat  buds:  said  of  birds.  [U.  8.] 

Last  night  I  saw  a  nnmlier  of  grouse  bvddina  upon  a 
neighltoring  apple  tree.  Fortlt  and  Stream,  XX\  III.  131. 

Budding  fungi,  fungi  which  grow  and  reproduce  by 
budding;  chiefly,  the  yeast-fungi. 

bud2  (bud),  H.  [A  reduction  of  brother;  cf. 
bub*.']  A  familiar  term  for  brother.  [South- 
ern if.  8.] 

bud:tt  (bud),  H.  [Appar.  a  var.  of  bode,  an  offer, 
ult.  <  AS.  bcodan,  pp.  boden,  offer:  see  bode1, 
bode'*,  bid.]  A  gift,  especially  one  meant  as  a 
bribe.  Acts  Janu-s  I.  (Jamieson.)  [Scotch.] 

bud3*,  v.  t.  [Sc.,  also  budd;  <  bud?,  n.]  To 
endeavor  to  gain  by  gifts  ;  bribe. 

bud4  (bud).  Same  as  bood,  preterit  and  past 
participle  of  behoore.  [Scotch.] 

bud-cell  (bud'sel),  n.  In  bot.,  a  lateral  cell 
produced  upon  the  proembryo  of  some  of  the 
higher  cryptogams,  as  in  the  Characetc,  from 
which  the  perfect  plant  is  developed.  Some- 
times called  the  bud-rudiment. 

budded  (bud'ed),  ]>.  a.    In  her.,  same  as  bottony. 

Buddha  (b8'da),  n.  [Skt.,  lit.  'the  Enlight- 
ened,' pp.  (for  "budhta)  of  •/  budh  for  'bhudh, 
be  awake,  come  to  consciousness,  notice,  un- 
derstand, etc.,  =  Gr.  \/  *iritf  for  *0itf  in  Kv 


A, hi 


\  frieze  of  Temple  of  Vespasian,  Rome ;  R.  from  a  Roman 
altar. 


o,  flower  ;*,ov.iry;f,  fruit ;  rf,  icctiuu  „(    HO   importance. - 

same,  shi.wn.i:  Buckwheat  coal,  iii 

the  anthraeite  reL'inii 

<if  I'ennsylvaniii.  the  smallest  si/e  of  eoal  sent  to  market. 
It  i~  -ulli.  irntl>  -tnall  to  |iass  tliiMULrh  a  lialf  ineh  inesti. 

False  buckwheat,  some  eiimbin-  ~|ie,.j,-s  ,,f  /•,,,i/.,,,iiin,i. 

as  P.  -In u>,-ti:i-ii,,i  or  /'.  .«;ni<t-'ii«.  \\ith  the  lar-e  triaimn- 

lar  set-u  ot  ; ••,!  i,,,airnM.    wild  buckwheat,  of  c.iii 

tornia.  a  sjieeies  ol    I'.fin  inniiiit.  I'.   t'iiKrirn[<itntn,  nearl\ 
related  lo  /'•./-/  inn'nn  and  with  similar  seeds. 

buckwheat-tree  <  buk'h  wet 'tre  .  •,    The  ciif- 

tnniii  iii'ii/n  or  r.  lii/ii.iti-iiiu.  natural  order  l'i/ril- 
liu:<a;  a  small  evergreen,  with  showy  fragrant 


1.  In  art,  the  skull  of  an  ox:  an  ornament 
often  sculptured,  frequently  with  adornment  of 
wreaths  or  other  decoration,  on  the  frieze  of  the 
entablature  in  the  Roman  lortic  and  Corinthian 
orders  of  architecture,  and  also  in  other  situa- 
tions.—  2.  The  herb  calfs-snout.  Kerttey,  1708. 
bud1  (bud),  «.  [<  late  ME.  buddc  =  D.  but,  a 
bud  ;  prob.  due  to  OF.  baton,  F.  bouloii,  a  bud, 
a  button:  see  button  and  butt1.]  1.  In  plants, 
the  undeveloped  germ-state  of  a  stem  or  branch, 
consisting  of  a  growing  point  inclosed  by  close- 
ly appressed  rudimentary  leaves,  in  winter  buds 
are  usually  protected  by  an  outside  covering  of  scales, 
often  pubescent  or  resinous,  which  fall  off  ii]inii  the  swell- 
ing of  the  bud  in  sprint'.  Besides  foliage,  the  bud  may  also 
eontain  the  rudimentary  intloreseeiice.  Bulbs  and  linlb- 
Icts  are  forms  of  leaf-buds.  Flower-buds  are  uneipanded 
blossoms. 

Souicr  toward  whan  btultltt*  first  appeere. 
Lyd:/atf,  Minor  Poems  (ad.  Ilalliwell,  1H40),  p.  217. 

2f.  In  arch.,  an  ornamental  boss  or  button. 

The  roffys  [roofs]  garnyshed  with  sarsnettya  and  buddtit 
of  golde.  Arnold'*  Chnm.  (1S02),  p.  li. 

3.  The  state  of  budding  or  putting  forth  buds : 
as,  the  trees  are  in  hurt. — 4.  In  some  cryptog- 
amous  plants,  especially  some  Hepaticm,  one 
of  the  bodies  formed  asexually  which  become 
detached  and  reproduce  the  plant;  in  the  ])ln- 
ral,  same  as  </e»i w«'.  See,  i/t:/iiiiin. —  5.  A  promi- 
nence on  or  in  certain  animals  of  low  organiza- 
tioii,  us  pnlyjis.  which  becomi'x  devi'loped  into 
an  independent  individual,  sometimes  penna- 


find  out,  jprob.  =  AS.  Iteodan  (pp.  boden),  an- 
nounce, offer.  E.  bid:  see  bid.]  1.  An  epithet, 
meaning  the  Wise  or  Enlightened  One,  applied 
to  the  historical  founder  of  Buddhism  (accord- 
ing to  some  in  the  eleventh  century  B.  c.,  but 
more  probably  in  the  sixth  century),  regarded 
by  the  Buddhists  as  the  fourth  in  a  series  of  five 
messianic  Buddhas.  He  was  an  Indian  prince  of  the 
Sakya  tribe,  and  hence  called  Sakyamnni  (the  Sakya  sage), 
the  name  preferred  in  China  and  Japan.  His  original 
name  was  siddartha  (literally,  "the  realization  of  all  the 
meanings,"  that  is,  of  the  i>ort«nU  at  his  birth):  that 
most  used  in  Burma,  Ceylon,  etc.,  is  Gautama  or  (iotama 
(literally,  "  most  victorious  "X  the  sacerdotal  name  of  the 
Sakya  tribe. 

2.  [/.  c.]  One  who  attains  to  perfect  enlighten- 
ment such  as  that  ascribed  to  the  founder  of 
Buddhism,  and  devotes  his  powers  to  the  salva- 
tion of  mankind. 

Sometimes  also  Boodh,  Boodha. 
Tree  of  Buddha,  the  i»i  -ticc. 

buddhahood  (bo  'da  -hud),  «.  [<  buddha  + 
-hood.]  The  state  or  condition  of  a  buddha. 
See  Buddha  and  liuddhism. 

buddhaship  (bo  'da  -ship),  M.  [<  buddha  + 
-ship.]  The  condition  of  one  who  has  attained 
enlightenment  and  become  a  buddha.  See  Bud- 
dha and  liuddhixui. 

Buddhism  (bii'dizm),  H.  [<  Buddha  +  -ittm  ;  = 
I'.  Hinidhixmf.]  The  religious  system  founded 
by  Buddha,  or  the  Buddha,  in  India.  lu  essential 
principles.  In  so  far  as  they  can  be  reduced  to  an  Oeei- 
dental  form  of  thought,  are,  that  man  is  under  the  opera- 
tion of  certain  inflexible  luws,  from  whieh  there  is  neither 
escape  nordeliveranee  ;  existenee  under  them  is  an  evil; 
priestly  rites  and  sacrifices  are  unavailing  :  death  is  no 
escape,  but  only  a  transmigration  to  another  form  of  ex- 
:  obeduoo*  to  the  moral  laws  —  the  practice  of 
charity,  temperance,  justice,  honesty,  truth  insure*  a 
sojourn  in  heaven,  followed  by  a  higher  existence  on  the 


Buddhism 

earth  ;  disobedience  insures  a  punishment  in  some  of  the 
innumerable  hot  and  cold  hells  (see  t/araka),  situated  in 
tin1  interior  of  the  earth  or  on  its  furthest  verge,  follow- 
ed by  a  lower  state  of  existence  on  i-arth  ;  the  supreme  fe- 
licity to  be  attained  by  perfect  obedience  is  the  suppres- 
sion of  every  passion  and  desire,  and  eventually  \irvana,  or 
unconscious  existence,  if  indeed  Nirvana  be  not  annihila- 
tion. In  its  original  spirit  agnostic,  if  not  atheistic,  it  has 
become  modified  in  time,  and  now  has  its  rites  and  tem- 
ples, which  vary  in  different  nationalities  and  localities. 
From  India  Buddhism  spread  over  Ceylon,  Java,  Cochin- 
China,  Burma,  Tibet,  Mongolia,  Tatary,  China,  and  Japan, 
but  was  stamped  out  in  India  by  the  rise  of  Hinduism. 
Also  spelled  MoodhtHHi. 

Buddhist  (bo'dist),  n.  and  a.  [<  Buddha  + 
-M;  =  F.  Boudhiste.]  I.  n.  One  who  pro- 
fesses Buddhism;  a  follower  of  the  religious 
system  founded  by  Buddha. 

II.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Buddha  or  Bud- 
dhism— Buddhist  architecture,  the  oldest  and  most 
characteristic  native  style  of  Indian  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tecture, the  earliest  specimens  dating  from  250  B.  c., 
and  prevailing  wherever  Buddhism  has  been  established. 
Buddhist  architectural  monuments  may  be  classed  in  five 
groups :  (a)  Stambhas  or  lats,  pillars  bearing  inscriptions 
on  their  shafts,  with  emblems  or  animals  on  their  capi- 
tals, (b)  Stupas  or  topes,  large  towers,  some  built  in  the 
form  of  a  hemisphere,  others  partly  cylindrical  and  fin- 
ished at  the  top  with  either  a  flat  circle  or  a  pointed 
dome-like  terminal.  The  topes  were  erected  in  honor  of 
some  sacred  event  or  place,  and  arc  sometimes  employed 
to  contain  relicsof  Buddha  or  of  a  saint.  In  the  latter  case 
the  tope  is  called  a  dagoba.  (c)  Bails,  formed  of  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars,  built  around  topes,  temples,  and  other 
sacred  objects,  (rf)  Chaitya  halls,  cut  out  of  the  living 


Buddhist  Architecture.— Interior  of  Chaitya  Hall  at  Karli. 

rock,  and  corresponding  closely  in  plan  with  Christian 
churches.  The  positions  of  the  altar  or  relic-casket,  aisles, 
and  apse  are  frequently  the  same  in  both,  (e)  Viharas,  or 
monasteries,  originally  built  of  red  sandal-wood,  but  in  ex- 
ceptional circumstances  excavated  from  the  solid  rock, 
with  halls  having  their  ceilings  supported  by  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars  cut  from  the  natural  rock,  and  surround- 
ed by  a  number  of  small  sleeping-cells.  A  characteristic  of 
the  Buddhist  style  is  the  pseudo-arch,  formed  by  courses 
of  stones  each  overlapping  that  below  it,  till  the  two  sides 
approach  so  closely  that  the  opening  at  the  top  can  be  cov- 
ered by  a  single  stone. 

Buddhistic  (bo-dis'tik),  a.  [<  Buddhist  +  -ic.~\ 
Pertaining  to  Buddhism :  as,  Buddhistic  litera- 
ture. Also  Boodhistic. 

Buddhistical  (bo-dis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  Bud- 
dhistic. Also  Boodhistical. 

budding  (bud'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  bud*,  v.] 

1.  In  hot.,  the  putting  forth  or  producing  of 
buds.     In  the  lower  cryptogams  the  term  is  applied  to 
a  form  of  growth  and  reproduction,  a  modification  of 
fission,  in  which  the  new  cell  swells  out  at  the  side  of  the 
parent  cell,  increases  in  size,  and  at  length  becomes  de- 
tached,    flee  yeast. 

2.  Inzool.,  gemmation;  a  mode  of  asexual  re- 
production in  animals  analogous  to  budding  in 
plants. — 3.  In  hort.,  a  process,  allied  to  graft- 
ing, for  growing  a  different  variety  of  fruit  or 
plant  from  a  given  stock  by  transferring  a  bud 
with  a  little  of  the  woody  tissue  behind  it  to  a 
cleft  in  the  bark  of  the  stock.     Adhesion  takes 
place  between  the  cambium  layers  or  new- 
growth  tissue  of  the  two,  assuring  the  life 

and  growth  of  the  bud.  Many  kinds  of 
fruit  are  propagated  in  this  way,  as  well 
as  roses  and  other  plants. 
budding  (bud'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
bud*,  r.  ]  1.  Producing  buds :  as,  a 
budding  tree. — 2.  Being  in  the  con- 
dition of  a  bud;  figuratively,  being 
in  an  early  stage  of  growth ;  being 
at  the  entrance  of  a  period  of  life, 
a  career,  etc. :  as,  a  budding  orator. 
Young  budding  virgin,  fair,  and  fresh,  and 
sweet.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  5. 

budding-knife  (bud'ing-mf), «.  A 
knife  used  by  gardeners  in  the  op- 
eration of  budding.  The  handle,  usu- 
ally made  of  bone  or  ivory,  tapers  to  an  edge,  which  ena- 
bles it  to  be  used  in  separating  the  bark  from  the  wood 
of  the  stock  and  inserting  the  bud. 

buddleH,  «•    See  boodle*. 
buddle2  (bud'l),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buddlcd, 
ppr.  huddling.     [Cf.  LG.  buttcln  (>  G.  butteln), 


Budding. 


708 

foam,  gush.]  In  mining,  to  wash  (ore);  sepa- 
rate (the  metalliferous  ores)  from  earthy  mat- 
ters by  means  of  an  inclined  hutch  called  a  bud- 
die,  over  which  water  flows. 

buddle-  (bud'l),  «.  [<  buddle2, ,,.]  In  mining.a, 
contrivance  for  dressing  ore,  or  separating  the 
metalliferous  portion  from  the  earthy  gangue. 
The  term  was  originally  used  in  Cornwall,  where  the  hand- 
buddle  is  a  long  box  slightly  inclined,  on  the  bottom  of 
which  the  ore  is  separated  by  the  aid  of  a  current  of  water. 
There  are  several  much  more  complicated  forms  of  the 
huddle,  some  of  which  are  stationary  and  others  revolving. 

buddle3  (bud'l),  n.  [Also  boodle;  said  to  be  < 
D.  buidel,  also  contr.  buil  (=  OHG.  butil,  MHG. 
biutel,  G.  beutcl),  a  purse ;  from  its  bearing  gul- 
den (florins),  a  name  given  to  its  flowers:  see 
gulden,  guilder.'}  Same  as  boodle3. 

buddle4  (bud'l),  v.  t.  To  suffocate;  drown. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Bude  burner,  light.    See  the  nouns. 

budge1  (buj),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  budged,  ppr. 
budging.  [<  F.  bouger,  stir,  wag,  =  Pr.  bolegar, 
stir,  =  It.  bulicare,  bubble  up,  freq.  (cf.  8p. 
bullir,  boil,  be  busy,  bestir  one's  self,  move  from 
place  to  place,  =  Pg.  bulir,  move,  stir,  be  ac- 
tive), <  L.  bullirc,  boil :  see  boil2.']  I.  intrant. 
To  move;  stir;  change  position;  give  way: 
now  usually  with  a  negative,  implying  stub- 
born resistance  to  pressure. 

I  will  not  titdge  for  no  man's  pleasure. 

Shak,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1. 

If  the  customers  or  guests  are  to  be  dunned,  all  the 
burthen  lies  upon  my  back;  he'd  as  lief  eat  that  glass  as 
trudge  after  them  himself.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xxi. 

II.  trans.  To  move;  stir;  change  the  posi- 
tion of. 

budgeH  (buj),  a.  [Appar.  <  budge*,  v.  Cf.  Sp. 
biilticioso,  brisk,  active:  see  budge*,  ».]  Brisk; 
jocund.  South. 

budge2  (buj),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  bouge 
(see  bouge*),  <  ME.  bowge,  a  bag,  <  OF.  bouge,  <  L. 
bulga,  a  leathern  bag;  a  word  of  Gaelic  origin : 
cf.  Gael.  Ir.  balg,  bolg,  a  bag,  wallet,  quiver,  etc. : 
see  belly,  bellows,  bulge,  etc.]  I.  n.  If.  A  lea- 
thern bag. —  2.  Lambskin  dressed  with  the  wool 
outward,  much  used  in  the  Elizabethan  era  and 
since  as  an  inexpensive  fur  for  the  edging  of 
garments.  In  England  some  official  costumes  that  have 
remained  unchanged  are  still  decorated  with  budge. 

When,  let  him  but  in  judgements  sight  uncase, 
He's  naught  but  budge,  old  gards,  browne  fox-fur  face. 
Marxian,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  Sat.  vii. 

3.  Same  as  budge-barrel. 

II.  a.    [<  budge2,  2.]    1.  Trimmed  or  adorn- 
ed with  budge  (see  L,  2):  as,  "budge  gowns," 
Milton,  Art.  of  Peace  with  Irish. — 2.  Scholas- 
tic ;  pedantic  ;   austere  ;   surly ;  stiff ;   formal : 
as,  "budge  doctors,"  Milton,  Comus,  1.  707. 
The  solemn  fop,  significant  and  budge ; 
A  fool  with  judges,  amongst  fools  a  judge. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  299. 

Budge  baohelorst,  a  company  of  poor  old  men  clothed 
in  long  gowns  lined  with  lamb's  wool,  who  formerly  ac- 
companied the  lord  mayor  of  London  at  his  inauguration. 

budge3t  (buj),  H.  [Origin  uncertain.]  One  who 
slips  into  a  house  or  shop  to  steal  cloaks,  etc. ; 
a  sneak-thief.  Kersey,  1708.  [Slang.] 

budge-barrel  (buj'bar"el),  n.  A  small  barrel 
with  only  one  head,  a  piece  of  leather  which 
is  drawn  together  upon  strings  being  nailed 
upon  the  other  end.  It  is  used  in  action  for 
carrying  powder  or  cartridges  with  a  gun  or 
mortar.  Also  called  budge. 

budgenesst  (buj'nes),  n.     [<  budge2,  a.,  2,  + 
-ness."}     Sternness;  severity. 
A  great  Bellona  for  budyenexs. 
Stanihunt,  quoted  in  Warton's  Hist.  Eng.  Poetry,  §58. 

budger  (buj'er),  n.  One  who  moves  or  stirs 
from  his  place. 

Let  the  first  budger  die  the  other's  slave. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  I.  8. 

budgero,  budgerOW  (buj'ro),  n.  [Anglo-Ind., 
also  bajra,  repr.  Hind,  bajrd,  a  kind  of  pleasure- 
boat.]  A  lumbering  keelless  barge,  formerly 
much  used  by  Europeans  traveling  on  the  Gan- 
getic  rivers.  Yule  and  Burnett.  Also  budgero- 
boat,  buggerow-boat. 

They  [the  ladies  of  Calcutta]  .  .  .  went  upon  the  river 
in  hudi/erows  and  diverted  themselves  with  fishing  or 
fowling.  J.  T.  H'heeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  200. 

budget  (buj'et),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bow- 
get;  <  F.  bougette  (=  It.  bolgetta),  dim.  of  OF. 
bouge,  a  bag:  see  budge2.  Hence,  in  sense  4, 
D.  and  F.  budget.']  1.  A  small  bag  or  sack;  a 
pouch  or  portable  depository  for  miscellaneous 
articles :  now  chiefly  figurative :  as,  to  open  a 
budget  of  news. 

If  tinkers  may  have  leave  to  live, 
And  bear  the  sow-skin  budget. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3  (song). 


buff 

His  budget  with  corruptions  cramm'd, 

The  contributions  of  the  damn'd.  Sltrift. 

2.  A  stock  or  store;  a  collection:  as,  a  budget 
of  news. 

It  was  nature,  in  fine,  that  brought  off  the  cat,  when  the 
fox's  whole  budget  of  invention  failed  him. 

Sir  R. 


There  is  no  miracle  in  the  whole  Roman  Catholic  bud- 
get better  vouched  than  this. 

frescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  21. 

3.  A  pocket  used  by  tilers  to  hold  nails.  —  4. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  annual  financial  statement 
which  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  makes 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  sitting  as  a  commit- 
tee of  ways  and  means.  In  making  this  statement 
the  minister  gives  a  view  of  the  general  financial  policy  of 
the  government,  and  at  the  same  time  presents  an  esti- 
mate of  the  probable  income  and  expenditure  for  the  fol- 
lowing twelve  months,  and  a  statement  of  what  taxes  it 
is  intended  to  reduce  or  abolish,  or  what  new  ones  it  may 
be  necessary  to  impose. 

His  [Alfred's]  budget  is  the  first  royal  budget  we  possess  ; 
and  though  the  fact  that  the  national  expenses  were  still 
in  the  main  defrayed  by  local  means  renders  any  compar- 
ison of  it  with  a  modern  budget  impossible,  it  is  still  of  in- 
terest as  indicating  the  wide  range  of  public  activity  which 
even  now  was  open  to  an  English  king. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  173. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  similar  official  estimate  and 
statement.  [The  word  in  this  specific  sense 
has  been  adopted  into  the  French  language.] 
—  To  open  tlxe  budget,  to  lay  before  the  legislative  body 
the  financial  estimates  and  plans  of  the  executive  govern- 
ment. 

budgyt(buj'i),  a.  [<  budge2,  n.,  2,  +  -y*.]  Con- 
sisting of  or  decorated  with  the  fur  called 
budge. 

budla  (bud'la),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  variety  of  bro- 
cade, not  of  the  finest  quality,  manufactured 
in  India. 

budlet  (bud'let),  n.  [<  bud*  +  dim.  -let.']  A 
little  bud  springing  from  a  parent  bud. 

budmash  (bud'mash),  n.  [Also  liadmash;  < 
Hind,  badm'ash,  <  Pers.  bad,  bad,  +  Ar.  m'dsh, 
means  of  living,  <  'ash,  live.]  A  scoundrel  ;  a 
blackguard  ;  during  the  time  of  the  Indian  mu- 
tiny (1857-58),  a  rebel. 

Budorcas  (bu-dor'kas),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiovt, 
ox,  +  Sopnac,,  a  gazel.]  A  notable  genus  of 
large  Asiatic  antelopes,  containing  the  yakin, 
Budorcas  taxicolor,  of  the  Himalayas  :  some- 
times taken  as  type  of  a  subfamily  Budorcince, 
so  great  are  its  peculiarities.  See  yakin. 

Budorcinae  (bu-dor-si'ne),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
dorcas +  -tine."]  A  group  of  Himalayan  ante- 
lopes, typified  by  the  genus  BudorcaSj  having 
smooth  round  horns  contiguous  at  their  bases, 
a  tail  like  that  of  a  goat,  and  4  teats. 

budorcine  (bu-dor'sin),  a.    Of  or  pertaining 
the  Budorcinw. 

Budweis  porcelain.     See  porcelain. 

Budytes  (bu-di'tez),  «.  [Nli.,  <  Gr.  ftmivrrK, 
the  wagtail.]  A  genus  of  small  oscine  passe- 
rine birds,  chiefly  of  the  old  world,  of  the  fam- 
ily Motacillidai  ;  the  yellow  wagtails,  of  which 
there  are  many  species,  as  B.  flava.  See  Mo- 
tacillidfB,  wagtail. 

buer,  n.    A  gnat.     Halliwell.     [North.  Eng.] 

bllft,  boef2!,  interj.  An  exclamation  represent- 
ing the  sound  made  by  eructation  in  conse- 
quence of  overeating. 

Whan  they  for  soules  seye  the  psalm  of  Davit, 
Lo,  buf  they  seye,  cor  meum  ernctavit. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  226. 

buff1  (buf  ),  n.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  buffe,  short 
for  buffle*,  q.  v.]     I.  n.  If.  A  buffalo. 
Buffalo  [It.],  a  buffle,  a  buffe.  Florio. 

Bujle  [F.],  the  bttfe,  buffle,  bngle,  or  wild  ox.    Cotgrave. 
There  are  also  wilde  beastes  bred  in  those  woods,  as 
Buffes,  Beares,  and  blacke  Wolues. 

Hakluyfs  Voyaries,  I.  248. 

They  haue  also  the  qualities  of  a  Bn/e  :  for  if  they  see 
a  man  clothed  in  red,  they  run  vpon  him  immediately  to 
kill  him.  Haklmjt's  Voyages,  I.  118. 

2.  A  kind  of  thick  leather,  originally  and  prop- 
erly made  of  the  skin  of  the  buffalo,  but  now  also 
of  the  skins  of  other  animals,  as  elks,  oxen, 
etc.    It  is  dressed  so  as  to  be  as  flexible  as  possible,  and 
without  a  glazed  or  artificially  colored  surface.    It  is 
used  for  making  belts,  pouches,  gloves,  etc.,  and  in  the 
later  middle  ages  came  into  use  to  take  the  place  in  a 
measure  of  light  armor:  as.  "a  suit  of  buff,"  Shak.,  C.  of 
E.,  iv.  2.     Also  called  buff-leather. 

His  doublet  was  of  sturdy  bu/, 

And  though  not  sword,  yet  cudgel-proof. 

5.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  i.  305. 

3.  A  buff-coat  (which  see). 

I'll  make  a  shift  to  drain  it 
Ere  I  part  with  boots  anil  buf. 

l'rft>'<l.  Sir  Nicholas  at  Marston  Moor. 

4.  The  color  of  buff  -leather  ;  a  yellow  color 
deficient  in  luminosity  and  in  chroma.  —  5.  pi. 
The  third  regiment  of  the  line  in  the  British 


to 


buff 

army :  so  called  from  the  color  of  the  facings  of 
their  uniform.  The  7>th  rcuimciit  is  called  tl» 

Hlliiv  f!"!/.-!  t'ur  tile  same  reaMiil. 

6.  Ill  null.,  llie  ImlTy  coal.  See  buffy. — 7.  A 
buff-Htirk;  ii  bnff-wheel. —  8.  The  linn-  skin: 
as,  to  stri|>  to  thu  buff.  [Colloq.]  -in buff,  naked. 
Iron  bun,  a  color  prodnoM  ii<  dyeing  with  ferric  oxid, 
li.\  tlrst  i!ii|in--n;iIiiiL:  l!n-  i  nl  I. .11  with  a  ten-oils  suit  Holu- 
Itnii  ami  then  |ia-~iim  il  thi'oti'Ji  an  alkaline  solution  t<> 
precipitate  ferrous  hyontC  ;  Ihr  latter  is  clialr-lcd  ti'  tci  I  i' 
hydrute  by  Himplu  cMmMirc  In  the  air. 

II.  <(.  1.  Made  of  buff-leather. 

liiil  not  I  take  you  up  frum  thence,  In  an  old  greasy 
I'nif  doiiMel,  with  points,  and  -n-m  velvet  sleeves,  out 
at  the  elbows'.'  B.  Jtnixiin,  Kpieo-nc,  Hi.  1. 

2.  Of  the  color  of  buff-leather ;  brownish-yel- 
low. Buff  Cochin,  n  variety  of  the  Cochin  fowl  of 
which  tin!  h  cock  iinil  ban  art-  of  u  uniform  l>utT  color. 

buff1  (huf),  r.  t.  [<  bitty1,  IL,  7.]  To  polish  with 
a  buff-wheel  or  buff-stick. 

buff-  (buf),  r.  /.  [<  ME.  •biiffcn,  boffen,  stam- 
mer, <  OF.  buffer,  bufer,  later  and  mod.  F. 
bouffcr  (uml  bouffir),  puff,  blow,  =Pr.  8p.  Pg. 
Inijar  =  It.  buffare,  formerly  also  boffare,  dial. 
bofftir  (ML.  liii fare),  puff,  blow,  puff  out  the 
cheeks;  a  widely  spread  word,  in  part  imita- 
tive, appearing  in  E.  in  the  lit.  sense  in  the 
form  puff,  q.  v.  Cf.  buff*,  buffet1,  biiffoon,  etc.] 

1.  To  stammer.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

Reualde  nas  he  no^t  of  ton^e.  ae  (hut)  of  speche  hastyf, 
lliiil'ini'i.  A-  mcst  iniiiatl  waiinc  he  were  in  wraththe  (jr  in 
Htryf.  Hubert  of  Gloucfttfr,  1.  414. 

2.  To  emit  a  dull   sound.     [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

buff-  (buf),  ».     [<  bufff,  t-.    Cf.  buffard,  buffer*.] 

1.  A  dull  fellow;  a  drone. — 2.  Nonsense;  triv- 
ial or  idle  talk :  as,  that  is  all  l»tfl'. 

[Colloq.  or  slang.] 

buff't  (buf),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  buffet1,  q.  v.)  = 
MHG.  buf,  buff,  bu/,i>uf,  G.puff  =  MLG.  buff 
=  ODan.  buff  =  Sw.  dial,  buff,  <  OF.  buffe, 
bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow,  buffet,  prop,  a  slap  on 
the  cheek  (cf.  bouffe),  =  Olt.  buffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out,  a  puff  with  the  mouth,  also  strife, 
contention,  mod.  It.  a  trick,  jest,  =  Sp.  bufa, 
also  befa,  a  jest,  jeer,  ML.  bitffa,  the  cheeks 
puffed  out  (cf.  It.  buffo,  dial,  boff,  a  puff  of 
wind,  a  comic  actor,  =  Sp.  hufo,  a  comic  actor: 
see  buffoon) ;  cf.  ML.  buffare,  OF.  buffer,  bufer, 
etc.,  puff:  see  buff"*.~\  A  blow,  a  slap;  a  box; 
a  stroke ;  a  buffet. 

Nathelesse  so  sore  a  bujT  to  him  it  lent, 

That  made  him  reele,  ami  to  his  brest  his  Ix-ver  bent. 

Sprinter,  F.  Q.,  II.  v.  6. 

To  stand  buff,  to  endure  Mows  without  flinching ;  con- 
front without  fear.  [Another  signification  has  been  su- 
nested  for  the  phrase,  viz.,  to  stand  stripped  to  the  bit/or 
skin,  like  boxers.] 

And  for  the  good  old  cause  sttml  bu/ 
'Gainst  many  a  bitter  kiek  and  cuff. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

buff3  (buf),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  buffe  (found  in 
ME.  only  in  the  deriv.  form  buffet1,  q.  v.)  = 
MLG.  LG.  buffen  =  G.  puffen  =  ODan.  buffe  = 
Sw.  dial,  bitffa,  <  OF.  huffier,  buffoyer,  slap, 
strike,  maltreat,  <  buffe,  bufe,  a  slap,  box,  blow, 
buffet :  see  buff*,  n.]  If.  To  strike ;  buffet. 

There  was  a  shock 
To  have  bu/ed  out  the  blood 
Frum  aught  but  a  block. 
IS.  .liiiixiin.  Love's  Welcome  at  Welbeck. 

2.  To  resist ;  deaden,  as  a  buffer. 

buff4  (buf),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buffe,  buffie, 
<  It.  buffa,  "the  buffie  or  breathing-holes  of  a 
head-piece  or  helmet"  (Florio);  a  particular 
use  of  buffn,  the  cheeks  puffed  out:  see  buff?.] 
In  old  armor,  the  chin-piece  of  the  burgonet, 
corresponding  to  the  aveutaile,  and  pierced 
with  holes  to  allow  breathing.  The  burgonet  being 
a  light  helmet  without  fuee-nuard,  the  butf  was  added  to 
it  when  further  defense  »as  neeiled. 

buffr>  (buf),  M.  [E.  dial.  vnr.  of  botifllil ;  cf.  duff, 
var.  of  (loitiih,  barf,  var.  of  baryh.]  A  bough. 
llalliit;-ll.  '[Prov.' Eng.] 

buffalo  (buf'a-lo),  M.  ;  pi.  buffaloes  or  -los  (-16/.). 
[In  early  mod.  K.  usually  liiilTi',  buffie  (see  fcwrf'i, 
liHftlel)  =  D.  buffet  =  M'LG.' buffi'/  -  .Mill;.  inif- 
/;•/.  (i.  /)»'(/;•/  =  Sw.  buffel  =  ODan.  buffel,  biiffel, 
Dan.  biiffel  (<  F.  biifftc);  in  the  form  buffalo,  < 
Sp.  luifiilit  =  Pg.  bitfiiln.  liiil'nro  =  It.  bufiiln. 
bufolo,  biibdln,  formerly  buffalo,  =  Pr.  bulxili. 
briifol,  briife  =  F.  bujfle  =  Wall,  birol  =  lliini:. 
bir/il,  liinl  —  Alb.  bual.  lull  =  ]iu- 
bullo  =  Little  Russ.  bairnl.  buii-ol,  builo  =  Pol. 
bujirnl.  binrol  (baiTed  /)  =  Bohem.  burol  =  Serv. 
biro  =  OBulg.  hiiirolu,  Bulg.  bivol,  <  ML.  biifnln.-: 
bitffiiln.i,  bu f«l u.i  (NL.  biibiilux,  also  as  specific 
name  Wtfftmi),  <  L.  bubalux,  the  wild  ox,  ear- 
lier and  more  properly  an  African  antelope  (= 
Ntir.  )'oi  .iii/n,',  .;<„  iiiX/,  a  buffalo),  <  Gr.  ,*»•.<«- 


709 

>o.,  also  ftoi'/ia/^c,  an  African  species  of  ante- 
lo|n-,  prrliaps  the  hartbeest ;  |>rob.  (simulating 
Gr.  ftuvf,  an  ox)  from  a  native  African  namr.  | 
1.  A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  family  lioinln . 
the  best-known  species  of  which  is  the  Kubalux 
Iniffi-liiH  or  /lux  biibiilun,  laivr  than  (he  ox  and 


Common  Buffalo  t  &Ht>a/ns 


with  stouter  limbs,  originally  from  India,  but 
now  found  in  most  of  the  wanner  countries  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere,  it  u  less  docile  than  the 

common  ox,  and  is  fond  of  nuirsliy  placet*  and  rivers.  It 
is,  however,  used  in  tillage,  draft,  and  carriage  in  India 
and  elsewhere.  Tile  female  gives  much  more  milk  than 
the  cow,  and  from  the  milk  the  ghee  or  clarified  butter  of 
India  is  made.  The  Cape  Imlfalo,  /iutmlu*  or  ««*  eager, 


Cape  Buffalo  (Batatas  cajfftr). 

is  distinguished  by  the  shape  of  its  horns,  which  are  black 
and  united  at  their  bases,  forming  a  great  t>ony  plate  on 
the  front  of  the  head.  It  attains  the  size  of  an  ox.  The 
hide  is  exceedingly  tough,  and  a  valuable  leather  ls  pre- 
pared from  it,  but  the  flesh  is  not  highly  esteemed. 
2.  A  name  given  to  various  wild  oxen,  or 
Borina;,  and  particularly  to  the  bison  of  North 
America,  Bison  americanus.  See  bison. — 3.  A 
buffalo-robe. — 4.  A  buffalo-fish. —  5.  A  leather 
hamper  used  for  carrying  bobbins. —  6.  ]>l. 
[cap.]  In  V.  S.  hist.,  a  name  given  by  their  op- 
ponents to  those  members  of  the  Locofoco  or 
Equal  Rights  party  who  in  1836  accepted  the 
overtures  of  the  regular  Democratic  organiza- 
tion (Tammany)  toward  a  coalition. —  7.  pi.  A 
nickname  given  to  the  dwellers  on  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina. 

buffalo-berry  (buf' a-16-ber'i),  ».  1.  The  fruit 
of  the  Shepnerdia  argentea,  a  shrub  or  small 
tree  which  grows  in  western  North  America. — 
2.  The  tree  itself. 

buffalo-bird  (buf' a-16-berd),  «.  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Mumopastor :  so  called  because  it  asso- 
ciates with  buffaloes. 

I  never  tired  of  watching  the  friendly  relation  l>etween 
the  Itu/iilti-liinl*  (Sturnopastor  ialla  and  S.  melanopterus) 
and  their  liovlne  hosts. 

//.  O.  t'orbrl.  Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  5ft. 

buffalo-bug  (buf 'a-16-bug),  n.  A  name  of  the 
carpet-beetle. 

buffalo-chips  (buf'a-16-chips),  H.  ;*/.  The  dry 
dung  of  the  bison,  formerly  used  for  fuel  on  the 
western  plains  of  North  America. 

buffalo-cod  (buf'a-16-kod),  n.  A  chiroid  fish, 
Ophiodon  clonaatus  ;  the  cultus-cod. 

buffalo-fish  (buf 'a-16-fish),  «.  The  popular 
name  of  fishes  of  the  family  Catostomime,  or 
suckers,  and  genus  letiobus  or  liubalicltthyx. 
They  are  among  the  largest  of  the  suckers,  somewhat  re- 
semble carp,  and  abound  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  the 
t'nited  States.  The  name  was  probably  given  on  account 
of  the  protuberant  or  hump-like  back,  which  rises  In- h<  t 
near  the  front  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Several  species  are  recog- 
nized. See  Ictiobintx. 

buffalo-gnat  (buf  'a-16-nat),  H.  A  kind  of  black- 
Hy,  a  dipterous  insect  of  the  genus  fUniulinin 
and  family  fiimuliida;.  It  is  found  in  almost  incroli 
hie  numbers  in  the  southern  and  western  t  nite.l  star,  s, 
and  is  a  dreaded  pest  of  cattle,  rendering  the  animals  f  ran- 
tic.  and  in  some  canes  eausinu'  death. 

buffalo-grass  (bnf'a-16-gras),  n.  A  common 
name  for  several  low  grasses  very  prevalent 
upon  the  plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
including  Buthloe  dacti/loides,  a  dioecious  spe- 
cies, and  Bouteloua  olii/oxtiirliya,  with  others  of 
the  same  p'lius. 

buffalo-jack  i  lmf'a-16-jak),  M.  A  tish  of  the  fam- 
ily CaraHijidir.  ('iinnuc  iiixquitun.  [Bermuda.] 


buffer-block 

buffalo-nut  (l'iif'a-lo-nnt ).  «.     1.   The  fruit  of 

the  North  Anii-rican  •.hnib  I'l/riilnnn  "/<  ifira. — 
2.  Tin-  plant  itself.  Also  called  mi-nut. 

buffalo-perch  0'iii'a-lo-perch i,  ».    1.  A  fish  of 

t  he  family  SI-HI  nnl'i ,     Ip/iiiliiintiif  (  l/it/ilmUm/tu.-  I 
iiriiiniii-iia,  witli  elevated  liaek  nr  slionlilers;  the 
bubbler  or  fresh-water  dninilisli.    l;<ijim  -., 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  I'lilnxluuiidti;   h-tinlm.* 
biibiilun ;  a  buffalo-nsh. 

The  young  .  .  .  JHoftcn  sold  in  the  market  jut  a  distinct 

specie*,  under  the  name  of  Bufalo  perch.  Kirllun>l. 

buffalo-robe  (buf'a-16-rob),  H.     The  skin  of  the 

bison  of  North  America,  prepared  with  the  hair 

on,  and  used  as  a  carriage-rug  and  in  other  ways 

for  protection  from  the  cold. 

buffardt,    »•     [ME.,  <   OF.   bouffant,   puffing, 

blowing,  swelling;   as  a   iioiui,  a  glutton;   < 

bouffer,  puff,  blow:  see  buff*,  and  cf.  buffer^.] 

A  fool. 

Vet  wol  she  .  .  .  take  a  liu/uril  rlche  of  gret  vilewe, 
In  hope  that  be  sbal  sterile  withynne  a  while. 

Lydijair,  Minor  I'IIMIU,  p.  :rl. 

buff-coat  (buf'kot),  ii.  1.  A  military  coat  made 
of  buff-leather,  which  gradually  replaced  the 
buff-jerkin  as  armor  of  steel  became  less  com- 
mon, and  was  in  especial  favor  at  the  time 
of  the  English  civil  wars.  The  buff-coat  was  com- 
in' inly  wom  by  itself,  and  was  so  thick  and  unyielding  ait 
to  be  considered  proof  against  the  sword,  and  even  aguinat 
a  pistol-ball  except  when  tired  at  short  range.  It  was 
also  worn  over  the  cuirass,  which  it  partly  concealed,  and 
under  It,  especially  among  soldiers  regularly  enlisted. 
Buff-coats  were  sometimes  richly  embroidered  with  col- 
ored silks. 
Hence  —  2.  A  soldier. 

Hchiamatical  pravity  will  grow  up  under  the  licentious- 
ness of  war ;  some  profane  Inif-coatu  will  authorize  such 
incendiaries.  /.'/..  llacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  II.  no. 

buffe't,  etc.     See  buff1,  etc. 

buffel,  buffel-duck,"etc.     See  bufflc1,  etc. 

buffer1  (buf'er),  n.  [<  buff1  +  -«•!.]  If.  A  per- 
son who  killed  sound  horses  in  order  to  sell 
their  hides. — 2.  Same  as  buff-wheel. 

buffer2  (buf'er),  n.  [<  ME.  buffere,  <  'buffm, 
boffen,  stutter,  stammer:  see  buff2,  r.,  and  cf. 
buffard.]  If.  A  stammerer. 

The  tunge  of  Im/eres  (L.  ballxinnn]  swiftli  shal  speke 
and  pleynly.  WycliJ,  Isa.  xxxii.  4  (Oxf.X 

2.  A  foolish  fellow;  a  fellow;  a  duffer:  a  term 
expressive  of  extreme  familiarity,  and  gener- 
ally having  a  flavor  of  contempt.  [Slang  or 
eolloq.] 

As  the  water  grew  rougher 

The  more  my  poor  hero  continued  to  suffer,  , 

Till  the  Sailors  themselves  cried,  in  pity, 
"  Poor  Bufer ! " 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  306. 

3f.  A  person  who  took  pay  to  swear  false 
oaths ;  a  hired  perjurer. 

buffer3  (buf'er),  w.  [<  &«/»,  t'.,  +  •«•!.]  1.  One 
who  buffs  or  strikes ;  a  hitter.  [Rare.]— 2.  Any 
apparatus  for  deadening  the  concussion  be- 
tween a  moving  body  and  one  against  which  it 
strikes.  Specifically,  an  apparatus  attached  to  railroad- 


Buffer. 

Part  of  under  frame  of  an  English  railway-carriage,  showing  buffine- 
springs,  a  a,  acted  on  at  the  ends  by  rods  from  the  buffer-blocks,  *  P. 

cars  to  prevent  injury  from  violent  contact  or  collision. 
The  butter  shown  «|H,VC.  which  represents  the  form  com- 
mon on  British  railways,  consists  of  powerful  springs  and 
framing  attached  to  carriages  and  wagons  to  deaden  the 
concussion  Iwtween  them  when  they  come  into  collision. 
Hence — 3.  Anything  which  serves  to  deaden 
or  neutralize  the  shock  of  opposing  forces. 

It  Is  evident  that  the  period  of  an  indctimt.  h  collaps- 
ing policy  has  closed.  This  means,  Inevitably,  the  near 
approach  of  an  end  to  the  system  of  political  tni/ent  go 
far  as  India  is  concemed.  Kctintmryh  Her.,  rl.XI  II.  19. 

A  sense  of  humor  .  .  .  may  have  served  as  a  Imf.r 
against  the  too  importunate  shock  of  disappointment. 

Loitvtt,  Among  my  Itooks,  2d  ser.,  p.  :il.S. 
Hydraulic  buffer,  s-c  A.vcfmn/iv. 
buffer-bar  (buf' er-bar),  n.  A  bar  of  wrought- 
iron  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad-car  to 
deaden  the  concussion  between  it  and  the  next. 
The  buffer-bars  act  generally  n|»>u  a  pair  of  springs, 
which  give  an  elastic  resistance  when  two  cais  conic  to 
uetller. 

buffer-beam  (buf 'er-bem),  ii.  1.  A  transverse 
timber  secured  to  the  end  sill  of  a  freight-far. 
The  dead-blocks  are  connected  with  this  beam. 
— 2.  The  end  timber  of  the  platform  of  a  pas- 
senger-car. 

buffer-block  (buf'er-blok),  n.  1.  A  block  or 
piece  of  timber  attached  to  the  end  timl>ernf  a 
car,  or  of  the  platform  of  a  passenger-car,  above 


buffer-block 

the  draw-bar,  to  keep  the  cars  from  coming 
together  if  the  draw-bar  gives  way. — 2.  The 
flat  head  of  a  buffer-bar.  See  cut  under  buffer9. 
Also  called  buffing-block. 

buffer-head  (buf'er-hed),  ».  Same  as  buffer- 
block,  '2. 

buffer-spring  (bnf'er-spring), n.  Aspringwhich 
gives  elasticity  to  a  buffer,  so  as  to  lessen  the 
shock  of  collision.  Also  called  buffing-sprimj. 
See  cut  under  buffer3 — Auxiliary  buffer-spring, 
in  railroad-cars,  a  spring  secured  behind  a  draw-spring,  to 
resist  more  strongly  the  pressure  on  the  draw-bar  in  butl- 

buffet1  (buf'et),  n.  [<  ME.  buffet,  boffet,  bofet 
(=  Icel.  buffeit),  <  OF.  buffet,  bufat  (=  It.  buf- 
feto,  formerly  buffetto,  boffetto;  of.  Sp.Pg.  bofe- 
tada),  a  blow,  <  buffe,  biife,  a  blow:  see  buff'*.'] 

1.  A  blow  with  the  fist;  a  box;  a  cuff;  a  slap; 
hence,  hard  usage  of  any  kind  suggestive  of 
blows;  a  violent  shock  or  concussion :  as,  "for- 
tune's buffets,"  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

The  kynge  redressed  hym  and  yaf  hym  soche  a  buffet  vpon 
the  lefte  temple  that  the  Mode  braste  out*  of  mouthe  and 
nose.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  391. 

For  God's  sake,  sir,  be  merry,  or  else  bear 
The  buffets  of  your  fortune  with  more  scorn  ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  iv.  1. 
We  get  ...  many  a  buffet  of  the  rough  water  of  experi- 
ence, before  we  secure  the  bare  right  to  live. 

Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  138. 
2f.  A  blast  of  wind. 

Thay  blwe  a  buffet  in  blaude  that  banned  peple. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  885. 

buffet1  (buf'et),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buffeted,  ppr. 
buffeting.  [<  ME.  buffetcn,  bofeten  =  Icel.  buf- 
feita  (of.  Sp.  bofetear,  abofetear,  Pg.  bofetear  = 
It.  buffetare,  boffettegiure — Florio),  buffet ;  from 
the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike  with  the  hand 
or  fist ;  box ;  beat. 

Then  did  they  spit  in  his  face,  and  buffeted  him ;  and 
others  smote  him  with  the  palms  of  their  hands. 

Mat.  xxvi.  07. 

2.  To  beat  in  contention ;  contend  against  as 
if  with  blows :  as,  to  buffet  the  billows. 

The  torrent  roar'd  ;  and  we  did  btt/et  it 

With  lusty  sinews ;  throwing  it  aside 

And  stemming  it  with  hearts  of  controversy. 

Shah.,  J.  C.,  i.  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  exercise  at  boxing ;  box ;  con- 
tend with  blows  of  the  fists;  hence,  to  force 
one's  way  by  buffeting. 

If  I  might  bu/et  for  my  love,  ...  I  could  lay  on  like  a 
butcher.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2. 

I  caught  her ;  then 

Oaring  one  arm,  and  bearing  in  my  left 
The  weight  of  all  the  hopes  of  half  the  world, 
Strove  to  buffet  to  land  in  vain.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

buffet2  (buf'et,  or,  as  P.,  bii-fa'),  n.  [Sometimes 
erroneously  written  beaufet  (simulating  F.  bean, 
fine  —  a  notion  present,  in  another  form,  in  the 
orig.  use),  <  ME.  buffitt,  buffit,  boffet,  bofet  (in 
def.  4,  and  comp.  buffet-stool,  q.  y.)  =  D.  G. 
Dan.  Sw.  buffet  =  Buss,  bufetu,  a  sideboard,  = 
Sp.  Pg.  bufete,  a  desk,  writing-table,  Pg.  also 
a  sideboard,  <  F.  buffet,  a  sideboard,  a  cup- 
board, in  older  F.  esp.  of  an  elegant  or  costly 
kind,  "a  court  cupboord,  or  high-standing  cup- 
boord,  also  a  cupboord  of  plate,  also  as  much 
plate  as  will  furnish  a  cupboord"  (Cotgrave), 
also  a  desk  or  writing-table,  <  It.  buffetto,  for- 
merly also  boffetto,  a  cupboard,  sideboard,  buf- 
fet (ML.  bufetum,  a  buffet,  cf.  buffetiis,  a  coun- 
cil; cf.  bureau  in  similar  senses),  appar.  so 
called  from  its  elegance,  being  =  OF.  bufoi, 
buffois,  sumptuousness,  show,  pomp,  fine  equi- 
page, <  bufer,  buffer  (=  It.  buffarv,  etc.),  puff, 
blow:  see  buff2,  and  cf.  buffetl.']  1.  A  cupboard, 
sideboard,  or  closet,  designed  to  hold  china, 
crystal,  plate,  and  other  like  articles. —  2.  The 
space  set  apart  for  refreshments  in  public 
places. — 3.  That  part  of  the  cabinet-work  of 
an  organ  which  incloses  the  pipes. — 4.  Same 
as  buffet-stool.  Wrigli  t,  Prov.  Diet.  [Prov.Eng.] 

buffeter  (buf'et-er),  ».  One  who  buffets  or 
strikes  with  the  hand  or  fist ;  a  boxer. 

buffeting  (buf'et-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  buffet*, 
«.]  A  beating;  a  blow;  a  buffet. 

He  had  withstood  these  buffeting*  to  the  last  till  sick- 
ness overtook  him.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  13. 

buffet-Stool  (buf'et-stol),  n.  [<  ME.  buffett 
stole,  bofet  stole,  also  simply  buffit,  bofet  (see 
buffet*,  4) ;  <  buffet*  +  stool.']  '  A  stool  with 
either  four  or  three  legs,  formerly  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  buffet  or  sideboard,  and  often 
serving  as  a  table  or  sideboard  among  poor 
people.  Forby. 

buffiet,  n.     Same  as  buff±.     Florio. 

buffint  (buf 'in),  a.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.,  ap- 
par. for  "buffen,  <  buffi  +  _efl2.]  I.  a.  1.  Of 
buff. 

Bu/aliiui  [It.],  of  buffe,  bu/in.  Florin. 


710 

2.   Made  of  buffin:   as,  "bitffin  gowns,"  Mas- 
Hinr/cr,  City  Madam,  iv.  4. 

II.  ».  A  coarse  cloth  in  use  in  the  time  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Grograms,  broad  or  narrow,  called  JSufinea,  poize 
(weigh]  4  Ibs.  one  with  another. 

l.inixdowne  MS.,  1502.     (Draper's  Diet.) 

buffing  (buf'ing),  n.  [<  buffi  +  -ingl.~]  The 
operation  of  diminishing  the  thickness  of  a  hide 
by  means  of  a  curriers'  knife  or  a  splitting- 
machine,  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  sup- 
pleness of  the  leather;  hence,  the  layer  so 
shaved  off ;  the  amount  of  lessening  effected. 

When  about  one-third  tanned,  the  hides  are  removed 
from  the  tanning  liquor  and  a  b\iffi.ng  is  taken  off  of  each 
hide.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  586. 

buffing-block  (buf'ing-blok),  11.  Same  as  buff- 
er-block. 

buffing-lathe  (buf  'ing-laTH),  n.  A  lathe  in 
which  metal  plates  are  polished.  The  buffer 
may  be  of  leather,  cotton,  or  other  material, 
and  is  used  with  various  polishing-powders. 

buffing-machine  (buf  'ing-ma-snen"),  n.  A 
machine  used  for  buffing  or  polishing. 

buffing-spring  (buf'ing-spring),  n.  Same  as 
buffer-spring. 

buffing-wheel  (buf'ing-hwel),  n.  Same  as  buff- 
wheel. 

buff-jerkin  (buf'jer"kin),  u.  1.  A  garment  for- 
merly worn  under  the  corselet,  and  made  of  buff- 
leather,  whence  its  name.  It  took  the  place 
of  the  acton  and  gambeson. — 2.  A  waistcoat 
made  of  buff-leather;  hence,  a  waistcoat  made 
of  cloth  of  a  buff  color.  It  seems  to  have  been  con- 
sidered the  peculiar  mark  of  constables  and  other  officers 
of  the  law. 

Fighting !  what's  fighting  ?  it  may  be  in  fashion 
Among  provant  swords,  and  buff-jerkin  men. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Elder  Brother,  v.  1. 

buff-laced  (buf 'last),  a.  In  poultry-  and  pigeon- 
breeding,  having  the  feathers  laced  or  edged 
with  buff:  said  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  a 
rich  buff,  each  feather  being  distinctly  laced 
with  pale  buff,  as  in  the  case  of  buff-laced  Po- 
lish fowls,  or  of  birds  of  which  the  color  is  pale 
buff,  each  feather  being  laced  with  dark  buff. 

buffie1  (buf'l),  n.  [<  F.  buffe,  a  buffalo.]  1. 
A  buffalo. — 2.  A  duck,  Bucepkala  albeola,  abun- 
dant in  North  America.  It  has  a  short  blue  bill  and 
a  head  the  apparent  size  of  which  is  greatly  increased  liy 


Ruffle  (Ritcfphala  albeola}. 

the  fullness  of  its  feathers.  The  male  is  chiefly  black 
above  and  white  l>elow,  the  head  l>eing  iridescent-black 
with  a  large  white  occipital  space.  Also  called  &«/#<•-/«'"</. 
bujfte-duck,  bujtle-headed  duck,  tipirit-duck,  dipper,  and  but- 
terball.  Also  spelled  buffet. 

buffle'-3  (buf'l),  v.    [Freq.  of  buff2,  stammer:  see 
buff2.~\     I.  intranx.  1.  To  speak  thickly  or  in- 
articulately.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2f.  To  be  puz- 
zled ;  be  at  a  loss.    Swift. 
II.  trans.  To  handle  clumsily. 

buff-leather  (buf 'leaner),  n.    Same  as  buffi,  2. 

buffle-duck  (buf'1-duk),  n.     Same  as  bufflel,  2. 

buffie-head  (buf '1-hed),  n.     If.  One  wno  has  a 
large-  or  stupid  head,  like  a  buffalo's. 
What  makes  you  stare  so,  baffle-head  ? 

1'tautiis  (trans.),  1694. 
2.  Same  as  bufflel,  2. 

buffle-headedt  (bra'l-hed'ed),  a.  Having  a 
large  head,  like  a  buffalo's ;  dull ;  stupid ;  fool- 
ish. Gayton,  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  III.  3. 

buffle-hofn  (buf '1-horn),  H.  The  common  name 
in  South  Africa  of  the  BurclieUia  Capensis,  on 
account  of  the  hardness  and  toughness  of  the 
wood.  It  is  a  rubiaeeous  shrub,  with  handsome  (lowers, 
sometimes  cultivated  in  hothouses. 

buffle-wood  (buf '1-wud),  w.  Same  as  buffle-norn. 

buffo  (buf '6),  H.  [It.,  a  comic  actor,  also  a  puff, 
whiff,  <  buffare,  puff,  rally,  mock:  see  buff2,  buf- 
foon.'] The  comic  actor  in  an  opera;  a  comic 
singer. 


bufoniform 

buffon,  «.  Same  as  biiffont. 
buffontt,  »•  [<  F.  bouffant  (cf.  "bnuffunfn  [sic], 
puffs  in  a  garment"  —  Cotgrave),  ppr.  of  bmif- 
fer,  puff  out:  see  buff'2,  buffetl.]  A  projecting 
or  puffed-out  covering  of  gauze  or  linen  for  the 
breast,  much  worn  by  women  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 

buffoon  (bu-fon'),  n.  and  «.  [<  F.  bouffon,  < 
It.  buffone  (=  Sp.  bufon  =  Pg.  bufSo),  a  jester, 
<  buffa  (=  Sp.  bufa),  a  jest,  mocking,  connect- 
ed with  buffare  (=  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  bufar=  F.  bouf- 
fer),  puff,  blow:  see  buff*,  buffetl.]  I.  n.  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  others  by 
tricks,  odd  gestures  and  postures,  jokes,  and 
other  vulgar  pleasantries ;  a  droll ;  a  merry- 
andrew ;  a  clown ;  a  jester. 

The  scurril  talk  of  buffoons,  pleasants,  and  jesters. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  487. 

Buffoons  that  have  a  talent  of  mimicking  the  speech 
and  behaviour  of  other  persons.  Tatter,  No.  268. 

=  Syn.  Seez«»«. 

II.  a.  Characteristic  of  a  buffoon ;  buffoonish. 

Neither  buffoon  nor  contemptible.       Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

Buffoon  stories.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

buffoon  (bu-fon'),  v.  [<  buffoon,  ».]  I.  iutriinn. 
To  act  the  part  of  a  buffoon.  Dryden.  [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  ridiculous.     [Bare.] 

Religion  .  .  .  despised,  buffooned,  exposed  as  ridiculous. 
Glanville,  Sermons,  ix.  343. 

Went  to  see  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  ridiculous  farce 
and  rhapsody,  called  "  The  Recital,"  buffooniny  all  plays, 
yet  prophane  enough.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Dec.  14,  1671. 

buffoonery  (bu-fon 'er-i),  n.;  pi.  buffooneries 

(-iz).     [<  buffoon  +  -cry,  after  F.  bouffonncrie.] 

The  art  and  practices  of  a  buffoon;  low  jests; 

ridiculous  pranks ;  vulgar  tricks  and  postures. 

No  merit  was  secure,  no  person  free 

From  its  licentious  buffoonery. 

Oldhant,  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

buffoonish  (bu-fon'ish),  a.    [<  buffoon  +  -M1.] 

Like  a  buffoon ;  consisting  in  buffoonery.  Blair. 
buffoonism  (bu-fon'izm),  n.    [<  buffoon  +  -ism.'} 

The  practices  of  a  buffoon ;  buffoonery, 
buffoonizet  (bu-fon'iz),  v.  t.    [<  buffoon  +  -ize.~] 

To  jest.     MinsJieu,  1617. 
buffoonly  (bu-fon'li),  a.     [<  buffoon  +  -fyi.] 

Buffoonish.     [Rare.] 

Apish  tricks  and  buffoonly  discourse. 

J.  Goodman,  Winter  Eve.  Conference,  1. 

buffo-singer  (buf'6-sing"er),  n.  A  singer  of 
comic  songs  in  opera  bouffe;  a  buffo. 

buff-stick  (buf'stik),  n.  A  piece  of  stick  cov- 
ered with  leather,  velvet,  velveteen,  or  other 
material,  and  charged  with  emery  or  other  pow- 
der, used  in  polishing. 

buff-tip  (buf 'tip),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  Japa- 
nese shrike,  Lanius  bucephalus,  so  called  be- 
cause of  a  buff  patch  on  the  wing. —  2.  A  name 
of  a  moth  similarly  marked. 

buffum  (buf'um),  «.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  mix- 
ture of  several  inferior  kinds  of  oil,  used  as  an 
adulterant  of  linseed-oil.  Encyc.  Brit.  [Eng.] 

buff-ware  (buf'war),  n.  In  ceram..  a  stone- 
ware made  in  Staffordshire,  England,  from  the 
clay  and  other  ingredients  found  there,  and  not 
decorated.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  natural  color 
of  the  clay  when  fired. 

buff-wheel  (buf'hwel),  n.  A  wheel  of  wood, 
glue,  leather,  light  fabrics,  or  other  material, 
used  with  emery,  rouge,  or  other  powders  in 
polishing  glass  and  metals.  Also  called  buffer 
and  buffi nq-icheel. 

buffy  (buf'i),  a.  [<  buffi  +  .,,1.]  Buff-colored; 
pertaining  to  buff  on  the  blood —  Buffy  coat,  the 
coat  of  fibrin  free  from  red  blood-corpuscles  on  the  upper 
surface  of  a  blood-clot,  which  is  formed  when  the  coagu- 
lation is  delayed  until  after  the  corpuscles  have  sunk  so 
as  to  leave  the  upper  layers  of  the  blood. 

Bufo  (bu'fo),  w.  [L.,  a  toad.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Bu- 
fonMce,  and  embracing  the  common  toads  of 
Europe  and  North  America.  See  cut  under 
agua-toad. 

bufonid  (bu'fo-nid),  «.  An  amphibian  of  the 
family  Bufonidce. 

Bufonidse  (bu-fpn'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bufo(n-) 
+  -ida>.~\  A  f amily  of  arcif erous  salient  amphibi- 
ans, typified  by  the  genus  Bufo,  without  max- 
illary teeth  and  with  dilated  sacral  vertebrae 
and  a  broad  flat  tongue,  free  behind ;  the  toads. 
The  body  and  limbs  are  thick,  heavy,  and  clumsy,  anil  the 
skin  is  warty  or  rugose.  The  species  are  less  aquatic  than 
frogs,  not  arboreal  like  tree-toads,  and  much  less  agile. 
About  100  species  art-  known.  See  cut  under  atnta-toad. 

bufoniform  (bu-fon'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  bufo(n-), 
a  toad,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  toad ;  resembling  a  toad ;  bufonoid  ;  specifi- 
cally, of  or  pertaining  to  the  Bufoniformia: 
contrasted  with  ra inform. 


Bufoniformia 

Bufoniformia  (bu-t'on-i-ror'mi-ii),  «.  /</.  [NL., 
<  L.  bufo(n-),  a  load  (Nli.  />'»/<<),  +  lurniii, 
form,  +  -('«.]  A  4,'i'oup  or  suborder  of  salient 
amphibians.  eonta'tning  lliosi'  having  an  arcif- 
eroiis  slcniiuii  ami  no  teeth.  ll  includes  the 
Iliifiniiilii'.  li/iiiiii/iliri/i/ii/ii,  and  l><-iiilri>iihnjH<K- 
I'idir. 

bufonite  (bu'fon-lt),  ».     [<  L.  bufo(n-),  a  load. 
+  -('/»".]     Toadst  ......  :   a  fossil  consisting  of 

the  petrified  teeth  of  n/ihirroilux,  I'l/enoiliix,  and 
Other  Mesozoic  ganoid  fishes.  It  was  formerly 

nnlcll  esteemed  fur  its  imauinarv  virtues,  anil  WHS  U"Mi 
ill  rin^s  :  it  u  :i-  Ihnilulil  ton]  i-jnate  ill  ttlr  llt-a'is  ut'  toa.K 

bufbnoid  (bii'fon-oid).  ".  and  ii.     I.  a.  Resem- 
bling a  toad;  Iml'onil'orm;   specifically,  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  liufnnunli  n. 
II.  n.  A  bufonid  or  other  member  of  the  Su- 

t'tninillt'tl, 

Bufonoidea  (im-fo-noi'de-a),  «.  i>l.  [NL.,  < 
Hiii'o(n-)  +  -oirfra.]  A  superfamily  of  arcifer- 
ous  phaneroglossate  amphibians,  whose  tad- 
poles have  a  spiracle  on  the  left  side  and  whose 
adults  are  ribless.  It  embraces  all  the  Arcifera 
except  the  Dinrogto.txiilu: 

bufta  (but"  til),  «.     Same  as  baft?. 

bug't  (bug),"n.  [<  ME.  bugge,  prob.  <  W.  lurg. 
a  hobgoblin,  specter,  birgaii,  a  specter,  =  Com. 
bucca,  a  hobgoblin,  bugbear,  =  Gael.  Ir.  IHII-HH, 
a  specter,  Ir.  puca,  an  elf,  sprite  (>  E.  /<«<•/,). 
Cf.  feo</2,  boyy,  bogle,  and  see  bug?.]  A  hob- 
goblin; a  specter;  anything  terrifying  ;  a  bug- 
bear. 


m 

bugaboo  (bug'a-bo),  H.  [E.  dial,  also  Imggy- 
IHKI,  Se.  biii/i/lliii;  a  kind  of  compound  of  M0J 
ami  the  interjection  /»/«;.  W.  bu>  =  Gael,  bo,  used 
to  frighten  children;  cf.  /«,'-'.]  A  bugbear;  a 
bogv;  a  vain  terror;  something  to  frighten  a 

child. 

\\  <  have,  as  the  logical  issue  of  ecclesiastic!*!!),  our 
modern  secularism,  tliat  curious  tun/alum  of  the  priest, 
and  ini>rc  curious  idol  of  the  so-called  intlilcl. 

.V.  .1.  /;.,-.,  CXIJ.  248. 

bugara  (bug'a-rft),  n.  An  embiotocoid  fish,  or 
surf-fish,  llyiixiiriin  raryi,  with  small  scales, 
uuiserial  jaw-teeth,  lower  lip  attached  by  a 


bugleweed 

the  sun's  rays.     ('/)  In  Ijiflau.l.  u  liuht.  one-hone,  two- 

»li.-,  I, -.1  i,  ;,,   I.    without  a  li<m<l.    (.-)  In  t!i.   I  nit.  .1  stain. 


a    light,    one  hor-c.    four- 
u  11.  ,  I.    I  V.  in-  ].-  M  nil  nil.- 

.nil  ,  ille-i   u  ith  or 
without  a  IIIH..I  ,.j  top. — 

Cut-under  buggy,  a  ve- 
in, le    ill    which   the    l,...lv 

is  cut  out   to  allow  tile 
front  wheels  to  pans  un- 

.li  i  u  li.-n  turning. 

buggy3  (bug'i),  ii.  [A 
var.  of  bogie?,  prob. 


American  Bufgy. 


Bu£ara  (Hyf 


caryi}. 


t  ;is  the  humour  of  melancholye 
Causith  many  a  man  in  slepe  to  crye, 
Fur  fere  of  beris  [bears]  ore  of  bolis  [bulls]  hlake, 
Or  ellia  that  blacke  buygya  [var.  devele*]  wol  him  take. 
Chaucer,  Sun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  118. 
Than  heglnneth  he  to  rememt>er  his  life,  and  from  that 
he  falleth  tu  think.-  vpon  his  death.  .  .  .  And  then  1» 
ginneth  he  to  thinke,  that  it  were  -..ml  to  make  sure,  .  .  . 
least  there  hap  to  be  suche  blaeke  buggen  indede  an  folke 
cal  diuelles,  whose  tormeutes  he  was  wont  to  take  for 
Poets  tales. 

Sir  T.  More.  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  40. 
The  bug  which  you  would  fright  me  with. 

Shttk.,  W.  T.,  111.  2. 

[Enter  .  .  .  Sylvan  and  a  Nymph,  a  man  Bnij,  and  a 
woman.] 

1  B\uj.   Pray,  master  Usher,  where  must  I  come  in? 

2  Bug.   Am  I  not  well  for  a  Hug,  master  Usher? 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  11.  1. 

bug"  (bug),  n.  [A  particular  application  of 
bug1.]  1.  A  term  loosely  applied  to  many 
kinds  of  insects,  commonly  with  certain  dis- 
tinctive additions,  as  May-bug,  lady-bug,  land- 
bugs  (  Geocorisai)  ,  water-bugs  (Hydroeorisa?), 
etc. 

You  lie  down  to  your  shady  slumber, 
And  wake  with  a  '<"•/  in  your  ear. 

X.  P.  H'Ulii,  Love  in  a  Cottage. 

Especially  —  2.  The  Cintex  lectularius,  the  bed- 

bug or  house-bug,  or  any  member  of  this  ge- 

nus or  of  the  family  C'imid- 

d<B.      The  bedbug  is  about  ft  inch 

long,    wingless,    with    a    roundish, 

depressed  body,  of  dirty  rust-color, 

and  emits  an  offensive  smell  when 

touched.     The  female  lays  her  eggs 

in  summer  in  the  crevices  of  fun  lit  u  IT 

and  of  the  walls  of  rooms.    Its  larvro 

are  small,  white,  and  setni-transpar- 

ent.     They  attain  full  size  in  eleven 

weeks.    The  mouth  of  the  bedim..; 

has   a   3-jointed    prolw»scis,   which 

forms  a  shciith  for  u  sucker. 

3.  i>l.  In  eiitom.,  the  Heniii>- 

ti-rn,  and  especially  the  het- 

eropterous  division  of  that  order.  —  4.  An  en- 

tomostracons  crustacean  of  cursorial  habit  or 

bug-like,  aspect,  as  an  isopod.    Some  are  parasites 

of  fishes,  othci-s  terrestrial.     See  />tt<ifi*h,  nalre-bug,  wir- 

Ititn,  i>\ll-bwj.  —Big-bug,  a  person  of  imtwirta-nee  or  dis- 

tinction. [Colloq.  |  —  Mealy  bug,  a  species  of  Dactytviritu, 

as  1).  adimidnin,  covered  with  ft  white  powdery  substance. 

It  la  often  found  on  the  trunks  of  vines  and  other  hot- 

house plants. 

bug-  (bug),  v.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.  [<  bug'-,  ii.]  To  hunt  for  lui^s;  cc,l- 
lect  or  destroy  insects:  chielly  in  the  present 
participle:  as,  to  go  bugging.  [Humorous.] 

bug3  (bug),  r.  ('.  :  pret.  and  pp.  bugged,  ppr. 
bugging.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  buck''  or  of  its  prim- 
itive verb  bow1,  <  ME.  bnirrn.  lin,-cii,  <  AS.  ln<- 
gini  :  see  buck2,  bow1.]  To  bend.  [Prov.  Eng. 
(Kent).] 

bug4  (bug),  a.  [E.  dial.  var.  of  big1,  and  per- 
haps of  bog3;  prob.  confused  with  '<»</'  :  see 
bug1,  andcf.  bug-word.]  If.  Big;  threatening. 

Cheval  tl>'  tr<»ni»'tt>'  [K.|,  one  that's  not  afraiil  of  sha.l 
n\\es  ;  one  whom  no  big  nor  bug*  words  ran  ten-iiie. 

r,,t./,  ni;  . 
Paroloni  [It.],  higlt.  big.  roving,  long  or  hun  \\onles. 

t'lun'ii. 

2.  Proud  ;  self-important  ;  pompous  ;  conceited. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 


(Ci'ittx  leftu. 
laritts), 
(Vertical  line  shows 
natural  size.) 


median  frenum,  and  the  abdomen  much  longer 
than  the  anal  fin.  It  is  very  common  along  the  Call 
forniati  coast,  is  of  handsome  apj..  araun-.  and  U  much 
used  fur  bait. 

bugbane  (bug'ban),  «.  [<  6«^2  +  bane.]  A 
name  given  to  species  of  the  ranunculaceous 
genus  of  plants  Cimicifuga,  in  Europe  to  ('. 
Jtetenn,  and  in  the  United  States  to  C.  racemomi 
and  (!.  Americana,  from  their  reputed  virtues 
as  destroyers  of  bugs.  The  name  is  sometimes 
applied  to  the  white  hellebore,  Veratrum  riridc. 
Also  called  btufwort.  False  bugbane,  the  North 
American  genus  Trautvette  ria,  very  similar  to  Cimicijwia. 
bugbear  (bug'bar),  w.  and  n.  [<  buyi  +  bear2;  u 
hobgoblin  in  the  shape  of  a  bear.  See  quota- 
tion from  Chaucer  under  bug1.  The  formation 
has  ceased  to  be  felt  ;  Evelyn  spells  the  word 
bugbare.  Cf.  bullbeggar.]  I.  n.  Something  that 
causes  terror;  especially,  something  thatcauses 
needless  fright  or  apprehension. 
A  bugbear  take  him  !  Shalt.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  2. 

You  look  yet  like  a  bugbear  to  fright  children. 

Malinger,  Kenegado,  ill.  1. 
He  will  not  sleepe,  but  calls  to  followe  you, 
Crying  that  buy-beams  and  spirits  haunted  him. 

Marstun,  Antonio  and  Mcllida,  II.  ill.  •!. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  follow  the  progress  of  this  famous 
bug-bear  [the  Polish  agitation  of  1S64],  for  such  it  was  to 
the  Conservative  influences  of  the  old  world. 

R.  J.  Ilinton,  Eng.  Radical  Leaders,  p.  S38. 

U.  a.  Occasioning  causeless  fear  :  as,  "such 
bui/bfar  thoughts,"  Locke. 

bugbear  (bug'bar),  c.  t.     [<  bugbear,  «.]     To 
alarm  with  imaginary  or  idle  fears.   Abp.  King. 
bug-bite  (bug'bit),  n.     [<  6H</2  +  bite,  n.]     The 
bite  of  a  bug,  or  the  swelling  caused  by  such  a 
bite. 
Poisoned  by  bad  cookery,  blistered  with  bugbitr*. 

Carlyle,  Sartor  Reaartus,  p.  52. 

bugeye  (bug'i),  11.     Same  as  buckeye,  3. 

bugfish  (bug'fish),  w.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  menhaden,  Brevoortia  tyrannm,  because 
a  parasitic  isopod  crustacean,  Cymothoapnrgus- 
tator,  is  frequently  found  adhering  to  the  roof 
of  its  mouth.  See  cut  under  Brevoortia. 

buggalow  (bug'a-16),  H.     Same  as  bagyala. 

buggardt,  «.  [A  var.  of  boggard1;  cf.  bug1.] 
Same  as  boggard1. 

bugger1  (bug'er),  «.  [<  ME.  bougrc,  a  heretic,  < 
(  )P.  bougre,  bogrc,  a  heretic,  <  ML.  Jtulgarus,  a 
Bulgarian,  also,  as  a  common  noun,  a  heretic, 
the  Bulgarians  being  accused  of  heresy.  The 
popular  detestation  of  "heretics"  led  to  the  use 
of  OF.  boiign;  etc..  a  heretic,  in  the  later  sense.] 
One  guilty  of  the  crime  of  bestiality  :  vulgarly 
used  as  a  general  term  of  contumely,  without 
reference  to  its  meaning. 

bugger2  (bug'er),  ».  [<  ftiir-/'-'.  /•.  i.,  +  -er1.]  A 
c.illeetor  of  bugs  or  insects  ;  an  entomologist. 
[Humorous.] 

buggerow-boat  (buj'ro-bot),  ».     Same  as  binl- 


in  simulation  of  buggy%.]  In  i-niil-niiiiiiig,  a 
small  wagon  used  for  transporting  coal  I'rom 
the  working-face  to  the  gangway.  [Penn.J 

buggy-boat  (bug'i-bot),  «.  A  boat  made  so  as 
to  lie  capable  of  having  \\  h.-.-U  attached  to  it, 
and  being  thus  converlcd  into  a  land-vehicle. 

buggy-cultivator  (bug'i-kul'ti-va-tor),  ».  A 
cultivator  with  wheehi  and  a  seat  on  which  the 
person  attending  it  may  ride.  E.  II.  Knight. 

buggy-plow  (bug'i-plou),  n.  A  plow  with  a 
seat  on  which  the  plowman  mav  ride,  and  usu- 
ally having  several  shares  in  t  lie  same  frame. 
A..'//.  Knight. 

bughead  (bug'hed),  n.  The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden. [Local,  U.  8.  (Virginia).] 

bught,  bucht  (bucht),  «.  [8c.  (cf.  equiv.  Gael. 
Inifhd,  appar.  from  8c.),  also  written  bought, 
bourht,  prob.  ult.  =  bought1,  q.  v.]  1.  A  sheep- 
fold  or  sheep-pen ;  especially,  a  small  inclosure 
in  the  corner  of  a  field  for'milking  ewes. —  2. 
A  square  pew  in  a  church,  with  a  table  in  the 
center,  hence  called  a  table-seat.  [Scotch.] 

bugiardt,  ».  [<  It.  bugiardo,  a  liar,  <  bugiare, 
lie  (=  Pr.  bauzar=  OF.  boiser,  deceive,  cheat), 
<  bugia,  a  lie,  =  Pr.  bauzia  =  OF.  boisie,  deceit.] 
A  liar.  Bit.  Hacket.  [Rare.] 

bugls  (bo'jis),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  A  boat  used  for 
trading  purposes  in  the  East  Indian  archipela- 
go ;  a  proa. 

bugla  (bug'ljl),  H.     Same  as  buggalii. 

bugiardt,  «.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  bog- 
gar il1. 

bugle1  (bu'gl),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bewi/le, 
bowgle,  <  ME.  bugle ,  bugyllc,  bogylle,  <  OF.  bugle, 
&  wild  ox  (>  bugler,  F.  bi-ugter,  bellow),  <  L.  bu- 
culus,  dim.  of  bog,  an  ox,  =  E.  coir1.]  If.  A  sort 
of  wild  ox  ;  a  buffalo. 

These  are  the  Iteastes  which  ye  shall  eat  of  :  oxen,  sheep, 
and  gootes,  hert,  mo,  and  buyU  [in  the  authorized  version, 
iriid  ox],  wylde  goote,  etc.  Bible,  1551,  I>eut.  xiv.  4,  ft. 

2.  A  young  bull.     Grose.     [Prov.  Eng.  J 

bugle2  (bfl'gl),  n.  [<  ME.  bugle,  btifful,  etc.,  a 
bugle-horn,  as  if  short  for  bugle-horn,  q.  v. ; 
cf.  F.  bugle,  a  bugle-horn.]  1.  A  hunting- 
horn.  Also  called  bugle-horn. — 2.  A  military 
musical  wind-instrument  of  brass,  once  or  more 
curved,  sometimes  furnished  with  keys  or 
valves,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  producing  all  the 
notes  of  the  scale. 

bugle2  (bu'gl),  r.  »'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bugled,  ppr. 
bugling.  [<  bugle"2,  n.]  To  sound  a  bugle. 

bugle3  (bu'gl),  n.  and  a.  [Prob.  <  ML.  bugolu.t, 
a  female  ornament,  prob.  <  G.  biigel,  a  bent  or 
curved  strip  of  metal,  ring,  stirrup,  =  Icel.  by- 
gill,  a  stirrup:  see  bail1,  IHIU!.]  I.  H.  A  shining 
elongated  glass  bead,  usually  black,  used  in  dec- 
orating female  apparel :  as,  "  fru^te-bracelet," 
Shtik.,W.  T.,  iv.  3  (song). 

II.  a.  Having  the  color  of  a  glass  bugle;  jet- 
black:  as,  "bugle  eyeballs,"  Shak. 

bugle4  (bu'gl),  ii.  [<  F.  bugle  =  Sp.  Pg.  bugula 
==It.  bugola  (Mahn),  irreg.  <  LL.  bugillo,  a  plant, 
also  called  ajuga  reptang  ;  origin  unknown.  The 
late  ME.  bugillc  is  glossed  buglo«ga  :  see  l>iigln.-.t.\ 


. 

buggery  (bug'er-i),  ».     [<  OF.  bougrcrir, 
rii;  heresy,  <  Imngre,  heretic  :  see  bugger1.]    The 
crime  of  bestiality:  sodomy. 

buggineSS  (bng'i-nes),  n.  [<  buggy1  +-»(>-.] 
The  state  of  being  buggy. 

buggy1  (bug'i),  (i.  [<  biig-  +  -y1.]  Infested  with 
bngo. 

buggy-  (btig'iX  ».  ;  pi.  buggirs  (-iz).  [Orig. 
Anglo-lml..  <  Hind,  baggi.  Ixi'ighi,  a  gig,  abug- 
gy,  <  Hindi  bag,  move.]  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral species  of  carriages  or  gigs,  (a)  In  India,  a 
gig  with  a  large  hood  to  screen  those  who  travel  in  it  from 


. 

bugle-call   (bu'gl-kal),    n.     A  short  melody 

sounded  upon  a  bugle  as  a  signal  or  order. 

bugle-cap  (bu'gl-kap),  w.    Same  as  cornet,  4  (b). 

bugle-horn  (bu'gl-horn),  ii.     [<  ME.  buglehorn  : 

<S«(//<'2  +  horn.    Cf.  bugle-.]     1.   Same  as  bu- 

glc'-l,  1. —  2f.  A  drinking-vessel  made  of  horn. 

Janils  .  .  .  drynketh  of  his  biuiff  f>»i-n  the  wyn. 

Chaucer,  Franklin  »  Tale.  I.  M7. 

bugler  (bu'gler),  «.  1.  One  who  plays  a  bugle ; 
specifically,  a  soldier  assigned  to  convey  the 
commands  of  the  officers  by  signals  sounded  on 
a  bugle.  Buglers  are  also  employed  upon 
United  States  vessels  of  war. — 2.  A  fish  of 
the  family  Centrixcidtr  and  genus  Centriscus;  a 
snipe-fish.  [Tasmanian.] 

bugle-rod  (bu'gl-rod),  ».  The  pastoral  staff  of 
abishop.  Halliirrll;  Wright. 

bugleweed  (bu'gl-wed),  «.  The  common  name 
of  the  North  American  plant  Lycopun  I'irgini- 


bugleweed 

cus,  reputed  astringent  and  sedative,  and  used 
as  a  remedy  for  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs. 
buglewort '  (bu'gl-wert),  n.      Same  as    bugle- 
weed. 

bugloss  (bu'glos),  n.  [(Late  ME.  bugille :  see 
bugle^)  <  F.  buglossc,  <  L.  buglossa,  buglossos,  (. 
Gr.  /foi'y/lwcraof,  bugloss,  lit.  ox-tongue  (in  allu- 
sion to  the  shape  and  roughness  of  its  leaves), 
<  fiovf,  ox,  4-  y'Auaaa,  tongue:  see  gloss2.]  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Anchusa  offldnalis. 
The  small  wild  bugloss  is  Asperuyo  procuwbeiis ;  the 
viper's-bugloss,  Echiuni  vulgare  ;  the  small  bugloss,  Ly- 
coptrig  arveiisis;  and  the  sea-bugloss,  Mertensia  marilima. 
They  are  all  boraginaceous  plants,  with  rough  leaves. 
Also  called  ox-tongtte. 

There  poppies,  nodding,  mock  the  hope  of  toll: 
There  the  blue  bugloss  paints  the  sterile  soil. 

Crabbe,  Village,  i.  6. 
Spanish  bugloss.    Same  as  alkanet,  2. 
buglow  (bug'16),  n.     Same  as  baggala. 
bugqng  (bu'gong),  n.     [Australian.]     An  Aus- 
tralian butterfly,  Danais  Kmniace,  highly  prized 
as  an  article  of  food  by  the  aborigines. 
bugor  (bu'gor),  n.     [Buss,  bugori,  a  hillock,  a 
heap  (of  sand  or  snow).]     The  elevated  ground 
or  chain  of  hillocks  separating  limans  or  creeks, 
such  as  those  which  gash  the  shores  of  the 
Black  Sea,  the  Caspian,  etc. 
bug-seed  (bug'sed),  it.     A  common  name  of 
the  Corispermum  hyssopifolium,  a  chenopodia- 
ceous  weed  widely  distributed  over  northern 
temperate  regions.     The  name  has  reference 
to  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 

bug-shad  (bug'shad),  ».     The  bugfish  or  men- 
haden.    [Local,  TJ.  S.  (Virginia).] 
bug-wordt  (bug'werd),  n.    [<  bug1  +  word."]    A 
word  which  frightens;  blustering  talk;  a  bug- 
bear.   Also  bug's  word,  bugs-word. 
No  more  of  that,  sweet  friend ;  those  are  bug's  words. 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  ii.  1. 
Greedy.  A  man  in  commission 

Give  place  to  a  tatterdemalion  ! 
Mar.  No  bug  words,  sir. 

Massinger,  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 

Death  is  a  bug-word;  things  are  not  brought  to  that 

extremity.  Dryden,  Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  i.  1. 

bugwort  (bug'wert),  n.  [<  bug2  +  wort1.'] 
Same  as  bugbane. 

buhach.  (bu'hach),  n.  The  powdered  flower- 
heads  of  the  plant  Pyrethrum  cinerariwfolium, 
and  of  other  species,  which  are  effectual  in- 
secticides. Commonly  called  Persian  or  Dal- 
matian insect-powder. 

buhl  (bol),  n.  [Short  for  buhl-work,  orig.  Boulle- 
work  or  Boule-work.  Buhl  is  a  German-looking 


Buhl.— Commode  executed  by  Boule,  in  the  Bibliotheque  Mazarine, 
Paris.    (From  "  L' Art  pour  Tous.") 

spelling  of  Boule  or  Boulle,  the  name  of  aFrench 
artist  (Andre  Charles  Boule,  1642-1732),  who 
brought  this  kind  of  work  to  high  perfection.] 
A  style  of  inlaid  decoration  in  cabinet-work 
practised  by  Boule,  a  celebrated  designer  un- 
der Louis  XIV. ;  also,  the  articles  so  decorated. 
Buhl  is  of  wood  richly  inlaid  with  a  kind  of  mosaic,  com- 
posed especially  of  tortoise-shell  and  line-  or  figure-work 
in  metal,  both  gold-colored  and  white.— Buhl  and  coun- 
ter, a  technical  term  for  buhl  decoration  when  two  pat- 
terns are  obtained  by  one  sawing  from  a  sheet  of  metal, 
viz.,  the  decorative  strip  or  scroll  which  is  used  in  one 
place,  and  an  open  pattern  of  the  same  which  is  used  else- 
where. 

buhl-saw  (boTsa),  n.   A  peculiar  kind  of  frame- 
saw used  in  cutting  out 
buhl-work.    Also  spelled 
boule-saw. 

buhl-work  (bol'werk),  n. 
Same  as  buhl. 

buhr  (ber),  ».  Same  as 
bur-stone.—  Metallic  buhr 
See  burl.  §3? 


•^ny^rj) 


. 

buhr-dresser    (ber'dres"- 
er),  «.     See  bur-dresser. 
buhr-driver  (ber'dri'ver),  H.     See  bur-driver. 
buhrstoue  (ber'ston),  H.    See  burstone. 
bulk1  (buk),  n.  and  v.    A  Scotch  form  of  book. 


712 

bulk2  (bok),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  bulk1. 

build  (bild),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  built,  builded,  ppr. 
building.  [Prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  spelled 
bild,  <  ME.  bilden,  belden,  beeldeii,  bylden,  bidden, 
<  AS.  byldan  (late  and  rare),  build,  <  bold  (early 
and  common),  a  dwelling,  house  (ef.  Icel.  bol, 
a  farm,  abode,  =  OSw.  bol,  a  house,  dwelling 
(>  bylja,  build),  =  Dan.  bol,  a  small  farm),  <  Man 
(•</  *bu,  *bo)  =  Icel.  bua,  live,  dwell,  whence  also 
bottle1,  a  dwelling,  bower1,  a  dwelling,  bit/2, 
build,  etc.:  see  bottle1,  bower1,  bow6,  by2,  etc., 
big2,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  frame  or  construct, 
as  an  edifice ;  form  by  uniting  materials  into  a 
regular  structure ;  erect. 

The  house  was  builded  of  the  earth, 
And  shall  fall  again  to  ground. 

Tennyson,  Deserted  House. 

2.  Figuratively — (a)  To  form  by  art  in  any 
way;  construct. 

He  knew 
Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  11. 

(6)  To  raise  as  on  a  support  or  foundation; 

rear. 

Who  builds  his  hope  in  air  of  your  good  looks, 
Lives  like  a  drunken  sailor  on  a  mast. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  4. 

Suspect  not  you 
A  faith  that's  built  upon  so  true  a  sorrow. 

Fletcher,  Beggars'  Bush,  i.  2. 
On  God  and  Godlike  men  we  build  our  trust. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington,  ix. 

(c)  To  establish,  increase,  and  strengthen :  gen- 
erally with  up :  as,  to  build  up  a  fine  business ; 
to  build  up  a  character. 

I,  that  have  lent  my  life  to  build  up  yours. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

To  build  castles  In  Spain.    See  castle. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  exercise  the  art  or  prac- 
tise the  business  of  building;  construct. —  2. 
Figuratively,  to  rear,  erect,  or  construct  any- 
thing, as  a  plan  or  a  system  of  thought. 

Buddhism  has  its  Tripitakas,  which  its  various  branches 
recognize,  and  on  which  its  several  schools  build. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  LI.  207. 

3.  To  rest  or  depend,  as  on  a  foundation ;  base ; 
rely :  with  on  or  upon. 

Nay,  I  dare  build  upon  his  secrecy, 
He  knows  not  to  deceive  me. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  iii.  2. 

This  is  a  surer  way  than  to  build  on  the  interpretation 

of  an  author,  who  does  not  consider  how  the  ancients  used 

to  think.  Addison,  Ancient  Medals. 

build  (bild),  n.  [<  build,  ».]  Manner  of  con- 
struction; make;  form:  as,  the  build  of  a  ship. 

Lines  of  steam-ships  should  be  aided  on  the  condition 
that  their  build  be  such  as  would  permit  of  their  easy  con- 
version into  men-of-war.  The  American,  VIII.  161. 

builder  (bil'der),  re.  One  who  builds,  or  whose 
occupation  is  that  of  building ;  specifically, 
one  who  controls  or  directs  the  work  of  con- 
struction in  any  capacity. 

In  the  practice  of  civil  architecture,  the  builder  comes 
between  the  architect  who  designs  the  work  and  the  arti- 
sans who  execute  it.  Eng.  Encyc. 

building  (bil'ding),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
bilding,  <  ME.  bildinge,  byldynge,  buldynge, 
rarely  buyldynge;  verbal  n.  of  build,  t>.]  1. 
The  act  of  constructing,  erecting,  or  estab- 
lishing.— 2.  A  fabric  built  or  constructed ;  a 
structure;  an  edifice;  as  commonly  understood, 
a  house  for  residence,  business,  or  public  use, 
or  for  shelter  of  animals  or  storage  of  goods. 
In  law,  anything  erected  by  art,  and  fixed  upon  or  in  the 
soil,  composed  of  different  pieces  connected  together,  and 
designed  for  permanent  use  in  the  position  in  which  it 
is  so  fixed,  is  a  building.  Edw.  Livingston.  Thus,  a  pole 
fixed  in  the  earth  is  not  a  building,  but  a  fence  or  a  wall  is. 

Seest  thou  these  great  buildings?  Mark  xiii.  2. 

3+.  A  flock  or  number:  said  of  rooks. 

Master  Simon  .  .  .  told  me  that  according  to  the  most 
ancient  and  approved  treatise  on  hunting,  I  must  say  u 
muster  of  peacocks.  "In  the  same  way,"  added  he,  with  a 
slight  air  of  pedantry,  "we  say  a  flight  of  doves  or  swal- 
lows, a  bevy  of  quails,  a  herd  of  deer,  of  wrens,  or  cranes, 
a  skulk  of  foxes,  or  a  building  of  rooks." 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  259. 

Building  society,  a  joint-stock  benefit  society,  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  by  periodical  subscriptions  a  fund  to 
assist  members  in  building  or  purchasing,  the  property 
being  mortgaged  to  the  society  till  the  amount  advanced 
is  fully  repaid  with  interest. 

building-block  (bil'ding-blok),  n.  1.  One  of 
the  temporary  supports  or  blocks  on  which  a 
ship's  keel  rests  while  the  ship  is  building. 
It  is  a  block  of  timber  which  can  be  removed  when  the 
key-pieces  or  templets  are  knocked  away. 
2.  One  of  a  set  of  blocks  with  which  children 
imitate  the  construction  of  buildings. 

building-iron  (birding-i"ern),  n.  A  hand-tool 
used  in  the  manner  of  a  soldering-iron,  to  melt 


bulb 

wax  and  cause  it  to  flow  upon  the  blank  spaces 
between  the  types  of  an  electrotype  mold. 

building-lease  (bil'ding-les),  ».  A  lease  of 
land  for  a  term  of  years  (in  England  usually 
99),  under  which  the  lessee  engages  to  erect 
certain  edifices  on  the  land  according  to  speci- 
fication, these  edifices  falling  to  the  landowner 
on  the  expiration  of  the  lease. 

building-slip  (bil' ding-slip),  n.  The  inclined 
plane  in  a  dock  or  builder's  yard  on  which  a 
ship  is  constructed.  The  ship  is  raised  above  the  slip 
by  piles  of  blocks  on  which  it  rests. 

building-stance  (bil'ding-stans),  n.  A  piece 
of  ground  on  which  to  build.  [Scotch.] 

building-wax  (bil' ding- waks),  n.  Beeswax 
used  with  a  building-iron  to  "build  up  "  the 
blank  spaces  between  the  types  of  an  electro- 
type mold. 

buildress  (bil'dres),  n.  [<  builder  +  -ess.]  A 
female  builder,  filler.  [Rare.] 

built  (bilt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  build,  t\]  1.  Con- 
structed; formed;  shaped;  made:  often  used 
of  the  human  body,  and  frequent  in  compound 
nautical  terms,  as  clincher-ft«»W,  clipper-6«i«, 
frigate-built,  etc. 

Like  the  generality  of  Genoese  countrywomen,  strongly 
built.  Landor. 

2.  Constructed  of  different  pieces;  not  com- 
posed of  one  piece :  as,  a  built  mast  or  block ; 
afewSirib — Built  beam.  See  'beam. 

builtt  (bilt),  u.  [For  build,  ».]  Form;  shape; 
build ;  mode  of  building.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

built-up  (bilt'up),  a.  Composed  of  several 
parts  joined  together :  as,  a  built-up  mast,  rib, 
arch,  etc — Built-up  trail  See  trail. 

buirdly  (biird'li),  a.     [Of  uncertain  origin.   Cf . 
burly1."]  Large  and  well  made;  stout  in  appear- 
ance; burly.     [Scotch.] 
Buirdly  chiels  and  clever  hizzies.        Burns,  Twa  Dogs. 

buisson  (F.  pron.  bwe-sdn'),  n.  [F.,  a  bush,  < 
buis,  a  box-tree:  see  box1."]  In  gardening,  a 
fruit-tree  on  a  very  low  stem,  with  the  head 
closely  pruned. 

buist  (bust),  n.  [Also  written  boost,  var.  of 
boigt,  a  box ;  cf .  buistin'-iron,  the  marking-iron, 
tar-buigt,  the  box  in  which  the  iron  (orig.  the 
tar)  for  marking  is  kept:  see  boist1,  boost3."] 
1.  A  box;  a  chest. — 2.  A  coffin. — 3.  A  bas- 
ket.— 4.  A  distinctive  mark  set  upon  sheep 
and  cattle;  a  brand;  hence,  any  distinguishing 
characteristic.  [Scotch  in  all  senses.] 

What  old  carle  hast  thou  with  thee?  — He  is  not  of  the 
brotherhood  of  Saint  Mary's  —  at  least  he  has  not  the 
buist  of  these  black  cattle.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  58. 

buist  (bust),  v.  t.  [<  buist,  n."\  To  mark  with 
a  buist,  as  sheep.  Also  boost.  [Scotch.] 

bukt,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buck1. 

buke1,  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  book. 

buke2  (bo'ka),  «.  [<  Chino-Jap.  bu,  martial, 
military,  +  ke,  family.]  The  military  families 
of  Japan,  as  distinguished  from  the  kuge,  or 
court  nobility;  the  daimios,  or  territorial  nobil- 
ity, and  their  retainers,  the  samurai.  The  distinc- 
tion between  buke  and  kuge  ceased  on  the  abolition  of  the 
feudal  system  in  1871.  See  kuge. 

bukket,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  buck1. 

Bukkio  (buk'ke"6),  n.    Same  as  Buppo. 

bukkum-wood  (buk'um-wud),  n.  [<  bukk/um, 
a  native  name,  +  wood."]  Same  as  sappan- 
wood. 

bukshee  (buk'she),  n.  [Also  written  bukhshee, 
repr.  Hind,  bakshi,  a  paymaster,  <  baksh,  pay,  a 
gift,  <  Pers.  batehulan,  give,  forgive.  Cf.  buk- 
shish,  bakshish."]  An  East  Indian  name  for  a 
paymaster  or  a  commander. 

bukshish  (buk'shesh),  n.    Same  as  bakshish. 

bulafo,  n.     [Native  name  in  Guinea.]    A  musi- 
cal instrument  used  by  the  negroes  of  Guinea. 
It  consists  of  several  wooden  pipes  fastened  together  with 
leathern  thongs,  with  small  spaces  between  the  pipes. 
In  playing  it  the  pipes  are 
struck  with  small  rods  or 
drumsticks. 

bulata  (bul'a-ta),  n. 
Same  as  balata-gum. 

bulau  (bu'la),  n.  [Ap- 
par.  a  native  name.] 
An  insectivorous 
mammal  of  the  genus 
Gymnura,  inhabiting 
Sumatra,  Borneo, 
etc. ;  a  gymnure. 

bulb  (bulb),  n.  [< 
F.  bulbe,  <  L.  bulbus, 
a  bulbous  root,  an 
onion,  <  Gr.  /3o?./3<if, 
a  bulbous  root.]  1. 
A  form  of  the  leaf-bud,  usually  subterranean, 
in  which  the  stem  is  reduced  to  a  flat  disk, 


i,  Bulb  of  Hyacinth.    2,  Longitudi- 
nal section  of  same. 
a,   summit  of   bud,  or    growing- 
point:  b,  bases  of  leaves;  c,  crown 
of  root,  or  stem  ;   </,  fibers,  or  root 
proper ;  a,  youny  bulb,  or  offset. 


bulb 

rooting  from  the  under  side,  and  bearing  above 
closely  uncrossed  fleshy  leaves.  In  tin-  mni.  :a.  .1 

or   coatt-ll    hull)    tllrsr    l.;i\o    all-    in    till-   form    of   lil'oa.l. 

closely  o.nr.-iit  ri'-  coating*,  as  in  the  hyacinth  anil  onion  ; 
in  tliu  si-aly  luilli  they  are  narrow,  ttiii-k,  ami  inihrimti-il. 
a*  in  tin-  lily.  The  so-called  ttoli<l  /,///',,  as  in  itn-  norn^ 
and  gladiolii-H,  is  inure  properly  a  conn,  or  short  thick 

root-sto.  k,  in, losr, i  within  the  dried  . ••In. itliin-.'  i>a i  I 

ft'W   Iravrs. 

2.  Any  protuberance  or  expansion  resembling 
a  bulb.  especially  im  expansion  at  tin-  eml  ui1 
a  stalk  or  long  and  slender  body:  as,  the  bulb 
of  a  tlieriniHiii'trr;  the  luilli  of  the  aorta.  —  3. 
pi.  The  tonsils.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  Aortic  or  arte- 
rial bulb.  Saiiii-  as  Imlii  nf  Hie  aorta.  -Artery  of  the 
bulb.  set-  iirti-i'ii.  Bulb  of  a  hair,  the  swollen  part 
at  the  origin  of  the  hair.  Bulb  of  a  tooth,  the  rinliry- 
"H ir  mMotuMtto  papilla  formiiiK  tin-  uermof  the  tooth.  It 
ia  capi n'd  I iy  tin-  i-|.i) .last ir  .'iianii'l  or»an.  anil  is  i-onvri-tfil 
into  ili-iitini'  externally,  while  the  core,  becoming  highly 
nervous  and  vascular,  forms  the  ilellnitive  dental  papilla 
or  tooth-bulb.-  Bulb  of  the  aorta,  in  nun/,,  mini,  anil 
il.,  the  fort-most  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  origi- 


Dulb  of  the  Aorta  of  a  Shark  ( Lamna ),  laid  open,  showing  thick 
muscular  wall,  w,  and  three  rows  of  valves,  v,  v,  v. 

nal  cardiac  vessel.  From  it  spring  the  aortic  arches,  and 
from  it  are  developed  the  aorta  and  pulmonary  artery. 
Also  called  aortic  or  arterial  bulb  and  bulbu*  artrrioxu*. 
—  Bulb  of  the  eye,  the  eyeball.— Bulb  of  the  spinal 
cord,  the  medulla  oblongata.— Bulb  of  the  urethra, 
the  posterior  enlarged  rounded  extremity  uf  the  corpus 
spongiosum  of  the  penis.  —  Bulbs  Of  the  fornix,  the  cor- 
pora alhicantia  nf  the  ln-a in.  Detonating  bulb.  Sec 
i/-'t<'nrii<ii't.  —  Olfactory  bulb,  the  anterior  enlargement 
of  the  olfactory  tract,  from  which  the  olfactory  nerves  are 
sent  off.  See  cut  under  JHamnobranchii. 

bulb  (bulb),  v.  i.     [<  bulb,  «.]    To  project  or  be 
protuberant.     Evelyn. 

bulbaceous  (bul-ba'shius),  a.    [<  L.  bulbaceus, 
<  liulbutt,  a  bulb:  see  bulb.]   Bulbous.   Johnson. 

bulbar  (bul'bjlr),  a.  [<  L.  bulbvs,  bulb,  +  -ar2.] 
1.  Bulbous.— 2.  In  pathol.,  pertaining  to  the 
medulla  oblongata —  Chronic  bulbar  paralysis, 
disease  character*^- J  •-  - 
of  the  muscles  < 


—    » 

ly 
of  the  lips,  tongue,  palate,  pharynx,  and 


larynx.     Also  called  progressive  bttloo-mtclear  paralyxi*, 
proffrfnnive  a  trophic  bulbar 
rynycal  p 


•  paralysis,  and  glosto-labw-la- 


bulbed  (bulbd).  a.  [<  bulb  +  -e<£2.]  Having 
a  bulb ;  round-headed. 

bulbel  (bul'bel).  n.  [<  NL.  'bulbeUus,  'bulbil- 
lus,  dim.  of  L.  bulbus,  bulb.]  Same  as  bitlblet. 

bulberry  (bul'ber'i),  n.;  pi.  bulberries  (-iz). 
Same  as  bilberry. 

bulbi,  w.     Plural  of  bulbus. 

bulbiferous  (bul-bif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bulb,  +  ferre  =  E.  fceari.J  Producing  bnlbs: 
as,  bulbiferous  stems. 

bulbiforin  (bul'bi-ffirm),  n.  [<  L.  btilbus,  bulb, 
+  forma,  form.]  Bulb-shaped. 

bulbil  (bul'bil),  «.  [<  NL.  "bulbillus,  dim.  of 
L.  bulbus:  see  bulb,  bulbus.]  Same  as  bulblet. 

bulbine  (bul'bin),  n.  [L.,  <Qr.  ftol.3ivri,  awhite 
kind  of  bulbous  plant,  <  /JotyJuf,  a  certain  bul- 
bous root:  see  bulb.']  An  herb  having  leaves 
like  the  leek  and  a  purple  flower ;  dog's-leek. 

bulblet  (bulb'let),  ii.  [<  bulb  +  dim.  -let.']  A 
little  bulb;  specifically,  in  bot.,  a  small  aerial 
bulb  or  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  growing  in  the 
axils  of  leaves,  as  in  the  tiger-lily,  or  taking 
the  place  of  flower-buds,  as  in  the  common 
onion.  Also  bitlbel,  bulbil. 

bulbodiumt  (bul-bo'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
><>'/ .iuAi/r,  contr.  form  of  /Jo^/3«f(oifo,  bulb-like, 
<  fio't.Jof,  a  bulb,  +  fMof,  form.]  A  word  for- 
merly used  by  botanists  for  what  is  now  called 
a  conn. 

bulbose  (bul'bos),  a.  [<  L.  bulbosus :  see  biil- 
IMIUS.]  Producing  bulbs;  resembling  a  bulb; 
bulbous.  [Rare.] 

bulbotuber  (bul'bo-tu'ber),  n.  [<  L.  bulbus, 
bull).  4-  tulin:  tuber.]  A  corm.  [Rare.] 

bulbous  (bul'bus),  «.  [=  F.  bulbfujr,  <  L.  biil- 
IIIIXHH,  <  ImlhiiK,  bulb.]  1.  Producing  or  grow- 


713 

ing  from  bulbs:  as,  bulbous  plants. —  2.  I'er- 
t;iiningto  or  resembling  a  bulb  ;  swelling  out; 
bulb-shaped. 

Above  the  fringe  of  brushwood  on  the  hill  top,  rite  the 
many  golden  domes  and  bulbous  spires  of  cathedral  and 
i-onvcnU.  A.  J.  C.  Hare,  Russia,  Ix. 

A  burly,  bulbowt  man,  who,  in  sheer  ostentation  of  his 
venerable  progenitors,  was  the  flrst  to  introduce  into 

the  ftetlli'lnrnt   tin-  aiiL-k-nt   iMlt.-ll    fashion  of  ten  pair  of 

I'li'i-i'lii's.  /.<«i'/,  Knirkerl"M-ker,  p.  108. 

Bulbous  tore,  a  tore  made  will)  tin-  ends  finished  with 

bnlli-shap.  .1  onianii  Ills. 

bulbul1  (bul'bul),  n.  [=  Ar.  Turk.  Hind,  bul- 
bul, <  I'ers.  bulbul,  a  nightingale :  prob.  imita- 
tive; of.  bull'  n-liiilli'n.]  1.  The  Persian  name 
of  the  nightingale,  or  a  species  of  nightingale, 
rendered  familiar  iu  English  poetry  by  Moore, 
Byron,  and  Others.  The  same  name  is  also  given  in 
southern  and  southwestern  Asia  to  sundry  other  birds. 
Specifically  —  2.  In  ornith.,  a  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily I'ycnonotidff. 

bulbul2  (bul'bul),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  name  given 
to  the  yak. 

bulbule  (bul'bul),  n.  [<  LL.  bulbulux.  dim.  of 
L.  hulling,  bulb.]  A  little  bulb;  a  bulblet. 

bulbus  (bul'bus),  n.;  pi.  bulbi  (-bi).  [L. :  see 
bulb.]  A  bulb :  used  chiefly  in  anatomy  in  such 
phrases  as  bulbus  »<-uli.  the  eyeball ;  bulbvs  aor- 
tas, the  aortic  bulb —  Bulbus  arterlosus.  Same  as 
bulb  of  the  aorta  (which  see,  under  bulb). — Bulbus  glan- 
dulosus,  or  ventriculus  glandulosus,  the  glandular 
or  true  stomach  of  birds ;  tne  proventrii-ulun.  Bulbus 
venae  jugularis,  the  enlargement  of  the  internal  jugu- 
lar vein  at  it)  commencement  iu  the  jugular  foramen. 

bulby  (bul'bi),  a.  [<  bulb  +  -yl.]  Somewhat 
like  a  bulb ;  bulbous. 

bulcardt  (bul'kard),  n.  A  Cornish  name  of  the 
bifuny. 

bulch1t,  ''•   An  obsolete  variant  of  belch. 

bulch-t,  ».  [App*ar.  shortened  from  bulchin.]  A 
bull-calf:  sometimes  used  familiarly  in  refer- 
ence to  a  person,  either  in  kindness  or  in  con- 
tempt. 

.So  that  my  butch 

Show  but  his  swarth  cheek  to  me,  let  earth  cleave 
And  break  from  hell,  I  care  not! 

Ford  and  Dtkker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  v.  1. 

bulchint  (bill '  chin),  n.  [<  ME.  bulfhin,  <  bul, 

a  bull,  +  dim.  -chin  =  -A'in.]     A  young  male 

calf:  often  applied  in  contempt  to  persons. 
Drayton. 

For  ten  mark  men  sol, I  a  litille  bulchyn. 

Langtofl,  Chronicle  (ed.  Hearne),  p.  174. 
A  new-weande  bulchin.  Mar*titn,  Dutch  Courtezan,  ii.  1. 

buldt,  buldet, «'.  Middle  English  forms  of  build. 
Chaucer. 

bulder  (bul'der).  v.  i.     Same  as  btiller. 

buldering  (bul'der-ing), a.  Hot;  sultry.  [Prov. 
Eng.  (Exmoor).] 

bule1^  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  Wfei,  boifl. 

bule-  (bol),  n.     Same  as  boul. 

bule3t,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  bull1. 

Bulgar  (bul'gar),  n.  [=  F.  Bulyare  =  G.  Bui- 
gar  =  Turk.  Bulijar  =  Hung.  Bolgar,  etc.,  ML. 
liulgarus,  <  OBulg.  Blugarinu,  Bulg.  Blugarin 
=  Serv.  Bugarin  =  Russ.  Bolgarinu,  Bulgarii, 
Bulgar;  ML.  Bulgaria,  Russ.  Bulgariya,  etc., 
Bulgaria.  The  name  is  usually  associated, 
without  sufficient  evidence,  with  the  river  Volga 
(Russ.  Volga,  etc.).|]  1.  A  member  of  an  an- 
cient Finnish  race,  living  on  the  Volga,  the  Don, 
the  Danube,  etc.  A  tribe  of  tin  Bulgars  conquered 
the  Slavs  of  Mteaia  In  the  seventh  century,  grave  the  name 
Bulgaria  to  the  country,  and  soon  became  partly  Slavic  iu 
blood  and  wholly  in  language. 

2.  One  of  the  Slavic  inhabitants  of  Bulgaria; 
a  Bulgarian. 

Bulgarian  (bul-ga'ri-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bulgar, 
Bulgaria,  +  -ian,  -an.']  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Bulgars.  Also  Bulgaric. —  2.  Per- 
taining to  Bulgaria,  a  {principality  under  the 
nominal  suzerainty  of  Turkey,  lying  south  of 
the  Danube  and  west  of  the  B'lack  Sea. 

II.  H.  1.  A  member  of  the  race  inhabiting 
and  giving  name  to  Bulgaria;  a  Slavic  Bnlgar. 
— 2.  The  language  of  the  Bulgarians,  or  Slavic 
Bulgars.  It  is  divided  Into  two  dialects,  Old  Bulgarian 
(also  called  Church  Slavic  or  Slavonian)  and  New  Bulga- 
rian. The  former  is  the  richest  and  best  of  the  Slavic 
tongues,  but  Is  extinct  as  a  spoken  language.  See  Slavic. 

Bulgaric  (bul-gar'ik),  a.  and  w.  [<  Bulgar  + 
-ic.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient  Bul- 
gars and  their  modern  representatives,  the 
Mordvinians  and  Cheremissians  of  the  Volga. 

II.  H.  The  speech  of  the  ancient  Bulgara  and 
the  modern  Bulgaric  Finns.  See  I. 

bulge  (bulj),  «.  [<  ME.  bulge,  a  swelling,  hump. 
prob.  the  same  as  bulge,  a  bag,  found  ofti  TUT 
in  the  OF.  form  bout/e,  )  E.  bouge1  and  buili/t  -'. 
all  due  to  L.  bulijn.  a  leathern  bag ;  aword  prob. 
of  Celtic  origin :  Gael.  Ir.  bolg,  a  bag,  akin  to  AS. 


bulk 


Ixfltj,  a  bag,  etc.  (~>  K.  /«•//»/»•*.  /«•////).  and  prob. 

tO   Icel.   btll/l/i,    etc.,    K.    /)»</!:    >ei-    lull;/,   hilliiic*. 

buy1,  bovgt1,  buili/i".  an. I  lilge.  ]     1.  A  rounde<l 
protuberance;  a  swelling;  a  swell;  a  hump. 

His  nese  wan  cuttetl  an  a  eat. 
II U  browcs  war  like  lltel  buskes, 
And  his  t.-tlii-  lik<-  bare  tuikes, 
A  ful  grete  InUat  upon  his  halt. 
1'iraiM  and  Oawin  (ed.  HiUon,  1«O2),  1.  MO. 

We  advanced  half  a  mile,  and  encamped  temporarily 
in  a  hill-girt  bulyc  of  the  tlumara  Iwd. 

It.  F.  //ii,'/.,,,.  l;l  \l,-,llnah,  p.  86i 

2.  The  swirl  made  by  a  salmon  rising  to  the 
surface.      Sportsman's    (in  ittur.    TO  get  the 

bulge  On  One,  to  get  the  advantage  of  a  |H-nion  ;  fore 
stalland  get  tin-  u-tti-r  of  one.  (Slang.) 
bulge  (bulj),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  bulged,  ppr. 
bulging.  [<  bulge,  n.  Cf.  bagl,  t\.  and  belly,  r.. 
ult.  connected  with  bulge.']  1.  To  swell  out; 
be  protuberant. 

He  spoke  :  the  brawny  s|>eannan  let  hU  cheek 
Btil'jt  with  the  unswallow'd  piece,  and  turning  stared. 
TennynoH,  Geralnt. 

And  the  bulgiivi  nets  swept  shoreward, 
With  their  silver-sided  haul. 

Whittitr,  The  Sycamore*. 
2.  To  bilge,  as  a  ship. 

The  grievous  shipwrack  of  my  travels  dear 
In  bulyed  bark,  all  perished  In  disgrace. 

Danifl  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  686)1 
Here  I  found  that  the  ship  was  bulged  and  had  a  great 
deal  of  water  In  her  hold.    Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe,  p.  51. 
Bulged  cask.    See  «uti. 

bulgeways  (bulj'waz),  n.  pi.  Same  as  bilge- 
icays. 

bulgy  (bul'ji),  a.  [<  bulge  +  -«i.]  Bending 
outward;  bulging:  as,  "bulgy  legs,"  Dickens. 
[Rare.] 

bulimia  (bu-lirn'i-a),  n.  [=  F.  boiilimie,  <  NL. 
bulimia  (LL.  buliinn,  L.  bulimug),  <  Gr.  povfauia, 
also  /ioi'/.tfa)f,  great  hunger,  <  ,3oi.f,  ox,  in  comp. 
implying  'great,'  +  >.^<ic,  hunger.]  Morbidly 
voracious  appetite ;  a  disease  in  which  the  pa- 
tient has  a  constant  and  insatiable  craving  for 
food.  Also  written  bulimy,  boulimia,  boulimy. 
bulimic  (bu-lim'ik),  a.  [<  bulimia  +  -ic.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  bulimia. 

Bulimida  (bu-lim'i-dii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bulimug 
+  -irf«.]  A  group  or  tribe  of  terrestrial  gas- 
tropods, including  the  genera  Bulimug,  Aclia- 
tina,  Pupa,  and  Ctausilia.  Beck,  1837.  [Not  in 
use.] 

bulimiform  (bu-lim'i-f6rm),  a.    [<  NL.  Buli- 
muf  +  Iu  forma,  form.]     Having  that  form  of 
shell  characteristic  of  the  genus  Bulimns. 
bulimoid  (bu'li-moid),  a.     Having  the  appear- 
ance of  or  like  gastropods  of  the  genus  Bttlimun. 
bulimous  (bu'li-mus),  a.     [<  bulimia  +  -ous.] 
Characterized  by  bulimia, 
bulimulid  (bu-lim'u-lid),  n.     A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Bulimulitlce. 

BulimulidSB  (bu-li-mu'li-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Bulimulns  +  -«te.]  A  family  of  geophilous 
pulmonate  gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus 
Bulimulus,  having  the  mantle  included  in  the 
more  or  less  elongated  and  turreted  shell,  the 
jaw  thin,  provided  with  distant  transverse  ribs, 
and  the  lateral  teeth  peculiar  in  the  elongation 
and  curvation  of  the  inner  cusp. 
Bulimulus  (bu-lim'u-lus),  n.  [NL.,  as  Buli- 
mug +  dim.  -n lux.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Bulimtilida:.  There  are  nine  North 
American  species,  chiefly  of  southwestern  re- 
gions. 

Bulimus  (bu'li-mus),  n.  [NL.  (Scopoli,  1786), 
an  error  (as  if  <  Gr.  3oi>.iuof,  great  hunger) 
for  ilii/iinix  (Adanson, 
175T),  prop,  (as  emend- 
ed by  Oken,  1815)  Bul- 
linus,  <  L.  bullii,  a  bub- 
ble, boss,  stud  (see  biil- 
la),  +  dim.  -inn*.]  A 
genus  of  land-snails  to 
which  very  different  lim- 
its have  been  assigned, 
(a)  With  the  old  authors  it»a- 
a  repository  for  all  land-snalU 
having  an  ovate  form,  a  longi- 
tudinal ovate  aperture,  and  a 
non-truncate  columella.  It 
consequently  included  numer- 
ous heterogeneous  species 
now  distributed  among  dif- 
ferent families.  (6)  By  recent 
authors  it  Is  restricted  to 
Helifidtr  of  considerable  (lie, 
Bulimia  fttmfia.  represented  by  B.  ublmiytu. 

(See  cut)     Such  species  are 

mostly  confined  to  South  America.    B.  ovatut  has  some- 
times a  shell  alxnit  6  inches  long, 
bulimy  (bu'li-mi),  ».     Same  as  bulimia. 
bulk1  (bulk).  H.     [<  ME.  bolke.  a  heap,  <  Icel. 
biilki.  t  he  cargo  or  freight  of  a  ship  (cf.  mod.  bul- 


bulk 


714 


bull 


•f?   ~1      9     A  VintnVior's  stall  nearly  empty,  to  prevent  it  from  leaking.— To  bull  the 

:  be  bulky),  orig.  a  heap,  in  modern  Icel.     Minim:     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  butcher  s  still.  £       to  operate  for  a  rise  in  prices,  as  is  done  by 

•       '         -'      •-••"          na-       [Prov.  Eng.]— 3.    One  who  sleeps  under  bulks  tSok™  who  are  long  in  any  particular  stock. 

or  benches;  a  night-walker.    Haiti-well.    [Prov.  bull1  (bill),  a.      [<  bull1,  «.,  4.]     In  the  stock 

Eng.] — 4f.   A  common  strumpet  or  jilt.     E.  cxcilf,nge,  in  the  interest  of  or  favorable  to  the 

ritillilix,  1706.  bulls;  buoyant;  rising:  as,  a  bull  movement; 

mlkhead  (bulk'hed),  n.    [<  bulks,  partition,  +  a  6i(H  market. 


bolk,  a  heap,  Sw.  dial,  bulk,  a  knob,  bunch,  = 

ODan.  Dan.  bulk,  a  bump,  knob;  prob.  ult. 

from  the  root  of  belly,  bellows,  bag1,  etc.,  and 

thus   remotely  connected    with    bulge,   q.  y.  bulkhead 

Of.  bunk,  bunch1.     In  ref.  to  the  body,  first  in 


early  mod.  E.  bulke,  the  breast,  thorax,  =  MD. 
buli-kc,  '  thorax' ;  either  the  same  word  as  bulk. 


[<  ME.  bulle,  <  OF.  bulle,  F.  built 
'  -tl,  bulle  =  G.  Dan.  biillc 

(in  bann-bola,  a  bull  of 

a  heap,  etc.,  with  which  it  is  associated,  or  the     dentTa'lso,  a'screen"  as'forprotectiou  in  a  fight.  excommunication),  <  ML.  bulla,  a  papal  edict, 

same  (with  I  inserted  by  confusion  with  bulk,        we  had  only  to  wring  out  our  wet  clothes  [and]  hang     any  edict  or  writing,  a  seal,  L.  bulla,  a  boss, 

•      •    •    •    *        "     ••--"-  T--J-.  .     "-em  Up  to  chafe  against  the  bulkheads.  knob  stud,  bubble  :  see  bulla,  bill3,  billet1,  bullet, 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  33.      ^^ '      ^   7^,3  ^     j  _   game  ag  bum>  2 

(b)  In  civil  mgin.,  a  partition  built  in  a  tunnel,  conduit      _g     Th  t  autnoritative  official  document 

•  other  subterranean  passage,  intended  to  prevent  the     .'•*"«  ,,  „  ,  .     _ 


fc,  buc, 

see  bouk1,  and  cf.  bucks.    The  sense  o: 
or  chest'  runs  easily  into  that  of  'the  whole 


body,rand  this" into  the  sense  of  'the  whole     p^^'of  air,  water,  oi:  mud: 


issued  by  the  pope  or  in  his  name :  usually  an 


dimensions,  the  gross.']     If.  Aheap.  2T°A "water-face i'of  a  wharf,  pier,  or  sea-wall,     open  letter  containing  some  decree,  order,  or 

Bolke  or  hepe,  cumulus,  acervus.    Prompt.  Pare.,  p.  43.     J.3.  A  horizontal  or  inclined  door  giving  ac-    decision  relating  to  matters  of  grace  or  justice. 
2.  Magnitude  of  material  substance;   whole     cess  from  the  outside  of  a  house  to  the  cellar.     ^/^t^^^dfwMchtaSd^y^ 


dimensions  in  length,  breadth,  and  thickness ;  [New  Eng.]  -  Bulkhead  door,  a  water-tight  door  in  a 
rice  of  a  material  thing-  as  an  ox  or  a  ship  of  bulkhead. -Bulkhead  line,  a  surveyors  line  showing 
ing  .  as,  ai  far  the  llulkllemls  of  Iliers  may  project  into  a  stream 


great  bulk. 


or  harbor.— Collision  bulkhead,  a  strong  bulkhead  built 


A  sturdy  mountaineer  of  six  feet  two  and  corresponding     acr0ss  a  ship,  near  the  bows,  and  designed  to  prevent  il 


appended  to  it  by  a  thread  or  band,  which  is  red  or  yellow 
when  the  bull  refers  to  matters  of  grace,  and  uncolored  and 
of  hemp  when  it  refers  to  matters  of  justice.  On  one  side 
of  the  seal  is  the  name  of  the  pope,  and  on  the  other  are 
the  heads  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Bulls  are  written  in 
Latin,  either  in  the  ordinary  cursive  hand  or  in  round 


bulk.  Hawthorne,  Old  Manse,  II.      f,.om  filling  with  water  if  the  bows  are  stove  in.— Screen     Q0ti,j'c  characters  and  have  a  red  seal  on  the  parchment 

3     The  gross  ;  the  greater  part ;  themaiumass     bulkhead  (»««'.),  a  screen  of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  taking     itseif,  in  whlch  the  name  of  the  pope  encircles  the  heads 
o.    iiiog     IOD .'.  ""r  &„      ;.       • ,  ,  .'      .,  '  i    77.   -«  _      the  nlace  of  a  bulkhead.  of  the  apostles.     They  begin  with  the  name  of  the  pope, 


o.    AIIO  givDo  ,  uiio  gi^wu^A  jj u*  u  ,   .*u~  »~w~  — —  nHce  of  'i  bulkhead 

or  body:  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt;  the  bulk  of  a  bulkiness'(bul'ki-nes),  n.     [<  bulky  +  -ness.]     ?0uriw«f"b7the  te"™  episcopu*  (bishop)  and  the  words 
nation.  The  sta 

It  is  certain  that,  though  the  English  love  liberty,  the     .     .     ,, 

^oUheEngl1^^rHTstakCo,f,monwealth,iv.2.  bulky  (bul'M),'  a.      [<.  bulk1   +   -V1.     Cf.  Icel. 


•i v. , ,  i_  t,  —  un  tvi     uj     vi  Mft 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  bulky ;  magnitude     servus  servorum  Dei  (servant  of  the  servants  of  God)  and 

a  salutation,  and  close  with  the  place  and  date  of  execu- 
tion and  the  subscription  of  the  chancellor  or  other  func- 


tionary of  the  papaTchancery.    -The  distinctive  name  of  a 
ndred  a  vear  independent  while     bulkalcgr,  bulky,  Sw.  dial.  OUUKug,  Duncny,  pro-     bull  is  taken  from  the  first  word  or  words  of  the  general  in- 

*w**»±gaESC  *±£i  ^^aciu±;OT  8ize;  large- 


I  live 


Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3.     Hence — 2.  Unwieldy;  clumsy. 

Latreus,  the  bulkiest  of  the  double  race.  Dryden. 

The  book  .  .  .  suffers  from  the  editor's  bulky  style. 


genitu 
issued 


, 

d  in  1713  by  Clement  XI.,  condemning  the  Jansenist 
propositions  set  forth  in  Quesnel's  "Moral  Reflections." 
A  brief,  though  of  equal  authority  with  a  bull,  differs  from 


In  1603,  Jonson  produced  his  mighty  tragedy  of  Sejanus, 
a  noble  piece  of  work,  full  of  learning,  ingenuity,  and 
force  of  mind  in  wielding  bulky  materials. 

Whipple,  Old  Eng.  Dram. 

And  bared  the  knotted  column  of  his  throat, 
The  massive  square  of  his  heroic  breast. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 
We  turned  down  into  a  narrow  street,  and,  after  pro-     3.  An  official  letter ;  an  edict ;  especially  an,m- 


the  cardinals  consulted. 

The  church  published  her  bulls  of  crusade  ;  offering  lib- 
eral indulgences  to  those  who  served. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa,,  Int. 

The  pope  has  issued  a  bull  deposing  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Macaulay,  Disabilities  of  the  Jews. 


The  ease  and  completeness  with  which  the  invaders  had 
won  the  bulk  of  Britain  only  brought  out  in  stronger  re- 
lief the  completeness  of  their  repulse  from  the  south. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  108. 

4f.  The  bottom  or  hold  of  a  ship. 

Alueo,  .  .  .  the  bulke,  belly  or  bottom  of  a  ship.  Florio. 
5.  The  entire  space  in  a  ship's  hold  for  the 
stowage  of  goods ;  hence,  that  which  is  stowed ; 
the  mass  of  the  cargo:  as,  to  break  bulk  for 
unloading. — 6t.  The  breast;  the  chest;  the 
thorax. 

¥•  bulke,  thorax.    Levins,  Manip.  Vocab.  (1570),  col.  187. 
Torace  [It.],  the  brest  or  bulke  of  a  man.     Florio  (1598). 
7.  The  body  of  a  living  creature. 

He  rais'd  a  sigh  so  piteous  and  profound, 

That  it  did  seem  to  shatter  all  his  bulk, 

And  end  his  being.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1. 

Vast  bulks  which  little  souls  but  ill  supply. 

Dryden,  Anuus  Mirabilis,  1.  280. 

Bones  of  some  vast  bulk  that  lived  and  roar'd 

Before  man  was.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iii.         vve  mnieu  uowu  into  a  imriuw  BLICCI-,  »nu,  *M^»  F»«-     --  —  ijVi 

Elasticity  of  bulk.    See  elasticity.- Laden  In  bulk,     ceeding  a  little  way,  passed  under  a  massy  arched  gate-     penal  edict  under  the  Roman  or  the  old  German 

haruS  tea  OMTOlooM  in  the  hold,  or  not  inclosed  in     way,  and  found  ourselves  in  the  spacious  courtyard  of  this     empire. -Golden  bull,  a  name  given  to --•- 

boxesfbales,  bags,  or  casks.  —To  break  bulk.  See  break,     princely  mansion.  W.  Hare,  Ze     bia,  1.  29.      Urated  historical  documents,  from  their  gold 

=  Syri.  2.  G'reatuess,  largeness,  extent,  bigness;  Magni- 
tude, Volume,  etc.    See  size. 

bulk1  (bulk),  v.   [<  bulk1,  «.]    I.  intrans.  To  in- 
crease in  bulk ;    grow  large ;    swell.  ,,_„  t  ,„„<=..«  Vl......  V..V1.   ,™i...  „.„.„„ 

He  [Chalmers]  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it  bulked  forms  appar.  after  Scand. ),  also  bulle,  appar.  <     Constantinople  to  patriarchs  and  princes,  by  the  grandees 

into  a  bible.  North  British  Rev.  AS.  "butta  (not  found,  but  indicated  by  the  rare     of  the  empir 

But  the  more  he  is  alone  with  nature,  the  greater  man  dim.  bulluca,  >  E.  bullock1,  q.  V.)  =  MD.  bulle,      ""VU'j1*??8,- 

and  his  doings  bulk  in  the  consideration  of  his  fellow-men.  j.nl!f   -  -  ~ ~    -    "  -        i«-Tiai  o«*i 

The  Century,  XXVII.  193.  j™j  : 

II.   trans.  To  put  or  hold  in  bulk  or  as  a  Norw.  __, ; 7 

mass;  fix  the  bulk  of  in  place:   as,  to  bulk  a  trated bull  (cf.  OBulg.  floMi  =  Serv.  vo  =  Bohem.  Life  is  as  a  bull  rising  on  the  water.    Novell.   (Davies.) 

cargo.     [Bare.]  wui  (wo;_)  _  p'ol.  wol  (barred  I),  an  ox,  =  Russ.  bull4  (bul),  n.    [Not  found  earlier  than  the  17th 

Rotting  on  some  wild  shore  with  ribs  of  wreck,  volu,  a  bull,  =  Lith.  bullns  =  Lett,  bollis):  prob.  century,  except  as  ME.  bul  (about  A.  D.  1320)  in 

Or  like  an  old-world  mammoth  bulk'd  in  ice  f          th           t     f  6e;;2    follow,  q.  v.]      1.   The  the  doubtful  passage  first  quoted.     Origin  un- 

Not  to  be  molten  out.               Tennyson  Princess,  v.  J™»  Qf  ^  domestic  'bovine/o^  wh|ch  the  fe-  certain.      Several    anecdotes    involving    Irish 

bulk2t,  »• ».    [ME. ;  var.  of  bolk,  q.  v.]   To  belch.  male  jg  a  Mw  .  in  gerieT3l-[t  the  male  of  any  bo-  speakers  have  been  told  (and  appar.  invented) 

Bulk  not  as  a  Beene  were  yn  thi  throte,  yjne    as  of  tne  different  species  of  the  genus  to  account  for  the  word.      It  is  usually  asso- 

Asakarlethatcomysouteof  a  cote  Bos.— 2.   An  old  male  whale,  sea-lion,  sea-  ciated  with  bull2,  a  papal  edict,  in  allusion,  it 

,    .,  „  .,    ..  .           r/T    i  bear,  or  fur-seal.— 3.  [cop.]  Taurus,  one  of  the  is  said,  to  the  contrast  between  the  humble 

1"^^^JiI0^6fea*SS:^!'  twelVe  signs  of  the  Ulac.-4.   In  stock**-  professions  of  thepope,  as  in  his  st^inghimself 


several  cele- 
ilden  seal.    The 

most  notable  of  these  is  an  edict  or  imperial  constitution 
made  in  1356  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.,  regulating  the 
mode  of  procedure  in  the  election  and  coronation  of  the 

bull1  (bul),  n.     [<  ME.  6^  bule,  bol,  Me  (these    %»%?££%£  S±!  *S£tSS&S!SSSi£« 

Constantinople  to  patriarchs  and  princes,  by  the  grandees 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  etc.,  and  by  patriarchs 


Slowly  the  ponderous  portal 
Closed,  and  in  silence  the  crowd  awaited  the  will  of  the 
soldiers.  Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  4. 


Are  you  a  Bull  or  a  Bear  To  day,  Abraham?  hardly  tenable  on  historical  grounds.    The  Icel. 

ne^  A  ^aith,--!  „-  a^P,.  for     ^  _nse,  ^^al^  nonsense,  chat,  is 

.  bul- 


2.  A  stall  in  front  of  a  shop.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 
3t.  A  large  chest  or  box. 

On  a  bulk  in  a  cellar  was  to  be  found  the  author  of  the      ,  uiuu.,  uuu,  u.   nuu  imm   LUC  ±^.   ».^i«,  *o  w 

••  Wanderer."  Johnson.     5.  The  bull's-eye  of  a  target.—  6.  pi.  The  stems  associated  w;th  jaHtti  boil,  and  ult.  with  L.  i 

bulk4  (bulk),  v.  i.     [<  ME.  bulken;  cf.  bunch2,     of  hedge-thorns.— -7.  pi.   i  he  transverse  bars  ?a  abutWe:  see  6w«s.]    A  gross  inconsistency 

strike,  as  related,  through  bunk,  to  bulk1.]     If.     of  wood  mto  T?b71,eh  ^ne  Jl?acls  °*  "arrows  are  in  lauguage .  a  ludicrous  blunder  involving  a 

To  strike;  beat.  set.     Grose;  Halhwett.     [Prov    Eng.]— 8t.  A  contradiction   in  terms :   commonly  regarded 

five-shilling  piece.    Brewer.— Q\.  A  small  keg.  as  espeeiaiiy  characteristic  of  the  Irish,  and 

- 10.  The  weak  grog  made  by  pouring  water  often^called  Jan  Irilih  buV, 


On  her  brestes  gon  the!  bulk, 

And  uchone  to  her  in  to  sculk.  „     „ 

Cursor  Mundi.   (Hattiwell.)    into   a  spirit-cask  nearly  empty. 
2.  To  throb.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bulkar,  «.    See  bulker2. 


Quilk  man,  quilk  calf,  quilk  leon,  quilk  fujiU 
I  sal  you  tel,  with-vteu  ind. 

Cursor  Mundi  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  21269. 


Bull-bay.  See  6ayi.— To  take  the  bull  by  the  horns, 
to  grapple  with  or  face  boldly  some  danger  or  difficulty. 

uu^cvi.  ...      yvy  ™.  "•    •  (In  composition,  bull  often  implies  'male'  or  'of  large 

bulker1  (bul  ker),  n.     [<  bulk1  +  -er1.]     Naut.,     ^ize  •  M  fn  toX-trout,  perhaps  bulrush,  etc.]  I  may  say  (without  a  Bull)  this  controversy  of  yours  is 

a  person  employed  to  determine  the  quantity  bull1  (bul)  c  t  K  bull1  n. ;  =  Icel.  bola,  butt,  so  much  the  more  needless,  by  how  much  that  about  which 
or  bulk  of  goods,  so  as  to  fix  the  amount  of  ^y  £  TO  toss  or  throw  up  (hedges),  as  "  ta(Eeft«™tion)ta»  withont^il.eontov^^eedfi.i. 
freight-  or  shore-dues  to  which  they  are  liable.  cattle  do.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  In  the  stock  ex- 


[Eng.] 


Charles  Herle,  Ahab's  Fi.ll  (1044),  Ded. 
And  whereas  the  Papist  boasts  himself  to  be  a  Roman 


w       T  •  iv  •  f  rtllU    Wlltlt'ilS    lilt    i  III  MM     UUBBIfl     IlllUBOU     i-v    "%-  " 

change,   to  endeavor  to  raise,   as   the  price  Of     Catholic,  it  is  a  mere  contradiction,  one  of  the  pope  s 


i_L  iilB'Jo  ,1-   1/1  •   s  TAI  -ii        /•      j   *        cnange,  10  enueavor  v     raise,   as    me  jjn.          .     c.ltholic,  it  is  a  mere  contradict],.]],  one  01  we  pop,- * 

bulker-5  (bul  ker),  n.     [Also  written  (m  dels,     shares,  artificially  and  unduly.   See  the  noun. —     bulls,  as  if  he  should  say  universal  particular;  a  Catholic 
1,   2)   bulkar;  <  bulk3  +  -er1.]     If.  Abeam.     To  bull  a  barrel,  to  pour  water  into  a  cask,  when  it  is     schismatic.  Milton,  True  Religion. 


bull 

"  Why,  h'ricnd.' says  he,  .  .  .  "I  myself  have  knowne  a 
beast  winter d  our  \iliole  summer  f"r  :i  noble."  "That 
was  a  Itull,  mv  Lord.  I  hcl.vvc.  '  says  tin-  frllmv. 

Tlii'ttix,  Anecdote*  and  Traditions  (<'annlen  Sen-.),  p.  Til. 

Svn.    /:''•""•,  Mi*t,ik< ,  etc.     S.  . 

bulla  (bnl'ii),  >i. ;  pi. /«///>/•  (-e).    [I,.,  a  bubble. 

lioss,  knob,  iin  ornament,  etc.;  hence  K.  liiill-. 
h,ill-\  hill*,  />.,«•/-',  dr.;  cf.  Hind.  li,<lh«l<i.  I,, ill,,. 
a  bubble,  and  E.  bubble*,  etc.:  all  perhaps  orig. 
imitative.]  1.  An  ornament  in  tin'  form  ut'  ;i 
capsule  or  locket,  in  use  among  the  ancient 
Romans,  who  adopted  it  from  the  Etruscans. 
It  was  WITH  especially  aioiiml  Itu-  nock  us  1111  amulet  by 
Ki'iicui  rlnMivu,  holli  hoys  and  v:il'ls.  its  protective  virtue 
lieillU'  sll|i|M>scd  to  reside  eilllcl'  ill  it-  prot'ion-  Illlllrl  i.ll  o| 

ill  -"MIC  -ul.Maii'  ,•  JIM  lo-i 'd  \\ithin  it.  It  was  of  ^ulil  in 
Ilic  families  of  the  noldy  horn  anil  the  rii-li.  ami  of  mm 
moiicr  ni'itrii.il  iinioiit;  others.  It  was  laid  aside  by  young 
men  u]>oii  attaining  maturity,  ami  dedicated  to  Hercules 
nr  to  the  household  lares;  by  young  women  it  was  dedi- 
cated to  Juno. 

When  now  my  golden  HttUti  (linn-  on  high 
To  household  gods)  deelar'il  me  past  a  t>oy. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Perslns,  Satires,  v.  42. 

2.  A  seal  attached  to  a  document,  specifically  — 
(a)  A  seal  used  by  the  emiierors  of  Constantinople,  and  by 
the  early  emperors  of  the  Huh  ttoman  (dcrmaii)  Empire. 
and  by  other  sovereigns,  (b)  A  leaden  seal  attached  to 
Important  documents  issued  by  the  pope.  See  ImU'J,  2. 


Bulla  of  Pope  Aleiander  IV. 

3.  Any  ornament  of  rounded  form,  especially 
if  suspended,  such  as  those  which  are  attached 
by  small  chains  to  the  Hungarian  crown.  —  4. 
In  patliol.,  a  bleb  or  portion  of  epidermis  raised 
by  the  extravasation  of  a  transparent  watery 
fluid,  as  in  erysipelas,  etc.  —  6.  Ill  anat.,  an  in- 
flated portion  of  the  bony  external  meatus  of 
the  ear,  forming  a  more  or  less  well-marked 
prominence  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the 
skull  of  many  animals,  usually  constituted  by 
a  bulbous  tympanic  bone.  Also  called  biill'n 
ossea.  See  extract. 

In  sonic  Marsupials,  where  the  tympanic  does  not  pass 

beyond  the  annular  condition,  there  is  an  apparently  simi- 

lar bttUa,  but  this  is  formed  by  an  extension  of  the  bases 

of  the  alto  temporales  (Dasyurus,  Petaurista.  Perameles). 

Gtytnbaur,  Cnnip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  406. 

6.   [cap.]  A  genus  of  tectibranchiate  (or  pleu- 

robranchiate)  gastropods,  to  which  very  differ- 

ent    limits     have 

been  assigned,    (a) 

By  the  old  concholo- 

gists    not    only    were 

most  of  the  tectlbran- 

chlates    incliiiled.   but 

also  various  other  gas- 

tropods having  shells 

like  or  supposed  to  be 

like  them  were  referred 


to  the  genus.     (6)  By 
It  Is  re- 


1  2 

Bubble-shells, 
i,  Bulla  ampulla  ;  y,  Bulla  { 


recent  writers 
stricted  to  the  bubble- 
shells,  so  called  from 
their    ventricous    oval 

shells,  so  convoluted  that  the  last  whorl  envelops  all  the 
others:  typical  of  the  family  llullulte.  Also  called  <;l/m- 
dnla. 

bullace  (bul'as),H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bulli.i, 
bullocx;  <  ME.  balas,  bolus,  also  Ixilnxtrr,  Imli/*- 
tre  (cf.  bolas  tre,  bul<is-tre,  where  Ire  is  regard- 
ed as  E.  tree),  <  Gael,  biilaintctir  =  Ir.  bulixhiir, 
a  bullace,  sloe,  connected  with  Ir.  bulos,  a 
prune,  =  Bret,  bulos,  /tolas,  bullace,  >  prob. 
OF.  baliici;  brloee,  bclloclie  (F.  dial,  fV/Vwr),  Inil- 
lace.  bfltin-ii'i;  bullace-tree.  Of.  E.  dial.  (Corn- 
wall) bulluiii.  the  fruit  of  the  bullace-tree.]  1. 
A  species  of  plum,  /';•«« «.v  inxilitiit,  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor  and  southern  Europe,  but  now 
naturalized  and  cultivated  further  north.  It 
differs  from  the  common  plum.  /'.  thnit>'Mti<-ti,  chieny  in 
its  spiny  branches.  The  fruit  is  used  like  damsons. 
2.  The  popular  name  of  M<ii<-<>,vit  bijui/n.  a 
common  West  Indian  tree,  producing  a  green 
egg-shaped  fruit  with  a  pleasant  vinous  and 
aromatic  flavor. —  3.  In  the  United  States,  the 
muscadine  grape.  I'itix  nil/iimi. 

Bulladae  (buTa-dot,  «.  ;</.     Same  as  Hulliiln: 

bullae,  n.     Plural  of  hullo. 

bullan(bul'ii),n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  weight  equal  to 
4^  pounds,  used  in  some  parts  of  the  East  In- 
dies for  grain. 


TIT, 

bullantic  <lm-lan'tik),  '/.  [<  ML.  bullan(t-)*, 
]ipr.  of  biillnri;  attach  the  seal,  <  bulla,  seal: 
-.1  .  /,,;//-.  ]  pertaining  to  or  used  in  apostolic 
bulls:  as.  hiitlmitir  letters,  certain  ornamental 
capitals  used  in  these  bulls. 

bullarium  (bu-la'ri-um),  «.     Same  as  bullary1. 

bullary1  (bul'a-ri).  n.  [<  ML.  bullarium,  a  col- 
lection of  papal  bulls,  <  bulla:  see  6«//2.]  A 
collection  ut  |<apal  bulls. 

bullary1'  (bul  a-ri),  ».  [A  pedantic  (law)  form 
of  boi/iirif  or  lii't/i  rfi.  as  if  <  ML.  'bullarium,  <  L. 
liiillurr  for  biillire,  boil:  see  boil?."]  A  house  in 
which  salt  is  prepared  by  boiling. 

bullate  (bul'at),  a.  [<  L.  bullatiuf,  pp.  and  adj. : 
see  the  verb.]  1.  In  hot.,  having  elevations  like 

blisters.     A  bullate  leaf  la  one  whose  surface  between 
the  veins  is  thrown  into  projections,  which  are  convex  on 
the  upper  surface  and  concave  beneath,  as  in  the  cabbage. 
In  the  bullate  thallus  of  a  lichen  the  concavities  are  > 
up|>er  surface. 

2.  In  /Hit/ml.,  blistered. —  3.  In  anat.,  inflated; 
vaulted;  ventricous;  fornicated  and  with  thin 
walls:  as,  a  bullate  tympanic  bone  (that  is,  one 
forming  a  bulla  ossea). — 4.  In  zool.,  having  the 
surface  covered  with  irregular  and  slight  eleva- 
tions, giving  a  blistered  appearance. 

bullatet,  '••  ••  [<  L.  bullatus,  pp.  of  bulhire,  bub- 
ble, <  bulla,  a  bubble:  see  boiP,  bulla.]  To 
bubble  or  boil. 

bullated  (bul  'a-ted).  a.  Bullate ;  rendered  bul- 
late. 

bullation  (bu-la'shon),  ».  In  anat.,  inflation  ; 
fornication ;  cameration. 

bull-baiting  (bul'ba'ting),  n.  The  practice  of 
baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with  dogs,  a  sport 
formerly  very  popular  in  England,  but  made 
illegal  in  1835. 

Among  those  who  at  a  late  period  patronised  or  defended 
bnll-baitinii  were  Windham  ami  Pan' ;  and  even  Canning 
and  Peel  opposed  the  measure  for  its  abolition  by  law. 

Lftky,  Km,-,  in  18th  Cent.,  Iv. 

bullbat  (bul'bat),  n.  A  local  or  popular  name 
in  the  United  States  of  the  night-hawk  or  long- 
winged  goatsucker,  t'hordeiles ]>ojietuc  or  C.  vir- 
t/inianux.  So  called  from  its  Hying  most  in  the  evening 
or  in  cloudy  weather,  and  from  the  noise  which  it  makes 
as  it  moves  through  the  air.  It  belongs  to  the  family  Cn- 
liriniulyida>,  like  the  whlpnoorwill,  but  is  of  a  different 
genus.  Also  called  /"Wr  and  piratiuili't. 

bullbeart,  ».  [<  bulll  +  bear*.  Cf.  bugbear.'}  A 
bugbear.  Harrey.  (Halliicell.) 

bullbee  (bul'be),  n.     Some  as  buUfly. 

bull-beef  (bul'bef),  n.  The  flesh  of  a  bull; 
hence,  coarse  beef.  [In  the  latter  sense  collo- 
quial.] 

bullbeggar  (bul'beg'iir),  n.  [In  form,  <  buW 
+  beqijar;  but  prob. "a  corruption  of  a  word 
of  different  origin;  cf.  bully,  r.,  bullbcar,  a  bug- 
bear, D.  bullt'bak,  a  bugbear:  see  bugbear.'] 
Something  that  excites  needless  fear;  a  hob- 
goblin ;  an  object  of  terror. 

They  are  all  as  mad  as  I ;  they  all  have  trades  now, 
And  roar  aliout  the  streets  like  bull-b«fi<iaf9. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  2. 

This  was  certainly  an  ass  in  a  lion's  skin  ;  a  harmless 
biill-bri/gar,  who  delights  to  frighten  innocent  people. 

Taller,  Xo.  212. 

bull-boat  (bul'bpt),  n.  A  rude  boat  made  by 
the  North  American  Indians,  usually  a  shallow 
cmte  covered  with  the  raw  hide  of  the  bull  elk. 

bullbrier  (bul'bri'er),  n.  A  name  given  to  spe- 
cies of  Smilax,  S.  Pseudo-China  and  <S\  tamnni- 
des,  of  the  southern  United  States,  which  have 
tuberous  roots,  and  stems  armed  with  stout 
prickles. 

bull-calf  (bul'kaf ),  ».  [<  bulfl  +  calf;  =  D.  bul- 
/.«//=  Icel.  bola-kalfr.)  1.  A  male  calf.— 2. 
A  stupid  fellow.  Snak. 

bullcomber  (bul'ko'mer),  n.  A  name  of  the 
common  English  beetle,  Searabii'iis  ti/iilurus,  or 
Tii/ilunix  ntli/ari.t,  and  other  species  of  the  fam- 
ily Scarabiriiln: 

bull-dance  (bul'dans),  «.  Xaut.,  a  dance  per- 
formed by  men  only. 

bulldog  (bul'dog),  n.  [<  bull1  +  dog ;  hence  F. 
lioulcdiifiue,  Kuss.  bulMogu,  Hind,  yulilank-kuttii 
(kuttd,  dog).  Cf.  equiv.  D.  bulhotid  (hand  =  E. 
liinniil).  h(i.  lni/li'iibiti'r  =  G.  bullenbcis.ter  = 
Dan.  hitlbiiln;  lit.  'bull-biter.']  1.  A  variety 
of  dog  of  comparatively  small  size,  but  very 
strong  and  muscular,  with  a  large  head,  broad 
muzzle,  short  hair,  tapering  smooth  tail,  and 
remarkable  courage  and  ferocity.  Dogs  of 
this  kind  were  formerly  much  used  in  bull- 
baiting,  whence  the  name. — 2f.  A  bailiff. 

I  sent  for  a  couple  of  bull-dogt,  and  arrested  him. 

t'artpihar,  lave  and  a  Bottle,  ill.  2. 

3.  The  assistant  or  servant  who  attends  the 
proctor  of  an  English  university  when  on  duty. 


bullet-bag 

Sent ine  tits  which  vanish  tor  .MI  at  t  lie  si-lit  of  the  proc- 
tor with  his  l,ttlt-.t',  '/x,  us  thc>  -all  tli, 'in,  or  tour  muscular 
follows  which  [sic]  always  follow  him.  hk.  toman) 

It      •  \  \  \  \     •':: ' 

4.  [f'f.  barker1,  4.1     A  pistol;  in  recent  use,  a 
small  revolver  with  a  short  barrel  carrying  a 
large  ball.     [Cant.] 

I  have  always  a  brace  of  build**/*  aliout  me."  ...  So 
hunt. 'd  a  very  handsome,  highly  Mulshed,  and 
richly  mounted  pair  of  pistols. 

•M4  M    l;..naiis  Well,  II.  i»i. 

5.  \aiit.:  (a)  The  great  gun  in  the  officers'  ward- 
room cabin,   (b)  A  general  term  for  main-deck 
guns. —  6.  In  miini..  tap-cinder  from  the  pud- 
dling-fimiacc,  after  the  protoxid  of  iron  has 
been  converted  into  sesquioxid  by  roasting. 
It  may  be  used  as  an  ore  of  iron  for  making  what  Is  know  u 
as  cinder-iron.    It  is  also  extensively  used  as  a  lining  for 
the  -ides  of  the  jiudilltng-fnrnaec.     |F.ng.) 

7.  A  name  given  by  the  Canadian  half-breeds 

to  the  gadfly.  -Bulldog  bat.  see  (»i«  Bulldog 
forceps,  forceps  with  potaud  teeth  for  grasping  an  ar- 
tery, etc'. 

bulldoze  (buTddz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  bull- 
do:rd,  ppr.  buUdo:iny.  [Also  written  nulldose: 
explained  as  orig.  to  give  one  a  dose  of  the  bn/1- 
irlinck  or  bull-whip;  but  the  second  element,  if 
of  this  origin,  would  hardly  become  -doze.]  1. 
To  punish  summarily  with  a  bull-whip;  cow- 
hide.— 2.  To  coerce  or  intimidate  by  violence 
or  threats ;  especially,  in  politics,  to  bully ;  in- 
fluence unfairly:  applied  particularly  to  the 
practices  of  some  southern  whites  since  the 
civil  war.  [U.  S.  slang.] 

The  use  of  this  w  capon  {the  bull-whip]  was  the  original 
application  of  bull-dine.  It  first  found  its  way  into  print 
after  the  civil  war,  when  it  came  to  mean  intimidation  for 
political  purposes  by  violence  or  threats  of  violence.  Since 
that  time  It  has  acquired  a  wider  significance,  and  may 
be  used  with  reference  to  intimidation  of  any  kind. 

Mag.  of  Amer.  Hut.,  XIII.  98. 

bulldozer  (bul'do-z*r),  w.  1.  One  who  bull- 
dozes; one  who  intimidates  others  by  threats 
of  violence. —  2.  A  revolver.  [U.  8.  slang  in 
both  senses.] 

bulledt,  I*,  a.  [For  boiled,  pp.  of  ME.  bollen, 
swell:  see  bolnt.]  Swollen;  expanded. 

And  hang  the  balled  nosegays  'bovc  their  heads. 

B.  Jnntmi,  Sad  Shepherd,  I.  2. 

bullen  (bul'en),  w.  [Origin  unknown.]  The 
awn  or  chaff  from  hemp  or  flax.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullen-bullen  (bul'en-bul'en),  n.  [Imitative 
reduplication ;  cf.  bulbul.~\  The  native  name  of 
the  Australian  lyre-bird,  Menura  supcrba. 

bullengert.  «•     A  variant  of  balinger. 

bullen-nail  (bul'en-nal),  w.  A  round-headed 
nail  with  a  short  shank,  tinned  and  lacquered, 
used  chiefly  by  upholsterers. 

buller  (burer),  r.  i.  [E.  dial. :  see  bidder,  boul- 
der.'] To  roar.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bullescence  (bu-les'eus),  n.  [<  L.  bullesten(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  bullescerc,  begin  to  bubble,  <  6« Wire,  bub- 
ble: see  boil2.]  In  but.,  &  bullate  condition. 
See  bullate,  1. 

bullet  (bul'et),  n.  [<  F.  boulet,  a  cannon-ball, 
dim.  of  OF.  bowle,  a  ball,  >  E.  bou-P,  of  which 
In/lift  is  thus  practically  a  diminutive:  Me 
It.  A  small  ball. 


Rifle-bullets. 

Mime:  ».  Enlelil ;  f.  Springfield; 
</.  Prussian  needle-fun. 


When  one  doth  die  another  Is  elected  by  the  Great  Mas- 
ter and  his  Knights,  who  give  their  voices  by  balleti,  as  do 
the  Venetians.  Santlyn,  Travels,  p.  180. 

Specifically  —  2.  A  small  metallic  projectile 
intended  to  be  discharged  from  a  firearm :  com- 
monly limited  to  leaden  projectiles  for  small 
arms.  BulleU  were 
formerly  always  spheri- 
cal in  form,  but  many 
changes  have  lieen  made 
in  them  In  both  shape 
and  structure.  The  bul- 
let used  for  rifles  of 
recent  construction  is 
elongated  and  conical, 
or  rather  ogival.  at  the 
apei,  somewhat  like  half  an  egg  drawn  out.  with  a  hollow 
at  the  base,  into  w  hlch  a  plug  of  wood  or  clay  Is  inserted, 
and  with  small  cuts  (ouuwhmt)  in  the  metal  outside, 
which  are  tilled  with  tx'eswax  to  lubricate  the  barrel 
while  the  bullet  is  passing  through  it.  W  hen  the  gun  U 
tired  the  plug  is  driven  forward  to  the  head  of  the  ca\  it\ . 
forcing  the  base  of  the  bullet  outward  till  the  lead  com- 
pletely tills  the  grooves  in  the  rifled  barrel.  The  plug  U 
often  omitted,  the  base  of  the  bullet  being  forced  into  tin- 
grooves  by  the  expansive  force  of  the  powder. 

3.  In  lier.,  a  roundel  sable  (that  is,  a  black 
circle),  supposed  to  represent  a  cannon-ball. — 
Bullet-compasses.  s«-  r,,/,, ;*,,.*.  Every  bullet  has 
its  billet.  *«•  W//.-/1.  -  Naked  bullet  <.,»Y.7.),  an  elon- 
gated projectile  with  one  or  more  L-rooves  or  cannelures 
endrcflnf  it.  as  distinguished  from  the  patched  bullet  for- 
nii'i-ly  !!-•  .I 

bullet-bag  (bul'et-bag),  n.  A  leathern  pouch 
for  holding  bullets,  formerly  carried  attached 
to  a  bandoleer  or  baldric.  When  the  baldric  was  not 
worn,  the  bullet  bag  was  attached  to  the  girdle,  beside  the 
powder-fluk. 


bullet-headed 

bullet-headed  (bul'et-hed'ed),  a.  1.  Round- 
headed.— 2.  Stupid;  doltish. 

bullet-hook  (bul'et-huk),  n.  A  tool  for  ex- 
tracting bullets. 

bulletin  (bul'e-tin),  ».  [P.,  <  It.  bullettino,  bol- 
lettino,  dim.  of  bulletin,  bolletta,  dim.  of  bulla, 
bolla,  a  bull,  edict :  see  bull*  and  the  ult.  identi- 
cal bill3.]  1.  An  authenticated  official  report 
concerning  some  public  event,  such  as  military 
operations,  the  health  of  a  sovereign  or  other 
distinguished  personage,  etc.,  issued  for  the  in- 
formation of  the  public. 

"  False  as  a  bulletin  "  became  a  proverb  in  Napoleon's 
time.  Carlyle. 

2.  Any  notice  or  public  announcement,  espe- 
cially of  news  recently  received. — 3.  A  name 
given  to  various  periodical  publications  record- 
ing the  proceedings  of  learned  societies. 
bulletin  (bul'e-tin),  v.  t.  [<  bulletin,  ».]  To 
make  known  by  a  bulletin  publicly  posted. 

It  would  excite  no  interest  to  bulletin  the  last  siege  of 
Jerusalem  in  a  village  where  the  event  was  unknown,  if 
the  date  was  appended. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  142. 

bulletin-board  (bul'e-tin-bord),  «.  A  board 
publicly  exposed,  on  which  to  placard  recent 
news,  notices,  etc. 

bullet-ladle  (bul'et-la"dl),  n.  A  hemispheri- 
cal ladle  for  melting  lead  to  run  bullets. 

bullet-machine  (bul'et-ma-shen"),  •«.  A  ma- 
chine for  forming  bullets.  The  metal,  in  the  form 
of  a  coil,  is  cut  into  short  lengths  as  it  unwinds,  and  these 
blanks  are  then  pressed  into  shape  between  dies. 

bullet-mold  (bul'et-mold),  n.  A  mold  for  cast- 
ing bullets. 

bullet-probe  (bul'et-prob),  «.  A  probe  used  in 
exploring  for  bullets  in  wounds. 

bullet-proof  (bul'et-prof),  a.  Capable  of  re- 
sisting the  impact  of  a  bullet. 

bulletrie  (bul'e-tri),  n.    See  bully-tree. 

bullet-screw  (bul'et-skro),  n.  A  screw  at  the 
end  of  a  ramrod,  which  can  be  forced  into  a 
bullet  in  order  to  draw  it  from  a  gun-barrel. 

bullet-shell  (bul'et-shel),  n.  An  explosive  bul- 
let for  small  arms. 

bullet-tree,  »•     See  bully-tree. 

bullet-wood  (bul'et-wud),  n.  A  very  strong, 
close-grained,  dark-brown  wood  of  India,  from 
a  species  of  Mimusops.  See  bully-tree. 

bull-facet  (bul'fas),  n.  A  threatening  face  or 
appearance. 

Come  hither  to  fright  maids  with  thy  bull-faces! 
To  threaten  gentlewomen ! 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  2. 

bull-faced  (bul'fast),  a.  Having  a  large  coarse 
face:  as,  "bull-faced  Jonas,"  Dry  den,  Abs.  and 
Achit.,  i.  581. 

bull-feast  (bul'fest),  ».     Same  as  bull-fight. 

bull-fight  (bul'flt),  n.  A  combat  between  men 
and  a  bull  or  bulls:  a  popular  amusement 
among  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  A  horse- 
man, called  a  toreador  or  picador,  attacks  a  bull  in  a 
closed  arena,  irritating  him,  but  avoiding  his  attack. 
After  the  bull  lias  been  tormented  a  long  time  the  horse- 
man leaves  him,  and  persons  on  foot,  called  chulos  and 
banderUleros,  attack  him  and  plunge  darts  into  him. 
Finally  the  sport  is  ended  with  the  death  of  the  bull  by 
the  sword  of  a  matador. 

bull-fighter  (btl'fi'Mr),  ».  One  who  fights 
bulls ;  a  human  combatant  in  a  bull-fight. 

bullfinch1  (bul'finch),  n.  [Appar.  <  bulfi  as  used 
in  cornp.  (as  if  in  allusion  to  the  thick  rounded 
bill)  +  finch.  Cf.  equiv.  bwekfineh.]  A  very 
common  oscine  passerine  bird  of  Europe,  Pyr- 


716 

rhula  vulgaris ;  a  kind  of  finch  of  the  family 
Fi-ingillidcc,  with  a  very  short,  stout,  turgid  bill, 
which,  like  the  crown,  is  black,  and  a  body  blu- 
ish above,  and,  in  the  male,  tile-red  below:  a 
favorite  cage-bird,  easily  taught  to  sing  a  va- 
riety of  notes.  The  name  is  extended  to  other  species 
of  the  same  genus,  and  also  to  those  of  some  related  gen- 
era.— Bullfinch  tanager,  one  of  the  lindos  or  thick-billed 
tanagers  of  the  genus  Euphonin,  and  others  of  like  charac- 
ter.—Pine  bullfinch,  the  pine  grosbeak,  Pinicola  enu- 
cleator.  See  grosbeak. 

bullfinch2  (bul'finch),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
bull-fence,  a  fence  for  confining  bulls,  <  bull1  + 
fence.]  In  England,  a  strong  fence,  or  a  hedge 
allowed  to  grow  high  enough  to  impede  hunt- 
ers, and  much  used  as  a  test  of  skill  in  steeple- 
chasing. 

bullfish  (bul'fish),  n.  A  name  of  the  great  seal, 
Phoca  barbata,  or  Erignathus  barbatus. 

bullfist  (bul'fist),  n.  [Also  written  bullfeist, 
bullfice;  <  bulfl  +  fist*,  dial,  feist,  foist,  a  puff- 
ball,  lit.  a  breaking  of  wind :  see  fist*,  foisfl. 
The  German  name  bofist  (>  Bovista)  and  the 
generic  name  Lycoperdon  are  of  similar  signi- 
fication.] A  puffball.  See  Lycoperdon. 

bullfly  (bul'fli),  n.  An  insect,  the  gadfly,  so 
named  from  its  tormenting  cattle.  See  gadfly. 
Also  called  bullbee, 

bullfrog  (bul'frog),  n.  The  Sana  catesbiana, 
a  North  American  species  of  frog,  from  8  to  12 
inches  long,  including  the  legs,  of  a  dusky  brown 


Bullfinch  (Pyrrhula  milsaris) 


Bullfrog  (Rafta  catcsbiatta). 

or  olive  color  marked  with  darker.  These  frogs  live 
chiefly  in  stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud  croaking  sound 
resembling  the  bellowing  of  a  bull,  whence  the  name. 
bull-fronted  (burfrun'ted),  a.   Having  a  front 
or  forehead  like  a  bull. 

A  sturdy  man  he  looked  to  fell  an  ox, 
Bull-fronted,  ruddy.  Hood. 

bull-fronts  (bul'frunts),  n.  pi.  [E.  dial.,  also 
called  bull-faces.]  Tufts  of  coarse  grass,  Aira 
ctespitosa.  Brockett. 

bullhead  (bul'hed),  n.  [<  ME.  bulhede,  name 
of  a  fish  (L.  capito),  <  bul,  bull1,  +  hede,  head.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  certain  fishes,    (a)  In 
England :  (1)  Uranidea  gobio,  a  ftsh  about  4  inches  long, 
with  head  very  large  and  broader  than  the  body.    Often 
also  called  miller's-thumb.    Also  locally  applied  in  the 
United  States  to  allied  species  of  the  genus  Uranidea. 
(2)  Agonus  cataphractus,  called  the  armed  bullhead.  (6)  In 
the  United  States,  a  cottoid  fish,  as  Cottus  grognlandicu.il 
or  C.  octodecimspinosug,  better  known  as  sculpin.    [Local.] 
(c)  In  America,  a  species  of  Amiurus,  also  called  horned 
pout.    See  catfish,    (d)  A  gobioid  flsh,  Eleotris  r/obioides, 
with  a  broad  head,  large  scales  in  36-40  rows,  and  a  black- 
ish-brown color.    It  is  common  in  the  rivers  and  lakes  of 
New  Zealand.    («)  A  flsh  of  the  family  Batrachidce,  other- 
wise called  blenny  bullhead.     Sivainson,  1839. 

2.  A    tadpole.     [Prov.   Eng.]— 3.    A    small 
water-insect  of  a  black  color. —  4.  The  golden 
plover,  Charadriusfulvus. —  5.  A  stupid  fellow; 
a  lubber.    Johnson. 

bull-head  (bul'hed),  a.  Same  as  bull-headed. 
—  Bull-head  ax.  See  axi.— Bull-head  whiting,  a 
sciamoid  fish,  Mcnticirrus  albumus  ;  the  southern  king- 
fish.  [Florida.] 

bull-headed  (buThed-'ed),  a.  1 .  Having  a  head 
like  that  of  a  bull.  Hence — 2.  Obstinate; 
blunderingly  aggressive ;  stupid. 

bullhoof  (bul'hof),  re.  A  name  given  in  Ja- 
maica to  a  species  of  passion-flower,  Passiflora 
Muntcuja,  with  handsome  scarlet  flowers,  from 
the  shape  of  the  leaves.  It  is  also  applied,  as 
in  Honduras,  to  some  species  of  bully-tree. 

bullhuss  (bul'hus),  n.  [<  bull1  +  dial,  huss, 
the  dogfish.]  A  local  English  name  of  the 
dogfish,  Scyllium  catulus. 

bullid  (bul'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
Kullida;. 

Bullidae  (bul'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Sulla  + 
-idie.]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gastropods, 
typified  by  the  genus  Bulla,  which  has  been 
adopted  with  widely  differing  boundaries,  (n) 
By  the  old  authors  it  was  used  for  most  of  the  Tectibran- 
chiata.  {b)  By  later  authors  it  has  been  variouslyrestricted, 
and  is  now  mostly  limited  to  Tectibranchiata  with  an  in- 
volute ovate  shell  and  a  lingual  ribbon  with  numerous 
rows  of  teeth,  each  row  having  a  central  tooth  and  nmner- 


bullion 

ous  nearly  uniform  lateral  teeth.    The  species  are  marine, 

frequenting  sandy  or    muddy   bottoms  near  the  shore, 

sometimes  going  into  brackish  water.    The  shell  is  often 

spotted.     Also  written  Bulladcu.     See  cut  under  Bidla. 

bulliform  (bul'i-form),  a.    [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble, 

etc.,  +  forma,  shape.]  1.  Resembling  a  blister. 

The  buttiform  or  hygroscopic  cells  of  grasses  and  sedges. 

Ainer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XXXII.  381. 

2.  Having  the  form  characteristic  of  the  genus 
Bulla,  or  of  gastropods  of  the  family  Bullidce. 

bullimongt,  bullimungt,  ».  [Also  bullimony, 
Mlimony ;  origin  uncertain.]  A  mixture  of 
oats,  peas,  and  vetches.  Tusser ;  Grose. 

bullimony  (bul'i-mo-ni),  n.    Same  as  bullimowg. 

bulling  (bul'ing),  n'.  [Appar.  verbal  n.  of  bull1, 
i:,  1,  throw  up,  toss.]  A  method  of  detaching 
loosened  masses  of  rock  from  their  bed  by  ex- 
ploding gunpowder  which  has  been  poured  into 
the  fissures. 

bulling-shovel  (bul'ing-shov"l),  «.  In  metal., 
a  peculiar  form  of  shovel  used  in  ore-dressing. 
It  is  of  triangular  form,  with  a  sharp  point. 
See  van  and  vanning-shovel,  [Eng.] 

bullion1  (bul'yon),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boll- 
yon,  <  late  ME.  bolion,  earlier  prob.  *bulion, 
"bullion  (AP.  bnllione,  boillon,  a  mint,  ML.  AL. 
bullio(n-),  bulliona,  an  ingot  of  gold  or  silver), 
for  *bilion,  "billion,  <  AF.  billon,  OF.  billon, 
mod.  P.  billon  (=  Pr.  billo  =  Sp.  vellon  =  Pg. 
bilhSo  =  It.  biglione;  ML.  billio(n-),  prop.  *bil- 
lo(n-) :  all  prob.  <  OF.),  a  cast  lump  or  ingot  of 
metal,  a  place  where  metal  is  cast  or  coined,  a 
mint,  also  base  or  short-weight  coin  taken  to 
be  remelted,  hence  esp.  base  coin  or  the  alloy, 
copper  and  silver,  or  copper  alone,  of  which 
they  were  made ;  lit.  a  block,  stick,  or  log  (cf. 
billon,  a  twig  or  shoot  of  a  full  year's  growth — 
Cotgrave),  aug.  (or  dim.)  of  bille,  a  log,  stick: 
see  billet*,  billot.  The  form  "billon  or  "billion 
is  not  found  in  ME.  (billon,  as  used  in  E.,  is  from 
mod.  P.  billon:  see  bilton);  the  altered  form 
"bullion  is  reflected  in  the  AF.  bnllione,  ML. 
AL.  bulliona,  bullio(n-).  The  same  change  of 
vowel  occurs  reversely  in  ML.  AL.  billa  (ME. 
bille,  E.  bill?)  for  bulla  (ME.  tulle,  E.  bull*),  a 
writing,  a  brief,  etc.;  but  the  alteration  in 
question  was  prob.  due  to  association  with  OP. 
bouillon,  ML.  bullio(n-),  a  boiling,  OF.  bouillir, 
boulir,  L.  bullire,  boil,  bubble,  with  ref.  to  the 
molten  metal.  See  bullion*.]  1 .  Gold  or  silver 
in  the  mass ;  gold  or  silver  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined,  or  refined  but  in  bars,  ingots,  or 
any  uncoined  form,  as  plate. 

And  that  they  may  be  in  our  sayde  landis  and  lordshippys 
for  too  bye  and  gader,  lade  and  freith  and  cary  away  or 
doo  to  bee  caryed  away  and  conueied  into  the  sayde  kyng- 
dom  of  England  ...  all  suche  wares,  goodis  and  mar- 
chaundises  .  .  .  excep  bolion,  harnes,  bowes,  arpwes,  ar- 
tillary,  and  other  thingis  which  is  forboden,  habilementis 
of  werre,  and  none  but  such  liameys  and  wepens  as  they 
shall  bringe  wyth  them. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1602  (ed.  1811),  p.  229. 
Their  trade  being,  by  the  same  Alchemy  that  the  Pope 
uses,  to  extract  heaps  of  gold  and  silver  out  of  the  drossie 
Bullion  of  the  Peoples  sinnes. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

A  paper  currency  is  employed,  when  there  is  no  bullion 
in  the  vaults.  Einerson,  Misc.,  p.  32. 

2.  Uncurrent  coin;   coin  received  only  at  its 

metallic  value. 

And  those  [words]  which  Eld's  strict  doom  did  disallow, 
And  damn  for  bullion,  go  for  current  now. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Babylon. 

Foreign  coin  hath  no  value  here  for  its  stamp,  and  our 
coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions. 

Locke,  Further  Considerations,  etc. 

3f.  Figuratively,  gold,  as  a  sordid  thing ;  mere 
wealth;  mammon. 

Farewell,  my  bullion  gods,  whose  sov'reign  looks 

So  often  catch'd  me  with  their  golden  hooks ; 

Go,  seek  another  slave ;  ye  all  must  go ; 

I  cannot  serve  my  God  and  bullion  too. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  13. 

4f.  A  mint  or  assay-office.  Blount — Base  bul- 
lion, pig-lead  containing  silver,  and  usually  also  gold, 
which  are  separated  from  the  baser  metal  by  refining. 
[Cordilleran  mining  region.] 

bullion2  (bul'yon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  bullyon 
(Skelton)  (not  found  in  ME.),  <  OF.  bouillon!,  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  large-headed  nail,  a  puff  in  a 
garment  (mod.  F.  bouillon,  a  bubble,  a  puff  in 
a  garment,  a  bull's-eye  in  glass-making),  prop, 
a  variant  of  boullon,  boulon,  a  large-headed  nail, 
a  stud,  bolt,  pin,  arrow,  mod.  F.  boulon,  a  bolt, 
pin  (=  Sp.  bolion,  a  brass-headed  nail,  a  kind 
of  ear-ring,  a  shoot  of  a  plant),  <  ML.  bullio(n-), 
prop.  *bullo(n-),  a  bubble,  aug.  of  L.  bulla,  a 
bubble,  a  stud,  a  boss,  >  OP.  boule,  a  bubble,  a 
ball,  mod.  F.  boule  (>  E.  bowl*,  a  round  ball); 
bouillon1  being  thus  a  different  word  from, 
though  confused  with,  bouillon-,  boillon,  boelhm, 
bolion,  a  boiling,  a  measure  of  salt,  broth,  soup, 


bullion 

mod.  !•'.  /Hiiiillini  (SIT  liiiiiitlnti)  =  It.  Imglinur, 
lirotli  (Florio),  <  MI>.  /»«///»(//-),  a  measure  of 
salt  (si'o  l>iillii»i'-i),  lit.  a  bubbling,  a  boiling,  < 
\i.  hullirf  (>  OF.  bimlir,  lioullii;  hunillir,  mod. 
F.  iHiiiillir  =  It.  hollirc),  bubble,  boil,  <  bulla,  a 
biibbli.;  sec  hull,,,  /,«//-',  /,«//:>,  /«.//-'.  Cf.  6W- 
/iViH1.]  If.  A  boss;  asluil;  a  showy  metallic 
onianii'iil  cither  of  gold  '"'  i"  imitation  of  gold, 
us  a  button,  M  ml,  hook,  clasp,  buckle,  and  the 
like. 

The  Hasps  and  butlyotu  were  wurtli  ft  tluiiiHiuiil  |>oimd. 
Htiit<nt,  Garland  of  I.iuin-1. 

2.  A  fringe  of  thick  twisted  cords,  such  as  will 
hang  heavily.     l;iilli.,nr.,M»i8ting  of  silk  cords  covered 
with  tin.'  «i.  1.  1  HI-  silver  thiva.l  is  .....  di  used  for  epauleta. 
AlHo  calli'il  tnillinn-fringe. 

3.  In  phuMMMna,  that  part  of  the  spheroidal 
ni:iss  of  glass  which  has  been  attached  to  the 
pontil,  after  being  blown  and  while  undergoing 
the  process  of  flattening  into  a  sheet.    When 
the  tube  is  detached,  it  is  called  the  bulFs-eye 
(which  see). 

bullion3!,  ».  [<  OF.  bouillon,  <  ML.  bullioCn-),  a 
measure  of  salt,  lit.  a  boiling:  see  bullion'.']  A 
measure  of  capacity  (of  salt).  Davies,  Supp. 
Eng.  (iloss. 

bullion-bar  (bul'yon-bar),  H.  [<  bullion?,  3,  + 
/w1.]  The  bar  upon  which  the  spheroidal  mass 
of  glass  is  pressed  from  time  to  time  during  the 
process  of  blowing. 

bullioner  (bul'yon-6r),  n.  [<  bullion*-  +  -crl.] 
A  dealer  in  bullion. 

Melted  down  by  the  builioner*. 

Jiice  Vttughan,  Coin  and  Coinage,  p.  SO  (Ord  MS.). 

bullion-fringe  (bul'you-frinj),  n.     Same  as  bul- 

' 


bullionism  (bul'yon-izm),  n.  [<  bullion*  + 
-wm.]  The  system  or  doctrine  of  those  who 
advocate  an  exclusively  metallic  currency,  or 
a  metallic  currency  combined  with  a  convert- 
ible paper  currency. 

Boston,  the  very  Gibraltar  of  Imllionifm. 

W.  Phillipi,  June  19,  1875. 

bullionist  (bul'yon-ist).  n.  [<  bullion*  +  -w«.] 
An  advocate  of  or  a  believer  in  bullionism. 

Your  party  repudiates  him  because  he  is  Joined  to  but- 
lionixtK  and  stockmougers.  W.  Phillips,  June  19,  1875. 

bullion-point  (bul'yon-point),  n.  [<  bullion?, 
3,  +  u»iMt.]  The  thick  portion  at  the  center 
of  a  disk  of  crown-glass.  E.  H.  Knight. 

bullirag,  r.  t.     See  bullyrag. 

bullish7  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  bulfl,  4,  +  -wfti.]  In 
the  stock  exchange,  somewhat  buoyant  ;  advanc- 
ing or  tending  to  advance  in  price,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  efforts  of  the  bulls  :  as,  a  bullish 
market. 

bullish'-'  (bul'ish),  a.  [<  bull*  +  -w*i.]  Par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  bull  or  blunder. 
[Rare.] 

A  toothless  satire  is  as  improper  as  a  toothed  sleek- 
stone,  and  as  hnia-.ii.  Milton,  On  Uef.  of  Humb.  Remoiiat. 

bullist  (bul'ist),  w.     [<  &M//2  +  -is*.]     A  writer 

of  papal  bulls.     Harmar.     [Rare.] 
bullitlont  (bu-lish'on),  w.     [<  L.  as  if  "bulli- 

tin(n-),  <  bullire,  pp.  bullitus,  boil  :  see  6o«P.] 

The  act  or  state  of  boiling;  ebullition.    Bacon. 
bulljub  (bul'jub),  n.   A  fish,  the  miller's-thumb. 

[Derbyshire,  Eng.] 
bullknob(burnob),  n.  Same  as  bulljub.  [Derby- 

shire, Eng.] 
bull-neck  (bul'nek),  n.    A  thick  neck  like  that 

of  a  bull. 
bull-necked  (bul'nekt),  a.    Having  a  neck  like 

that  of  a  bull. 
bull-net  (bul'net),  n.      A  large  hoop-shaped 

fish-net. 
bullnose  (bul'noz),  ».  An  overgrown  hard  clam 

or  quahaug,  Mfra-naria,  too  coarse  for  use. 

[Chesapeake  Bay.] 
bullnut  (bul'nut),  n.    A  species  of  hickory,  Ca- 

ri/n  tnmi-iitnxti,  of  the  southern  United  States. 
bullock1  (biil'ok),  «.     [<  ME.  bullol;  <  AS.  bul- 

IIK-II   (rare),    a  bullock,  dim.    of  an   assumed 

"bulla,  which  is  not  found:  see  bull1.     Of.  IT. 

boloij,  a  heifer,   a  bullock.]      1.    Literally,  a 

young  or  small  bull,  but  generally  used  of  an 

ox  or  castrated  bull  ;  a  full-grown  steer. 

Take  thy  father's  young  bullock,  even  the  second  but- 

/...•A-  of  swell  years  old.  Judges  vi.  •_';.. 

2.  [In  derisive  allusion  to  bull*.]     A  papal  bull 
or  brief. 

I  semi  you  lu-rr  a  bullock  which  1  did  tlnd  amongst  my 
bulls,  thut  you  may  see  how  closely  in  time  past  the  foreign 
invlatt's  did  practise  about  their  prey.  Latimer,  II.  378. 

Bullocks'  hides,  thu  name  giveu  in  commerce  to  the 
raw  hides  of  cattle. 


717 
bnllock'-'t  (bul'ok),  v.     A  perversion  of  &M//.//I. 

To  tmlltxk  iin.l  .loiullli'cr  over  MM-.  /•'.«,(<•. 

bullock's-eye  (bul'oks-i).  n.  [Cf.  bulFs-eye.] 
1.  A  small  thick  glass  or  skylight  in  a  cover- 
ing or  roof.  Also  called  bulPu-fyt.  —  2.  The 
hoiisclcck,  rii-niperriruiH  tfrturum. 

bullock's-heart  (bul'  oka-hart),  ».  The  Ea«t 
Indian  name  for  the  custard-apple,  Annnn  n- 
ticulata. 

bullock-shell  (biil'ok-shel),  n.  A  kind  of  small 
thick  pearl-oyster,  of  the  genus  Melcagrina,  in- 
habiting tropical  America. 

bulloot  <bu-18t'),  H.  [Hind,  ballut,  balut  =  Pers. 
Inillnt,  an  acorn,  an  oak,  <  Ar.  ballut,  an  oak.] 
In  com.,  the  name  given  to  a  kind  of  acorn  used 
in  India  as  a  medicine. 

bullose  (bul'os),  a.    Same  as  buttons. 

bulloua  (bul'  us),  a.  [<  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  boss, 
knob  (see  bulla),  +  -ous.~\  Exhibiting  or  of  the 
nature  of  bullm,  blebs,  or  blisters;  bullate; 
bulbous.  See  Imilu,  4. 

bullpout  (buTpout),  n.  A  siluroid  fish,  espe- 
cially Amiurus  nebulosus,  of  the  eastern  and 
middle  United  States:  more  widely  known  as 
catfish.  Also  called  horned  pout  and  bullhead. 
See  cut  under  pout, 

bull-pump  (bju'pump),  n.  A  single  or  direct- 
acting  pumping-engine  in  which  the  piston- 
rod  is  attached  directly  to  the  pumping-rod, 
the  weight  of  the  rods  being  the  motive  force 
on  the  down-stroke. 

bull-ring  (bul'ring),  «.  An  arena  or  amphi- 
theater for  bull-fights. 

Every  town  in  Spain  of  any  size  has  a  large  butt-ring. 
The  Century,  XXVII.  8. 

bull-roarer  (bul'ror'er),  n.  A  long,  thin,  nar- 
row piece  of  wood,  attached  at  one  end  to  a 
string,  by  means  of  which  it  is  whirled  rapidly 
in  the  air,  causing  by  its  revolution  a  deep 
sullen  roar  :  a  favorite  toy  with  children.  Also 
called 


bully 


Bull's-eye  ufa  Microscope. 


The  bull-roarer  is  a  toy  familiar  t<>  most  children.  .  .  . 
The  ancient  Greeks  employed  at  some  of  their  sacred  rites 
a  precisely  similar  toy,  described  by  historians  as  "  a  little 
piece  of  wood,  to  which  a  string  was  fastened,  and  ill  the 
mysteries  it  is  whirled  round  to  make  a  roaring  noise." 
.  .  .  The  bull-roarer  is  to  be  found  in  almost  every  country 
in  the  world,  and  among  the  most  primitive  peoples.  .  .  . 
And  as  an  instrument  employed  in  religious  rites  or  mys- 
teries, it  is  found  In  New  Mexico,  in  Australia,  in  New  Zea- 
land, ami  in  Africa  to  this  day. 

All  the  year  Round,  June,  1885. 

bull-rope  (bul'rop),  n.  Naut.,  a  rope  rove 
through  a  bull's-eye  on  the  forward  shroud  of 
the  lower  rigging,  to  secure  the  upper  yard-arm 
of  a  topgallant-  or  royal-yard  when  sent  down 
from  aloft. 

bull-rusht,  n.    An  old  spelling  of  bulrush. 
bulls  (bulz),  n.  pi.     [Perhaps  a  use  of  6. 
A  name  in  Cornwall,  England,  for  the  fish  Ser- 
ranus  cabrilla. 

bulls-and-cows  (bulz'and-konz'),  n.  pi.  An 
English  name  of  the  plant  wake-robin  or 
cuckoo-pint,  Arum  maeulatum,  with  reference 
to  the  purple  and  the  pale  spadices.  Also 
called  lords-and-ladies,  for  the  same  reason. 
See  cuts  under  Aracem  and  Arum. 
bull-segg1  (bul'seg),  n.  [<  bull1  +  segg,  seg^.] 
A  castrated  bull.  [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 
bull-segg"  (bul'seg),  n.  [Said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  pool-sedge.]  The  reed-mace,  Typha 
latifoUa. 

bull's-eye  (bulz  '5),  n.  1.  Naut.:  (a)  An  oval 
wooden  block  without  a  sheave,  but  with  a 
groove  around  it  for  the  band 
and  a  hole  in  the  center  through 
which  a  small  stay  or  rope  may 
be  rove.  (6)  A  perforated  ball 
on  the  jaw-rope  of  a  gaff.  —  2. 
A  small  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  supposed  to  portend 
a  hurricane  or  storm.  —  3.  The 
hurricane  or  storm  itself.  —  4.  In 
arch.,  any  circular  opening  for 
light  or  air;  a  bullock's-eye.  —  5.  In  astron., 
Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
eye  of  Taurus,  or  the  Bull.  See  cut  under  Tau- 
rus. —  6.  A  round  piece  of  thick  glass,  convex 
on  one  side,  inserted  into  a  deck,  port,  scuttle- 
hatch,  or  skylight-cover  of  a  vessel  for  the 
purpose  of  admitting  light.  —  7.  A  small  lan- 
tern with  a  convex  lens  placed  in  one  side  to 
concentrate  the  light. 

He  takes  a  lighted  bull's-eye  from  the  constable  on  duty 
there.  Dicken*,  Bleak  House,  \\ii 

8.  That  part  of  a  sheet  of  crown-glass  which 
h.-i*  biM'ii  attached  to  the  pontil.  It  is  thickerthan 
the  rest  of  the  sheet,  and  U  not  inrlu.lr.l  in  the  light*  or 


Bull's-ere,  defini- 
tion i  (a). 


•'fulajwitit  from  it.    IliiUVi-yei  were  form.  rl>  ..-'•! 
Ill  lead  sa-li  window*.     A- tip   liiaiiilfa.  lui.   .,r  .•!>.«  li  glaM 

has  niiltli  .1 
iiiiitatiinio  ..(  liull'n- 
ere*  are  made  for 
!•!•  i:.i.-M|ue  effect* 
In  window-glazing. 
See  bullion*,  S. 

9.  A  planocon- 
vex lens  in  a  mi- 
croscope,  which 
nerves  as  an  il- 
luminator to  con- 
centrate rays  of 
light    upon    an 
opaque      micro- 
Hcopic  object. — 

10.  A  small  and 
thick      old-fash- 
ioned    watch. — 

11.  In    archery 
nndgunnery:  (a) 
The    central    or 
innermost    divi- 
sion of  a  target, 

usually  round  and  of  a  different  color  from  the 
rest.  See  target. 

One  or  two  belngi,  who  have  shot  Into  the  very  centre 
and  lmll'a-fi/«  of  the  fashion.  Thackeray, 

(b)  A  shot  that  hits  the  bull's-eye;  the  best 
shot  that  can  be  made. — 12.  A  coarse  sweet- 
meat ;  a  colored  or  striped  ball  of  candy. 

The  black-bearded  Bea-kings  round  were  promising  them 
rock  and  bvll'i-eyet,  it  they  would  only  sit  still  like  "  glide 
maids."  Kingtlty,  Two  Yean  Ago,  xv. 

Even  the  bvltt  eyei  and  gingerbread  for  the  children  are 
not  unnermltted,  If  they  are  honestly  made  and  warranted 
not  to  lie  poisonous.  Fronde,  .Sketches,  p.  233. 

13.  A  local  English  name  of  the  dunlin,  Tringa 
alptna — Buntllne  bull's-eye,  a  large  thimble  used  In 
the  foot-rope  of  a  sail.    Same  as  lizard. 
bull's-feathert  (bulz'feTH'er),  n.     A  horn.    To 
bestow  the  bull's  feather,  to  make  a  cuckold. 

Three  crooked  horns,  smartly  top-knotted  with  ribands ; 
which  being  the  ladies'  wear,  seem  to  Intimate  that  they 
may  very  probably  adorn,  as  well  as  bentmr,  the  bull's 
/rather.  Richardnan,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  V.  295. 

bull's-foot  (bulz'fut),  ».     Same  as  colt's-foot. 

bull's-mouth  (bulz'mouth),  H.  The  trade-name 
for  a  species  of  helmet-shell,  Cassis  riita,  from 
which  some  kinds  of  cameos  are  cut. 

bull-snake  (bul'snak),  n.  A  popular  name  in 
the  United  States  for  a  serpent  of  the  genus 
Pityophis,  or  pine-snake,  which  sometimes  grows 
to  the  length  of  6  feet,  and  makes  a  loud  hiss- 
ing noise  when  disturbed,  but  is  of  mild  dis- 
position and  not  poisonous. 

bnll's-nose  (bulz'noz),  ».  In  carp.,  an  obtuse  an- 
gle formed  by  the  junction  of  two  plane  surfaces. 

bull-spink  (bul'spingk),  H.  The  chaffinch. 
[North.  Eng.] 

bull-stag  (bul'stag),  n.     A  castrated  bull. 

bull-stang  (bul'stang),  «.  A  dragonfly.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bull-terrier  (bul'ter'i-er),  «.  A  cross-breed 
between  the  bulldog  and  the  terrier,  exhibit- 
ing the  courage  and  fierceness  of  the  one  with 
the  activity  of  the  other. 

bull-trout  (bul'trout),  M.  A  name  loosely  ap- 
plied to  certain  varieties  of  different  species  of 
the  genus  Salaio,  as  of  S.  solar,  S.  trutta,  S. 
cambricus. 

bull-voiced  (bul'voist),  n.  Having  a  loud 
coarse  voice:  as,  " bull-roiccd  St.  Huruge,"  Car- 
lyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  iv.  2. 

bullweed  (bul'wed),  n.  Knapweed,  I'entaurca 
niqra. 

bull- whack  (bul'hwak),  n.  A  heavy  whip  used 
in  the  southwestern  United  States.  See  ex- 
tract. Also  called  bull-tchip. 

In  Texas  and  western  Louisiana  the  bull-irhaelc  Is  a  ter- 
rible whip  with  a  long  and  very  heavy  lash  and  a  short 
handle.  It  is  used  by  drovers  to  intimidate  refractory  ani- 
mals. The  use  of  this  weapon  was  the  original  applicati.  .11 
of  bull-doze.  May.  of  Amer.  Hut.,  XIII.  98. 

bull-whack  (bul'hwak),  v.  t.    To  lash  with  a 

bull-whack, 
bull- whacker  (bul'h  wak'er), ».  One  who  drives 

cattle    with    a    bull-whack.       [Southwestern 

r.  s.] 

bull- Wheel  (bul'hwel),  ».  1.  In  rope-drilling, 
the  wheel  used  for  raising  the  tools. —  2.  In  a 
saw-mill,  a  large  wheel  used  in  drawing  the  logs 
from  the  water  to  the  carriage. 

bull-whip  (bul'hwip),  «.     Same  as  bull-ichaft. 

bullwort  (bul'wert\  n.  1.  The  bishop's-weed, 
.tin mi  majus. — 2.  The  plant  Scropkularia aqua- 
tica. 

bully1  (bul'i).  n.  anda.  [A word  separated,  first 
as  a  noun  and  then  as  an  adj.,  from  such  com- 
pounds as  bully-rook  (also  bully-rock,  etc.),  etc., 


v,,/<,  a  nosy  wagon,     uer-wacr   roarng,  ^        fa  (bul'rush),  «.      [Formerly 

ing  water,  etc.    D    6«fe-6«^  a  bugbear,  DUirusn  ^               \  ME.L6(/,    sc/i^ 

,r-b«st  =  *\\-.ln<ll<-r-li<is  =  Uim.buMcr-basse,  .,    ,     ,    ,       ,     '     ,      .         ,  -i    ,„ 

,10  Mlnw  ,-t,.  •  the  first  element  beimr  the  <  6?*»',  P0,1^  *tem  ,ot  JVT?,?  (."'  ,..^ 


bully 

corresponding  to  LG.  bullerjaun  (John),  bullrr- 
bdk,  buller-brook,  a  noisy,  blustering  fellow,  bvl- 
Icr-irrigc,  a  noisy  wagon,  bullrr-mitcr,  roaring, 
ruslii 

bidder- 

a  rude  fellow,  etc.;  the  first  element  being  the 
verb  seen  in  LG.  bullern  =  D.  bulderen  =  Sw. 
bullra  =  Dan.  buldre,  etc.,  roar,  make  a  noise: 
see  buller,  boulder.]  I.  n.;  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  1. 
A  blustering,  quarrelsome,  overbearing  fellow; 
a  swaggerer;  a  swashbuckler ;  one  who  hectors, 
browbeats,  or  domineers. 

They  are  such  Wits  as  tliou  art ;  who  make  the  Name  of 
a  Wit  as  scandalous  as  that  of  Bully:  and  signify  a  loud- 
laughing,  talking.  Incorrigible  coxcomb,  as  Rutty— &  roar- 
ing hardncd  Coward.  Wyeherley,  Plain  Dealer,  v. 
The  blustering  Imllii  in  our  neighbouring  streets. 

Prior,  Epilogue  to  Mrs.  Mauley's  Lucius. 

Daily  conflicts  with  prostitutes  and  thieves  called  out 
and  exercised  his  powers  so  effectually  that  he  [Jeffreys] 
became  the  most  consummate  bully  ever  known  in  his 
profession. 

2t.  A  companion ; 
low :  a  familiar  term 

I  love  the  lovely  In, 

8f.  A  degraded  fellow  who  protects  fallen  wo- 
men and  lives  on  their  gains. 

The  lady  was  only  a  woman  of  the  town  and  the  fellow 
her  (111%  and  a  sharper.  Goldsmith,  Vicar. 


718 


,  j,;e  teredo 


bumble 

Aristotle  and  Demosthenes  are  in  themselves  bulwarks 
of  power;  many  hosts  lie  in  those  two  names. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  iii. 


Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XIII.  566. 
[Formerly  sometimes 
tie,  bolroifxrln . 
/iitlirark)  (less 

prob.  <  bul,  bol,  mod.  E.  bul  ft,  implying  'large'), 
-I-  rysclie,  etc.,  mod.  E.  nwfe1.]  The  popular 
name  for  large  rush-like  plants  growing  in 
marshes.  It  is  very  indefinitely  used.  Thus,  while 
Johnson  says  the  bulrush  is  without  knots,  Dryden  ("  Me- 
leaucr  and  Atalanta")  calls  it  "the  knotty  bulrush." 

Some  authors  apply  the  name  to  Ttijilm  lati.tulM  and  1.   _    ,  .       /,.,        ,  '  rf    ill     n 

»,M»rf//'..fiV<  (cats-tail  or  reed-mace);  but  it  is  more  gener-  BUlWeria  (Dul-we    n-a;,  «. 
ally  restricted  to  Selr/ni*  lueuttri*,  a  tall  rush-like  plant     • 
from  which  the  bottoms  of  chairs,  mats,  etc.,  are  manu- 
factured.   (See  Scirpu*.)    In  the  United  States  the  name 
is  commonly  given  to  species  of  Jmimt.     The  bulrush  of 
Egypt  (Ex.  ii.  3)  is  the  papyrus,  Cinierim  Papyrus. 
)Ulrusb.y  (bul' rush -i),  a.     [<  bulrush  +  -y1.] 
Abounding  in  bulrushes;  pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling bulrushes. 


4f.  i>l.  Pads  or  defenses  to  protect  the  limbs 
against,  the  chafing  of  armor.  ll'riijlit.=syn.  1. 
See  fortification. 

bulwark  (bul'wark),  v.  t.  [=  MD.  bolwercken, 
D.  bolwerkcn  =  MLG.  bolwcrken ;  from  the 
noun.]  To  fortify  with  a  bulwark  or  rampart ; 
secure  by  a  fortification ;  protect. 

Some  proud  city,  Intlwark'd  round  and  arm'd 

With  rising  towers.  Glover,  Leonidas,  viii. 

[NL.,  from  the 

proper  name  Bulwer.]  A  genus  of  petrels, 
of  the  family  I'rocellunidte,  based  upon  B.  co- 


2.  Brisk;  dashing;  jovial;  high-spirited. 

Captain,  adieu ;  adieu,  sweet  bully  Captain. 

Beau,  ami  FL,  Captain,  iv.  2. 

3.  Fine;  capital;  good:  as,  a  bully  horse,  pic- 
ture,  etc.      [Slang.]— Bully  for  you,  well  done! 
bravo!    [Vulgar,  U.  H.] 


liimhiiia,  a  small  whole-colored  fuliginous  spe- 
cies about  10  inches  long,  the  wings  8,  the  tail 
4^  and  cuueate,  with  graduated  rectrices,  in- 
habiting the  Canary  islands,  etc.  The  genus  is 
intermediate  between  CBrtrelata  and  the  small  petrels 
known  as  Mother  Carey's  chickens. 

bom),  «;.:    pret.  and  pp. 
liinnmiiKj.     [<  ME.  liHuimen,  bom- 
n  (see  bomb^,  a  var.  form), 
>=  D.  lion/men  =  G.  bummeti, 
iium|  buzz;°-f.  Icel.  bitmba,  a  drum);  an  imita- 
tive word,  the  earlier  representative  of  boom1: 
I.  in  trams.  1.  To 

•  hum ;  buzz.  Mars- 
ton. — 2.  To  rush  with  a  murmuring  sound. — 
3f.  To  guzzle ;  drink. 
Ones  at  noon  is  i-nouj  that  no  werk  lie  vseth, 
He  abydeth  wel  the  bet  [better]  that  bom metli  not  to  ofte. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  vii.  139. 
And  who-so  bummed  [var.  bommede]  thcrof  [of  the  beste 

ale]  bongte  it  ther-after 
A  galoun  for  a  grote.  Piera  Plowman  (B),  v.  223. 


hence,  a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or  other 

tivc   wvm.   wxo  UUILJC;!    xu^nt 

Presents  of  shawls  and  silks,  .  .  .  bulnen  of  diamonds  ft/mini    Juimlilf    Imnml  ~\ 

and  bags  of  guineas.  Xaeaitlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xviii.  m  '-"' 

4.  A  Cornish  name  of  the  shanny.  Also  bully-  bult1  (bult),  n.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  var.  of 
cod.— 5.  In  Tasmania,  a  species  of  blenny,  bolfl,  q.  v.]  A  local  English  (Yorkshire)  name 
Blennius  tasninnieus.  of  the  common  flounder. 

II.  a.  1.  Blustering;  hectoring;  ruffianly.     bult2t,  »•  t.   An  obsolete  (Middle  English)  form 
Those  bully  Greeks,  who,  as  the  moderns  do,  of  bolt2. 

Instead  of  paying  chairmen,  run  them  thro'.  bultelt,  »•      Same  as  boultel%. 

Smft,  City  Shower.  bultert,  „.     An  obsolete  form  of  bolter^. 

bultow  (bul'to),  H.  [Said  to  be  <  bul  ft,  imply- 
ing 'large,'  +  tow,  haul.]  A  mode  of  fishing 
for  cod,  by  stringing  a  number  of  hooks  on  one 
line,  practised  on  the  Newfoundland  banks. 

bulty  (bul'ti),  w.     Same  as  bolti.  _I.__  v_  ._r,.     ,.  u_ 

illt,  bulwark  (bul'wark),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bum1  (bum),  n.  [<  ftwml,  v.]  1.  An  imitative 
'  bulwarke,  bullwarck,  bulwerk  ;  <ME.  bulwerk,  of  word  expressive  of  a  droning  or  humming  sound, 
D.  or  Scand.  origin:  MD.  bolwerek,  D.  and 
Flem.  bolwerk  =  MLG.  LG.  bolwerk  =  late  MHG. 
boleverc,  boliverc,  bolirerch,  bolwerk,  G.  bollwerk 
C>  Pol.  bolwark  =  Russ.  bolrerku  =  OF.  bolle- 
wercque,  boulvercli,  boulererc,  boulevert,  boule- 
rerd,  boulever,  boulevart,  F.  boulevard,  >  Sp.  Pg. 
baluarte  =  It.  baluarte,  baluardo,  bcluardo,  bello- 
ardo,  bellouardo,  now  bal uardo  =  ML.  bolevardus, 
bolvetus  =  E.  boulevard,  q.  v.)  =  Sw.  bolrerk, 
OSw.  bolwark  =  Dan.  bulrarrk,  ODan.  bulverk, 


4.  To  sponge  on  others  for  a  living;  lead  an 
idle  or  dissolute  life.     [Colloq.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  dun.     [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  To 
spin  (a  top). — 3.   [Cf.  bumrfl.]  To  strike ;  beat. 


toward ;  overbear  with  bluster  or  menaces. 

For  the  last  fortnight  there  have  been  prodigious  shoals 
of  volunteers  gone  over  to  bully  the  French,  upon  hearing 
the  peace  was  just  signing.  Taller,  No.  26. 

2.  To  make  fearful ;  overawe ;  daunt ;  terror- 
ize.    [Bare.] 

Proverbs  are  excellent  things,  but  we  should  not  let  even 
proverbs  bully  us.  Lowell,  Oration,  Harvard,  Nov.  8, 1880. 
=  8yn.  1.  To  browbeat,  hector,  domineer  over. 

fi.  intrans.  To  be  loudly  arrogant  and  over- 
bearing; be  noisy  and  quarrelsome. 
So  Britain's  monarch  once  uncover'd  sat, 
While  Bradshaw  bullied  ill  a  broad-brimni'd  hat. 

Bramnton. 

=  Syn.  To  bluster,  swagger,  vapor. 
bully2  (bul'i),  u.;  pi.  bullies  (-iz).  [Origin  ob- 
scure.] In  mining,  a  kind  of  hammer  used  in 
striking  the  drill  or  borer.  In  its  simplest  form 
it  has  a  square  section  at  the  eye  and  an  octag- 
onal face.  [Eng.] 

bully-cod  (bul'i-kod),  n.    A  Cornish  name  of 
the  shanny.     Also  bully. 
bully-heatt  (bul'i-hed),  ».     A  hammer  used  by 


as  that  made  by  the  bee ;  a  hum.     [Bare.] 

I  ha'  known 

Twenty  such  breaches  pieced  up,  and  made  whole, 
Without  a  bum  of  noise.     B.  Janmn,  Magnetick  Lady. 


2f.  A  drink. —  3.  [Cf.  &MJ»I,  ».,  4,  and  bummlt, 
u.,  2.]  A  drunken  loafer;  one  who  leads  an 
idle,  dissolute  life ;  a  bummer.  [Colloq.]  —4. 
A  drunken  spree ;  a  debauch.  [Colloq.  and  vul- 
gar, U.  S.]  Hence  —  5.  A  convivial  meeting. 

bulwerck,  bullwerck,  bolverck,  bulwirke;  <  MD.  ^Unl2  (bum),  «.     [Contr.  of  bottom.]     The  but- 

bol,  the  bole  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  MLG.  bole,     tocks ;  the  part  of  the  body  on  which  one  sits. 

bolle,  bale  =  MHG.  bole,  G.  bolile,  a  thick  plank,     $lla]c  ' 

=  OSw.  bol,  bul,  Sw.  bal  =  ODan.  Dan.  bul,  bum3  (bum),  n.    [Short  for  bumbailiff.]   A  bum- 

the  trunk  of  a  tree,  =  Icel.  bolr,  bult;  >  E.  bole,     bailiff ;  the  follower  or  assistant  of  a  bailiff. 

the  trunk  of  a  tree,  stem,  log,  +  MD.  D.,  etc.,     [prOv.  Eng.] 

werk  =  E.  work.     The  word  is  thus  lit.  'bole-  bumastUS  (bu-mas'tus),  w.    [L.,  <Gr.  fiot'/Mo-rof, 

work,'  a  construction  of  logs;   cf.  the  equiv.     aiso  30i,uao0of,  a  kind  of  vine  bearing  large 

MD.  block-werck,  lit.  'block-work.'    The  MHG.     gi.apes.]     A  kind  of  vine. 

is  explained  as  also  a,n  engine  for  throwing  mis-  bumbt,  »'•  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  boom*. 

siles,  a  catapult,  as  if  related  to  MHG.  boler,  a  bumbailiff  (bum-ba'lif ),  n.     [Prop,  a  dial,  or 

catapult,  G.  boiler,  a  small  cannon,  <  OHd.     co]iOq.  term,  equiv.  to  bailiff,  with  a  contemp- 


miners.   Also  called  cat's-liead  hammer  or  sledge.     ^"',^HG'  ¥"?{,  6»te,  roll    throw,  sling,  =    tuous'prefix  of  uncertain  orTgin,  prob.  5MOTl,f, 

MD.  bollen,  roll,  throw,  D.  bollen,  haul,  hale,     f]un;  bailiffs  being  best  known  and  most  dis- 


bullying  (bul'i-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  bull;/1,  r.] 
Insulting  with  threats;  imperious;  overbear- 
ing; blustering:  as,  a  bullying  manner. 

bullyrag,  bullirag  (bul'i-rag),  v.  t.  [Also  writ- 
ten bauarag,  etc.;  appar.  free  variations  of 
bully-rook,  bully-rock,  used  as  a  verb.]  To  bully ; 
badger;  abuse  or  scold:  as,  "he  bully-ragged 
me,"  Lever.  [Provincial  and  low.] 


from  the  same  ult.  source  as  bole:  see 
1.  Originally,  a  barrier  formed  of  logs,  beams, 
boards,  hurdles,  or  other  materials,  for  the  ob- 
struction of  a  passage  or  defense  of  a  place; 
now,  specifically,  in  fort.,  a  rampart;  a  mound 
of  earth  carried  around  a  place,  capable  of  re- 
sisting cannon-shot,  and  formed  with  bastions, 


buliy-rook'(bul'i-ruk),  n.     [Also  written  bully-    chains,  etc. ;  a  fortification. 


rock  (see  built/rat/),  equiv.  to  LG.  buller-bniok, 
buller-bak,  a  buily:  see  bully1.  The  second 
element  is  obscure.]  A  hectoring,  boisterous 
fellow;  a  cowardly  braggart;  a  bully.  Also 
written  bully-rock.  [Obsolete  or  rare.] 

Suck  in  the  spirit  of  sack,  till  we  be  delphic,  and  pro- 
phesy,  my  bully-rook.  Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  iii.  4. 

The  bully-rock  of  the  establishment  [an  inn]. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  152. 

bully-tree,  bullet-tree  (bul'i-,  bul'et-tre),  «. 
[Also  bulletrie,  bolletrie;  said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  balata,  the  native  name.]  A  name  given 
to  several  sapotaceous  trees  of  the  West  Indies 
and  tropical  America,  which  furnish  hard  and 
heavy  timber,  and  in  some  species  edible 
fruits.  The  bully-tree  of  Guiana  is  the  Hinaisopt  glo- 
boxa,  a  large  tree  which  yields  the  balata-gum,  a  substi- 
tute for  gutta-percha.  The  bully-trees  of  Jamaica  are 
species  of  Lucuma,  L.  mammon  and  L.  inulti  flora,  thouu'b 
the  name  is  also  applied  to  the  naseberry  or  sapodilhi, 
Acftras  Sajxtta,  and  species  closely  allied  to  it,  and  to  u 
inyrsiriaceolis  tree,  Mimiii?  lirlii.  'The  white  bully-tree  of 
the  West  Indies  is  Dipholis  galirijolia  ;  the  black  or  red, 
D.  nigra;  the  mountain,  /).  montana.  The  bastard  bully- 
tree  is  Bumelia  retusa.  Also  written  bulletrie,  bolletrie. 


liked  in  their  office  of  arresting  for  debt  and 
making  executions;  or  perhaps  &«>»l,  n.,  as  a 
term  of  contempt  (cf.  bum3).  Some  assume  the 
prefix  to  be  bum2,  in  humorous  allusion  to  a 
mode  of  "  attaching"  the  person  of  a  fleeing  of- 
fender. Blackstone's  suggestion  that  the  term 
is  a  corruption  of  bound-bailiff  is  not  supported.] 
An  under-bailiff ;  a  subordinate  civil  officer,  ap- 
pointed to  serve  writs  and  to  make  arrests  and 
executions.  [Vulgar.] 

I  have  a  mortal  antipathy  to  catchpolls,  bumbaili/t,  and 
little  great  men.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  156. 

An  obsolete 


My  sayde  Lorde  of  Winchester,  .  .  .  to  theententtodis- 
tnrbe  my  sayd  Lorde  of  Ulouceter  goyng  to  the  Kyng,  pur- 
posyng  his  deth,  in  cause  he  had  gone  that  weye,  sette 
men  of  armys  and  archiers  at  the  end  of  London  bridge 
next  Suthwerke,  and  in  forbarriug  of  the  Kyngis  hygh- 

waye,  lete  drawe  the  chayne  of  the  stnlpis  there,  and  set  ,         ,       j.    /-,         /i  -  j\          A  „. 

vppipesandhunlyllisinmanerandfournieof&MiwcrA-iX  bumbarat  (bum  bard),  H.  ai    I  I. 
and  sette  men  in  chambirs,  seleres  and  wyndowes  with     form  of  bombard. 
bowys  and  arowys,  to  y*  entent  of  fynall  distraction  of  my  bllUlbarrel   (bum/bar//el),   n. 
sayd  Lorde  of  Glouceteres  pel-son. 

Arnold's  Chronicle,  1602  (ed.  1811),  p.  287. 

It  is  the  strongest  towne  of  walles,  towres,  bulicerke, 
watches,  and  wardes  that  euer  I  sawe  in  all  my  lyfe. 


A  name  of  the 

long-tailed  titmouse,  Acredula  rosea. 
bumbastt  (bum'bast),  «.     An  obsolete  form  of 

bombast. 

Sir  R.  Ouyljorde,  Pylgryiiiage,  p.  10.   blimbazed  (bum-bazd'),  pji.      [Cf.  bamboozle.] 
Its  once  grim  bulwarks  turned  to  lovers'  walks.  Amazed ;  confused ;  stupefied.     [Scotch.] 

Lowell,  Cathedral,  bumbee  (bum'be),  11.     [<  bum1  +  bee.]    A  bum- 
2.  Xaut.,  a  close  barrier  running  around  a  ship    blebee.     [Scotch.] 

or  a  part  of  it,  above  the  level  of  the  deck,  and  bumbelo  (bum'be-16),  n.     Same  as  bombolo. 
consisting  of  boarding  nailed  on  the  outside  bumble  (bum'bl),  i:  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bumblcil. 


boarding 

of  the  stanchions  and  timber-heads. —  3.  That 
which  protects  or  secures  against  external  an- 
noyance or  injury  of  any  kind;  a  screen  or 
shelter;  means  of  protection  and  safety. 

The  royal  navy  of  England  hath  ever  been  its  greatest 
defence  and  ornament,  .  .  .  the  floating  bulwark  of  our 
island.  Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  418. 


ppr.  bumbling.  [=  E.  dial,  and  Se.  viimmtr. 
biiminel,<  ME.  bumblen  (=OD.  bommelen  =  LG. 
bummeln),  freq.  of  bumiiieii,  hum:  see  Inim'.] 
If.  To  make  a  humming  noise;  boom;  cry  like 
a  bittern. 

V-  a  bvtoinv  buiiMitli  in  the  mire. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  liath's  Tale,  1.  116. 


bumble 

2.  To  make  M  splash  in  the  sea.     [Shetland.] 

—  3t.  TOM-,,  1,1.  -4.  To  start  off  quickly.  [Prov. 
Eng.  | 

bumble  (bmn'bl),  n.  [<  bumble,  r.  G'f.  Immmli .  \ 
1.  A  bit  tern,  Hotaurnt, •  xtt 'llni-ix.  [Local,  Eng.  j 

—  2.    A     bumblebee.       Also    hi>iiilnll,    Immmli. 
|  Scotch.] 

bumblebee  (bum'bl-be),  ».  A  large  hairy  so- 
cinl  bee  of  the  family  Ajiiiln;  subfamily  SOefa- 

liini',   mid  genus 

/illl/tll/ix,     SJM'eirs 

of  which  are 
found  in  most 
parts  of  the 
world.  There  are 

up«atd  of  r,u  specie, 
in  North  America 
alone.  Like  other 
social  lire-,  these 
have  males,  females, 

natural  size.  and  drones,  and  live 

in  larger  or  smaller 

communities  in  underground  burrows,  or  )>cneath  stones, 
sods,  stumps,  etc.;  but  they  al.su  use  the  nests  of  other 
animals,  as  mice  or  birds.  See  Boitibmi,  anil  cut  under 
HtlHietwptera.  Also  called  AnmWrV-',  and  dialcctallylrm/i- 
bff,  bumble,  humbler,  tMtmbell,  and  biniiinle. 

bumbleberry  (bum'bl-ber'i),  n.  [<  bumble  + 
/xrn/i.]  The  blackberry:  so  called,  and  also 
bumblekite  and  black-bowwower,  in  allusion  to 
the  effect  of  blackberries  in  producing  wind  in 
(lie  stomach.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bumbledom  (bum'bl-dum),  n.  [From Mr.  Bum- 
ble, the  beadle,  in  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist."] 
Fussy  official  pomposity :  a  sarcastic  term  ap- 
plied especially  to  members  of  petty  corpora- 
tions, as  vestries  in  England,  and  implying 
pretentious  inefficiency. 

bumblefoot(bum'bl-fut),  n.  1.  A  disease  in  the 
feet  of  domestic  fowls,  especially  of  the  heavier 
breeds.  It  consists  in  a  large,  soft  swelling  of  the  ball 
of  the  foot,  which  is  inclined  to  suppurate,  and  in  usually 
caused  by  jumping  from  too  high  a  perch  to  a  hard  floor. 
Hence  —  2.  A  club-foot.  [In  this  sense,  bum- 
ble-foot.'] 

She  died  mostly  along  of  Mr.  Malone's  bumble  foot,  I 
fancy.  Him  and  old  Biddy  were  both  drunk  a-tlghting  on 
the  stairs,  and  she  was  a  step  l>elow  he ;  and  he,  being 
drunk  and  bumble-footed  too,  lost  his  balance,  and  down 
they  come  together.  //.  Kiiiynleit,  Ravenshoe,  xli. 

bumble-footed  (bum'bl-fufed),  n.  Club-footed. 

bumblekite  (bum'bl-kit),  n.  K  bumble  +  kite, 
the  belly.]  The  blackberry.  See  bumbleberry. 
[North.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

bumblepuppist  (bum'bl-pup'ist),  n.  [<  bum- 
blepuppy +  -ist.~]  In  whM,  one  who  plays  bum- 
blepuppy; one  who  imagines  that  he  can  play 
whist,  and  undertakes  to  do  so. 

The  bumblepuppixt  only  admires  his  own  eccentricities. 
J'fmbrul</e,  Whist  or  Bumblepuppy  1  (1883),  p.  2. 

bumblepuppy  (bum'bl-pup'i),  n.  1.  The  game 
of  nine-holes.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  In  whist,  a 
manner  of  playing  "  either  in  utter  ignorance 
of  all  its  known  principles,  or  in  defiance  of 
them,  or  both"  (I'embridge). 

Between  the  worst  whist  and  the  best  bumblejnippj/  it 

is  almost  impossible  to  draw  the  line.     Other  elementary 

forms,  protozoa,  for  instance,  are  often  so  much  alike  that 

it  is  difficult  to  decide  whether  they  are  plants  or  animals. 

I'fiiibndge,  Whist  or  Bumblepuppy  ?  (1883),  p.  1. 

bumbler  (bum 'bier),  n.     A  bumblebee, 
bumbler-box  (bum'bler-boks),  n.     A  wooden 
toy  used  by  boys  to  hold  bumblebees, 
bumbles  (btim'blz),H.pf.    [E.dial.]    1.  Rushes. 

—  2.  A  kind  of  blinkers.  Halliipell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bumble-Staff  (bum'bl-staf),  n.    A  thick  stick. 

[Xorth.  Eng.] 

bumbot  (bum'bo),  n.  A  drink  made  of  rum, 
sugar,  water,  and  nutmeg. 

[He]  returned  to  his  messmates,  who  were  making  niet-i  \ 
in  the  ward-room,  round  a  table  well  stored  with  Innull,, 
and  wine.  x,,, ,,/;,//,  Roderick  Random,  xxxiv. 

bumboat  (bum'bot),  n,  [=  Dan.  bnmbaad,  ap- 
par.  <  D.  "hiimhiHit,  a  very  wide  boat  used  by 
lishers  in  South  Holland  and  Flanders,  also  for 
Inking  a  pilot  to  a  ship:  Koding,  Marine  Diet." 
(Wedgwood),  prob.  <  D.  bun,  a  cauf  or  recep- 
tacle for  keeping  fish  alive,  OD.  bon,  a  chest, 
box.  cask  (cf.  MI),  Iniinir.  Imnne,  a  hatchway), 
+  boot,  boat.  Or  perhaps  orig.  D.  "boomboot, 
c(|iiiv.  to  MD.  D.  booniftchip  (  =  MLG.  biimm-lii/i, 
LG.  bi»<»ii>icJii/>  =  (T.  bdiimsehiff),  a  boat  made 
out  of  a  single  tree,  a  fisherman's  boat,  canoe, 
<  bnom,  a  tree  (=  E.  beam),  +  schip  =  E.  x/n'/>  : 
see  Imim,  boom-,  and  nliip.~]  A  boat  used  in 
peddling  fresh  vegetables,  fruit,  and  small 
wares  among  the  vessels  lying  in  a  harbor  or 
roadstead. 

'I'll-    I'aptain  n^ain  the  letter  bath  read 
Which  the  Inii,,./H,,it  woman  brought  out  to  Spithead. 
Barham,  Ingoldsuy  Legends,  I.  155. 


719 

BumbOat  Act,  an   r.lldi-h  statute  of   I7HI  (•_•  Ceo.   III.,  c. 

il    tli.    snpp:.  --i r  thieving,  etc.,  h)  the  propric 

t"i     M  l,Miiilni:it-  and  other  craft  on  the  Thames.     It  re- 
quired tlie  tr-i, nation  of  such  vessels. 

bumbolo  (biiin'bo-16),  n.     Same  as  bombolo. 

bumby  (lmm'bi),'n.  1.  Stagnant  filth. —  2.  A 
closet  or  hole  for  lumber,  flalliirell.  [Prov. 
Kng.  (Norfolk  and  Suffolk).] 

bum-clock  (bmn'klok),  ».    [E.  dial.,  <  limn1  + 

c/"(7,T,  make  a  noise:   see  <•/«<•/.',   Hurl:.']     An 

insect  which  bums  or  hums,  as  a  chafer  or  bee. 

The  bnin-rl,H-k  liumm'd  with  lazy  drotie. 

Hunt*,  Twa  Dogs,  1.  231. 

Bumelia  (bu-me'lift),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  f)w/ieKa,  a 
large  kind  of  ash,'<  /totf,  ox,  in  comp.  imply- 
ing 'large,'  +  fie/Ja,  ash,  ash-tree.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  Niipiitiiei'tr.  They 

are  trees  or  shrub-,  with  a  milky  juice,  a  spiny  stem,  ami 
Himdl  white  or  greenish  flowers,  arc  natives  of  the  West 
Indies,  anil  are  called  there  bn*t,n;l  '•»"</  i,;-f.  The  fruit 
of  n.  liiriiriile*  is  said  to  be  useful  in  diarrhea. 
bnmkin  (bum'kin),  ».  [<  MD.  biMimken  (=  G. 
liiin mclim),  a  little  tree,  also  prob.  used  in  the 
sense  of  little  boom  or  beam;  <  bonm,  a  tree, 
bar,  boom,  +  dim.  -ken :  see  boom2  and  -Mn. 
Cf.  bumpkin".']  Naut.:  (a)  Formerly,  a  short 
boom  projecting  from  each  side  of  the  bow  of 
a  ship,  to  extend  the  weather-clew  of  the  fore- 
sail. (&)  A  short  beam  of  wood  or  iron  pro- 
jecting from  each  quarter  of  a  vessel,  to  which 
the  main-brace  and  maintopsail  brace-blocks 
are  fastened,  (c)  A  small  outrigger  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat,  used  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 
after-sail.  Also  written  boomkin,  bumpkin. 

We  drifted  fairly  into  the  Loriotte,  .  .  .  breaking  off 
her  starboard  bumpkin,  and  one  or  two  stanchions  above 
the  deck.  /{.  //.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  126. 

bummalo,  bummaloti  (bum'a-16,  bnm-a-16'ti), 
n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  small,  glutinous,  transparent 
teleostean  fish,  of  about  the  size  of  a  smelt, 
found  on  all  the  coasts  of  southern  Asia,  which 
when  dried  is  much  used  as  a  relish  by  both 
Europeans  and  Indians,  and  facetiously  called 
Bombay  duck.  It  is  the  Harpodon  nehercus,  of 
the  family  Scopelidce. 

bummaree  (bum'a-re),  «.  [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  F.  bonne  maree,  good  fresh  sea-fish : 
bonne,  fem.  of  bon,  good  ^see  bon*) ;  maree,  salt- 
water fish,  <  marie,  tide,  <  L.  mare,  F.  mer,  sea, 
=  E.  mere1.]  A  name  given  to  a  class  of  specu- 
lating traders  at  Billingsgate  market,  London, 
who  buy  large  quantities  of  fish  from  the  sales- 
men and  sell  them  again  to  smaller  dealers. 

bummel  (bum'l),  v.  and  ».     See  bummle. 

bummer  (bum'er),  «.  [<  bum1,  r.  i.,  4,  +  -er1. 
Cf.  bum1,  n.,  3,  and  bummle,  n.,  2.]  1.  An  idle, 
worthless  fellow,  especially  one  who  sponges  on 
others  for  a  living ;  a  dissolute  fellow ;  a  loaf- 
er; a  tramp;  in  United  States  political  slang,  a 
low  politician ;  a  heeler;  a  "boy." — 2.  During 
the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a  camp-fol- 
lower or  a  plundering  straggler. 

The  alarming  irruption  at  the  front  of  Individuals  of  a 
class  designated  .  .  .  as  buunnertt. 

X.  A.  Rev.,  CXXIII.  458. 

bummeryt,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  bottomry. 

bummle  (bum'l),  t'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bummled, 
ppr.  bummling.  [A  dial,  form  of  bumble.']  1. 
To  bumble.— 2.  To  blunder.  [North.  Eng.] 

bummle  (bum'l),  n.  [Sc.  also  (in  def.  1)  bum- 
met,  bombell  =  E.  bumble:  see  bumble,  n.  Cf. 
bum1,  n.,  3.]  1.  A  bumblebee. — 2.  An  idle 
fellow ;  a  drone. 

bump1!  (bump),  v.  i.  [First  in  early  mod.  E., 
appar.  a  var.  of  bum1,  bumb,  bomb1 ;  cf.  the 
freq.  humble.  Cf.  W.  bump,  a  hollow  sound,  a 
boom ;  hence  aderyn  y  btrmp,  the  bittern  (ade- 
ryn,  a  bird),  also  called  bicmp  y  gors  (cars,  a 
bog,  fen).  Of  imitative  origin:  see  boom1, 
hum1,  bomb1,  bomb2,  bumble,  etc.]  To  make  a 
loud,  heavy,  or  hollow  noise,  as  the  bittern; 
boom.  Dryden. 

bump't  (bump),  n.  [<  bump1,  r.]  A  booming, 
hollow  noise. 

The  hitter  with  his  At/in/**. 

.s'Mfou,  1'byllyp  Sparowc,  1.  ccj. 

bump2  (bump),  r.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  prob. 
developed  from  bump1,  which,"  as  orig.  imita- 
tive, is  closely  related  to  bum1,  boom,  alsostrike. 
Cf.  ODan.  bumpe,  strike  with  the  clenched  lUt. 
Dan.  bumpe,  thump.  Cf.  also  W.  picmpio,  thump, 
bang  (pirmn.  a  round  mass,  a  lump),  =  Ir.  beu- 
maim,  I  strike,  gash,  cut,  =  Gael,  beiim,  strike ; 
Ir.  Gael,  beiim,  a  stroke,  blow,  =  Corn.  bum. 
l>,»n,  a  blow.  Cf.  bump?,  n.,  and  bounce.'}  I. 
tnnin.  1.  To  cause  to  come  in  violent  contact ; 
bring  into  concussion;  knock;  strike;  thump: 
as,  to  bump  one's  head  against  a  wall. 
lluinp'd  the  ice  into  three  several  stars. 

Tenuymm,  The  Epic. 


bumpkin 

2.  In  /•'niilixli  liinit-riirini/,  to  tmirh  (tin-  stfrn 
of  a  boat  ahead)  with  the  bow  of  the  following 
boat.  S.-c  I 


nuns  lietng  a  very  narrow  stream,  scarcely 

wider  than  a  canal,  it  Is  lni|ii*wil>|e  for  the  boats  to  race 
siii,  in  ,idc.  'I  he  following  i  \pe.ln  nt  has  therefore  been 
adopted:  tliM  aiciliaun  up  in  line,  two  length*  ttetween 
each,  and  the  content  consists  in  eai  h  lnml  endeavoring 
to  touch  with  its  how  the  stern  of  the  one  I  M  fore  it.  which 
operation  Is  called  liumpiivi;  and  at  the  next  race  Uw 

bUmper    tUkl-.S    tile    place    of    the     I:::, :,,:.:! 

C.  A.  Dritteil,  KhglUh  I  nivemltjp,  p.  M. 

II.  in  I i-ii iis.  \.  To  come  forcibly  in  contact 
with  something;  strike  heavily:  as,  the  vessel 
Iniiniifd  against  the  wharf. —  2.  To  ride  with- 
out rising  in  the  stirrups  on  a  rough-trotting 
horse.  Halliiei-ll.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  chem., 
to  give  off  vapor  intermit  tentlv  and  with  almost 
explosive  violence,  as  some  heated  solutions. 
The  vapor  collects  in  large  bubbles  at  the  hott.  ,ni.  and  then 
bursts  through  the  solution  to  the  sun 
4(.  To  form  bumps  or  protuberances. 

Long  Unite  fastened  together  by  couples,  one  right 
against  another,  with  kernels  Inimjiiiuj  out  neere  th< 
place  in  which  they  are  combined. 

Oeranif,  Herbal],  p.  121W,  ed.  ISSS. 

bump'2  (bump),  n.  [<  tump2,  v. ;  the  sense  of 
'a  swelling  Ms  derived  from  that  of  'a  blow." 
Cf.  Dan.  bump,  a  thump,  ODan.  bump,  a  thick- 
set fellow,  trumpet,  thick,  fat.]  1.  A  shock 
from  a  collision,  such  as  from  the  jolting  of  a 
vehicle. 

Tin™-  thumps  and  bumjit  which  flesh  is  heir  to. 

Hoot,  (lllbert  tturney,  I.  v. 

2.  In  English  boat-racing,  the  striking  of  one 
boat  by  the  prow  of  another  following  her.   See 
bump2,  v.  t.,  2. 

I  can  still  condescend  to  give  onr  t>oat  a  shout  when  It 
makes  a  bump.  Cambridge  Slcetchet. 

3.  A  swelling  or  protuberance,  especially  one 
caused  by  a  blow. 

A  i:n in i>  as  big  as  a  young  cockrel's  stone. 

Shale.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  S. 

I  had  rather  she  should  make  btnnp»  on  my  head,  as  big 
as  my  two  fingers,  than  I  would  offend  her. 

R.  Jonunn,  Poetaster,  11.  1. 

Specifically — 4.  The  popular  designation  of 
the  natural  protuberances  on  the  surface  of 
the  skull  or  cranium,  which  phrenologists  asso- 
ciate with  distinct  qualities,  affections,  propen- 
sities, etc.,  of  the  mind :  used  ironically  for  the 
word«ry/«n  employed  by  phrenologists:  as,  the 
bump  of  veneration,  acquisitiveness,  etc. —  5. 
The  corner  of  the  stock  of  a  gun  at  the  top  of 
the  heel-plate. 

bump3  (bump),  w.  [E.  dial.]  1.  A  material 
used  for  coarse  sheets.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire and  Yorkshire).]  —  2.  In  London,  a  sort 
of  matting  used  for  covering  floors,  y.  and  y., 
7th  ser.,  III.  307. 

bumper1  (bum'per),  ».  [<  bump2  +  -er1.']  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  bumps. —  2.  A  log  of 
wood  placed  over  a  ship's  side  to  keep  off  ice, 
or  anything  similarly  used;  a  fender. 

bumper2  (bum'per)  H.  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  oumbard,  bombard,  a  drinking-vessel  (see 
bombard,  n.),  associated  with  E.  dial,  liumpsy, 
tipsy,  bum,  ME.  bummen,  guzzle,  drink:  see 
liu ml. \  1.  A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim, 
especially  when  drunk  as  a  toast. 

Kill  a  dozen  bumper*  to  a  dozen  l>eanties,  and  she  that 
floats  atop  is  the  maid  that  has  Switched  you. 

Sherulan,  School  for  Scandal,  III.  3. 
He  froth  d  his  bumper*  to  the  brim. 

Trnnn*iiii.  Ih-ath  of  the  Old  Year. 

2.  A  crowded  house  at  a  theatrical  benefit,  or 
the  like.— Bumper  game, «  game  in  which  the  scoring 
is  all  on  one  side. 

bumper2  (bum'per),  r.  t.  [<  bumper2,  ».]  To 
fill  to  the  brim.  Burns. 

bumperize  (bum'per-lz),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
Iximperized,  ppr.  oumjteri^ng.  [<  bumper^  + 
-i:e.']  To  drink  bumpers.  [Bare.] 

Pleased  to  see  him,  we  kept  bumptrwinq  till  after  roll- 
calling.  Gibbon,  Memoirs,  p.  68. 

bumper-timber  (bum'per-tim'b^r),  ».  In 
some  locomotives,  a  timber  to  which  the  cow- 
catcher or  pilot  is  fastened,  designed  to  receive 
the  shock  or  blow  of  a  collision. 

bumping-post  (bum'ping-post),  n.  A  timber 
fender  or  buffer,  placed  at  the  end  of  a  railroad- 
track  to  prevent  the  cars  from  leaving  the  rails. 

bumpkin1,  «.     Same  as  bumkin. 

The  tack  of  the  foresail  is  made  fast  either  to  the  stem 
or  a  small  tnnnpkin  eight  inches  long. 

Sporttman'*  Gtaelterr,  p.  «BO. 

bumpkin'-  (bump'kin),  n.  [Prob.  a  particular 
use  of  bumpkin1  =  bumkin,  a  short  boom.  Cf. 
/i/oc/'l  and  liliiflliinil.  a  stupid  fellow.]  An  awk- 
ward, clumsy  rustic;  a  clown  or  country  lout. 


bumpkin 

What  a  bumpkin  he  is  fur  a  captain  in  the  army!  old 
Osborne  thought.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

bumpkinly  (bump'kin-li),  a.  [<  bumpkin2  + 
-/i/1.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  bumpkin  or  clown ; 
clownish. 

He  is  a  simple,  blundering,  and  yet  conceited  fellow, 

who  .  .  .  gives  an  air  of  bumpkinly  romance  to  all  he  tells. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe. 

bumpsy(bump'si),  (i.  [E.  dial. ;  cf.bum^, drink.] 
Tipsy.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bumptious  (bump'shus),  a.  [A  slang  word, 
prob.  <  bnm]fi,  strike  against,  +  -tivus.~\  Offen- 
sively self-assertive ;  liable  to  give  or  take  of- 
fense; disposed  to  quarrel;  domineering;  for- 
ward; pushing.  Thackeray. 

bumptiousness  (bump'shus-nes),  n.  [<  bump- 
tious +  -ness.]  The  quality  of  being  bump- 
tious. 

Tom,  notwithstanding  his  bumptiousness,  felt  friends 
with  him  at  once.    T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown's  School-Days. 
The  peculiar  bumptiousness  of  his  [Hazlitt'sJ  incapacity 
makes  it  particularly  offensive. 

Loieell,  Study  Windows,  p.  352. 

bumpy  (bum'pi),  a.  [<  bump2  +  -y^.J  Having 
or  marked  by  bumps ;  having  a  surface  marked 
by  bumps  or  protuberances. 

bumrollt,  «•    A  sort  of  bustle.     [Vulgar.] 

I  disbased  myself,  from  my  hood  and  my  farthingal,  to 
these  bumrowls  and  your  whalebone  bodice. 

E.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

bum- Wood  (bum'wud),  «.     Same  as  burn-wood. 

bun1,  bunn  (bun),  n.  [<  ME.  bunne,  bonne,  a 
cake,  a  small  loaf.  Origin  obscure  ;  cf.  Ir.  bun- 
nog,  a  var.  of  bonnach,  an  oaten  cake,  =  Gael. 
boimach,  >  E.  bannock,  q.  v.  Skeat  refers  to  OF. 
dial,  bugne,  a  kind-of  fritter  (a  particular  use  of 
OF.  bugne.  bigne,  a  swelling  caused  by  a  blow: 
see6it»iort),  >dim.  bugnct,  bignet,mod.F.  beignet, 
a  fritter.]  A  slightly  sweetened  and  flavored 
roll  or  biscuit ;  a  sweet  kind  of  bread  baked  in 

small  cakes,  generally  round Bath  bun,  a  sort 

of  light  sweet  roll,  generally  containing  currants,  etc., 
named  from  Bath,  England. 

bun2  (bun),  n.  [Appar.  identical  with  E.  dial. 
boon2,  <  ME.  bone,  also  bunne,  of  uncertain 
origin,  perhaps  <  Gael,  bun,  a  stump,  stock, 
root,  a  short,  squat  person  or  animal,  =  Ir. 
bun,  stock,  root,  bottom,  =  Manx  bun,  a  thick 
end,  butt-end,  =  W.  bum,  a  spear-head.  The 
2d  and  3d  senses  may  be  of  diff.  origin.]  1.  A 
dry  stalk;  the  dry  stalk  of  hemp  stripped  of  its 
rind. —  2.  The  tail  of  a  hare. —  3.  A  rabbit. 
Also  called  bunny.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bun3  (bun),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  flat-bot- 
tomed boat  square  at  both  ends.  [Canadian.] 

bunce  (buns),  interj.  [Perhaps  a  corruption  of 
L.  bonus,  good.]  Extra  profit;  bonus:  used  as 
an  exclamation  by  boys.  The  cry  "Bunce!" 
when  something  is  found  by  another  gives  the 
right  to  half  of  what  is  discovered. 

bunch1  (bunch),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  some- 
times bounch;  <  ME.  bundle,  a  hump,  prob.  < 
Icel.  bunki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial,  bunke  =  Norw. 
bunkc  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pile :  see  bunk,  of 
which  bunch  may  be  considered  an  assibilated 
form.  Perhaps  ult.  connected  with  the  verb 
bunch,  strike:  see  bunch2.']  1.  A  protuber- 
ance ;  a  hunch ;  a  knob  or  lump.  [Now  rare.] 
Gobba  [It.],  a  bunch,  a  knob  or  crooke  backe,  a  croope. 

Florio  (1598). 

They  will  carry  .  .  .  their  treasures  upon  the  bunches 
of  camels.  Isa.  xxx.  6. 

2.  A  cluster,  collection,  or  tuft  of  things  of  the 
same  kind  connected  in  growth  or  joined  to- 
gether mechanically:  as,  a  bunch  of  grapes;  a 
bunch  of  feathers  on  a  hat. 

On  his  arme  a  bounch  of  keyes  he  bore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  30. 

3.  More  generally,  a  cluster  or  aggregate  of 
any  kind:    used  specifically  of  ducks,  in  the 
sense  of  a  small  flock. 

They  are  a  bunch  of  the  most  boisterous  rascals 
Disorder  ever  made. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  2. 
After  the  bunch  of  ducks  have  been  shot  at, ...  they  fly 
a  long  distance  and  do  not  alight  within  sight. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  218. 

4.  In  mining,  a  small  mass  of  ore.     See  bunchy, 
3,  and  pocket. —  5.  \nflax-manuf.,  three  bundles 
or  180,000  yards  of  linen  yarn.— 6.  A  unit  of 
tale  for  osiers,   reeds,  teazels,  and  the  like, 

with  no  general  or  fixed  sense Bunch  of  fives 

in  pugttism,  the  flst  with  the  five  fingers  clenched  for 
striking :  as,  he  gave  him  his  bunch  of  tinea  (that  is  struck 
him  with  his  fist).     [Slang.] 

bunch1  (bunch),  t.     [<  bunchl,  «,]     I.  intrans. 
To  swell  out  in  a  protuberance ;  be  protuberant 
or  round. 
Bunching  out  into  a  large  round  knob  at  one  end. 

Woodward,  Fossils. 


720 

II.  trans.  To  make  a  bunch  or  bunches  of; 
bring  together  into  a  bunch  or  aggregate  ;  con- 
centrate: as,  to  bunch  ballots  for  distribution; 
to  bunch  profits  ;  to  bunch  the  hits  in  a  game  of 
base-ball. 

Cloistered  among  cool  and  bunched  leaves. 

Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

bunch'2t  (bunch),  n.  t.  [<  ME.  bunchen,  bonchen, 
beat,  strike ;  cf.  D.  bonken,  beat,  belabor,  Dan. 
banke,  Norw.  banka,  beat,  Icel.  banga,  OSw. 
b&nga,  bunga,  strike:  see  bang1  and  bung2. 
See  bunch1,  n.,  and  cf.  bump2,  which  includes 
the  meanings  of  bunch1  and  bunch2.  Not  re- 
lated to  punch  in  this  sense.]  To  beat;  strike. 

Thei  bonchen  theire  brestis  with  flstes. 

Lydgate.    (llallimll.) 

I  bunche,  I  beate,  jepousse.  He  buncheth  me  and  beateth 
me.  Palsgrave. 

bunch-backedt  (bunch'bakt),  «.  Hunch-back- 
ed: as,  "foul  bunch-baek'd  toad,"  Shal'.,  Rich. 
III.,  iv.  4. 

bunch-berry  (buneh'ber//i),  n.  1.  A  common 
name  of  the  dwarf  cornel,  Cornus  Canadensis, 
on  account  of  its  dense  clusters  of  bright-red 
berries. —  2.  The  fruit  of  the  Rubus  saxatilis. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Craven).] 

bunch-flower  (bunch'flou"6r),  n.  The  Melan- 
thium  Virginicum,  a  liliaceous  plant  of  the 
United  States,  with  grass-like  leaves  and  a  tall 
stem  with  a  broad  panicle  of  small  greenish 
flowers. 

bunch-grass  (bunch'gras),  n.  A  name  given 
to  many  different  grasses  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region  and  westward,  usually  growing  in 
distinct  clumps.  The  more  abundant  are  Poa  tenui- 
folia,  Oryzopsix  cuspidata,  Festuca  scabrella,  and  species 
of  Stipa  and  Agropymm. 

bunchiness  (bun'chi-nes),  n.  [<  bunchy  + 
-ness.']  The  state  of  being  bunchy,  or  of  grow- 
ing in  bunches. 

bunch- whale  (bunch'hwal),  n.  A  whale  of  the 
genus  Hegaptera;  a  humpback  whale. 

bunchy  (bun'chi),  a.  [<  bunch  +  -y1.]  1.  Hav- 
ing or  being  like  a  bunch  or  hunch;  having 
knobs  or  protuberances:  as,  "an  unshapen 
bunchy  spear,"  Phaer,  .<Eneid,  ix. 

Chiefs  particularly  affect  great  length  of  cord,  which 
does  not  improve  the  wearer's  appearance,  as  it  makes 
the  kilt  too  bunchy.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXX.  206. 


said  of  a  lode  when  the  ore  is  irregularly  dis- 
tributed through  it  in  small  masses  or ' '  pockets." 

bunco,  n.     See  bunko. 

buncombe,  bunkum  (bung'kum),  n.  [<  Hun- 
combe,  a  county  of  North  Carolina :  see  extract 
from  Bartlett,  below.]  Empty  talk;  pointless 
speechmaking ;  balderdash. 

When  a  crittur  talks  for  talk's  sake,  jist  to  have  a  speech 
in  the  paper  to  send  to  home,  and  not  for  any  other  airthly 
puppus  but  electioneering,  our  folks  call  it  bunkum. 

Haliburton. 

To  talk  for  Buncombe,  to  speak  for  effect  on  persons 
at  a  distance,  without  regard  to  the  audience  present. 

The  origin  of  the  phrase,  "talking  for  Buncombe,"  is 
thus  related  in  Wheeler's  "History  of  North  Carolina": 
"  Several  years  ago,  in  Congress,  the  member  for  this  dis- 
trict arose  to  address  the  House,  without  any  extraordi- 
nary powers,  in  manner  or  matter,  to  interest  the  audi- 
ence. Many  members  left  the  hall.  Very  naively  he  told 
those  who  remained  that  they  might  go  too :  he  should 
speak  for  some  time,  but  he  was  only  '  talking  for  Bun- 
combe.'" Bartlett. 

bund  (bund),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  written  band 
(pron.  bund),  repr.  Hind,  band,  a  dam,  dike, 
causeway,  embankment,  a  particular  use  of 
band,  a  band,  bond,  tie,  imprisonment;  in  all 
uses  also  spelled  bandit,  <  Skt.  •/  bandh  =  E. 
bind,  tie.]  In  India  and  the  East  generally,  an 
embankment  forming  a  promenade  and  car- 
riageway along  a  river-front  or  seaside;  an 
esplanade. 

bunder1  (bun'der),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  A  surf-boat 
in  use  at  Bombay  and  along  the  Malabar  coast. 
Also  called  bunder-boat. 

bunder2  (bun'der),  ».     [Also  written  bhunder ; 

<  Hind,  bandar,  also   banar,  a  monkey,  ape, 
Baboon.]     The  common  rhesus  or  other  East 
Indian  monkey. 

bunder3  (bun'der),  n.     [E.  Ind.]     A  term  used 

in  the  East  for  a  canard, 
bunder-boat  (bun'der-bot),  ».     Same  as  bun- 

itorl. 
Bundesrath,  Bundesrat  (bon'des-rat),  n.  [G. ; 

<  bunden,  gen.  of  bund,  a  league  (see  bundle), 
+  rath,  rat,  council,  counsel,  etc.,  OHG.  MHG. 
rat  (=  AS.  raid,  ME.  rede,  E.  rede,  read  (obs.), 
council):  see  read1,  «.]     1.  The  federal  coun- 
cil of  the  German  empire,  exercising  legislative 


bung 

functions  in  combination  with  the  Reichstag, 
and  consisting  of  58  members  representing  the 
26  states  of  the  empire.  In  the  Bmulesrath  each 
state  votes  as  a  unit,  the  imperial  chancellor  being  presi- 
dent. 

2.  In  Switzerland,  the  federal  council,  exercis- 
ing executive  and  administrative  functions,  and 
composed  of  7  members. 

bundle  (bun'dl),  •».  [<  ME.  bundel  (also  dim. 
bundelet),  <  AS.  "bi/ndel (not  found)  (=  D.  bondel, 
bundel  =  G.  bundel),  a  bundle,  dim.  of  "bund, 
ONorth.  pi.  bunda,  a  bundle  (=  D.  bond,  usu- 
ally verbond,  a  bond,  covenant,  league,  =  MLG. 
bunt,  a  band,  a  bundle,  =  MHG.  bunt,  G.  bund, 
a  bundle,  truss,  also  a  tie,  bond,  league,  union, 
etc.,  >  Dan.  bundt  =  Sw.  bunt,  a  bundle),  <  bin- 
dan  (pp.  bunden)  =  G.  binden,  etc.,  bind:  see 
bind,  and  cf.  ftowrf1.]  1.  A  number  of  things 
bound  together ;  anything  bound  or  rolled  into 
a  convenient  form  for  conveyance  or  handling; 
a  package;  a  roll:  as,  a  bundle  of  lace  ;  a  bun- 
dle of  hay. 

Every  schoolboy  can  have  recourse  to  the  fable  of  the 
rods,  which,  when  united  in  a  bundle,  no  strength  could 
bend.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  ix. 

The  optic  nerve  is  a  great  bundle  of  telegraph  wires, 
each  carrying  its  own  message  undisturbed  by  the  rest. 
W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  284. 

Hence — 2.  A  group  or  a  number  of  things  hav- 
ing some  common  characteristic  which  leads  to 
their  being  held  and  transferred  in  the  same 
ownership. — 3.  In  bot.,  a  fascicular  aggrega- 
tion of  one  or  more  elementary  tissues  travers- 
ing other  tissues.  The  bundle  may  be  either  vascular 
(composed  of  vessels  only)  or  nlirovascular  (containing 
both  fibrous  and  vascular  tissues),  and  is  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  parenchyma,  or  soft  cellular  tissue, 
called  the  bundle-sheath. 

"Concentric"  bundles  occur  in  many  vascular  crypto- 
gams. Encyc.  Brit.,  XII.  18. 

4.  In  paper-making,  two  reams  of  printing-pa- 
per or  brown  paper :  established  by  a  statute 
of  George  I. — 5.  In  spinning,  twenty  hanks  or 
6,000  yards  of  linen  yarn.  [Bundle  is  also  used  as  a 
unit  of  weight  for  straw,  and  of  tale  for  barrel-hoops,  but 
without  any  fixed  value.  A  bundle  of  bast  ropes  is  ten, 
by  a  statute  of  Charles  II.]  —  Closed  bundle,  in  bot.,  a 
flbrovascular  bundle  which  is  wholly  formed  of  woody 
and  bast  tissue,  without  a  cambium  layer,  and  is  there- 
fore incapable  of  further  growth.—  Collateral  bundle, 
in  bot.,  a  fibrovascular  bundle  consisting  of  a  strand  of 
woody  tissue  and  another  of  bast,  side  by  side. — Con- 
centric bundle,  in  bot.,  a  flbrovascular  bundle  in  which 
the  bast  tissue  surrounds  the  woody  tissue,  as  is  common 
in  vascular  cryptogams,  or  the  reverse, 
bundle  (bun'dl),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  bundled,  ppr. 
bundling.  [<  bundle,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  tie 
or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll :  often  followed  by 
up  :  as,  to  bundle  up  clothes. 

Their  trains  bundled  up  into  a  heap  behind,  and  rustling 
at  every  motion.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  iv. 

2.  To  place  or  dispose  of  in  a  hurried,  uncere- 
monious manner. 

They  unmercifully  bundled  me  and  my  gallant  second 
into  our  own  hackney-coach. 

T.  Hook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  II.  iii. 

To  bundle  off,  to  send  (a  person)  off  in  a  hurry  ;  get  rid 
of  unceremoniously  :  as,  the  children  were  bundled  off  to 
bed.  — To  bundle  out,  to  expel  summarily  :  as,  I  bundled 
him  out  of  doors. 

You  ought  to  be  bundled  out  for  not  knowing  how  to 
behave.  Dickens. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  depart  in  a  hurry  or  un- 
ceremoniously: often  with  off. 
Is  your  ladyship's  honour  bundling  of  then  1 

Coltnan  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  v.  3. 
See  the  savages  bundle  back  into  their  canoes. 

St.  Nicholas,  XI.  377. 

2.  In  New  England  (in  early  times)  and  in 
Wales,  to  sleep  in  the  same  bed  without  un- 
dressing: applied  to  the  custom  of  men  and 
women,  especially  sweethearts,  thus  sleeping. 
Stopping  occasionally  in  the  villages  to  eat  pumpkin 
pies,  dance  at  country  frolics,  and  bundle  with  the  Yankee 
lasses.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  295. 

bundle-pillar  (bun'dl-pil"ar),  «.  Same  as  clus- 
li-ri'd  column  (which  see,  under  column). 

bundle-sheath  (bun'dl-sheth),  ».  See  bundle, 
n.,  3. 

bung1  (bung),ro.  [<  ME.  bunge,  of  uncertain 
origin;  the  W.  bwng,  an  orifice,  a  bung  (cf. 
OGael.  buine  —  Ir.  buinne,  a  tap,  spigot,  spout), 
prob.  from  E.  Cf.  OD.  bonne,  MD.  bondr  (>  F. 
bonde),  a  bung;  MD.  bommc1,  D.  bom1,  dim. 
bommcl,  a  bung ;  MD.  bomme2,  D.  bom2,  a  drum ; 
MD.  bunghe,  bonghe  =  MLG.  bunge,  a  drum 
(MLG.  bungen,  beat  a  drum:  see  bung-).  The 
E.  word  seems  to  have  taken  the  form  of  MD. 
IniHf/lie  (with  equiv.  bomme2),  a  drum,  with  tho 
sense  of  MD.  bonde  (with  equiv.  bomme1),  a 
bung.]  1.  A  large  cork  or  stopper  for  closing 
the  hole  in  the  side  of  a  cask  through  which  it 


bung 

is  filled. —  2.  Tin-  hole  or  orifice  in  u  cask 
through  which  it  is  lillcil;  a  bung-hole. — 3f. 
A  pick) kct ;  a  shnr|nT. 

\vv;i\.  you  cut  purse  rascal  !   Von   Itlthv  '/";'/.  :i»;i\  ! 

si.ni.:.  -i  Hen.  iv.,  n.  4. 

4.  A  brewer.     | "Kng.  slang.]  —  5.  A  pile  of  seg- 
o;ars  or  setters  in  :i  porcelain  -kiln. 
bung1  (bung),  r.  I.     [<  /mill/1,  n.\     To  stop  the 
orifice  of  with  u  bung;  close. 

All  entries  t»  tin1  soul  :nv  so  .stopped  ;iml  /tiii.'/>'<f  up. 

ll,n,i,,i,,,i,l.  \\orks,  IV.  07". 

bung- (filing).  ''•  '•  [Commonly  regarded  as  a 
|i:irti(Milar  use  of  bung1,  r. ;  but  cf.  ML(i.  IIHII- 
'ii'ii  =  MHO.  IHIH/II-H,  beat  a  drum,  (1.  dial,  bun- 
ili  a,  biini/in,  strike  (freq.  bimgchi,  beat),  =OSw. 
0MMO)  strike:  see  bimeli-.  Cf.  bungle,  frrttt*/1.] 
To  beat  severely;  exhaust  by  hard  blows  or 
strenuous  effort ;  bruise  ;  maul:  used  chiefly  in 
the  phrase  bnni/i-il  n/i :  as,  he  Was  all  bunged 
it/i  in  the  fight  ;  the  day's  work  has  completely 
biini/eil  me  H/I.  [Slang.] 

bungall  (biin'gal),  n.  [<  Ir.  IIHHH,  a  coin,  + 
i/iilltlii,  foreign,  English,  <</«//,  a  foreigner,  Eng- 
lishman.] A  base  coin  current  in  Ireland  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  At  one  time  it 
passed  for  sixpence,  at  another  for  twopence, 
ami  ultimately  for  a  penny. 

bungalow  (bung'ga-16),  it.  [Anglo-Ind.,<  Hind. 
IK/ injld  (Peri,  bilmjla),  a  thatched  cottage,  u 
bungalow,  lit.  belonging  to  Bengal,  Bengalese 


7-M 

I  liail  >'•'•!!  -.'in.  tliiirj  of  tin-  wnilil.  and  had  contracted 
lMillt  tin-  average  bad  hat)its"f  \OHHL:  lui'li  \\llu  have  th<- 
•nli'  care  of  themselves.  and  rather  bnii'itr  the  matter. 

C.    l>.     W.I:  I..-I-.     lla.'kl.iu   Stlldieil,   p.   hi. 


bungle  (bung'gl),  ».     [<  bunt/It,  r.]     A 
performance  ;    a  piece   of  awkward  work  ;    a 

licitell.        It'll;/. 

bungler  (bnng'glcr),  /'.  One  who  bungles;  a 
clumsy,  awkward  workmun  ;  one  who  performs 
without  skill. 

If  to  headniicvorabuii.'nVr  in  any  profession  be  ihaine- 

n  n  i  ni<  in-  HI  i<l  infamous  to  a  scholar 


fill,  how  chlUiirciullomini. 

to  be  »ilrli 


/.'I 


Bungalow  on  Penang  Hills. 

(house),  <  Baiitfd,  Bengal.  Cf.  Bengali.]  In 
India,  a  one-storied  thatched  or  tiled  house, 
usually  surrounded  by  a  veranda ;  in  the  East 
generally,  any  one-storied  dwelling  provided 
with  verandas. 

It  [the  roacll  leads  to  ...  Kaatana,  a  regular  square 
Indian  biiii.Ktlnir,  with  thatched  roofs,  verandahs  covered 
with  creepers,  windows  opening  to  the  ground,  and  steps 
leading  to  the  gardens  oil  every  side. 

/,n.hf  Braasey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  xiv. 
Dak-bungalOW,  a  house  for  travelers,  such  as  are  eon- 
structedat  intervals  of  from  12  to  15  miles  on  the  high- 
roads in  many  parts  of  India  at  the  expense  of  the  author- 
ities. The  government  charges  each  traveler  one  rupee 
(al)out  forty  cents)  a  day  for  the  use  of  the  bungalow. 

Bungarus  (bung'ga-rus),  n.  [Also  Bongarun; 
NL.,  from  the  native  name  bunijur  or  btmgar.J 
A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  of  the  family 
Elapidtf,  natives  of  India,  and  closely  allied  to 
the  Naiit,  though  the  neck  is  not  so  dilatable. 
In  the  BHUiiiir.ix  j'am'iatuii,  the  rock-serpent,  the  head  is 
Hat  and  short,  the  muzzle  round,  and  the  upper  jaws  are 
furnished  with  grooved  fangs.  The  color  is  generally  of  :i 
light  Inn',  relieved  l>y  bands  or  rings  of  jetty  black.  Also 
Btnffgnt, 

bung-drawer  (bung'dra"er),  n.  A  wooden  mal- 
let of  a  peculiar  form  for  removing  the  bung 
from  a  cask.  [Local,  Eng.] 

bungerlyt,  u-  [A  var.  of  bimglebj,  <  'bungle  + 
-///!.]  Bungling;  clumsy. 

Oftentimes  the  more  shallow  in  knowledge  the  more 
i.ifn'i.'i-i/f  in  u  irkediH'ss.  Rep.  T.  Atltiiitti,  Works,  II.  4S. 

bungersomc  (bung'ger-sum),  u.     [A  dial.  var. 

of  biiiii/li'KoiiK'.]  Clumsy,  (irosc.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
bung-hole  (bung'hol),  n.  A  hole  or  orifice  in  a 

eiisk  through  which  it  is  fllled,closed  by  a  bung. 
bungle  (bung'gl),  r.  »'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bungled. 

|ipr.    IHIIII/HIII/.     [Prob.    equiv.  to  "bougie  for 

li/nii/lfl.  i'rei[.  of  hiiiigl,  beat;  cf.  G.  dial,  bungeln. 

strike,  beat,  fret),  of  bungen,  strike;  Sw.  dial. 

hinif/lii,  work  ineffectually,  freq.  of  bmiku,  var. 

biiii'kii,    Innil.'ii,  strike,   OSw.    bungii,  beat:   see 

hiini/l.  bunch",  bunt/'*,  and  cf.  botch2,  bungle. 

which   also  goes  back  to  an   original    sense 

'  heat.']   I.  intraiiK.  To  work  or  act  in  a  clumsy, 

awkward,  or  blundering  manner. 

I 'an  you  fail  or  buii'ilf  in  your  (null 

IHilhnin,  Satires  on  the  Jesuits. 

1  could  rather  see  thestage  tllleil  with  agreeable  objects, 

(hough  they  might  sometime*  liiiinitr  a  little. 

.-ill..  Hi.    IVe,  No.  1. 

II.  li-tiiix.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily;  botch; 
manage  awkwardly  or  blunderingly;  perform 
inefficiently. 

Botch  and  i..ni:il.  up  damnation 
With  pfttcbM.  Shale.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  ;. 

M 


bunglesome   (liung'gl-snm),    n.     [<   bungle   + 

•  vow.)     Bungling;  clumsy. 
bungling  (bung'gling),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  bunglt, 

i-.]     iTProno  to  bungle;   clumsy:    as,    "this 

binii/liiii/  wreteh,"    Oltlluiin. —  2.  Characterized 

l>y  clumsiness;  botched. 

Letters  to  me  are  not  seldom  opened,  and  then  sealed  in 
a  biin-jliii'i  manner  before  they  come  to  my  hands.  Strijt. 
=  Syn.  l.'iniuiulii,  Uncouth,  etc.  See  iiirlcminl. 

bunglingly  (bung'gling-li),  tide.  In  a  bungling 
manner;  clumsily;  awkwardly. 

bungo  (bung'go),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  kind 
of  canoe  used  in  Central  and  South  America, 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States. 
liitrtlett. 

bungo-tree  (buug'go-tre),  u.  [<  bungo,  a  native 
name,  +  <m'.]  A  leguminous  tree  of  Sierra 
Leone,  Itaiiicllitt  thuriffra,  yielding  a  fragrant 
gum. 

bung-starter  (bung'star'ter),  H.  A  kind  of  Hat 
mallet  for  starting  a  wooden  bung  from  the 
bung-hole. 

bung-stave  (bung'stav),  n.  The  stave  of  a  bar- 
rel in  which  the  bung-hole  has  been  made. 

Bungtown  copper.    See  copper. 

bung-vent  (buug'vent),  n.  A  valve-stopper 
designed  to  allow  air  to  enter  a  cask  without 
permitting  the  gases  generated  within  it  to  es- 
cape, or  the  reverse. 

bunion,  bunyon  (bun'yon),  u.  [Formerly  also 
buiiuin,  biiiinion,  bitiiiiitin  ;  <  It.  bitt/noite,  a  Knob, 
a  boil  or  blain,  aug.  of  equiv.  bugno,  prob.  < 
OF.  but/lie,  buigne.  bune,  a  swelling,  F.  bigne,  a 
bump,  knob,  swelling,  perhaps  <  Icel.  bunga,  an 
elevation,  allied  to  buiiki,  a  heap:  see  bunch  and 
biinl;.~\  A  swelling  on  the  foot  caused  by  the 
inflammation  of  a  bursa,  especially  that  over 
the  metatarsophalangeal  joint  of  the  great  toe. 
It  may  occur,  however,  over  the  corresponding  joint  of 
the  fifth  digit,  or  more  rarely  over  the  scaphoid  Iwne. 

Bunium  (bu'ni-um),  n.  [NL.  (L.  bunion  — 
Pliny),  <  Gr.  jioivtov,  »  plant,  perhaps  the  earth- 
nut;  cf.  jlowiac,,  a  plant  of  the  rape  kind.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order  i'mbelli- 
J'erte,  with  tuberous  roots,  natives  of  Europe  and 
western  Asia.  II.  itexuatuui.tAaoeMtAeartlinut,  hawlt- 
nut,  kippermit,  and  jili/nut,  is  a  plant  with  a  root  as  large 
as  a  nutmeg,  hard,  tuberous,  anil  brown.  See  farthnut. 

bunk  (bungk),  «.  [Of  Scand.  oiigin,  prob. 
affected  in  sense  by  bunk,  dial,  benk,  bink,  a 
bench:  <  (1)  Icel.  buiiki  =  OSw.  and  Sw.  dial. 
bmihi-  =  Norw.  bunke  =  Dan.  bunke,  a  heap,  pile 
(cf.  MLG.  bunk,  a  bone,  esp.  one  of  the  promi- 
nent bones  of  a  large  animal,  =  OFries.  bunkt. 
East  Fries,  bunke,  North  Fries,  bunk,  abone),  ap- 
par.  the  same  as  (2)  ODan.  bunke,  a  cargo  stowed 
in  the  hold  of  a  ship,  the  hold  itself,  the  bilge, 
the  bottom,  =  OSw.  bunke,  part  of  a  ship,  prob. 
the  hold;  prob.  also  the  same  as  (3)  ODan. 
/)HiiAr=:Hw.  bunke  =Norw.  bunka,  bunk,  abroad, 
low  milk-pan,  and  (4)  ODan.  bunke,  the  site  of 
a  building :  these  forms  being  more  or  less  con- 
fused with  (5)  Icel.  bunga,  a  slight  elevation, 
=  Norw.  bvngn,  a  little  heap,  bung,  byng,  bunk, 
a  slight  protuberance  or  dent,  bungutt,  btinkutt, 
dented,  appar.  connected  (as  bumift,  a  blow, 
with  biiinpV,  a  protuberance,  or  as  bunch2  with 
binirh1)  with  Sw.  btinga,  strike:  see  fci/nc/i2and 
lninr/2,  and  cf.  OHMO/i1,  which  may  be  considered 
an  assibilated  form  of  bunk.  Cf.  bulk.}  1.  A 
wooden  case  or  compartment  in  a  vessel,  a 
sleeping-car,  etc..  and  sometimes  in  a  dwelling- 
house,  used  as  a  sleeping-berth. 

1  ~ii"iiM  .  .  .  paw  over  the  rest  of  hlK  voyage  liy  saying 
that  be  was  confined  to  bis  61114*,  and  saw  no  more  of  it. 
//.  Kingslfy,  Ravenshoe,  Ii.    (/Mn.v.) 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  across  a  sled  to 
sustain  a  heavy  weight.     [U.  S.] 
bunk  (bungk),  r.  i.     [<  buttle,  n."\     To  occupy  a 
bunk;  hence,  to  occupy  a  bed;  sleep:  as,  the 
two  boys  bunkrit  together. 

«  .•  turned  in  to  limit  and  mess  with  the  crew  forward. 
/,'.  //.  Ihiiin.  -If..  licfi.re  tin-  Mast,  p    a. 

bunker1  ilmng'ker),  n.  [<  bunk  +  -rrl.  Cf. 
biniki-r1  in  the  sense  of  'a  bench,  a  seat.']  1. 
A  bench  or  sort  of  chest  that  serves  for  a  seat. 


bunt 

—  2.  A  sort  of  lixed  chest  or  box;  »  large  l.in 
or  receptacle :  as,   a  vonl-lnink< r  (which   see  . 

—  3.  In  the  game  of  golf,  a  Hand-hole  anywhere 
on  the  grounds. 

bunker-  (Imng'ker).  ii.  [Short  for  iiioMnbuiiker, 
q.  V.]  A  menhaden. 

bunker-plate (bung'ker-)ilat),  ».  An  iron  plate 
covering  a  hole  in  a  ship'--  deck  leading  to  the 
coal-bunker. 

bunko,  bunco  ( bung'ko),  ».  [Perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion  of  It.  biiniti,  a  bank  or  money-changer's 
stall;  cf.  bunk,  as  related  to  bank.]  A  swindle 
practised  by  two  or  more  confederates  upon  a 
stranger  (generally  by  gaining  his  confidence 
on  the  ground  of  alleged  previous  acquaintance 
with  himself  or  some  of  his  friends),  who  is  al- 
lured toahouse,  and  there  fleeced  at  some  game, 
openly  robbed,  or  otherwise  victimized.  Also 
called  bunko-game.  [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko  (bung'ko),  ?•.  t.     To  victimize,  as  by  a 
bunko-man.     [American  slang  or  cant.] 
A  Heading  banker  buittoetl. 

fltiliiiMjJiiu  Time*  (1883),  No.  2892,  p.  2. 

bunko-game  (buug'kd-gam),  n.  Same  as  bunko. 

bunko-joint  (bung'ko-joint),  n.  A  house  or 
rendezvous  to  which  strangers  are  allured,  and 
in  which  they  are  victimized,  by  bunko-men. 
[American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunko-man  (bung'ko-mau),  n.  A  person  who 
practises  the  bunko  swindle.  [American  slang 
or  cant.] 

bunko-steerer  (bung'ko-ster'er),  n.  That  one 
of  the  swindlers  called  bunko-men  who  allures 
or  steers  strangers  to  the  bunko-joint  or  rendez- 
vous. [American  slang  or  cant.] 

bunks  (bungks),  n.  The  wild  succory.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

bunkum,  n.     See  buncombe. 

bunn,  n.    See  6««i. 

bunnel  (bun'el),  n.  [E.  dial.  dim.  of  bun'*,  ».] 
A  dried  hemp-stalk,  used  by  smokers  to  light 
their  pipes,  druse.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunney,  n.     See  bunny3. 

bunniant,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  bunion. 

bunningS  (bun'ingz),  n.jil.  [E.  dial.]  In  letut- 
iiiiniiig,  a  floor  or  staging  of  wood  built  across 
the  lode  over  tho  miners'  heads,  and  on  which 
the  refuse  was  thrown,  so  that  the  mine,  origi- 
nally begun  as  an  open  work,  became  covered 
over  for  its  whole  length,  except  under  the 
"stowses"  or  windlasses.  The  same  thlnicwu  re- 
peated  lower  down,  the  process  lieing  a  sort  of  unmlil- 
nation  of  the  cast-after-cast  method  and  of  underhand 
sloping.  The  process  is  no  longer  used.  |  Derbyshire,  Eng.  I 

bunny1  (bun'i),  n. ;  pi.  tunnies  (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  gully  formed  by  water  making  its  way  over 
the  edge  of  a  cliff.  [Hampshire,  Eng.] 

bunny*  (.bun'i),  ».  [Dim.  of  bun-,  a  rabbit.] 
A  pet  name  for  a  rabbit. 

bunny3  (bun'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  written  bnn- 
ney.  Cf.  onnion.]  A  swelling  from  a  blow;  a 
bump.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

bunny4!  (bun'i),  n.     Same  as  ftomtj)8. 

bunnya,  «-    See  bunya. 

bunodont(bu'np-dont),  n.  [<  NL.  bunodon(t-), 
<  Ur.  ,iovv6r,  a  hill,  mound,  +  6A»V  (oAm-r-)  =  E. 
tooth."]  In  odont.,  having  the  crowns  of  the 
molar  teeth  elevated  into  tubercles ;  having  tu- 
berculate  molars :  in  general,  opposed  to  lophn- 
tltnit;  specifically,  having  teeth  of  the  patteni 
presented  by  the  Bunodonta. 

Bunodonta  (bu-no-don'tH),  ».  jil.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  bunodon  :  see  bunoilont.]  The  most  prim- 
itive type  of  the  artiodactyls,  continued  to  the 
present  day  by  the  non-ruminant  or  suilline 
quadrupeds  of  the  families  Suidu"  and  Hippopo- 
ttiniida;  or  the  swine  and  hippopotamus. 

Bnnotheria  (bu-no-the'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
•iuiTi'tf,  a  hill,  mound,  +  ffr/piov,  a  wild  beast.] 
A  superordinal  group  of  mammals  proposed  by 
Cope  to  cover  the  whole  of  the  carnivorous  ami 
insectivorous  types  of  monodelphous  mammals 
ancestrally  related  to  existent  forms. 

bunotherian  (bu-no-the'ri-an),  (i.  [<  Bunotlic- 
ri<i  +  -an.]  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  Runotlieriti.  E.  I),  f '«;«•. 

Bunsen  burner,  cell,  fllter-pump.  See  the 
nouns. 

bunsenite  (bun'sen-it),  «.  [After  the  German 
chemist  Robert  \V.  Knnnen.']  Native  nickel 
protoxid,  occurring  in  isometric  octahedral  crys- 
tals of  a  green  color.  The  name  was  also  given 
to  the  gold  tellurid  krennerite. 

bunt1  (bunt),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  buiilen  ;  of  uncertain 
origin;  cf.  Bret,  limni/n.  buntn,  push,  shove; 
cf.  also  E.  /,««/-',  push,  and  &««!.]  1.  To  pnsh 
with  the  horns  or  head,  as  a  gout  or  a  calf. — 
2.  To  spring;  rear.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


bunt 

bunt1  (bunt),  n.  [<  bunt1,  r.  «'.]  A  push  with 
the  head,  or  the  head  and  horns. 

bunt2  (bunt),  n.  [<  late  ME.  bunt;  of  uncertain 
origin.  It  agrees  in  form  with  Dan.  bundt  = 
Sw.  bunt,  a  bundle  (see  bundle),  in  sense  with 
Dan.  bug,  Sw.  buk,  a  belly  (cf.  Dan.  bug  paa 
et  sejl,  Sw.  buk  pa  ett  send,  the  bunt  (lit.  belly) 
of  a  sail :  see  bouk1) ;  or  with  Dan.  bugt  =  Sw. 
bugt,  a  bend,  >  E.  bout,  a  bend,  turn,  etc. :  see 
bout1,  bought1,  and  bight.']  The  middle  part  of 
a  square  sail;  also,  the  middle,  baggy  part  of 
a  net,  etc. 

In  furling,  the  strongest  and  most  experienced  stand  in 
the  slings  (or  middle  of  the  yard)  to  make  up  the  bunt. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  26. 

bunt2  (bunt),  v.  i.    [<  bunt?,  «.]    To  swell  out; 

belly,  as  a  sail. 
bunt3  (bunt),  v.  t.    [<  ME.  'bunten,  bonten,  sift, 

perhaps  a  var.  of  bulten,  sift,  bolt:  see  bolt2.'] 

To  sift.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bunt4  (bunt),  n.    [Perhaps  a  dial,  form  of  burnt, 

as  used  in  comp.  bunt^ear  for  burnt-ear,  etc.] 

1.  A  smut  which  infests  and  destroys  the  ker- 
nels of  wheat;    an  ustilagineous  fungus,    Til- 
letia  caries,  which  causes  serious  damage  in 
Europe,  but  is  scarcely  known  in  America.    The 
common  smut  of  wheat  and  oats  in  the  United  States  is 
Ustilago  carbo,  and  is  not  called  bunt.     Also  called  blad- 
der-brand. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  puffball, 
Lycoperdon. 

buntbok  (bunt'bok),  n.     Same  as  bonteboTc. 

bunt-ear  (bunt'er),  M.  [See  bunt*.']  A  name  for 
the  smut  of  wheat,  oats,  etc..  Ustilago  segetum. 

bunted  (bun'ted),  a.    [<  bunt*  +  -ed%.']    Affect- 
ed with  bunt ;  containing  the  parasitic  fungus 
which  causes  bunt. 
Externally  the  bunted  grain  is  plumper.  Cooke. 

bunter  (bun'tfer),  ».  [E.  dial.]  A  woman  who 
picks  up  rags  in  the  streets  ;  hence,  a  low,  vul- 
gar woman.  [Prov.  Eng.  or  slang.] 

Her  two  marriageable  daughters,  like  bttnteri  in  stuff 
gowns,  are  now  taking  sixpenny  worth  of  tea  at  the  White 
Conduit  House.  Goldsmith,  Essays,  xv. 

bunter-sandstein  (bun'ter-sand"stin),  n.     [G. 

bunter   sandstein,    lit.   variegated    sandstone : 

bunt,  spotted,  variegated  (see  bunting*);  sand- 
stein  =  E.  sandstone."]  A  German  name  for  the 
New  Red  Sandstone.  See  sandstone. 

bunt-gasket  (bunt'gas"ket),  n.  The  gasket 
which  confines  the  bunt  of  a  square  sail  when 
furled.  Formerly  called  breast-gasket. 

bunting1  (bun'ting),  «.  [Verbal n.  of  bunft,  v.'] 
1.  The  act  of  pushing,  as  with  the  horns  or 
head;  butting. — 2.  A  game  among  boys,  play- 
ed with  sticks  and  a  small  piece  of  wood  cut 
lengthwise.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  A 
large  piece  of  timber;  a  heavy  support  for 
machinery  or  other  structures. 

bunting2  (bun'ting),  M.  [Verbal  n.  of  bunt2,  v.~\ 
The  act  of  swelling  out,  as  a  sail. 

bunting3  (bun'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  bun$,  v.~] 
Sifting. 

bunting4  (bun'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  buntynge,  boun- 
tyng  (also  bimtyle  for  *buntel,  of  which  Sc. 
buntliu  is  a  dim.  form) ;  cf.  NL.  (ML.?)  "bitn- 
tinga,  [G.]  gersthammer,"  i.  e.,  yellowhammer 
(Henisch,  Thesaurus,  Augsburg,  1616),  from  E., 
or  else  from  an  unrecorded  G.  or  LG.  cognate ; 
appar.  named,  with  ref.  to  its  spotted  or  speck- 
led plumage,  <  *bunt,  not  recorded  in  ME.  (< 
MLG.  bunt,  bont, 
LG.  bunt  =  MD. 
D.  bont  =  MHG. 
G.  bunt),  spot- 
ted, speckled, 
variegated,  pied 
(perhaps  <C  L. 
punctus,  ML. 
also  puntus, 
pierced,  pricked 
(dotted),  pp. 
of  pungere, 
pierce,  prick : 
see  point,  punc- 
tuate), +  -ingS. 
Cf.  bunting- 
crow,  G.  bunt- 
drossel,  etc.]  1. 
The  popular 
name  of  a  num- 
ber of  coniros- 
tral  oscine  pas- 
serine birds  of 
the  genus  Em- 
beriza  and  fam- 
ily Fringillidai.  com-bunting  (umimi,, 


722 

One  of  the  commonest  in  Europe  is  K.  miliaria,  the  corn- 
bunting  or  bunting-lark.  The  yellow  bunting  or  yellow- 
hammer  is  E.  citrinella ;  the  cirl  bunting,  E.  cirlus ;  the 
ortolan  bunting,  E.  hortulana  ;  the  black-headed  bunting, 
K.  schoenichts,  etc.  These  are  all  the  European  species  to 
which  the  name  properly  pertains.  There  are  many  others, 
all  belonging  to  the  old  world. 

2.  By  extension,  a  name  given  indefinitely  and 
indiscriminately  to  a  great  number  of  emberi- 
zine  and  fringilline  birds  of  all  countries,  and 
also  to  some  birds  not  of  the  family  FringiWdce. 
Examples  are  the  lark-bunting,  of  the  genus  Plectroptumes  ; 
the  snow-bunting,  P.  nivalis;  the  small  American  spar- 
rows of  the  genus  Spizella;  the  American  black-throated 
bunting,  Spiza  americana:  the  cow-bunting,  Molothrw 
pecans;  the  rice-bunting,  Dolichonyx  oryzivorus.—Zay- 
winged  bunting.  See  bay-winged. — Clay-colored  bunt- 
Ing,  of  North  America,  the  Spizella  pallida,  a  small  bird 
closely  resembling  the  chipping-sparrow. 

bunting5  (bun'ting),  n.  [Also  buntine.  Origin 
uncertain ;  perhaps  orig.  meaning  bunting-  or 
bolting-cloth :  see  bunting^.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence to  connect  the  word  with  G.  bunt,  varie- 
gated.] 1.  A  light  woolen  stuff  very  loosely 
woven.  It  is  the  material  out  of  which  flags  of  all  kinds 
are  usually  made.  A  variety  of  bunting'is  also  in  use  for 
women's  dresses  ;  it  is  warm,  and  drapes  well. 
2.  Flags,  especially  a  vessel's  flags,  collectively. 

bunting-crow  (bun'ting-kro),  ».  [Appar.  < 
bunting*  +  crow2,  but  said  to  be  a  modifica- 
tion of  D.  bonte  kraai :  bont,  spotted  (see  bunt- 
ing*); kraai  =  E.  crow2."]  The  hooded  crow, 
Corvus  comix. 

bunting-finch  (bun'ting-finch),  n.  A  loose 
book-name  of  numerous  American  fringilline 
birds  of  the  genera  Passerella,  Passerculus,  Zo- 
notrichia,  Spizella,  etc. 

bunting-iron  (bun'ting-Fern),  ».  A  glass-blow- 
ers' tube. 

bunting-lark  (bun'ting-lark),  n.  The  common 
bunting,  JEinberiza  miliaria. 

bunt-jigger  (bunt'jig'er),  n.  Xaut.,  a  small 
purchase  used  to  rouse  up  the  bunt  of  a  sail  in 
furling.  Also  called  bunt-whip. 

buntlint,  n.     Same  as  bunting*. 

But  we'll  shoot  the  laverock  in  the  lift, 
The  buntlin  on  the  tree. 

Hynde  Etin,  in  Child's  Ballads,  I.  297. 


buoyancy 

shapes  and  kinds,  according  to  the  purposes  they  are  in- 
tended to  serve  :  as,  can-buoys,  made  of  sheet-iron  in  the 
form  of  the  frustum  of  a  cone ;  spar-buoys,  made  of  a  spar, 
which  is  anchored  by  one  end  ;  bell-buoys,  surmounted  by  a 
bell,  which  is  made  to  sound  by  the  action  of  the  waves ; 


buntline  (bunt'lin),M.  [<6i/«<2  +  K«e2.]  Naut., 
one  of  the  ropes  attached  to  the  foot-ropes  of 
square  sails  and  led  up  to  the  masthead,  and 
thence  on  deck,  to  assist  in  hauling  up  the 
sail.— Buntline  bull's-eye.  See  bull's-eye. 

buntline-clotb.  (bunt'lin-kloth),  n.  Naut.,  the 
lining  sewed  up  a  sail  in  the  direction  of  the 
buntline  to  prevent  it  from  being  chafed. 

buntons  (bun'tonz),  n.  pi.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  mining,  timbers  or  scantling  put  across  a 
shaft  to  divide  it  into  compartments.  The  in- 
terior faces  of  the  bunions  and  seta  carry  the  guides  which 
conduct  the  cages,  and  on  them  are  also  nailed  the  boards 
forming  the  sheathing  of  the  brattice,  in  case  an  air-tight 
compartment  is  required.  Also  called  byats  and  divider*. 

bunt-whip  (bunt'hwip),  n.    Same  as  bunt-jigger. 

bunty  (bun'ti),  a.  [<  bunt*  +  -w1.]  Infected 
with  smut :  applied  to  wheat  and  other  grain. 

bunty  let,  ».     See  bunting*. 

bunya  (bun'ya),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.,  also  buniiya, 
banya,  and  banyan,  <  Hind,  banyd,  Beng.  bdnya, 
baniyd:  see  banian^,  banyan1.']  In  India,  espe- 
cially in  Bengal,  a  grain-dealer. 

The  grain-dealer's  shop  tempts  them  to  loiter,  but  the 
experience  of  previous  attempts  makes  theft  hopeless ; 
for  the  bunm/a,  with  all  his  years,  is  very  nimble  on  his 
legs,  and  an  astonishing  good  shot  with  a  pipkin. 

P.  Robinson,  Under  the  Sun,  p.  125. 

bunya-bunya  (bun'ya-bun'ya),  n.  The  native 
Australian  name  of  the  Araucaria  Bidwilli,  a 
very  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  strong, 
durable,  and  sometimes  beautifully  marked. 
The  seeds  are  a  favorite  article  of  food  with 
the  natives. 

The  nut  of  the  bunya-bunya,  so  prized  by  the  blacks,  is 
reserved  over  a  district  SO  miles  by  12. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  174. 

bunyon,  n.     See  bunion. 

buoy  (boi  or  boi),  n.  [First  in  early  mod  E.,  < 
MD.  boeye,  D.  boei  (pron.  bo'i)  =  Fries,  bui  = 
MLG.  boie,  LG.  boje  (>  G.  boje)  =  Dan.  boje  = 
Sw.  boj  =  Pr.  boie,  <  OF.  boye  (mod.  P.,  with 
added  suffix,  bouee)  =  Sp.  boya  =  Pg.  boia,  a 
buoy :  a  particular  use  of  MD.  boeye,  D.  boei  = 
MLG.  boie  =  MHG.  boije,  boie,  beie  =  Dan.  boje 
=  Sw.  boja  =  E.  obs.  boye,  <  OF.  "boye,  buic  =  Pr. 
boia  =  Olt.  boja,  a  fetter,  a  clog,  <  L.  boia,  in  pi. 
boice,  a  collar  for  the  neck,  orig.  of  leather,  < 
Gr.  floEiof,  /3<feof,  of  ox-hide,  <  /3ot>c  =  L.  bos,  ox, 
=  E.  cow1 :  see  cow1.  A  buoy  is  a  floating  object 
'  fettered'  at  a  fixed  point.]  1 .  A  float  fixed  at 
a  certain  place  to  show  the  position  of  objects 
beneath  the  water,  as  shoals,  rocks,  etc.,  tomark 
out  a  channel,  and  the  like.  Buoys  are  of  various 


i.  Whistling-buoy.     3,  2.  Can-buoys.    3.  Spar-buoy.     4.  United 
States  Life-buoy. 

whMKng-buoys,  fltted  with  an  apparatus  by  which  air  com- 
pressed by  the  movement  of  the  waves  is  made  to  escape 
through  a  whistle,  and  thus  indicate  the  situation  of  the 
buoy,  etc.  In  the  waters  of  the  United  States  the  following 
system  of  placing  buoys  as  aids  to  navigation  is  prescribed 
by  law :  Bed  buoys  mark  the  starboard  or  right-hand  side 
of  the  channel  coining  from  seaward,  and  black  the  port 
or  left-hand  side ;  mid-channel  dangers  and  obstructions 
are  marked  with  buoys  having  black  and  red  transverse 
stripes,  and  mid-channel  buoys  marking  the  fairway  have 
longitudinal  black  and  white  stripes;  buoysmarking  sunk- 
en wrecks  are  painted  green.  The  starboard  and  port 
buoys  are  numbered  from  the  seaward  end  of  the  channel, 
the  black  bearing  the  odd  and  the  red  the  even  numbers. 
2.  A  buoyant  object  designed  to  be  thrown 
from  a  vessel  to  assist  a  person  who  has  fallen 
into  the  water  to  keep  himself  afloat;  a  life- 
buoy. The  life-buoy  now  in  common  use  in  the  United 
States  navy  consists  of  two  hollow  copper  vessels,  con- 
nected by  a  framework  and  having  between  them  an  up- 
right pole,  weighted  at  the  bottom  and  surmounted  by  a 
brass  box  containing  a  port-flre.  This  machine  is  hung 
over  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  and  can  be  dropped  by  means 
of  a  trigger.  At  night  the  burning  of  the  port-lire  serves 
to  point  out  its  position.  See  also  cut  under  breeches- 
buoy.— To  bleed  a  buoy.  See  bleed.— To  stream  a 
buoy,  to  let  it  drop  from  the  vessel  into  the  water  before 
the  anchor  is  dropped. 

buoy  (boi  or  boi),  v.  [<  buoy,  ».]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  support  by  a  buoy  or  as  by  a  buoyj  keep 
afloat  in  a  fluid;  bear  up  or  keep  from  sinking 
in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or  air:  generally  with  up. 
There  was  heat  enough  in  the  air  to  buoy  it  [water  in 
the  state  of  vapor]  up.  Woodward,  Nat.  Hist. 

Many  a  flowing  range 
Of  vapour  buoy'd  the  crescent  bark. 

Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  The  Departure. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  support  or  sustain  in  any 
sense;  especially,  to  sustain  mentally;   keep 
from  falling  into  despondency  or  discourage- 
ment: generally  with  up. 

Your  good  name's  perish'd ; 
Not  all  the  world  can  buoy  your  reputation. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  Hi.  3. 
The  recollection  of  the  applause  with  which  he  had  been 
greeted  still  bwyed  up  his  spirits. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

It  is  the  poem  that  keeps  the  language  alive,  and  not 
the  language  that  buoys  up  the  poem. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  125. 

3.  To  fix  buoys  in  as  a  direction  to  mariners : 
as,  to  buoy  or  to  buoy  off  a  channel. 

The  channels  [of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata]  are  badly  buvyed, 
and  there  are  shoals  and  wrecks  on  all  sides. 

Lady  Brasseij,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  v. 

To  buoy  a  cable.    See  cable. 

II.  intrant.  To  float;  rise  by  reason  of  light- 
ness.    [Rare.] 

Rising  merit  will  buoy  up  at  last. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  461. 

buoyage  (boi'-  or  bOi'aj),  «.      [<  buoy  +  -age.'} 

1.  A  series  of  buoys  or  floating  beacons,  for 
the  guidance  of  vessels  into  or  out  of  port,  etc. 
— 2.  The  providing  of  buoys. 

buoyance  (boi'-  or  boi'ans),  w.  Same  as  buoy- 
ancy. Quarterly  Sev.  [Rare.] 
buoyancy  (boi'-  or  boi'an-si),  n.  [<  buoyant : 
see  -ance,  -a,ney.~\  1.  The  quality  of  being 
buoyant,  that  is,  of  floating  in  or  on  the  surface 
of  water  or  other  fluids ;  relative  lightness. 

It  seemed  miraculous  that  she  [the  ship]  regained  her 
balance,  or  preserved  her  buoyancy. 

Irmng,  Sketch-Book,  p.  22. 

2.  The  power  of  supporting  a  body  so  that  it 
floats:  said  of  a  fluid;  specifically,  the  upward 
pressure  exerted  upon  a  body  by  the  fluid  in 

which  it  is  immersed.  This  pressure  U  equal  to  the 
weight  of  the  fluid  which  the  body  displaces.  If  the  weight 
of  the  body  is  just  equal  to  this  upward  pressure,  it  will 
float,  as  a  balloon  in  the  air  or  a  ship  in  the  water;  if 
greater,  it  will  sink. 


On  arriving  at  the 
bathe  in  it,  in  order  I 
the  water.  ti.  Cv 


buoyancy 

Dead  Sea  I  forth 


72H 


orthwlth  proceeded  to  Buprestis  (bu-pres'1 

'.''in'iheY.evani'TT?;'       "'«•<*•     '"•'""•^".  ='  beel  !..  „  i, tl..f«H.Md 

a  swelling  in  cattle,  or 
which,  being  eaten  by 
cattle  in  the  grass, 
caused  them  to  swell 
up  and  die,<  flovc,,  ox,  + 

-fii/tlm;  blowup,  Swell.] 

The  typical  genus  of 
beetles  of  the  family 
Buprextidai.  B.  rufipex 
is  a  North  American 


3.    Figuratively,  light-heartedness ;   cheerful- 
ness; hopefulness;  elasticity  (if  spirit. 

The  Spaniards  are  remarkable  for  an  inertness,  a  want 
of  buoyancy,  and  an  absent-*-  of  hop.  which  .  .  .  Isolate 
them  from  the  rest  of  the  i-iuli/.ed  world. 

Itueklr,  Civilization,  II.  i. 

buoyant  (boi'-  or  boi'ant),  a.  [<  buoy,  v.,  + 
-ant1.]  1.  I  laving  the  quality  of  rising  or  float- 
ing in  a  fluid  ;  floating ;  relatively  light ;  that 
will  not  sink. — 2.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid;  sus- 
taining another  body  by  reason  of  greater  spe-  species, 
cine  gravity.  Buprorldae  (bu-pro'n- 

de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bu- 
prorus  +  -idee.]  A 
family  of  minute  free- 
swimming  entomostra- 
cous  crustaceans,  of 


the  order  Copepoda. 


i  gravity 

The  water  under  me  was  buoyant. 

Drydtn,  Ded.  of  Eleonora. 

3.  Figuratively,  cheerful ;  hopeful ;  not  easily 
depressed. 

His  was  not  the  buoyant  temper,  the  flow  of  animal 

spirits,  which  carries  a  man  over  every  obstacle.    Prescott.  ,  i    -  _,       . 

His  [Landers]  nature  was  so  buoyant  that,  like  the  Faun,  BUprOrUS  (bu-pro  rus), 

he  forgot  both  pain  and  pleasure.  "•     L.MJ.,  \  Ur.  .iJoi'jrny- 

stedman,  Viet.  Poets,  p.  65.  poc,  with  the  forehead 

4.  Causing  buoyancy  of  mind;  cheering;  in-  or  face  of  an  ox,  < 
vigorating. 

The  grass  Is  cool,  the  sea-side  air 
Buoyant  and  fresh. 

M.  Arnold,  Empedocles  on  Etna. 

buoyantly  (boi'-  or  boi'ant-li),  adv.   In  a  buoy- 
ant manner, 
buoy  antne ss  ( boi ' -  or  b8i ' ant-nes) ,  n.  The  state 

or  quality  of  being  buoyant ;  buoyancy, 
buoy-rope  (boi'rop),  «.     The  rope  which  fas- 
tens a  buoy  to  an  anchor. 
Buphaga  (bu'fa-ga),  n.    [NL.,  <  Gr. 

ox-eating,  <  fiovf, 

ox,      +     <t>ayeiv, 

eat.]  In  ornith.. 

the  typical  and 

only    genus    of 

the  family   Bu- 

1'hii'jitln'.      I'd,  iv 

are     two     species, 

B.    a/ritana     and 

B.   rrttthrorhyncha, 

liotli  African. 

Buphagidae  (bii- 

fai'i-de),  «.   i>l. 

[NL.,  <  BH/iliti- 

ga  +  -idai.\    A 

family  of  Afri- 
can       sturnoid 

passerine  birds, 

the    oxpeckers, 

beef-eaters,    or 

pique-bflBufs:  so 

called    because 

they  alight  up- 
on the  backs  of 

cattle  to  eat  the  parasiteu  which  infest  the 

hides  of  these  animals.    The  family  is  not  well 

marked,  and  is  often  referred  to  the  Sturnida'. 
Buphaginaa  (bu-fa-ji'ne),  n.  pi.    [NL.,  <  Bu- 

fthatjn  +  -»«#,'.]     The  ox-peckers,  considered  as 

a  subfamily  of  Sturnida!. 
buphagine  (bu'fa-jin),  a.    Of  or  pertaining  to 

the  BuphiKjiini!  or  Buphagida!. 
BuphagUS  (bu'fa-gus),  n.    [NL.:  see  Buphaga.] 

1.  A  genus  of  /xmrffl-,  the  skua-gulls:  synony- 
mous with  Stercorarius.    Moehring  ;  Cones. —  2. 

Same  as  Buphaga. 
buphthalmos  (biif-thal'mos),  n.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 

/toff,  ox,  +  o<t>ffa?i(i6r,,  eye.    Cf.  Gr.  ffoimtf,  ox- 
eyed.]  A  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized  by  a 

uniform  spherical  bulging  of  the  cornea,  which 

may  be  so  great  as  to  prevent  the  easy  closing 

of  the  eyelids  and  give  the  eye  a  staring  look. 

Also  called  ceratoglobus,  hydrophthiilinia  ante- 
rior, and  liydropa  of  the  anterior  chamber. 
buphthalmurn,  buphthalmus  (buf-thal'mum, 

-mus),  n.     [<  L.  huphthalmox,  <  Gr.  iioi^Ba^.uov, 

oxeye,  <  /toif,  ox,  +  IxjiHa/.uoc,,  eye.]     The  oxeye 

or  mayweed. 

S^^aai^n-^e'  ^HgioTof  ™ai    Pronunciation  o~f  the  rough_r  common 

jority  of  the  Japanese.     Also  called  Buklcio. 
buprestid  (bu-pres'tid),  ,7.  and  «.     I.  a.  Of  or 

pertaining  to  the  Btiprestida!. 

II.  ».  A  member  of  the  Ituprrstida;. 
Buprestidae  (bii-pres'ti-de),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Bu- 


i  Vertical  line  show*  natural  «ize. ) 


12}        '         "rVr**)  iurc  |M*I  t 

(of  a  ship),  prow.]    The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Buprorida. 
bur1,  burr1  (ber),  «.     [<  ME.  burre,  a  bur  (of  a 

Slant) ;  not  found  in  AS. ;  =  Dan.  borre,  bur- 
ock,  burre,  burdock,  bur,  =  Sw.  borre,  a  sea- 
urchin,  in  comp.  Icardborre,  bur,  burdock;  cf. 
OF.  bourre  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  borrat  coarse  hair, 
wool,  etc.,  <  ML.  burra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. ; 
perhaps  same  as  LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment 
(of.  pi.  burro1,  jests,  trifles,  nonsense),  prob.  < 
OL.  burrug,  red,  reddish:  see  borel1,  burrel, 
bureau,  birrus,  birretta,  etc.,  burl1,  burlesque,  etc. 
But  the  relations  of  the  forms  and  senses  are 
uncertain,  and  some  of  the  modern  senses  are 
prob.  of  different  origin.]  1 .  The  rough,  prickly 
case  or  covering  of  the  seeds  of  certain  plants, 
as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock.  Hence — 2. 
The  plant  burdock :  as, "  rude  burs  and  thistles," 
Milton,  Comus,  1.  352. — 3.  In  general,  a  pro- 
tuberance upon,  or  a  raised  portion  of,  an  ob- 
ject, usually  more  or  less  rough  or  irregular 
in  form.  Specifically  — (a)  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear. 
(6)  The  circular  boss  round  the  root  of  an  antler,  (c)  For- 
merly, that  part  of  a  saddle-bow  which  protected  the 
thighs  and  knees.  It  was  often  of  steel,  or  plated  with 
steel,  and  engraved  or  decorated  with  gilding.  (•/)  In 
enyratnnff,  slight  ridges  of  metal  raised  upon  a  copper 
surface  by  the  burin,  the  rocker,  or  the  dry-point.  It  is 
sometimes  wholly  or  partly  removed  by  the  scraper,  but  is 
often  left  to  produce  a  peculiar  effect  of  its  own  in  the 
print.  In  mezzotint  engraving,  for  example,  the  whole 
effect  comes  from  the  bur  raised  by  the  rocker,  which  is 
untouched  in  the  deep  shades  and  more  or  less  burnished 
away  to  form  the  lights,  (r)  In  founding,  the  roughness 
left  on  i  >ort  ions  of  a  casting,  which  is  rubbed  off  on  a  stone. 
(/)  The  rough  neck  left  on  a  bullet  in  casting. 

4.  The  name  of  various  tools  and  appliances. 
(a)  A  triangular  chisel  used  to  clear  the  corners  of  mor- 
tises,   c' )  A  small  circular  saw.     (c)  A  fluted  reaming- 
tool,    (d)  Same  as  bur-drill,    (e)  A  washer  placed  at  the 
head  of  a  rivet.    (/)  (1)  A  movable  ring  adjusted  to  the 
staff  of  a  lance,  and  covered  with  minute  projections  to 
afford  a  grip  to  the  gauntlet.    It  was  grasped  when  the 
lance  was  laid  in  rest.    See  Inner.    (4)  A  ring  or  plate  at- 
tached to  the  handle  of  a  battle-ax  or  mace  to  afford  a 
good  grip  for  either  hand.    (;/t)  Anything  put  under  a 
wheel  to  stop  Its  progress. 

5.  A  partially  vitrified  brick  ;  a  clinker.    Also 
called  bur-brick. — 6.   The  blank  driven  out  of 
a  piece  of  sheet-metal  by  a  punch. — 7.  Waste 
raw  silk. — 8.  A  name  for  the  club-moss,  Lyco- 
podium  clavatum.      [Scotch.] — 9.  The  sweet- 
bread.— 10.  [Perhaps  an  error  for  burl1.]  Same 
as  burl1,  '2. — 11.  Same  as  burstoae. — 12.  The 
rounded  knob  forming  the  base  of  a  deer's  horn. 
—  13t.  The  external  ineatus  of  the  ear;  the 
opening  leading  to  the  tympanum.— Bur  In  the 
throat,  anything  that  appears  to  stick  in  the  throat  or 
produces  a  choking  sensation ;  huskiness.  —  Metallic  bur, 
a  metallic  grinding-plate  used  in  place  of  the  real  bur- 
stone  for  such  coarse  work  as  grinding  corn  for  stock. 

bur2,  burr2  (ber),  n.    [<  ME.  borre,  a  hoarseness 
or  roughness  in  the  throat:  usually  supposed 

rTor,    .ion  ;•„;•;•  e    to  be  connected  with  frur1,  ourr1,  but  perhaps 

.    p.,  also ««H-IO,  contr.  of    of  imitative  origin;  cf.  Wrr2.]    1.  The^uttuAl 
Idha,  -f  ho,  law,  doctrine.]     pronlmciation  *f  the  rough  rJeoramon In  some 
of  the  northern  counties  of  England,  especially 
Northumberland;  rhotaoism. 

An  aunt  of  my  own,  just  come  from  the  N  01  th.  with_the 
true  Newcastle  bur  in  her  throat. 


Oxpecker  (Hufha 


burbot 

3.  To  make  a  whirring  imi-i-.     S.-. -liur-,  r. 

bUT<,  burr'  i  l«'-r  >.  «.  [  K.  dial,  burr,  early  mod. 
K.  liiirrr,  short  for  ME.  bnrrnir,-.  /<«/•«//<,  a  rir- 
*  1.  .  also  a  mound,  etc. :  »e<-  '•»  »•<,,/'-'.]  1.  Same 
as  burrovP,  3.— 2.  A  halo  round  tin-  moon. 
Compare  burrow2,  4,  brouyk't,  4.  [Prov.  Eng. 
in  both  senses.] 

buract,  ».  [A  form  of  borax,  <  Ar.  buraq:  see 
borajc,  n.]  In  anc.  chem.,  a  general  name  for 
all  kinds  of  salts. 

buran  (bS'ran),  n.  [Also,  in  F.  spelling,  bour- 
rnii,  repr.  Kuss.  buranu.  Cf.  bora.]  A  snow- 
storm; especially,  a  long-continued  snow- 
storm, accompanied  by  high  winds. 

buratite  (Im'ra-tit),  n.  A  variety  of  auricnal- 
cite  (which  see). 

burattino  (bO-rat-Wno),  n. ;  pi.  burattini  (-n6). 
[It.,  appar.  dim.  of  burattn,  bombazine:  see 
lmlt-.\  A  particular  kind  of  puppet.  See  ex- 
tract. 

The  Burattini  deserve  the  greater  credit  because  they 
are  agitated  by  the  legs  from  below  the  scene,  and  not 
managed  by  cords  from  above,  as  at  the  Marionette  The- 
atre, llmrrll*.  Venetian  Life,  v. 

bur-bark  (ber'bark),  ».  The  fibrous  bark  of 
Triumfetta  semitriloba,  a  tiliaceous  shrub  of 
the  tropics,  yielding  a  very  good  fiber  much 
resembling  jute. 

burblet,  r.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  burble*, 
burbulen,  burbilen,  brobilen,  also  (in  def.  2) 
contr.  burten;  cf.  F.  dial.  (Picard)  borbouller, 
murmur,  =  Sp.  burliollar,  burbujear  =  Pg.  bor- 
bolhar,  borbulliar  =  It.  borbogliare,  bubble,  gush ; 
in  another  form  OF.  borboter,  dial.  (Picard)  bor- 
boter,  =  Sp.  borbotar,  bubble,  gush;  cf.  Picard 
barboter  =  Sp.  barbotar  =  Cat.  barbotejar  =  It. 
dial,  barbotta,  mutter,  mumble ;  Gr.  jiopftopv^eiv, 
rumble  (see  borborygmus) ;  all  ult.  imitative, 
burble  in  E.  being  practically  a  var.  of  bubble, 
q.  v.  Cl.purfr.]  1.  To  bubble ;  gush. 

fiurblon  [var.  bttrbtlyn],  as  ale  or  other  lykore,  bullo. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  56. 

I  burbyll,  or  spring  up,  as  water  dothe  out  of  a  spring ; 
this  water  tnirbyllelh  vp  pretyly.  Pabgrave,  foL  171). 

So  the  bre  (bree:  here,  foaming  water]  and  the  brethe 

[wind]  burbflit  to  gedur, 
That  hit  spirit  vp  spitfously  fyuc  speire  lenght 
with  waiter  ami  waweg,  that  the  wynd  dryues 
All  fore  as  a  fyre  the  firmament  ouer. 

Datnutim  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  3697. 

2.  To  welter. 

Horn  was  leuer  on  the  lond  leng  at  nor  aunter, 
And  be  brittnet  In  batell,  then  Inirbull  in  the  Hod. 

Dfttruction  of  Tnni  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  6780. 
Many  a  balde  [)>old]  manne  laye  there  swykede 
Brobillandr  [burbling]  In  his  blode. 

MS.  l.inroln  (AX  I.  17,  fol.  115.    (Hallim-ll.} 

burble,  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  or  dial.,  <  ME.  bur- 
blc.burbulte,  burbyll,  a  bubble;  cf.  Sp.  burbuja 
=  Pg.  borbulha,  a  bubble;  from  the  verb.]  If. 
A  bubble. 

Burble  in  the  water,  bulwtte.  I'aUgrave. 

2.  A  small  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
burblyt,  «.     [Early  mod.  E.  burbely,  <  ME.  bur- 

bly ;  '  burble  +  -y.]     Bubbling. 
burboltH  (ber'bolt),  n.    A  corruption  of  bird- 
bolt1.     Marston. 

Should  on  sudden  shoote 
His  gi'osse  knob'd  burbott. 

Xanton,  What  You  Will,  Ind. 

burbolt2  (ber'bolt),  n.  [Like  birdboltf,  a  cor- 
ruption of  burbot.]  A  local  English  name  of 
the  burbot. 

As  much  braine  as  a  burbolt. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  ill.  ••. 

burbot  (ber'bot),  ».  [A  corruption  (perhaps 
through  influence  of  turbot)  of  F.  barbate,  a 
burbot,  <  barbe,  <  L.  barba,  beard.  Cf .  barbel.] 
A  fish  of  the  family  (iadidte,  Lota  maculotia. 
It  has  an  elongated  form,  depressed  head  and  shoulders, 
one  barbel  on  the  chin  and  two  on  the  nose,  a  short  low 
anterior  dorsal  commencing  behind  the  pectorals,  and  a 


2.  A  whirring  noise. 


Foote,  The  Minor,  Ink 
See  ftirr2,  n. 


pr,:,-ti(d-)«  +  -id'a-.]     A  family  of  serricorn  Co'-  bur-',  burr*  (be'r),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burred, 
'      -        nth  the  first  and  second     Ppr- '"''•"»'/-     [  .b«r?,  ».J    1.  To  speak  with  a 

guttural  or  rough  pronunciation  of  the  letter  r. 
—  2.  To  talk  or  whisper  hoarsely;  murmur. 

These  hideous  streets,  these  graves,  where  men  alive. 
Tacked  close  with  eurtli  worms,  burr  unconsciously 
About  the  plague  thut  slew  fl. 

.Vrx.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  iv. 


,  or  beetles,  with  the  first  and  second 
ventral  segments  connate,  the  antenna?  serrate 
(pectinate  in  Xenorhipis),  and  the  tarsi  with 
membranous  lobe. 

buprestidan  (bu-pres'ti-dan),  a.  and  ».     Same 
as  liit]ir(*iiil. 


Burbot,  or  Fresh-nter  Cod  (/-»»«  m*t*lfif}. 
( From  Report  of  U.  S.  Fish  Commtalon. ) 


long  posterior  one.  It  Is  an  inhabitant  of  the  fresh  waters 
of  northern  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  In  favored  north- 
em  localities  it  occasionally  attains  a  weight  of  50  to  90 
pounds,  hut  rarely  exceeds  a  few  pounds  In  England  or  the 
I  nited  State*.  It  Is  generally  regarded  as  inferior  for  food, 
and  in  most  populous  communities  Is  rejected,  hut  in  the 
fur  countries  it  is  extensively  used.  It  is  best  In  cold  wea- 
ther. In  England  It  is  also  called  eonn-Jifk  and  eel-pout; 
in  the  United  .States  it  is  better  known  as  the  eel-pout, 
nut,  ling,  /renh-iratrr  cod,  and  lairyrr ;  in  the  for  coon- 


burbot 

tries  it  is  quite  generally  known  as  the  loth  or  lochr  and 


burbot-eel  (b'er'bgt-el),  H.     A  Yorkshire  name 
of  the  eel-pout,  Sources  viriparus. 
bur-brick  (ber'brik),  «.    Same  as  bur1,  5. 
burdt,  burdet,  ><•     Variants  of  bird2. 
Burdach's  columns.    See  column. 
burdalane,  burdalone  (bur'da-lan,  -Ion),  n. 
[Appar.  <  burd,  offspring,  +  alane,  alone.]    The 
last  child  surviving  in  a  family.     [Scotch.] 
And  Newton  Gordon,  birdalone, 

And  Dalgatie  both  stout  and  keen, 
And  gallant  Veitch  upon  the  field, 
A  braver  face  was  never  seen. 

Minstrelsy  of  Scottish  Border. 

burdalisaundert,  «•     Same  as  bordalisaunder. 

burdalone,  «.    See  burdalane. 

burdasht,  berdasht,  »•  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
A  fringed  sash  worn  by  gentlemen  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Steele.—Z.  A  lace  cravat. 

burdelaist, ».  [F.  Bordelais,  the  district  around 
Bordeaux.]  A  sort  of  grape.  Johnson. 


724 

Hence  — 2.  Figuratively,  to  load;  oppress  with 
anything  which  is  borne  with  difficulty  or  trou- 
ble; surcharge:  as,  to  burden  a  nation  with 
taxes;  to  burden  the  memory  with  details. 

If  your  friend  has  displeased  you,  you  shall  not  sit  down 
to  consider  it,  for  he  has  already  lost  all  memory  of  the 
passage  .  .  .  and  ere  you  can  rise  up  again,  "ill  //></•/.  „ 
you  with  blessings.  Kim-i-mn,  Character. 

3.  To  lay  or  impose  upon  one,  as  a  load,  bur- 
den, or  charge.  [Bare.] 

It  is  absurd  to  burden  this  act  on  Cromwell  and  his 
party. 

burden2t,  burthen2!  (ber'dn,  -ran),  n.  r<  ME. 
burden,  birthen,  also  burthern,  act  of  child-bear- 
ing, altered,  by  confusion  with  burden1,  from 
"burther,  <  AS.  byrthor,  beorthor,  child-bearing 
(cf.  gebyrd,  birth),  <  beran,  bear:  see  birth1  and 
burden1.]  The  act  of  bearing  children ;  a  birth. 
If  tbon  be'st  the  man 


Shot.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  i. 


the  same,  with  diff.  suffix,  as  MD.  borde  =  OHG. 
bitrdi,  MHGr.  burde,  biirde,  Gr.  biirde  =  Icel.  byr- 
dhr,  mod.  byrdki  =  Sw.  borda  =  Dan.  byrde  = 
Goth,  baurikei,  a  burden ;  cf .  Gr.  QAprof,  fopriov, 
a  burden),  <  beran  (pp.  boren),  etc.,  bear:  see 
bear1.]  1.  That  which  is  borne  or  carried;  a 
load. 

Let  them  break  your  backs  with  burthens. 

Shat.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8. 

The  oak,  upon  the  windy  hill, 

Its  dark  green  burthen  upward  heaves. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  ii. 

Hence  —  2.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or 
difficulty;  that  which  is  grievous,  wearisome,  or 
oppressive ;  also,  an  incumbrance  of  any  kind. 

Many  a  Man  lives  a  burden  to  the  Earth. 

Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  e. 

Deaf,  giddy,  helpless,  left  alone,  .  .  . 
To  all  my  friends  a  burden  grown. 

Sirift,  The  Dean's  Complaint  (translated). 
The  burthen  of  an  honour 
I'nto  which  she  was  not  born. 

Tennyson,  Lord  of  Burleigh. 

3.  In  England,  a  quantity  of  certain  commodi- 
ties: as,  a  burden  of  gad-steel  (that  is,  120  or 
180  pounds). —  4.  The  capacity  of  a  ship;  the 
quantity  or  number  of  tons  of  freight  a  vessel 
will  carry:  as,  a  ship  of  600  tons  burden. —  5. 
In  mining,  the  tops  or  heads  of  stream-work, 
overlying  the  stream  of  tin,  and  needing  to  be 
first  cleansed. —  6.  The  charge  of  a  blast-fur- 
nace. 

To  avoid  the  central  accumulation  of  fuel  and  the  lat- 
eral preponderance  of  burden  (ore  and  flux)  thus  promoter. 
an  inverted  annular  funnel  is  suspended  underneath  the 
lower  orifice  of  the  cup.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  308. 

Burden  of  proof,  in  law,  the  obligation  resting  upon  one 
of  the  parties  to  an  action  to  establish  an  alleged  fact  by 
proof,  under  penalty  of  having  judgment  given  against 
him,  according  to  the  presumption  recognized  by  the  law 
of  evidence  in  case  he  adduces  no  proof.  The  burden  of 
proof  is  said  to  be  shifted  when  the  party  upon  whom  it 
lay  has  produced  sufficient  evidence  to  turn  the  presump- 
tion in  his  favor.  Two  circumstances  are  essential  to  the 
existence  of  a  burden  of  proof :  first,  there  must  be  a  ques- 
tion of  fact  between  two  parties  before  a  tribunal  which 
will  render  a  decision  whether  there  is  any  particular  evi- 
dence or  not;  and  second,  this  decision  must  \K  governed 
by  rules  of  presumption,  more  or  less  artificially  extended 
so  as  to  lead  to  a  determinate  result  in  every  case.  In  un- 
forensic controversy  there  will  or  will  not  be  a  burden  of 
proof,  according  as  these  conditions  are  or  are  not  fulfilled. 
In  reasonings,  as  contradistinguished  from  disputations, 
if  they  relate  to  policy,  there  is  nothing  to  which  the  term 
burden  of  proof  is  applicable ;  for  the  decision  will  be  based 
on  considerations  of  likelihood,  economy,  safety,  etc.,  but 
never  on  formal  rules  of  presumption.  A  general  habit 
may  be  followed  when  decided  reasons  fail,  in  questions 
both  of  policy  and  of  morals ;  but  the  phrase  burden  of 
proof  is  not  employed  in  such  cases.  A  speculative  or 
scientific  inquiry,  on  the  other  hand,  cannot  be  closed  until 
satisfactory  evidence  has  been  obtained  or  cariosity  dies 
out ;  so  that  the  term  burden  of  proof  has  no  meaning  in 
such  a  connection.  Yet  an  individual  reasoner  who,  being 
impatient  of  doubt,  insists  on  adopting  an  answer  to  each 
question,  however  blank  our  ignorance  of  the  facts,  must 
often  resort  to  a  merely  formal  presumption ;  and  each  per- 
sons say  that  there  is  a  burden  of  proof  upon  any  possible 
advocate  of  the  hypothesis  which  they  propose  to  reject 
withontprooL  The  term  is  also  used  in  cases  where  the  ab- 
sence  of  observations  of  a  certain  kind  is  itself  a  significant 
fact.  Thus,  we  may  say  that  there  is  a  burden  of  proof 
upon  the  evolutionist*  to  explain  our  not  finding  forms 
intermediate  between  recognized  types ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
non-occurrence  of  such  observations  is  a  fact  to  be  taken 
into  account  =  8yn.  Weight,  incumbrance,  clog,  incubus, 
drag ;  freight,  lading,  cargo. 

burden1,  burthen1  (ber'dn,  -THU),  r.  t.  [<  bur- 
den1, burthen1,  n.]  1.  To  load;  lay  a  heavy 
load  on;  encumber  with  weight. 

I  mean  not  that  other  men  be  eased,  and  ye  burdened. 

2  Cor.  riii.  13. 


bourdon  =  Sp.  bordon  =  Pg.  bordeto  =  It.  bordone 
(Florio),  a  humming,  buzzing,  a  drone  or  non- 
working  bee,  a  bumblebee,  also  bass  in  music, 
refrain,  <  ML.  burdo(n-),  a  drone,  a  long  organ- 
pipe;  origin  uncertain.  See  bourdon2.]  1.  The 
bass  in  music. — 2.  In  music:  (a)  The  refrain 
or  recurring  chorus  at  the  end  of  the  stanzas  of 
a  ballad  or  song ;  a  refrain. 

And  far  the  echoing  aisles  prolong 

The  awful  burden  of  the  song. 

Scott,  i.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  31. 

(6)  The  drone  of  a  bagpipe,  (c)  The  song  to 
which  a  dance  is  danced  when  there  are  no  in- 
struments. 

Foot  it  featly  here  and  there ; 

And,  sweet  sprites,  the  burthen  bear. 

Shat.,  Tempest,  L  2. 

3.  That  which  is  often  repeated;  a  subject  on 
which  one  dwells ;  the  mam  topic :  as,  this  sub- 
ject was  the  burden  of  all  his  talk — To  Dear  a 
burden,  to  support  the  upper  voice  or  voices  by  singing 
an  under  part  as  an  accompaniment.  Chappell. 

This  sompnour  bar  to  him  a  stif  burdoun. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  S73. 

burden4t  (ber'dn),  n.     [<  ME.  burdon,  bordon, 
bourdon,  <  OF.  bordon,  bourdon,  a  staff:  see 
]     A  club.     Spenser. 
(ber'dn-er),».    One  who  burdens ;  an 
oppressor. 

burdenoust,  burthenoust  (ber'dn-,  ber'THn- 
us),  a.  [<  burden1,  burthen1,  + -ous.]  1.  Bur- 
densome ;  grievous ;  heavy  to  be  borne ;  oppres- 
sive: as,  "the  very  burthenous  earth," Drayton, 
Polyolbion,  viii.  112. 

And  with  his  burdenout  blowes  him  sore  did  overlade. 
Spenter,  V.  Q.,  V.  xu.  19. 

Xor  let  that  be  light  to  thee,  which  to  me  Is  so  burden- 
out.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 
His  maintenance  is  burdcnous  and  chargeable  vnto  mee. 
Ilalduyt'f  Voyage*,  L  244. 

2.  Cumbersome;  useless. 

To  sit  idle  on  the  household  hearth, 

A  burdenwu  drone.  Milton,  H.  A.,  L  567. 

burdensome,  burthensome  (ber'dn-,  ber'THn- 
snm),  a.  [<  burden1,  burthen1,  +  -mme.]  1. 
Weighing  like  a  heavy  burden ;  grievous  to  be 
borne:  causing  uneasiness  or  fatigue ;  oppres- 
sive; heavy;  wearisome:  as,  " burthensome  ex- 
actions," Hattam. 

The  debt  immense  of  endless  gratitude, 

So  burdensome.  Milton,  P.  L,  ir.  53. 

If  the  Peoples  demanding  were  so  bunFjuome  to  him, 
what  was  his  denial)  and  delay  of  Justice  to  them? 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  rL 
The  inferior  and  tim  nmmmn  office*  of  society. 

Burke,  Abridg.  of  Eng.  Hist.,  L  2. 

2f .  Able  to  carry  burdens  or  cargoes. 

For  sale,  Freight  or  charter,  A  strong,  burthcnsonu  Brig 
of  160  tons.  Mauackutettt  Mercury,  April  29, 1796. 

=  Svn,  1.  Onerous,  troublesome,  fatiguing,  bard  to  bear. 

burdensomely,  burthensomely  (ber'dn-,  ber'- 
THn-sum-li),  adr.  In  a  burdensome  manner. 

That  as  few  employments  a*  possible  may  be  >/• 

1  rexationsjy  interfered  with.  ./.  S.  Mill. 


burdensomeness  burthensomeness  (ber'dn-, 

Tr^^uL  nfs;. ^T^SyTbeing  burl 
densome;  heaviness;  oppressiveness. 

bnrdot,  burdont,  «.  [<  LL.  bnrOo(n-),  also  frur- 
dot,  a  mule.]  A  mule  bred  of  a  horse  and  a 
she-ass ;  a  h  i  ri  n  y . 

burdock  (ber'dok),  n.  [<  bur1  +  dock1.']  The 
common  name  of  the  Arctium  Laji/ia,  a  coarse, 
broad-leafed  biennial  weed,  natural  order  Com- 


bureaucratic 

Cite,  having  the  numerous  awns  of  the  invo- 
•al  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip.     it  is  a  native  of 

the  old  world,  but  widely  naturalized  in  America,  and 
cultivated  as  a  vegetable  in  Japan.  It  is  in  popular  re- 
pute as  a  diaphoretic  and  diuretic,  and  as  a  remedy  for 
rheumatism,  catarrh,  cutaneous  diseases,  etc. — Lesser 
burdock,  a  somewhat  similar,  troublesome  weed,  Xnn- 
thimn  ttruinarimn.  —  Prairie  burdock,  one  of  the  rosin- 
weeds,  SUphium  terebinthiiiflcewn,  found  on  the  western 
prairies  of  the  t'nited  States. 

burdock-grass  (ber'dok-gras),  n.  The  Tragux 
racemosim,  a  low  European  grass  of  which  the 
glume  or  seed-husk  is  covered  with  short  stout 
hooks. 

burdont,  «•    See  burdo. 

burdount,  ".   A  Middle  English  form  of  burden3. 

bur-dresser  (ber'dres'er),  n.  A  tool  for  rub- 
bing or  dressing  the  furrows  of  a  burstone  or 
millstone ;  a  millstone-dresser.  Also  written 
buhr-dresser. 

bur-drill  (ber'dril),  n.  A  small  dental  drill 
with  a  bur-shaped  head.  Also  called  bur. 

bur-driver  (ber'dn'ver),  n.  A  projection  on 
the  spindle  of  a  millstone,  which  acts  upon  the 
bail,  and  drives  the  stone.  Also  written  buhr- 
driver. 

bureau  (bu'ro),  n. ;  pi.  bureaus  or  bin  • 
(-roz).  [F.  bureau,  pi.  bureaux,  an  office,  a  desk 
or  writing-table,  a  court,  a  chest  of  drawers, 
orig.  a  kind  of  coarse  brownish  or  russet  stuff 
with  which  writing-tables  were  covered,  <  OF. 
burel,  a  coarse  woolen  stuff:  see  barrel,  borel1.] 

1.  A  desk  or  writing-table  with  drawers  for 
papers;  an  escritoire.     Swift. —  2.  A  chest  of 
drawers  for  holding  clothes  and  other  articles. 
Bureaus  at  the  present  day  are  commonly  made  with  an 
adjustable  mirror  standing  upon  them.    This  Is  a  compar- 
atively modern  practice,  due  to  a  combination  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  chest  of  drawers  and  the  toilet-table. 

3.  An  office  or  place  where  business  is  trans- 
acted.— 4.  A  department  of  government  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.  In  England  the 
term  Is  confined  to  inferior  and  suliordiiiate  departments, 
and  in  the  t'nited  States  to  certain  subdivisions  of  some  of 
the  executive  departments.—  Bureau  of  Education.  See 
education.— Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  an  of- 
fice of  the  Treasury  Department  oftlie  I'liited  States  gov- 
ernment, whose  head,  called  the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Engraving  and  Printing,  is  charged  with  the  engraving  and 
printing  of  all  bonds,  Treasury  notes,  national-bank  notes, 
certificates,  internal-revenue  stamps,  etc.,  of  the  I'nitc'l 
states.— Bureau  of  Military  Justice,  a  division  of 
the  War  Department  of  the  I  nited  States  government. 
the  office  of  the  Judge-Advocate  General.—  Bureau  of 
Ordnance.  See  .V«p»/  hejtartrneii},  under  department. — 
Bureau  Of  Statistics,  an  office  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment of  the  I' nited  States  government,  whose  bead,  called 
the  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  .Statistics,  is  charged  with  the 
publication  of  reports  conveying  statistical  information  as 
to  commerce  and  navigation,  imports  and  exports,  immi- 
gration, shipping,  etc.  A  national  Bnreau  of  Labor  Sta- 
tistics was  established  in  1884.  Home  of  the  State  govern- 
ments have  offices  corresponding  more  or  less  closely  to 
one  or  the  other  of  these.  —  Freedmen's  Bureau.  In  L .  S. 
hi*t.,  the  name  popularly  given  to  the  Bureau  of  Refugees, 
Freedmen,  and  Abandoned  Lands,  an  office  of  the  War  De- 
partment of  the  United  States  created  in  1865  to  care  for 
the  interest*  of  the  emancipated  negroes  of  the  South,  es- 
pecially with  respect  to  education,  assignment  of  hind*, 
and  protection  of  civil  rights.  It  ceased  to  exist  in  1S72. — 
Signal-service  Bureau,  a  bureau  of  the  War  Department 
presided  over  by  the  chief  signal-officer,  having  charge  of 
military  signaling,  and  of  the  collection  and  comparison  of 
meteorological  observations  throughout  the  country,  and 
the  publication  of  predictions  of  the  weather  based  upon 
them.— Weather  Bureau,  the  popular  name  of  the  Sig- 
nal-service Bureau. 

bureaucracy  (bu-ro'kra-si),  n.  [<  F.  bureau- 
cratic, <  bureau  +  -crdtie,  E.  -craey,  govern- 
ment, as  in  aristocracy,  democracy,  etc.]  1. 
Government  by  bureaus ;  specifically,  excessive 
multiplication  of,  and  concentration  of  power 
in,  administrative  bureaus.  The  principle  >,f  bu- 
reaucracy tends  to  official  interference  in  many  of  the  prop- 
erty private  affairs  of  life,  and  to  the  inefficient  and  ob- 
structive performance  of  duty  through  minute  subdivision 
of  functions,  Inflexible  formality,  and  pride  of  place. 

Republicanism  and  bureaucracy  are  Incompatible  ex- 
istence*. W.  R.  Greg,  MUc.  Essays,  2d  ser.,  p.  55. 

2.  The  body  of  officials  administering  such  bu- 
reaus, considered  collectively. 

Count  Roger  found  a  machinery  of  taxation  in  full  work- 
nig  order,  officers  acquainted  with  the  resource*  of  the 
couiitlj,  book*  and  schedules  constructed  on  the  principle* 
of  strictest  accuracy,  a  whole  bureaucracy,  in  fact,  ready 
to  hi*  use.  ./.  A.  Symondi,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  l«i 

bureaucrat  (bu'ro-krat),  n.  [<  F.  bureaucrate, 
<  bureau  +  -crate,  E.  -crat  as  in  aristocrat, 
democrat,  etc.]  An  advocate  or  supporter  of 
bureaucracy;  also,  a  member  of  a  bureaucracy. 
Also  called  bureaucratist. 

The  genuine  bureaucrat  has  *  wholesome  dread  of  for- 
mal responsibility,  and  generally  trie*  to  avoid  it  by  Uk 
ing  all  matter*  oat  of  the  hands  of  hi*  subordinates,  and 
paving  then  on  to  the  higher  *atborltiea. 

U.  M.  WaOaee,  Russia,  p.  MB. 

bureaucratic  (bu-ro-krafik;,  «.     [<  K.  liurtan- 
,,„•:  <.t-f  I,,*  ma  -if.]    Relating  to 

or  of  the  nature  of  bureaucracy. 


burette  (iiu-rcf),  ». 

<   linirr,    F. 


bureaucratic 

There  is  ft  nn  ni  niat< -ri;il  j«io-j,,nt>  np,  n  tn  Ilimuary  if 

till'  people  Mill   lie    contenl     I.,    I,,    iplletl)    goM-rncd,  anil  II 
\il-l  I  111  u  III  In-  wise  enough  to  relax  It  lit  tie  in  I  In    -' 
i  /"'<i-  noli. .MI  Iliat  MOU  iiiMtlenee  her. 

Aimtt'il,  Hungary,  p.  251. 

bureaucratical  ( bii-ro-krafi-kal),  a.    [<  bureau- 

ernlii-  +  -nl.\     Same  us  bureaiteratie. 

bureaucratically  (bfi-ro-krat'i-kal-i),  ailv.    In 

a  liiii-eaiicratic  inanner;  as  a  bureaucrat. 

bureaucratist  (bu-ro'kra-tist),  «.    [<  /«//•<•««- 

t-nit  +  -int.  ]      Same  ;is  hiirciiiii-nit. 

burelt,  ii.      See  burn-l. 

bureo  (bii-ra'6),  it.  [Sp.,  <  F.  bureau,  a  bureau: 
see  bureau.]  A  Spanish  court  of  justice  for 
the  trial  of  persons  connected  with  the  royal 

household. 

burett,  «.  [Cf.  burette.]  A  drinking-vessol. 
BalliieeU. 

[F.,  dim.  of  OF.  buire,  a 
boire,   drink,  <   L.  bibere, 
drink.     Cf.  bib1,  berera.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  contain- 
ing liquids,  usually  pear- 
shaped  or  flask-shaped, 
with  or  without  a  handle ; 
specifically,  in  English, 
an  altar-cruet  having  this 

form.  Burettes  are  made  of 
rich  materials,  such  as  rock- 
crystal,  precious  metals,  etc., 
or  of  jHircelaln  or  faience,  often 
highly  decorated. 

2.  In  chein.,  a  tube,  usu- 
ally graduated  to  frac- 
tious   of    a   centimeter, 
used  for  accurately  mea- 
suring out  small  quanti- 
ties of  a  solution. 

bur-fish  (ber'flsh),  ».    A 
fish  of  the  family  Dindon- 
ti(l(c;  a  porcupine-fish, 
if  ia.Pcr  with  gold    bttTg1  (berg),  n.  [A North. 

luuuntnif;  time  of  Louis  XV.      ,,    *     \          e/>         L 

E.  and  Sc.  ana  old  law 

form  of  borough*,  ME.  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh.    Cf. 

liin-gh.]     A  fortified  town;   a  borough  (which 

see). 

burg2  (berg),  n.  Same  as  brought. 
burga  (ber  gft),  n.  Same  as  burta. 
burgage  (ber'gaj),  «.  [<  ME  burgage(OF.bnr- 

.'/«.'/'')»  <  ourll  (ML.  burgus)  +  -age.]     In  law : 

(a)  In  Engfand,  a  tenure  in  socage,  whereby 
burgesses,   citizens,  or  townsmen  hold  their 
lands  or  tenements  of  the  king  or  other  lord 
for  a  certain  yearly  rent. 

The  most  ancient,  perhaps,  of  the  franchises  was  that 
depending  on  lnu->itt<ii'  tenure;  this  was  exactly  analogous 
In  origin  to  the  freeholder's  qualification  in  the  counties  : 
but  as  the  repressive  principle  extended,  the  right  of  a 
Imriiu'lf  vote  had  become  in  many  places  attached  to  par- 
ticular houses  or  sites  of  houses,  probably  those  which 
were  originally  liable  for  a  ipiota  of  the  firma  burgi. 

Slulilm,  Const.  Hilt,  I  745. 

(b)  In  Scotland,  that  tenure  by  which  the  prop- 
erty in  royal  burghs  is  held  under  the  crown, 
proprietors  being  liable  to  the  (nominal)  ser- 
vice of  watching  and  warding;  or,  as  it  is  com- 
monly termed,   "service  of  burgh,  used  and 
wont."     (i't)  The  property  so  held. 

bur-gage  (ber'gaj),  H.  A  plate  having  perforn- 
tions  which  serve  as  standards  for  the  diame- 
ters of  drills,  etc. 

burgage-tenant  (ber'gaj-ten'ant),  n.  One  who 
liolils  lands  or  tenements  on  tlie  tenure  known 
as  burgage. 

Successive  sovereigns  had  granted  the  right,  or  imposed 
the  burden,  of  returning  members  to  Parliament  on  the 
corporations,  freeholders,  or  huniatir-lfiMntii  of  numerous 
•mall  towns. 

({noted  In  T.  II'.  lliiniiiuunii  Kug.  Statesmen,  p.  111!. 

burgage-tenement  (ber'gSj-ten'e-ineiit), ».  A 
tenement  held  by  burgage. 

"  hornugh  l.n-  li~ti  under  which  the  youngest  and  not 
the  eldest  succeeds  to  I  hi-  I'll:  "<"/••  •ti-iirmrnt*  of  Ills  father, 

has   ii"iu    lime   mi 
mciiioi-iiil    liceii    re- 
cognized as  a  u  i-l'ls 
ilulusod  usage. 
Mn in.-.  Kill-In  Nisi 
[of  institutions. 
|p.  242. 

burgall,  a.    See 

in  i-i/iiil. 
burgamot, ».  See 

beryamot, 
bur  gander,       ». 

See  bi't'gautlei'. 

burganet,     bur- 

gOnet      O'er'ua- 

net,  -o-o-not  >,  n. 
I  \ls,>  written, 
imprup.,  liiinii- 
nrt :  =  Sp.  liiifiin- 


ti 1 


736 

ll'il'i  =  PR.  lioi-i/iiiiilmtti  =  It.  liort/liiiirttfi  (Flo- 
rin), <  OF.  bourguignote,  bourguignotte,  prop,  a 
IJurgiindinn  helmet  (cf.  K.  /;.>«iv/«/f/«<<«,  a  Bur- 
gundiun),  <  Jlouraogne,  Burgundy.]  A  helmet 
woni  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  two  forms: 
one  without  a  vizor,  formed  like  the  morion, 
and  frequently  furnished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
a  movable  nose-guard;  the  other  with  a  vizor, 
and  similar  to  the  armet. 

His  miiylcil  halierjenn  .--lie  did  nndiuht. 

And  from  his  head  his  heavy  bufi«m-t  did  light. 

»-,-/-,  K  ({.,  HI.  v.  31. 

SI  in  1 1  \  helms. 
Topt  high  with  plumes,  like  Man  his  bunnnet. 

(, /-..-,,,.  ilrlando  Furioso. 

burge  (berj),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  bridge1. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

burgee  (ber'je),  n.  [Origin  obscure.}  1. 
.\ttut.,  a  swallow-tailed  flag  or  pendant:  m  the 
merchant  gervice  it  generally  has  the  ship's 
name  upon  it. —  2.  A  kind  of  small  coal  used 
for  burning  in  engine-furnaces. 

burgeint,  ».  and  r.    See  burgeon. 

burgen,  «.  and  r.     Bee  burgeon. 

burgenett,  "•     See  burganet. 

burgensic  (ber-jen'sikj,  a.  [<  ML.  burgentu,  a 
citizen,  a  burgess  (see  burgess),  +  -ic.J  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  burgh  or  town. 

I  strongly  believe  that  the  continual  Intercourse  between 
the  towns  of  the  several  trading  countries  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  kept  up  especially  by  the  Hunsr  Towns,  may  not 
have  been  without  Influence  in  producing  a  general  simi- 
larity of  development  of  &nramufa  Mu'  la  them  all. 

KiuilM  r)i'W«  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  liv. 

burgeois,  «.  See  bimrgeoitfi. 
burgeon  (ber'jon),  «.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  F.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen;  <  ME.  burgen,  burqyon,  burjoun,  burjion, 
burf/on,  <  OF.  borjon,  burjon,  F.  bourgeon,  a 
bud ;  referred  by  some  to  OHG.  burjan,  raise, 
lift  up.]  1.  A  bud;  a  sprout. 

In  the  moneth  of  May,  when  medoes  belie  grene, 
And  all  florisshet  with  tlotlres  the  tildes  abolltti  ; 
fiurinitit  of  iKiwes  brethit  full  swete, 
Florisshet  full  falre. 

DmtructwH  of  Trot/  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  2738. 

And  the  hyttyng  awey  of  the  root  of  the  vyne  must  lie 
don  In  March,  and  sum  men  wll  say  it  mn-t  be  don  or 
[IwforeJ  the  knot  t  Is  bcgyime  to  burgeon  y1  for  the  streit 
drauing  the  Inirtifotw  In-  not  huet  Ihurt). 

'Ariuild'*  Chronicle,  1504  (ed.  1811),  p.  167. 

2.  A  boss  used  for  the  cover  of  a  book,  to  pre- 
vent injury  to  the  binding.  Often  written  bur- 
gcii. 

burgeon  (b6r'jou),  r.  i.  [Also  written  bourgeon, 
after  mod.  F.,  early  mod.  E.  also  burgein,  bur- 
gen,  <  ME.  burjon,  burgenrn,  burgyneu,  burjonen, 
Oorgounen,  <  OF.  horjoner,  bourjonner,  F.  bour- 
(/coniier,  trad;  from  the  noun:  see  burgeon,  w.] 
To  bud;  sprout;  put  forth  new  buds;  shoot 
forth,  as  a  branch. 

Whenne  graffes  Igrafts)  gyiineth  swelle  In  (mrni/n.viip*. 

1'aUadiiu,  Uusbondrle  (E.  F..  T.  H.),  p.  74. 
Ni'\v  bourgeon*  every  maze  of  quick 
Alxuit  the  flowering  stjuares,  and  thick 
By  ashen  roots  the  violets  blow. 

Tennt/wm,  In  Memorial!!,  cxv. 

burgess  (ber'jes),  ii.  [<  ME.  burgeitt,  <  OF.  bur- 
</ein,  F.  bourgeois  =  Pr.  borgrs  =  Sp.  burgr*  = 
Pg.  burguez  =  It.  borgncse,  <  ML.  burgenxix,  a 
citizen,  <  burqu*,  a  borough,  a  town :  see  bor- 
ough\  lui  i-ii1.}  1.  In  England,  an  inhabitant 
of  a  borough  or  walled  town,  or  one  who  pos- 
sesses a  tenement  therein;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough. 

Not  a  potty  Im i-iirmt  of  some  town, 
No,  not  a  villager,  hath  yet  apiiear'd 
In  your  assistance.    Ford,  Ivrkin  \Varlieck,  III.  4. 

2.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  the  British 
Parliament. 

The  majority  of  the  buratMH  had  been  relumed  by 
constituent  liodlcs  remodelled  In  a  manner  which  was 
generally  regarded  as  Illegal.  Nncatihiy,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

Hence— 3.  (n)  The  title  ^iven  before  the  revo- 
lution to  the  representatives  in  the  popular 
branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  which  was 
st  \leil  the  House  of  Burgesses,  but  is  now 
called  the  House  of  Delegates,  (ft)  The  title  of 
members  of  the  lower  house  in  the  colonial 
legislature  of  Maryland. — 4.  A  magistrate  of 

:i  corporate  town.  In  Connecticut  boroughs  thctoanf 
<t/'burp6MMOonrw|>onils  to  the  township  Iniard  or  Itoard  of 
n  nsteeH  ill  Home  oilier  States,  or  to  the  common  council  of 
:t  cit\.  Ilii-i-lii,  i  <  \.viitive  offlcerof  a  IViiusylvanian  l>or- 
oiiKh  is  called  tin-  -  In' ;'  t'liiyfif. 
5.  A  member  of  the  corporation  of  a  Scotch 
burgh;  now,  any  inhabitant  of  a  burgh  of  full 
age,  ruled  for  poor-rates,  and  not  in  arrears, 
and  who  for  a  |.eriod  of  three  years  has  occu- 
pied any  house,  -.hop.  or  other  building  in  it.  not 
lieing  an  alien  anil  not  having  received  either 


burghmote 

parochial  or  burgh  relief  for  twelve  months  pre- 
ceding the  last  Whit  sninUv.     Burgess  list,  tin  n-t 
of  municipal  electors  annually  drawn  llpliy  t 
of  the  poor  In  England.—  Burgess  roll,  the  burgeai  list  u 
revised  l>y  the  revising  barrister  and  recorded.     iKng.J 
burgess-snip  (ber'jes-ship),  w.      [<  burgesn  + 
-xli  1  1/.]    The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  bur- 
gess.   South. 

And  that  no  prentice  haue  hi*  fredom  of  Burgtahipi*, 
but  he  serue  out  fiUle  vll.  yere  of  prenti 
/.  Gfld.(E 


. 
.  F..  T. 


S»0. 


burgessyt,  «.  [ME.  "burgeisie,  borgeysye,  < 
OFT  bourgesie,  borgoisie,  mod.  F.  bourgeoisie 
(=  Pr.  borguritia  =  It.  borglienia),  citizenship, 
<  burgeis,  mod.  F.  bourgeois,  a  citizen:  see 
bourgeoisie,  burgess.]  Citizenship. 


Mamies  lyf  Ine  the  crthe  Is  aw  I. 

•  AytiMlrn/  Inieit,  p.  181. 

burggrave,  burggravess,  «.  See  burgrare,  bur- 
grarcgn. 

burgh  (berg  or  bur'6),  ».  [Like  burg,  a  North. 
E.  and  Sc.  and  old  law  form  of  E.  liorough1, 
ME.  burgk,  burg,  etc.,  AS.  burh:  see  borough^.] 
A  corporate  town  or  borough  ;  more  especially, 
the  Scotch  term  corresponding  to  the  English 
borough,  applied  to  several  different  kinds  of 
corporations,  and  to  towns  and  cities  in  Scot- 
land. -  Burgh  acres,  acres  or  small  patches  of  land  ly- 
ing in  the  neighborhood  of  royal  burghs,  usually  fened 
out  to  and  occupied  by  burgesses  or  persons  resident 
within  the  burgh.  Burgh  Of  barony,  a  corporation 
somewhat  analogous  to  a  royal  burgh,  consisting  of  a 
determinate  tract  of  ground  within  the  liarony,  erected 
by  the  feudal  superior  and  subjected  to  the  govern- 
ment of  magistrates.  The  right  of  electing  magistrates 
is  vested  by  the  charter  of  erection  sometime*  In  the 
harou  or  superior  of  the  l>arony,  and  sometime*  In  the 
inhabitants  themselves.-  Burgh  of  regality,  a  kind  of 
burgh  of  barony  which  had  regal  or  exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion within  Its  own  territory.—  Convention  of  royal 
burghs.  See  coMwiitioii.—  Councilor  of  a  burgh.  See 
amnfilor.  —  Free  burgh,  a  burgh  of  barony  which  en- 
joyed, by  crown  charter,  rights  of  trade  both  home  and 
foreign,  but  which  at  the  same  time  had  to  t>car  cerUIn 
public  burdens  as  the  price  of  Its  privileges.—  Parlia- 
mentary burgh,  a  burgh  or  town  which  sends,  or  unites 
with  others  In  Bending,  a  representative  to  Parliament. 
In  parliamentary  burghs  the  mode  of  electing  councilors 
and  magistrates  Is  the  same  as  in  royal  burghs.—  Police 
burgh,  in  England,  any  populous  place  the  lioutidarlesof 
which  lia\c  heen  ascertained  under  la  and  14  Viet.,  xxxiif., 
and  the  affairs  of  which  are  managed  by  commissioners 
elected  by  the  Inhabitants.—  Royal  burgh,  in  Scotland, 
a  corporate  tiody  erecU'd  by  a  charter  from  the  crown. 
The  corporation  consists  of  the  magistrates  and  hurgesgc* 
of  the  territory  erected  into  the  hurgh.  The  magistrates 
are  generally  a  provost  and  bailies,  dean  of  gild,  trea- 
surer, and  common  council. 

burghal  (ber'gal),  a.  [<  burgh  +  -a/.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  burgh:  as,  burghal  government. 
burghbotet,  «•  [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  bttrg- 
bot,  <  burg,  burh,  borough,  +  hot,  compensa- 
tion, boot:  see  boot1.]  In  oM  Eng.  Itur,  a  con- 
tribution toward  the  building  or  repairing  of 
castles  or  walls  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or 
town.  Also  burlibot. 

burgh-brechet,  w.  [An  old  law  form  of  ME. 
bureh-brirhf,  AS.  burg-brief,  -bryce,  -brece,  < 
burg,  borough,  +  bryet,  brice,  breach  :  see 
breath.]  In  Anglo-Sajron  Itiv,  the  offense  of 
violating  the  pledge  given  by  every  inhabi- 
tant of  a  tithing  to  keep  the  peace. 
burgher  (ber'ger),  ».  [Not  in  ME.  or  AS.,  but 
funned  after  D.  burgtr  =  MLO.  borgere  = 
OHG.  burgari,  MHO.  burgarr,  burger,  G.  bur- 
ger =  Dan.  borgcr  =  Sw.  borgare  (>  Icel.  bor- 
</ari),  a  citizen;  <  burgh  +  -er1.]  1.  An  in- 
habitant of  a  burgh  or  iiorough,  who  enjoys  the 
privileges  of  the  oorongh  of  which  he  is  a  free- 
man ;  hence,  any  citizen  of  a  borough  or  town. 


At  Cologne,  in  the  eleventh  century,  the  terms  I 
and  merchants  are  alternately  used  as  synonymous. 

Kn,ili*li  Gililt  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  Int.,  p.  ev. 

2.  [cop.]  One  of  a  body  of  PreKbvterians  in 
Scotland,  constituting  one  of  the  divisions  of 
the  early  Secession  Church.  ThU  church  became 
divided  in*  1747  Into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  llnrgher*.  and 
the  (Jeneral  Associate  Synod,  or  Antlbiirghers,  on  the  law- 
fulness  of  accepting  the  oath  then  required  to  lie  taken 
by  the  burgesses  In  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  I'erth.  See 
A  ntibvrgHrr. 

burghennaster  (ber'ger-mas'ter),  N.  [=G.  btir- 

grrmriittfr.]     Same  as  burgomaster,  1. 
burghership   (ber'ger  -ship),   it.      [<    burgher 

+  -filii/i.]     The  state  or  privilege  of  being  a 

burgher. 
burgh-halfpennyt,  H.     Formerly,  a  duty  pay- 

able to  the  superior  of  a  town  for  liberty  to  set 

up  a  stall  in  market.     Also  bortl-nnlfitenny. 
burghmaster  (berg'mas'tor),  H.     [<  burgh  + 

matter:  after/n/ri/oiHrt-sJer.]   Same  as  bHrgontaf- 

;,-.  i. 
burghmote  t,  ".     [An  old  law  form  of  AS.  burh- 

iiemfit.  n  borough-meeting,  <  burh,  burg,  borough, 


burghmote 

-t-  gemot,  a  meeting:  see  moot,  mote3.']  In 
Anglo-Saxon  law,  the  meeting  or  court  of  a 
burgh  or  borough.  Also  burgmote. 

burgnmote-hornt,  »•  In  Eng.  antiq.,  a  horn 
blown  on  court-day,  in  a  public  place,  to  bring 
the  members  of  the  burghmote,  or  later  the 
corporation,  together.  It  was  used  until  the 
seventeenth  century.  Also  called  brazen-horn. 

burgholdert  (berg'hol'der),  n.  [See  borough- 
holder  undborsholder.']  A  tithing-man ;  a  bors- 
holder. 

burglar  (berg'liir),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  bourglair, 
<  AF.  "bourglalre  (of.  ML.  burglator,  burgulator 
(for  burgi  latro),  shortened  to  burgator),  a  burg- 
lar, <  AP.  bourg,  OF.  borg,  borough  (see  bor- 
ough1), +  laire,  OF.  laire,  leire,  lere  =  Pr.  lairc, 
a  robber,  <  L.  nom.  latro  (cf .  OF.  laron,  F.  larron 
=  Pi.  lairo,  a  robber,  <  L.  ace.  latronem),  a  rob- 
ber: see  larceny. ~\  A  felonious  housebreaker; 
especially,  one  who  commits  robbery  by  break- 
ing into  a  house  in  the  night.  See  burglary. 

The  definition  of  burglar,  as  given  by  Sir  Edward  Coke, 
is  "he  that  by  night  breaketh  or  entereth  into  a  mansion- 
house  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony." 

Blackstone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

burglar-alarm  (berg'lar-a-lann"),  »•  Any 
alarm  so  arranged  as  to  sound  upon  the  open- 
ing of  a  door,  window,  etc.,  with  which  it  is 
connected.— Burglar-alarm  lock,  a  lock  having  an 
attachment  which  when  set  will  sound  an  alarm  if  the  bolt 
is  improperly  moved.— Electrical  burglar-alarm,  an 
alarm  consisting  of  apparatus  including  open  electrical 
circuits  which  are  closed  by  a  movement  of  a  door,  win- 
dow, etc.,  and  cause  a  bell  in  an  annunciator  in  the  build- 
ing or  at  a  distant  station  to  ring. 

burglarert  (berg'lar-er),  11.  [<  burglar  +  -er, 
erroneously  added.]  A  burglar. 

Sir  William  Brain  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  only  for  pro- 
curing the  Pope's  bull  against  certain  burglarers  that 
robbed  his  own  house.  State  Trials,  1606. 

burglarian  (berg-la'ri-an),  n.  [<  burglary  + 
-an.']  A  person  who  abets  or  is  guilty  of  burg- 
lary. [Rare.] 

burglarious  (berg-la'ri-us),  a.     [<  burglary  + 
-ous.]     Pertaining  to,  committing,  or  consti- 
tuting burglary:  as,  burglarious  intentions;  a 
burglarious  gang ;  burglarious  entry. 
To  come  down  a  chimney  is  held  a  burglarious  entry. 

Blackntone,  Com.,  IV.  xvi. 

Openly  organized  conspiracy,  with  force  and  arms,  made 

burglarious  entrance  into  a  chief  stronghold  of  the  Union. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  86. 

burglariously  (berg-la'ri-us-li),  adv.  With  an 
intent  to  commit  burglary ;  in  the  manner  of  a 
burglar. 

burglarize  (berg'lar-Iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
burglarized,  ppr.  burglarizing.  [<  burglar  + 
-»se.]  To  commit  burglary  upon. 

burglar-proof  (berg'lar-prof),  a.  Constructed 
so  as  to  be  capable  of  resisting  the  attempts  of 
burglars,  as  a  safe  or  a  building. 

burglary  (berg'liir-i), «. ;  pi.  burglaries  (-iz).  [< 
burglar  +  -y ;  ML.  burglaria.~]  The  act  or  crime 
of  nocturnal  housebreaking,  with  an  intent  to 
commit  a  felony  therein,  whether  such  felony  be 
actually  committed  or  not.  To  constitute  this  crime 
the  act  must  be  committed  in  the  night,  or  when  there  is  not 
daylight  enough  to  discern  a  man's  face.  At  common  law 
it  must  be  in  a  dwelling-house,  or  in  an  adjoining  building 
which  is  a  part  or  parcel  of  the  dwelling-house.  There 
must  be  an  actual  breaking  and  an  entry ;  but  an  opening 
made  by  the  offender,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  glass, 
lifting  a  window,  raising  a  latch,  picking  a  lock,  or  remov- 
ing any  fastening,  amounts  to  a  breaking ;  and  putting  in 
of  the  hand,  after  such  breaking,  is  an  entry.  A  breaking 
out,  after  entry  with  felonious  intent,  is  also  burglary.  In 
some  of  the  United  States  the  term  has  been  extended  so 
as  to  cover  the  breaking  and  entering  of  any  building,  at 
any  time,  to  commit  any  crime. 

burgle  (ber'gl),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burgled,  ppr. 
burgling.  [<  burglar,  taken  as  a  noun  of  agent 
in  -ar  =  -er* ;  cf .  peddle,  <  peddler,  pedler,  ped- 
lar.'] To  commit  burglary.  [Humorous.] 

burgmaster  (berg'mas"ter),  n.   Same  as  burgo- 
master, 1. 
burgmotet,  n. '  See  burghmote. 

burgomaster  (ber' go -master),  n.  [=  OF. 
bourgue-maistre,  later  bourgamaistre  (Cotgrave), 
Swiss  F.  bourgmestre,  bourgemattre  (F.  maitre  = 
E.  master)  =  Sp.  burgomaestre,  after  ML.  burgo- 
magister,  burgimagister  (burgi  magister),  <  D. 
burgemeester  (=  OFries.  burgamastere  =  MHG. 
burgemeister,  burcmeister,  G.  burgemeister  (obs.), 
>  Sw.  borgmastare  =  ODan.  borgmester  =  Pol. 
burmistrz  =  Bohem.  purmistr  =  Kuss.  burgo- 
mistrii  =  Lith.  burgmistras  =  Finn,  pormestari), 
<burg,  =  E. borough1,  +  meester=*E. master.  Cf. 
MHG.  burgermeister,  G.  biirgermeister  (>  Dan. 
borgermester),  <  burger,  =  E.  burgher,  +  mfister 
=  E.  master. ~]  1.  A  borough-master;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  municipal  town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, Germany,  and  other  Teutonic  countries, 


726 

nearly  corresponding  to  mayor  in  England  and 
the  United  States.  In  the  monarchical  states  burgo- 
masters were  often  named  by  the  central  government  for 
long  periods,  as  were  the  maim  in  France.  The  German 
governments  usually  retain  the  right  to  confirm  or  reject 
the  elected  burgomaster.  Also  burghermatter,  burghmas- 
ter,  burffmaster. 

2.  The  great  ice-gull  or  glaucous  gull,  Larus 
glaucus,  of  the  arctic  regions,  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  powerful  species  of  the  family 
Laridw.  It  is  about  SO  inches  long,  pure  white,  with  a 
pale  silvery-blue  mantle  and  yellow  bill  with  an  orange 


Burgomaster-gull  (Larus 

spot.  It  owes  the  name  to  its  tyrannical  and  rapacious 
disposition,  and  the  way  it  domineers  over  the  smaller 
and  weaker  gulls  and  other  birds. 

burgonet,  burgonette,  n.    See  burganet. 
burgoo  (ber'gS),  n.     [Appar.  a  var.  of  burgood.~] 

1.  A  seamen's  term  for  a  dish  made  of  boiled 
oatmeal  seasoned  with  salt,  butter,  and  sugar; 
gruel. 

Don't  stand  staring  there  like  a  cabin-boy  brought  up 

before  the  skipper  forswallowing  the  burgoo  as  he  mixed  it. 

G.  A.  Sola,  Ship-Chandler. 

2.  A  kind  of  soup  made  with  many  different 
kinds  of  meat  and  vegetables,  highly  peppered 
and  served  very  hot :  popular  in  Kentucky  and 
other  places,  especially  at  barbecues,  picnics, 
and  other  outdoor  feasts. — 3.  A  barbecue,  pic- 
nic, or  woodland  feast  at  which  the  soup  burgoo 
is  served.     [Kentucky.] 

burgood  (ber'giid),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  burgout 
and  beergood;  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  burgoo.] 
Yeast.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

burgoyne1  (ber-goin'),  n.  [Appar.  named  from 
the  inventor.]  An  intrenching-tool  which  com- 
bines a  spade,  an  ax,  and  a  mantlet.  [Eng.] 

burgoyne-t  (ber-goin'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
goyned,  ppr.  burgoyning.  [A  word  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  period,  in  allusion  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Burgoyne's  army  at  Saratoga  in  1777.] 
To  surround  and  capture  in  a  body. 

bur-grass  (ber'gras),  n.  1.  A  common  name 
of  a  species  of  Cenchrus,  the  burs  of  which  are 
very  spiny  and  tenacious. — 
2.  Panicum  glutinosum,  a 
tropical  grass  in  which  the 
glumes  or  husks  which  in- 
wrap  the  seed  are  very  vis- 
cous and  adhesive. 

burgrave,  burggrave  (ber'- 
grav),  n.  [<  F.  burgrave  =  Sp. 
burgrave  =  Pg.  burgrave,  bur- 
gravio  =  It.  burgravio,  <  ML. 
burggravius,  <  OHG.  burg- 
grdvo,  MHG.  burcgrave,  G. 
burggraf  (>  Dan.  borggreve  = 
Sw.  burggrefve  =  Pol.  bur- 
grabia  =  Bohem.  purkrabe),  < 
OHG.  burg,  burc,  a  town,  = 
E.  borough^,  +  grdvjo,  grdvo, 
MHG.  grave,  G.  graf,  a  count,  earl,  governor: 
see  graf.']  Formerly,  the  title,  in  some  Euro- 
pean countries,  of  the  hereditary  governor  of  a 
town  or  castle. 

The  former  [burghers]  stood,  in  all  trade  matters,  en- 
tirely under  the  orders  of  the  lords  of  the  town,  whether 
these  were  bishops,  burgraves,  or  citizens. 

English  GUas  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  cxv. 
They  then  requested  that  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who 
held  the  office  of  burgrave  of  Antwerp,  and  whose  influ- 
ence was  unbounded,  might  be  sent  to  them.       Prescott. 

burgravess,  burggravess  (ber'gra-ves),  «.  [< 
burgrave  +  -ess.~\  The  wife  of  a  burgrave. 

burgraviate  (ber-gra'vi-at), ».  [<  ML.  burggra- 
viatus,  <  burggravius,  a  burgrave :  see  burgrave.'] 
The  office,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  burgrave. 

burguignpttet,  «•     [OF.]     Same  as  burganet. 

Burgundian  (ber-gun'di-an),  a.  and  ».  [<  ML. 
Burguiidia  (>  F.  Bourgogrtf),  Burgundy,  <  L. 


Bur-pfrass  ( CeMChr 
tributaries). 


burin 

Burgundiones,  LL.  also  Burgundii  O  AS.  Bur- 
gendas),  pi.,  a  tribe  of  Goths.]  1.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Burgundians,  or  to  the  king- 
dom, duchy,  or  province  of  Burgundy — Order 
Of  the  Burgundian  Cross,  an  order  founded  by  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  which  did  not  survive. 

II.  n.  1.  One  of  the  Burgundii  or  Burgun- 
diones, a  Germanic  tribe  who  settled  in  Gaul 
and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the 
fifth  century. 

The  Burgundians  settled  in  the  southeast  part  of  Gaul, 
the  part  nearest  to  Italy. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  24. 

2.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  suc- 
cessively a  kingdom  and  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of 
which  finally  became  the  province  of  Burgundy 
in  eastern  France. 

Burgundy  (ber'gun-di),  n.  A  large  class  of 
wines,  both  red  and  white,  produced  in  Bur- 
gundy in  France,  and  sharing  with  the  Bor- 
deaux wines  the  reputation  of  including  the 
finest  wines  made. 
The  mellow-tasted  Burgundy.  Thomson,  Autumn,  1.  705. 

Burgundy  pitch.    Seei>itch. 

burgwardt  (berg'ward),  n.  [An  old  law  form, 
<  burg,  a  fortified  place,  a  castle,  +  ward,  a 
keeping.]  The  custody  or  keeping  of  a  castle. 

burnt,  n.  Early  Middle  English  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  form  of  borough^. 

The  burh  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  was  simply  a  more 
strictly  organised  form  of  the  township.  It  was  probably 
in  a  more  defensible  position;  had  a  ditch  or  mound 
instead  of  the  quickset  hedge  or  "tun"  from  which  the 
township  took  its  name ;  and  as  the  "  tun  "  originally  was 
the  fenced  homestead  of  the  cultivator,  the  burh  was 
the  fortified  house  and  court-yard  of  the  mighty  mail  — 
the  king,  the  magistrate,  or  the  noble. 

Stubbs,  Const  Hist.,  §  44. 

burhbott,  n.  See  burghbote. 
burhgemott.  »*•  See  burghmote. 
burial  (ber'i-al),  n.  [In  the  second  sense  burial 
is  now  regarded  as  formed  directly  from  buryZ 
+  -al  (of.  betrothal,  renewal,  etc.),  but  it  is  due 
to  burial  in  first  sense,  <  ME.  buriel,  biriel,  be- 
riel,  a  tomb,  grave,  a  corruption  of  buriels,  re- 
garded as  a  plural  form,  but  really  singular, 
buriels,  biriels,  beriels,  bergels,  a  tomb,  grave,  < 
AS.  byrgels,  a  tomb,  grave,  <  byrgan,  bury  (see 
buryS),  +  suffix  -els  (cf.  riddle*,  <  AS.  rcedels).] 
If.  A  grave  or  place  of  sepulture ;  a  tomb. 

Pullide  it  [the  body]  in  his  newe  biriel,  .  .  .  and  he 
walowid  to  a  grete  stone  at  the  dore  of  the  biriel. 

Wydif,  Mat.  xxvii.  60. 
For  prophetes  hern  tolde, 
That  that  blessed  body  of  buriels  sholdc  aryse. 

Piers  Plomnan  (C),  xxii.  146. 
Vailing  her  high-top  lower  than  her  ribs 
To  kiss  her  burial.  Sluik.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1. 

2.  The  act  of  burying;  specifically,  the  act  of 
burying  a  deceased  person;  sepulture;  inter- 
ment ;  the  act  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  any 
place  where  it  is  intended  to  remain. 

Till  that  the  duke  give  order  for  his  burial. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  4. 

Privilege  of  death  and  burial.  Milton,  S.  A.,  I.  104. 
Burial  service,  the  religious  service  performed  at  the 
interment  of  the  dead,  or  a  prescribed  order  or  formula 
for  such  service. 

burial-case  (ber'i-al-kas),  n.  A  kind  of  coffin 
so  made  as  to  be  air-tight,  intended  for  the 
preservation  of  the  body. 

burial-ground  (ber'i-al-ground),  n.  A  grave- 
yard or  cemetery. 

burial-mound  (ber'i-al-mound),  ».  The  mound 
raised  over  the  remains  of  deceased  persons  in 
ancient  times ;  a  barrow. 

"burial-place  (ber'i-al-plas),  «.      A  portion  of 
ground  set  apart  for  or  occupied  by  a  grave  or 
graves ;  a  grave  or  a  graveyard. 
burielst,  n.    [ME. :  see  burial.']    The  older  form 
of  burial,  1. 

burier  (ber'i-er),  n.  One  who  buries  a  deceased 
person ;  that  which  buries  or  covers. 

And  darkness  be  the  burier  of  the  dead. 

Shak.,  -2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1. 

burin  (bu'rin),  «.  [<  F.  burin,  <  It.  borino  (cf. 
OSp.  boril,  Sp.  Pg.  buril),  a  gravers'  chisel, 
prob.  <  OHG.  bora,  a  borer,  gimlet,  =  E.  bore^, 
».]  1.  An  engravers'  tool  of  tempered  steel, 
with  a  lozenge- 
shaped  point, 
fixed  in  a  han- 
dle the  end  of 
which,  held  in 
the  hand,  is 
rounded  at  the 
top;  a  graver.  Burm. 

Pushed  forward  by 

the  hand  in  any  desired  direction,  it  cuts  a  shallow  or 
deep  furrow,  according  to  the  pressure  exerted.  When,  as 


burin 

In  etching,  bitten  lines,  or  line*  made  with  the  dry-point, 
are  Imperfect  or  weak,  the  burin  Is  used  to  rciuiir  or 
strengthen  them. 

2.    The   manner  or  style  of  execution  of  an 
engraver:  BH,  a  soft  burin;  a  brilliant  burin. 
—  3.  A  steel  graver  used  by  marble-workers. 
Also  spelled  biirini: 

burinist  (Im'rin-ist),  w.  [<  burin  +  -ist.]  One 
who  uses  a  burin ;  an  engraver. 

Alt  the  grent  original  btirinixt*  iliil  not  invent,  but  TV- 
produced  with  the  burin.  '/'/"•  . I  mi'rii -mi,  \.  l.'l. 

buri-nut  (bu'ri-nut),  «.  [<  bun',  native  name, 
+  nut.]  Tho  plum-liko  fruit  of  I'arinarium 
laurinum,  a  rosaceous  tree  of  the  Fiji  islands. 
The  kernels  are  t>oateii  up  into  a  cement  of  the  consis- 
tency of  putty,  which  is  used  for  stopping  holes  in  canoes, 
tlxinx'  N" -:ii-  hr.iiU  to  the  shafts,  etc. 

burion  (bu'ri-on),  n.  [Origin  uncertain;  per- 
haps a  corruption  of  Sp.  (Mex.)  giarion,  a  spar- 
row.] A  name  of  the  house-finch,  Carpodacus 
/nut  tali*;  an  abundant  and  familiar  fringilline 
bird  of  the  southwestern  United  States,  almost 
domesticated  in  the  towns.  It  resembles  the  com- 
mon purple  nnch,  C.  jnirpureti*,  but  is  smaller,  with  a 
stouter  bill  and  more  vivid  crimson-red  markings,  which 
are  restricted  to  definite  areas  on  the  head,  back,  and 
breast. 

buriti  (bu-ri-te'),  n.  [Pg.  buriti,  miriti;  a  Braz. 
(Tupi-Guaraui)  word,  also  written  burity,  mu- 
riti,  murity,  miriti,  tnoriclii,  m urn-lit,  muriche, 
moriehe,  applied  to  the  palms  Mauritia  flexuosa 
and  M.  vinifera;  according  to  Hartt,  <  ymyrti 
or  ymbyrd,  a  tree,  +  etf,  true.]  One  of  the 
largest  of  the  South  American  palms,  Mauritia 
vinifera,  often  growing  to  a  height  of  125  feet, 
the  stem  being  crowned  with  a  thick  round 
head  of  very  large  fan-shaped  leaves.  A  single 
bunch  of  tin-  fruit  weigits  more  than  one  hundred  pounds. 
The  trees  grow  in  vast  numbers  on  swampy  land,  from 
southern  Brazil  to  the  West  Indies.  The  natives  cut 
them  down,  and  make  cavities  in  the  sterna  to  obtain 
the  sweet  sap  which  accumulates  in  them ;  If  allowed  to 
ferment,  a  vinous  liquor  may  be  made  from  this  sap,  and 
even  sugar  has  been  obtained  from  It  Hence  the  name 
wine-palm,  commonly  given  to  the  tree.  The  pulp  be- 
tween the  nut  and  the  outer  covering  of  the  fruit  is  some- 
times eaten,  and  a  beverage  is  prepared  by  rubbing  the 
pulp  in  water.  The  pith  of  the  leaf-stem  Is  used  in  lieu 
of  cork,  and  its  hard  covering  for  making  baskets.  Cords 
are  made  of  fibers  from  the  young  leaves,  and  rough 
thatches  are  constructed  of  the  older  leaves. 

burk  (berk),  ».  Another  spelling  of  birk,  dia- 
lectal variant  of  birch. 

burka  (ber'ka),  n.  [Russ.  burka.]  A  short 
round  cloak  made  of  felt  or  very  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  used  as  a  protection  against  rain  in  Rus- 
sia, Poland,  and  Moldavia.  Also  burga. 

burke  (berk),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burked,  ppr. 
burking.  [From  the  name  of  an  Irishman  in 
Edinburgh  who  committed  the  crime  repeated- 
ly, and  was  tried  and  executed  in  1829.]  1. 
To  murder  by  suffocation  in  order  to  sell  the 
body  for  dissection.  This  method  was  selected 
because  it  left  no  marks  of  violence  upon  the 
victims. 

"You  don't  mean  to  say  he  was  burked,  Sam?"  said  Mr. 

Pickwick.  Dickera,  Pickwick. 

The  rest  of  the  rascals  jumped  on  him  and  Burked  him. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  273. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  smother;  shelve;  get  rid 
of  by  some  indirect  mauoauver:  as,  to  burke  a 
parliamentary  question. 

burker  (ber'k6r),  n.    One  who  burkes. 

Burke's  Act.     See  act. 

burking  (ber'king),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  burke,  v.] 
The  practice  of  killing  persons  for  the  purpose 
of  selling  the  bodies  for  dissection. 

burl1  (berl),  n.  [<  ME.  burle,  appar.  <  OF.  dial. 
bouril,  bourril,  flocks  or  ends  of  thread  which 
disfigure  cloth  (Wedgwood),  <  bourre,  <  ML. 
burra,  a  flock  of  wool,  coarse  hair,  etc.:  see 
burl.  Cf.  burlet.]  1.  A  small  knot  <»t  lump 
in  thread,  whether  woven  into  cloth  or  not. — 
2.  A  knot  or  an  excrescence  on  walnut  and 
other  trees,  used  for  ornamental  veneering. 

burl1  (b6rl),  t'.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  burle;  <  burll, 
n.]  1.  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads,  etc., 
from,  as  in  finishing  cloth ;  specifically,  to  pick 
(wool)  by  hand. —  2f.  To  cleanse  (cloth),  as 
with  fullers'  earth  or  a  similar  substance. 

To  tome  thru  to  the  mysterie  of  fuller's  craft,  first  they 
wash  and  scour  a  piece  of  cloth  with  the  earth  of  Sardinia, 
then  they  perfume  it  with  the  smoke  of  brimstone,  which 
done,  they  fall  anon  to  burlintj  it  with  cimolia. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxr.  17. 

burl2t,  i'.  »'•     [ME.  burlen,  contr.  of  burbh-n,  bub- 
ble, welter:  see  burble.    Cf.  D.  borrelen,  bub- 
ble, guzzle  (borrel,  a  bubble,  a  dram),  =  LG. 
burrcln,  bubble,  gush.]    To  welter. 
Many  a  )>olde  baron  In  that  place 
Lay  btirtituit  yn  his  own  blode. 
Erie  of  Toloui  (RiUon's  Metr.  Rom.,  II.),  1.  98. 

Urtivs  lay  fnti-liint/  in  hur  blode. 
Lt  Bum-  Murfnce  (Kitson's  Metr.  Rom.,  III.),  1.  1U39. 


727 

burl'2  (berl),  n.      [A  contr.  of  burble,  n.,  '2,  in 
same  sense.]     A  pimple.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
burl:),  r.     Same  as  birl1. 

Be  told  me  to  burl  out  the  beer,  as  he  was  in  a  hurry, 
and  I  bttrled  out  a  glass  and  gave  it  to  him. 

London  Tit***,  Law  Reports. 

burlace  (ber'las),  n.  [Contr.  of  burdelaix,  q.  v.] 
A  sort  of  grape. 

burlap  (ber'lap),  n.  [Formerly  borelap;  origin 
unknown.  The  form  suggests  a  contr.  of  ME. 
borel,  E.  burrel,  a  coarse  cloth,  +  lamien,  lap, 
wrap.  Referred  by  some  to  G.  baruipp,  club- 
moss,  Lycopodium  clavatum,  lit.  bear's  paw  (cf. 
NL.  Lycopodium,  wolfs-foot),  <  bar,  =E.  bear2, 
+  lapp,  <  OHG.  lappo,  the  flat  hand.]  A  coarse 
heavy  material  made  of  jute,  flax,  hemp,  or  ma- 
nila,  and  used  for  wrappings  and  in  uphol- 
stery :  commonly  in  the  plural, 
burlaw,  ».  See  byrlaw. 

burledt,  a.  [ME.,  possibly  for  "barruled,  equiv. 
to  AF.  barrule :  see  barruly.]  In  her.,  striped. 

Under  was  A  serpent  of  verlte, 
A  taill  burled  had  of  siluer  and  Asure. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  1.  S492. 
With  ailuer  And  Asure  the  tail  burlul  was. 

Rum.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  ».),  I.  280D. 

burler1  (ber'ler),  ».  [<  bur/1  +  -«•!.]  One  who 
burls  cloth. 

burler2  (ber'ler),  n.  [<  burl*.  =  birfl,  +  -er^.] 
In  Cumberland,  England,  the  master  of  the 
revels  at  a  wedding-feast,  whose  duty  is  to  see 
that  the  guests  are  well  furnished  with  drink. 
Breieer. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  a.  and  n.  [Formerly 
also  burlesk;  =  G.  Dan.  Sw.  burlesk,  <  F.  bur- 
lesque,  <  It.  burlesco,  ludicrous,  <  burla,  a  jest, 
mockery,  raillery,  perhaps  dim.  of  LL.  burra, 

?1.  burra;,  jests,  trifling,  nonsense:  see  bur1.] 
,  a.  Tending  to  excite  laughter  by  a  ludicrous 
contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  manner  of 
treating  it,  as  when  a  serious  subject  is  treated 
ridiculously  or  a  trifling  one  with  solemnity. 

It  is  a  dispute  among  the  critics  whether burletHjtv  pot-t- 
ry runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dispensary, 
or  in  doggerel,  like  that  of  Hudihras. 

Adilimn,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

II.  n.  1.  A  burlesque  literary  or  dramatic 
composition;  travesty;  caricature. 

Burletnjue  is  therefore  of  two  kinds :  the  first  represents 
mean  persons  in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes  ;  the  other 
describes  great  persons  acting  and  speaking  like  the  basest 
among  the  people.  Addistm,  Spectator,  No.  249. 

Tills  contrast  between  ideas  of  grandeur,  dignity,  sanc- 
tity, perfection,  and  ideas  of  meanness,  baseness,  pro- 
fanity, seems  to  be  the  very  spirit  of  burletwfue. 

Ilutchejton,  ThoughU  on  Laughter. 

2.  A  piece  composed  in  burlesque  style;  a 
travesty;  in  modern  use  often  specifically  a 
theatrical  piece,  a  kind  of  dramatic  extrava- 
ganza, usually  based  upon  a  serious  play  or 
subject,  with  more  or  less  music  in  it. —  3.  A 
ludicrous  or  debasing  caricature  of  any  kind; 
a  gross  perversion. 

Who  is  It  that  admires,  and  Is  from  the  heart  attached 
to,  national  representative  assemblies,  but  must  turn  with 
horror  and  disgust  from  such  a  profane  burlejujve  and 
abominable  perversion  of  that  sacred  institute  ? 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

=  Svn.  Parody,  Travtity,  etc.    See  caricature. 
burlesque   (ber-lesk'),  ». ;   pret.  and  pp.  bur- 
lesqued-ppr.  burlesquing.     [<  burlesque,  a.]     I. 
trans.  To  make  ridiculous  by  mocking  repre- 
sentation; caricature;  travesty. 

They  burlesqued  the  prophet  Jeremiah's  words,  and 
turned  the  expression  he  used  into  ridicule. 

Stillingjleet,  Works,  II.  iv. 

The  characteristic  faults  of  his  [Johnson's]  style  are  so 
familiar  to  all,  .  .  .  and  have  been  so  often  burlesqued, 
that  it  is  almost  superfluous  to  point  them  out. 

Macaulay,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

II.  intrans.  To  use  caricature.     [Rare.] 

burlesquer  (ber-les'ker),  w.  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule. 

burlett.  "•  [<  F.  bourlet,  bourrelet,  a  roll  of  cloth 
or  leather  stuffed  with  hair  or  wool,  etc.,  a  sup- 
porter of  satin,  etc.,  for  a  ruff  or  collar,  also  a 
kind  of  hood,  <  bourre,  flocks  of  wool,  hair,  etc.. 
used  for  stuffing  saddles,  balls,  etc. :  see  bur- 
rel.] 1 .  A  coif ;  a  stuffed  roll  to  support  a  ruff ; 
a  standing  or  stuffed  neck  for  a  gown.  >/<//- 
sheu. — 2.  A  hood.  Ash. 

burletta  (ber-let'ft),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery:  see  burlesque.]  A  comic  opera;  a 
musical  farce. 

bur  ley  t,  ».  [Origin  obscure;  cf.  burly.]  The 
butt-end  of  a  lance.  Wilnelm,  Mil.  Diet. 

burliness  (ber'li-nes),  n.  [<  burly  +  -ness.] 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  burly. 

burling-iron  (ber'liug-i'ern),  w.  A  kind  of 
pincers  or  tweezers  used  in  burling  cloth. 


burn 
bur  ling-machine  (ix'T'ling-ma-ghSn'),  n.    A 

iiwliiin-  fur  removing  knots  anil  rough  places 
from  woolen  cloth  ln-1'orc  il  is  fulled. 
burly1  (ber'li), a.  [=  E. dial,  bmnrly,  <  ME.  '/</-- 
ly.  Surely,  burly,  burliflu;  /»<//,.//>.  Ixirlic,  etc., 
large,  huge.  Of  uncertain  origin;  hardly  = 
OHG.  liHrlili,  purlili,  elevated,  high  (<  b6r,  an 
elevation,  +  -lih  =  E.  -ly1).  There  is  nothing  to 
prove  the  supposed  Celtic  origin.]  1.  Great  in 
bodily  size;  bulky;  large;  stout:  formerly  used 
of  things,  but  now  only  of  persons,  and  imply- 
ing some  degree  of  coarseness. 

The  braunches  were  burly,  sum  of  bright  gold. 
Sum  lyluer  for  sothe,  ncmltst  of  hew. 

Destruction  of  Truy  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  L  4IXW. 

Burly  sacks  and  well  stuffed  barns. 

DrayUm,  I'olyolhion,  ilv.  118. 
Down  through  the  crashing  under-wood 
The  burly  sheriff  came.          Wkiitier,  The  Exile*. 

2f.  BoUterous;  loud. 

So  when  a  burly  tempest  rolls  hU  pride. 

/.  Beaumont,  Piyche,  v.  224. 

Syn.  1.  MtuHrire,  J'tmdennu,  etc.     See  bulky. 

burly  1t,  r-  '•  To  make  burly;  cause  to  bulge 
out. 

Think'st  thou  that  paunch,  that  burlies  out  thy  coat. 
Is  thriving  fat;  or  flesh,  that  seems  so  brawny? 

Qttarlejt,  Emblems,  1.  12. 

burly2  (ber'li),  a.  [<  burft  +  -t/i.]  Having 
burls  or  excrescent  knots :  as,  a  burly  tree. 

Burman  (ber'man),  ».  [<  Burma  +  -an.]  A 
native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burma,  a  British 
possession  in  Farther  India,  it  was  formerly  an 
independent  kingdom,  but  parts  of  it  were  annexed  t.. 
(in-:a  Britain  in  1820  and  1X52,  and  the  remainder  on 
January  1st,  1886,  In  consequence  of  wars. 

A  Kiii-t/ittii.  being  the  property  of  the  king,  can  never 
1 1  nit  the  country  without  his  especial  permission,  which  is 
only  granted  for  a  limited  time,  and  never  to  women  on 
any  pretence.  Encyc.  Brit.,  IV.  554. 

bur-marigold  (ber '  mar  'i  -gold),  n.  A  book- 
name  for  the  more  showy  species  of  Bidens. 

Burmese  (ber-mes'  or-raez'),  a.  and  n.  [<  Bur- 
ma +  -<w.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Burma. 
H.  H.  1.  sing,  or  jil.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Burma.  See  Burman. — 2.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  people  of  Burma.  It  is  one  of  the 
monosyllabic  languages. 

bur-millstone  (ber'mil'ston),  n.  Same  as  bur- 
stone. 

burn1  (bern),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burned  or  burnt, 
ppr.  burning.  [Under  this  form  and  the  obs. 
or  dial,  brin,  bren,  brun,  are  now  confused  two 
different  but  related  verbs,  which  are  quite  dis- 
tinct in  AS.  and  the  other  older  tongues:  (1) 
burn,  <  ME.  bernen,  btfrncn,  barnen,  brenneii,  < 
AS.  biernan  (pret.  b(enide,  pp.  bferned)  =  OS. 
brennian  =  MD.  bernen  (in  mod.  D.  displaced 
by  the  secondary  form  branden  :  see  brand,  v.) 
=  LG.  brennen  =  OFries.  berna,  barna  =  OHG. 
brennan,  MHG.  G.  brennen  =  Icel.  brenna  =  Sw. 
branna  =  Dan.  bnende  =  Goth,  brannjan  (in 
comp.),  burn,  consume  with  fire,  orig.  and  prop, 
trans.,  a  weak  verb,  factitive  of  the  next;  (2) 
burn,  <  ME.  birnen,  beornen,  brinnen,  <  AS.  beor- 
nan,  byrnan  (pret.  6am,  beam,  pi.  bunion,  pp. 
bornen),  a  transposed  form  of  *brinnan  (in  comp. 
on-brinnan)  =  OS.  brinnan  =  OHG.  brinnan, 
MHG.  G.  dial,  brinnen  =  Icel.  brenna,  older 
brinna,  =  Goth,  brinnan,  burn,  be  on  fire ;  orig. 
and  prop,  intrans.,  a  strong  verb;  not  known 
outside  of  Teut.  Deriv.  brand,  brine*,  perhaps 
fri/rw2  =  bourn1,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  consume 
with  fire;  destroy  or  reduce  to  ashes  by  the 
action  of  heat  or  fire. 

He  comethe  to  brenne.  him  self  upon  the  Awtere  of  the 
Temple.  MandeMU,  Travels,  p.  48. 

Thou  shall  hough  their  horses,  and  burn  their  chariots 
with  flre.  Josh.  xi.  6. 

2.  To  act  on  with  fire ;  expose  to  the  action  of 
fire :  as,  to  burn  clay ;  to  burn  wood  for  charcoal ; 
to  burn  limestone. — 3.  To  produce  by  means 
of  fire:  as,  to  burn  charcoal. — 4.  To  scorch; 
affect  or  injure  by  heat:  as,  to  burn  one's 
clothes  by  being  too  near  the  fire ;  to  burn  one's 
fingers ;  to  burn  bread  or  meat. 

The  sun  doth  bunt  my  face. 

Shot.,  Vemu  and  Adonis,  L  180. 

6.  To  inflame  or  tan  (the  skin),  as  sunlight. — 

6.  To  produce  an  effect  like  that  of  fire ;  heat 
or  inflame ;  affect  with  a  burning  sensation :  as, 
ardent  spirits  burn  the  stomach ;  a  burning  fever. 

This  tyrant  fever  bnnu  me  up.        Shot.,  K.  John,  T.  S. 

7.  In  chem.,  to  combine  with  oxygen;  oxygen- 
ize.— 8.  In  surg.,  to  apply  a  cautery  to;  cau- 
terize.—TO  burn  daylight,  to  burn  a  candle  or  candle* 
before  it  is  dark  ;  waste  light. 


burn 


728 


burnish. 


Mer.  Come,  we  burn 

Hum.  Nay,  that's  not  so. 
I/,./-.  I  mean,  sir,  in  delay 

We  waste  our  lights  in  vain,  like  lamps  by  day. 

Shat.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  4. 

TO  burn  down  to  burn  to  the  ground,  as  all  the  com- 
bustible parts  of  a  building.— To  burn  in,  in  glass-malt, 
intj  and  potter)/,  to  fix  and  render  durable  (the  coloring 
and  ornamentation)  by  means  of  great  and  long-continued 
heat  in  an  oven  or  kiln.— To  burn  metals  together,  to 
join  them  by  melting  their  adjacent  edges,  or  heating  the 
adjacent  edges  and  running  some  molten  metal  of  the  DU1I1 


burn3!   ''•  t.     [ME.,  <  OF.  burnir,  burnish:  see  burnie  (ber'ni),  ».    [Dim.  of  7>»r;(2.]    A  rivulet. 
burnish.     In  form  and  sense  the  word  over-     [Scotch.] 

To  burnish ;  burning  (ber'nmg),  «. 


laps  burn1  (cf.  burn1,  v.  i.,  4).] 
brighten;  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Al  his  speche  and  cher  also  he  borneth. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  327. 

The  temple  of  Marz  armypotente 
Wrought  al  of  burned  steel. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1125. 


r  Armor     contr    of  burthen1 
g  some  molten  meta    o       e  ,      •      L-^ppar.    0 

same  kind  into  the  intermediate  space.    E.  H.  Knight-     or  burden1.]     A  burden  for  on 

To  burn  one's  fingers,  to  receive  damage  or  loss  from     [Local,  Eng.  (Cornwall).] 

meddling  with  or  engaging  in  anything.— To  burn  out,  vllrnai,ie  (ber'na-bl),  a.     [<  bum1,  r.,  +  -able.'] 

to  destroy  or  obliterate  by  burning.  <"„  "  wt V*  T^™  Knm«1 


Must  you  with  hot  irons  i 


up,  to  c< 

ashes :  as,  to  burn  up  a_p 
II.  intrans.  1.  " 

fuel  burns. 

A  still  and  sacred  fire 
That  Imrn'd  as  on  an  altar. 

Tennygon,  Enoch  Arden. 

2.  To  become  charred,  singed,  or  scorched;  be 
injured  by  undue  exposure  to  fire  or  a  heated 
surface,  etc. :  as,  milk  or  oatmeal  burns  if  cooked 
without  stirring. 

"  Your  meat  doth  turn,"  quoth  I.    Shale.,  ('.  of  E.,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  become  inflamed  or  tanned,  or  to  become 
disintegrated  by  the  effect  of  heat  and  reflected 
sunlight,  as  the  skin  from  unusual  or  prolonged 
exposure  to  the  sun  or  to  the  glare  from  a  sheet 
of  water.— 4.  To  glow  like  fire ;  shine;  gleam. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne, 
Burnt  on  the  water.  Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  ii.  2. 

The  road,  wherever  it  came  into  sight,  burned  with  bril- 
liant costumes,  like  an  illuminated  page  of  Froissart. 

Lowell.  Fireside  Travels,  p.  243. 

5.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire;  be 
affected  with  strong  emotion :  as,  to  burn  with 
anger  or  love. 

Did  not  our  heart  Inirn  within  ns  while  he  talked  with 
us  by  the  way?  Luke  xxiv.  32. 

True  charity  is  afflicted,  and  buna  at  the  offence  of  every 
little  one.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

6f.  To  act  or  behave  with  destructive  violence ; 
be  in  a  state  of  violent  action ;  rage. 
Shall  thy  wrath  burn  like  lire?  Ps.  Ixxxix.  46. 

The  groan  still  deepens  and  the  combat  burn*.  Pojie. 
7.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat  or 
burning  pain,  or  acridity ;  feel  excess  of  heat : 
as,  the  face  burns;  the  patient  burns  with  a 
fever. —  8.  To  resemble  fire  in  the  effect  or 
the  sensation  produced.  [Rare.] 

The  parching  air 
Rnrnx  frore,  and  cold  performs  the  effect  of  fire. 

Mat  on,  P.  L.,  ii.  595. 

9.  In  certain  games,  to  be  very  near  a  con- 
cealed object  which  is  sought,  that  is,  so  near 
that  one  would  be  burned  if  it  were  fire ;  hence, 
to  be  nearly  right  in  a  guess.  [Colloq.] 

However,  the  explorers  must  have  burned  strongly  (as 
children  say  at  hide-and-seek)  when  they  attained  a  point 
so  near  to  the  fountains.  De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 


=  x ^i:         [Verbal  n.  of  burn1,  v.] 

l~  The  act  or  process  of  consuming  by  fire. — 
2.  In  metal-working,  the  act  or  process  of  unit- 
ing metallic  surfaces  by  fusing  them  together, 
or  by  running  molten  metal  of  the  same  kind 
between  them.— 3.  In  ceram.,  the  final  firing, 
as  for  glazing,  fixing  the  colors,  or  the  like :  used 
somewhat  loosely. 

A  burden  for  one  person.    Day.  burning  (ber'ning),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  burn1,  v.] 

I .  Scorching ;  hot :  as,  the  burning  sands  of 
the  Sahara.— 2.  Powerful;  strong;  vehement; 
ardent. 

That  which  I  urge  is  of  a  burning  zeal. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  i.  4. 
Dryden. 


icular  way  of  manur- 


it  aii  iioapo,  »im  uniiiuig  i<.  KV  wu— ~ — 1 — re         Like  a  young  hound  upon  a  burning  scent. 

a  paper.                                           beafi,  n.  and*'.,  and  denshire.   E.  Phillips,  1706.     g    £<allsjnK  excitement,  ardor,  or  enthusiasm; 
To  be  on  fire;  flame:  as,  tne  burner  (ber'ner),  n.     1.  A  person  who  burns  or          i __•__•_;    _  j j;_~~ii — *:„„ 


sets  fire  to  anything. 

The  Milesian  Oracle  was  sacred  to  Apollo  Didymseus 
amongst  the  Branchidx,  who  betrayed  the  treasures  of 


heir  Temple. 

'  nage,  p.  S3-2. 


their  God  to  Xerxes  the  burner  of 


2.  The  part  of  a  lamp  from  which  the  flame  is- 
sues ;  the  part  that  holds  the  wick ;  also,  the  jet- 
piece  from  which  a  gas-flame  issues.  Burners  in- 
clude all  forms  of  apparatus  for  burning  gas,  oils,  or  vapors, 
singly  or  in  combination :  as,  a  hydrocarbon  burner,  carbu- 
reting gas-burner,  lime-light  burner,  regenerative  burner, 
etc  See  lamp-burner  and  gas-burner. — Bat's-wlng  burn- 
er, a  form  of  gas-burner  from  which  there  issues  a  broad 
flame  supposed  to  resemble  a 
bat's  wing.— Bude  burner,  an 
arrangement  consisting  of  two, 
three,  or  more  concentric  Argand 
burners,  each  inner  one  rising  a 
little  above  the  outer,  by  which  a 
very  powerful  light  is  produced. 
Named  from  Rude,  in  Cornwall, 
the  residence  of  Mr.  Gurney,  the 
inventor.— Bunsen  burner,  a 
gas-burner  invented  by  a  Ger- 
man chemist,  R.  W.  Bunsen,  and 
improved  by  Wallace  and  Gode- 
froy.  It  is  arranged  in  such  a 
way  that  the  gas,  just  previous 
to  burning,  is  largely  diluted  with 
air,  thus  prodxicing  a  non-lumi- 
nous and  very  hot  name.  Itisused 
in  chemical  laboratories  and  in 
metallurgical  research  in  connec- 
tion with  a  variety  of  small  fur- 
naces, and  in  many  forms  of  gas- 
stoves,  heaters,  steamers,  etc.— Fish-tail  burner,  a  gas- 
burner  whose  jet  takes  the  spreading  and  forked  farm  of 
a  fish's  tail.— Hydrocarbon  burner,  a  burner  for  pro- 
ducing heat  by  means  of  liquid  fuel.  It  has  generally  a 
jet  of  air  or  steam,  or  of  both,  carrying  with  it  a  spray  of 
coal-oil  or  petroleum,  which  is  lighted  and  burns  under 
a  boiler.— Regenerative  burner,  in  gae-Hffhting,  a  de- 
vice by  which  the  current  of  gas  is  heated  before  it  reaches 
the  flame,  thus  making  combustion  more  complete. 
burnet1!  (ber'net),  a.  and  n.  [I.  a.  <  ME.  bur- 
net,  <  OF.  brunet,  brunette,  lit.  brownish,  dim. 
of  Irrun,  brown:  see  brown.  Cf.  brunette.  II. 
n.  <  ME.  burnet,  burnctte,  <  OF.  burnette,  bru- 
nette =  Pr.  bruneta  =  Sp.  bruneta,  brunete,  < 
ML.  bmneta,  brmietum,  a  brownish,  dark-col- 
ored cloth.]  I.  «.  Brownish. 
Hire  mentel  grene  other  [orl  burnet.  Itel.  Ant.,  I.  129. 
II.  n.  Cloth  dyed  of  a  brown  color 


enchaining  or  demanding  attention. 

The  Johannean  problem  is  the  burning  question  of 
modern  criticism  on  the  soil  of  the  New  Testament. 

Schaf,  Hist.  Christ.  Ch.,  I.  §  84. 
=  Syn.  Blazing,  flaming,  scorching,  fiery,  hot. 

(ber'ning-bush),  w.  1.  The  em- 
by  the  Presbyterian  churches 
of  Scotland  in  memory  of  the 
persecutions  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  bearing  the  legend 
"Nee  tamen  consumebatur" 
(yet  not  consumed),  in  allusion 
to  Ex.  iii.  2.  [Usually  two 
words.]— 2.  A  name  of  various  Burning  Bush. 
shrubs  or  plants,  (a)  The  Ameri- 
can species  of  Euonymus,  E.  atropttrpurea&nd  E.  Ameri- 
cana, celastraceous  shrubs  with  bright-crimson,  pendu- 
lous, four-lobed  capsules,  often  cultivated  for  ornament. 


Bunsen  Burner. 
a,  a ,  openings  to  admit  a 


Burning-bush  (Euonytnus  Americana). 

(i,  dehiscing  fruit ;  b,  section  of  flower. 

(From  Gray's  "  Genera  of  Plants  of  the  U.  S.") 


To  burn  blue.  See  M«e,n.- To  burn  down,  to  be  burned  burnet2  (ber'net),  )(.     [<  ME.  burnet,  pimper- 


to the  ground  '.  ue  consumed  by  fire  from  top  to  bottom, 
as  a  building.—  To  burn  out,  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  ex- 
hausted and  the  fire  ceases.— To  burn  up,  to  be  burned 
completely  or  reduced  to  ashes :  as,  the  paper  burned  up. 

burn1  (bern).  ».  [<  burn1,  r.]  1.  A  hurt  or  in- 
jury caused  by  the  action  of  fire,  especially  on 
a  living  body ;  a  burnt  place  in  any  substance. 
—  2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in 
brickmaking:  as,  they  had  a  good  bum. —  3. 
A  disease  in  vegetables.  See  brand,  6. — 4.  A 
clearing  in  the  woods  made  by  burning  the 
trees.  [TJ.  S.]=Syn.  1.  Bum,  Scald.  Burns  are  pro- 
duced by  heated  solids  or  by  flames,  craWx  by  heated  fluids 
or  vapors.  See  ttcorelt,  r.  t. 

burn2  (bern),  •«.     [Also  written  bount,  bourne, 


iiel;  <  OF.  brunete,  also  brunette,  the  name  of  a 
plant,  prob.  burnet;  cf.  ML.  liurneta,  spring- 
wort  (Vocab.  ed.  Wright,  2d  ed.,  p.  557,  1.  42) ; 
prob.  so  called  with  some  allusion  to  color; 
cf.  burnet1.]  If.  The  pimpernel,  Anagnllis  ar- 
rennis. 

Of  pympurnolle  [pimpernel]  to  speke  thenke  y  jet 

And  Englysh  ycalled  is  burnet. 

MS.  Sloane,  2457,  f.  6.    (Ilalliwell.) 

2.  The  common  name  of  species  of  Poterium, 
an  herbaceous  genus  of  the  natural  order  Bosrt- 
CCfK.  The  common  or  garden  burnet  is  Poterium  San- 
nutiorba,  also  called  nalad-burnet.  The  great  burnet  is 
ttlficinale. 


See  Euonyiiuu.  (b)  The  artillery-plant,  Piled  serpyllt- 
folia,  (e)  The  plant  Dictamnus  Fraxinella,  so  called  be- 
cause its  volatile  secretions  render  the  surrounding  air 
inflammable  in  hot  weather. 

burning-fluid  (ber'ning-flo"id),  ii.  A  very  ex- 
plosive illuminating  liquid,  consisting  of  a  mix- 
ture of  about  3  volumes  of  alcohol  and  1  of 
camphene  or  purified  turpentine-oil,  burned  in 
lamps  specially  constructed  for  the  purpose,  but 
superseded  by  petroleum  after  a  few  years'  use. 

burning-glass  (ber'ning-glas),  n.  A  double 
convex  lens  of  glass  used  to  ignite  combustible 
substances,  melt  metals,  etc.,  by  focusing  upon 
them  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

burning-house  (ber'ning-hous),  ».  The  fur- 
nace in  which  tin  ores  are  calcined  to  sublime 


_  _^ 

which  with  a  diff .  pron.  is  the  usual  form  in  the  burnet-moth  (ber'net-moth),  n.    A  moth  of  the 

south  of  England  (see  bount1,  bourne1);  <  ME.  genus  Zygoma  or  AntJirocera  ;  one  of  the  many     the  sulphur  from  the  ^pyrites,  a  kiln. 

bourne,  commonly  burne,  <  AS.  Imnia,  masc,,  moths  of  the  family  Zyganidfe.    The  six-spotted                  -                                -                 » 

also  burn*!,  fern.,  a  brook,  stream  (=  OS.  bruit-  burnet-moth  is  Z.  or  A.  JiKpendula>  a  common  European 

iTRVioc    hu,;if,       rvn    Tuvrue  Tt    Ti/i™    7i.vm  species,  with  six  red  spots  on  a  dark  ground ;  the  larva  is 

T^    t         XT,    ,    =\       VSSr^V:'          Tira£  vellow,  spotted  with  black.    Z.  or  A.  Mi  is  another  spe- 

=  LG.  bpnj  (>  G.  born)  =  OHG.  brunno,  MHG.  eies,  the  five-spotted  burnet-moth. 


burning-mirror  (ber'ning-mir"pr),  n.  A  con- 
cave mirror,  usually  of  metal,  used  as  a  burn- 
ing-glass. The  power  of  a  burning-mirror  is  consider- 
ably greater  than  that  of  a  burning-glass  of  equal  extent 
and  equal  curvature. 


britnne,G.bri<nneii,bruniifi,brunn=:lKe\.bninnr  hurnet-rose  (ber'net-roz),  n.     Same  as  burnet".  burnish  (ber'nish),  r.     [<  ME.  biirmnclten,  bttr- 
=  Sw.  bnutu  =  Dan.  brcind,  a  spring,  fountain,  burnettet,  «•     Same  as  burnet1.  nissfii,  <  OF.  burniss-,  stem  of  certain  parts  of 

well,  =  Goth,  brunna,  a  spring),  prob.  <  *brin-  burnettise,  r.  t.     See  burnettise.  buniir,  brunir,  F.  brunir  (>  G.  briiniren)  (=  Pi1. 

bornir,  bruiiir  =  Sp.  bruttir,  bronir  =  Pg.  bntnii: 
bornir  =  It.  bntnire),  polish,  make  brown,  < 
l>ru»,  brown,  also  poet,  bright,  shining:  see 
brown.  Also  formerly  in  more  orig.  form  bum  : 
gee  Irnrn3.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  glow  or 
become  resplendent. 

N(|U  th«  village  windows  btaM, 
);,/,-,/;»//.•</  by  'tin-  setting  sun. 

J-  Cunniw,/:,,,,,,  Evening. 


...  _.T.          ,,  -  , 
a  brook.     [Scotch  and  North.  Eng.] 


-  .....  »---,-  -.      -  -,      ,,-,.- 

nate,  as  timber,  canvas,  cordage,  dead  bodies, 
etc.,  with  Burnett's  liquid,  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  them  from  decay. 
' 


Follow  the  deer 
By  these  tall  firs  and  our  fast-falling  burn*. 

Tenm/tiiu.  CJareth  and  Lynette.   T)1ii-na+4>.>a  li'nuiH       SPP  Jinuirl 
isurneii;  S  liquid.     >>ee  «</««(. 

It  occurs  in  various  place-names,  as  Bannock-  burnewin   (bor'ue-wiu),  n.     [Sc.,for  bitrn-tlte- 
burn,  BlackftMni,  etc.  iciii^.]     A  blacksmith.     Burns. 


burnish 

The  wide  lake,  r.Li-il  \\ith  sand  and  grass, 

Was  lnn-i:i<l,:'>l  to  11  floor  i)f  KlaSS. 

I'.llll    ,  .'•:,!,      \\    "Ollllllt-'..,     I 

2.  To  polish  by  frictiou;    make  smooth  and 

lustrous:  as,  to  Inn  -nixli  steel. 


'  llo  linm-s  uith  lll\    teelll, 
flU'  tllllt   is   \  n-rrhlr!\  . 

/,'/..«/.•«,  llokt'  of  Nurture  (K.  K.  'I'.  S.).  p.  77. 
Who  (lutli  (In-  world  so  gloriously  behold, 
That  cedar-tops  anil  hllK  ,-rem  /«//  /nxA'</  (.'old. 

N/MI*-..  Venus  and  Adonis,  !    -  >v 

II.  t  iiitranx.  To  grow,  as  a  child  ;  thrive  ; 
flourish  ;  become  fat  and  sleek  ;  hence,  to  be- 
come bright  or  brilliant;  show  conspicuously. 

I  i  v  Juno  ha  !•  t»  <!"'</.  «r  young  Jove  was  gruwn. 

I've  Been  a  snake  in  human  form  .  .  . 
Hurnitli  and  make  a  gaudy  show. 

.svift,  Description  of  a  Salamander. 

burnish  (b6r'nish),  «•  [<  burnish,  r.]  Polish; 
hence,  gloss;  brightness;  luster. 

As  to  Chrysostom,  and  Basil,  with  less  of  pomp  and 
swagger  than  (Jregory,  they  have  not  at  all  more  of  rhe- 
torical burni*h  and  compression.  De  yuincty,  Rhetoric. 

burnisher  (ber'nish-er),  n.  1.  One  who  bur- 
nishes or  polishes.  —  2.  A  tool  of  various  shapes 
and  material,  but  commonly  with  a  smooth, 
slightly  convex  head,  used  for  polishing  in  va- 
rious processes  and  operations,  as  in  porce- 
liiin-painting,  dentistry,  etc.  —  3.  An  instru- 
ment of  tempered  steel,  with  slightly  curved 
polished  sides  and  rounded  point,  used  by 
etchers  and  line-engravers  to  remove  rough- 
nesses, scratches,  and  stains  from  the  surface 
of  a  metal  plate.  Wood  -engravers  who  wish  to  take  by 
hand  a  trial-proof  of  a  block,  finished  or  in  progress,  ink 
the  raised  lines,  lay  over  them  a  piece  of  India  paper  and 
a  card,  and  then,  by  even  friction  with  the  burnisher,  uh- 
tain  the  desired  impression. 

4.  In  shocmaking,  a  polishing-machine  which 
holds  the  shoe  firmly  while  a  heated  steel  tool  ix 
pressed  with  force  against  the  heel  or  sole,  pre- 
viously moistened  with  a  preparation  of  varnish. 

burnoose,  burnous  (ber-nSs'  or  ber'nOs),  n. 
[Also  written  hrriionse,  burnouse,  burnos,  bour- 
IIOIIH  ;  <  F.  burnous,  bournous  =  Sp.  alborno:  = 
Pg.  albernoz  or  albornoz,  a  kind  of  Moorish 
cloak,  <  Ar.  at,  the  (see  of-2),  +  humus,  burnutt. 
a  hooded  cloak.]  1.  An  outer  garment  made 
of  a  coarse  woolen  fabric,  worn  by  men  in  the 
Barbary  States,  throughout  northwestern  Afri- 
ca, and  in  Arabia.  It  differs  from  the  aba  in  having 
a  hood,  and  in  being  more  commonly  made  of  undyed  wool, 
go  that  it  generally  has  a  brownish-white  color  without 
stripes  or  pattern  ;  but  it  is  also  made  black,  and  striped 
with  red  and  white. 

The  males  were  clad  in  bnrnoosen  —  brown  or  striped 
woollen  cloaks  with  hoods. 

K.  F.  Burton,  EI-Medinah,  p.  123. 
Hence  —  2.  A  garment  worn  by  women  in  Eu- 
rope and  the  United  States  at  different  times 
since  1830.  Itsometimeshasahoodwithatanselatthe 
end.  and  is  in  general  a  loose  outer  cloak  without  sleeves. 
It  has  been  made  of  many  different  materials,  usually  with 
stripes. 

burnstickle  (bern'stik-l),  n.  [Perverted  from 
liiiiixtirklr.]  A  name  of  the  stickleback,  Uastf- 
roxteus  biaeulcatus. 

burnt  (b6rnt),  p.  n.  [Pp.  of  burn1,  v.}  1.  Con- 
sumed or  scorched  by  fire.  —  2.  Crumbly,  and 
partly  or  entirely  unweldable,  from  having 
been  raised  to  too  high  a  temperature  in  con- 
tact with  the  air:  said  of  iron  and  steel.  The 
nature  of  the  change  which  the  metal  under- 
goes is  not  yet  clearly  understood.—  Burnt  alum. 
see  niinn.  Burnt  bowl,  curling-stone,  etc..  in  BUM, 
a  Iwwl,  etc.,  which  has  been  accidentally  touched  «r 
moved,  and  which  must  be  removed  as  dead.  —  Burnt 
carmine.  See  <-.i»-m/^'-.—  Burnt  fox,  a  slang  name  for 
a  student  during  his  second  half  year  in  the  fierman  uni- 
versities.— Burnt  In,  in  i-eraui.,  sometimes  said  of  colors 
that  have  Iwen  applied  under  the  glaze,  and  are  fired  wllh 
it.  -Burnt  limestone,  calcined  limestone.  Burnt  ore, 
roasted  ..re.  Burnt  Roman  ocher,  sienna,  sponge, 
terre  verte,  umber,  seethe  nouns.—  Burnt  wine,  «im 
treated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  acquire  a  peculiar  flavor 
suggestive  of  burning. 

l',«>-nt  u-litf  is  a  wine  boiled  up  with  sugar  and  some- 
times with  a  little  spirr.  Keen,  I've. 

burnt-ear  (bernt'er),  H.  A  form  of  smut  in 
oats,  wheat,  and  other  cereals  and  grasses,  pro- 
duced by  a  microscopic  fungus,  l'xtil<ii/i>  r/irlm. 
The  tissues  of  the  plant  :uv  destroyed  and  replaced  by  an 
abundance  of  black  dust-like  spores. 

burnt-offering  (bernt'of'er-ing),  11.  An  of- 
fering burnt  upon  an  altar  as  a  religious  rite  ; 
specifically,  in  tlu>  Jewish  ritual,  an  animal  or 
animals  of  a  prescribed  kind,  the  whole  of 
which,  after  ceremonial  preparation,  was  burn- 
ed upon  an  altar;  a  holocaust.  Parts  of  many 

other  ollriin--  \\irv  hurried,  hut  the  term  is  gencrall\ 
Icstricteii  to  OIK-  that  «as  entirely  SO,  sometimes  s]ieciti 

<'ali\  called  a  wkote  bttrnt-oferinff.     This  was  the  only  of- 

tcriiiK  nf  the  ancient  I'.-itriarchs,  and  is  the  only  one  men- 
tioned in  the  Kook  of  (ienesU  Afterward  it  l»ccame  one 
of  flu-  regular  classes  of  sacrifice  under  the  I.evitical  law. 


720 

The  regulations  respecting  It  are  given  in  detail  In  i 

cus  i.  and  vi.  8-13.     It  represent-  .1  HI.    entire  . 

cati t  i  he  offerer  to  (iixt.  and  was  always  preceded 

by  a  sin-ofterim;.    The  ot>j,  ct  ,,iti  led  was  to  be  .1 

without  Mcmi-li.  a  yollllK  hllllock  i.un  m  h,  ^i  iat,  or,  III 
case  ol  |MI\,  it)  a  tutllr  il<i\<  i-i  jii-ron.  It  wa-  drought 
)'.\  the  otleler  of  his  own  her  will  atl'l  slain  h)  llim-'  It. 

The  public-  Inii  lit  oil, 'iings  were:  (1)  the  dally  hmnt  offer 
ings,  saerilleed  every  morniliL'  ami  evening  lot  tin 
(Num.  xxviii.  S-«);  (2)  the  sahhath   burnt-olti-ring  (Num. 
xxvill. fl,  10);  (8)  certain  spi-i  Hied  I  malt-offerings  on  ap- 
pointed feast-days  (  x u;i.   \\\iii.  11-29,  Ml).     There  were 
also  private    burnt-offerings  appointed  for  certain    set 
times.     Free-will  burnt  oilerinuij  might  lie  offered  on  any 
special  solemn  occasion, 
burnt-sacrifice  (bernt'sak'ri-fis),  w.    Same  as 

htfl'llt-oll''  I'i ntj. 

burnt-stone  (bernt'ston),  H.  An  antique  car- 
nelian  such  as  are  sometimes  found  in  ancient 
ruins  and  have  apparently  been  acted  on  by 
fire.  They  appear  dull  externally,  but  show  a  fine  red 
color  when  held  up  to  the  light.  They  are  much  esteemed, 
bringing  a  high  price,  especially  when  ornamented  by  fine 
engraving. 

burnwood  (bern'wud),  n.  The  Klius  Metopium, 
a  poisonous  species  of  sumac,  found  in  south- 
ern Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Also  called 
bum  wood. 

bur-parsley  (ber '  pars  "  li),  n.  The  common 
name  of  Cancalig  daucoides,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  with  bristly  bur-like  carpels.  It  is  fre- 
quently found  in  corn-fields  with  chalky  soils 
in  England. 

bur-pump,  burr-pomp  (ber'pump),  n.  Naitt., 
a  kind  of  pump  in  which  a  cup-shaped  cone  of 
leather  nailed  on  the  end  of  a  pump-rod  serves 
instead  of  a  box,  its  sides  collapsing  as  the  rod 
descends,  and  expanding  with  the  weight  of  the 
water  as  it  ascends;  a  bilge-pump. 

burr1,  burr2,  etc.    See  bur1,  bur2,  etc. 

Burr  Act.    See  act. 

burraget  (ber'aj),  H.  An  older  spelling  of 
borage. 

burramundi  (bur-a-mun'di),  w.  Same  as  bar- 
raniunila. 

burras-pipe  (bur'as-pip),  n.  [<  burros  (<  F. 
bourras,  <  ML.  *borratiu#,  borttzitts,  coarse  linen 
or  canvas  (cf.  fiorratium,  a  coarse  garment),  < 
Imrra,  hurra,  coarse  hair,  wool,  etc. :  see  burrel) 
+  pipe.]  A  tube  for  holding  lunar  caustic  or 
other  corrosive  substance. 

burrawang-nut  (bur'a-wang-nut),  H.  [<  burrn- 
irnng,  native  name,  +  nut.'}  The  Macrozamia 
xpiralis,  a  cycadaceous  plant  of  New  South 
Wales.  It  yields  a  kind  of  arrowroot. 

bur-reed  (ber'red),  n.  The  common  name  of 
species  of  Spargnnium,  so  called  from  their 
narrow,  reed-like  leaves  and  bur-like  heads  of 
fruit.  The  floating  bur-reed  is  .S.  nngustifo- 
liiim.  See  S/Mir(/a>riiim. 

burrel  (bur'el),  n.  [Also  written  burrell,  early 
mod.  E.  also  burel,  barrel,  horel,  <  ME.  borel  (see 
borefi),  <  OF.  burel  (=  Pr.  burel  =  Sp.  buriel), 
reddish ;  as  a  noun,  burel,  later  bureau,  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  (mod.  F.  bureau,  a  table,  etc.,  > 
E.  bureau,  q.  v.)  (=  Pr.  burel  =  Sp.  buriel  =  Pg. 
burel  =  It.  burello  =  ML.  burellux,  burrellus,  bu- 
reUum,  bumllux),  dim.  of  bare  (ML.  bum),  a  kind 
of  coarse  cloth  of  a  reddish  or  russet  color,  < 
ML.  burra,  coarse  hair  used  for  stuffing,  etc., 
LL.  burra,  a  shaggy  garment  (also  a  cow  with 
a  red  mouth  or  muz/.le)  (pi.  hurra',  trifles, 
jests) ;  cf.  birrus,  a  cloak  of  wool  or  silk  (see 
hirrus);  <  OL.  Inttvus,  later  byrruK,  red,  prob.  < 
Gr.  Trvppof,  older  irvpoAf,  red,  name-colored,  usu- 
ally referred  to  nvp  =  E.  fire.  Hence  boll'2, 
etc.]  1.  A  kind  of  coarse  russet  cloth  used  in 
the  middle  ages. 

His  white  mantle  was  shaped  with  severe  regularity,  ac- 
cording to  the  rule  of  Saint  Bernard  himself,  being  com* 
posed  of  what  was  then  called  barrel  cloth. 

Scott,  Ivanhoe,  »xxv. 

2.  A  silk  mentioned  in  the  schedule  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  wardrobe,  r'airlmlt. — 3.  [Also6«r- 
rcl-/>cnr.  altered,  in  simulation  of  burrel  (OF. 
hnri'1,  reddish),  <  bury,  bury-pear:  see  bur;/*.}. 
Same  as  bury*. 

burrel-fly  (bur'el-fli).  ».  A  kind  of  reddish 
gadllv,  or  breeze. 

burreUert  (burVl-er).  ».  [Also  written  burril- 
//;•;  <  barrel  +  -erl.}  A  maker  of  burrel;  a 
clothmaker. 

burrel-shot  (bur'el-shot).  H.  [<  'barrel  (per- 
haps <  F.  hourreler,  torment)  +  shot.}  Small 
shot,  nails,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  etc.,  put 
into  cnscs.  In  l>e  discharged  from  a  cannon  at 
short  range ;  an  emergency  shot. 

burrhel  (bur'el),  n.  [E.  liid.]  A  kind  of  wild 
sheep  inhabiting  the  Himalayas;  Oris  burrhel 
of  Blyth.  Also  biirlinl. 

burrhstone,  ».    See 


bursa 

burridget  Cbur'ij),   ».       An    ulil.-r   spilling   of 

IHIIII/II  . 

burring  (l»  r'ing),  «.  [<  burl,  burr*,  +  -ingl.] 
The  process  of  cleaning  or  removing  the  bur-- 
and  rubbish  from  wool  previous  to  carding. 

burring-machine  (ber'ing-ma-ghSn'),  n.  A 
machine  for  picking  and  burring  wool  before  it 
is  carded. 

burrish  (ber'ish),  a.     [<  bur1,  burr1.  + 
Hough  ;  prickly ;  burry. 

Burrite  (ber'it),  ».  [<  Jlurr  (see  def.)  -t- 
In  New  York  State  politics,  one  of  that  faction 
of  the  Democratic-Republican  party  which  gup- 
ported  Aaron  Burr,  from  about  1797  to  1807. 

burro1  (bur'6),  H.  [Sp.]  A  donkey.  [West- 
ern U.  8.] 

burro2  (bur'6),  n.  [Cf.  Shetland  burra,  the  com- 
mon rush,  Junc*s  squarrosun:  see  bur1,  burr1.} 
A  name  sometimes  given  in  Great  Britain  to 
the  alga  Laminaria  digitata. 

bnrrockt  (bur'ok),  n.  ^Origin  uncertain.]  A 
small  weir  or  rfam  put  in  a  river  to  direct  the 
stream  to  gaps  where  fish-traps  are  placed. 

burroughH,  ».  An  obsolete  spelling  of  borough1. 

burrough-'t,  n.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  burrow'*. 

buiTOUgh:'t  (bur'6).  n.     Same  as  bomne1,  1. 

burrow' t,  »•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  borough1. 

burrow2  (bur'6),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  abbr.  bur: 
also  formerly  bury  (see  bury?) ;  <  ME.  borou-, 
boric,  a  hole  at)  a  place  of  shelter,  a  mound,  var. 
(appar.  by  confusion  with  borouft,  borwe,  buruh, 
<  AS.  burh,  E.  borough1,  a  fortified  place,  bor- 
ough) of  beric,  lieornh,  etc.,  <  AS.  beorh,  E. 
barrow*,  a  mound:  see  burroir1  =  borough1, 
and  barroir1,  berry'*.}  1.  A  barrow;  a  mound. 
.Sir  T.  Brotcne.  See  barrow1.  [Now  only  prov. 
Eng.] — 2.  In  mining,  the  heap  of  refuse  rock 
at  the  mouth  of  a  shaft,  or  entrance  of  an  adit- 
level  or  tunnel. —  3.  A  hole  in  the  ground  ex- 
cavated by  an  animal,  as  a  rabbit  or  a  mar- 
mot, as  a  refuge  and  habitation. 

It  (the  lemming]  lives  in  burrow*  made  by  its  long  and 
crooked  claws.  I .  R.  ./r>/i.  .*.  Mammalia,  p.  201. 

4.  [Perhaps  in  ref.  to  the  usually  circular 
shape  of  mounds;  cf.  the  equiv.  Sc.  brough-, 
otherwise  referred  to  burroir1  =  borough1  = 
brough1,  q.  v.  In  mod.  E.  dial.  abbr.  burr.}  A 
circle.  Compare  hur3,  burr'*,  2. 
Burtrht  |var.  bnrrom\,  sercle,  orhiclllug. 

I'roinpt.  Part.,  p.  56. 
burrow2  (bur'6),  r.     [<  burroic'*,  n.}    l.intraiw. 

1.  To  make  a  hole  or  burrow  to  lodge  in,  as  in 
the  earth;  work  a  way  into  or  under  something. 

The  incidence  of   forces  ls  the  same   all  around  the 
Earth-worm  as  it  bnrrtucn  through  the  compact  ground. 
//.  S/iriKvr,  Prin.  of  Blol.,  {  25o. 

2.  To  lodge  in  a  burrow;  in  a  more  general 
sense,  to  lodge  in  any  deep  or  concealed  place ; 
hide. 

The  human  vermin  which  .  .  .  tmrrmr  among  all  phys- 
ical and  among  all  moral  pollution. 

Mnratilaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  x. 

II.  traiix.  To  perforate  with  a  burrow  or  as 
with  burrows. 

All  the  loose  blocks  of  coral  on  Keeling  atoll  were  bur- 
rotrtd  by  vermiform  animals.  Darwin,  Coral  Keefs,  p.  164. 

burrowst  (bur'6),  n.    A  variant  of  borrotr1. 

burrow-duck  (bur'6-duk),  H.  A  name  of  the 
bergander  or  sheldrake,  Tadorna  ruljtanaer  or 
T.  corn  uta. 

bUTTOWer  (bur'o-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  burrows.  Specifically — 2.  One  of  the 
fossorial  aculeate  Hymenoptera ;  one  of  the 
Fossoref  (which  see). 

burr-pump,  n.    See  bur-pump. 

burry  (ber'i),  n.  [<  bur1,  burr1,  +  -y1.}  Full  of 
burs ;  resembling  burs :  as,  burry  wool. 

bursa  (ber'sii),  ». ;  pi.  burxte  (-se).  [ML.,  a 
pouch,  purse:  see  burse,  bourne,  purw.}  In 
tnidt.  and  :oi>l.,  a  pouch,  sac,  or  vesicle:  vari- 
ously applied  with  a  qualifying  term.—  Bnrsa 
choroidea,  the  chomid  |mueh  :  the  marsupium  or  pecten 
in  the  interior  of  a  bird's  eyeball.  See  marmifnum.- 
Bursa  copulatrix,a  copiilatorypouch,  as  in  arthropods. 
—  Bursa  Krit.iann[  in  irhtti.,  the  Entian  pouch,  a  duo- 
denal ]M,rtioh  of  the  intestine,  succeeding  the  pylortu, 
usually  dilateil.  -  Bursa  Fabrtcil,  in  ••rnith.,  the  Kabri- 
cfan  pouch  or  anal  gland  ;  a  peculiar  glandular  sac,  w  hieli 
opens  into  the  anterior  and  dorsal  region  of  the  cloaca 
in  birds.— Bursa  genltalis,  in  cchinodcrms,  a  genital 
IMIIU-II,  into  which  the  generative  products  pass,  and 
thenee  to  the  exterior,  as  in  the  ojihilirians.  —  BUTSA  mU- 

cosa<>r  synovlalls  (mucous  or  synovial  pouch),  a  closed 
sac  containing  a  small  amount  of  synovia,  placed  be- 
tween parts  moving  on  one  another,  to  facilitate  motion, 
as  between  a  tendon  and  a  bone  or  lietween  the  skin  and 
a  bony  prominence.  These  burse  are  usually  lined  with 
emlotlielinm.  sometimes  not.  They  sometimes  communi- 
cate with  the  cavity  of  a  Joint.  The  name  Is  not  now, 
as  formerly,  extended  to  the  synovial  sheaths  of  tendons 
nor  to  the  synovial  cavities  of  joints.  See  cut  under  Awi/. 
Bursa  omentalis,  the  cavity  of  the  leuer  umentum. 


bursal 


730 


Belonging 


bursal  (ber' sal),  a.    [<  bursa  +  -al.]    Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  bursa  or  bursts.  ,.^,^. , 

bursalis  (ber-sa'lis),  n.;    pi.   bursales  (-lez).  burseraceous  (ber-se-ra'shius),  a. 
[NL.,  <  ML.  bursa:  see  bursa.']    A  muscle  of     to  tnp  natural  order "Burseraccce. 
the  eyeball  of  birds  and  many  other  Saurop-  bursiculate  (ber-sik'u-lat),  a.     [<  NL.  bursicu- 
sida,  serving  to  operate  the  nictitating  mem-     i(,t,,s  <  *bursicula.,  diin.  of  ML.  bursa,  a  purse, 

brane  or  third  eyelid,  usually  in  connection  -- 1     ••     TJ.,_J* 

with  another  muscle  called  the  pyramidalis.    In 
birds  this  muscle  is  also  called  the  quadrate  or 


Burwell's  operation 
burstennesst,  burstnesst  (bers'tn-,  berst'nes), 


miphora  is  the  source  of  myrrh,  balm  of  Gilead,  ami  other  burstennesst,  bUTStnCSSt  (bers  tn-,  Derst  nes), 
resins.     Different  kinds  of  gum  elenil  are  obtained  from     „_    [-<  bursten,  btir.it,  pp.,  +  -ness.]    1.  A  broken 
speck's^of  CajuiriMw^BiM-sera,  aiid^Prottum.^^^^^^    Qr  fogged  condition;  brokenness;  in  the  ex- 
tract, a  mass  of  bruises. 


quadratus. 

bursalogy  (ber-sal'o-ji),  n.   [<  ML.  (NL.)  bursa 
+  Gr.  -J.oyia,  <  /ley'™,  speak :  see  -ology.]     In 


pouch:  see  burse,  purse.]  1.  Bursiform. — 2. 
In  bot.,  resembling  a  small  pouch,  or  having  a 
small  pouch-like  cavity. 

bursiform  (ber'si-fdrm),  a.  [<  ML.  bursa,  purse, 
+  L.  forma,  shape :  see  purse  and  form,  n.] 
Pouch-like;  saccate;  saecular;  vesicular. 


iinat.  and  zodl.,  the  study  of,  or  what  is  known  bursitis  (ber-si'tis),  n.     [NL.,  <  bursa  +  -itis.] 

regarding,  the  bursaa.  In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  a  bursa. 

bursar  (ber'sar),  n.      [<  ML.  bursarius  (>  F.  Burslem  porcelain,  pottery.     See  porcelain 
boursier},   a  treasurer,  <  bursa,  a  burse :  see 


H'  as  beat  me 
E'en  to  a  cullis  :  I  am  nothing,  right  worshipful, 
But  very  pap  and  jelly ;  I  have  no  bones, 
My  body  's  all  one  burstness. 

Fletcher  (and  another?),  Nice  Valour,  iii.  1. 

2.  Rupture;  hernia. 
burster  (bers'ter),  n.    One  who  bursts ;  one  who 

breaks  in  pieces.     Cotarave. 
bursting  (bers'ting),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  burst,  v.] 

Breaking  forth ;  ready  to  burst  or  expand. 

Young  spring  protrudes  the  bursting  gems.     Thornton. 
bursting-charge  (bers'ting-charj),  n.     1.  In 

mining,  a  small  charge  of  fine  powder,  placed 


vuumtvf  j,    ii   H  ^».<,»,  ~.  ^ —       poiiery.  mining,  a  small  cuaige  01  iiiie  puwuei,  piaucu 

burse.]     1.  A  student  in  a  college  who  receives  burst  (berst),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  burst,  ppr.  burst-    in  contact  with  a  charge  of  coarse  powder  to 

.    ,,11,.,,       ......   f^in-m    n     fttnfl    fr\t*    nifi   fill  nfllSTPTl  ftP.          •  .  -.          rTi       JI  — 1       ,        *     /....,../      Tivao-f      hv*fiot-     f    A/Th;  •  f\     _    _> *j»__      -  .C    J.T i_ii..,_.  O       T-n      ...-./ 


an  allowance  from  a  fund  for  his  subsistence, 
called  a  burse  or  bursary.  The  word  was  formerly  in 
general  use,  and  is  still  used  in  Scotch  colleges;  but  in 
Cambridge  such  scholars  are  now  called  sizars,  in  Oxford 

2.  The  purser,  treasurer,  or  bailiff  of  a  college 
or  other  community. 

Bursaria  (ber-sa'ri-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  ML.  bursa, 
a  pouch.]  A  genus  of  ciliate  infusprians,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Bursariidai,  to  which  very  dif- 
ferent limits  have  been  given.  («)  By  the  old 
writers  numerous  dissimilar  forms  were  combined  in  it. 
(6)  By  recent  writers  it  is  restricted  to  the  B.  trunea- 
te.Ua  and  closely  allied  species  inhabiting  fresh  water. 

Bursariidae  (ber-sa-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bur- 
saria +  -idai.]  A"  family  of  ciliate  heterotri- 
chous  animalcules,  typified  by  the  genus  Bursa- 
ria. The  oral  cilia  form  a  simple  straight  or  oblique  adoral 
fringe.  The  animalcules  are  free-swimming,  persistent  in 
shape,  and  more  or  less  oval,  but  often  flattened.  Most  of 
the  species  occur  in  the  intestines  of  myriapods  and  worms. 

bursarship  (ber'sar-ship),  «.  [<  bursar  +  -ship.] 
1.  The  office  of  a"  bursar. —  2.  A  bursary. 

bursary  (ber'sa-ri),  n. ;  pi.  bursaries  (-riz).  [< 
ML.  bursaria,  "office  of  a  bursar :  see  bursar.] 

1.  The  treasury  of  a  college  or  monastery. — 

2.  In  the  universities  and  colleges  of  Scot- 
land, a  grant  of  money  for  a  short  period  of 
years,  obtained  by  a  student,  usually  by  com- 
petitive examination,  to  enable  him  to  prose- 
cute his  studies. 

bursch  (bursh),  n. ;  pi.  bursclien  (bur'shen). 
[G.,  <  MHG.  burse,  a  society,  esp.  of  students, 
prop,  a  (common)  purse  (>  G.  btirse,  a  purse),  < 
ML.  bursa,  a  purse :  see  burse  and  purse.]  In 
Germany,  a  boy  or  lad ;  specifically,  a  student 
at  a  university,  especially  a  corps-student. 

burse  (bers),  n.  [<  F.  bourse,  a  purse,  bursary, 
exchange,  stock  exchange  (see  bourse),  <  ML. 
bursa,  a  purse,  a  bag,  a  skin,  <  Gr.  ftv/xja,  a  hide, 
skin :  see  purse,  which  is  a  doublet  of  burse.] 
1.  A  bag  ;  a  pouch;  a  purse.  Specifically— (o)  A 
bag  used  to  cover  a  crown.  (b)  Eccle*.,  a  receptacle 
for  the  corporal  and  chalice-cover.  It  is  square  and  flat, 
made  of  cardboard  covered  with  rich  silk  or  cloth  of  gold, 
embroidered  and  studded  with  jewels,  open  on  one  side 
only,  and  placed  over  the  chalice-veil  when  the  sacred 
vessels  are  carried  to  the  altar  by  the  celebrant. 
2f.  Anything  resembling  a  purse ;  a  vesicle ;  a 
pod.  Holland. —  3f.  Abourse;  an  exchange:  as, 
''merchants'  burses,"  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To 
the  Keader. 

Come  then,  my  soul,  approach  this  royal  burse, 
And  see  what  wares  our  great  exchange  retains. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  7. 

4.  A  bursary.  See  bursary,  2.  [Scotch.]— The 
burse,  the  Royal  Exchange  in  London,  built  by  Sir 
Thomas  Gresham  in  1566,  or  the  New  Exchange,  called 
Britain's  Burse,  and  afterward  Exeter  'Change,  built  in 
1609  by  the  Earl  of  Salisbury  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ex- 
eter Hall  in  the  Strand.  There  were  shops  over  the  ex- 
change, where  female  finery  was  sold.  Hence  the  allusion 
in  the  quotation. 

She  says  she  went  to  the  Burse  for  patterns. 

Middleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  vi. 

She  has  been  at  Britain's  burse  a  buying  pins  and  nee- 


insure  the  ignition  of  the  latter. — 2.  In  ord- 
nance, the  charge  of  powder  required  for  burst- 
ing a  shell  or  case-shot. 


ing.     [E.  dial,  also  brust,  brest,  brasi;  <  ME. 
bersten,  bresten,  bristen  (pret.  burst,  berst,  brasi, 

pi.  bursten,  pp.  bursten,  borsten,  brosten),  <  AS.  _  _ 

berstan  for  *brestan  (pret.  bairst,  pi.  burston,  pp.  burstlet,  »•     An  obsolete  variant  of  bristle, 
borsten)  =  OS.  brestan  =  OFries.  bersta  =  D.  burstnesst,  n.     See  burstenness. 
bersten  =  MLG.  bersten,  barsten,  borsten.  Ltr.  burstone  (ber'ston) 
barsten  =  OHG.  brestan,  MHG.  bresten,  G.  ber-    bHl,rstone  and  burrht 
sten  =  Icel.  bresta  =  Sw.  brista  =  Dan.  briste, 
all  orig.  intrans.,  burst,  break  asunder;  prob. 
allied  to  AS.  breean,  E.  break,  etc.     Cf.  Ir.  bri- 
sim,  I  break,  Gael.  bris,  brisd,  break:  see  bruise. 
The  spelling  with  u  instead  of  e  is  partly  due  to 
the  pret.  and  pp.  forms.]     I.  intrans.  I.  To  fly 
or  break  open  as  an  effect  of  internal  forces  and 
with  sudden  violence ;  suffer  a  violent  disrup- 
tion; explode. 

And  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  90. 
A  delicate  spark 


Of  glowing  and  growing  light  .  . 
Ready  to  burst  in  a  colour'd  flame. 


sion;,  ».  [Also  written  irreg. 
burrhstone;  <  burl  +  stone.]  1. 
A  rough,  unhewn  stone.  [Prov.  Eng.] —  2.  A 
name  given  to  certain  silicious  or  siliciocalca- 
reous  stones,  whose  dressed  surfaces  present  a 
bur  or  keen-cutting  texture,  which  makes  them 
the  best  kind  of  millstones.  The  most  esteemed  va- 
rieties are  obtained  from  the  upper  fresh-water  beds  of  the 
Paris  basin  and  from  the  Eocene  strata  of  South  America. 
The  French  burstones  are  of  a  whitish  or  cream  color. 
Also  called  bur  and  bur-millstone. 
burstwort  (berst'wert),  n.  [<  burst,  n.,  3,  + 
wort.]  The  Herniaria  glabra,  a  low  weed  of  Eu- 
rope, natural  order  Illeeebracea,  formerly  used 
in  the  treatment  of  hernia.  Also  called  rupture- 
wort. 


Tennyson,  Maud,  vi.  3.  burt1  (bert),  ».     Same  as  bret. 
Hence— 2.  Figuratively,  to  break  or  give  way  burt2  (bert),  v.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  burten,  butt.] 
from  violent  pain  or  emotion :  as,  my  head  will    j_  trans.  If.  To  butt  or  thrust  with  the  horns. 


burst;  her  heart  6«r*(  with  gi'ief. 
So  they  bryng  the  bolde  kyng  bynne  the  schippe  burde, 
That  nere  he  bristez  for  bale,  one  bede  whare  he  lyggez. 
Marie.  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  805. 
No,  no ;  my  heart  will  burst,  an  if  I  speak : 
And  I  will  speak,  that  so  my  heart  may  burst. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  5. 

3.  To  come  or  go  suddenly;  rush:  as,  the  en- 
emy in  an  instant  burst  upon  us. 

We  were  the  first  that  ever  burst 

Into  that  silent  sea. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  ii. 

And  every  bird  of  Eden  burst 
In  carol,  every  bud  to  flower. 


— 2.  To  press  or  indent.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

H.t  intrans.  To  butt ;  thrust  with  the  horns. 

Burton,  as  hornyd  bestys,  cornupeto,  arieto. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  56. 

Burt  lyke  a  ramme,  arieto.  Huloet. 

burtert,  n.  [ME.  burter,  burtare;  <  burfi  +  -er1.] 
A  butter ;  an  animal  that  butts,  or  thrusts  with 
its  horns. 

Burtare  [var.  burter],  beste,  cornupeta. 

Prompt.  Pan.,  p.  56. 

Older  form  of 


burthen1  (ber'THn),  n.  and  v. 

burden^. 

"Tennyson,  Day-Dream,  I/Envoi,  burthen2  (ber'THn),  n.  Older  form  of  burden^. 
To  burst  in.  to  force  a  way  violently  from  without  au  in-  burthen3  (ber'THn),  n.  An  erroneous  form  of 
closed  place  into  it.— To  burst  out,  to  force  a  way  vio-  burden^  by  confusion  with  burden1  and  burden2. 
lently  from  within  outward.  ^  ^  ^^  rf  ^  me]Ty 

He  made  hym  to  falle  on  knees  and  handes  to  the  erthe,  pope  jmjt  of  Horace,  II.  i.  80. 

that  the  blode  braste  o[ute  of  his  h]ede. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  s.),  iii.  389.  burthenoust,  burthensome,  etc.    See  burden- 
ous,  etc. 

bur-thistle  (ber'this'l),  n.  [Also  called  burry- 
thistle;  <  burl  OT  burry  +  thistle.]  The  spear- 
thistle,  Carduus  lanceolatus :  so  called  from  its 
prickly  involucre.  See  thistle.  [ScotchJ 


For  had  the  passions  of  thy  heart  burst  out, 
I  fear,  we  should  have  seen  decipher'd  there 
More  rancorous  spite.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

To  burst  up,  to  explode ;  hence,  to  fail ;  become  bank- 
rupt.   [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 
Then  you  think  .  .  .  that  if  Lammle  got  time  he  wouldn't 

II.   trans.  1.  To  rend  by  force  or  violence 


tMe, 


-tre).] 


tl),  n.    [E.  dial.,  <  MUi.  tnr- 
A  sweeting  apple.    [North. 


dies. 

burseholdert,  n.    Same  as  borsholder. 

Of  which  tenn  ech  one  was  bounde  for  another,  and  the 
eldest  or  best  of  them,  whom  they  called  the  Tithingman 
or  Burtteholder,  that  is,  the  eldest  pledge,  became  suretye 
for  all  the  rest.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Bursera  (ber'se-ra),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  Jo- 
achim Burser,  a  German  botanist  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  or- 
der Burseracew,  small  trees  or  shrubs  of  Mexico 
and  tropical  America.  There  are  over  40  species, 
with  soft,  brittle  wood,  yielding  a  fragrant  resin  which  is 
used  for  varnish,  incense,  etc. 

Burseraceae  (ber-se-ra'se-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bur- 
sera  +  -acece.  ]  A  natural  order  of  polypetalpus 
exogens,  shrubs  or  trees  of  warm  countries, 
with  compound  dotted  leaves.  Very  many  abound 
in  fragrant  balsams  or  resins  which  have  from  early  times 
been  employed  in  medicine,  fumigation,  ami  perfumery. 
Speciesof  Boswellia  yield  olibanum  or  frankincense.  Con- 


(that  which  confines  or  retains) ;  open  sudden-  v-j-lli  (ber'- 
ly  and  violently ;  cause  to  explode :  as,  to  burst  ^)  n  [Origin 
one's  bonds ;  to  burst  a  cannon.  ™i™™UJ ..  JL. 

He  fasten'd  on  my  neck,  and  bellow'd  out 
As  he'd  burst  heaven.  Shak.,  Lear,  v.  8. 

The  well-trained  apricot  its  bonds  had  burst. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  176. 

2f.  To  break,  in  general. 
You  will  not  pay  for  the  glasses  you  have  bunt  f 

Shak.,  1.  of  the  S.,  Ind.,  i. 

=  SyH.  (w.  i.  and  (.)  1.  To  split,  separate,  rend,  tear. 


Qlapthorne,  Wit  in  Constab.  burst  (b6rst),  n.     [<  burst,  v.]     1.    A  sudden 


disruption;  a  violent  rending. —  2.  A  sudden 
explosion  or  shooting  forth ;  a  rush ;  an  out- 
burst :  as,  a  burst  of  applause ;  a  burst  of  pas- 
sion; "  burst  of  thunder,"  Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1651. 

Bursts  of  fox-hunting  melody.  Irving. 

3f.  A  rupture;  a  hernia. — 4.  A  smart  race  ;  a 
spurt. 

There  are  foxes  that  run  so  uncommonly  short  that  you 
can  never  get  a  burst  after  them.  Trollops. 

5.  A  sudden  opening  to  sight  or  view.    [Rare.] 

Here  is  a  fine  burst  of  country. 

Jane  Austen,  Mansfield  Park,  viii. 

6.  A  spree. 


unknown ;  per- 
haps from  a 
proper  name. 
Cf.  aburton.] 
Naut.,  a  tackle 
used  for  various 
purposes —  sin- 
gle burton,  a  tack- 
le rove  with  two 
single  blocks,  and 
largely  used  on 
merchant  ships  for 
loading  and  dis- 
charging cargo. — 
Spanish  burton, 
double  Spanish 
burton,  a  tackle 
rove  with  one  dou- 
ble and  one  or  two 
single  blocks. —Top 
burton,  a  long 

tackle  formed  of  a  double  and  a  single  block,  the  upper 
block  being  hooked  at  the  topmast-head.  It  is  used  for 
sending  up  or  down  yards  or  sails,  setting  up  rigging,  etc. 

Burton  skate.    See  skate. 
bur-treCj  ».     Same  as  bour-tree. 

tied),  n.     [<  bur1  +  weed1.]    A 
to  plants  of  the  genus  Xan  thium  : 
also  applied  to  the  bedstraw,  Galimn  Aparine, 
He  was  born  bursttn  ;  and  yonr  worship  knows  .„  TV;,,,,,A>*^.       <Sao  KurJuirk 

That  is  a  pretty  step  to  men's  compassion.  »nd  m  Jamaica  to  Tl  mnifetta.     bee  bur-bark. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady.   BuTWell  S  operation.     See  operation. 


i.  Single  Burton.    2.  Double  Spanish  Burton. 
3.  Top  Burton. 


bury 

bury1  (ber'i),  n.  [A  form  equiv.  to  borough1, 
due  to  tho  gen.  and  ilat.  form  liyrigut  the  orig. 
A8.  burh,  a  fortified  place,  town,  boroiujli :  M •>• 
borottghl,  frurroic1.]  A  castle,  manor-house,  or 
habitation ;  a  borough.  The  word  appears  In  many 
imim-s  ..f  plaivs,  :i^  in  i  ':inli -rhu,  n  (  \S.  -in.  .-mil  ilat.  Cant- 
warn-/*// »•/</,  num.  -httrh),  SI  nv  »>/<"/  -/.  \Mrri  nan/- "/•'/,  /.'"/  •/ 
St.  Edmunds,  etc. 

To  thin  very  day  the  chief  house  of  a  manor,  or  the  loril'.s 
seat,  is  calU-il  /"//•//  in  .some  parti*  of  England.  Mieyr. 

bury-  (ber'i),  ».  [Another  form  of  burrow'2, 
orig.  barrowi.  Cf.  equiv.  berry?.]  If.  A  bur- 
row. 

It  in  liia  nature  to  dig  himself  burie*,  as  the  coney  doth. 

It.  Orew. 

2.  A  camp  or  heap  of  turnips  or  the  like,  stored 
up. 

bury3  (ber'i),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  buried,  ppr. 
burying.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bery  (the  form  to 
which  the  mod.  pron.  belongs),  <  ME.  beryen, 
berien,  biryen,  birien,  buryen,  burien,  byrien,  <  AS. 
byrgan,  var.  byrigan,  birgan,  birigan,  weak  verb, 
bury,  inter  (a  dead  body)  (=  Icel.  byrgja,  close, 
shut,  hide,  veil),  appar.  orig.  save  or  keep  by 
covering  or  hiding,  <  beorgan  (pret.  bearh,  pi. 
burgon,  pp.  borgen),  also  ge-beorgan,  save,  pro- 
tect, shelter,  defend,  keep,  preserve,  early  ME. 
bergen  =  OS.gi-bergan  =  D.  bergen  =  MLU.  ber- 
gen, bargen,  LG.  bargen  =  OHG.  bergan,  MHG. 
G.  bergen  =  Icel.  bjarga  =  Sw.  berga  =  Dan. 
bjerge  =  Goth,  bairgan,  ga-bairgan,  keep,  save: 
not  known  outside  of  Teut.  Hence  ult.  bor- 
row^, and  (prob.)  borough^  =  burrow1  =  buryl, 
etc.]  1.  To  deposit  and  inclose  in  a  grave  or 
tomb,  as  a  dead  body ;  consign  to  any  final  rest- 
ing-place after  or  as  after  death ;  entomb. 

I  hadde  leuer  she  hadde  be  biried  all  quyk  than  this 
hadde  hlr  be-fallen.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Hi.  468. 

Lord,  sutler  uie  first  to  go  aud  bury  my  father. 

Mat.  vlli.  21. 
Ill  bury  thee  in  a  triumphant  grave. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  3. 

2.  To  cover  or  conceal  from  sight;  sink  or 
lodge  in  or  under  anything:  as,  to  bury  trea- 
sures in  the  earth  or  under  rubbish ;  he  buried 
the  dagger  in  his  enemy's  heart. 

In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean  buried. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  1.  1. 

All  their  confidence 
Under  the  weight  of  mountains  buried  deep. 

MUtim,  P.  L.,  vi.  652. 

Hence — S.  To  cover  up;  keep  secret;  hide; 
conceal. 

I  have  (as  when  the  sun  doth  light  a  storm) 
Buried  this  sigh  in  wrinkle  of  a  smile. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  1.1. 

He  was  glad  when  he  could  fall  on  his  knees  at  last  and 
Ian  ii  his  face  In  the  pillow  of  the  sufferer. 

Bret  Harte,  Shore  and  Sedge,  p.  49. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement :  as, 
to  bury  one's  self  in  a  monastery  or  in  solitude. 

I  will  bury  myself  In  myself,  and  the  Devil  may  pipe  to 
his  own.  Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  19. 

5.  To  hide  in  oblivion;  put  away  finally  from 
one's  thoughts :  as,  to  bury  an  injury. 

Give  me  a  bowl  of  wine  :  — 
In  this  I  bury  all  unkiudness,  Cassius. 

Shak.,  3.  C.,  Iv.  3. 

To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  lay  aside  the  Instruments  of 
war,  forget  injuries,  and  make  peace  :  a  phrase  borrowed 
from  the  practice  of  the  American  Indians  of  burying  a 
tomahawk  when  a  peace  Is  concluded. 

bury4  (ber'i),  n.  [A  corruption  of  F.  beurre',  a 
kind  of  pear,  lit.  'buttered,  pp.  of  beurrer,  but- 
ter, <  beurre  =  E.  butter.  Also  barrel,  q.  v.]  A 
delicate  pear  of  sev- 
eral varieties. 

bury5  (ber'i),  ».  Soft 
shale  or  clay;  flucau. 
[Ireland.] 

buryelt, ».  See  burial. 

burying  (ber'i -ing), 
n.  [<  ME.  liin-i/iiii/i. 
berying,  etc. ;  verbal 
n.  of  bury3,  v.]  Bu- 
rial ;  sepulture.  John 
xii.  7. 

burying-beetle  (ber'- 
i-ing-be*tl),  n.  The 
common  name  of  bee- 
tles of  the  family  .-v/- 
phidce  and  genus  Ne- 
crophorux.  So  called 
from  thrir  habit  of  luirv- 
ing  the  i-un-iifws  of  sunill 
:tnim;iK  :is  mir«  m<ilr>. 
or  shrews,  in  which  they 

hnvi-        delM.siled         their          Harying-beetlc   i. 

eggs,  amtricanrs}.  natural  size. 


731 


burying-ground  (ber'i  -ing  -jocund).  ».  A 
graveyard  ;  a  place  appropriated  to  the  sepul- 
t  in  c  of  the  dead  ;  a  churchyard  or  cemetery. 

burying-place  (ber'i-ing-plas),  n.    Same  as  bti- 


bus,  buss3  (bus),  ».  [An  abbr.  of  omnibus;  cf. 
cab,  raw3.]  An  omnibus,  or  public  street-car- 
riage. [Colloq.] 

I'm  a  conductor  now,  but  wouldn't  IK-  longliehind  a  but 
if  it  wasn't  from  necessity.  Mayheir. 

He  proposed  that  they  should  go,  per  buu,  a  little  way 
into  the  country.  Itickeiix. 

busby  (buz'bi),  w.      [Appar.   after  a  proper 
name.]     A  military  head-dress  worn  by  hus- 
sars,  artillerymen,   and   engi- 
neers in  the  British  army,  con- 
sisting of  a  fur  hat  with  a  bag, 
of  the  same  color  as  the  facings 
of  the  regiment,  hanging  from 
the  top  over  the  right  side. 
The  bag  appears  to  be  a  relic  of  a 
Hungarian  head-dress  from  which  a 
long  padded  bag  hung,  and  was  at- 
tached to  the  right  shoulder  as  a  de- 
fense against  sword-cute. 
buscon  (bus'kon),  n. ;   pi.  bus- 
cones  (bus-ko'nez).      [<   Sp. 
buscon,  a  searcher,  <  buscar, 
OSp.  boscar,  seek  (=  Pg.  bus- 
car  =  It.  buscare,  search  for,  Busby. 
=  F.  busquer  (Cotgrave),  seek, 
shift,  filch),  prob.  <  OSp.  bosco,  bush,  thicket 
(Sp.  basque),  and  thus  lit.  go  through  a  thicket, 
beat  the  bush,  as  in  hunting:  see  bush1.]     A 
miner  who  takes  work  as  tribute,  or  who  re- 
ceives as  his  pay  a  certainproportion  of  the  ore 
obtained;  a  tributer.     [Western  U.  S.] 
bush1  (bush),  n.    [<  ME.  bussh,  busch,  bosch,  as- 
sibilated  form  of  busk,  bosk  (also  in  use),  a  bush, 
a  thicket,  =  D.  bosch,  a  wood,  a  forest,  =  MLG. 
busch,  busk,  LG.  busk,  <  OHG.  busc,  MHG.  G. 
busch,  a  thicket,  copse,  bush,  =  Icel.  buskr, 
buski  (Haldorsen)  =  Sw.  buske  =  Dan.  /»«.-•/.•.  a 
bush,  a  shrub.     Hence  (from  OHG.)  ML.  bus- 
cus,  boscus,  >  OF.  bos,  F.  bois  (see  bois)  =  Pr. 
hose  =  OSp.  bosco,  Sp.  Pg.  bosque  =  It.  bosco, 
a  wood,  thicket,  bush.    See  busk?,  busk3,  bus- 
con,  boscage,  bosket,  bouquet,  ambush,  ambuscade, 
etc.]    If.  A  thicket ;  a  clump  of  shrubs  or  trees. 
Ther  as  by  aventure  this  Palamoun 
Was  in  a  buiche,  that  no  man  inighte  him  see, 
For  sore  afered  of  his  deth  was  lie. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  659. 

2.  A  shrub  with  branches ;  a  thick  shrub ;  tech- 
nically, a  low  and  much-branched  shrub. 

The  Mount  of  Synayis  clept  the  Desert  of  Syne,  that  is  for 

to  seyne,  Bwaxhe  brennynge.    Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  58. 

Each  common  biuh  shall  Syrian  roses  wear.        Dryden. 

3.  A  stretch  of  forest  or  of  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion; a  district  covered  with  brushwood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  etc. ;  a  wide  uncultivated  tract 
of  country  covered  with  scrub:   as,  the   bush 
was  here  very  dense ;  to  take  to  the  bush  (to 
become  a  fciw/i-ranger) :   so  used  especially  in 
the  British  colonies  of  Australasia. 

Our  first  mile  lay  through  the  most  exquisite  tract  of 

>><'.<><  it  has  ever  been  my  good  fortune  to  behold  in  any 

land ;  groups  of  tall  red  or  black  pine  .  .  .  mingled  with 

fine  trees  of  various  sorts,  matted  by  luxuriant  creepers. 

The  Century^  XXVII.  923. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree  fixed  or  hung  out  as  a 
tavern  sign.     See  ale-stake  and  ale-garland. 

Good  wine  needs  no  buth.  Old  proverb. 

Wicker  bottles  dangling  over  even  the  chlefe  entrance 
into  the  palace,  serving  for  a  vintner's  bush. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  22,  1844. 

Outward  figures  which  hang  as  signs  or  bunhe*  of  their 
inward  forms.  Sir  T.  Broume,  Religlo  Medici,  ii.  2. 

Hence — 6t.  The  tavern  itself. 

Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at  the  buth. 

Beau,  and  Ft. 

6.  The  tail  or  brush  of  a  fox — To  beat  about 
the  bush.    See  beati.— To  go  by  beggar's  bush.   See 
bewiar.  =  Syn.  Shrub,  Herb,  etc.    See  vegetable,  n. 
bush1  (bush),  c.     [<  frits*1,  ».]     I.  intrans.  To 
grow  thick  or  bushy;  serve  or  show  as  a  bush. 
The  buihing  alders  formed  a  shady  scene. 

f'<>l>e,  Odyssey. 

II.  tratw.  1.  To  set  bushes  about;  support 
with  bushes  or  branched  sticks:  as,  to  bush 
peas. — 2.  To  use  a  bush-harrow  on:  as,  to  bush 
a  piece  of  wood. — 3.  To  cover  (seeds)  by  us- 
ing a  bush-harrow :  as,  to  //».-//  in  seeds. 
bush2  (bush),  ».  [<  D.  bits  =  G.  busche  =  E. 
box2,  a  box ;  all  used  also  in  the  sense  of  /<«.</( '-'.] 
1 .  A  lining  of  harder  material  let  into  an  ori- 
fice to  guard  against  wearing  by  friction ;  the 
perforated  box  or  tube  of  metal  fitted  into  cer- 
tain parts  of  machinery,  as  the  pivot-holes  of 
a  clock,  the  center  of  a  cart-wheel,  etc.,  to  re- 


bushel 

ceive  the  wear  of  pivots,  journals,  and  the  like. 
MM.  cnlli-d  buxliiny. —  2.  A  tailors'  thimble. 
Al-.i  .-nil.-.!  buxhrl.  '  [f.  S.] 
bush2  (bush),  r.  t.  [<  bush*,  ».]  To  furnish 
with  a  bush;  line  (an  orifice,  as  one  in  which 
a  pivot  or  axle  works)  with  metal  to  prevent 
abrasion  or  to  reduce  the  diameter. 

A  gun  chamber  Is  buthed,  in  order  that  It  may  receive  a 
shell  of  umaller  exterior  diameter  than  In-fore. 

fare*  and  Stream,  XXIII.  445. 

bush-babbler  (bush'bab'ler),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plied by  writers  on  Indian  and  African  bird* 
to  species  of  the  genera  Jiradypterux,  Cratero- 
pus,  and  other  short-winged  and  slender-billed 
oscine  I'asteres,  more  or  less  related  to  the 
old-world  warblers,  or  Sylriida;. 

bush-bean  (biish'ben'),  n.  An  American  name 
for  beans  that  do  not  climb,  or  dwarf  beans ;  the 
usual  form  of  string-beans  and  wax-beans. 

bush-block  (bush'blok),  n.    A  block  carrying 

:i   luishiug. 

bushbok  (bush'bok),  n.     Same  as  bushbuck. 

bushbuck  (bush'buk),  n.  [<  bushl  +  fruci-1,  af- 
ter I),  boschbok.]  The  name  given  to  several 
species  of  the  genus  Tragelajthus,  especially 
to  T.  itylvaticus,  an  antelope  of  Caffraria  and 
Cape  Colony,  4  feet  long  and  2|  feet  high,  with 
triangular  subspiral  horns.  The  male.li  dark 
sepia-brown  and  the  female  reddish-brown  aliove ;  both 
are  white  below.  Also  called  bujth-yoat. — White-backed 
bushbuck,  the  name  given  to  the  Cejthatuphtut  nylrirul- 
trix,  a  white-backed  antelope  of  western  Africa,  5  feet 
long  and  3  feet  high,  with  black,  shining,  pointed,  nearly 
straight  horns,  short,  slender  llmlx,  and  sleek,  gloasy, 
deep-brown  hair. 

bushcat  (bush'kat),  n.     Same  as  serval. 

bushchat  (bush'chat),  n.  Macgillivray's  name 
for  the  birds  of  his  genus  Fruticicola,  as  the 
whin-bushchat  (the  whinchat,  Saxicola  or  Pra- 
tincola  rubetra,  of  authors  in  general)  and  the 
black-headed  bushchat  (the  stonechat,  S.  or 
P.  rubicola). 

bush-chirper  (bush'cher'per),  »i.  A  book-name 
of  African  birds  of  the  genus  Eremomela,  as  K. 
flarirentris,  the  yellow-bellied  bush-chirper. 

bush-creeper  (bush'kre'per),  H.  A  book-name 
of  sundry  African  sylviine  birds  of  the  genus 
Tliamnobia,  as  T.  coryphcea,  the  coryph6e  bush- 
creeper. 

bush-dog  (bush'dog),  n.  1.  A  canine  quadru- 
ped of  South  America,  the  Icticyon  venaticux, 
or  hunting-dog.  See  Icticyon. —  2.  A  name  of 
the  lemuroid  potto,  Perodicticus  jiotto. 

bushed  (busht),  «.  [<  bughi  +  -«<P.]  Lost  in 
the  bush. 

If  you  know  your  way,  well  and  good  ;  but  If  you  once 
get  wrong,  Lord  help  you  !  you're  buttied,  as  sure  as  you're 
alive.  .VafuiMau't  Mail. 

bushel1  (bush'el),  ».  [<  ME.  busshel,  bugchel, 
buischel,  etc.  (=Icel.  bussel),(  OF.  bussel,  boissel, 
F.  boisseau,  <  ML.  bussellus,  a  bushel,  <  bussuhi, 
a  little  box,  a  dim.  formed  from  "bussida  for  l»u- 
iiln,  prop.  ace.  of  buxis,  also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box : 
see  boisfl,  box?,  and  cf.  buss2,  boss3.]  1.  A  dry 
measure,  containing  8  gallons  or  4  pecks.  The 
imperial  bushel  legally  established  in  Great  Britain  in 
182*1  has  a  capacity  of  2,218. 192  cubic  inches,  and  holds  80 
pounds  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  at  the  temi>erature 
of  62*  F.  with  the  barometer  at  SO  inches.  Previous  to 
this  the  Winchester  bushel  had  been  the  standard  mea- 
sure from  Anglo-Saxon  times :  its  capacity  was  2,150.42 
cubic  inches.  The  measures  of  capacity  of  the  1'nited 
states  are  founded  on  the  Winchester  bushel,  the  Im- 
perial system  having  lieen  created  since  the  separation  of 
the  two  countries.  The  inline  Winchester  bufhel  Is  de- 
rived from  the  fact  that  the  ancient  standard  bushel-mea- 
sure of  England  was  preserved  in  the  town-hall  of  Win- 
chester. N  mm- rou«  bushels  were  in  nse  in  England  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  the  ImjieriHl  system.  Thus,  by  a 
statute  of  Anne,  a  bushel  of  coals  is  to  contain  a  Winches- 
ter bushel  and  a  quart  of  water,  to  1>e  194  inches  in  diani* 
eter.  and  to  be  heaped  in  the  form  of  a  cone  6  inches  high. 
Various  equivalent  weights  of  different  commodities  had 
also  been  made  bushels  by  law.  Many  of  the  American 
States  have  established  equivalent  weights,  which  vary 
considerably  in  different  States.  Abbreviated  to  Int.,  tnuh. 

Of  a  Ltinden  biuchelle  he  shalle  bake 

xx  louys  [loaves],  I  vndurtake. 

Babeet  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  320. 

2.  A  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a  bushel. 

The  Grand  Signior  .  .  .  commonly  weareth  a  vest  of 
green,  and  the  greatest  Turbant  in  the  Empire  :  I  should 
not  speake  much  out  of  compasse,  should  I  say  as  large 
in  compasse  as  a  buiheU.  Sandyt,  Travels,  p.  4H. 

3.  An  indefinitely  large  quantity.     [Colloq.] 

The  worthies  of  antiquity  bought  the  rarest  pictures 
with  butheli  of  gold,  without  counting  the  weight  or  the 
number  of  the  piece*. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting. 

bushel2  (bush'el),  n.     [Dim.  of  bw>)&,  q.  v.] 

Same  as  bush*,  2.     [TJ.  S.] 
bushel2  (bush'el),  v.  t.  or  «.    [<  bushel*,  n.]    To 

mend,  as  a  man's  garment ;  repair  men's  gar- 
•  meuts. 


bushelage 

bushelage  (lmsh'oi-aj),  ».  [<  bushel*  +  -age.] 
A  duty  payable  on  commodities  by  the  bushel. 

bushel-barrel  (bush'el-bar"el),  n.  One  of  the 
halves  of  a  barrel  cut  in  two,  containing  about 
a  bushel  and  a  half :  used  for  measuring  oysters. 

busheler,  busheller  (bush'el-er),  ».  [<  bushel2 
+  -CT-l.]  A  tailor's  assistant,  whose  business 
is  to  repair  garments.  [U.  S.] 

bushelman  (bush '  el-man),  n.  ;  pi.  bushelmen 
(-men).  Same  as  busheler. 

bushelwoman  (bush'el-wum"an),  ». ;  pi.  bitsh- 
elwomen  (-wim"en).  [<  bushel^  +  woman.]  A 
woman  who  assists  a  tailor  in  repairing  gar- 
ments. [U.  S.] 

bushet  (bush'et),  n.  [<  bush1  +  dim.  -ct.  Cf.  bus- 
ket,  bosket,  and  bouquet.]  A  thicket;  a  copse; 
a  little  wood.  [Rare.] 

A  busliet  or  wood  on  a  hill,  not  far  from  the  wayside. 

Ray,  Remains,  p.  251. 

bush-fighting  (bush  'fi"  ting),  n.  A  mode  of 
fighting  in  which  the  combatants  scatter  and 
fire  from  behind  the  shelter  of  bushes  or  trees. 

I  don't  like  this  pitiful  ambuscade  work,  this  bush-fight- 
ing. Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  v.  3. 

bush-goat  (bush/got),  n.     Same  as  bushbuck. 

bush-hammer  (bush  '  ham  "  er),  n.  A  masons' 
hammer.  (ff)  A  heavy  hammer  used  for  breaking  and 
splitting  stones,  (b)  A  hammer  consisting  of  cutters  hav- 
ing rectangular  steel  plates,  whose  lower  edges  are  sharp- 
ened, and  which  are  placed  side  by  side  and  clamped  by 
the  central  part  of  the  hammer.  The  cutting  face  is  thus 
formed  of  parallel  V-edges,  whose  number  and  fineness  of 
cut  are  determined  by  the  number  of  plates.  It  is  used  in 
dressing  millstones,  (c)  A  hammer  of  the  same  general 
construction  as  the  preceding,  used  in  finishing  the  sur- 
face of  stonework,  (d)  A  masons'  finishing  hammer,  hav- 
ing a  rectangular  face  studded  with  pyramidal  steel 
points.  It  gives  the  finest  surface  of  all  stone-cutting 
tools. 

bush-harrow  (bush'har"o),  ».  An  implement 
consisting  of  a  frame  to  which  bushes  or  branches 
are  fastened,  used  for  harrowing  grass-lands 
and  covering  grass-  or  clover-seeds. 

bush-hook  (busb'huk),  n.  A  long-handled  bill- 
hook or  brush-cutter. 

bushiness  (bush'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
bushy,  thick,  orintermixed,  like  the  branches  of 
a  bush. 

bushing  (bush'ing),  «.  [<  bush?  +  -»«0l.]  1. 
Same  as  &nx/ia,  1. — 2.  A  hollow  cylindrical 
mass  of  steel  or  iron  screwed  into  the  rear  end 
of  the  bore  of  a  breech-loading  cannon.  It 
forms  the  seat  for  the  breech-block  or  screw. 

Also  called  bouching. 
Beveled  bushing.    See  beveled. 

bush-lark  (bush'lark),  n.  A  lark  of  the  genus 
Mirafra. 

bush-lawyer  (bush'la"yer),  n.  The  common 
name  in  New  Zealand  of  a  species  of  bramble  or 
blackberry,  Kubits  australis. 

bushman  (bush/man),  n. ;  pi.  bitshmen  (-men). 
[<  bush1  +  man  ;  in  second  sense  a  translation 
of  S.  African  D.  Bosjesman.]  1.  A  woodsman ; 
a  settler  in  a  new  country,  as  in  Australia. — 
2.  [cap.]  One  of  an  aboriginal  tribe  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  similar  but  inferior  to  the 
Hottentots :  so  named  by  the  Dutch  of  South 
Africa.  Also  called  Bosjesnian. 

bushmaster  (bush'mas"ter),  11.  The  Lachesis 
mutus,  a  large  venomous  serpent  of  tropical 
South  America,  of  the  family  ('rotaluUe.  Also 
called  sunicueu. 

bushmentt  (bush'ment),  n.  [<  ME.  buschement. 
bussement,  short  for  ambusliment,  <  OF.  em- 
buschement :  see  ambush,  ambiishment.  In  the 
sense  of  '  a  thicket,'  the  word  is  made  to  de- 
pend directly  on  bush1.]  1.  An  ambush  or 
ambuscade;  any  concealed  body  of  soldiers  or 
men. 

In  the  nether  end  of  the  hall,  a  bushment  of  the  Duke's 
servants  .  .  .  began  suddenly  at  men's  backs  to  cry  out, 
.  .  .  "King  Richard."  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  64. 

Environing  him  with  a  bushment  of  soldiers. 

Balding,  tr.  of  Justin,  fol.  6. 


Bush-tit  (Psaltrifarns 


2.  A  thicket;  a  cluster  of  bushes. 
Woods,  briars,  bushmentu,  and  waters. 

Jtaleiflh,  Hist.  World. 

bush-metal  (bush' met  "al),  ».  Hard  brass; 
gun-metal;  a  composition  of  copper  and  tin, 
used  for  journals,  bearings  of  shafts,  etc. 

bush-quail  (bush'kwal),  n.  A  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily Turnicida;  and  snperfamily  TurnieomoniJia: 
or  Hemipodii ;  a  hemipod. 

bush-ranger  (bush'rfo'jei), ».  One whoranges 
through  or  dwells  in  the  bush  or  woods;  a  bush- 
whacker; specifically,  in  Australia,  a  criminal, 
generally  an  escaped  convict,  who  takes  to  the 
bush  or  woods  and  leads  a  predatory  life. 


732 

bush-shrike (bush'shrik), «.  ASouth  American 
passerine  bird,  of  the  family  Formicariida-  anil 
subfamily  Thamnophilinas  ;  an  ant-thrush,  espe- 
cially of  thegenus  Thamnopliilus.  The  bush-shrikes 
live  among  thick  trees,  bushes,  and  underwood,  where  they 
perpetually  prowl  about  after  insects  and  young  and  sickly 
birds,  and  are  great  destroyers  of  eggs.  Numerous  species 
are  found  in  the  hotter  latitudes  of  America. 

bush-tailed  (bush'tald),  a.  Having  the  fea- 
thers of  the  tail  arranged  in  the  shape  of  a  tuft, 
brush,  or  bush:  applied  to  the  Ratitce,  as  os- 
triches, cassowaries,  etc.,  as  distiiiguished  from 
ordinary  fan-tailed  birds.  See  cut  under  cas- 
sowary. 

bush-tit  (bush'tit),  n.  An  American  oscine  pas- 
serine bird, 
of  the  ge- 
nus Psaltri- 
parus  and 
family  Pari- 
d(B.  There  are 
several  species 
in  the  western 
United  States 
and  Mexico,  as 
P.  minimus  and 
P.  melanotis, 
notable  for  their 
diminutive  stat- 
ure and  the 
great  compara- 
tive size  of  their 
pensile  bottle- 
shaped  nests. 

bushwhack- 
er      (bush'- 
hwak'er),   n. 
[<    busW    + 
whack,   beat, 
+    -erl.]     1. 
One      accus- 
tomed to  sojourn  in  the  woods,  or  beat  about 
among  bushes. 

They  were  gallant  bushwhacker*  and  hunters  of  rac- 
coons by  moonlight.  Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  853. 

2.  In  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  a 
member  of  the  irregular  troops  on  the  Con- 
federate side  engaged  in  guerrilla  warfare;  a 
guerrilla :  a  term  applied  by  the  Federal  forces. 
— 3.  A  short  heavy  scythe  for  cutting  bushes. 

He  [a  sturdy  countryman]  is  a  graduate  of  the  plough, 
and  the  stub-hoe,  and  the  bushwhacker. 

Emermn,  Eloquence. 

bushwhacking  (bush '  hwak  '  ing),  n.  [See 
bushwhacker.]  1.  The  action  of  pushing  one's 
way  through  bushes  or  thickets ;  the  hauling 
of  a  boat  along  a  stream  bordered  by  bushes 
by  pulling  at  the  branches.  [U.  S.] — 2.  The 
practice  of  attacking  from  behind  bushes,  as  a 
guerrilla ;  irregular  warfare  carried  on  by  bush- 
whackers. [U.S.] — 3.  The  cutting  of  bushes 
with  a  bushwhacker. 

bushy  (biish'i),  a.  [<  bush1  +  -i/1.  Cf.  bnaky, 
bosky.]  1.  Full  of  bushes;  overgrown  with 
shrubs. 

The  kids  with  pleasure  browse  the  bushy  plain.  Dryden. 
2.  Having  many  close  twigs  and  branches; 
low  and  shrubby.  Spenser;  Kacon. —  3.  Re- 
sembling a  bush;  thick  and  spreading  like  a 
bush :  as,  a  biishy  beard. 

A  short  square-built  old  fellow,  with  thick  bushy  hair. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  52. 

4.  In  entom.,  covered  all  round  with  long,  erect 
hairs,  as  the  antenna?  of  many  insects. 

busiheadt,  n.  [ME.  bisyhed  (=  D.  beziyheid) ;  < 
busy  +  -head.]  Busyness. 

busily  (biz'i-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  busily,  bisili,  bisi- 
liche,  besiliche,  busiliche,  etc. ;  <  busy  +  -ly2.]  In 
a  busy  manner,  (a)  With  constant  occupation ;  active- 
ly ;  earnestly :  as,  to  be  bu&ily  employed. 

How  busily  she  turns  the  leaves.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  1. 
(M)  Carefully ;  with  care. 

Therfore  thei  don  gret  Worsehipe  thereto,  and  kepen  it 
fulle  besyly.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  08. 

(c)  With  an  air  of  hurry  or  importance ;  with  too  much 
curiosity ;  importunately ;  officiously.  Dryden. 

business  (biz'nes),  «..  and  a.  [<  ME.  busines, 
busynes,  bisynes,  besincs,  -nesse,  trouble,  pains, 
labor,  diligence,  busy-ness ;  <  busy  +  -ness.  The 
notion  that  this  word  has  any  connection  with 
F.  besoane,  OF.  busoif/nc,  work,  business,  is  en- 
tirely erroneous.]  I.  n.  If.  The  state  of  being 
busy  or  actively  employed ;  diligence ;  pains. 

By  grete  besi/nesse  [tr.  L.  dilifientia}  of  the  writers  of 
chronicles.  Trem'sa,  tr.  of  Higilen's  1'olyehronicon,  I.  5. 

2f.  Care;  anxiety;  solicitude;  worry. 
Littel  rest  in  this  lyf  es, 
Bot  gret  travayle  and  bysynes. 

llampole,  Prick  of  Conscience,  1.  544. 
Poverte  is  hateful  good,  and,  as  I  gesse, 
A  ful  gret  bringer-mit  of  Itiitijness. 

Chaucer,  Wife' of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  ^40. 


busk 

3.  A  matter  or  affair  that  engages  a  person's 
attention  or  requires  his  care;  an  affair  receiv- 
ing or  requiring  attention;  specifically,  that 
which  busies  or  occupies  one's  time,  attention, 
and  labor  as  his  chief  concern ;  that  which  one 
does  for  a  livelihood ;  occupation ;  employ- 
ment :  as,  his  business  was  that  of  a  merchant ; 
to  carry  on  the  business  of  agriculture. 

As  for  your  businesses,  whether  they  be  publike  or 
priuate,  let  them  be  done  with  a  certaine  honesty. 

Babees  Bnok  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  25(1. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians,  and  had  no  business 
with  any  man.  Judges  xviii.  7. 

Having  had  brought  within  their  sphere  of  operation 
more  and  more  numerous  businesses,  the  Acts  restricting 
hours  of  employment  and  dictating  the  treatment  of 
workers  are  now  to  be  made  applicable  to  shops. 

//.  Spencer,  llan  vs.  State,  p.  27. 

Specifically — 4.  Mercantile  pursuits  collec- 
tively; employments  requiring  knowledge  of 
accounts  and  financial  methods;  the  occupa- 
tion of  conducting  trade  or  monetary  transac- 
tions of  any  kind. 

It  seldom  happens  that  men  of  a  studious  turn  acquire 

any  degree  of  reputation  for  their  knowledge  of  business. 

Bp.  Porteous,  Life  of  Abp.  Seeker. 

5.  That  which  is  undertaken  as  a  duty  or  of 
chief  importance,  or  is  set  up  as  a  principal 
purpose  or  aim. 

The  bitgineRs  of  my  life  is  now  to  pray  for  you. 

Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  1. 

It  is  the  business  of  the  following  pages  to  discover  how 
his  lofty  hopes  came  to  terminate  in  disappointment. 

Godivin,  Hist.  Commonwealth,  iv.  2. 
Tlie  business  of  the  dramatist  is  to  keep  himself  out  of 
sight,  and  to  let  nothing  appear  but  his  characters. 

Macaulay,  Hilton. 

6.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposition: 
as,  what  business  has  a  man  with  the  disputes 
of  others? — 7.  Affair;  point;  matter. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  business.  Bacon. 

8.  Theat.,  such  preconcerted  movements  and 
actions  on  the  stage  as  going  up,  crossing  over, 
taking  a  chair,  poking  a  fire,  toying  with  any- 
thing, etc.,  designed  to  fill  up  the  action  of  the 
play  or  character,  and  heighten  its  effect. 

The  business  of  their  dramatic  characters  will  not  stanil 
the  moral  test.  Lamb,  Artificial  Comedy. 

The  "comic  business"  [of  "Damon  and  Pithias,"  1571] 
(these  stage  phrases  are  at  times  so  expressive  as  surely 
to  be  permissible)  is  of  the  nature  of  the  broadest  and 
stupidest  farce.  A.  W.  Ward,  Eng.  Dram.  Lit.,  I.  lift. 
Genteel  business  (tlimt.),  a  r&le  or  roles  requiring  good 
dressing.— To  do  one's  business,  (at)  To  exercise  great 
rare ;  show  great  zeal.  Chaucer. 

Thei  .  .  .  ilon  here  [their]  besynes  to  destroyen  hire  ene- 
myes.  Mandevttlc,  Travels  (ed.  Halliwell),  p.  251. 

(b)  To  ease  one's  self  at  stool.  [Vulgar.]  — To  do  the 
business  for,  to  settle ;  make  an  end  of ;  kill,  destroy, 
or  ruin.  [Collon.] 

If  a  pinch  of  snuff,  or  a  stride  or  two  across  the  room, 
will  not  rfo  the  business  for  me—  I  take  a  razor  at  once. 
Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ix.  13. 

To  make  it  one's  business,  to  devote  one's  attention 
to  a  thing  and  see  it  done. — To  mean  business,  to  be  in 
earnest  in  regard  to  anything  that  one  proposes  or  urges. 
[Colloq.]— To  mind  one's  own  business,  to  attend  to 
one's  own  affairs,  without  meddling  with  those  of  other 
people.— To  send  about  one's  business,  to  dismiss 

peremptorily.  =Syn.  Trade,  Profession,  etc.  See  occupa- 
tion. 

II.  a.  Relating  to,  connected  with,  or  en- 
gaged in  business,  traffic,  trade,  etc. :  as,  busi- 
ness habits ;  business  hours ;  business  men. — 
Business  card,  a  printed  piece  of  cardlward,  or  an  adver- 
tisement in  a  public  print,  giving  a  tradesman's  name  and 
address,  with  particulars  as  to  the  nature  of  his  business. 

businesslike  (biz'nes-lik),  a.  Such  as  prevails 
or  ought  to  prevail  in  the  conduct  of  business ; 
methodical  and  thorough. 

Busiridae  (bu-sir'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.-,  <  Buxirix 
+  -M?<E.]  A  family  of  tectibranchiate  gastro- 
pods, typified  by  the  genus  Husiris:  generally 
combined  with  the  Ajilysiida;. 

Busiris  (bu-si'ris),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  Susiris,  <  Gr. 
Bor<7/p<f,  name  of  a  town  in  Egypt,  etc.,  prob.  < 
/for  f,  an  ox :  see  .Bos.]  A  genus  of  gastropods, 
typical  of  the  family  £usirid<e :  synonymous 
with  Notarelius. 

busk1  (busk),  v.  [<  ME.  busken,  prepare,  pre- 
pare one's  self,  get  ready,  go,  hasten  (with  and 
without  the  refl.  pron.),  <  Icel.  biiask,  get  one's 
self  ready,  a  refl.  form,  <  bun,  prepare  (intr. 
live,  dwell,  =  AS.  bftaii :  see  be1,  boirerl,  bond". 
bound*,  etc.),  +  sik  =  Goth,  sik  =  G.  sich  =  L. 
se,  etc.,  one's  self.  For  the  form,  cf.  bask1.] 
I.  trans.  1.  To  get  ready;  prepare;  equip; 
dress:  as,  to  busk  a  fish-hook.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.  | 

Bnsk't  him  boldly  to  the  dreadful  flght. 

Fairfaz,  tr.  of  Tasso,  vii.  37. 
2f.  To  use ;  employ. 


busk 

Ilnf  tliy  thy  lieliiii-  of  ihy  hi-de,  .v  luif  linv  tin  p:i>  : 

Hulk  no  inolv  ili'liiiti-  tlu'll  I  tin-  In-ill-  thi'imi-, 
Whrll  thotl  vvypJHMl  of  Illy  III  -ill'  ill  :t  \\:lp  nil'  . 
Sir  I  in  irnii  in-  nii'l  I  In'  li  ,;;•,<  Ku,  >il,t  (  I!.  K.  'I.  S.  ).  I.  -•  'I- 

II.  t  iiilriiii,i.  To  got  ivady  :in<l  K<>;  hiisti-n: 
liurry. 

"  Now,  come  bunk,"  be  oft  ! 

lli,l,in*mi.  Mill.  Yorkshire  Oloss.    (^V.  £.  ».) 
Byschopes  and  hachelei-s,  mid  kuu-rrttrs  noiilllc, 
That  bowes  to  his  IJUIHTI-,  Inuke  whcne  hyin  lykys. 
•Mi  .ifiiiin-:  ii:.  i:.  i    - 

Muny  .  .  .  bunlcrit  westward  for  to  rolilu-  t-ft. 

Hob.  i(i  I;,  mi  !>•  ,  l,:ui'.;ti'Ms  ch  run.  (nl.  lie-arm-),  p.  31). 

busk'Jt,  »•     An  obsolete  form  of  bush1. 
As  tin;  beast  passed  by,  he  start  nut  of  a  hake. 

I  ''I'll!,  Roister  Doister,  i.  4. 

busk'1  (busk),  /•.  i.  [Prob.  <  Sp.  Pg.  buacar,  seek, 
search,  hunt  up  and  down:  see  buscon,]  If. 
To  seek  ;  hunt  up  and  down  ;  cast  about  ;  beat 
about. 

\l\  l.i  ml  Rochester  was  fiij-'hti-il,  anil  was  inrliiu-.l  to 
fall  off  from  this,  anil  to  biutk  for  some  other  way  to  raise 
the  supply.  /-'•""'/  Xorth,  Life  of  Lord  (juilford,  II.  1»8. 

Go  bunk  about,  ami  run  thyself  Into  the  next  threat  man's 
lobby.  Wycheiley,  Plain  Dealer,  111.  1. 

2.  Naut.,  to  beat  to  windward  along  a  coast; 
cruise  off  and  on. 

busk4  (busk),  M.  [<  P.  bust:  huxtim;  busk,  orig. 
the  whole  bodice:  used  as  equiv.  to  Imsti  (a 
busk,  the  quilted  belly  of  a  doublet,  prop,  a 
bust),  of  which  it  is  prob.  a  corruption  :  see 
bust*.]  1.  A  stiffened  body-garment,  as  a  doub- 
let, corset,  or  bodice. 

Her  long  slit  sleeves,  stiffe  Inulce,  pult'e,  verdingall, 
Is  all  that  makes  her  thus  angelical). 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villnnle,  Sat.  vii. 

2.  A  flexible  strip  of  wood,  steel,  whalebone, 
or  other  stiffening  material,  placed  in  the  front 
of  stays  to  keep  them  in  form. 
busk8  (busk),  H.     [Amer.  Ind.  (T).]     An  Indian 
feast  of  first  fruits. 

Would  it  not  l»e  well  if  we  were  to  celebrate  such  a 
fnwk,  or  "  feast  of  first  fruits,"  as  Bartram  describes  to 
haw  i  ii  •'  •  1  1  the  custom  of  the  Mucclasse  Indians  ': 

Tlwreaii,  Walden,  p.  74. 

busked  (buskt),  a.     [<  busk*  +  -CfP.]     Wearing 
a  busk;  stiffened  with  a  busk. 
busket  (bus'ket),  «.      [A  var.  of  bosket,  q.  v. 
Cf.  bushel.]     If.  A  small  bush.  —  2.    Same  as 
bosket.  —  3f.  A  sprig;  a  bouquet. 

Yougthes  folke  now  floekeu  in  every  where, 
To  gather  May-frustct*  and  smelling  brere. 

Sften9ert  Hhep.  Cal.,  May. 

buskin  (bus'kin),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  bus- 
king, prob.  for  *bruskin,<.  MD.  broosken,  brosekeii 
(>  P.  brousequin,  bro- 
dequin  ;  cf.  brotlrkin), 
a  buskin,  iliin.  of 
brow,  a  buskin,  ap- 
par.  orig.  a  purse  ;  cf  . 
MD.  borsekin,  a  little 
purse,  dim.  of  borne, 
a  purse:  see  burse. 
purse.']  1.  A  half- 
boot  or  high  shoe 
strapped  or  laced  to 
the  ankle  and  the 
tbe  Naples  Museum.  '  lower  part  of  the  leg. 

The  hunted  red-deer  s  undressed  hide 
Their  hairy  btmkimt  well  supplied. 

Scott,  Marmiou,  v.  5. 

2.  A  similar  boot  worn  by  the  ancients;  the 
cothurnus,  particularly  as  worn  by  actors  in 
tragedy.  See  rotliurnux. 

How  I  could  reare  the  Muse  on  stately  stage, 
And  teache  her  tread  aloft  in  buskin  flue. 

.v^'yj.v,',-,  Shrp.  Cal.,  Oi'tolitT. 

Hence  —  3.  Tragedy  or  the  tragic  drama,  as  op- 
posed to  comedy. 

He  was  a  critic  upon  operas,  too, 

And  knew  all  niceties  of  the  sock  and  bttekiii. 

Birran,  Beppo,  at.  31. 

4.  A  low  laced  shoe  worn  by  women.  —  5.  fil. 
Eccl.,  stockings  forming  a  part  of  the  canoni- 
cals of  a  bishop,  usually  made  of  satin  or  em- 
broidered silk. 

buskined  (bus/kind),  a.  [<  busk-in  +  ->•<!-.]  1. 
Wearing  buskins. 


Ancient  Buskins. 
From  the  statuette  called  Narcissus, 


The  liiiiin 
Your  lni.Hn',1  mi.stnss. 


Amazon. 
.s/m*.,  M.  N.  !>.,  ii.  •>. 


2.  Pertaining  to  tragedy  ;  tragic. 

In  Imxfcin'il  measures  move 

Pale  llrlef,  ami  pli-asiuc  I'ain.    Gfi/i,  The  llanl. 

busklet,  i'.  i.     [Perhaps  a  yar.  of  bustle1,  q.  v.] 
To  bustle  about  ;  move  quickly. 

It  is  like  the  smoldering  fyer  of  Nfoinit  Chymera,  which 

'•iiylilti;  loiii;  tyiilr  with   m't'ilt   liixk-liivf  in  the  buwi-ls  i>t 
the  earth,  iloot'li  ;it  li-nuth  liurst  out  with  violent  rage. 
<>t-<it><'ii.<  ni  'A,  •v,//i,-..t,  1555.    (H"! 


788 

busk-pointt,  ».  The  nglot  HM-I!  for  the  lace  of 
ii  liusk. 

'I'lu-  lloor  was  strewed  with  butk-wititt,  silk  garters,  anil 
shoe-strings,  si mti  n  il  here  and  there  for  haste  to  nuik. 
away  from  IIH'.  Middletnn,  The  Hlark  llook. 

buskyt  (bus'ki),  (i.  [<  /<».-<*-  +  -j/>.  Cf.  &«.</.// 
and  bosky.]  Bushy;  bosky:  as,  "yon  busky 
hill,"  >/(«/..,  1  Hen".  IV..  T.I. 

buss1  (lius;,  '.  [of  uiii-ertain  origin;  cf.  (i. 
dial.  (Bav.)  bussen  (=  Sw.  dial,  ptuati),  kiss,  > 
G.  bus  (used  by  Luther)  =  Hw.  puss,  a  kiss.  Cf . 
Sp.  Pg.  6«-,  a  kiss  of  reverence,  =  Pr.  bug,  a 
kiss;  cf.  Sp.  IIH;,  Wall.  lm:r.  lip.  These  forms 
are  prob.  unconnected  with  ME.  basse,  a  kiss, 
late  ME.  bouse,  kiss :  see  /«/.•.*•"'.  Cf.  Turk,  bug, 
Pers.  buga,  Hind,  bosa,  a  kiss.]  I.  (ran*.  To 
smack ;  kiss ;  salute  with  the  lips. 

And  bum  thee  as  thy  wife.  Skak.,  K.  John,  ill.  4. 

Kissing  and  busting  differ  Iwth  In  this, 
\Ye  bwu  our  wantons,  but  our  wives  we  kiss.    Itrrrick. 

II.  in  trans.  To  kiss. 

Come,  bung  and  friends,  my  lamb;  whlsh,  lullaby, 
What  ails  my  babe,  what  ails  my  babe  to  cry? 

'tundra,  Emblems,  II.  8. 

buss1  (bus),  n.  [<  buss1,  r.]  A  smack;  a  kiss; 
a  salute  with  the  lips. 

Thou  dost  give  me  flattering  bn**tx. 

Shot.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  II.  4. 

buss'-'t  (bus),  n.  [<  ME.  buxse  (cf.  D.  buis  = 
MLG.  bune,  but:e  =  OHG.  bfco,  IfflG.  base,  G. 
biise  =  leel.  biissa,  buza),  <  OF.  busse,  buse  = 
Sp.  buzo  =  Pr.  frw«,  a  kind  of  boat,  <  ML.  busstt, 
buscia,  a  kind  of  boat,  also  a  box;  one  of  the 
numerous  forms  of  biucida,  prop.  ace.  of  buxis, 
also  (L.)  buxus,  a  box:  see  boisft,  box*,  bu#lt'J, 
boss3,  bushel1,  etc.]  A  small  vessel  of  from  50 
to  70  tons  burden,  carrying  two  masts,  and 
two  sheds  or  cabins,  one  at  each  end,  used  iu 
herring-fishing.  The  buss  was  common  in  the  middle 
ugcs  among  the  Venetians  and  other  maritime  communi- 
ties. It  was  of  considerable  beam,  like  a  galleon. 

It  was  a  sea  most  proper  for  whale-fishing;  little  bu*nr* 
might  cast  out  nets  for  smelta  and  herrings. 

Rp.  Hacket,  Life  of  Abp.  Williams,  p.  82. 

His  Majesty's  resolution  to  give  £200  to  every  man  that 
will  set  out  a  Itiuar.  Pfpy»,  Diary,  I.  353. 

buss3,  H.     See  bus. 

buss1  (bus),  it.     A  Scotch  form  of  bush1. 

buss5  (bus),  r.  t.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  busk1.']    To 

dress ;  get  ready, 
bussock  (bus'ok),  H.    [E.  dial.,  perhaps  <  "bu^s 

for  busk%  or  bush1  +  -ocA'.]    1.  A  tuft  of  coarse 

grass. — 2.  A  sheaf  of  grain. —  3.  A  thick,  fat 

person.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
bussocky  (bus'ok-i),   «.     [<  1/nssock  +  -i/l.] 

Having  bussocks,  tufts  of  coarse  grass,  or  the 

like.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
There's  nothing  ttwoocvti/  about  it  [a  cricket-ground),  no 

rnshefl,  nor  nothing  of  that. 

Quoted  in  A",  and  Q.,  6th  «er.,  XI.  287. 

bussu-palm  (bus'sS-parn),  n.  A  palm,  the  Afii- 
tiieariu  saccifera,  found  in  the  swamps  of  the 
Amazon,  whose  stem  is  only  from  10  to  20  feet 
high,  but  whose  leaves  are  often  30  feet  long 
and  4  or  5  feet  broad.  These  are  used  by  the  Indians 
for  thatch,  for  which  they  are  admirably  adapted.  The 
fibrous  .-pill In-.-  are  used  as  bags,  or  when  cut  longitudi- 
nally and  stretched  out  answer  the  purpose  of  a  coarse 
but  strong  cloth.  See  Manicaria. 

bussynet,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  OF.  busgine, 
bui.tine,  bu.tine,  a  trumpet.]  A  trumpet. 

bust1  (bust),  v.  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form  of 
burst. 

bust1  (bust),  M.  1.  A  dialectal  or  vulgar  form 
of  burst. — 2.  Specifically,  a  spree:  as,  to  go  on 
a  bust.  [Colloq.] 

busta  (bust),  11.  [Formerly  also  busto  (<  It.); 
=  G.  bustf,  <  F.  buste,  <  It.  busto  =  Sp.  Pg. 
busto,  <  ML.  bustum,  the  trunk  of  the  body,  of 
uncertain  origin;  perhaps  from  ML.  buxta,  a 
box,  one  of  the 
forms  of  fttuirfa  : 
see  hoist1,  buss2, 
fco.c2,  etc.  Cf .  E. 
eliest  and  trunk, 
used  in  a  similar 
manner.]  1.  The 
chest,  thorax,  or 
breast;  the  trunk 
of  the  human 
body  above  the 
waist. 

It  pressed  upon  a 
hiinl  but  glowing 
/,,,,-/ 

VMii.-h    beat    u    if 
tin-re  was  a  warm 
hi-iirt  utuk-r. 
Kirron.  Don  Jiiiin. 

|vvi.   1L"J  Dust  oMIomer.Museo  National*,  Naples. 


bustle 


2.  In  friil/i.,  tin-  titfun-  ,,f  ;,  i,,.]->oii  in  ri-lirf. 
showing  only  the  head,  shoulders,  and  breast. 

I  III     t.   MM    Illill    h.     .l|.].]|.  'I    In   III.    Ill  -.'id   .lli.l    II."   k   only,  Or  to 

tin-  In  nil  iinil  n'  <  k  u  ith  tlir  Khiiiildei's  iinil  tin  ;i-t.  or  t-i  tin- 
hriiil  with  tin-  Mhnli-  rhrst,  1,1  |.>  tin-  In  ml.  ni-ik.  hreut, 
and  shoillilera,  with  the  ami-  truni-uti-d  nlK.v.-  tin-  I-HH,«. 

bust:t  (bust),  r.  t.     [E.  dial.  var.  of  buist.]     To 
put  a  tar-mark  upon  (sheep). 

bust-*  (bust),  w.     [<  bust*,  r.]    A  tur-mark  on 
sheep. 

bustard  (bus'Utrd),  «.  [Formerly  liistonl  ;  < 
OF.  (and  F.  dial.)  bixtnr>l<:  OF.  also  otutarde, 
houxtiinlf,  linxinnli-,  nioil.  F.  nutanlr  =  Pr.  atu- 
Uirda  =  It.  ottar<ld  =  Sp.  iirnturiln  =  I'g.  nln 
tarda  and  betartla,  bustard,  <  L.  iirix  tnnln. 
(Pliny),  lit.  a  slow  bird:  see  An*  uml  tiinly. 
The  first  element  appears  also  in  ostrich  :  see 
ostrich.]  1.  A  large  grallatorial  bird  of  the 
family  OHiliilu;  or  of  the  genus  Otix  in  a  wide 
sense.  There  are  about  20  speclea,  mostly  of  Africa, 
several  of  India,  one  of  Australia,  and  three  properly 
European.  The  best-known  Is  the  great  bustard,  Otit 
tarda,  of  Europe  and  Africa,  noted  as  the  largest  Euro- 
pean bird,  the  male  often  weighing  30  pounds,  and  having 
a  length  of  about  4  feet  and  a  stretch  of  wings  of  6  or  7 
feet.  The  little  bustard  is  Otit  tctrnx  of  southern  Europe. 


Great  Bustard  .  Otis  tarda  . 


The  hollbara,  O.  Aui'/Mtra,  is  a  north  African  and  Arabian 
species,  i>ccnrring  also  in  southern  Europe,  and  the  allied 
Indian  species,  O.  macy tierm',  has  sometime1*  been  taken 
in  Europe.  O.  nttrita  and  O.  beniinltnuiit  are  also  Asiatic. 
The  Australian  species  is  O.  auttralix.  The  rest  are  Afri- 
can. Only  the  nret-named  two  belong  to  the  restricted 
genus  Otig;  the  remainder  are  sometimes  alliK.-ati-d  to  a 
genus  Eupodvlit,  sometimes  split  Into  six  to  nine  different 
genera.  See  also  cut  under  avfoiott*. 
2.  A  name  in  Canada  of  the  common  wild 
goose,  Berniela  caiiatlcusis.  A.  x -»'"".  Thick - 
kneed  bustard,  a  name  of  the  thick-knee,  (Ktticntmu* 
ci->'[tii<inx,  a  kind  of  plover. 

busted1  (bus 'ted),  p.  a.  [<  bust1  +  -frft.] 
Broken;  bankrupt;  ruined:  as,  a  busted  bank ; 
a  busted  miner.  [Slang,  U.  S.] 

busted'-*  (bus'ted),  a.     [<  bust'*  +  -eift.]    Adorn- 
ed with  busts.     [Rare.] 
Your  bridges  and  your  butted  libraries.  Tennytnn. 

buster  (bus'ter),  «.  [For  burster,  as  bust1  for 
burnt.  Cf.  Sc.  bust,  ME.  buslen,  beat,  of  Scand. 
origin:  Sw.  biista,  beat,  thump:  see  baste1.']  1. 
Something  of  extraordinary  size. — 2.  A  rois- 
terer.—  3.  A  frolic;  a  spree. — 4.  A  violent 
wind.  [American  slang  in  all  senses.] 

bustiant,  ».  [Sc.  also  busliam ;  origin  obscure ; 
cf.  fustian.]  A  kind  of  cloth,  said  to  be  the 
same  as  fustian. 

bustle  (bus'tik),  H.  [Appar.  of  native  origin.] 
A  sapotaceous  tree  of  tropical  America,  IHpho- 
lis  salicifolia.  with  very  heavy  and  hard  wood, 
dark-brown  in  color,  and  susceptible  of  a  high 
polish. 

bustle1  (bus'l),  r.  i. :  prct.  and  pp.  buxtlril,  ppr. 
bustling.  [Prob.  <  Icel.  bustla,  bustle,  splash 
about  in  the  water;  lumll,  a  bustle,  splashing 
about  (cf.  biix/ln.  r..  turmoil,  bustl,  turmoil); 
allied  to  Dan.  buse,  bounce,  pop,  =  Sw.  buso  ( /"i 
en),  rush  (upon  one),  dial,  busn,  strike,  thrust. 
Cf.  buskle.]  To  display  activity  with  a  i-ertain 
amount  of  noise  or  agitation;  be  active  ami 
stirring;  move  quickly  and  energetically:  some- 
times used  reflexivi-ly. 

lluttliny  tlitimrlm  to  drew  up  the  galleys. 

A.  Mtuulaii,  in  Arlwr's  Eng.  tiarner,  I.  ao». 
And  leave  the  world  for  me  to  buttle,  in. 

SAnt..  lii.  h.  III.,  L  1. 

At  least  a  do/en  of  tlu-w  wininil  vintagers  btutlrd  out 
from  among  the  leaves.          Lmcrll.  Study  Windows,  p.  ». 


bustle 

bustle1  (bus'l),  ii.    [<  bustle1,  v.~\    Activity  with 
noise  and  agitation ;  stir ;  hurry-scurry. 

A  strange  bustle  and  disturbance  in  the  world.     South. 

Seldom  he  varied  feature,  hue,  or  muscle, 
And  could  be  very  busy  without  bnxtle. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  39. 


They  seem  to  require  nothing  more  to  enliven  them 
than  crowds  and  bnxtle,  with  a  pipe  and  a  cup  of  coffee. 
E.  If.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  263. 

bustle2  (bus'l),  n.  [Origin  unknown ;  supposed 
by  some  to  stand  for  *buskle,  a  dim.  (and  an- 
other application)  of  busk±,  q.  v.  Cf.  bustle, 
var.  of  bustle1-.]  A  pad,  cushion,  curved  frame- 
work of  wire,  or  the  like,  worn  by  women  on 
the  back  part  of  the  body  below  the  waist  for 
the  purpose  of  improving  the  figure,  causing 
the  folds  of  the  skirt  to  hang  gracefully,  and 
preventing  the  skirt  from  interfering  with  the 
feet  in  walking. 

Whether  she  was  pretty,  whether  she  wore  much  bustle. 

Dickens. 

bustler  (bus'ler),  n.  One  who  bustles;  an  ac- 
tive, stirring  person. 

Forgive  him,  then,  thou  bustler  in  concerns 

Of  little  worth.  Cowper,  Task,  vi.  952. 

bustling  (bus'lmg),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  bustle*,  v.'] 
Moving  actively  with  noise  or  agitation ;  briskly 
active  or  stirring:  as,  "a  busy,  bustling  time," 
Crabbe,  The  Newspaper. 
Sir  Henry  Vane  was  a  busy  and  bustling  man. 

Clarendon. 

The  table  d'hote  was  going  on,  and  a  gracious,  bustling, 
talkative  landlady  welcomed  me. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  248. 

bustof  (bus'to),  «.  [It.,  also  Sp.  and Pg.,  abust : 
see  bust.]  Abust;  a  statue.  [Rare.] 

The  busto  moulders,  and  the  deep  cut  marble, 
Unsteady  to  the  steel,  gives  up  its  charge. 

Blair,  The  Grave. 

bustuoust,  bustust,  bustwyst.    See  boistous. 

busy  (biz  i),  a.  [<  ME.  bisy,  bysy,  besy,  busi, 
busy,  etc.,  <  AS.  bysig,  busy,  occupied  (>bysgu, 
occupation,  labor,  toil,  affliction),  =  D.  beziff 
=  LG.  besig,  busy,  active.  Further  affinities 
doubtful.  The  spelling  with  u  is  due  to  the 
frequent  use  of  that  letter  in  ME.  with  its  F. 
sound,  the  same  as  the  sound  of  AS.  y,  for 
which  it  was  often  substituted.  The  proper  E. 
representative  of  AS.  y  is  »,  as  in  the  phoneti- 
cally parallel  dizzy,  <  AS.  dysig.]  1.  Actively 
or  attentively  engaged ;  closely  occupied  physi- 
cally or  mentally ;  intent  upon  that  which  one 
is  doing ;  not  at  leisure :  opposed  to  idle. 

My  mistress  sends  you  word 
That  she  is  busy,  and  she  cannot  come. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2. 

I  write  of  melancholy,  by  being  busy  to  avoid  melan- 
choly. Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  18. 

As  a  boy  he  [Clive]  had  been  too  idle,  as  a  man  he  soon 
became  too  busy,  for  literary  pursuits. 

Macaulay,  Lord  Clive. 

2.  Active  in  that  which  does  not  concern  one ; 
meddling  with  or  prying  into  the  affairs  of 
others;  officious;  importunate. 

They  be  carefull  and  diligent  in  their  own  matters,  not 
curious  and  busey  in  other  meus  affaires. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  35. 
On  meddling  monkey,  or  on  busy  ape. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  2. 

3.  In  constant  or  energetic  action;   rapidly 
moving  or  moved;   diligently  used:   as,  busy 
hands  or  thoughts. 

With  busy  hammers  closing  rivets  up. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  (cho.). 
The  music-stirring  motion  of  its  soft  and  busy  feet. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i. 

4.  Pertaining  or  due  to  energetic  action;  mani- 
festing constant  or  rapid  movement. 

I  heard  a  busie  bustling. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  March. 
Tower'd  cities  please  us  then, 
And  the  busy  hum  of  men. 

Milton,  L'Allegro,  I  118. 

5.  Requiring  constant  attention,  'as  a  task. 
[Rare.] 

He  hath  first  a  busy  work  to  bring  his  parishioners  to  a 
right  faith.  Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 

Then  Mathematics  were  my  buisy  book. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  45. 

6.  Filled  with  active  duties  or  employment. 
To-morrow  is  a  busy  day.  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 

7t.  Careful;  anxious.    Chaucer.  =Syn.  1  and  2  Ac- 
live,  Busy,  Officious,  etc.  (see  active) ;  diligent,  assiduous, 
jura-working ;  meddling,  intriguing. 
busy  (biz'i),  •('.  t. ;   pret.  and  pp.  busied,  ppr. 
busying.     [<  ME.  busien,  bisien,  besien,   <   AS. 


734 

bysigan,  byttgian,  occupy,  employ,  trouble  (=  D. 
bezigen,  use,  employ),  <  bysig,  busy:  see  busy, 
a.]  To  employ  with  constant  attention;  keep 
engaged ;  make  or  keep  busy :  as,  to  busy  one  s 
self  with  books. 

Be  it  thy  course,  to  busy  giddy  minds 

With  foreign  quarrels.      Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4. 

All  other  Nations,  from  whom  they  could  expect  aide, 
were  busied  to  the  utmost  in  their  own  necessary  concern- 
ments. Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xii. 

busybody  (biz'i-bod"i),  re. ;  pi.  bust/bodies  (-iz). 
[<  busy  +  body,  person.]  A  meddling  person; 
one  who  officiously  or  impertinently  concerns 
himself  with  the  affairs  of  others. 

A  busybody  who  had  been  properly  punished  for  running 
into  danger  without  any  call  of  duty. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvi. 

busybodyism  (biz'i-bod"i-izm),  n.  [<  busybody 
+  -ism.]  The  habit  of  busying  one's  self  about 
other  people's  affairs.  [Rare.] 

The  most  common  effect  of  this  mock  evangelical  spirit, 
especially  with  young  women,  is  self-inflation  and  busif- 
bodyism.  Coleridge,  Table-Talk. 

busyness  (biz'i-nes),  n.  [<  busy  +  -ness.  Cf. 
business,  the  same  word  with  altered  pron.  and 
meaning.]  The  state  of  being  busy  or  actively 
employed.  See  business,  1.  [Now  rare.] 

Grant.  .  .  is  entirely  ignorantof  the  arts  by  which  pop- 
ularity is  preserved  and  a  show  of  busyness  kept  up  by 
them.  The  Nation,  Sept.  18,  1869,  p.  224. 

busytyt,  «•  [Early  mod.  E.,  <  busy  +  -ty.] 
Busyness. 

but1  (but),  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  bot,  bate;  <  ME.  but,  bot,  bute,  bate,  buten, 
bo  ten,  with  a  short  vowel;  parallel  with  the 
equiv.  early  mod.  E.  bout  (esp.  as  a  prep. ,  with- 
out; cf.  about,  the  same  word  with  a  prefix: 
see  bout2,  and  bouts  =  about),  <  ME.  bout,  boute, 
bouten,  earlier  bute,  buten,  retaining  the  orig. 
long  vowel,  <  AS.  butan,  buton,  poet,  be-utan, 
ONorth.  buta  (=  OS.  biutan,  butan  =  OFries. 
buten,  buta,  bota  =  MLG.  buten,  but,  LG.  buten 
=  D.  buiten  =  OHG.  biuzan),  without,  outside, 

<  be,  by,  with,  +  fttaii,  out,  orig.  from  without, 

<  ut,  out :  see  be-2  and  out,  and  cf .  the  correla- 
tive bin2,  =  Sc.  ben,  within  (<  be-2  +  j«l),  and 
about,  above,  which  also  contain  the  element 
be-2.]    I.  adv.  If.  Outside;  without;  out. 

Hit  was  swuthe  mouchel  scome  [a  very  great  shame] 

That  scholde  a  queue  beoll 

King  in  thisse  londe, 

Heora  sunen  beon  buten  [var.  boute].     Layamon,  1. 159. 

2.  In  or  to  the  outer  room  of  a  cottage  having 
a  but  and  a  ben:  as,  he  was  but  a  few  minutes 
ago;  he  gaed  but  just  now.  [Scotch.] — 3. 
Only ;  merely ;  just.  See  III. 

II.  prep.    If.  Outside  of;  without. —  2f.  To 
the  outside  of. — 3.  To  the  outer  apartment  of : 
as,  gae  but  the  house.     [Scotch.] — 4.  With- 
out ;  not  having ;  apart  from. 

Surume  [sc.  weren]  al  bute  fet  [without  feet]. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  1st  ser.,  p.  43. 
Of  fassoun  fair,  but  feir  [without  equal].  Dunbar. 

Touch  not  a  cat  but  a  glove.  Scotch  proverb. 

5.  Except;  besides;  more  than.  [In  this  use  gen- 
erally preceded  by  a  clause  containing  or  implying  a  nega- 
tion, and  not  easily  separable  from  the  conjunctional  use, 
under  which  most  of  the  examples  fall.  The  conjunction, 
on  the  other  hand  in  some  elliptical  constructions  assumes 
a  prepositional  phase,  and  iu  other  constructions  an  ad- 
verbial phase.  See  below.] 

III.  conj.  1 .  Except ;  unless :  after  a  clause 
containing  or  implying  a  negation,  and  intro- 
ducing the  following  clause,  in  which  (the  verb 
being  usually  omitted  because  implied  in  the 
preceding  clause)  but  before  the  noun  (subject 
or  object  of  the  omitted  verb)  comes  to  be  re- 
garded as  a  preposition  governing  the  noun. 

Nis  [ne  is,  it,  not]  buten  an  god  [nom.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherine,  p.  367. 
Ther  nis  bot  a  godd  [uom.]. 

Legend  of  St.  Katherine,  p.  282. 
Nis  non  other  bute  he  [nom.]. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies  (ed.  Morris),  2d  ser.,  p.  109. 
Nefede  [had  not]  he  boten  anne  sune  [ace.]. 

Layamon,  I.  5. 

Away  went  Gilpin  —  who  but  he  ?  Cowper,  John  Gilpin. 
The  clause  introduced  by  but  (the  apparent  object  of  the 
quasi-preposition)  may  be  a  single  word,  an  infinitive  or 
prepositional  phrase,  or  a  clause  with  that. 

For  albeit  that  pain  was  ordeined  of  God  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  sinnes  (for  which  they  that  neuer  can  now  but 
sinne,  can  neuer  be  but  euer  punished  in  hel),  yet  in  this 
world  .  .  .  the  punishment  by  tribulation  .  .  .  serueth 
ordinarily  for  a  meane  of  amendment. 

Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  11. 

Noe  lawes  of  man  (according  to  the  straight  rule  of  right) 

are  just,  but  as  in  regard  to  the  evills  which  they  prevent. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

I  cannot  choose  but  weep  to  see  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii.  3. 


t  go  kiss  him, 
B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iii.  6. 


but 

The  wedding  guest  he  beat  his  breast, 
Yet  he  cannot  choose  but  hear. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner. 

No  war  ought  ever  to  be  undertaken  but  under  circum- 
stances which  render  all  interchange  of  courtesy  between 
the  combatants  impossible. 

Macaulay,  Mitford's  Hist.  Greece. 
That  but  for  this  our  souls  were  free, 
And  but  for  that  our  lives  were  blest. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  What  we  all  Think. 

By  ellipsis  of  the  subject  of  the  clause  introduced  by  but 
in  this  construction,  but  becomes  equivalent  to  that  .  .  . 
not  or  who  .  .  .  not. 

There  is  none  soe  badd,  Eudoxus,  but  shall  finde  some  to 
favoure  his  doinges.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

No  voice  exempt,  no  voice  but  well  could  join 
Melodious  part.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  370. 

Hardly  a  cavalier  in  the  land  but  would  have  thought  it 
a  reproach  to  remain  behind. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  24. 
What  will  but  felt  the  fleshly  screen? 

Browning,  Last  Ride  Together. 

In  this  construction  the  negative,  being  implied  in  but, 
came  to  be  omitted,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
verb  be,  in  the  principal  clause,  the  construction  "There 
is  not  but  one  God,"  as  in  the  first  example,  becoming 
"There  is  but  one  God,"  leaving  but  as  a  quasi-adverb, 
'only,  merely,  simply.'  This  use  is  also  extended  to  con- 
structions not  originally  negative. 

If  God  would  giue  the  goodes  only  to  good  men,  than 
would  folke  take  occasion  to  serue  him  but  for  them. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1573),  fol.  35. 
If  they  kill  us,  we  shall  but  die.    .  2  Ki.  vii.  4. 

I  am,  my"  lord,  but  as  my  betters  are, 
That  led  me  hither.          Shale.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 

Do  but  go  kiss  him, 
Or  touch  him  but. 
But  form'd,  and  fight  !  but  born,  and  then  rebel  ! 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iii.  6. 
For  alms  are  but  the  vehicle  of  prayer. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  1400. 

How  happy  I  should  be  if  I  could  tease  her  into  loving 
me,  though  but  a  little  ! 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

Once,  and  but  once,  this  [Bacon's]  course  of  prosperity 
was  for  a  moment  interrupted.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

Against  his  sharp  steel  lightnings 
Stood  the  Suliote  but  to  die.  Whittier,  The  Hero. 
To  the  last  two  constructions,  respectively,  belong  the 
idioms  "  I  cannot  but  hope  that,"  etc.,  and  "I  can  but  hope 
that,  "  etc.  The  former  has  suffered  ellipsis  of  the  principal 
verb  in  the  first  clause  :  "  I  cannot  do  anything  but  hope," 
or  "  anything  else  than  hope,"  or  "  otherwise  than  hope," 
etc.,  implying  constraint,  in  that  there  is  an  alternative 
which  one  is  mentally  unable  or  reluctant  to  accept,  but 
being  equivalent  to  otherwise  than.  The  latter;  "I  can 
but  hope  that,"  etc.,  has  suffered  further  ellipsis  of  the 
negative,  and,  though  historically  the  same  as  the  former, 
is  idiomatically  different:  "I  can  only  hope  that,"  etc., 
implying  restraint,  in  that  there  is  no  alternative  or  op- 
portunity of  action,  but  being  equivalent  to  only,  not 
otherwise  than,  or  no  more  than. 

I  cannot  but  remember  such  things  were, 

That  were  most  precious  to  me.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3. 

I  cannot  but 
Applaud  your  scorn  of  injuries. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
They  cannot  but  testify  of  Truth. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  Pref.,  ii. 

I  cannot  but  sympathize  with  every  one  I  meet  that  is 

in  affliction.  Addison,  A  Friend  of  Mankind. 

He  could  but  write  in  proportion  as  he  read,  and  empty 
his  commonplace  as  fast  only  as  he  filled  it.  Scott. 

Yet  he  could  not  but  acknowledge  to  himself  that  there 
was  something  calculated  to  impress  awe,  ...  in  the  sud- 
den appearances  and  vanishings  ...  of  the  masque. 

De  Quincey. 

In  an  interrogative  sentence  implying  a  negative  answer, 
can  but  is  equivalent  to  cannot  but  in  a  declarative  sen- 
tence. 

Why,  who  can  but  believe  him  ?  he  does  swear 
So  earnestly,  that  if  it  were  not  true, 
The  gods  would  not  endure  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iii.  1. 

After  doubt,  or  doubt  not,  and  other  expressions  involving 
a  negative,  but  may  be  used  as  after  other  negatives,  but 
that  being  often  used  pleonastic-ally  for  that. 

I  doubt  not  but  I  shall  find  them  tractable  enough. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  6. 

My  lord,  I  neither  can  nor  will  deny 

But  that  I  know  them.     Shale.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 

I  doubt  not  but  there  may  be  many  wise  Men  in  all 

Places  and  Degrees,  but  am  sorry  the  effects  of  Wisdom 

are  so  little  seen  among  us.    Milton,  Free  Commonwealth. 

I  do  not  doubt  but  England  is  at  present  as  polite  a  na- 

tion as  any  in  the  world.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  6. 

There  is  no  question  btit  the  King  of  Spain  will  reform 

most  of  the  abuses.  Addison,  Travels  in  Italy. 

Hence  the  use  of  but  with  if  or  that,  forming  a  unitary 
phrase  but  \f,  'unless,  if  not,'  but  that,  'except  that,  un- 
less '  (these  phrases  having  of  course  also  their  analytical 
meaning,  with  but  in  its  adversative  use). 

Gramer  for  gurles  I  gon  furste  to  write, 

And  beot  hem  with  a  baleys  but  gif  the!  wolde  lernen. 
Fieri:  riiiwinan  (A),  xi.  132. 

But  if  I  have  my  wille, 
For  derne  love  of  thee,  leman,  I  spille. 

Chauter,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  91. 

Lese  the  frateruete  of  the  gilde  for  euere  more,  but  if  he 
haue  grace.  JSnglinh  Glide  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  95. 


but 

And  also  be  we  very  sure,  that  a»  lie  [Hod]  lu^iimeth  to 
worke  with  vs,  so  (but  \f  our  selfe  nit  from  him)  In-  wll 

licit  fllile  tn  lill'ie  with  VS. 

Sir  T.  Mure,  nuufort  ugainst  TrilniUtlon  (l!>7:t),  ("I.  IT. 
The.  phrase  Intt  that,  often  abbreviated  to  turf,  tlius  takes 
an  extended  meuilinK-  (")  If  not  ;  unless. 

Bofr  icll  IK  holly  at  thyn  hcsto,  let  honge  me  elly.s  ! 

I'iert  I'luii'iini,,  (C),  Iv.  14(1. 

(A)  Except  that,  otherwliie  than  that,  that  .  .  .  not.  <ij 
After  negative  clauses. 

,Sildo1iie  'nil  .Mime  V'«"l  i-ouilllelh  ere  tile  end. 

*,«•».«••'•,  Mother  Huh.  Tnle,  1.  172. 
I  see  not  then  •'"''  we  should  enjoy  the  same  license. 

//.  Jututvii. 

And  know  there  sdmll  l)c  nothing  in  niy  power 
\  on  may  deserve,  but  you  shall  have  your  wishes. 

Beau,  aiul  AY.,  I'liilaster,  v.  4. 

Nor  fate 

Shall  alter  it,  since  now  the  die  is  cast, 
But  that  this  hour  to  I'onipey  U  his  last 

/•'/<•/.  7ir/'  (ntl'l  riii'it/"  i  I,   laU.    Oil.',  i.   1. 

Believe  not  but  I  joy  to  see  thee  safe.  Rouv. 

I  was  not  so  young  when  my  father  died  but  that  I  per- 
fectly remember  him.  Byron. 

The  negative  clause  Is  often  represented  hy  the  single 
word  not. 

Hot  bvt  they  thought  me  worth  a  ransom. 

S.  Butler,  Hudlbras. 
An  expletive  what  sometimes,  hut  incorrectly,  follows. 

Not  but  what  I  hold  it  our  duty  never  to  foster  Into  a 
passion  what  we  must  rather  submit  to  as  an  awful  neces- 

sity. /.'"/"'V. 

(2)  After  interrogative  clauses  Implying  a  negative  an- 
swer. 

But  is  it  suffered  arnongest  them?    It  is  wonderfull  but 
that  the  governours  doe  redresse  such  shamefull  abuses. 
Sprnwr,  State  of  Ireland. 

Who  knows  but  we  may  make  an  agreeable  and  perma- 
nent acquaintance  with  this  interesting  family?  T.  Hook. 

(3)  After  imperative  or  exclamatory  clauses. 

Heaven  defend  but  still  I  should  stand  so. 

Shot.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  IT.  3. 

('•)  Excepting  or  excluding  the  fact  that  ;  save  that  ;  were 
it  not  that  ;  unless. 

And,  but  indrraity 

(Which  waits  upon  worn  times)  hath  something  seiz'd 
Mi-  wish'd  ability,  he  had  himself 
The  lands  and  waters  'twi.xt  your  throne  and  his 
Measur'd  to  look  upon  you.  Shale.,  W.  T.,  v.  1. 

Here  we  live  in  an  old  crumbling  mansion  that  looks 
for  all  the  world  like  an  inn,  but  that  we  never  see  com- 
pany. Qoldtmith. 

Last  year,  my  love,  it  was  my  hap 

Behind  a  grenadier  to  In-. 
And,  lint  he  wore  a  hairy  cap, 
No  taller  man  methinks  than  me. 

Thackeray,  Chronicle  of  the  Drum. 

2.  However;  yet;  still;  nevertheless;  notwith- 
standing: introducing  a  statement  in  restric- 
tion or  modification  of  the  preceding  statement. 

When  pride  cometh,  then  cometh  shame  :  but  with  the 
lowly  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xi.  2. 

Now  ahideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three  ;  but  the 
greatest  of  these  is  charity.  1  Cor.  xiii.  13. 

The  Moorish  inhabitants  looked  jealously  at  this  small 
but  proud  array  of  Spanish  chivalry. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  11. 

3.  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other  hand:  the 
regular  adversative  conjunction,  introducing  a 
clause  in  contrast  with  the  preceding. 

Coke's  opposition  to  the  Court,  we  fear,  was  the  effect 
not  of  good  principles,  but  of  a  bad  temper. 

Macautay,  Lord  Bacon. 

The  statement  with  which  the  elause  with  but  is  thus  con- 
trasted may  be  unexpressed,  being  implied  in  the  context 
or  supplied  by  the  circumstances. 

Of  much  less  value  Is  my  company 
Than  your  good  words.    But  who  comes  here? 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  3. 
Have  you  got  nothing  for  me?  —  Yes,  but  I  have. 

Sheridan. 

Sometimes,  instead  of  the  statement  with  which  the  clause 
with  but  is  contrasted,  an  exclamation  of  surprise,  admi- 
ration, or  other  strong  feeling  precedes,  the  clause  with  but 
then  expressing  the  ground  of  the  feeling. 

O,  but  this  most  delicious  world,  how  sweet 
Her  pleasures  relish  t         Quarles,  Emblems,  11.  13. 
Gocxl  heavens,  hut  she  is  handsome  !  Adam  Smith. 

4.  Than  :  after  comparatives.    (This  construction, 
onee  in  good  use,  anil  still  common,  is  now  regarded  as 
inenrreel. 

It  can  be  no  otherwise  but  so. 

B.  Jotumi,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
()  fairest  flower,  no  sooner  blown  but  blasted. 

Milton,  Ode  on  D.  F.  I. 

1  no  sooner  saw  my  face  in  It  '•"'  I  was  startled  l'\  niv 
shortness  in  it.  Addwon. 


735 

isolated  uae»  derived  from  the  preceding.]  =  Syn.  //••'- 
'  ivr.  Stilt.  .\epcrthelcM,  etc.  See  however. 

but1  (but),  n.  [So.,  <  baft,  adv.,  prep.,  and  rmij. , 
outside,  without.  Cf.  the  correlative  ben1,  n.] 
The  outer  room  of  a  house  consisting  of  only 
two  rooms ;  the  kitchen :  the  other  room  being 
thi'/KK.  To  live  but  and  ben  with,  tttttt) 

but-r,  butt-'t  (but),  n.  [<  ME.  but,  butte,  bottc,  a 
flounder  (glossed  also  turbo,  turbot,  &ndpectcn), 
=  D.  i»ii .  a  flounder,  plaice,  =  MLO.  but,  LG. 
butt,  butte  (>  G.  butt,  butte),  a  flounder,  =  8w. 
tin  11,1,  a  turbot.  Hence  in  comp.  halibut,  q.  v.] 
A  flounder  or  plaice.  [North.  Eng.] 

He  tok  .  .  . 

The  luittr,  the  schulle,  the  thornehak. 

Havelok,  1.  769. 
Botte,  that  Is  a  flounder  of  the  frusshe  water. 

Babtcn  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  231. 
but:t,  c.    See  butfl. 
but4,  ».  and  r.     See  butt'*. 
but5  (but),  ».    Short  for  abut.    See  butt*. 
but8  (but),  n.    See  butfi. 
butch  ( In'idi ),  v.  t.    [Assumed  from  butcher,  like 
peddle  from  peddler.}     To  butcher;  cut,   as 
flesh.     [Rare.] 

Take  thy  huge  offal  and  white  liver  hence, 

Or  in  a  twinkling  of  this  true-blue  steel 

I  shall  lie  btitchiii'i  thee  from  nape  to  rump. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Art,  EL,  HI.  1. 

butcher  (buch'er),  n.  [<  ME.  bocher,  <  OF. 
bochier.  bouchicr,  boucher,  F.  boucher  (=  Pr.  bo- 
chier ;  ML.  buccarius),  orig.  a  killer  of  he-goats, 
or  seller  of  their  flesh,  <  OF.  hoc,  boue,  F.  bouc 
=  Pr.  boc  (ML.  buccut),  a  he-goat:  see  buck1. 
Cf.  It.  beccajo,  becearo,  a  butcher,  <  becco,  a 
goat.]  1.  One  who  slaughters  animals  for 
market ;  one  whose  occupation  is  the  killing  of 
animals  for  food. —  2f.  An  executioner. — 3. 
One  who  kills  in  a  cruel  or  bloody  manner ;  one 
guilty  of  indiscriminate  slaughter. 

Honour  and  renown  are  bestowed  on  conquerors,  who, 
for  the  most  part,  are  but  the  great  butcher*  of  mankind. 

Lockf. 

4.  Figuratively,  an  unskilful  workman  or  per- 
former; a  bungler;  a  botch.  [CoUqq.]  —  Butch- 
er's broom.  Sec  broom  i.—  Butcher's  Cleaver.  See 
Charte*'*  Wain,  under  wain. 

butcher  (buch'er),  v.  t.  [<  butcher,  n.]  1.  To 
kill  or  slaughter  for  food  or  for  market. —  2. 
To  murder,  especially  in  an  unusually  bloody 
or  barbarous  manner. 


This  point  was  no  sooner  gaine«l.  l>,,t  new 
l>egan.  Ste\rt,  Nobles  and  Commons,  ill. 

6f.  When.  [This  use  arises  out  of  the  comparative  con- 
struction. "not  far,  but  .  .  .  ,"  being  equivalent  to  "not 
much  further  than  .  .  ."  See  4.) 

Nowl  beheld  in  my  dream,  that  they  had  not  journeyed 
far,  but  the  river  and  the  way  fora  time  parted. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ji.  172. 

[By  further  ellipsis  and  idiomatic  deflection  but  has  in 
modern  English  developed  a  great  variety  of  special  and 


A  man  beset  by  assessing  1s  not  bound  to  let  himself  be 
tortured  and  butchered  without  using  his  weapons. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  ix. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  treat  bunglingly;  make  a 

botch  of ;  spoil  by  bad  work :  as,  to  butcher  a  job ; 

the  play  was  butchered  by  the  actors.  [Colloq.] 
butcher-bird  (buch'er-berd),  n.  A  shrike  ;  an 

oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  family  Laniidai,  and 

especially  of 
the  genus 
Lanius  (see 
these  words) : 
so  called  from 
its  curious 
habit  of  kill- 
ing more  than 
it  immediate- 
ly eats,  and 
sticking  what 
is  left  upon 
thorns,  as 
a  butcher 
hangs  meat 
upon  hooks. 
The  common 

Butcher-bird  (Lam'us  IttdoviciaHKj}.  liuteher-llinl     of 

Europe     is      /.. 

excubitor;  two  common  American  species  are  the  great 
northern  shrike,  L.  boreolut,  and  a  smaller  southern  spe- 
ciea,  the  white-riiniped  shrike  or  loggerhead,  L.  ludomci- 
antu.  See  nine-killer  and  shrike. 

butcher-crow  (buch'er-kro),  ».    A  bird  of  the 

family  Corrida,  genus  Barita,  inhabiting  New 

Holland,  as  B.  destructor. 
butcherdom  (buch'er-dpm),  n.     The  condition 

or  trade  of  a  butcher.     [Rare.] 
butcherer  (buch'er-er),  n.     [<  butcher,  v.,  + 

-eri.]  One  who  butchers ;  a  butcher.  [Rare.] 
butcherliness  (buch'er-li-nes),  n.  The  quality 

of  being  butcherly.     Johnson. 
butcherly  (buch'er-li),  a.     [<  butcher  +  -/yl.] 

Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  a  butcher; 

done  in  the  manner  of  a  butcher. 

Lord  Russell  was  lieheaded  In  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  the 
executioner  giving  him  three  butcherly  strokes. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  July  21,  1683. 

butcher-meat  (buch'er-met),  n.  The  flesh  of 
animals  slaughtered  by  the  butcher  for  food, 
such  as  that  of  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  etc.,  as  dis- 


Buthus 

tingnished  from  game  or  other  animal  or 

tablc  f I  ;   liutcliiTs'  incut. 

butcheroust  (buch'er-us),  a.  [<  butcher  +  -»«.«.  | 
Murderous ;  cruel. 

That  th''-<-  th>  I'xti-hrrftu*  hands 

Mlollld  ott« T  Violeni  r   t"  thy   tit  -ll  :I|M   l.llHHl. 

Chapman  ('.'),  Alphontius,  T.  2. 

butcher-rowt  (bnch'er-ro),  ».  A  row  of  sham- 
bles ;  a  meat-market. 

How  large  a  shambles  anil  butchrr-rme  would  such 
make  '  Whitlock,  Manners  of  Bog.  People,  p.  97. 

butcher's-broom  (buch'erz-brom),  ».  See 
Initi'li,  r'x  hrootn,  under  broom^. 

butcher's-prickwood  (buch'erz-prik'wnd),  ». 
The  berry-alder  of  Europe,  Hhamiitui  f^ranffula: 
so  called  from  its  use  for  skewers. 

butchery  (buch'er-i),  ii. ;  pi.  butcheries  (-iz). 
[<  ME.  bocherir,  a  butchers  shop,  <  OF.  bu- 
cherie  (Roquefort),  boucherie  (ML.  'buccaria, 
bucceria),  F.  boucherie,  slaughter,  a  butcher's 
shop,  <  boucher,  a  butcher:  see  butcher.]  1. 
Slaughter;  the  act  or  business  of  slaughtering 
cattle.  Hence  —  2.  The  killing  of  a  human 
beingt  especially  in  a  barbarous  manner;  also, 
the  killing  of  a  large  number,  as  in  battle; 
great  slaughter. 

Whom  gaols,  and  blood,  and  butchery  delight  Irrynrn. 
3t.  The  place  where  animals  are  killed  for  mar- 
ket; a  shambles  or  slaughter-house;  hence,  a 
place  where  blood  is  shed. 

This  house  Is  but  a  butchery  ; 
Abhor  it,  fear  it,  do  not  enter  It 

Shalt.,  An  you  Like  It,  II.  3. 
=  Syn.  Carnage,  etc.    See  matttacre. 
hutching  (buch'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  butch, 
f.]    Butchering;  the  butcher's  trade.    [Rare.] 
Sax  thousand  years  are  nearhand  sped 
Sin'  I  was  to  the  butchinff  bred. 

Hum*,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

Butea  (bu'te-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  John, 
Earl  of  Bute  '(1713-92).]  A  genus  of  legumi- 
nous plants,  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  contain- 
ing three  or  four  species,  small  trees  or  climb- 
ing shrubs,  yielding  a  kind  of  kino  known  as 
hut,  a  gum  or  Bengal  kino.  The  principal  species  is 
/;.  /random,  the  palas-  or  dhak-tree,  common  throughout 
India  and  conspicuous  for  its  abundant  bright  orange-red 
flowers.  Tin-  seeds  yield  an  oil ;  the  flowers  are  used  in 
dyeing ;  cordage  is  made  from  the  filter  of  the  bark  ;  and 
a  lac  is  produced  on  the  branches  by  the  puncture  of  a 
coccus. 

but-end,  n.  See  butt-end. 
Buteo  (bu'te-o),  n.  [L.,  a  buzzard :  see  buzzard.'] 
A  genus  of  ignoble  hawks,  of  the  family  Falconi- 
dce,  sometimes  forming  a  subfamily  Buteoninte ; 
the  buzzards  or  buzzard- 
hawks  (which  see).  The  genus 
Is  an  extensive  one,  in  its  usual  ac- 
ceptation containing  about  40  spe- 
cies, of  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  are  large,  heavy  hawks,  with 
no  tooth  on  the  bill,  wings  and  tail 
of  moderate  size,  and  rather  short 
feet  with  partly  naked,  partly  fea- 
thered tarsi.  The  common  buz- 
zard of  Europe,  II.  rulgarit,  and 
the  red-tailed  buzzard  of  America,  Ji.  borealut,  are  typical 
examples. 

Buteoninse  (bu'te-o-nl'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  B«- 
teo(n-)  +  -in<r.]  A  group  of  buzzard-hawks ; 
one  of  the  conventional  subfamilies  of  Falco- 
nidce,  represented  by  the  genus  Buteo  and  its 
subdivisions,  and  by  the  genus  tri-/iil>n>,i>. 
There  are  no  technical  characters  by  which 
it  can  be  de- 
termined with 
precision. 

buteonine 
(bu'te-o-nin), 
a.  [<'Buteo(n-) 
+  -inel.]  Buz- 
zard-like ;  re- 
sembling a 
buzzard ;  be- 
longing to  the 
group  of  hawks 
of  which  the 
genus  Buteo  is 
typical. 

hut-gap  (buf- 
gap),  n.  [E. 
dial.,  appar.  < 
but*  or  butt?,  a 
bound,  limit, 
+  gap.'}  A 
fence  of  turf. 

Buthus  (bu'- 
thus),».  [NL.] 
A  genus  of 
scorpions,  of 

the  family  .  /  »  - 


Hcatt  or  Red-tailed  Buz- 
zard (Buteo  bvrealit). 


Buthus 

droftoiiida:  B.  carolinus  (Beauvois)  is  common 
in  the  southern  United  States.  Its  sting  is 
poisonous,  but  seldom  fatal, 
butler  (but'ler),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  boteler, 
<  ME.  boteler,  botler,  butelcr,  etc.,  <  AF.  butuiller, 
OF.  buteiller,  bouteillier,  boutillier  (ML.  butieu- 
larius),  <  AF.  butuille,  OF.  boutcille,  <  ML.  bu- 
ticula,  a  bottle:  see  bottle^.]  1.  A  man-servant 
in  a  household  whose  principal  duty  is  to  take 
charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  etc.;  the  head 
male  servant  of  a  household. 

And  he  restored  the  chief  butler  unto  his  butlership 
again ;  and  he  gave  the  cup  into  Pharaoh's  hand. 

Gen.  xl.  21. 

2.  The  title  of  an  official  of  high  rank  nomi- 
nally connected  with  the  importation  and  sup- 
ply of  wine  for  the  royal  table,  but  having 
different  duties  in  different  countries  and  at 
various  times. 


tun  of  wine  imported  into  England  by  foreign- 
ers or  merchant  strangers:  so  called  because 
originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for  the  king. 
These  ordinary  finances  are  casual  or  uncertain,  as  be 
the  escheats,  the  customs,  butlerage,  and  impost.  Baton. 

2f.  The  office  of  butler;  butlership.— 3.  The 

butler's  department  in  a  household. 
butleress  (but'ler-es),  H.     [<  butler  +  -ess.]     A 

female  butler.     Chapman. 
butlership  (but'ler-ship),  n.     [<  butler  +  -ship.] 

The  office  of  a  butler.     Gen.  xl.  21. 
butlery  (but'ler-i),  n.     [See  buttery.]    Same  as 

buttery'*,  2.     [Rare.] 
There  was  a  butlery  connected  with  the  college,  at  which 


736 

Full  butt,  with  the  head  directed  at  an  object  so  as  to 
strike  it  most  effectively. 

ffiillf  Imtt  in  the  frunt  the  fromonde  [forehead]  he  hittez. 
That  the  burnyscht  blade  to  the  brayne  rynnez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1112. 

The  corporal  ran  full  butt  at  the  lieutenant. 

Mam/at,  Snarleyyow,  I.  vi. 

butt2  (but),  H.  [Also  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  butte,  <  ME.  but,  butte,  a  goal  (meta),  a  mark 
to  shoot  at,  but,  butt,  butte,  a  butt  of  land  (ML. 
butta  feme);  <  OF.  "but,  m.,  a  but  or  mark," 
"btitte,  f.,  a  but  or  mark  to  shoot  at,"  in  an- 
otherform  "  bot,  as  but  [a  mark],  Norm.;  also,  a 
luncheon,  orill-favouredbigpiece" (Cotgrave), 
the  same  as  OF.  bot,  end,  extremity,  mod.  F. 
bout,  end,  extremity,  part,  piece,  distinguished 
from  mod.  F.  but,  m.,  aim,  goal,  mark,  butte,  f., 
a  mark,  target,  usually  set  upon  rising  ground, 
hence  also  a  rising  ground,  knoll,  hill,  butte  () 
E.  butte,  q.  v.);  all  orig.  <  OF.  bitter,  boter,  AF. 
buter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F.  bouter,  put, 

which  butt*  is  thus  indirectly  a  derivative:  see 
butt1.  The  forms  and  senses  mix  with  some 
of  appar.  diff.  origin :  cf .  Norw.  butt,  a  stump, 
block,  Icel.  butr,  a  log,  LG.  butt,  a  stumpy 
child;  G.  butt  =  D.  60*  =  Dan.  but,  short  and 
thick,  stubby  (>  F.  bot  in  pied  bot,  club-foot,  = 
Sp.  boto,  blunt,  round  at  the  end) :  referred, 
doubtfully,  ult.  to  the  root  of  E.  beat1,  q.  v. 
prob.  in  part  confused  with  LG.  butt,  etc.,  a 
tub,  etc.,  =  E.  butts.]  1 .  The  end  or  extremity 
of  a  thing.  Particularly— (n)  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
blunt  end  of  a  piece  of  timber,  a  musket,  a  fishing-rod,  a 
whip-handle,  etc.  Also  called  butt-eml.  (b)  The  thick  or 
fleshy  part  of  a  plant,  etc.  (c)  The  buttocks ;  the  posteri- 
ors. [Vulgar.]  (ri)  A  buttock  of  beef.  [Prov.  Eng. J 


butment  (but'ment),  n.  An  abbreviated  form 
of  abutment. 

butment-cheek  (but'ment-chek),  ».  The  part 
of  the  material  about  a"  mortise  against  which 
the  shoulder  of  a  tenon  bears. 

Butorides  (bu-tor'i-dez),  H.  [NL.]  A  genus 
of  small  herons,  of  the  family  Anleidce,  of  which 
green  is  the  principal  color;  the  little  green 
herons.  B.  mrescem,  the  common  shitepoke  or  fly-up- 
the-creek  of  the  United  States,  is  one  species,  and  there 
are  several  others. 

but-shaftt,  >i.    See  butt-shaft. 

butt1  (but),  v.  [Also  sometimes  (like  all  the 
other  words  spelled  butt)  written  but,  early  mod. 
E.  bittte,  <  ME.  button,  push,  throw,  <  AF.  buter, 
OF.  buter,  boter,  push,  butt,  strike,  mod.  F. 
bouter,  put,  buter,  intr.  hit  the  mark,  aim,  tr. 
prop,  buttress,  =  Pr.  botar,  boutar,  butar  =  Sp. 
Pg.  botar  =  It.  bottare,  lance,  buttare,  push, 
thrust,  throw,  fling;  perhaps  <  MHG.  bozeii, 
strike,  beat,  =  AS.  beatan,  etc.,  beat :  see  beat1. 
To  the  same  ult.  source  are  referred  boss1, 
botch1,  etc. ;  also  abut,  of  which  butt1  in  some 
senses  (II.,  2,  3)  is  in  part  an  abbr.  form. 
Hence  indirectly  butft,  buttress,  etc.]  I.  traux. 
To  strike  by  thrusting,  as  with  the  end  of  a  beam 
or  heavy  stick,  or  with  the  horns,  tusks,  or  head, 
as  an  ox,  a  boar,  or  a  ram ;  strike  with  the  head. 

The  here  in  the  bataile  the  bygger  hyni  semyde, 
And  byttes  hyme  holdlye  wyth  balefnlle  tuskez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  791. 

Come,  leave  your  tears :  a  brief  farewell :  —  the  beast 
With  many  heads  butts  me  away.         Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  1. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  strike  anything  by  thrust- 
ing the  head  against  it,  as  an  ox  or  a  ram  ;  have 
a  habit  of  striking  in  this  manner. 

A  ram  will  butt  with  his  heart,  though  he  be  brought  up 
tame,  and  never  saw  that  manner  of  fighting. 

Ray,  Works  of  Creation. 

When  they  [shepherds]  called,  the  creatures  came,  ex- 
pecting salt  and  bread.  It  was  pretty  to  see  them  lying 
near  their  masters,  playing  and  butting  at  them  with  their 
horns,  or  bleating  for  the  sweet  rye-bread. 

J.  A.  Symoitd/i,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  310. 

2.  To  join  at  the  end  or  outward  extremity; 
abut ;  be  contiguous. 

The  poynt  of  that  side  butteth  most  vppon  Genuany. 
'  his  Engh    ' 


3.  Specifically,  in  ship-building,  to  abut  end  to 
end;  fit  together  end  to  end,  as  two  planks. 

Also  spelled  but. 

butt1  (but),  «.  [<  ME.  butt;  <  butt1,  v.  The 
second  sense  is  due  in  part  to  F.  botte,  a  pass  or 
thrust  in  fencing,  <  It.  botta  =  Sp.  Pg.  bote,  a 
thrust,  blow  ;  from  the  same  source  as  butt1,  r.] 
1.  A  push  or  thrust  given  by  the  head  of  an 
animal  :  as,  the  butt  of  a  ram.  —  2.  A  thrust  in 
fencing. 


,, 


Fast-joint  Butt. 


of  timber  which  exactly  meets  another  endwise 
in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom;  also,  the  juncture 
of  two  such  pieces. —  3.  Inmach., 
the  square  end  of  a  connecting- 
rod  or  other  link,  to  which  the 
bush-bearing  is  attached. — 4.  In 
carp.,  a  door-hinge  consisting  of 
two  plates  of  metal,  or  leaves, 
which  interlock  so  as  to  form  a 
movable  joint,beingheld  together 
by  a  pin  or  pintle.  They  are  screwed  to  the  butting 
parts  of  the  door  and  casing,  instead  of  to  their  adjoining 
sides  as  are  the  older  strap-hinges.  See  fast-joint  butt  and 
loose-joint  butt,  below.  Also  called  butt-hintje. 

5.  In  agri.:  (a)  A  ridge  in  a  plowed  field,  espe- 
cially when  not  of  full  length.     Hence  —  (b)  A 
gore  or  gare.     (c)  pi.  A  small  detached  or  dis- 
joined parcel  of  land  left  over  in  surveying. — 

6.  Inthe  leather  trade,  ahide  of  sole-leather  with 
the  belly  and  shoulders  cut  off;  a  rounded  crop. 

The  heaviest  hides  .  .  .  have  received  the  name  of  butts 
or  backs.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  83. 

7f.  A  hassock. — 8.  The  standing  portion  of 
a  half -coupling  at  the  end  of  a  hose ;  the  me- 
tallic ring  at  the  end  of  the  hose  of  a  fire-en- 
gine, or  the  like,  to  which  the  nozle  is  screwed. 
— 9.  In  target-shooting:  (a)  In  archery,  a  mark 
to  shoot  at.  (b)  In  rifle-practice,  a  wooden  tar- 
get composed  of  several  thicknesses  of  boards, 
with  small  spaces  between  them,  so  that  the 
depth  to  which  bullets  penetrate  can  be  ascer- 
tained, (c)  In  gunnery  j  a  solid  embankment  of 
earth  or  sand  into  which  projectiles  are  fired 
in  testing  guns,  or  in  making  ballistic  experi- 
ments, (a)  pi.  The  range  or  place  where  arch- 
ery, rifle,  or  gunnery  practice  is  carried  on,  in 
distinction  from  the  field.  See  target.  Hence 
— 10.  A  person  or  thing  that  serves  as  a  mark 
for  shafts  of  wit  or  ridicule,  or  as  an  object  of 
sarcastic  or  contemptuous  remarks. 

I  played  a  sentence  or  two  at  my  butt,  which  I  thought 
very  smart,  when  my  ill  genius  .  .  .  suggested  to  him 
such  a  reply  as  got  all  th< 


. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  247. 
butt  down  upon  this  ;  and  they  are 
BunyaH,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  101. 


There  are  many  ways  butt  down  upon  this  ;  and  they  are 
crooked  and  wide.  ' 


To  prove  who  gave  the  fairer  halt. 
John  shows  the  chalk  on  Hubert's  coat. 


J'riur. 


reply  as  got  all  the  laughter  on  his  side. 
That  false  prudence  which  dotes  on  health  and  wealth 
is  the  butt  and  merriment  of  heroism. 

Enter/ton,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  229. 

11.  A  goal;  abound;  a  limit. 

Here  is  my  journey's  end,  here  is  my  butt, 
And  very  sea-mark  of  my  utmost  *;ul. 

Shalt.,  Othello,  v.  2. 

12.  In  coal-mininy,  the   surface   of  the  coal 
which  is  at  right  'angles  to  the  face.     [Eng.] 
— 13.  A  shoemakers' knife.     [North.  Eng.] 

Also  spelled  but. 

Bead  and  butt.  See  bead,  9.— Butt  and  butt,  with  the 
butt-ends  together,  but  not  overlapping,  as  two  planks.— 
Butts  and  bounds,  the  abuttals  and  boundaries  of  land. — 
Butt's  length,  the  ordinary  distance  from  the  place  of 
shooting  to  the  butt  or  mark:  as,  not  two  butt*  /•  •//•///<* 
from  the  town. 

[They]  rode  so  cloos  oon  after  a-nother  that  whan  thei 
wererenged  that  oon  niyght  biive  caste  a  glove  yp«m  tlu-iiv 
helmes  that  sholde  not  have  falle  to  grouude.  er  thei  hadrte 
ride  a  butte  length*.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  385. 


buttal 

Fast-joint  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  pintle  that  holds 
together  the  two  leaves  is  removable,  and  the  leaves  are 
so  interlocked  that  they  cannot  be  separated  without  first 
removing  the  pintle.— Hook  and  butt.  See  luiok.-  Loose- 
joint  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  jointed  portion  is  halved, 
each  half  forming  a  part  of  one  of  the  leaves.  The  pin  is 
immovably  fixed  to  one  leaf,  and  enters  a  hole  in  the  other 
leaf,  thus  enabling  the  leaves  to  be  separated  easily.— 
Rising  butt,  a  hinge  in  which  the  leaf  attached  to  the 
doornses  slightly  as  the  door  is  opened.  This  action  is 
effected  by  making  the  surface  upon  which  this  leaf  moves 
inclined  instead  of  horizontal.  The  object  is  to  give  the 
door  a  tendency  to  close  automatically.— Scuttled  butt. 
Same  as  scuttle-butt.— To  give  the  butt  to,  in  angling 
with  a  light  fly-rod,  to  turn  the  butt  of  the  rod  toward  the 
hooked  fish,  thus  bending  the  rod  upon  itself  and  keeping 
a  steady  tension  on  the  line.— To  start  or  spring  a  butt 
(naut.),  to  loosen  the  end  of  a  plank  by  the  weakness  or 
laboring  of  the  ship. 

butt2  (but),  i:     [<  butft,  «.]     I.  trans.  If.  To 
lay  down  bounds  or  limits  for. 

That  the  dean,  etc.,  do  cause  all  and  singular  houses, 
dwellings  of  the  church,  to  be  bounded  and  butted. 

Abf.  Parker,  in  Strype  (fol.  ed.),  p.  304. 

2.  To  cut  off  the  ends  of,  as  boards,  in  order  to 
make  square  ends  or  to  remove  faulty  portions. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

II.  intrans.  To  abut.     See  butt1,  v.,  H.,  2,  3. 

Also  spelled  but. 

butt3  (but),  n.  [Also  written  but,  early  mod.  E. 
but,  butle;  <  (1)  ME.  bytte,  bitte,  bit,  earlier  butte, 
a  leathern  bottle,  a  wine-skin  (in  late  ME.  bitte, 
a  leathern  fire-bucket),  <  AS.  b;/tt,  byt,  a  leathern 
bottle,  =  MD.  butte,  D.  but,  a  wooden  bucket, 
=  MLG.  butte,  LG.  butte,  butt  =  MHG.  butte,  G. 
butte,  butte,  a  tub,  coop,  =  Icel.  bytta,  a  small 
tub,  a  bucket,  pail,  =  Norw.  bytta,  a  tub,  bucket, 
pail,  a  brewing-vat  (cf.  butt,  a  keg,  a  butter- 
tub),  =  Sw.  bytta,  a  pail,  =  Dan.  botte,  a  tub, 
coop ;  mixed  with  (2)  ME.  "butte  (not  found  in 
this  sense),  <  OF.  boute,  mod.  F.  botte  =  Pr.  Sp. 
bota  =  It.  botte,  a  butt,  cask;  cf.  (3)  AS.  by  den 
=  MLG.  bodene,  boden,  bode,  bodde,  budde,  also 
bodeme  (by  confusion  with  bodeme  =  E.  bottom) 
=  OHG.  butinna,  MHG.  butin,  budin,  biiten,  bu- 
ten,  biitten,  G.  butte  (mixed  with  the  above)  = 
ODan.  bodde,  a  butt,  tun,  tub,  vat;  cf.  It.  bot- 
tina,  a  little  butt;  (4)  AS.  buteruc,  buteric,  bu- 
truc,  early  ME.  but-true  =  OS.  buteric  =  OHG. 
butirih,  puterih,  MHG.  buterich,  butrich,  a  lea- 
thern bottle,  a  flask,  G.  dial,  butterich,  buttrich, 
a  small  tub  or  barrel,  a  keg  (ML.  buttericus,  a 
tankard);  and  (5)  see  bottle^,  from  the  same 
ult.  source:  <  ML.  buttis,  butta,  also  butis,  buta, 
a  butt,  a  cask,  MGr.  fivrtf,  flovric,  a  butt  (NGr. 
floi'Ta,  a  tub,  a  churn,  /hi-rat,  a  tub,  a  barrel), 
apj>ar.  shortened  from  the  older  form  (from 
which  directly  the  third  set  of  forms  men- 
tioned), ML.  butina,  a  flask,  <  Gr.  irvrivi],  later 
(Tarentine)  ftvriv//,  a  flask  covered  with  osier 
(cf.  NGr.  jivrha,  a  pan  for  salting  meat).  As 
in  other  vessel-names,  the  precise  application 
varies  in  the  different  languages.  In  the  sense 
of  a  particular  measure  of  wine,  the  word  is 
modern;  cf.  pipe  in  similar  senses.]  If.  A 
leathern  bottle  or  flask ;  a  bucket :  in  this  sense 
only  in  Middle  English,  usually  spelled  bitoibitt. 

That  the  Bitters  be  redy  w'  hur  horses  and  bittes  to 
bryuge  water  .  .  .  when  euy  parelle  of  fuyre  ys  w'yn  the 
cite.  English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  382. 

2.  A  large  cask,  especially  one  to  contain  wine. 
—  3.  A  measure  of  wine  equal  to  126  United 
States  (that  is,  old  wine)  gallons ;  a  pipe,  it  is 
no  longer  a  legal  measure  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  com- 
mon statement  that  an  imperial  butt  is  126  imperial  gal- 
lons is  incorrect ;  the  butt  is  110  imperial  gallons.  The 
measure  was  originally  used  chiefly  for  Spanish  wine,  ami 
the  word  was  used  to  translate  Spanish  bota,  which  equaled 
126  United  States  gallons,  and  to  distinguish  that  from 
the  Spanish  pipa,  which  contained  only  114  United  States 
gallons.  Its  present  value  was  legalized  by  a  statute  of 
Anne.  It  is  now  confounded  with  the  pipe.  The  pipe  of 
Madeira  is  reputed  to  contain  110  gallons ;  of  Canary,  120 ; 
of  Port,  1.38 ;  of  Marsala,  112.  The  bota  and  pipa,  through- 
out Spain,  vary  but  little  from  the  values  above  given.  In 
Portuguese  countries  two  measures  are  common,  one  of  141 
gallons  (Oporto,  Lisbon  for  oil),  and  another  of  110  gallons 
(Lisbon,  Madeira,  Porto  Rico,  Bahia).  There  is  besides  a 
Portuguese  pipe  of  132  gallons  (Lisbon  for  oil.  Bahia).  In 
Italy  the  name  botte  is  applied  to  a  cask  holding  200 
United  States  gallons  or  more ;  but  it  was  in  many  places 
confounded  with  the  >'//*'•  which  held  only  160  to  170  gal- 
lons. The  French  word  botte  was  never  used  as  the  name 
of  a  wine-measure  ;  neither  was  the  German  bittte  or  btittr. 
In  Denmark  there  was  a  bodde  of  123  United  States  gal- 
lons; in  Gotha,  a  measure  of  the  same  name  eiiiial  to  115 
United  States  gallons.  The  botija  of  Bolivia  is  only  !).:: 
United  States  gallons.  A  butt  of  London  beer,  iit  the  time 
when  London  beer  was  measured  differently  from  ale.  «  a> 
:!  lucsheails.  A  butt  of  salmon,  lij  a  Statute  of  Henry  VI., 
was  84  gallons. 

4.  A  beehive.  [Prov.  Eug.  (Exmoor).]  —  5. 
A  cart.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

butt4t.  n.     See  but-. 

buttal1  (but'al),  n.  [Short  for  abuttal.']  If. 
A  boundary;  abound.— 2.  [Cf.  butt'-*,  H.,  5.]  A 
corner  of  ground.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


buttal 

buttal-  (but/ill),  ii.    A  dialectal  form  of  butter*, 

bittenl. 
butt-bolt  (but'bolt),  n.    An  unbarbed  arrow; 

a  butt-shaft. 

I  saw  a  llttlu  devil  fly  out  of  her  eye  like  a  n>it-i,»lt, 
which  .slick--  at  this  hour  n]»  \'<  tin   t,  aflu  IN  in  my  heart. 
l-;,,;l  n,,:l  ll.'kk'.f.  \Vitclinf  Edmonton.  ii.  I. 


butt-chain  (Imt'clmn),  ii.  In  harness,  a  short 
chain  attached  at  one  end  to  the  leather  tun. 
and  at  the  other  to  the  swingle-tree.  K.  H. 
Knit/lit. 

butte  (but),  H.  [F.,  a  rising  ground,  a  mound, 
orig.  a  butt  to  shoot  at  :  seeottM2.]  Aconspicu- 
OUH  hill  or  mountain,  especially  one  that  at- 
ttvirts  attention  by  its  isolation,  or  serves  as  a 
landmark:  a  name  applied  in  the  regions  about 
the  upper  Missouri  and  west  to  tlic  I'acinV. 

Thus,  the  "Thlvc  IS,ill,'t"  were  a  eonspie  ......  s  lan.linarU 

for  emigrants  to  <  >rcgon.  One  of  tin:  highest  anil  grandest 
mountains  in  th«  I'nited  stales.  .Miiuiit  sbasta.  \\:is  in  tin- 
early  days  of  California!!  i  -migration  known  to  tin:  Ameri- 
cans almost  exclusively  as  Miasla  I'.utl,.  <i(lier  promi- 
nent lofty  peaks  in  California  are  still  called  1,/iti''*.  a.s 
Downievllle  llttttr-it,  Marysville  Unties,  etc.  Tills  use  of 
the  word  btttte,  now  gradually  disappearing  from  the 
region  In  question,  is  a  relic  of  French  occupancy  of 
the  Northwest,  anil  of  the  suhsequent  wide  distribution 
through  that  region  of  the  Hudson's  Hay  Company's  em- 
ployees, most  of  whom  were  of  French  extraction.  The 
word  was  picked  up  hy  overland  emigrants  and  carried  to 
the  furthest  West;  and  it  lias  heen  much  used  as  a  place- 
name,  alone  or  in  combination. 

buttent,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  button. 

butt-end  (but'end),  n.  The  thicker,  larger,  or 
blunt  end  of  anything:  as,  the  butt-end  of  a 
musket  or  a  piece  of  timber:  game  as  butt?, 
1  (a).  Also  spelled  but-end. 

butter1  (but'er),  n.  [<  ME.  butter,  buttcre,  bu- 
tere,  <  AS.  butcre  (in  comp.  buter-,  bultor-)  = 
OFries.  butera,  botera  =  D.  boter  =  LG.  bolter  = 
OHG.  butrd,  butcre,  MHG.  buter,  Q.  butter  = 
F.  beurre  =  It.  burro,  butiro,  <  L.  tmtyrum,  < 
Gr.  /ioiTvpov,  butter,  appar.  <  povf,  cow,  +  rvp6f, 
cheese,  but  perhaps  an  accom.  of  some  for- 
eign word.]  1.  The  fatty  portion  of  milk.  AS 
prepared  for  use,  it  contains  80  to  85  per  cent,  of  fats,  with 
varying  amounts  of  water  and  salt,  and  minute  quantities 
of  sugar  and  curd.  It  is  used  as  a  food  or  relish  hy  most 
peoples,  and  is  made  directly  from  the  milk,  or  from  the 
cream  previously  separated  from  the  milk,  of  cows,  goats, 
and  other  animals.  Agitation  or  churning  separates  the 
fats  from  the  milk  or  cream  and  makes  them  cohere  in 
lumps,  which  are  then  worked  together,  freed  as  far  as 
possible  from  buttermilk,  ami  usually  mixed  with  salt, 
which  preserves  the  butter  and  develops  its  flavor. 
2.  In  old  chew.,  a  term  applied  to  certain  an- 
hydrous metallic  chlorids  of  buttery  consis- 
tence and  fusibility.  —  Butter-and-tallow  tree,  a 

guttiferous  tree  of  Sierra  Leone,  l'eiitad,'xm(t  but*trac<'a, 
BO  called  from  its  abundant  yellow,  greasy  sap,  which  the 
natives  mix  with  their  food.—  Butter  of  antimony,  a 
name  given  to  antimony  trichlorid,  made  by  distilling  a 
mixture  of  corrosive  sublimate  and  antimony,  and  former- 
ly used  in  medicine  as  a  caustic.  —  Butter  of  bismuth, 
butter  of  tin,  butter  of  zinc,  sublimated  chlorids  of 
those  metals.—  Butter  of  wax,  the  oleaginous  part  of 
wax,  obtained  by  distillation,  having  a  buttery  consistence. 
—  Macaja  butter.  See  CVo».  -  Midshipmen's  butter. 
See  ameadu.—  Nutmeg-butter.  See  antmeg.—  Paraffin- 
butter,  a  crude  paraffin  which  is  used  for  making  can- 
dles. —  KOCk-bu  tier,  a  peculiar  mineral  composed  of  alum 
combined  with  iron,  of  the  consistence  and  appearance  of 
soft  butter,  occurring  as  a  pasty  exudation  from  aluminif- 
rn  ins  rocks  at  ilurlct  Alum  Works,  1'atsley,  Scotland,  and 
in  several  places  on  the  continent  of  Europe.—  Run  but- 
ter, clarified  butter  ;  butter  melted  and  potted  for  culi- 
nary use.  The  name  of  ghee  (which  see)  is  given  to  a  kind 
of  run  butter  made  in  India.  —  Vegetable  butters,  a 
name  given  to  certain  concrete  fixed  vegetable  oils  which 
are  solid  at  common  temperatures:  so  called  from  their 
resemblance  to  butter  produced  from  the  milk  of  animals. 
The  following  are  the  most  important  of  them.  O"'<r> 
butter,  or  oil  of  theobroma,  is  obtained  from  the  seeds  of 
the  cacao  (Theobroma  Cacao)  of  tropical  America;  it  is 
"  a  yellowish-white  solid,  having  a  faint  agreeable  odor,  a 
bland  chocolate-like  taste,  and  a  neutral  reaction"  (U.  S. 
Dispensatory,  p.  1049).  Cattara  butter  is  obtained  from 
tin-  fruits  of  I  ateria  Indica;  it  is  a  resin  rather  than  an 
oil,  and  is  used  as  a  varnish.  Fnltra  butter  is  from  the 
seeds  of  the  East  Indian  Bassia  buttfracea  ;  A'"A  niu  hntt>'f. 
from  the  seeds  of  Gnrcinia  Intiica;  Mahwaii  butter,  from 
Batifia  latifolia.  Shea  butter,  also  called  tialam  or  I;n,,,- 
buJc  biittrr,  is  from  the  kernels  of  the  shea-tree,  Butyro- 
gperminn  r«irkii.  of  western  Africa  ;  it  resembles  (mini-oil, 
but  is  of  a  deeper-reit  color.  See  Bosnia,  cacao,  shea. 
butter1  (but'er),  r.  [<  butter^,  ».]  I.  trans. 

1.  To  smear  with  butter. 

"fwiis  her  brother  that,  in  pure  kindness  to  his  horse, 
l,iitifr;i  his  hay.  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4. 

2.  To  flatter  grossly:  as,  he  buttered  him  to  his 
heart's  content.      [Colloq.]—  Buttered  ale,  a  beer 

hreneil  without  hops  or  other  bitter  ingredient,  and 
flavored  with  sugar,  butter,  and  spice.-  To  know  on 
which,  side  one's  bread  Is  buttered,  to  know  when- 
ones  advantage  lies;  be  able  to  take  care  of  oue's  self. 

[Colloq.] 

I  knn\\  \\hat-\\l         i  n  which  side 

M,i  l,r,;i,l  it  butter'd.  Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  ii.  1. 

II.  inli-aiix.  In  i/iimlilini/  slang,  to  stake  the 
previous    winnings,   with    addition,  at  every 
(blow  or  every  game. 
47 


737 

It  is  . -i  tine  simile  in  one  of  Mr.  r,, nm  ei ,  -  prologues  which 

compares  a  writer  to  a  1,1,11.  ,.,:•,  -.. i.-i  Hut  -lukesall 

his  winning  IIJHMI  one  cast ;  no  that  il  be  lose,  tb.-  ]a-t 
throw  hi-  is  sure  to  l»e  undone.  Additon,  Fn<  holiler. 

butter-  (but'rr),  n.  [<  bitttl  +  -rrl.~\  One  who 
or  that  which  butts;  an  animal  that  butts. 

butter;1  (but'er),  >i.  [<  butt*,  r.  /.,  '2,  +  -crl.]  A 
machine  for  sawing  off  the  ends  of  boards,  to 
square  them  and  remove  faulty  parts. 

butter  4,".  A  n  obsolete  form  of  bittern^.  Com- 
pare butt,  fliniiiji. 

butter6!,  ».  [Only  in  ME.  form  bitter,  <  bit, 
lulli'  (see  butt*),  +  -<rl.]  One  who  has  charge 
of  a  butt  or  fire-bucket.  See  butt3,  n.,  1. 

butter-ale  (but'er-al),  n.  Same  as  buttered  ale 
i  wliieli  SIM-,  iiinlrr  Iniiii  /-I.  r.  I.). 

butter-and-eggs  (but'er-and-egz'),  n.  1.  The 
popular  name  in  the  British  islands  of  the 
double-flowered  variety  of  Narcisxux  aurantius 
and  of  other  species  of  the  same  genus,  and  in 
the  United  States  of  the  toad-flax  or  ramsted, 
l.iniiria  vulgarin:  from  the  color  of  the  flowers, 
which  are  of  two  shades  of  yellow. —  2.  The 
act  of  sliding  on  one  foot,  and  striking  the  slide 
with  the  heel  and  toe  of  the  other  foot  at  short 
intervals.  [Eng.  schoolboy  slang.] 
I  can  do  tnitter-and^ggi  all  down  the  slide. 

Macmillan't  May. 

butterball  (but'er-bal),  n.     Same  as  bufflel,  2. 

butter-bean  (but'er-ben),  n.  A  variety  of 
Phascnlux  luiintiis  cultivated  for  the  table  in 
the  United  States.  See  bean1,  2. 

butter-bird  (but'er-berd),  ».  The  name  given 
to  the  rice-bunting,  Doliclionyi  oryzirorus,  in 
Jamaica,  where  it  is  iu  great  request  for  the 
table.  See  cut  under  bobolink. 

butter-boat  (but'er-bot),  ».  A  vessel  for  the 
table  in  which  melted  butter,  intended  to  be 
used  as  a  sauce,  is  served ;  a  sauce-boat. 

butter-box  (but'er-boks),  ».  1.  A  box  or  ves- 
sel for  butter.— 2f.  A  Dutchman.  [Slang.] 

butterbump  (but'er-bump),  w.  [Also  butter- 
mump  (ana  of.  buttcrmunk),  <  butter,  dial, 
form  of  bitter^,  bittern1,  q.  v.,  +  bump1, 
var.  mump.  Ct.  equiv.  boi/bumper."]  A 
name  of  the  European  bittern,  Botaurun 
stellaris.  Tennyson.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

butter-bur,  butter-burr  (but'er-ber),  ». 
A  name  of  the  sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites 
ruli/aris.  Also  called  butter-dock. 

butter-color  (but'er-kul'or),  n.  1.  The 
color  of  butter;  golden  yellow. — 2.  A  sub- 
stance containing  a  large  amount  of  color- 
ing matter  which  is  mixed  with  butter, 
oleomargarin,  butterin,  or  suine,  to  give 
it  a  rich  yellow  color;  a  preparation  of 
madder  or  of  arnotto  thus  used. 

buttercup  (but'er-kup),  w.  A  name  given 
to  most  of  the  common  species  of  Ran  uncu- 
lu#  with  bright-yellow  cup-shaped  flowers 
and  divided  leaves,  such  as  K .  acrix  and  K. 
bulbosux.  Also  called  butter-flower  and  crowfoot. 

butter-daisy  (but'er-da'zi),  n.  The  white  ox- 
eye.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

butter-dock  (but'er-dok),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  bitter  dock,  Rumex  obtusifolius,  and  the 
sweet  coltsfoot,  Petasites  ruli/aris,  because  their 
large  leaves  are  used  for  wrapping  butter. 

butter-fingered  (but'er-fing'gerd),  a.  Having 
slippery  or  weak  fingers;  clumsy  in  the  use  of 
the  hands.  [Slang.] 

butter-fingers  (but'er-fing'gerz),  H.  One  who 
lets  drop  anything  he  ought  to  hold;  a  butter- 
fingered  person;  specifically,  in  bane-ball  and 
cricket,  one  who  "muffs"  a  ball.  [Slang.] 

When,  on  the  executioner  lifting  the  head  of  the  seventh 
traitor,  as  the  preceding  six  had  been  lifted  to  the  public 
gaze,  he  happened  to  let  it  fall,  cries  of  "Ah,  clumsy!" 
"Halloo,  butter-Jittffert ! "  were  heard  from  various  quar- 
ters of  the  assembly.  Hook,  Ciilbert  Guniey,  II.  1. 

butter-fish  (but'er-fish),  n.  1.  A  name  given 
to  various  fishes  and  other  marine  animals  hav- 
ing a  smooth  and  unctuous  surface  like  butter. 
(fl)  The  flsh  Stroinateux(or  Poronotti*)triacanthujt.  It  has 


butterfly-nose 

can  eoa-t,  but   not   mini  -   f.  ,.d.    IMuMCtm 

•etU  and  New  York,  j    ((.. 

\S  I  s  Moll, 

Massachusetts.]    (<•)  A  flub  of  tl,. 

,1m  iMlln*.     It  Inu  an  oblong  |M«|J  with  small  »n tb 

scales,  a  naked  head,  and  17  dorsal  spines  and  17  rays. 
The  flesh  i-  .    short   in   the   grain,  an. I    well 

savored,  Without   I-  It    inhabit*  tin-   k.  lp  b.  .1-, 

around  New  7/ealand.     (<f)  A  bivalve  moiln-k  of  the  fain 
lly  Veneridat,   Tape*  ileruiuata  :    the   puir.     |l>H-al 
(llanii>shire).|    («)  A  bivalve  mollusk  of  tl,.    family  Myi- 
dtr,  Miia  arenaria ;  the  soft  clam. 
2.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Murteitotde*,  especially 
M.  gunnellus.    [Eng.]— 3.  A  serranoid  fish 
neacentrus  punctatut.    Also  called  niggcr-ftth. 
i  \\Vst  Ind.] 

butterflip  (Wtf  to-flip),  n.  The  avoset,  Reeurvi- 
nixti -a  iirni-iiiii.  Moiitiii/ii.  [Local,  British.] 

butter-flower  ( but'er-flou'er),  n.  Same  as  bu  t- 
ii  ,-i-nji. 

Let  weeds  Instead  of  bulter-JUnr'n  iippear, 
And  meads,  Instead  of  daisies,  hemlock  bear. 

-hep.  Week,  Friday,  1.  85. 

butterfly  (but'er-fli),  n.;  pi.  liuttrrflirx  (-His). 
[<  ME.  buttiirflye,  boti-rflyc,  etc..  <  AS.  Imlii,,-- 
fleoge,  buterflege  (=  MD.  boterrliei/r,  D.  boter- 
rlii-g  =  G.  butterlliege),  a  butterfly,  a  large  white 
moth,  <  butere,  butter,  +  fleoi/e,  a  fly.  Cf.  MD. 
botervoghel,  a  butterfly,  =  G.  buttervogel,  a  largo 
white  moth  (MD.  roijliel,  D.  rogtl  =  G.  rogel  =  E. 
fowl1).  The  reason  for  the  name  is  uncertain; 
it  was  probably  at  first  applied  to  the  yellow 
species.  Grimm  says  it  has  its  name,  as  well  as 
an  old  German  name  molkcndieb  (late  MHG. 
molkendie]i),  'milk-thief,'  from  the  fact  that  peo- 
ple formerly  believed  that  the  butterfly,  or  elves 
or  witches  m  its  shape,  stole  milk  and  butter; 
but  the  legend  mavhave  arisen  out  of  the  name. 
Another  explanation,  based  on  another  name  of 
the  butterfly,  MD.  boterschijte,  -schiete,  -xchete, 
refers  it  to  the  color  of  the  excrement  (wAy'fe).] 
1.  The  common  English  name  of  any  diurnal 
lepidopterous  insect ;  especially,  one  of  the  rho- 
palocerous  LejMoptera,  corresponding  to  the 


Butter-Ash    srr^mafrui  trtacantktts 


an  oval  form,  rounded  in  front,  with  [Hires  on  the  back  in 
a  single  row  above  the  lateral  line,  ami  the  dorsal  and  anal 
fins  not  elevated.  It  is  abundant  along  the  eastern  Anieri- 


Goatwecd  Butterfly 


old  Linnean  genus  Pai>Uio,  called  distinctively 
the  butterflies.  See  JHurna,Ilh<tpal(icira,  Lepi- 
doptera,  and  Papilio. — 2.  Figuratively,  a  per- 
son whose  attention  is  given  up  to  a  variety 
of  trifles  of  any  kind;  one  incapable  of  steady 
application ;  a  showily  dressed,  vain,  and  giddy 
person. — 3.  A  kind  of  flat  made-up  neck-tie. — 
4t.  An  herb  otherwise  called  ragwort.  Kersey, 
1708.— Butterfly  head-dress.  See  bead-tire**.—  Cop- 
per butterflies,  the  English  name  of  the  small  copper 
colored  species  of  the  family  Ltiftrniiltr.  and  especially 
of  the  genus  Lyca-na.  —  Goatweed  butterfly,  the  pop- 
ular name  of  /'n;<Ai«  g'.ycerium,  a  rare  and  interesting 
butterfly,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on  the  goatwced*  of 
the  genus  Croton.  The  insect  Is  specially  interesting 
from  the  dissimilarity  of  the  sexett,  or  sexual  dimorphism, 
and  from  the  curious  habit  of  the  larva,  which  lives  in  a 
cup  made  of  the  folded  leaf.  The  larva  ii  clear-green  in 
color,  with  pale-white  granulations  and  Interspersed  dark 
Indentations.  The  chrysalis  is  light-green,  banded  with 
dark-gray.  The  male  butterfly  is  deep  cnpitery-red,  mark- 
ed with  dark  nnrpllsh-brown.  while  the  female  is  much 
Hghtcr-coloreif,  though  also  marked  with  dark-brown. — 
Sea-butterfly,  a  mollusk  of  the  subclass  1'tenpoda :  so 
called  from  its  extended  lateral  foot-lobes,  which  simu- 
late wings. 

butterfly-cock  (but'er-fli-kok),  n.  Same  as 
bit  ttcrfly-ralvc. 

butterfly-fish  (1'iit'iT-ni-fish),  w.  1.  AnEnglish 
name  or  the  eyed  blenny,  />'/<  unin.-  »r<llnri4. — 
2.  A  fish  of  the  family  \onit-ida;  (lasterochisma 
melampus,  with  large  "black  ventral  fins,  inhab- 
iting the  sea  about  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
It  attains  a  length  of  more  than  3  feet,  but  is 
rare. 

butterfly-gurnard  (but'er-fli-gerrnard),  H.  A 
fish  of  trie  family  Trii/lid<r,  the  I.rpidotrigla  ta- 
ni*«ii  of  the  Tasraaniiui  and  Australian  seas. 

butterfly-nose  (but'er-tli-uoz),  n.  A  spotted 
nose,  as  of  some  dogs. 


738 


butterfly-orchis 

butterfly-orchis  (but'er-fli-dr'kis),  ».    A  Brit-  butter-tooth  (but' er-toth),  «.    [<  butter*  + 
ish  orchid,  Habeitaria  bifoliti,  growing  in  woods     tooth  ;  perhaps  with  some  vague  allusion   to 

mi        v  .Ti       , .  .  ___a. .    1.  .-_    f~         ,,,it1,    4r,f.4l,    1          A     l-.«/in  H    fitr\-nT   Tf\r\T\t 


button 


and  open  heaths.     The  great  butterfly-orchis  is  milk-tooth.'} 
H.  chlornntha. 
butterfly-plant  (buf  er-fli-plant),  w.    1 .  A  West 

Indian  orchideous  plant,  OnofcZtom  PaptUo.   See  ^ ^ ^ 

Oncidium.—Z.  Aspeciesof  theEastlndianPAn-  i,utter_tree  (buf  fer-tre),  n.    A  species  of  Bus- 

,,,;„   found  in  Africa,  which  yields  a  substance 
A  selachian 


A  broad  front  tooth. 
I'd  had  an  eye 

Popt  out  ere  this  time,  or  my  two  butter-teeth 
Thrust  down  my  throat. 


butterfly-ray  (bufer-fll-ra),  w. 
of  the  family  Trygoiiidai,  Pteroplatea  maclura. 
It  is  a  kind  of  sting-ray  with  very  broad  pec- 
torals. 

butterfly-shaped  (but'er-fll-shapt),  «.    In  bot., 
shaped  like  a  butterfly ;  papilionaceous. 

butterfly-shell  (buf  er-fli-shel),  n.    A  shell  of 
the  genus  Valuta. 

butterfly-valve  (but'er-fll-valv),  M.  A  kind  of 
double  clack-valve  used  in  pumps.  It  consists  es- 
sentially of  two  semicircular  clappers, 
clacks,  or  wings  hinged  to  a  cross-rib 
cast  in  the  pump-bucket,  and  is  named 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  wings  of 
a  butterfly  when  open,  as  represented 
in  section  in  the  annexed  cut.  It  is  em- 
ployed in  the  lift-buckets  of  large  wa- 
ter-pumps, and  for  the  air-pump  buck- 
ets of  condensing  steam-engines.  Also 
called  butterfly-cock.  See  clack-valve. 

butterfly-weed  (buf  er  -  fli- 
wed),  n.  1.  A  name  of  the 
North  American  plant  Ascle- 
pias  tuberosa;  the  pleurisy-root 


like  butter;  the  shea-tree.    See  Shea.   The  name 


buttery-hatch  (buf  er-i-hach),  n.     A  hatch  or 
half -door  giving  entrance  to  a  buttery. 

I  know  you  were  one  could  keep 
The  buttery-hatch  still  locked,  and  save  the  drippings. 
b.  Jonsoii,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

butt-hinge  (but'hinj),  «.     Same  as  butt2,  4. 

Middietan,  Mamnger,  and  Rowley,  Old  Law,  iii.  2.  butthom  (bufthorn),  n.     [Uncertain;  appar. 

<  but"  (or  else  butt2)  +  thorn,  prob.  in  ref.  to 
the  spiny  surface  of  the  starfish.]  A  kind  of 
starfish,  Aslropecten  aurantiacus.  See  starfish. 

is  also  Riven  to  various  other  trees  from  the  seeds  of  which  butt-howel  (bufhou"el),  11.     A  kind  of  howel 
solid  oils  are  obtained.    See  butter*.  ,  -*„  1]Cua/i  Vvv  />nnnpi*R 

^'t±i^^.^^w^r'Sr^t^of^^to 

«6«f.]    An  abutting  or  abuttal. 
Without  buttings  or  boundings  on  any  side. 

Bp.  Eeveridr/e,  Works,  I.  xx. 

'ing-joint),  H.   A  joint  formed 
pieces  of  timber  or  metal  united  end- 
wise so  that  they  come  exactly  against  each 
other  with  a  true  joint ;  an  abutting  joint.    In 
ironwork  the  parts  are  welded,  and  the  term  is  used  in 
ntradistinction  to  lap-joint.    Also  called  butt-joint. 


Butterfly-valve. 


hand-tool  used  in  sampling  butter. 
butter-tub  (buffer-tub),)).     A  tub  used  for  con- 
taining butter  in  quantity, 
butterweed  (buffer-wed),  n.    A  common  name 
of  the  horseweed,  Erigeron  Canadense,  and  of 
the  Senteio  lobatus. 

butter-weightt  (buf  fer-wat),  ».  More  than  full 
weight ;  a  larger  or  more  liberal  allowance  than 
is  usual  or  is  stipulated  for:  in  allusion  to  a 

custom,  now  obsolete,  of  allowing  and  exact-  butting-machine  (but'ing-ma-shen"),  n.    A 
ing  17  or  18  ounces,  or  even  more,  to  the  pound    machine  for  dressing  and  finishing  the  ends  of 
of  butter.    In  Scotland  either  tron  weight  or  a 
still  heavier  pound  was  used  for  butter. 

They  teach  you  how  to  split  a  hair, 

Give and  Jove  an  equal  share ; 

Yet  why  should  we  he  lac'd  so  strait  ? 

I'll  give  my  M ' 


butterwife  (buf er-wlf),  «.     A  butterwoman. 
Johnson. 

IS  all  expectorant,  ii  11111*1  i:in.imi  LIU,  mm  **  >nc*ij»»\n^vi^,  ».».  ^        t        .       _       .  _     _ 

is  employed  in  incipient  pulmonary  affections,  rheuma    butterwoman  (but'er-wuna'an),  n. ;  pi.  butter- 
tism,  and  dysentery.  women  (-wim"en).     A  wo- 

2.  The  butterfly-pea,  CUtoria  Mariana. 


erable  reputation  as  an  article  of  the  materia  medica.    It 
is  an  expectorant,  a  mild  cathartic,  and  a  diaphoretic,  and 


butterin,  butterine  (buffer-in),  n.  [<  butted 
+  -in2,  -i»e2.]  An  artificial  butter  made  by 
churning  oleomargarin,  a  product  of  a,nimal 
fat,  with  milk  and  water,  or  by  churning  milk 
with  some  sweet  butter  and  the  yolks  of  eggs, 
the  whole  of  the  contents  of  the  chum  by  the 
latter  method  being  converted  into  butterin. 

butterist,  n.     See  buttress,  3. 

butter-knife  (buf  fer-nif),  «.  A  blunt  and 
generally  ornamented  knife  used  for  cutting 
butter  at  table. 

butterman  (buffer-man),  «.;  pi.  liuttermcn 
(-men).  A  man  who  sells  butter. 

buttermilk  (buffer-milk),  «.  [=  D.  botermelk 
=  MHG.  butermilch,  G.  buttermilen.']  The  liquid 
that  remains  after  the  butter  is  separated  from 
milk.  It  has  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste.  Also 
called  churn-milk. 

I  ...  received  a  small  jug  of  thick  buttermilk,  not  re- 
markably clean,  but  very  refreshing. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  54. 


man  who  sells  butter. 

I  see  grave  learned  men  rail 
and  scold  like  butter-women. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  613. 

butter- worker  (but '  er- 
wer*ker),»i.  An  apparatus 
or  tool  for  freeing  butter 
from  buttermilk. 

butterwort  (but'fer-wert), 
H.  [<  butter^  +  worft.']  A 
name  common  to  the  spe- 
cies of  Pinguicula.  The  bu»- 
terworts  grow  on  wet  ground, 
are  apparently  stemless,  and 
have  showy  spurred  flowers. 
The  name  is  due  to  the  greasy- 
looking  viscid  surface  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  covered  with 
soft,  pellucid  glandular  hairs, 
secreting  a  glutinous  liquor  that 
catches  small  insects.  The  edges 
of  the  leaf  roll  over  on  the  insect 
and  retain  it,  and  the  insects  thus 


•y  i 
attached  to  a  revolving  disk. 

butting-ring  (but'ing-ring),  n.  A  collar  on  the 
axle  of  a  wheel,  inside  the  wheel,  which  it  pre- 
vents from  moving  further  inward  along  the  axle . 
Poetry,  butting-saw  (bufing-sa),  n.  A  cross-cut  saw 
used  to  prepare  logs  for  the  saw-mill  by  cut- 
ting off  the  rough  ends. 

)Utt-joint    (but' joint),    «.     Same    as    butting- 
joint. 

buttle1  (but'l),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  bottle^. 


( From  I-e  Maout  and  D«- 
caisne's  "  Traite  i/cml-i.d  de 
Botanique.") 

Ill  lli, 


aught  are  supposed  to  serve  as  food  for  the  plant, 
north  of  Sweden  the  leaves  are  employed  to  curdle  milk. 


butter-mold  (buf  6r-m61d),M.    Arnold  inwhich  buttery1  (bufer-i),  a.     [<  butter^  +  -yi.]     1. 


pats  of  butter  are  shaped  and  stamped. 

buttermunk  (but'fer-mungk),  ».  [A  variant  of 
butterbump.]  A  local  New  England  name  of 
the  night-heron,  Nyctiardea  grisea  nati'ia. 

butternut  (buffer-nut),   n.      1.    The  fruit  of 


Having  the   qualities   (especially  the  consis- 
tence) or  appearance  of  butter. 

Sinking  her  voice  into  a  deeper  key,  she  drove  the  fol- 
owing  lines,  slowly  and  surely,  through  and  through  his 


poor,  unresisting,  buttery  heart. 


C.  Keade,  Art. 


Juylans  cinerea,   an  American  tree,  so  called  2.  Apt  to  let  fall  anything  one  ought  to  hold, 

from  the  oil  it  contains;  also,  the  tree  itself,  as  a  ball  in  the  game  of  cricket ;  butter-fingered. 

The  tree  bears  a  resemblance  in  its  general  appearance  to  buttery'^  (but'  er-i),  M. ;   pi.  butteries  (-iz.)      [< 

the  black  walnut  (J.  nujra),  but  the  fruit  is  long  pointed,  ME   ioterv   b0trv,  a  buttery,  a  corruption  (due 

and  viscous,  the  nut  furrowed  and  sharply  jagged,  and  the  *.',?  ?. -,,-,.    j,,,/,,,,.    „ 

wood  soft  but  close-grained  and  light-colored,  turning  yel-  to  association  With  botere,   buttet ,  ana  to  tne 

low  after  exposure.    The  wood  takes  a  fine  polish,  and  is  fact  that,  besides  liquors,  butter  and  other  pro- 

largely  used  in  interior  finish  and  in  cabinet-work.    The  visions  were  kept  in  the  same  place)  of  bote- 

inuer  bark  furnishes  a  brown  dye,  and  is  used  as  a  mild  -                   -    •—                   ^   ^   ^ — \    ./  *-\tn    T.-....-.-I 


cathartic.    Also  called  white  walnut. 

2.  The  nut  of  Caryocar  nuciferum,  a  lofty  tim 
ber-tree  of  Guiana,  natural  order  Ternstrtema- 
cece.    The  nuts  have  a  pleasant  taste,  and  are  exported  to 
some  extent.    They  are  also  known  as  noiiari-  or  suu'ar- 
row-nuts. 

3.  A  name  applied  during  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States  to  Confederate  soldiers,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  coarse  brown  homespun  cloth,  dyed 
with  butternut,  often  worn  by  them. 

butter-pat  (but'fer-pat),  «.    A  small  piece  of 
butter   formed   into   a   generally  ornamental 


11  lerye  (mod.  E.  restored  butlerij),  <  OF.  bouteil-  button  (but'n),  n.  [Early  moc 
lerie.  a  place  to  keep  bottles  or  liquors  (ML.  <  ME.  baton,  botoun  (also  co 
buticularia,  the  office  of  a  wine-taster),  <  bou-  bothom,  in  sense  of  bud  ),  < 


teille,  boutille,  a  bottle :  see  butler  and  bottle2.'] 

1.  An  apartment  in  a  house  in  which  wines, 
liquors,  and  provisions  are  kept;  a  pantry. 

Take  them  to  the  buttery, 
And  give  them  friendly  welcome. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  Ind.,  i. 
Hake  him  drink,  wench ; 
And  if  there  be  any  cold  meat  in  the  buttery, 
Give  him  some  broken  bread  and  that,  and  rid  him. 

Sean,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  i.  3. 

2.  In  colleges,  formerly,  a  room  where  liquors, 
fruits,  and  refreshments  were  kept  for  sale  to 
the  students. 

In  English  universities  the  buttery  was  in  former  days 
the  scene  of  the  infliction  of  corporal  punishment. 

B.  H.  Hall,  College  Words. 


shape  for  the  table. 

butter-pot  (but'fer-pot),  «.    In  the  seventeenth 
century,  a  cylindrical  vessel  of  coarse  pottery 
glazed  with  pulverized  lead  ore  dusted  upon  the 
ware  before  it  was  fired.     Marryat. 
butter-print  (buffer -print),  «.     A  mold  for 
stamping  butter  into  blocks,  prints,  or  pats,  buttery-bar  (but'er-i-bar),  n.    A  ledge  on  the 
Also  called  butter-stamp  t°P  of  a  buttery-hatch  on  which  to  rest  tan- 

•    kind  of    kards. 

Bring  your  hand  to  the  buttery-bar  and  let  it  drink. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3. 

buttery-book  (but'er-i-buk),  u.     An  account- 
book  kept  at  the  buttery  of  a  college. 

This  person  was  an  assistant  to  the  butler  to  put  on 
[that  is,  enter]  bottles  in  the  buttery  book. 

Wood,  Fasti  Oxon.,  ii. 


butter-scotch   (but'fer-skoch),  n. 

oleaginous  taffy. 
butter-shag  (but'er-shag),  «.    A  slice  of  bread 

and  butter.     [Local,  Eng.  (Cumberland).] 
butter-Stamp  (buffer-stamp),  «.     Same  an  Itut- 

ter-prtnt, 
butter-tongs  (buf  6r-t6ngz),  »/.  /il.     A  kind  of 

tongs  with  flat  blades  for  slicing  and  lifting 

butter. 


If  no  rude  mice  with  envious  rage 

The  buttery-books  devour.      The  Student,  I.  34s. 


buttle2  (but'l), )'.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buttled,  ppr. 
buttling.  [<  butler,  as  butch  <  butcher,  burgle  < 
burglar,  peddle  <  peddler,  etc.]  To  act  as  butler. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

butt-leather  OmfleWte),  •«.  The  thickest 
leather,  used  chiefly  for  the  soles  of  boots  and 
shoes. 

buttock  (but'ok),  «.  [<  ME.  buttok,  bottol-; 
appar.  <  butt2,  «.,  1  (f),  +  dim.  -ocl:']  1.  Either 
of  the  two  protuberances  which  form  the  rump 
in  men  and  animals ;  in  the  plural,  the  rump ; 
the  gluteal  region  of  the  body,  more  protu- 
berant in  man  than  in  any  other  animal;  the 
bottom. 

Like  a  barber's  chair,  that  fits  all  buttocks. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  2. 

2.  The  upper  aftermost  portion  of  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  contour  of  a  ship's  bottom. 
Thearle,  Naval  Arch.— 3.  In  coal-mining,  the 
portion  of  a  face  of  coal  ready  to  be  next  taken 
down.  [Eng.] — 4.  A  piece  of  armor  for  the 
rump  of  a  horse.  See  croupiere —  Buttock  mail», 
a  ludicrous  term  for  the  fine  formerly  paid,  in  a  case  of 
fornication,  to  an  ecclesiastical  court.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 

buttocker  (but'ok-fer),  n.  [<  buttock,  3,  +  -erl.] 
In  mining,  one  who  works  at  the  buttock,  or 
breaks  out  the  coal  ready  for  the  fillers.  [Eng.  ] 

buttock-line  (but' pk-lln),  ».  In  ship-building, 
the  projection  upon  the  sheer  plan  of  the  in- 
tersection of  a  plane  parallel  to  it  with  the 
after-body  of  the  vessel. 

The  lines  obtained  by  the  intersections  of  the  planes 
parallel  to  the  sheer  plane  are  known  as  bow  lines  when 
in  the  fore  body,  and  buttock  linen  when  in  the  after  body. 
Thearle,  Naval  Architecture,  §  VS. 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  baton, 
corruptly  bothun, 
<  OF.    baton  (F. 

bouton  '=  Pr.  Sp.  baton  =  Pg.  botao  =  It.  bot- 
tone),  a  button,  a  bud;  perhaps  <  boter,  push 
out,  butt:  see  feuW1.]  1.  Any  knob  or  ball 
fastened  to  another  body ;  specifically,  such  an 
object  used  to  secure  together  different  parts 
of  a  garment,  to  one  portion  of  which  it  is 
fastened  in  such  a  way  that  it  can  be  passed 
through  a  slit  (called  a  buttonhole)  in  another 
portion,  or  through  a  loop.  Buttons  are  sometimes 
sewed  to  garments  for  ornament.  They  are  made  of  met- 
al, horn,  wood,  mother-of-pearl,  etc.,  and  were  formerly 
common  in  very  rich  materials,  especially  during  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  when  the  coats  of  gentlemen  at  the  French 
court  had  buttons  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  pearl,  enam- 
el, and  the  like.  Later  buttons  of  diamonds  or  of  paste 
imitating  diamonds  were  worn,  matching  the  buckles  of 
the  same  period. 

2.  pi.  (used  as  a  singular).   A  page:  so  called 
from  the  buttons,  commonly  gilt,  which  adorn 
his  jacket. 

Our  present  girl  is  a  very  slow  coai-h  ;  but  we  hope  some 
day  to  sport  a  buttons. 

3.  A  knob   of  gold,  crystal,   coral,  ruby,  or 
other  precious  stone,  worn  by  Chinese  officials, 
both  civil  and  military,  on  the  tops  of  their 
hats  as  a  badge  of  rank ;  hence,  the  rank  itself: 
as,  a  blue  button.     There  are  nine  ranks,  the  first  or 
highest  being  distinguished  by  a  transparent  red  (or  ruby) 


button 

button;  the  second,  liy  opacjuc  red  (coral);  the  third.  In 
transparent  blue  (lappbin)  ;  the  fourth,  liv  opaipn  Uu. 
(lapis  lazuli);  tin-  null,  l..y  transparent  white  (enstal); 
the  sixth,  by  opaipic  white;  the  se\enth  h\  plain  gold;  the 
ciu'hth.  liy  worked  K"ld  ;  and  tin-  ninth  or  lou.-.t.  In  plan, 
gold  with  tlir  diameter  for  "olil  age  "  engraved  on  it  in 
two  places.  \  s.  -iiolar  «lio  ha-  passed  thf  sill-tsal  (or 
bachelor)  examination  is  entitled  to  wear  tin'  lit 

4.  Aknoborprotuberance  rewmbUng  ft  bottom. 

Specifically  —  (a)  The  knob  of  metal  uhi.-h  t.  -i  minales  the 
hive,  h  <»t  niosl  pi.-ees  of  onlnanri-,  ami  which  alt  on  Is  a  .-.  .n 
venient  licarini;  for  tin-  application  of  hand  spikes,  breech 
fngs.etc.;  a  uiixcahcl.  IKng.l  ('<)  A  knohor  mianl  si  .  nn-.l 


730 

buttoner  (bnt'n-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  buttons;  a  button-hook. — 2.  A  decoy. 
[Eng.  slang.] 

button-fastener  (but'n-fas'ner),  n.  A  clasp 
for  fastening  Imttons. 

button-flower  (lmt'n-flou'6r), ».  A  name  given 
to  species,  of  Hum /i/i ia,  shrubs  and  trees  of  trop- 
ical America,  natural  order  Ih-linnrfa.  Some 
occasionally  cultivated  in  hothouses. 


to  the  end  of  a  foil,  to  prevent  the  point  from  penetrating,' 

.iressinu  which  the  circuits 
prated 


, 

the  skin  or  wounding.    (r)  The  small  knob  or  hall  liy  push- 
ing  or  pressing  which  the  circuit  of  an  electric  hell  is  com- 


butyrate 

St.  [Also  written  hiittn,-,,  Imtteris.']  In  far. 
fiery,  an  instrument  of  steel  set  in  wood,  for 
paring  the  hoof  of  a  liorM  A  •  , 

Flying  buttress,  in  n 

form  of  a  segment  of  an  arch  sprintiinu  from  a  solid 
mass  of  imuonry,  as  the  top  of  a  »ide  ai«le  Imttn 
abutting  agaimt  anot  li.r  part  ..f  the  .tin.  n,i.  .,.  11,,  wall 
of  a  cleantory,  In  which  cast-  it  act*  u  *  counterpoise 
against  the  vunltinu  <>f  the  n-mial  pi!  :  -..  ,.,,.. -I  n..,, 
Its  passing  through  the  air.  Hanging  buttress  in 
nrrh.,  a  feature  in  the  form  of  a  huttresn,  not  standing 
solid  on  a  foundation,  hut  supported  on  a  i«il,.|.  It  i- 
fly 


A  bud  of  a  plant.     [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 
Mn  ranker  Kail"  the  infants  of  the  spring, 
Too  oft  hefore  their  button*  he  diaclos'd. 

Hlmk.,  Hamlet,  1.  8. 

6.  A  flat  or  elongated  piece  of  wood  or  metal, 
t  timing  on  a  nail  or  screw,  used  to  fasten  doors, 
windows,  etc.  —  7.  A  small  round  mass  of  met- 
al lying  at  the  bottom  of  a  crucible  or  cupel 
after  fusion.  —  8.  In  an  organ,  a  small  round 
piece  of  leather  which,  when  screwed  on  the 
tapped  wire  of  a  tracker,  prevents  it  from  jump- 
ing out  of  place.  Ntainer  and  Barrett.  —  9.  A 
ring  of  leather  through  which  the  reins  of  a 
bridle  pass,  and  which  runs  along  the  length 
of  the  reins.  —  10.  In  ;oiil.  :  (a)  The  terminal 
segment  of  the  crepitaculum  or  rattle  of  a  rat- 
tlesnake. See  crejiitaculum. 

In  the  structure  of  the  end  of  the  tail  of  harmless 
snakes,  we  see  a  trace  of  the  first  button  of  the  rattle  In 
a  homy  cap  that  covers  the  terminal  vertebra. 

E.  D.  Cape,  Origin  of  the  Fittest,  p.  Iff!. 

(6)  In  entoin.,  a  knob-like  protuberance  on  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  larvre  of  certain  but- 
terflies, also  called  the  anal  button  or  cremaster. 
Sometimes  there  is  a  second  one,  called  the 
preanal  button.  —  11.  pi.  A  name  given  to 
young  mushrooms,  such  as  are  used  lor  pick- 
ling.— 12.  pi.  Sheep's  dung:  sometimes  used 
for  dung  in  general.  [Prov.  (west.)  Eng.]  — 
13.  A  small  cake.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  14.  A  per- 
son who  acts  as  a  decoy.  Specifically  —  (o)  An  auc- 
tioneer's accomplice  who  employs  various  devices  to  de- 
lude bidders  so  as  to  raise  the  price  of  articles  sold,  etc.  (b) 
A  thimble-rigger's  accomplice.  [Eng,  slang.]  —  Barton's 
button,  u  polished  button  upon  which  a  series  of  many  fine 
lines,  parallel  ami  near  together,  have  lieen  impressed, 
so  as  to  show  brilliant  colors  when  exposed  to  light  strik- 
ing it  in  nearly  parallel  rays,  by  an  effect  of  diffraction.— 
Biskra  button.  Same  as  Aleppo  ulcer  (which  see,  under 
nicer).  —  Corrigan's  button  [named  after  8ir  John  Dom- 
inic Corrigan  of  Dublin  (1802-80)),  a  button  of  steel  used 
in  surgery,  when  heated  to  100'  C.,  as  a  means  of  counter- 
irritation.  Also  called  Corrigan't  cautery.—  Elastic  but- 
ton, a  rounded  knob  at  the  end  of  a  sliding  spring-holt 
placed  in  the  edge  of  a  door,  and  fitting  into  a  depression 
in  the  opposite  jamb,  intended  to  keep  the  door  closed 
without  being  locked,  yet  so  that  it  can  be  easily  opened. 
—  Quaker  buttons,  the  seeds  of  the  A'ltr  women.  U.  S. 
Dixpeiuatory,  p.  974.—  To  hold  by  the  button,  to  button- 
hole ;  detain  in  conversation  ;  bore. 
Not  to  hold  you  by  the  button  too  peremptorily. 

Mm.  Gtirt. 

button  (but'ii),  v.  [<  ME.  botontn,  <  baton,  a 
button.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  attach  a  button  or 
buttons  to. 

His  Iwnct  buttcneit  with  gold. 

Gaftcoiffne,  Woodmanship. 

Your  rapier  shall  be  button'd  with  my  head, 

Before  It  touch  my  master. 

Bi'au.  and  Fi.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  1.  8. 

2.  To  fasten  with  a  button  or  buttons;  secure,  or 
.join  the  parts  or  edges  of,  with  buttons  :  often 
followed  by  up  :  as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 
One  whose  hard  heart  is  butlon'il  «;<  with  steel. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  2. 

He  was  a  tall,  fat,  long-bodied  man,  buttoned  «»  to  the 
throat  in  a  tight  green  coat.  Dickrnr. 

II.  intraita.  To  be  capable  of  being  buttoned. 

Diderot  writes  to  his  fair  one  that  his  clothes  will 

hardly  button.  Carli/le,  Diderot. 

buttonball,  buttonwood  (but'n-bal,  -wud),  ». 
The  plane-tree  of  the  United  States,  Plata  mis 
iHTiilfii/iilix:  so  called  from  its  small,  round, 
!»  •millions  fruits  or  nutlets.  Also  incorrectly 
called  xi/riiiiHiri'. 

button-blank  (but'n-blangk),  «.  A  disk  of 
metal,  bone,  etc.,  to  be  formed  into  a  button. 

button-bush  (but'u-bush),  u.  A  name  given 
to  the  I'l'ii/iiilin  t/n/.i  nrriflftitiilifi,  a  North  Amer- 
ican shrub,  on  account  of  its  globular  flower- 

heads.      Sec  I'riilHlltllltllllx. 

button-ear  (but'n-er),  «.      An  ear  that  falls 

over  in  front,  concealing  the  inside,  as  in  some 

dogs. 
buttoned   Onil'nd).  /i.   u.       1.    Decorated   with 

tuitions  or  small   lios.se-;.  as  a  glass  vase.  —  2. 

In  lii-r..  onianienteil  \\itli  small  points,  usually 

of  a  different  tincture:  studded. 


buttonhole  ( but  'n-hol),  ».     1.  The  hole  or  loop 

in  which  a  button  is  caught.— 2.  A  mime  given     applied  in  debased  styles  chiefly  as  a  decoration. 

to  the  hart's-tongue  fern,   Ncoloiii-nilriitm  ml-  buttress  (but'res),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  boterate*:  gee 

i/iin,  becaiiseitsfructificationintheyonnpst.'itc     hiittns.i.  ».]    To  suppoi    " 

resembles  a  buttonhole  in  form  and  appearance, 
buttonhole  (but'n-hol),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  but- 


,      ,  rt  by  a  buttress ;  hence, 

to  prop  or  prop  up,  literally  or  figuratively. 


ppr.  buttonholing.     £<  buttonhole,  n.] 

d 


1.  To  seize  by  the  buttonhole  or  button  am 
detain  in  conversation  ;  interview. 


To  set  it  upright  again,  and  to  prop  and  Initimm  it  up 
for  duration.  Burke,  Reform  of  Representation. 


He  won't  stand  on  the  comer  and  buttonhole  everybody 
with  the  news.  T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  vf. 

2.  To  make  buttonholes  in. 

button-hook  (but'n-huk),  n.  A  small  metal 
hook  used  for  buttoning  shoes,  gloves,  etc. 

button-loom  (but'n-lom),  n. 
ing  coverings  for  buttons. 

button-mold  (but'n-mold),  R.  A  disk  of  bone, 
wood,  or  metal,  to  be  covered  with  fabric  to 
form  a  button.  E.  H.  Knight.-  Fossil  button- 
mold,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  a  section  of  eucrinito 

lietwceli  two  joints. 

button-nosed  (but'n-nozd),  a.     Same  as  star- 
nosed  :  applied  to  the  condylure. 
der  Condylura. 


A  white  wall,  buttrttud  well,  made  girdle  wide 
To  towers  and  roofs  where  yet  his  kin  did  hide. 

William  Morrit,  Earthly  Paradine,  III.  mi. 

buttress-tower  (but'res-tou'er).  n.     In  early 
fort.,  a  tower  projecting  from  the  face  of  the 
rampart-wall,  but  not  rising  above  it.    It  was 
.  „  afterward  developed  into  the  bastion. 

A  loom  for  weev-  bntt-shaftt  (but'shaft),  n.  A  blunt  or  unbarb- 
ed  arrow  used  for  shooting  at  a  target.  Also 
spelled  but-shaft. 

The  blind  Iww-hoy's  butt-thaft.    Shut.,  R.  and  J.,  II.  4. 
.Ver.  I  fear  thou  ha»t  not  arrows  for  the  purpose. 
Cup.  O  yes,  here  be  of  all  sorts  — flights,  rovers,  and  ball- 
lhaflt.  B.  Jonton,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  S. 

See  cutun-  butt-strap  (but'strap),  v.  t.    To  weld  together 
(two  pieces  of  metal)  so  as  to  form  a  butting- 


button-piece  (but'n-pes),  M.     A  button-blank.     Jomt- 
button-quail  (but'n-kwal),    w.     A  bird  of  the         Two  pieces  which  are  welded  or  butt-ttrapped  together, 
family  Turnicida;  a  hemipod.  Thearte,  Naval  Architecture,  t  ten. 

button-solder  (but'n-sol'di&r),  n.    A  white  sol-  butt-weld  (but 'weld),   n.    In  rneeh.,  a  weld 
der  composed  of  tin,  brass,  and  copper,  used  as    formed  by  joining  the  flattened  ends  of  two 
a  substitute  for  silver  solder  in  making  buttons,    pieces  of  iron  at  white  heat ;  a  jump-weld, 
button-tool  (but'n-tol), ».   An  instrument  used  buttwoman  (but'wum'an),  «. ;  pi.  butticomen 
chiefly  for  cutting  out  the  disks  or  buttons  of    (-wim'en).     [<  butft,  7,"a  hassock,  +  woman.'] 
leather  which  serve  as  nuts  for  the  screwed    A  woman  who  cleans  a  church,  and  in  service- 
wires  in  the  mechanism  connected  with  the     <ime  assists  as  a  pew-opener.     [Eng.] 
keys  of  the  organ  and  pianoforte.    It  is  a  mod-  butty  (but'i),  «. ;  pi.  butties  (-iz).      [E.  dial., 
ification  of  the  ordinary  center-bit.  short  for  'butty-fellow,  early  mod.  E.  boty-felotce, 

a  partner  (Palsgrave)  (e£  butty-collier,  butty- 
gang),  <  boty,  now  booty,  plunder,  property 
shared,  +  felotce,  fellow.]  1.  A  comrade,  chum, 
or  partner.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.S.]— 2.  Spe- 
cifically, in  Englixh  coal-mining,  one  who  takes 
a  contract,  or  is  a  partner  in  a  contract,  for 
working  out  a  certain  area  of  coal.  The  butty- 
cMier,  or  first  man,  as  he  is  called  In  some  coal-mining 
districts,  employs  his  own  holers,  fillers,  and  boys,  and  has 
general  charge  of  the  work  In  his  own  particular  "stall." 

f'^,Zl',l;^"""""±.<I  butty-collier  (but'i-kol'yer),  n.  In  English 
coal-mining,  the  head  man  of  a  butty-gang.  See 
butty. 

butty-gang  (but'i-gang),  «.  A  gang  of  men 
who  take  a  contract  for  a  part  of  a  work,  as  in 
the  construction  of  railroads,  etc.,  the  proceeds 
being  equally  divided  between  them,  with  some- 
thing extra  to  the  head  man. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  ix.   butua  (bu'tu-S),  H.     See  abutua. 
buttourt,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  bittern^,  butwards  (but'wfirdz),  adv.     [<  bufl,  adr.,  + 
buttress  (but'res),  M.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  \mt-    -mirth.']      Toward    the    outward    apartment. 
teras,  bvtterace,  butrasse,  bottras;  <  late  ME.  but-    [Scotch.] 

trace,butterace,but-  butyl  (bu'til),  n.  [<  but(yric)  +  -yl.]  A  hydro- 
rasse,  boterace,  <  carbon  alcohol  radical  having  the  composition 
OF.  bouterete,  prop.  C4H9.  It  cannot  be  isolated,  and  occurs  only 
ph  of  bouteret,  bu-  in  combination  with  other  radicals.— Butyl- 

tcrct,  a  buttress,  Chloral  hydrate.  Same  Meroton-chloral hydrate (vMch 
prop,  adj.,  thrust-  .8e?'  l'"l'er "°> "">•. 

ing,      bearing      a  butylamlne   (bu-til'a-min),   n.     [<   butyl  + 
thrust  (said  of  an  /'»"»''•]     Same  as  tetrylaminc. 
arch    or  a   pillar)  butylene  (bu'ti-len)   H.     [<  butyl  +  -ene.]    A 
(cf.    boutricc    "an     hydrocarbon  (C4H8)  belonging  to  the  olefine 
ashler  or  binding-     series-     Jt  exists  in  three  isomeric  forms,  all 
stone     (in     build      °^  wnich  are  gases  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
ing),"  boutant,  "a  bntyllc  (bu-til'ik),  a.     [<  butyl  +  -ic.]     Of  or 
buttress  or  shore-    Paining  to  bntyl. 

post"-Cot«rave),<  butyraceous   (bu-ti-ra'shius),  a.      [<  L.  bnty- 
3      rum,  butter  (see  butter1),  +  ^iceoits.]    Having 
the  quality  of  butter ;  resembling  butter ;  con- 
sisting of  or  containing  butter.    Also  butyrous. 


button-tree  (but'n-tre),  M.  Same  as  button- 
wood,  1. 

button-weed  (but'n-wed),  M.  1.  A  name  given 
to  several  rubiaceous  plants  belonging  to  the 
genera  Spermacoce,  IHodia,  and  Borreria. —  2. 
The  knapweed,  Centaurea  nigra. 

buttonwood  (but'n-wud),  w.  1.  A  common 
name  in  the  West  Indies  of  a  low  combreta- 
ceous  tree,  Conocarpus  erecta,  with  very  heavy, 
hard,  and  compact  wood. 


Deco- 


wood.     Also  called  button-tree. 

2.    See  buttonball. 

buttony  (but'n-i),  a.    [<  button  +  -yl.] 
rated  with  a  profusion  of  buttons. 

That  buttony  boy  sprang  up  and  down  from  the  box 
with  Emmy's  and  Jos's  visiting  card. 


Iviim  but! 


hiiii/er,  boter,  push, 

thrust,  put,  mod.  P. 

bouter,   put,  bittrr, 

prop,  support,  the 

«ource  of  E.  butt1, 

push,      etc.  :     see 

/iKffi.]   1.  A  struc- 

ture built  against  butyrate  (bu'ti-rat),  n.  [<  L.  bntyrum,  butter, 
_>ur-  +  -<ife.l.]  A  salt  of  butyric  acid  —  Ethyl  buty- 

pose  of  giving  it  rate,  C..H-,  r,ii7(>.,,  a  very  mobile  liquid,  having  an  odor 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  pineapple.  It  is  soluble  in  al- 
cohol,  and  Is  used,  on  account  of  its  odor,  In  the  manufac- 
turt  of  perfumery  and  also  of  artificial  nun  and  other  gpir- 
,to  H  ls  prepared  l.y  distilling  a  mixture  ,,f  alcohol  and 
butyric  acid,  with  the  addition  of  a  little  ether.  Known 
in  trade  as  ettmte  of  pineapple  or  onaiwM-oi'/.—  Olycsrtn 
butyrate  or  butyrin,  ''•tll-.<t'iMT')-.):i.  a  t:]ycirid  or  fat 
whii'h  occurs  in  butter. 


Among  all  races  perhaps  nonehasuhownsoacutea  sense 
of  the  side  on  which  it*  bread  Is  buttered  [u  the  Saxon), 
and  so  great  a  repugnance  for  having  fine  phrases  take 
the  place  of  the  butyrareovt  principle. 

Loirtll,  study  Windows,  p.  249. 

,,"Jilt.?gain8t  butyrate  (bu'ti-rat),  «. 
a  wall,  for  the  pur- 
giving   it  rare, , ., ,,-, ,  ,.., 
.stability. — 2.  Pig-  somewhat  like  that  of  the  pineapple.    It  1s  soluble  In  al- 


. 

uraf  iveiv  any  prop 

..    'A     *  * 
suppon. 

The      ground    pillar 
and  tuttrattof  the  good 

..id   ran.sc   of  iinncon 
fonnit) 


butyric 

butyric  (bu-tir'ik),  a.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter,  + 
-ic.J  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  butter — Bu- 
tyric acid,  I':ill7<'^ '.I  HI,  a  colorless  mobile  liquid  having  a 
strung.  Mold  smell  and  acrid  taste.  Normal  butyric  acid 
is  miscible  with  water  and  forms  crystalline  salts  with  tile 
bases.  It  is  prepared  from  butter,  or  by  fermenting  sugar 
with  putrid  cheese.  It  also  occurs  in  cod-liver  oil  and 
other  fats,  in  the  juice  of  meat,  and  in  the  perspiration, 
and  is  widely  distributed  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  —  Bu- 
tyric ether,  the  generic  name  of  a  class  of  compounds 
formed  from  butyric  acid  by  the  substitution  of  one  atom 
of  a  basic  organic  radical,  such  as  ethyl,  for  an  atom  of 
hydrogen.— Butyric  fermentation,  a  kind  of  fermen- 
tation or  putrefaction  characterized  by  the  production  of 
butyric  acid.  It  is  caused  by  a  microbe  belonging  to  the 
genus  Bacillus.  See  fermentation. 

butyril  (bu'ti-ril),  «.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter,  + 
-il.  ]  The  radical  (C3H7CO)  of  butyric  acid  and 
its  derivatives. 

butyrin,  butyrine  (bu'ti-rin),  ».  [<  L.  buty- 
rum, butter,  +  -hft,  -we2.]  A  triglycerid,  C3H8 
(€411702)3,  which  is  a  constant  constituent  of 
butter,  together  with  olein,  stearin,  and  other 
glycerids.  It  is  a  neutral  yellowish  liquid  fat, 
having  a  sharp,  bitter  taste. 

butyrous  (bu'ti-rus),  a.  [<  L.  butyrum,  butter, 
+  -OM.S.]  Same  as  butyraceows. 

buxeous  (buk'se-us),  a.  [<  L.  buxeus,  pertain- 
ing to  the  box-tree,  <  buxus,  the  box-tree:  see 
Buxus.'}  Pertaining  to  the  box-tree  or  resem- 
bling it. 

"K^C^^'^  -KTTal-    i    ^^(P^t;»ta),buy;not^nd 

in  the  other  Teut.  tongues ;  connections  doubt- 
ful. Hence  in  comp.  abyl,  and  by  perversion 
abide'^,  q.  v.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  acquire  the  pos- 
session of,  or  the  right  or  title  to,  by  paying 
a  consideration  or  an  equivalent,  usually  in 
money ;  obtain  by  paying  a  price  to  the  seller ; 
purchase :  opposed  to  sell. 


740 

Botc  I  Rule  thus  thi  Reame  Rend  out  my  Ribbes  ! 
gif  hit  beo  so  that  JBoxumnexse  beo  at  myn  assent. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  iv.  150. 

2.    The   quality  of  being  buxom;   briskness; 
liveliness ;  healthy  vigor  or  plumpness. 

BuXUS  (buk'sus),  ».  [L.,  the  box-tree,  >  E. 
box1,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  plants  whose  species 
afford  the  valuable  hard 
wood  called  boxwood;  the 
box.  It  is  the  most  northern 
arborescent  plant  of  the  natural 
order  Euphorbiacete.  B.  semper- 
virens,  the  common  box,  is  a  na- 
tive of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is 
found  from  the  Atlantic  to  China 
and  Japan,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  20  or  30  feet,  though 
the  trunk  is  seldom  more  than  8 
or  10  inches  in  diameter.  The 
finest  quality  of  boxwood  is  from 
the  Levant  and  regions  about  the 
Black  Sea,  and  is  largely  employ- 
ed in  wood-engraving,  for  mathe- 
matical and  musical  instruments, 
and  for  turning.  There  are  nu- 
merous varieties  in  cultivation 
for  ornamental  purposes,  includ- 
ing the  common  dwarf  bushy 
form  used  for  garden-edgings. 

buy  (bi),  0. ;  pret.  and  pp.  bought,  ppr.  buying. 
[Early  mod.  E.  also  buye,  by,  bie,  bye,  <  ME. 
buyen,  byen,  bien,  beyen,  biggen,  buggen,  etc.,  < 
AS.  bycgan  (pret.  bohte,  pp.  boht)  =  OS.  buggean 


A  branch  of  Box  ( Buxus 
semfervirens ) . 


kaloid  obtained  from  the  box-tree.  It  has  gener- 
ally the  appearance  of  a  translucent  deep-brown  mass; 
its  taste  is  bitter ;  it  excites  sneezing ;  it  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  is  dissolved  in  small  quantity  by  alcohol  and 
by  ether. 

buxina  (buk-si'na),  n.    [NL.]    Same  as  buxine. 
buxine,  «.     See  buxin. 

buxom  (buk'sum),  o.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  buck- 
some,  bucksom,  <  ME.  buxom,  buxrnn,  boxom, 
bouxom,  bogsam,  bughsom  (also,  by  absorption 
of  the  palatal,  bousom,  bowsom,  mod.  E.  as  if 
"bowsome),  earlier  buhsum,  obedient,  submis- 
sive, <  AS.  *buhsum  (not  found)  (=  D.  buig- 
zaam,  flexible,  submissive,  =  G.  biegsam,  flex- 
ible), <  bugan,  bow,  +  -sum,  -some :  see  Sow1, 
&Mcfc2,  and  -soiree.]  If.  Yielding  to  pressure; 
flexible;  unresisting. 

Twise  was  he  seene  in  soaring  Eagles  shape, 
And  with  wide  winges  to  beat  the  buxome  ayre. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xi.  34. 

Wing  silently  the  buxom  air.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  842. 

The  crew  with  merry  shouts  their  anchors  weigh, 
Then  ply  their  oars,  and  brush  the  buxom  sea. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  613. 

2f.  Obedient;  obsequious;  submissive. 
To  be  ever  buxom,  and  obedient.  Foxe. 

"For-thi,"  seid  Samuel  to  Saul,  "  god  hym-self  hoteth 
The,  be  boxome  at  his  biddynge  his  wille  to  fulfllle." 

Piers  Plourman  (B),  iii.  263. 

He  did  tread  down  and  disgrace  all  the  English,  and  set 
up  and  countenance  the  Irish ;  thinking  thereby  to  make 
them  more  tractable  and  buxom  to  the  government. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Having  health  and  comeliness  together  with 
a  lively  disposition  j  healthy  and  cheerful ;  brisk ; 
jolly ;  lively  and  vigorous. 

A  daughter  fair, 
So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair. 

MMon,  L' Allegro,  1.  24. 
The  buxom,  god  [Bacchus]. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics. 

A  parcel  of  buxom  bonny  dames.  Taller,  No.  273. 

Such  bttxom  chief  shall  lead  his  host 
From  India's  fires  to  Zembla's  frost. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  4. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  is  now  always  applied  to  girls  or 
women,  and  implies  abundant  health  as  shown  in  plump- 
ness, fresh  color,  and  strength.] 

4.  Showing    vigor    or    robustness;     sturdy; 
fresh;  brisk:  said  of  things:  as,  "buxom  val- 
our," Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  6. 

Buxom  health  of  rosy  hue. 
Gray,  Ode  on  a  Prospect  of  Eton  College. 

5t.  Amorous;  wanton.     Bailey. 
buxomt,  v-  i.     [ME.  buxomen;  <  buxom,  o.]     To 
be  obedient ;  yield. 

To  buxom  to  holi  churche,  and  to  al  the  land  also. 

St.  Edm.  Conf.  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall),  1. 445. 

buxomly  (buk'sum-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  buxomly, 
buxumli,  etc. ;  <  buxom  +  -ly2.]  If.  Obedient- 
ly; humbly. 

To  condyte  me  fro  Cytee  to  Cytee,  jif  it  were  nede,  and 
buxomly  to  resceyve  me  and  my  Companye. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  82. 

And  grace  axed  of  god  [that  to  graunten  it  is]  redy 
[To  hem]  that  boxomeliche  biddeth  it  and  ben  in  wille  to 
amenden  hem.  Piers  Plmrnnan  (B),  xii.  195. 

2.  In  a  buxom  manner;  briskly;  vigorously. 
bnxomness  (buk'sum-nes),  n.   [<  ME.  buxomnes, 
bwxumnes,  bulwumnes,  etc. ;  <  buxom  +  -ness.] 
If.  Obedience;  submissiveness. 


His  [Emerson's]  plan  for  the  extirpation  of  slavery  was 
to  buy  the  slaves  from  the  planters. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  viii. 

Hence  —  2.  To  get,  acquire,  or  procure  for  any 
kind  of  equivalent:  as,  to  buy  favor  with  flattery. 
Euill  men  take  great  payn  to  buy  Hell  —  and  all  for  worldly 

pleasure  — 

Dearer  then  good  men  buy  heauen,  for  God  is  their  trea- 
sure.        Rhodes,  Boke  of  Nurture  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  89. 

I  have  bought 
Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people. 

Shale.,  Macbeth,  i.  7. 

3.  To  bribe ;  corrupt  or  pervert  by  giving  a 
consideration ;  gain  over  by  money,  etc. 

There  is  one  thing  which  the  most  corrupt  senates  are 
unwilling  to  sell;  and  that  is  the  power  which  makes 
them  worth  buying.  Maeaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

4.  To  be  sufficient  to  purchase  or  procure; 
serve  as  an  equivalent  in  procuring:  as,  gold 
cannot  buy  health. —  5t.  To  aby;  suffer. 

What  ?  schal  I  buy  it  on  my  fieisch  so  deere  1 

Chaucer,  ProL  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1. 167. 
Bought  note,  bought  and  sold  notes.  See  note.— To 
buy  a  borough.  See  boroughi.—lo  buy  againt,  to  re- 
deem. See  againbuy. 

God  save  yow,  that  boitghte  agayn  mankynde. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  304. 

To  buy  at  a  bargain.  See  bargain.—  To  buy  in.  (a)  To 
purchase  for  one^  self,  especially  shares  or  stock :  op- 
posed to  sell  out. 

She  ordered  her  husband  to  buy  in  a  couple  of  fresh 
coach-horses.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  109. 

What  minor  and  rival  companies  stood  in  the  way  they 
bought  in.  W.  Barrows,  Oregon,  p.  38. 

(6)  To  buy  for  the  owner  at  a  public  sale,  especially  when 
an  insufficient  price  is  offered.— To  buy  into,  to  obtain 
an  interest  or  footing  in  by  purchase,  as  of  the  shares  of 
a  joint-stock  company,  and  formerly  in  England  of  a  com- 
niission  in  a  regiment.— To  buy  in  under  the  rule, 
in  the  stock  exchange,  to  purchase  stock  on  behalf  of  a 
member  to  enable  him  to  meet  a  short  contract,  or  to 
return  stock  which  had  been  borrowed,  on  notice  being 
given  to  the  chairman,  who  makes  the  purchase.— To  buy 
off.  (a)  In  the  English  service,  to  obtain  a  release  from 
military  service  by  a  payment,  (b)  To  get  rid  of  the  op- 
position of  by  payment ;  purchase  the  non-intervention 
of ;  bribe. 

What  pitiful  things  are  power,  rhetoric,  or  riches,  when 
they  would  terrify,  dissuade,  or  buy  of  conscience.  South. 
To  buy  off  counsel,  to  pay  counsel  not  to  take  employ- 
ment from  the  opposite  party. — To  buy  or  sell  the  bear. 
See  bear?,  5  (a).— To  buy  out.  (a)  To  buy  off ;  redeem. 
Dreading  the  curse  that  money  may  buy  out. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 

(6)  To  purchase  all  the  share  or  shares  of  (a  person)  in  a 
stock,  fund,  or  partnership,  or  all  his  interest  in  a  busi- 
ness :  as,  A  buys  out  B.— To  buy  over,  to  detach  by  a 
bribe  or  consideration  of  some  sort  from  one  party  and 
attach  to  the  opposite  party.— To  buy  the  bargain 
dear.  See  bargain.— To  buy  the  refusal  of,  to  give 
money  for  the  right  of  purchasing  at  a  fixed  price  at  a 
future  time. — To  buy  up,  to  purchase  or  acquire  title 
to  the  whole  of,  or  the  whole  accessible  supply  of,  as 
shares,  a  crop,  or  a  stock  of  goods  in  market. 

The  noise  of  this  book's  suppression  made  it  presently 
be  bought  up,  and  turn'd  much  to  the  stationer's  advan- 
tage. Krfltin,  Diary,  Aug.  19,  1674. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  or  become  a  purchaser. 
I  will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  you.    Shale.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3. 


buzzard 

buyable  (bi'a-bl),  a.  [<  buy  +  -able.]  Capa- 
ble of  being  bought,  or  of  being  obtained  for 
money  or  other  equivalent. 

The  spiritual  fire  which  is  in  that  man  ...  is  not  buy- 
able  nor  salable.  Carl/ilr,  French  Rev.,  II.  1.  2. 

buyer  (bi'er),  n.  One  who  buys;  a  purchaser; 
a  purchasing  agent — Buyer's  option,  in  the  stock 
exchange,  a  privilege  which  a  purchaser  1ms  of  taking  a 
stipulated  amount  of  stock  at  any  time  during  a  specified 
number  of  days:  usually  stated  as  buyer  3,  10,  20,  etc., 
according  to  the  period  agreed  on.  Often  abbreviated  to 
6.0. 

buzt,  bU2Z3t  (buz),  intcrj.  [See  buzz1,  n.]  A 
sibilant  sound  uttered  to  enjoin  silence. 

Pol.  The  actors  are  come  hither,  my  lord. 

Ham.  Buz,  buz!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2. 

Cry  hum 
Thrice,  and  then  buz  as  often. 

B.  Jiinson,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

buza  (bu'za),  «..     Same  as  boza. 

buzz1  (buz)',  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  buzzed,  ppr.  buzz- 
itiij.  [First  in  early  mod.  E. ;  formed,  like 
equiv.  biss,  bizs  (dial.),  and  It  ins,  hiz:,  q.  y.,  and 
It.  buzzicare,  whisper,  buzzickio,  a  buzzing,  in 
imitation  of  the  sound.  Of.  Wrr2.]  I.  intrans. 

1.  To  make  a  low  humming  sound,  as  bees; 
emit  a  sound  like  a  prolonged  utterance  of  z, 
as  by  a  slow  expiration  of  intonated  or  sonant 
breath  between  the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  or  the  upper  teeth, 

A  swarm  of  drones  that  buzz'd  about  your  head.    Pojte. 

2.  To  whisper  buzzingly;   speak  with  a  low 
humming  voice ;  make  a  low  sibilant  sound. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  known  by  buzzing. 

How  would  he  hang  his  slender  gilded  wings, 
And  buzz  lamenting  doings  in  the  air ! 

Shale.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  whisper;  spread  or  report  by  whispers ; 
spread  secretly. 

For  I  will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies 
That  Edward  shall  be  fearful  of  his  life. 

Shak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6. 

In  the  house 

I  hear  it  buzzed  there  are  a  brace  of  doctors, 
A  fool,  and  a  physician. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  ii.  1. 

3.  To  share  equally  the  last  of  a  bottle  of  wine, 
when  there  is  not  enough  for  a  full  glass  to 
each  of  the  party.     [Eng.] 

Get  some  more  port,  .  .  .  whilst  I  buzz  this  bottle  here. 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

buzz1  (buz),  n.  [<  buzz1,  t>.]  1.  A  continuous 
humming  sound,  as  of  bees. 

But  the  temple  was  full  "  inside  and  out," 

And  a  buzz  kept  buzzing  all  round  about, 

Like  bees  when  the  day  is  sunny. 

Hood,  Miss  Kilmansegg. 

A  day  was  appointed  for  the  grand  migration,  and  on 
that  day  little  Communipaw  was  in  a  buzz  and  a  bustle 
like  a  hive  in  swarming  time. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  129. 

The  constant  buzz  of  a  fly.  Macaulay. 

2.  A  confused  humming  sound,  such  as  that 
made  by  a  number  of  people  busily  engaged 
in  conversation  or  at  work ;  the  confused  hum- 
ming sound  of  bustling  activity  or  stir;  hence, 
a  state  of  activity  or  ferment:  as,  the  buzz  of 
conversation  ceased  when  he   appeared;  my 
head  is  all  in  a  buzz. 

There  is  a  certain  buzz 

Of  a  stolen  marriage.  Maseinger. 

There  is  a  buzz  ...  all  around  regarding  the  sermon. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  I.  xi. 

3.  A  rumor  or  report. 

The  buzz  of  drugs  and  minerals  and  simples, 
Bloodlettings,  vomits,  purges,  or  what  else 
Is  conjur'd  up  by  men  of  art,  to  gull 
Liege-people.  Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 

'Twas  but  a  buzz  devised  by  him  to  set  your  brains 
a-work.  Chapman,  Widow's  Tears,  ii.  1. 

buzz2!,  >*•     [Origin  obscure.]     Gossamer. 

For  all  your  virtues 

Are  like  the  buzzes  growing  in  the  fields, 
So  weakly  fastened  t'ye  by  Nature's  hand, 
That  thus  much  wind  blows  all  away  at  once. 
JIT.  Field,  A  Woman  is  a  Weathercock  (Dodsley's  Old  Eng. 
[Plays,  ed.  Uazlitt,  xi.  37). 

buzz3t,  interj.     See  buz. 

buzzard  (buz'ard),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
bussard,  <  MEl  toward,  bosarde,  boserd,  busherd 
=  MD.  buysaerd,  bttsaerd,  busiiard  =  G.  bus- 
xlturt,  bussaar,  busart,  <  OF.  bucitrt.  lni:nrt,  F. 
busard  (with  suffix  -ard;  cf.  It.  biizzaf/o  (obs.), 
with  diff.  suffix),  a  buzzard,  <  OF.  buse,  bu;e, 
F.  buse  =  It-  *bttzz(i,  f.  (obs.),  a  buzzard;  ML. 
"butia,  f.,  toitium,  neut.  (also,  after  Bom.,  but- 
zus,  bi^us,  iiu&iii).  for  biitin,  hii/c/i,  I ,.  bud  n.  a  buz- 
zard: see  Bi/teo.]  I.  n,  1.  In  oniitli.:  («)  Any 
hawk  of  the  genus  liiiteo  or  .subfamily  Buteo- 
niliin.  (See  these  words.)  The  common  buzzard  of 


buzzard 

Knrope  is  /*'.  niliriti'i*.  a  liird  uhout  :*)  inches  long  and 

about  4  feet  ill  xprcacl  nf  wing,  "I  van.  -at.  ,|  'Ink  I  noun 
lint)  liulll  <M|MI-  lii  ;iv>  :itnl  latlirl  -Iti  —  l^li.  shM'piliK  to 

small  Kiime.    'I'lu- run^h-li-^urd  i.u//anl  i--  .1" •A//"''.  •<  /."/« 

fill*.  \\illl  I'-UtlHTnl  shallkv  >!-••  clll  tltl'ler  .lyrA//'«''0 
llli-n-  air  Miam  >].i-rir>  i>l  lint,,,,  ,,(  u<  al'h  all  i  olllltlir.s. 

(/<)  Some  other  hawk,  not  used  in  falconry, 
with  a  qualifying  term  to  indicate  the  species: 
as,  the  itumr-buzzttrd,  Cirru.i  /i-riH/iniixiix,  of  Kn- 
rope; tho  liuiwy-lni:;iii'il,  1'irnix  n/nroiim;  the 

' 


rope;  I  lie  lioney-w«-Cfl»'<(,  rernu  ii/nri>riix  •  the 
bald  buzziinl,  the  osprcy,  1'niulinii  Imliiti'lux. 
(c)  An  American  vulture  of  the  family  Ca- 
thiirtiilir;  the  turkcv-lm/./.aril,  Cntlinrtex  num. 
See  cut  under  t'nlhartcs. —  2f.  A  blockhead;  a 
dunce. 

Blind  liiiMiinlfx,  who  of  late  yeares,  of  wilfiill  malicious 
iies,  would  nejtlier  learlie  I  hrin-rl  nr-.  nor  could  teach 
others.  Ascluitt/,  T|M  Si-tiotemaster,  p.  111. 

3f.  A  coward. — 4.  A  hawk  that  flies  by  night. 
Ualliirrll.  [I'rov.  Eng.]  Comp&rebuzzard-iimt/i. 

-Buzzard  dollar,  a  name  iipplieil  by  the  opponent-  of 
the  island  Kill  of  1878  to  the  American  silver  dollar  of  4  !•_'! 
grains  coined  in  accordance  with  it,  bearing  as  device 
upon  (lie  reverse  a  figure  of  an  eagle,  derisively  compared 
to  that  of  a  buzzard. 
II. t  "•  Senseless;  stupid. 

Thought  no  better  of  the  living  (!od  than  of  a  buzzard 
idol.  Mi/ tun.  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

buzzard-clock  (buz'iird-klok),  ».  [E.  dial.,  < 
buzzard,  for  buzzer,  from  its  buzzing  noise,  + 
flnck,  a  beetle.]  A  local  name  in  England  for 
the  dor. 

llmnmin'  awaiiy  loike  a  buzzard -clock. 

Tennymjn,  Northern  Farmer,  O.  S. 

buzzardet  (buz-ar-def),  n.  JX  buzzard  +  dim. 
-et.]  A  small  North  American  buzzard  de- 
scribed by  Pennant,  but  not  satisfactorily  iden- 
tified: perhaps  the  young  red-shouldered  buz- 
zard, Buteo  lineutus;  more  probably  the  broad- 
winged  buzzard,  liuteo  jiennsyhanicus. 

buzzard-hawk  (buz'ard-hak),  n.  A  hawk  of 
the  subfamily  Buteoiiiiur. 

buzzardly  (buz'ard-li),  a.  [<  buzzard  +  -lyl.~\ 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  buzzard;  like  a  buzzard. 

buzzard-moth  (buz'iird-m6th),  n.  A  kind  of 
sphinx  or  hawk-moth. 

buzzer  (buz'er),  «.  1.  One  who  buzzes;  a 
whisperer ;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales  se- 
cretly. Shak. — 2.  A  call  or  alarm  making  a 
low  buzzing  sound,  used  when  it  is  desirable 
to  avoid  loud  noise. — 3.  A  polishing-wheel  used 
in  cutlery-work. 

buzzing  (buz'ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  buzz1, «.]  1. 
Keseuibling  a  buzz. 

A  low  btazing  musical  sound.  Lamb,  Quakers'  Meeting. 
2.  Making  a  buzzing  sound  or  hum:  as,  the 
buzzini/  multitude. 

buzzingly  (buz'ing-li),  adr.  In  a  buzzing  man- 
ner; with  a  low  humming  sound. 

buzzom  (buz'um),  11.  [E.  dial.,  also  bussom, 
var.  of  besom,  q.  v.]  A  dialectal  form  of  be- 
som. Jirockett. 

buzz-saw  (buz'sa),  H.  A  circular  saw :  so  call- 
ed from  its  sound  when  in  action. 

buzzy  (buz'i),  a.  [<  buzz  +  -yl.]  Full  of  buzz- 
ing; buzzing. 

byf  (bi),  iirep.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  by,  bi,  also  be, 
<;  AS.  bi,  big,  also  be  (in  comp.  be-,  under  ac- 
cent bi-,  big- :  see  be-1,  6e-2),  =  OS.  bi,  bi,  be  = 
OFries.  bi,  be  =  MLG.  6i,  LG.  M,  by  =  D.  bii  = 
OHG.  bi,  pi,  bi,  MHG.  bi,  G.  bei  =  Goth,  bi,  by, 
about,  orig.  meaning  'about,'  whence  in  AS., 
etc.,  by,  near,  at,  through,  according  to,  con- 
cerning, etc. ;  related  to  L.  anibi-  =  Gr.  a/jifi, 
and  Skt.  ablii,  about:  see  anibi-,  amplii-.  Hence 
the  prefixes  by-1  =  be-1,  by-%  =  6c-2,  6^-3.  ]  I. 
/n-i'/i.  1.  Near;  close  to;  beside;  with;  about: 
as,  sit  by  me ;  the  house  stands  by  a  river. 

Go  to  your  rest,  and  I'll  sit  by  you. 

Fletcher,  Sea  Voyage,  iv.  2. 

They  punish  rigorously  them  that  rob  by  the  high  way. 
Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 

A  ^ood  poet  can  no  more  be  without  a  stock  of  similes 
bn  him,  than  a  shoemaker  without  his  lasts. 

Swift,  To  a  Young  Poet. 

He  himself  has  not  the  monies  by  him,  but  is  forced  to  sell 
stock  at  a  great  loss.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  ill.  1. 

2.  Near,  or  up  to  and  beyond,  with  reference 
to  motion;  past:  as,  to  move  or  go  by  a  church. 

Thou  hast  pass'd  by  the  ambush  of  young  days, 
Either  not  assail'd,  or  victor  being  charged. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixx. 
This  music  crept  by  me  upon  the  waters. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  I.  2. 

3.  Along   (in  direction   or  progress) ;    in   or 
through  (the  course  of) ;  over  or  alongside  of: 
as,  to  approach  a  town  by  the  highway. 

We  .  .  look  our  journey  into  the  wilderness  by  the 
way  of  the  Red  sea.  Deut.  li.  1. 


741 

/;//  the  margin,  willow-veil  d, 
slid.'  tb<'  heavy  barges. 

TtungKU,  Lady  of  Shalott.  i. 

4.  On;  upon;  especially,  through  or  on  as  a 
means  of  conveyance:  as,  he  journeyed  both 
by  water  and  by  rail. 

I  would  have  fought  by  land,  where  I  was  stronger. 

Drydrn,  All  for  Love,  li.  1. 

5.  Through.    («)  Through  the  action  or  opera- 
tion of,  as  the  immediate  agent  or  the  producing 
or  instigating  cause:  as,  the  empire  founded 
lnj  Napoleon  ;  a  novel  written  by  Cooper:  the 
victories  gained  by  Nelson  ;  a  picture  painted 
In/  Rubens,     i  In  this  use  especially  after  passive  verbs 
or  participles,  the  participle  being  often  omitted  :  u,  a 
novel  '"/  Cooper  ;  a  picture  by  Rubens.  | 

All  things  were  made  by  him.  John  L  8. 

Prompted  to  my  revenge  by  heaven  and  helL 

Mnt..  Hamlet,  ii.  -2. 

(6)  With  the  perception  of,  as  the  subject  or 
recipient  of  the  action  or  feeling  :  as,  he  died 
regretted  by  all  who  knew  him  ;  this  was  felt  by 
them  to  be  an  intentional  slight.  <  <•)  Through 
the  means  or  agency  of,  as  the  intermediate 
agent  or  instrument  :  as,  the  city  was  destroyed 
by  fire. 

There  perished  not  many  by  the  swoonle,  but  all  by  the 

extremitye  of  famine  which  they  themselves  had  wrought. 

Spetuer,  State  of  Ireland. 

Noble  Melantius,  the  land  '«/  me 
Welcomes  thy  virtues  home  to  Rhodes. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  L  1. 

All  our  miserie  and  trouble  hath  bin  either  '•.</  a  King 

or  by  our  necessary  vindication  anil  defence  against  him. 

Hilton,  Eikonoklastes,  x. 

Muley  Abul  Hassan  saw  by  the  Ares  blazing  on  the  moun- 
tains  that  the  country  was  rising.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  77. 

(d)  Through  the  use  of;  with  the  aid  of,  as 
means  :  as,  to  take  by  force  ;  by  your  leave. 

He  called  his  brothers  by  name,  and  their  replies  gave 
comfort  to  his  heart.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  05. 

And  holding  them  back  by  their  flowing  locks. 

Tennyson,  The  Merman,  ii. 

(e)  In  consequence  of;  by  virtue  of. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  shew  how  some  passages  are 
beautiful  by  being  sublime,  others  by  )>eing  soft,  others  '"/ 
being  natural.  Additon,  Spectator,  No.  369. 

And  how  it  ends  it  matters  not, 
By  heart-break  or  by  rifle-shot. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megoue,  i. 

6.  In  adjuration:  Before;  in  the  presence  of  ; 
with  the  witness  of;  with  regard  to  things,  in 
view  of,  in  consideration  of  :  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  being  or  thing  appealed  to  as 
sanction:  as,  I  appeal  to  you  by  all  that  is 
sacred. 

The  common  oath  of  the  Scythians  was  by  the  swoord, 
and  by  the  fire.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Swear  not  at  all  :  neither  by  heaven  ;  for  it  is  God's 
throne  :  nor  by  the  earth  ;  for  it  is  his  fooUtooL 

Mat.  v.  34,  36. 

By  Pan  I  swear,  beloved  Perigot, 
And  by  yon  moon,  I  think  thou  lov'st  me  not. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ill.  1. 

7.  According  to;  by  direction,  authority,  ex- 
ample, or  evidence  of:  as,  this  appears  by  his 
own  account;  it  is  ten  o'clock  by  my  watch; 
these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

They  live  by  your  base  words.     Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  U.  4. 

First  follow  Nature,  and  your  judgment  frame 

/i';/  her  just  standard.     Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  68. 

8.  In  the  measure  or  quantity  of  ;  in  the  terms 
of:  as,  to  sell  cloth  by  the  yard,  milk  by  the 
quart,  eggs  by  the  dozen,  beef  by  the  pound  ; 
to  board  by  the  week. 

Two  thousand  ducats  bv  the  year. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  it  L 

9.  In  comparison:  To  the  extent  of:  noting 
mensuration  or  the  measure  or  ratio  of  excess 
or  inferiority  :  as,  larger  by  a  half  ;  older  by  five 
years  ;  to  lessen  by  a  third. 

/.'•  als  mekil  als  the  forseide  lyght,  to  the  worchep  of  god 
an  holy  Chirche,  lestyngliche  in  tyme  comyng,  with-outtn 
help  of  menuys  deuocion  ne  may  not  be  uieyntened  ami 
kept  Englith  Gildt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  45. 

Too  long  by  half  a  mile.  Shot.,  I..  [..  I,.,  v.  •_•. 

10.  Multiplied  into  :  noting  the  relation  of  one 
dimension  to  another  (in  square  or  cubic  mea- 
sure) :  as,  five  feet  by  four,  that  is,  measuring 
five  feet  in  one  direction  and  four  feet  in  the 
other.  —  11.  During  the  course  of;  within  the 
compass  or  period  of:  as,  by  day;  by  night. 


Dauid  fni  bus  dales  dobbede  knygtes. 

Pirn  Plomium  (C\ 


102. 


old  men  yn  prouerbe  sayde  by  old  tyme 
"  A  chyld  were  beter  to  be  vnbore 
Than  to  be  vntaiiu'ht.  and  so  be  lore." 

Babee*  Bmk  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  S99. 


by 

Then  rote  the  King  and  moved  his  host  by  night. 

Tennytun,  Pawing  of  Arthur. 

12.  At  (a  terminal  point  of  time);  not  later 
than ;  as  early  as :  us,  /»/  tins  time  the  sun  had 
risen ;  he  will  be  here  by  two  o'clock. 

Ity  the  morwe.   Chaucer,  I'nJ  to  Manciple's  Tale,  L  16. 
But  by  that  they  were  got  within  »iiilit  of  them,  the 
women  were  in  a  very  great  scuffle. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progreu,  p.  247. 
I'll.- .  hoi,  nt  will  have  killed  by  the  end  of  the  year  about 
one  person  in  every  thousand. 

Sydn./i  .<i,n'ili.  To  the  Countesi  Grey. 

13.  At  a  time;  each  separately  or  singly:  as, 
one  lii/  one ;  two  by  two ;  piece  by  piece. 

Point  by  point,  argument  by  argument. 

Houkcr,  Eccle«.  Pol.,  Pref. 

14.  With  reference  to ;  in  relation  to;  about; 
concerning;   with:  formerly  especially  after 
say,  speak,  etc.,  now  chiefly  after  do,  act,  deal, 
etc. 

And  so  I  sey  by  the  that  sekest  after  the  whyes, 
And  aresonedest  reaoun.   J'ier*  I'lnicinan  (II),  xii.  217. 
I  sey  not  thin  by  wyves  that  Iwn  wUe. 

Chaucer,  ITol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  2». 

Thus  prophecy  says  by  me.    Tointeley  Mytteritt,  p.  212. 

They  secretly  made  enquiry  where  I  had  lined  before, 

what  my  wordes  and  behaulonr  had  beene  while  I  wu 

there,  but  they  coulde  flnde  nothing  by  me. 

Webbe,  Travels,  p.  31. 

Thou  hast  spoken  evil  words  by  the  queen.  t'oxe. 

To  do  by  scripture  and  the  gospel  according  to  conscience 

is  not  to  do  evil.  Milton,  Civil  Power. 

In  his  behaviour  to  me,  he  hath  dealt  hardly  by  a  rela- 
tion, fielding. 

15.  Besides;  over  and  above ;  beyond.  [North. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

This  ship  was  of  so  great  stature,  and  took  so  much 
timber,  that,  except  Falkland,  she  wasted  all  the  wood!  in 
Fife,  which  was  oak-wood,  Ini  all  timber  that  was  gotten 
out  of  Norroway.  I'itucottie,  Chron.  of  Scotland,  an-  1511. 

By  book,  by  the  book.  See  book.—  By  north,  south, 
east,  west  (nant.),  next  in  the  direction  stated :  phrases 
used  in  designating  the  points  of  the  compass :  as,  north- 
east '-.'/  tioilli  (between  N.  K.  and  N.  N.  E.).  See  compact. 
—  By  one's  self  or  Itself,  (a)  Apart ;  separated  from 
others ;  alone. 

When  I  am  in  a  serious  humour,  I  very  often  walk  by 
mytelS  in  Westminster  Abliey. 

Addisfm,  Thoughts  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

As  a  child  will  long  for  his  companions,  but  among  them 
plays  by  hiinnelf.  Emernon,  Chilis. 

(6)  Without  aid  ;  by  individual  action  exclusively  :  as,  I 
did  It  all  in/  »<//».•)/.  IColloq.)—  By  the  board.  See 
board.— By  the  by.  See  fcyi,  «.—  By  the  head  <na«t.), 
the  state  of  a  vessel  so  loaded  as  to  draw  more  forward 
than  aft:  opposite  to  '"/  the  item.  —  By  the  lee,  said  of 
a  ship  when  the  wind  takes  the  sails  on  the  wrong  side. 

Shoote  him  through  and  through  with  a  jest ;  make  him 
lye  '•,,  »/,  ,•  lee,  thou  Basilisco  of  witte. 

Manton,  What  You  Will,  II.  1. 

By  the  stern  (naut.),  with  greater  draft  aft  than  for- 
ward.—By  the  way.  (a)  On  the  road  ;  in  the  course  of 
u  journey  :  as,  they  fell  out  by  the  tray,  (b)  Incidentally  ; 
in  the  course  of  one's  remarks :  hence  used  as  an  inter- 
jectional  phrase  introducing  an  incidental  remark  :  as, 
by  the  "••"/.  have  you  received  that  letter  yet?  [Colloq.) 

Their  actions  are  worthy  not  thus  to  be  spoken  of  by  the 
way.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

By  the  Wind  (mini. ),  as  near  to  the  proper  course  AS  the 
wind  will  permit :  close-hauled.—  By  way  of.  (a)  As  an 
example  or  instance  of.  (6)  On  the  point  of ;  just  about 
to :  as,  when  I  saw  him  he  was  bii  tray  of  going  to  Brigh- 
ton. [Colloq.,  Eng.)  (c)  Through :  as,  we  came  by  tray  of 
Boston.— TO  set  store  by.  Seen/ore. 

II.  •"'''.  [The  adverbial  use  is  not  found  in 
AS.,  and  is  rare  in  ME.]  1.  Near;  in  the 
same  place  with;  at  band:  often  (before  the 
verb  always)  qualified  by  a  more  definite  ad- 
verb :  as,  near  oy ;  close  by ;  hard  by. 

You  did  kneel  to  me, 
Whilst  I  stood  stubborn  and  regardless  by. 

Beau,  and  f'l.,  King  and  Xo  King,  ill.  1. 

He  now  retired 
Unto  a  neighb'ring  castle  by. 

S.  Butler,  Hudlbnu,  I.  lit  301. 

2.  Aside;  off. 

Let  them  lay  by  their  helmets  and  their  spears. 

fthak..  Rich.  II.,  L  3. 
Be  no  more  Christians,  put  religion  by, 
'Twill  make  ye  cowards. 

Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim,  ii.  i 

3.  Of  motion:  Across  in  front  or  alongside 
and  beyond :  as,  the  carriage  went  by. 

By  your  leave,  my  masters  there,  pray  you  let's  come  by. 
B.  Jonton,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  2. 
Pray  you,  walk  by,  and  say  nothing. 

Fletcher,  Eule  a  WUe,  U.  4. 

4.  Of  time :  In  the  past ;  over. 

The  moon  among  the  clouds  rode  high, 
And  all  the  city  hum  was  by. 

Scott.  Marmion,  v.  20. 

[For  by  in  composition,  see  6^-3.] 
By  and  by.    (a*)  A  repetition  of  by,  near,  close  by :  used 
especially  in  reference  to  a  regular  series,  one  after  an- 
other. 


by 

Two  ycmge  knightes  liggyng  by  and  by. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  153. 

These  were  his  wordis  by  and  by. 

Rom,  of  the  Rose,  1.  4581. 

In  the  temple,  by  and  by  with  us, 
These  couples  shall  eternally  be  knit. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1. 

(M)  At  once ;  straightway  ;  immediately ;  then. 

After  that  you  haue  dyned  and  suptc,  laboure  not  In/  uml 
by  after,  but  make  a  pause,  syttynge  or  standyuge  vpryght 
the  space  of  an  howre  or  more  with  some  pastyme. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  247. 

When  .  .  .  persecution  ariseth  because  of  the  word,  by 
and  b\i  [Or.  eu0u«,  immediately]  he  is  offended. 

Mat.  xiii.  21. 

They  do,  and  by-and-by  repent  them  of  that  which  they 
have  done.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  237. 

(c)  At  some  time  in  the  future  ;  before  long ;  presently. 

I'm  so  vexed,  that  if  I  had  not  the  prospect  of  a  resource 
in  being  knocked  o'  the  head  by  and  by,  I  should  scarce 
have  spirits  to  tell  you  the  cause. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

By  and  large,  in  all  its  length  and  breadth;  in  every 
aspect :  as,  taking  it  by  and  large,  this  is  the  most  com- 
prehensive theory  yet  broached.— By  and  maint,  by  both 
side  and  main  passages  ;  on  all  sides. 

Thou !  no,  no,  I  have  barred  thee  by  and  main,  for  I 
have  resolved  not  to  light  for  them. 

Killiffrew,  Parson's  Wedding,  ii.  5. 
Full  and  by.    See  /««i . 

by1,  bye1  (bi),  «.  [<  by,  prep,  and  adv.;  in  older 
use  only  in  the  phrases  by  the  by  and  in,  on,  or 
upon  the  by  (see  def.) ;  due  to  by1,  adv.,  in  comp. 
by-3.  In  sporting  use  commonly  spelled  bye."] 
1.  A  thing  not  directly  aimed  at;  something 
not  the  immediate  object  of  regard :  as,  by  the 
by  (that  is,  by  the  way,  in  passing). —  2.  The 
condition  of  being  odd,  as  opposed  to  even;  the 
state  of  having  no  competitor  in  a  contest 
where  several  are  engaged  in  pairs.  Thus,  in 
field  trials  of  dogs,  when  the  number  of  those  entered  for 
competition  in  pairs  is  uneven,  the  odd  contestant  is  said 
to  have  a  by. 

3.  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  ball  not  struck 
by  the  batsman,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper 
has  failed  to  stop. — 4.  In  the  game  of  hide- 
and-seek,  the  goal :  as,  to  touch  the  by.  [New 
England.]  — By  the  by.  («t)  Same  as  in,  on,  or  upon 
the  by.  (V)  By  the  way :  introducing  an  incidental  re- 
mark. 

By  the  by,  I  hope  'tis  not  true  that  your  brother  is  ab- 
solutely ruined  ?  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 
There  is  an  old  tough  aunt  in  the  way  ;  —  though,  by  the 
by,  she  has  never  seen  my  master  —  for  we  got  acquainted 
with  miss  while  on  a  visit  in  Gloucestershire. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  1. 

In,  on,  or  upon  the  byt,  in  passing ;  indirectly  ;  by 
implication. 

It  would  beget 

Me  such  a  main  authority  071  the  bye, 
And  do  yourself  no  disrepute  at  all. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  i.  1. 
Speak  modestly  in  mentioning  my  services  ; 
And  if  aught  fall  out  in  the  by,  that  must 
Of  mere  necessity  touch  any  act 
Of  my  deserving  praises,  blush  when  you  talk  on  't. 
Beau,  and  Fl. ,  Laws  of  Candy,  iii.  2. 
The  Synod  of  Dort  condemneth  upon  the  bye  even  the 
discipline  of  the  Church  of  England. 

Quoted  in  Fuller's  Church  Hist.,  X.  v.  1. 
To  Steal  a  by,  in  criffket,  to  make  a  run  on  a  ball  which 
has  not  been  batted,  but  which  the  wicket-keeper  has 
failed  to  stop. 

He  [the  batsman]  is  never  in  his  ground,  except  when 
his  wicket  is  down.    Nothing  in  the  whole  game  so  trying 
to  boys ;  he  has  stolen  three  byes  in  the  first  ten  minutes. 
T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  8. 

by2t.  ».  [ME  by,  bi,  <  AS.  by  =  Icel.  byr,  beer,  or 
ocer  (gen.  bagar,  byjar)  =  Norw.  bo  =  Sw.  Dan. 
by,  a  town,  village,  in  Icel.  and  Norw.  also  a 
farm,  landed  estate ;  akin  to  AS.  bu  =  OS.  bu 
=  Icel.  bu  =  Sw.  Dan.  bo,  a  dwelling,  habita- 
tion, >  So.  bow  (see  bow5),  <  AS.  buan  =  Icel. 
bua,  dwell:  see  bower1,  boor,  big2,  be1,  and  cf . 
by-law.]  A  town;  habitation;  dwelling:  now 
extant  only  in  place-names,  especially  in  the 
north  of  England,  as  in  Derby  (Anglo-Saxon 
DcAra  by,  literally  'dwelling  of  deer'),  Whitby, 
etc. 
The  township,  the  by  of  the  Northern  shires. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  I.  90. 

by3t,  n.     [Another  and  more  reg.  form  of  bee2, 
<  ME.  bye,  byge,  beighe,  beg,  beh,  etc.,  <  AS. 
bedh,  bedg,  a  ring :  see  bee2.']    A  ring ;  a  brace- 
let. 
A  by  of  gold,  adorning  the  right  arm.  Planchi. 

byH,  v.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

by5t,  v.  i.    An  obsolete  variant  of  fee1. 

by-1.  If.  An  obsolete  variant  of  bi-1,  be-1  (un- 
accented). See  be-1.— 2.  The  modern  form  of 
bi-1,  be-1,  under  the  accent,  as  in  byspell,  byword, 
etc. 

by-2t.     An  obsolete  variant  of  bi-2,  be-2. 

by-3.  The  adverb  by1  used  as  a  prefix.  This  use 
first  appears  in  the  sixteenth  century,  by-  being  a  quasi- 


742 

adjective,  meaning  side,  secondary,  as  in  by-path,  by-street, 
liil mill,  by-play,  by-stroke,  etc. 

by-aimt  (Warn),  «.  A  side  aim ;  a  subordinate 
aim ;  a  by-end. 

by-altar  (bi'al"tar),  H.  1.  A  minor  or  secon- 
dary altar,  in  distinction  from  the  high  altar ; 
any  other  altar  than  the  chief  one  in  a  church : 
now  commonly  called  side  altar. —  2.  A  numi- 
given  by  some  writers  on  Christian  archseology 
to  a  table  standing  beside  the  altar,  for  hold- 
ing the  vestments,  the  sacred  vessels,  etc. ;  a 
credence. 

byart.  »•    See  byre. 

byard  (bi'iird),  n.  [Appar.  a  variant  form  and 
use  of  bayard2,  q.  v.]  A  band  of  leather  cross- 
ing the  breast,  used  by  men  for  dragging  wag- 
ons in  coal-mines. 

byast.     See  bias. 

byats  (bi'ats),  n.  pi.    Same  as  buntons. 

by-ball  (bi'bal),  n.    In  cricket,  same  as  by1,  3. 

by-bidder  (bi'bid"er),  ».  A  person  employed 
at  public  auctions  to  bid  on  articles  put  up  for 
sale,  in  order  that  the  seller  may  obtain  higher 
prices. 

by-blow  (bi'blo),  n.  1.  A  side  or  accidental 
blow. 

Now  and  then  a  by-blow  from  the  pulpit. 

Hilton,  Colasterion. 
How  finely,  like  a  fencer, 
My  father  fetches  his  by-blows  to  hit  me  ! 

iliddleton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  i.  1. 

2f.  An  illegitimate  child.    [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 

The  natural  brother  of  the  king  —  a  by-blow. 

Massinger,  Maid  of  Honour,  i.  1. 

by-book  (bi'buk),  ».  A  note-  or  memoran- 
dum-book; a  subordinate  book  containing 
notes  or  jottings  to  be  afterward  extended  in 
due  form. 

(Lord's  day.)  To  my  office,  and  there  fell  on  entering, 
out  of  a  bye-book,  part  of  my  second  journall-book,  which 
hath  lay  these  two  years  and  more  unentered. 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  87. 

by-business  (bi'biz"nes),  n.  Business  aside 
from  the  main  business ;  something  quite  sec- 
ondary or  subordinate.  Barrow. 

by-by  (bi'bl'),  interj.  [Also  written  bye-bye; 
a  childish  or  humorous  variation  of  good-by, 
q.  v.]  Good-by:  a  childish  form  of  farewell, 
sometimes  used  humorously  by  grown  people. 
Well,  you  are  going  to  be  in  a  passion,  I  see,  and  I  shall 
only  interrupt  you  —  so,  bye-bye. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 

bycauset,  fonj.    An  obsolete  form  of  because. 

by-cause  (bi'kaz),  «.  [<  by-3  +  cause.']  A  sec- 
ondary cause. 

I  ...  was  one  cause  (a  by-cause)  why  the  purse  was 
lost.  B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iii.  1. 

bycet,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  bice. 

byckornet,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  bicker  n. 

bycpckett  (b!'kok-et),  n.  [Also  variously 
written  abocock,  abococked,  abocockvt,  (tb/icked, 
abocket,  and  aba- 
cot,  corrupted 
forms  due  to 
misreading  or 
misprinting  of 
bycocket,  <  late 
ME.  bycoket 
(Halliwell),  < 
OF.  bicoquet,  a 
bycocket,  a  kind 
of  cap  (cf. 
"  biquoquet,  the 
beak  of  a  la- 
dies mourning 
hood"  —  Cot- 
grave),  prob.  < 
bi-  (L.  bis),  dou- 
ble, +  coque  (> 
E.  cock),  a  shell, 
a  boat.  The  al- 
lusion  is  to  the 
shape.]  A  kind  of  hat  worn  during  the  four- 
teenth, fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  centuries,  prob- 
ably by  noble  and  wealthy  persons  only,  it  was 
of  the  form  called  by  heralds  cap  of  maintenance,  that 
is,  with  the  brim  turned  up  either  before  or  behind,  and 
with  a  long  point  or  beak,  or  two  such  points,  opposite. 
Modern  representations  generally  give  it  with  the  point 
or  points  behind ;  but  the  more  common  form  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  seems  to  have  had  the  point  in  front,  as  in  the 
illustration. 

by-common  (bl-kom'on),  a.  [<  by1,  prep.,  be- 
yond, +  common.  Cf .  by-ordinary.  ]  More  than 
common;  uncommon.  [Scotch.] 

by-concernment  (bl'kon-sern"inent),  n.  A 
subordinate  or  subsidiary  affair.  Dryaen. 

bycornet,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  bickern. 
Set  rakes,  crookes,  adses,  and  fit/cornes, 
And  double  bited  axes  for  thees  thornes. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  42. 


\ 


Bycock  et  of  the  isth  century.  ( From  Viollet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^is." ) 


bylander 

by-corner  (bi'k6r"ner),  n.  A  private  or  out-of- 
the-way  corner.  Massinger ;  Fuller. 

by-course  (bi'kors),  n.  An  irregular  or  im- 
proper course  of  action. 

If  tholl  forsake  not  these  unprofitable  by-courses. 

B.  Jonxon,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 

byddet,  ».  and  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  hiil. 

bydet,  r.    An  obsolete  form  of  bide. 

by-dependencyt  (bi'de-pen"den-si),  n.  Some- 
thing depending  on  something  else ;  an  acces- 
sory circumstance,  tihak.,  Cymbeliiie,  v.  5. 

by-design    (bi'de-zin*'),   n.     An  incidental  or 
subordinate  design  or  purpose. 
They'll  serve  for  other  by-designs.   S.  Butler,  Hudibras. 

by-doing  (bi'do-ing),  n.  Subordinate  or  collat- 
eral action ;  private  doing. 

by-drinkingt  (bi'dring"kiug),  H.  A  drinking 
between  meals. 

You  owe  money  here  besides,  Sir  John,  for  your  diet 
and  by-drinking*.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  8. 

by-dweller  (bi'dweFer),  ».  One  who  dwells 
near ;  a  neighbor. 

bye1!,  prep,  and  adv.    See  by1. 

bye1,  «•     See  by1. 

bye'-'t,  n.     See  by2. 

byest,  "•     See  by3. 

bye4t,  »'•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  buy. 

bye-ball  (bi'bal),  n.    In  cricket,  same  as  by1,  3. 

by-election  (bi'e-lek"shon),  n.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, an  election  held  to  nil  a  vacancy  in  Parlia- 
ment. 

by-end  (bi' end),  ».  1.  A  private  end;  a  secret 
purpose  or  design. 

To  have  other  by-ends  in  good  actions  sours  laudable 
performances.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  i.  10. 

All  persons  that  worship  for  fear,  profit,  or  some  other 
by-end,  fall  within  the  intendment  of  this  fable. 

Sir  Ji.  L' Estrange. 

2.  An  incidental  or  subsidiary  aim  or  object. 

Pamphleteer  or  journalist  reading  for  an  argument  for 
a  party,  or  reading  to  write,  or,  at  all  events,  for  some  by- 
end  imposed  on  them,  must  read  meanly  and  fragmen- 
tarily.  Emerson,  Universities. 

byert,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  byre. 

by-fellow  (bi'fel'o),  «.  In  English  universities, 
a  name  given  to  one  who  has  been  elected  to 
a  by-fellowship;  a  fellow  out  of  the  regular 
course.  In  some  colleges  a  by-fellow,  even  when  over 
age,  can  be  elected  to  a  regular  fellowship  when  a  vacancy 
occurs. 

by-fellowship  (bi'feFo-ship),  n.  In  English 
universities,  a  secondary  or  nominal  fellowship. 

There  are  some  Bye-Fellowships,  however,  in  the  small 
colleges  whose  value  is  merely  nominal  —  some  £5  or  £6  a 
year.  C.  A.  Bristed,  English  University,  p.  131,  note. 

bygg1,  bygg2,  etc.     See  big1,  big2,  etc. 

bygirdlet,  «.  [ME.,  also  bigirdlc,  bygyrdylle, 
bigurdle,  bigurdel,  <  AS.  bigyrdcl,  Irigirdel,  big- 
gyrdel  (=  MHG.  bigurtel),  <  bi,  bi,  by,  4-  gyrdel, 
girdle:  see  by1  and  girdle,  and  cf.  begird.']  A 
purse  hanging  from  the  girdle  or  belt. 

The  bagges  and  the  bigurdeles,  he  hath  to-broken  hem  alle, 
That  the  Erl  auarous  helde.     Piers  Plowman  (B),  viii.  86. 

bygone  (bi'gon),  a.  and  n.  [<  by1,  adv.,  +  gone, 
pp.  of  go.]  I.  a.  Past;  gone  by;  hence,  out  of 
date;  antiquated:  as,  "thy  bygone  fooleries," 
Sliak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  2. 

The  Chancellor  was  a  man  who  belonged  to  a  bygone 
world,  a  representative  of  a  past  age,  of  obsolete  modes 
of  thinking.  ilacaulay,  Sir  W.  Temple. 

It  is  the  test  of  excellence  111  any  department  of  art, 
that  it  can  never  be  bygone. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  178. 

II.  n.  What  is  gone  by  and  past:  as,  that 
is  a  bygone;  let  bygones  be  bygones;  "let  old 
bygones  be,"  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

by-hour  (bl'our),  ».     A  leisure  hour. 

by-interest  (bi'in"ter-est),  ».  Self-interest; 
private  advantage.  Atterbury. 

by-intimation  (bl'in-ti-ma"shqn),  «.  An  inti- 
mation, whether  by  speech,  look,  gesture,  or 
other  means,  so  conveyed  as  to  be  unobserved 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  not  intended;  an  aside. 

There  were  no  by-intimations  to  make  the  audience 
fancy  their  own  discernment  so  much  greater  than  that  of 
the  Moor.  Lamb,  Old  Actors. 

byke,  «.    See  bike. 

bykert,  *'•  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  bicker1. 
bylandt,".    [<  by1  +  land.']    A  peninsula.   Also 
spelled  biland. 

It  I  find  various  devices  resorted  to  by  writers  at  the 
beginning  of  that  same  century  to  express  a  tract  of  land 
almost  surrounded  by  sea,  so  that  they  employ  "biland," 
"  demi-isle,"  "  demi-island,"  I  am  able,  without  much  hesi- 
tation, to  adirm  that  "peninsula"  was  not  yet  acknow- 
ledged to  be  English. 

Abp.  Trench,  Deficiencies  in  Eng.  Diets.,  p.  40. 

bylauder,  «.     See  bilander. 


by-lane 
by-lane  (M'la..).  ».    A  private  lane,  or  one 

(OXming  a  l.vway.      /-'»;•'»». 
by-law  On'lii  ),  «.     [  Formerly  explained  Mid  MOW 

generally  accepted  as  made  up  (if  ''//'  <''.V-:)) 
ami  tow1,  aw  if  'a  subordinat  .....  •  MOOndkry 
law,'  hut  in  fact  the  elements  arc  In./-,  u  town, 
+  /Kiel,  after  Dan.  ft///"/-,  municipal  law  (cf. 
Dan.  hiloi;  an  amendment  m  a  law,  developed 
from  bylor.  lint  now  regarded  as  simply  <  hi-  (= 
(•,./„;-'=  ]•',./„,-••<)  +  l,,r=  K.  /«iri),  =  Sw.  bill,,,,, 
the  commonalty  of  a  village,  the  older  form 
hem-  Se.  and  North.  K.  bi/Hmr,  also  written 
/,„,*?«•.  MrfaM,  in  comp.  even  Mrby, 


743 
by.-pass  (»«',,«„]  ,.  r.  r.    [<^™,«.]    To  fur- 

tm  Wtth  a  by-pass. 

I  n<  \t  U  ,,./.<-,./  tin-  nutb-l  vnlvi-  with  a  CUM-  im-h  |ii|»  . 

-.//./...  XXII.  «W", 

by-passage  (  lii'pus'aj),  ».     A  private  or  retired 

passage  ;  a  byway.  ' 

by-passer  (lii'pas'fer),  w.  A  passer-by.   Liiilnini. 
by-past  (ln'past),  «.     Past;  gone  by:  as,  "by- 

,,tl!,t  perils,''  Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  158. 
by-path  (bi'path),  H.     A  byway;  a  private 
path;  an  indirect  course  or  means. 
..  ... 

llw"a  2  He,,  iv.  iv.4. 


bysse 

»' 


JHhB1  „,  8hemeldi 

n,-ivaiiihiri-iliuil< 


.  .,;..  ..par 

eldi'  K,,  !,»!!.  1.1.  Hradtleld,  :m,l   Rotherhani 
n,-ivaiiihiri-iliuil<-il  iiFl..//.,./,,»x.  l,ut  it  ukrd 

th»t  thewdlrbloiu  are  not  tube,  found  on_tlic  IX-i 

*M''  "'  ""'  "'"  '"' 

3-  A  parish  meeting.  [Prov.  hug.  (\  orkslnrc  .).  ] 
byrlaw-court  (liir  la-kort),  11.      [Also  written 

birli-y-,  biirl>y-,-onrt  :  <  WMM   +   ••<,,irl.\     The 

court  in  which  the  byrlaw  was  administered. 

Pjeoteh.]    See/,,/''"". 
byrlaw-man   (bir  la-man),  »•      [Also  wnttcn 

6ir/mc  -.  '<"'<//.  terfaMM»/  <    '»/-•/««•  +  «<«»  , 

cf.  Icel.  tajar-ldgmaakr,  a  town-justice.]     1. 


lii,,,  town-law  (<-f.l,,,;i,,,-i;i;,,H,,,lhr,  a  town- 
justice,  -by,  -law-man'),  <  %-»',  6«^r,  gen.  of 
Mr  /wrr  or  fr«-i-  r—  Norw  6«  —  8w  Dan  bn  — 
7s  •  's  e  M)  T  tovvn  +jS  -  Norn  ^  - 
&  S  =  Dan.  1^,  law:  'see  fc-V  aUdfe 
It.  A'locallaw;  a  law  made  by  a  municipalitv 
or  by  a  rural  community  for  tfee  regulation  of 
affairs  within  its  authority  ;  an  ordinance. 

hi  the  shiiiw  wlKTi!  this  n.-in.'s  ,ir,|iiin.l  ii  tiria  fixitluild, 
the  t4>wiwhlii  was  often  called  a  '!hy  ";  and  it  luul  the 
IICIMI  M  •  "f  iMiiiL-tini;  its  own  "6i/./««w"nr  town-laws,  as  New 
IJiL'limd  IMUH-IHII,  have  tn-ihi). 

J.  Fi«ke,  Aiuer.  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  4ti. 

i      .... 
Hence  —  2.    A  standing   rule  of   a  legislative 

body,  a  corporation,  or  a  society,  made  for  the 
regulation  of  its  internal  organization  and  con- 
duct,  and  distinguished  from  a  provision  of  its 
constitution  in  being  more  particular  and  more 
readilv  altered 

by-lead  (bi  led)   «.     Same  M  i  by-wash. 

by-legislation  (bi'lej-is-la'shon),  n.  Legisla- 
tiou  on  subordinate  or  secondary  matters;  by- 
laws,  or  the  making  of  by-laws. 


"  ' 


,    A  reti^d  pUce,  spot, 
v  action  carried 


6™8,111  action  proceeds  ;  action  not  intended 
be  °bserved  ^  ^^  °f  ^ 


The  Friendly  Societies  Act  .  .  .  gives  power  o 
lalwn,  on  specined  matters,  such  as  terms  of  admission, 
iidiiiiiiistnition,  (jaforcement  of  rules,  &c.,  all  which  has 
only  to  he  certified  by  a  Crown  registrar. 

C»n,emvvr«nj  Re,.,  XLIX.  231. 

bylevet.  r.    Same  as  bcleave.     Chaucer. 
by-matter  (bi'mafer),  n.    Something  beside 
the  principal  matter  ;  something  incidental. 

I  knew  one  that,  when  he  wrote  a  letter,  would  put 
that  which  was  most  material  into  the  postscript,  as  if  it 

vatrhid 
by-motive  (bi  mo'tiv),  ».     1.  A  pnvate,  hid- 

den,  or  selfish  motive. 


Will  y,m  allow  me  !<•  ask  you,  sir  '  he  sai.la.l.lr.-... 

^J^',±  »  wlSff  totVHM*  to 
J  r  J»SS!55taSST«! 

Q    A  .livftpsion  .  s,  inethiii"  -in-irt  from  the  main 

»•  A 

purpose. 

]B  he  using  the  alternative  as  a  by-play  in  argument, 
without  any  consideration  of  its  merit  or  possibility  • 

n.,ah,,.it   k-  ,.,ri,-..,,       0,1,1  Tjiurn  *w 
Bu»hnM,  Forgiveness  and  Law,  p.  32. 

by-plot  (bi'plot),  ».  A  subsidiary  plot  in  a 
play  or  novel. 

Tht.  lllillor  characters  and  bye.plot,  too,  giving  the  story 
of  a  religious  scepticism.   The  Spectator,  No.  3085,  p.  1158. 

by-product  (bi'prod'ukt),  ».  A  secondary  or 
additional  product  ;  something  produced,  as  in 
^  com.ge  ^  ^egs  or  ma^acture  'in  ad. 

^  .  the    ri^cipal  product  or  material:  as, 

wood-tar  is  obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  de- 
gtmctive  distillation  of  wood  for  the  manufac- 

!™~i          d  ^nf.a&T  or  ,VOO(i  sr.irit 
ture  or  wooa-vmegar  or  woo  l-spmi. 

It  ,,   ,„,,.....,.,  t,.e  cage  that  the  bm  nroduct,  o(  a  com- 

£  tdm^  are  foumft,  .«  the  °X  See  of  husS 

profits.  Kncye.  Brit.,  ix.  TM. 

by_purpO8e  (bi'  per  'pus),  n.    An  indirect  or 

concealed  purpose  or  design. 
3yramt  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  Bairam. 
r'j'  ro  f  ..      „„„„  rUffpront 

a^U^n's  of["he  Tand.  tonStft'™*, 
ori^.  a  dwelling   AS.  6Sr   a  dwelling,  ==  Icel. 
" 


a  thirdsman.     [The  modem  use  of  th 


}>y™t.  "•     ^  *»ril,'e-  . 

*y™*V     [M  E    also  &nm*,  &m.tf,  ftnm,  etc 
earlier  burne.  <  AS.  by  me.  a  corselet,  a  coat  of 
„       OHO'  ^  '    »  ftn    v    MHG.'o.  6ri,  ..... 

=  IceL  brynja  =  8w.'  ST.  Dan.  M  . 
(joth.  brunio;   hence  ML.  frruwifl,  frrwnm,    Pr. 

fcro'l/'"'  Ot"  i''"""-'  6ro^»*'  etc':  ^  6fw^"'- 
Of  uncertain  origin  ;  cf  .  OBulg.  bronja,  corselet  ; 

°Ir-  *"""")  l)rears,t;J     °&fne  as  brotgne. 
byrniedt,  p.  a.     [ME.  brunyed,  brenyed,  etc.;  < 
fii/rnie  +  -erf2.]     Armed  with  a  corselet  or  coat 
o{  moil 

,  .„      .    .        .  . 

I  ftalle  to  hat^lle  the  hryn^c,  of  hremjeitt  knyKhtefl 
Thyrtty  thosaunde  tw  tale,  thryftye  in  arniei. 

Morte  Arthure(E.  E.  T.  s.),  I.  316. 

by-road  (bi'rod),  «.  1.  A  side-road;  a  cross- 
road  ;  a  road  different  from  the  usual  or  main 
highway.  —  2.  A  private  or  secret  way  ;  a  pri- 
vate  means  to  an  end:  as,  "slippery  by-roads," 
Swift. 

Byronlc  (bi-ron'ik),  a.  Possessing  the  charac- 
teristies  of  Byron,  the  poet,  or  of  his  poetry: 
as,  a  Byronic  poem. 

La  Coupe  et  Ics  Levres  (by  Alfred  de  Mussel),  a  Bum..;.- 
P"em  "'  mauOe  form.  X.  A.  Rev.,  CJtXVlt.  2S3. 

'  _  _:-»{„. 

ByTOIUSm  (bi  ron-izm),  w.     The  charactenstics 

of  Byron's  thought,  temper,  poetic  style,  etc. 
by-room  (bi'rom),  «.      An  adjoining  room  or 

apartment;  a  side  room. 

Stand  in  some  by-room.  Shut.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  li.  4. 

byirhld  (bir'id),   n.      A  beetle  of  the  family 


(bir'i-de),  „.  ;,/..  [NL.,  <  Byrrbu*  + 
-iVte.]  A  family  of  clavicorn  (,'oleopiera,  typi- 
fied  by  the  genus  Byrrhus. 


bvnmb'nmr<  MB  ^ 
by-name  (binam),n.    [<Mh.6i/»fl»ie( 

binamo,  MHO.  biname,  d.  bcituime,  a  cognomen, 

»nn.aln<.^•  <•  fti/1  -I-  ii/iiit/>  1      It    A  spoondarv 
surname),  <.  hy>-   f  name.]      it-  A  s< 

name;  an  epithet. 

uiice,  power,  noblesse   reverence  and  gladnesse 

"-VV"S'  "'  .....  := 


a,  p. 


.     .  , 

Field  and  gamer,  bam  and  fryre, 
Are  blazing  through  the  ninht. 

whittier.  At  Port  Royal, 

(bi're-porf),   n.     A  side  report   or 
^ 


2    A  nickname 

A  personal  (,/-„„„«  give,,  hiin  on  account  onnssUture. 
Bp.  howth,  Lire  of  wykenam. 

3.  A  pseudonym  ;  a  nom-de-plume.    [Obsolete 

,    ™ 
by-namet  (bi'nam),  r.  t.     [<  by-namr,  «.]    To 

give  a  mckuame  to. 


bynet,-.     [<(*r.  .«.,-,.  malt,]    Malt. 


But  when  the  cause  It  selfe  must  l«  decreed, 

Hlmselfe  in  person,  in  his  proper  Court, 
T<«'    ye  ^  g^  j^JP  gg  proce^d 

ol  every  proofe  and  every  Sy-irport. 

Sir  J.  Davic,,  Nosc-e  Teipsum  (,59»). 

by-respectt(bi're-spekt'),  «.  A  consideration 
Jj  S3a2S  aside  from  the  main  one  ;  hence,  a 
private  end  or  purpose. 

...  had  «,me  ^r*^,  in  the  enacting  of 

' 


alarmed,  simulating  death  and  presenting  the 

M»IU»«UMUI  of  •<  nill       R   nilula  is  a  tvnical  ex- 
appearance  OI  a  pill.     a.  put 

ample.     See  cut  under  pill-beetle. 
byrsopid  (ber'so-pid),  n.    A  beetle  of  the  fam- 

fly  Bymoitidte. 
Byrsopid*  (ber-sop'i-de)   n   „,.     [NL.,  <  Byr- 

*"P»  +  -«'«•]    A  family  of  rhynchophorou 

Icoptera,  or  beetles,  with  the  elytra  provided 
8'trQn     fo,d  ^  ,he  inuer  f^ce     F  ^dium 

divided  tarsi  setose   eular  marein  ele- 
'" 


r'sops)  ,  M.    [<  Or.  Svpaa,  a  skin,  hide 
,  +  «V  (««-),  face,  eye.]   A  genus  of 
weevils,  typical  of  the  family  Byrsopidtr. 
Jjys,   byset,  ».     Obsolete  fonns  of  Nee 
bet,  bysidest.     Obsolete  fonns  of 


i 

•  .,  ordinary, 

ordinary,     ('t.  by-common.]     More  than  ordi- 

nary.     [Scotch.] 
byou,  H.    [h.  dial.  ;  origin  obscure.]    A  quinsy. 

[North.  Ellff.  J 
byOUS  (hr,,s),\,      [Also  written,  improp.,  M»  . 

appar.  <  ><//'.  /<r-/-.,  beyond,  over  and  above, 

+  -o«s.]     Extraordinary;  remarkable:  as,  by- 

OH*  weather.     [Scotch.] 
byous  (bi'us).  ailr.     [<  bymtn,  «.]     Extraordi- 

narily;  uncommonly;  very:  as,  byous  hungry. 


.....  ,fc  ;/Ij,, 

byrlakln,  niterj.     A  contraction  of  by  our  lady- 

fiw  ;  a  diminutive  of  ftyr/orfy. 


jfi,.  IT.  -c«>«.  Married  !    To  whom? 

Knit.  To  a  French  homl.  bi/rlakin*,  as  I  undcrstanil. 

-»»'."•  .....  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  ,v.  •, 
byrlaw  (bir'la),  «.  [Also  written  burlam,  btr- 
£,„.,  /„,,/„»-.  in  comp.  even  birley,  barley,  etc.: 
see  fry-taw.]  1.  A  certain  system  of  popular 
jurisprudence  formerly  prevailing  in  northern 
England  and  Scotland.  It  is  described  by  sir  John 
skfiie.  writini!  in  l.vi,,  when  the  system  was  In  force,  as 


What  shadow 

war^  An  incidental  or  cas- 

ual  speech  not  directly  relating  to  the  point: 
ag  ,<^quote  bu-s,>ceclies"  Hoo! 
byspellt  (bi'spel),  n.     [<  ME.  bi^el.  a  proverb, 
a  parable,  <  AS.  frfepcH,    bigspell,  a  proverb. 


example),  <  W-,  bv,  +  tpctl,  a  story:  see  spelft, 
and  cf.  </(Wi)e/.]    A  proverb.    Coles,  nil.    Also 
d  byfspcl. 


bysst  r  i      [See  buz*  ]    To  buzz;  hum. 
byssa'ceous  (bi-sa'shius),  a.     [<  L.  as  if  *bys- 
*  a 


.  .  . 

by-pass  (bi  pas),  ii.     An  extra  gas-pipe  passing 

HOUnd  a  valve  or  gas-chamber,  used  to  pre- 
v,nt  a   eomplete  stppage  of  the  flow  of  "gas 


sent,  In  the  courts  called  the  lt>irlau>  coitr(«.  in  the 

- 


cobwebs. 


,  . 

eognition  is  taken  of  i-"in|.l:iint.  s  l.ctuixt  nek-htlxir  and  byssal(bis'al)  a.  [<  bi/ssus  +  -a/.]  Of  or  per- 
neichtbor.  The  quhllk  men  so  chosen  as  judges  and  arbi.  *  .  .  *  .  r,"  »._..;..,.  nf  «  mollusk-  as.  bvssal 
.I..--  *»  ^  '-resald,  are  commonly  called  B;l, 


pipe  lights  the  nmiu  burners  when  the  supply  Is  turned  on. 


2-  A  district  within  which  the  system  prevails,  bysset,     -      X 
[North.  bug.J  >  oywnts,  i. 


A  kind  of  fine  cloth. 


byssi 


byssi,  «.     Plural  of 

byssifer  (bis'i-fer),  «• 


Oue  of  the  Jiyssifera. 


typified  by  the  genus  Buthiti-n.    The  head  is  large 
and  wide,  the  vertical  fins  are  united,  and  the  ventrals  re- 
duced to  simple  filaments  composed  of  two  rays  each. 
by-time  (bi'tim),  «.     Odd  time ;  an  interval  of 
".eisure.     [Scotch.] 


botanist  D.  S.  A.  Biittner  (1724-68),  +  -ace<e.] 
A  natural  order  of  plants,  properly  included  in 
the  order  Sterculiaceai  (which  see).  The  typi- 


mollusks,  characterized 

byssus, 

selves 

Lamal 

feits,  ami  Aeiniii't.  mm  distributed  among  different  fami- 
lies;  but  it  was  later  renounced  and  Its  genera  referred  by 

him  to  the  families  M,,tll,m«,  M,,llm,;-a,  and  Pcctemdcs. 
It  was  restricted  by  Ooldfuss  (1820)  to  Malleus,  I'ulsflla, 
and  Pfnia,  and  is  now  synonyn:ous  with  Malleacea. 

byssiferous  (bi-sif'e-rus),  a.    l<  NL.  byssifer. 

<  L.  byssus  (see  byssus)  +  fcrre  =  E.  MOT1.] 

Producing  or  bearing  a  byssus. 
byssin,  byssine  (bis'in),  a.     [<  L.  byssinus,  < 

Gr.  pvaatvot,  <  jli'ootx;,  byssus.]  Made  of  bys- 
sus; having  a  silky  or  flax-like  appearance. 

Coles,  1717. 
byssOgenOUS  (bi-soj'e-nus),  a.    [<  byssus  +  -gc- 

nous.}     Secreting  or  producing  the  byssus:  as, 

the  byssogenous  gland. 

Lamellibranchs   generally  exhibit  more  or  less  well- 

marked  traces  of  this  bi/fmijeiu>an  apparatus. 

T.  Gill,  Smithsonian  Report,  1885,  p.  777. 

byssoid  (bis'oid),  a.     [<  Gr.  /3i>o-o-of,  byssus,  + 

eMof,  form.]     Having  the  appearance  of  byssi ; 

in  bot.,  byssaceous. 
byssolite'  (bis'o-lit),  ».     [<  Gr.  fti-aaof,  byssus,     walk.     Dryden. 

+  Ai'0of,  stone. J     An  olive-green  variety  of  ac-  by-walker  (bi'wa"ker), 


744  Byzantinism 

Has  he  all  that  the  world  loves  and  admires  and  covets? 
...  he  must  cast  behind  him  their  admiration,  .  .  .  and 
become  a  byword  and  a  hissing.  Em?rxnn.  ('omiien-sation. 

=  Syn.  1.  Axiom,  Maxim,  etc.     See  aphorism. 
byzant  (biz'ant  or  bi-zant'),  n.     Same  as  be- 
zant, 1. 

In  Anglo-Saxon  times  gold  byzants  from  Byzantium  were 
used  in  England. 

Jemns,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  9/ . 

(now  Ottawa),  Canada,  intermediate  between  Byzantian  (bi-zan'shian),  a.     [<  Byzanti-nm  + 
anorthite  and  labradorite.  -««.]      Same  as  Byzantine.^ 

Jyttneriacese  (bit"ne-ri-a'se-e),  ».  pi-     [NL.,  Byzantine  (biz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin),  a.  and  ». 
<  Byttneria,  a  genus  named'from  the  German     r<  LL.  Byzantmiis  (also  Byzantiacus,  L.  Byzan- 

•l.   _  i__    "_i    -TV       a        A         T1.-.-.IJ /T7Oyl     CQ\       -L.       .,...,,     1  ->  "        "     "  '       "     •" -' ^     '    n *• /O_ 


liiix, ( ir. BuCaiTiawif,  Bufavnuf ),  <  Byzantium,  <  Gr. 
Biyivrrov,  said  to  have  been  named  after  Bt'fay 
(BuCaFT-),  its  reputed  founder.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 


cal  genus,  Byttneria,  consists  of  about  20  spe-    ing  to  Byzantium,  or  Constantinople,  an  an- 
cies  of  tropical  or  subtropical  herbs  or  climbing     cient  city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Bosporus, 


shrubs. 

by-turning  (bi'ter"ning),  n 
leading  off  the  main  road. 

The  many  by-turninojs  that  may  divert  you  from  your 
way.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Poesy. 

by-view  (bi'vu),  n.     Private  view ;  self-inter- 
ested purpose. 


tinolite,  in  long,  fine,  capillary  crystals,  from 
St.  Gotthard,  Tyrol,  and  from  Dauphin^.  Also 
called  amiantiis. 

byssus  (bis'us),  n.;  pi.  byssi  (-i).  [L.,  <  Gr. 
Ut&aof  (see  def.  1).  Of  Oriental  origin ;  of.  Heb. 
butz.~]  1.  Among  the  ancients, 
originally,  a  fine  yellowish  flax, 
especially  Indian  and  Egyptian, 
and  the  linen  made  from  it,  such 
as  the  Egyptian  mummy-cloth ; 
afterward,  also,  cotton  and  silk 
(the  latter,  before  its  origin  was 
known,  being  taken  for  a  kind 
of  cotton). — 2.  One  of  the  byssi, 
a  name  formerly  given  by  bota- 
nists to  a  heterogeneous  collec- 
tion of  filamentous  cryptogamic 
plants. —  3.  In  conch. ,  a  long,  del- 
icate, lustrous,  and  silky  bunch 
of  filaments,  secreted  by  the  foot, 
and  serving  as  a  means  of  attachment  to  other 
Objects.  It  is  developed  in  various  dissimilar  bivalve 
mollusks,  especially  by  species  of  the  families  Mytilitlo?, 
Pinnidce,  Amculiiiae,  Limidce,  Arcidce,  Tridacnidce,  etc. 
That  of  the  Pinna  is  capable  of  being  woven.  See  Pinna, 
and  also  cuts  under  Dreixffenidtt;  and  Tridacnidce. 

bystander  (bl'stan"der),  n.  1.  One  who  stands 
near ;  a  spectator ;  a  chance  looker-on ;  hence, 
one  who  has  no  concern  with  the  business  being 

highest  order  of 


No  by-ineu'8  of  his  own  shall  mislead  him. 

Atterbury,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

by-walk  (bi'wak),  n.    A  secluded  or  private 
One  who  walks  by 


which  became  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  or 
A  byway ;  a  road  Eastern  empire,  or  to  the  empire  itself.  By- 
zantium was  founded  by  a  Greek  colony  in  the  seventh 
century  B.  c.,  but  was  of  no  great  importance  until  A.  D. 
330,  when  the  emperor  Constantino  the  Great  made  it 
his  capital,  and  changed  its  name  to  Constantinople,  af- 
ter himself.— Byzantine  architecture,  a  style  of  archi- 
tecture developed  from  the  classical  under  the  Byzantine 
empire  during  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  A.  1).,  and, 
under  various  modifications,  used  till  the  final  conquest  of 


or  aside;  one  who  is  not  straightforward;  a 
deceitful  person. 

I  have  ript  the  matter  now  to  the  pill,  and  have  told 
you  of  plain  walkers,  and  of  by-walkers. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

by-wash  (bi'wosh),  n.  A  channel  cut  to  con- 
vey the  surplus  water  from  a  reservoir  or  an 
aqueduct,  and  prevent  overflow.  Also  called 
by-lead. 

bywater  (bi'wa-ter),  a.  Among  diamond-deal- 
ers, showing  a  tinge  of  yellow;  off  color:  ap- 
plied to  diamonds. 

byway  (bi'wa),  n.  A  by-road;  a  secluded,  pri- 
vate, or  obscure  way;  an  out-of-the-way  path 
or  course :  as,  highways  and  byways. 

Next  he  showed  them  the  two  by-ways,  that  were  at  the 
foot  of  the  hill,  where  Formality  and  Hypocrisy  lost  them- 
selves. Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  p.  264. 

A  vast  and  tangled  maze,  the  byways  of  which  our  plan 
does  not  allow  us  to  enter. 

Whewell,  Hist.  Scientific  Ideas,  ii. 

by-westt  (bi-wesf),  prep.  [<  ME.  bi  wcste,  < 
AS.  be  westan,  an  adverbial  phrase,  at  or  in  the 
west:  lie,  prep.,  by;  westan,  adv.,  west,  from 
the  west.  Cf.  benorth,  besouth,  etc.]  Westward 
from ;  to  the  west  of.  [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

Whereupon  grew  that  by-word  used  by  the  Irish,  that 
they  dwelt  by-west  the  law  which  dwelt  beyond  the  river 
of  the  Barrow.  Sir  J.  Dames,  State  of  Ireland. 

A  secret  stroke  or  sar- 


transacted. — 2.  One  of  the 

penitents  in  the  discipline  of  the  early  church,  by-wipet  (bi'wip)    n. 
See  consistentes.  easm 

by-Street  (bl'stret),  „,     A  separate,  private,  or        Whe'refore  should  you  begin  with  the  Devil's  name  des- 
obscure  Street ;  a  lane  or  byway.  canting  upon  the  number  of  your  opponents?  wherefore 

To  avoid  reproach,  that  conceit  of  Legion  with  a  by-wipe? 

He  seeks  by-streets,  and  saves  the  expensive  coach.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst.,  Pref. 

Gay,  Trivia,  ii.  280.  byword  (bl'werd),  ». 

li.i.l     .,,,,,.1,,,  .  ~  -  . 


They  roam  together  now,  and  wind  among 
Its  by-streets,  knocking  at  the  dusty  inns. 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  Sonnets,  xliii. 

by-Stroke  (bi'strok),  «.     An   incidental  or  sly 

stroke  ;  a  side-blow ;  a  ruse. 

by-talk  (bl'tak),  n.     1.  Gossip;  scandal. —  2. 

A  subject  of  gossiping  conversation ;  a  byword. 

Thou  suddenly  becam'st  the  by-talke  of  neighbours. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  Ind.,  p.  8. 

by-term  (bi't6rm),  n.  An  irregular  term  or 
time;  a  term,  as  of  a  school,  in  which  some- 
thing is  done  out  of  its  regular  course.  Thus, 
in  Cambridge  University,  England,  to  go  out  in 
a  by-term  is  to  take  a  B.  A.  degree  at  a  time 
other  than  January. 

Bythites  (bi-thi'tez),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  0v6lTif,  a 
deep-sea  animal,  <  /3i>ftof,  the  deep.]  A  genus 
of  brotuloid  fishes,  typical  of  the  subfamily  By- 
thitino!. 

Bythitinae  (bith-i-ti'ne),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Bythi- 
tes +  -ina:.]  A  subfamily  of  brotuloid  fishes, 


[<  ME.  byworde,  <  AS. 

Siword  (==  OS.  btwurti  =  OHG.  biwort,  also  bi- 
wurti,  MHG.  biwort),  a  proverb,  <  bi-,  by,  + 
word,  word.  Ct.l)yspell.~]  1 .  A  word  or  phrase 
used  proverbially ;  especially,  a  saying  used  in 
mockery  or  disparagement ;  a  satirical  or  con- 
temptuous proverb. 
A  wise  man  that  had  it  for  a  by-word.  Bacon. 

I  agree  with  him  fully  in  the  last,  and  if  I  were  forced 
to  allow  the  first,  I  should  still  think,  with  our  old  coarse 
byword,  that  the  same  power  which  furnished  all  their 
restorateurs  sent  also  their  present  cooks. 

Burke,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

TSee  also  extract  under  bv-ioest.~\  •-      ^  . 

Hence-2.  An  object  of  general  reproach  or  Byzantinism  (biz   an-  or  bi-zan   tm-izm)  », 

condemnation ;  a  common  subject  of  derision  [<  Byzantine  +  -isni.]     The  spirit,  principles, 

or  opprobrium.  ^  methods  of  the  Byzantines,  especially  with 

I  will  make  it  [this  house]  to  be  a  proverb  and  a^rd  reference  to  literature  and  art ;  the  mamfesta- 

among  all  peoples.                                    2  Chron.  vii.  20.  tion  of  Byzantine  characteristics. 

And  bashful  Henry,  whose  cowardice  Byzantinism  .  .  .  regulated  all  forms  of  art  by  strictly 

Hath  made  us  bywords  to  our  enemies.  conventional  rules. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1.  C.  C.  Perkins,  Italian  Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  i. 


Byzantine  Architecture.— Church  of  St.  Theodore.  Athens. 

that  empire  by  the  Turks  in  A.  D.  1453.  It  spread  so  widely 
that  its  influence  even  in  Italy  did  not  wholly  decline  he- 
fore  the  fifteenth  century,  and  it  may  be  considered  as 
surviving  still  in  Kussian  architecture,  and  in  aless  marked 
degree  in  other  eastern  lands.  An  almost  universal  fea- 
ture of  the  style,  in  buildings  of  any  pretension,  is  the  in- 
crustation of  brick  or  rough  stonework  with  more  precious 
materials ;  large  spaces  are  left  void  of  bold  architectural 
features,  to  be  rendered  in- 
teresting merely  by  surface 
ornament  of  polished  mar- 
bles presenting  natural 
beauty  of  hue,  or  of  sculp- 
ture in  very  low  relief,  and 
confined  in  the  main  to 
vegetable  or  geometrical 
designs  of  clearly  cut  out- 
line. The  style  depends 
much  on  color  for  its  ef- 
fect, and  mosaics  wrought 
on  grounds  of  gold  or  of 
positive  eolor  are  profusely 
introduced.  The  leading 
forms  which  characterize 
the  Byzantine  style  are  the 
round  arch,  the  circle,  the 
cross,  and  the  dome  sup- 
ported upon  pendentives. 
The  capitals  of  the  pillars 
are  of  endless  variety,  and 
full  of  invention.  While 
some  are  plainly  founded 
on  the  Greek  Corinthian, 

many  resemble  those  of  early  rouud-arched  western  archi- 
tecture ;  and  so  varied  is  their  decoration  that  frequently 
no  two  sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  The  ancient 
basilica  of  St.  Sophia,  in  Constantinople,  and  the  church 
of  St.  Mark,  in  Venice,  are  classical  examples  of  Byzan- 
tine architecture.  —  Byzantine  historians,  a  series  of 
historians  and  chroniclers  of  the  affairs  of  the  Byzantine 
empire,  scattered  through  the  whole  period  of  its  exis- 
tence. They  are  our  only  source  of  knowledge  of  Byzan- 
tine history.  Their  works  have  been  several  times  printed 
complete  in  the  original  Greek,  the  latest  edition  being  by 
Niebuhr  and  others,  in  48  volumes. 

II.  n.  1.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  By- 
zantium.   Seel.— 2.    [/.  c.]    Same ^  as  bezant,  1. 


Byzantine  Capital. 
Church  of  San  Virale,  Ravenna. 


1.  Thn  third  letter  and  sec- 
ond consonant  in  the  Eng- 
lish, as  in  n"tteral  in  the  other 
alphabets  derived  from  the 

I'hcniciaii.  The  value  of  the  sign, 
however,  in  Phenician  as  in  Greek, 
wa.s  that  of  a  hard  g  (in  go,  five)  ; 
and  so  :il  -«>  originally  in  Latin,  be- 
side the  sij;ii  A'.  which  had  tlie  proper 
(•-••omul,  lint  (lie  Luting  (rave  up  for  a  time  the  written 
distini-tiiin  of  the  i-soiind  from  the  (/-sound,  wrlthiK  both 
with  the  same  character,  C  ;  and  when  later  they  readopted 
the  iii-tmi'iii.n.  iu-ti  ail  of  i  ,  •,  I  ii  .  'i  i  !•_•  r  tn  it-8  original  value. 
ami  restoring  i,  they  retained  the  fc-value  for  the  C,  ami 
ailili-«l  a  tag  to  the  game  character  for  the  </-Koimd,  thus 
tuniinn  ('  into  '/.  The  comparative  table  of  forms,  like 
that  given  for  the  other  letters  (compare  A  and  D),  is  aa 
follows  : 


SSL 


Plienl- 
cian. 


Early 
Greek  and  Latii 


Great  as  is  the  apparent  difference  Iwtwcen  Greek  r 
and  our  C,  it  is  due  only  to  a  shifting  of  the  position  of 
the  angle  mnde  by  the  two  component  lines,  anil  the 
rounding  of  this  angle.  The  hard  or  i-sound  which  be- 
longed to  this  character  in  early  Latin  belonged  to  it  also 
in  Anglo-Saxon  (which,  like  (.at  in,  niude  little  or  no  use  of 
*•).  Hut  this  /(--sound,  as  being  a  guttural  or  back-palatal 
mute,  is  particularly  likely  to  be  shifted  forward  along  the 
tongue  and  to  be  changed  into  front-palatal  and  sibilant 
sounds,  espceially  before  Vowels  like  e,  i,  )(,  which  favor 
the  front  palatal  position.  Hence  it  comes  that  e,  still  so 
written,  is  pronounced  as  *  in  English  l)efore  t,  f,  ?/,  and 
elsewhere  as  Ic.  Hut  this  "  soft"  or  sibilant  c  belongs  to 
the  French  purt  of  our  language  ;  the  Anglo-Saxon  r,  when 
softened,  gets  the  sound  usually  represented  in  English 
by  .'A,  and  is  so  written:  for  example,  in  chicken,  cheese 
church,  birch,  teach.  (See  ch,  and  aaitibilnt  ion.)  No  won! 
containing  c  pronounced  *  is  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  ex- 
cept a  few  misspelled,  as  cinder  for  Kinder,  and  once,  twice, 
etc.,  pence,  mice,  etc.,  having  -ce  for  original  -«»,  -#.  (See 
•«!.)  For  the  sounds  of  ch,  see  eh. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  in  the  Roman  system,  C  stands 
for  100,  and  is  repeated  up  to  CCCC,  400  (fol- 
lowed by  D,  500).     This  symbol,  originally  0,  that  is, 
the  Greek  theta  (8),  was  afterward  reduced  to  C  and  un- 
derstood to  stand  for  ceiUum,  a  hundred. 

3.  As  a  symbol:    (a)  In  miwic:  (1)  Used  In  English 
and  German  to  designate  the   key-note  of  the  natural 
scale.    See  natural  and  ncalc.    (2)  When  placed  on  the 
statf  immediately  after  the  clef,  a  sign  of  common  time, 
eaeh  measure  eontiiining  4  quarter  notes  or  their  equiva- 
lent.   When  a  vertical  line  is  brawn  through  it,  it  indi- 
cates alia  breve  time,  each  measure  containing  2  or  4  half 
notes,  played  more  quickly  than  in  common  time.    (3)  On 
the  keyboard  of  the  organ  or  pianoforte,  the  white  key  or 
.lijial  next  to  the  left  of  each  group  of  two  black  keys. 
The  middle  C  of  the  keyboard  is  a  usual  starting-point  In 
the  reckoning  of  both  keys,  tones,  and  notes;  it  is  also 
known  as  alto  C.nrc";  the  next  C  below  is  called  tenorC, 
or  c;  the  second  C  below,  battg  c,  or  C;  and  the  next  C 
above,  trelile  C,  or  c",  etc.     The  present  pitch  of  inii/ill'' 
C  is  from  li.M)  to  265  vibrations  per  second ;  it  is  often 
theoretically  lived  in  Germany  at  264,  in  England  at  256, 
and  in  France  at  251.     Aliout  1700  it  was  actually  about 
240,  and  in  recent  times  as  high  as  275.    The  major  scale 
of  C,  because  it  comprises  all  the  white  keys  and  none  of 
the  black  ones,  is  taken  as  the  normal  or  standard  scale 
of  the  keyboard.    ('/)  In  the  mnemonic  names  of  moods 
of  syllogism,  the  symbol  of  reduction  per  impostibile.    (c) 
In  math.,  C  is  used  to  denote  a  constant  of  integration. 
See  also  A,  2  (c),  (d),  («).    (<0  In  chem,,  the  symbol  for 
carbon. 

4.  As  an  abbreviation,  c.  or  C.  stands,  in  dental 
formulas  of  zoology  (c.),  for  canine  tooth;  in 
United  States  money  (c. ),  for  cent ;  in  thermom- 
eter-readings (''.),  for  centigrade;  in  French 
money  (c.),  fur  ci-utime;  in  references  (c.),  for 
chapter  (or  Latin  en  pi  lulu  in);  in  dates,  before 
the  number  (c.),  for  Latin  circn,  about;  in  me- 
teorology (c.),  for  cirrus;  in  a  ship's  log-book 
(c.),  for  cloittli/ ;  and  in  measures  of  volume  (c.), 
for  cuhic.     Middle  C,  in  marie,  the  note  on  the  first 
leger-line  above  the  bass  or  below  the  treble  staff.     (See 

0*1,0.1  (ka),  r.  [So,,  =  E.  ealft;  so  a',  fa', 
foil,  'on,  etc.,  for  E.  all,  full,  full,  wool,  etc.] 
A  Scotch  contraction  of  call1. 

ca'-',  ca'-,  caa  (ka),  r.  t.  [Prob.  <  Gael,  cnlc 
=  Ir.  calcam,  drive  with  a  hammer,  calk:  see 
cu/A'1.]  To  drive:  impel;  push:  knock:  as,  to 
ca'  a  man  ower  (over).  [Scotch.] 

But  '•'!    them  nut  tn  park  or  hill, 
And  let  them  wander  at  their  will. 

Burn*,  Death  of  Mailie. 
Ca'  canule.    N  e  canny. 


ca:!,  ka  (ka.),  r.  t.  [Appar.  a  particular  use, 
with  only  phrasal  meaning,  of  en-  or  ca1  :  gee 
def.]  A  word  of  no  definite  individual  mean- 
ing, occurring  in  the  proverbial  phrase  ca  me, 
ca  thee  (now  also  elate  me,  claw  tliee),  help  (or 
serve)  me  and  I'll  help  you. 

Ca  me,  ca  '/<•>•  :  conceule  this  from  my  wife, 
And  I'll  keep  all  thy  knauery  from  thine  vncle. 

T.  llcywood,  If  you  Know  not  me,  11. 

Cft*t,  n.    See  eoe1. 

ca6  (kil),  ».  A  Babylonian  measure  of  capacity, 
identified  with  the  Hebrew  bath  or  ephah. 

Oa.     In  chem.,  the  symbol  for  calcium. 

ca.  In  dates,  a  contraction  of  Latin  circa,  about  : 
as,  ca.  1300,  about  1300. 

0.  A.  An  abbreviation  of  chief  accountant,  of 
controller  of  accounts,  and  in  Great  Britain  of 
chartered  accountant. 

Caaba,  ».     See  Kaaba. 

caaing-  whale  (ka'ing-hwal),  n.  [Sc.,  <  caaing  (< 
c«2,  caa,  drive)  +  whale  ;  because  these  whales 
can  be  driven  like  cattle.]  A  large  round- 
headed  cetacean,  Globiccphalu*  svineval,  of  the 
family  Delphinidte,  resembling  a  porpoise  in 
form,  but  of  greater  dimensions  than  those 
usually  attained  by  the  dolphin  family,  some- 
times reaching  a  length  of  upward  of  20  feet. 
It  especially  resort*  to  the  shores  of  the  Orkney,  Shetland, 
and  Faroe  islands,  Iceland,  etc.,  appearing  in  herds  of  from 
100  to  1,000  individuals.  Though  closely  related  to  the  kill- 
ers of  the  genus  Orca,  caaing-whales  are  timid  anil  inoffen- 
sive, feeding  on  small  fish,  mollusks,  and  especially  ccpha- 
lopods.  Also  easily-whole. 

caama  (kii'ma),  n.  1.  A  name  of  a  small  South 
African  fox,  Vulpes  caama.  —  2.  A  name  of  a 
large  bubaline  antelope,  Alcelaphux  caama,  the 
hartbeest. 

caast,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  case1. 

cab1  (kab),  n.      [Short  for  ctibriolet,  q.  v.]     1. 
A  hackney  carriage  with  either  two  or  four 
wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse;  a  cabriolet. 
A  cab  came  clattering  up.  Thackeray. 

With  great  difficulty  Messrs.  Bradshaw  A  Rotch  (the  lat- 
ter a  mrnilier  of  Parliament)  obtained  licences  for  eight 
cabriolets  In  1823,  and  started  them  at  fares  one  third 
lower  than  those  of  hackney  coaches.  The  new  vehicles 
were  hooded  chaises,  drawn  by  one  horse,  and  carrying 
only  one  passenger  besides  the  driver,  who  sat  in  the  cah- 
riolet  (or,  as  more  commonly  called  for  brevity,  the  cab) 
with  his  fare.  .  .  .  The  name  cab  is  still  commonly  ap- 
plied to  all  hackney  carriages  drawn  by  one  horse,  whether 
on  two  or  four  wheels.  Penny  Cife. 

2.  The  hooded  or  covered  part  of  a  locomotive, 
which  protects  the  engineer  and  fireman  from 
the  weather.  [U.  S.] 

cab1  (kab),  t1.  t.:  pret.  and  pp.  cabbed,  ppr. 
cabbing.  [<  cabi,  ».]  To  pass  over  in  a  cab: 
as,  to  cab  the  distance  :  often  used  with  an  in- 
definite it:  as,  I'll  cab  it  to  Whitehall.  [Col- 
loq.,  Eng.] 

cab-  (kab),  n.  Any  sticky  substance.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cab^  (kab),  «.  [Appar.  abbr.  of  cabal1.']  A 
small  number  of  persons  secretly  united  in  the 
performance  of  some  undertaking.  Hattiwell. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

cab4,  kab  (kab),  ».  [=  Gr.  Ka,iof,  LL.  Mfcw, 
<  Heb.  and  Chal.  kab,  a  hollow,  <  kabab,  hol- 
low out.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  capacity, 
for  both  dry  and  liquid  matter,  it  was  equal  to 
2.021  liters,  or  4f  United  States  pint*.  Other  statements 
appear  to  be  due  to  confusion  of  different  measures  by 
Greek  metrologists  ;  but  a  ftreat  cab,  of  $  the  ordinary 
size,  is  mentioned  in  the  Talmud. 

They  besieged  it  [Samaria]  until  an  ass's  head  wa«  sold 
for  fourscore  pieces  of  silver,  and  the  fourth  part  of  a  cab 
of  dove's  dung  for  five  pieces  of  silver.  2  Ki.  vi.  85. 


The  measuring  of  the  temple,  a  eulial  found  out  hut 
lately.  /•'.  .lantm. 

3.  Conjoint  intrigue  ;  secret  artifices  of  a  few 
persons  united  in  some  design:  as,  "curs'd 
women,"  bryden. 


cab5  (kab),  n.    See 

caba  (kab'a),  «.     Same  as  cabas,  2  and  3. 

cabackt,  «"  [Buss,  kabakii.']  A  tavern;  pot- 
house; dram-shop.  [Russian.] 

cabaged  (ka-bajd  ),  a.    Same  as  caboshcd. 

cabal1  (ka-bal'),  M.  [=  D.  kabaal  =  G.  cabalc 
=  Dnn.  kiihtilr  =  Sw.  kabal,  a  cabal  (defs.  3  and 
4),  <  F.  cnlxili  =  Sp.  nibala  =  Pp.  It.  cabala,  an 
intrigue,  a  cabal,  me  cabala:  see  cabala.']  If. 
The  cabala  (which  see-).  —  2f.  Aseeret.  [Rare.] 
Ttf 


t'enturies  glide  away  In  the  same  unvaried  round  of 
cabal*  at  court.  Brougham. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close 
design,  usually  to  promote  their  private  views 
in  church  or  state  by  intrigue  ;  a  junto.  The 
name  of  "  the  Cabal  "  was  given  to  an  unpopular  ministry 
of  Charles  II.,  consisting  of  Clifford,  Ashley,  liuekinghuni. 
Arlington,  and  Land,  nl.ile,  the  Initials  of  whose  names 
happened  to  compose  the  word. 

These  ministers  were  therefore  emphatically  called  the 
Cabal;  and  ...  it  has  never  since  their  time  l>een  used 
except  as  a  term  of  reproach.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  II. 
=  Syn.  4.  Combination,  Party,  Faction,  Cabal.  Camarilla, 
Junta.  Combination  is  the  most  general  of  these  words, 
but  it  expresses  least  of  periuanenee  in  organization  ;  it 
often  denotes  the  union  for  special  ends  of  individuals  or 
parties  otherwise  antagonistic  :  as,  the  Democrats  and 
Greenhackers  entered  into  a  combination  tit  secure  the 
election.  A  party  Is  strictly  a  more  close  and  permanent 
union  of  individuals,  organized  to  promote  certain  prin- 
ciples or  common  Interests  wliich  they  consider  of  fun- 
damental importance:  as,  the  Low  Church  party,  the 
Kepiibliraii  party;  but  the  term  is  more  loosely  used 
where  organization  is  wanting  :  as,  the  Free-trade  party. 
Cotnlrinatwn  and  party  may  express  that  which  is  entirely 
reputable  ;  the  other  words  are  chiefly  unfavorable  in  their 
signification.  A  faction  is  commonly  a  section  of  a  party  ; 
it  is  generally  a  comparatively  small  nnmlier  of  Individ- 
uals, whose  principles  and  objects  are  often  of  a  captious, 
frivolous,  or  selfish  nature,  but  advocated  so  persistently 
as  to  be  annoying,  and  with  so  little  regard  to  the  general 
interest  as  sometimes  to  be  dangerous.  Cabal  and  junto 
express  a  union  less  comprehensive  than  party  or  even 
faction  ;  the  intrigues  of  a  cabal  or  junto  are  usually  eon- 
ducted  mainly  for  the  jiersonal  aggrandizement  of  it.-  mem- 
bers. Junto  has  almost  entirely  given  place  to  cabal  in 
modern  use.  A  camarilla  is  a  more  or  less  united  body  of 
secret  counselors  of  a  ruler,  acting  generally  In  opiN>sitiun 
to  his  official  advisers,  and  constituting  a  "  power  behind 
the  throne." 

After  numerous  aln>rtive  attempts  and  unsuccessful 
coinbinatwn*  in  which  Newcastle  liore  the  chief  part,  it 
became  evident  .  .  .  that  the  union  ...  of  Newcastle 
.  .  .  and  Pitt  was  absolutely  necessary. 

Lecky,  Eng.  In  18th  Cent.,  vlli. 

If  I  could  not  go  to  heaven  but  with  a  jtarty,  I  would 
not  go  there  at  all.  Therefore  I  protest  to  you  I  am  not 
of  the  party  of  federalists. 

Jfffcrgun,  Correspondence,  II.  439. 

By  a  faction,  I  understand  a  number  of  citizens,  whe- 
ther amounting  to  a  majority  or  minority  of  the  whole, 
who  are  united  and  actuated  by  some  common  impulse 
of  passion,  or  of  Interest,  adverse  to  the  rights  of  other 
citizens,  or  to  the  permanent  and  aggregate  interests  of 
the  community.  Madigon,  Federalist,  No.  10. 

In  a  simple  monarchy,  the  ministers  of  state  can  never 
know  their  friends  from  their  enemies  ;  secret  cabalt 
undermine  their  influence  and  blast  their  reputation. 

J.  Adamt,  Works,  IV.  289. 

cabal1  (ka-bal'),  r.  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  caballed, 
ppr.  caballing.  [<  cabalf,  ».]  To  form  a  cabal; 
intrigue  conjointly  ;  unite  in  secret  artifices  to 
effect  some  design. 

Base  rivals,  who  true  wit  and  merit  hate, 
Caballiny  still  against  it  with  the  great. 

Dryden,  Art  of  Poetry'.  Iv.  972. 

It  [pride]  may  prevent  the  nobles  from  caballina  with 
the  people.  J.  Adam*,  Works,  IV.  896. 

cabal'2t,  "•  [Also  written  caball  :  =  F.  cheral  = 
Pr.  cavalh  =  Cat.  caball  =  Sp.  calialto  =  Pg.  It. 
carallo,  a  horse,  <  L.  caballug  (>  Gr.  Ka/ia/^c), 
an  inferior  horse,  a  pack-horse,  nag;  later,  in 
general  sense  (superseding  L.  eqitux),  a  horse. 
Hence  ult.  (from  L.)  cape/1,  chr-ral.  cliiral,  cara- 
lier,  cheralier,  cai-nln/.  chiralry,  etc.]  A  horse. 

cabala,  kabala  (kab'a-lii),  n.  [ML.  cabbala  (It. 
Pg.  cabala  =  Sp.  edlx'tltt  =  F.  cabale  =  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  kabbala),  a  transcription  of  Heb.  ijatiluiiiili. 
reception,  the  cabala  or  mvsterious  doctrine  re- 
ceived traditionally.  <  qdbal,  receive,  take,  in 
the  Piel  conjugation  iiiboel,  receive  (a  doctrine). 
Hence  cnftn/1!]  1.  The  theospphy  or  myMie 
philosophy  of  the  Hebrew  religion,  which  grew 
up  mainly  after  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, and"  flourished  for  many  generations.  The 
cabala  employed  itself  first  in  a  mystic  explanation  of 
Deity  and  cosmogony,  and  in  the  creation  i.f  hidden  mean- 
ings for  the  sacred  Hebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  into  its 
province  all  the  Hebrew  law  and  philosophy.  Later  cab- 
alists  pretended  to  find  wonderful  meanings  even  in  the 


cabala 

letters  and  forms  of  the  sacred  texts,  and  made  for  them- 
selves elaborate  rules  of  interpretation. 
2.    Any   secret    science;    esoteric  as    distin- 
guished from   exoteric    doctrine ;    occultism ; 
mysticism. 
If  I  wholly  mistake  not  the  cabala  of  this  sect. 

Bentteij,  Phileleutherus  Lipsieusis,  §  9. 
Eager  he  read  whatever  tells 
Of  magic,  cabala,  and  spells. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  6. 

Also  spelled  cabbala,  kabbala. 

cabalassOU,  ».     See  kabalassou. 

cabaletta  (kab-a-let'a),  ».  [It.  (>  F.  cabalette) ; 
cf.  cavalletto  (='  Sp.  "caballeta,  a  grasshopper), 
a  little  horse,  <  cavallo,  a  horse:  see  cabal2, 
capeli.']  A  song  in  rondo  form,  with  variations, 
often  having  an  accompaniment  in  triplet 
rhythm,  intended  to  imitate  the  footfalls  of  a 
cantering  horse. 

cabalism1  (kab'a-lizm),  w.  [<  cabala  +  -ism.'] 
The  secret  science  of  the  cabalists.  [Rare.] 

Allegories,  parables,  cabalismg. 

J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  287. 

cabalism2  (ka-bal'izm),  n.  [<  cabal1  +  -ism.'] 
The  practice  of  forming,  or  the  tendency  to 
form,  cabals  and  cliques.  [Rare.] 

cabalist (kab'a-list),  n.  [< ML.  cabbalista (It.  Sp. 
Pg.  cabalista  =  F.  cabaliste),  <  cabbala,  cabala.] 

1.  One  versed  in  or  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
cabala  or  mystic  philosophy  of  the  Jews.    The 
cardinal  doctrines  of  the  cabalists  embrace  the  nature  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  the  Divine  emanations  or  Sephiroth, 
the  cosmogony,  the  creation  of  man,  psychology,  the 
destiny  of  man  and  the  universe,  and  the  import  of  the 
revealed  law.     The  cabalists  seem  to  have  endeavored  to 
identify  all  such  sciences  as  demonology,  astrology,  chiro- 
mancy, sympathetic  medicine,  etc.,  with  their  theosophic 
mysticism,  weaving  the  whole  into  a  secret  universal  wis- 
dom or  esoteric  philosophy  of  the  universe.    They  sym- 
pathized with  many  points  of  Christianity,  so  that  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  the  cabala  was  by  many 
thought  highly  important  as  a  proof  of  Christianity  and 
as  a  means  of  converting  the  Jews. 

The  CabalMs  had  a  notion,  that  whoever  found  out  the 
mystic  word  for  anything  attained  to  absolute  mastery 
over  that  thing.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  158. 

2.  In  general,  an  occultist ;  a  mystic. 
cabalistic  (kab-a-lis'tik),  a.  and  n.     [<  cabalist 

+  -ic.]  I.  a.  1".  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  cab- 
alists, or  to  the  cabala  or  mystic  philosophy 
which  they  professed.  See  cabala  and  cabalist. 
— 2.  In  general,  occult;  mystic;  esoteric;  sym- 
bolical ;  having  an  interior  or  hidden  meaning. 
=Syn.  My*tii:,  etc.  See  mysterious. 

il.  a.  One  of  the  mysteries  of  the  cabala. 
L.  AdiUson. 

cabalistical  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as  cab- 
alistic. 

cabalistically  (kab-a-lis'ti-kal-i),  adi:  In  the 
manner  of  the  caballsts. 

cabalize  (kab'a-liz),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caba- 
U:ed,  ppr.  cabaliziitg.  [<  cabala  +  -ise;  =  F.  ca- 
baliser.]  To  use  the  method  or  language  of  the 
cabalists.  [Rare.] 

caballaria  (kab-a-la'ri-a),  w.  [ML.,  <  L.  ca- 
ballus,  a  horse:  see  cabal2.]  A  feudal  tenure 
of  lands,  the  tenant  furnishing  a  horseman 
suitably  equipped  in  time  of  war,  or  when  the 
lord  had  occasion  for  his  service. 

caballer  (ka-bal'er), ».  [<  cabal1 +-eri.]  One 
who  unites  with  others  to  effect  an  object  by  in- 
trigue; one  who  cabals. 

A  close  en-buffer  and  tongue-valiant  lord. 

Dryde.it,  ^fineid,  xi.  514. 

caballeria  (kii-ba-lya-re'a),  n.  [Sp.,  cavalry, 
knight-service,  a  specific  tract  of  land,  etc., 

<  caballo,  a  horse:    see  cavalier.]      In  Span. 
Amer.  law,  a  holding  of  land  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  early  English  knight's  fee.    It 
comprised  a  building-lot  of  100  by  200  feet ;  500  fanegas 
of  laud  for  a  garden,  and  -10  for  planting  trees  growing  in 
drier  or  more  barren  laud ;  and  pasture  for  50  breeding 
sows,  100  cows,  20  or  25  horses,  500  sheep,  and  100  goats. 
It  was  equal  to  5  peunias. 

caballero  (ka-ba-lya'ro),  n.  [Sp.,  formerly  ca- 
yallero,  a  horseman:  see  cavalier.]  1.  A  Span- 
ish knight  or  gentleman .—  2 .  A  grave  and  state- 
ly Spanish  dance. 

caballine  (kab'a-lin),  a.  [<  L.  caballinus,  <  c«- 
balltts,  a  horse:  see  oabafl.]  Pertaining  to  or 
suited  for  a  horse.-  Caballine  aloes.  See  aloe,.- 
Caballllie  spring,  the  fountain  Hippocrene.  Beaumont. 

caban  (ka-ban'),  n.  [Name  in  Philippine  Isl- 
ands.] A  grain  measure  equal  to  3.47  cubic  feet, 
used  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  Also  cavaii. 

cabanet,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  cabin. 

cabaret  (kab'a-ret;  F.  pron.  ka-ba-ra'),  n.  [= 
D.  cabaret,  <  F'.  cabaret,  a  pot-house,  tavern, "  an 
ale-house,  a  tipling  and  victualling  house,  tent 
or  booth  [cf.  F.  dial.  (Norm.)  cabaret,  eaves], 
also  the  herb  hue  wort  or  foolfoot"  (Cotgrave), 

<  OF.  cabaret,  a  place  inclosed  with  lattice- 


746 

work,  the  entrance  of  a  cellar,  also  a  racket  in 
tennis.]  1.  A  tavern;  a  house  where  liquors 
are  retailed:  as,  "some  cabarctor tennis-court," 
Abp.  Bramhall,  Against  Hobbes. — 2.  A  set  of 
vessels  forming  a  service  for  tea,  coffee,  or  the 
like ;  for  example,  a  tray  with  tea-pot  or  pitch- 
ers and  cups,  generally  made  of  the  same  ma- 
terial throughout,  as  fine  porcelain  or  the  like. 
Sometimes  a  small  table  or  stand  of  the  same  ware  as  the 
vessels  takes  the  place  of  the  tray,  or  stands  upon  the  tray. 
Sevres  porcelain  —  a  cabaret,  rose  du  Barry,  the  set  con- 
sisting of  four  pieces.  5.  K.  Inventory  (1860),  p.  58. 

3f.  A  certain  plant.  See  etymology. 
cabas  (kab'a),  n.  [Also  in  E.  form  caba;  =  D. 
kabas,  a  hand-basket,  <  F.  cabas,  OF.  cabas,  ca- 
bacJie,  cabat  =  Pr.  cabas,  a  basket  of  woven 
straw,  a  frail,  a  pannier,  =  Pg.  cabas,  a  hand- 
basket,  =  Sp.  capaeo,  a  frail,  a  hamper,  a  large 
basket;  also  Pg.  capacho,  a  mat,  =  Sp.  capacno 
(formerly  eabacho),  m.,  capacha,  f.,  a  frail,  a 
hamper;  ML.  (after  OF.  or  Pr.)  cabassius,  caba- 
tius,  cabassio(n-),  cabacetm,  cabacus.  Origin  un- 
certain: (1)  associated  by  some  etymologists, 
and  appar.  in  popular  use,  with  Sp.  Pg.  capaz, 
capacious  (cf.  ML.  capax,  a  vessel  of  consider- 
able capacity),  <  L.  capax,  capacious,  <  capere, 
hold  (see  capacious);  but  prob.,  (2)  with  aug. 
suffix  -as,  -a:,  -azo,  -acho  (=  It.  -accio;  cf.  It. 
capaccio,  a  large  head),  <  F.  cape  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg. 
capa  =  It.  cappa,  <  ML.  capa,  a  cape,  cloak,  be- 
ing thus  lit.  'a  large  (or  coarse)  cape'  or  cover 
(mat  or  bag)  for  the  dried  figs,  dates,  raisins, 
prunes,  etc.,  which  it  was  orig.  used  to  contain. 
Hence  ult.  cabbage3,  purloin.]  1.  In  France, 
a  kind  of  basket,  pannier,  or  frail,  made  of 
woven  rush-  or  palm-leaves  or  grass,  generally 
of  a  round  form,  serving  to  carry  provisions, 
especially  figs,  dates,  raisins,  or  prunes. — 2. 
A  similar  basket  used  as  a  traveling-bag;  a 
hand-bag. — 3.  A  lady's  work-basket  or  reti- 
cule. In  this  and  the  preceding  sense  also  (in 
the  United  States)  caba. 

Being  seated,  she  proceeded,  still  with  an  air  of  hurry 
and  embarrassment,  to  open  her  cabas,  to  take  out  her 
books.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Professor,  xiii. 

cabasset  (kab-a-sef;  F.  pron.  ka-ba-sa'),».  [F. 
cabasset,  a  slight  helmet  or  casket,  dim.  of  cabas, 
a  basket.]  A  military  head-piece  in  use  in  the 
sixteenth  century  for  both  infantry  and  cav- 
alry. It  resembled  a  hat  with  a  rounded  top,  sometimes 
slightly  conical,  or  with  a  ridge  running  from  front  to  rear 
over  the  crown,  but  without  a  high  crest,  and  had  a  nar- 
row brim. 

cabassou,  n.    See  kabassou. 

cabaya  (ka-ba'ya),  n.  [Prob.  <  Ar.  kaba,  a  ves- 
ture.] 1.  A  lignt  cotton  surcoat  worn  by  Eu- 
ropeans in  Java  and  neighboring  countries. — 
2.  In  the  Barbary  states,  a  similar  garment, 
the  same  as  the  caftan  of  the  Levant. 

cabbage1  (kab'aj), «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cubage, 
cabige,  cabidgc,  'cabbidge,  with  term,  accom.  from 
the  earlier  type  cabbish,  cabbi/sshc;  <  OF.  cabus, 
dial,  caboche  (=  It.  cabuccio  (Florio),  capuccio, 
cappuccio ;  ML.  reflex  gabusia),  prop,  clwu  ca- 
hus  (=  Pr.  caulet  cabus;  cf.  MD.  kabuyskoole, 
D.  kabuiskool  =  MLG.  kabftskol),  cabbage, 
lit.  headed  cole:  clwu,  F.  clwu,  cole,  cabbage 
(seeco(V-);  cabitx,  fern,  eabusse,  cabuce,  headed, 
large-headed  (cf.  OF.  caboce,  F.  caboche,  head; 
It.  capuccio,  a  little  head  (cf.  capouch,  capu- 
cliin);  It.  lattuga  capuccia  =  F.  laictues  cabitces, 
pi.  (Cotgrave),  cabbage-lettuce;  OHG.  kabu;, 
capu:,  MHG.  kappus,  kappiz,  kaba:,  G.  Jcap/irx, 
kappus,  Isappis  (also  in  comp.  kappcs-kohl,  kap- 
l>es-Tcrauf),  cabbage),  <  L.  caput,  head :  see  caput. 
Cf.  cabbage2.]  1.  A  variety  of.  Brassica  olcracca 
in  which  the  thick,  rounded,  and  strongly  vein- 
ed leaves  are  crowded  in  a  large  compact  head 
upon  a  short,  stout  stem.  See  Brassica.  Many 
kinds  are  extensively  cultivated  for  use  as  a  vegetable  anil 
in  salads,  pickles,  etc.  The  tree-  or  cow-cabbage  is  a  coursr 
form  raised  for  cattle,  very  tall  and  branching  when  in 
flower.  From  the  prominence  of  this  species,  the  whole 
order  of  Cntciferw  is  sometimes  called  the  cabbage  family. 
2.  The  large  terminal  bud  of  some  kinds  of 
palms,  as  the  cabbage-palm.— Dog's  cabbage,  a 

succulent  urticaeeous  herb,  Thclygonuin  Cynocratnoe,  of 
the  south  of  Europe,  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb. —  Sea- 
cabbage,  or  sea-kale,  a  perennial  cruciferous  herb, 
Crambe  maritima,  of  the  shores  of  Europe,  cultivated  as  a 
pot-herb,  especially  in  England.  The  young  shoots  are 
used.— Skunk-cabbage,  a  perennial  araceous  plant  of 
the  United  States,  Xrimplocarfiitgfcetidus,  found  in  moist 
grounds,  and  giving  out  a  very  fetid  odor,  especially  when 
bruised.  The  hooded,  shell-shaped,  purplish  spathe  ap- 
pears in  early  spring,  followed  by  a  tuft  of  large  smooth 
leaves.  The  seeds  and  root  are  said  to  be  antispasmodic. 
—  St.  Patrick's  cabbage,  Saxifmfla  umbrosa,  the  Lon- 
don-pride or  none-so-pretty  of  English  gardens. 
cabbage1  (kab'aj),  ». «. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabbaged, 
ppr.  cabbaging.  [Cf .  F.  cabusser,  grow  to  a  head 
(Cotgrave);  from  the  noun.  Cf.  cabbage2,  v.] 


cabbage-rose 

To  form  a  head  like  that  of  a  cabbage  in  grow- 
ing:  as,  a  plant  cdbbayt'*. 

cabbage'-+  (kab'aj),  ».  [An  accom.  form  of  01- 
boche,  <  F.  caboche,  the  head:  see  caboche,  and 
cf.  cabbage1.]  1.  The  part  of  a  deer's  head 
wherein  the  horns  are  set.  Coles,  1717. — 2.  A 
part  of  a  head-dress  worn  by  women  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  described  as  a  roll  at  the 
back  of  the  head.  Writjlit. 

cabbage'2!  (kab'aj),  v.  i.  [<  cabbage2,  n.  Cf. 
caboshed.]  To  grow  to  a  head:  said  of  the 
horns  of  a  deer.  Skelton. 

cabbage3  (kab'aj),  v.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cab- 
baged, ppr.  cabbaging.  [Earlier,  as  in  E.  dial., 
cabbish  =  D.  kabbassen,<.OY.  cabasser,  put  into  a 
basket,  <  cabas,  a  basket :  see  cabas.  The  verbs 
bag,  poach,  pocket,  in  the  sense  of  '  purloin,'  are 
of  similar  origin.]  To  purloin ;  specifically,  to 
keep  possession  of  part  of  a  customer's  cloth 
from  which  a  garment  has  been  made. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cabbage*  whole  yards  of 
stuff.  Arbuthnot. 

The  tailor  drew  back  as  if  he  had  been  detected  in  cab- 
baglwj  from  a  cardinal's  robe,  or  cribbing  the  lace  of  some 
cope  or  altar  gown.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein,  xix. 

cabbage3  (kab'aj),  ».  [<  cabbage3,  v.]  Anything 
filched ;  specifically,  cloth  purloined  by  a  tailor 
who  makes  garments  from  material  supplied  by 
his  customers. 

cabbage-bug  (kab'aj-bug),  n.  The  Murgantia 
histrivnica,  more  fully  called  harlequin  cabbage- 
bug,  from  its  brilliant  markings.  It  has  spread 
from  Guatemala  to  Mexico,  and  thence  into  the  United 
States,  and  is  destructive  to  cabbages. 

cabbage-butterfly  (kab'aj -but "er-fli),  «.  A 
butterfly  of  the  family  Papilionidw  and  genus 
Pieris,  whose  larvee  or  caterpillars  are  injurious 


Male. 
European  Cabbage-butterfly  (Pitrts  rafa),  natural  size. 

to  the  cabbage  and  other  cruciferous  plants. 
The  common  European  species  is  P.  rapte,  whicli  has  found 
its  way  into  Canada  and  the  northern  United  States. 

cabbage-flea  (kab'aj-fle),  w.  A  name  of  a  small 
beetle,  Haltica  consobriiia,  of  the  family  Halti- 
cid(e,  the  larvae  of  which  infest  cabbages. 

cabbage-fly  (kab'aj-fli),  «.  fheAittltomi/iabras- 
sica!,  a  fly  belonging  to  the  same  family  (Mus- 
cidw)  as  the  house-fly,  and  the  same  genus  as 
the  turnip-  and  potato-flies,  its  larva;  or  maggots 

are  destructive  to  cabbages  by  producing  disease  in  the 
roots  on  which  they  feed. 

cabbage-maggot  (kab'aj-mag//ot),  «.  The  larva 
of  Aiithomyia  brassica; "the  cabbage-fly.  Also 
called  aibbagi'-irorm . 

cabbage-moth  (kab'aj-mdth),  n.  The  Mauiex- 
tra  or  Sootta  branxiea;,  or  pot-herb  moth,  a  moth 
measuring  about  If  inches  across  the  open  fore 
wings,  which  are  dusky-brown  clouded  with 
darker  shades,  and  marked  with  pairs  of  dark 
spots  on  their  front  edge,  and  with  various 
streaks  and  spots  of  a  yellowish  or  white  color. 
The  caterpillar  is  gret-nisli-lilack.  and  is  found  in  autumn 
feeding  on  the  hearts  of  cabbages.  It  changes  to  a  brown 
pupa. 

cabbage-oil  (kab'aj-oil),  n.     Same  as  m/M'-iiil. 

cabbage-palm  (kab'aj-pam),  »i.  Same  as  cab- 
bage-tree, 1. 

cabbage-rpse  (kab'aj-roz),  n.  A  species  of  rose, 
Eosa  ccntifolia,  of  many  varieties,  with  a  large, 
round,  compact  flower,  supposed  to  have  been 
cultivated  from  ancient  times,  and  especially 
suited  from  its  fragrance  for  the  manufacture 
of  rose-water  and  attar.  Also  called  I'rurenef  iw, 
by  error  for  Proving  rose,  from  the  town  of  that  name  in 
the  department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  where  these 
roses  are  still  largely  cultivated. 


cabbage-tree 

cabbage-tree  (kati'aj-trii),  ».  1.  A  name  given 
to  many  species  of  palms  Ilie  tender  (jrowiiu; 
leaf -buds  of  which  are  useil  us  a  vegeialile.  1 1,, 
•  '  '••  l  n-,-,  ,,i  oabbtgB,  palmetto,  of  the  si >u them  I  nite.l 
States,  fialxil  I'aliiie.ttn,  is  a  fan  leafed  palm  growing  to 
Ihe  height  of  from  ;;u  to  .,ll  feet.  The  cabbage  tree  of  the 
West  Ilulics,  the  tree  most  Generally  klloun  a.s  tile  i-flt, 
Itinii'  /mint,  is  H  speri.  -  ..i  ii,, , ,./,,. ri/  (formerly  inelllileil  in 
the  ^'enns  Areca),  O.  o/eivr. ,  ,i.  a  l»ilv  and  x'aecful  palm 

with  II  straight  cylim  I  rie  il  tnink    sometime.  I r"on  I,  ,  I 

high,  bcarill'4  a  head  of    IMITJ    pinnate  leaves.       Tile  eal,b:i-»- 

Is  the  terminal  leaf-hud,  the  removal  of  which,  thouuli 
often  clone,  destroys  tile  live.  The  Australian  caliba^c 
1 1 '  .  I <  a  1:1 1 1  lr;ilr,  1  |j:tlm.  /. «  ,.-!•>, i"  <u'+ti  v//;.< 

2.  A  name  given  to  species  of  .t  ndirn.  loffumi- 
IIOUH  trees  of  tropical  America,  bearing  racemes 
of  red  flowers  and  roundish,  hard,  one-seeded 
pods,  and  yielding  the  anthelmintic  cabbage- 
tree   bark  of   pharmacists.     Jamaica  cabbage-tree 
hark,  also  called  iniriii-lmrk,  is  obtained  from  .1.  /n,  ,•„,,. 
a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  and  the  Surinam  hark  from 
A.  return,  found  in  Surinam  and  Cayenne.    A  similar  hark 
is  furnished  by  .1.  niitln'liHintiea  of  Brazil. 

3.  In  New  Zealand,  an  arborescent  liliaceous 
plant,  Cordyline  mdivixu.-  Black  cabbage-tree,  an 
arboreous   composite  of  St.  He- 
lena.   Mi'lit  null-  n'/i-", i     <nte.<rrij'ti. 

I  in  in,  one  of  the  few  endemic 
trees  still  remaining  on  the  hi 
and. 

cabbage -wood  (kab'aj- 
wiid),  M.  A  name  given  to 
the  wood  of  Krindcndnm 
anfractiimum,  and  to  that 
of  species  of  Andira.  See  \\  BU  <!• 


747 


Cabirian 


cabidget,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  cabbage*.  War,  the  Xavy,  the  Interior,  and  Agriculture,  the  Pottmas- 

Cabin  (kali'in),   «.      [<  ME.  i-iiliii,i,  ,  -n  1,,,'ui,  also  ter.()eneral,and  Ihe  Attorney  <..  n,  nil.    They  are  ap|K.lnt 

assibihiteil  i-hiiluini-  -i  lit  tie  In,  n«  eilbyth,    iTealilrnt,  hy  and  with  Ihe  »d»ice  and  . 

,  '  '"';  ".  "'  '  •'  '  '  "'    ,  "Jit"  ,        '  "'  "1<!  8en»te'  "nd  «re  re.nov.hle  at  the  ITealdenfi  plea- 

esp.  in  a  ship,  <  Ot  .  cabinn,  I.  (Ml-  .  also  rahum.  sure.    They  have 


m.),  K.  i-<ihiiii<  (also  crtfti«e  after  E.  cabin)  =  Pr. 
culiiina  =  Sp.  eabaiia  =  I'K.  cabana  =  It.  e«/»//i- 
nii.  <  ML.  i-iiiniiiiin.  a  cabin,  prob.  of  Celtic  ori- 
gin :  W.  caban  =  Ir.  Gael,  caban,  a  cabin,  booth, 
dim.  of  (W.)  cub,  a  booth,  a  hut.]  1.  A  hut;  a 
cottage;  a  small  house  or  habitation,  especially 
one  that  is  poorly  constructed. 

Some  of  Kreen  houghs  their  slender  cabin*  frame. 

fair/ax. 

:iie  peat  invs  of  a  hundred  thousand  cabin*  had 
niu'htly  been  sung  rude  ballads  which  predicted  the  deliv- 
erance of  the  oppressed  race.  Macaulaii,  Hist.  Eng.,  xli. 

2.  A  small  room ;  an  inclosed  place. 

So  long  in  secret  cabin  there  he  held 
Her  captive  to  hi»  sensual!  dcsyre. 

F.  Q.,  I.  vl.  ••&. 


u  a  body  no  li-ml  function!,  hut  by 
caitoro  meet  the  ITeoldent  at  lUted  times  for  consult*- 
"""  ,Th<!  '«""  caMn«f  Is  also  iometlnie*  applied  to  the 

COUI":a  °f  "  gOTernor  or  ° 


antagonism  l,,ine.n  thi  ".iirt  and  the  ad- 
ministration, between  the  curia  and  the  camera,  or  in 
modem  language  the  court  ami  the  cabin.i.  that  many  of 
the  constitutional  i|iiarrels  of  the  century  are  owing. 

Sttiltlu.  Const,  lllst,  t  447. 

9.  A  meeting  or  session  of  a  cabinet  council. 

Cabinet  after  Cabinet  passed  over,  ami  no  mention  wan 
ever  made  of  the  affairs  of  the  East,  till  one  day,  at  tin- 
end  of  iCabinct,  I'almerston,  in  tin  most  easy,  noncha- 
lant way  imaginable,  said  that  he  tl Kht  it  right  to 

mention  that  he  had  been  a  long  time  engaged  in  n.  -•> 
tiatiou  upon  the  principles  agreed  upon  at  the  fabinrt  at 
Windsor,  and  that  he  had  drawn  up  a  Treaty  with  which 
it  was  tit  that  the  Cabinet  should  lie  acquainted. 

K*  '."""'•  '•'•(  /'•••'•.,  I.XXXIII.  74. 


look 


cabbage-worm     (kab '  aj  - 

werm),  M.   The  larva  of  the 

cabbage -butterfly  or  of  the 

cabbage-moth, 
cabbala,  ».     Bee  cabala. 
cabbidget,  "•    An  obsolete 

form  of  cabbage^ . 
cabbish '  t  (kab'ish).  H.    An 

obsolete  and  more  original 

form  of  cabbtiae1. 
cabbish2  (kab  ish),  r.  t.    An  obsolete  and  dialec- 
tal form  of  cabbage3. 
cabbie  (kab'i),  p.  t.  or  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabbled, 

ppr.  cobbling.      [Origin  unknown ;  cf .  accablt; 

<  F.  accabler,  crush,  overwhelm.]     In  metal.,  to 
break  up  into   pieces  (iron  which  has  been 
smelted  with  charcoal,  balled,  and  flattened), 
preparatory  to  the  processes  of  fagoting,  fus- 
ing, and  rolling  into  bars. 

cabbler  (kab'ler), «.  In  metal.,  one  who  cabbies. 

cabby1  (kab'i),  w. ;  pi.  cabbies  (-iz).  [<  coil ;  a 
kind  of  dim.  of  cabman.]  A  cab-driver  or  cab- 
man. [Colloq.,  Eng.] 

cabby2  (kab'i),  a.  [<  caJft  +  -yl.]  Sticky: 
clammy.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

cabeca  (ka-ba'sa),  ».  [Pg.,  lit.  head,  chief,  = 
Sp.  cubczn,  <  L.  caput,  ntad.]  1.  The  Portu- 
guese name  of  the  finest  kind  of  silk  received 
from  India,  as  distinguished  from  the  bariya, 
or  inferior  kind.  Also  called  cabesse. —  2.  A 
nominal  money  of  account  in  gome  parts  of  the 
west  coast  of  Africa. 

Oabeiri,  «.  i>l.    See  Cabiri. 

Cabeirian,  Cabeiric,  a.    See  Cabirian. 

Oabeiritic,  a.     See  Cabiritic. 

caber  (ka'ber),  ii.  [Sc.,  also  written  cabir,  kabnr; 

<  Gael.  cabur,  a  pole,  stake,  rafter,  =  IT.  cabar, 
a  coupling ;  cf.  Corn,  keber,  W.  ceibrcn,  a  rafter; 
D.  kepcr,  a  rafter.]    A  pole;  a  rafter;  abeam; 
a  large  stick.     Specifically—  («)  A  long  peeled  sapling 
or  undressed  stem  of  a  young  tree  used  in  the  Highland  (or 
Scottish)  game  of  tossing  the  eaher.    (b)  One  of  the  peeled 
saplings  sometimes  placed,  instead  of  hoards,  on  the  tie- 
heama  of  a  cottage  to  form  the  kind  of  loft  called  the  halks, 
or  on  tile  rafters  to  form  a  support  for  the  thatch,    (r)  A 
transverse  beam  in  a  kiln  for  drying  grain.    Jamieton. 

Caberea  (ka-be're-a),  «.  [NL.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Cabereidee.  C.  hookeri,  a 
European  species,  is  an  example. 

Cabereidas  (kab-e-re'i-de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
berea  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  infundibulate  chi- 
lostomatous  polyzoans,  of  the  order  ()ymnol<r- 
Hintd,  having  an  unjointed  stock  with  slender 
branches,  and  two  or  more  rows  of  cells  with 
vibracula  or  sessile  avicularia  at  the  back. 
The  species  are  generally  associated  with  the 
Cellulu  riidfc.  Less  correctly  written  Cabereadu: 

cabesse  (ka-bes'),  «.  [F.,  <  Pg.  cabeca:  see  ca- 
6ey«.]  Same  as  cabcca,  1. 

cabezon  (kab'e-zon;  Sp.  pron.  ka-beth-6n'), 
a.  (si'..<  t'ii/ie~a.  head:  see  cabeca,  cavezon.] 
Same  as  liir/liead. 

cabiai  (ka-be'i),  «.  [Braz.]  A  Brazilian  name 
of  the  capibara.  [Little  used.] 

A  niiihir.  "  which  can  be  attributed  only  to  a  gigantic 
Mbiui,  or  a  dwarf  elephant.       Pap.  Sci.  3lu..  XXVI.  42s. 


3.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  officers  or  pas-  6.  A  piece  of  furniture  having  shelves  or  draw  - 
sengers.  In  passenger-steamers  the  cabin  is  divided  Into  ere-  or  botn>  or  simply  cupboards  inclosed  with 
state-rooms,  or  the  private  rooms  of  the  passengers,  and  doors ;  especially,  one  of  ornamental  character, 
aii  apartment  (sometimes  more  than  one)  for  the  use  of  decorated  with  carving,  inlaying,  painting, 
all,  called  the  nal>mH,  generally  lined  as  a  dining-room.  In  I.,,,,,,.,,.,  mprlallinnii  of  iminto'rl  MM£  nr 
an  ordinary  merchant  vessel  tlie  cabin  is  the  apartment  ie,r>  j1  n8,?1  Pw  -•Clain,  o 

01  ruiiied  by  the  master  of  the  vessel.    In  a  man-of-war  it 

is  the  apart nt  use. I  by  the  commanding  offlcer,  or  the 

oitieer  commanding  the  squadron,  the  apartments  of  the 
othei •  officers  lieing  called  the  mtra-roout  and  (of  the  putty 
otlicers)  the  iteeraye.  In  Oreat  Britain  the  word  cabin, 
when  applied  to  the  private  apartment  of  an  officer  or  a 
passenger,  is  synonymous  with  ttate-room  as  used  in  the 
United  States. 
4f.  Same  as  cabinet,  4. 

They  would  not  stay  perhaps  the  Spanish  demurring, 
and  putting  off  such  wholesome  acts  and  counsels  as  the 
politic  Cabin  at  Whitehall  had  no  mind  to. 

Milton,  Eikouoklastes,  iv. 

Jealous haughtinesse of  Prelates andcoMnConnsellours. 
Milton,  Areopagitlca,  p.  .1. 

After-cabin,  the  best  or  stern  cabin  of  a  vessel.—  Cabin 
car.  See  carl.—  Cabin  passenger,  one  who  has  the  best 
accommodation  a  ship  affords.  —  Second  cabin,  the  part 
of  a  steamship  allotted  to  the  use  of  intermediate  or 
second-class  passengers,  or  the  general  accommodation 
afforded  them. 

cabin  (kab'in),  v.     [<  cabin,  «.]     I.  trans.   To 
confine  as  in  a  cabin. 

But  now  I  am  cabin'd,  eribb'd,  confln'd,  bound  in 
To  saucy  doubts  and  fears.         .Shale.,  Macbeth,  Hi.  4. 

II.  intraim.   To  live  in  a  cabin ;  lodge. 
I'll  make  you  feed  on  berries,  and  on  roots. 
And  feed  oh  curds  and  whey,  and  suck  the  goat, 
And  cabin  in  a  cave.  Shot..  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2. 


enamel  or  metal  appliques. 

Within,  in  my  blue  ealrinrt,  for  the  pearl 

I  had  sent  me  last.  B.  ,/ounrm,  Catiline.  II.  1. 

7.  Any  part  of  a  building,  or  one  or  more  whole 
buildings,  set  apart  for  the  conservation  of 
works  of  art,  antiquities,  etc. ;  hence,  by  me- 
tonymy, the  collection  itself:  as,  a  mineral 
cabinet. — 8.  In  i>rintina,  au  inclosed  frame  for 
printers'  cases,  generally  used  for  job-type. — 
Cabinet  of  arms,  a  display  of  the  escutcheons,  together 
with  the  sword,  spurs,  and  the  like,  of  a  gentleman  after 
his  decease.  In  certain  {tarts  of  Europe  these  are  arranged 
in  a  frame  and  hung  upon  the  wall  of  a  church,  after  the 
funeral.  Beny.— Kitchen  cabinet,  in  U.  S.  hint.,  a  Co- 
terie of  intimate  friends  of  President  Jackson,  generally 
supposed  to  have  more  influence  with  him  during  his  presi- 
dency <18'ffl-37)  than  his  official  advisers:  so  called  in  allu- 
sion to  their  private  and  familiar  status,  as  if  admitted  to 
the  White  House  through  the  kitchen. 

From  the  Kitchen  Cabinet  seems  to  have  come  the  first 
proposition  to  make  the  "national  conventions,"  which  are 
customary  even  to  the  present  day.  .  .  .  the  exponent*  of 
the  "  will  of  the  i>eople."  //.  ton  Haiti,  Const  Hist,  II.  38. 

II.  a.   1.  Confidential;  secret;  private. 
Others  still  gape  t'  anticipate 
The  cabinet  designs  of  Kate. 

5.  r.»t!.,.  Hudlbras,  II.  ill.  24. 

2.  Relating  to  a  cabinet ;  belonging  to  or  con- 


,    .         1_      _    /l       -L.f        1.      '\  A    m-  ,  1    »  "'     i^'wul'K    V"   «*   »«»U11ICH,      i"    I'Ml^lll;;    iv   v/1    cull- 

cabin-boy  (kab  m-boi),  n.     A  boy  employed  to    gtituting  a  body  of  ministers  of  state:  as,  a 
wait  on  the  officers  and  passengers  in  the  cabin    eabinet  minister;   a   cabinet  council.— 3.  Be- 


of  a  ship. 


longing  to  a  private  collection,  private  cellar, 


cabined  (kab'ind)   a.     [<  cabin  +  -«d2.]     Con-    or  the  like,  and  therefore  presumably  of  supe- 
nned;  narrow.     [Rare.]  nor  quality:  as,  cabinet  wines.    Hence  — 4.  Of 


Ere  the  blabbing  eastern  scout, 
The  nice  morn,  on  the  Indian  steep, 
From  her  cabin'it  loop-hole  peep. 

Miltoit,  Comus, 
cabinet  (kab'i-uet),  ».  and  a. 


such  size,  beauty,  or  value  as  to  be  kept  in  a 
eabinet,  or  to  be  fitted  for  use  in  a  private 
.140.    chamber:  as,  a  cabinet  edition  of  a  book;  a 
[<  F.  culiiiii-i.  a    cabinet  organ;  a  cabinet  pianoforte;  a  cabinet 
picture;  cabinet  photographs — Cabinet  council. 
(nt)  IMvate  counsel ;  secret  advice. 

Those  are  cabinet  ,-,,i,  ,«•;!.. 
And  not  to  be  communicated. 

Maturinger,  Duke  of  Milan,  U.  L 

(6)  (1)  A  council  held  with  privacy ;  the  confidential  coun- 
cil of  a  prince  or  an  executi  ve  magistrate ;  a  council  of  cab- 
inet ministers  held  with  privacy  to  deliberate  upon  pub- 
lic affairs.  rJ)The  mem  tiers  of  a  privy  council ;  a  select 
numb,  r  of  confidential  counselors;  specifically,  same  as 

cabinet,  I.,  i.  -Cabinet  file,  see  >/<•'.    Cabinet  organ, 

a  small,  portable  organ,  usuallv  a  reed-organ  or  harmo- 
nium. 


closet,  a  receptacle  of  curiosities,  etc. ;  cf.  OF. 
cabanette,  a  little  cabin  (=  It.  cabiiietto — Florio), 
dim.  of  cabane,  cabiitc,  a  cabin:  see  cabin.}  I. 
n.  If.  A  little  cabin ;  a  small  habitation  or  re- 
treat. 

Hearken  awhile,  from  thy  greene  cabinet, 
The  rurall  song  of  carefull  Collnet. 

Spetuer,  Shep.  Cal.,  Decemlicr. 
Lo,  here  the  gentle  lark,  weary  of  rest, 
From  hU  moist  cabinet  mounts  up  on  high. 

.SAnt.,  Vjmu  and  Adonis,  1.  854. 
2.  A  small  room ;  a  retired  apartment ;  a  closet. 
—  3.  A  private  room  in  which  consultations  are  cabinet  (kab'i-net),  r.  f.    [<  cabinet,  ».]    To  in- 
held;  specifically,  the  closet  or  private  apart-    close  in  or  as  in  a  cabinet.     [Rare.] 
ment  in  which  a  sovereign  confers  with  his        This  is  the  frame  of  most  men's  spiriu  to  adore  the 

casket  and  contemn  the  jewel  that  U  cabinetled  in  It 

Heirtrt,  Sermons,  p.  87. 

cabinet-maker  (kab'i-net-ma'ker),  n.  [<  cab- 
inet, 6,  +  maker.]  One  whose  occupation  is 
the  making  of  household  furniture,  such  as 
cabinets,  sideboards,  tables,  bedsteads,  etc. 

/')•,•»,•••«,  Kenl.  and  Isa.,  II.  14.  Cabin-mate  (kab'in-mat),  n.    [<  cnhiii  +  mate1.] 
Though  bred  in  the  cloister,  he  distinguished  himself    One  who  occupies  the  same  cabin  with  another. 
both  in  the  cabinet  and  the  camp  Bean,  and  H. 

'' "•  Kl'r'1'  H1"1  Isa"  "•  -'•  cabir,  «.    See  caber. 

Hence— 4.  An  executive  council;  the  select  Cabirean  (kab-i-re'an),  ».     [<  Cabiri  +  -caw.] 
council  of  a  sovereign  or  of  an  executive  govern-    One  of  the  Cabiri.    " 


privy  council  or  most  trusted  ministers. 

You  liegan  in  the  cabinet  what  you  afterwards  practised 
in  the  camp.  ttnitlrii. 

Those  more  refined  arts  of  the  cabinet,  on  which  the 
Italians  were  accustomed  to  rely,  much  more  than  on  the 
sword,  in  their  disputes  with  one  another,  were  of  no 
avail  against  these  rude  invaders. 


of  ministers  called  the  cabinet,  which  is  of  comparatively 

i lern  development.    Every  cabinet  includes  the  First 

Lord  of  the  Treasury,  who  is  generally  chief  of  the  minis- 
try, or  prime  minister,  the  Lord  High  Chancellor,  the  Lord 
I 'resi«leut  of  theCounofl,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 
and  the  five  Secretaries 
mem 

States  ' 


laent  01  tne  rouncii,  tne  i  nancenoroi  tne  rAcnequer.     into  otner  place*. 

the  nve  Secretaries  of  State,  with  two  or  more  other  Cabirian,  Cabirfc  (ka-bir'i-an.  -ik),  a.      f< 
hers,  at  the  prime  ministers  disci  etion.  In  the  Tinted     ,      •   +      '  -j      perteinin£  to  the  Cabil 

's  the  cabinet  is  a  collective  popular  name,  not  recog-     ...  /.        £ 


and  hence  falling  into  the  category  of  the  deities 
of  fire  and  of  creative  life.  They  were  worship 

in  mysteries  celebrated  especially  in  the  islands  of  Lenm>». 
Imhros.  and  Samothrace,  whence  their  cult  was  Introduced 
into  other  placet. 

Cfl- 
or 


>->Lnvra  i»ir  <:<*UIIM[  is  tt  CIHICCH»U  po|'uiar  name,  not  rccuK-       ,,      .  -_,          f  . 

nixed  by  law.  for  the  heads  of  the  eight  executive  depart-    their  worship;  hence,  strange  and  mysterious; 
ments,  namely,  the  SecreUriea  of  State,  the  Treasury,     occult.     Also  spelled  Cabeirian,  r-*-~~- 


Cabiritic 

Cabiritic  (kab-i-rit'ik),  a.  Same  as  Cabirian. 
Also  spelled  Cubeiritie. 

cable  (ka'bl),  H.  [<  ME.  cable,  cabel,  cabylle  = 
MD.  D.  MLG.  LG.  MHG.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  kabel  = 
Icel.  kudhall,  <  OF.  cable,  F.  cable  =  Sp.  cable 
=  Pg.  cabre  =  It.  cappio,  <  ML.  capulum,  cap- 
turn,  a  cable,  a  rope,  <  L.  capere,  take,  hold:  see 
capacious,  captive,  etc.]  If.  A  rope. 

Thogh  jelosie  be  hanged  In  a  caldr. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Venus,  1.  33. 

Specifically  —  2.  (a)  A  large,  strong  rope  or 
chain,  such  as  is  used  to  hold  a  vessel  at  an- 
chor. Ropes  made  of  hemp,  jute,  or  coir  were  universally 
used  in  former  times,  but  have  now,  except  in  small  ves- 
sels and  fishing-craft,  been  superseded  by  chains.  Chain 
cables  are  generally  composed  of  8  lengths  of  15  fathoms 
each,  fastened  together  with  shackles,  making  in  all  120 
fathoms.  Swivels  are  inserted  in  the  different  lengths  to 
prevent  twisting.  Cables  are  also,  for  special  uses,  made 
of  wires  twisted  together,  (ft)  See  submarine  cable, 
below,  (c)  The  traction-rope  of  a  cable-rail- 
road.—  3.  In  arch, :  (a)  A  molding  of  the  torus 
kind,  with  its  surface  cut  in  imitation  of  the 
twisting  of  a  rope.  (b)  A  cylindrical  molding 
inserted  in  the  flute  of  a  column  and  partly 
filling  it.  -Endless  cable.  See  endless.— Nippering 
the  cable.  See  nipper,  f.  —  Submarine  or  electric- 
telegraph  cable,  a  cable  composed  of  a  single  wire  or 
a  strand  of  wires  of  pure  copper,  embedded  in  protecting 
substances  and  covered  externally  by  coils  of  coated  iron 
wire,  for  conveying  telegraphic  messages  under  water. 
(See  telegraph.)  The  copper  wire,  or  embedded  strand  of 
wires,  is  called  the  core,  and  is  insulated  by  layers  of  gutta- 
percha  or  india-rubber,  each  layer  being  separated  from 
the  next  by  a  coating  of  resinous  matter.  The  insulating 
layers  are  generally  separated  from  the  outer  wires  by  a 
padding  of  jute  or  hemp  saturated  with  tar  or  other  pro- 
tective substance.  One  wire  is  found  to  be  better  than  a 
strand  as  regards  conducting  power ;  but  the  latter  is 
safer,  since  if  one  wire  breaks,  messages  can  still  be  con- 
veyed through  the  others.  — To  bltt  the  cable  (iiaut.),  to 
wind  it  around  the  bitts.— To  bring  a  chain  cable  to. 
See  briny.— To  buoy  a  cable,  to  support  it  by  floats  to 
keep  it  clear  from  a  rocky  bottom,  or  to  indicate  by  means 
of  buoy  and  buoy-rope  the  place  where  its  end  lies  when 
detached  from  the  ship. — To  heave  a  cable  short.  See 
heave.— To  nip  the  cable.  See  nip,  v.— To  serve  a 
cable,  to  wind  rope  about  it  as  a  protection  against  chaf- 
ing.—To  slip  the  cable,  to  disconnect  it  from  the  ship 
and  let  it  run  out,  thus  freeing  the  ship  from  her  anchor. — 
Wire  cables,  cables  formed  by  wires,  sometimes  twisted 
about  each  other,  but,  when  used  for  suspension-bridges, 
more  commonly  laid  parallel,  bound  together,  wrapped 
with  canvas,  and  then  served,  or  wound  with  wire,  and 
painted.  Each  wire  is  separately  stretched  and  tested. 
cable  (ka '  bl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cabled,  ppr. 
cabling.  [<  cable,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  fasten 
with  a  cable. 

Cast  out  the  cabled  stone  npon  the  strand. 

J.  Dyer,  1'leece,  ii. 

The  ship  was  leisurely  chained  and  cabled  to  the  old 
dock.  6.  W.  Curtis:,  Prue  and  I,  p.  06. 

2.  In  arch.,  to  fill  (the  flutes  of  columns)  with 
cables  or  cylindrical  pieces. — 3.  [Cf.  equiv. 
wire,  r."]  To  transmit  by  a  telegraph-cable. 

II.   intrans.    To  send  a  message  by  a  tele- 
graph-cable. 

cable-bend  (ka'bl-bend),  n.  Naut. :  (a)  A  small 
rope  formerly  used  to  fasten  the  ends  of  a 
rope  cable  so  as  to  secure  the  knot  by  which  it 
is  attached  to  the  anchor-ring.  (6)  The  knot 
or  clinch  by  which  a  cable  is  attached  to  an 
anchor. 

cable-carrier  (ka'bl-kar"i-er),  n.  A  tub  or 
bucket  suspended  from  grooved  wheels  travel- 
ing on  a  cable,  or  directly  attached  to  a  mov- 
ing cable,  and  used  to  transport  sand,  minerals, 
or  heavy  materials  on  a  wire  ropeway.  See 
wireway. 

cabled  (ka'bld),  a.  [<  cable,  n.,  +  -ed2.]  1.  Fas- 
tened or  supplied  with  a  cable  or  cables. —  2. 
In  arch.,  having  the  ornament  called  a  cable. 
—  Cabled  flute,  in  arch.,  a  flute  of  a  column  containing  a 
cable-molding.  See  cable,  n.,  3. 

cable-drilling  (ka'bl-dril"ing),  n.  Same  as 
rope-drilling. 

cablegram  (ka'bl-gram),  n.  [Improp.  <  cable 
+  -gram,  as  in  telegram.]  A  message  sent  by 
a  telegraph-cable ;  a  cable-despatch.  [Colloq.] 

cable-gripper  (ka'bl-gi-ip^er),  n.  Naut.,  a  de- 
vice placed  over  a  cable-well  to  prevent  the 
cable  from  running  out. 

cable-hatband  (ka'bl-hat"band),  ».  A  kind 
of  hatband  consisting  of  a  twisted  cord,  worn 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  and 
in  some  modern  uniforms. 

I  had  on  a  gold  cable-hatbaml,  then  new  come  up  which 
I  wore  about  a  murrey  French  hat. 

B.  Jomon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

Cable-hook  (ka'bl-huk),  n.    A  gripping  device 

for  handling  a  ship's  cable. 
cable-laid  (ka'bl-lad),  a.     1.  Naut.,  formed  of 

three  strands  of  plain-laid  or  ordinary  rope. 

Hope  for  cables  is  made  in  this  way  so  as  to  be  more  im- 


748 

pervious  to  water,  but  cable-laid  rope  is  about  30  per  cent, 
weaker  than  plain-laid  rope  of  the  same  size.    Hope  cables 
are  from  10  to  26  inches  in  circum- 
ference. 

2.  Twisted  after  the  manner 
of  a  cable :  as,  a  cable-laid  gold 
chain. 

cable-molding  (ka'bl-mol"- 
ding),  n.  Same  as  cable,  3. 

cable-nipper  (ka'bl-nip"er),  n. 
A  device  for  securing  to  a  ca- 
ble the  messenger  or  rope  by 
which  it  is  handled. 

cable-railroad    (ka'bl-ral'- 
rod),  n.      A  street-  or  other 
railroad  in  which  the  cars  are 
moved  by  an   endless   cable 
traveling  in  a  small   tunnel 
under  the  roadway,  and  kept      cable-laid  Rope, 
in  motion  by  a  stationary  en- 
gine.   Hotion  is  communicated  to 
the  cars  by  means  of  a  grip  extended  through  a  slot  in  the 
covering  of  the  tunnel,  and  so  arranged  as  to  be  under  the 
control  of  thebrakeman.    Also  called  cableway. 

cable-road  (ka'bl-rod),  n.  Same  as  cable-rail- 
road. 

cable-screw  (ka'bl-skro),  n.  A  small  screw 
resembling  a  twisted  cord,  used  as  a  fastening 
for  the  soles  of  boots  and  shoes. 

cable's-length  (ka'blz-length),  n.  An  approx- 
imate measure  of  length,  generally  considered 
to  be  100  fathoms  =  600  feet,  or  ^  of  a  nautical 
mile  :  frequently  used  in  sailing  directions  for 
navigators. 

cable-Stopper  (ka'bl-stop"er),  n.  Naut.,  a  de- 
vice to  prevent  a  cable  from  running  out.  it 
generally  consists  of  a  short  piece  of  stout  rope,  with  a 
hook  in  one  end  and  a  knot  or  toggle  in  the  other.  One 
end  is  hooked  to  a  ring-bolt  in  the  deck,  and  the  other  is 
lashed  to  the  cable.  See  stopper. 

cablet  (ka'blet),  «.  [Dim.  of  cable.  Cf.  F.  ca- 
blot  and  cdbleau,  cablet.]  A  little  cable  ;  spe- 
cifically, any  cable-laid  rope  under  9  inches  in 
circumference. 

cable-tier  (ka'bl-ter),  n.  The  place  in  the  hold 
of  a  ship  where  rope  cables  are  stowed. 

cable-tire  (ka'bl-tlr),  «.  A  large  rope  for  rais- 
ing weights. 

cable-tools  (ka'bl-tolz),  «.  pi.  Tools  used  in 
cable-drilling  or  rope-drilling.  The  length  of  the 
set  of  tools  attached  to  uie  rope,  or  used  in  rope-drilling, 
in  Pennsylvania,  is  about  62  feet,  and  the  weight  nearly  a 
ton.  The  separate  parts  are  the  rope-socket,  sinker-bar, 
jars,  auger-stem,  and  bit. 

cableway  (ka'bl-wa),  n.  Same  as  cable-rail- 
road. 

cabling  (ka'bling),  «.  [<  cable,  n.,  3  (b),  + 
-ingl.J  1.  The  filling  of  the  flutes  of  a  column 
with  cable-moldings.  Hence — 2.  The  cable- 
moldings  themselves. 

cablish  (kab'lish),  n.  [<  OF.  "cablis,  chablis, 
F.  chablis,  wind-fallen  wood  (ML.  cablieia)  (cf. 
equiv.  OF.  cable,  caable,  pi.  caables,  equiv.  to 
chablis),  <  "cabler,  chabler,  in  comp.  accabler,  cast 
down:  see  aceable.]  In  old  forest  laic,  wind- 
fall wood ;  wood  thrown  down  by  tempestuous 
weather:  also  sometimes  applied  to  brushwood. 

cabman  (kab'man),  n. ;  pi.  cabmen  (-men).  [< 
cfl&l  +  man.]  The  driver  of  a  cab. 

It  is  said  that  not  long  ago  a  certain  Prince  Krapotkin 
gained  his  living  as  a  cabman  in  St.  Petersburg. 

D.  M.  Wallace,  Russia,  p.  283. 

cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  n.  [Anglo-Ind.,  <  Pers. 
kabaub,  kibaub,  roast  meat,  <  Mb,  an  ox.]  1. 
An  Oriental  dish  consisting  of  small  pieces  of 
beef  or  mutton,  seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  gin- 
ger, etc.,  and  basted  with  oil  and  garlic  while 
being  roasted  on  a  skewer  or  spit,  sweet  herbs 
being  sometimes  placed  between  the  pieces. 

Cabobs,  or  meat  roasted  in  small  pieces,  that  may  be  eat 
without  dividing.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  57. 

2.  An  Anglo-Indian  name  for  roast  meat  in 
general.     Yule  and  Burnell. —  3.  A  leg  of  mut- 
ton stuffed  with  white  herrings  and  sweet  herbs. 
Wright. 
Also  spelled  kabab,  cobob. 

cabob,  kabob  (ka-bob'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cabobbed,  kabobbed,  ppr.  cabobbing,  kabobbing. 
[<  cabob,  n.']  To  make  cabob  of;  roast,  as  a  leg 
of  mutton,  with  savory  herbs,  spices,  etc.,  at  a 
quick  fire.  Sir  T.  Herbert.  Also  spelled  kabab, 
cobob. 

caboceer  (kab-o-ser'),  ».  [Prob.  <  Pg.  cabeeeira, 
the  head,  chief,  <  cabega,  the  head:  see  ca- 
beca.]  The  name  given  to  local  governors  in 
western  Africa  appointed  by  the  king  over 
towns  or  districts. 

Romer  once  peeped  in  at  an  open  door,  and  found  an 
old  negro  caboceer  sitting  among  twenty  thousand  fetishes 
in  his  private  fetish-museum,  .  .  .  performing  his  devo- 
tions. E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  II.  145. 


cabr6 

cabochet,  ».  [<  OF.  caboclic,  the  head,  <  It.  ca- 
pocchia,  knob  of  a  stick,  etc.,  <  capo,  <  L.  cttput, 
head.  As  a  fish-name,  cf.  cabos,  eel-pout,  MD. 
ka  bit  i/s-hoaftl,  the  bullhead,  from  the  same  ult. 
source;  OF.  cabot,  "the  gull-fish,  bullhead, 
miller's-thumb " ;  caboie,  "as  cabot;  or  (more 
properly)  a  gurnard"  (Cotgrave) :  see  caboshed, 
cabbage1,  cabbage2,  and  cf.  the  E.  name  bull- 
head.] 1.  Ahead.  See  cabbage2. —  2.  A  name 
of  the  miller's-thumb  or  bullhead. —  3.  A  tad- 
pole. E.  D. 

caboched,  a.    See  caboshed. 

cabochon  (ka-bo-shon'),  «.  [F.  (=Sp.  cabujon 
=  Pg.  cabuchao),  <  caboclic,  head,  pate :  see  ca- 
boche.] A  polished  but  uncut  precious  stone. — 
En  cabochon,  in  the  style  of  a  caboclion,  that  is,  rounded 
convex  on  top,  and  flat,  concave,  or  convex  on  the  back, 
without  facets.  Garnets,  turquoise,  moonstone,  cat's-eye, 
asteria,  and  other  gems  are  cut  in  this  form. 

cabocle  (ka-bok'le),  H.  The  Brazilian  name  of 
a  mineral  resembling  red  jasper,  found  in  the 
diamond-producing  sand  of  Bahia.  It  contains 
phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  lime,  baryta,  protoxid 
of  iron,  and  water. 

Cabomba  (ka-bom'ba),  «.  [Native  Guiana 
name.]  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  known  as 
water-shields,  of  the  natural  order  A'ympheeaceie, 
with  small  shield-shaped  floating  leaves  and 
finely  dissected  submerged  ones,  and  small 
trimerous  flowers.  There  are  two  or  three  species, 
natives  of  the  warmer  portions  of  America,  of  which  one 
species,  C.  Caroliniana-,  is  found  in  stagnant  waters  along 
the  southern  coast  of  the  United  States.  Cabantba  was 
formerly  classed  in  a  separate  family  Cabonibacece  with 
the  single  other  genus  Ili/dropeltis  or  Braxenia,  the  North 
American  water-shield.  See  Iliidropettis. 

caboodle  (ka-bo'dl),  «.  [A  slang  term,  con- 
jectured to  be  a  corruption  of  kit  and  boodle : 
see  boodle^.]  Crowd;  pack;  lot;  company: 
used  only  with  whole:  as,  the  whole  caboodle 
(that  is,  the  whole  number,  crowd,  or  quantity). 
[Slang.] 

It  would  not  even  make  me  raise  my  eyebrows  to  hear 
to-morrow  morning  that  the  whole  caboodle  had  been  sold 
out.  New  York  Times,  Sept.  2,  1887. 

The  whole  caboodle  came  out  and  fell  upon  me. 

Picayune  (New  Orleans),  1'eb.  23,  1858. 

cabook  (ka-bok')(  «•  The  name  given  in  Ceylon 
to  a  rock  which  is  there  extensively  used  as  a 
building-stone.  It  is  gneiss  in  a  peculiar  stage  of  de- 
composition, and,  although  soft  and  easily  quarried,  it 
hardens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The  gneiss  contains 
much  magnetic  iron  disseminated  through  it,  and  it  is  the 
decomposition  of  this  mineral  which  gives  to  the  soil  the 
ferruginous  tinge  conspicuous  in  parts  of  Ceylon. 

cabooleat  (ka-bo'le-at),  n.  [<  Hind,  kabuliyat, 
a  written  agreement,  <  kabul,  consent.]  An 
agreement  made  between  the  Indian  govern- 
ment and  the  zemindars,  or  feudatory  landhold- 
ers, for  the  farming,  management,  and  collec- 
tion of  the  revenue. 

caboose  (ka-bos'),  n.  [Also  caboose;  <  D.  kabuis 
=  MLG.  kabuse,  LG.  kabuse,  kabuse  (>  G.  A-a- 
buse)  =  Dan.  kabys  =  Sw.  kabysa;  also  E.  cam- 
boose,  <  F.  cambuse,  <  D.  kombuis,  a  ship's  gal- 
ley, formerly  also  a  booth,  hut,  store-room; 
perhaps  from  same  root  as  cabin,  q.  v.]  1.  The 
cook-room  or  kitchen  on  shipboard ;  a  galley ; 
specifically,  the  inclosed  fireplace,  hearth,  or 
stove  used  for  cooking  on  small  vessels. 

The  lawn  is  studded  with  cabooaex,  over  one  of  which  a 
Councillor  may  be  seen  carefully  skimming  the  water 
covering  his  twelve-pound  salmon. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  550. 

2.  A  car  for  the  use  of  the  conductor,  brake- 
men,  etc.,  on  a  freight-train.     [U.  S.] 

cabos  (ka-bos'),  n.  [See  caboche.]  A  name 
of  the  eel-pout. 

caboshed,  caboched  (ka-boshf),  «•  [<  caboche 
+  -ed'2,  after  F.  caboche,  <  caboche,  a  head:  see 
caboche,  cabbage2.]  In  her., 
represented  alone  and  affront^ : 
said  of  the  head  of  a  stag  or  roe- 
buck when  no  part  of  the  neck 
is  seen.  Also  cabossed,  cabaged. 

cabossed  (ka-bosf),  a.     Same 
as  caboshed. 

cabot  (ka-bo'),  «.  [F.dial.]  A 
dry  measure  in  general  use  in 
the  island  of  Jersey.  The  small 
cabot,  used  for  wheat,  is  -fa  of  an  Knglish  bushel.  The 
larrje  cabot,  for  barley,  etc.,  is  one  third  hirm-r.  As  with 
the  bushel,  equivalent  weights  are  used,  \vliirh  vary  with 
the  bulkiness  of  the  material. 

cabotage  (kab'o-taj),  ».  [F.  (=  It.  cabottag- 
ffio),  <  caboter,  coast,  lit.  go  from  cape  to  cape, 
<  Sp.  cabo,  cape :  see  cape2.]  Naut.,  navigation 
along  a  coast;  coasting-trade. 

cabre  (ka-bra'),  a.  [P.,  pp.  of  cabrer,  rear,  < 
OF.  cabre  (F.  cherre),  <  Sp.  cabra,  <  L.  capra,  a 


cabre 

she-goat,  fein.  of  caper,  a  he-goat:  see  <v//"/-i. 
Cf.  cabriole.']  In  In  r..  represented  as  rearing: 
said  of  ti  horse. 

cabrerite  (ka-bro'rit),  «.  [<  Cabrera  (nee  del'.) 
T  -/''-.]  A  hydrous  arseniate  nf  niekel  and 
magnesium,  occurring  in  fibrous  or  granular 
masses  of  mi  apple-green  color:  first  found  in 
the  Sierra  <  ';il>n in.  Spain. 

cabrilla    ^ka-liril'a;     Sp.    prnn.    kii-lm'-'lyiii.   11. 
[Sp..  a  fish  (sec  ilef.  («)),  "  prawn,  also  a  little 
goat, dim.  of  en  lira,  a  goat :  »«•<•  w/xT1.]  A  name 
of  certain  serranoid  lislics.    (,()  h  Spain.  Strrmn 
<-iili,-illa,  a  fish  of  tin-  Meditcnam  -an.     Sn  ,s. , ,  ,t  ii  it  x.    (6) 

l-'.jiin.'i'll,  /I'*  <  il/'i''  <i/"..- ,  n  fish  ..I'  a  brown  color,  »  illl  round 
(lark  .-pols  ;ui<l  t\\"  larje  lilark  ones  at  the  hil.su  of  the 
spinoiis  iloixal  !in.  partly  extending  <ni  the  tin.  and  with  a 
few  roil  111  led  pa  If  .spots  nil  the  hod\,  and  all  tin'  tin-  spot- 
ted. It  is  common  ill  tin-  <'ariMieali  sea  anil  alnn-  the 
Florida  coast,  and  is  an  excellent  fouil-H.sli.  (r)  I'nfii'i 
brax  i-lfitlinitii*,  a  Bnjllb*gn6n  tlsh  with  otiscurc  liri>ail 
dusky  streaks  and  bars  which  form  reticulations  nn  the 
sides,  an, I  shaded  with  dark  color  alonn  the  middle  of  the 
sides.  It  abounds  .-iloirj  the  southern  coast  of  California. 

Cabriolet  (kab'ri-61),  n.    Same  as  capriole. 

cabriolet  (kab-ri-o-la'),  "•  [=  Gr.  kabrinlet  = 
Bohera.  kabrioletka,  etc.,  <  F.  cabriolet,  dim.,  (. 
cabriole,  a  leap:  see  capriole.  Now  shortened  to 
cab:  seecnfc1.]  Properly,  a  covered  one-horse 
carriage  witli  t  wo  wheels :  now  often  made  with 
four  wheels  and  a  calash  top.  See  ca/H. 


cabrit  (kab'rit),  n.  [<  Sp.  enhrito,  a  kid.  =  OF. 
eabrit,  V.  enliri,  a  kid,  =  1'r.  cubril,  <  ML.  oapri- 
ttts,  a  goat,  <  L.  caper,  a  goat.]  A  name  of  the 


American  pronghorn,  Antihcapra  antertcaiia. 

cabrite  (kab'rit),  n.  [NL.  Cabrita,  appar.  < 
Sp.  cubrila,  a  she-kid,  kidskin  dressed,  fern,  of 
cabrito,  a  kid,  dim.  of  cabra,  a  goat.]  A  lizard 
of  the  family  Lacertida;  Cabrita  leschnoulti, 
with  the  lower  eyelid  partly  transparent  and 
movable.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  central  and 
southern  India. 

cabrouet  (kab-ro'et),  H.  [Appar.  a  modification 
of  cabriolet,  q.  v.]  A  kind  of  cart  used  on  sugar- 
plantations  in  the  southern  United  States. 

cab-stand  (kab'stand),  n.  A  place  where  cabs 
stand  for  hire. 

caburet,  "•  A  small  Brazilian  owl,  the  choliba 
of  Azara,  the  Scops  brotMeiutt  of  modern  nat- 
uralists. [Not  in  use.] 

caburnt  (kab'ern),  •».  [Origin  unknown;  said 
to  bo  connected  with  cabled]  Naut.,  a  small 
line  made  of  spun-yarn,  to  bind  cables,  seize 
tackles,  etc. 

cacagoguet  (kak'a-gog),  n.  [<  Gr.  muni/,  excre- 
ment, +  (i>u}<if,  drawing,  leading,  <  byetv,  drive, 
lead.]  An  ointment  made  of  alum  and  honey, 
applied  to  the  anus  to  produce  evacuation. 

cacain  (ka-ka'iu),  n.  [<  cacao  +  -»»2.]  Inchem., 
the  essential  principle  of  cacao. 

Cacalia  (ka-ka'li-ii),  n.  [L.,  <  (Jr.  KanaUa,  a 
plant  not  identified,  perhaps  colt's-foot.]  A 
genus  of  Composite,  nearly  related  to  Senecio, 
with  which  it  is  sometimes  united,  but  mostly 
of  different  habit.  The  species  are  white-flowered 
perennials,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia  ;  nine  are 
found  ill  the  eastern  United  States.  Commonly  known  as 

I ntliau  I'lant'tin. 

cacam  (kak'am),  n.  [Ar.  Heb.  Miakham.]  A 
wise  man:  an  official  designation  among  the 
Jews,  synonymous  with  rabbin.  Coles,  1717. 

They  have  It  [the  Law]  stuck  in  the  jamlis  of  their  dores, 
and  covered  with  glasse  ;  written  by  their  eaeanu,  and 
signed  with  the  names  of  God. 

Sandy*,  Travalles  (1852),  p.  114. 

The  Talmud  is  stuffed  with  the  traditions  of  their  Rnh- 
Wiw  and  Cactini.1.  //,../•,•/(,  Letters,  ii.  s. 

cacao  (ka-ka'6),  ti.  [=  D.  Dan.  Sw.  Q.  Rugs., 
etc.,  kakao  =  F.  cacao  =  It.  caccao,  <  Sp.  cac«o  = 
Pg.  cacao,  cacau,  <  Mex.  cacauatl,  cacao  (accord- 
ing to  Sefior  Jesus  Sanchez,  orig.  a  Nahuatl 
word).  Cf.  Sp.  cacahual,  cacaotal  =  Pg.  ca- 
caual,  a  plantation  of  chocolate-trees;  Pg.  ea- 
catteiro  =  P.  cacaoyer,  a  chocolate-tree.  See 
cocoa2.]  The  chocolate-tree,  Thcobroma  cacao, 
natural  order  Stcrcnliacea:  The  cacao  Is  a  small 
evergreen  tree,  from  H(  to  in  feet  hiiHi  when  growing  wild, 
a  native  of  tropical  America,  and  much  cultivated  there 
and  to  some  extent  in  Asin  and  Africa.  Its  fruit  is  a  some- 
what itear-shaped  pointed  pod,  in  furrowed,  from  fi  to  10 
inches  long,  and  contains  ntnneroiis  ];u-e  seeds  emhedded 
in  n  sweet  pulp.  These  seeds  are  very  nutritive,  contain 
intf  50  per  cent,  of  fat,  are  of  nu  ai:i-«  cahle  tlavor,  and  are 
used,  both  in  tli  ir  fresh  state  and  when  dried,  as  an  arti- 
cle of  food.  The  seed*  when  roasted  and  divested  of  their 
husks  and  crushed  are  known  as  coroa-nib*.  These  are 
wound  into  an  oily  past*,  and  mixed  with  sujtar  and  tla- 
vorinu'  matters,  to  make  chocolate,  the  most  important 
product  of  the  cacao.  (See  <-l,i»;'f<it- .  *  Ooooi  '  "iiNi>ts  of 
the  nibs  alone,  either  nut-round  or  ground,  dried,  and 
|M)wdered,  or  of  the  crude  paste  dried  in  Hakes,  lltoma 
consists  ,.t  flic  dry  powder  of  the  seeds  after  a  thorough 
evprcssion  of  the  oil.  A  decoction  is  also  made  from  the 
husks  alone,  under  the  name  of  <-<n-"ii  *7"V/\.  These  silli- 
stanccs,  eontaininu  the  alkaloid  thcouromine,  analogous 


740 

t"  thcln  and  caffetn,  are  very  vit<*tmlve1y  UM<1  u  suUti 
tutrs  for  tt-a  and  rolfuv.     The  <>il  from  the  st-eds,  called 

••"ft,  i-,     in 

solid  at  ordinary 
trtiilu-ruturea.Mid 
haa  a  pleasant 
odor  and  choco- 
late-like tute.  It 
la  used  for  snp- 
P< >.-it . n  i,  .-.  and  fur 
making  soup,  po- 
MKititiu-,  t'l.-. 

cacao  -  butter 
(ka-ka'6-buf- 
er),  «.  The 
oil  expressed 
from  the  seeds 
of  the  choco- 
late-tree, Tltto- 
broma  cacao. 

See  i-neilo. 

cacao-nut  (ka- 

ka'6-nut),  n. 

The    fruit    of 

the  Theobroma 

cacao.    See  ca- 
cao, 
cacatedt,  a.  [< 

L.  cacatu*,  pp. 

of  caeare :  seecacfc1.]    Defiled  with  excrement. 

If  your  grace  please  to  lie  rakatcd,  say  so. 
Mitldleton,  Masiringer,  and  Rotrlttt,  The  Old  Law,  v.  1. 

cacatory  (kak'a-to-ri),  a.     [<  NL.  cacatoriux, 

<  L.  as  if  *cac«'W,  <  caeare,  pp.  cacatus:  see 
cac/jl.]     Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  the 
discharge  of  excrement  from  the  bowels. — 
Cacatory  fever,  a  kind  of  intermittent  fever  accom- 
panied by  copious  alvine  discharges. 

Oacatua  (kak-a-tu'a),  n.     [NL.  (Vieillot,  1818), 

<  Malay kakatua :  seecocfcntoo.]   Agenuspf  par- 
rots, of  the  family  1'sittacidee  and  subfamily  Ca- 
catuina;,  containing  the  typical  cockatoos.    The 
species  are  of  rather  large  size  for  this  family,  with  short, 
square  tails,  and  a  beautiful  erectile  crest ;  white  is  the 
usual  color,  the  ci 

There  are  upward  < 


Fruiting  Branch  of  Cacao  ( 
caeaf). 


usual  color,  the  crest  being  tinged  with  yellow  or  rosy. 
are  upward  of  14  species,  all  East  Indian,  Papuan,  or 
Australian.    C.  yalrrita  is  the  large  sulphur-crested  cocka- 


.     . 

too;  C.  ffu/pAurai,  the  smaller  sulphur-crested  ;  other  spe- 
cies are  C.  dttcvrpti,  C.  leadbeaUn,  and  C.  ntseicnyilla.  In 
Cacatua  proper  there  is  only  one  carotid  artery,  an  anom- 
aly in  this  group  of  bints.  Also  later  called  Plyctolophux. 
See  cut  under  eocJfcafoo. 

Cacatuidse  (kak-a-tu'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua +  -idae.']  the  cockatoos  as  a  separate 
family  of  birds.  See  Cacatuina;. 

Cacatuinae  (kak'a-tu-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
catua, +  -in<e.]  The  cockatoos,  a  subfamily  of 
Psittacida:,  represented  by  Cacatua.  They  have 
the  orbital  ring  completely  ossified,  a  bony  bridge  over 
the  temporal  fossa,  the  left  carotid  artery  normal,  and 
no  ambiens  muscle.  They  are  birds  of  medium  and  large 
size,  with  greatly  hooked  bills,  short  square  tails,  and  an 
erectile  crest.  Besides  the  genus  Cacatua  and  its  sub- 
divisions, containing  the  white  cockatoos,  this  group  in- 
cludes Cali/ptttrhynchujt,  the  black  cockatoos,  and  Micro- 
gto»m,  cockatoos  with  very  large  bills  and  slender  tongues. 
All  are  included  in  the  geographical  range  given  for  Coca- 
lua.  The  subfamily  is  sometimes  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
family  under  the  name  of  Cacatuidfe.  Also  called  I'!  »•• 
totophiiux. 

Caccabin»  (kak-a-bi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (G.  K. 
Gray,  1855),  <  Caccabis  +  -in<e.]  A  subfamily 
of  gallinaceans,  of  the  family  Tetraonidte  or 
Perdicidce,  typified  by  the  genus  Caccabis;  the 
rock-partridges  of  the  old  world.  Besides  the  sev- 
eral species  of  Cactabi*,  this  group  includes  Lenea  niri- 
rola  of  Tibet,  and  the  Asiatic  species  of  Tetraogallu*. 
The  term  is  not  much  used,  the  species  being  generally 
associated  with  the  I'frdicintr. 

Caccabis  (kak'a-bis),  H.  [NL.  (Kaup,  1829),  < 
Gr.  nuao/Mf,  another  form  of  KOWHJ/^  (usually 

called  Tttpttt),  a 


cachibou 

l:ii*h-lot.  1>.  I.,  mint;  of  unknown  origin,  per- 
liaps  Kskillio:  el'.  ••Creetilntiil  kii/Htitil:"  (\\eli- 
ster's  Diet.).  French  etymologists,  derive  the 
F.  word  from  Hie  10.  ,  and  tliat  from  Catalan 
i/iiiehal,  tooth,  "iM^euuse  the  animal  is  armed 
with  teeth."]  1.  A  name  of  the  sperm-whale, 
Vhyxtter  or  Catndon  marroci  /iliiilitx,  a  large, 
toothed  cetacean  of  the  family  J'liynetfrida;  or 
Catodontidtr,  having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  and 
an  enormous  blunt  head,  in  a  cavity  of  which 
spermaceti  is  contained,  ami  somel  lines  attain- 
ing a  length  of  80  feet  .  n,.  .  aehalot  Ugreg.c 

in  herds  sometimes  of  several  hundred  individuals, 
and  feeds  clileny  on  cephalo|H«ls.  The  mouth  contains  no 
whalebone.  The  blulilier  yields  the  flue  oil  known  at 
sperm-oil,  and  ambergris,  a  kind  of  Irezoar,  is  found  in  the 
alimentary  (anal.  See  cut  under  I'lii/trtrr. 

2.  pi.  The  sperm-whales  as  a  family  of  ceta- 
ceans ;  the  I'nyseteridtf.  [In  this  sense  the  word 
is  chiefly  a  book-name.] 

cache1  (kash),  H.  [F.,  <  cacher,  hide,  <  L.  co- 
acttire,  press  together,  constrain,  force,  freq. 
of  cogere,  constrain,  force:  see  cogent.  The 
term  was  adopted  into  E.  from  the  speech  of 
the  Canadian  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
country.]  1.  A  place  of  concealment,  especial- 
ly in  the  grouna  or  under  a  cairn.  —  2.  A  store 
of  provisions  or  other  things  deposited  in  such 
a  place  of  concealment,  for  present  convenience 
or  for  future  use. 

After  breakfast  I  started  across  the  Hoe  for  Cape  Kiley, 
to  bruig  on  i>o:u  il  my  cache  of  Monday  last. 

H.  M'C'unnictf  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Voyages,  I.  90. 

Greater  care  should  be  taken  in  the  caching  of  pro- 

visions, for  frequently  in  Lieutenant  (ireely's  Ifook  men- 

tion is  made  of  a  eaehe  found,  either  partially  devoured 

by  bears,  wolves,  or  foxes,  or  rendered  uneatable  by  mould. 

WeitMiiuter  Ret.,  C'XXV.  485. 

cache1  (kash),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  cached,  ppr. 
caching.  [<  cacAel,  «.]  To  conceal,  generally 
by  burying  in  the  ground  or  under  a  cairn. 

We  left  Irving  Bay  on  the  80th  of  June,  caching  all  our 
heavy  stuff  in  order  to  lighten  the  sled  as  much  as  pos- 
sible. H'.  //.  Gilder,  Schwatka  s  Search,  p.  131. 

Spear  and  arrow  heads  have  Keen  found  cached. 

Smithnmian  lleijort,  1881.  p.  661. 

cache'2t,  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of  catch1. 
Chaucer. 

cachectic  (ka-kek'tik),  a.  [<  L.  cachecticus,  < 
Gr.  KaxeKTiK^f>  (  KaXc*;'at  cachexy  :  see  cacAery.] 
Pertaining  to  or  characterized  by  cachexy. 

Miss  Letty  was  altogether  too  wholesome  ...  a  younn 
gfr)  fo  lie  a  model,  according  to  the  flat-chested  and  rn- 
cheet  ic  pattern.  O.  W.  Holme*,  Elsie  Venner,  xvii. 

cachectical  (ka-kek'ti-kal),  a.    Same  as  ca- 


partridge.  Cf. 
ruckle.]  Agenus 
ofold-worldpar- 
tridges.  some- 
times giving 
name  to  a  sub- 
family Cacca- 
bince  ;  the  typi- 
cal rock-par- 
tridges. C.mznli- 
lit,  C.  ruja,  and  C. 
pftrona  are  Euro- 
pean species;  oth- 
ers Inhabit  north- 
ern Africa  and 
Asia.  C.  rivals  the 
common  red-legged 
partridge  ;  C.  petro- 
M  IB  the  Barbary 
partridge. 

cacchet,  r.     A  Middle  English  form  of  onto*1. 

cacbaemia,  cachaemic.    See  eaeliemia.  enehemic. 

cachalot  (kaeli'-  or  kash'a-lot),  «.  [Also  cach- 
nliit  ;  F.  cachalot.  Sp.  mrlialoti;  K'uss.  kagha- 
lotu,  G.  kaschalol.  hischi-lot.  Sw.  kafditlot,  Dan, 


Red-legged  Partridge  (Cacc 


Young  and  florid  Mood  rather  than  vapid  and  cafhecti- 
col.  Arlmthnot,  Effects  of  Air. 

cachelcoma  (kak-el-ko'mft),  H.;  pi.  cachelcn- 
mata  (-ma-ta).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kan6f,  bad,  -f-  it.no- 
fia,  sore,  ulcer,  <  f/lxow,  ulcerate,  <  f/Uoc  =  L. 
ttlcus,  ulcer:  see  ulcer.]  A  foul  or  malignant 
ulcer. 

cachemia  (ka-ke'mi-ft),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ««w;, 
bad,  +  a'tfia,  blood.]  A  morbid  state  of  the 
blood.  Also  spelled  cacJuemia. 

cachemic  (ka-ke'mik),  a.  [<  cachemia  +  -if.] 
Afflicted  with  cachemia.  Also  spelled  cacha^nir. 

cachemire  (kash'mer),  w.  A  French  spelling 
of  caxhmere. 

cache-pot  (kash'pot),  ».  [<  F.  cacher,  hide,  + 
pot,  pot.]  An  ornamental  pot  or  covering  for 
concealing  a  common  flower-pot  containing 
plants  kept  in  an  apartment. 

cachet  (ka-sha'),  «.  [F.,  <  cacher,  hide:  see 
cache1,  n.]  A  seal.  Lettre  de  cachet,  in  Frmch 
hint.,  a  letter  or  order  under  sea]  ;  a  private  letter  of  state  : 
a  name  given  especially  to  a  written  order  proceeding  from 
and  signed  by  the  king,  and  countersigned  l-y  a  secretary  of 
state,  and  used  at  first  as  an  occasional  means  of  delaying 
the  course  of  justice,  but  later,  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  as  a  warrant  for  the  imprisonment 
without  trial  of  a  person  obnoxious  for  any  reason  to  the 
government,  often  for  life  or  for  a  long  period,  and  on 
frivolous  pretexts.  Lettres  de  cachet  were  abolished  at 

the  Revolution. 

cachexia  (ka-kek'si-S),  n.  [NL.  :  see  cachexy-] 
Same  as  eachejr;/. 

cachexy  (ka-kek'si),  ii.  [<  NL.  cnchejria,  <  Gr. 
Kaxt'ia,  <  Ka/.of,  bad,  +  ff<f,  habit,  <  fj«v,  have.] 
A  morbid  condition  of  the  body,  resulting 
either  from  general  disease  (as  syphilitic  ca- 
chexy) or  from  a  local  disease  —  Negro  cachexy, 
a  propensity  for  eating  dirt,  peculiar  to  the  natives  of  the 
West  Indies  and  Africa. 

cachibou  (kash'i-bo),  n.  [Native  name.]  An 
aromatic  resin  obtained  from  liurmra  ijummi- 
fera,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and 
Central  America.  It  resembles  carauna.  from 
an  allied  tree  of  the  same  region.  Also  called 
chibou. 


cachinnation 

cachinnation  (kak-i-na'shon),  n.  [<  L.  cacliin- 
ntitio(ti-),  <  I'ltclniinarc,  pp.  cachinnatus,  laugh 
loudly  or  immoderately  ;  imitative,  like  Gr.  «*- 
%a&iv,  Kay^d^Fiv,  and  Kaj^a/'im',  and  AS.  eeahhe- 
tan,  of  same  sense.  Cf.  E.  cackle,  gaggle,  gig- 
gle, chuckle,  and  coug)i.~\  Loud  or  immoderate 
laughter. 

Hideous  grimaces  .  .  .  attended  this  nniuiual  cochin- 
nation.  Scott,  Guy  Maimerlng. 


750 


cacoon 


laying  an  egg  or  by  a  goose  when  excited  or  cacoepy  (kak'6-ep-i),  «.     [<  Gr.  naKocireia,  faulty 
alarmed. 

Those  Spanish  Creoles,  however  they  may  afterwards 
cackle,  like  to  lay  their  plans  noiselessly,  like  a  hen  in  a 
barn.  G.  W.  Cable,  Old  Creole  Days,  p.  94. 

When  every  goose  is  cackling.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  i. 
2.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise  like  the  cack- 
ling of  a  goose  ;  giggle. 


language,  <  /ca/cdf,  bad,  +  eiroc.,  word.]  Incor- 
rect pronunciation ;  mispronunciation :  opposed 
to  orthoepy. 

Orthoepy  is  entirely  independent  of  phonology,  and 
phonology  finds  in  orthoepy  only  the  materials  upon  which 
it  works,  which  indeed  it  finds  no  less  in  caeofini. 

Ji.  G.  White,  Every-day  English,  p.  40. 


Nic  grinned,  cackled,  and  laughed  till  he  was  like  to  kill  cacoe'thes  (kak-o-e'thez),  n.    [L.,  <  Gr.  i 


A  sharp,  dry  ctn-fiinnalwn  appealed  to  his  memory. 

Hawthorne,  Twice-Told  Tales. 

cachinnatory  (ka-kiu'a-to-ri),  a. 
mire:  see  cachinnation.]  '  Of  or  pertaining  to 
cachinnation ;  relating  to  or  consisting  in  loud 
laughter. 

To  which,  of  course,  I  replied  to  the  best  of  my  cachin- 
iiatiiry  powers.  Kuhixr,  Pelham,  xxxvi. 


cacholong(kash'o-long),£    [Saidtobe<  Co* 
me°a  '' 


himself.  Arlnd/inot,  John  Bull. 

3.  To  prate;   prattle;   tattle;  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.     Johnson. 
L.  cachiii-  cadrte  (kak'l),  n.     [<  cackle,  ?.]     1.  The  shrill 

bntm-nfr    rrt  /70  L  _  '         J 

repeated  cry  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

The  silver  goose  before  the  shining  gate 
There  flew,  and  by  her  cackle  sav'd  the  state. 

Dryden,  ^Eneid,  viii.  872. 

2.  Idle  talk;  silly  prattle.  cacogalactia (kak"o-ga-lak'ti-a 

There  is  a  buzz  and  cackle  all  round  regarding  the  ser-     fca_K"r,  bad,^+  }-a/<a  (ya/laKr-),  mi 


Thackeray,  Ne 


an  ill  habit,  neut.  of  Ka/£o?/<%,  ill-disposed,  ma- 
lignant, <  KaKof,  bad,  ill,  +  i/Oof,  habit,  custom : 
see  ethics.']  A  bad  custom  or  habit ;  a  bad  dis- 
position—  Cacoe'thes  loquendl,  a  mania  for  talking  ; 
morbid  desire  for  gossip  or  speechmaking.—  Cacoe'thes 
scribendi,  a  morbid  propensity  for  writing ;  an  itch  for 
authorship.  The  phrase  is  taken  from  Juvenal  (Satires, 
vii.  52). 

[NL.,<Gr. 
milk.]     Inpathol., 


a  bad  condition  of  the  milk. 


cholong,  i          _ 

pearl-opal,  usually  milk-white,  sometimes  gray- 


',  often  caned  cackler  (kak'ler),  «.     1.  A  fowl  that  cackles,  cacogalia  (kak-o-ga'li-a),  n. 

1C  I  1 IHCS  J^J'Jt  ^  ~       4  i .  ,.          //  /i ,,  .,L  ij  pa  (*f\Sff\  atl*!/*    f  Irnlr  f\  era  «'t Tit  ^ 

lltrl .       t/0/tHoOH.  ^ctl/UgctSlilltf    ^iiajA-O-gdrs    LI  IK  J 


[NL.]     Same  as 


_  .  [Old  slang.] 

conimori  chalcedony,  the  two  minerals  being  united  by  in-  cacKV1  (kak  i),  V.  andw.     Same  as  COCK1. 
sensible  shades.  caco  (ka-ko  ),  n.    A  Brazilian  mining  term  for 

cacholot,  n.     See  cachalot.  the  sugary  quartz  found  in  some  gold-veins. 

eachou(ka-shp'),  «.    [F. :  see  cashew.]  A  sweet-  caco-.     [L.  etc.  caco-,  <  Gr.  /ca/cof,  bad.]     An 


Pertaining  to  a  disordered  stomach;   charac- 
terized by  dyspepsia ;  dyspeptic. 

The  woes  that  chequer  this  imperfect  cacogastric  state 
of  existence.  Carlyle,  Misc.,  III.  221. 


the  breath. 

cachucha  (ka-cho'cha),  11.     [Sp 
clid),  a  dance,  also  a  kind  of  cap, 
ica)  a  small  boat.]     1.  A  Spanish 
lar  to  the  bolero. — 2.  A  musical  piece  in  triple 
rhythm,  like  the  bolero. 


bad,  _+  X°A>I!  bile.]    A  morbid  state  of  the  bile.     Hal,  as  a  monstrosity,  or  of  later  development, 
Same  as  cacocholia.     as  a  tumor. 

,  <  Gr.  Kan6(,  cacographic  (kak-o-graf'ik),  a.    [<  cacography 
..      ...  .     .     Indigestion  or     +  -»e.]     1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  cacography  or 

deprave_d  chylification.  bad  writing;  ill-written.— 2.  Pertaining  to  or 


p.  (>  Pg.  caehu-  cacocholyt  (ka-kok'o-li),  «.  Same  as  ct 
i,  also  (in  Amer-  cacochyha  (kak-o-kil'i-a),  «.  [NL.,  < 
iish  dance  simi-  bad,  +  ^u/ldf,  juice:  see  chyle.']  Indig 


rhythm,  like  the  bolero.  cacochylyt  (ka-kok'i-li),  n .    Same  as  cacochylia.     characterized  by  bad  spelling ;  wrongly  spelled, 

cacnunde  (ka-chon'de),  M.     [Sp.,  =Pg.  cachon-  cacochymia  (kak-o-kim'i-a),  n.     [NL.,  also  in  cacographical  (kak-o-graf'i-kal),  a.    Same  as 


rie.~\  A  medicine  composed  of  many  aromatic 
ingredients  (musk,  amber,  cutch,  mastic,  aloes, 
rhubarb,  etc.),  highly  celebrated  in  India  and 


E.  form  caopehyniy,  <  Gr.  KctKo^vuta,  <  /ca/cdf,  bad,     cacographic. 

+  xvpof,  juice :  see  chyme.]    A  morbid  state  of  cacography  (ka-kog'ra-fi).  n.     [=  F.  cacogra- 

the  fluids  of _the  body;  "abundance  of  corrupt    phie,  bad  spelling,  a  "collection  of  ill-spelled 


body  vitiated,  especially  the  blood. 


genus  of  American  oscine  passerine  birds, 
the  caciques,  of  the  family  Ictfridie,  compre- 
hending numerous  species  of  Mexico  and  Cen-  chymia. 

tral  and  South  America,  typical  forms  of  which  cacodemon,  cacodaemon  (kak-o-de'mpn), 
have  a  large  bill,  very  stout  at  the  base,  rising     [ML.  cacodtemon,  an  evil  spirit,  <  Gr. 
upon  the  forehead  somewhat  like 
Such  are  C.  persicus  (Linnseus)  and 
rhous  (Liiinseus).    Now  usually  spe 
cus. —  2.  A  genus  of  Coleoptera,  of  the  family 
Melasomidce. 

cacique  (ka-sek'),  n.  [=  F.  cacique,  <  Sp.  Pg. 
cacique,  of  Haytiau  origin.]  1.  The  title  of 
native  princes  or  head  chiefs  of  Hayti,  Cuba, 

1  >      .*  . .        ~\/T i J      _  J.1 • .  it      » 


Pyrenees,  and  perhaps  of  Basque  ongin.]    A 


II.  H.  A  dyspeptic ;  one  suffering  from  eaco-    kind  of  pannier  in  the  form  of  a  seat,  fixed  on 

the  back  of  a  mule  or  horse,  for  carrying  travel- 
ers in  mountainous  districts,  or  sick  or  wounded 
persons.  It  is  composed  of  strong  iron  rods  with  joints, 


Hie  thee  to  hell  for  shame,  and  leave  this  world, 
Thou  cacodcemon!  Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3. 


2.  In  med.,  the  nightmare.—  3.  In  astrol.,  the 
twelfth  house  of  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the 
heavens:  so  called  from  its  signifying  dread- 


f—  ---------  —  .,.-,  «-™,  - 

Peru,  Mexico,  and  other  regions  of  America,     ful  things,  such  as  secret  enemies,  great  losses, 
who  were  found  reigning  there  when  these     imprisonment,  etc.     E.  Phillipa,  1706. 
countries  were  discovered  by  the  Spaniards,  cacodemonial  (kak//o-de-m6'ni-al),  a.     [<  caco- 
Also  applied  to  the  chiefs  of  independent  tribes     demon  +  -i-al.]     Pertaining  to  or  characteristic 
of  Indians  in  modem  times.  —  2.  In  the  Funda-     of  a  cacodemon  or  evil  spirit. 
mental  Constitutions  of  Carolina,  1669,  a  digui-  cacodemonize   (kak-o-de'mon-iz),  r.  t.  ;    pret. 
tary  of  the  next  rank  to  the  landgraves.    There     and   pp.   eaeodemonized,   pp'r.   cttfodemonizing. 
were  to  be  two  in  each  county.  —  3.  A  bird  of     [<  cacodemon  +  -ize.~\     To  turn  into  a  cacode- 
the  genus  Cacicus  (which  see).  mon.     Southeu. 

Also  written  cassiqne,  cazique,  cazic.  cacodoxical  (kak-o-dok'si-kal),  a.     [<  cacodoxy 

cack1  (kak),  v.  i.     [Also  cacky,  cackie;  <  ME.     +  -too?.]     Erroneous;  heretical. 


Cacolet,  or  Mule-chair. 

united  by  bands  of  strong  cloth,  the  arrangement  of  the 
bauds  affording  sufficient  elasticity  to  permit  the  occu- 


Cf. OF.  coca,  excrement.]     Human 'excrement:  cacodyl,  cacodyle  (kak'6-dil,  -dil),  «.     [<  Gr. 

n«l]«    l\7  in  tho  i\l  111.0 1          rQnrt*-«l»   1  /.s 1 ! ^-T-_j*.ti/.*          '  *        ^*-^ 


usually  in  the  plural.     [Scotch.] 

cack2  (kak),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  shoe- 
makers' name  for  an  infant's  shoe. 

cackerelt  (kak'er-el),  11.  [<  OF.  caquerel,  ca- 
garel,  said  to  be  from  same  root  as  cacti  (OF. 
caca,  n.).]  A  fish  which  was  said  to  void  ex- 
crements when  pursued ;  according  to  some,  a 
fish  which  when  eaten  produces  laxness  of  the 
bowels.  Skinner;  Johnson. 

cackie  (kak'i),  v.  and  «.     Same  as 

t.  and  pp.  cackled,  ppr 


having  a  bad  sinell  (<  Kaxof,  bad,  + 
oCew,  smell),  +  v^ti,  matter.]  Dimethyl  ar- 
sine,  As(CH3)2,  a  metalloid  radical,  a  com- 
pound of  arsenic,  hydrogen,  and  carbon,  it 
was  first  obtained  in  a  separate  state  as  dicacodyl  Aso 
(CH3)4,  by  Bunsen  In  1837,  and  formed  the  second  in- 
stance of  the  isolation  of  a  compound  radical,  that  of  cy- 
-  ••  by  (fay-  Uissac  being  the  first.  It  is  a  clear  liquid 


< 


evil-speaking,  abuse,  vitupera- 
.  Of,  speaking  evil,  slanderous,  < 
Ktucof,  bad,  +  ?iycn>,  speak.  The  rhetorical 
sense  is  modern.]  If.  An  evil  speaking.  Bai- 
ley, 1727. — 2.  A  bad  choice  of  words  in  writing 
or  speaking;  also,  vicious  pronunciation. 

Debated  with  his  customers,  and  pretended  to  correct 
their  cacolotiy,  provincialisms,  and  other  defects. 

Faute,  In  Jon  Bee's  Samuel  Foote. 

[Mex.]     See  Bas- 


•ackle  (kak'll   r   i  •  nrot   nnrl  nr>  f,,^l-la,i  maoie  in  air.    AlKarsin  is  the  protoxid  of  cacoi 

«7^-/f,  »       r/'in?      '  Pi  i  ,PP-  Cl"^le^'  PPr-      written  kalml,,l,  tnlmlvle.     See  alkartin. 

Ml  C  '  J«  /      T c«fc^I"»,caWe»  =  ,D;  katele><  cacodylic  (kak-6-dil'ik),  a.     [<  cacod,,l 
=  MLG.  kakelen  LG.  kakeln  =  G.  kakeln  =  Sw.     Containina-  the  basic  radical  rGmoJvlJ 


___  ......  ___  ____  _ 

heavier  than  "water   and  refracting  light  strongly.  ""its  cacomixl  (kak'6-mik-sl),  w. 

srnell  is  msnpportably  offensive  (whence  its  name),  and  its      ,„,.,•,    i 

vapor  is  highly  poisonous.    It  is  spontaneously  innam-     '  '     ,,    ,  ,-     .     ,  _  .  _ 

Caconym  (kak  p-nim),  w.      [<  Gr.  MZAuf,  bad,  + 
omfia,  omfia,  a  name.]     A  bad  name  for  any- 


.  - 

mable  In  air.    Alkarsin  is  the  protoxid  of  cacodyl.    Also 


thing ;  a  name  which  is  in  any  way  undesirable 
or  objectionable.     Coues. 

to 


.        . 

a  noisy  succession  of  thin,  shrill,  broken  notes  • 
specifically  used  of  the  cry  made  by  a  hen  after 


[Bare.] 
Mjiru-llous  cacffcononiff  of  their  government. 

Sydllrf/  .Sun 


beans  of  the  Kiitada  xcanaeug,  natural  order 
Leguminosw,   used   for  making  scent-bottles, 


cacoon 

purses,  etc.—  Antidote  cacoon,  a  name  (riven  In  Ja- 

niiii.-ii  1"  tlii'  l-'fuillea  rnnlif'ilia,  a  woody  cucurbit 
cliinhi  T  nf  tropi.-al  Am.  rica.    The  large  ieedi  are  pun:a- 
tlve  mul  em.-tie,  ami  are  used  u  a  popular  remedy  tot 
various  diseases.  and  as  an  antidote  again  '  the  potoon  of 
(he  iiianchineel.  Rhul  toxicodtndrm.    See  FttOU*. 

cacophonia(kak-o-tY>'ni-ii),  «.    [NL.]    MBWM 

0000pAOMf. 

cacophonic,  cacophonical,  cacophonious  (k»k- 

O-fon'ik,  -fon'i-kal,  -fo'ni-us),  «.      Same  as  M- 

ooplunotu, 

cacophonous  (ka-koi"o-ims),«.    [<  ar.MMfci- 
IVK;,  harsh-sounding  :   sec  eooopfcmy.]    Bound- 

in'g  hiirshly  ;  ill-.soiindinir;  discordant:  opposed 

III  l-HlillOlliOHK. 

cacophony  (ka-kof'o-ni),  «.;  pi.  Moqp 

(-ni/.).  [<  XL.  fari>i>li<inia,  <  Gfr.  naiuxfru 
Mik-ityuwif,  harsh-sounding.  <  «IK<>C,  bad,  + 
sound,  voice;  in  antithesis  to  euphony.]  1.  A 
combination  of  discordant  sounds  ;  specifically, 
in  r/iet.,  a  faulty  choice  or  arrangement  of 
words,  producing  inharmonious  or  discordant 
combinations  of  soun'ds,  or  too  great  frequency 
of  such  combinations  as  are  for  any  reason  un- 
pleasant to  the  ear;  also,  the  uncouth  or  dis- 
agreeable sound  so  produced  :  the  opposite  of 


The  Lancashire  folk  speak  quick  and  curt,  omit  letters, 
or  sound  three  or  tour  words  all  together  :  thus,  I  wou  • 
dldd'n,  or  I  woiid.vi-d.rd.  is  a  oowpAoay  wbic-h  stands  for 
I  wish  you  would  !  /.  D'lirarli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  171. 
2.  In/xiWiof.,  a  depraved  voice  ;  an  altered  state 
of  the  voice. 

cacoplastic  (kak-o-plas'tik),  a.     [<  Gr.  «•*, 
bad,  +  irfaoruAf.  <  RvUMrtff,  verbal  adj.  of  vMta- 


,  . 

aeiv,  form  :  see  plastic.  Cf  .  Gr.  KOKuTr/aoTof  ,  ill- 
conceived.]  In  pittltol.,  susceptible  of  only  a 
low  degree  of  organization,  as  the  indurations 
resulting  from  chronic  inflammation,  fibrocar- 
tilage,  cirrhosis,  etc.  Dunglison. 

cacopragia  (kak-o-pra'ji-S,),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  KO- 
Koximyiu,  ill-doing,  <  Komrparft,  adj.,  ill-doing. 
<  IMJKOC,  bad,  +  trpdaMW  (•/  •«w)i  do.]  Disease 
of  those  viscera  which  minister  to  nutrition  ; 
depraved  condition  of  the  organic  functions. 

cacopragy  (ka-kop'ra-ji),  n.  Same  as  caco- 
/iraaiii. 

cacosomium  (kak-6-so'mi-um),  ».;  pi.  cacoso- 
min  (-»).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  mutt,  bad,  +  auua,  body.] 
A  lazaretto  for  leprosy  and  other  incurable  dis- 
eases. 

cacosyntheton  (kak-o-sin'the-ton),  «.  [L.,  < 
Gr.  nanAf,  bad,  +  avvfaroi;  a  compound,  neut.  of 


751 

Cactaceae  (kak-ta'se-e).  «.  i>I.  [NL.,  <  cactus  + 
-uri'ii:  I     A  very  peculiar  order  of  American 
polypetalouH  dicotyledonous  plants,  tin-  eaetu- 
or  Indian-fig  family.   They  are  green  and  flesh > 
ly  withiiut  true  leaves!  are  ulolmlar  or  columnar  or  Joint- 
ed,    and     are     usually     arm.  .1 
with   bundles   of    spines.      The 
flowers  have  numerous  sepals, 
petals,  and   stamens,   and   are 
often    large    and    v.-ij     showy. 
Ih,     fruit    is  usually  a    pulpy 
Ix-rry,    with    nunierons    seeds, 
in  -.fluently    large    and    i-diMc. 
They  are  natives  mustljr  of  dry 
and    hot   regions,    win  n 
form  a  prominent  and  eharac- 
teri.tic  part  of   the  vcu.-tiition 
The  principal  genera  (all  former- 
ly included    in    the   single    Lin- 
nean  genus  Cactut)  are  .l/.i .«»'  n 
l:i,  in,   Mrli^artiu,   and   AV/n'n.i- 
caetut,  which  are  globose  or  oval 
plants,  sometimes  gigantic  ;  O- 
mu,  often  climbing  or  erect  and 
columnar,    sometimes   arlures- 
cent  and  30  to  SO  feet   high; 
Opuntia,  Jointed  and  with  the 
joints  often  flattened ;  and  /•/.•// 
locactui,  which  is  frequently  cul- 
tivated In  greenhouses  for  Its 
large  flowers,  as  are  also  other 
genera,  l»th  for  their  flowers 
and  their  curious  forms.    <>/•"  " 
i  in,  the  prickly  pear,  U  the  only 
genus  found  wild  in  the  north- 
ern 1'iiited  states.     The  order 
is  of  little  economic  value, 
cactaceous  (kak-ta'shius), 
a.    [<  NL.  "cactaceus.    See 
Cactacear.]     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
Cactacea*. 

cactal  (kak'tal),  a.  [<  cactus  +  -/</.]  In  lot., 
of  or  belonging  to  the  cactus  group  or  order  of 
plants :  as,  the  cactal  alliance, 
cacti,  ii.  Plural  of  cartn.t. 
cactin.  cactine  (kak'tin),  n.  [<  cactus  +  -in2, 
-IMI'-'.]  The  red  coloring  matter  extracted  from 
the  fruit  of  some  of  the  cacti, 
cactus  (kak'tus), ». ;  pi.  cacti  or  cactuses  (-ti,  -tus- 
ez).  [L.,  <  Gr.  KOKTOC,  a  prickly  plant.]  The 
old  and  Linnean  name  for  the  group  of  plants, 
considered  a  single  genus,  which  now  form  the 
order  Cactacea*.  In  popular  use  the  name  (with  its 
plural  cacti)  is  still  applied  to  members  of  this  order 
without  distinction.  The  cochineal  cactus  is  the  Ommtia 
Tuna,  Sopalea.  coehinillifera,  and  other  species  cultivated 
for  the  cochineal  Insect ;  the  hedgehog  cactus,  species  of 
EchiiioaKtu* ;  the  melon  or  melon-thistle  cactus,  species 
of  Melocactta ;  the  nipple  cactus,  species  of  Jlammiuaria  ; 


caddls 


Also 


used   for  furniture,  flooring,  packing-boxes,  etc. 

cadan  (kad'ani.  a.     [E.  dial.;  another  form  of 
,-,iiWi //'-',  q.  v.|    A  local  English  name  for  the 

|,-y  ,,f  tli al-fish.      Also  called  i-iiililin. 

CadaSt,  «-      -\»  old  spelling  of  iw/i/i'.-l. 

cadaster,  cadastre  (ka-das'ter),  ».    [<  l 

diixlri',  <>F.  i-ii/idnxtri'  =  Sp.  i-<iln*/i-<>  =  Pg.  ca- 

dil.ill'ii  —  It.  i'<lt«--li''>.  I'llluit"  (Ml.,  n-ll'  -X 

/ni HI,  cataxtHiii),  <  ML.  us  if  'raiiitiixtruiii,  a  sur- 
vey and  valuation  of  real  property,  prop,  a 
register  of  the  poll-tax  (cf.  ML.  rni>ilulariuin.  a 
cadaster,  <  ivi/<i7«/iii;i.  a  .-hapter:  see 
lary),  <  L.  caput  (cii/iit-),  head:  see  ca/iut, 
tnl*,  etc.]  A  register  of  the  real  projierty  of 
a  country  or  region,  with  the  extent,  value, 
and  ownership  of  each  holding  or  lot,  serving 
as  si  basis  of  taxation;  a  kind  of  Doomsday 
Book. 


,        ,  ,          . 

aic,  put  together:  see  tfUftMtol     A  faulty 
composition,  or  joining  together  of  words  in  a 
sentence.     .V/Wini,  1617.     [Rare.] 
cacotechny  (kak'o-tek-ni),  ii.     [<  Gr.  mKo-rXvia, 
<  XOKW;  bad,  +  rV-jw/,  art.]     A  corruption  or 
corrupt  state  of  art.     [Bare.] 
cacothymla  (kak-o-thim'i-a),  «.     [NL.,  <  Gr. 
noKitivuia,  malevolence,  <  Munif,  bad,  +  9vuo(, 
mind.]     In  patho!.,  a  disordered  state  of  the 
mind. 
cacothymy  (ka-koUi'i-ini),   ii.     Same  as  caco- 

t  It  i/iiiiii. 

cacotrophy  (ka-kot'ro-fi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ««of,  bad, 
+  rftA  iiourishmenf.]  In  puthol.,  disordered 
nutrition. 

cacoxene  (kak'ok-seu),  ».  [<  Gr.  aurtfevof,  un- 
friendly to  strangers,  inhospitable,  <  tattt,  bad, 
+  "('vof,  a  stranger,  a  guest.]  A  yellowish  silky 
mineral,  occurring  in  fibrous,  radiating  tufts. 
It  is  a  hydrous  phosphate  of  iron,  and  is  found  in  the  iron 
ore  of  Bohemia,  to  which  its  presence  is  an  injury  (hence 
it-,  name).  Also  written  kakoxt  ne,  MosMM. 

cacoxenite  (ka-kok'sen-it),  «.  [<  <-<H-<U-I  •»>•  -t 
-io-'-'.]  Same  as  CIH-I/JV-HI-. 

cacozyme  (kak'o-zim),  H.  [<  Gr.  lioicor,  bad,  4 
;™//.  leaven.]  A  microscopic  organism,  such 
as  the  bacteria,  capable  of  producing  disease. 


oeocacui  ;      e  np      c, 

the  night-hloomlng  cactus  (or  night-blooming  cereus), 
Cerent  yraruliflmnu,  and  other  species  ;  the  old-man  cac- 
tus, Cereim  ftfntti*,  etc. 

cactus-wren  (kak'tus-ren),  ».  The  name  given 
by  Coues  to  the  wrens  of  the  genus  Campjllo- 
rhyiichus,  from  their  frequenting  and  nesting 
in  cactuses.  The  brown-headed  cactus-wren  Is  C.  brua- 
neicavUlut;  the  St.  Lucas  cactus-wren  Is  C.  o^lnw.  There 
are  numerous  other  specicsof  Mexico  anil  Central  America. 
See  cut  under  Cainin/lurbirnchti*. 

cacumen  (ka-ku'men),  H.;  pi.  cacumiiia  (-nu- 
na).  [L.,  the  top,  peak,  summit,  point.]  The 
top  of  anything,  (a)  In  the  pharmacopeia,  the  top 
of  a  plant.  (6)  In  omi<.,  the  culrnen  of  the  vemiis  supe- 
rior of  the  cerebellum.—  Folium  cacumlnll.  See  /«- 


in  i. 

cacuminal  (ka-ku'mi-nal),  «.  [<  L.  encumen 
(cuciiiinii-),  top,  peak,  summit,  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  a  top  or  summit. 

cacuminatet  (ka-ku'mi-nat),  r.  t. 
miiKitiix.  pp.  of  cacuminare,  inake  pointed,  <  c«- 
••«»«•«  (c«cMi»iw-).  point.]     To  make  sharp  or 
pointed.     Coles,  1717. 

cad  (kad),  «.  [Prob.  short  for  Sc.  cadte,  cadihe, 
rtiiltlu.  an  errand-boy,  etc.:  see  MAM.]  1.  A 
boy,  a  fellow  :  a  general  term  of  slight  contempt 
applied  originally  to  various  classes  of  persons 
of  a  low  trade,  (n)  An  errand-boy  ;  a  messenger.  ('•) 
A  l.ri.klaycrs  assistant,  (f)  A  thimble-riggers  confed 
enite. 

I  will  appear  to  know  no  more  of  you  than  one  of  the 
end,  of  the  thimble-rlg  knows  of  the  pea-holder.    T.  Hook. 


<</)  A  loafer;  a  haiwei  on  ul,ont  inn-yards,    (j)  A 
ger  taken  up  surreptitiously  by  a  stage-coach  driver  br 
his  own  perquisite.    (.0  The  c-ndiictor  of  an  omnibus. 
The  conductor,  who  is  vulgarly  known  as  the  ,W. 

Mfljlti''lf'- 

2    A  mean,  vulgar,  ill-bred  fellow  of  whatever 
social  rank  :  a  term  of  great  contempt. 

There-  a  set  ..f  .-«•'«  in  that  club  that  will  say  anything. 

' 


cadacet    »-    An  old  spelling  of  rnilili.^. 
cadamba  (ka-tlam'ba),  «.    [Hind.  n«MM    A 

i-iiliiaceous  tree  id'  India.  MMMM  or  Antlnx-t- 
/(/HI/II.S  •  Cin/iiHifta,  often  mentioned  by  the  poets 
of  that  i-OHiltrv.  It  IK-HI-S  inimeron..  -.mall  >.-llowi»h- 
l,i-own  Mow.-i>  .-oiled,  d  i"  dense  balls.  The  deep-yelk* 
u,  ,,,,1  ii(  this  and  other  -l-'eics.  also  called  rinlnuiln.  \- 


It  Is  certain  that  the  great  eadtutre  or  Domesday  Book, 
the  terror  of  Inhabited  Kngland,  was  treated  as  th« i  rejrla- 
tcr  of  the  exchequer.  Snryc.  Bnt.,  IX.  174. 

cadastral  (ka-da.s'tral),  a.     [<  cadaxtrr  4-  -al] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a' cadaster;  according  to  or 
for  the  purposes  of  a  cadaster;  having  refer- 
ence to  the  extent,  value,  and  ownership  of 
landed  property  as  a  basis  for  assessment  for 
fiscal  purposes:  as,  a  cadaxtrat  survey. 
cadastratlOU  (kn-das-tra'shpn),  n.     The  act  of 
making  a  cadaster;  detailed  official  surveying. 
What  is  required  Is  a  public  and  compulsory  system  of 
land  registration,  based  upon  careful  cailtutratina. 

Edinburfih  Krv,,  CLXV.  a. 

cadastre,  ».    See  cadaxter. 

cadaver  (ka-dav'er),  n.  [=  F.  cadavre  =  811. 
Pg.  cadaver  =  It.  cadavere,  cadavero,  <  L.  cada- 
ver a  corpse,  <  cadere,  fall.  Cf.  Gr.  irruua,  a 
corpse,  <  vivrtiv,  fall.]  A  dead  body ;  a  corps*' : 
as,  "a mere  cadarrr,"  Boyle;  especially,  a  body 
prepared  or  used  for  dissection. 

Xot  one  of  these  writers  would  have  treated  .  .  .  a 
work  on  the  science  of  anatomy  as  a  collection  of  rules 
for  making  iKines  or  for  pn>cHring  cadaver*. 

S.  LaaifT,  The  English  Novel,  p.  33. 

cadaveric  (ka-dav'er-ik),  a.    [<  cadaver  4-  -ic.] 

1.  Relating  to  a  dead  body;  pertaining  to  or 
derived  from  the  changes  induced  in  a  corpse 
by  putrefaction :  as,  cadaveric  phenomena. 

The  researches  that  have  brought  the  catlareric  alka- 
loids ...  to  light.  Pop.  Sri.  Mo.,  XX.  442. 

2.  Resembling  a  cadaver  or  dead  body;  ca- 
daverous—  Cadaveric  rigidity.    Same  as  rigor  mar- 
tin (which  see,  under  riftor). 

cadaverine  (ka-dav'er-iu),  «.  [<  L.  cadaverinus, 

<  cadaver,  a  corpse:   see  cadaver.]     Same  as 
cadaveric. 

cadaverous  (ka-dav'er-us),  o.  [<  L.  cadarero- 
KUX,  corpse-like,  <  cadaver,  a  corpse:  see  co- 
daver.]  Pertaining  to  a  dead  body;  especial- 
ly, having  the  appearance  or  color  of  the  body 
of  a  dead  person ;  pale ;  wan ;  ghastly. 

A  cadawrmu  man,  composed  of  diseases  and    com- 
plaints, t'elthain,  Resolves,  11.  31. 
A  pale  railarrrout  face.          Marryat,  Snarleyyow,  I.  I. 

cadaverously  (ka-dav'er-us-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
daverous manner. 

cadaverousness  (ka-dav'er-us-ues),  ».  The 
quality  of  being  cadaverous. 

cadawt,  "-    See  caddoir. 

cad-bait  (kad'bat),  n.    [Less  correctly  cad-bate ; 

<  cud  for  caddis'*  +  ftflrt1,  ».]     Same  as  caddis- 
irorm. 

caddast,  »•    Se»  caddis*. 

caddawt,  ».    See  caddou: 

caddet,  »•     See  kadi. 

caddew,  ».    See  cadd,.^. 

caddice1,  »•    >•*'<•  eaaalt1. 

caddice'2,  ».    s*>e  eaddu*. 

caddice-fiy,  «•     See  caddis-fly. 

caddie  (kad'i),  ».  [Sc..  also  written  caddy, 
ciida  (and  abbr.,  with  extended  use.  cad,  q.  v.); 
prob.,  with  accent  shifted  from  second  to  first 
syllable,  <  earlier  i-ader,  <  K.  cadtt.  a  young- 
er brother.]  1.  A  cadet.— 2.  A  boy.  especially 
as  employed  in  running  errands ;  hence,  specifi- 
cally, one  who  gains  a  livelihood  by  naming 
errands  or  delivering  messages;  also,  one  who 
carries  the  clubs  of  persons  ]. laying  at  golf. 
[Scotch.] 

caddis1,  caddice1  (kad'is),  «.  [Formerly  Od* 
dux.  c,idd,x.  ME.  cadas  (>  AF.  cadu::  mod.  r . 
,-iidix.  <  E.);  prob.  of  Celtic  origin:  cf.  Ir. 
i  iael.  ,'ndan,  cotton,  W.  eadax,  a  kind  of  cloth. 

Hence    K.  IW/IV.    a    coarse    woolen     s.-1-f.'e.]       If. 

Klo.-k  or  waddint:  of  any  tiln-oiis  material  for 
MiifliiiK.  lMiniba>liim.  and  the  like,  used  in  the 
fifteenth  century  and  later. 

(•«,/««.  liouibiciliiillli.  I'ruiui*.  Parr.,  p.  ;.T. 


caddis 

2.  A  kind  of  lint  for  dressing  wounds.  Jamie- 
so». — 3f.  Wool  used  for  coarse  embroidery, 
nearly  like  the  modern  crewel. 

Caddax  or  mile,  sayettc.  Palsgrave. 

4f.  A  kind  of  worsted  tape  or  ribbon. 

The  country  dame  girdeth  hir  self  e  as  straight  in  the  wast 
with  a  course  caddis,  as  the  Madame  of  the  court  with  a 
silke  riband.  /,/,•///.  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  220. 

Caddissex,  cambrics,  lawns.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3. 

5f.  A  kind  of  coarse  woolen  or  worsted  stuff, 
(a)  The  variegated  stuff  used  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land.   Johnson.    (6)  A  coarse  serge. 
Eight  velvet  pages,  six  footmen  in  cadis. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  ill.  6. 

caddis-,  caddice2  (kad'is),  n.  [Called  by  va- 
rious similar  names,  as  caddy,  caddew,  cadcii), 
cad-bait,  cod-bait;  origin  obscure.]  The  larva 
of  the  caddis-fly.  See  caddis-worm. 
caddis-fly,  caddice-fly  (kad'is-fli), «.  An  adult 
or  imago  of  one  of  the  neuropterous  insects  of 
the  suborder  Trichojitera,  and  especially  of  the 
family  I'hri/ganeidce.  In  Great  Britain  the  insect  is 
also  called  Maii-flii,  from  the  usual  time  of  its  appearance  ; 
but  in  the  United  States  the  May-fly  is  one  of  the  Ephe- 
meridos.  See  caddix-trortn. 

caddis-gartert  (kad'is-gar"ter),  n.  [<  caddis1 
+  garter.]  A  garter  made  of  caddis.  Shak. 
See  caddis1,  1. 

caddish  (kad'ish),  a.  [<  cad  +  -ish^.]  Like  a 
cad;  ungentlemanly. 

caddis-shrimp  (kad'is-shrimp),  n.  An  am- 
phipodous  crustacean  of  the  genus  Cerapus, 
family  Corophiida!.  The  species  are  so  named  because 
they  live  in  tubes  formed  of  agglutinated  sand  and  mud, 
which  they  carry  about  with  them,  thus  resembling  cad- 
dis-worms. 

caddis-worm  (kad'is-werm),  n.  The  larva  of 
the  caddis-fly.  It  is  also  called  caddis  or  caddice,  cad- 
bait,  cadew,  cade- 
worm,  and  case- 
worm,  names  de- 
rived from  the  case 
or  shell  which  the 
larva  constructs  for 
itself  of  various  for- 
eign substances,  in- 
cluding small  sticks, 
stones,  shells,  etc. 
The  grub  lives  under 
water  till  it  is  ready 
to  be  transformed 
into  the  fly,  is  very 
voracious,  devour- 
ing large  quantities 
of  fish-spawn,  and  is 
extensively  used  by 
anglers  for  bait. 

:addle    (kad'i), 
v.  t. ;    pret.   and 
pp.  caddled, 
cuddling. 

dial.,  var.  of  coddle.]  1.  To  coax;  spoil.— 2. 
To  attend  officiously. —  3.  To  tease;  scold;  an- 
noy. [Prov.  Eng.] 

caddie  (kad'i),  n.  [E.  dial.,  <  caddie,  v.]  A 
dispute ;  contention ;  confusion  ;  noise. 

caddow  (kad'6),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  caddaw,  < 
ME.  cadoice,  cadaiv,  cadavie,  appar.  <  ca,  Tea,  kaa, 
co,  a  chough,  -f-  daw:  see  coe,  chough,  and  daw2.] 
A  chough;  a  jackdaw.  Say.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

caddy1,  «.    Same  as  caddie. 

caddy2  (kad'i),  «.     Same  as  caddis2. 

caddy3  (kad'i),  n. ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).  [E.  dial.] 
A  ghost ;  a  bugbear.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

caddy4  (kad'i),  ». ;  pi.  caddies  (-iz).  [A  cor- 
ruption of  catty,  q.  v.]  1 .  Originally,  a  box  con- 
taining a  catty  of  tea  for  exportation ;  hence, 
any  small  package  of  tea  less  than  a  chest  or 
half-chest. —  2.  A  box  for  keeping  tea  when  in 
use.  Tea-caddies  contain  commonly  one,  two, 
or  more  canisters  made  of  metal.  Hence  —  3. 
Any  jar  or  canister  for  holding  tea. 

cade}  (kad),  n.  [<  ME.  cade,  cad,  a  lamb;  cf. 
E.  dial,  cad,  a  young  pig ;  Icel.  kad  (Haldorsen), 
a  new-born  child.]  If.  A  domesticated  animal ; 
a  pet.  See  cade-lamb. — 2.  A  sheep-tick. 

cade1  (kad),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  coded,  ppr. 
cading.  [<  cade1,  n.]  To  bring  up  or  nourish 
by  hand,  or  with  tenderness.  Johnson. 

cade2  (kad),  n.  [<  ME.  cade,  <  F.  cade  =  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  cado  (cf.  OBulg.  kadi  =  Serv.  kada  = 
Buss,  kadi  =  Lith.  Icodis  =  Hung,  kad),  <  L. 
cadus,  a  jar,  a  liquid  measure,  <  Gr.  jtddor,  a  jar, 
a  liquid  measure.]  1.  A  barrel  or  cask.— 2. 
A  measure  containing  500  herrings  or  1,000 
sprats. 

Cade.  We  John  Cade,  so  termed  of  our  supposed  father  — 
Dick.  Or  rather,  of  stealing  a  cade  of  herrings 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2. 

I  tooke  and  weighed  [an  Epistle]  in  an  Ironmonger's 
scales,  and  it  counterpoyseth  a  Cade  of  Herring  and  three 
Holland  Cheeses.  Nash,  Haue  with  you  to  Saffronwalden. 

cade3  (kad),  n.     [F. :  see  cade-oil.]     Juniper. 


Caddis-fly  and  Worms. 
i.  Caddis-fly.    s.  Larva  in  case  formed  of 


. 

strawordrygrass-stalks.  3.  In  case  fo 
of  small  stones.  4.  In  case  formed  of  g 
roots.  5.  In  case  formed  of  shells. 


ed 


752 

cadeeH,  »•     Same  as  cade  ft,  2. 

cadee-t,  «.    See  k«iH. 

cade-lamb  (kad'lam),  «.      [<  ME.  "cade-Jamb, 

*cadtamb,   kod-Iomb;  <  carfe1  +  lamb.]     1.  A 

domesticated  lamb ;  a  pet  lamb. 

He  brought  his  cade-lamb  with  him  to  moss. 

Sheldon,  Miracles,  p.  224. 

2.  A  pet  child.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

cadelle  (ka-del'),  n.  [P.,  appar.  <  L.  catellus, 
fern.  catcUa,  a  little  dog,  dim.  of  catitlus,  a  young 
dog,  a  whelp.  Cf.  LL.  catus,  a  cat:  see  cat.] 
A  French  name  of  the  larva  of  a  beetle  of  the 
family  TrogositicliB,  the  Trogosita  mauritanica. 
It  is  about  J  of  an  inch  long,  is  whitish,  with  scattered 
hairs,  and  has  a  horny  black  head  with  two  curved  jaws. 
It  is  extremely  destructive  in  granaries,  and  is  often  im- 
ported with  grain  into  countries  where  it  is  not  indi- 
genous. 

cadenas  (kad'e-nas;  P.  pron.  ka-de-na'),  n. 
[F.,  <  OF.  cadenas,  cadenat,  cadenau,  a  padlock, 
<  It.  catenaccio,  a  padlock,  a  bolt  or  bar  of  a 
door,  <  catena,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena, 
chain.]  In  the  middle  ages  and  later,  a  casket, 
with  lock  and  key,  to  contain  the  articles  used 
at  table  by  a  great  personage,  such  as  knife, 
fork,  spoon,  salt-cellar,  and  spices.  Early  examples 
have  commonly  the  form  of  a  ship  (whence  such  were  often 


cadenette 

portion  observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions. 

—  7.  In  her.,  descent;  a  device  upon  the  es- 
cutcheon by  which  the  descent  of  each  member 
of  a  family  is  shown. — 8.  Proportion.     [Rare 
and  poetical.] 

A  body  slight  and  round,  and  like  a  pear 
In  growing,  modest  eyes,  a  hand,  a  foot 
Lessening  in  perfect  cadence. 

Tennyson,  Walking  to  the  Mail. 

Broken  cadence,  in  music,  an  interrupted  cadence.— 
False  cadence,  the  closing  of  a  cadence  in  another 
chord  than  that  of  the  tonic  preceded  by  the  dominant. 

—  Half  cadence.     Same  as  imperfect  cadence.     Also  call- 
ed half  close.—  Perfect,  complete,  or  whole  cadence, 
the  chord  of  the  dominant  followed  by  that  of  the  tonic; 
also,  the  chord  of  the  dominant  seventh  followed  by  that 


Perfect  Cadence. 


Imperfect  Cadence. 


of  the  tonic.  These  two  forms  of  the  perfect  cadence 
were  in  ancient  church  modes  called  authentic,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  plagal  cadence.  An  example  of  each 
form  in  C  major  is  here  given.  llhe  end  of  a  piece  should 
properly  be  a  -complete  cadence,  incomplete  and  inter- 
rupted cadences  being;  suitable  only  as  temporary  endings 
for  phrases  or  periods  in  the  midst  of  apiece.—  Imperfect 
cadence,  the  chord  of  the  tonic  followed  by  that  of  the 
dominant  ;  it  rarely  occurs  as  a  final  close.  —  Interrupted 
or  deceptive  cadence,  a  cadence  formed  by  a  chord 
foreign  to  that  which  was  expected,  thus  evading  the  close 
and  deceiving  expectation.  Thus,  in  the  example,  the 
second  chord  has  A  in  the  bass  instead  of  C,  which  is  nat- 
urally expected.  Also  called  suspended  cadence.  —  Medial 
cadence,  a  cadence  in  ancient  church  music  in  which  the 
mediant  was  the  most  important  note.  —  Mixed  cadence, 
a  cadence  in  which  a  subdominant  is  followed  by  a  domi- 
nant, and  this  by  a  tonic  chord  :  so  called  from  its  being  a 
combination  of  the  authentic  and  plagal  cadences  of  ancient 
church  music.—  Plagal  cadence,  a  cadence  which  con- 


pr. 

[E. 


Cadenas  of  a  Duke  of  Orleans,  I5th  century.    ( From  Viollet-le-Duc's 
"Diet,  du  Mohilier  francais."} 

called  nef  [F.  nef,  a  ship,  a  nave  :  see  nave]) ;  4hose  of  the 
Renaissance  are  generally  oblong  cases,  divided  into  com- 
partments. The  cadenas  was  placed  on  the  table,  beside 
the  person  who  was  to  use  it. 

cadence  (ka'dens),  »i.  [<  ME.  cadence  (=  It. 
cadenza,  >  F.  'cadence),  <  ML.  cadetitia,  lit.  a 
falling,  <  L.  caden(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cadcre,  fall: 
see  cadent.  Cadence  is  a  doublet  of  chance,  q. 
v.]  If.  A  fall;  a  decline;  a  state  of  falling  or 
sinking. 

The  sun  in  western  cadence  low.  Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  92. 
2.  A  fall  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking, 
as  at  the  end  of  a  sentence ;  also,  the  falling 
of  the  voice  in  the  general  modulation  of  tones 
in  reciting. — 3.  A  regular  and  agreeable  suc- 
cession of  measured  sounds  or  movements; 
rhythmic  flow,  as  the  general  modulation  of 
the  voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  or  of  natural 
sounds. 

To  make  bokes,  songes,  dytees, 
In  ryme,  or  elles  in  cadence. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  623. 
Blustering  winds,  which  all  night  long 
Had  roused  the  sea,  now  with  hoarse  cadence  lull 
Sea-faring  men.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  287. 

Another  sound  mingled  its  solemn  cadence  with  the 
waking  and  sleeping  dreams  of  my  childhood. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  ix. 
The  preacher's  cadence  flow'd, 
Softening  thro'  all  the  gentle  attributes 
Of  his  lost  child.  Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

Specifically — 4.  In  music:  (a)  A.  harmonic 
formula  or  sequence  of  chords  that  expresses 
conclusion,  finality,  repose,  occurring  at  the 
end  of  a  phrase  or  period,  and  involving  a  clear 
enunciation  of  the  tonality  or  key  in  which  a 
piece  is  written.  See  phrases  below,  (b)  The 
concluding  part  of  a  melody  or  harmony,  or 
the  concluding  part  of  a  metrical  line  or  verse: 
as,  the  plaintive  cadence  of  a  song.  Also  called 
a/all,  (c)  Especially,  in  France,  a  trill  or  other 
embellishment  used  as  part  of  an  ending,  or  as 
a  means  of  return  to  a  principal  theme.  Com- 
pare cadenza. — 5.  Measure  or  beat  of  any  rhyth- 
mical movement,  such  as  dancing  or  marching. 
—  6.  In  the  manege,  an  equal  measure  or  pro- 


interrupted  Cadence. 


Plagal  Cadence. 


sists  of  the  chord  of  the  subdominant  followed  by  that  of 
the  tonic  :  frequently  used  at  the  close  of  chants  or  hymn- 
tunes  with  the  word  "amen,"  and  sometimes  popularly 
called  the  amen  cadence. — Suspended  cadence,  an  in- 
terrupted cadence. 

cadence  (ka'dens),  T.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadenced, 
ppr.  cadencin'g.     [<  cadence,  n.]     To  regulate 
by  musical  measure :  as,  well-cadcnced  music. 
These  parting  numbers  cadenc'd  by  my  grief. 

Philips,  To  Lord  Carteret. 
Certain  cadenced  sotlnds  casually  heard. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  231. 

cadency  (ka'den-si),  n.  [Extended  form  of 
cadence:  see  ^sncy.]  1.  Regularity  of  move- 
ment; rhythmical  accord. 

But  there  is  also  the  quick  and  poignant  brevity  of  it 
[repartee]  to  mingle  with  it ;  and  this,  joined  with  the 
cadency  and  sweetness  of  the  rhyme,  leaves  nothing  in  the 
soul  of  the  hearer  to  desire. 

Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy. 
2.  In  her.,  the  relative  status  of  younger  sons. 
Also  brisure — Marks  of  cadency,  in  her.,  bearings 
used  to  distinguish  the  shields  of  the  second  son,  the  third 
son,  etc.  This  is  sometimes  effected  by  a  bearing  diner- 
ing  only  in  details  on  the  shields  of  the  different  sons,  as 
a  label  having  three,  four,  or  more  points,  to  mark  their 
respective  order.  It  is  also  effected  by  means  of  a  totally 
different  bearing.  Thus,  in  modern  times  it  has  been 
ordained  that  the  eldest  son  should  wear  a  label  during 
the  lifetime  of  his  father,  or  until  he  inherits  the  pater- 
nal shield,  without  marks  of  cadency  ;  the  second  son  a 
crescent,  the  third  a  mullet,  the  fourth  a  martlet,  the  fifth 
an  annulet,  the  sixth  a  fleur-de-lys,  the  seventh  a  rose,  the 
eighth  a  cross  moline,  the  ninth  a  double  quatrefoil.  The 
mark  of  cadency  may  become  a  permanent  part  of  the 
shield  if  the  younger  son  acquires  estates  of  his  own  and 
builds  up  a  family  of  consequence  ;  thus  the  bordure,  which 
is  originally  a  mark  of  cadency,  has  often  become  a  perma- 
nent bearing,  and  the  shield  which  contains  it  bears  new 
marks  of  cadency  when  borne  by  the  sons  of  its  possessor. 

cadene  (ka-den'),  ii.  [<  F.  cadeiie,  <  Pr.  cadcna, 
a  chain,  =  Sp.  cadena,  a  chain,  the  warp  in 
weaving,  <  L.  catena,  a  chain:  see  catena  and 
chain.]  A  common  kind  of  carpet  imported 
from  the  Levant.  E.  H.  Kiiifilil. 

cadenette  (ka-de-nef),  ».  [F. :  so  called,  it  is 
said,  in  tliu  1 7th  century,  from  Marshal  Cade- 
net,  who  particularly  affected  this  fashion.]  A 
love-lock,  or  tress  of  hair  worn  longer  than  tho 
others. 


cadent 


753 


Forth  thay  (  workers  In  the  vineyard]  goU 
Wrythen  it  worchen  A  don  gret  j>>  n-  . 

K<    I:!     '  A     Til.  HI    |lllakl'll|   Ilit    do-. 

Ml  iterative  Poenu(ed.  Morris),  i.  511. 
To  catlye,  a  term  In  making  hone-lace. 

Thoraby,  Letter  to  Ray  (1703). 

2.  To  bind  the  edge  of. 

I  cadge  a  garment,  I  >et  lyitei  In  the  lynyng  to  kepe  the 
plyghtes  In  order.  Paltgratt. 

3.  To  stuff  or  fill  :  as,  to  cadge  the  belly. 

II.  iiitranx.  To  stuff  one's  self  at  another's 
expense  ;  sponge  or  live  upon  another. 
cadge'-'  (kaj),  ».  ;  pret.  and  pp.  cadged,  ppr.  cadtj- 
iit</.  [K.  dial.,  prob.  a  var.  of  catch  in  the  sense 
of  'take'  (cf.  take  in  the  sense  of  'carry'). 
l'ii/i-li  hud  formerly  a  wider  range  of  meaning.] 

1.  trans.   1.  To  carry,  especially  to  carry  for 
sale;  hawk.—  2.  To  obtain  by  begging. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  hawk  goods,  as  in  a  cart 
or  otherwise.  —  2.  To  go  about  begging. 
cadge3t  (kaj),  u.     [Perhaps  a  var.  of  caye.]    A 
round  piece  of  wood  on  which  hawks  were  car- 
ried when  exposed  for  sale.     E.  PhiUiitx,  1706. 
cadger1  (kaj'er),  n.   [<  cadge'*  +  -cr1.]   If.  Origi- 
nally, a  carrier;  a  packman. 
A  cadger  to  a  mill,  a  carrier,  or  loader. 

Kay,  Collection  of  Eng.  Words. 

A  cadger  is  a  butcher,  miller,  or  carrier  of  any  other 
load.  Kennetl,  p.  86.     (llaUiiivll.) 

2.  One  who  carries  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  etc., 
to  market  from  the  country  ;  an  itinerant  huck- 
ster or  hawker.  —  3.  A  person  who  gets  a  living 


by  begging:  as,  "the  gentleman  cadger,"  Dick- 
s.   [Prov.  or  colloq.] 

(kaj'er),  H.     [<  cadge**  +  -erl;  but  cf. 


cadent  (ka'dent),  a.     [<  L.  cndcn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  cadge1!  (kaj),  r.     [<  ME.  cai/,/i  „,  caijen,  of  ob- 
cudfre  (in  late  popular  L.  cadi-re,  >  It.  cadcre=    scure  origin.]    I.  trans.  1.  To  bind;  tie. 
S|>.  caer  =  Pg.  cnir  =  Pr.  cazvr  =  OF.  chcoir, 
mod.  F.  choir),  fall,  =  Skt.  •/  ','"''•  '""•    Hence, 
from   L.  cndcrc,  ult.    K.  cmliiici.  i-lnnici.  <•<(/,<•', 
casual,  ciiilnri  r,  ncciilcnl.  incident,  Occident.  <•<<•.. 
decay,    decadence,  etc.]     1.    Fulling;   sinkiiu;. 
[Rare.] 

With  null-lit  tears  fret  channels  in  her  eln 

'(-.,    L>  :u.  I.  4. 

2.  In  asttrol.,  falling  from  an  angle:  applied  to 
the  third,   sixth,  ninth,  and   twelfth  nouses, 
which  follow  the  meridian  and  the  horizon. — 

3.  Specifically  applied  to  the  tenth  of  Professor 
H.  D.  Kogers's  fifteen  divisions  of  the  Paleozoic 
strata  of  Pennsylvania,  which  suggest  meta- 
phorically the  different  natural  periods  of  the 
day.     It  corresponds  to  the  Hamilton  group  of 
the  New  York  survey. 

cadenza  (ka-den'za),  n.  [It. :  see  cadence.}  In 
music,  a  more  or  less  elaborate  flourish  or  showy 
passage  introduced,  often  extemporaneously, 
just  before  the  end  of  an  extended  aria  or  con- 
certo, or  as  a  connective  between  an  interme- 
diate and  a  final  division.  It  is  always  intended  t.. 
display  the  technical  proficiency  of  the  performer,  and  to 
arouse  wonder  and  applause,  and  hence,  except  in  the 
hands  of  a  master,  is  often  deficient  in  intellectual  or  ex- 
pressive character,  as  well  as  incongruous  with  the  re- 
mainder of  the  piece.  Modern  composers,  therefore,  usu- 
ally write  out  cadenzas  in  full,  instead  of  trusting,  as  was 
customary  ill  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
to  the  taste  and  readiness  of  singers  and  players.  Also 
called  cadence. 

cade-oil  (kad'oil),  «.  [After  F.  huile  de  cade 
(ML.  oleum  de  cada,  oil  of  juniper;  G.  kaddiy- 
67):  huile,  oil  (see  ott);  de  (<  L.  de),  of;  cade 
(=  Pr.  cade  =  Sp.  cada  =  ML.  cada),  juniper, 
prob.,  like  G.  kaddiy,  kaddik,  <  Bohem.  hulii. 
juniper.]  An  oil  strong  with  empyreumatic 
principles,  extracted  from  juniper-wood  by  dis- 
tillation, and  used  in  France  and  Germany,  in 
veterinary  practice  and  in  human  therapeutics, 
for  eczema  and  other  skin-affections.  Also 
called  (til  of  cade. 

cader  (ka'der),  w.  [E.  dial.,  in  def.  2  also  spelled 
codar.]  1.  A  small  frame  of  wood  on  which  a 
fisherman  keeps  his  line. —  2.  A  light  frame  of 
wood  put  over  a  scythe  to  preserve  and  lay 
the  corn  more  even  in  the  swathe.  Halliircll. 
[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 

cadesset,  ».  An  obsolete  form  of  caddote.  Mar- 
lowe. 

cadet1  (ka-def ),  ii.  [In  17th  century  codec,  later 
Sc.  codec,  a  younger  son  (and  in  extended  sense 
cadie,  caddie,  etc. :  see  caddie  and  cad),  <  F. 
cadet,  a  younger  son,  <  OF.  dial,  capdet,  <  ML. 
capitellttm,  a  little  head,  dim.  of  L.  caimt  (<•«- 
I'll-),  head.  The  cadet  was  the  'little  head'  of 
his  own  branch  of  the  family,  in  distinction 
from  the  eldest  son,  the  'head'  of  the  whole 
family.  The  former  practice  of  providing  for 
the  younger  sons  of  the  French  nobility  by 
making  them  officers  of  the  army  gave  rise  to 
the  military  use  of  the  word.]  1.  The  younger 
or  youngest  son. 

He  [the  abbate]  was  the  cm/ft  of  a  patrician  family,  .  .  . 
with  a  polite  taste  for  idleness  and  intrigue,  and  for  whom 
no  secular  sinecure  could  be  found  In  the  State. 

Iliiiivlli,  Venetian  Life,  xxi. 

Hence  —  2.  One  of  the  younger  members,  or 
the  youngest  member,  of  any  organized  associa- 
tion or  institution. — 3.  One  who  carried  anus 
in  a  regiment  as  a  private,  but  solely  with  a 
view  to  acquiring  military  skill  preparatory  to 
a  commission.  His  service  was  voluntary,  but 
he  received  pay.  and  was  thus  distinguished 
from  a  volunteer. — 4.  A  young  man  in  train- 
ing for  the  rank  of  an  officer  in  the  army  or 
navy,  or  in  a  military  school.  Specifically— (n) 
One  who  is  under  training  lor  a  commission  iu  the  army 
or  navy  by  a  course  of  Instruction  and  military  discipline 
in  the  Vn'itcil  states  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  or 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  Cadets 
are  nominated  for  ail  mission,  after  examination,  by  the 
President  or  n  member  of  Congress.  (6)  One  who  is  under- 
going a  similar  course  of  instruction  ami  discipline  in  tin- 
Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich  or  the  lloyal  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  Sandhurst  in  Kngland.  the  numerous 
- "I'lci  -.lioitls  of  (iermany.  etc.  Corps  Of  cadets.  See 
fonts" 


_____  t'-'  (ka-def),  11.    An  East  Indian  bird,  . 

/>i/H<i  miles,  u  species  of  fire  honey-sucker,  of 

the  family  Xrcfariniidii: 
Cadet's  fuming  liquid.    See  «//,•«;>/«. 
cadetship  (ka-det'ship),  «.     [<  cadet1  +  -a/ii/i.  \ 

The  state  of  Wing  a  cadet;  an  appointment  as 

Mdet. 

cadew,  w.     Same  as  caddis-worm. 
cade-worm  (kad'werm),   H.     Same  as  caddis- 


48 


F.  cagier,  one  who  carried  about  falcons  and 
other  birds,  in  a  cage,  for  sale.}  The  bearer 
or  carrier  of  hawks. 

The  expected  pleasure  of  the  first  day's  hawking  was 
now  bright  in  his  imagination ;  the  day  was  named,  the 
weather  promised  well,  and  the  German  cadgers  and 
trainers  who  had  been  engaged  .  .  .  came  down. 

Ming  Edgeieorth,  Helen,  xvii. 

cadgy  (kaj'i),  a.  [K.  dial,  and  Sc.;  Sc.  also 
caidgy,  caigy,  cady,  keady;  prob.  <  Dan.  kaad 
=  Sw.  k&t,  wanton,  =  Icel.  kdtr,  merry,  cheer- 
ful.] 1.  Lively;  frolicsome. —  2.  Wanton. 

cadi1,  w.    See  kadi. 

cadi-,  H.    Plural  of  cadus. 

cadilesker,  «.     See  kadilesker. 

Cadillac  (kad-i-lak'  or  -lyak'),  n.  [F.,  named 
from  Cadillac,  a  town  in  Gironde,  France.]  A 
sort  of  pear. 

cadist,  »•    See  caddis1. 

Cadiz  lace.    See  lace. 

Cadmean  (kad-me'an),  a.  [<  L.  Caameus,  Cad- 
meiun,  <  Gr.  KaiS/jfiof,  relating  to  Kdrf/yof,  L.  Cad- 
mus."] Relating  to  Cadmus,  a  legendary  hero, 
founder  of  Thebes  iu  Bceotia,  who  is  said  to 
have  introduced  into  Greece,  from  Pheuicia, 
the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, a,  ft  y,  S,  e,  t,  K,  /..  /i,  v,  o,  ir,  p.  or,  T,  v, 
which  are  therefore  called  Cadmean  letters. — 
Cadmean  victory,  a  proverbial  phrase  for  a  victory  in 
which  the  victors  suffer  aa  much  as  the  vanquished :  per- 
haps from  the  myth  of  the  Ba-otian  dragon  slain  by  Cad- 
mus, and  the  threatened  attack  upon  him  by  the  armed 
men  who  sprang  from  its  teeth,  which  he  averted  by  in- 
ducing them  to  kill  one  another,  excepting  five  who  aided 
him  in  founding  Thebes;  or  from  the  contest  for  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Thebes  (the  Cadmean  city)  between  the  bro- 
thers Eteocles  and  1'olyniccs.  who  killed  each  other  in 
•  hid.  while  the  partisans  of  the  former  were  victorious, 
but  were  driven  from  the  city  on  the  renewal  of  the  war 
ten  years  later. 

cadmia  (kad'mi-a),  M.  [L.,  <  Gr.  xadutia,  naf/iia 
(sc.  jiji,  earth),  calamin,  fern,  of  Kaf/itioc.  Cad- 
mean, perhaps  as  equiv.  to  "Theban":  see 
Cadmean.  Cf.  calamin,  <  ML.  calainina,  a  cor- 
ruption of  L.  cadmia.']  A  name  used  by  old 
writers  (a)  for  the  native  silicate  and  carbo- 
nate of  zinc,  and  (6)  for  the  oxid  of  zinc  which 
collects  on  the  sides  of  furnaces  where  zinc 
happens  to  be  present  in  an  ore  and  is  sublimed. 

cadmiferous  (kad-mif 'e-rus),  a.  Containing 
cadmium. 

cadmium  (kad'mi-um),  «.  [NL.,  <  L.  cadmia : 
see  cadmia."]  Atomic  weight,  112.1;  chemical 
symbol,  Cd.  A  metal  discovered  by  Stromeyer 
in  1817,  resembling  tin  in  color  and  general  ap- 
pearance, and,  like  that  metal,  having  a  "cry" 
when  bent.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  cast  metal  is 
8.62 ;  of  the  rolled,  8.t».  Its  hardness  is  between  that  of 
gold  and  tin,  and  It  is  easily  rolled  to  sheets  or  even  to  very 
thin  foil.  It  fuses  at  about  the  same  temperature  as  tin, 
467'  K..  and  communicates  to  various  alloys  the  property 
of  fusing  at  very  low  temperatures.  (See  H'IMX/  *  inftnl. 
under  metal.)  If  8  to  10  per  cent,  of  cadmium  be  added 
to  Hose's  metal,  its  fusing-point  is  lowered  to  167*.  Cad- 
mium is  a  common  accompaniment  of  zinc  ores,  both 
blende  ami  calamin  ami  it  is  in  the  smelting  of  these 


caducibranchiate 

that  the  commercial  metal  Is  obtained,  which  It  done  al- 
most exclusively  In  Silesia  and  lielgluiu.  Some  kinds  of 
blende  contain  as  much  as  3  or  4  per  cent,  of  Rulphid  of 
cadmium.  Tills  metal  aim  ocean  by  Itself  naturally  In 
combination  with  sulphur,  forming  the  rare  mineral  called 
greenocklte  (which  ,  sulphuret  Is 

of  importance  as  furnUhinifa  brilliant  ami  iK-rinant-nt  yel- 
low color  called  cadmium  ycll.m  1-1  .  u  lo«  i.  TbUUUHd 
by  artists,  alto  In  coloring  soap,  and  to  some  extent  I  n  call 
ntlng;  It  U  also  uied  for  giving  a  yellow  liuUr  to 
the  surface  of  porcelain.  The  total  produce  of  cadmium 
U  supposed  to  be  about  two  tons  u  >-.n.  Cadmium 
blende,  tlic  mineral  j-riTii. 

cadmium-yellow  (kad' mi -urn  yc  I  »).  ».  A 
pigment  prepared  by  precipitutiii";  u  solution 
of  sulphate  of  cadmium  with  sulphurated  hy- 
drogen, forming  sulphid  of  cadmium,  u  varies 
In  shade  from  a  liuht  yellow  to  a  deep  orange,  and  all  its 
tones  are  very  clear  and  hriulit.  It  IHMMMCI  good  body 
and  U  permanent  to  light  and  air. 

cadrans  (kad'ranz),  ».  [Prop.  pi.  of  F.  cadrati, 
a  dial,  lit.  a  quadrant:  see  </uadritnt.]  In  gem- 
cutting,  a  wooden  instrument  by  which  a  gem 
may  be  adjusted  to  and  held  at  any  desin  <l 
angle  while  being  polished  or  cut. 

cadre  (kad'r),  n.  [F.,  a  frame,  <  L.  quadrum, 
a  square.]  A  skeleton  or  framework;  specifi- 
cally, in  France,  the  permanently  organized 
skeleton  or  framework  of  a  regiment  or  corps, 
consisting  of  the  commissioned  and  non-eom- 
missioned  officers,  musicians,  artificers,  etc., 
around  whom  the  rank  and  file  may  be  assem- 
bled at  short  notice. 

To  fill  the  catlm  of  the  army  a  well-trained  and  organ- 
lied  militia  stands  always  ready. 

,'.  K.  Soley,  Blockade  and  Cruisers,  p.  10. 

A  front  line  to  meet  immediate  attack  was  constituted 

from  the  remains  of  the  first  battalions  of  regiments, 

while  the  cadre*  of  the  second  battalions  were  posted 

along  the  line  of  Magdeburg-Erfurt  to  be  re-formed  there. 

Kdinbunjh  /(,•.-.,  CLXIV.  213. 

caducaryt  (ka-du'ka-ri),  «.  [<  L.  caducaritu, 
relating  to  properly  without  a  master,  <  ca- 
ducunt  (or  caduca  bona),  property  without  a 
master,  neut.  of  caducux,  falling,  fallen:  see 
caducous.]  In  old  late,  relating  or  subject  to 
escheat,  forfeiture,  or  confiscation. 

caducean  (ka-du'se-an), «.  [<  caduceug  +  -an.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  the  caduceus 
or  wand  of  Mercury. 

caduceus  (ka-du'se-us),  n.    [L.;  prob.  (d  for  r) 

<  Gr.  M/pi'itttor,  Doric  napvueiov,  -KIOV,  a  herald's 
staff,  ueut.  of  iaipi-Keiof,  of  a  herald, 

<  x^ptf,   Doric    na/>v$,  a   herald,   < 
wtpiaattv,  proclaim,  announce,  tell.] 
In  classical  myth.,  the  rod  or  wand 
borne  by  Hermes,  or  Mercury,  as  an 
ensign  of  authority,  quality,  and  of- 
fice.    It  was  originally  merely  the  (jreek 
herald's  staff,  a  plain  rod  entwined  with  Ill- 
lets  of  wool.    Later  the  fillcte  were  changed 
to  serpents ;  and  in  the  conventional  repre- 
sentations familiar  at  the  present  day  the 
caduceus  is  often  winged.    The  caduceus  is 
a  symbol  of  peace  and  prosperity,  and  In 
modern  times  figures  as  a  symbol  of  com- 
merce, Mercury  Iwiiig  the  god  of  commerce. 
The  rod  represents  power ;  the  serpents  rep- 
resent wisdom  ;  and  the  two  wings,  diligence     caduceut. 
and  activity.     In  heraldry  it  is  blazoned  as  a 

staff  having  two  serpents  annodated  about  it,  mutually 
reepectant,  and  joined  at  the  tails  ;  it  U  a  rare  bearing. 

In  his  hand 

He  tooke  Caduceug,  his  snakie  wand, 
With  which  the  damned  ghosts  he  govemeth 
And  furies  rules,  and  Tartan-  tempereth. 

Sffiuer,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  12D-2. 

caduciary  (ka-du'shi-a-ri),  a.    [A  var.  of  cadu- 
cary."\    1.  In  old  Roman  lane,  relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  forfeiture  or  escheat :  as,  caduciary  laws. 
The  purpose  of  the  eaduciary  law  was  to  discourage 
celibacy  and  encourage  fruitful  marriages. 

Kueyr.  Brit.,  XX.  710. 

2.  In  .Scots  late,  not  acquired  by  succession: 
applied  to  certain  rights. 

caducibranch  (ka-du'si-brangk),  a.  and  n.  [< 
L.  caductts,  caducous,  +  branchite,  gills.]  Same 
as  cadKcibranchiate. 

Caducibranchia  (ka-du-si-brang'ki-ft),  n.pl. 
Same  as  Cadiicibranchiata. 

Caducibranchiata  (ka-du'si-brang-ki-a'tft),  u. 
jil.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  caducibranchiatux~:  see 
cadu<-il>miii-l<iiitf.']  A  group  or  division  of  uro- 
dele  amphibians  whose  gills  are  caducous  (that 
is,  those  which  lose  the  gills  on  attaining  matu- 
rity), as  distinguished  from  I'crennibranchiata. 
which  permanently  retain  their  gills.  Maxilla- 
rles  are  developed,  and  both  jaws  are  dentigerous.  The 
group  Is  usually  ranked  as  an  order  or  a  suborder,  and  con- 
tains all  the  salamanders.  Contrasted  with  froltida  and 
TraffitiKtotnata . 

caducibranchiate  (ka-du-si-brang'ki-at),  a. 
and  n.  [<  NL.  caducibranchiatus,  <  L.  caducHs, 
caducous,  +  branchiae,  gills.]  I.  a.  Having 
caducous  branchiae  or  gills ;  losing  the  gills  on 
attaining  maturity :  applied  to  amphibians  such 


caducibrancbiate 

as  the  newts,  as  distinguished  from  perenni- 
brani'liiatf  amphibians. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Cadueibraitrliiata. 
Also  cfttlueibriinch. 

caducicorn  (ka-du'si-korn),  a.     [<  L.  caducus, 
deciduous,  +  coniu  =  E.  horn.']     Having  decid- 
uous horns  or  antlers,  as  deer. 
caducity  (ka-du'si-ti),  n.     [=  F.  caducite,  < 
ML.  caducita(t-)*,  lapse,  forfeiture,  lit.  a  falling, 
<  L.  caducus,  falling:    see  caducous.]      1.  A 
tendency  to  fall  or  decay;  hence,  the  period  of 
declining  life ;  senility;  feebleness;  weakness. 
A  heterogeneous  jumble  of  youth  and  caducity. 

Chesterfield,  Letters,  p.  390. 

In  a  miracle-play,  the  whole  life  of  a  saint,  from  the  cra- 
dle to  martyrdom,  was  displayed  in  the  same  piece  :  the 
youth,  the  middle  age,  and  the  caducity  of  the  eminent 
personage  required  to  be  enacted  by  three  different  actors. 
/.  D' Israeli,  Amen,  of  Lit.,  I.  393. 

2.  In  Louisiana  laic,  lapse;  failure  to  take  ef- 
fect: as,  the  caducity  of  a  will  from  the  birth 
of  a  legitimate  child  to  the  testator  after  its 
date;  the  caducity  of  a  legacy  from  the  death 
of  the  legatee  before  that  of  the  testator. 

caducous  (ka-du'kus),  a.  [<  L.  caducus,  fall- 
ing, fallen,  fleeting,  <  eadere,  fall:  see  cadciit."] 
Having  a  tendency  to  fall  or  decay.  Specifically  — 
(n)  Inzooi.,  falling  off ;  dropping  away  or  shedding ;  decid- 
uous, as  the  gills  of  most  amphibians,  themilk-teeth  of  most 
mammals,  the  antlers  of  deer,  etc.:  synonymous  with  de- 
ciduous, but  implying  an  earlier  or  speedier  falling  otf. 
(b)  In  bot.,  dropping  off  very  early,  and  so  distinguished 
from  deciduous,  as  the  sepals  of  the  poppy,  which  fall  at 
once  on  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

caduket  (ka-duk'),  a.     [ME., <  L.  caducus:  see 

caducous."]    Caducous;  perishing;  perishable. 

The  fruit  caduke  is  goodly  thus  to  cure. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  212. 

cadiis  (ka '  dus),  n. ;  pi.  cadi  (-di).  [L. :  see 
cnrfe2.]  In  classical  anttq.,  a  large  vessel  for 
the  drawing  and  transportation  of  liquids,  as 
wine,  oil,  etc.  It  was  of  conical  form  at  the  bottom, 
with  a  wide  mouth  and  an  arched  handle,  admitting  of  its 
use  as  a  bucket.  It  was  usually  an  ordinary  utensil  made 
of  coarse  red  pottery,  but  was  sometimes  made  of  bronze, 
silver,  etc. 

cady  (kad'i),  n.     See  caddie. 

caeca,  n.     Plural  of  ctecum. 

caecal,  cecal  (se'kal),  a.  [<  ctecum  +  -«(.]  1. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  csecum ;  of  the  nature 
of  or  resembling  a  ceecum :  as,  a  caxal  appen- 
dage.—  2.  Blind,  as  a  cul-de-sac  or  csecum; 
ending  blindly,  like  a  csecum :  as,  the  ca;cal  end 
of  a  duct. 

caecally,  cecally  (se'kal-i),  adv.  In  a  csecal 
manner ;  blindly ;  as  a  csecum,  diverticulum, 
or  cul-de-sac. 

In  the  former  [the  Articulata]  .  .  .  the  intestine  ends 
ccecally.  It.  A.  Nicholson. 

caecid  (se'sid),  n.  A  gastropod  of  the  family 
Ca:cidw. 

Caecidae(se'si-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,<  Ccecum  + -id(e.~\ 
A  family  of  tsenioglossate  gastropods,  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  C&cum.  The  animal  has  a 
long  flat  rostrum,  short  tentacles  with  their  bases  in  front 
of  the  eyes,  and  a  short  narrow  foot ;  the  shell  is  tubiform 
and  curved,  and  the  operculuin  multispiral.  The  family 
is  remarkable  for  the  combination  of  the  sausage-like  shell 
with  the  soft  parts ;  it  is  generally  placed  near  the  Tur- 
ritellidcK.  The  species  are  widely  distributed  in  the  sea, 
but  are  not  often  collected,  on  account  of  their  small  size. 

Caecidotea  (se"si-do-te'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  cascus, 
blind,  +  Ido- 
tea,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  blind 
isopod  crusta- 
ceans, without 
optic  ganglion 
or  nerve,  c. 
stijgia  is  a  species 
abundant  in  the 
Mammoth  and 
other  caves  in 
Kentucky.  It  re- 
sembles a  depau- 
perate specimen 
of  Axellu*,  with 
longer  and  slen- 
derer body  and 
limbs,  and  is  re- 
ferred to  the  fam- 
ily Asellidw. 

Cascigenae  (fee- 
sij'e-ne),  n.iil. 
[NL.,  <  L.  C<K- 
cigenus,  born 
blind,  <  cwcus, 
blind,  +  -ge- 
nus, -born,  < 
f/ignere,  bear.] 
A  subdivision 
of  hemipterous  a  the 

insects.  AISO  natural  size  ;  b,  inner  short  antenna,  highly 
1'ivr'iii, '„',:!•  magnified;  c,  pedicellate  organisms  attached 

( <  tfft  ttttl  .  to  antenna. 


754 

Caecilia  (se-sil'i-a),  ».  [L.,  a  kind  of  lizard 
(called  by  'Pliny  "cwctts  serpens),  <  catcus,  blind. 
Cf.  Ca-cilius,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens,  fern. 
Ccecilia.']  1.  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Cfcciliidce.  C.  lumbricoides  of  South  America  is 
a  typical  example.  Often  spelled  Coecilia.  —  2. 
[1.  c.]  A  member  of  the  genus  Cwcilia  ;  a  cee- 
cilian.  —  3.  [NL.]  In  entom.,  same  as  Cteciliim. 

Caeciliadae  (se-si-li'a-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Cee- 
cililda'. 

Cseciliae  (se-sil'i-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Ccecilia.] 
A  group  constituted  by  the  family  Cceciliida!. 

caecilian  (se-sil'i-an),  a.  and  n.  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  "Cwciliidce. 

II.  n.  A  worm-like  amphibian  of  the  family 
CmciKidai. 

caeciliid  (se-sil'i-id),  n.    Same  as  cacilian. 

Caeciliidae  (se-si-li'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Catcilia 
+  -idee.  ]  A  family  of  serpentif  orm  amphibians 
having  no  limbs,  nor  even  pelvic  or  pectoral 
girdles.  They  are  covered  with  small  scales  embedded 
in  ring-like  folds  of  the  skin,  or  are  naked  ;  their  eyes  are 
generally  rudimentary  or  concealed,  their  anus  is  termi- 
nal, and  they  have  gills  in  early  stages  of  development. 
The  vertebra)  are  amphicnelons,  and  the  notochord  is  per- 
sistent. There  is  no  sternum  ;  the  ribs  are  short  and  very 
numerous  ;  the  tongue  is  short  and  fleshy  ;  and  the  teeth  are 
sharp  and  recurved.  The  family  alone  constitutes  an  order 
variously  named  Ophionwrpha,  Gymnaphiona,  Paeitdophi- 
dia,  Apoda,  etc.  It  contains  14  genera.  Ccecilia  is  the  prin- 
cipal one,  occurring  in  .South  America  ;  5  others  are  South 
American,  3  Asiatic,  and  5  African.  More  than  30  species 
are  known.  Some  of  the  Cceciliidoe  attain  a  length  of 
several  feet  ;  they  burrow  in  the  ground,  and  sometimes 
take  to  the  water.  According  to  some,  they  live  on  vege- 
table matter  ;  according  to  others,  upon  worms  and  insect- 
larvie.  Often,  but  erroneously,  spelled  Coe-cUiidtz;  also 
CceciliadoK,  Ctvcilidix. 

caecilioid  (se-sil'i-oid),  a.  and  n.    I.  a.  Resem- 
bling or  having  the  characters  of  the  (  'ceciliida;. 
it.  n.  Aewcilian;  a  csaciliid. 

Caecilius  (se-sil'i-us),  n._  [NL.  (cf.  L.  Cascilius. 
a  Roman  gens),  <  L.  ctecus,  blind.]  A  genus 
of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  division  Corro- 
dent ia  and  family  Psocidce.  The  species  are 
small  pale  yellowish-green  insects,  found  in 
gardens.  Also  Ccecilia. 

eaecitis  (se-si'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  ctecum  +  -itis.~] 
In  pathol.,  inflammation  of  the  ctecum  ;  typhli- 
tis. 

caecity  (se'si-ti),  «.  [<  L.  caicita(t-)s,  blindness, 
<  ctecus,  blind.]  See  cecity. 

caecum,  cecum  (se'kum),  ».  ;  pi.  cceca,  ceca  (-ka). 
[L.  (sc.  intestiniim),  lit.  the  blind  (gut),  neut.  of 
C<FCUS,  also  written  cecus,  blind.]  1.  In  human 
an  at.,  the  blind  pouch  or  cul-de-sac  which  is 
the  beginning  of  the  colon,  into  which  the  ileum 
opens,  and  to  which  the  vermiform  appendage 
is  attached.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  rudiment  or 
vestige  of  the  corresponding  large  formation  of  some 
animals.  See  cut  under  intcxtine. 
2.  In  zodl.,  any  cfecal  diverticulum  or  intesti- 
nal appendage  ending  in  a  cul-de-sac.  See  cuts 
under  Astemidea  and  ink-bag.  In  mammals  there  is  but 
one  csecum,  sometimes  of  enormous  extent,  as  in  the  rumi- 
nants and  herbivorous  species  generally.  It  is  given  off 
from  the  colon  at  the  point  where  the  small  intestine  en- 
ters it.  In  birds  there  are  usually  two  crcca  ;  sometimes 
one  csecum,  attaining  great  size  in  some  cases,  as  of  the 
herbivorous  geese  ;  sometimes  none.  There  being  no  ob- 
vious distinction  between  the  ileum  and  the  colon  in  birds, 
the  site  of  the  creca  or  caecum  is  taken  as  the  beginning  of 
the  colon.  In  fishes  cseca  are  often  numerous  and  large. 
A  cardiac  csecum  forms  a  prolongation  of  the  cardiac  end 
of  the  stomach  in  the  blood-sucking  bats  of  the  genus 


shol 


. 

3.  leap.']  [NL.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Catcidw  __  Cardiac  csecum.  See  cardiac. 

caelometer  (se-lom'  e-ter),  »i.  [<  L.  ctelitm, 
ccelum,  the  sky,  heaven,  +  metrum,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  used  to  illustrate  the  elemen- 
tary principles  of  astronomy.  Also  spelled  cce- 
lometer. 

casnation.  n.    See  cenation. 

Caenogaea  (se-no-je'a),  ».  [NL.,<  Gr.  natvof, 
recent,  +  yala,  land.]  In  zoogeog.,  a  great  di- 
vision of  the  earth's  land-surface  and  fresh  wa- 
ters, consisting  of  the  Nearctic,  Palearctic,  and 
Indian  realms,  thus  collectively  contrasted  with 
Eogaia  :  so  called  from  the  modern  aspect  of  the 
faunas.  Also  spelled  Cenogttn. 

Caenogaean  (se-no-je'an),  a.  [<  Camogaia  + 
-«».]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Catnogtea.  Also  spell- 
ed Cenoaa'ait. 

Caenozoic,  Cenozoic  (se-no-zo'ik),  a.  [Also 
written  kaino-,  after  the  Greek;  <  Gr.  K<uv6c, 
new,  recent,  +  fw#,  life.]  In  geol.,  containing 
recent  forms  of  life:  applied  to  the  latest  of 
the  three  divisions  into  which  strata  have  been 
urranged  with  reference  to  the  age  of  the  fos- 
sils they  include.  The  Ccenozoic  system  embraces  the 
TtTtiary  and  Post-tertiary  systems  of  British  geologists, 
exhibiting  recent  forms  of  life,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
J/cwcou-,  exhibiting  intermediate,  and  the  Paleozoic,  an- 


Caesarism 

cient  and  extinct,  forms.  It  corresponds  nearly  with  what 
has  been  called  the  age  of  mammals.  Also  written  Caino- 
zoic,  Kainazoic. 

The  local  continental  era  which  began  with  the  Old  Red 
Sandstone  and  closed  with  the  New  Red  Marl  is  ...  later 
than  the  New  Red  Marl  and  all  the  Cainozoic  or  Tertiary 
formations.  J.  Croll,  Climate  and  Time,  n.  343. 

Caen  stone.    See  stone. 

caer-,  car-.  [W.  caer,  wall,  fort,  castle,  city.] 
A  prefix,  signifying  fortified  wall  or  castle,  oc- 
curring in  place-names  in  Wales  and  parts  of 
western  and  northern  England:  as,  Caerleon, 
Cardiff,  Carnarvon,  Carlisle. 

Caereba,  «.    See  Cozreba. 

Caerebinae,  n.  pi.    See  Carebince. 

caerimoniarius  (ser-i-mo-ni-a'ri-us),w.;  pi. 
cterimoniarii  (-1).  [NL.,  <  L.  cwrimonia,  cere- 
mony: see  ceremony.]  A  master  of  ceremonies; 
in  the  Bom.  Cath.  Ch.,  an  ecclesiastic  whose 
duty  it  is  to  be  present  at  solemn  episcopal 
functions  in  order  to  see  that  no  confusion  oc- 
curs and  that  no  errors  are  committed  in  ritual 
or  ceremonies. 

caerulet,  caerulean,  etc.     See  cerute,  etc. 

caeruleus  morbns  (se-ro'le-us  mor'bus).  [NL.] 
The  blue-disease.  See  cyanosis. 

Caesalpinia  (ses-al-pin'i-a),  ».  [NL.,  after 
Andreas  Caisalpimis  (1519-1603),  a  celebrated 
Italian  botanist  and  physician.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  natural  order  Leguminosce.  The  species 
are  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  with  showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  bipinnate 
leaves,  and  usually  more  or  less  prickly  stems.  They 
yield  various  dyewoods  and  astringent  products  useful  in 
tanning,  as  the  brazil-wood  of  tropical  America  (from  C. 
echinata,  etc.),  the  sappan-wood  of  India  (from  C.  Sa^»a«), 
and  the  divi-divi  pods  and  algarovilla  of  South  America 
(from  C.  tinctoria  and  C.  brevifolia).  C.  pidcttenrima  is 
planted  for  ornament  and  for  hedges,  and  the  seeds  of  C. 
Bonducella  are  well  known  as  nicker-nuts.  The  genus  is 
now  made  to  include  several  old  genera,  as  Gmlandina, 
etc. 

Caesar  (se'zjir),  n.  [L.  Caesar,  later  written 
Caisar,  orig.  a  proper  name,  afterward  equiv. 
to  'emperor';  whence  Gr.  Kaiaai>  =  Goth,  kai- 
sar  =  OHG.  Tceisar,  MHG.  Tceiser,  G.  kaiser  =  AS. 
casere,  ME.  eaiser,  kaiser,  keiser  =  OS.  kesar,  ke- 
sur  =  OFries.  kaiser,  keiser,  NFries.  keser  =  D. 
keizer  =  Icel.  keisari  =  Sw.  kejsare  =  Dan.  kejser 
=  Turk.  J;ayser  =  OPol.  czar,  now  car  (pron.  tsar) 
=  Russ.  tsarl  (>  E.  tsar,  tzar,  czar,  q.  v.),  etc., 
all  in  the  sense  of  '  emperor'  or  '  king.'  The  ori- 
gin of  L.  Ca'sar  is  uncertain;  cf.  caisius,  bluish- 
gray  (of  the  eyes),  also  used  as  a  proper  name  : 
see  caisious.]  1.  A  title,  originally  a  surname 
of  the  Julian  family  at  Rome,  which,  after  being 
dignified  in  the  person  of  the  dictator  C.  Julius 
Csesar,  was  assumed  by  successive  Roman  em- 
perors, and  finally  came  to  be  applied  to  the 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne,  in  the  same 
manner  as  Augiistus  was  added  as  a  title  to  the 
name  of  the  reigning  emperor.  The  title  was  per- 
petuated in  the  Kaixer  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  a  dig- 
nity first  assumed  by  Charlemagne. 
Hence  —  2.  A  dictator;  a  conqueror;  an  em- 
peror; an  absolute  monarch. 

And  she  shall  be  sole  victress,  Caesar's  Ccenar. 

Shah.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  r.  [<  Ccesar,  ».]  I.  intrans.  To 
imitate  Caesar;  assume  dictatorial  or  imperial 
power.  [Rare.] 

II.  trans.  To  make  like  Csesar;  raise  to  im- 
perial power.  [Rare.] 

Crowned,  he  villifies  his  own  kingdom  for  narrow  bounds, 
whiles  he  hath  greater  neighbours  ;  he  must  be  Ccemred  to 
a  universal  monarch.  Rev.  T.  Adatm,  Works,  I.  491. 

Caesarean,  Caesarian  (se-za're-an,  -ri-an),  a. 
[<  L.  Ccesarianus,  relating  to  Ca'sar;  tut  the 
obstetric  use  is  prob.  to  be  referred  to  L.  ccesus, 
pp.  of  cwdere,  cut.  Cf.  eesura."]  Pertaining  to 
or  characteristic  of  Csesar.  Also  spelled  Cesa- 
rean,  Cesarian, 

Hooker,  like  many  another  strong  man,  seems  to  have 
had  a  Ca&arean  faith  in  himself  and  his  fortunes. 

M.  C.  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  I.  190. 

Caesarean  section  or  operation,  in  midvrifery,  the  ope- 
ration by  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of  the  uterus  by  an 
incision  through  the  parietes  of  the  alKlomen  and  uterus, 
when  the  obstacles  to  delivery  are  so  great  as  to  leave  no 
alternative  :  said  (doubtfully)  to  be  so  named  because  Ju- 
lius Ciesar  was  brought  into  the  world  in  this  way. 
Caesarism  (sp'ziir-izm),  n.  [<  Ca-sar  +  -ism.] 
Government  resembling  that  of  a  Ceesar  or  em- 
peror ;  despotic  sway  exercised  by  one  who  has 
been  placed  in  power  by  the  popular  will  ;  im- 
perialism in  general. 

His  [Bismarck's]  power  has  become  a  sort  of  ministerial 
Ccesarism.  Lorn,  Bismarck,  II.  556. 


Their  charter  had  .  .  .  introduced  the  true  Na 
idea  of  Casarwin  into  the  conduct  of  municipal  affaire  ; 
.  .  .  the  essential  condition  In  1'iexnrixin  "a*  Ilic  success 
of  Uie  CVsar.  S.  A.  Itn:.  CXX.  174. 


Caesarize 

Csesarize  (se'/.iir-i/,),  r.  /. ;  prot.  and  pp.  Caaar- 
/:<•<!,  j>pr.  ('(Fxnri  mi/.  [<  Caxar  +  -i:e.]  To 
rule  as  a  Ciesur ;  I  vranni/.c  ;  pliiy  the  ( 'tesiir. 

Caesaropapism  (se/'/.iir-o-pa'pizm),  w.     [<  L. 

I'nviir,  Ciesiu',  emperor,  +  Ml>.  /»'/»',  pope,  + 
-/.SHI.]  The  supremacy  of  the  secular  power 
over  ecclesiastical  matters. 

l.utli'T  never  Mknowtodfed  GtMWVMptflM  or  Krastlan- 
iwin  us  a  principle  unil  an  a  right.       /*.'»ri/r.  /iriV.,  X\'.  *o. 

caesious  (sii'zi-us),  «.  [<  L.  etesius,  bluish-gray.] 
Lavender-colored;  pale-blue,  with  a  slight  mix- 
ture of  gray. 

caesium  (so  /.i-um),  H.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  co-mutt, 
blailh-gnr.]  Chemical  symbol,  Cs;  atomic 
weight,  132.8.  A  rare  metal  discovered  by 
Bunson  and  Kirchhoff  by  spectrum  analysis  in 
the  s;i  I i ne  waters  of  Dttrkheim  in  Germany,  and 
subsequently  in  other  mineral  waters,  it  has 

M.  rar  liccu  touted,  anil  is  only  knciwn  ill  combination. 
It  is  a -stroll;;  l>a>e  t.rl.iimin-.  with  potMriant  sodium,  lith- 
ium,ami  niiiiiliiini,  to  the groiipof  alkali  metals,  o-iiun. 
iiieoiiiieeli.ni  uith  MiMdiimi,  is  found  must  abundantly  in 
i  In-  lepldolite  of  II.. IM  .  .11.  Muim?.  The  oxalate  anil  nitrate 

llf  (M'silllll  ;i|-('   used   ill   lilrilii  inr. 

caespitose,  caespitosely.     See  cespitose,  cespi- 

loxt'ltf. 

caespitous  (ses'pi-tus).  a.    Same  as  cespitose. 
caestus,  «.    See  cestus*. 
caesura,  caesural,  etc.    See  ccsura,  cesvral,  etc. 
cafast,  «•     [F.  cnfax  (Cotgrave).]     A  kind  of 

course  taffeta. 
caf6  (ka-lVi'),  H.     [F.,  coffee,  a  coffee-house ;  = 

E.  cofft-c,  q.  v.]     1.  Coffee. —  2.  A  coffee-house ; 

a  restaurant. 

I  dined  In  a  caff  more  superb  than  anything  we  have 
an  Idea  of  in  the  way  of  coffee-houses. 

Sydney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 

Cafe  chantant  (ka-fa  shon-toh'),  In  France,  a  public  place 
<if  entertainment  where  the  guests  are  regaled  with  music, 
siniiiiin,  etc.,  alui  served  with  li«ht  refreshments.  Such 
establishments  often  consist  of  open-air  inclosurcs  planted 
with  trees,  under  which  the  ({nests  sit  In  summer,  while  the 
singers,  etc.,  perform  on  a  stage.  Also  called  caft  cuneert,. 
Cafe  noir  (ka-fa  nwor ),  black  cotfec;  a  strong  Infusion 
nt  <  nti'iT  drunk  clear,  usually  at  the  close  of  a  meal. 

cafecillo(ka-fa-sel'y6),  w.  [Mex.]  The  Mexican 
name  of  a  species  of  Citharetylum,  a  verbena- 
ceous  tree,  the  seeds  of  which  when  roasted  have 
the  combined  flavor  of  coffee  and  chocolate. 

cafeine  (kaf'e-in),  n.  [Formed  as  caffein.]  The 
trade-name  of  a  mixture  of  roasted  grain  and 
chicory  ground  together  and  sold  as  coffee. 
lie  Colange. 

cafetal,  cafetale  (kaf 'e-tal,  kaf-e-ta'le),  n,  [Sp. 
(=  PR.  c-afezal),  <  cafe  =  E.  coffee.]  A  coffee- 
plantation.  [Tropical  America.] 

caff  (kaf),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  chaff1. 

caffat  (kaf'ii),  H.  A  rich  stuff,  probably  of  silk, 
in  use  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

caffeic  (ka-fe'ik  or  kaf'e-ik),  a.  [<  caffea  +  -»<-.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  coffee. —Caffeic  add,  a  vegeta- 
ble aclif  (UgHgOj)  existing  In  coffee.  It  crystallizes  In  yel- 
ln\v  prisms,  solulile  ill  hot  water.  Also  called  caffetannic 

(tri't  ami  rlihu'Oftriiii'.  acid. 

caffein,  caffeine  (ka-fe'in  or  kaf'e-in), ».    [=  F. 

c<ij'<:i  iir ;  <  XL.  c/iffru,  coffee,  +  -I'M'-,  -ine-.]  An 
alkaloid,  CgHiQl^Oo,  crystallizing  in  slender, 
silk-like  needles  which  have  a  bitter  taste, 
found  in  coffee-beans.  Coffee  contains  from  0.6  to 
2.2  per  cent.  It  is  a  weak  base,  and  forms  salts  with  the 
strong  mineral  acids,  ratfein  and  certain  of  its  salts  are 
used  in  medicine,  and  the  stimulating  effects  of  tea  and 
coffee  are  largely  due  to  the  presence  of  this  alkaloid.  It 
is  similar  to  if  not  identical  with  the  thein  found  in  tea,  the 
pmranin  of  raitlinln  ittn-bilix,  and  the  alkaloid  of  Ilfx 
f'<ii-<i<rn<i!<'n*!x.  Also  written  c<>lt'''i'i.  <'<'/<'iiu'. 

caffeinic  (kaf-e-iu'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced by  caffein:  as,  a  caffeinic  headache. 

caffeinism  (ka-fe'in-izm),  ».  [<  caffein  +  -ism. } 
A  morbid  state  produced  by  prolonged  or  ex- 


cessive use  of  caffein.     It  is  marked  by  dyspepsia, 
palpitation  of  the  heart,  tremuloiisness,  irritability,  and 

de|nvssi"ti 


caffeism  (ka-fe'izm),  H.    Same  as  eaffeinixin. 

caffeone  (ka-fe'ou  or  kaf'e-ou),  «.  [<  NL.  caf- 
fi'n,  I'offee,  -I-  -one.]  The  aromatic  principle 
of  coffee.  It  is  a  brown  oil,  heavier  than  water.  An 
almost  imponderable  quantity  gives  an  aromu  to  a  quart 
uf  water. 

Caffer,  «.     See  Kit  fir. 

Caffer-bread,  Catfer-corn.      See  Kafir-bread, 

-cnni . 

caffetannic  (kaf-e-tan'ik),  <i.  [<  NL.  caffea  + 
E.  tannic.]  Pertaining  to  coffee  and  resem- 
bling tannin.  —  Caffetannic  acid.  Same  as  caffeic  acid 
(which  see,  under  cajh-ic). 

caffila,  a.      See  knjilii. 

Caffrarian,  <i.  and  H.     See  Kaffrariux. 

Caffre,  ».  and  a.     See  Ktifir. 

cafilah,  ».     See  knflla. 

cafisso  (ka-fis'6),  »'.  [It.  <•« //ww  =  Sp.  Pg.  cahiz 
(ML.  cnjiriiiiii.  fiijixit),  a  measure  (see  def.),  < 
Ar.  <y<i/7c.]  A  unit  of  capacity  in  use  in  the 


75B 

Mcilitprranean, derived  from  the  Arabian  mea- 
sure kafi:  (which  see).  As  a  dry  measure  It  ii.nl.-iin» 
ill  MiiriK-i-oand  'I'miN  Ifi  I'nitcd  States  (\\  ineliester)  liush- 
el»,  or  f>2».«  liters.  There  Is  al«o  *  caflmo  In  Tunis  of  14 
1  riit.-d  States  liiuheU,  or  495.11  HU-rs.  In  Tri]».li 
tains  sometimes  11}  bushels  (406  liters),  sometimes  111 
tuishi-N  (:i-jii.7  HUTS).  In  Valencia  there  is  a  cafluo  of  6 
bushels.  As  a  lli|iild  measure  it  varies  still  more.  In 
Malta  it  Is  ,',t  I  nited  States  (old  wine)  gallons,  or  43  im- 
perial gallons.  In  Messina  It  is  2.3  United  States  gallons  : 
in  "tiler  purts  «f  Sicily,  :t  galliins.  In  rulermo,  by  a  catls- 
-"  of  oil  Is  meant  a  v%ei^iit  »f  10  kilograms. 

cafiz,  a.     See  rain;  and  }:<>• 

cafoyt,  ii.  [Cf.  caffa.']  A  material  used  in  the 
eighteenth  century  for  hangings.  Fiiirholt. 

cafta,  n.    Sec  k'lfiii. 

caftan,  kaftan  (kaftan),  w.  [Ar.  </aftdn,  qaf- 
Ini.  >  I'urk.  iinftan.]  '  A  garment  worn  by  men 
in  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  other  eastern  countries, 
consisting  of  a  kind  of  long  vest  tied  about 
the  waist  with  a  girdle,  and  having  sleeves  long 
enough  to  extend  beyond  the  tips  of  the  fingers. 
A  long  cloth  coat  is  worn  above  it. 

cag  (kag),  ».    A  dialectal  variant  of  keg. 

cage  (kaj), H.  [< ME.  atge,  <  OF. caige(F.  cage), 
also  caire,  cave,  =  Sp.  Pg.  gavia  =  It.  galmiti, 
ijayyia,  dial,  cabbia,  =  OIK  '•.  <'lu  fin.  .\l  Hi  i.  //  rji . 
G.  baft;  kiitii'li,  kdflg,  a  cage,  <  ML.  "caria,  L. 
cavca,  a  hollow  place,  den,  cave,  cage :  see  care, 
».,  which  is  a  doublet  of  cage.]  1.  A  box -like 
receptacle  or  inclosure  for  confining  birds  or 
wild  beasts,  made  with  open  spaces  on  one  or 
more  sides,  or  on  all  sides,  and  often  also  at 
the  top,  by  the  use  of  osiers,  wires,  slats^  or 
rods  or  bars  of  iron,  according  to  the  required 
strength. 

It  happens  with  It  [wedlock]  as  with  cagrt ;  the  hints 
without  despair  to  get  In,  and  those  within  despair  to  get 
out.  Ftorio. 

2.  A  prison  or  place  of  confinement  for  male- 
factors ;  a  part  of  a  building  or  of  a  room  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  bars,  within  which  to  con- 
fine persons  under  arrest,  as  sick  or  wounded 
prisoners  in  a  hospital. — 3.  A  skeleton  frame- 
work of  any  kind,  (n)  In  carp.,  an  outer  work  of  tim- 
ber inclosing  another  within  it,  as  the  ••"./.  of  a  windmill  or 
of  a  staircase.  (6)  In  mach.,  a  framework  to  confine  a  ball- 
valve  within  a  certain  range  of  motion,  (r)  A  wire  guard 
placed  in  front  of  an  eduction-opening  to  allow  liquids  to 
pass,  hut  prevent  the  passage  of  solids.  (</)  In  mining, 
a  platform  of  wood  strongly  put  together  with  iron,  on 
which  men  are  lowered  and  raised  to  the  surface,  and  on 
which  the  ore  and  waste  rock  are  raised  In  cars,  In  which 
they  are  conveyed  without  transfer  to  the  place  where 
they  are  to  be  emptied,  or  to  receive  further  treatment. 
(•')  Naut.,  an  Iron  vessel  formed  of  hoops  placed  on  the 
top  of  a  pole,  and  filled  with  combustibles.  It  is  lighted 
an  hour  before  high  water,  and  marks  an  intricate  chan- 
nel navigable  for  the  time  during  which  it  burns. 
4.  A  cup  with  a  glass  bottom  and  cover  between 
which  is  a  drop  of  water  containing  animalcules 
to  be  examined  under  a  microscope. — 5.  The 
large  wheel  of  a  whim  about  which  the  hoist- 
ing-rope is  wound. —  6.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  chapel  inclosed  with  a  latticework 
or  grating. 

cage  (kaj),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caged,  ppr.  cag- 
ing. [<  cage,  n.]  1.  To  confine  in  a  cage; 
shut  up  or  confine:  as,  "caged  nightingales," 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  8.,  Ind.,  ii.— 2.  To  make  like 
a  cage  or  place  of  confinement :  as,  "the  caged 
cloister,"  Skal:,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  '249. 

cage-bird  (kai'berd),  ii.    A  cageling. 

cage-guides  (kaj'gidz),  n.pt.  In  mining,  verti- 
cal pieces  of  wood,  or,  in  England,  rods  of  iron 
or  steel,  or  wire  ropes,  which  are  fixed  in  the 
shaft  and  serve  to  steady  and  guide  the  cage 
in  its  ascent  and  descent :  in  the  United  States 
usually  called  guide-ropes,  or  simply  guidex. 

cageling  (kaj' ling),  n.  [<  cage  +  -lingf.]  A  bird 
kept  in  a  cage ;  a  cage-bird. 

And  as  the  cagtling  newly  flown  returns, 
The  seeming-injured,  simple-hearted  thine 
Came  to  her  old  perch  back,  and  settled  there. 

Ttnnyitan,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

cage-seat  (kaj'set),  H.  In  mining,  a  framework 
at  the  bottom  of  a  shaft  on  which  the  cage 
drops,  and  which  is  arranged  to  reduce  the  jar 
consequent  upon  its  coming  to  rest. 

cage-shuts  (kaj'shuts),  «.  pi.  In  coal-mining, 
drops  or  catches  on  which  the  cage  rests  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  running  the  cars  off  and 
on  it,  or  while  "caging."  [Scotch.] 

caging  (ka'jing),  11.  [<  cage,  ».,  3(d),  +  -IHJ/I.] 
In  coal-mining,  the  operation  of  changing  the 
tubs  on  the  cage.  Gresley.  [North  Stafford- 
shire, Eng.] 

cagmag  (kag'mag),  n.  [E.  dial.;  origin  ob- 
scure. J  1.  A  tough  old  goose. —  2.  Unwhole- 
some or  loathsome  meat ;  offal. — 3.  An  infe- 
rior kind  cif  sheep,  llalliirell.  [Vulgar.] 

CagOt  (ka-go'),  n.  [F.,  =  Pr.  Cagot :  ML.  fa- 
ijiitHn;  origin  uncertain.]  One  of  an  outcust 


cain  -colored 

race  inhabiting  t  he  French  mid  Spanish  Pyre- 
nees, of  remote  but  unknown  origin,    r,,,,-,  m 

till   ilefornilt}   is  ,  iilllllllili  unxinu  them,  owllIK  to  tin  It    IIIIIK 

Milieu  valleys,  ami  to  the  hard- 
:he>   have  endured.     Their  ehicf  |I|I>H.-;I|  |,.  i  uliar 
Ity  is  said  Ui  U-  the  almcnee  of  the  Inner  loba  of  the  ear. 
'  .>scrihed,  and  held  a-  I.  ]»-i-  an. 

I  ll.      I   ]•   I..    1  1    Ketollltl'lll  -.r,  .     !  !,.   In  til'  It    I  1  .  ll    I 


and  tin  ir  i  "inhtii.il  has  I-  en  nun  h  jin] 
Cahier  (ka-ia'),  w.  [F.,  earlier  rnyir. 
(Cotgrave),  <  OF.  </«</«/•,  >  K.  i/nirr~,  i|.  v.]  1. 
In  bookbinding,  a  number  (usually  4  or  6)  of 
double  leaves  of  a  book,  placed  together  for  con- 
venience in  handling  and  as  a  preparation  for 
binding.  The  word  is  pi  .1.  t<  •  \r.  j,t  atni.n- 

law  copyists,  gectiun  hein-  the  term  in  use  among  pi 
and  binders  In  America,  and  yallirriii'i  in  lireat  Krltaln. 

2.  A  report  of  proceedings  of  any  body,  as  a 
legislature;  a  memorial. 
cahinca-root  (kn-hing'ktt-rOt),  M.    The  root  of 

<  'Ii  iiH-i  ><•<•<!  racemosa,  a  rublaceous  shrub  of  south- 
ern Florida  and  tropical  America,  and  of  some 
allied  Brazilian  species.     It  has  been  used  as  a 
diuretic.     Also  cainca-root. 

cahincic  (ka-hin'sik),  a.  [<  cahinca  (-root)  + 
-iV.J  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  cahinca- 
root.  Also  caincic  __  Cahincic  acid,  r4,)i£«4O|B,  a 
white,  odorless,  bitter  principle  obtained  from  cahinca- 
root. 

cahiz  (Sp.  pron.  ka-eth').  ».  [Sp.,  also  cafi:  : 
see  cafisso.]  A  Spanish  dry  measure,  also 
called  in  Cordova  cafiz.  Queipo  states  its  capacity 
to  be  exactly  600  liters  (I8f  Tnited  States  or  Winchester 
bushels),  hut  measures  carefully  conducted  in  Marseilles 
in  l»:ii>  made  It  (157.6  liters,  or  18)  United  States  bushels. 
This  refers  to  the  cahiz  of  t'astile,  also  employed  in  Cadiz. 
The  cahiz  of  Lima  (likewise  formerly  In  use  In  Madrid) 
contains  18.fl  bushels  ((166  liters).  Different  measures  of 
Alicante  hearing  this  name  contain  7.2  bushels  (252  liteis), 
7.1  bushels  (249.8  liters),  and  6.8  bushels  (241.2  liters).  The 
cahiz  of  Bogota  contains  7.4  bushels  (2A9.2  liters),  that  of 
Valencia  5.8  bushels  (203  liters),  and  that  of  Saragossa  6.1 
bushels  (180.4  liters). 

cabizada  (Sp.  pron.  ka-e-tha'da),  ».  [8p.]  A 
Spanish  measure  of  land,  very  nearly  equal  to 
an  English  acre. 

cahoot  (ka-hof),  ii.  [Origin  unknown  ;  possi- 
bly a  perversion  of  F.  cohorle,  a  company,  gang  : 
see  cohort.]  Company  or  partnership  :  as,  to 
go  in  cahoot  with  a  person.  Barttett.  [South- 
ern and  western  U.  8.] 

caic.  ».     See  caique1. 

cail't  (kal),  ».  [E.  dial.,  also  written  kayle  (and 
keel,  after  equiv.  F.  quille),  <  D.  kegel  =  OHG. 
chrgil,  kegil,MRQ.  G.  kegel  =  8w.  ktigla  =  Dan. 
kegle,  ninepin,  skittle,  cone.]  A  ninepin  ;  in  the 
plural,  the  game  of  ninepins. 

Exchewe  allewey  euille  company, 

f'Miiln*.  carding  and  haserdy, 

And  alle  unthryfty  playes.      Ret.  Ant.,  II.  224. 

call2,  r.    See  cale*. 

cailcedra  (kil-sed'ril),  >i.  [Origin  unknown.] 
The  Khaya  fienegalentris,  a  tall  tree  of  Senegam- 
bia,  resembling  the  mahogany.  Its  wood  is  used 
in  joiners'  work  and  inlaying,  and  its  bark  fur- 
nishes a  bitter  tonic. 

caillette  (  ka  -  let  '  ;  F.  prou.  ka  -  yet  '  ),  11  .     [F.  , 

<  cailter,  curdle.]    The  abomasum,  rennet-bag, 
or  fourth  stomach  of  ruminants. 

cailliach  (kil'yach),  n.  [Gael,  cailleach,  an  old 
woman;  cf.  caile,  a  vulgar  girl,  a  hussy.]  An 
old  woman.  [Highland  Scotch.] 

Give  something  to  the  Highland  cailliarhn  that  shall  cry 
the  coronach  loudest  Scoff,  YVaverley,  illi. 

caillou(ka-yo'),  «.;  pl.caiVtonx(-yoz').  [F.]  In 
hrr.,  a  flint. 

cailloutage  (ka-y8-tazh'),  n.  [F.,  <  caillou,  a 
flint.]  Fine  pottery,  especially  such  as  is  made 
wholly  or  in  part  of  pipe-clay. 

caimac,  caimacam,  caimacan,  ».  See  kaima- 
kam. 

Caiman  (ka'man),  N.  [NL.  :  see  cayman.]  1. 
A  genus  of  tropical  American  Alligalorida:,  con- 
taining such  species  as  ('.  pal]>fbrosus  or  ('.  tri- 
qonatus;  the  caymans.  —  2.  [I.e.]  A  cayman. 

dain-and-Abel  (kan'and-a'bel),  w.  A  popular 
name  in  England  of  "the  Orchis  Ititifolia,  the 
root  of  which  consists  of  a  pair  of  finger-like 
tubers. 

cainca-root  (ka-ing'ka-rot),  n.  Same  as  cahin- 
ca-rixit. 

caincic  (kii-iu'sik),  a.     Same  as  caliincic. 

cain-colored  (kan'kul'prd),  a.  "Yellow  or  red 
as  applied  to  hair;  which,  being  esteemed  a 
deformity,  was  by  common  consent  attributed 
to  Cain  and  Judas'1  (\ares):  a  word  of  uncer- 
tain meaning,  but  usually  taken  as  here  ex- 
plained, found  only  in  the  following  passage: 

N...  forsooth  ;  he  hath  but  :l  little  wee  face,  with  a  little 
yellow  l»eard;  a  cain-foivurcd  beard. 

*.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  1.4. 


caingel 


756 


cajote 


tr,c,rt    ,,      TV   dial     Of  mow/ 1     A  crabbed     oially,  one  of  a  class  of  large  heaps  of  stones  caitiff  (ka'tif),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  coiW/,  cattf,  a 
caingel,  ».     [E.  dial     «.  «HW.J     A  y,  particularly  in  Scot-     captive,  a  miserable  wretch,  <  OF.  emttf,  also 


fellow.'    [North.  Eng.] 

ca'ing-whale,  «.    See  caoing-ichaU. 

caingy,  «•     [E.  dial.;   also  cangy.]     Crabbed; 
peevish.     [North.  Eng.] 

Cainite  (kan'it),  n.  and  a.  [<  Cat»  +  -ite*.] 
I.  «..  1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Cain,  the 
first-born  of  Adam,  according  to  the  account 
in  Genesis.— 2.  A  member  of  a  Gnostic  sect 
of  the  second  century,  who  regarded  the  God 
of  the  Jews,  the  Demiurge  of  the  Gnostic  sys- 
tern,  as  an  evil  being,  and  venerated  all  who 
in  the  Old  Testament  record  opposed  him,  as 
Cain,  Korah,  Dathan,  Abiram,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Sodom.  They  also  honored  Judas  Iscariot, 
as  the  instrument  of  bringing  about  the  crucifixion  and 
so  destroying  the  power  of  the  Demiurge. 
II.  a.  Of  the  race  of  Cain. 
The  principal  seat  of  the  Cainite,  or  more  debased  yet 
energetic  branch  of  the  human  family,  was  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  site  of  Eden.  Dawson,  Orig.  of  World,  p.  255. 

cainitO  (kl-ne'to),  n.     The  fruit  of  the  Chryso- 


common  in  Great  Britain,  particularly 
land  and  Wales,  and  generally  of  a  conical  form . 
They  are  of  various  sizes.  Some  are  evidently  sepulchral, 
containing  urns,  stone  chests,  bones,  etc.  Some  were 
erected  to  commemorate  a  great  event,  others  appear  to 
have  had  a  religious  significance,  while  the  modern  cairn 
is  generally  set  up  as  a  landmark,  or  to  arrest  the  atten- 
tion, as  in  surveying,  or  in  leaving  a  record  of  an  explor- 
ing party  or  the  like.  See  barrowi. 

Cairns  for  the  safe  deposit  of  meat  stood  in  long  lines, 
six  or  eight  in  a  group.        Kane,  Sec.  Grinn.  Exp. ,  II.  277. 

[<  cairn  +  -ea!2.]    Having 
by  a  cairn  or  cairns. 
In  the  noon  of  mist  and  driving  rain, 
When  the  lake  whiten'd  and  the  pine  wood  roar'd, 
And  the  cairn'd  mountain  was  a  shadow. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

cairngorm  (karn'g&rm),  n.  [So  called  from 
the  Cairngorm  mountain  in  Scotland ;  <  Gael. 
earn  (see  cairn),  a  heap,  a  rock,  +  gorm,  blue, 
also  green.  ]  A  smoky -yellow  or  smoky-brown 
variety  of  rock-crystal  or  quartz,  found  in 


captive> 

ckaitif,  a  captive,  a  wretched  man,  F.  cnettf, 


Cainito  o'f  the  West  Indies  and  South    great  perfection  on  the  Cairngorm  mountain 


America,  resembling  an  apple  in  shape,  and 
considered  a  delicacy.     Also  called  star-apple. 
CainOZOk  (ki-no-zo'ik),  a.     See  Ccenozoic. 


in  Scotland  and  in  many  other  localities.  It 
is  much  used  for  brooches,  seals,  and  other  ornaments. 
The  color  is  probably  due  to  some  hydrocarbon  compound. 
Also  called  cairngorm-stone  and  smoky  quartz. 


caique1  (ka-ek')',».    [=Sp.  caique  =  Pg.caMqiie  cairn.tangle,  carn-tangle  (karn'-,  karn'tang''- 
=  It.  caicco,  <  F.  caique,  <  Turk.  qayik.\     1.  A    g\)f  n.     A  name  for  the  seaweed  Laminaria  di- 

gitata.     See  Laminaria.     [Scotch.] 
cairny  (kar'ni),  a.    [<  cairn  +  -i/l.]    Abounding 
with  cairns. 

caisson  (ka'son),  H.  [F.,  aug.  of  caisse,  a  chest, 
a  case:  see  "case2."]  1.  Milit. :  (a)  A  wooden 
chest  into  which  several  bombs  are  put,  and 


captive :  see  captive.']    I.  a.  1-f.  Captive. 

Myn  name  is  looth,  a  caitife  kynge  of  Orcanye,  and  of 
leonoys  to  whom  nothinge  doth  falle  but  myschef  ne  not 
hath  don  longe  tyme.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  477. 

St.  Wretched;  miserable. 

I  am  so  caytyf  and  so  thral. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  694. 

3.  Servile;  base;  ignoble;  cowardly. 
He  keuered  hyni  with  his  counsayl  of  caytyf  wyrdes. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1605. 
With  that  he  crauld  out  of  his  nest, 
Forth  creeping  on  his  ctiitice  hands  and  thies. 

Speruer,  F.  Q.,  II.  iii.  36. 

A  territory 
Wherein  were  bandit  earls  and  caitiff  knights. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

II.  n.  If.  A  captive;  a  prisoner;  a  slave. 

Stokked  in  prisoun,  .  .  . 
Cavtif  to  cruel  kynge  Agamemnoun. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  382. 

Avarice  doth  tyrannize  over  her  caitiff  and  slave. 

Holland. 

2.  A  mean  villain;  a  despicable  knave;  one 
who  is  both  wicked  and  mean. 

Like  caiti/  vile  that  for  misdeed 

Bides  with  1 


Caique. 

long  narrow  boat  used  on  the  Bosporus.  It  is 
pointed  at  each  end,  and  is  usually  propelled 
by  oars,  from  2  to  16  in  number. 

The  prow  of  the  caique  is  turned  across  the  stream,  the 
sail  is  set,  and  we  glide  rapidly  and  noiselessly  over  the 
Bosphorus  and  into  the  Golden  Horn. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  322. 

2.  A  Levantine  vessel  of  larger  size. 

Also  spelled  caic. 

caique2  (ki'ka), ».    [S.  Amer.]    A  South  Ameri- 
can parrot  of  the  genus  Caiea  or  Deroptym 
(which  see).     P.  L.  Sclater. 
cairt,  v.     [ME.  cairen,  cayren,  kairen,  kayren, 
go,  appar.  <  Icel.  keyra  (=  Sw.  kora  =  Dan. 
Tcjore),  drive,   urge.     A  diff.  word  from  the 
equiv.  cftar1,  go.]    I.  intrans.  To  go. 
I  am  come  hither  a  venterous  Knight, 
And  kayred  thorrow  countrye  farr. 

Percy  Folio  MS.,  Piers  Plowman,  Notes,  p.  5. 
Calcas !  Calcas !  cair  yow  not  home, 
Ne  turne  neuer  to  Troy,  for  tene  that  may  falle. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4501. 
We  may  kayre  til  hys  courte,  the  kyngdome  of  hevyne, 
Whene  oure  saules  schalle  parte  and  sundyre  ffra  the  body. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6. 
Better  wol  he  spryng  and  higher  caire 
Wei  rare  yf  he  be  plannted  forto  growe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  143. 

II.  trans.  To  carry. 
The  candelstik  bi  a  cost  wats  cayred  thider  sone. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1478. 

Ca  ira  (sa  e-ra').  [P.,  'it  [the  Revolution] 
will  go  on':  ca,  contr.  of  cela,  that  (<  ce,  this, 
+  Id,,  there);  ira,  3d  pers.  sing.  rat.  (asso- 
ciated with  aller,  go:  see  alley1),  <  L.  ire,  go.] 
The  earliest  of  the  popular  songs  of  the  French 
Revolution  of  1789.  Its  refrain  (whence  the  name), 
"Ah !  ca  ira,  ca  ira,  ca  ira,"  is  said  to  have  been  suggest- 
ed by  the  frequent  use  of  this  phrase  by  Franklin  in  Paris 
with  reference  to  the  American  Revolution.  The  original 
words  (afterward  much  changed)  were  by  Ladr^,  a  street- 
singer  ;  and  the  music  was  a  popular  dance-tune  of  the 
time  composed  by  B^court,  a  drummer  of  the  Grand  Opera. 

caird  (kard),  n.  [<  Gael.  Ir.  ceard,  a  tinker, 
smith,  brazier.]  A  traveling  tinker;  a  tramp; 
a  vagrant;  a  gipsy.  [Scotch.] 

Cairene  (kj-ren'),  a.  and  n.     [<  Cairo,  <  Ar.  El- 
Kahira,  the  Victorious,  +  -eiw.~]     I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt. 
II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cairo. 

The  people  of  Suez  are  a  finer  and  a  fairer  race  than  the 
Cairenes.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  118. 

Cairina  (ka-ri'na),  n.  [NL.  (Fleming,  1822); 
supposed  to  be  from  Cairo  in  Egypt,  though 
(like  turkey,  similarly  misnamed)  the  bird  is  a 


his  face  to  rump  of  steed. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  349. 

Striking  great  blows 
At  caiti/s  and  at  wrongers  of  the  world. 
Tennyson,  Geraint. 

sometimes  gunpowder,  to  be  exploded  in  the  caitifflyt,  adv.    Knavishly;  servilely;  basely, 
way  of  an  enemy  or  under  some  work  of  which  caitifteet,  n.     [ME.,  also  caitifte,  caitivte,  <  OF. 
he  has  gained  possession.    (6)  An  ammunition-     caitivetet,  <  L.  captivita(t-)s,  captivity :  see  cap- 
wagon;    also,   an   ammunition-chest.— -  2.    In     tivity.~]   The  state  of  being  a  captive ;  captivity. 
arch.,  a  sunken  panel  in  a  coffered  ceiling  or        He  that  leadeth  into  «MW«e,  schall  go  into  caitiftee. 
in  the  soffit  of  Roman  or  Renaissance  architec-  Wydif,  Rev.  xiii.  10. 

ture,  etc. ;  a  coffer;  a  lacunar.     See  cut  under  Caitivet,  a.  and  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  caitiff, 
coffer. —  3.  In  civil  engin. :  (a)  A  vessel  in  the  caitivenesst,  n.      [ME.,  also  caitifnes,  <  caitif, 


form  of  a  boat,  used  as  a  flood-gate  in  docks. 
(6)  An  apparatus  on  which  vessels  may  be 
raised  and  floated ;  especially,  a  kind  of  float- 
ing dock,  which  may  be  sunk  and  floated  un- 
der a  vessel's  keel,  used  for  docking  vessels 


caitive,  +  -ness.]  1.  Captivity;  slavery;  misery. 
— 2.  Despicable,  mean,  and  wicked  conduct. 

It  is  a  strange  caitiveness  and  baseness  of  disposition  of 
men,  so  furiously  and  unsatiably  to  run  after  perishing  and 
uncertain  interests.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  77. 


at  their  moorings,  without  removing  stores  or  Cajanus  (ka-ja'nus),  n.     [NL.,  <  catjang,  name 


masts.  (See  floating  dock,  under  doclc.)  (c)  A 
water-tight  box  or  casing  used  in  founding  and 
building  structures  in  water  too  deep  for  a 
coffer-dam,  such  as  piers  of  bridges,  quays,  etc. 
The  caisson  is  built  upon  land,  and  then  chained  and  an- 
chored directly  over  the  bed,  which  has  been  leveled  or 
piled  to  receive  it.  The  masonry  is  built  upon  the  bot- 
tom of  the  caisson,  which  is  of  heavy  timber.  As  the  cais- 
son sinks  with  the  weight,  its  sides  are  built  up,  so  that 
the  upper  edge  is  always  above  water.  In  some  cases 
the  masonry  is  at  first  built  hollow,  and  is  not  filled  in 
until  after  it  has  reached  its  bed,  and  its  sides  have  been 
carried  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  water.  Some- 
times the  sides  of  the  masonry  itself  form  the  sides  of 
the  caisson.  In  another  form  the  caisson,  made  of 
heavy  timbers,  is  shaped  like  an  inverted  shallow  box, 
having  sharp,  iron-bound  edges.  The  weight  of  the  ma- 
sonry forces  the  caisson  into  the  sand  and  mud  on  the  bot- 
tom. Air  under  pressure  is  then  forced  into  the  caisson, 


of  the  plant  in  Malabar.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Leguminosce,  one  species  of  which, 
C.  Indicus,  furnishes  a  sort  of  pulse  used  in 
tropical  countries.  It  is  a  shrub  from  3  to  10  feet 
high,  and  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  but  now  extensively 
cultivated  throughout  the  tropics,  in  numerous  varieties. 
The  plant  is  called  cajan,  pigeon  pea,  Angola  pea,  Congo 
pea,  etc. 

cajeput  (kaj'e-piit),  n.  [<  Malay  kdyO,  tree,  + 
putih,  white.']  A  small  myrtaceous  tree  or 
shrub  of  the  Moluccas  and  neighboring  islands, 
Melaleuca  Cajuputi  or  minor,  a  variety  of  M.  Leu- 
cadendron  or  a  distinct  species,  with  lanceolate 
aromatic  leaves  and  odorless  flowers  in  spikes. 
Also  written  caiitnut — oil  of  cajeput,  or  cajeput- 
Oil.  an  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  cajeput,  of  a 
green  color  and  a  penetrating  odor,  used  as  a  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  and  diaphoretic. 

cajole  (ka-j6T),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cajoled, 
ppr.  cajoling.  [<  F.  cajoler,  coax,  wheedle,  < 
OF.  cageoler,  chatter  like  a  bird  in  a  cage, 
babble  or  prate,  <  cage,  a  cage:  sescage.~]  To 
deceive  or  delude  by  flattery,  specious  promises, 
simulated  compliance  with  another's  wishes, 
and  the  like ;  wheedle  ;  coax. 

But  while  the  war  went  on  the  emperor  did  cajole  the 
king  with  the  highest  compliments. 

Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Ref.,  an.  1522. 

Charles  found  it  necessary  to  postpone  to  a  more  con- 
venient season  all  thought  of  executing  the  treaty  of 
Dover,  and  to  cajole  the  nation  by  pretending  to  return  to 
the  policy  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  Itacaulay. 

Christian  children  are  torn  from  their  parents  and  ca- 
joled out  of  their  faith.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  238. 

gradually  sinks  under  the  weight  of  the  superstructure  cajolement    (ka-jol'ment),    n.       [<    cajole    + 
and  the  removal  of  the  loose  soil  below    until  a  firm     ,ment~\     Caiolery.     Coleridge.     [Ear 
foundation  is  reached,  when  the  whole  interior  of  it  is       ""' " 'J    .~™ •£.,,  .-\ 
filled  with  concrete.    The  caissons  beneath  the  towers  of  CajOier    (.Ka-jo  ler;,    ». 
the  East  River  suspension-bridge,  connecting  New  York     wheedler. 
and  Brooklyn,  are  of  this  description.    The  pneumatic  cajolery  (ka-jo'ler-i),    n. ;    pi.    cajoleries   (-iz). 
caisson  is  an  inverted  au--tight  box,  into  which  air  is  forced      ^  F    cajolerie,  <  cajoler,   cajole.]     The  act  of 
il  the  water,  thus  leav-     ;-.,;„.  „„„„;,,„  i0,,™,n<,<rA  r,r  finnlra-  dp 


Caisson  of  the  East  River  Suspension-bridge,  New  York. 

driving  out  the  water  and  permitting  the  workmen  to 
enter  through  suitable  air-locks.  A  sealed  well  or  a  pipe 
and  sand-pump  are  provided,  through  which  the  material 
excavated  under  the  caisson  may  be  removed.  The  latter 


u    ire.] 
who  cajoles ; 


the  caisson  descends.    The  principle  of  the  pneumatic 
caisson  is  applied  to  the  sinking  of  large  iron  cylinders  to 


delusive 

v  ,_,    ,  -— D C3 O    -  ' 

wheedling. 

Even  if  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Speaker  mean  to  insinuate 
that  this  influence  is  to  be  obtained  and  held  by  flatter- 

—  -„-..     —   „ , ,—  -.-.-  .,  ing  their  people,  ...  such  cajoleries  would  perhaps  lie 

ing  the  muscovy  or  musk-duck,   Cairina  mos-     developed  in  coming  from  an  atmosphere  of     more  prudently  practised  than  professed.  ^  ^^ 

chata,  a  native  of  Central  and  South  America,     high  tension,  as  in  caissons,  to  air  of  ordinary 

now  found  everywhere  in  domestication.  tension.     It  is  marked  by  paralysis  and  other  cajon  (Sp.  pron.  kil-hon  ),  n.    [>p.,  prop,  a 

nervous  symptoms.  chest,  aug.  of  caja,  chest.    Of.  caisson,  cassoon.} 

Same  as  caisson,  more 


native  of  America.    It  is  also  called,  by  another     serve  as  pie'i-s  or  land-shafts.  Sometimes  written  caissoon. 
error,  muscovy.]    A  genus  of  ducks,  contain-  caisson-disease  (ka'son-di-zez"),  n.    A  disease 
the 


cairn  (karn),  n.     [Esp.  Sc.,  <  Gael,  earn  (gen. 

cairn)  =  Ir.  W.  Manx  Corn.  Bret,  earn,  a  pile,  caissoon  (ka-son'),  ». 
esp.  of  stones.  Cf.  Gael,  earn,  Ir.  earnaim,  W.  especially  in  sense  3. 
cnrnu,  pile  up,  heap.]  A  heap  of  stones ;  espe-  Caithness  flags.  See/«<7* 


A  Chilian  weight,  equal  to  6,500  pounds  avoir- 
dupois, 
cajote  (ka-ho'ta),  ».     Same  as  coyote. 


cajuput 

r  __:,  (kaj'll-put).   H.      See  i-iiji/iitt. 

cajuputene  (ka.j-u-pi'i-teii').  »•      I'"1  "hief  con- 
stituent of  cajeput-oil,  obtnined  by  eolioliation. 

It  is  a  liquid  of  an  IgTI  Mblfl  '"I"'  .  [.el  man-  lit    In  the  air 
and  insoluble  in  alcohol.     Al.so  written  atri) 


calamary 


manganese.    It  U  one  of  the  mineral!  commonly  calabUT-tree  'kiiTii-ln'r-tri'),  ».    ']'}»•  Mntitnt<ii« 


associated  with  tin  ore. 
Oal.    An  abbreviation  of  California. 
calaba  (kul'a-bii),  n.     [A  native  name.] 

(  'lll'l/llll/l/" 

Same 


See 


Svv. 


e1  (kak),   H.     [<  ME.  cake,  <  led.  kaka  =  calabart,  «. 

.  kaka  =  Dan.  /."</<.  a  cake,  akin  to  I),  kni-k.  Calabar  bean.     See  bean*. 


.'/;</.  ii  tiliiici-oiis  tree  nf  the  West   Iinlii  -s. 
the  I  Mirk  of  which  is  used  for  making  cordn;."-. 
calabUSSt,  ».      [Origin   iiin-ertaiii;    perhaps  a 
viir.  of  '  i-nliiliiii-i  for  nil/ihusli,  \\  ^oiipl.  tin-  last 
syllable   Ill-ill^'    pel-Imps    assimilate,!    to  tlmt    of 
ami  lilinnli-rliH.in.']     A  litflit    miiski-t 
'  ' 


cake,  gingerbread',  iluiiiplin:;.  <litn.  /.w/./r  (>  calabarin.  calabarine  <  kal-a-bar'in),  n.  [<  havinga  wheel-lock,  first  used  about  l.~>"s.  I.I'. 
K.  CDI./.-I/,  M.  v.),  =  Ml.  /.'"/'•  =  olli;.  chuwlio,  (•«/„/„„•(/„,,„)  +  -iV-',  -'»<-;  NL.  rafafiwriim.]  cala<je  ( ka-lad' or -lad' ),  n.  [F.,  <  It.<v//,/,rt,ade- 
MIIC.  /•»".-/».  <;.  kiichru,  *  enke,  a  tart.  The  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  Calabar  bean  by  s(.,.M|_  <,.„/„,., ._  fall,  =  F.  «I/<T,  lower,  =  Sp.  <•///«/-. 

word  has  n iniection  with   L.   iw/»<rr,  K.     liarimck  and  \\  itkowski  in  IKifi.         is  nearly     penetrate,  pierce,  let  down.  =  Pg.  cater,  pene- 

1.   A  flat  or  comparatively  thin  mass     insoluble  in  ether,  and  differs  in  physiological     trate    lower,  conceal.  <  ML.  <•«/»/•/.  let  down, 


of  baked  dough ;  a  tliin  loiif  of  bread.  character  from  physostigmin. 

They  bated  unh-av, •,„•,!  ntw  ,.f  tl»-  dou,-i,  which  the,  calabar-skin  (kal  a-bar-skin),  M.      The  name 
brought  "ut  of  iwypt.  Ex.  xil.  an.     given  in  commerce  to  the  skin  of  tne  Siberian 

Specilicnlly  — 2.  A  light  composition  of  flour,     squirrel,  used  for  making  muffs,  tippets,  etc. 


T.  B.  All/rich,  The  Lunch. 

3.  In  Scotland,  specifically,  an  oatmeal  cake, 
rolled  thin  and  baked  hard  on  a  griddle. 

Hear,  land  o'  Cake*,  and  brither  Scot!.. 

/;«i  »>,  I'aptain  Grose. 

4.  A  small  portion  of  batter  fried  on  a  griddle ; 
a  pancake  or  griddle-cake :  as,  buckwheat  cak<-.<. 
—  5.  Oil-cake  used  for  feeding  cattle  or  as  a 

fertilizer. 

How  much  <•»>.•'  or  guano  this  labour  would  purchase  we 
cannot  even  guess  at.  Aiwtett,  I'linnncl  Islands,  p.  Wi. 

6.  Something  made  or  concreted  in  the  distinc- 
tive form  of  a  cake ;  a  mass  of  solid  matter  rel- 
atively thin  and  extended :  as,  a  cake  of  soap. 

Cakes  of  rustling  ice  came  rolling  down  the  Hood. 

Dryden. 

This  substance  [tufaceous  gypsum]  Is  found  in  cake*, 
often  a  foot  long  by  an  Inch  in  dentil,  curled  by  the  sun's 
rays  and  overlying  clay  into  which  water  had  »uuk. 

It.  A',  llnrliw.  Kl-Mcilinah,  p.  364. 

One's  cake  is  dough,  one's  plan  has  failed ;  one  has  had 
a  failure  or  miscarriage. 

My  cake  in  dmt'/h  :  Hut  I'll  in  among  the  rest ; 
Out  of  hope  of  all  —  but  my  share  of  the  feast. 

Shak.,  1.  of  the  8.,  v.  1. 

Steward  !  your  cake  M  dowjh  as  well  as  mine. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  v.  4. 

To  find  the  bean  in  the  cake.  Seefcwmi. 
cake1  (kak),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr.  caking. 
[<  cntel,  «.]  I.  tram.  To  form  into  a  cake  or 
compact  mass — Caking  gunpowder,  the  operation 
of  pressing  the  ingredients  of  powder,  after  they  have  been 
thoroughly  incorporated  anil  moistened.  It  is  effected 
either  by  the  hydraulic  press  or  by  rollers. 

II.  intraw.  To  concrete  or  become  formed 
into  a  hard  mass. 


descend,  <  1..  ,-linlnf<;  let  down,  slacken,  <  Or. 
\ntin;  let  down,  slacken.]  A  slope  in  a  manege- 
ground,  down  which  a  horse  is  ridden  at  speed 
in  training  him,  to  ply  his  haunches. 
Caladium  (ka-lA'di-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  kale,  a  na- 
tive name  for  the  edible  rhi/.ome.]  A  genus 
of  tuberous-rooted  aeaulescent  plants,  natural 
order  .(mi-Hi,  with  large  hastate  or  sagittate 
leaves,  which  are  often  variegated  in  color. 
They  are  natives  of  tropical  America.  Aliout  a  dozen 
moil  ,  arc  known,  tlioui:li.  owing  to  thi-lr  (treat  variant!- 
Ity,  a  very  much  larger  number  have  been  described.  They 
arc  favorite  foliage-plants,  ami  many  forms  are  found  In 
cultivation. 

caladriet,  ».    [ME.  (=  Sp.  caladre,  var.  of  ca- 
linnlria,  a  lark):  see  calandra,  calender^.]    A 
bird,  probably  a  kind  of  lark. 
A  cormoraunt  and  a  catadrie.         Wydif,  Deut.  xiv.  18. 

Calaenas,  «.    See  Calamus. 

calaite  (kal'a-»0,  «•  [<  L.  collate  (<  Or.  aO- 
>.aif  or  no/alt,  a  sea-green  precious  stone)  + 
-i>2.]  A  name  given  to  the  turquoise. 

Calamagrostis  (kaKa-ma-gros'tis),  H.  [NL.,  < 
(5r.  Ka'/afux;,  a  reed  (see  ctttamux),  +  aypuarif,  a 
kind  of  grass :  see  Aorostis.]  A  small  genus  of 
coarse  grasses,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia; 
the  reed  bent-grasses.  The  American  species 
that  have  been  referred  to  it  are  now  placed  in 
Deyeuxia. 

calamanco  (kal-a-raang'ko),  n.  [=  D.  kala- 
mhik  =  G.  kalmaiik,  feaMKMO,  <  Sp.  calamaco  = 
F.  ctileiiidiiile,  calmanile,  <  ML.  ealamancus,  ca- 
liunacug,  calamaiicus,  transpositions  of  came- 
laueum,  <  Or.  Koptiaiiuov,  a  head-covering:  see 
camelaueium.]  A  glossy  woolen  satin-twilled 
stuff,  checkered  or  brocaded  in  the  warp,  so 
that  the  pattern  showed  on  one  side  only. 
Also  spelled  callimanco,  calimanco. 

A  morning  gown,  though,  I  am  sorry  t«  say,  not  a  cola- 

wmiieo  one,  with  great  flowers.   IsnigfeUow,  Hyperion,  1.  7. 

basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  etc.     The  black  calamander-WOOd  (kal-a-man'der-wud),   ». 


the  tree  Crescentia  Cujete  hollowed  out,  dried, 
and  used  as  a  vessel  to  contain  liquids.    prh>  - 
shells  are  so  close-grained  and  hard  that  when  containing 
liquid  they  may  be  used  several  times  as  kettles  upon 

thenrewith-Hit 
injury. 

2.  A  gourd 
of  any  kind 
used  in  the 
same     way. 
Such  vesselsare 
often    decorat- 
ed   with    con- 
ventional   pat- 
terns and    tig- 
urcs    made   in 
very  slight  re- 
lief   by  scrap-  Calahashc*. 
ing    away   the 

surface  surrounding  them,  and  are  sometimes  stained  i.i 
variegated  colors. 

She  had  an  ornamented  calabash  to  hold  her  castor-oil, 
from  which  she  made  a  fresh  toilette  every  time  she  swam 
across  the  Nile.  R.  Ciirzon,  Monast.  in  the  Levant,  p.  IS). 

3.  A  popular  name  of  the  gourd-plant,  Lai/c- 
naria  culgaris. — 4.   A  name  given  to  the  red 
cap  or  tarboosh  of  Tunis.   See  tarboosh  and  fez. 
—  Sweet  calabash,  the  name  in  the  West  Indies  of  the 
edible  fruit  of  I'anm/tora  naHformt*. 

calabash-tree  (k'al'a-bash-tre),  «.  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  Crescentia  Cujete,  a  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  tropical  America,  on  account  of  its 
large  gourd-like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which 
are  made  into  numerous  domestic  utensils,  as 


calabash-tree  of  the  West  Indies  is  Crescentia 
ciicurbitina. — 2.  A  name  given  to  the  baobab 
of  Africa,  Adansonia  digitata.  See  baobab. 


\Jl       -VI    I     "     .1.       J-l.lt  1  v 

C lotted  blood  that  eakai  within.  Adduon.  calabazilla  (kal*a-ba-sel'ya),  H.     [Mex.  Sp. 

pret.  and  pp.  caked,  ppr.     (==  Sp.   calabacitla,  a  piece  "of  wood  in  the 


cake'-2  (kak),  v.  ».;   . 

caking.     [E.  dial.:  see  MOM*.] 

geese.     [North.  Eng.] 
cake-alum  (kak'al"nm).  «.      Sulphate  of  alu- 
mina containing  no  alkaline  sulphate.     Also 

called  i>att-iit  tilitin, 
cake-bread  (kak'bred),  «.     [<  ME.  cakebwtt. 

<  cake  +  breed,  bread.]      Fine  white  bread; 

mauchet. 
Then  to  retorne  to  the  new  Maires  hous,  there  to  take 

cakebrede  and  wyne.       English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  41S. 
His  foolish  schoolmasters  have  done  nothing  but  run 

up  and  down  the  country  with  him  to  beg  puddings  and 

ruAv. hi-i'iid  of  his  tenanU. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

cake-copper  (kak'kop'er), ».  One  of  the  forms 
in  which  copper  is  sent  to  market  by  the 
smelters.  A  cake  is  about  19  inches  long,  12J  wide,  and 
13  thick,  and  weighs  about  1J  hundredweight. 

cake-lake  (kak'lak),  n.  A  crimson  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  stick-lac.  Also  called 
•  and 


Jt          VW*V^V»f          ^TjfM.,  \ f-  .-  -  ^ 

To  cackle,  as     shape  of  a  gourd,  a  gourd-shaped  ear-ring),  dim. 


[Hnpposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Coromandel 
wood.'}  A  beautiful  kind  of  wood,  the  product 
chiefly  of  Dtoxpyros  quawita,  natural  order  £be- 
nacea?,  a  large  tree  of  Ceylon,  it  U  very  suitable 
wood  for  ornamental  cabinet-work,  showing  alternate 
lands  of  brown  and  black,  is  very  hard,  and  takes  a  high 


of  cnlaba:a,  a  gourd:  see  calabash.] 


substitute  for  soap,  and  the  macerated  root  as 


cal 


__     he  typi 

family  Calamariidas,  having  the  labial  plates 
reduced  to  four  or  five,  and  containing  species 
;o  the  East  Indies.     C.  albirenter  is  an 
idopterous  insects. 


animal 
for  the  most  part  in  High  Germany. 

n»  •>!•  — -         »'•»•»  • 

1'inHii 

was 

His 

Costly  grey  amices  of  calabtr. 


bred  for  the  most  part  in  High  Germany.     E.  calamanan(kal-a-ma'ri-an),  ». 

rgc^5?'<^g«^  ^y«:±fi  4S^$SS| ffi 

uisciokeof^^,,.      pJrn^^kM.  <'i"«'"<:"'' l;'t;L,lf^ 


Bp.  Bah. 


calaboose  (kal-a-bos'),  ».  [<  Sp.  calabozo  =  Pg. 
cnlahoHco,  a  dungeon,  prob.  <  Ar.  qafa,  a  cas- 
tle, +  /<»«,  hidden.]  A  prison;  especially,  a 
common  jail  or  lockup.  [Western  and  south- 
western U.  S.] 


cake-Steamer  (kak'ste'mer),  M.    A  confection-  calabrasella  (kal'a-bra-sera),  H.     [Origin  un- 


the  dough  of  some 


ers'  apparatus  in  which 
kinds  of  cake  is  exposed 
to  the  action  of  steam 
just  before  baking,  to 
give  the  cake  a  rich  and 
attractive  color  and  siir- 


cake-urchin  (kak'er'- 
chin),  ii.  A  flat  sea-ur- 
chin; a  sand-dollar;  a 
elypeaatrid,  as  one  of 

the    genus    Kcliiiiamcli- 
iihtx  or  Mi  Ililn.     Millitu 
qiiiiii/iii-fin-ii  and  Ei'hinn- 
i-iii-liiiiii.t  /HI  nun  are  common  United  States  cake- 
urchins. 

cal  (kal),  M.  [Corn.]  A  Cornish  miners'  name 
for  the  mineral  wolfram  or  wolframite,  it  is  a 
compound  of  tunjsstic  acid  with  iron  and  varying  qllanti- 


knowu.]    A  game  of  cards  'for  three  persons, 
played  with  a  pack  of  40  cards,  the  10-,  9-,  and 


, __.         family  of  aglypho- 

dont  or  colubrine  serpenta,  the  dwarf  snakes, 
typified  by  the  genus  Calamaria,  and  contain- 
ing a  large  number  of  small  inoffensive  species 
in  which  the  head  is  not  marked  off  from  the 
body  by  a  constriction  or  neck.  They  are  found  In 
most  parts  of  the  world,  living  under  stones  and  logs,  and 
preying  upon  worms  and  grubs.  They  are  now  generally 
associated  in  the  same  family  with  the  C^vltrida. 

id  (kal-a-ma'ri-oid),  a.    [<  Calamaria 
Kesembling  or  having  the  characters 


two.  and  wins  or  loses  according  as  he  makes  more  or  miiriu.i  taken  in  a  lit.   sense,   pertaining  to  a 

fewer  points  than  they.  reed,  <  calam  UK,  a  reed.  Cf.  calamary.]  Reed- 

calabreH,  «-  BMflaUtr.  Hke:  applied  to  grasses  with  short  rigid  culms. 

calabre-t,  ».  [F.,  <  ML.  ealabra.]  A  military  calamaroid  (kalVma-roid)>  "•  A  less  correct 

eiijrine  used  during  the  middle  ages;  a  variety  jorm  of  calamarii>iil. 

of  the  pierrier.  E\&A  out  of  ten  Calamaroid  genera  arc  peculiar  to  this 

calabreret,  «.  See  calalter.  fauna. 


Cuke-urchin  { 

Jarma). 


,    . 

Calabrian  (ka-la'bri-au),  o.  and  «.     [<  L.  Cala-  caigjnary  (kara-ma-ri),  H.  ;  pi.  calamarifs  (-riz). 
brin,  Calabria,  <  Calaber,  a  Calabnau,  ,one  of  the     rFormerlv  •tooMWHMria  and  calamar;  =  F. 

'  '.  -          '      >  '  -  •  *  *)  ___  I....  On.       ....  1  ,,,..,,, 


Calabri  from  whom  ancient  Calabria  took  its 
name.]  I.  a.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of 
ancient  or  modern  Calabria.  The  former  (called  by 

the  linek-.   \I,  — :i].i:i  or  .lai-jitia)  was  the  southeastern 
projection  of  the  peninsula  of  Italy;  the  latter  is  the 
southwestern  one  (anciently  Bruttiuni). 
II.  "•  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Calabria. 


c'aleimir,  calamar  =  Sp.  calamar,  also 

I'titiiniareto,  inkfish.  calamary,  =  Pg.  calamar, 
inkfish.  =  It.  calamajii,  inkfish,  calamarv,  ink- 
stand, =  G.  kdlmiir.  inkstand,  =  NGr.  Mttpfe, 
inkstand,  *a/afiapt  ffasaooiov,  inkfish,  <  NL.  cato- 
mariiu,  a  particular  use  (pen-case,  inkstand, 


calamary 

inkfish)  of  L.  etilnmarius,  pertaining  to  a  pen, 
< calamus,  areed,  apen:  see  calamus.]  1.  A  cut- 
tlefish; a  decaeerous  or  decapodous 
cephalopod  of  the  order  Dilraiirlii- 
<tta,  having  a  pen-shaped  internal 
skeleton  or  cuttle-bone,  as  in  the 
genus  Loligo  and  related  forms. 
The  body  is  oblong,  soft,  fleshy,  tapering, 
and  Hanked  behind  by  two  triangular  flux, 
and  contains  a  pen-shaped  gladius  or  in- 
ternal horny  flexible  shell.  They  have 
two  sacs  called  ink-bags,  from  which  they 
discharge,  when  alarmed  or  pursued,  a 
black  fluid  which  conceals  them  from 
sight.  The  species  are  found  in  most  seas, 
and  furnish  food  to  dolphins,  whales,  etc. 
Also  called  squid,  sea-sleeve,  preke,  cuttle- 
}i*h,  hikiixh,  and  •pt'iiii*!/. 
2.  The  internal  skeleton,  cuttle- 
bone,  gladius,  or  pen  of  a  cala- 
mary. 
Also  called  calambar. 

calambac  (kal'am-bak),  «.  [=  F. 
calambac,  <  Sp.  calambac  =  Pg. 
calamba,  <  Pers.  kalambal;  a  fra- 
grant wood.  Ci.calambmir.]  Same 
as  agallochum. 

calambar,  n.    Same  as  calamary. 

calambour  (kal'am-bor),  n.     [< 
F.  calambour,  catambourc,  -bourg, 
etc.,  appar.  perverted  forms,  ear- 
lier calambuque,  <  Sp.  calambuco  =     Calama_  Gla. 
Pg.  ealambiico,  also  (after  F.  ca-  aius,  or  Pen  of 
lambour)   ealamburo;  prob.  from  l^fS*).^'*" 
same  source  as  calambac,  and  part- 
ly identified  with  it.]     A  species  of  agallochum 
or  eaglewood,  of  a  dusky  or  mottled  color  and 


758 


calandra 


The  function  of  the  calamistrum  has  been  proved  by  Calamoherpe    (kal"a-mo-her '  pe),     M.      [NL. 

Mr.  Blackwall  to  be  the  carding,  or  teasing  and  curling,  (Boie   1822),  irreg.  <  Gr.  n'd/.auoc.  reed,  4-  ei 

of  a  peculiar  kind  of  silk,  secreted  and  emitted  from  the  =_,          ,   .'    • 
fourth  pair  of  spinners.                      Emyc.  Brit.,  II.  292. 


calamite  (kal'a-mit),  n.     t 
v.]     1.  A  fossil  of  the  genus  Calamites. —  2.  A 


creep.]     Same  as  Calamodyta. 
[<  NL.  Catamites,  q.  OalamospizaJkal'Vmo-spiV.a),  n 


f f  _        _,,        [NL.  (C.  L. 

Bonaparte,  1838),  <'Gr.'«i).a/«>r, 'areed,  +  <rmfa, 


rounded  prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  stri- 
ated, and  sometimes  resembling  a  reed. 

Calamites  (kal-a-ml'tez),  H.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KU)M- 
/ilTf/f,  reed-like,  "<.  ncAa/uts,  L.  calamus,  a  reed.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  of  which  the  structure 
is  complicated  and  obscure,  but  which  are  gen- 
erally admitted  to  be  allied  to  the  recent  Equi- 
setacea?  or  horsetails;  the  Calamites.  Whether 
Calamites  should  be  considered  as  being  a  peculiar  form 
of  Equiietacex,  or  as  constituting  a  distinct  but  allied 
order,  has  not  yet  been  fully  established.  The  calamites 
are  considered  to  have  been  cryptogamic  plants,  but  their 
relations  to  living  cryptogams  are  peculiar,  and  especially 
exceptional  in  their  complex  structure  and  the  exogenous 
growth  of  the  woody  cylinder.  The  foliage  of  the  cala- 
mites was  verticillate ;  and  it  is  thought  by  some  that 
Astemphyllites,  Annularia,  and  even  Sphenaphyllum, 
with  their  whorled  leaves,  represent  the  leaf-bearing 
branches  of  calamites,  although  this  has  not  been  actually 
proved  by  discovery  of  the  leaves  attached  to  the  stems. 
The  calamites  are  among  the  commonest  and  most  charac- 
teristic fossil  plants  of  the  coal-measures. 

calamitous  (ka-lam'i-tus),  a.  [<  F.  calamiteut, 
<  L.  calamitosus.  <  calamita(t-)s,  calamity:  see 


chirp,  pipe,  peep.]  A  genus  of  frin- 
gilline  passerine  birds  of  North  America,  con- 
taining the  lark-bunting  of  the  western  States 
and  Territories,  Calamospiza  bicolor,  the  male 


!.;irk-bunting  (Cat, 


of  which  is  black,  with  a  white  patch  on  the 
wing,  and  resembles  the  bobolink  in  some 
other  respects.  It  is  about  7  inches  long,  nests  911  the 


N  Y-  «»»«».<«..«.,>.  «,«.™.^vr/o,  *.      ""J  ',  ~        ground,  and  has  the  habit  during  the  breeding  season  ,,f 
calamity,]     If.  Miserable  ;  involved        calam-     foaring  a]0ft  to  sing,  like  the  skylark.     The  inner  sec- 


, . 

ondaries  are  as  long  as  the  primaries  in  the  closed  wing, 
and  the  bill  resembles  that  of  a  grosbeak.  The  sexes  are 
markedly  distinct  in  coloration. 


is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers. 

calambuco  (kal-am-bu'ko),  n.    Same  as  calam- 
bour. 

calami,  n.    Plural  of  calamus. 

calamiferous  (kal-a-mif'e-rus),  a. 
nuts,  a  reed,  +  ferre  =  E.  Sear1.] 
reeds  or  reedy  plants ;  reedy.  .-=•—  -— ^  -. 

calamin  calamine  (kal'a-min),  n.  [<  F.  cala-  calamitously  (ka-lam'i-tus-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
mbie= Sp  uOamina  =  MHG.  kalemine,  G.  leal-  lamitous  manner ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  great 
mei,  now  galmei,  <  ML.  calamina,  a  corruption  distress. 

otLcadmia.-aeecadmia.]    The  native  hydrous  calamitousness  (ka-lam'i-tus-nes),  H.     The 
Bili«»t.R  of  7.in«.  a,r,  important  ore  of  that  metal,     q^lity  of  bringing  calamity  or  misery;  deep 


ity  or  deep  distress ;  wretched. 
Ten  thousands  of  calamitous  persons. 

South,  Works,  VII.  xi. 

2.  Of  the  nature  of  or  marked  by  calamity  or  calamus  (kal'a-mus),  ».  j  pi.  calami  (-mi).     [. 
great  misfortune;  bringing  or  resulting  from     ME.  (Wyclif)  calamy;  <  L.  calamus,  &  reed 
calamity;  making  wretched ;  distressing  or  dis-    cane,  hence  a  pipe,  pen,  arrow,  rod,  etc.,  =  Ar. 
tressful:  as,  a  calamitous  event;  "that  calami-    </«*«»»  (>  Turk.  grafem),  a  pen,  reed  pen   pencil, 

brush,  chisel,  etc.,  <  Gr.  naM/tof,  a  reed,  cane, 
etc.,  =  Skt.  kalamas  =  L.  culmus,  a  stalk,  stem, 


[In 
a 


encounters.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  173. 

=  Syn.  2.  Afflictive,  disastrous,  distressing,  grievous,  de- 
plorable, baleful,  ruinous. 


[<  L.  cala- 
Producing 


silicate  of  zinc,  an  important  ore  of  that  metal. 

It  occurs  in  crystals  which  are  often  hemimorphic  (hence  distress ;  wretchedness ;  misery. 

the  synonym  hemimorphite),  in  crystalline  groups  with  bo-  calamity  (ka-lam'i-ti),  Jl.;  pi.  calamities  (-tiz). 

tryoidal  surface,  and  also  massive  ;  the  color  varies  from  r<  f\  calamite  =  Pr.  calamitat  =  Sp.  calamidad 

white  to  pale  green,  blue,  or  yellow.   It  is  often  associated  -    T,    ._;-.„,• /A    /  T,    /.nlnmitntt  )i    loss    ininrv 

with  zinc  carbonate,  sometimes  with  smithsonite  (also  =  »•  Ca'a»\lta'^-  'l^l^'l' V°ll'  l"^!?' 


this  sad  and 
calamitous  condition,"  South. 

But,  even  admitting  the  calamitous  necessity  of  War,  it 

can  never  be  with  pleasure  — it  cannot  be  without  sadness     Bieui ;  BBC  nunn.  j    i.  .n.  iccu  .  uniic. —  a.  .n.juiiu 
unspeakable— that  the  Christian  soul  surveys  its  fiendish     of  fragrant  plant  mentioned  in  the  Bible  (Ex. 


straw,  =  AS.  Jiealm,  E.  halm,  haulm,  a  stalk, 
stem:  see  halm.]   1.  Areed:  cane.  —  2.  A  kind 


,         ,  . 

with  zinc  carbonate,  sometimes  with  smithsonite  (also 
called  calamin),  in  calcareous  rocks.  It  is  used  as  a  pig- 
ment in  ceramic  painting,  producing  a  brilliant  green  col- 
or in  glazed  pottery. 

calamint  (kal '  a -mint),  n.  [<  ME.  calamy  nt  = 
F.  calament=  Sp.  calamento  =  Pg.  calamintha  = 
It.  calamento,  <  ML.  calamintha  (calaminthum, 
-menta,  -mentum,  etc.,  calomenta,  etc.),  <  L.  cala- 
minthe,  <  Gr.  adafilvOit,  also  KaMjuvdof,  a  kind 
of  mint,  <  /to/la-,  perhaps  for  KOAO-  for  /ca/lof, 
beautiful,  +  [iMa,  mint.]  A  book-name  for 
plants  of  the  genus  Calamintha. 

Calamintha  (kal-a-min'tha),  n.  [NL.  ML.,  < 
L.  calaminthe:  see  calamint."]  A  genus  of  la- 
biate strongly  fragrant  herbs  or  undershrubs, 
of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  The  common 
European  species  are  used  in  making  herb-teas.  There 
are  about  40  species,  including  the  common  calamint  (C. 
officinal™),  the  wood-calamint  (C.  sylvatica),  the  lesser  cala- 


damage,  misfortune,  disaster,  ruin,  prob.  con- 
nected with  iti-columis,  unharmed ;  root  uncer- 
tain.]    Any  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  mis- 
ery; in  general,  any  event  or  disaster  which 
produces  extensive  evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earth- 
quakes, etc.,  but  also  applied  to  any  misfortune 
which  brings  great  distress  upon  a  single  per- 
son; misfortune;  distress;  adversity. 
Affliction  is  enamour'd  of  thy  parts, 
And  thou  art  wedded  to  calamity. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 
Calamity  is  man's  true  touchstone. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Triumph  of  Honour,  i.  1. 
The  deliberations  of  calamity  are  rarely  wise.       Burke. 
'T  is  sorrow  builds  the  shining  ladder  up, 
Whose  golden  rounds  are  our  calamities. 

Lowell,  Death  of  a  Friend's  Child. 

=  Syn.  Disaster,  Catastrophe,  etc.  (see  misfortune),  hard- 
ship, adversity,  affliction,  blow,  stroke. 


mint  (C.  Se.pf.ta).  the  field-  or  stone-basil  or  horse-thyme   -f'f'  "•••^•"•-j,  <......,..*».,  ,..«..,_=.. «—. 

(C.  Cliiwjmlimu\  and  the  basil-thyme  (C.  Acinos).  Calamodendron(kaFa-mo-den'dron),  n.  [NL., 

calamistt(kal'a-mist),  n.     [<L.  calamus,  areed, 

-I-  -ist.]     A  piper;  one  who  plays  on  a  reed  or 

pipe.     Bloitnt. 
calamistra,  ».     Plural  of  calamistrum. 


<  Gr.  Kafa/tof,  a  reedj  +  devdpov,  a  tree.]  A 
fossil  plant  belonging  to  the  coal-measures,  and 
formerly  held  to  be  a  gymnospermous  exogen, 
but  now  believed  to  be  a  calamite  retaining  its 


calamistral  (kal-a-mis'tral),  a.    [<  calamistrum    structure  and  especially  its  exogenous  vascular 
+  -al.]    Pertaining  to  or  having  the  functions     zone.     See  Calamites. 

Calamodyta  (kal"a-mo-di'ta),  ».  [NL.  (Meyer, 
1815),  <  Gr.  Ka^afioSiiTTjf,  a  bird,  perhaps  the 
reed-warbler,  <  Kahauoc,  a  reed,  4-  avrqf,  diver, 
<  oiiEiv,  get  into,  enter,  dive.]  A  genus  of  birds, 


of  calamistra. 

calamistratet  (kal-a-mis'trat),  v.  t.    „ . 
mistratus,  pp.  of  *cdlamistrare,  curl,  as  the  hair, 
<  calamister,  also  calamistrum,  an  iron  tube  for 


x  V.*K»/«...O,,<-.  ,  oiov,  I,,*™,,,,,OK.  .../c.,  au  iiuil  muc  i«i  ,  ,  ,         .  , 

curling  the  hair:  see  calamistrum.']     To  curl  or    giving  name  to  a  subfamily  Calamodytina; :  a 


frizzle,  as  the  hair.     Cotgrave;  Burton. 

calamistrationt  (kal"a-mis-tra'shon),  n.  [< 
calam Mrate.]  The  act  of  curling"  the  hair. 
[Bare.] 

Calamuttratioiut,  ointments,  &c will  make  the 

veriest  dowdy  otherwise  a  goddess. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  470. 

calamistrum  (kal-a-mis'trum),  n. ;  pi.  calamis- 
tra (-tra).  [NL.,  'a  special  use  of  L.  calamix- 
trum,  an  iron  tube  for  curling  the  hair  (see  cal- 
amistrate),  <  calamus,  a  reed :  see  calamus.]  One 
of  the  curved  movable  spines  forming  a  double 
row  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  sixth  or  penul- 


synonym  of  Acrocephalus.  The  typical  species 
is  Acrocephalus  aquaticus.  Also  called  Calamo- 
herpe. 

Calamodytinse(kal''a-md-di-ti'ne),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Calamodyta  +  -iim.]  InG.  R.  Gray's  system 
of  classification  (1869),  a  subfamily  of  small, 


xxx.  23,  etc.),  and  supposed  to  be  the  sweet-flag, 
Acorus  Calamus,  or  the  fragrant  lemon-grass  of 
India,  Andropogon  Schcenanthus ;  the  sweet-flag. 

Another  goblet !  quick !  and  stir 
Pomegranate  juice  and  drops  of  myrrh 
And  calamus  therein ! 

Loitgfellmr,  Golden  Legend,  iii. 

3.  [cap.]  A  very  large  genus  of  slender,  leafy, 
climbing  palms,  natives  chiefly  of  eastern  Asia 
and  the  adjacent  islands.    Their  leaves  are  armed 
with  strong  reversed  thorns,  by  means  of  which  they  often 
climb  the  loftiest  trees.    The  sheathing  leaves  cover  the 
entire  stem,  and  when  removed  leave  a  slender-jointed 
polished  cane,  in  some  species  reaching  200  feet  in  length. 
These  are  extensively  used  in  bridge-making,  for  the  ropes 
and  cables  of  vessels,  and,  when  split,  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes.     They  form  the  ratan-cwies  of  commerce, 
used  in  large  quantities  for  the  caning  of  chairs,  etc.    One 
of  the  larger  species,  C.  Scipionum,  furnishes  the  Malacca 
canes  used  for  walking-sticks.    The  fruits  of  C.  Draco 
yield  the  red  resin  known  in  commerce  as  dragon's-blood. 

4.  A  tube,  usually  of  gold  or  silver,  through 
which  it  was  customary  in  the  ancient  church 
to  receive  the  wine   in   communicating.     The 
adoption  of  the  calamus  doubtless  arose  from  caution, 
lest  any  drop  from  the  chalice  should  be  spilled,  or  any 
other  irreverence  occur.     It  has  fallen  into  disuse,  except 
that  it  is  still  retained  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
solemn  papal  celebrations,  for  the  communion  of  the 
Pope.    It  IB  also  known  by  the  names  camia,  pugillariz, 
and  fistula. 

5.  In  music,  a  flute  or  pipe  made  of  reed. — 6. 
In  ornith.,  the  hard,  horny,  hollow,  and  more  or 
less  transparent  part  of  the  stem  or  scape  of  a 
feather;  the  barrel,  tube,  or  quill  proper,  which 
bears  no  vexilla,  and  extends  from  the  end  of 
the  feather  inserted  in  the  skin  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  rachis  where  the  web  or  vane  com- 
mences.   See  cut  under  aftershaft. —  7.  An  an- 
cient Greek  measure  of  length  of  10  feet. — 
Calamus  soriptorius  (literally,  a  writing-pen),  the  lower 
(posterior)  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  fourth  ventricle  of 
the  brain,  bounded  on  each  side  by  the  diverging  funiciili 
graciles,  the  point  where  these  come  together  below  being 
likened  to  the  point  of  a  pen. 

calanchi  (ka-lan'chi),  n.  A  unit  of  weight  for 
pearls,  used  in  Pondicherry,  equal  to  0.14  gram, 
or  2&  grains  troy. 

calando  (ka-lan'do).  [It.,  ppr.  of  calare,  de- 
crease: see  calade.]  In  music,  a  direction  to 
slacken  the  time  and  decrease  the  volume  of 
tone  gradually. 


dentirostral,  oscine  passerine  birds,  of  his  fain-  calan(ira  (ka-lan'drii),  «.     [NL. ;  cf.  E.  <•«/<«- 


lines  of  silk  issuing  from  the  spinnerets,  forming  a  fllmy 
web  peculiar  to  the  species  possessing  these  organs. 


ily  LusciniidfE,  the  reed-warblers ;  the  warblers 
of  the  acrocephaline  type,  having  a  minute, 
spurious  first  primary,  and  in  tvpical  forms 
an  elongated  head  and  relatively  large  bill. 
Sundry  genera  are  Acrocephalits  (of  which  Calamodyta, 
Calamoherpe,  and  Calamodw  are  mere  synonyms),  Locus- 
tella,  Lusctniola,  and  Cettia. 

calamodytine  (kal"a-mo-d!'tin),  a.  Having 
the  characters  of  a  reed-warbler ;  pertaining 
to  the  Calumodytina; ;  acrocephaline. 


dcr*  (ME.  chalaundre,  also  caladric),  <  F.  ca- 
londre  =  Pr.  calandra  =  Sp.  calandria  =  Pg.  ca- 
lluindra  =  It.  cahndra  =  MHG.  </"'«'"'"'  (J'L- 
calandra,  chalandra,  calaiidntx,  ootendrte,  also 
caladrius,  caladrus,  a  kind  of  lark,  also  calandra, 
calandrus,  a  weevil),  <  Gr.  /.ri>afrf^of  (also  xa- 

(a)  A  large  kind  of  lark,  Xelanocorypha 
:,  with  a  stout  bill,  inhabiting  southern 


calandra 

Europe  and  northern  Africa.  The  term  lias 
been  the  book-mime  of  the  species  for  centu- 
ries. ('*)  [''«/(.]  Made'  by  Lesson,  in  1H:)7,  age- 
neric  name :  a  synonym  of  MtUcMOOOTwka,  Also 
Calniidriiia,  (<?)  In  the  form  I'nliindria,  applied 
by  Des  Murs  to  the  American  niocking-thriishcs 
of  the  genus  Mininn.  —  2.  [<•«/'•  J  In  i-ntuui.,  a  ge- 
nus of  weevils,  typical  of  the  family  (.'iilinnlritln: 

•M.IIU-  i,f   the  IllillUte   j-perir;.   inlulllit  ^Ivitt  hav.T  IN  L:rali 

arles.  In  iHith  tlieir  larval  ami  their  perfect  state.  They 
are  very  numerous,  au<l  aiuoni.'  them  are  the  wcll-knoH  n 


7r>o 


Grain- weevils. 

IT,  corn-weevil  (Calandrtt  franariai ;  *,  rice-weevil  (Ca/aHttra 
orystr] ;  c,  larva  ;  it,  pupa.    ( Small  figures  show  natural  sizes. ) 

eorn  weevil,  f.  ^i-iniiifia  t  l.imia-nsi.  and  the  rice-weevil, 
C.  oryta.  The  gru-gru  worm,  which  destroys  palm-trees 
in  South  America,  is  the  larva  of  C.  ixdmantin,  and  is 
nearly  2  inches  long.  The  grub  is  eagerly  Bought  (or  by 
the  natives,  who  cook  and  eat  it.  This  species,  with  ' '. 
miv/m/-/.  destroys  also  the  sugar-canes  of  the  West  Indies. 

calandrelle  (kal-an-drel'),H.  [A P.  form,  <  NL. 
ciilainlrrlla,  dim.  of  calamira,  q.  v.]  A  name  of 
the  short-toed  lark,  Alnuda  ctilandrella. 

calandrid  (ka-lan'drid),  a.  and  ».  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
liiiiiii-i/ln'.  Also  calamlrnitl. 

II.  H.  A  weevil  or  snout-beetle  of  the  family 
Culaudridce. 

Calandridae  (ka-lan'dri-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
laiidra,  2,  +  -idie.']  A  family  of  rhynchophorous 
Coleoptera  having  strong  folds  on  the  inner 
faces  of  the  elytra,  the  pygidium  undivided  in 
both  sexes,  tibiffi  not  serrate,  geniculate  an- 
tennre,  no  labrum,  the  last  spiracle  not  visible, 
and  the  last  dorsal  segment  of  the  male  more 
or  less  retractile  and  concealed,  species  of  the 
leading  genus,  Calatutra  (or  Sitophilu*),  are  known  as 
corn-  or  grain-weeU*.  The  family  is  related  to  the  Cnr- 
culiOHidfe,  and  is  often  included  therein.  .See  cut  under 
ratamlrtt. 

Calandrinae  (kal-an-dri'ne),  M.  pi.  [NL.,  <  CH- 
liiiitlrn,  -,  +  -ina\]  A  subfamily  of  CurctiUo- 
niilii;  containing  weevils  of  varying  size  with 
geniculate  clubbed  antennas  and  a  steep  or  ver- 
tical pygidium,  typified  by  the  genus  Calandra, 
and  corresponding  to  the  family  Calandrida. 

calandroid  (ka-lan'droid), «.  Same  as  calandrid. 

calandrone  (kal-an-dro'ne),  u.  [It.]  A  small 
reed  instrument  of  the  clarinet  kind,  with  two 
holes,  used  by  the  peasants  of  Italy. 

calangay  (ka-lang'ga),  ».  A  species  of  white 
parrot,  a  native  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

calanget,  n.  and  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of 

chdlll't'ifr. 

calanid  (kal'a-nid),  n.    A  copepod  of  the  family 

Cain  nil  In: 

Calanid8e(ka-lan'i-de),n.;)/.  [XL., «•«,,<»«*  + 
-II/H:  ]  A  family  of  gnathostomatous  copepods, 
of  the  suborder  Kiieopepoda,  having  very  long 
anterior  antennae,  only  one  of  them  modified 
for  prehension,  and  the  posterior  antennas  bi- 
ramous.  The  fifth  pair  of  feet  is  modified  in  the  male 
to  assist  in  copulation.  Caltuittx,  Crtochilwi,  Tetiwra,  and 
lH'tjitiinuui  are  genera  of  this  family. 

Calanus  (kal'a-nus),  n.  [NL.]  A  genus  of 
copepods,  typical  of  the  family  Calaiiidte.  C. 
jturo  is  an  example. 

calao  (ka-la'o),  w.  [E.  Ind.]  A  general  name 
of  the  hornbills,  or  birds  of  the  family  Bueero- 
li'lii' :  adopted  by  Brisson  in  1760  for  the  whole 
of  them,  as  Huceros  lii/ilrncnrtix  of  the  Philip- 
pines. I!,  nlisriirii.i  of  tlio  Moluccas,  etc. 

calapitte  (kal'a-pit),  ».  [<  Malayan  caliiii/m, 
the  cacao-tree.]  A  stony  concretion  occasion- 
ally present  in  the  cocoanut,  much  worn  by  the 
Malays  as  an  amulet  of  great  virtue.  Also 
called  I'fi/i'tiiM,'  h, -our. 

Calappa'(ka-lap'ii).  ».  [XL.  Of.  rttlapittr.]  \ 
genus  of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans. 
sometimes  giviiij;  name  to  a  family  ('ulii/i/iidir. 
<'.  ili'iiri-.i.tn  and  <'.  iiriiinilatii  are'  among  the 
species  known  us  hiijr-crabs. 

calappian  (ka-lap'i-an),  M.  [<  Calappa  + 
-iini.]  A  crustacean  of  the  fainily  ('iilu/ipida'. 


Box<rab  (Calaffa  tUfrtiia 


calappid  (ka-lap'id),  n.    Same  as  calii/. 
Calappidae  (ka-lap'i-de),  M.  pi.     [NL.,  <  c,i 
laj>pa  +  -itla>.]     A  family  of  braehyurous  de- 

' 


capod  crustaceans,  typified  by  the  genus  (  ' 
)i/i  ;  the  box-crabs.  They  have  a  rounded  carapace 
subtrlangular  anteriorly,  a  triangular  Imccal  frame  ami 
the  riiair  1,'eiierative  openings  on  the  basal  joint  of  the  last 
pair  of  legs.  One  of  their  most  characteristic  features  is 
the  manner  in  which  the  large  crested  pincers  fold  against 
the  front  of  the  carapace.  The  genera  are  several,  and  the 
slK-cies  Inhabit  tropical  seas. 

calappoid  (ka-lap'oid).  a.  and  n.     I.  a.   Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
lajipidte. 
II.  H.  A  calappian  or  calappid. 

calascione,  colascione  (ka-,  ko-la-shio'ne),  w. 
[It.]  A  musical  instrument  of  lower  Italy,  of 
the  lute  or  guitar  family,  having  two  catgut 
strings  tuned  a  fifth  apart,  and  played  with  a 
plectrum.  It  is  said  to  be  closely  similar  to 
the  very  ancient  Egyptian  nofre  or  nefer. 

calash  (ka-lash'W  «.  [Also  formerly  caleah, 
caleche,  <  P.  caliche  =  Sp.  calesa  =  It.  calesxe, 
calesso,  <  G.  kalesche,  kaltssc,  <  Bohem.  koleska  = 
Pol.  kolaska  =  Russ.  kolyaska,  a  calash,  dim.  of 
Bohem.  kolesa  =  Pol.  kolasn,  a  calash  (cf  .  OBulg. 
kolesinitsa  =  Russ.  kolemitga,  a  car,  chariot  ; 
Bohem.  fro/<w>=  Russ.  koleso,  a  wheel),  <  OBulg. 
Serv.  Bohem.  kolo  =  Pol.  kolo  (barred  /),  a 
wheel.]  1.  A  light  carriage  with  low  wheels, 


open  or  covered  with  a  folding  top  which 
1  let  down  at  pleasure.    The  Canadian  ca- 


either  o 

can  be 

lash  is  two-wheeled,  and  has  a  seat  on  the  splashlioartl  for 

the  driver. 

An  old  cala«h,  belonging  to  the  abbess,  lined  with  green 
frieze,  was  ordered  to  be  drawn  into  the  sun. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vll.  21. 

2.  The  folding  hood  or  top  usually  fitted  to 
such  a  carriage.  Specifically  called  a  calash-top. 
—  3f.  A  hood  in  the  form  of  a  calash-top  worn 
by  women  in  the  eighteenth  century  and  until 
about  1810.  It  was  very  large  and  full,  to  cover  the 
head-dresses  of  the  period,  and  was  made  on  a  framework 
of  light  hoops,  capable  of  being  foMed  back  on  the  shoul- 
ders, or  raised,  by  nulling  a  riblHm.  to  cover  the  head  and 
project  well  over  the  face,  similar  hoods  had  been  worn 
at  earlier  times,  hut  the  reintroduction  under  this  name 
appears  to  date  from  1765. 

Mrs.  Bute's  eyes  flashed  out  at  her  from  under  her  black 
•  "/"•/•.  Thnckfi-ttii,  Vanity  Fair. 

calata  (ka-la'ta),  a.  [It.,  a  dance,  also  a  slope. 
descent,  <  caltire,  let  down,  lower,  descend: 
see  calude,  calando.']  A  lively  Italian  dance 
in  J  time. 

calathi,  ».     Plural  of  calathux. 

calathia,  «.     Plural  of  calathium. 

calathidium  (kal-a-thid'i-um),  n. ;  pi.  calathtaia 
(-a.).  [NL.,  <  Or.  '*«jP.«0ici«>i>,  dim.  of  ndiaBof,  L. 
ri'iliithus,  a  basket  for  fruit,  flowers,  etc.,  hence 
the  bell  of  a  (Corinthian)  capital :  see  calathvu.'] 
In  lot.,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  flower- 
head  in  the  order  Composite.  Also  called  cala- 

t III Kill. 

calathiform  (kal'a-thi-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  caltithiix. 
a  basket,  +  forn'iti,  form.]  In  hot.  and  -o.V/.. 
hemispherical  or  concave,  like  a  bowl  or  cup. 

calathium  (ka-la'thi-um),  ».;  pi.  calathia  (-»). 
Same  as  cdldtliiiliiim. 

calathus  (kal'a-thns),  M.  ;  pi.  mlatlii  (-thi). 
[L.,  <  Gr.  w&Mof,  a  vase-shaped  basket:  see 
I'lilatliidiinn.'}  \.  In  clunxirtil  mi/ii/..  a  basket 
in  which  (iivek  and  Roman  women  kept  their 


calcar 

work.     It  is  often  represented  on  moninr 
especially  as  a  symbol   of  maidenhood. —  2. 

!<•"/>.]    (Nl..  1    A   Delias   of  adepha^'ous    tieetli-. 
of  the  family  I'arahidn:  having  nlilii|iiely  ~-'u\n 
ate  elytra  and  serrate  claws.    'I'.  , /////»</<• 
an  example. 

calaverite  (kal-a-ve'rit),  n.      [<  CaUneriu 
(  -<•<•  del. )  +  -it>  -'."I     A  rare  tellurid  of  gold,  oc- 
curring massive,  of  a  bronze-yellow  color  and 
metallic  luster,  first  found  in'Calavei  i-  <-oun 
ty,  California. 

calcagiumt  (kal-ka'ji-nm),  «.  [MI^.  (after  OF. 
i-fiiiriiii/r),  <  mlccata,  a  road:  see  causey.]  A 
tax,  anciently  paid  by  the  neighboring  inhabi- 
tants of  a  country,  for  the  making  and  repair- 
ing of  common  roads.  K.  riiilli/j.t,  1706. 

calcaire  (kal-kar'),  «.  [F.,  limestone,  <  lj.  ral- 
i-iirnis:  sc'e  I'nlcareoMt.'J  Limestone,  calcaire 
Krosaler  (litei-ally,  coarse  limestone),  a  calcareous  di-|B«it 
in  the  Paris  basin,  tu'lunging  to  the  Middle  i:.,.vn,  Uroup 
of  the  Tertiary,  and  nearly  the  equivalent  <>f  tlie  l'tagtthot 
lieds  of  the  London  basin.  It  Is  a  coarse-grained  rock ; 
hence  the  name.  H  U  rich  In  foulU,  especially  of  mol- 
lusks  of  the  genus  Cfrithittm,  and  some  beds  contain  great 
nnmlKTHof  t'nraiitin(frra.  It  Is  extensively  used  in  the 
rough  parU  of  buildings  In  and  about  Paris. 

calcanea,  ».     Plural  of  nilcanenm. 

calcaneal  (kal-ka'ne-al).  a.  [<  calcnneiim  + 
-</'.]  1.  In  aiitil.,  relating  to  the  calcanemn 
or  heel-bone:  as,  caleaneal  arteries,  ligaments, 
etc. —  2.  In  ornith.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
back  upper  part  of  the  tarsometatarsus  (tar- 
sus of  ordinary  language)  of  a  bird,  where  there 
is  often  a  tuberosity  regarded  by  some  orni- 
thologists as  a  calcaneum,  and  so  named  by 
them:  as,  a  calcanenl  tubercle;  calcaneal  tuber- 
osity. See  cut  under  taramnetatarsus. 

In  most  birds,  the  posterior  face  of  the  proximal  end  of 
the  middle  metatarsal,  and  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  Ur- 
sal  l)onc,  grow  out  Into  a  process,  which  Is  commonly,  but 
Improperly,  termed  calcanrat.  Hialry,  Anat  Vert.,  p.  2.14. 

calcanean  (kal-ka'ne-an),  a.  [<  calcaneum  + 
-an.]  Belonging  to  the  heel ;  calcaneal. 

calcaneum  (kal-ka'ne-um),  H.  ;  pi.  caleanea  (-S). 
[L.,  the  heel,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  1.  'in 
anat.,  one  of  the  tarsal  bones,  the  os  calcis,  or 
bone  of  the  heel ;  the  outer  one  of  the  bones  of 
the  proximal  row,  in  its  generalized  condition 
called  the  fibulare ;  in  man,  the  largest  bone  of 
the  tarsus,  forming  the  prominence  of  the  heel. 
See  cuts  under  foot,  hockl,  and  Ornitliosctlida. — 
2.  In  ornith.,  a  bony  process  or  protuberance  on 
the  back  of  the  upper  end  of  the  tarsometatar- 
sal  bone :  so  called  because  considered  by  some 
as  the  representative  of  the  os  calcis ;  but  the 
latter  is  more  generally  regarded  as  represented 
in  the  outer  condyle  of  the  tibia. 

calcantt  (kal'kant),  n.  [<  L.  c»lfan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  calcare,  tread,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel.]  A 
bellows-treader;  a  man  who  worked  the  clumsy 
bellows  of  old  German  organs  with  his  feet. 

calcar1  (kal'kilr),  H.;  pi.  calcaria  (kal-k»'ri-a). 
[L.,  a  spur,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  r/i/j-2.] 
1.  In  hot.,  a  spur ;  a  hollow  projection  from  the 
base  of  a  petal  or  sepal:  the  nectary  (necta- 
rium)  of  Linnaeus. —  2.  In  anat.,  a  projection 
into  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral  ventricle 
of  the  brain  of  man  and  some  other  mammals; 
the  calcar  avis  or  hippocampus  minor. —  3. 
In  ornith.,  a  Spur,  (n)  The  homy  process,  with  a 
ttony  core,  borne  upon  the  lower  and  inner  part  of  the 
shank  of  sundry  gallinaceous  birds,  as  the  turkejr,  phea- 
sant, domestic  cock,  etc.  It  is  of  the  same  nature  as  a 
claw,  or  u  the  horns  of  cattle,  but  differs  from  a  claw  in 
t>eing  an  offset  from  the  side  of  a  lionc,  not  at  the  end  of 
a  phalanx.  There  is  sometimes  a  pair  of  spurs,  one  above 
the  other,  on  each  shank,  as  in  the  genus  PohplMiYMi, 
(See  cut  uniler  i-nlcaratf.)  Spurs  are  commonly  devel<>j>c«l 
only  in  the  male  sex,  not  pa*«ing  a  rudimentary  condition. 
if  found  at  all,  in  the  female.  (See  cut  under  tarmmrta- 
larniK.)  (b)  A  similar  but  usually  smaller  horny  process 
borne  upon  the  side  of  the  pinion-bone,  near  the  wrist- 
joint,  of  various  birds,  as  the  jacanas,  spur-winged  goose, 
etc.  (<•)  Loosely  applied  to  the  claws  of  Mr-Is,  esitecialty 
the  hind  claw  when  notably  long  and  straight,  as  in  larks, 
spur-heeled  cuckoos,  etc. 

4.  In  liotifera,  a  spur-like  setigerous  process 
more  or  less  closely  attached  to  the  single 
ganglion  of  these  animals,  near  the  trochal 
disk. —  5.  In  Chiroptera,  a  slender  elongated 
bone  or  cartilage  upon  the  inner  side  of  the 
ankle-joint,  assisting  in  the  support  of  the  pa- 
tagium. — 6.  [cap.']  [NL.]  In  mliim.,  a  genus 
of  atraeheliate  beetles,  of  the  familv  Trnclirio- 
nidir.  l>ij,,in.  1  *_'].—  7.  [r<7/..]  [NI,.]  Incniirh., 
a  genus  of  mollusks.  Minitl'nrt.  1810.— 8.  The 
spur  forming  part  of  any  ceremonial  costume. 

calcar-  ( kal'kar),  n.  [<  L.  calcaria,  a  lime-kiln, 
fem.  of  calcarius,  pertaining  to  lime:  see  cal- 
careous.] 1.  In  glass-works,  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace for  calcining  the  materials  of  frit,  prior 
to  melting.  Also  called  fritHiiti-fiirnari. —  2. 


calcar 


Calcarate  Foot  of 
Pheasant  (Polyplfc- 
trtm  thibetanum}. 


In  metal,  an  annealing-arch  or  -oven. 
Knight. 

Calcarate  (kal'ka-rat),  a.  [<  L.  calcar,  a  spur 
(see  calcar1),  +  -ate1.]  In  bot. 
and  sool.,  spurred;  furnished 
with  spurs  or  spur-like  pro- 
cesses: as,  a  calcarate  corolla, 
such  as  that  of  larkspur. 

calcarated  (kal'ka-ra-ted),  a. 
Same  as  calcurate. 

Calcarea  (kal-ka're-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  L.'*«rf«wewj*, 
calcarius:  see  calcareous.']  The 
chalk-sponges,  which  have  the 
skeleton  composed  chiefly  of 
carbonate  of  lime :  now  gener- 
ally regarded  as  one  of  two 
main  divisions  or  subclasses  of 
Spnngice,  the  other  being  Silicea. 

calcareo-.  Combining  form  of 
calcareous  (Latin  calcarius). 

calcareo-argillaceous      (kal- 
ka"r.e-6-ar-ji-la'shius),  a.    Consisting  of  or  con- 
taining a  mixture  of  chalk  or  lime  and  clay: 
as,  a  calcareo-argillaceous  soil. 

calcar e obi tuminous  (kal  -  ka  "  re  -  6  - bi  -  tu '  mi- 
nus),  a.  Consisting  of  or  containing  lime  and 
bitumen. 

calcareocorneous  (kal-ka"re-6-k6r'ne-us),  a. 
Consisting  of  substance  that  is  both  chalky  and 
horny:  as,  the  calcareocorneous  jaw  of  a  mol- 
lusk. 

calcareosiliceous  (kal-ka/re-6-si-lish'us),  a. 
Consisting  of  or  containing  chalk  and  sand 
mixed  together:  as,  the  calcareosiliceous  beds 
of  the  ocean. 

calcareosulphurOUS  (kal-ka"re-6-sul'fer-us),  a. 
Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  'combination,  or 
partaking  of  both. 

calcareous  (kal-ka're-us),  a.  [Formerly,  and 
more  correctly,  calcarious,  <  L.  calcarius,  per- 
taining to  lime,  <  calx  (calc-),  lime :  see  calx1."] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime;  having  the 
qualities  of  lime;  containing  lime;  chalky:  as, 
calcareous  earth  or  stone — Calcareous  algse,  ma- 
rine algpe  which  in  process  of  growth  secrete  large  quan- 
tities of  lime,  obscuring  their  vegetable  structure  and  giv- 
ing the  appearance  of  coral ;  coralline  algjc.  Some  are 
attached  at  the  base  in  the  ordinary  manner ;  others  form 
incrustations  on  rocks  and  other  objects.—  Calcareous 
sacs,  in  anat.t  same  as  caictferoux  ylandu  (which  see, 
under  glaiul).—  Calcareous  spar,  crystallized  calcium 
carbonate  or  calcite.  Also  called  calc-spar.  See  calcite. — 
Calcareous  sponges,  the  chalk-sponges,  or  Calcupongm. 
— Calcareous  tufa,  an  alluvial  deposit  of  calcium  car- 
bonate. See  calcite. 

calcareousness  (kal-ka're-us-nes),  w.  The 
quality  of  being  calcareous. 

calcaria,  ».     Plural  of  calcar1. 

calcariferous  (kal-ka-rif 'e-rus),  a.  [Improp.  < 
L.  calcarius,  of  lime,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.  The 
proper  form  is  calciferous,  q.  v.]  In  geol.  and 
mineral.j  lime-yielding:  as,  calcariferous  strata. 
Also  applied  to  petrifying  springs  charged  with  carbonate 
of  lime,  which  is  deposited  as  a  crust  of  calcareous  tufa. 
[Rare.] 

calcariform  (kal-kar'i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  calcar, 
a  spur,  +  forma,  shape.]  In  bot.  and  zool., 
shaped  like  a  calcar  or  spur ;  spur-like. 

calcarine  (kal'ka-rin),  a.  [X  calcar1  +  -ine1.] 
1 .  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  heel  or  heel- 
bone;  calcaneal.  W.  H.  Flower. — 2.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  calcar  of  the  brain — Calcarine  sulcus 
or  fissure,  that  fissure  of  the  hrain  which  causes  a  pro- 
jection on  the  floor  of  the  posterior  horn  of  the  lateral 
ventricle,  giving  rise  to  the  hippocampus  minor.  See 
sidcus. 

calcarioust,  a.     See  calcareous. 

calcarpne  (kal-ka-ro'ne),  n. ;  pi.  calcaroni  (-ne). 
[It.  dial.,  aug.  6i  calcara,  a  kiln.]  A  kiln  of 
simple  construction  used  for  obtaining  sulphur 
from  its  ores.  It  has  a  base  sloping  to  an  outlet  where 
the  melted  sulphur  may  flow  out.  The  sides  are  made  of 
masses  of  gypsum.  The  kiln  is  tilled  with  sulphur  ore 
which  is  heaped  above  the  side  walls  and  covered  with 
burned-out  ore.  The  sulphur  ore  is  then  lighted  at  the 
top,  and  the  heat  of  combustion  gradually  melts  the  sul- 
phur throughout  the  kiln.  The  melted  mass  runs  off 
through  the  outlet  at  the  base. 

calcaset,  »•  See  colocasia. 
Calcatores  (kal-ka-to'rez),  u.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  calcator,  a  treader  (of  grapes),  <  calcare, 
pp.  calcatus,  tread,  trample,  <  calx  (calc-),  the 
heel:  see  calx?.]  In  Blyth's  system  of  classifi- 
cation (1849),  an  order  of  birds  containing  the 
Pressirostres  and  Longirostres  of  Cuvier;  the 
stampers.  [Not  in  use.] 

calcatoryt   (kal'ka-to-ri),  n.      [<  LL.  calcato- 
riiiiii,  a  wine-press,  <  L.  calcator,  one  who  treads 
(grapes) :  see  Calcatores.]    A  wine-press. 
Above  it  well  the  calcatory  make, 
A  wyne  pitte  the  oon  half  either  to  take. 

Palladia,  Husboudrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 


760 

E.  H.  calcet,  "•     [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  chalk:  see 
calx1  and  chalk.']    Lime. 


Sub.     How  do  you  sublime  him  ? 
Face.   With  the  calce  of  egg-shells,  white  marble,  talc. 
B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

calceamentum  (kal"se-a-men'tum),  n. ;  pi.  cal- 
ceamenta  (-til).  [ML.',  "a  particular  use  of  L. 
calceamentum,  a  covering  for  the  foot,  <  cal- 
ceare,  furnish  with  shoes:  see  calceate,  ?.]  A 
sandal  forming  a  part  of  the  imperial  insignia 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was  made  of 
red  silk  richly  embroidered,  and  in  shape  re- 
sembled the  Roman  sandal. 

calceatat,  «.  [ML. :  see  causeway.]  A  cause- 
way. E.  Phillips,  1706. 

calceate  (kal'se-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calce- 
ated,  ppr.  calceating.  [<  L.  calceatus,  pp.  of 
calccare,  shoe,  <  calceus,  also  calcius,  a  shoe, 
a  half -boot,  <  calx  (calc-),  the  heel:  see  calx2.] 
To  shoe ;  fit  with  shoes.  [Rare.] 

calceate,  calceated  (kal'se-at,  -a-ted),  a.  [< 
L.  calceatus,  pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Shod ;  fitted 
with  or  wealing  shoes.  Johnson.  [Rare.] 

calced  (kalst),  a.  [<  L.  calceus,  a  shoe,  +  -erf2 
=  -ate1 :  see  calceate."]  Shod ;  wearing  shoes : 
as,  a  calced  Carmelite  (that  is,  one  who  does 
not  belong  to  the  discalced  or  barefooted  order 
of  Carmelites). 

calcedon  (kal'se-don),  «.  [See  chalcedony."]  In 
jewelry,  a  foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in  some 
precious  stones.  Also  spelled  chalcedou. 

calcedonic,  calcedonian,  a.  See  chalcedonic, 
chalcedonian. 

calcedony,  «.     See  chalcedony. 

calcedonyx,  n.    See  clwlcefynyx. 

calceiform  (kal'se-i-f6rm),  a.  [<  L.  calceus,  a 
shoe,  +  forma,  sh'ape.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
shoe  or  a  slipper,  as  the  coroUa  of  Calceolaria. 
Also  calceolate. 

Calceolaria  (kal"se-o-la'ri-a),  11.  [NL.,  so 
called  from  the  resemblance  of  the  inflated  co- 
rolla to  a  slipper,  fem.  of  L.  calceolarias,  per- 
taining to  calceolus,  a  slipper,  dim.  of  calceus, 
shoe:  see  calceate,  v.]  A  large  genus  of  orna- 
mental herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  natural 
order  Scroithutariacea!,  natives  of  the  western 
side  of  America,  from  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to 
Mexico.  They  are  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  corolla 
with  two  deeply  saccate  lips,  the  lower  one  the  larger. 
Several  species  have  long  been  cultivated  as  house-  and 
bedding-plants,  and  have  now  become  very  greatly  modi- 
fied by  hybridization.  The  roots  of  C.  arachnoiaea,  the 
parent  of  many  of  our  hybrids,  are  used  in  Chili  for  dye- 
ing woolen  cloth  crimson,  under  the  name  of  relbttn. 
The  plant  is  sometimes  called  xlipperwort. 

calceolate  (kal'se-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  calceolus, 
dim.  of  calceus,  a  shoe:  see  calceate.  r.]  Same 
as  calceiform. 

calces,  n.     Plural  of  calx'2. 

calcic  (kal'sik),  o.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),_  lime,  + 
-ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  lime ;  containing  cal- 
cium: as,  calcic  chlorid,  or  chlorid  of  calcium. 

calcicole  (kal'si-kol),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  colere,  inhabit.]  Growing  upon  lime- 
stone :  said  of  lichens. 

They  [saxicole  lichens]  may  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
viz.,  calcicole  and  calcifugous.         Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  562. 

calcidera  (kal-sid'g-rii),  n.  [Prob.  African.] 
A  bark  used  by  the  natives  of  the  western  coast 
of  Africa  for  the  cure  of  fevers. 

calciferous  (kal-sif  'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  Containing  carbo- 
nate of  lime.  Applied  to  calcareous  sandstones  occur- 
ring in  northern  New  York  and  Canada,  and  further  west, 
of  which  the  geological  position  is  near  the  base  of  the 
Lower  Silurian  series,  and  directly  above  the  Potsdam 
Sandstone.  In  some  localities  the  calciferous  formation 
consists  of  impure  magnesian  limestone,  portions  of  which 
are  very  hard  and  silicious,  and  contain  geodes  of  quartz 
crystals.— Calciferous  asbestinite.  See  asbestinite.— 
Calciferous  glands.  See  gland. 

calcific  (kal-sif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-).  lime. 
+  -ficus,  <.  fa  cere,  make.]  In  eool.  taAaaat,, 
calcifying  or  calcified ;  that  makes  or  is  con- 
verted into  chalk  or  other  salt  of  lime:  as,  a 
calcific  deposit  in  cartilage  or  membrane  in  the 
process  of  forming  bone ;  a  cateific  process. 
Specifically  applied,  in  ornith.,  to  that  part  of  the  oviduct 
of  a  bird  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  deposited 
upon  the  egg-pod.—  CalClflC  segment.  See  ealei.fi/. 

calcification  (kaFsi-fi-ka'shon),  «.  [<  calcify  : 
see  -fication  and  -/'/.]  1.  A  changing  into  lime ; 
the  process  of  changing  or  being  changed  into 
a  stony  substance  by  the  deposition  of  salts  of 
lime,  as  in  the  formation  of  petrifactions. —  2. 
In  zool.  and  anat.,  the  deposition  of  salts  of  lime 
in  any  tissue,  as  in  membrane  or  cartilage  in 
the  formation  of  bone.  But  calcification  may  occur, 
as  in  cartilage,  in  old  age  or  disease,  without  involving 
the  histological  changes  leading  to  the  production  of  true 


calcine 

bone ;  hence  there  is  a  distinction  between  ossification  and 

calcification. 

3.  A  calcific  formation  or  structure. 

calciform  (kal'si-form),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  forma,  form.]  1.  In  the  form  of  chalk 
or  lime.— 2.  Shaped  like  a  pebble;  pebbly; 
gravelly. 

calcifugous  (kal-sif 'u-gus),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  fugere,  flee,  +  -ous.  Cf.  calcicole.] 
Avoiding  limestone :  applied  to  certain  saxico- 
lous  lichens,  and  opposed  to  calcicole. 

calcify  (kal'si-fi),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcified,  ppr. 
calcifying.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-),  lime,  +  -ficare,  < 
facere,  make :  see  -fy.]  I.  trans.  To  make 
calcic ;  harden  by  secreting  or  depositing  a  salt 
of  lime — Calcifying  or  calcific  segment,  in  ornith., 
the  calcittc  tract  or  portion  of  the  oviduct  of  a  bird,  also 
called  the  uterus,  where  the  egg-shell  is  secreted  and  de- 
posited upon  the  egg-pod. 

II.  intrans.  To  turn  into  bone  or  bony  tissue ; 
become  hard  like  bone,  as  cartilage  or  mem- 
brane, by  the  deposition  or  secretion  of  a  salt 
of  lime. 

calcigenous(kal-sij'e-nus),  a.  [<L.  calx(calc-), 
lime,  +  -genus,  <  gignere,  genere,  produce.]  In 
cheni.,  forming  lime  or  calx:  applied  to  the 
common  metals,  which  with  oxygen  form  a 
calx  or  earth-like  substance. 

calcigerous  (kal-sij'e-rus),  a.  [< L.  calx(calc-), 
lime,  +  gerere,  bear,  -t-  -ows.]  Producing  or 
containing  lime ;  calcophorous  :  as,  the  calci- 
gerous tubules  of  bone. 

calcigrade  (kal'si-grad),  a.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
heel,  +  gradi,  walk.]  Walking  on  the  heel; 
sinking  the  heel  deeper  than  the  other  parts  of 
the  foot  in  walking. 

calcimeter  (kal-sim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (calc-), 
lime,  +  metntm,  measure.]  An  apparatus  in- 
vented by  Scheibler  for  testing  bone-dust  and 
other  materials  for  lime. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -mm),  n.  [<  L.  calx 
(calc-),  lime,  4-  -mine  for  -ine2.]  A  superior 
kind  of  white  or  tinted  wash  for  the  walls  of 
rooms,  ceilings,  etc.  Incorrectly,  tcalsomine. 

calcimine  (kal'si-min  or  -min),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and 
pp.  calcimined,  ppr.  calcimining.  [<  calcimine, 
H.]  To  wash  or  cover  with  calcimine:  as,  to 
calcimine  walls.  Also,  incorrectly,  Tailsomine. 

calciminer  (kal'si-mi-uer),  n.  One  who  calci- 
mines. Also,  incorrectly,  kalsomiin r. 

calcimurite  (kal-si-mn'rit),  w.  [<  L.  calx  (ealc-), 
lime,  +  m-uria,  salt  liquor:  see  muriatic.]  A 
species  of  earth  of  a  blue  or  olive-green  color, 
of  the  consistence  of  clay.  It  consists  of  cal- 
careous earth  and  magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

calculable  (kal'si-na-bl  or  kal-si'na-bl),  a.  [< 
calcine  +  -able;  =  F.  calcinable.]  "Capable  of 
being  calcined  or  reduced  to  a  friable  state  by 
the  action  of  fire. 

calcinatet  (kal'si-nat),  v.  t.  [<  ML.  calcinatus, 
pp.  of  caldnare :  see  calcine.]  To  calcine.  Ba- 
con. [Rare.] 

calcination  (kal-si-na'shon),  ».  [<  ME.  calci- 
nacioiin,  -tioii,  <  F.  calcination,  etc.,  <  ML.  calci- 
niitio(n-),  <  calcinare,  pp.  calcinatus :  see  cal- 
cine.] 1.  The  act  or  operation  of  calcining,  or 
expelling  from  a  substance  by  heat  some  vola- 
tile matter  with  which  it  is  combined,  or  which 
is  the  cementing  principle,  and  thus  reducing 
it  to  a  friable  state.  Thus  chalk  and  carbonate  of 
lime  are  reduced  to  lime  by  calcination  or  the  expulsion 
of  carbonic  acid.  See  calcine.,  v.  I. 
2.  In  metal. :  (a)  The  operation  of  reducing  a 
metal  to  an  oxid  or  metallic  calx :  now  called 
oxidation.  Ure.  (6)  The  process  of  being  cal- 
cined, or  heated  with  access  of  air:  nearly 
equivalent  to  roastin//.  (c)  The  process  of 
treating  certain  ores,  especially  of  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  them  more  manageable  in 
the  furnace,  nothing  being  taken  from  or  added 
to  the  material  thus  treated.  This  is  done  with 
some  Swedish  iron  ores. 

calcinatory  (kal'sin-  or  kal-sin'a-to-ri),  «.;  pi. 
calcinatories  (-riz).  [<  ML.  calcinatorium  (sc. 
ras,  vessel),  neut.  of  "caleiiinlorn/f,  pertaining 
to  calcination,  <  calcinare,  pp.  calcinatus:  see 
calcine.]  A  vessel  used  in  calcination. 

calcine  (kal'sin  or  kal-sin'),  i:  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
calcineil,  ppr.  calcining.  [<  F.  caleiner  =  Pr. 
Sp.  Pg.  cdlcinar  =  It.  calcinare,  <  ML.  culei- 
nare,  reduce  to  a  calx,  <  L.  calx  (ctilc-),  lime, 
calx:  see  calx1.]  I.  tr/nix.  1.  To  convert  into 
lime  or  calx  by  the  action  of  heat ;  treat  (lime- 
stone) by  the  process  of  calcination  for  the 
formation  of  lime.  [Rare.]  — 2.  To  oxidize,  as 
a  metal,  by  heating.  [Rare.]  —  3.  In  metal., 
to  subject  to  the  action  of  heat,  with  access  of 
air:  nearly  equivalent  to  roast  (which  see). — 
Calcined  cocoon.  see  oocwti. 


calcine 

II.  intniim.  'I'o  lie  converted  into  a  powder 
or  friable  substance,  or  into  a  calx,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat. 

This  crystal  Is  a  pellucid  fliwlle  stone,  ...  In  a  very 

strong  li>-:ii  <•<>},•!, ,,n'i  without  fusion.        \.  "'"//,  optickw. 

calciner  (kal'si-uer  or  kal-si'ner),  «.  1.  One 
who  ciileines. — 2.  An  oven  or  a  furnace  for 

calcining  nrrs.      See  nilfini;  i-.  I. 
calcinize   (kul'si-ni/,),   c.       [<  calcine  +  -o-.J 
Same  as  cal<-im; 

Ood's  dread  wrath,  which  quick  doth  calcinize 
The  marble  mountains,  anil  tin1  orean  rh  j,  - 

Xiilr. .,!,;:  The  Trophies,  1.  1200. 

Calciphora  (kal-sit"o-rii),  «.  /)/.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
ot  OMOiphomt  •'  SIM-  caleiphornux.]  A  section  of 
decapod  (libranchiate  ('ci>lial»iii>da,  having  the 
internal  shell  calcareous.  They  are  mostly  extinct, 
as  the  futnily  ll<'/'-i»niti<l{rt  hut  are  still  represented  l»y 
living  forms,  as  the  uetiera  Spirilla  and  .sv;n<i.  Th«  term 
is  contrasted  with  Chomlrophora. 

calciphorous  (kal-sif" o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  eu/Vv>//»- 
riM,<  L.  calx  (cale-),  1'irae,  +  Gr.  -^opof,  <  ttpttv 
=  E.  6c«rl.  Cf.  ralcoplioroiiK,  calciferous.]  Hav- 
ing the  internal  shell  calcareous ;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  tlie  Culi-i/iliiira. 

Calcispongiae  (kal-si-spon'ji-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  calx  (cale-),  lime,  +  spongia,  a  sponge.]  A 
group  of  the  I'orifera  or  Sponyue,  among  which 
are  representatives  of  the  most  primitive  or 
fundamental  type  of  poriferal  structure;  the 
chalk-sponges.  They  have  M.J  lihiiiiu  skeleton,  but  al- 
ways possess  an  oxoskeleton  composed  of  numerous  spir- 
illa, hardened  by  deposits  of  carlioliate  of  lime  in  roiteen 
trie  layers  about  an  axis  or  basis  of  animal  substance. 
They  are  usually  if  not  always  hermaphrodite,  producing 
both  ova  and  spermatozoa  from  modified  cells  of  the  en- 
doderm;  Impregnation  and  early  embryonic  stages  of 
development  are  carried  on  while  the  ova  remain  in  the 
body  of  the  parent.  In  a  wider  sense,  the  Calcinpongiir 
include  the  physemarlans  as  well  as  the  olynthians,  and 
are  primarily  divided  into  the  two  orders  I'hytemaria  and 
Olynthoidea.  The  former  consists  of  the  genera  Hati/ilm- 
seina  and  Ga*trophyneina;  the  latter  Is  divided  into  four 
suborders,  Asconen,  Syconen,  Leucoiir*,  and  Pharetronex. 
They  are  also  called  Calcarea,  and  are  differently  divided 
under  that  name. 

calcispongian  (kal-si-spon'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cal'cispoiiffue. 

H.  n.  One  of  the  Calci/tpongia- ;  a  chalk- 
sponge:  as,  "an  intrusive  ealcisi>ongiaii,"  A. 
Hyatt. 

calcite  (kal'sit),  «.  [<  L.  calx  (cale-),  lime,  + 
-»te2.]  Native  calcium  carbonate,  or  carbonate 
of  lime,  one  of  the  commonest  of  minerals,  it 
occurs  in  a  great  variety  of  crystalline  forms,  rhoinbohe- 
drons,  scalenohedrons,  etc. ;  the  fundamental  form  lieiiig 
a  rhomhohcdron  with  a  terminal  angle  of  106%  parallel  to 
which  the  crystallized  mineral  has  highly  perfect  rleav- 
age,  so  that  a  mass  of  it  breaks  up  with  a  blow  into  a 
great  number  of  small  rhombohedrons.  The  transparent 
colorless  variety  is  called  Iceland  *i>ar  or  ilottMit  refract- 
ing  Hpar,  and  is  used  for  the  prisms  of  polariscoiies.  />• "/ 
tooth  tpar  is  a  variety  in  acute  scalenohedral  crystals. 
Satin-spar  is  a  flbrous,  and  argentine  a  pearly  lamellar  va- 
riety ;  the  granular,  compact,  or  cryptocrystalline  varie- 
ties constitute  marble,  limestone,  chalk,  etc.  Stalactites 
and  stalagmites  are  forms  deposited  in  limestone  caves ; 
calc-sinter,  calc-tuff,  or  travertin  is  a  porous  deposit  from 
springs  or  rivei-s  which  in  flowing  through  limestone  nicks 
have  become  charged  with  calcium  carbonate.  Agaric 
mineral,  or  rock-milk,  is  a  soft  white  variety  easily  cruni- 
iilnl  in  tlir  lingers;  it  Is  sometimes  deposited  in  caverns. 
(See  cut  under  apar.) 

calcitic(kal-sit'ik),«.   [<calcitc  +  -ic.~\  Pertain- 
ing to  or  formed  of  calcite:  as,  calcitic  cement. 
1'nder  atmospheric  influences,  the  aitntic  cement  ap- 
pears to  be  replaced  by  one  which  is  in  large  part  sili- 
ceous. Science,  IV.  71. 

calcitrant  (kal'si-trent),  a.  [<  L.  calcitran(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  calcitrarc,  kick:  see  calcitratc.]  Kick- 
ing; refractory. 

calcitrate  (kai'si-trat),  v.  t.  [<  L.  calci/nitii.t. 
pp.  of  ralcitrare,  kick,  <  call-  (cale-),  the  heel. 
Cf.  recalcitrant.]  To  kick.  [Rare.] 

calcitration  (kal-si-tra'shon),  n.  [<  mil  itrnti- 
+  -ion.]  The  act  of  kicking.  See  recalcitra- 
tion.  [Bare.] 

The  birtli  of  the  child  is  caused  partly  by  its  calcitration 
breaking  the  membranes  in  which  it  1Mb, 

AVv.<.  Arrana  MieroeMstni,  p.  .v_'. 

calcium  (kal'si-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  calx  (cale-), 
lime:  see  calx1  and  chnllc.]  1.  Chemical  sym- 
bol, Ca ;  atomic  weight.  40.  A  metal  having  a 
light-yellow  color  and  brilliant  luster,  about  as 
hard  as  gold,  very  ductile,  and  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  about  1.57.  It  oxidizes  readily  in  moist  air, 
and  at  a  red  heat  burn*  vividly,  forming  calcium  oxid,  CaO. 
or  quicklime,  one  of  the  alkaline  earths.  On  adding  water 
this  forms  ealrium  by. Irate.  CafllllV;.  or  slaked  lime.  Cal- 
einiii  is  not  found  native  in  the  metafile  state,  but  it  unites 
with  all  the  non-metallic  elements  to  form  coini»ouuils 
which  are  widely  distributed  in  nature  and  cxtcnsiveh 
used.  The  mineral  calcite.  all  limestone  or  tnarMr.  nn.l 
tlie  chalk  deposits  are  calcium  carbonate;  gypsum  is  cal- 
cium sulphate;  and  calcium  also  enters  into  tlu  rom]><> 
sition  of  nearly  all  tin'  native  sili. atcs. 
2.  A  calcium  light.  [Colloq.]  Calcium  light,  a 
\ery  intense  white  light  produced  by  turning  two  stream- 


7til 

of  gas,  one  of  oxygen  and  tlie  other  of  hydrogen,  in  a  state 
of  ignition,  u]Kin  a  hall  nf  lime,  raptain  llrlilnniotid,  the 
inventor,  proposed  the  use  of  this  light  in  lighthouses. 
Another  light,  previously  Invented  i->  •  :«  em- 

ployed in  geodctirnl  surveys  when  It  was  remilrcd  to  oh- 
the  angles  subtended  between  distant  stations  at 
night.  The  light  wa»  produced  by  placing  a  ball  or  dish 
of  lime  in  the  focus  of  a  paraliolic  mirror  at  the  station  to 
IK'  rendered  visible,  ami  directing  upon  it,  through  a  flame 
arising  from  alcohol,  a  stream  of  oxygen  gas.  Also  called 

/,    I/,'         ::,,!,•:, I:  -/,/,„       li://,!,       I  i  MrbttU-li'jht ,      Will 

lilt . 

calcivorous  (kal-siv'o-rus), «.  [<  L.  calx  (cale-), 
lime,  +  rorarr,  eat:  see  nirtn-iium,  and  ef.  cnl- 
I'n'iilr. }  Living  upon  limestone :  applied  to  cer- 
tain lichens. 

calclet,  ''.  t.    See  caleule. 

calcographer  (kal-kog'ra-fer),  n.  [<  calcogra- 
/•/i'/  +  -er1.]  One  who  practises  calcography. 

calcographical  (kal-ko-graf'i-kal),  a.  [<  i-i'il- 
cngra/iln/  4-  -ical.]  Pertaining  to  calcograpby. 

calcography  (kal-kog'ra-fi),  M.  [<  L.  000 
(cale-),  nine,  +  Or.  -yoofM,  <  y/m^riv,  write.] 
The  art  of  drawing  with  black  or  colored  chalks 
or  pastels. 

calcophorous  (kal-kof'o-rus),  a.  [<  NL.  calco- 
phorus,  <  L.  calx  (cale-),  lime.  +  Or.  -^opof,  <  ft- 
PFIV  =  E.  bear1.  Prop,  caldjeroug,  q.  v.]  Pro- 
ducing or  containing  lime ;  calcigerous :  as,  the 
calcophorovg  tubules  of  bone  (also  called  cana- 


calc-sinter  (kalk'sin'ter),  n.    [<  G.  kalk-sinter, 

<  l-alk  (<  L.  calx,  cale-),  lime,  +  itinter,  a  stalac- 
tite :  see  sinter.]   Travertin,  or  calcareous  tufa, 
the  material  deposited  from  water  holding  lime 
in  solution.     See  travertin. 

calc-spar  (kalk'spar),  n.  [<  L.  calx  (cale-), 
lime,  +  «/«jrl.  Cf.  calc-»inter.]  A  name  ap- 
plied to  any  of  the  very  numerous  crystallized 
and  cleavable  varieties  of  calcite;  calcareous 
spar. 

calc-tuff  (kalk'tuf),  M.  [<  L.  calx  (cale-),  lime. 
+  tuff.]  An  alluvial  formation  of  calcium  car- 
bonate. See  calcite. 

calculability  (kal*ku-la-bil'i-ti),  H.  The  quali- 
ty of  being  calculable ;"  capability  of  being  cal- 
culated. 

We  have  structures  or  machines  In  which  systematic 
action  is  the  object  aimed  at.  ...  The  solar  system,  a 
timepiece,  a  steam-engine  at  work,  are  examples  of  such 
machines,  and  the  characteristic  of  all  such  Is  their  col- 
(viability.  B.  Steirart,  Conserv.  of  Energy,  p.  158. 

calculable  (kal'ku-la-bl),  a.     [=  F.  calculable, 

<  L.  as  if  'calciilabilis,  (.  calculare :  see  calcu- 
late, v.]     1.  Capable  of  being  calculated  or  es-  calculating  kal'ku-la-ting),  p.  a      [Ppr.  of  <•«/- 
timated;  ascertainable  by  calculation  or  esti-    ™'«te.  r-l    6.lven  to  forethought  amf  calcula- 
mation. 


calculation 

This  letter  was  admirably  calculated  to  work  on  those 
to  whom  it  was  addressed.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xvlli. 

4.  To  purpow ;  intend;  design:  as,  he  calculates 
to  do  ft;  he  calculates  to  go.     [Local,  U.  H.]— 

5.  To  think;  guess.  [Colloq.,  NewEng.]=gyn.  1 

and  2.  (''llctilate,  t'oitijiiite,  Herkmi,  Count.  Ctilcvlate  ap- 
plies to  the  most  elaborate  and  varied  mathematical  pro- 
cesses. :  as,  to  calculate  an  eclipse  or  a  nativity.  Oi/v"'' 
Is  more  applicable  to  the  simpler  processes :  as,  to  com- 
/'"'••  the  interest  on  a  note.  Hut  inathematlrians  make 
Hie  opposite  distill,  tion;  in  their  language,  In  compute 
means  to  make  elaborate  emulation*  with  the  art  of  a 
IKTSOII  trained  to  this  bllsi  .  Is  essentially  tl.> 

name  as  cumuute,  but  may  be  simpler  yet :  as,  to  reckon 
interest,  or  the  amount  of  a  bin,  or  the  days  to  a  coming 
'  \-iit.  To  count  Is  to  reckon  one  by  one.  The  figurative 
uses  of  these  words  are  not  suggested  by  any  comparison 
nf  their  literal  meanings;  In  them  all  some  mental  esti- 
mate may  be  supposed  to  be  made,  akin  to  an  arithmeti- 
cal process.  "I  reckon  that  the  sufferings  of  this  present 
time  are  not  worthy  to  he  compared  with  the  glory  which 
shall  lie  revealed  in  us."  Rom.  vill.  18.  The  use  of  calcu- 
late for  reckon  In  such  a  case  as  this  ls  an  Americanism, 
"  I  count  not  myself  to  have  apprehended."  Phil.  Ill  IX 
/;•  ••(•»/!  may  lie  used  In  such  a  connection,  but  not  the 
other  two  words. 

When  they  come  to  model  heaven 
And  calculate  the  stars.        Milton,  V.  L.,  viii.  HO. 
After  Its  own  law  and  not  by  arithmetic  is  the  rate  of 
Its  (the  soul's]  progress  to  be  computed. 

Kmertm,  Essays,  lit  ser.,  p.  24». 

He  presently  confided  to  me,  .  .  .  that,  judging  from 
my  personal  appearance,  he  should  not  have  thought  me 
the  writer  that  he  in  his  generosity  reckoned  me  to  be. 

0.  W.  Holme*,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  86. 
Honour  and  pleasure  both  are  In  thy  mind, 
And  all  that  in  the  world  Is  counted  good. 

.Sir  J.  Dnrien,  Immortal,  of  Soul,  xxxlv. 

II.  intrant.  1.  To  make  a  computation ;  ar- 
rive at  a  conclusion  after  weighing  all  the  cir- 
cumstances ;  form  an  estimate ;  reckon :  as,  we 
calculate  better  for  ourselves  than  for  others; 
to  calculate  on  (that  is,  with  expectation  of) 
fine  weather. 

The  strong  passions,  whether  good  or  bad,  never  calcu- 
late.  F.  W.  Robertoon. 

2f.  To  speculate  about  future  events ;  predict. 

Old  men,  fools,  and  children  calctilate.  Shak.,  3.  C,,  L  S, 
3.  To  suppose  or  believe,  after  deliberation; 
think;  'guess';  'reckon':  as,  you  are  wrong 
there,  I  calculate.  [Colloq.,  New  Eng.] 
calculate!  (kal'ku-lat),  ».  [<  calculate,  v.]  Cal- 
culation. 

Nor  were  these  brothers  mistaken  In  their  calculate*. 
for  the  event  made  good  all  their  prognostics. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  604. 


The  .  .  .  operation  of  various  forces  visible  and  calcn- 
lalile.  Anfifil,  Channel  Islands,  p.  24». 

The  vicissitudes  of  language  are,  thus,  a  thing  over 
which  our  volitions  rarely  have  a  calculable,  control. 

F.  Hall,  Mod.  Eng.,  p.  ISO. 

2.  That  may  be  counted  or  reckoned  upon: 
applied  to  persons. 

calculary  (kal'ku-la-ri),  H.  and  a.  [<  L.  calcii- 
larittK,  lit.  pertaining  to  a  pebble,  found  only  in 
the  secondary  sense  of  '  pertaining  to  calcula- 
tion,' <  calculus,  a  pebble,  also  calculation:  see 
calculus,  calculate,  r.]  I.  «.  ;  pi.  calculates 
(-riz).  1.  In  bot.,  a  congeries  of  little  stony 
knots  often  found  in  the  pulp  of  the  pear  and 
other  fruits,  formed  by  concretions  of  the  sap. 
—  2.  In  ]iathi>l.,  a  calculus. 

II.  a.  Tin  med.,  relating  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  calculi;  arising  from  calculi  or  gravel. 
calculate  (kal'ku-lat),  r.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  calcu- 
lated, ppr.  calculating.  [<  L.  calculatiia,  pp.  of 
ealculare  (>  ult.  ME.  calctilcn,  calclen:  see  cal- 
eule, r.),  reckon,  orig.  by  means  of  pebbles,  <  cn/- 
culux,  a  pebble  :  see  calculus.]  I.  trims.  1.  To 
ascertain  by  computation  ;  compute  ;  reckon  up 
arithmetically  or  by  items  :  as,  to  calculate  in- 
terest, or  the  cost  of  a  house. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth, 
And  told  me  that  by  water  I  should  die. 

Star.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  make  an  estimate  of;  compute  by  weigh- 
ing related  facts  or  circumstances  in  the  mind  : 
as.  to  calculate  chances  or  probabilities.  —  3. 
To  fit  or  prepare  by  the  adaptation  of  means 
to  the  end;  make  suitable  ;  plan  :  generally  in 
the  perfect  participle,  and  frequently  (though 
improperly)  in  the  sense  of  fitted,  without  any 
thought  of  intentional  adaptation. 

He  does  not  think  the  Church  of  England  so  narrowly 
calculates!  that  it  cannot  fall  in  with  any  regular  species 
of  government.  Nwi/f,  Sentiments  of  a  Ch.  of  Eng.  Man,  li. 


Religion  ...  is  ...  calculated  for  our  benefit. 

nawnn. 

There  is  no  human  invention  so  aptly  ralrnl<t/-'il  for  the 
forming  a  free-born  people  as  that  of  a  theatre. 

Steele,  Taller,  So.  1B7. 


tion;  especially,  given  to  looking  ahead  with 
thoughtful  regard  to  self-interest;  deliberate 
and  selfish;  scheming. 

With  his  cool  calculating  disposition,  he  easily  got  the 
better  of  his  ardent  rival.  Godwin,  St.  Leon. 

calculating  -  machine  (kal '  ku  -  la  -  ting  -  ma  - 
shen  •),  n.  Any  machine  which  performs  nu- 
merical calculations.  The  principal  kinds  are:  (a) 
Multiplying  and  dividing  machines,  (b)  l>ifference-en- 
glues,  which  calculate  and  print  tables  from  the  Initial 
values  of  the  tabular  numt>er  and  its  first,  second,  etc., 
•  lilt. -retires.  The  tlrst  of  these  was  that  of  Babbage,  of 
which  the  Schcutz  machine,  now  at  the  Albany  observa- 
tory,  Is  a  modification,  (c)  The  analytical  engine  of  Bab* 
luge,  which  was  designed  to  calculate  and  print  tables  of 
a  function  from  constants,  but  was  never  actually  con- 
structed. ('')  Tide-predicting  machines,  of  which  senial 
have  been  constructed,  with  one  of  which,  that  of  Ferrel, 
the  regular  tide-tables  published  by  the  Vnited  States 
Coast  .Survey  are  now  computed,  (c)  Machines  for  Inte- 
grating differential  equations,  though  thene  are  rather  In- 
struments than  machines.  (/)  Logical  machines,  for  de- 
ducing conclusions  from  premises.  There  are  also  impor- 
tant Instruments  for  performing  calculations,  which  are 
not  usually  called  machines.  Such  are  tlie  abacus,  the 
celestial  globe,  and  Hill's  machine  for  predicting  eclipses 
and  occnltations,  used  In  the  calculation  of  the  American 
ephemerls.  (See  cut  under  abacut.)  There  are  also  various 
calculating-scales,  such  as  Napier's  bones.  Many  of  these 
devices  are  of  considerable  utility,  such  as  Air)  s  stick  fur 
gaging  cylindrical  vessels,  and  the  gagers'  rod.  Some  in- 
struments perform  calculations  sulttldiary  to  the  process 
of  measurement,  as  the  planinteter. 

calculation  (kal-ku-la'shon),  n.  [<  ME.  calcn- 
lacion,  -tion,  <  L.  calculatio(n-),  <  calculare, 
reckon:  see  calculate,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  calcu- 
lating ;  the  art,  practice,  or  manner  of  comput- 
ing by  numbers :  reckoning ;  computation :  as, 
to  find  a  result  by  calculation  ;  the  calculation 
was  a  difficult  one. 

In  rigorous- logic,  and  by  calculation  carried  far  enough, 
the  time  must  come  when  the  dead  in  our  country  will 
outnumber  ami  dispossess  the  living. 

W.  R.  Ong,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  106. 
Whenever  we  term  arithmetic  the  science  of  calculation, 
we  in  fact  allude  to  that  rudimental  period  of  the  science 
of  numbers  when  pebbles  (calculi)  were  used,  as  now  among 
savages  they  often  are.  to  facilitate  the  practice  of  count- 
ing. Abp.  Trench,  study  of  Words,  p.  128. 

2.  A  series  of  arithmetical  processes  leading  to 
a  certain  result. — 3.  An  estimate  formed  in  the 


calculation 

mind  by  comparing  the  various  circumstances 
and  facts  which  bear  on  the  matter  in  hand. 

The  lazy  gossips  of  the  port, 
Abhorrent  of  a  calculation  erost, 
Began  to  chafe  as  at  a  personal  wrong. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

4.  The  habit  of  forming  mental  estimates ;  a 
trait  or  an  element  of  intellectual  character 
which  shows  itself  in  the  habit  of  formulating 
and  revolving  schemes  in  the  mind,  or  forecast- 
ing the  progress  or  results  of  an  undertaking. 

Calculation  might  come  to  value  love  for  its  profit. 

Emermn,  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  216. 

Every  virtue  may  take  two  shapes,  the  one  lower  and 
the  other  higher ;  for  every  virtue  may  spring  from  calcu- 
lation, and  on  the  other  hand  every  act  of  virtue  may  be  a 
religious  act  arising  out  of  some  worship  or  devotion  of 
the  soul.  J.  It.  Seeley,  Nat.  Religion,  p.  159. 

=  Syn.  4.  Deliberation,  circumspection,  wariness,  lore- 
thought,  prudence. 

calculative  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  a.  [<  calculate  H 
-i IT.]  Pertaining  to  calculation ;  involving  cal- 
culation. 

Long  habits  of  calculative  dealings. 

Burke,  Popery  Laws. 

calculator  (kal'ku-la-tor),  11.  [L.  (>  ME.  eal- 
kelatour),  <  calculare,  calculate :  see  calculate, 
«.]  1.  One  who  calculates,  computes,  or  reck- 
ons.— 2.  One  who  estimates  or  considers  the 
force  and  effect  of  causes  with  a  view  to  form 
a  correct  estimate  of  the  effects. 
Ambition  is  no  exact  calculator. 

Burke,  Duration  of  Parliaments. 

3.  A  calculating-machine. —  4.  A  form  of  or- 
rery invented  by  Ferguson. 

calculatory  (kal'ku-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  calcula- 
torius,<  calculator :'  see  calculator.]  Belonging 
to  calculation.  Sherwood. 

calculet  (kal'kul), «.     [<  F.  calcul,  <  L.  calculus, 
reckoning :  see  calculate,  v.]   A  reckoning ;  com- 
putation. 
The  general  calcule  .  .  .  exceeded  eight  millions. 

Hoicell,  Vocall  Forrest. 

calculet,  "•  t.  [ME.,  also  calculen,  calclen,  <  OF. 
calculer,  F.  calculer  =  Sp.  Pg.  caleular  =  It. 
ealeulare,  <  L.  calculare,  reckon,  calculate:  see 
calculate,  r.]  To  calculate ;  reckon :  used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  astronomical  and  as- 
trological calculations. 

So  when  this  Calkas  knew  by  calkulynge, 
And  ek  by  answer  of  this  Apollo, 
That  Grekes  sholden  swiche  a  peple  brynge, 
Thorugh  which  that  Troye  moste  ben  fordo, 
He  caste  anon  out  of  the  town  to  go. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  71. 

calculi,  »•  Plural  of  calculus. 
calculifragOUS  (kal-ku-lit"ra-gus),  a.  [<  L.  cal- 
culus, a  pebble,  stone  in  tne  bladder,  +  fran- 
gere  (frag-),  break,  +  -ous.]  In  surg.,  having 
power  to  dissolve  or  break  calculus,  or  stone  in 
the  bladder ;  lithotritic. 

calculose  (kal'ku-los),  a.     [<  L.  calculosus:  see 
calculous.]     1.  Same  as  calculous.     [Bare.]  — 
St.  Full  of  stones  or  pebbles ;  stony;  gravelly. 
The  feldes  calculose,  eke  harde  and  drie 
Thai  love,  and  hattest  ayer,  forth!  thai  ripe 
And  floureth  with. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  54. 

calculous  (kal'ku-lus),  a.  [<  L.  calculosus,  < 
calculus,  a  pebble,  a  stone:  see  calculate,  v.] 
1.  Stony;  gritty;  hard  like  stone:  as,  a  calcu- 
lous concretion. —  2.  Arising  from  calculi,  or 
stones  in  the  bladder ;  caused  by  calculi :  as, 
a  calculous  disorder. —  3.  Affected  with  the 
gravel  or  stone  :  as,  a  calculous  person. 

calculus  (kal'ku-lus),  TO.  ;  pi.  calculi  (-11).  [L., 
a  small  stone,  a  pebble,  a  stone  in  the  bladder, 
a  pebble  used  as  a  counter,  counting,  calcula- 
tion, ete.,  dim.  of  calx  (cale-),  a  stone:  see 
calx1.]  1.  A  small  stone ;  a  pebble. —  2.  Inpa- 
thol.,  a  general  term  for  inorganic  concretions 
of  various  kinds  formed  in  various  parts  of  the 
body.  Those  concretions  formed  in  the  gall-bladder  are 
called  biliary  calculi,  or  gall -stones;  those  formed  by  a  mor- 
bid deposition  from  the  urine  in  the  kidneys  or  bladder  are 
called  renal,  cystic,  or  urinary  calculi ;  those  formed  in  the 
substance  of  the  lungs  are  called  pulmonary  calculi ;  and 
those  formed  in  the  salivary  glands  or  their  ducts  are  called 
salivary  calculi.  There  are  also  gouty  concretions  called 
arthritic  calculi,  and  others  called  pancreatic  calculi,  lac- 
ryinal  calculi,  spermatic  calculi,  etc. 
3.  In  math.,  any  highly  systematic  method  of 
treating  a  large  variety  of  problems  by  the  use 
of  some  peculiar  system  of  algebraic  notation. 
By  the  calculus,  without  qualification,  is  generally  under- 
stood the  differential  calculm,  invented  by  Leibnitz  (al- 
thc  nigh  Xewton's  method  of  fluxions  comes  virtually  to  the 
same  thing).  In  this  method  quantities  are  conceived  as, 
varying  continuously,  and  when  equations  exist  involving 
several  quantities,  these  quantities  will,  in  consequence 
of  these  equations,  vary  together,  so  that  there  will  be 
equations  between  their  rates  of  change,  the  differential 
or  infinitely  small  increment  of  a  variable  being  denoted 
by  the  letter  d  written  before  the  symbol  denoting  the 
variable.  The  differential  calculus  treats  of  the  values  of 


762 


ratios  of  these  differentials,  and  of  the  fundamental  for- 
mulas into  which  these  ratios  enter.  The  mtei/ral  calculi/* 
treats  of  integration,  or  the  summation  of  an  infinite  series 
of  differentials;  it  is  largely  an  inverted  statement  of  a 
part  of  the  doctrine  of  the  differential  calculus,  but  it 
also  introduces  imaginary  quantities  and  leads  up  to  the 


calendar 

calecannon,  colecannon  (kill-,  kol-kan'on),  ». 
[Appar.  <  cale1,  cole1,  cabbage,  +  cannon  (uncer- 
tain).] A  favorite  Irish  dish,  made  by  boiling 
and  mashing  together  greens,  young  cabbage, 
or  spinach,  and  potatoes,  and  seasoning  with 


...  and  n.     [<  L. 
for  Scotland,  + 
Caledonia  or  Scot- 
land"; Scottish;  Scotch". 

The  arrival  of  the  Saxons  [in  Britain]  checked  the  pro- 

finite  differences  differs  from  tne  airrerenuai  caicums,  ,,0i  Caledonian  marauders. 

merely  in  considering  finite  differences  instead  of  differ-  sif  f,  Crefuu  Ellg.  const.,  p.  26. 

entials,  but  also  in  not  assuming  continuity.—  Calculus 

Of  forms,  the  theory  of  invariants,  etc.,  treated  symboh-         JJ_  OT.  A  native  of  Caledonia,   or   Scotland, 
cally  after  the  manner  of  Gordan.—  Calculus  of  func-     a  Scotchman. 

&*A£ft^£^?5^  caledonite  (kal'e-do-mt)  »      [<  L.  Caledonia 
Calculus  of  logic,  a  method  of  working  out  conclusions     Scotland,   +   -ite*.]     A  blue  or  greemsn-b] 
from  given  premises  by  means  of  an  algebraic  notation.—     mineral,  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  lead  and  copper, 
operations,  the  general  method  of  treating     f  jn  attached  crstals   with  other  ores  o 


Calculus  of  operations,  the  ge 


probability.-  Calculus  of  quaternions,  the  method  of 
calculating  by  means  of  quaternions.—  Calculus  of  va- 
branch  of  the  differential  calculus  using  8, 


, 

foun(i  jn  attached  crystals,  with  other  ores  of 
lead,  at  Leadhills  in  Lanarkshire  Scotland, 
and  at  Eoughten  Gill  in  Cumberland,  England, 
also  in  Hungary  and  the  Harz  mountains. 

(kal-e-fa'shient),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 
ppr.  of  SU£*iufa  warm 


. 

ionary  calculus    See  method  of  fluxions,  under  flux-    or  hot,  <  calere,  be  hot,  •f'facere,  make,     bee 

caiefv  and  chafe.']     I.  a.  Warming  ;  heating. 

jf  '        Tfa  t  whicn  warms  or  heats;  in  med., 
asubstencewhichexcitesasensationofwarmth 


, 

ton.—  Fusible  calculus,  a  variety  of  urinary  concretion 
consisting  of  mixed  ammonium-magnesium  and  calcium 


lating  by  the  use  of  an  imaginary  unit,  the  square  of  which     in  the  part  to  which  it  IS  applied,  as  mustard, 
-  v,ei)T)er   etc  ;  a  superficial  stimulant. 

1,'  i.      !.  ._  V.i  P  fok'shonl    n       K  L    calefac- 
CaleiaCllOn  (Ka  n  i;,  it.      i\.  i^.  i 

tio(n-),  <  calefacere:  see  calffacttre,  caiefacient.] 
i  _  The  act  or  operation  of  warming  or  heating  ; 
tj  production  of  heat  in  a  body  by  the  action 

calefactwn  can  warm  a 


As  [if]  the  remembrance  of  . 
man  ln  a  co        <»ty  mgit^  More 


to  Psychozoia,  i. 


is  supposed  to  be  —1,  and  which  is  added  and  multiplied 
like  a  number.— Mulberry  calculus,  a  urinary  concre- 
tion consisting  chiefly  of  oxalate  of  lime.    Many  of  these 
calculi  in  form  and  color  somewhat  resemble  the  fruit  of 
the  mulberry.— Residual  calculus,  a  method  of  calcu- 
lating by  the  operation  called  residuation  (which  see) ;  a 
branch  of  the  integral  calculus  invented  by  Cauchy. 
caldera  (kal-da'ra),  n.     [Sp.,  a  kettle :  see  cal- 
dron.]   A  large  'kettle  or  caldron ;  hence,  in 
geol. ,  an  amphitheatrical  depression  in  a  volcan- 
ic formation.  The  term  was  originally  used  in  describing 
volcanic  regions  occurring  where  Spanish  is  the  current 
language,  and  was  introduced  by  Von  Buch  in  his  classic  calefactiVO  (kal-e-fak    tiv),  a.     [<  L.  calefac- 
description  of  the  Canaries.    Its  use  has  been  extended     tug  /__    of  calefacere:  see  caiefacient)  +  -ive.] 
thence  to  other  countries,  and  by  it  is  understood  a  large      ,  j  \T/»j  (.„  ma\cp,  warm  or  hot  •  communicating 
amphitheatrical  or  kettle-like  depression  occurring  in  vol-     Adapted  to  make  W8 
canic  rocks,  surrounded  by  high  and  steep  walls,  which     heat.     Also  calefactory. 

are  usually  more  or  less  broken  away  on  one  side  or  cut  calefactor  (kal-e-fak'tor),  n.    [<  ML.  calefactor, 
through  by  deep  ravines  (barrancas).    Calderas  are  gen-  no  warmg  (calefactor  ceres,  chafe-wax),  < 

erally  admitted  to  be  volcanic  craters  enlarged  by  the  ac-  •'      .  mlrfartirf  1      A 

tion  of  the  sea  after  submergence  of  the  mass,  or  by  the     calefacere,    make    warm  .    8  WW.J 

action  of  subterranean  disruptive  forces.  kind  of  small  stove. 

From  the  crest  of  the  great  escarpment  of  the  Atrio  [of  calefactory  (kal-e-fak'to-ri),  «.  and  TO.      [<  L. 

Monte  Somma],  or  what  the  Spaniards  would  call  the     calefactorius,    <    calefactus,    pp.    of    calefacere, 

"  Caldera,"  deep  ravines  or  "barrancos"  very  near  each     make  warm:    see  caiefacient.]     I.  «.  Same  as 

other  radiate  outwards  in  all  directions.  ,   ? 

Sir  C.  Lyell,  Prin.  of  Geol.  (10th  ed.),  I.  834.     calefa 

Calderari  (kal-de-ra'ri),  n.  pi. 

deraro,  equiv 

smith :  see  caldron 

society,  formed  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  short- 
ly before  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  in 

1815,  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  Carbonari 

and  upholding  absolute  government. 
caldeset,  ».  *•    See  chaldese. 

Choused  and  ^*£*te£$"*Wa  1010   calefyt  (kal'e-fi),  v. ;  pret,  and  pp.  calefied,  ppr. 

,.         ,,.,,,       ,       '  r-n    i  j  caleft/iiif/.    [< L.  calefteri,  grow  hot,  pass,  ot  cale- 

caldron  (kal'dron).  ».    [Early  mod.  U.  caudron ;     «JW"  J  JL    hot;  cf.  MC.  caleficare,  make  hot 

<  ME.  caldron,  calderon,  usually  caudron,  can-    />  ujt  E  cfeaft  q   v  )•  see  caiefacient  ] 

droun,  caudvrmm cawdron,  etc.,  <OF.  *ealdron,     J         '  T^  ^wtot  or 'warm;  be  heated. 

"caudron   (Picard  cawdron,  cauderon),  assibi- 

lated  "chaldron,  "chaudron,  chauderon  (> E.  chal- 


f        ^^^        o{  the 
_I3  A  chafing-dish  of  silver  or  other 
me       tocontainbuniinf  charcoal,  placedupon 
co](1  weather. 


dron  in  different  sense:  see  chaldron),  F.  cltdii- 


=  Sp.  calderon  =  Pg.  caldeirao  =  It.  cal-       11-  f«"«-  • 
,  a  large  kettle),  aug.  of  OF.  caudiere,  caleidophone 


Chrystal  will  calefy  unto  electricity. 

Sir  T.  Browne.,  Vulg.  Err.,  li.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  make  warm  or  hot. 


, 
n.     See 


caldaja,  caldara  (obs.)  (also  caldajo,  caldaro, 
m.),  a  kettle,  <  L.  caldaria,  a  kettle  for  hot 
water,  fern,  of  caldarius,  suitable  for  heating, 
<  caldus,  calidtts,  hot,  <  calere,  be  hot :  see  cal- 
id.]  A  very  large  kettle  or  boiler.  Also  spelled 
cauldron. 

In  the  midst  of  all 

There  placed  was  a  caudron  wide  and  tall, 
Upon  a  mightie  fornace,  burning  whott. 

Spenser,  F.  (.).,  II.  ix.  29. 

cale1,  a.     See  cote2  and  Icale1. 

cale2  (kal),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  Incoal-iii/n- 
ing,  a  specified  number  of  tubs  taken  into  a 
working-place  during  the  shift.  Gresley.  [Mid- 
land counties,  Eng.] 

cale3  (kal),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caled,  ppr.  caliiif/. 
[E.  dial.,  also  written  cail;  origin  obscure.] 
I.  trans.  To  throw. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  move  irregularly. — 2.  To 
gambol.   Balliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.  in  all  senses.] 

cale3  (kal),  n.  [<  ealeS,  v.]  Turn  :  as,  it  is  his 
cult'  to  go.  [North.  Eng.] 


a  abbot 

of  Ealemberg,  an  amusing  personage  in  Ger- 
man anecdotes,  or  a  narrator  of  amusing  anec- 
dotes; or  from  a  count  of  Kalmbern,  who  made 
amusing  mistakes  in  speaking  French.]  A 
pun ;  a  play  on  words, 
calemes  (kal'e-mez),  n.  Same  as  camenes, 
calendar  (kal'en-dar),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
calender ;  <  ME.  calendar,  calender,  Tcalender  = 
D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kalender  =  F.  ealendrier  =  Pr. 
calendler  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  calendario.  It.  also  ctihii- 
daro,  <  L.  calcndarium,  in  classical  L.  usual- 
ly latlenAnriwn,  an  account-book,  interest-book 
(so  called  because  interest  became  due  on  the 
calends),  in  ML.  a  calendar;  neut.  of  <•«/<•«- 
durius,  l>-at<'>i<l(i>-iitx,  adj.,  <  calendit-,  kalenda; 
calends:  see  cutrnds.]  1.  A  collection  of 
monthly  astronomical  tables  for  a  year,  ar- 
ranged by  weeks  and  days,  with  accompanying 
data  ;  an  almanac.  It  was  so  called  from  the  Roman 
:;il,-niln:  the  mime  given  to  the  first  day  of  the  month, 
and  written  in  large  letters  at  the  head  of  each  mouth. 


calendar 

Let  i  hi-  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  in  II  .....  ,iL  ,i,l,,,-  ' 

Hlillk.,  Macbeth,  iv.   I. 

The  Egyptians  were  the  first  to  institute  :i 

'lit,',  ill  which  every  da)'        almost  eUTyholir  —  liaditsspc 

ciiil  religions  ceremony.  FttttJuty  ll»-  H'./.-W.  p.  HO. 

2.  A  systoui  of  reckoning  time,  especially  the 
method  of  fixing  the  length  anil  divisions  of 
the  year.  —  3.  A  table  or  tables  of  the  days  of 
each  month  in  a  year,  with  their  numbers,  for 
use  in  fixing  dates.  —  4.  A  table  or  catalogue 
of  persons,  events,  etc.,  made  out  in  order  of 
time,  as  a  list  of  saints  with  the  dates  of  their 
festivals,  or  of  the  causes  to  be  tried  in  a  court  ; 
specifically,  in  British  universities,  a  chrono- 
logical statement  of  the  exercises,  lectures,  ex- 
aminations, etc.,  of  a  year  or  of  a  course  of 
study. 

Tin'  care  I  have  had  to  even  your  content,  I  wish  might 
lie  found  in  the  calendar  of  my  past  endeavours. 

Shale.,  All's  Well,  1.3. 

He  keeps  a  calendar  of  nil  the  famous  dishes  of  meat 
that  have  been  in  the  court  ever  since  onr  great-grand- 
lathers  time.  Beau,  anil  Ft.,  Woman-Hater,  I.  1. 

RhadunianthiiH,  who  tries  the  lighter  causes  Mow,  leav- 
ing to  his  two  brethren  the  heavy  calenilnrx. 

Lamb,  To  the  Shade  of  Elliston. 
5f.  A  guide  ;  anything  set  up  to  regulate  one's 
conduct. 

h'irfi-iuler  is  she 
To  any  woman  that  wol  lover  l>e. 

Ckaui-i-r.  Hood  Women,  1.  642. 

6.  A  series  of  emblematic  pictures  of  the  months  : 
a  common  motive  of  decoration  during  the  mid- 
dle ages,  in  sculp- 
ture, painted  glass, 
earthenware  tiles, 
andthelike.  For  each 

month  the  zodiacal  siuii 
is  represented,  with  one 
or  more  persons  engaged 
In  labors  or  sports  char- 
acteristic of  the  month. 

—  Calendar  -  amend- 
ment Act,  :in  English 
statute  of  1751,  which 
took  effect  in  1762,  es- 
tablishing January  1st  as 
the  beginning  of  each 
year  (instead  of  Lady- 
day,  March  25th),  adopt- 
ing the  Gregorian  or 
"new  style"  in  place  of 
the  Julian  or  "  old  style  " 
calendar,  and  canceling 
the  then  existing  excess 


toe  Uthls  know,,  , 
Lord  Che*terfiM'f  Act. 
—  Calendar  month,  a  solar  month  as  it  stands  in  al- 
manacs. —  Calendar  moon.  Same  as  ecclffiaittical  momi 
(which  see,  under  eccleriantical).  —  Ecclesiastical  calen- 
dar, an  arrangement  of  the  civil  year  employed  by  the  li- 
turgical churches  to  designate  the  flays  set  apart  for  partic- 
ular religious  celebration.  As  many  feasts  of  the  church 
depend  upon  Easter,  the  date  of  which  varies  from  year  to 
year,  either  the  calendar  must  vary  every  year  or  must  con- 
tain simply  the  matter  from  which  a  true  calendar  can  be 
i  -'imputed  for  cadi  year.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
special  circumstances  in  the  history  of  each  nation  affect 
its  liturgical  calendar  ;  hence  every  nation,  and  to  some 
extent  every  religious  order  and  even  every  ecclesiastical 
province,  has  its  own  calendar.  The  German  Lutheran 
church  retained  at  the  Reformation  the  Roman  Catholic 
calendar,  with  the  saints'  days  then  observed.  The  Church 
of  England  still  retains  In  its  calendar  certain  festivals, 
i  -ailed  black-letter  days,  for  which  no  service  is  prescribed 
and  which  have  been  omitted  by  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
riinrch  of  America.  See  Hatter.  —  Gregorian  calendar, 
the  ivii  in  i  led  Julian  calendar  introduced  by  the  bull  of  Pope 
Gregory  XIII.  in  February,  1582,  and  adopted  in  England 
in  September,  1752;  the  "new  style"  of  distributing  and 
naming  time.  The  length  of  the  year  of  the  Gregorian  cal- 
endar is  regulated  by  the  Gregorian  rule  of  intercalation. 
which  is  that  every  year  whose  number  in  the  common 
reckoning  since  Christ  is  not  divisible  liy  4,  as  well  us  even 
year  whose  number  is  divisible  by  100  but  not  by  400,  shall 
have  305  days,  and  that  all  other  years,  namely,  those  whose 
numbers  arc  divisible  by  400,  and  those  divisible  by  4  and 
1  1  >  '!  hy  100,  shall  have  :tG&  days.  The  Gregorian  year,  or  the 
mean  length  of  the  years  of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  is  386 
'lavs.  ;,  hours.  4ii  minutes,  ami  12  seconds,  and  is  too  Ion-;  by 
26  seconds.  The  Gregorian  rule  has  sometimes  been  stated 
as  if  the  year  4000  and  its  multiples  were  to  l>e  common 
years  :  this,  however,  is  not  the  rule  enunciated  by  Greg- 
ory. The  Civ.'orian  calendar  also  regulates  the  time  of 
Kastcr,  upon  which  that  of  the  other  movable  feasts  of 
the  church  depend;  and  this  it  does  by  establishing  a  fic- 
titious iniwui,  which  is  purposely  made  to  depart  from  the 
place  of  the  true  moon  in  order  to  prevent  the  coincidence 
of  the  Christian  Paschal  feast  with  that  of  the  Jews.—  He- 
brew calendar,  the  luni-solar  calendar  used  by  the  .lews 
since  the  second  century  of  the  Christian  em.  The  years, 
numbered  from  tie  creation,  are  either  ordinary,  contain- 
ing 12  lunar  months  and  3s:t,  :i«4,  or  355  days,  or  embolls- 
mic,  containing  13  lunar  months  and  383,  384,  or  886  days. 
In  every  cycle  of  19  yeara  7  are  emltolismic.  to  bring  lunar 
and  solar  time  into  agreement.  To  find  the  number  of  the 
Hebrew  year  lieirinnim:  in  the  course  of  a  unveil  i;re<_-<inan 
year,  ad  I  ::7iit  to  the  number  of  the  latter.  -Julian  Cal- 
endar, the  solar  calendar  as  adjusted  by  Julius  t^e-ar,  in 
which  the  chronological  reckoning  was  first  made  definite 
and  invariable,  and  the  average  leliirth  of  the  year  fixed  at 
I165J  days.  This  average  year  (called  the  Julian  t/fnr)  be- 
ing too  long  by  a  few  minutes,  the  error  was  rectified  in 


703 

the  Gregoiian   calendar.      The  .Inlian  calendar,  or    'old 
style,  '  is  still  retained  in  Russia  and  Greece,  whose  dates 
iiicntly  are  now  12  days  in  arrear  of  those  of  other 
Christian  countries.—  Mohammedan  calendar,  the  lu- 
nar calendar   ciuplo>ed    in   all    Mohammedan   countries., 
thonu'h  there  is  another  jwculiar  to  IVi  -ia.     I 
Hist  of  ::.ii  or  n.v>  dais,  in  the  mean  :i:i4la.    The  Mftnntav 
of  the  year  thus  retrogrades  thioujih  dill, -rent    - 
completing  their  circuit  in  almut  .".';  >ears.   They  are  num- 
bered from  the  hejlra  (which  see),  the  nrstdayof  the  first 

>ear  heini;  .Inly    loth,    \.   l..  BB,       lie     I'.ootli    M   ,r   l«-Kiiii 

Sunday.  Vnvniiicr  uth.  i-.vj.    Republican  calendar, 

the  calendar  of  the  first  French  republic.     The  \eai  i 

slsted  of  365  days,  to  which  a  :<iK)th  was  to  be  added  "ac- 
cording as  the  position  of  the-  opiinox  requires  it,"  so  that 
the  year  should  always  liegin  at  the  midnight  of  the  Paris 
observatory  preceding  the  true  autumnal  equinox.  The 
numlK-rs  of  the  years  were  written  in  Roman  numerals. 
The  year  I.  began  September  22d,  1792,  hut  the  calendar 
was  not  introduced  until  October  5th,  1793.  Every  period 
of  four  years  was  called  a/rantuuie.  The  years  of  ;**>»  days 
were  called  textile.  There  were  12  months  of  30  days  each, 
and  5  or  6  extra  days  at  the  end  called  nani-atlottida.  The 
names  of  the  months,  t>eginning  at  the  autumnal  equinox, 
»ere  Vendcmiaire,  Brumalre,  Frimaire,  N'ivose,  Pluvlose, 
Ventose,  Germinal,  Floreal,  Prairial,  Messldor,  Themiidor. 
and  Fructidor. 

calendar  (kal'en-dar),  v.  t.  [<  calendar,  n.]  To 
enter  or  write  in  a  calendar;  register. 

Twelve  have  been  martyrs  for  religion,  of  whom  ten  r.re 
calendared  for  saints. 

Waterhmuu,  Apol.  for  Learning,  p.  237. 
And  do  you  not  recall  that  life  was  then  calendars!  by 
moments,  threw  itself  Into  nervous  knots  or  glittering 
hours,  even  as  now,  and  not  spread  Itself  abroad  an  equa- 
ble felicity?  Emerton,  Works  and  Days. 

The  greater  and  Increasing  treasures  of  the  Record- 
office  .  .  .  lately  calendared  and  indexed. 

X.  A.  Re.t.,  CXXVI.  MO. 

calendar-clock  (kal'en-diir-klok),  n.  A  large 
hall-  or  wall-clock  having  dials  or  other  appli- 
ances for  indicating  the  days  of  the  week, 
month,  or  year,  with  sometimes  the  phases  of 
the  moon,  as  well  as  the  hours  and  minutes. 

calendarial  (kal-en-da'ri-al),  a.  [<  calcndary 
+  -al.]  Same  as  calendary. 

calendary  (kal'en-da-ri),  a.    [<  L.  calendaring, 
katcnitarius :  see  calendar,  n.]    Belonging  to 
the  calendar. 
The  usual  or  calendar]/  month. 

Sir  T.  Brmrne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  12. 

calender1  (kal'en-der),  n.  [<  F.  calandre,  < 
ML.  celendra,  a  calender,  a  corruption  of  L.  cy- 
lindriig,  a  roller,  cylinder:  see  cylinder.]  1.  A 
machine  consisting  of  two  or  more  cylinders  or 
rolls  revolving  very  nearly  in  contact,  between 
which  are  passed  woven  fabrics,  paper,  etc., 
for  preparation  or  finishing  by  means  of  great 
pressure,  often  aided  by  neat  communicated 
from  the  interior  of  the  cylinders.  The  object  of 
the  calender  for  cloth  and  paper  is  to  give  the  material  a 
perfectly  smooth  and  equal  surface,  and  sometimes  to  pi  <> 
duce  a  superficial  glaze,  as  In  certain  cotton  and  linen 
fabrics  and  what  is  specifically  called  calendered  paper,  or 
a  wavy  sheen,  as  in  watered  silk,  etc.  The  larger  rolls  in 
such  a  calender  are  usually  made  of  solidified  paper  or 
pasteboard  turned  exactly  true,  with  intermediate  cast- 
iron  cylinders.  Calenders  are  attached  to  paper-making 
machines  for  expressing  the  water  from  the  felted  web  of 
paper,  and  for  the  finishing  processes  of  smoothing  and 
glazing.  They  are  also  used  for  spreading  india-rubber 
into  sheets  suitable  for  making  rubber  fabrics,  etc. 

2.  An  establishment  in  which  woven  fabrics 
are  prepared  for  market  by  the  use  of  the  cal- 
ender and  the  other  necessary  processes. 

It  is  as  usual  to  say  that  goods  are  packed  as  that  goods 
are  dressed  at  a  calender.  Kiurjfc.  Brit.,  IV.  682. 

3.  [Prop,  calendrer,  q.  v.]    A  calendrer. 
calender1  (kal'en-der),  r.  t.  ..[=  F.  calandrer; 

from  the  noun.]  To  press  in  a  calender,  as 
cloth  or  paper. 

calender'*  (kal'en-der),  n.  [<  F.  calendre,  cn- 
landre,  calande,  now  only  cabindre,  a  kind  of 
lark,  also  a  weevil :  see  calandra.]  1.  A  lark. 
See  calandra,  1. —  2.  A  weevil. 

Calender1*,  Kalender  (kal'en-der),  ».  [=  F. 
calender,  <  Ar.  qalandar,  >  Turk,  qalandcr, 
Hind,  qalandar.]  One  of  an  order  of  der- 
vishes founded  in  the  fourteenth  century  by 
an  Andalusian  Arab  named  Yusuf,  who  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  order  of  Bektashis  on  account 
of  his  extreme  arrogance.  The  Calenders  are  wan- 
derers who  preach  in  the  market-places  and  live  by  alms. 
Though  the  title  Calender  asserts  for  its  bearers  a  life  of 
great  purity,  the  members  of  this  order,  even  before  the 
death  of  its  founder,  fell  into  the  grossest  licentiousness 
and  debauchery,  and  have  not  hesitated  at  assassination 
They  hold  that  salvation  is  as  little  affected  by  vice  and 
crime  as  by  virtue  and  holiness,  and  that  sin  stains  the 
body  only  and  can  Iw  removal  by  ablutions. 

On  the  road  I  caused  my  beard  and  eyebrows  t"  IK- 
shaven,  and  assumed  a  calender'!!  habit. 

Arabian  Night*,  Hist,  of  Third  Calender. 

calender4!,   «•     An  obsolete  corrupt  form  of 

•nlinnili-r  for  I'nrinnili  r. 


calf 

calendographer  (kal-cn-<lt>g'r»-fi-r).  //.    [Ineg. 

<  ML.  riilriiil(iiriinii).  a  calendar,  +  (ir.  ^Ktyt/v, 
write.]      One   who    makes    calendar*.       Itoyle. 
[Hare.] 

calendrer,  calenderer  (kal'en-dn'-r.  -d«Wr), «. 

[Also  ciintr.  fttli-Hilcr ;  <  ruU-nitirl,  f.,  +  -/.T1.] 
A  person  who  calenders  cloth,  paper,  etc. 

calendric,  calendrical  (ka-len'drik.  -<lri-kal), 

it.  [Irreg.  <  nilrndiir  +  -ir,  -iral.]  Pertaining 
to  a  calendar.  [Kiirr.  ] 

calends,  kalends  (kaivmlz),  H.  ;</.  [<  MK.  /</ 
lendes,  rarely  sing.,  the  first  dav  of  the  month, 

<  AS.  call-nil,  a  month,  <  L.  i-nl' -iidir,  in  classi- 
cal L.  usually  kalenda;,  pi.,  the  first  day  of  the 
month,  also  by  extension  a  month,  <  *cni>  n , 
(•a/arc  =  Gr.  na).fiv,  call,  summon  (not  connect- 
ed with  E.  call1).    The  reason  of  the  name  is 
uncertain.]     1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,  the 
first  day  of  the  month.    Krom  this  the  days  of  the 

preceding  month  were  counted  backward  to  the  ides, 
which  in  March,  May,  .Inly,  and  Octolier  eorres|^mded  to 
the  15th,  and  In  all  the  other  months  to  the  l.ithdayof 
the  month.  Thus  the  18th  day  of  March  by  onr  reckoning 
was  In  the  Roman  calendar  the  17th  day  before  tin-  cab-nd. 
of  April(the  first  of  April  being  Included),  m  more  briefly 
17th  calends  ;  the  14th  day  of  January  was  the  imh  day 
liefore  the  calends  of  February ;  the  14th  day  of  any  month 
with  thirty  days  being  the  isth  before  the  calends  of  the 
succeeding  month. 

2f .  The  beginning  or  first  period. 

Now  of  hope  the  kalendet  blgyune. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  U.  7. 

On  or  at  the  Greek  calends  (Latin  ml  kalnuUu  Graau\ 
at  no  time;  never:  an  ancient  Roman  phrase  alluding  to 
the  fact  that  the  Greeks  had  nothing  corresponding  to  the 
Roman  calends;  hence,  to  say  that  a  debt  umild  IN-  paid  at 
til-1  (,'i-fek  cntenttx  meant  that  the  debt  would  never  In-  paid. 

Calendula1  (ka-len'du-lft),  ».  [NL.,  dim.,  <  L. 
falenda-,  the  first  day  of  the  month;  from  its 
producing  flowers  almost  all  the  year  round.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Composite, 
with  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  having  a  power- 
ful but  not  pleasant  odor,  natives  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region  j  the  marigolds.  The  common  or 
pot  marigold,  C.  ojRctnaliji,  Is  an  old  ornament  of  country 
gardens.  Its  flowers  are  used  to  give  a  yellow  color  to 
cheese,  and  to  adulterate  saffron.  In  medicine  It  has  had 
repute  as  a  remedy  for  cancer  and  other  diseases,  and  its 
tincture  is  used  as  a  cure  for  wounds  and  bruises. 

calendula'2  (ka-len'du-la),  «.  [NL.,  for  "calan- 
dula,  "culandrula,  dim.  of  calandra,  a  lark:  see 
calandra  and  calender?.]  In  itrnith.:  (nf)  An 
old  and  disused  name  of  the  crested  wren  of 
Europe,  Regains  crwtatun.  Brisson,  1760.  (6) 
The  specific  name  of  the  ruby-crowned  kinglet 
of  North  America,  Regulus  calendula.  JAnnatut, 
1766.  (c)  (cai).]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  African 
larks,  of  which  C.  eraxsirostris  is  an  example. 
Svaiimon,  1837. 

calendulin,  calenduline  (ka-len'du-lin),  n.  [< 
Calendula1  +  -in1*,  -t«e2.]  A  mucilaginous  sub- 
stance or  gum  obtained  from  the  leaves  and 
dowers  of  the  common  marigold. 

calentes  (ka-len'tez),  n.  Given  by  Sir  W.  Ham- 
ilton as  another  name  for  camenet  (which  see). 
Probably  a  mistake  for  celantex. 

calenture  (kal'en-tur),  n.  [<  F.  calenture,  <  Sp. 
(Pg.)  calentura,  heat,  a  calenture,  <  calentar, 
heat,  <  L.  calere,  ppr.  calen(t-)g,  be  hot:  see 
calid,  calefacient,  etc.]  A  kind  of  delirium 
sometimes  caused,  especially  within  the  trop- 
ics, by  exposure  to  excessive  heat,  particularly 
on  board  ship. 

Xow  I  am  made  up  of  tire,  to  the  full  height 
Of  a  deadly  calenture. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  v.  1. 
Interest  divides  the  church,  and  the  calenture*  of  men 
breathe  out  in  problems  anil  unactive  discourses. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  18SSX  Ded.,  I.  S. 
This  calenture  which  shows  me  the  maple-shadowed 
plains  of  Berkshire,  .  ,  .  tteneath  the  salt  waves  which 
come  feeling  their  way  along  the  wall  at  my  feet. 

O.  W.  Holme*.  Autocrat,  x. 

calescence  (ka-les'ens),  w.     [<  L.  cale»cen(t-)g, 

ppr.  of  calescere,  grow  warm  or  hot,  inchoative 

of  calere,  be  warm  or  hot :  see  calid.]    Growing 

warmth ;  increasing  heat, 
calevilet,  ".    An  obsolete  form  of  ealnlle. 
caleweist,  ».     [ME.,  appar.  a  corrupt  form  of 

OF.  cailloel.]    A  fine  variety  of  pear.     Hum.  of 

the  Ritse. 
calf1  (kaf),  ». ;  pi.  calces  (kavz).     [E.  dial,  also 

ranf;  early  mod.  E.  also  calre,  <  ME.  calf,  <  AS. 

mill'(p\.  ceajfas,  rnasc.,  cealfent.  eealfm,  neut.) 

=  68.  kalf=  D.  kalf=  MLG.  LG.  kalf=  Icel. 

kalfr  =  Sw.  kalf=  Dan.  kalr  =  OHO.  riill,,  <-l,«lh 

(pl.d 


.  .  .        , 

( pi.  chelbir).  MHO.  kalp(p\.  MtoO.G.faO,  neut., 
OHO.  fliiilM,  MHO.  kullif,  f.,  a  calf,  =  Goth. 


calenderer,  ". 
calendering-rubber  (kal'en-der-ing-mb"er). «. 
A  utensil  formerly  used  for  calendering. 


o.  f.,  a  heifer;  related  to  AS.  rilfor  (-lomb), 
E.  dial,  chilrer,  =OHG.  eMbiirra.  MHG.  kilbere, 
a  female  lamb,  G.  dial.  (Swiss)  kilber,  a  young 
ram ;  cf.  Ir.  colpa,  eolpach,  cow,  heifer,  bul- 
lock; the  Lapp,  kalbe,  Finn.  kalj»;  are  borrowed 


calf 

from  G.  Perhaps  akin  to  Skt.  garbha,  the 
womb,  an  embryo,  =  Gr.  ppe<t>af,  an  embryo. 
In  the  derived  senses  7,  8,  9,  cf.  Dan.  Icalv,  a 
detached  islet,  and  see  calee,  3,  and  cafe1.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  eow  or  of  other  bovine 
quadrupeds.     In  customs  laws,  and  as  established  by 
treaties  of  commerce  between  many  European  countries, 
a  young  animal  ceases  to  be  a  calf  when  it  has  shed  its 
two  front  milk-teeth,  which  takes  place  some  time  be- 
tween its  IGth  and  its  24th  month. 

2.  The  young  of  marine  mammals,  as  seals 
and  cetaceans,  the  adults  of  which  are  called 
bulls  and  cows. —  3.  In  her.,  a  fawn. — 4.  Calf- 
skin leather:  as,  a  shoe  made  of  calf;  a  book 
bound  in  calf. — 5.  A  bookbinding  in  calfskin. 
— 6.  An  immature  or  raw  person ;  a  silly  dolt ; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.     [Colloq.] 

Some  silly,  doting,  brainless  calf.  Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

7.  A  small  island  lying  near  a  large  one  (the 
two  being  compared  to  a  cow  with  its  calf) : 
as,  the  calf  of  Man.    Admiral  Smyth.    [Eng.]  — 

8.  A  mass  of  earth  which  separates  from  the 
walls  of  a  cutting  or  excavation,  and  falls  in. 
Compare  calve,  3,  and  cave1.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Tak  heed,  lads,  there's  a  cauf  a-comin. 

Lincolnshire  Glossary  (E.  D.  8.,  ed.  Peacock). 

9.  Naut.,  a  mass  of  floe-ice,  breaking  from  under 
the  floe  and  rising  to  the  surface  of  the  water, 
often  with  violence — Divinity  calf,  a  dark -brown 
calf  bookbinding  decorated  with  blind  -stamping,  and  with- 
out gilding :  so  called  because  used  in  binding  theological 
works.— Half  calf,  a  bookbinding  of  which  the  back  and 
corners  only  are  in  calfskin. — Mottled  calf,  a  pale-col- 
ored calf  bookbinding,  decorated  by  the  sprinkling  of 
acids  in  drops. — Smooth  calf,  a  binding  in  plain  or  un- 
decorated  leather.— The  calves  Of  the  lips,  metaphori- 
cally used  in  Hosea  xiv.  2  for  sacrifices  of  prayer,  praise, 
and  thanksgiving,  the  captives  of  Babylon  being  unable 
to  offer  sacrifices  in  the  temple. — Tree  calf,  a  bright- 
brown  calf  bookbinding  stained  by  acids  in  conventional 
imitation  of  the  trunk  and  branches  of  a  tree. 

calf2  (kaf),  ». ;  pi.  calces  (kavz).  [<  ME.  calfe, 
calf.  <  Icel.  kdlfi  =  Norw.  kalve,  dial,  kalv,  kaave, 
=  Sw.  half,  in  comp.  ben-half,  calf  (ben.  leg,  = 
E.  bone1),  =  Dan.  dial,  kalve,  kalle,  kal;  cf. 
Ir.  calpa,  colpa,  Gael,  calpa,  calf  of  the  leg.] 
The  thick  fleshy  part  of  the  human  leg  behind, 
between  the  knee  and  the  ankle,  chiefly  formed 
by  the  gastrocnemius  and  soleus  muscles,  which 
are  relatively  larger  in  man  than  in  any  other 
animal,  for  the  better  support  of  the  body  in 
the  erect  attitude. 

Long.  His  leg  is  too  big  for  Hector. 

Dum.  More  calf,  certain.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2. 

calf-bone  (kaf'bon),  «.     The  fibula. 

calfkill  (kiif'kil),  n.  LambkiH  or  sheep-laurel, 
Kalmia  angustifolia. 

calf-lick  (kaf  'lik),  n.     Same  as  cow-lick. 

calf-like  (kaf'lik),  «.  or  adv.  Resembling  a 
calf ;  in  the  manner  of  a  calf. 

So  I  charm'd  their  ears, 
That,  calf- like,  they  my  lowing  follow'd. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

calf-love  (kaf'luv),  n.     A  youthful  transitory 
passion  or  affection,  as  opposed  to  a  serious 
lasting  attachment  or  love. 
It's  a  girl's  fancy  just,  a  kind  o'  calf-love;  let  it  go  by. 
Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xx. 

calf's-foot  (kafs'fut),  n.  A  name  of  the  Arum 
macula-turn,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf. 

calfs-head  (kiifs'hed),  n.  The  pitcher-plant 
of  California,  Darliiigtonia  Californica,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  ventricose  hood  at  the  summit  of  the 
leaf.  See  Darlingtonia. 

calfskin  (kaf'skin),  n.  1.  The  hide  or  skin  of 
a  calf. 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide  !  doff  it  for  shame, 
And  hang  a  calf's-skin  on  those  recreant  limbs. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  1. 

2.  Leather  made  of  calves'  skins,  a  common 
material  for  boots  and  shoes,  and  also,  when 
differently  prepared,  for  bookbinding.  Calfskin 
differs  from  morocco  in  having  a  very  smooth 
and  uniform  surface. 

calf-snout  (kaf 'snout),  n.  The  snapdragon,  An- 
tirrhinum mnjlla. 

calf-tmndlet,  »•  The  ruffle  of  a  shirt;  the 
flounces  of  a  gown.  Wright. 

calf-ward  (kaf 'ward),  n.  A  place  where  calves 
are  kept  in  the  field.  Also  written  cauf-ward. 
[Scotch.] 

caliatOUI-WOOd  (kal'i-a-tor-wud),  n.  A  kind 
of  dyewood  which  grows  in  India  on  the  Coro- 
mandel  coast.  It  is  sometimes  confounded  with 
red  sandal-wood. 

caliber,  calibre  (kal'i-ber),  ».  [<  F.  calibre, 
formerly  also  qnalibre,  bore  of  a  gun,  size, 
capacity  (lit.  and  fig.),  also  weight,  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calibre  =  It.  calibro,  caliber.  Origin  uncertain ; 
perhaps  <  L.  (ML.)  qua  libra,  of  what  dimen- 
sions, weight :  qua,  abl.  fern,  of  quis,  who,  what, 


764 

=  E.  io7io,  wlia-t;  libra,  abl.  of  libra,  balance, 
counterpoise,  measure  for  liquids,  a  pound: 
see  libra.  Cf.  cantilever,  oantalwer.  Littre'  sug- 
gests Ar.  kalab,  a  form,  mold,  model ;  cf.  Pers. 
kalab,  a  mold.  Doublets,  caliper,  caliver,  q.  v.] 

1.  The  diameter  of  a  body,  especially  of  the 
hollow  inside  of  a  cylinder:  as,  the  caliber  of 
a  piece  of  ordnance  or  other  firearm,    in  the 
United  States  the  caliber  of  a  firearm  is  expressed  in  deci- 
mal parts  of  an  inch ;  thus,  a  rifle  of  .44-inch  caliber  (often 
shortened  to  "a  44-caliber  rifle,""  a  32-caliber  pistol,"  etc.); 
of  a  cannon,  either  by  the  diameter  of  its  bore,  as  a  10-inch 
gun,  or  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot  which  it  can 
carry,  as  a  12-pounder.    In  Great  Britain  the  calibers  of 
small  arms  are  commonly  expressed  in  decimal  parts  of  an 
inch ;  of  fleld-guns,  by  the  weight  of  a  solid  round  shot 
which  will  fit  the  bore,  as  a  6-pounder ;  of  heavy  guns,  in 
tons,  as  a  38-ton  gun  or  a  100-ton  gun.    In  France  and  in 
other  countries  on  the  continent  the  caliber  is  expressed 
in  millimeters  or  centimeters. 

The  energy  of  the  brain  depends  mainly  on  the  calibre 
of  its  arteries. 

G.  H.  Levxs,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  ii.  §  47. 

2.  Figuratively,  compass  or  capacity  of  mind ; 
the  extent  of  one's  intellectual  endowments. 

Coming  from  men  of  their  calibre,  they  were  highly  mis- 
chievous. Burke.,  Appeal  to  Old  Whigs. 

A  thinker  of  Comte's  calibre  does  not  live  and  write  to 
no  purpose.  J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  164. 

3.  In  liorol. :  (a)  The  distance  between  the 
two  plates  of  a  watch  which  determines  the 
flatness  of  the  movement.    (6)  The  plate  upon 
which  is  traced  the  arrangement  of  the  pieces 
of  a  clock;  the  pattern-plate.     E.  H.  Knight. 

-  Caliber-compasses,  calibers.    See  caliper. 

caliber  (kal'i-ber),  v.  t.  [<  caliber,  «.]  In  (/mi., 
to  ascertain  the  caliber  of;  calibrate.  See 
caliper.  [Little  used.] 

caliber-gage  (kal'i-ber-gaj),  H.  A  tool  or  stand- 
ard for  measuring  cali- 
bers, whether  external  or 
internal.  A  usual  combination 
form  (see  the  annexed  cut)  is  made 
with  prongs  or  jaws  having  an 
opening  of  exactly  the  required 
caliber  for  external  measure- 
ments, and  a  bar  of  the  exact 
gage  for  internal  measurements. 
Other  forms  are  plugs  or  rings, 
etc.  Also  caliper-gage . 

caliber-rule  (kal'i-ber-rol),  'ii.  1.  Gunners' 
calipers,  an  instrument  in  which  a  right  line 
is  so  divided  that,  the  first  part  being  equal 
to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  1 
pound  weight,  the  other  parts  are  to  the  first 
as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  pounds 
are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  1  pound.  It  is 
used  by  engineers  to  determine  a  ball's  weight 
from  its  diameter  or 
caliber,  and  vice  versa. 
2.  An  outside  caliper 
formed  by  a  rule  hav- 
caiiber-ruie.  ing  a  graduated  slide 

with  a  projecting  foot, 

between  which  and  the  end  of  the  rule  is  placed 
the  piece  to  be  measured. 
Also  caliper-rule. 

caliber-square  (kal'i-ber-skwar),  n.  A  rule 
carrying  two  cross-heads,  one  of  which  is  ad- 
justed slight- 
ly by  a  nut, 
the  other  be- 
ing movable 
along  the 
rale.  On  one 
side  the  cross- 
heads  are  adapt- 
ed to  the  mea- 
surement of  in- 
terior diameters 
or  sizes,  and  on 

Also 


Caliber-gage. 


A^J^^*™*  "n*j%j~|  ca 


Caliber-square. 


the  other  side  to  the  measurement  of  external  sizes. 
caliper-Rquare. 

calibogus  (kal-i-bo'gus),  n.  An  American  cant 
name  for  a  drink  made  of  rum  and  spruce  beer. 

calibrate  (kal'i-brat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cali- 
brated, ppr.  calibrating.  [<  caliber  +  -ate2.] 
1.  To  determine  the  caliber  of,  as  the  interior 
of  a  thermometer-tube.  See  calibration.  Hence 

—  2.  To  determine  the  relative  value  of,  as  dif- 
ferent parts  of  an  arbitrary  scale. 

It  is,  however,  possible  to  calibrate  the  galvanometer, 

—  that  is,  to  ascertain  by  special  measurements,  or  by 
comparison  with  a  standard  instrument,  to  what  strengths 
of  current  particular  amounts  of  deflection  correspond. 

S.  P.  Thompson,  Elect,  and  Mag.,  p.  163. 

calibration  (kal-i-bra'shon),  >i.  [<  calibrate  + 
-ion.']  The  act  or  process  of  calibrating,  espe- 
cially of  ascertaining  the  caliber  of  a  thermom- 
eter-tube, with  the  view  of  graduating  it  to  a 
scale  of  degrees,  or,  if  graduated,  of  discover- 
ing and  measuring  any  errors  due  to  inequality 
in  the  bore ;  also,  the  determination  of  the  true 
values  of  the  divisions  of  any  graduated  scale. 


calico-printing 

The  calibration  of  a  thermometer-tube  is  effected  by  insert- 
ing a  column  of  mercury  of  a  known  length,  and  ascertain- 
ing that  it  retains  the  same  length  in  all  parts  of  the  tube. 

calibre,  «.    See  caliber. 

Calibum  (kal'i-bern),  n.  Another  name  for  Ex- 
calibur,  the  sword  of  King  Arthur:  as,  " Cali- 
burn's  resistless  brand,"  Scott,  Bridal  of  Trier- 
main,  i.  15. 

calicate  (kal'i-kat),  a.  [A  corrupt  form  of  caly- 
cate,  as  if  <  L.  calix  (calic-),  a  cup  (see  calix),  + 
-rtfe1.]  See  calycate. 

calice  (kal'is),  «.  [<  ME.  ea-Ks,  chalice,  <  OF. 
cnlice,  a  cup,  assibilated  'chalice,  >  E.  chalice, 
q.  v.,  <  L.  calix  (calic-),  a  cup :  see  chalice.']  If. 
A  cup,  usually  a  communion-cup ;  a  chalice. 

Eating  the  holy  bread  and  drinking  the  sacred  calice. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  In  zoot.,  the  little  cup  in  which  the  polyp  of 
a  coral-producing  zoophyte  is  contained. 

calices  (kal'i-sez), ».  pi.  In  anat.  andro67.,  a  cor- 
rupt form  of  calyces,  plural  of  calyx  (which  see). 

caliche  (ka-le'che),  n.  [Sp.,  a  pebble  acciden- 
tally inclosed  in  a  burnt  brick,  also  a  flake 
of  lime  detached  from  a  whitewashed  wall; 
in  Mex.  Sp.  recent  soft  or  earthy  limestone ; 
used  by  Humboldt  as  equiv.  to  Sp.  caliza,  lime- 
stone (cf.  calizo,  limy,  calcareous) ;  <  cal,  <  L. 
calx,  lime :  see  calf1.]  The  local  South  Ameri- 
can name  of  the  native  impure  nitrate  of  soda 
(Chili  saltpeter),  of  much  importance  in  the 
commerce  of  South  America. 

caliciferous.  a.    See  calydferous. 

calicle,  n.     In  .rod'/.,  same  as  calycle,  2. 

calico  (kal'i-ko),  «.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
callico  (cf.  Dan.  kalilco,  Sw.  kalliko,  F.  calicot, 
Sp.  calico,  <  E. ;  Sp.  calicut,  culicud,  a  silk  stuff) ; 
so  called  from  Calicut  (in  early  mod.  E.  also 
Calicow,  Caleco)  in  India,  whence  it  was  first 
imported.]  I.  «. ;  pi.  calicoes  or  -co*  (-koz). 
1.  Properly,  any  white  cotton  cloth:  as,  un- 
bleached calico,  shirting-caKco,  etc.  Calico  was 
first  manufactured  in  India,  whence  it  was 
introduced  into  Europe. — 2.  In  the  United 
States,  printed  cotton  cloth  of  a  coarser  quality 
than  muslin. 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  calico:  as,  a  calico  gown. 
—  2.  Resembling  printed  cotton  or  calico; 
spotted;  piebald:  as,  a  calico  horse.  [Rare.] 

The  kind-hearted  Antony  alighted  from  his  calico  mare, 
and  kissed  them  all  with  infinite  loving-kindness. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  419. 

calico-back  (kal'i-ko-bak),  n.  A  local  name 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  of 
the  turnstone,  Strej)silus  interpres. 

[The  name!  Calico-back  [has  reference]  to  the  curiously 
variegated  plumage  of  the  upper  parts. 

Sportsman'*  Gazetteer,  p.  164. 

calico-bass  (kal'i-ko-bas),  n.  A  name  of  a  sun- 
fish,  Pomoxys  sparoides,  of  the  family  Cen  trar- 
chida'.  Also  called  grass-bass,  stratvberry-bass, 
and  bar-fish.  See  crappie. 

calico-bush   (kal'i-ko -bush),  n.    A  common 
name  of  the  Kalmia  latifolia,  the  mountain  lau- 
rel of  the  United 
States. 

calico-printer 
(kal'i-ko-prin"- 
ter),  H.  One  whose 
occupation  is  the 
printing  of  cali- 
coes. 

calico-printing 
(kal '  i  -  ko  -  prm '' - 
ting),  n.  The  art 
of  impressing  de- 
signs in  color  up- 
on cloth.  The  sim- 
plest  method  is  the  use 
of  engraved  wooden 
blocks,  pressed  upon 
the  cloth  by  hand.  A 
separate  block  is  re- 
quired for  each  color. 
Block-printing  has  also 
been  effected  by  means 
of  machinery.  For 
most  work  a  cylinder- 
press  is  used.  The  pat- 
terns are  engraved  up- 
on the  surface  of  cop- 
per rollers,  and  the 
movement  of  the  cloth 


Calico-printing  Machine,  adapted  for 

two  pattern -rollers. 
The  cloth  is  unwound  from  roller  /, 
and  passes  beneath  the  smooth  roller  a, 
receiving  an  impression  from  each  ol  the 
two  rollers  e,  e,  as  it  passes.  The  roller 
a  runs  in  journal-boxes  which  are  regu- 
lated by  a  set-screw  b  at  each  end,  and 
a  smoothing-roller  c,  actuated  by  a  set- 
screw  d,  holds  the  cloth  against  the 
roller  a.  The  pattern-rollers,  e,  e,  are 

"Minn  r,i  mcuium  inke(1  by  the  aprOns, /)/,  which  pass 
IS  Continuous  and  over  the  rollers  f,  f,  i,  the  outside  surfaces 
rapid.  The  colors  used  of  the  aprons  coming  in  contact  with  the 
surfaces  of  the  rollers  g. ,  g,  which  revolve 
in  the  ink-troughs,  h,  h.  After  receiving 
the  Impressions  from  the  pattern-rollers, 
e,  e,  the  cloth,  m  tn  m,  is  led  off  to  be 
dried  and  folded. 


are  either  substantive 
or  adjective  :  the  for- 
mer have  an  affinity  for 
the  cloth,  and  by  them- 
selves adhere  and  form 
permanent  dyes ;  the  latter  will  not  of  themselves  adhere 
to  the  fibers,  or,  if  they  do,  are  not  permanent,  but  require 
to  be  fixed  by  mordants.  The  various  styles  of  printing 
are  called  the  bandana.  r/ji'/m-Wt/?,  decoloring,  discharge, 
madder,  padding,  resist  style,  etc. 


calico-wood 

calico-wood  (kal'i-ko-wud),  ».  The  snowdrop- 
tree,  Hatcxia  ti'lri/iil'  ni,  of  the  southern  United 
States,  having  a  soft,  compact,  liglit-brown 
wood. 

calicula   (kn-lik'u-ljl),  «.;  pi.  atlicuke  (-le). 
[NI...,  I'.;  <•!'.  I-,  ailir.iiiiin,  m.,  dim.  of  cnli 
/<(•-),  11  cup;  luit  tlu>  proper  form  would  be  '<•«///- 
cuta:  sue  calt/cle.]    1.  Acalycle. — 2.  [cap.]   A 
genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.     Walker,  1858. 

calicular  (ka-lik'ii-liir),  «.  f<  L.  rnliriilim  (see 
caliculii)  +  -ar.]  Formed  like  a  cup;  calathi- 
fonn;  cyathiform :  as,  "  ealirulnr  leaves,"  .Sir 
'/'.  Hrairiii;  \'n\K-  Err.,  ii.  3. 

caliculate  (kn-lik'u-lat),  «.    [<NL.  cnliciiiniii.i, 

<  eiilii'iiln,  q.  v.]     1.  In  &«£.  and  zoiil.,  same  as 
rnlicidar. —  2.  Having  a  ealicula  or  calyx. 

calidt  (kal'id),  a.     [<  L.  c/ilklua,  hot,  <  <•«/</•/. 

be  hot.    Hence  also  ult.  (<  L.  calMus)  caldron, 

i-liiiltlri'ii,  rlmldi  r,  etc., and  (<  calere)  etHefarimi. 

i-iili'i'i/.  i-liitfe,  color, calorie,  etc.]   Hot;  burning; 

ardent. 
calidad  (ka-li-diid'),  ».    [8p.,  =  E.  quality,  q.  v.] 

A  Cuban  tobacco  of  superior  quality, 
calidge  (kal'ij),  «.     A  land  of  Indian  pheasant: 

same  as  kalecge.     W.  H.  Russell. 
calidityt  (ka-lid'i-ti),  n.     [<  L.  as  if  "caliditas, 

<  caliaus,  hot:  see  calid.]    Heat. 

Nor  doth  it  [lce|  only  submit  unl..  an  actual  heat  lint 
not  endure  the  potential  calidity  of  many  waters. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  II.  1. 

Oalidris  (kal'i-dris),  n.  [NL.  (as  a  genus  in 
Cuvier,  1799-1800;  improp.  chaUdris,  Belon, 
1555),  <  Gr.  Ka/iidpif,  a  var.  reading  of  OKa^.idpic, 
in  Aristotle,  a  speckled  water-bird,  prob.  the 
redshank  (Totanus  calidris,  Linnnus),  perhaps 

<  ovcoAif  (ovi-a/Un-),  a  hoe,  mattock,  shovel,  <  an.a>.- 
faiv,  stir  up,  hoe,  probe,  search.    Cf.  Ereunetes 
('searcher'),  applied  to  a  genus  of  sandpipers, 
in  allusion  to  their  probing  habits.]     1.  [I.  &J 
An  old  name  of  sundry  small  spotted  wading 
birds  of  Europe,  of  the  family  Scolopacidfe.    See 
Arenaria. — 2.  A  genus  of  sandpipers  (Brisson, 
1760),  with  the  knot,   Tringa  canutus,  as  the 
type. — 3.  [I.  c.]  The  specific  name  (Linnnus, 
1766)  of  the  spotted  redshank,  Totanus  calidrin. 
— 4.  A  genus  of  three-toed  sandpipers,  includ- 
ing ouly  the  sanderling,  Calidris  arenaria.   This 
is  the  current  meaning  of  the  word,  dating  back 
to  Cuvier,  1800. — 5.  [I.  c.]  The  specific  name 
of  the  sanderling  with  those  who  call  the  bird 
Arenaria  calidris. 

caliduct  (kal'i-dukt),  n.  [<  L.  calere,  be  warm 
(or  ealidus,  warm),  +  iliictim.  a  leading  (see 
duct) ;  more  correctly  caloriduct,  q.  v.]  A  pipe 
or  duct  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam  from  a 
furnace  to  the  apartments  of  a  house.  [Rare.] 

calif,  caliph  (ka?lif ),  n.    [<  ME.  califfe,  caliphe, 

<  F.  calife,  <  Ar.  khalifa,  khalifah  (>  Turk,  kha- 
lifa), ealif,  lit.  a  successor,  <  khalafa,  succeed.] 
Literally,  a  successor:  the  title  given  to  the 
successor  of  Mohammed  as  head  of  the  Moslem 
state  and  defender  of  the  faith.    The  calif  is  vested 
with  absolute  authority  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
religion  and  i-i\il  polity  of  the   Mohammedans.     He  is 
called  imam  by  the  Shiahs,  who  hold  that  the  successor  of 
Mohammed  should  he  a  descendant  of  the  prophet's  own 
family.    (See  imam.)    The  Sunui  Mohammedans  hold  that 
the  calif  should  be  one  of  the  Koreish,  the  tribe  to  which 
the  prophet  belonged.    Four  so-called   "perfect"  califs 
reigned  at  Medina  from  the  death  of  Mohammed  to  661, 
IS  Ominiad  califs  at  Damascus  to  750,  and  37  Abbasid 
cnlifs  at  Bagdad  to  1258,  when  the  temporal  power  of  the 
califs  was  overthrown  by  the  Turks.     There  were,  how- 
ever, titular  Abbasid  califs  in  Egypt  (successors  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  family  who  fled  thither  in  1258)  until  the  usur- 
pation of  the  califate  by  the  Turkish  sultan  Selim  I. 
(1612-20);  the  office  has  since  remained  iu  the  Ottoman 
(Sunni)  dynasty.    The  title  calif  was  assumed  by  the  Om- 
miad  rulers  of  Mohammedan  Spain  at  Cordova  (756-1031), 
after  the  overthrow  of  the  family  in  Asia.    The  Fatimite 
rulers  of  Egypt  (1)09-1171)  also  called  themselves  califs. 
Also  spelled  kalif,  khalif,  etc. 

califate,  caliphate'  (ka'li-fat).  M.  [<  calif  + 
-ate*.  Cf.  Turk,  kltatifet,  Ar.  khalafa,  califate.] 
The  office  or  dignity  of  the  califs,  or  the  govern- 
ment of  a  calif.  Also  spelled  caliphat,  kalifate, 

khalit'iitr. 

California  coffee,  condor,  jack,  etc.  See  the 
nouns. 

California!!  (kal-i-f6r'ni-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Cali- 
fornia +  -an.]  I.  a.  Of'or  belonging  to  Cali- 
fornia, one  of  the  Pacific  States  of  the  United 
States :  as,  Californian  gold. 

II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Califor- 
nia.—Lower  Californian.  pertaining  to,  or  an  Inliabi- 
tant  of,  Lower  or  Baja  California,  a  peninsular  territory 
of  Mexico,  south  of  the  State  of  California  (in  this  relation 
enllril  I  pper  or  Altu  California). 

califship   (ka'lif-ship),   H.     [<   calif  +  -ship.] 

Same  as  califiitr. 
caliga  (kal'i-'ga),  «. ;  pi.  raliga:  (-je).  [L.,  a  shoe, 

a  boot,  esp.  a  soldier's  boot.  Of.  cntceuf,  a  shoe, 


765 

and  see  calceate.]     1.  In  Rom.  anttq..  a  mili- 
tary shoe;  the  most  common  form  of  foot-cov- 
ering of  all  ranks  up  to  centurion,    it  consisted 
of  a  strong  sole  with  projecting  nails,  having  secured  in  it 
in  the  most  usual  form,  a  number  of  stra|»  or  thongs  so 
•  'I  iu  to  inclose  the  foot  as  high  M  the  ankle,  but 
leaving  the  toes  exposed. 
2.  A  bishop's  stocking.     See  buskin,  n.,  5. 

Our  English  bishops  began  at  an  early  period  to  wear 
these  califfa  or  episcopal  stockings. 

Hack,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  II.  249. 

caligatet  (kal'i-gat),  n.    [<  L.  caligatus,  booted, 

<  culiiin,   a  shoe,  a  boot.]      1.    One  wearing 
stockings. —  2.    A    common   soldier;    also,    a 
faint-hearted  coward.     Cote*,  1717. 

caligated  (kal'i-ga-ted),  a.  [<  L.  caligatus, 
booted,  <  caliga,  a  boot.]  In  ornith.,  lamini- 
plantar ;  having  the  typical  osciue  tarsus. 

Having  only  nine  primaries  and  caiiffated  tarsi,  It  was 
an  osclne  form. 

P.  L.  Setater,  Cat  Birds  Brit.  Mus.,  XI.  50. 

caligation (kal-i-ga'shon),  n.  [<  L.  caligatio(n-), 

<  t-dligan;  pp.  rdliii>ilii.t,\w  in  darkness,  <  caligo, 
darkness:    see  caligo.]     Darkness:  dimness; 
cloudiness;  specifically,  dimness  of  sight:  as, 
"  a  caligation  or  dimness,"  Sir  T.  liroione,  Vulg. 
En-.,  iii.  18. 

Caligidse  (ka-lij'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Caligus 
+  -ida:]  A  family  of  siphonostomous  crusta- 
ceans, the  species  of  which  are  ectoparasitic 
upon  fishes.  They  have  a  flat  body  with  a  shield-  or 
buckler-like  cephalothorax,  and  small  or  reduced  abdo- 
men ;  a  large  genital  segment,  especially  In  the  female ; 
four  pairs  of  blramous  pleopods  or  swimming-feet :  and  a 
suctorial  mouth  with  stylifonii  mandibles.  The  females 
have  long,  string-like  egg-tubes.  The  Caligidit  live  on 
the  skin  and  gills  of  marine  fishes.  There  are  a  number 
of  genera  besides  Califfus. 

Caligides  (ka-li-zhed'),  »• pi-  [F.  pi.,  repr.  NL. 
Caligidte,  q.  v.]  In  Latreille's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  tribe  of  his  Siphoitostoma,  or  para- 
sitic crustaceans,  approximately  equivalent  to 
the  modern  order  t&phonostoma. 

caliginosity  (ka-lij-i-nos'i-ti),  ».  [<  L.  as 
if  *caliginosita(t-)s,  <  caliginosus,  caliginous.] 
Darkness ;  dimness.  [Bare.] 

caliginous  (ka-lij'i-nus),  a.     [<  L.  caliainosus, 

<  caligo  (caligin-),  darkness :  see  caligo.]  Dim ; 
obscure;  dark.    HaUiwell.     [Rare.] 

caliginously  (ka-lij'i-nus-li),  adv.  Obscurely. 
[Rare.] 

caliginousness(ka-lij'i-mis-m-s),  n.  Dimness; 
obscurity.  [Rare.] 

caligo  (ka-li'go),  M.  [L.,  darkness,  dimness, 
prop,  mist,  vapor,  fog.]  1.  Dimness  of  sight; 
caligation.  Also  called  achlys. — 2.  [ca^.]  [NL.] 
A  genus  of  butterflies,  of  the  subfamily  Bras- 
solince.  C.  eurylochia  is  the  enormous  owl-butterfly  of 
South  America,  sometimes  expanding  9  inches.  C.  urarmx 
Is  another  species  with  an  orange  bar  across  the  wings. 

caligrapher,  caligraphic,  etc.  See  calligra- 
pher,  etc. 

caligula  (ka-lig'u-la),  n. ;  pi.  caligula  (-le).  [L. 
caligula,  dim.  of  caliga,  a  boot,,  esp.  a  soldier's 
boot:  see  caliga.]  1.  In  ornith.,  a  boot;  an 
ocreate  or  fused  tarsal  envelop.— 2.  [cop.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects.  Moore, 
1862. 

Caligus  (kal'i-gus).  n.  fNL.,  <  L.  caliga,  a 
boot.]  A  genus  of  parasitic  suctorial  crusta- 
ceans, of  the  group  called  Epizoa.  or  fish-lice, 
haying  the  elongated  labium  and  metastoma 
united  in  a  tube  which  incloses  the  sharp  styli- 
forrn  mandibles,  typical  of  the  family  CaUgiace. 
C.  curtus  is  a  parasite  of  the  cod. 

calimanco,  ».     See  calamanco. 

calin  (ka'lin),  n.  [Sp.  calin  =  Pg.  mltm;  of 
Eastern  origin.]  A  compound  metal,  of  which 
the  Chinese  make  tea-canisters  and  the  like. 
The  ingredients  are,  apparently,  lead  and  tin. 

caliological  (kal-i-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to 
oaliology. 

caliology  (kal-i-ol'o-ji),  ».  [<  Gr.  naJnd,  a 
dwelling,  hut,  nest'(=  L.  cella,  a  hut,  cham- 
ber: see  cell),  +  -toyi'o,  <  A^jw.  speak:  see 
-ology.]  That  department  of  ornithology  which 
relates  to  birds'  nests. 

The  extraordinary  taste  and  ability  many  birds  display 
In  this  matter,  as  well  as  the  wide  range  of  their  habi- 
tudes, furnishes  one  of  the  most  delightful  departments 
of  ornithology,  called  caHolagy- 

COTKW,  Key  to  X.  A.  Birds,  p.  227. 

calipash  (kal'i-pash  or  kal-i-pash'),  »•  [A  form 
of  calabash  with  sense  of  carapace,  q.  v.  Cf. 
mlipee.]  In  cookery,  that  part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  upper  shield,  consisting  of  a  f  at  t  y 
gelatinous  substance  of  a  dull-greenish  color. 
Also  spelled  callipash. 

For  now  instead  of  rich  sir-loins,  we  see 
Green  calipash  and  yellow  calipee. 

Prol.  >«  Tli:-  DmMtM. 


I 


calk 

calipee  (kal'i-p5  or  kal-i-pt"-' ).  //.  [S«T>  mlipash.] 
That  part  of  a  turtle  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shield,  consisting  of  :i  fatty  ^i-hitinous  sub- 
Htance  of  a  light-yellow  color.  Also  spelled 
calliper. 

l>ol,liiii  hi-lpe.l  hiini>elf  to  until  -uiip;  for  the  lady  of 
the  house,  tiefore  whom  the  tureen  wu  placed,  was  so 
ni  MI  Hi  oootonta,  Uiat  the  was  going  to  help  Mr. 
Sedley  without  ln-stow- 
Ing  upon  him  either  call- 
pash  or  rat* 
Thiii-kmi'i,  Vanity  Kalr. 

caliper  (kal'i-per), 
n.  [Also  written 
fnllifter,  a  corrup- 
tion of  caliber,  q.  v.] 
An  instrument  for 
measuring  diame- 
ters ;  a  caliber : 
commonly  in  the 

plural.  The  term  cali-  a  spring-calipen  •  t  common  form 
per  or  calipen  Is  used  with  arc:,  r.  Indde  cmllpen;  *  tondo 
generally  to  denote  an  mnd  °U?id,e  ^.'P*™ '  '••  •priog-cah- 

iimtt-iiiiu.iit   f/»r  inoaaii*.      I**1*  wlUi  4*lbvtea  operating  screw  and 

inHirumeni  lor  iiieusur-    nut*  /*  Yemicr  calu>crs  for  inside  and 

Ing  the  exterior  dlaine-    «,uidV  oKaturemenu  which  read  to 

ter   of   any  cylindrical    thomandtht  of  incbea. 

liody,  and  ftar-gage  or 

iiutiilr  ealipm  for  an  Instrument  u»ed  for  obtaining  the 

interior  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun,  casing,  or  jacket. 

Not  by  volume,  but  by  quality,  which  the  caliperi  fall 
to  measure  or  scales  weigh,  does  wit  declare  the  values  of 
the  Imponderable  essences,  sensibility  and  thought 

Alcott,  Table-Talk,  p.  14.1. 

caliper  (kal'i-per),  c.  t.  [<  ealiper,  n.  Cf. 
caliber,  v.]  To  ascertain  the  diameter  of  (any 
cylindrical  body)  by  means  of  calipers,  or  by  a 
star-gage :  as,  to  caliper  a  gun. 

caliper-gage,  -rule,  -square.  See  caliber-gage, 
etc. 

caliph,  caliphate,  «.    See  calif,  califate. 

Callppic  (ka-lip'ik),  a.  [More  correctly  Cal- 
lipptc,  <  Gr.  Ka'/'/tmrof,  Callippus.  The  name 
means  'having  a  beautiful  horse,'  <  KO'/'/I-,  aa- 
/j%,  beautiful,  +  tmrof  =  L.  equus,  a  horse J  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Calippus  (Callippus),  a  Greek 
astronomer  of  the  fourth  century  before  Christ. 
—  Callppic  period,  a  period  equal  to  four  Metonic  cycle* 
less  one  day,  proposed  by  Calippus  to  correct  the  exceas 
of  the  Metonic  reckoning.  It  contains  27,759  days.  A1-. 
called  Calipjnc  nKU. 

Calisaya  hark.    See  Bolivian  bark,  under  bark%. 
calisthenic,  calisthenics,  etc.   See  callisthenic, 
etc. 

calivert  (kal'i-ver),  H.  [Formerly  also  caleever, 
<  F.  calibre,  caliber,  bore:  see  caliber.]  In  the 
sixteenth  century,  a  hand-firearm  lighter  than 
the  musket  and  fired  without  a  rest ;  especially, 
such  a  gun  when  of  fixed  diameter  or  caliber 
for  a  whole  company  of  soldiers  using  the  same 
ammunition.  Also  spelled  callirer. 
Such  as  fear  the  report  of  a  caliver. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  IT.  2. 

He  is  so  hung  with  pikes,  halberts,  petronels,  callftrt, 
and  muakeU,  that  he  looks  like  a  justice  of  peace's  hall. 

/.'.  Joiuon,  Epiccene,  Iv.  2. 

We  had  our  particular  calibre  of  harquebuse  to  our  re- 
giment ...  of  which  word  calibre  came  first  that  unapt 
term  we  use  to  call  a  harquebuse,  a  ealiper. 

Mmti'in'i,  Hist.  London. 

calix,  n. ;  pi.  calices.  [A  form  of  calyx,  by  con- 
fusion with  L.  calif,  a  cup,  >  E.  calice,  chalice. 
q.  v.]  See  calyx. 

Calixtine1  (ka-liks'tin),  n.  [<  ML.  Calirttm, 
a  sect  so  called,  referred  to  calix,  a  cup,  the 
cup  of  the  eucharist ;  in  form  as  if  from  Calix- 
tus,  a  proper  name:  see  -ine1.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published  their 
confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article  of  which 
was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (calix) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord's  supper, 
from  which  they  were  also  called  Utraquistx 
(L.  Uterque,  both).  Their  tenets  were  conceded  by  the 
articles  of  Basel  in  1433,  and  they  became  the  predominant 
party  In  Bohemia.  They  aimed  t<>  restore  the  cup  to  the 
laity,  to  subject  clergy  accused  of  crime  to  lay  authority, 
and  to  deprive  the  clergy  of  lands  and  temporal  jurisdic- 
tion. Gradually  they  lapsed  from  the  Kveritr  of  their 
principles,  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century 
had  ceased  to  be  of  any  importance,  sen-ing  only  to  pre- 
pare the  way  for  Protestantism. 

Calixtine'^  (ka-liks'tin),  «.  [<  George  Calixtu* 
+  -me1.]  A  follower  of  George  Calixtus,  a  Lu- 
theran theologian,  who  died  in  1656.  See  Sy»- 

cfi  list. 

calk1,  caulk  (k&k),  r.  t.  [Prob.  the  same  word, 
with  extended  sense,  as  ME.  cauken,  tread,  as 
a  cock,  <  OF.  conquer,  tread,  tent  a  wound,  = 
Sp.  dial,  calcar  =  Pg.  calcar  =  It.  calcare,  tread, 
trample,  <  L.  calcare,  tread,  trample,  tread 
down,  tread  in,  <  calx  (calc-),  heel:  see  call", 
and  cf.  calcitrate.  Cf.  Gael,  calc  =  IT.  calcam, 
drive  with  a  hammer,  calk  (see  ca-).  The  mod- 
ern sense  of  E.  calk1  agrees  with  the  appar. 
unrelated  F.  ralfulrr.  i-filfnitn-r  —  Pr.  mlnfatar 


Horseshoe-Calks, 


calk 

=  Sp.  calafatea'r  =  Pg.  calafetar  =  It.  calafatare 
(ML.  ntliifatare,  MGr.  naMtan'ai).  calk  a  ship: 
of  uncertain  (perhaps  Ar.)  origin.]    To  drive 
oakum  into  the  seams  of  (a  ship  or  other  vessel). 
See  calking^-,  1 — Calking-chisel.    See  chisel. 
calka  (kalk),  v.  t.   [Also  spelled  caique;  =  D.  kal- 
kercn  =  G.  kalkicren  =  Dan.  kalkere,  <  F.  calquer 
=  It.  calcare,  calk,<  L.  as  if  *calcare,(  calx(calc-), 
lime:  see  chalk.']  1.  To  cover  with  chalk,  as  the 
back  of  a  design,  for  the  purpose  of  transferring 
a  copy  of  it.—  2.  To  copy,  as  a  drawing,  a  map, 
etc.,  by  tracing.     See  calking"*. 
calk3  (kak),  n.   [Also  written  cauk,  cork;  appar. 
short  for  caGeer*  or  calkin,  q.  v.]    1 .  A  spur  pro- 
jecting downward  from  a  horse- 
shoe, serving  to  prevent  slip- 
ping.—  2.  A  piece  of  iron  with 
sharp  points  worn  on  the  sole 
or  heel  of  the  shoe  or  boot  to 
prevent  slipping  on  the  ice  or 
to  make  it  wear  longer:  also 
worn   by  lumbermen   in    the 
woods,  and  especially  on  the  drive.     [U.  S.] 
calk3  (kak),  P.  t.    [Also  written  cock;  <  calk3,  ».] 
1.  To  fit  with  calks,  as  horseshoes. —  2.  To  in- 
jure or  hurt  with  a  calk,  as  when  a  horse  wounds 
one  of  his  feet  with  the  calk  on  another  foot. 
calk4t,  ''•    [Short  for  caleule,  q.  v.]  To  calculate. 
calker1,  caulker  (ka'ker),  «.    [<  calkl  +  -e»-l.] 
One  who  calks;  especially,  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  the  calking  of  ships. 
calker2  (ka'ker),  n.     [Also  called  calkin,  and  in 
the  United  States  calk  (see  calk3);  prob.  con- 
nected with  calk1  and  L.  calx,  heel.    Cf .  L.  cat- 
car,  a  spur.]     Same  as  calk3.     [Eng.] 
calker3t,  «•     [<  calkt  +  -erl.~\    One  who  calcu- 
lates nativities.    Nares. 
calketrapt,  »•    Same  as  caltrop. 
calki,  n.     See  kalki. 
calkin  (ka'kin),  n.     Same  as  calk3.     [Eng.] 

On  this  horse  is  Arcite 

Trotting  the  stones  of  Athens,  which  the  calkins 
Did  rather  tell  than  trample. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Two  Xoble  Kinsmen,  v.  4. 

calking1,  caulking  (ka'king),  n.  [Verbal  n. 
of  calk1,  B.]  1.  The  operation  of  filling  the 
seams  of  vessels  with  oakum,  to  prevent  pene- 
tration of  water.  The  oakum  is  forced  below 
the  surface,  and  the  space  outside  of  it  is  filled 
with  melted  pitch.— 2.  In  carp.,  a  dovetail 
tenou-and-mortise  joint  by  which  cross-timbers 
are  secured  together,  much  used  for  fixing  the 
tie-beams  of  a  roof,  or  the  binding-joists  of  a 
floor,  down  to  the  wall-plates. 
calking2  (kal'kmg),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  calk1*,  «.] 
The  copying  of  a  picture  or  design  by  means  of 
tracing.  Three  methods  are  used :  (1)  rubbing  the  back 
of  the  design  with  a  pencil,  chalk,  or  crayon,  and  tracing 
over  its  lines  with  a  hard  point,  which  causes  the  coating 
on  the  back  to  make  an  impression  of  them  on  a  sheet  of 
paper  or  other  material  placed  beneath  ;  (2)  following  over 
the  lines  of  the  superimposed  design  in  the  same  way  as 
above,  but,  instead  of  coating  the  back  of  the  design  with 
a  painting  medium,  interposing  a  piece  of  prepared  trans- 
fer-paper between  it  and  the  surface  which  is  to  receive 
the  copy  ;  (3)  tracing  the  design  directly  upon  a  piece 
of  transferent  paper,  oiled  linen,  or 
the  like,  fixed  over  it.  Also  written 
caulking,  cocking,  and  coayina. 
calking-iron  (ka'king-i"ern), 
« .  A  chisel  used  for  calking 
the  seams  of  vessels. 
calking-mallet  (ka'king-mal"et),  ».  A  mallet 
or  beetle  for  driving  calking-irons. 
calk-swage  (kak'swaj),  n.  A  tool  for  forming 
calks  on  horseshoes. 

call1  (kal),  c.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cal,  calle,  < 
ME.  callen,  kallen,  <  AS.  ceattian  (rare),  call, 
=  OFries.  kclla,  Tcaltia,  speak,  =  MD.  kallen, 
speak,  say,  talk,  D.  kallen,  talk,  chatter,  = 
MLG.  kallen,  speak,  talk,  call,  =  OHG.  challon, 
MHG.  kallen,  speak  loudly,  talk,  =  Icel.  kalla, 
say,  call,  name,  =  Sw.  Italia  =  Dan.  kalde,  call, 
=  L.  garrire,  talk  (see  garrulous),  =  Gr. 
Doric  yapvev,  speak,  proclaim,  =  Skt.  • 
sing.  Not  connected  with  L.  calare  =  Gr.  KO'AC Iv, 
call:  see  calends.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  utter  in  a 
loud  voice ;  read  over  in  a  loud  tone ;  hence,  to 
pronounce  or  announce. 

Nor  parish  clerk  who  calls  the  psalms  so  clear. 

Gay,  Shep.  Week,  vi.  49. 

2.  To  attract  or  demand  the  attention  of  (a 
person  or  an  animal),  or  arouse,  as  from  sleep, 
by  loudly  uttering  his  (its)  name,  or  some  other 
word  or  exclamation. 

Answer  as  I  call  you.  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  1.  2. 

3.  To  invite  or  command  to  come ;  summon  to 
one's  presence;  send  for:  as,  to  call  a  messen- 
ger; to  call  a  cab. 


Calking-iron. 


766 

Pharaoh  shall  call  you,  and  shall  say,  What  is  your  oc- 
cupation 1  Gen.  xlvi.  :«. 
And  sent  forth  his  servants  to  call  them  that  were  bid- 
den to  the  wedding.  Mat.  xxii.  3. 
Call  hither  Clifford ;  bid  him  come  amain. 

Shale.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1. 

Be  not  amazed  ;  call  all  your  senses  to  yon ;  defend  your 
reputation.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3. 

4.  To  convoke:   assemble;  issue  a  summons 
for  the  assembling  of:  as,  to  call  a  meeting: 
often  with   together:   as,  the  king  called  his 
council  tot/ether. 

Sanctify  ye  a  fast,  mil  a  solemn  assembly,  gather  the 
elders  and  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  land.  Joel  ii.  14. 

5.  To  name ;  apply  to  by  way  of  name  or  des- 
ignation. 

And  God  called  the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he 
called  Night.  Gen.  i.  6. 

And  from  thense  we  Ascendid  a  lytyll  And  come  to  a 
nother  tower  Callyd  Galilee. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  30. 

6.  To  designate  or  characterize  as;  state  or 
affirm  to  be;  reckon;  consider. 

Call  you  that  backing  of  your  friends  ?  A  plague  upon 
such  backing !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

He  [James  II.]  was  willing  to  make  for  his  religion  exer- 
tions and  sacrifices  from  which  the  great  majority  of  those 
who  are  called  religious  men  would  shrink. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

7.  To  indicate  or  point  out  as  being ;  manifest, 
reckon,  or  suppose  to  be. 

This  speech  calls  him  Spaniard,  being  nothing  but  a 
large  inventory  of  his  own  commendations. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  i.  1. 

He  was  a  grave  personage,  about  my  own  age  (which 
we  shall  call  about  fifty).  Scott. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these  only 
80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

8.  To  select,  as  for  an  office,  a  duty,  or  an  em- 
ployment; appoint:  as."Paul, .  . .  calledtobe  an 
apostle,"  Bom.  i.  1. — 9.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to. 

I  call  God  for  a  record  upon  my  soul.  2  Cor.  1.  23. 

10.  In  shooting,  to  lure,  as  wild  birds,  within 
range  by  imitating  their  notes.—  Called  session, 
a  special  session  of  a  legislative  body  summoned  by  the  ex- 
ecutive. [U.  S.  ]  —  TO  call  a  card,  in  nil  i'x(,  to  name  a  card 
which  has  been  improperly  exposed,  requiring  the  player  to 
whom  it  belongs  to  place  it  face  up  on  the  table,  that  it 
may  be  played  whenever  an  opponent  wishes.  Such  a  card 
is  known  as  a  called  card.—  lo  call  a  chapel.  See 
chapel.—  To  call  back,  to  recall ;  summon  or  bring  back ; 
hence,  to  revoke  or  retract. 

I  have  joys, 

That  in  a  moment  can  call  back  thy  wrongs, 
And  settle  thee  in  thy  free  state  again. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  4. 
To  call  forth,  to  bring  or  summon  to  action  :  as,  to  call 
forth  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind.— To  call  in,  to  col- 
lect :  as,  to  call  in  debts  or  money  ;  or  to  withdraw  from 
circulation  :  as,  to  call  in  clipped  coin  ;  or  to  summon  to 
one's  house,  invite  to  come  together :  as,  to  call  in  neigh- 
bors and  friends.— To  call  names,  to  use  opprobrious 
epithets  toward ;  apply  reproachful  appellations  to.  Swift. 
—To  call  Off,  to  summon  away ;  divert :  as,  to  call  o/Tthe 
attention ;  to  call  off  workmen  from  their  employment. 
—To  call  out.  (a)  To  challenge  to  a  duel. 

Yet  others  t^ll,  the  Captain  nx'd  thy  doubt, 
He'd  call  thee  brother,  or  he'd  call  thee  out. 

Crabbf,  Parish  Register. 

(/>)  To  summon  into  service :  as,  to  call  out  the  militia. 
(c)  To  elicit;  bring  into  play;  evoke. 

New  territory,  augmented  numbers,  and  extended  in- 
terests call  out  new  virtues  and  abilities,  and  the  tribe 
makes  long  strides.  Emerson,  Misc.,  p.  181. 

Venice,  afterwards  the  greatest  of  all,  is  the  city  which 
may  most  truly  be  said  to  have  been  called  out  of  nothing 
in  after-times.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  11. 

To  call  over,  to  go  over  by  reading  aloud  name  by  name : 
as,  to  call  over  a  list  or  roll  of  names.— To  call  the  roll, 
to  read  aloud  from  a  list  the  names  of  the  members  in  a 
legislative  or  other  body.— To  call  to  account,  to  de- 
mand an  explanation  or  accounting  from. 

The  king  had  sent  for  the  earl  to  return  home,  where  he 
should  be  called  to  account  for  all  his  miscarriages. 

Lord  Henry  Clarendon. 
TO  call  to  mind,  to  recollect ;  revive  in  memory. 

I  cannot  call  to  mind  where  I  have  read  or  heard  words 
more  mild  and  peacefull.  Milton,  Areopagitica,  p.  61. 
To  call  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of  barrister. 
[Great  Britain.]  —To  call  up.  (a)  To  bring  into  view  or 
recollection  :  as,  to  call  up  the  image  of  a  deceased  friend. 
(6)  To  bring  into  action  or  discussion :  as,  to  call  up  a  bill 
before  a  legislative  body,  (c)  To  require  payment  of ;  as, 
to  call  up  the  sums  still  due  on  shares.  =  Syn.  3  and  4. 
Call,  Invite,  Bid,  Convoke,  Summon,  assemble,  COHVCIR-. 
Call  is  generic,  and  applicable  to  summonses  of  all  kinds. 
Invite  is  more  formal,  and  in  compliance  with  the  requin.-- 
ments  of  courteous  ceremony ;  bid  in  this  sense  is  obsolete 
or  poetic.  Convoke,  literally  to  call  together,  implies  au- 
thority in  the  agent  and  an  organization  which  is  called 
into  session  or  assembly :  as,  to  convttke  the  Houses  of  Par- 
liament. Summon  implies  authority  in  the  summoner 
and  usually  formality  in  the  method. 

Call'd  her  to  shelter  in  the  hollow  oak. 

Tennyxon,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

He  [the  Governor]  dispatched  his  Chamberlain,  an  el- 
derly and  dignified  personage,  bearing  a  silver  mace  as  the 
badge  of  his  office,  .  .  .  to  matte  me  to  dinner. 

O'Doiwcan,  Merv,  p.  116. 


call 

As  many  as  ye  shall  find,  bid  to  the  marriage. 

Mat.  xxii.  it. 

In  capital  cases  the  grand  council  is  convoked  to  pn>- 
nuunce  sentence.  J.  Adaing,  Works,  IV.  338. 

Some  trumpet  xiniimnn  hither  to  the  walls 
These  men  of  Angiers.  Slink.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 

5  anil  6.  To  designate,  entitle,  term,  style. 

II.  intrans.    1.  To  make  a  sound  designed 
(or  as  if  designed)  to  attract  attention ;  demand 
heed  to  one's  wish,  entreaty,  etc.;  shout;  cry. 
The  angel  of  the  Lord  called  to  Hagar.         Gen.  xxi.  17. 
Who  is  that  calls  so  coldly  ?      Shale.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1. 
And  from  the  wood-top  calls  the  crow  through  all  the 
gloomy  day.  Bryant,  Death  of  the  Flowers. 

2.  To  make  a  short  stop  or  visit :  followed  by 
at,  for,  or  on  or  upon :  as,  to  call  at  a  house  or 
place,  for  a  person  or  thing,  or  upon  a  person. 
(See  phrases  below.)     [Johnson  supposes  this 
use  to  have  originated  in  the  custom  of  denot- 
ing one's  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.'] 

Yet  say  the  neighbours  when  they  call, 
It  is  not  bad  but  good  laud.     Tennyson,  Amphion. 

3.  In  poker,  to  demand  that  the  hands  be 
shown — To  be  (or  feel)  called  on,  to  be  (or  feel)  under 
obligation,  compulsion,  or  necessity  (to  do  something). 

He  was  not  called  on  to  throw  away  his  own  life  and  those 
of  his  brave  followers,  in  a  cause  perfectly  desperate,  for 
a  chimerical  point  of  honor.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa. ,  ii.  7. 

TO  call  for.  (a)  To  demand  ;  require ;  claim :  as,  a  crime 
calls  for  punishment.  (b)  To  make  a  stop  or  brief  visit 
for  the  procurement  of,  as  a  thing,  or  the  company  of  a 
person  to  another  place.—  To  call  on  or  upon,  (a)  To 
demand  from  or  appeal  to  :  as,  to  call  on  a  person  to  pay 
what  he  owes ;  to  call  upon  a  person  for  a  song.  (6)  To 
pray  to  or  worship ;  invoke :  as,  to  call  on  the  name  of 
the  Lord,  (c)  To  make  a  short  visit  to,  as  a  person  or  a 
family,  usually  for  a  special  purpose.— To  call  out,  to 
make  utterance  in  a  loud  voice ;  bawl. 
call1  (kal),  n.  [<  calfl-,  v. ;  ME.  cal  =  Icel.  kail."] 

1 .  A  loud  cry ;  a  shout. 

They  gave  but  a  call,  and  in  came  their  master. 

Btinyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

2.  An  invocation  or  prayer. 

Hear  thy  suppliant's  call.  Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  403. 

3.  Demand;  requisition;  claim,  public  or  pri- 
vate: as,  the  calls  of  justice  or  humanity;  to 
have  many  calls  upon  one's  time. — 4f.  Voca- 
tion; employment;  calling. 

Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his  call.  Dryden. 

Specifically — 5.  A  divine  vocation  or  sum- 
mons :  as,  the  call  of  Abraham. 

St.  Paul  himself  believed  he  had  a  mil  to  it  when  he 
persecuted  the  Christians.  Lixke. 

6.  A  summons  or  notice  to  assemble;  a  no- 
tice requiring  attention  or  attendance :  as,  the 
president  issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  to  be  held 
next  week. —  7.  A  specific  invitation  or  re- 
quest, as  of  a  public  body  or  society ;  particu- 
larly, the  invitation  presented  by  a  congrega- 
tion (or  on  their  behalf)  to  a  clergyman  to  be- 
come their  pastor,  or  the  document  containing 
such  an  invitation. 

All  who  accept  calls  and  serve  churches  are  pastors. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XLIII.  420. 

8.  An  invitation  or  request  (usually  expressed 
by  applause)  to  an  actor  to  reappear  on  the 
scene,  or  to  come  before  the  curtain,  to  receive 
the  acknowledgments  of  the  audience. —  9. 
Milit.,  a  summons  by  bugle,  pipe,  or  drum,  for 
the  soldiers  to  perform  any  duty :  as,  a  bugle- 
cail. — 10.  Naiit.,  a  peculiar  si Iver  whistle  or 
pipe  used  by  the  boatswain  and  Ms  mates, 
whose  special  badge  it  is.  It  is  used  to  attract  at- 
tention to  orders  about  to  be  given,  and  to  direct  the  per- 
formance of  duties  by  various  strains  or  signals.  In  old 
times  a  gold  call-and-cbain  was  the  badge  of  an  admiral. 
11.  The  cry  or  note  of  a  bird. — 12.  In  hi/ntini/  : 
(a)  A  note  blown  on  the  horn  to  encourage  the 
hounds,  (b)  A  pipe  or  whistle  for  imitating 
the  notes  of  wild  birds  and  thus  luring  them 
within  range  of  the  gun. 

What,  was  your  mountebank  their  call  >  their  whistle  ? 
B.  Juwon,  Volpone,  ii.  6. 

13.  An  assessment  on  the  stockholders  of  a 
corporation  or  joint-stock  company,  or  mem- 
bers of  a  mutual  insurance  company,  usually 
for  payment  of  instalments  of  their  unpaid 
subscriptions,  or  for  their  promised  contribu- 
tions to  pay  losses.— 14.  A  request  that  hold- 
ers of  bonds  which  have  been  drawn  for  re- 
demption by  a  government  or  corporation  will 
present  them  and  receive  payment  of  the  prin- 
cipal sums  mentioned  in  them,  and  whatever 
interest  may  then  be  due,  no  further  interest 
being  payable  after  the  date  named.— 15.  In 
the  stock  exchaniji,  the  privilege  (secured  by 
contract  and  for  a  consideration)  of  claiming  or 


call 

demanding  and  receiving  (a)  a  certain  number 
of  shares  of  some  particular  stock,  at  a  speri- 
fied  price   anil   within  a  stated   period,  or  (b) 
the  difference  of  value  at  the  time  of  making; 
the  domain  I  over  that  specified  in  the  contract, 
if  the  price  lias  risen;  uence,  the  document  it 
Belf.   Thu  following  is  a  copy  of  the  form  commonly  u-<  d 
"New  York,  (date).    For  value  rei  -ruiM.  the  hraivr  m:i\  i  ;ill 
(ill  me  for  [so  luilliyl  shares  of  tlir  C'IMIIIIIIII  >t«irk  of  |slirh 
and  such  a)  Uailroad  Company,  at  |so  mm-li]  JH-I-  cent,  any 

time  within  |-n  m:ui\  ]  <la\^  limn  ilalr,       1  IK    In  :HVI    I-  «  h 

liil.-il  tn  all  dividend!  or  axtn  iliviii.  ml-,  declared  dm  in;: 
tin-  time.  i:\piivs  [ilntel  at  1J  P.  M." 

16f.  Authority;  command. 
Oh  !  sir,  I  wish  he  were  within  my  call  or  yours. 

.>'iV  J.  Dfnliam. 

17.  Occasion;  cause;  business;  necessity:  as, 
you  had  no  cull  to  be  there.    [Colloq.] 

They  had  no  wish  to  fait  away  from  Ciesar  and  his  Km 
Itire;  but  they  felt  no  ^rmt  oatt  to  tight  for  them. 

/•..'.  .-1.  l''i-i'<'tnan,  Amer.  l,ects.,  i».  120. 

18.  A  short  visit:  as,  to  make  a  call;  to  pay 
one  a  call. 

Evidently  the  morning  call  is  n  remote  sequence  of  that 
system  nniler  which  a  subordinate  ruler  hau  from  time  to 
time  to  show  loyalty  to  a  chief  ruler  by  presenting  him- 
self to  do  homage.  //.  Sprneer,  Prill,  of  Sociol.,  §  381. 

19.  In  i>oker,  a  demand  for  a  show-down ;  the 
show-down  itself. — 20.  A  brood  of  wild  ducks. 
Halliwcll — At  call,  without  previous  notice;  on  de- 
mand: applied  especially  to  loans  repayable  on  demand, 
or   bank.deposits    repayable    whenever   asked  for.— At 
one's  beck  and  call.    See  beck*.— Call  of  the  house, 
a  mil-call  in  a  parliamentary  Inxly,  for  the  purpose  of  as- 
certaining what  ineml>enj  are  absent  without  leave  or  just 
cause.    In  thf  House  of  Representatives  at  Washington  it 
may  he  made  at  any  time ;  in  the  British  House  of  Com- 
mons it  is  always  on  some  days'  notice. — Call  to  the  bar, 
In  England  anil  Ireland,  the  formal  admission  of  a  person 
to  the  rank  of  barrister.  —  Electric  call,  a  signal  operated 
by  electricity;   an  annunciator  or  call-bell. — House  of 
call.    Sec  how. — Money  on  call,  money  loaned  subject 
to  recall  at  any  moment.    See  catl-lntm. —  Port  of  call. 
see  i*,rt.  -  Puts  and  calls.   See  put,  ».—  Within  call, 
within  hearing-distance. 

I  saw  a  lady  within  call.  Tennyton,  Fair  Women. 

call'2t  (k&l),  «•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  caul1. 

calla  (kal'S),  N.  [NL.  (Linnaeus),  <  L.  calla. 
otherwise  falsa  or  calya,  the  name  in  Pliny  of 
an  unidentified  plant;  the  correct  reading  is 
supposed  to  be  "calyx,  <  Or.  KO/.VS,  the  cup  or 
calyx  of  a  flower  :  see  calyx.]  1.  [cap.']  A  ge- 
nus of  araceous  plants,  of  a  single  species,  ( '. 
palustris,  the  water-arum,  which  occurs  in  cold 
marshes  in  Europe  and  North  America,  it  has 
heart-shaped  leaves  from  a  creeping  root-stock,  an  open 
white  spathe,  and  red  berries.  Its  root  is  extremely  acrid, 
but  is  made  harmless  by  heat,  and  yields  an  eatable 
starch. 

2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Calla.— 3.  A  plant  of 
the  allied  genus  Richardia,  or,  according  to  the 
latest  authorities,  Zantedeschia :  the  common 
calla  of  house-cultivation.  It  is  often  errone- 
ously called  calla-lili/,  from  the  lily-like  appear- 
ance of  its  pure-white  flowers. 

Callaas  (ka-le'as),  n.  [NL.  (J.  R.  Forster, 
1788),  in  reference  to  the  wattles,  <  Or.  naA%aiov, 
a  cock's  comb,  pi.  wattles.]  The  typical  genus 
of  tree-crows  of  the  subfamily  Callwatinff,  in- 
cluding the  wattled  tree-crows  of  New  Zealand. 
C.  einerea,  the  leading  species,  is  of  a  dark  color,  alioiit 
the  size  of  a  magpie,  with  a  long,  graduated  tail,  and  ca- 
runcles at  the  base  of  the  hill. 

Callaeatinae  (ka-le-a-ti'ne),  M.  pi.  [NL.  (G.  E. 
Gray,  1K41),  <  Callaias  (-at-)  +  -in«e.]  A  subfam- 
ily of  osoine  passerine  birds,  of  the  family  ('«;•/•/- 
(he,  the  tree-crows  of  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  Aus- 
tralia, and  Polynesia.  Besides  Calltfaf,  the  leading 
forms  arc  xtriitltiitna  cinerea  of  Australia;  Crypsirhina 
oarianjf.  the  temia  or  henteot  of  Java,  of  a  bronzed  green- 
ish-black color ;  and  Temnitru*  (or  Dtndrncitta)  caqabiin- 
da,  the  wandering  pie  of  India.  There  are  several  other 
species  of  these  genera.  Certain  African  forms,  as  Cryj>- 
tiirhiiui  n  frn,  are  also  sometimes  included  in  this  group. 
the  general  relationships  of  which  are  with  the  magpies 
and  other  long-tailed  jays.  Also  called  Glaucopina. 

callaeatine  (ka-le'a-tin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Ciillmitintr. 

callsesthetics,  ».    Sec  <-nii,xtiirtics, 

callainite  (ka-la'mt),  n.  [<  Or.  na)Mivof,  oust- 
n«-.  like  the  «i»«/v,  Mi/<m;,  a  turquoise,  +  -iti'-. 
Cf.  calaitf.]  A  hydrous  aluminium  phosphate 
related  to  turquoise. 

callant(kal'iuit),  ».  [Al*ocall(iii,O8c.gaI<iiul, a 
young  man,  ?  F.  iinlmit.  a  gallant:  eev  uiillaitt.] 
A  young  lad;  a  stripling;  a  boy.  [Scotch.] 

Ye're  a  daft  eallanl,  and  I  must  correct  you  some  of 
these  days.  >v<>",  Waverley,  liocl. 

callatt,  «.  and  r.     See  onlli-t. 

call-bell  (kal'bel),  «.  A  small  (usually  station- 
ary) bell,  used  as  a  signal  to  summon  an  at- 
tendant, et<-.  A  common  form  consists  of  a  stationan 
hand-bell  which  is  ruiii;  by  means  of  a  dapper  pivoted  at 
one  end.  and  acted  on  by  means  of  a  vertical  plunger. 
Also  called  Mi-call.  Electric  call-bell,  a  mechanical 


Tt',7 

eoiitrivnni ' .  <  "ii-i-iiie.:  essentially  of  a  gong-hell  and  a 
small  cle.  tiomaanct,  to  the  armature  of  which  the  ham 
in-  rof  the  IM-H  is  attached.  The  arrangement  Is  such  that 
when  l In  ,in  mi  is  completed,  as  by  pressing  down  a  but- 
ton, the  current  passes  by  a  spring  to  the  armature,  them  c 


calligraphic 

K.  Imli  '  .  q.  v.]  The  Brut  element  in  some  words 
of  lip-ek  <>ri«rin,  signifying  beautiful. 

Calliaenas  (kal-i-4'naB),  n.    Same  M  Calmuu. 

Calliandra  (knl-i-nn'dra),  n.  [<  Or.  KOJJJ-,  xa- 
)6f,  beautiful,  +  in'i/i>  (aifS/i-),  a  man,  mod.  a  sta- 
men,  the  long  colored  stamens  being  the  most 
conspicuous  part  of  the  flower.]  A  genus  of 
ornamental  shrubs  and  perennial  herbs,  of  the 
order  /,///«  m//»i.w.  comprising;  alMiut  sn  spec-ie-. 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  northward  to 
the  borders  of  the  United  States.  Several  of 
the  species  yield  an  astringent  juice. 

Callianira  (kal'i-a-ni'rft),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  *aMi-, 
'if,  beautiful,  -r  -avetpa  (as  in  avriAvetpa,  flu- 


Electric  Call-bell. 

A.  push-button  by  which  the  circuit  is  completed  ;  fl.  hammer  and 
gong  ;  C,  spring  by  which  contact  is  made  between  the  armature  of 
the  electromagnet  and  the  wire. 

to  the  electromagnet;  its  core  la  magnetized,  the  arma- 
ture is  attracted,  and  the  hammer  strikes  the  gong.  The 
circuit  being  broken  by  the  motion  of  the  armature  away 
from  the  spring,  the  electromagnet  ceases  to  act,  the 
armature  flies  back,  completes  the  circuit  again,  and  thus 
the  automatic  action  of  the  hammer  continues  as  long  as 
the  current  passes. 

call-bird  (kal'berd).  n.  A  bird  taught  to  allure 
others  into  a  snare  ;  a  decoy-bird.  Goldsmith. 

call-box  (kal'boks),  n.  In  a  theater,  a  frame. 
usually  hung  in  a  greenroom,  in  which  calls  or 
notices  to  attend  rehearsals,  etc.,  are  placed. 

call-boy  (kal'boi),  H.  1.  A  boy  whose  duty  it 
is  to  call  actors  upon  the  stage  at  the  proper 
moment.  —  2.  A  boy  who  repeats  the  orders  of 
the  captain  of  a  steamboat  to  the  engineer. 
[Eng.]  —  3.  A  boy  who  answers  a  call-bell. 

call-button  (karbufn),  n.  A  push-button  or 
other  device  for  closing  an  electric  signal  or 
a  telephone  circuit,  and  ringing  a  call-bell  or 
sounding  an  alarm. 

call-changes  (kal'chan'jez),  ».  )>l.  In  bell-rina- 
intj,  the  method  in  which  the  ringers  are  told 
when  to  ring  by  a  call  from  the  conductor,  or 
by  following  a  written  order. 

caller1  (ka'ler),  n.  [<  coin  +  -erl.]  One  who 
calls,  in  any  sense  of  the  verb;  especially,  one 
who  pays  a  short  complimentary  visit. 

caller2  (kal'er),  a.     [Prob.  due  to  Icel.  kaWr  = 
Sw.  kail,  cold:  see  cold.     Cf.  calrer.]    1.  Cool; 
refreshing:  as,  a  caller  breeze.     [Scotch.] 
Sae  sweet  his  voice,  sae  smooth  his  tongue, 
II  is  breath's  like  rnlier  air. 

Bfattif,  There's  nae  Luck  about  the  House. 

dang  awa,  bairn,  and  take  a  mouthful  of  the  caller  air. 

Scott,  Monastery,  II.  85. 

2.  Fresh;  in  proper  season  :  applied  chiefly  to 
fish  :  as,  caller  herrings.  [Scotch.] 
callesthetics  (kal-es-thet'iks),  ».  [<  call-  for 
ealti-  (<  Gr.  K«//./-,  Ka/rif,  beautiful)  +  esthetics.] 
A  term  proposed  by  Whewell  for  esthetics,  the 
science  of  the  perception  of  the  beautiful,  the 
term  esthetics  to  be  extended  to  perception  in 
general.  Kraitth,  Vocab.  Phil.  Also  spelled 


callett  (kal'et),  ».  [Also  written  callat,  callot  ; 
<  F.  caillettt;  a  frivolous  babbling  woman,  dim. 
of  eaille,  a  quail:  see  quail?.]  1.  A  tattling  or 
talkative  woman  ;  a  scold  ;  a  gossip. 

Come  hither,  you  old  «i««f,  you  tattling  huswife. 


2.  A  trull;  a  drab;  a  lewd  woman. 

He  call'd  her  whore  ;  a  heggar,  In  his  drink, 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  rallrt. 

Shot.,  Othello,  iv.  2. 

callett  (kal'et),  r.  i.  [<  eallet,  n.]  To  rail  ; 
scold. 

To  hear  her  In  her  spleen 
i'iiii,i  like  a  butUT-qucnn. 
R.  Bralhtraite,  Care's  Cure,  in  Pancdoiie. 

calleting  (kal'et-ing).  p.  a.  Scolding:  as,  a 
cnllctiiHj  wife.  [North.  Eng.] 

calley-stone  (kal'i-ston),  ».  [<  'calleu,  prob. 
connected  with  ealluird,  +  stone.]  In  coal- 
miiiiiiii.  a  kind  of  hard  sandstone,  more  or  less 
argillaceous.  See  ganister.  [Yorkshire,  Eng.] 

calli,  a.     Plural  of  c<itlii.«. 

calli-.  [<  Gr.  /.<i>/<-,  usual  combining  form  (later 
Ka/n-:  see  <«/<>-)  of  «j/<>f,  beautiful,  fair,  good, 
noble,  orig.  "ra>y<ic,  =  Skt.  kalyti,  well,  healthy  ; 
perhaps  =  AS.  full,  K.  irhuli,  q.  v.,  =  Icel.  hcill, 


kiiii,  ,  -    -  ,    u- 

rt&vetpa,  etc.),  <  avt/p,  a  man.]  1.  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  L'atlianiriaa:  I'eron  and 
texueur,  1810.  —  2.  A  genus  of  lepidopteroug 
insects.  Hubner.  1816. 

Callianirid»  (kal»i-a-nir'i-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
t'lilliiinirti  +  -idtr.]  A  family  of  saccate  or 
stenostomatous  ctenophoraus,  with  a  rounded 
body,  two  filiform  tentacles,  and  no  oral  lobes. 

calliard  (kal'iftrd),  n.  [Cf.  calley-stone  ;  per- 
haps connected  with  F.  caillou,  a  flint,  pebble, 
prob.  <  L.  calculus,  a  pebble:  see  calculus.]  In 
coal-mining,  a  hard,  smooth,  flinty  gritetone. 
(Iresley.  [North.  Eng.] 

Callicarpa  (kal-i-kar'pft),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uOJi-, 
na/Af,  beautiful,  +  Kaptrbc,,  fruit.]  A  consider- 
able genus  of  widely  distributed  verbenaceous 
shrubs.  The  hest-known  species  is  C.  Americana,  of  the 
I  idled  states,  called  French  tntilbern/,  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment on  account  of  its  abundant  violet-colored  berries. 

Callicephalus  (kal-i-sef'a-lus),  n.  See  Callo- 
ceiihalon. 

Callichroma  (kal-i-kro'ma),  n.  FNL.,  <  Gr.  «o>- 
).t-,  ita'/of,  beautiful,  +  XP^f'j  color.]  A  genus 
of  longicorn  beetles,  of  the  family  Cerambycidte, 
having  an  acute  scutellum,  lateral  prothoracic 
spines,  and  fore-coxal  cavities  closed  behind. 
C.  iiuachata  Is  a  large  bronzed  green  European  species 
about  an  inch  long,  exhaling  a  musky  odor  ;  C.  tvltndi- 
dum  is  a  bronzed  reddish  species  of  the  southern  United 
States.  Also  Colachroma. 

callichthyid  (ka-lik'thi-id),  n.  A  fish  of  the 
family  ('nllichtliyidie. 

Callichthyidae  (kal-ik-thi'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Callichthus  +  -iaa-.]  A  family  of  nematogna- 
t  lions  fishes,  exemplified  by  the  genus  Cauich- 
thys,  containing  small  fresh-water  South  Amer- 
ican catfishes. 

Callichthys  (ka-lik'this),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  M^X- 
Wtf,  name  of  a  fish,  <  na'Ji-,  xa/6f,  beautiful,  +  ij- 
i'ii:  a  fish.]  A  genus  of  nematognathous  fishes, 
of  the  family  ffilurida,  or  sheat-fishes,  or  made 
the  type  of  Callichthyidte,  characterized  by  two 
series  of  bony  plates  on  the  sides  from  head  to 
tail.  The  species  are  Sonth  American. 

callicof,  n.     See  calico. 

callid  (kal'id),  a.  [<  L.  callidus,  expert,  shrewd, 
<  callere,  be  expert,  know  by  experience,  lit. 
be  callous,  <  calluni,  also  callus,  hard,  thick 
skin:  see  callous,  callus.]  Skilled;  expert; 
shrewd.  [Rare.] 

callidity  (ka-lid'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  callidita(t-)s,<  cal- 
lidus: see  callid.}   Skill;  discernment;  shrewd- 
ness.   Also  callidness.     [Rare.] 
Her  eagle-eyed  calliility.      C.  Smart,  The  liop-Garden. 

Callidium  (ka-lid'i-nm),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  uMj-, 
na/Ac,  beautiful,  +  dim.  term.  -Mow.  ]  A  genus  of 

longicorn  bee- 
tles, of  the  fam- 
ily Cerambijci- 
dtf,  containing 
species  of  flat- 
tened form  with 
spineless  pro- 
thorax  and  ely- 
tra, usually 
thickened  fem- 
ora, and  eyes 
not  embracing 
the  base  of  the 
antenna,  c.  baju- 
/tut  and  C.  antenna- 
turn  are  examples. 
Ha  lame  Infest  fir 
trees,  causing  oval 
perforations  where 
the  mature  inserts 
make  their  escape. 

callidness  (kal'id-nes),  M.    Same  as  callidity. 
calligrapher  (ka-lig'ra-fer),  n.  [<  ctilliijrnphy  + 
-eri.^    One  skilled  in  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
ealiqrapher.  Ictillii/rapher. 

calligraphic  (kai-i-graf'ik),  a.     [<  Or.  »o»<- 
•i*6f,,  <  Ko)Myp6joc,  :  see  r«//iV/r«/i/i«.]    Relat- 
r pertaining  to  calligraphy.    Also  spelled 
ic,  kalligraphie. 


CflHdium  a*lr*m*t*m. 
Vertical  line  shows  natural  tile.  I 


ing  or 


calllgraphical 

calligraphical  (kal-i-graf'i-kal),  a.     Same  as 
calligraphic. 
calligraphist  (ka-lig'ra-fist),  si.    [<  calligraphy 


768 

Be  not  deceived,  to  think  her  lenity 
Will  be  perpetual :  or,  if  men  be  wanting, 
The  gods  will  be,  to  such  a  calling  cause. 

B,  Jonson,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 


calllthumpian 

met  quails  (Lophortyx  and  Oreorlyx)  are  by  some  brought 

under  Cnllipepla,  but  usually  kept  apart. 

2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects.     Dejean, 

1834. 


__. 
One   skilled  in  calligraphy.      Also  calling-crab  (ka'ling-krab),  n.     A  crab  of  the  calliper,  ».     See  culiper. 


write.]  The  art  of  beautiful  writing;  fair  or 
elegant  writing  or  penmanship ;  by  extension, 
handwriting  in  general;  penmanship.  Also 
spelled  caligraphy,  kalUgrapJty. 

My  calligraphy,  a  fair  hand 
Fit  for  a  secretary. 


The  principle  of  calligraphy,  or  the  striving  after  ele- 
gance and  regularity  of  form  [in  penmanship],  which  may 
be  noticed  in  the  square  [Hebrew]  character,  where  the 
letters  are  separate,  distinct,  well-proportioned. 


call.    In  the  United  States  it  is  called  fiddler-crab.    <r.  pu- 
gillator  is  extremely  numerous  on  the  southern  Atlantic 
coast,  where  great  troops  inhabit  the  marshes  back  of  the 
beaches.    They  dig  holes  in  the  ground,  of  such  size  that 
the  large  claw  exactly  serves  as  a  stopper  to  the  entrance. 
See  cut  under  Gelakimue. 
,    calling-hare  (ka' ling-bar),  n.     A  pika;  any  ^jumumuB,  "•     "<=°  v/«.«™. .....-». 

,  Magnetick  Lady,  ui.  4.  ~peci*8  of  thevgellU8  Lagomys  and  family  Lago-  Callirrhoe  (ka-lir'o-e),  n.  [NL., <  Gr. 


Same  as 

_   ^ f_  ^  _  (Hodgson, 

184l)^Grr.\a/l/./7ri70f7name  of  a  famous  statue 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  <  /«z/U<-,  na'Aof,  beautiful, 
+  wrf,  buttock.]  1.  An  East  Indian  bird, 
Leioihrix  catlipyga,  having  a  beautiful  rump. — 
2.  [cap.]  Same  as  Leiothrix. 

Callorhimis. 


.... The  animals  are  so  called  from  the  reiterated 

squeaking  cries  which  they  emit  while  concealed,  usually 
among  rocks. 


;rs  are  separate,  UIDUIIUL,  neu-piupuii.iui.cu.  ~    ,,.-         *"•,,     ,.-,          s     ,         qorr        ,„   /-.„;„,,.„,.  Called),   <     KdUlppOOf,    KdlMpOOf,    beautiful 

T.  H.  Home,  Introd.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  II.  16.  CalllCBnas  (kal-i-e  nas),  n.     Same  as  Catena*.  .        <  ^      ^ .     beautiful,  +  pnv,  flow. 

Oallimorpha  (kal-i-mdr'fa),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gr.  callionymid  (kal-i-on  i-mid),  ».    A  fish  of  the  ^      a  small         s  of  low  malvaoeous 
*™jpof,  having  a  beautiful  form,  <  *i«i-,     bw\s  Callw,,y<-<><*> 


ymidte. 
Callionymidse  (kaFi-o-nim'i-de),  n.  pi. 

./     *-)_?»•_. „       I  '..I    .     *1  A      t'.i  ...  i  I  ,      f\f    nn 


[NL., 


one  of  the  Oceanlds,  also  a  famous  fountain 
without  the  walls  of  Athens  (now  again   so 

beautiful-flow- 

.]     1. 

t o  herbs 

with  perennial  roots,  natives  of  Texas,  and  also 


Blue-spangled  Peach-worm  (Callimorpha  fttlvicosttt ). 

a,  larva  ;  b,  imago  or  moth ;  c ,  one  segment  of  larva,  enlarged,  side 

view ;  rf,  same,  top  view.     ( Moth  and  larva  natural  size.) 

naMf,  beautiful,  +  pop^i,  form.]  A  genus  of 
moths,  of  the  family  Arctiidce,  or  referred  to  the 
Litltosiid(e.  C.  jawbcea,  so  called  from  its  feeding  on 
the  ragwort,  Senecio  jacotxea,  is  a  common  British  species 
known  as  the  pink  underwing,  expanding  li  inches,  with 
black  --  -'-*-  "— ' 

ed  wi 

callinr 


'»""•"' ""1"~_J"~V  s  "TV  ~         V  „„   tv./         found  in  the  Mississippi  valley.    They  have  very 

<  Callionymus  +  -Irttt'.J     A  tamily  Ot  acantnop-     sh         crimson  or  purple  flowers,  and  are  frequently  cul- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus  Calltony-     tivated. 

mus.    Species  are  known  as  dragonets.  2.  In  zoo'l. :  (a)  A  genus  of  cephalopods.   Also 

Callionyminae  (kal"i-on-i-ml'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,     Calliroe.     Montfort,  1810.     (6)  A  genus  of  aca- 

<  Callionymus  +  -ince.]     The  callionymids  as    lephs.    Also  Callirhoii.  Pfron  and  Lesueur,  1809. 
a  subfamily  of  fishes ;  in  Giinther's  system  of  callisection  (kal-i-sek'shon),  n.     [<  Gr.  KO.'A'AI-, 
classification,  the  fourth  group  of  Gobiidce,  hav-    Ka~A6f,  beautiful,  +  L.  sectip(n-),  a  cutting:  see 
ing  the  ventral  fins  widely  apart  from  each    section.]   Painless  vivisection ;  the  dissection  of 
other,  and  two  separate  dorsal  fins.  living  animals  which  have  been  anesthetized. 

Callionymus  (kal-i-on'i-mus),  «.    [NL.,  <  Gr.  Callisoma,  «.    See  Calosomn. 
KaUi&vv/wt,  a  kind  of  flsn>  Jit-  having  a  beau-  Calliste  (ka-lis'te),  n.     [NL.  (Boie,  1826),  < 

Gr.  Ka'A'Alarn,  fern,  of  KAMiarof,  superl.  of  naAof, 
beautiful.]  An  extensive  genus  of  beautiful 
Central  and  South  American  tanagers,  of  the 
family  Tanagrida,  containing  most  of  the  weak- 
billed1^  forms,  notable  even  in  this  brilliant 
family  for  the  elegance  and  variety  of  their 
coloration.  The  limits  of  the  genus  vary  with  different 
authors,  but  upward  of  60  species  are  usually  referred  to 
it.  Caltistus,  Callispiza,  and  Calospiza  are  synonyms. 
Callistephus  (ka-lis'te-fus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
Ka.Ui.t-,  xa/ldf,  beautiful,  +  ariipof,  poet,  for  art- 
(fiavof,  a  crown,  <  oTfyeiv,  put  around,  crown.]  A 
genus  of  composite  plants,  containing  a  single 
/,  lit.  species,  C.  Chinensis,  the  China  aster,  which  has 
beau-  been  long  in  cultivation,  and  is  much  prized  as 


Gemmous  Dragonet  (Callionymus  tyra). 

tiful  name,  <  KCM.I-,  Ka/ioY,  beautiful,  +  bvvua, 
ovo/ia,  name.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Callionymidce. 


.-.     M**M*hj     UC^OiU.-          UOCJJ.   AVJAlg    Xii   v;  liii'i  »  OIVAV.U.J    ui.uu  *u  juuvu    JMW 

In  Gr.  myth.,     a  hardy  annual,  remaining  long  in  flower. 


a  poetical  form  of  KU™£  ----o     -  -  — ;    £"—  Vho  presided  ovW  eloquence  and"  hel  callisthenia,  n.     Plural  of  callisthenium. 

roic  poetry.  Also  spelled  Kalliope.- 2.  [I.  c.]  callisthenic  (kal-is-then'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  Ka).)u-, 
The  name  given  to  a  harsh  musical  instru-  m't.&s,  beautiful,  +  aBevof,  strength.]  Kelating 
ment  consisting  of  a  number  of  steam-whistles  or  pertaining  to  callisthenics ;  designed  to  pro- 
tuned  to  produce  different  tones.  Also  called  mote  health  or  bodily  development  and  symme- 


eral.,  the 

stony  matter  in  the  cavities  of  eaglestone. — 

2.   [cop.]     In  entom.,  a  genus  of  coleopterous 

insects. 

ing),  n.  and  a.     (X  ME.  callinge; 


verba!n.  of  c"«i;  «.]    I.Vl.  The ^ct  of  sum-    stea^organ.-S.  _[NL.]  In  ornith.:  (a)  A  ge-    try.    Also  spelled  calisitienic. 


moiling ;  a  call  or  summons. 
What !  stand's!  thou  still  and  hear'st  such  a  calling ! 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

2.  The  act  of  convoking  or  assembling. 
A  Bill  for  the  frequent 


nus  of  small  sylviine  birds,  related  to  Cyatie- 
cula,  the  type  of  which  is  an  Asiatic  warbler, 
Calliope  Tcamchatkensis.  Gould,  1836.  The  term 
had  previously  been  the  specific  name  of  the 
same  bird.  (6)  [1.  c.]  The  specific  name  of  a 


When  the  .  .  .  morning  occupations  are  concluded, 
these  unfortunate  young  women  perform  what  they  call 
'     the  garden.    I  saw  them  to-day 
roller. 
Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xxvii. 


3.  An  invitation.  Specifically,  in  theol. :  (a)  The  in- 
vitation extended  in  the  gospel  to  all  to  repent,  and  accept 
Christ  as  a  saviour,  (b)  The  more  special  invitation  ad- 
dressed to  the  hearts  of  individuals  by  the  direct  influence 
of  the  Holy  Spirit.  See  effectual  calling,  below. 


Give  diligence  to  make  your  calling  and  electio^sure^    calypag]ii  caUipee. 

4.  The  profi 
ployment 
necessity. 

or  employment 

His  calling  laid  aside,  he  lived  at  ease. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

5.  Name;  appellation;  title. 

I  am  more  proud  to  be  Sir  Rowland's  son, 

His  youngest  son  ;  and  would  not  change  that  calling, 

To  be  adopted  heir  to  Frederick. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2. 

Calling  of  the  plaintiff,  a  form  in  English  courts  of 
law  of  calling  upon  the  plaintiff  to  appear  in  cases  where, 
for  want  of  sufficient  evidence,  he  consents  to  be  non- 
suited or  to  withdraw  himself.  Calling  the  plaintiff  by 
the  court  crier  was  once  always  necessary  in  a  trial  after 
the  jury  had  come  in  with  the  verdict,  and  before  its  an- 
nouncement. If  no  answer  was  made,  the  plaintiff  was 
nonsuited,  but  could  renew  his  action  on  better  evidence. 
—  Effectual  calling,  in  CalviniMc  thenl.,  the  calling  by 
God's  word  and  Spirit  of  those  whom  he  has  predestined 
unto  life,  out  of  sin  and  death,  unto  grace  and  salvation  by 
Jesus  Christ.  It  is  so  designated  to  distinguish  it  from 
that  universal  call  which  the  gospel  extends  to  all,  but 
which,  according  to  Calvinistic  theology,  is  ineffectual 
except  when  accompanied  by  the  special  influences  of 
God's  Holy  Spirit. 

Effectual  calling  is  the  work  of  God's  Spirit,  whereby, 
convincing  us  of  our  sin  and  misery,  enlightening  our 
minds  in  the  knowledge  of  Christ,  and  renewing  our  wills, 
he  doth  persuade  and  enable  us  to  embrace  Jesus  Christ, 
freely  offered  to  us  in  the  gospel. 

The  Shorter  Catechism,  Qu.  31. 
=  Syn.  4.  Pursuit,  business,  etc.    See  occupation. 
H.  a.  Clamant;  crying.     [Bare.] 


western  United  States  and  Mexico,  having  the 
crown  and  back  golden-green,  the  gorget  violet 
and  lilac,  set  in  snowy-white. — 4.  A  genus  of 
mammals.  Ogilby,  1836. — 5.  A  genus  of  dipter- 
ous insects. —  6.  A  genus  of  amphipods. 
See  calipash,  calipee. 


-is-then'iks),  n.  [PI.  < 
,  The  art  or  practice  of  exer- 
cising the  muscles  for  the  purpose  of  gaining 
health,  strength,  or  grace  of  form  and  move- 
ment ;  a  kind  of  light  gymnastics.  Also  spelled 
calisthenics. 

callisthenium  (kal-is-the'ni-um),  «. ;  pi.  callis- 
thenia (-a).     [NL.,  <  callisthen-ics  +  -ium.]     A 


_,.,  _•••.        \  3    *         "IT*       j"         nits  uiiia  uouvvi 

Ortygince  (or  Odontophonnaf)  and  family  Per*-  Callithamnion   (kal-i-tham'ni-on),  n.     [<  Gr. 

KO/./U-,  ica/of,  beautiful,  +  6a/ivim>,  dim.  of  8duvof, 
a  small  shrub.]  A  large  genus  of  marine  algee, 
belonging  to  the  order  Floridea;  and  suborder 

Ceramieai.  They  consist  of  branching  filaments,  each  of 
which  is  usually  a  single  row  of  cells.  This  genus  contains 
some  of  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  species  of  the 

Callithrix  (kal'i-thriks),  n.  [NL.  (L.,  a  plant 
used  for  coloring  the  hair;  also  in  pi.  callitri- 
ches,  a  kind  of  ape  in  Ethiopia) ;  less  correctly 
Callitrix;  (.  Gr.  na)M6pii;  (naA'Airpix-),  with  beau- 
tiful hair  or  mane,  <  naMa-,  xa/of,  beautiful,  + 
fyx'f  (rptx-),  hair.]  1.  A  genus  of  South  Ameri- 
can platyrrhine  monkeys,  of  the  family  Cebida- 
and  subfamily  Ni/ctipitlietiii(t;  having  the  tail 
not  prehensile;  the  sagouins  or  saguins,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  species.  C.  personatus, 
the  masked  sagouin,  is  an  example.  C.  torquatus  is  the 
collared  teetee. 

2.  [?.  c.]  An  African  green  monkey,  Cercopi- 
tlicrus  sabwus. 

eidte,  inhabiting  the  southwestern  United  States  callithumpian   (kal-i-thum'pi-au),   a.    and   M. 

;  humorously  formed 
~  thump  +  -(««.] 
concert  or  sere- 
ddtifflasi  are  other  Mexican  species.    The  plumed  or  hel-     nade  so  called. 


Scaled  Quail  (Callipepla  sqiiamata^. 


callithumpian 

II.  n.  1.  A  noisy  ron<-i-rt,  eharacterized  by 
boating  of  tin  pans,  blowing  of  horns,  shouts, 
groans,  catcalls,  etc.:  usually  given  as  a  sere- 
nade to  persons  who  have  excited  local  ridi- 
cule or  hostility;  a  charivari. —  2.  One  who 
takes  part  in  such  a  concert.  [U.  S.  ] 
Oallitriche  (ka-lit'ri-k«),  «.  [NL.,  <  Or.  %«X><- 

r/n\r/,  assumed  I'cin.  of  KU//ITIH  \mj  (fern,  also 
-of),  later  form  of  na/.'fMpt^,  with  beautiful  hair: 
si •!•  '  'nl/itlirij."\  1.  lu  hot.,  a  small,  widely  dis- 
tributed genus  of  slender,  apetalous,  monoj- 
i-iiius,  dicotyledonou  aquatic  herbs.  its  attini. 

ties  arc  ohsciirc.  ami  il  is  hy  soim IIM<|< TC<|  a.s  constitut- 
ing a  ih^tmr  I  onli-r  CatlitrichacfiK,  by  others  rdVnv«l  tothc 

ll'll'U'il'I'-ll-  1-r  \<t    till1    t\>ll>luirliiiti'i'lt'.      Tllr  ri  ilimj'ih 
alV   kll<>\\  II   a-,    u;,t,  ,-  ,,t, , ,•,/;,!•!. 

2.  In  zoiil.,  a  genus  of  bivalve  inollugks.    Origi- 

nalh  fiillitrii-lnix.  1-iili,  1791. 
Callitris  (kal'i-tris),  n.  [NL..  <  Or.  KaMi-,  na- 
.  beautiful;  the  element  -iris  is  obscure.] 
A  genus  of  coniferous  trees,  nearly  related  to 
CiiinTnnitn,  consisting  of  14  species,  natives  of 
Africa,  Madagascar,  Australia,  and  New  Cale- 
donia. The  best-known  species  Is  C.  quadrimlvit,  the 
arar-trec  of  Algeria,  yielding  a  highly  prized  wood,  the  cit- 
rous or  thyint;  wood  of  the  Roman*,  which  is  very  ln-iinti- 
dil.  nii'l  is  niuri,  used  li\  the  Turks  for  the  Hours  and 
ri-iliir_rs  of  their  mosques,  because  they  believe  it  to  be 
imperishable.  It  supplies  tin-  iiroiuatic  gum-resin  called 
sandarae. 

callivert,  ".    See  i-titir,,-. 

Call-loan  (kal'lon),  ii.  A  loan  of  money  repay- 
able on  demand. 

call-me-to-you  (kal'me-to'yS),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  pansy,  I'iolu  tricolor.  Also  called 
fiidilli--inr-ti>-i/i>u  and  cnll-me-to-you. 

call-note  (kal'not),  ».  The  call  or  cry  of  a  bird 
or  other  animal  to  its  mate  or  its  young. 

The  chirping  tall-note  of  the  gecko.  Owen,  Anat. 

Callocephalon  (kal-o-sef'a-lon),  n.  [NL.  (Les- 
son, 1837)  (prop.  Calli-  or  Calo-),  <  Gr.  ra/Uj-, 
KaUf,  beautiful,  +  w^aX//,  head.]  A  genus  (or 
subgenus  of  Calyptorhiinchus)  of  Australian 
cockatoos,  subfamily  Cacntuina'.  C.  guleatmn, 
the  ganga  cockatoo,  is  the  only  species.  Also 
OaOSoepkalvt. 

Callorhinus  (kal-o-ii'nus),  ».  [NL.  (prop. 
Calli-  or  Calo-),  <  Gr.  raXX/-,  na/Af,  beautiful,  + 
/>ic,  plv,  nose.]  A  genus  of  eared  seals,  of  the 
family  Otariidtc,  including  the  northern  sea- 
bear,  the  well-known  fur-seal  of  Alaska,  C.  ur- 
sinus. 

callosal  (ka-16'sal),  a.  [<  callosum  +  -a/.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to'  the  callosum,  or  corpus  cal- 
losum.  -Callosal  gyros.  Sec.wrtm. 

callose  (kal'os),  a.  [<  L.  callosus :  see  callous."] 
In  hot.  and  zool.,  having  callosities  or  hard  spots; 
callous;  hardened. 

callosity  (ka-los'i-ti),  «. ;  pi.  callosities  (-tiz). 
[=  F.  callosite  =  Sp.  callosidatl  =  Pg.  callosi- 
dade  =  It.  callosita,  <  L.  callosita(t-)s,  \callosus, 
callous :  see  callous.  ]  1 .  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  hardened  or  callous. — 2.  In  a  concrete 
sense,  any  thickened  or  hardened  part  on  the 
surface  of  the  human  body  or  that  of  any  ani- 
mal, such  as  the  hard  and  often  somewhat  bony 
lumps  that  arise  in  places  exposed  to  constant 
pressure  and  friction,  the  cicatrized  surfaces 
of  old  ulcers  or  wounds,  etc.,  the  natural  cuta- 
neous thickenings  on  the  buttocks  of  gibbons 
and  other  monkeys,  etc. — 3.  In  hot.,  any  part 
of  a  plant  unusually  hard. — 4.  In  entom.,  an 
elevated,  rounded  portion  of  the  surface,  gen- 
erally smooth,  and  paler  than  the  surrounding 
parts,  appearing  like  a  swelling.—  Ischlal  callos- 
ity, in  ziiul.,  thi!  nuked,  indurated,  anil  usually  gayly  col- 
oivd  huttock  of  n  monkey. 

Callosoma,  ».    Bee  CotMOMo. 

callosomarginal  (ka-lo'so-mar'ji-nal),  a.  [< 
callosum  +  ii/riri/iii/iL]  In  mint.,  lying  between 
the  convolution  of  the  corpus  callosum  and  the 
marginal  convolution  of  the  brain  :  as,  the  cal- 
liiMiiiiiu-ijniiil  sulcus  or  fissure. 

callosum  (ka-16'sum),  n.  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  cal- 
IOXH.I  :  see  ctilliiii.t.]  Same  as  corpus  callnxinii 
(which  see,  under  ci>r/>  »xi. 

The  brain  of  tln>  rat,  lackim;  the  ealhaum. 

I '    n.  and  Seurol.,  IV.  513. 

callot1  (kal'ot),  n.     Same  as  eatott,: 

Callot-t,  a-  aii'l  V.       See  ,-itlli'l. 

Callotechnlcs  (kal-o-tek'niks).  ii.  pi,  [Prop.  <;il- 
li-  or  calu- ;  <  Gr.  Ka/./.in- ^vo^  (later  MJ/O-),  mak- 
ing beautiful  works  of  art,  <  m)2i-,  m'/.of,  beauti- 
ful, +  rexmi,  art.]  The  fine  or  ornamental  arts. 
[Rare.] 

callous  (kal'us),  a.    [Also  cnllose:  =  F.  calli-iur 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  callow.  <  L.  nillosus,  hard-skinned. 

tliiek-skiniied,  hard.  <  cnlliini.  also  cullits,  hard 

skin.     Cf.  eallitl.]     1.  Hard;  hardened;  indu- 

4!) 


769 

rated,  as  an  ulcer,  or  the  skin  on  some  part  of 
the  body  from  exposure  to  continuous  pressure 
or  friction:  as,  "a  callous  cicatrice,"  lln/liunl, 
tr.  of  Pliny,  xvi.  31;  "a  callous  ulcer,"  IHtiujii- 
son. 

First  of  the  train  the  patient  rustic  came. 
Whose  ctitlvu*  hand  had  form'd  the  scene. 

UMxinitlt,  Threnodia,  II. 

2.  Hardened  in  mind  or  feelings;  insensible; 
unfeeling:  as,  "the  callous  diplomatist,"    '/"- 
caulay. 

In  prosperous  times,  when  men  fed  the  greatest  ardor 
in  their  pur-nit*  of  gain,  they  manifest  the  most  callmu 
apathy  to  politics.  Ames,  Works,  II.  1::7. 

It  is  an  immense  blessing  to  be  perfectly  eallout  to  ridi- 
cule. Dr.  Arnold. 

3.  In  entom.,  swollen  and  smooth:  as,  a  cal- 
lous margin,  one  very  thick  and  irregularly 
rounded  or  lumpy.  =Syn.  2.  Hardened,  etc.  (tee  ob- 
il unite),  unsusceptible,  unlmpresslblc,   Indifferent,  deaf, 
dead,  etc. 

callous  (kal'us),  v.  t.  To  harden  or  make  callous. 
The  calloused  sensibilities  of  people  of  fashion. 

Science,  X.  98. 

callous-beaked  (kal'us-bekt),  a.  Having  a 
callous  beak:  applied  to  the  tanagers  of  the 
genus  Kliami>h«citlus,  from  the  callosity  at  the 
base  of  the  bill. 

callously  (kal'us-li),  <«/c.     In  a  callous,  hard- 
ened, or  unfeeling  manner, 
callousness  (kal'us-nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 
callous,    (a)  Hardness ;  induration :  applied  to  the  body. 
A  calloumrmi  of  his  feet.    Jtr.  Taylor,  Repentance,  vil.  8. 
(6)  Insensibility  of  mind  or  heart 
A  calloutsiie»n  and  numbness  of  soul. 

Bentley,  Sermons,  1. 

Great  vindictiveness  is  often  united  with  great  tender- 
ness, and  great  caUoiuuet*  with  great  magnanimity. 

/.-•.•*;/,  F.nrop.  Morals,  I.  140. 

callow1  (kal'6),  a.  and  H.  [<  ME.  calowe,  caleic, 
mlii,  <  AS.  calu  (calu;-)  =  D.  kaal  =  OHG.  calo, 
ehalo  (calaw-),  MHG.  kal  (kalir-),  G.  kahl  =  Sw. 
kal,  bald,  bare  (cf.  Dan.  kidlet,  polled,  en  kullet 
ko,  a  cow  without  horns:  ko  =  E.  cowl),  prob., 
with  loss  of  orig.  initial «  (cf .  scall),  =  L.  calms 
(orig.  "scalru.1  f),  bald  (>  It.  8p.  Pg.  calvo  =  Pi. 
calv  =  OF.  cliau,  F.  chauee :  see  Calrary,  Cal- 
vinism, and chauvin).']  I.  a.  If.  Bald;  without 
hair. 

A  man  of  whoa  heed  heeria  tleUm  awel  is  cola. 

Wycli/(ed.  Purv.),  Lev.  xiii.  40. 
t'ni a  •  wits  his  linn  .Ir.  Kiny  Aluaunder,  1.  5950. 

2.  Without  feathers;  that  has  not  yet  put  forth 
feathers ;  naked ;  unfledged,  as  a  young  bird  : 
as,  "callow  young,"  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  420. 

My  callow  wiug,  that  newly  left  the  nest. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  1. 

They  [the  young  of  the  partridge)  are  not  tallow  like  the 
young  of  most  birds,  hut  more  perfectly  developed  an-! 
precocious  even  than  chickens.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  244. 

3.  Pertaining  to  an  unfledged  bird:   as,  "cal- 
low down,"  Drat/ton,  The  Owl. — 4.  Youthful; 
juvenile ;  very  immature :  as,  a  callow  youth. 

Ah,  if  we  had  possessed  these  in  our  callow  days, 

D.  (*.  Hitchell,  Bound  Together. 

II. t  »•  A  bald  person ;  a  baldhead. 
What  hath  the  calewe  ido. 

Life  of  St.  Dunttan,  Early  Eng.  Poems 
[(ed.  Furuivall),  p.  S4. 

callow2  (kal'6),  n.  and  a.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  cal- 
/oic1,  bare.]  I.  n.  1.  An  alluvial  flat  along  a 
river-course :  a  term  used  by  writers  on  Irish 
geology  and  agriculture. —  2.  In  coal-mining, 
the  baring,  or  cover,  of  open  workings.  Gresley. 
[Eng.] 

II.  a.  Having  the  character  of  an  alluvial 
flat :  as,  callow  land ;  a  calloir  meadow. 

Oalluella  (kal -u- el  'a),  w.  [NL.,  dim.,  <  Gr. 
K&/.fa>s,  beauty,  na"/.6$,  beautiful.]  A  genus  of 
tailless  amphibians,  typical  of  the  family  Cal- 
lurllida:  Also  spelled  Caluella. 

calluellid  (kal-u-el'id),  n.  A  toad-like  am- 
phibian of  the  family  Callurllidit: 

Calluellidae  (kal-u-el'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cal- 
liii'lla  +  -iW«'.]  A  family  of  firmisternial  sali- 
ent amphibians,  typified  by  the  genus  ( 'allmlln. 
They  have  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  dilated  sacral  apophy- 
ses,  precoracoids  resting  upon  coracoids,  no  oinosternum, 
ami  a  small  cartilaginous  sternum. 

Calluna  ^ka-lu'nji).  ».  [NL.  (so  called  from  its 
use  in  making  b'rooras),  irreg.  <  Gr.  xa'/j.ivfiv. 
sweep,  clean,  beautify,  <  «i/.<4r,  beautiful.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  natural  order  l-'.rifiirin.  nearly 
allied  to  Kricii,  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
chiefly  by  the  structure  of  its  capsule  and  the 
small  number  of  its  seeds.  There  Is  but  one  species, 
C.  ful't'ii-i*.  tlic  ciimmnn  licatluT.  which  covers  ami  orna- 
ment* much  of  the  heath  and  moorland  districts  of  Great 


calm 

and  i-  r..iind  in  the  northern  temperate  and  boreal 
<il  tin    .1.1  «. , iid.     Italso  occurs  in  North  America, 


Common  Heather  (£«««»»  vttlfarii).  «!Ui  bnnch  on  UfRcr  leak. 

though  very  sparingly  and  only  in  a  few  localities  near 
the  coast,  fnnii  Ni-ui'cnindliind  to  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Massachusetts. 

callus  (kal'us),  n. ;  pi.  ealli  (-i).  [L.,  abo  cal- 
I  it  in,  hanl  skin:  see  callous  and  callid.'j  1.  In 
mint.:  (a)  Hard  skin;  a  callosity.  (/»)  A  new 
growth  of  osseous  tissue  between  and  around 
the  extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to 
unite  them. —  2.  In  hot.,  any  unusually  hard 
excrescence  upon  a  plant;  also,  the  thickening 
of  the  substance  of  the  perforated  septa  be- 
tween sieve-cells,  and  the  close  cellular  struc- 
ture which  is  formed  over  wounds,  by  which 
the  inner  tissues  are  protected  and  healing  is 
effected. — 3.  In  hort.,  the  cap  or  thickening 
formed  over  the  end  of  a  cutting  before  it  sends 
forth  rootlets. — 4.  In  conch.,  a  callosity  or  in- 
durated thickening  of  a  shell  by  the  deposit  of 
some  hard  substance  different  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell. 

The  columellar  Up  is  covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of 
cnltiu.  Stand.  Sat.  Uut.,  I.  351. 

callys  (kal'is),  n.  Same  as  killas. 
calm1  (kam),  n.  and  a.  [I.  n.  Early  mod.  E. 
also  ruulm,  caum,  cawm,  <  ME.  calme  (=  D. 
l;alm-tc  =  LG.  hilm,  >  G.  kalm),  <  OF.  calmt,  F. 
calme  =  Sp.  It.  Pg.  calma,  calm,  calmness,  still 
weather,  =  Pr.  chaume,  the  time  when  the  flocks 
rest  (cf.  F.  chdmcr,  formerly  cliaumer,  rest), 
orig.,  as  still  in  Sp.  and  Pg.,  heat,  the  hot  part 
of  the  day  (cf.  F.  dial,  cauman,  hot — Cotgrave), 
<  I . I ..  cauma,  the  heat  of  the  sun,  <  Gr.  naiiua, 
great  heat,  <  naiew,  burn :  see  cauma  and  caus- 
tic. The  I  is  unoriginal,  being  due  to  confor- 
mation with  L.  color,  heat,  or  with  words  like 
nalm  (L.  iialma),  etc.  II.  a.  <  ME.  calme  (= 
D.  kalm),  <  OF.  calme,  F.  calme  (ML.  calmus); 
from  the  noun.]  I.  n.  I.  The  condition  of  be- 
ing without  motion,  agitation,  or  disturbance; 
stillness :  properly  of  the  air,  and  hence  of  the 
sea  and  of  the  weather  in  general. 

A  Mont  hede  in  a  cauliiie  or  downe  a  wind  is  very  good, 
Atcham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  Arber),  p.  137. 
And  thus  fonde  the  wynde  agens  vs  or  ellys  such  caltny* 
that  we  sped  but  lytyll  of  our  waye. 

Tortiiiyton,  Diari'e  of  Eng.  Travel!,  p.  57. 
While  we  lay  in  the  talnu  we  caught  several  great  sharks. 
Dampirr,  Voyages,  I.  79. 

2.  Freedom  from  mental  agitation  or  passion ; 
tranquillity;  quiet;  serenity. 

Each  perturbation  smooth'd  with  outward  i-ntm. 

Hilton,  P.  L.,  iv.  130. 

The  unnatural  excitement  was  succeeded  by  an  unnat- 
ural calm.  Macaulau,  Horace  Walpole. 
Too  near  to  God  for  doubt  or  fear, 
She  shares  the  eternal  talm. 

Whittitr,  Battle  Autumn  of  1862. 
A  despotic  calm  is  usually  the  triumph  of  error. 

Jeeoiu,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  298. 

3.  The  scum  of  liquor.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  Dead 
calm,  stark  calm,  flat  calm,  terms  used  by  seamen  to 
•  h-imte  tlu-  greatest  ixtssihle  calm. — Region  of  calms,  or 
calm  latitudes,  the  tracts  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
ni  rans  on  the  counties  of  the  trade-winds,  where  calms  of 
long  duration  prevail.     At  the  winter  solstice  1U  average 
northern  limit  Is  in  5'  N.,  and  in  the  months  about  the 
*nnmicr  solstice  12*  N.    The  southern  limit  lies  nearly 
always  to  the  north  of  the  equator,  varying  between  1* 
and  r  N. 

II.  a.  1.  Without  motion;  still;  not  stormy; 
undisturbed;  not  agitated;  serene. 

Be  calm,  good  wind.  Shot.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  L  2. 

Calm  Is  the  morn  without  a  sound. 

TVnriyxon,  In  Memorlam,  xi 

The  hay  was  oily  ealm.  Ttnnymn,  Audley  Court. 

2.  Free  from  mental  agitation ;  undisturbed  by 
passion;  not  agitated  or  excited;  quiet;  serene; 
tranquil, as  the  mind,  temper,  or  attention:  as, 
"  calm  words,"  Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1. 
With  gentle  breath,  mini  look,  knees  humbly  bow'd. 

Shalt..  R.  and  J.,  ill.  1. 

The  temper  of  Hastings  was  equal  to  almost  any  trial. 
It  was  not  sweet ;  but  it  was  ralm. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 


calm 

Quiet  and  calm,  without  a  fear 
Of  danger  darkly  lurking  near, 
The  weary  laborer  left  his  plough. 

Whittier,  Pentucket. 

=  Syn. 2.  Calm,  I'l'i'-i'l,  Tranquil, Serene,  Quiet,Cool,  Com- 
posed, Collected,  smooth,  peaceful,  unruffled,  imperturba- 
ble. All  the  italicized  words,  when  applied  to  the  mind, 
still  suggest  the  physical  phenomena  which  they  prima- 
rily denote.  Calm  implies  that  the  mind  remains  unagi- 
tated,  even  by  care  and  anxiety.  There  is  a  tendency  to  use 
the  word  to  express  the  most  complete  mastery  of  the 
emotions ;  but  it  is  also  used  for  the  mere  outward  man- 
ner :  as,  in  spite  of  hia  anger,  he  remained  calm.  Placid 
is  by  derivation  associated  with  the  notion  of  pleasure  ;  it 
generally  applies  to  that  which  belongs  to  the  nature,  but  is 
also  especially  used  of  the  face  :  as,  a  placid  smile.  Tran- 
quil implies  not  so  much  a.  mastery  of  self  amid  disturb- 
ing circumstances  as  freedom  from  that  which  agitates,  a 
settled  calm.  Serene,  by  its  association  with  the  aspects 
of  the  sky,  implies  an  exalted  calm,  a  tranquillity  that 
rises  above  clouds  or  storms.  Quiet,  when  applied  to  the 
disposition,  implies  that  the  person  is  naturally  silent  and 
undemonstrative;  externally  it  implies  that  one  is  free 
from  annoyances :  as,  to  leave  him  in  quiet.  Like  tranquil, 
but  unlike  the  rest,  it  is  not  suggestive  of  a  triumph  of 
self-control  over  natural  agitation  of  feelings  or  confusion 
of  mind.  Cool  is  the  opposite  of  heated ;  it  indicates  that 
state  in  which  the  heat  of  feeling  is  perfectly  kept  down, 
so  that  the  intellectual  faculties  are  not  hindered  from 
their  best  operation.  Composed  is  applicable  to  the  state 
of  both  thoughts  and  feelings,  while  collected,  gathered 
together,  can  be  used  only  with  reference  to  the  thoughts. 
Composed  differs  from  collected  also  in  expressing,  like 
calm,  merely  a  frame  of  mind  ;  while  collected,  like  cool, 
expresses  a  readiness  for  action  with  the  full  and  unim- 
peded force  of  the  mind.  See  apathy. 

Calm  me,  my  God,  and  keep  me  calm,  .  .  . 
Yes,  keep  me  calm,  though  loud  and  rnde 
The  sounds  my  ear  that  greet, 
Calm  in  the  closet's  solitude, 
Calm  in  the  bustling  street. 

//.  Bonar,  The  Inner  Calm. 

In  proportion  as  the  mental  energies  go  out  in  restless 
and  multitudinous  perception,  they  cannot  go  out  in  calm 
and  deliberate  thought.    H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  40. 
The  placid  marble  Muses,  looking  peace. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
Farewell  the  tranquil  mind !  farewell  Content ! 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3. 
Cloudless  forever  is  her  brow  serene, 
Speaking  calm  hope  and  trust  within  her. 

Lowell,  Irene. 

For  mine  own  part,  I  could  be  well  content 
To  entertain  the  lag-end  of  my  life 
With  quiet  hours.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1. 

There  is  the  glib  tongue  and  cool  self-possession  of  the 
salesman  in  a  large  shop,  which,  as  is  well  known,  over- 
power the  prudence  and  resolution  of  housekeepers  of 
both  sexes.  Emerson,  Eloquence. 

His  [Dante's]  gait  was  grave  and  gentlemanlike ;  and  his 
bearing,  whether  public  or  private,  wonderfully  composed 
and  polished. 

Quoted  in  Lowell's  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  18. 
Early  and  provident  fear  is  the  mother  of  safety ;  be- 
cause in  that  state  of  things  the  mind  is  firm  and  collected, 
and  the  judgment  unembarrassed.         Burke,  Unitarians. 

calm1  (kam),  v.  [<  ME.  calmen  (=  F.  calmer  = 
Sp.  Pg.  calmar  =  It.  calmare),  intr.,  become  still ; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  still;  quiet, 
as  the  wind  or  elements. —  2.  To  still,  appease, 
allay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mind  or  passions. 
Time's  glory  is  to  calm  contending  kings. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.939. 

Scarce  was  her  head  laid  on  the  pillow,  ere  a  deep,  re- 
freshing sleep  closed  her  eyes  and  calmed  her  senses. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xx. 
3f.  To  becalm. 

Like  to  a  ship  that,  having  'scap'd  a  tempest, 
Is  straightway  calm'd  and  boarded  with  a  pirate. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  9. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  calm  or  quiet:  as, 
the  tempest  now  began  to  calm. 
calm2  (kam),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  also  caum, 
canlm;  appar.  a  var.  of  cam1,  a  comb,  cog,  etc. : 
see  cam1.]  1.  A  cog  of  a  wheel.  [North.  Eng.] 
— 2.  pi.  A  mold;  a  frame,  etc. — 3.  pi.  The 
small  cords  through  which  the  warp  is  passed 
in  a  loom. —In  the  caulms,  in  the  state  of  being  framed 
or  modeled.  Jamieson. 

calm:;t,  ».     A  dialectal  form  of  qualm. 

Sick  of  a  calm.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

calmant  (kal'mant),  n.  [<  P.  calmant,  ppr.  of 
calmer,  to  calm:  see  cairn1.]  A  quieting  med- 
icine or  other  therapeutic  agent. 
calmative  (karma-tiv),  a.  and  ».  [<  calm  + 
-ative."]  I.  a.  Quieting  excessive  action  of  any 
organ;  relieving  nervous  agitation;  sedative. 

II.  n.  A  quieting  drug  or  other  therapeutic 
agent ;  a  soothing  remedy. 

Where  there  is  exhaustive  mania,  with  high  excitement 
and  cerebral  amentia,  wine  or  whiskey  I  have  always  found 
to  be  the  best  calmative  and  soporific. 

E.  C.  Mann,  Psychol.  Med.,  p.  233. 
calm-belt  (kam'belt),  «..  A  zone  or  region 
embracing  from  four  to  six  degrees  of  latitude 
parallel  to  the  equator,  characterized  by  the 
prevalence  of  calms  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  year. 

Panama  is  within  the  equatorial  calm-belt,  where  the 
periodical  calms  continue  ten  or  eleven  months  in  the 
year.  Science,  IV.  435. 


770 

calmer  (ka'mer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
calms,  or  has  the  power  to  still  and  make  quiet; 
one  who  or  that  which  allays,  pacifies,  or 
soothes. 

Angling  was  ...  a  cheerer  of  his  spirits,  a  diverter  of 
sadness,  a  calmer  of  unquiet  thoughts. 

J.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  i.  1. 

calmly  (kiim'Ii),  adv.  Quietly;  peacefully;  with- 
out passion,  agitation,  tumult,  disturbance,  or 
violence. 

And  calmly  run  on  in  obedience.    Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  4. 

The  gentle  stream  which  calmly  flows.    Sir  J.  Denham. 

A  man  coole  and  temperate  in  his  passions,  not  easily 
betraid  by  his  choller :  That  vies  not  oath  with  oath,  nor 
heat  with  heat ;  but  replies  calmly  to  an  angry  man,  and 
is  too  hard  for  him  too. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Stayed  Man. 

calmness  (kam'nes),  n.     The  state   of  being 
calm,      (a)  Quietness ;  stillness ;  tranquillity,  as  of  the 
elements. 
The  gentle  calmness  of  the  flood.  Sir  J.  Denham. 

When  mighty  rivers  gently  creep, 
Their  even  calmness  does  suppose  them  deep. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  i.  10. 

(b)  Quietness ;  mildness ;  unruffled  state  of  the  mind, 
passions,  or  temper. 

Sir,  'tis  fit 

You  make  strong  party,  or  defend  yourself 
By  calmness,  or  by  absence ;  all's  in  anger. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  2. 

Even  the  gambling-table  fosters  ...  a  capacity  for 
bearing  losses  with  calmness,  and  controlling  the  force  of 
the  desires.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  I.  155. 

=  Syn.  Intlifference,  Insensibility,  etc.  (see  apathy),  quie- 
tude, serenity,  repose,  composure,  placidness,  peaceful- 
ness. 

Calmuck,  n.    See  SalmncJc. 
calmy  (ka'mi),  a.     [A  poet,  extension  of  calm1, 
a.;  or  <  calm1,  n.     Of.  stilly,  a.]     Calm;  tran- 
quil; peaceful.     [Poetical.] 

A  still  and  calmy  bay.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  30. 

Tezcuco's  calmy  lake.  Southey. 

calo-.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  xaAo-,  a  less  usual  form  for 

Ka'/M-,  combining  form  of  /caAof,  beautiful:  see 

calli-.]     See  calli-. 

Calochortus  (kal-o-kor'tus),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
naUf,  beautiful,  +  xfyTOf,  grass,  any  fodder, 
prop,  an  inclosed  space,  =  L.  hortus,  a  garden : 
see  hortus.]  A  genus  of  liliaceous  bulbous 
plants,  allied  to  the  tulip  and  fritillary.  it  con- 
tains over  30  species,  natives  of  the  western  United  States 
and  Mexico.  The  flowers  are  large  and  showy,  and  very 
variously  colored. 

Calochroma,  n.  See  Callichroma. 
Calodendron  (kal-o-den'dron),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaUf,  beautiful,  -t-  ifaSpov,  a  tree.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  Diosma-like  Cape  Colony  trees, 
natural  order  Mutacece.  C.  Capense  is  an  evergreen 
tree  40  feet  high,  with  beautiful  flowers  and  foliage.  Its 
shining  black  seeds  are  used  for  necklaces,  etc. 
Caloenas  (ka-le'nas),  n,  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KaUf, 
beautiful,  +  oivdf,  a  wild  pigeon  of  the  color 
of  ripening  grapes  (the  wild  pigeon,  Columba 
cenas,  or  the  rock-dove,  C.  Itvia),  <  olvr/,  the 
(grape-)  vine ;  cf .  olvof,  wine :  see  vine,  wine.] 
A  remarkable  genus  of  pigeons,  containing  a 
single  species,  Caloenas  nicobarica,  the  Nico- 

bar  pigeon,  with 
long,  acumi- 
nate, pendulous 
feathers  on  the 
neck  like  the 
hackles  of  a 
cock,  a  very  tu- 
mid bill,  green- 
ish coloration, 
12rectrices,  and 
the  epithelial 
lining  of  the  giz- 
zard ossified,  it 
is  sometimes  made 
the  type  of  a  fam- 
ily Cal&nadidtK  or 
subfamily  Calcena- 

Nicobar  Pigeon  (Catenas  nicobarica}.  dintK,  but  the  char- 
acters hardly  war- 
rant this  distinction  from  the  family  Colummdce.  Also 
Calluenas,  and  erroneously  Calcenas,  Calli&nas. 

calography  (ka-log'ra-fi),  n.  Another  form  of 
calligraphy. 

calomel  (kal'o-mel),  n.  [Formation  uncertain, 
being  variously  given ;  appar.  <  Gr.  /ca/Wf,  beau- 
tiful, fair,  +  /LfiAac,  black  (or  ftth  =  L.  mel, 
honey,  in  allusion  to  its  name  mercurius  dulcis, 
'  sweet  mercury').]  Hemi-,  sub-,  or  protochlo- 
rid  of  mercury,  or  mercurous  chlorid,  Hg2Cl2. 
It  was  formerly  prepared  by  grinding  in  a  mortar  mercury 
sulphate  with  as  much  mercury  as  it  already  contained', 
and  heating  the  mixture  with  salt  until  it  sublimed.  It 
is  now  prepared  by  subliming  corrosive  sublimate  with  the 
proper  quantity  of  mercury.  It  also  occurs  native  in 
tetragonal  crystals,  which  are  white-gray  or  yellowish  in 
color  and  have  an  adamantine  luster.  It  is  sectile,  and 
is  hence  called  horn-mercury  or  horn-quicksilver.  It  is 


caloric 

usually  sold  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  odorless,  taste- 
less, and  insoluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether.  Calomel 
is  extensively  used  in  medicine,  especially  in  inflamma- 
tions of  serous  membranes  and  as  a  purgative.  Also 
called  subchlorid  and  protochlorid  of  mercury,  and  corne- 
ous mercury. 

Calophyllum  (kal-o-fil'um),  n.  [NL.  (cf.  Gr. 
Ka>.Aupv/.'/.of,  with  beautiful  leaves),  <  Gr.  /ca/.of, 
beautiful,  +  $>Mm>= li.  folium,  leaf.]  1.  In  lot., 
a  genus  of  plants,  natural  order  Guttiferce.  The 
species  are  large  timber-trees  of  the  tropics,  rich  in  bal- 
samic resins,  with  oily  seeds,  and  shining  leaves  which 
have  numerous  transverse  parallel  veins,  giving  the  plants 
a  very  beautiful  appearance.  C.  InupliiiUum  yields  a 
medical  resin,  the  tacamahac  of  the  East  Indies.  The  seeds 
yield  an  oil  which  is  in  high  repute  for  rheumatic  com- 
plaints and  bruises.  The  galba-  or  calaba-tree,  C.  Calaba, 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Brazil,  the  keena,  C.  tomentosum, 
of  Ceylon,  the  C.  Tacamahaca  of  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  and 
Madagascar,  and  other  species,  furnish  resins  and  oils,  as 
well  as  strong  and  durable  timber.  The  fruits  of  some 
species  are  edible. 

2.  In  zool.,  a  genus  of  rugose  stone-corals,  of 
the  family  Cyathophyllida;.  J.  V.  Dana,  1846. 

Calopsitta  (kal-op-sit'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  itaMf, 
beautiful,  +  ipiTraK6f,  a  parrot  (abbr.  after  TJIIT- 
ra,  collateral  form  of  airra,  a  nuthatch).]  A 
genus  of  cockatoos,  sometimes  made  the  type 
of  a  subfamily  Calopsittina?,  the  cockateels: 
usually  restricted  to  a  single  species,  the  Aus- 
tralian cockateel,  Calopsitta  novat-hollandiw. 
Also  Callipsittacus. 

Calopsittina  (kal'op-si-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Calopsitta  +  -ina:.]  A  subfamily  of  Cacatuiflai, 
represented  by  the  genus  Calopsitta;  the  cock- 
ateels. 

Oaloptenobia  (kal"op-te-no'bi-a),  n.  [NL.,  < 
Caloptenus  +  Gr.  ftiof,  life.]  A  genus  of  hyme- 
nopterous  parasites,  of  the  family  Proctotry- 
pidce,  founded  by  Eiley  in  1877.  The  only  species 
whose  habits  are  known  is  parasitic  upon  the  eggs  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  locust  and  the  Carolina  locust,  (Edipoda 
Carolina.  It  often  occurs  in  great  numbers,  and  destroys 
many  eggs  of  these  injurious  insects.  Caloptenobia  is  sy- 
nonymous with  Scelia  (Latreille). 

Caloptenus  (kal-op-te'nus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
/toXof,  beautiful,  +  7TTrfv6f,  feathered,  winged, 
akin  to  nrepoV  =  E.  feather.]  A  genus  of  grass- 


Rocky  Mountain  Grasshopper  (Caloftfnus spretus}. 

a,  a,  newly  hatched  larvae ;  t'.  full-grown  larva  ;  :',  pupa  ;  d,  female 

locust.    ( All  natural  size. ) 

hoppers,  of  the  family  Aeri&i&te.  c.  fenmr-m- 
brum  is  the  common  red-legged  grasshopper  of  the  United 
States  ;  C.  spretus  (Thomas)  is  the  Rocky  Mountain  grass- 
hopper or  locust,  which  does  incalculable  damage  to  vege- 
tation. 

calor  (kal'dr  or  ka'lor),  n.     [<  L.  calor,  heat, 

<  calere,  be  hot.]    Heat.     [Rare.] 
calorescence  (kal-o-res'ens),  n.      [<  L.  calor, 

heat,  +  -escence;  cf.  caiescence,  etc.]  A  name 
given  by  Tyndall  to  a  luminous  phenomenon, 
observed  when  the  invisible  heat-rays  from  an 
appropriate  source  are  converged  to  a  focus 
by  a  lens  or  mirror  upon  a  piece  of  charcoal, 
which  is  thus  heated  to  incandescence. 

In  calorescence  the  atoms  of  the  refractory  body  are 
caused  to  vibrate  more  rapidly  than  the  waves  which  fall 
upon  them.  Tyndall,  Light  and  Elect.,  p.  67. 

caloric  (ka-lor'ik),  a.  and  n.     [=  F.  catorique, 

<  L.  color,  heat :  see  color.]     I.  a.  Pertaining 
to  heat  or  the  principle  of  heat. 

The  velocity  of  an  asteroid  when  it  strikes  the  sun 
measures  from  445,750  to  830,400  metres ;  the  caloric  ef- 
fect of  the  percussion  is  consequently  equal  to  from  27£ 
to  55  millions  of  degrees  of  heat. 

J.  R.  Mayer  (trans.),  in  Grove's  Corr.  of  Forces,  p.  275. 

Caloric  engine,  a  name  given  by  Ericsson  to  his  impn  ived 
air-engine,  to  distinguish  it  from  other  air-engines  on  the 
same  principle.  The  smaller  motors  of  his  design  have 
been  used  to  a  considerable  extent  In  situations  where  but 
little  power  has  been  required.  The  term  caloric  rii;iiiu- 
has  been  popularly  applied  to  hot-air  C'IIKIIH-S  as  a  class. 
See  air-rnfiine.—  Caloric  paradox.  Sec  x/ilirroidal  state, 
under  spheroidal. 

II.  n.  The  name  given  to  a  supposed  subtle 
imponderable  fluid  to  which  the  sensation  and 


caloric 

phenomena  of  heat  were  formerly  attributed; 
hence,  heat.     Sensible  «n<l  insensible  caloric,  <>i> 

snlete  terms  fur  >V;J.M/;/.    and  l<lt>-i,t  Ixtll        >rr  A,  n  I 

caloricity  (kiil-o-ris'i-ii),  «.  [=  V.  caloricite,  < 
rtiloritjue  =  K.  caloric.]  The  power  in  animals 
of  developing  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  life  and  to  enable  them  to  resist  atmospheric 
cold,  so  as  to  preserve  at  all  times  and  in  every 
part  an  internal  temperature  nearly  equal. 

caloriduct  (ka-lor'i-dukt),  «.  [<  L.  calor,  heat, 
+  ductiM,  a  leading,  <  diiccri;  lead.  Cf.  aque- 
duct, and  see  riiliilnct.]  A  tube  or  passage  for 
conveying  lieat.  See  riiliilnrl. 

calorie,  «.     [F.]     See  calory. 

calorifacient  (kal'o-ri-fa'shient),  a.  [<  L.  ca- 
lor, heat,  +  Jitririi(/-)x,  jipr.  "of  fneere,  make.] 
Heat-producing.  Also  calorijicient,  calorijiant, 
and  citlnritii'iit. 

calorifiant  (kal*o-ri-fi'ant),  a.  [Also  written 
calorifient;  <  L.  color,  heat,  +  P.  -fiant,  ppr. 
of  -fier,  E.  -/«,  make.]  Same  as  calorifacient. 

calorific  (kal-o-rif'ik),  a.  [<  L.  calorificug. 
heat-producing,  <  calor,  heat,  +  facer  e,  make.] 
Capable  of  producing  heat  ;  causing  heat  ;  heat- 
ing; calorifacient. 

We  distinguish  .  .  .  the  gravltative,  luminlfcrous,  and 

calorific  properties  of  the  sun.  J.  S.  Mill,  Logic. 

Broad  golden-white  day,  with  calorific  beams,  beating 

strongly  upon  us.  Lathrop,  Spanish  Vistas,  p.  166. 

Calorific  rays,  heat-rays.    See  heat  and  tpectrum, 

calorification  (ka-lor'i-fi-ka'shon),  «.  [=  F. 
calorification,  <  L.  calor,  heat,  +  -flcare,  <.facere, 
make.  ]  The  production  of  heat,  especially  ani- 
mal heat. 

calorificient  (kal'o-ri-fish'ient),  a.  Same  as 
calorifacient. 

calorifics  (kal-o-rif  iks),  n.  [PL  of  calorific: 
see  -ics.]  The  science  of  heating. 

calorifient  (kal'o-ri-fi'ent),  a.  Same  as  calori- 
facicii'  . 

calorimeter  (kal-6-rim'e-ter),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  metrum,  ^  Gr.  fitrpov,  measure.]  An 
apparatus  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  heat 
given  off  by  a  body  under  different  conditions  : 
used  in  determining  the  specific  heat  of  differ- 
ent substances,  the  latent  heat  of  fusion,  ex- 
pansion, or  vaporization,  and  the  heat  of  com- 
bustion, or  of  chemical  combination  in  general. 
In  the  ice-calorimeter  the  substance  to  be  operated  on  is 
inclosed  in  a  cavity  of  ice,  and  the  quantity  of  heat  is 
determined  by  observing  the  increase  of  volume  due  to 
the  melting  of  a  portion  of  the  ice.  In  other  forms  the 
rise  in  temperature  of  a  known  quantity  of  gome  liquid,  as 
water  or  mercury,  or  the  amount  of  expansion  caused  in  a 
known  volume  of  mercury,  is  noted. 

calorimetric,  calorimetrical  (kal*o-ri-met'rik, 
-ri-kal),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  calorimeter 
or  to  calorimetry. 

There  are  two  methods  of  measuring  the  Intensity  of  a 
beam  of  light  :  1.  Catfirimelrical.  ...  2.  Photonietrical. 
A.  Daniel',  Prill.  of  Physics,  p.  4«3. 

calorimetrically  (kal*o-ri-met'ri-kal-i),  adv. 

By  means  of  the  calorimeter;  in  accordance 

with  the  principles  and  methods  of  calorimetry. 

The  total  intensity  of  radiation  may  be  measured  calo- 

rimetrically. A.  Vaniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  463. 

calorimetry  (kal-o-rim'e-tri),  n.  [<  calorime- 
ter.] The  measurement  of  the  quantity  of 
heat  in  thermal  units  (see  thermal  and  calory) 
which  a  body  absorbs  or  gives  out  in  passing 
through  a  certain  range  of  temperature,  or  in 
changing  its  state  (as  in  fusion  or  vaporization), 
or  the  heat  which  is  produced  by  chemical 
combination  ;  the  art  or  process  of  using  the 
calorimeter. 

calorimotor  (kal'o-ri-mo'tor),  n.  [<  L.  calor, 
heat,  +  motor,  mo'ver:  see  motor.]  A  form  of 
voltaic  battery,  consisting  of  one  or  more  cells 
in  wlu'ch  the  plates  used  are  large,  so  that  the 
internal  resistance  is  very  small.  The  current 
produced  may  have  a  low  electromotive  force  while  the 
quantity  of  electrical  energy  is  large,  and  hence  can  pro. 
duce  considerable  heating  effects  in  a  short  external  cir- 
cuit. Hare's  detlajrrator  was  an  early  form. 

calorist  (kal'6-rist),  «.  [<  L.  calor,  heat.  + 
-int.]  One  of  tliose  who  upheld  the  theory  that 
the  sensation  and  phenomena  of  heat  are  at- 
tributable to  a  fluid  called  caloric. 

The  theory  of  the  ralori*ts,  as  those  who  held  this  \  lew 
were  called,  and  called  themselves,  is  now  utterly  dis- 
proved. Pop.  ' 


771 

definitions,  yet  it  I*  practically  assumed  that  the  specific 
heat  of  water  Is  constant :  so  that  If  the  calory  were  de- 
lined  in  lein,-,,(  the  degree  from  20  Ui  21  ,  it  would  more 
accurately  represent  the  meaning  in  use.  Also  spelled 

,vf/.,,  ,,'. 

The  Caloric  Is  equal  to  41.593,010,000  ergs  or  423.885 
kilogramme-metres.     .1.  linnirll,  I'rin.  of  I'hyslcs,  p.  317. 

Calosoma,  Callosoma  (kal-o-B6'mft),  n.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  Ka/.i{t  beautiful,  +  aijfta,  body.]  A  large 
genus  of  beautiful  adephagous  i'»/«i/>trra,  or 
carnivorous  beetles,  of  tlie  family  I'arabidce. 
C.  tycophanta,  about  an  inch  in  length,  is  the  largest  and 
handsomest  British  Insect  of  the  family.  C.  im/tii'nVor, 


calory  (kal'6-ri),  ».  [<  F.  calorie,  <  L.  calor, 
heat.]  In  phys.,  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  kilogram  of  water 
from  0°  to  1°  centigrade,  it  is  the  unit  of  lieat 

ordinarily  employed  in  calorimeti  y  liy  modern  ph\>ieKN, 
instead  of  the  thermal  unit  based  on  tin-  Kni:lish  measures. 
(See  'fi.-i  mat.)  The  small  calory  or  thermal  unit  on  the 
C.  G.  S.  system  is  the  heat  rei|tlire<l  to  taise  the  tempera- 
ture of  one  gram  of  water  from  0  U»  I  *'.  Although  this 
particular-degree  of  the  scale  is  always  specified  in  formal 


Rummaging  (".round-beetle  (Ca/afcma  tcrtttatar},  with  larva  of 
C.  calidttm.    (  Natural  sue.  ) 

C.  tenttator,  anil  C.  calidum  are  other  species  of  this 
widely  distributed  genus,  commonly  called  gnund-beetlet. 
Also  spelled  Catlisotna. 

calote,  n.     Same  as  calotte. 

Calotermes  (kal-o-ter'mez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  KO- 
Mf,  beautiful,  +  L.  termeg,  tarmes,  a  wood- 
worm :  see  termes.]  One  of  the  principal  genera 
of  white  ants  or  termites,  of  the  family  Termi- 
nate or  isopterous  Neuroptera.  it  contains  both 

winged  sexual  individuals  and  apterous,  fully  developed, 
but  sexually  aborted  individuals.  C.JtamcoUu  of  south- 
ern Europe  is  an  example. 

The  nests  of  species  of  Calutenntx  are  the  most  incom- 
plete ;  they  only  gnaw  passages  in  wood,  which  mainly 
run  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  tree.  There  Is  no 
special  place  for  the  queen.  Claug,  Zo61.  (trans.),  p.  560. 

Calotropis  (ka-lot'ro-pis),  n.  [NL.  (in  allusion 
to  the  keel  of  the  flower),  <  Gr.  na>.6c,,  beautiful, 
+  r/joVff,  a  ship's  keel,  <  rpentiv,  turn.]  A 
small  genus  of  asclepiadaceous  shrubs.  The 
bark,  which  is  known  as  mudar  and  yermm  (names  also 
given  to  the  plants  themselves).  Is  a  medicine  famous 
among  Oriental  physicians.  It  is  employed  In  many  dis- 
eases, especially  in  dysentery,  as  an  alterative  tonic  and 
diaphoretic,  and  as  a  substitute  for  Ipecac.  C.  proccra 
ranges  from  India  to  the  i'ape  V'erd  islands,  and  C.  fffffttn- 
tea  from  India  to  Borneo  and  China.  Tin-  silky  fiber  of  the 
latter  is  finer  in  quality,  and  is  used  for  the  robes  of  the 
native  princes,  for  bowstrings,  and  for  fishing-lines  and 
-nets,  as  it  is  almost  indestructible  in  water.  The  wood  of 
both  species  is  made  into  charcoal  for  gunpowder,  the 
acrid  milky  juice  mixed  with  salt  Is  used  to  remove  hair 
from  hides,  and  the  hairs  of  the  seeds  are  employed  for 
stuffing  mattresses. 

calotte  (ka-lof),  n.  [<  F.  calotte,  a  skull-cap, 
dim.  of  OF.  cale.  a  kind  of  little  cap,  >  E.  caul1, 
q.  v.]  1.  A  plain  skull-cap  or  coif  of  hair- 
cloth, satin,  or  other  fabric,  worn  (a)  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  to  cover  the  tonsure 
when  exposed  to  drafts;  (6)  in  England,  by 
serjeants-at-law  on  their  wigs.—  2.  In  armor 
and  costume,  that  part  of  anvhead-dress  which 
covers  closely  the  crown  of  the  head  :  as,  the 
calotte  of  the  helmet.  —  3.  Anything  having 
the  form  of  a  small  cap,  as  the  cap  of  a  sword- 
hilt.  —  4.  In  arrh.,  a  dome  or  cupola,  or  some- 
thing of  similar  form,  as  a  cup-shaped  ceiling, 
the  head  of  au  alcove,  etc.  —  5.  In  oruitli.,  a 
hood  or  cap  of  color  upon  the  top  of  a  bird's 
head. 

Also  written  calote  and  callot. 

calottist  (ka-lot'ist),  n.  [<  F.  calottiste,  <  ca- 
lotte  :  see  def.]  A  member  of  a  society  which 
sprang  up  at  Paris  in  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.,  under  the  name  of  the  Regi- 
ment de  la  Calotte:  so  called  from  the  cap 
which  formed  the  symbol  of  the  society,  it  ex- 
ercised a  satirical  criticism  by  sending  Its  emblem  ami 
other  symbols  and  medals  to  those  who  made  themselves 
in  any  way  ridiculous,  and  had  extended  its  operations  to 
the  highest  ranks  of  society  before  It  was  suppressed. 


calotype  (kal'o-tip),  n.  [<  Gr.  KO^OC,  beautiful, 
+  rcrof,  impression,  type.]  A  photographic 
process  devised  by  Fox  Talbot  about  1840,  but 
not  now  in  use.  In  this  process  a  reflected  Image  is 
impressed  on  sensitized  pajnr  by  exposure  in  a  camera, 
developed  t>y  t'itllunitrate  "t  silver,  and  fixed  by  "~~ 
sulphite  of  soda.  The  paper  used  is  prepared  by 


caltrop 

saturated  with  Iodide  of  potassium  and  then  washed  with 
nitrate  "I  silver,  ihiu  forming  an  iodide  of  silver,  which  Is 
i  •  i, dered  very  sensitive  t"  light  by  a  wash  of  call 
und  nitrate  of  silver. 

After  due  instructions,  we  seated  ourselves  at  the  open 
windows,— More  to  sketch,  and  I  to  take  a  mental  «/«- 
type  of  the  view.  Lowell,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  257. 

calotypist  (kal'o-ti-pint),  n.  [<  calotype  4-  -iff.] 
One  who  takes  photographs  by  the  calotype 
process. 

I  imprint  her  fast 
on  the  void  at  last, 
As  the  sun  does  whom  he  will 
By  the  calotyput;  skill 

/.    .    ,  .    •    \|.  M  n-'. i 

caloyer  (ka-loi'er),  M.  [<  F.  calouer  =  OBulg. 
kuliii/rrii,  Bulg.  kaloaer  =  Serv.  kaluttjer  =  Riua. 
kalogeru  =  Alb.  katojer,  <  LGr.  KoXdyvpof ,  «oW- 
jT^xjf,  NGr.  Koldytpor,,  a  monk,  lit.  good  in  old 
age,  venerable,  <  Gr.  KaMt,  beautiful,  good,  + 
>  '//>«f,  old  age ;  cf. ;  ifxjv,  NGr.  ^'y»f ,  an  old  man.] 
A  monk  of  the  Greek  Church.  See  monk. 

calp  (kalp),  n.  [Prob.  of  Ir.  origin.]  The  local 
Irish  designation  of  certain  beds  of  shales, 
sandstones,  and  clays,  containing  thin,  un- 
workable seams  of  coal.  The  calp  belongs  to 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  series.  See  culm. 

calpa,  ».    See  kni]ni. 

calpac(kal'pak),  n.  [Armenian.]  A  large  black 
cap  of  sheepskin  worn  by  Armenians  and  Turks. 

calpar  (kal'p&r),  n.  1 1 ...  a  vessel  for  liquids. 
Cf.  Gr.  KiSXin?,  an  urn,  KdJ.^if,  a  pitcher.]  A 
form  of  large  Roman  jar.  See  do/turn. 

calpe1  (kalp),  n.  [Gael,  'calpa,  colpa,  a  cow  or 
horse,  calpach,  colpach,  a  heifer,  a  steer,  a  colt.] 
A  tribute,  commonly  a  horse  or  cow,  paid  by  a 
member  of  a  Highland  clan,  or  a  vassal,  to  the 
chief,  in  return  for  his  protection. 

Oalpe2  (kal'pe),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  niAirn,  an  urn.] 
A  genus  of  Noctuidoe,  founded  by  Treitschke  in 

IH25.  The  subfamily  Calpidi  was  founded  on  this  genus 
by  Ouenee  in  I  -11,  and  the  family  Calpidte  by  the  same 
author  In  1852.  They  have  the  body  stout,  not  crested ; 
palpi  long,  ascending;  second  joint  robust,  pilose,  the 
third  usually  short ;  antenna-  acuminate  ;  alxlomen  hard- 
ly extending  beyond  hind  wings ;  hind  tibta  with  long 
spurs ;  and  fore  wings  with  interior  border  excavated  and 
more  or  less  dentate. 

Calpidae  (kal'pi-de),  ».  pi.    [NL.,  <  Cotoe*  + 
-ill  if.}   A  family  of  noctuid  moths,  named  from 
the  genus  Calpe.     (luenee,  1852. 
caique,  r.  t.     See  calk*. 

calsonst  (kal'sonz),  n.  pi.  [Also  calsounds,  cal- 
zoons;  <  F.  calsons,  now  calecons,  =  NGr.  KOA.T- 
&i'vtav,  <  It.  calzoni,  aug.  of  ral;a,  a  stocking,  < 
L.  calceas,  a  shoe.]  Drawers;  hose. 

They  wear  ...  a  smocke  of  callico  .  .  .  ;  under  this,  a 

paii  e  of  caltouiuU  of  the  same,  which  reach  to  their  ancles. 

Saiuiyt,  Travels,  p.  63. 

The  better  sort  of  that  sex  here  wear  linen  drawers  or 
caltoont.  Sir  T.  Herbert,  Travels  In  Africa,  p.  115. 

calstokt,  «.    See  kafatock. 

caltetepon  (kal-te-tep'on),  «.  [Mex.]  A  name 
of  the  Mexican  varanian  or  monitor  lizard,  He- 
loderma  horridum,  a  venomous  species. 

Caltha  ( kitl't hji ),  n.  [<  L.  caltha,  a  plant,  prob. 
pot-marigold,  Calendula  offidnalis;  origin  un- 
known.] A  genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants, 
with  stout  creeping  root-stocks,  flowers  having 
showy  yellow  sepals  but  no  petals,  and  fruit 
consisting  of  many-seeded  pods  in  clusters. 
The  species  are  marsh-herbs,  found  In  the  temperate  and 
cold  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  flowering  In  early  spring. 
The  common  marsh-marigold,  C.  paluttru  known  in  the 
United  States  as  cinr*li]>*,  is  frequently  useu  as  a  pot-herb. 

calthropt,  n.  See  caltrop. 
caltrap,  «.  and  r.  See  caltrop. 
caltrop,  caltrap  (kal'trop,  -trap),  n.  [Also 
written  calthrop,  early  mod.  E.  also  caltrappe, 
caltroppe,  calteroop,  <"ME.  caltrap,  calletrappe, 
calketrappe,  -treppe,  kalkctrapfte,  calcetrej>pe,  a 
caltrop  (def.  1),  also  a  plant,  sea-thistle  (gloss- 
ed triiiiilim  marinug saliunca),  <  AS.  (as  a  plant- 
name)  calfatrippe  (glossed  keraclea),  contr.  eol- 
tra>]>pe  (glossed  rnamnug,  whin),  =  OF.  cande- 
trap  foT'caucetrn/K.  F.  chiiuMiir-trapr,*  caltrop, 
star-thistle,  =  It.  calcatrippa,  star-thistle,  <  ML. 
calcatri/iim.  ciilnitripn.  i-nlcatrepii,  also  calcitri- 
pa,  calfitraini.  rnlnirippa,  calatrinpa,  a  caltrop, 
also  applied  to  several  plants  (>  NL.  ealcitrapa, 
applied  to  the  star-thistle),  supposed  to  stand 
for  *calcitrappa,  <  L.  coir 
(calc-),  heel,  +  ML.  trap- 
JM,  a  snare,  of  Tent,  ori- 
gin, E.  trapl.  Of.  ML. 
I'ulritrare,  cause  to  stum- 
ble, in  classical  L.  kick.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  military 
instrument  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  such 
a  manner  that,  three 
caltrop.  of  them  being  on  the 


caltrop 

ground,  the  fourth  pointed  upward.  Caltrops  were 
scattered  on  the  ground  where  an  enemy's  cavalry  were 
to  pass,  to  impede  their  progress  by  wounding  the  horses' 
feet. 

Also  fulle  of  caltrappiftt  hyt  was  sette, 
As  meschys  beth  made  wythinne  a  nette. 

Arcliceologia,  XXI.  51. 

I  think  they  ha'  strew'd  the  highways  with  caltraps,  I ; 
No  horse  dares  pass  'em. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 

2.  pi.  Broken  pottery  or  coarse  pots  of  easily 
broken  earthenware,  or  other  things  adapted 
to  wound  horses'  feet,  used  in  place  of  caltrops 
proper.  Archceol.  Jour.,  XI.  388. — 3.  In  hot., 
a  name  of  several  plants.  The  name  was  applied 
first  to  the  spiny  heads  or  fruits  of  the  plants,  from  their 
resemblance  to  the  military  instrument,  and  then  to  the 
plants  themselves.  The  common  caltrop  or  caltrops  is 
Centaurea  Calcitraim  (the  star-thistle),  found  in  waste 
places  in  the  south  of  Engljind.  The  heads  are  covered 
with  long  yellow  spines.  The  name  is  also  given  to  Tri- 
bulua  terregtris,  a  plant  of  the  Mediterranean  i 
a  spiny  pentagonal  fruit.  The  water-caltrop  is  Trapa  na- 


Y 


of  the  Mediterranean  region,  with 
t.    The  water-caltrop  is  Trapa  na- 

tans,  the  fruit  of  which  has  several  horns  formed  of  the 
indurated  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

caltropt,  caltrapt, «'.  t.  [ME.  ealtrappyn;  from 
the  noun.]  To  entangle  with  caltrops. 

Caltrafipyn,  haino.  Prompt.  Pare.,  p.  59. 

Caluella,  «.  See  Calluella. 
calumba  (ka-lum'ba),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be  from 
kalumb,  its  native  name  in  Mozambique.]  A 
recent  form  of  columoo,  the  common  name  for 
the  root  of  Jateorhiza paltnata  and  other  plants. 
See  colitmbo. 

calumet  (kal'u-met),  n.  [<  F.  calumet,  prop,  a 
dial,  form  (used  in  Canadian  F.  and  thence 
introduced  into  E.  and  literary  F.)  parallel 
to  chalumeaii,  a  reed-pipe,  <  OF.  chalemel,  < 
LL.  calamcllits,  a  little  reed,  dim.  of  L.  cala- 
mus, a  reed:  see  calamus.]  A  kind  of  tobacco- 
pipe  used  by  the  Indians  of  North  America. 
—  Its  bowl  is 

«  .»i       rflm usually  of  soft 

red  soap- 
stone,  and  the 
tube  a  long 
reed  orna- 
mented with 
feathers.  The 
calumet  is 
used  as  a  sym- 
bol or  an  instrument  for  declaring 
peace  or  war.  To  accept  the  calumet 
is  to  agree  to  the  terms  of  peace  ;  to 
refuse  it  is  to  reject  them.  The  calu- 
met of  peace  is  used  to  seal  or 
ratify  contracts  and  alliances,  in  the 
friendly  reception  of  strangers,  and 
as  a  safeguard  in  peaceful  traveling.  The  calumet  of  war, 
differently  made,  is  used  in  the  proclamation  of  war.  The 
reed  or  stem  is  the  important  part  of  the  pipe,  and  is  held 
to  have  a  sacred  signification. 

When  passed  the  sacred  calumet 
From  lip  to  lip  with  fire-draught  wet. 

Whittier,  Truce  of  Piscataqua. 

Calumet  eagle,  any  eagle  having  black  and  white  tail- 
feathers  suitable  for  decorating  the  calumet  of  the  In- 
dians. Both  the  golden  eagle  (Aguila  chrysaetus)  and  the 
bald  eagle  (Haliaetus  leucocephalus)  furnish  the  required 
feathers  at  certain  stages  of  their  plumage. 
calumner  (ka-lum'ner),  ?(.  [<  "column,  v.  (<  F. 
calomnier,  <  L.  calumniari),  calumniate,  +  -er1.} 
A  calumniator.  [Hare.] 

To  the  calumners  of  Lysimachiis  he  promiseth  lie  will  not 
recriminate.  Christian  Religion's  Appeal,  ii.  38  (Ord  MS.). 

calumniate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
calumniated,  ppr.  calumniating.  [<  L.  calumni- 
atus,  pp.  of  calumniari  (>  It.  calunniare,  calon- 
niare,  calognare  =  Sp.  Pg.  calumniar  =  F.  ca- 
lomnier, OF.  chalonger,  clialenger,  >  E.  challenge, 
q.  v.),  slander,  <  calumnia,  slander:  see  calum- 
ny, and  cf.  challenge,  v.]  To  utter  calumny 
regarding;  charge  falsely  and  knowingly  with 
some  crime  or  offense,  or  something  disrepu- 
table; slander. 

Calumniated  by  apostates.  Macaulay. 

I  pray'd  them,  being  so  calumniated, 
They  would  commission  one  of  weight  and  worth 
To  judge  between  my  slander'd  self  and  me. 

Tennyson,  Columbus. 

=  Syn.  Defame,  Calumniate,  etc.     See  averse. 
calumniation  (ka-lum-ni-a'shon),  n.     [<  L.  as 
if  *calumnialio(n-),  <  calumniari :  see  calumni- 
ate."]    The  act  of  calumniating;  calumny. 

The  slander  and  calumniation  of  her  principal  counsel- 
lors agreed  best  with  the  humours  of  some  malecontente 
within  the  realm.  Bacon,  Obs.  on  a  Libel. 

These  descriptions  ...  are  delivered  dispassionately 
and  not  thrown  out  in  the  heat  of  controversy  and  calnm- 
T.  Warton,  Milton's  Silvarum  Liber. 
calumniator  (ka-lum'ni-a-tor),  n.      [L.,  <  ca- 
lumniari :  see  calumniate.]    'One  who  calumni- 
ates or  slanders;  one  who  falsely  and  knowing- 
ly accuses  another  of  anything  of  a  disgraceful 
character,  or  maliciously  propagates  false  ac- 
cusations or  reports. 


772 

The  devil,  the  father  of  all  calumniators  and  liars. 

Aup.  Ussher,  Ans.  to  a  Jesuit,  p.  08. 
The  calumniators  of  Epicurus's  philosophy. 

Cowley,  Liberty. 
A  wicked  thing  is  a  calumniator.  Brougham. 

=  Syn.  Slanderer,  defamer,  backbiter,  libeler,  detractor, 
traducer. 

calumniatory  (ka-lum'ni-a-to-ri),  a.  [<  L.  as 
if'calumniatoriiis,  <  calumniator.}  Slanderous: 
as,  "calumniatory  information,"  Bp.  Montagu, 
Appeal  to  Csesar,  p.  17. 

calumnious  (ka-lum'ni-us),  a.  [<  L.  calumni- 
vsus,  <  calumnia :  see  calumny.']  Using  calum- 
ny; containing  or  implying  calumny;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation ;  slanderous:  as,  "calumnious 
knave,"  Shale.,  All's  Well,  i.  3 ;  "calumnious  mis- 
statements,"  Motley. 

Virtue  itself  'scapes  not  calumnious  strokes. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3. 
The  weak  stroke  of  their  calumnious  tongues. 

B.  Joneon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 

calumniously  (ka-lum'ni-us-li),  adv.  In  a  ca- 
lumnious manner;  slanderously. 

calumniousness  (ka-lum'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  calumnious  ;  slanderousness ; 
defamatory  quality. 

The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  not  calumnious- 
ness.  Bp.  Morton,  Discharge  of  Imput.  (ed.  1633),  p.  227. 

calumnize  (kal'um-niz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cal- 
umnized,  ppr.  calumnizing.  [<  calumny  +  -ize.} 
To  calumniate.  Danes.  [Bare.] 

calumny  (kal'um-ni),  n.;  pi.  calumnies  (-niz). 
[<  F.  calomnie  (OF.  chalonge,  chalenge,  >  ME. 
chalenge:  see  challenge,  n.,  which  is  a  doublet 
of  calumny)  =  Pr.  calonja,  calumpnia  =  Sp.  Pg. 
calumnia  =  It.  calonnia,  calunnia,  calogna,  < 
L.  calumnia,  OL.  kalumnia,  trickery,  artifice,  a 
false  accusation,  <  calvi,  calcere,  deceive,  in- 
trigue against.]  False  accusation  of  crime, 
misconduct,  or  defect,  knowingly  or  malicious- 
ly made  or  reported,  to  the  injury  of  another; 
untruth  maliciously  spoken,  to  the  detraction 
of  another ;  a  defamatory  report ;  slander. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow,  thou  shalt 
not  escape  calumny.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  1. 

The  last  days  of  Tillotson  were  altogether  embittered  by 
the  stream  of  calumny,  invective,  and  lampoons  of  which 
he  was  the  object.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  i. 

=  Syn.  Lying,  falsehood,  libel,  aspersion,  detraction,  back- 
biting, defamation,  evil-speaking. 

Calurus  (ka-lu'rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  «2A<5f,  beau- 
tiful, +  oiipa,  tail.]  A  genus  of  trogons,  the 
paradise  trogous,  the  most  magnificent  birds 
of  the  family  Trogonida;.  They  are  rich-green  and 
carmine  in  color,  with  the  upper  tail-coverts  projecting 
like  delicate  sprays  a  foot  or  two  beyond  the  tail.  Also 
called  Pharomacrus  or  Pharomachnis. 

calva  (kal'va),  n.;  pi.  calvie  (-ve).  [NL.,  fern, 
of  L.  calvus,  bald:  see  callow1.'}  In  entom. :  (a) 
The  upper  part  of  the  epicranium  of  an  insect, 
including  the  front  and  vertex.  (6)  With  some 
writers,  the  whole  head-case  or  cranium. 

calvairt  (kal'var),  ».  [ME.,  <  L.  calvaria,  the 
skull:  see  Calvary. }  A  skull. 

An  other  thlnge  that  lightly  may  be  founde, 
The  calvair  of  an  horsed  asse  or  mare, 
Sette  that  uppe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  3.),  p.  36. 

calvaria  (kal-va'ri-a),  n. ;  pi.  calraria;  (-e).  [L., 
the  skull :  see  Calvary.'}  The  calvarium  (which 
see). 

calvarian  (kal-va'ri-an),  a.  [<  calvarium  + 
-an.}  Pertaining  to  the  calvarium — Calvarian 
hook,  a  stout  hook  used  in  removing  the  calvarium  in  au- 
topsies. 

calvarium  (kal-va'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  calvaria  (-a). 
[NL.,  neut.,  <  L.  calvaria,  fern.:  see  Calvary.} 
That  part  of  the  cranium  which  is  above  the 
orbits,  temples,  and  occipital  protuberance; 
the  skull-cap.  See  cut  under  cranium. 

Calvary  (kal'va-ri),  n.  [<  L.  calvaria,  a  skull 
(used  in  the  Vulgate  to  translate  the  Heb.  Gol- 
gotha), <  calva,  the  scalp  without  hair,  fern,  of 
calvus,  bald :  see  callow1.}  1 .  A  place  of  skulls ; 
Golgotha ;  specifically,  the  place  where  Christ 
was  crucified.  It  was  probably  a  small  hill  in  the 
vicinity  of  ancient  Jerusalem;  its  assumed  site,  covered 
by  the  church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  within  the  modern 
city,  is  disputed. 

2.  [?.  c.]  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  passion  of  Christ,  often  of 
life-size,  erected  sometimes  on  a  hill  near  a 
city,  sometimes  near  a  church  or  in  a  church- 
yard, and  sometimes  in  a  chapel.    The  various 
scenes  of  Christ's  sufferings  and  crucifixion  are  represented 
by  statuary  and  carving  often  highly  colored.    Stone  cal- 
varies are  a  special  feature  of  medieval  and  Renaissance 
art  in  Brittany,  and  calvaries  in  wax,  placed  in  churches, 
are  much  in  vogue  in  Italy  and  elsewhere. 

3.  [/.  c.]  A  rocky  mound  or  hill  on  which  three 
crosses  are  erected:  an  adjunct  to  some  reli- 


Calvinism 

gious  houses —  Calvary  cross,  or  cross  of  Calvary. 
Bee  <•;</»».  Congregation  of  Our  Lady  of  Calvary. 
See  continuation. 

calve  (kav),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  calved,  ppr.  calv- 
ing. [<  ME.  calvcn,  <  AS.  cealfian  (=  D.  kali-en 
=  East  Fries,  kalfen  =  MHG.  G.  kalben  (dial. 
kalbeln)  =  Icel.  kelfa  =  Norw.  kalva,  also  kjelva, 
kjaii'e  =  Sw.  kalfva  =  Dan.  kalve,  also  k<ehe, 
calve),  <  eealf,  calf:  see  calf1.  In  the  derived 
senses  2  and  3,  cf.  Dan.  kalve  (in  sense  2)  = 
Flem.  in-kalren  =  East  Fries,  in-kalfen,  cave 
in;  in  E.  now  cave:  see  cave1,  v.}  1.  intrans. 

1.  To  bring  forth  a  calf  or  calves:  sometimes 
used  contemptuously  of  human  beings,  and  by 
Milton  of  the  earth  at  the  creation  of  cattle, 
etc. 

Knowest  thou  the  time  when  the  wild  goats  of  the  rock 
bring  forth  ?  or  canst  thou  mark  when  the  hinds  do  calve  } 

Job  xxxix.  1. 
The  grassy  clods  now  calved.          Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  463. 

2.  To  become  separated  from  or  lose  a  portion 
of  itself:  said  of  a  glacier  when  icebergs  are 
broken  off  from  it. — 3f.  To  become  detached 
and  fall  inward,  as  earth  or  rock  from  the  walls 
of  a  cutting :  with  in.    Now  cave  in. 

The  rock  calved  in  upon  him. 

Quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  4th  ser.,  XII.  166. 

II.  trans.  To  give  birth  to,  as  a  cow  to  a 
calf ;  bring  forth. 

Not  Romans,  .  .  . 
Though  calv'd  i'  the  porch  o'  the  Capitol. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  HI.  1. 

calver  (kal'ver),  a.  [<  ME.  calvur,  calwar, 
fresh  (applied  to  fish) ;  appar.  a  corruption  of 
caller,  caUour,  fresh :  see  caller'*.}  Fresh ;  newly 
caught,  as  fish :  applied  particularly  to  fish,  and 
especially  to  salmon,  dressed  as  soon  as  caught. 
The  term  was  also  applied  to  fish  dressed  in  a  particular 
way,  as  with  oil,  vinegar,  and  spices.  See  miter,  o.  [Now 
only  prov.  Eng.] 

Caiiwrassamoon,  orothyrfysshe.    Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  59. 

calvert  (kal'ver),  n.    The  flaky  or  fat  flesh  of 
calver  fish. 
Calver  of  samon,  escume  de  saumon.  Palsgrave. 

calver  (kal'ver),  v.  t.  [Orig.  only  in  p.  a. 
calvered,  for  calver:  see  calver,  a.}  If.  In  cook- 
ery, to  prepare  (fish)  in  a  certain  way,  appa- 
rently by  a  kind  of  pickling  and  spicing. 

My  foot-boy  shall  eat  pheasants,  calver'd  salmons,  knots, 
godwits,  lampreys.  Ji.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 

Great  lords  sometimes 
For  change  leave  calver'd  salmon,  and  eat  sprats. 

Masxinger,  The  Guardian,  iv.  2. 

2.  To  crimp  (fish).     Nares. 

calves,  w.     Plural  of  calf1,  calf%. 

calves  -snout  (kavz '  snout),  re.  [For  calfs- 
snout.}  A  name  of  the  snapdragon,  Antirrhi- 
num majus,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the 
seed-vessel  to  a  calf  s  head. 

calves'-tongue  (kavz'tung),  «.  An  earlv  me- 
dieval molding  consisting  of  a  series  of  pointed, 
tongue  -  shaped 
elements,  all 
pointing  in  the 
same  direction, 
usually  down- 
ward or  inward. 
It  occurs  as  a 
modification  of 
a  label  or  roll 
molding  sur- 
rounding an 
arched  door  or 
window. 

calville  (kal'- 
vil),  n.  [F.,  ap- 
par. adapted (as 
if  <  It.  carovelle 
(Flbrio),  caravella,  a  sort  of  pear)  <  L.  calvus. 
bald,  with  a  smooth  skin.]  A  sort  of  apple. 

calving  (ka'ving),  n.  [<  ME.  calvyng ;  verbal 
n.  of  cah-e,  v.}  1.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  a 
calf :  said  of  cows,  whales,  and  seals. 

The  Russians  providently  prohibit  bay-whaling,  a  prac- 
tice destructive  to  the  cow  whales  about  the  time  (if 
'•"'"'«:'.  E.  Forbes. 

2.  The  separation  of  masses  of  ice  from  a  gla- 
cier from  time  to  time  as  it  extends  itself  into 
the  sea,  giving  rise  to  icebergs. 

Calvinian  (kal-vin'i-an),  a.  [See  Ctilrmism.} 
Pertaining  or  relating  to  Calviii;  Calvinistic. 

Calvinism  (kal'vin-izm),  H.  [=  F.  Culriiiimiie,  < 
I'nlriii,  equiv.  to  F.  Chaurin  (see  chinniniaiii) 
and  derived  from  L.  Calviniis.  a  Roman  cog- 
nomen, lit.  'bald,'  <  calvus,  bald:  see  callow1.} 
The  theological  tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Cal- 
vin, a  French  Protestant  theologian  (1509-64). 
The  peculiar  characteristics  of  his  system,  as  derived  from 


tongue  Molding,  Kenili 
Church,  England. 


Calvinism 

hU  "  Institutes,"  are  his  doctrine*  of  original  sin,  namely, 
that  we  derive  front  Adam  "  not  only  the  punishment,  hut 
also  the  pollution  to  which  the  punishment  i-  jn-lh  hie1  ; 

of  free.l.iiii  ..i  t  hr  will,  namely,  that  man  "in  In-  i nt 

state  is  ile.pHilnl  of  in  ,  .li, MI  of  will  :m.l  -iil.je.-t  to  a  mi- 
cradle  slavery  " ;  of  grace,  or  that  M  tin-  bird  both  ln-uin- 
ainl  completes  the  Kood  work  ill  u>.  anil  ^i\<s  n-  l.i.th 
will  ami  power';  of  predestination,  or  "the  i  ternal  .le- 
crce  "I  iJoil,  liy  which  h,.  ha-  id termined  in  himself  what 
lit-  wouhi  have  lieeome  of  every  hulividilal  of  mankind"; 
and  ill  perse \  IT:  nice,  in1  tin'  iliiri  run-  that  all  the  elect  w  M] 
certainly  lie  saved.  Calvinism  has,  however,  IM-CII  malei  i 
ally  modified  since  Calvin  s  day,  and  thr  name  is  applied 
to  modern  systems  of  theology  which  diller  mor,-  .H  u  -- 
widely  from  IIH  system  in  earh  of  these  particulars.  (See 
t'iili'i  ni.-f  i  i ;«  n. Tally,  Calvinism  may  In-  said  to  rest  upon 
the  absolute  sovereignty  of  (lod  over  all  his  creatm  .•-. 
It  is  in  a  modified  form  the  theological  system  of  most 
r.aptists,  I'resbytcrians,  anil  CongregationalisU. 

If  Arminiaiiisin  iau-i  rniiiinends  itself  to  our  feelings, 
Caloiiiixui  is  nearer  to  the  fact*,  however  harsh  and  for- 
bidding these  facts  may  seem. 

/•'mm/.'.  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects,  II.  12. 

Calvinist  (kal'vin-ist),  n.  [=  F.  Catviaiste: 
see  Ciilriiiixui.]  Primarily,  an  adherent  of 
the  theological  systora  of  John  Calvin,  See 
Catriiiinm.  The  name  is  also  given  to  theologians  who 
hold  the  doctrine,  of  the  IMvine  Sovereignty  as  the-  central 
truth  of  their  system,  but  depart  more  or  less  widely  from 
the  conclusions  of  Calvin,  particularly  as  regards  uncondi- 
tional election  and  reprobation  and  free  will.  Strift  Col- 
viiiixtH  hold  substantially  the  original  views  uf  Calvin; 
hyper-CiUciiiitt*  add  some  corollaries  whieh  lie  denieii. 
including  a  denial  of  all  validity  to  the  use  of  human 
means;  moderate  Calriiiixt*  modify  his  views,  and  hold 
that  man  possesses  free  will  notwithstanding  the  fall,  and 
that  his  responsibility  ia  limited  to  his  voluntary  acts. 
American  Cougregatiomdists  and  the  so-called  New  School 
Presbyterians  are  generally  moderate  Calvinists. 

Calvinistic  (kal-vin-is'tik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Calvin,  or  to  Calvinism. 

The  most  complete,  interlinked,  compact,  and  self-eon 
Bistent  theology  in  the  world  is  the  Caivinintic. 

U.  W.  Bencher,  Statement  of  Belief. 

Calvinistical  (kal-vin-is'ti-kal),  a.  Same  as 
'  'nlrinixtic. 

Calyinize  (kal'vin-iz),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  Cal- 
vinized,  ppr.  Cnlvinizing.  [<  Calvin  +  -ize.  See 
Calrinism.]  To  convert  to  Calvinism. 

calvish  (ka'vish),  a.  [More  prop,  catfish;  < 
cit/f1  +  -isA1.]  Like  a  calf.  Sheldon. 

calvities  (kal-vish'i-ez),  n.  [L.,  baldness,  < 
calvus,  bald :  see  callow1.]  Diffused  or  general 
baldness,  appearing  usually  first  on  the  crown, 
or  on  the  forehead  and  temples. 

calvityt  (kal'vi-ti),  n.  [<  P.  ealvitte,  <  L.  calvi- 
ties.] Baldness;  calvities. 

calvous  (kal'vus),  a.  [<  L.  calfus,  bald:  see 
callow*.]  Bald. 

calx1  (kalks),  n. ;  pi.  calxes  or  (as  if  L.)  calces 
(kalk'sez,  kal'sez).  [<  L.  cate(plural  'calces  not 
used),  a  small  stone,  a  counter  (>  dim.  calcu- 
lus, q.  v.),  limestone,  lime  (>  AS.  cealc,  E.  chalk, 
q.  v.),  prob.  =  Gr.  x°^<  a  small  stone,  lime- 
stone.] 1.  Lime  or  chalk. —  2.  The  ashy  sub- 
stance which  remains  aff.er  metals,  minerals, 
etc.,  have  been  calcined.  Metallic  calxes  are 
now  generally  called  oxids. — 3.  Broken  and 
refuse  glass,  which  is  restored  to  the  pots. — 
Calx  chlorata  »r  chlorlnata,  chlorinated  lime,  a  white 
powder  obtained  by  exposing  slaked  lime  to  the  action  of 
chlorine  gas  until  absorption  ceases :  used  as  a  disinfec- 
tant and  bleaching  agent.  Also  called  chlorid  of'  lime. 

calx2  (kalks),  n. :  pi.  calces  (kal'sez).  [L.,  the 
heel.  Hence  calcitrate,  calcarl.]  In  anat.,  the 
heel:  commonly  used  in  the  Latin  genitive  (cal- 
cis),  as  in  os  calcis,  the  heel-bone  or  calcaneum. 

calybite  (kal'i-bit),  n.  [<  Gr.  na\vj)inK,  living 
in  a  hut.  <  KaUiit/,  a  hut,  cell,  <  KaMvrreiv,  cover.] 
One  of  a  class  of  early  Christians  who  lived  in 
huts. 

Oalycanthaceae  (kal'i-kan-tha'se-e),  w.  vi. 
[NL.,  <  Calycanthiui  +  -acew.]  A  natural  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  allied  both  to  the 
Magnoliftcea;  and  to  the  Soxacea:  They  are  hardy 
shrubs,  well  known  in  gardens  for  the  delirious  fragrance 
of  their  blossoms.  The  order  contains  only  two  genera  : 
Calitcaiittuix,  of  the  I'nited  States,  and  Chimonanthus,  of 
Asia.  See  cut  nniler  <'<iht>;mthwi. 

calycanthemous  (kai-i-kan'the-mns),  a.  [<NL. 
nili/fiintlirniitx.  <  Gr.  /aMuf  (KO/.I*-),  calyx,  +  &v- 
Beftov,  a  flower.  Cf.  Gr.  naMnavtiefiov  (of  same 
formation),  a  kind  of  honeysuckle.]  In  bot., 
having  petal-like  sepals. 

calycanthemy  (kal-i-kan'the-mi),  H.  [<  NL. 
'calycantheniia,  <  ciilycanthemiu:  see  calycon- 
tlii'moiix.]  An  abnormity  of  form  in  a  flower,  in 
which  the  calyx-lobes  have  become  petaloid, 
as  in  some  varieties  of  primrose. 

Oalycanthus  (kal-i-kan'thus),  n.  [NL.  (so called 
from  t  ho  cup-shaped  receptacle  inclosing  the  pis- 
tils)^ (Jr.  /iii/.iv;  («i?.tv>-),  a  cup,  +  arftif,  a  flower.] 
The  sweet  shrub  or  Carolina  allspice  of  the 
United  States,  an  aromatic  shrubby  genus  of 
four  species,  with  luriil  purple  flowers  which 
have  the  odor  of  strawberries.  The  bruised  leaves 


Flowering  branch  of  Catycan- 
IH 


tfttts  Jtorutuj. 


773 

and  bark  are  also  fragrant.    Tin-  most  common  species, 
IK. in.  nt  in  cultivation,  U  C.  Jloridta.     Also  called  ftrair- 

calycate  (kal'i-kat),  a. 

[(  NL.  i-tihfi-iitus,  {  L. 

cnli/j-  (i-nlyr-),  calyx.]   In 

bot.,    provided    with    a 

calyx, 
calyces,    ».     Plural   of 

calyciferous  (kul-i-Mf- 
o-rus),  «.  [<  L.  riili/s 
I''"'.'/''-),  calyx,  +  fern; 
=  L.  bear1,  +  -on* :  see 
"  ',  calyx,  and  cf.  caly- 
'  In  /ml.  and 
:<><>!.,  bearing  or  sup- 
porting the  calyx.  Also 
caliciferoiu. 

Calyciflorae  (ka-lis-i- 
fiorie),n.pl.  [NL.,fem. 
pi.  of  catyciflorus,  <  L. 
calyx  (calyc-),  calyx,  + 

flox  (./lor-),  flower,  corolla.]  In  De  Candolle's 
classification,  a  subclass  of  polypetalous  dico- 
tyledons, in  which  the  corolla  and  stamens  are 
inserted  upon  a  disk  which  is  coherent  with  the 
calyx,  and  which  is  sometimes,  with  the  calyx, 
adnate  to  the  ovary.  Itincludesthe  l^fguminosa; 
liosaceip,  Saxifragacea;,  and  otherrelated  orders, 
calycifloral  (ka-lis-i-flo'ral),  a.  [As  Calyctflora: 

+  -ill.]    Same  as  calyciflorate. 
calyciflorate  (ka-lis-i-flo'rat),  «.    [<  NL.  calyci- 
Jtoratun :  see  Culycijlora:.]     In  liot.,  having  the 
petals    and     sta- 
mens borne  upon 
the  calyx;  specifi- 
cally,   pertaining 
to  the  Calyciflora: 
calycifloi  ous  (ka- 
lU-i-tto'rus),  a.  [< 
NL.    calycijtortu  : 
see     Calyciflora^.] 
Same     as    calyci- 
florate. 

calyciform  (ka- 
lis'i-form),  a.  [< 
L.  calyx  (calyc-),  calyx,  +  forma,  shape.]  In 
bot.  and  zoi'il.,  having  the  form  of  or  resembling 
a  calyx. 

calycinal  (ka-lis'i-nal),  a.  Same  as  calycine. 
calycine  (kal'i-sinj,  a.  [<  L.  calyx  (calyc-), 
calyx,  +  -inc1.]  1.  In  bot.,  pertaining  to  a 
calyx;  situated  on  a  calyx. — 2.  In  zoiil. :  (a) 
Resembling  the  calyx  of  a  plant,  (b)  Spe- 
cifically, in  crinoids,  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
calyx:  as,  calycine  perisome — Calycine  pores,  in 
crinoids,  orifices  of  canaltculi  which  traverse  the  interradii 
of  the  perisome  and  place  the  cflclomatic  cavity  in  com- 
munication with  the  exterior. 

calycle  (kal'i-kl),  ».  [<  L.  calyculus,  dim.  of 
calyx  (calyc-),  a  calyx:  see  calyx,  and  cf.  cali- 
cula.]  1.  In  bot.,  an  outer  accessory  calyx,  or 
set  of  leaflets  or  bracts  looking  like  a  calyx,  as 
in  the  pink.  Also  called  calyculus. —  2.  In  zoiil., 
a  calice  or  little  calyx ;  some  part  of  a  zoophyte 
like  or  likened  to  the  calyx  of  a  plant.  Specifi- 
cally—(a)  In  corals,  the  cup-ceil  or  corallite  in  which  each 
Jn  .1  ypit  e  or  individual  polyp  of  a  polypidom  is  lodged,  (b) 
n  iljfdrozoa,  the  receptacle  in  which  a  polypitc  is  lodged, 
as  in  the  calyptoblastie  hydrozoan,* ;  a  hydrotheca. 

Also  calice,  calicle,  and  calycule. 
calycled  (kal'i-kld),  o.      [<  calycU  +  -ed*.] 
Same  as  caluculate. 

calycoid,  calycoideous  (kal'i-koid,  kal-i-koi'- 
de-us),  a.     [\  Gr.  *Ka?.vnoeidiftj  contr.  Ka).VKu&r]<;, 


Calycifto 
Section  of  peach-blossom,  showing  the 

anu    pet 
throat  of  the  calyx* 


like  a  budding  flower,  <  wi/r;  (KOJ'.VK-),  calyx,  + 
fjffoc,  form.]  In  bot.  and  sool.,  like  a  calyx  in 
form,  color,  or  appearance. 
Calycophora  (kal-i-kof'o-ra).  n.pl.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  calyco/>horus,  <  Or.  K&W  (KO/VK-),  a  calyx, 
-f-  -<p6pof,  -bearing,  <  fcpeiv  =  E.  brar1.]  An  order 
or  suborder  of  siphonophorous  oceanic  hydro- 
zoans,  having  a  long  stem  with  a  somatocyst 
or  body-sac  at  the  proximal  end,  but  no  pneu- 
matophore.  The  Calyeophora  are  very  delicate  organ- 
isms of  specially  composite  stnicture,  and  so  transparent 
that  they  are  rendered  visible  at  a  little  distance  only  by 
their  bright  tints.  They  are  mostly  found  floating  orswfm- 
ming  on  the  surface  of  tropical  seas,  trailing  their  long 
chain  of  appendages  after  them  as  they  dart  forward  with 
a  rhythmical  movement  according  with  the  simultaneous 
contractions  of  the  nectocalyces  or  swimming-hells  with 
which  they  are  provided.  There  are  several  families,  of 
which  IHi-liuiilii'  and  IHiipopodiida?  are  the  leading  ones. 
The  Calyrophora  constitute  with  the  /»*i/«o;iAora  the  »ub- 
>i<iiii<l>ham  (which  «e«X  Also  Calyeopkonda. 

Calycophora  (kal-i-kof'o-re),  n.pl.    [NL.] 
' 

.  and  n.    I.  a. 

ora. 


calycophoran  (knl-i-kof'6-ran),  a 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Calycophi 


Oalypte 

II.  n.  One  of  tin    '  iil'/'-'i/iliora. 
calycophorid  (kal-i-kof'o-rid),  (i.     One  of  the 

( 'aJycophoridQ . 
OalycophoridaB  (kill  i-ko-f(ir'i-.le),  n./il.   [XL.  1 

S;i  lii«'  ;i^    '  ill ii<-iii>li"i  '!. 

calycophorous  (k.'tl-i-kof'o-rus),  a.  Of  or  per- 
t niiiiii^'  lo  til*-  f  'iiliffiijtkora. 

Calycozoa  (kal'i-ko-zo'ii),  n.  pi.  fNL.,  pi.  of 
rulyrii:iiiiii.  <  (ir.  K<i'/i's  (KH/IV-),  a  calyx,  + 
an  animal.]  An  order  of  digcophoroux  hydro- 
zoans,  the  lucernarian  acalephs:  so  called  be- 
cause of  their  cup-shape,  having  the  umbrella 
or  disk  without  a  velum,  pediinculated  aboral- 
l.v.  a nd  capable  of  attachment  at  the  aboral  pole. 

'I  he>  have  toitr  wide  vascular  IMHK  lies  with  narrow  septa, 
and  eight  tentai  nllfcroiis  processes  around  the  edge  of 
the  umbrella,  dividing  it  into  as  many  lobe*,  the  genera- 
tive iiioiln.t-.  being  diseharu'ed  into  the  body-  cavity.  There 
is  but  one  family,  ;  a  Iliese  organisms  ire  of 

gelatinous  consistency,  variously  colored,  ai  d  seml-tnuu- 
parent ;  when  detached,  they  swim,  like  all  mediuolds,  by 
contraelions  of  the  umbrella.  They  are  regarded  by  some 
as  the  most  generalized  type  of  the  claw.  Lruflrart.  See 
Litcrrnaria. 

calycozoan  (kal'i-k9-zo'an),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  CwfetMOO. 
II.  w.  One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycozoic  (kal'i-ko-zolk),  a.  Of  OP  pertain- 
ing to  the  Ciil\jri>;iMI. 

calycozodn  (kal'i-ko-zo'on),  n.  [NL.,  sing,  of 
Calijci>:oa,  q.  v.]  One  of  the  Calycozoa. 

calycular  (ka-lik'u-lilr),  a.  In  bot.  and  zool., 
belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  calyele. 

calyculate,  calyculated  (ka-lik'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
o.  [<  XL.  calyculatiiK,  <  L.  ciityculus,  a  calycle : 
see  calyrlc.]  1.  In  bot.,  having  bracts  which 
resemble  an  additional  external  calyx. —  2.  In 
rod'/.,  having  a  calycle. 
Also  calycled. 

calycule(kari-kul),H.  [<  calyculus,  q.v.]  Same 
as  calycle. 

calyculus  (ka-lik'u-lus),  B.;  pi.  calyculi  (-11). 
[L.,  dim.  of  calyx  (calyc-),  a  calyx.]  Same  as 
calyclf,  1. 

Calymene  (ka-lim'e-ne),  ».  [XI,..  appar.  in- 
tended to  represent  Gr.  xtnaf.vfiftcvti,  fern,  of 
KeKal.i'/iunm;,  pp.  pass,  of  MI? iirre tv,  cover,  hide.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  trilobites  found  in  the  Si- 
lurian rocks.  ('.  bluntcnbarhi  is  known  as  the 
Dudley  trilobite.  Broitgniart,  1822.  Also  Ca- 
lifinena, 

Oalymenidae  (kal-i-men'i-de),  M.  t>l.  [NL.,  < 
Calymene  +  -itla:]  A  family  of  trilobites,  named 
from  the  genus  Calymene. 

Calymma  (ka-lim'a),  M.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  laMv/ifia,  a 
covering,  as  a  hood,  a  veil,  a  net,  the  skull,  a 
shell,  etc.,  <  KoP.rirrrtv,  cover.]  1.  A  genus  of 
noctuid  moths.  Hiibncr,  1816. —  2.  The  typical 
genus  of  ctenophorans  of  the  family  Calynim  ifte. 
Esclmcliolt;,  1829. 

Calymmidae  (ka-lim'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
lymma, 2,  +  -idce.~\  A  family  of  lobate  cteno- 
phorans. 

calymna  (ka-lim'nii),  M.  [NL.  Cf.  Calymene, 
Calymma.]  The  principal  part  of  the  extra- 
capsular  body  of  a  radiolarian,  a  stnictureless, 
clear,  and  transparent  jelly-envelop,  which  in- 
cludes the  whole  central  capsule  and  often  also 
the  whole  extracapsular  skeleton. 

calyqnt,  ».  [<  MK.  calioun,  <  OF.  caillau,  cail- 
lo,  F.  caillou,  a  pebble:  see  calliard.]  Flint 
or  pebble-stone,  used  in  building  walls,  etc. 
I'lilxyrare;  Prompt.  Parr. 

calyphyomy  (kal-i-fi'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  (tri/itf,  a 
calyx,  +  fieiv,  grow.]  In  hot.,  the  adhesion  of 
the  sepals  of  a  flower  to  the  petals. 

Calypso  (ka-lip'so),  n.  [L.,  <  Gr.  Ka)tnji6,  a 
name  borne  by  several  female  personages  in 
mythology,  particularly  by  the  nymph  who  held 
Ulysses  (Odysseus)  captive  in  her  island  on  his 
return  from  Troy:  traditionally  so  named  from 
the  story  that  she  hid  Ulysses  from  men,  <  «i- 
/i ' --etv,  hide.]  1.  In  bot.,  a  genus  of  beauti- 
ful orchids,  consisting  of  a  single  specio.  '  . 
Imrealix,  It  is  a  small  tuberou*  plant  found  In  high  lati- 
tudes throughout  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  Having 
only  a  single  thin,  many-nerved  leaf,  and  a  single  varie- 
gated purple  and  yellow  flower  at  the  end  of  a  sletidt  r 
sheathing  stem,  with  a  large  lip  somewhat  like  that  of  the 
lady's  slimier.  Cyiirifiedium.  It  grows  in  cold  bogs  and 
wet  woods,  appearing  as  soon  as  the  snow  melts. 
2.  In  .-<)<<7. :  (a)  A  genus  of  crustaceans.  Kisso, 
1816.  (6)  A  genus  of  chalcid  hymenopterous 
insects,  of  the  subfamily  I'in-nina;  founded  by 
Haliday  in  1841 :  now  called  Euryophrys  (which 
see). 

Calypte  (ka-lip'te), «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. Kat.varot,  cov- 
ered, verbal  adj.  of  ica/.iimiv,  cover.]  A  subge- 
ims  of  humming-birds,  the  helmet  hummers, 
having  metallic  scales  on  the  crown  as  well 


Calypte 

as  on  the  throat,  and  the  gorget  prolonged  into 

a  ruff.     Two  species,  C.  anna;  and  (.'.  coshe,  in- 

habit   Califor- 

nia and   Mex- 

ico. 
calypter    (ka- 

lip  '  ter),        n. 

Same  as  calyp- 

tra, 1. 
Calypteratae 

(ka-Iip-te-ra'- 

te),  n.  pi.    See 

Calyptratte. 
calypteria     . 

(kal-ip-te'ri- 

8,),  n.  pi.    [NL.,         Helmet  Humming-bird  (Calyftt  costtt}. 


u  I  7     '--  f 

<  Gr. 

/MOV,  a  covering,  <  na^mreiv,  cover.]  In  ornith., 
tail-coverts ;  the  feathers,  usually  small,  at  the 
base  of  a  bird's  tail,  underlying  and  overlying 
the  rectrices.  llliger;  Sundevall.  See  covert. 

calypto-.  [<  Gr.  /ia/tra-roY,  covered,  verbal  adj. 
of  Ka'M'-rrTciv,  cover,  hide.]  An  element  in  many 
compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  meaning  hid- 
den, covered;  specifically,  hooped:  hidden  by 
being  invested  or  covered  over  with  a  calyptra 
or  something  like  one :  synonymous  with  crypto-, 
but  more  specific,  crypto-  denoting  any  mode  of 
concealment. 

Calyptoblastea  (ka-lip-to-blas'te-a),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  (coAim-roY,  covered,  +  /jAao-rof,  germ.] 
An  order  of  permanently  attached  hydroid  hy- 
drozoans,  with  a  hydrif  orm  trophosome,  and  hy- 
drothecffi  and  gonangia.  The  polypites  are  united 
by  a  coanosarc,  and  arc  invested  with  a  chitinous  polypary 
or  perisarc.  Synonymous  with  Campamilariae, 

calyptoblastic  (ka-lip-to-blas'tik),  a.  [As 
Calyptoblast-ea  +  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Calyptoblastea;  having  the  generative  buds  in 
a  capsule — Calyptoblastic  hydroids,  those  hydroids 
whose  gonophores  are  covered  with  a  gonotheca.  They 
include  the  campanularian  and  sertularian  hydroids  and 
their  allies,  as  distinguished  from  the  tubularian  hydroids. 

Calyptocephalus  (ka-lip-to-sef'a-lus),M.    [NL., 

<  Gr.  /caAtmrdf,  covered,  +  KefyaM],  head.]     1.  A 
genus  of  toads,  of  the  family   Cystlgnathidce, 
having  the  skull  most  extensively  ossified,  the 
ossification  involving  the  derm  and  overarch- 
ing the  temporal  fossse,  whence  the  name.     C. 
gayi,  the  type-form,  is  a  large,  green,  web-foot- 
ed Chilian  species. — 2.   In  entom.,  a  genus  of 
lampyrid  beetles,  founded  by  Gray  in  1832,  hav- 
ing the  head  entirely  covered  by  the  prothorax, 
and  from  3  to  10  bipectinate  antennal  joints. 
The  few  species,  averaging  about  10  millimeters  in  length, 
inhabit  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  new 
world ;  one,  C.  bifarius,  is  found  in  the  United  States. 

calyptocrinid  (ka-lip-to-kriu'id),  n.  A  crinoid  of 
the  family  Calyptocrinidce  or  Eitcalyptocrinidce. 

Calyptocrinidse  (ka-lip-to-krin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  abbr.  of  Eucalyptocrinidw.']  Same  as  -B?«- 
calyptocrinidai. 

Calyptomena  (kal-ip-tom'e-na),  ».  [NL.  (so 
called  because  their  green  plumage  hides  them 
in  the  foliage),  <  Gr.  KaAixrTOfievr/,  fern,  of  /ca/lu- 
TTT6/tevof,  ppr.  pass,  of  KO^VTTTUV,  cover,  hide.]  A 
genus  of  birds,  of  the  family  Eurylcemidte.  c.  m- 
ridit,  the  only  species,  inhabits  Java  and  Borneo.  The 
genus  is  sometimes  made  the  type  of  a  subfamily  Calypto- 
mf-niiwe. 

Calyptomera  (ka-lip-to-me'rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  /caAvTiTof,  covered,  -t-  [tr/poi;,  thigh.]  A  divi- 
sion of  cladocerous  crustaceans,  a  suborder  of 
Cladocera,  having  a  well-developed  shell  in- 
cluding the  limbs,  and  broad  lamellar  ambula- 
tory feet,  not  distinctly  segmented:  contrasted 
with  Gymnomera.  It  contains  such  families  as 
Daphniidie  and  Lynceidx. 

calyptomerous  (ka-lip-to-me'rus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Calyptomera. 

calyptopis  (ka-  lip  'to  -pis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
KaAwrroc,  covered,  +  lity,  ey6)  face.]  The  zoea- 
stage  of  a  schizopodous  crustacean,  as  in  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  Euphausia.  Dana. 

Calyptorhynchus  (ka-lip-t6-ring'kus),n.  [NL., 

<  Gr.  - 


774 

The  genus  sometimes  gives  name  to  a  subfamily  Calypto- 
rhyndiiiux,  including  the  genus  Callocejilinlnn  (which  see). 

calyptra  (ka-lip'tra),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  nalvm-pa, 
a  veil,  <  KcMirreiv,  cover,  hide.]  1.  A  hood; 
a  covering;  a  lid.  Specifically,  in  bot. :  (a)  The  hood 
of  the  theca  or  capsule  of  mosses.  It  is  the  archegonium 
which  has  continued  to  grow  and  has  been  carried  up  by 
the  elongation  of  the  peduncle  of  the  capsule.  In  liver- 
worts the  archegonium  is  burst  through  by  the  growing 
peduncle,  and  remains  at  its  base.  (b)  Any  hood-like  body 
connected  with  the  organs  of  fructification  in  flowering 
plants.  In  Pileanthui  it  covers  over  the  flower  and  is 
formed  of  united  bracts ;  in  Eucalyptux  and  Eudeemia  it 
is  simply  a  lid  or  operculum  to  the  stamens.  Also  called 
calypter.  See  cut  in  preceding  column. 
2.  [cap.']  In  2067. :  (a)  Same  as  Calyptrcea.  (b) 
A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  (c)  A  genus 
of  coslenterates. 

Calyptraea  (kal-ip-tre '  a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  na- 
hi/wTpa,  a  veil,  <  naMmruv,  cover.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Calyptrieidw,  containing  the 


i.  Calyptraa  (Trochita)  radians.    2.  Calyptraa  dill-wynni. 

cup-and-saucer  limpets.  Lamarck,  1799.  See 
also  cut  under  limpet. 

calyptraeid  (kal-ip-tre'id),  n.  A  gastropod  of 
the  family  Calyptrceulai. 

Calyptraeidae  (kal-ip-tre'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Calyptrcea  +  -iffee.]  A  family  of  prosobranchi- 
ate  gastropodous  mollusks,  including  the  bon- 
net-shells, chambered  limpets,  slipper-limpets, 
and  cup-and-saucer  limpets. 

Calyptratae  (kal-ip-tra/te),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fern. 
pi.  of  ealyptratus,  <  Gr.  Ka^inrrpa,  a  veil.]  A 
division  of  the  family  MuseiAos,  containing  flies 
with  tegulffi  or  membranous  scales  above  the 
halteres:  contrasted  with  Acalyptratce.  Also 
Calypteratte. 

calyptrate  (ka-lip'trat),  a.  [<  calyptra  + 
-atei.]  1.  In  tot.,  furnished  with  a  calyptra,  as 
a  capsule  or  a  flower  ;  resembling  a  calyptra,  as 
a  calyx  that  comes  off  like  a  lid  or  an  extin- 
guisher. See  cut  under  calyptra.  —  2.  In  zool., 
invested  or  covered  with  some  part  or  organ 
like  a  calyptra  or  calyx;  operculate. 

calyptriform  (ka-lip'tri-form),  a.  [<  NL.  ca- 
lyptra, q.  v.,  +  it.  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  calyptra  ;  opercular. 

calyptrimorpnous  (ka-lip-tri-mor'fus),  a.  [< 
Gr.  KaTivirrpa,  a  veil,  +  /iop<j>>t,  shape.  ]  Having 
the  form  of  a  hood  or  lid  ;  calyptriform. 

calyptrogen  (ka-lip'tro-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  irnkv- 
irrpa,  a  veil,  cover,  +  -yevyf,  producing:  see 
-gen.']  In  bot.,  the  root-cap  ;  a  series  of  large 
cells  forming  a  cap-like  covering  for  the  ter- 
minal growing-point  of  a  root. 

calyx  (ka'liks),  «.;  pi.  calyxes,  calyces  (ka'lik- 
sez,  kal'i-sez).  [<  L.  calyx,  pi.  calyces,  <  Gr. 


f,  pi.  Ka^vKef,  the  cup  of  a  flower,  the  calyx, 
a  husk,  seed-vessel,  <  Ko^tmretv,  cover  ;  cf  .  nvAil;, 
a  cup,  and  L.  calix,  a  cup  (  >  E.  calice  and  chalice, 
q.  v.).  In  modern  use  the  L.  calyx,  Gr.  jca/bf,  a 
calyx,  and  its  derivatives,  are  often  confused 
with  L.  calix,  a  cup,  and  its  derivatives.]  1. 
In  bot.,  in  general,  the  outer  set  of  the  envelops 
which  form  the  perianth  of  a  flower,  it  is  usually 
more  herbaceous  and  leaf-like  than  the  corolla,  but  it  is 
often  highly  colored  and  corolla-like,  and  is  sometimes  the 


Calyptras. 
a,  conical :  b,  dimidiate  ;  c,  iiiitriform. 


covered,  + 
piryxof,  snout, 
beak,  biU.]  A 
genus  of  cocka- 
toos having  the 
beak  buried  in 
the  feathers, 
whence  the 
name,  it  con- 
tains the  black 
cockatoos  or  cocka- 
teels  of  Australia, 
such  as  C.  bankxi, 
C.  funereus,  etc. 


Calyxes. 

n,  ,i,  11,  trisepalous  calyx  of  Actaa  ;  bt  gamosepalous  calyx  of 
Bryophyllum;  c,  c,  bilabiate  calyx  afSalvia. 

first  to  fall.  It  may  form  the  entire  perianth,  no  corolla 
being  present ;  or  when  there  are  several  whorls  of  envel- 
ops, they  may  so  grade  into  each  other  that  the  calyx  can- 
not be  strictly  separated  from  the  bracts  without  and  the 
petals  within.  The  parts  of  a  calyx  when  distinct  are 
called  sepals,  and  it  is  disepaloils,  trisepalous,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  their  number.  When  they  are  more  or  less  co- 


camaieu 

alescent  into  a  cup  or  tube,  it  is  said  to  be  gamosepalous 
or  monosepalous,  and  may  l>e  regular  or  irregular,  or  va- 
riously toothed,  cleft,  or  divided,  and  either  free  from  the 
ovary  or  adnate  to  it. 

2.  In  human  anat.,  one  of  the  cup-like  or  in- 
fundibuliform  beginnings  of  the  ureter  in  the 
pelvis  of  the  kidney,  surrounding  the  apices  of 
the  Malpighian  pyramids,  each  receiving  usu- 
ally more  than  one  pyramid.    There  are  from  seven 
to  thirteen  such  calyces,  converging  and  uniting  in  three 
infundibula,  which  in  turn  combine  to  form  the  pelvis. 
[In  this  sense  calyx  is  generally  found  in  the  plural  form, 
cdlycex  or  (incorrectly)  calices.} 

3.  In  zoiil. :  (a)  The  cup  at  the  base  of  the  cil- 
iated tentacles  on  the  lophophore  or  oral  disk 
of  polyzoans.     See  Plumatetta.     (b)  The  pedi- 
cellated  Graafian  follicle,  ovarian  capsule,  or 
ovisac  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  two  membranes 
of  lax  tissue  and  blood-vessels,  rupturing  at  a 
point  called  the  stigma  to  discharge  the  ovum, 
then  collapsing,  and  finally  becoming  absorbed, 
(c)  In  crinoids,  the  cup  at  the  summit  of  the 
stalk  or  stem,  whence  the  brachia  radiate  and 
on  the  surface  of  which  is  the  mouth.     The  base 
of  the  calyx  is  the  summit  of  the  stem,  which  may  be  a 
modified  joint  or  ossicle  composed  of  confluent  joints.    See 
cut  under  Crinoidea.    (d)  In  Sydrozoa,  a  genera- 
tive capsule  developed  in  the  axils  of  a  branched 
hydroid  stock,  containing  either  medusa-buds 
or  sexual  organs,    (e)  Some  other  calyciform 
or  cup-shaped  part  or  organ  of  an  animal. 

calzoonst,  n.  pi.    See  calsons. 

cam1  (kam),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  comfe1,  <  ME. 
camb,  <  AS.  camb  =  D.  kam  =  G.  kamm  =  Dan. 
Sw.  kam,  etc.,  a  comb;  also  applied  to  several 
mechanical  devices,  as  D.  kam,  a  bridge,  sley, 
=  G.  kamm,  a  cog  (kamm-rad,  a  cog-wheel),  = 
Dan.  kam,  a  cog,  bit,  ridge  (kam-hjul,  a  cog- 
wheel): see  cow&i.]  1.  A  comb.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
—  2.  A  ridge,  hedge,  or  long  earthen  mound. 
[North.  Eng.]  —  3.  In  mach.,  a  device  for  con- 
verting a  regular  rotary  motion  into  an  irreg- 
ular, fast  and  slow, 
intermittent  rota- 
ry or  reciprocat- 
ing motion.  It  prop- 
erly includes  the  cam- 
wheel,  plain  or  geared, 
the  cam-shaft,  the 
heart-wheel,  the  wip- 
er, the  wiper-wheel, 
and  the  eccentric.  The 
simplest  form  is  that 
of  a  heart-shaped, 
lobe-shaped,  or  other- 
wise eccentric  wheel, 
which  imparts  motion 

to  another  wheel  either     chinery  to  produce  a  regular  ascent  ar 
hv  mpanR  of  epnrinff  or     descent  of  the  rail  on  which  the  spindl 

ring  or  aresituated,  ,.  Form  of  cam  much  used 
by  rolling  contact.  In-  in  iron-works  for  setting  in  motion  the 
Stead  Of  following  the  tilt-hammers. 

irregular  face  of  the 

cam-wheel,  the  friction- wheel  may  travel  in  a  curved  race 
or  guiding  path  on  the  side  of  a  cam-disk,  as  in  the  cam- 
wheel  of  a  harvester.  In  another  form  of  cam  the  face  of 
the  wheel  is  cut  into  gears  or  into  projecting  teeth  that 
may  engage  another  gear,  or  an  arm  or  a  pinion  upon  a 
shaft,  to  give  a  quickly  changing  rising  and  falling  motion. 
Such  cams  are  also  called  wiper-wheels,  and  are  used  to 
operate  stamps  and  tilt-hammers.  The  heart-wheel  accom- 
plishes the  same  object,  but  in  a  less  abrupt  manner,  while 
eccentric  cams  of  various  shapes  may  impart  a  slow  thrust 
and  quick  return,  as  in  many  machine-tools.  The  wiper, 
a  cam-shaped  arm,  is  very  generally  used  to  operate  the 
valves  of  beam-engines.  The  cam  in  some  of  its  forms  ap- 
peal's in  a  great  variety  of  machines,  wherever  an  irregu- 
lar speed  or  motion  or  a  rapid  reciprocating  motion  is 
required,  as  in  the  harvester,  printing-press,  sewing-ma- 
chine, etc.  A  cam-shaft  is  a  shaft  having  tumblers  or 
wipers.  The  heart-wheel  is  a  heart-shaped  cam.  (See  ec- 
centric.) Cams  for  determining  motion  for  cutting  and 
tracing,  as  in  certain  machines,  are  called  shaper-plates.— 
Solid  cam,  a  form  of  cam  employed  when  the  series  of 
changes  in  velocity  and  direction  required  are  too  numer- 
ous to  be  included  in  a  single  rotation  of  a  cam-plate.  The 
cam  is  formed  on  the  surface  of  a  cone,  either  parallel  to 
the  axis  or  spirally,  and  the  cone  as  it  revolves  is  made  to 
travel  also  in  the  direction  of  its  axis  by  means  of  a  screw, 
cam'-'t  (kam),  a.  [Also  written  kam;  <  W.  Ir. 
Gael,  cam,  crooked.  Cf.  gaml),jamb.']  Crooked; 
bent  or  bending. —  Clean  cam,  wholly  awry;  entirely 
away  from  the  purpose. 
This  is  clean  kam.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  1. 

Cama,  n.    See  Chama. 

Camacea  (ka-ma'se-a),  n.  pi.    See  Chamacea. 

camaieu  (kam'I-u)j  >i.  [Also  written  camayeu; 
<  F.  camateu  =  It.  cammeo,  >  E.  cameo,  q.  v.] 
1.  A  cameo. —  2.  In  the  arts:  (a)  A  painting 
executed  in  a  single  color,  varied  only  by  shades, 
as  of  gray,  when  it  is  called  en  i/riatiillc,  or  in 
yellow,  en  cirage;  a  monochrome  painting.  (6) 
A  painting  in  two  or  three  tints,  as  of  brown, 
red,  yellow,  or  green,  in  which  the  natural  hues 
of  the  objects  represented  are  not  rendered, 
(c)  A  species  of  printing  with  several  blocks, 
of  uniform  tint,  or  of  two  or  three  pale  tints,  and 
tones  of  different  degrees  of  intensity,  which 
produces  the  effect  of  a  stump-  or  pencil-draw- 


Cams. 

I.  Elliptical  cam,  used  for  giving  mo- 
tion to  the  levers  of  punching,  and  shear- 
ing-machines. 2.  The  heart-cam  or 
heart-wheel,  much  used  in  cotton-ma- 
chinery to  produce  a  regular  ascent  and 


camaieu 

ing.  ('/)  An  imitation  of  pen-and-ink  drawings 
on  colored  paper  by  means  of  two  blocks,  one 
having  the  design  engraved  upon  it  in  outline 
with  cross-hatchings,  and  the  other  colored  in 
bister,  with  all  the  lights  taken  out,  so  as  to 
leave  the  ground  of  the  paper  white.  The  im- 
pression may  be  finished  witli  brush  or  pencil. 
Costume  en  camaieu  I  I'M.  ;>  cu»tum<:  comixmed  of 
•  '  \ '  i  ;il  shades  of  MM-  Kaine  color. 

camail  ( ka-i  i  ia  1 ' ),  » .  [F. ,  a  camail,  also  a  head- 
dress worn  liy  priests  in  winter,  <  Pr.  cajiintilli 
(=  It.  /•iiiiini//ii>  =  Sp.  /•(iiiuil),  <  ni]i  «  L.  caput), 
head,  +  mii/lin  =  r .  mnHIr,  >  K.  IH«I/'.)  1.  A 
hood  of  chain-mail,  whether  attached  to  the 
hauberk  or  separate;  specifically,  that  form 


775 

camass  (ka-mas'),  n.  [Also  written  <•««,«*, 
kiunax,  and  </ii<iinii.ili  (q.  v.),  the  native  Amer. 
Lid.  name.]  The  Indian  name  of  the  western 

Aperies  of  '  'u  niilsnill ,   ('.  I  si'illi  n  III  and  I',  l.ili'lit- 

liiui,  which  are  found  growing  iii  moist  meadows 
from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  western  Montana.  lu  unllm  are 
collected  in  large  quantities  for  foo«l  ;  they  are  aliout  an 
ini-h  iii  'liain.'tiT.  and  are  sweet  and  nutrition*.-  Death 
camass,  the  JHMHOIIOIU  root  of  Zygadtniu  venenotru,  of 
the  same  region. 

Camassia  (ka-mas'i-ft),  n.  [NL.,  <  camass, 
i/Kiiniiisli,  q.  v.]  A  genus  of  bulbous  liliaceous 
plants  of  North  America,  nearly  related  to 
•SVvV/rt  of  the  old  world.  They  have  long  linear  leave* 
and  a  scape  bearing  a  raceme  of  blue  flowers.  One  spe- 
cies, C.  fnueri.  Is  found  In  the  Atlantic  States,  and  there 
are  two  or  three  others  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
See  caiiuui. 

camass-rat  (ka-mas'rat),  n.  A  rodent  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  (ieomuidte  and  genus  Thomn- 
mys  (which  see):  so  called  from  its  fondness 


Camails,  I4th  century. 
( From  Viollct-lc-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Moblllcr  fran^als." ) 

of  hood  which  was  attached  to  the  edge  of  the 
basinet.  See  basinet. —  2.  A  tippet  or  small 
mantle  worn  by  some  Roman  Catholic  clergy, 
with  different  edgings  of  fur  to  mark  different 
ranks :  sometimes  confounded  with  the  amice. 
Also  called  chap-de-mail. 

camailed  (ka-mald'),  a.  [<  camail  +  -erf2.] 
Furnished  with  a  camail ;  attached  to  a  ca- 
mail :  said  of  the  steel  cap  to  which  the  camail 
was  fastened  at  its  lower  edge. 

camaillet,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  camel. 

camakt.  caniakat,  «.    Same  as  camoca. 

Camaldolite  (ka-mal'do-lit),  n.  [<  Camaldoli 
(see  def.)  +  -ite2.]  A  member  of  a  nearly  ex- 
tinct fraternity  of  monks  founded  in  the  vale 
of  Camaldoli  in  the  Apennines,  near  Arezzo,  in 
1018,  by  St.  Romuald,  a  Benedictine  monk. 
They  were  hermits  at  first,  but  afterward  they  associated 
in  convents.  They  were  originally  distinguished  for  their 
extreme  asceticism,  their  rules  in  regard  to  fasting,  si- 
lence, and  penances  lieing  most  severe.  They  wear  white 
robes.  Also  called  Catiialdttlian,  Camaldoleiwian,  Carnal- 
iltiti'xi'.  anil  CuiaaMute. 

Camaldule,  Camaldulian  (ka-mal-dul',  -du'- 

li-an),  ».     Same  as  Camaldolite. 
camaraderie  (kam-a-rad-re'),  n.     [F.,  <  cama- 

rade.  comrade:  see  comrade.}   Companionship; 

good-fellowship ;  intimacy. 

Unlimited  camaraderie  with  scribblers  and  daubers, 
Hegelian  philosophers  and  Hungarian  pianists,  waiting 
for  engagements.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Pass.  Pilgrim,  p.  226. 

camarage  (kam'a-raj),  n.  [<  Sp.  camaraje,  < 
camara,  a  storehouse,  <  L.  camara,  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.]  Rent  paid  for  storage. 

Camarasaurus  (kam  '  a  -  ra  -  sa '  rus),  n.  [NL. , 
prop.  "Vamarosaurus.  <  Gr.  Ka/iApa,  a  vaulted 
chamber,  +  aavpof,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  colos- 
sal dinosaurian  reptiles,  from  the  Cretaceous 
formation  of  Dakota.  The  species  C.  •upmmu  is 
oiii1  nf  the  largest  known  lund-unimalR,  atmut  80  feet  long, 
the  thigh-l>one  6  feet,  and  a  dorsal  vertebra  3  feet  wide. 
Both  fore  and  hind  limbs  are  well  developed,  and  the  huge 
reptile  probably  wandered  along  the  shores  or  in  shallow 
water,  and  was  able  to  browse  on  the  tops  of  trees.  E. 
I).  Cope,  1877. 

Camarata  (kam-a-ra'ta),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut.  pi. 
of  camaratus,  var.  of  L.  cameratus,  vaulted, 
arched:  see  camerate.]  A  suborder  proposed 
for  such  forms  of  palasocrinoids  as  have  the 
lower  arm-plates  incorporated  into  the  calyx 
by  iuterradial  plates,  and  in  which  all  compo- 
nent parts  of  the  test,  dorsally  and  ventrally, 
are  solidly  connected  by  sutures.  It  comprises 
the  families  Platycrinidai,  Khodocrinidai,  Acro- 
criiiiiln',  and  Ciili/ittiirriiiidte. 

camarate  (kam'a-rat),  o.  Pertaining  to  or  hav- 
ing the  characters  of  the  Camarata. 

camara-wood  (kam'a-rii-wud),  «.  [<  cumaru, 
the  Braz.  name,  +  E\  iroorf1.]  A  hard,  tough, 
and  durable  wood  obtained  in  Essequibo,  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  from  l>i/itcri/j-  odorata  and/*,  tetra- 
l>lti{U<>.  See  JH/ifrri/r. 

camarilla  (kam-a-rira),  w.  [Sp.,  a  small  room, 
dim.  of  camara,  a  room,  <  L.  camara,  cann-ru. 
a  vault:  see  camera,  chamber.]  A  company 
of  secret  counselors  or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a 

clique.  From  im'anini,'  the  jirivatr  rliainlKT  of  the  kiiik'. 
the  wonl  ramr  tit  si-nify  a  Ihxly  uf  courtiers,  sycophants, 
prii-sts.  rtr.,  acting  a>  imarrivilited  anil  secret  counselors, 
as  ilistinuiiisliril  1'ri'in  a  legitimate  ministry  or  council. 

KiK'ireleii  with  a  ilaii'4eroua  camarilla.     London  Time*. 
Syn.  KIC'MIII.  .1  until,  etc.    See  cabali. 


Camass-rat  (  Tkmtomji  la  If  aid,, 

for  the  bulbs  of  the  camass.  r.  taluoutei,  one  of 
the  pouched  rats  or  pocket-gophers,  inhabits  the  north- 
western United  States  and  the  adjoining  portions  of  Brit- 
ish America. 

camata  (kam'a-tji),  n.  The  commercial  name 
of  the  half-grown  acorns  of  the  Quercus  -Egi- 
lops,  dried  and  used  for  tanning.  In  a  still 
younger  condition  they  are  called  cama tina. 

camatina  (kam-a-te'na),  n.    See  camata. 

camaurum  (ka-ma'rum),  n. ;  pi.  camaura  (-ra). 
[ML.]  A  conical  cap  worn  by  the  popes  of 
Rome  in  the  tenth  century ;  an  early  form  of 
the  miter,  perhaps  the  origin  of  the  papal  tiara. 

camayen,  » .    See  camaieu. 

cambarine  (kam'ba-rin),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-inc1.]  Pertaining  'to  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus:  correlated  with  astacitte. 

The  cambarine  region  takes  in  most  of  the  Pahearctic 
region,  with  the  Neotropical  region  as  far  as  Guatemala 
and  the  West  Indies,  llialty,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878,  p.  786. 

cambaroid  (kam'ba-roid),  a.  [<  Cambarus  + 
-oid.']  Resembling  crawfishes  of  the  genus 
Cambarus. 

Cambarus  (kam'ba-rus),  n.  [NL.,  var.  of  L. 
cammarus,  camarus,  also  gammarus,  a  sea-crab : 
see  Gammons.]  A  genus  of  fluviatile  craw- 
fishes, of  the  family  Astacida,  having  no  pleuro- 
branchiee.  The  species  are  numerous.  C.  pellucidtu  is 
the  blind  crawfish  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky. 

cambaye  (kam-ba'),  n.  [Named  from  Cambaij 
in  India.]  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  made  in  Ben- 
gal and  elsewhere  in  India. 

Cambay  stone.    See  cornelian. 

cambee  (kam'be),  n.  An  aromatic  resin  of  In- 
dia, obtained  from  Gardenia  lucida  and  resem- 
bling elemi. 

camber1  (kam'ber),  ».  [E.  dial.  (cf.  Gael,  ca- 
mag,  a  bay:  see  cammocfc2) ;  ult.  <  cam2,  bent.] 
A  harbor.  Balliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

camber2  (kam'ber),  v.  t.  [<  F.  cambrer,  arch, 
vault,  bend,  <  L.  camerare,  arch,  <  camera,  an 
arch,  vault.  Cf.  chamber,  r.]  To  arch;  bend; 
curve,  as  ship-planks. 

camber2  (kam'ber),  ».  [<  camber*,  c.]  1.  A 
convexity  upon  an  upper  surface,  as  of  a  deck 
amidships,  a  bridge,  a  beam,  or  a  lintel. —  2. 
The  curve  of  a  ship's  plank. — 3.  A  small  dock 
or  part  of  a  dock,  protected  by  a  breakwater, 
where  boats  and  small  craft  may  lie  quietly. 

camber-beam  (kam'ber-bem),  n.  In  area.,  a 
beam  which  is  laid  upon  the  straining-beam  of 
a  truncated  roof  to  support  the  covering  of  the 
summit.  It  slopes  from  the  middle  toward  each 
end,  to  provide  for  the  running  off  of  water. 
/•:.  //.  Knight. 

cambered  (kam'berd),  p.  a.  [<  camber2  +  -erf2.] 
Bent  upward  in  the  middle ;  arched;  convex. — 
Cambered  deck.  See  rf«*. 

cambering  (kam'ber-ing),  v.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cam- 
/"T-.  i'.]  Bending;  arched. 

cambering-m.acb.ine  (kam'ber-ing-ma-shen'), 
«.  A  machine  used  for  bending  beams  or  iron 
rails  to  a  curve  in  a  vertical  plane. 

camber-keeled  (karn'ber-keld).  a.  Having  a 
keel  slightlv  arched  upward  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  but  not  so  much  as  to  be  hogged. 


cambric 

camber-slip  kam'ber -slip),  n.  A  slightly 
i-urvi-d  irmcli'  :nul  support  of  wood,  used  as  a 
centering  in  laying  straight  arches  of  brick. 

Camberwell  beauty.    s.-e  hnntii/. 

camber-window  i  kam'iier-win'do),  ».  A  win- 
dow arched  at  the  top. 

cambial1  (kam'bi-al),  a.  [<  ML.  cniiiliiiilix,  < 
i-iiniiiiiini.  i  . \chaiige":  see  cambium1.]  Relating 
to  exchange  in  commerce.  [Uare.J 

cambial2  (kam'bi-al),  n.  [<  cam  hi  inn-  +  -<il.\ 
In  '•"'..  formed  of  or  pertaining  to  cambium. 

cambiale  (kam-bi-a'le),  n.  [It.,  <  ML.  c<imbi<ili*. 
of  exchange:  see  cambial1.']  A  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

cambiform  (kam'bi-fdrm),  a.  [<  cambium2  + 
L.  forma,  shape.]  In  hot.,  resembling  cambium- 
ceils.  Applied  to  elongated  thin-walled  cell*  which  are 
found  In  sieve-tissue,  and  have  the  markings  but  not  the 
ptTforatloni  of  sieve-disks.  They  are  also  known  a*  lat- 
ticed cell*. 

cambio  (kam'bi-6),  n.  fSp.,  <  ML.  cambium. 
exchange:  see  cambium^?]  1.  Barter;  the  giv- 
ing or  taking  of  bills  of  exchange. —  2.  A  bill 
of  exchange. — 3.  A  bourse  or  exchange. 

cambist  (kam'bist),  n.  K  F.  cambiste,  <  It. 
cambista  =  Sp.  cambista,  <  L.  cambire,  exchange, 
trade:  see  change.]  One  versed  in  the  opera- 
tions of  exchange  and  the  value  of  foreign 
moneys;  a  dealer  in  notes  and  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

The  word  cambist,  though  a  term  of  antiquity,  U  even 
now  a  technical  word  of  some  use  among  merchant  trad* 
ers  and  bankers.  fieet,  CYC. 

cambistry  (kam'bis-tri),  n.  [<  cambist  +  -ry.] 
The  science  of  exchange,  weights,  measures, 
etc. 

cambium1  (kam'bi-um),  n.  [ML.,  also  cambia, 
exchange,  commerce,  <  L.  cambirc,  exchange, 
whence  ult.  E.  change :  see  change.]  In  riri/  lav, 
exchange ;  the  exchange  of  lands,  money,  or 
evidences  of  debt. 

cambium2  (kam'bi-um),  n.  [NL.,  a  particular 
application  of  ML.  cambium,  exchange:  see 
cambium1.]  1.  In  bot..  a  layer  of  tissue  formed 
between  the  wood  and  the  bark  of  exogenous 
plants.  It  was  believed  by  the  older  botanist*  to  be  a 
mucilaginous  fluid  exuded  l>etween  the  wood  and  the  bark, 
and  organized  Into  new  wood  and  new  bark.  It  is  now 
known  to  lie  not  a  fluid,  but  a  layer  of  extremely  delicate 
thin-walled  cells,  filled  with  protoplasm  and  organizable 
nutrient  matter,  and  appearing  like  a  thin  fllm  of  mucilage. 
These  cells  develop  on  the  one  side  into  a  layer  of  new 
wood,  and  on  the  other  of  new  bark,  while  at  the  same 
time  fresh  cambium  is  formed  for  the  continuation  of  the 
work.  It  is  by  the  renewal  of  this  process  year  after  year 
that  the  increase  of  growth  in  the  stem  is  effected,  as  In- 
dicated by  its  concentric  rings.  In  the  primary  flbrovas- 
cular  bundles  of  the  stem  a  similar  layer  of  cambium,  with 
the  same  function,  is  always  found  between  the  woody 
and  cribrose  portions. 

2t.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fancied  nutri- 
tious humor  whjch  was  supposed  to  repair  the 
materials  of  which  the  body  is  composed. 

camblett,  «•    Same  as  camlet. 

camboge  (karn-boj'  or  -bsj'),  n.  Same  as  gam- 
boge. 

cambokt,  n.  A  Middle  English  form  of  cam- 
mock2. 

camboose  (kam-boV),  n.    Same  as  caboose. 

cambrai  (kam'bra),  n.  [<  F.  Cambrai:  Ma 
cambric.]  A  name  given  to  imitation  lace,  that 
is,  lace  made  by  machinery  and  not  by  hand. 

cambrasine  (kam'bra-zen),  n.  [<  F.  cambresine. 
Cf.  ruiii/ii-ir.]  A  name  given  to  batiste  and 
cambric  of  fine  quality. 

Cambray  stone,  moss-agate. 

cambrel  (kam'brel),  n.     Same  as  gambrel. 

Cambrian  (kam'bri-au),  a.  and  n.  [<  Cam- 
bria  +  -an.]  I.  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
Wales  or  Cambria ;  Welsh. 

The  Cambrian  mountains,  like  far  clouds, 
That  skirt  the  blue  horizon,  dusky  rise.        Thoimm. 

Cambrian  group,  in  geol.,  the  name  originally  given  by 
.Sedgwick  to  certain  strata  supposed  by  him  to  underlie 
the  Silurian  of  Murchison,  but  which  since  that  time  have 
been  fully  recognized  as  lielonglng  to  the  Silurian  serin 
itself.  The  term,  although  not  recognized  by  the  Silu- 
rian specialist*  Barrande  and  James  Hall.  IB  still  used  to 
a  considerable  extent  by  English  geologists  as  Including 
various  undetermined  portions  of  the  Silurian.  By  the 
larger  numlwr  it  is  understood  to  be  the  equivalent  of 
the  primordial  rocks  of  Barrande  and  the  Poudam  sand- 
stone of  the  New  York  geological  survey.— Cambrian 
pottery,  a  name  given  to  the  productions  of  the  factor)' 
of  Swansea  In  Wales,  established  in  1790.  The  mark  was 
a  trident. 

n.  ».  A  Welshman. 

cambric  (kam'brik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  cam- 
brick,  camerick;  =  Flem.  kameryk,  kameryks- 
doek,  cambric  (cf.  D.  kamerdoek  =  G.  kammer- 
tuch  =  Dan.  kammerdug  =  8w.  kammarduk 
(Flem. D. doek  =  Q.  tuch, etc.,=  E. duck*, cloth), 
cambric),  =  Sp.  cambrai/  =  Pg.  cambraia  =  It. 


cambric 

cambraja,  formerly  cambrai  (Florio),  <  F.  cam- 
hray,  toile  tie  Cambray,  cambric  (Cotgrave) :  so 
called  from  D.  Kamerijk,  Flem.  Kameryk,  ML. 
Cameracum,  F.  Cambrai,  Cambrai/,  a  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France.]  1.  A  thin,  fine 
linen,  said  to  have  been  first  manufactured  at 
Cambrai  in  France,  introduced  in  the  sixteenth 
century  for  the  fine  ruffs  worn  at  that  period, 
as  well  as  for  bands,  kerchiefs,  etc. ;  in  modern 
times,  the  finest  linen  made.  See  batiste.  An 
imitation  of  cambric  is  made  of  fine  cotton  yarn,  hard- 
twisted.  Muslin  is  a  name  often  applied  to  a  kind  of 
linen  cambric  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  from  flax. 

I  would  your  cambric  were  as  sensible  as  your  finger, 
that  you  might  leave  pricking  it  for  pity. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  3. 
2.  Same  as  cambric-muslin,  2. 

cambric-grass  (kam'brik-gras),  n.  The  silk- 
grass  or  ramie-plant  of  China,  JiceJimeria  nivea. 
See  cut  under  Bcelimeria. 

cambric-muslin  (kam'brik-muz'('lin),  n.  1. 
Fine  cotton  cloth  made  in  imitation  of  linen 
cambric. — 2.  A  somewhat  coarser  cotton  cloth, 
finished  with  a  glaze,  much  used  for  linings. 

cambril  (kam'bril),  ».     Same  as  gambrel. 

Cambro-Briton  (kam'bro-brit'on), ».  A  Welsh- 
man. 

Cambro-Silurian  (kam'bro-si-lu'ri-an),  a.  [< 
Cambr(ian)  +  Silurian .]  In  geol.,  a  term  for- 
merly used  by  some  English  geologists  as  in  a 
greater  or  less  degree  equivalent  to  Lower  Si- 
lurian. 

cambuca  (kam-bu'ka),  u.  [ML.,  also  cambutta  : 
see  cambuck^,  cammock2.]  1.  The  curved  club 
used  in  the  game  of  golf  or  pall-mall.  See  cam- 
mock2. —  2.  A  pastoral  staff:  commonly  used 
for  its  earlier  and  more  simple  shape,  in  which 
the  crook  at  the  top  does  not  curve  inward 
spirally,  but  forms  approximately  a  half-circle. 
Also  cambutta. 

cambuck1  (kam'buk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  also  spelled 
kambuck  (Prior),  var.  of  cammockl,  q.  v.]  Same 
as  cammockl.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambuck2  fkam'buk),  n.  [E.  dial.,  var.  of 
oaamodfl,  \  ME.  cambok :  see  cammock2.  Ct. 
cambuca.]  1.  Same  as  camnwck^.  Stow,  Sur- 
vey (ed.  1720),  i.  251.  (Halliwell. )  —  2.  The  dry 
stalks  of  dead  plants,  as  of  hemlock.  Halli- 
well. [Prov.  Eng.] 

cambutta  (kam-but'a),  n.  [ML.]  Same  as 
cambuca. 

cam-cutter  (kam'kut'er),  n.  A  machine-tool 
specially  adapted  for  cutting  and  finishing  cams 
of  small  sizes  and  of  all  curves. 

came1  (kam).     Preterit  of  come. 

came2  (kam),  n.  [Sc.,  also  kame,  kaim;  var.  of 
com1,  comW-,  q.  v.]  1.  A  comb. — 2.  A  ridge. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

came3  (kam),  «.  [Prob.  a  particular  use  of 
came2  =  cam1  =  comb1.']  If.  The  batch  or 
amount  of  lead  necessary  to  make  sash-bars 
for  100  square  feet  of  glazing ;  also,  this  amount 
cast  into  small  rods  or  bars  12  or  14  inches  long, 
and  ready  for  drawing.  Hence  —  2.  The  pre- 
pared sash-bar  itself,  having  a  section  like  an 
I,  more  or  less  rounded  at  each  end,  and  called 
in  technical  language  glaziers'  turned  lead  or 
window-lead. 

camel  (kam'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
mel;  <  ME.  camel,  kamel,  also  chamel,  <  OF. 
camel,  chamel,  F.  chameau  =  Pr.  camel  =  Sp. 
camello  =  Pg.  camelo  =  It.  cammello  =  ONorth. 
camel,  carnal  (see  AS.  word  below)  =  D.  kameel 
=  G.  kamel  =  Dan.  kamel  =  Sw.  kamel  =  Icel. 
kamell  (rare)  =  OBulg.  Bulg.  Serv.  kamila  = 
Hung,  gamila,  <  L.  camelus,  <  Gr.  Kapr/Aof,  m. 
and  f.  (NGr.  na/intof,  m.,  KU^M,  f.),  <  Heb.  ga- 


770 

called  by  a  name  derived  from  that  of  the  ele- 
phant: Goth,  ulbandus  =  OHG.  olbentd,  MHG. 
olbcnte  =  AS.  olfend  =  OS.  olbJtunt  =  Icel.  ut- 
faldi,  a  camel.]  1 .  A  large  ruminant  quadru- 
ped of  the  family  Camclida;,  genus  Camelus, 
used  in  Asia  and  Africa  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
There  are  two  distinct  species  of  camels :  (1)  The  Arabian 
camel,  C.  dromedarius,  with  one  hump,  and  four  callosities 
on  the  fore  legs  and  two  on  the  hind  legs.  It  is  a  native 
of  Arabia,  and  is  now  known  only  in  the  domesticated 
state ;  it  is  used  chiefly  in  Arabia  and  Egypt.  There  are 
several  breeds  or  artificial  varieties.  The  dromedary  is  one 
of  these,  being  simply  a  "  blooded  "  or  thoroughbred  camel 
of  great  speed  and  bottom,  used  as  a  saddle-animal,  and 
comparing  with  the  heavier  and  slower  varieties  as  a 
race-horse  does  with  a  cart-horse ;  it  is  not  a  different 
animal  zoologically  speaking.  (2)  The  Bactrian  camel,  C. 
Ixvti'ianus,  with  two  humps,  of  which  there  are  also  dif- 


Arabian  Camel,  or  Dromedary  (Camelus  dromedaritts). 


mdl  =  Ai.jamal,  jemel  =  Coptic  gamul,  a  camel. 
In  the  older  Teut.  languages  the  camel  was 


Bactrian  Camel  ( Camelus  bactriattus). 

ferent  breeds.  The  name  camel  is  sometimes  applied  to 
the  species  of  the  American  genus  Auchenia,  as  the  llama, 
alpaca,  and  vicuna,  collectively  known  as  the  camels  of 
the  new  world.  The  Arabian  camel  is  poetically  called 
the  ship  of  the  desert.  Camels  constitute  the  riches  of 
an  Arabian  ;  without  them  he  could  not  subsist,  carry  on 
trade,  or  travel  over  sandy  deserts.  Their  milk  and  flesh 
are  used  for  food  and  their  hides  for  leather,  and  their 
hair  is  a  valuable  article  of  trade  and  manufacture.  By 
the  camel's  power  of  sustaining  abstinence  from  drink  for 
many  days,  due  to  the  reserve  it  can  carry  in  its  peculiarly 
constructed  cellular  stomach,  and  of  subsisting  on  a  few 
coarse,  dry,  prickly  plants,  it  is  especially  fitted  for  the 
parched  and  barren  lands  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Camels  carry 
from  600  to  1,000  pounds  burden. 
2.  A  water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
ship  or  vessel  to  raise  it  in  the  water,  in  order 
to  assist  its  passage  over  a  shoal  or  bar,  or 
to  enable  it  to  be  navigated  in  shallow  water. 
It  is  first  filled  with  water  and  sunk  alongside  the  vessel, 
to  which  it  is  then  secured.  As  the  water  is  pumped  out, 
the  camel  gradually  rises,  lifting  the  vessel  with  it.  Camels 
have  also  been  used  for  raising  sunken  vessels. — Camel's 
hair,  the  hair  of  the  camel,  from  which  very  fine  fabrics, 
especially  shawls,  are  made  in  the  East,  and  also  carpets, 
tent-cloths,  etc.  InEuropeitisusedchieflyformixingwith 
silk.  The  best  comes  from  Persia.  The  so-called  camel's- 
hair  pencils  or  brushes  used  in  painting  are  not  made  of 
camel's  hair,  but  commonly  of  hair  from  the  tails  of  Rus- 
sian and  Siberian  squirrels.  See  bnuth. —  Camel's-hair 
Cloth.  («•)  An  Oriental  fabric.  See  pvtto.  (It)  A  French 
imitation  of  this  fabric ;  a  warm  and  light  woolen  cloth 
with  a  gloss,  but  having  long  hairs  standing  up  upon  it. 
Diet,  of  Needlework.— Camel'S-halr  Shawl,  a  name  often 
given  in  the  United  States  to  the  cashmere  shawl.— Cam- 
el's hay.  Same  as  camel-grass.—  Camel's  wool,  mohair. 

camelaucium  (kam-e-la'si-um),  n. ;  pi.  camelaii- 
cia  (-a).  [ML.  camelacium,  camelaucium,  more 
frequently  camelaucum,  calamaucum,  etc.,  < 
LGr.  Ka.fj.e'XavKiov ;  origin  uncertain ;  usually  re- 
ferred to  Gr.  Ka/u//.oc,  camel :  see  camel,  and  cf. 
calamanco.  ]  A  low-crowned  cap  formerly  worn, 
chiefly  in  the  East,  by  royal  persons  and  eccle- 
siastics, especially  bishops  and  monks. 

camel-backed   (kam'el-bakt),  a.     Having  a 
back  like  that  of  a  camel ;  humpbacked. 
Not  that  he  was  crook-shouldered  or  camel-backed. 

Fuller,  Holy  War,  p.  215. 

camel-bird  (kam'el-berd),  n.  A  book-name  of 
the  African  ostrich,  Struthio  camelus.  See  cam- 
elornWies. 

camelcade  (kam-el-kad'),  ».  [Irreg.  <  camel  + 
-cade,  as  in  cavalcade.]  A  body  of  troops 
mounted  on  camels.  [Humorous.] 

camel-cricket  (kam'ei-krik'i'et),  n.  Same  as 
fdincl-insect. 

cameleer  (kam-e-ler'),  n.  [<  camel  +  -eer.  Cf. 
equiv.  F.  clianwlier.]  A  camel-driver. 

A  number  of  Arab  cameleers,  who  had  come  with  trav- 
ellers across  the  Desert  from  Egypt,  were  encamped  near 
us.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  51. 

cameleont  (ka-me'le-pn),  «.  An  older  English 
spelling  of  cltameleon. 

camel-grass  (kam'el-gras),  n.  A  fragrant  grass 
of  the  warmer  regions  of  Asia,  including  several 
species  of  Andropogon.  Also  called  earners  IKII/. 

camelid  (kam'el-id),  n.  A  ruminant  mammal 
of  the  family  Camclidce. 

Camelidse  (ka-mel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Came- 
lii  n  +  -irlrt?.]  A  family  of  ruminant  artiodac- 
tyl  tylopod  mammals.  They  have  incisor  teeth  in 


Camellia 

both  jaws,  specialized  canines  in  the  lower  jaw,  a  diffuse 
placenta,  impej-fecUyquadriiiurtite  stoimu-h,  the  upper  lip 
cleft,  the  hind  limbs  largely  free  from  the  common  integu- 
ment, so  that  the  lower  part  of  the  thigh  and  the  knee 
project  from  the  belly,  broad  elastic  feet,  and  no  horns. 
The  family  includes  two  living  genera,  Camelus  or  true 
camels  of  the  old  world,  and  Auchenia  or  llamas  of  the 
new,  with  many  fossil  ones,  chiefly  American.  See  cuts 
under  camel  and  llama. 

camelina1  (kam-e-H'na),  n.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L. 
camelinus ;  with  ref.  to  ML.  camelinum,  camel- 
ine :  see  cameline2.]  A  woolen  material  with 
small  basket-pattern  and  loose  upstanding 
hairs.  Diet,  of  Needlework. 

Camelina2  (kam-e-li'nii),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Camelux 
+  -ina2.]  Same  as  Cameliate  or  Cameloidea. 

camelina3  (ka-mel'i-na),  n.  [NL.,  said  to  be 
formed  (if  so,  prop.  *Chama'lina)  <  Gr.  xal*ai> 
on  the  ground  (dwarf),  +  Zivav,  flax.  Hence 
camelinfS.]  If.  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed. 
Kersey,  1708. —  2.  [cop.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
natural  order  Crucifera;.  The  most  common  and 
probably  the  only  species,  C.  nativa,  gold-of-pleasure  or 
false  flax,  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  western  Asia, 
but  is  widely  naturalized  as  a  weed.  It  is  an  annual, 
with  obovoid  pods  and  yellow  flowers,  and  has  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  fiber  of  its  stems  and  the  oil  expressed 
from  its  seeds. 

cameline1  (kam'e-lin),  a.  [<  L.  camelinus,  per- 
taining to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a  camel:  see 
camel.  Cf.  cameline2.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling camels  or  the  Camelidai;  cameloid. 

cameline2!,  n.  [ME.,  <  OF.  cameline,  camelin  = 
Pr.  camelin  =  It.  cammellino,  <  ML.  camelinum, 
also  camelinus,  a  stuff  made  of  camel's  hair,  < 
L.  camelinus,  pertaining  to  a  camel,  <  camelus,  a 
camel:  see  camel.  Cf.  camlet.']  A  stuff  used 
in  the  middle  ages  as  a  material  for  dress,  it 
is  commonly  said  to  have  been  made  of  camel's  hair,  and 
imported  from  the  East ;  but  as  it  is  repeatedly  mentioned 
as  a  common  and  cheap  stuff,  it  is  probable  that  it  was 
an  imitation  of  the  Eastern  fabric.  It  was  made  as  early 
as  the  thirteenth  century  in  Flanders  and  Brabant,  of 
many  colors. 

And  dame  Abstinence-streyned 
Toke  on  a  robe  of  kamelyne. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  7367. 

cameline3  (kam'e-lin),  n.  and  a.     [<  F.  cameline 
=  Sp.  Pg.  camelina,  <  NL.  camelina :  see  came- 
lina^.]   I.f  n.  Treacle-mustard;  wormseed. 
Cameline  [F.],  the  herb  cameline,  or  treacle  mustard. 

Cotgravf. 

II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  plants 
of  the  genus  Camelina :  as,  cameline  oil. 

camel-insect  (kam'el-in/!'sekt),  n.  An  orthop- 
terous  insect  of  the  genus  Mantis,  or  praying- 
insects  :  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
long  thorax  to  the  elongated  neck  of  the  camel. 
In  the  United  States  these  insects  are  known  as 
rear-liorses.  Also  called  camel-cricket  and  cam- 
el-locust. 

cameliont,  ».    An  old  spelling  of  chameleon. 

camellert,  ».    A  camel-driver. 

Our  companions  had  their  cradles  struck  down  through 
the  negligence  of  the  Camellers. 

Sandys,  Travels  (ed.  1652),  p.  107. 

Camellia  (ka-mel'ia),  n.  [NL.,  after  George 
Joseph  Kamel,  a  Moravian  Jesuit  and  traveler  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  by  whom  the  Camellia 
Japonica  was  first  described.]  1.  A  genus  con- 
taining about  a  dozen  species  of  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  belonging  to  the  natural  order  Ternstrce- 
miacew,  natives  of  tropical  and  eastern  Asia 
and  the  Indian  archipelago.  They  all  have  thick, 
shining,  evergreen  leaves  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers. 
The  genus  is  divided  into  two  sections,  one  with  pendu- 
lous flowers  and  persistent  sepals,  represented  by  the  tea- 
plant,  C.  theijera  (see  tea),  the  other  with  erect  flowers 


and  deciduous  sepals,  of  which  the  common  cultivated 
camellia,  C.  Japonica,  is  a  conspicuous  example.  Of  this 
species,  with  beautiful  but  odorless  flowers  and  elegant 


Camellia 

laurel-like  leave-,  several  hundred  varieties  have  Iwen  pro- 
duced, a*  well  aMiunierons  hybrids  with  the  larger- tlo  wen  >l 
C.  rttinttittit  of  i  'hiiiii  and  (lit-  ff;i^i:inl  lean  .1  i '.  *ii.«i/t:iiin 
of  Jupan.  Tin'  dried  leaves  of  the  last  species  are  Bain  t*» 
be  mixed  with  tea.  and  the  ~n  .Is  yield  an  oil  which  is  lined 
for  viirioii,  .lome-tie  (im-poses. 

2.    |7.  c.]   A  Mower  of  the  genus '<(,»(//»/,  espe- 
cially "!'  ('.  .tii/Hinii'ti. 
camel-locust  (Kam'el-lo'kust),  H.  Same  as  cam- 

cl-illKt'('t, 

camel-necked  (kam'ol-nokt),  a.  Having  a  neck 
like  or  likened  to  a  camel's.— Camel -necked  flies, 
neunipiernii,  inserts  of  the  family  s<n!nl,i . 

cameloid  (kam'e-loid),  a.  [<  (Jr.  «*•«//;//. r  »*/,.. 
contr.  ku/ii/'/ ijr!//f ,  camel-like,  <  Ka/ii/'/.of,  camel,  + 
rider,  form.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  CameM- 
<!<••! :  plmlaiigigrade,  as  a  ruminant. 

Cameioidea  (knm-e-loi'de-ii),  n.  /il.  [NL.,  < 
Camelux  +  -»/'/«?«.]  The  ('ni/n  liiln  regarded  as 
a  superfamily  group :  equivalent  to  Tylopoda, 
or  I'ri-nnt  /iliiiliiiii/ii/i-<iilii. 

camelopard  (ka-mel'o-  or  kam'e-lo-pard),  ». 
[=  F.  raiH<:loi>nril,  i-iniii'li'iipard  =  Sp.  cama- 
teopartlo,  <  LL.  camelopardus,  ML.  also  came- 
li:>l>iir<tiiliix,  a  shortened  form  of  L.  camelopar- 
dafix,  ML.  also  canielopardalim,  <  Or.  x 
i!a/.if,  a  giraffe,  <  «i//r//of,  a  camel,  +  m 
later  ;rfyoof,  a  pard  (leopard  or  panther).]  1. 
Tho  giraffe :  so  called  from  a  certain  resem- 
blance in  form  to  a  camel,  and  from  its  spotted 
coloration,  like  that  of  the  pard  or  leopard. — 
2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  creature 
like  a  giraffe,  but  with  long  and  generally  curved 
horns,  borrowed  from  the  medieval  bestiaries. 
Also  formerly  cnmelopardal,  camclopardel. 

camelopardalt,  camelopardelt,  ».  [Also  ea- 
mtioparclatt;  =  >Sp.  camellopardal  =  Pg.  camelo- 
pardal  =  It.  cammellopardalo,  <  L.  camelopar- 
dali.t,  ML.  also  camelopardalus :  see  camelo- 
pard.} A  camelopard.  Minshev. 

Camelopardalidae  (ka-mel*o-  or  kam'e-lo-par- 
dal'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,<  Camclojtardalis  +  '-4d(e.~] 
Same  as  Camvfapnrdida. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam'e-lo-piir'da- 
lis),  n.  [NL. :  see  camelopard.}  1.  A  genus  of 
ruminant  quadrupeds:  same  as  Giraffa. —  2.  A 
northern  constellation  formed  by  Bartsch  and 
named  by  Hevelius.  it  is  situated  between  Cepheus, 
Perseus,  Ursa  Major  and  Minor,  and  Draco.  As  given  by 
Hevelins,  the  name  was  Camelopardalus. 

camelopardelt,  ».     See  camclopardal. 

Camelopardidae  (ka-mel-o-  or  kam"e-lo-par'di- 
de),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  "Camelopardus  (cf.  Camelo- 
pardalis)  +  -id<c.}  A  family  of  ruminant  quad- 
rupeds :  same  as  Giraffldas.  Also  called  Camelo- 
pardalida;. 

camelornithes  (kam*el-6r-m'thez),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  nd/ir/Atif,  camel,  +  6/»(f,  pi.  fynwcf, 
bird.]  The  camel-birds:  a  name,  not  techni- 
cal, sometimes  applied  to  ostriches,  from  their 
points  of  resemblance  to  the  camel  in  appear- 
ance and  habit. 

camelott,  ».     An  old  spelling  of  camlet. 

camelry  (kam'el-ri),  n.;  pi.  camelries  (-riz).  [< 
camel  +  -n/ :  formed  on  the  model  of  caval- 
•ri/.}  1.  A  place  where  camels  are  brought  to 
be  laden  or  unladen.— 2.  Troops  mounted  on 
camels. 

The  English  General  there  and  then  abandoned  his  boats 
and  dismounted  his  camelry.     Spectator,  No.  3018,  p.  681. 

camel's-thorn  (kam'elz-thdrn),  n.  1.  A  spiny 
leguminous  shrub,  Alhtigi  Maurorum,  of  which 
the  camel  is  very  fond,  and  which  yields  a 
manna-like  exudation  from  its  leaves  and 
brandies. — 2.  Erroneously,  a  spiny  rhamna- 
ceous  shrub,  Zbyphus  nummularia,  of  Persia 
and  India,  which  bears  an  edible  berry,  and  the 
leaves  of  which  are  used  as  fodder  for  sheep 
and  goats. — 3.  In  South  Africa,  several  spe- 
cies of  Acacia  which  are  browsed  upon  by  the 
giraffe,  especially  A.  Giraffa;  and  A.  erioloba. 

Camelus  (ka-me'lus),  H.  [L. :  see  camel.']  The 
typical  genus  of  Camclida',  having  the  back 
humped.  It  contains  two  species,  both  of  the  old  world. 
('.  tromtdariii*,  the  Arabian  camel,  and  ('.  Ixirlri'tnut,  the 
Bactrian  camel ;  the  latter  has  two  humps,  the  former 
one.  See  ,•/;,;*, 7. 

Camembert  cheese.  See  cheese^. 
Camense  (ka-me'ne),  ».  pi.  [L..  sing,  rinin  nn. 
OL.  casmena  ;  akin  to  carmen,  a  song:  see 
c1iarm1.~\  In  Rom.  mi/tli..  prophetic  nymphs,  of 
whom  there  were  four,  the  most  celebrated 
being  Algeria.  The  poets  frequently  applied 
the  name  to  the  Muses. 

Camenet,  »•  [<  L.  camena:  see  CtWMMsV]  One 
of  the  Oamonse. 

Demnc  Cami  a:  -.  that  *>ith  your  sacred  food 
Haie  fed  ami  fostcnlc  op  from  tender  yeares 
A  happye  man  tluit  in  your  fauour  stoo.le. 

tivoye,  Sonette  of  Edwardes  of  the  Chappell. 


777 

camenes  (kam'en-ez),  n.  [See  def.]  In  /<«/»>. 
the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  fourth 
figure  of  syllogism,  of  which  the  major  premise 
is  a  universal  aflirmative,  the  minor  a  univer- 
sal negative,  and  the  conclusion  a  universal 
negative  proposition:  as,  Whatever  is  expe- 
ilient  w  conformable  to  nature;  nothing  con- 
formable to  nature  is  hurtful  to  society ;  there- 
fore, nothing  hurtful  to  society  is  expedient. 
Tills  mood  wan  formerly  considered  b>  all  (as  it  U  still  by 
some)  logicians  as  belonging  to  the  first  figure,  and  as  such 
was  called  celantex.  When  put  into  the  fourth  tlynrc  it 
was  called  dawnl'*.  then  i-ntur-iitf*,  then  camenrf,  also 
caltint*.  Of  the  seven  letters  of  the  word  camenei,  six  arc 
signitlcant.  Cslgnlflea  reduction  to  ctlarmi ;  a,  >•,  e  indi- 
!!•  th>-  i|iiantity  and  quality  of  the  premises  and  conclu- 
sion; m  sIpilHes  transposition  of  the  premises  In  reduc- 
tion, and  «  the  simple  conversion  of  the  conclusion. 

cameo  (kam'e-o),  n.  [<  It.  cammeo,  a  cameo,  = 
P.  camee  (>  G'.  camee  =  Dan.  /•«/;»•<•  =  Sw.  /.•««// 1 
and  m  in  n  a- n  (see  camaieu)  =  8p.  camafco  =  Pg. 
camafeo,  camafno,  camafcu  (cf.  MHG.  gamaliiu, 
chammachiu,  a  kind  of  diamond),  <  ML.  cam- 
mirug,  camahutus,  camaliotug;  of, unknown  ori- 
gin.] 1.  An  engraving  in  relief  upon  a  gem, 
a  hard  stone  of  moderate  size,  or  a  similar  ma- 
terial, or  the  object  itself  so  engraved,  aw  dis- 
tinguished from  an  intaglio;  specifically,  such 
an  engraving  upon  a  stone  or  a  shell  having 
two  or  three  layers  differing  iu  color,  such  as 
an  onyx,  agate,  etc.,  and  so  treated  as  to  utilize 
the  effect  of  the  variety  of  coloring.  Cuneo«  on 
stone  are  called  itune  cameoi  in  contradistinction  to  the 
xtirtl  cauirox,  or  those  cut  on  shells  which  have  superposed 
layers  varying  in  color,  such  as  the  Caujtut  mfn,  which  gives 
red  on  sardonyx,  the  COJUTM  inadaijaxcaritnjtis,  white  on 
dark  claret,  the  Catti*  cornuta,  white  on  orange,  the 
Strombus  gintu.  white  on  pink,  and  other  tropical  shells. 
Cameos  in  distinct  bands  of  colors  have  been  produced 
since  about  150  B.  C. ;  and  some  of  the  ancient  examples, 
as  the  Sainte  Chapelle  agate,  in  I'arU  (13  by  11  inches). 
representing  the  apotheosis  of  Augustus,  and  the  Vienna 
onyx  (9  by  8  inches),  representing  allegorically  the  corona- 
tion of  Augustus,  surpass  in  size  and  In  delicacy  of  execu- 
tion the  best  modern  specimens. 
Hence — 2.  Raised  or  anaglyphic  work  in  art  on 
a  miniature  scale ;  specifically,  the  art  of  engrav- 
ing small  figures  in  relief:  opposed  to  intaglio : 
as,  a  stone  or  shell  cut  in  cameo  ;  a  vase  orna- 
mented in  cameo — Cameo  incrustation,  the  pro- 
duction of  casts  in  relief  within  a  coating  of  flint-glass. 
The  process  consists  in  forming  the  design  to  be  incnisted 
of  less  fusible  material  than  the  glass  coating,  which  is 
welded  upon  the  design  while  in  a  soft  condition.— In 
cameo.  See  catneo,  2,  above. 

cameo-glass  (kam'e-6-glas),  n.  1.  Same  as 
cased  glass.  See  also  cameo  glass,  under  glass. 
—  2.  A  convex  glass  used  in  the  mounting  of 
hand-painted  photographs. 

cameo-press  (kam'e-6-pres),  n.  A  small  screw- 
press  used  to  give  a  convex  roundness  to  pho- 
tographic portraits.  The  card  is  pressed  twtween  the 
bed  and  platen,  which  are  respectively  convex  and  con- 
cave. K.  II.  Knight. 

cameo-shell  (kam'e-6-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the 
family  Cassididir,  C'o**i»  madagascariensis  (so 
called  by  mistake),  or  C.  cameo.  The  species 
is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Caribbean  and  neigh- 
boring seas. 

cameotype  (kam'e-o-tip),  «.  [<  cameo  +  type, 
as  in  daguerreotype,  etc.]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  a  small  vignette  daguerreotype  for 
mounting  in  a  jeweled  setting. 

cameo-ware  (kam'e-6-war),  n.  A  class  of  fine 
pottery  ornamented  with  figures  in  relief,  of  a 
different  color  from  the  ground,  and  usually  on 
a  small  scale.  The  so-called  Wedgwood  ware 
is  of  this  class.  See  jasper-ware,  and  fl'cdgtcooil 
ware,  under  ware. 

camera  (kam'e-ra),  n. ;  pi.  cameras,  camera 
(-rjiz,  -re).  [{  L.  camera,  camara,  a  vault 
(Mlj.  a  chamber),  <  Or.  aaftdpa,  a  vaulted  cham- 
ber, anything  with  an  arched  cover;  akin  to 
L.  caniiir,  curved,  crooked,  W.  Ir.  Gael,  cam, 
crooked,  Gr.  Kaprrreiv,  bend:  see  ram2,  camber?, 
i-linmber,  comrade.'}  1.  In  one.  arch.,  an  arched 


camera 

roof,  ceiling,  or  covering;  a  vault. —  2.  \nut. . 
a  small  vessel  used  on  the  coa>t--  of  tin-  Bos- 
porus and  the  Black  Si  n.     Also  rniunrii. — 3. 
The  variety  of  camera  obscura  used  by  photog- 
raphers.   It  Is  nude  usually  In  the  form  of  a  IKIX  in  two 
IMI  i  -    connected  h\     >    extern  Ible   bellow!  !;*•    ftmngi 
tin nt  serving  to  adjust  the  focus,  ami  having  one  or  more 
lenses  fixed  In  the  front,     rhoti  igraphlc  cameras  an 
In  a  great  variety  of  shapes  and  size*,  according  to  use. 
a>  the  pockel -camera,  copying  camera,  londtcape-t 


and  lartrait-eamera ;  and  many  different  forms  of 
nonie  of  highly  specialized  typea,  are  used.  Provision  U 
made  for  Inserting  In  the  back  of  the  camera  carriers  or 
plate-holders  containing  the  dry  or  wet  sensitive  platt* 
or  the  paper  films,  etc.,  on  which  tin  pbotopmbl  are 
taken.  8ee«inieTOo6»riir«,  IK-IOW.  nud  fMtfrmftm. 
4.  In  anat. :  (a)  The  so-called  fifth  ventrieli- 
of  the  brain,  between  the  laminte  of  the  si-plum 
lucidum.  (l>)  Some  other  chambered  or  vaulted 
part  or  organ,  as  the  pericardium  (camera  cor- 
itix,  chamber  of  the  heart),  the  cranial  cavity 
( (•</  MI  era  era  nii),  etc.—  Camera  aquosa  <  I  Jttin.  humid 

chamber),  the  anterior  ai|Ue»n*  eliamlier  of  the  eyeball, 
bounded  In  front  by  the  corm  a.  Kcliiinl  In  the  Iris  and 
crystalline  lens.  — Camera  luclda  (Latin,  clear  cham- 
ber), an  Invention  of  the  chemist  Wollaston,  designed 
to  facilitate  the  delineation  of  distant  objects.  It  con- 
sists of  a  solid  prismatic  piece  of  nUta  mounted  upon  a 
brass  frame.  Tne  prism  has  Its  angle*  so  arranged  that 
the  rays  from  the  object  appear  reflected  as  shown  below, 
and  is  covered  at  the  top  by  a  metallic  eyepiece,  the  hole 
in  which  lies  half  over  the  edge  of  the  prism,  so  as  to  utlord 
a  person  looking  through  It  a  view  of  the  picture  reflected 
through  the  glass,  and  a  direct  view  of  his  pencil  or  tra- 


Photographed'  Camera. 

B,  bellows ;  G.  ground  glass ;  //,  holder  for  sensitive  plate :  L.  lens : 
c,  cap  for  lent ;  1 1,  slide  corerlng  sensitive  plate. 


Camera  Lucida. 

cing-point.  In  the  figure  the  object  to  be  traced,  /,  ls  op- 
posite the  perpendicular  surface  of  the  prism,  •(  r,  and  the 
rays  proceeding  from  /  pass  through  this  surface  and  fall 
on  the  inclined  plane  f  o,  which  makes  an  angle  with  <i  c 
of  67*';  from  this  they  are  totally  reflected  to  the  plane 
b  a.  which  makes  an  angle  of  KC,  with  6  c,  and  are  again 
reflected  to  the  eye  at  e  above  the  horizontal  plane,  which 
makes  an  angle  of  «7J  with  the  plane  a  b.  The  rays  of 
light  from  the  object  proceeding  upward  from  A  toward 
the  eye  of  the  observer,  he  sees  the  image  at  m.  and  by 
placing  the  paper  below  in  this  place  the  Image  may  be 
traced  with  a  pencil.  Hie  brass  frame  of  the  prism  has 
usually  two  lenses,  one  concave  and  the  other  convex,  the 
former  to  be  used  in  front  between  /  and  d  c  for  near- 
sighted persons,  and  the  latter  at  e  for  those  who  are  far- 
siuhted.  The  size  of  the  picture  may  also  be  Increased  or 
diminished  by  lengthening  or  shortening  brass  tulws  con- 
nected with  the  frame.  This  Instrument  has  undergone 
various  modifications.  It  Is  extremely  convenient  on  ac- 
count of  Its  portability.— Camera  obscura  (I. at  in,  dark 
chamber),  an  apparatus  in  which  the  images  of  external 
>bjects,  received  through  a  convex  lens,  arc  exhibited 
distinctly  and  in  their  natural  colors  on  a  white  surface 
placed  at  the  focus  of  the  lens.  The  simplest  form  of  this 
Instrument  consists  of  a  darkened  chamber.  Into  which  no 
light  Is  permitted  to  enter  except  by  a  small  hole  In  the 
uiihlow-shutter.  An  image  of  the  objects  opposite  the  hole 
will  then  appear  on  the  wall,  or  on  a  white  screen  so  placed 
as  to  receive  the  light  coming  from  the  ojtening.  A  convex 
lens  may  be  fixed  in  the  hole  of  the  shutter.  Portable  cam- 
eras are  constructed  of  various  forms,  hut  the  design  of 
them  all  is  to  throw  the  Images  of  external  objects,  as  per- 
sons,  houses,  trees,  landscapes,  etc.,  upon  a  plane  or  curved 
surface,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing,  the  making  of  photo- 
graphic pictures,  or  mere  amusement  The  surface  on 
which  the  linage  is  thrown  may  be  covered  wlUi  a  sheet 
of  paper,  on  which  the  Hcurc  may  lie  traced  by  hand  with 
a  pencil ;  but  the  picture  i»  mi»t  distinctly  wrn  when  the 
image  is  formed  on  the  i.ack  of  a  silvered  mirror.  The 
figure  represento 
a  portable  camera 
obscura.  The  cam- 
era olwcura  is  of  ten 
made  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  build- 
ing capable  of 
holding  a  number 
of  people,  who 
stand  about  a  plain 
white  table  which 
is  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  struc- 
ture, and  on  which 
the  luminous  im- 
age is  projected 
by  a  lens  on  the  roof.  By  tnniinu  the  lens  around,  a  pano- 
rama of  the  neighlioring  scenery  it>  exhibited  on  the  ta- 
ble. Cameras  for  use  in  sketching  are  made  in  the  shape 
of  a  cone,  with  a  lens  and  a  reflecting  mirror  at  the  apex 
and  a  drawing-table  inside.  One  side  of  the  box  Is  cut 
out,  and  at  this  opening  the  artist  alta.  partly  enveloped 
by  a  dark  curtain  which  aenrea  to  ihnt  out  extraneous 
liu'ht.  !*ee  optiyraph. 

The  human  eye  is  a  small  camera  oftaniro  of  wonder- 
fully perfect  construction.  Lomntel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  102. 
Copying  camera,  a  camera  used  for  copying  and  enlarging 
photograph!  from  negatives.  The  solar  camera,  for  copy- 
in.-  I.v  direct  solar  light,  U  usually  erected  out  ot  toon 


/-.  lens;   M.  i-.ta.Amf  minor;  G,  ground 

• 


camera 


778  cammock 

toward  the  sun,  the  negative  being  placed     ing  a  vacancy  in  the  Holy  See  he  takes  charge  of  all  the  camiSOt,  »•     See  eamis. 

le  lens  and  sheets  of  sensitive  lapcr  in  the  plane  of      temporalities  and  presides  over  the  apostolic  chamber  or  camisiat    (ka-mis'lil),    ».       [LL.    (ML.    also 
Copying  cameras  used  with  electric  lights  are  also      palace.     Also  camerlengo. 


n.      I.   a. 

ard  Cameron  (see 

Cameronian 

clergyman. 
II.   ».  1.  One  of  the  followers  of  Richard 


_ 

misa):  see  ca »»«.]"  1-  -^  shirt;  a  tunic. —  2. 
An  alb. —  3.  A  shrine  in  which  the  Book  of  the 
Gospels  used  at  high  mass  was  formerly  pre- 
served. It  was  frequently  made  of  gold,  richly  jeweled. 
Many  such  existed  in  the  English  cathedrals  and  parish 
churches  before  the  Reformation.  Lee,  Glossary. 


tective  camera,  a  portable  photographic  camera  adapt- 
ed for  making  instantaneous  pictures,  especially  of  mov-         ___    ...   — 

ing  objects,  while  it  is  carried  in  the  hand  or  ot     'wise  cameron  in  Scotland,  who  refused  to  accept  the  camisole  (kam'i-sol),  n.     [F.,  <  It.  camicluola. 

about  the  person     Stk3£SSied  b^  l£mS5*irtu£  indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy     dim.  of  eamieia  —  F.   chemise:   see  chemise.] 

in"hf 'range  o7  thesis Vy  means  of  a  finder  variously  de-  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II. ,  lest  by     1 .  A  short  light  garment  with  sleeves,  usually 


vised.— In  camera,  in  teic,  in  chambers;  in  private  :  ap- 
plied to  a  trial  conducted  with  closed  doors  for  some  spe- 
cial reason  touching  the  nature  of  the  case  or  the  evidence. 
—  Multiplying  camera,  in  photog.,  a  camera  fitted  with 
a  number  of  small  lenses,  so  that  it  can  take  a  number  of 
pictures  at  one  exposure.  It  is  used  for  taking  ferrotypes. 


indulgence  granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy  dim.  of  eamieia  =  F.  chemise :  see  c 
in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest  by  1.  A  short  light  garment  with  sleeves, 
so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recog-  Of  material  that  will  wash,  worn  by  women  as  a 


nize  his  ecclesiastical  authority.  They  were  known 
at  first  as  The  Societies,  but  were  afterward  organized  as 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of 
which  in  1876  was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 

-Solar  camera:    see'cop./fe»ca»n«ra.- Stereoscopic     2.  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of          - 

camera  aTnbte  camera  giving  two  pictures  upon  the     British  infantry,  from  its  having  been  origi-  S^v£3£*UW    ,        FAnnar  <  camis  + 

plate,  or  a  camera  with  a  single  lens  and  a  shifting     nauy  composed  of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked  CamiSter  (kam  is-ter),  n.     [Appar.  <.  a      is  t- 

oEdmbur<rhdurhurtherevolutionofl688.  Their    -**•''•]   A  clergyman ;  amimster.    [Vagabonds' 


dressing-sack  or  in  morning-dress. 

Mrs.  O'Dowd,  the  good  housewife,  arrayed  in  curl-papers 
and  a  camisole,  felt  that  her  duty  was  to  act  and  not  to 
sleep.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxx. 


device  for  effecting  the  same  end.  to  Edinburgh  during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Theii 

Cameradet,  »•      [<  F.  camerade:  see  comrade.}     nucleU9  consfsted  of  the  men  who  fought  under  Richart 
ATI  obsolete  form  of  comrade.  Cameron  at  Aird's  Moss  in  1680,  when  he  was  killed. 

camerostoma  (kam-e-ros'to-ma),  n.    [NL.,  <  L. 
camera  (Gr.  naiiapa),  a  vault,  +  Gr.  ar6fta,  a 


These  are  his  camerades,  his  walking  mates ! 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 


1     slang.] 

camlet  (kam'let),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  cam- 
amlet,  camelot,  <  F.  camelot  =  Pr.  chama- 


camerae,  n.    Latin  plural  of  camera. 


mouth.]    In  zool.,  the  anterior  part  of  the  body 


blet,  chamlet, 

lote  =  Sp.  camelote,  chamelote  =  Pg.  camelao  = 

It.  cambellotto,  ciambellotto  =  D.  kamelot  =  G. 


camera^  (kam'e-ral),  a.     [<  It.  camerale,  per-    of  Arachnida,  forming  a  vault  over  the  mandu-    camelot,  kamelot  =  Dan.  kamelot,  <  ML.  eamelo- 
taining  to  a  camera  or  treasury,  <  ML.  camera,     catory  organs. 

a  chamber,  public  office,  treasury:  see  camera  cameryt  (kam'e-ri),  n.     A  certain  disease  in 
and  chamber,  and  cf.  chamberlain  and  earner-    horses,  characterized  by  warts  on  the  palate 

.  i i  ».  ..     _  f  j.1 .        it,  M      Tjl, ill; :»-,„     "I  TfU? 


lingo  ]     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  camera  or  cham-    and  soft  parts  of  the  mouth.    E.  Phillips,  1706.     gilk  or  velvet;  ef.mikhmal,  >fHn<l.makhmal,  vel- 
ber.   "  cameset  (ka-mez'),  ».     [An  "English"  spelling 


Same  as  camis. 


cameralist  (kam'e-ral-ist),  n.     [<  NL.  camera- 
lista,  a  financier,  "<  ft.  camerale :  see  cameral.'] 
A  financier;  one  skilled  in  the  principles  and 
system  of  public  revenue. 
Frederick  William  I.,  himself  a  clever  caineralM,  and  camestres(ka-mes'trez),».    [Seedef.]   In  logic. 


of  camise :  see  camis.'] 

Oh,  who  is  more  brave  than  a  dark  Suliote 
In  his  snowy  camete  and  his  shaggy  capote? 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  72,  song. 


author  of  the  masterly  financial  system  of  Prussia,  took 
the  important  step  of  founding,  at  Halle  and  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder  special  chairs  of  economy  and  cameralistic  sci- 
ence. W.  Boscher,  Pol.  Econ.  (trans.),  §  19. 

cameralistic  (kam"e-ra-lis'tik),  a.  [<  cameral- 
ist  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  finance  and  public 
revenue. 

Chairs  of  cameralistic  science  were  founded  in  univer- 
sities. Encyc.  Brit,  XIX.  363. 

cameralistics  (kam"e-ra-lis'tiks),  ».  [<  camer- 
alist  +  -ies ;  =  F.  cameralistiqve  =  G.  camera- 
listik."]  The  science  of  state  finance. 


the  mnemonic  name  of  a  mood  of  the  second 
figure  of  syllogism.    The  letters  of  the  word  have  these 
significations :  C,  that  the  mood  is  to  be  reduced  to  cela- 
ihat  the  major  premise  is  a  universal  affirmative  ; 


rent;  a,  th p_  ^__ 

in,  that  the  premises  are  to  be  transposed  in  reduction  ;  e, 
that  the  minor  premise  is  a  universal  negative ;  s,  that  this 
premise  is  to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction ;  e,  that  the 
conclusion  is  a  universal  negative ;  s,  that  the  conclusion  is 
to  be  simply  converted  in  reduction.  The  following  is  an 
example  of  this  mood,  with  an  implied  reduction :  He 
that  is  of  God  heareth  my  words ;  ye  hear  them  not ;  this 
is,  then,  because  ye  are  not  of  God. 
iamil  (kam'il),  n.  A  dialectal  form  of  camo- 
mile. [Somerset,  Eng.] 

Greene.  camjon  (kam'ion),  ».  [F.,  a  dray,  truck,  pin; 
origin  unknown.]  A  truck  or  wagon  used  for 
transporting  cannon 


camerardt,  »•    A  variant  of  camerade. 
camerarius  (kam-e-ra'ri-us),  «.;  pi.  camerani 

(-i).     [ML.,  <  camera,  a  chamber,  public  office,     „„„.,  „ 

treasury^  etc.j  see  camera,  cameral^&nd^cliam-  (.^^"'(kam ' is),   "•      [Also   written    camise, 

camus,  camese  (cf.  ME.  kernes,  <  AS.  cemes,  < 
ML.  camisa);   <  OF.  camise,  F.  chemise  (>  E. 


twn.  camlet,  popularly  understood  as  a  deriv. 
of  L.  camelus,  camel,  but  in  fact  <  Ar.  khamlat, 
khamalat,  camlet  (silk  and  camel's  hair,  also  all 
silk  or  velvet;  ef.mikhmal,  >  Hind,  makhmal,  vel- 
vet), <  khaml,  pile,  plush,  a  carpet  with  a  long 
pile,  a  cushion,  etc.]  1.  A  rich  stuff  used  for 
dress  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  century,  it  was 
more  costly  and  finer  than  cameline.  It  is  frequently 
mentioned  as  in  use  in  both  England  and  France  down  to 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  Cadllescher  is  clothed  in  Chamlet,  Satten,  Silke, 
Damaske,  or  Veluet  of  seemely  colour. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  314. 

After  dinner  I  put  on  my  new  camelott  suit,  the  best 

that  I  ever  wore  in  my  life,  the  suit  costing  me  above  £24. 

Pepys,  Diary,  June  1,  1664. 

2.  A  very  durable  plain  cloth  used  for  cloaks 
and  the  like ;  a  water-proof  material  in  common 
use  before  the  introduction  of  india-rubber. 
All  the  kinds  of  camlet  are  in  a  certain  sense  imitations  of 
Oriental  camel's-hair  cloth ;  they  are  made  of  hair,  espe- 
cially that  of  goats,  with  wool  or  silk,  and  present  a  veined 
or  wavy  appearance. 

camlet  (kam'let),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  camleted, 
camletted,  ppr.  camleting,  camletting.  [<  camlet, 
n.]  To  cause  to  resemble  wavy  or  watered 
camlet.  [Rare.] 

ilk  and 


a  treasurer. 

camera-Stand  (kam'e-ra-stand),  n.  A  support 
for  a  photographic  camera.  For  indoor  work  a 
usual  form  is  an  adjustable  table  mounted  on  casters,  and 
having  variousdevices  of  racks  and  pinions,  levers,  hinges, 


q.  v.)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  camisa  =  It.  cami-  camietteen  (kam-le-ten'),  n.   [<  camlet  + 
scia,  eamieia  =  Ar.  Pers.  Hind,  qanm,  a  snirt,  <.     A  -^n^  of  nne  worsted  camlet. 


chemise, 


Evelyn,  Diary,  May  30, 1652. 
-een .] 


,  . 

LL.  camuia,  ML.  camisia,  camisa,  a  shirt,  tunic,  camletto  (kam-let'6),  n.     Same  as  camietteen. 


having  varumsuevices  01  racKsunu  pinions,  levers,  muges,  -  -  ',  „       '    /w,        '•jj.'-.-v  ~e  /-vcrr1     ^«*A*A«*WW  v"-**  u  "/»  • 

screws,  etc.,  to  enable  the  operator  to  raise,  lower,  or  tilt     prob.  from  the  orig.  torm  (  Itamttlya)  ot  (.    llr.   cammakat   «.     Another  spelling  of  camoca. 

•  hemidi,UHG.hemede,hemde,G.hemd  =  mnes.  Cammar0n  (kam'a-ron),  ».  [<  Sp.  camaron,  a 
hemethe,  a  shirt,  connected  with  OHG.  Jiamo  =  silrimp)  <  L.  cammarus,  camarus,  var.  gamma- 
AS.  hama  (in  comp.)  =  Icel.  hamr,  a  skin,  hams,  r  a  sea.cra^ :  see  Gammarus.]  A  fresh-wa- 
a  snake's  skin,  =  Goth.  *hama,  covering,  cloth-  ^er  ghnmp  or  prawn,  resembling  the  crawfish, 
ing,  >  gahamon,  cover,  anahamon,  clothe,  etc. :  jjuxley. 

see  hamel,  hem^.]     1.  A  shirt.     Compare  che-  cammas  (kam'as),  n.     Same  as  camass. 
mise.—Z.    A  light  morning-gown  or  similar  cammed  (kamd),  a.     [E.  dial.,  <  ME.  cammed, 
loose  garment.  cammyd;   <  cam?  +  -ed2.]     1.  Crooked.—  2f. 

All  in  a  Camis  light  of  purple  silk.  Crooked-nosed;    short-nosed.— 3.    Cross;    ill- 

camerated  roof.    Weal'e.— 2.  In'«oo7.,  divided'by  .    .,,.  *7"r '      Q"    'v-  ,     natured.     [Prov.  Eng  ] 

partitions  into  a  series  of  chambers;   cham-  camisadet  (kam-i-sad  ),  n.     [Also  camwado     <  cammerellt,  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  gamlrel. 

F.  camisade,  a  sudden  assaulting  or  surpnsal  Cammisl1  (kam'ish),  a.      [E.  dial.,  <  cam2  + 


it  with  ease  and  rapidity,  according  to  the  nature  of  his 
work.  In  outdoor  photography  some  form  of  tripod  is 
commonly  used  as  a  camera-stand. 

t. ,j  pret.  and  pp.  cam- 
erated, 
of  camerare, 

roof.     Cf.  camber^  and  chamber,  v.]     To  build 
in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vault.     [Rare.] 
camerated  (kam'e-ra-ted),  p.  a.    [Pp.  of  canter- 
ate,  v.]     1.    In  arch.,  arched;  vaulted:    as,  a 


ppr.  camcrating.     [<  L.  cameratus,  pp. 
irare,   arch  over,  <  camera,  an  arched 


bered ;  hollowed  out ;  fornicated ;  vaulted. 

There  are  no  buccal  teeth  [in  Trocheta  mbviridis,  Dutro- 

chet],  and  the  alimentary  tube  is  only  slightly  camerateti. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  405. 

cameration  (kam-e-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  camera- 
tio(ii-),  <  camerare  ':'  see  cainerate."]  1 .  An  arch- 
ing or  vaulting.  Evelyn.  [Rare.] — 2.  A  divi- 
sion into  compartments  or  chamberlets.  Also 
called  chambering. 

These  nuclei  [in  Foraminifera,  etc.]  may  be  simple  or 
multiple  ;  in  the  latter  case,  they  have  no  special  relation 
to  the  cameration  of  the  skeleton. 

Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  563. 

camerickt,  cameriket,  »•  Old  spellings  of  cam- 
bric. Planchd. 

camerine  (kam'e-rin),  n.  [<  L.  camera,  a 
vault:  see  camera.]  A  nummulite;  one  of 
the  foraminif erous  shells  found  in  nummulitic 
limestone. 


of  the  enemy,  <  It.  camisciata,  incamisciata 
(Florio),  now  camiciata,  incamiciata  (=  Sp. 
"camisada,  encamisada,  lit.  a  '  shirted'  attack: 
see  camisated),  <  camiscia,  eamieia  =  Sp.  camisa 
=  OF.  camise,  F.  chemise,  a  shirt :  see  camis, 
chemise.]  1.  An  attack  by  surprise  at  night 
or  at  break  of  day:  probably  so  called  because 
made  by  soldiers  wearing  shirts  over  their  ar- 
mor, in  order  that  they  might  be  recognized  by 
their  friends  in  the  dark. 


They  had  appointed  the  same  night  ...  to  have  given 
a  camisado  upon  the  English.  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

2.  A  shirt  worn  by  soldiers  over  their  armor  in    herd's-needle,  Scandix  Pecten. 

a  night  attack  to  enable  them  to  recognize  one  cammock2  (kam'ok),  n.     [E.  dial,  and  Sc. ;  E. 


Awkward;  clumsy.    Salliwell.     [Prov. 
Eng.] 

lammock1  (kam'ok),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  cambuck, 
kambuck;  <  ME.  cammok,  <  AS.  cammoc,  cam- 
mocc, cammuc,  commuc  (also  once  cammocc,  per- 
haps miswritten  for  cammocc),  a  plant,  glossed 
peucedanum.]  1.  A  leguminous  plant,  the  rest- 
harrow,  Ononis  arvensis. 

Cammokes  and  wedes 

Fouleth  the  fruite  in  the  felde. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xix.  309. 

2f.  An  umbelliferous  plant,  probably  the  shep- 


another.     [A  mistaken  use  of  the  term.] 


,    . 
dial,  also  cambuck',  Sc.  camack;  <  ME.  cambok 


scaling  ladders. 

Sir  R.  Williams,  Actions  of  the  Low  Countries,  p.  82. 


cameritelous  (kam'Vri-te'lus),  a.   [<L.  camera,  Oamisard  (kam'i-zard),  n. 
a  vault,  +  tela,  a  web:  see  toil2.]     Character- 
ized by  the  habit  of  making  intricate  webs  in 
which  to  hide :  applied  to  certain  spiders. 

earner  lingo  (kam-to-ling'go),  n.     [ft.,  formerly 


>c«UAt?A  AAU£ V     \"IK  UUQ     gv/,    "••  L-1-1"?  J-VX1UD11J1  Oarly   111    tllO    WlgiltCtJllLil  OWIVUTJ   •    8V    Ucllletl   J-IUU1 

camerlengo,  =  E.  chamberlain,  q.  v.]    The  cham-     the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  peasants  who 
berlain  of  the  pope,  having  charge  of  the  secu- 
lar interests  of  the  papacy.   He  ranks  as  one  of  the 
four  chief  officers  of  the  pope,  the  others  being  the  cardi- 


, 
nal  vicar,  the  cardinal  patron,  and  the  cardinal  pemten- 


a  vicar,      e  carina    paron,  an        e  carina   pemen-  f    ,nmivnflf  -\ 

tiary.    He  is  always  chosen  from  the  college  of  cardinals,     ana  cl-  camisaae.} 
and  is  therefore  usually  caUed  cardinal  camerlingo.   Dur-     the  other  garments. 


Two  thousand  of  our  best  men,  all  in  camisadoes  with  (ML.  cambwca,  cambuta,  cambutta),  of  Celtic 

origin.  Cf.  Gael,  camag,  anything  crooked  or 
curved,  a  club,  crook,  curl,  bay,  etc. ;  cf.  equiv. 
Sc.  cammon,  <  Gael.  Ir.  caman,  a  club  for  golf 
or  cricket,  <  cam,  crooked,  bent :  see  ca;«2.]  1. 
A  crooked  stick  or  club ;  a  crooked  beam ;  spe- 
cifically, a  crooked  club  used  in  the  game  of 
hockey  or  shinny. 

Though  the  cammock,  the  more  it  is  bowed,  the  better 
it  serveth,  yet  the  taw,  the  more  it  is  bent  and  occupied, 
the  worse  it  waxeth.  Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat,  of  Wit,  p.  46. 

Crokyd  as  a  canmke.  Skelton  (ed.  Dyce),  I.  117. 

Airlie  crooks  the  tree,  that  good  camnmk  should  be. 


[P.,  <  OF.  camise,  a 

shirt.  Cf.  camisade.]  One  of  the  French  Prot- 
estants of  the  Cevennes  who  took  up  arms  in 
defense  of  their  civil  and  religious  liberties 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century :  so  called  from 


-   ~"  .  ---  «•— 

were  the  chief  actors  in  the  insurrection. 
camisatedt  (kam'i-sa-ted),  a.     [<  ML.  "camisa- 
tH!S    eamigiatU8,  <    camisa,  a.   shirt:   see  camis, 
- 


[  with  a  shirt  above 
Johnson. 


Ray,  Proverbs  (ed.  1U78),  p.  361. 


cammock 

2.  The  game  played  with  such  a  club;  hockey 
or  shinny. 

cammocky  (kuin'ok-i),  «.  [E.  dial.,  <  «</«/«<»•/ ' 
+  -y1.]  Like  or  due  to  cammock;  having  a 
disagreeable  goat-like  smell :  applied  to  cheese, 
from  the  notion  thai  this  smell  is  duo  to  the 
COWM  eating  cammock.  [South.  Eng.] 

camocat,  camacat,  »•    [J1K.  <•««,>«•«.  r<niun<ik<i. 

<  ML.  catmint,  fiiMiic.a,  OF.  camocas,  MGr.  w/- 
//ou^df.]    A  tliiek  silk  fabric,  the  name  of  which 
first  appears  in  the   I'ourtcfnlli  century.     It  wa.-, 
used  in  tin-  manufacture  o(  armor  (sueli  as  the  gamlieson), 
for  church   vestments  (in   wliirh  CUM-    "bite  catnoca  is 
especially  mentioned),  fur  civic  robe*,  and  for  l>cd-hang- 
ings. 

M>  mvut  lied  of  blue  cainnkn  with  ynHins.  also  another 
Uil  nt  i-iiiniiku  slrijieil  with  white  anil  Mack. 

Will  ill  l.nril  Umpeiurr  (13T.r>),  quoted  In  Rock. 

camomile,  chamomile  (kam'o-mil),  n.  [The 
spelling  chamomilf  is  recent,  and  in  imitation 
of  the  Latin ;  early  mod.  E.  camomil,  eamamel 
(E.  dial,  camil),  <  ME.  camamyle,  camniiiilli , 
en  ni  omiille  =  D.  MHG.  G.  kamilte  =  Dan.  kamillc 
(-blomst)  =  Sw.  kamill  (-bloinma),  <  OF.  cama- 
millc,  F.  eamomille  =  Pr.  It.  eamomilla  =  8p. 
camontila  =  Pg.  camomelc,  <  ML.  eamamilla, 
eamomilla,  <  L.  chamomilla  and  prop,  ehamceme- 
lon,  <  Gr.  xafai- 
ptfiav,  lit.  earth- 
apple  (from  the 
apple-like  smell 
of  the  flower), 

<  Xapai,   on  the 
earth      (=     L. 
tin  mi     see  /'"//< 

6(V>2),      +      flfflaOV, 

an  apple,  =  L. 
niiiliiiii.  Cf.  cArt- 
»«e(«0».]  The 
common  name 
of  Anthewix  no- 
bilis,  a  low 
creeping  com- 
posite plant  of 
Europe,  with 
strongly  scent- 
ed foliage, 
which  has  long 
been  in  culti- 
vation and  of 
popular  repute 
as  a  bitter  sto- 
machic and  ton- 
ic. The  camomile- 
Howers  of  commerce  are  the  product  of  a  cultivated  double 
variety,  known  as  the  garden  or  Roman  camomile.  The 
single  form  is  distinguished  as  Scotch  camvmilf.  It  was 
formerly  imagined  that  the  more  the  plant  was  trodden 
upon  the  more  luxuriantly  it  grew,  and  this  was  a  favorite 
subject  of  allusion  in  ancient  writers.  The  corn-  or  neld- 
camomlle,  Anthemin  arvenxit,  is  sparingly  naturalized  in 
the  United  States.  The  dog's  or  stinking  camomile,  A. 
Cotttta,  is  more  usually  known  as  MoyiMM.  The  yellow 
camomile.  A,  tinctoria,  with  yellow-rayed  flowers,  Is  some- 
times cultivated  for  ornament  and  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
The  German  camomile  of  trade  consists  of  the  flower-heads 
of  Matricaria  ChainomiUa,  Wild  camomile  Is  the  fever- 
few. 

For  though  the  camomile,  the  more  It  Is  trodden  the 
faster  it  grows,  yet  youth,  the  more  it  is  wasted,  the  sooner 
It  wears.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

canioocht,  «.  [Also  camouccio,  used  in  the  same 
sense,  appar.  repr.  It.  camoscio,  a  chamois,  wild 

rt  (see  chamois),  perhaps  affected  in  K.  use 
It.  camuso,  a  person  with  a  flat  nose:  see 
cantons.]     A  term  of  abuse  equivalent  to  goat 
(see  etymology). 
Whoever  says  you  have  a  black  eye,  is  a  camooch. 

MiitdUton,  Blurt,  Master-Constable,  t  2. 
Speak  not ;  I  will  not  hear  thee :  away,  camm 

13.  Jonxon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  v.  3. 

Camorra  (ka-mor'S),  «.  [It. ;  cf.  obs.  It.  "ca- 
murra,  an  Irish  rugge,  also  an  upper  cassock," 
"camorro,  a  woman's  frock"  (Florio),  now  ca- 
morro,  an  ugly  person  (applied  to  a  woman).] 
A  secret  organization  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  under  the  Bourbon  government, 
first  publicly  known  about  1820,  partly  political 
and  partly  of  the  nature  of  a  standing  vigilance 
committee,  which  exercised  great  power  at 
times  among  the  lower  classes,  settling  disputes 
and  acting  as  referee,  punishing  real  or  imagi- 
nary crimes,  and  exacting  payment  for  all  such 
services.  It  became  guilty  of  many  violent  acts  in  the 
interest  of  private  vengeance  or  avarice.  Although  for 
imlitiral  ivasons  tolerated  under  Ferdinand  II.  (1830-59), 
it  was  attacked  l>y  the  government  of  Francis  II.,  in  re- 
venue for  wliieh  it  united  with  tile  opponents  of  the  Bour- 
I'on-  ami  aided  in  the  overthrow  of  tluit  dynasty.  At 
present  ttir  nr-ani/atinn  is  out  of  fuvor.  and.  though  re- 
taining a  nominal  existence,  ift  of  no  importance  as  a  t»ody. 

Camorrism  (ka-mor'i/'.nO,  ».  [<  Camorrn  + 
-I'.VHI."]  The  system  and  mode  of  action  of  the 


Camomile  (Anlhtmis 


779 

Camorra;  hence,  organized  mob-law;  system- 
atic' rejection  or  abrogation  of  the  regular  forms 
of  law. 

Camorrist  (ka-mor'ist),  ».  [<  It.  camorrista: 
see  Catiinrra.]  A  member  of  the  ('amorm;  one 
who  favors  the  principles  or  practises  the  meth- 
ods of  the  Camorra. 

camoucciot,  »•     Sec  camooch. 

camouche,  «.     Same  as  /,•<//««•///. 

camouflet  (F.  pron.  ka-mo'na),  n.  [F.,  smoke 
puffed  into  a  sleeper's  face;  origin  unknown.] 
Milit.,  a  mine  with  a  charge  so  small  as  not  to 
produce  any  crater  when  exploded.  Such  a  mine  is 
often  sunk  In'the  wall  of  earth  between  two  parallel  gal- 
leries, in  order,  by  blowing  the  earth  into  one  of  them,  to 
suffocate  or  cut  off  the  retreat  of  the  miner  who  in  at  work 
in  it.  When  used  for  this  purpose  it  in  also  called  arti/fer. 

camoust,  camust,  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
moys,  <  ME.  camois,  camoys,  <  OF.  camus,  F.  ca- 
mus  =  Pr.  camus,  camusat  =  It.  camuso,  camo- 
scio, flat-nosed.  Cf.  E.  dial,  and  ME.  cammed, 
So.  camow-nosed,  cam-noged,  flat-nosed,  nil.  con- 
nected with  cam3,  q.  v.]  Depressed;  flat; 
crooked:  said  only  of  the  nose. 

Round  was  his  face  and  tamoit  was  his  note. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  14. 

camousedt,  camusedt,  a.  [<  camous,  camus,  + 
-ed2.]  Same  as  camous. 

And  though  my  nase  be  cammed,  my  lips  thick, 
And  my  chin  bristled,  Pan,  great  Pan,  was  such. 

/;.  JoruoH,  Sad  Shepherd,  II.  1. 

camouslyt,  adv.    Awry.    Skelton. 

camoyst,  o.     Same  as  camous.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

camp '  t  (kamp),  n.  [<  ME.  camp,  comp,  battle, 
couflict  (cf.  campynge,  foot-ball),  <  AS.  camp, 
comp,  battle,  conflict,  =  OFries.  kamp,  komp 
=  D.  kamp  =  MLG.  kamp  =  OHG.  camp, 
kamph,  champ/,  MHG.  G.  kamp/,  a  fight,  battle, 
esp.  in  older  use,  of  a  fight  between  two,  = 
Sw.  Dan.  kamp,  battle,  conflict,  =  Icel.  kapp 
(assimilated  from  "kmtip),  contest,  zeal,  eager- 
ness, vehemence,  a  race  (cf.  ODan.  kap,  zeal, 
now  only  in  the  phrase  om  kap,  in  competition) ; 
regarded  by  some  as  an  orig.  Teut.  word,  but 
prob.  <  L.  campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  later  some- 
times a  battle-field,  in  ML.  also  a  camp,  battle : 
see  comp2.]  1.  Conflict;  battle. 

Alle  the  kene  inene  of  kampe,  knyghtes  and  other. 

Marie  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  L  3702. 

2.  An  English  form  of  the  game  of  foot-ball. 
It  was  played  by  two  parties  of  twelve  men,  ranged  in 
two  lines  120  yards  apart.  A  ball  was  laid  in  the  middle, 
and  on  a  given  signal  each  party  rushed  forward  to  kick 
or  throw  it  to  the  opposite  goal. 

camp1  (kamp),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  campen,  <  AS. 
campion  (=  OFries.  kampa,  kempa  =  D.  kam- 
pen  =  OHG.  cluimfan,  chemfan,  MHG.  fcm/i- 
J'en,  G.  kampfen  =  Dan.  ka*mpc  =  Sw.  la'impa), 
fight,  contend,  <  camp,  a  conflict :  see  the  noun. 
In  def.  2,  cf.  freq.  cample.]  \.  To  fight;  con- 
tend in  battle  or  in  any  kind  of  contest ;  hence, 
to  strive  with  others  in  doing  anything. —  2.  To 
wrangle ;  argue.  [Obs.  or  dial,  in  both  senses.] 
— 3.  To  play  at  the  game  of  camp.  Tusser. 

camp2  (kamp),  H.  [<  P.  camp,  a  camp,  for- 
merly also  a  field,  a  parallel  form  to  champ,  a 
field,  =  Pr.  camp  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  campo,  <  L. 
campus,  a  field,  a  plain,  a  place  of  action,  in 
ML.  also  a  camp,  a  battle,  =  Gr.  M/JTOC,  Dor.  K<5- 
»rof,  a  garden,  orchard,  plantation:  see  camp1.'] 
1.  A  place  where  an  army  or  other  body  of 


a 

J 

/ 

A 

\ 

H 

ft 

6 

— 

i 

/ 

f 

' 

f 

r 

L 

V 

C 

Z 

-- 

£ 

r*—  D  —  3 

E 

> 

N 

J  I 

f, 

i 

> 

§ 

g  1 

!..  .._«  — 

\  —  *  — 

)  5  

0 

L 

V 

r 

C 

s» 

- 

Sir 

E 

\ 

r 

f 

/ 

I 

J 

k 
J 

H 

K 

i 

/• 

Typical  Plan  of  Roman  Camp. 

A,  praetorium  ;  A ',  quarstor  and  prefects;  .-*'.  tribunal,  etc.:  ft, 
tribunes :  C.  forum ;  D.  K,  F.  legionaries  ( Triarii.  Prindpes,  and 
II.ist.iti  ;  t;,  cavalry;  //.  /,  allies,  foot  and  horse;  J.  auxiliary 
troops  :  A",  picked  cohorts  ;  /,,  special  or  extraordinary  cohorts;  M, 
s)vi  i  tl  "T  extraordinary  squadrons  of  horse:  .V.  Decuman  eate;  O. 
pnetorian  gate:  /*.  porta  prittdpatti  ilcxtra:  Q.  porta  prindpalis  si- 
nistra  ;  i.  a,  3.  4.  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  legions ;  5.  6,  right  and 
left  wings. 


campaign 

men  in  or  has  been  encamped;  the  collection 
of  trnts  or  other  temporary  structures  for 
the  accommodation  of  a  number  of  men,  par- 
ticularly troops  in  a  temporary  station  ;  an  en- 
campment. When  an  army  in  the  Held  Is  to  remain 
for  some  time  at  a  particular  spot.  It  may  be  stationed  In 
an  intrenched  camp,  surrounded  by  earthworks,  redoubta, 
t  tr.  \  X''"'1'  ''""</'  '-  an  eneanipinent  "ceupifd  for  a 
very  brief  period.  The  camps  of  the  ancient  Roman 
Holdirm,  even  though  f«r  a  stay  of  only  a  night,  « 
the  Intrenched  eliuw,  customarily  In  the  sh«|ie  of  a  rec- 
tangle mi-rounded  by  a  foa»  (/MM),  with  a  stake-faced 
embankment  (t»Uum)  on  the  innidc.  In  the  typical 
Roman  camp  there  were  four  gates),  one  at  each  aide  and 
one  at  each  end,  and  the  Interior  was  divided  into 
streets.  The  broadest  street,  100  feet  wide,  ran  between 
the  side  gates.  The  other  streets,  60  feet  wide,  ran  at 
right  angles  to  tills  from  end  to  end  of  the  camp.  A 
camp  ofuutruction  Ii  a  camp  formed  for  the  reception  of 
troops  who  are  aent  to  lie  trained  in  maneuvering  In  Urge 
bodies  and  in  campaigning  duties  in  general.  There  are 
permanent  camps  of  this  kind  at  Aldcnhot  In  England,  and 
at  Chaliins-siir-Manie  In  France. 

2.  A  body  of  troops  or  other  persons  encamp- 
ing together ;  an  army  with  its  camp-equipment. 

For  I  shall  sutler  be 
Unto  the  camv,  and  profits  will  accrue. 

Shot.,  Hen.  V.,  II.  1. 

The  whole  had  the  appearance  of  a  splendid  court 
rather  than  of  a  military  armament ;  and  In  this  situa- 
tion, carrying  more  show  than  real  force  with  it,  the 
camp  arrived  at  Bernice.  Hume,  Hist.  Eng.,  V.  318. 

3.  In  British  agri.,  a  heap  of  turnips,  potatoes, 
or  other  roots  laid  up  in  a  trench  ana  thickly 
covered  with  straw  and  earth  for  preservation 
through  the  winter.     In  some  places  called  a 
pit,  in  others  a  bury.— TO  break  camp.    Kee  break. 

camp2  (kamp),  r.     [<  camp3,  n.~]    i.  tram.  1. 
To  put  into  or  lodge  in  a  camp,  as  an  army ;  en- 
camp.   [Kare.] — 2.  To  afford  camping-ground 
for;  afford  rest  or  lodging  to.    [Bare.] 
Had  our  great  palace  the  capacity 
To  camp  this  host,  we  all  would  sup  together. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.,  IT.  8. 

3.  To  bury  in  pits,  as  potatoes ;  pit.    London. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

II.  intranx.  I.  To  establish  or  make  a  camp; 
go  into  camp:  sometimes  with  down. —  2.  To 
live  in  a  camp,  as  an  army :  as,  we  camped  there 
three  days. — 3.  To  live  temporarily  in  a  tent 
or  tents  or  in  rude  places  of  shelter,  as  for  health 
or  pleasure :  generally  with  out. 

camp3t.  «.  [<  L.  campa,  canijie,  <  Gr.  nAfnrt/,  a 
caterpillar.]  A  caterpillar.  K.  Phillips,  1706. 

campable  (kam'pa-bl),  a.  [K.  dial.,  appar.  a 
perversion  of  capable.}  Able  to  do.  Grose. 
[North.  Eng.] 

campagi,  «.     Plural  of  campagus. 

campagnol  (kam-pa-nyol'),  n.  [F.  (=  It.  cam- 
pagnuolo),  <  campagne  =  It.  campagna,  a  field, 
open  country:  see  campaign.]  A  French  name 
01  various  species  of  field-mice  or  voles,  as  Ar- 
vicola  arralis  and  A.  agrestis;  hence,  any  vole 
or  meadow-mouse  of  the  subfamily  Arvicolina;, 
family  Murula'. 

campagus  (kam'pa-gus),  n. ;  pi.  campagi  (-ji). 
[LL.,  perhaps  <  L.  campus,  a  field :  see  c«»i;>2.] 
In  Horn,  antitj.,  a  low  shoe  or  slipper  covering 
the  toes,  having  the  heel-piece  carried  around 
on  each  side  nearly  to  the  ankle-bone,  but  leav- 
ing the  instep  and  the  sides  of  the  foot  un- 
covered, and  secured  on  the  foot  by  ribbons 
or  straps.  It  was  peculiar  to  the  wealthy  and 
official  classes. 

campaign  (kam-pan'),  n.  [<  P.  campaigne,  now 
campagne  (assibilated  champai/nr.  >  E.  cham- 
paign), an  open  field,  a  military  campaign,  = 
Bp. eampatta  =  Pg.  campanha  =  It.  campagna,^ 
ML.  campania,  a  level  country,  in  classical  L. 
used  only  as  the  name  of  the  level  country  near 
Naples,  Campania,  now  Campagna  (Campanus, 
of  Campania,  a  Campaniau),  <  "rampaiiux  (LL. 
campaneus  or  campanius),  of  a  field,  <  campus, 
afield:  see  fnwyA]  If.  An  open  field;  a  large 
open  plain.  Now  champaign. —  2.  The  opera- 
tions of  an  army  during  one  season,  or  in  a  defi- 
nite enterprise:  as,  the  Vicksburg  campaign. 
—  3.  Continued  or  sustained  aggressive  opera- 
tions directed  to  the  accomplishment  of  some 
particular  object :  as,  the  temperance  campaign; 
especially,  in  U.  S.  politic*,  organized  action  in 
influencing  voters  in  an  election,  etc. :  as,  the 
last  presidential  campaign. 

We  should  get  those  amendments  out  of  the  way  before 
we  strike  out  for  the  summer  campaign. 

£  Boicltn,  Letter  to  U.  L  Dawes,  Feb.  16, 1867. 

4.  In  metal.,  the  time  during  which  a  furnace 
remains  in  operation  without  stoppage — Cam- 
paign wig.    See  viy. 

campaign  (kara-pan'),  e.  i.     [<  campaign,  n.] 
To  serve  in  a  campaign. 
The  officers  who  campaigned  in  the  late  rebellion. 

Sir  R.M<ugnm,  Irish  Rebellion,  p.  «. 


campaigne 

campaigne  (kam-pan'),  «.  [Prop.  *campane,  < 
F.  campane,  a  bell,  a  fringe,  tuft,  etc. :  see  cam- 
pane.]  A  narrow  kind  of  pillow-lace,  used  es- 
pecially as  an  edging  to  broader  laces. 
campaigner  (kam-pa'ner),  «.  [<  campaign  + 
-er1.]  One  who  is  or  lias  been  in  active  service 
in  a  campaign  or  campaigns. 

Both  horse  and  rider  were  old  campaigners,  and  stood 
without  moving  a  muscle.  Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

The  plain  before  the  town  was  full  of  tents,  and,  long 
before  the  town  or  the  tents  were  within  sight,  tile  sight 
of  actual  campaigners  gave  a  keen  feeling  of  what  was 
going  on.  E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  265. 

campana  (kam-pa'na),  n.  [=  F.  campane  = 
Pr.  Sp.  It.  campana,  <  ML.  campana,  a  bell.] 
1.  Eccles.,  a  church-bell. — 2.  A.  bell-like  dish 
or  cover  used  in  making  sulphuric  acid. — 3.  In 
bot.,  the  pasque-flower,  Anemone  1'ulsatilla. 
Campana  here  he  crops.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  227. 

campanal  (kam-pa'nal),  a.  [<  "campana  for 
Campanula  +  -al.]  Related  to  the  Campanti- 
lacea; :  applied  by  Lindley  to  one  of  the  largest 
of  his  alliances  of  plants,  of  which  the  bell  worts 
may  be  regarded  as  the  type. 

campane  (kam-pan'),  n.  [F.  campane,  a  bell, 
tuft,  fringe,  etc. :  see  campana.']  In  her.,  a  bell. 

campaned  (kam-pand'),  a.  [<  campane  +  -ed%.] 
In  her.,  bearing  campanes  or  bells. 

campanero  (kam-pa-ne'ro),  n.  [Sp.,abellman, 
<  campana,  a  bell:  see  campana.]  A  Spanish 
name  of  the  South  American  bell-birds,  as  the 
arapunga  and  others  of  the  genus  C'hasmorhi/n- 
chus :  so  called  from  the  bell-like  sound  of  their 
voice.  See  arapunga. 

campaniat  (kam-pa'ni-a),  n.     [ML. :  see  cam- 
paign.]    A  large  open  plain ;  a  champaign. 
In  vast  campaniati  there  are  few  cities.    Sir  W.  Temple. 
Forerunners  of  that  great  day  of  battle ;  which  shall, 
like  light  horsemen,  scour  the  campania. 

Jar.  Taylor,  Works,  I.  371. 

Campanian  (kam-pa'ni-an),  a.  and  n.     [<  L. 

Campania  (see  campaign,  n.)  +  -an.]  I.  a. 
Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of 
Campania,  an  an- 
cient province  of 
southern  Italy,  in- 
cluding the  Nea- 
politan plain. 

II.  ».  A  native 
or  an  inhabitant  of 
Campania. 

campaniform 
(kam-pan'i-f6rm), 
a.  [<  NL.  campaiii- 
formis,  <  ML.  cam- 
pana, a  bell,  + 
L.  forma,  shape.] 
Having  the  shape 
of  a  bell;  campan- 
ulate; bell-shaped. 
Also  campaniliform. 

campanile  (kam- 
pa-ne'le),  ». ;  pi. 
campaniles,  campa- 
nili  (-lez,  -li).  [It., 
=  Sp.  Pg.  campanil 
=  F.  campanile,  < 
ML.  campanile,  < 
campana,  a  bell : 
see  campana.]  In 
arch.,  a  bell-tower;  especially,  in  some  parts 
of  Italy,  a  detached  building  erected  for  the 
purpose  of  containing  bells ;  also,  in  the  Renais- 
sance style,  a  particular  form  of  bell-turret, 
such  as  the  two  western  towers  of  St.  Paul's 
cathedral  in  London,  St.  Peter's  and  the  Pan- 
theon in  Rome,  etc.  Many  of  the  campaniles  of  Italy 
are  lofty  and  magnificent  structures ;  that  in  Cremona  is 
395  feet  high,  and  that  in  Florence,  designed  by  Giotto 
early  in  the  fourteenth  century  for  the  cathedral  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Fiore,  is  the  most  perfect  work  of  the  Pointed 
style  in  Italy. 

campaniliform  (kam-pa-nil'i-form),  a.  Same 
as  campanifnrm. 

campanologist  (kam-pa-nol'o-jist),  n.  [<  cam- 
panology +  -ist.]  One  skilled  in  the  art  of 
campanology. 

campanology  (kam-pa-nol'o-ii),  ».  [<  ML. 
campana,  a  bell,  +  Of.  -toyfa,  <  teyuv,  speak: 
see  -ology.]  1.  The  art  or  the  principles  of 
bell-founding,  bell-ringing,  etc. 

The  enthusiastic  notices  which  the  London  papers  give 
of  the  casting  of  a  new  big  bell  for  St.  Paul's  may  justify 
the  publication  here  of  a  few  notes  on  the  subject  of  cam- 
panologi/.  Philadelphia  Record,  Jan.  14,  1882,  p.  8. 

2    A  treatise  on  this  art. 

Campanula  (kam-pan'u-la),  n.  [ML.,  dim.  of 
campana,  a  bell;  from  the  form  of  the  corolla. 


Flowering  Branch  of  Can 
in,/:,  Mrdium. 


780 

Cf.  campana,  pasque-flower.]  1.  A  large  ge- 
nus of  plants,  which  gives  its  name  to  the 
natural  order  Canipa- 
nulaeete;  the  bell-flow- 
er genus.  The  species  are 
herbaceous  plants,  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers  usually  of  a 
white  or  blue  color.  The 
most  common  and  best- 
known  wild  species  is  the 
delicate  harebell,  C.  rotun- 
i/i'i'iJi'ri,  the  bluebell  of 
Scotland,  which  is  found 
growing  in  rocky  places 
around  the  globe  in  the 
northern  temperate  and  arc- 
tic zones.  Many  species  are 
cultivated  for  their  showy 
flowers,  the  most  frequent 
In-ill-  C.  Medium,  known  as 
canterbury-hells.  C.  Ranun- 
culus is  frequently  cultivat- 
ed in  southern  Europe  for 
its  edible  tuberous  roots. 
2.  [I.e.]  A  chasuble:  so 
called  from  its  conical 
shape  when  put  about 
the  body  .—3.  [i.e.]  In 
zool.  and  anat.,  some 
campanulate  or  bell-shaped  part  or  organ. — 
Campanula  Halleri,  in  ichth.,  the  swollen  end  of  the 
falciform  process  in  the  eye  of  a  fish.  See  extract. 

A  vascular  darkly-pigmented  process  ...  is  found  in 
tiie  eyes  of  many  Teleostei,  and  ...  its  end  ...  is  pro- 
vided with  a  swelling  (campanula  Halleri),  which  is  at- 
tached to  the  hinder  part  of  the  capsule  of  the  lens. 

Oeyenbaur,  Comp.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  531. 

CampanulaceaB  (kam-pan -u -la 'se-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campanula  +  -acew.]  A  'natural  or- 
der of  monopetalous  dicotyledonous  plants, 
the  bellworts,  mostly  herbaceous,  with  bland 
milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  a  regular  bell- 
shaped  or  rotate  corolla,  distinct  stamens,  and 
numerous  seeds  in  a  capsule  usually  opening 
by  valves  or  lateral  slits.  They  are  natives  chiefly 
of  northern  temperate  regions,  and  are  of  little  value  hut 
for  ornament.  The  principal  genus  is  Campanula.  The 
order  is  sometimes  made  to  include  the  Lobeliacea.  See 
cuts  under  Campanula  and  harebell. 

campanulaceous  (kam-pan-u-la'shius),  a.  Be- 
longing to  the  natural  order  Campanulacecn. 

Campanularia  (kam-pan-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [NL., 
<  ML.  campanula,  a  little  bell.]  The  typical 
genus  of  the  family  Campanulariidce,  having 
cup-shaped  hydrothecse  at  the  ends  of  ringed 
stalks  and  polypites  with  a  circlet  of  tentacles 
below  the  conical  pro- 
boscis. 

Campanulariae  (kam- 
pan-u-la'ri-e),  n.  pi. 
[NL.  'Cf.  Campanularia.] 
In  Claus's  system  of  clas- 
sification, a  suborder  of 
Hydromedusa;,  character- 
ized by  the  chitinous 
skeletal  tubes  widening 


Campanile  of  Giotto 


CafHfanulttrffr . 
A,  hydranth ;  e,  its  pe- 
duncle ;  e ' ,  hydrotheca ;  o , 
mouth  ;  te,  tentacles ;  k ',  di- 
gestive cavity,  continuous  vdth 
Body-cavity,  ^.contained  in  the 
peduncle,  and  in  the  stolon  or 
creeping-stem,  S;  B,  gonnngi- 
um containing  two  medusiforni 
zooids  or  gonophores,  «',  TV;  b, 
blastostyle  or  peduncle  of  the 
gonpphore ;  *",  the  somatic 
cavity  in  connection  with  that 
of  the  stolon ;  C,  a  bud. 


out  round  the  polyp-head 
to  form  cup-like  hydro- 
thecse :  same  as  Calypto- 
blastea.  Also  called  Veitr- 
culata. 

campanularian  (kam- 
pan-u-la'ri-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Campanulate;  ca- 
lyptoblastic ;  having  bell- 
shaped  hydrothecee :  said 
only  of  the  Calyptoblas- 
tea  or  Campanularia!. 
Also  campanularidan. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the 
eenus  Campanularia. 

Campanularida  (kam- 
pan-u-lar'i-da),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campanularia  + 
-ida.]  A  suborder  or  other  division  of  the  ca- 
lyptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoaus,  distinguish- 
ing the  campanularian  from  the  sertularian 
forms  of  the  Calyptoblastea. 

campanularidan  (kam-pan-u-lar'i-dan),  a. 
Same  as  campanularian. 

campanulariid  (kam-pan-u-lar'i-id),  n.  A  po- 
lyp of  the  family  Campamilariidce. 

Carnpanulariidse  (kam-pan"u-la-ri'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campanularia  +  -ida'.]  A  family  of 
calyptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans,  having  the 
cells  terminal,  pedunculate,  and  campanulate, 
and  the  polypites  with  a  large  trumpet-shaped 

proboscis.  Campanularia,  Clutia,  Obelia,  etc.,  are  gen- 
era of  this  family.  Also  written  Campanularida;,  Cam- 
panulariadfp.  See  cut  under  Campamdaria. 
campanulate  (kam-pan'u-lat),  a.  [<  ML.  cam- 
panulatus.t.  campanula,  a  little  bell, dim.  of  cam- 
pana, a  bell:  seecampaiia.]  Having  the  form  of 


camp-follower 

a  bell;  bell-shaped.  In  bot.,  applied  to  many  parts 
of  plants,  particularly  to  the  corolla.  In  entom.,  said  of 
surfaces  which  are  rounded  at  one  end,  with  the  sides 
somewhat  incurved  and  then  spreading  out  to  the  other 
end ;  applied  especially  to  the  metanotum,  the  broader  end 
being  the  base.  The  abdomen  of  an  insect  is  said  to  be 
campanulate  when  the  basal  joint  is  slender  and  the 
second  dilated  and  hollowed  at  the  apex,  so  that  the  third 

d'oiut  is  received  within  it. 
ampanulina    (kam-pan-u-li'na),  n.     [NL.,  < 
ML.  campanula,  dim.  of  campana,  a  bell.]     The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Campanulinidce. 

campanulinid  (kam-pan-u-lin'id),  n.  A  polyp 
of  the  family  Campanulinida;. 

Campanulinidae  (kam-pan-u-lin'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campanulina  +  -idte.]  A  family  of  ser- 
tularian or  calyptoblastic  hydroid  hydrozoans. 
They  are  colonies  of  polyps,  which  are  differentiated  into 
alimentary  zooids,  with  one  verticil  of  filiform  tentacles, 
and  generative  polyps,  having  the  polypostyles  without 
mouth  or  tentacles.  Both  kinds  of  zooids  are  invested  by 
chitinous  capsules.  The  polypostyles  only  produce  by 
budding  sexual  zooids,  which  are  rudimentary  medusa?  and 
never  become  free.  Campanulina  is  the  typical  genus. 

Campbellite  (kam'bel-It),  n.  [<  Campbell  (see 
def.)  +  -ite2.]  1.  A  member  of  the  denomina- 
tion otherwise  known  as  the  Disciples  of  Christ, 
founded  by  the  Eev.  Alexander  Campbell.  The 
Campbellites  were  also  called  New  Lights.  See 
disciple.  [U.  S.]  — 2.  One  of  the  followers  of 
the  Rev.  John  McLeod  Campbell,  who,  when 
deposed  in  .1831  for  teaching  the  universality  of 
the  atonement,  founded  a  separate  congrega- 
tion. [Scotch.] — 3.  [1.  c.]  A  local  name  of 
a  sunfish,  Pomoxys  annularis,  abundant  in  the 
Mississippi.  Also  called  new-light. 

The  names  new-light  and  Campbellite  are  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  became  abundant  and  the  subject  of  observation 
when  the  religious  denomination  bearing  those  names  ori- 
ginated. Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  III.  235. 

camp-ceiling  (kamp'se'ling),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
ceiling  sloping  on  either  side  from  the  vertical 
walls  toward  a  plane  surface  in  the  middle,  so 
as  somewhat  to  resemble  a  coved  ceiling.  It 
is  most  frequently  used  in  garrets,  giving  the 
roof  a  resemblance  to  the  top  of  a  tent. 

camp-chair  (kamp'char),  n.  A  light  chair  con- 
structed like  a  camp-stool,  but  with  a  back. 

camp-drill  (kamp'dril),  n.  A  portable  drill 
having  two  arms  which  extend  outward  from 
the  ends  of  a  connecting  piece,  the  upper  arm 
carrying  the  drill,  and  the  lower  serving  as  a 
rest  for  the  work  which  lies  between  the  two. 

Campeachy  wood.    Same  as  logwood. 

Campephaga,  Campephagidae,  etc.  See  Cam- 
pophaga,  etc. 

camper1!  (kam'per),  ».  [<  ME.  campar;  <  campl 
+  -er1-.]  One  who  plays  at  the  game  of  camp. 
Tusser. 

camper2  (kam'per),  «.  [<  com/>2,  v.,  +  -er1.] 
One  who  camps  out,  or  lives  in  a  camp. 

A  true  and  circumstantial  delineation  of  the  camper's 
life  in  the  Maine  forests.  The  American,  VII.  169. 

camperknoWSt,  n.  [E.  dial.,  prop.  *camper- 
nolls,  lit.  mushrooms  (of  which  in  part  the  dish 
was  prob.  composed),  =  MD.  kamperrtoelie,  D. 
kampernoelje  =  MLG.  Icampernol,  mushroom,  < 
It.  campignuolo,  >  F.  champignon,  a  mushroom: 
see  champignon.]  Ale  pottage,  made  with  sugar, 
spices,  etc.  Grose. 

campesont,  n.     Same  as  gambeson.     Wright. 

campestral  (kam-pes'tral),  a.  K  L.  campestris, 
<  campus,  a  field :  see  camp2.]  Pertaining  to  an 
open  field ;  growing  in  a  field  or  on  open  ground. 
The  campestral  or  wild  beech  is  blacker  and  more  dur- 
able. Mortimer. 

campestrian,  campestrine  (kam-pes'tri-an, 
-trin),  a.  Same  as  campestral. 

camp-fightt  (kamp'fit),  n.  [<  cflwfj)1  +  fight; 
cf.  ML.  campus,  a  duel:  see  camp1.]  In  old 
law,  a  trial  by  duel,  or  the  combat  of  two  cham- 
pions, for  the  decision  of  a  controversy. 

camp-fire  (kamp'fir),  «.  1.  A  fire  in  a  camp 
for  warmth  or  cooking:  as,  a  soldier's  or  a 
hunter's  camp-fire.  It  is  commonly  built  in  the 
open  air  and  on  the  ground. 

A  huge  Kimp-Jire  blazing  up  beneath  the  forest  arches. 
Foretft  and  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

2.  Among  the  members  of  the  society  called 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  a  meeting  or 
reunion  of  the  members  of  a  post.  [U.  S.] 
camp-follower  (kamp'foro-er),  n.  One  who 
follows  a  camp  or  an  army  without  being  offi- 
cially connected  with  it,  as  a  sutler,  washer- 
woman, etc. 

The  troops  were  attended  by  a  great  multitude  of  camp- 
fnllntfrs.  Macaulay. 

In  the  moment  of  failure  [at  Bannockburn],  the  sight  of 
a  body  of  cam /i-folloirerx,  whom  they  mistook  for  ree'n- 
forcements  to  the  enemy,  spread  panic  through  the  Eng- 
lish host.  J.  R.  Green,  Short  Hist.  Eng.  People,  iv.  §  6. 


camphene 

camphene,  camphine  (kam-fen'  or  kam'fen), 
n.  [<  ciiin/i/i(iir)  +  -i  in-,  -tin'-.]  1.  The  generic 
mime  of  the  volatile  oils  or  hydrocarbons  hav- 
ing the  general  formula  C1()II](!,  which  are 
isomeric  or  polymeric  with  oil  of  turpentine. 
Many  camphcnes  exist  ready  formed  in  plants,  as  oil  of 
cloves,  liei^aniot,  etc.  They  arc  liquid  at  ordinary  tern 
licratures,  and  are  distinguished  from  one  another  I >\  Hi-  n 
odors,  boiling-points,  and  action  on  polarized  light.  They 
absorb  oxygen  and  convert  it  into  ozone.  The  name  is  sy- 
nonymous with  ter/u'iu- ;  lint  by  some  authorities  the  laiin 
is  made  the  generic  name  of  all  the  volatile  hydrocarbons 
having  the  formula  i',,,!!  ,,..  while  ,•.,,,,,,/,,„,-  is  limited  to 
those  terpenes  which  are  solid  at  ordinary  temperatures. 
2.  The  commercial  term  for  purified  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, obtained  by  distilling  the  crude  oil  over 
(juicklime  to  free  it  from  resin.  It  gives  a  bril- 
liant light  in  lamps  haviii-  a  very  strong  draft  for  the 
prevention  of  smoke,  and  was  extensively  used  before  the 
introduction  of  (ictroleum. 

camphic  (kam'fik),  o.  [<  campk(or)  +  -ic.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  camphor:  as,  camphic  acid. 

camphine,  n.    See  camphene. 

camphiret  (kam'fir),  n.   [See  campJtor.]    1.  An 
old  form  of  camphor. 
Wood  of  aloes,  camphire  and  many  other  things. 

llakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  58. 

2.  In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible  (Cant, 
i.  14,  iv.  13),  a  faulty  rendering  of  the  Hebrew 
name  of  the  henna-plant,  Lawstinia  ttlbtt. 
camphiredt  ^kaui'fird),  a.  [<  camphire  for  cam- 
phor +  -cd*.]  Impregnated  with  camphor; 
camphorated. 

Wash-balls  perfumed,  camphired,  and  plain. 

Tatter,  No.  101. 

camphogen  (kam'fo-jen),  «.  [<  ML.  campho- 
(ra),  camphor,  +  L.'  -gen,  producing:  see -yen.] 
A  colorless  liquid  (CjoHu)  produced  by  dis- 
tilling camphor  with  phosphorous  pentoxid. 
Also  called  cymene. 

camphol  (kam'fol),  n.  [<  camph(or)  +  -ol.] 
Same  as  Borneo  camphor  (which  see,  under 
camphor). 

campholic  (kam-fol'ik),  a.  [<  camphol  +  -ic.] 
Related  to  or  containing  camphol.— Campholic 
acid,  an  acid  (C]()H1S"'_>)  produced  from  camphor  by  the 
action  of  alcoholic  potash  solution.  It  is  a  white  volatile 
solid,  insoluble  in  cold  water. 

camphor  (kam'for),  n.  [Now  spelled  to  imi- 
tate the  ML.  form,  but  until  recently,  and  still 
dial.,  camphire,  early  mod.  E.  camphire,  campher, 
camfere,  <  P.  camphre  =  Sp.  can/or,  canfora, 
alcanfor  =  Pg.  canfora,  alcanfor  =  It.  canfora 
=  D.  kamfer  =  MHG.  campher  (also  gaffer),  G. 
kampfer  =  Dan.  Sw.  kamfer  =  Pol.  kamfora  = 
Bohem.  kamfora,  kamfr,  kafr  =  Russ.  kamfara, 
<  ML.  camphora,  canfora,  camforum,  also  cafu- 
ra,  NL.  camphora  =  MGr.  NGr.  Ktupovpa  =  Turk. 
kdfiir,  <  Ar.  and  Pers.  kdfiir  =  Skt.  karpurn 
=  Hind,  kdpura,  camphor,  <  Malay  kdpur,  cam- 
phor, lit.  chalk,  lime ;  kdpur  barus,  Barus  cam- 
phor, the  camphor  of  Sumatra  and  Java  (Barus, 
a  place  on  the  west  coast  of  Sumatra) ;  kdpur 
tohori,  Japan  camphor.]  A  whitish,  translu- 
cent, volatile  substance  closely  related  to  the 
ethereal  oils,  with  a  tough  crystalline  texture, 
a  peculiar  penetrating  odor,  and  an  aromatic 
cooling  taste,  the  product  of  various  trees  and 
plants  of  eastern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands. See  camphor-tree.  Common  or  laurel  .-.im 
phor  (CioIIitjt>)  is  distilled  from  the  wood  of  a  lanraceous 
tree.  Cinnamomum  camphora,  and  is  obtained  in  its  crude 
state  from  Formosa  and  Japan  and  afterward  refined  hy 
sublimation.  It  Is  of  frequent  use  in  medicine  as  a  ner- 
vous stimulant  and  antispasmodlc  In  typhoid  and  hysteri- 
cal states.—  Alant  Camphor.  C10H ,  «<  >,  a  camphor  resem- 
bling peppermint  in  taste  ami  smell,  found  in  the  roots  of 
iniii'i  iii'ii-nium.—  Artificial  camphor,  «'ioHii|Hcl.  or 
lifidrtn-hlurati'  tif  ttirfn'iititif-oit,  a  solid  obtained  by  treat- 
ing oil  of  turpentine  with  gaseous  hydrochloric  acid.  It 
has  the  odor  and  taste  of  common  camphor,  but  N  !••-- 
punireiit,  and  is  somewhat  terebinthinate.  —  Blurnea 
camphor,  or  ngai,  a  substance  having  the  same  compo- 
sition as  Banco  camphor,  but  differing  from  it  iu  tiiniinu 
polarized  light  to  the  left.  It  is  obtained  by  distillation 
from  a  tall  herbaceous  composite,  Bliinn'a  balxm/ 
growing  abundantly  in  tropical  easteni  Asia,  and  is  used  by 
the  Chinese  in  medicine  and  in  perfuming  the  finer  kinds 
of  ink. —  Borneo  camphor,  also  known  as  Sana,  Ma- 
layan, or  Siinnitm  i-mnftli"'',  C]oH]s(),  a  substance  very 
similar  in  its  properties  to  e..mmnn  camphor.  Itis  found 
ill  a  solid  crystalline  state  in  fissures  in  the  trunk  of 
I>rifnt)iilijniiii.t  iirnni'ttii''!,  a  gigantic  forest-tree  of  suma 
tra  and  Borneo.  It  sometimes  oecurs  in  masses  several 
pounds  in  weight.  VKo  called  /><:rn<'«t  and  i-mniihol. 
Camphora  monobromata,  t'mllir.BrO,  a  substance  ob 
taincd  by  replacing  one  hydrogen  atom  in  camphor  with 
bromine.  It  is  used  ill  medicine  as  a  sedative.  \N<  ralle.l 

HMwtroaulfld  oompAor,  i,<-,ni<"t«i  tgmfittr,  torn 

i-nin/i/i'ir.  Camphor-Julep  or  -water,  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  camphor  in  water.  -Cedreno  camphor,  ('isllouO, 
tin'  crystalline  portion  of  oil  of  red  cedar,  obtained  by  .roo] 
im;  the  oil  until  the  crystals  separate,  and  aftcrvvanl  press 
iniiontthe  liquid.  --TObaCCO  Camphor,  ana  me  u'h  en  bj 
'iiiielin  to  nicothinin.  I'rr,  Diet..  III.  41ti.  [other  so- 
called  camphors  (>teari-pti  Mrs)  air  nhtaiued  from  various 
volatile  oils,  constituting;  the  lea>t  volatile  portion  of  the 
oil  and  crystallizing  at  ordinary  temperatures.] 


781 

camphor  (kam'for),  r.  t.  [<  camplmr.  «.]  To 
impregnate  or  wash  with  camphor;  camphor- 
ate.  [Kare.] 

camphoraceous  (kam-fo^ra'HhiiiH),  n.  [<  nm,- 
/iln'i-  +  -Heron*.]  Of  the  nature  of  or  resem- 
bling camphor. 

camphorate  (kam'fo-rat),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
I'liiiililinriitiil,  ]>pr.  i-iiiii/ilioriitinij.  [<  NL.  cani- 
/iliiinitii.t,  |iji.  ul'  i-iiw/tlinriiri-.  <  camphora,  cam- 
phor: see  cuiMplior  iind  -<it<  '  .  ]  To  treat  or  im- 
pregnate with  camphor:  aa,  "a  camphorated 
drauL'lit.''  liHHi/timm. 

camphorate  (kam'fo-rat),  a.  and  n.  [<  NL. 
i-iimiiliiirdtui,  pp.:  see  the  verb.]  I.  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  camphor  or  impregnated  with  it:  as, 
"camplwrafe  liquors,"  Boyle,  Works,  I.  433. 

II.  H.  [=NL.  cnmphiiriitHin,  m-iit.']  In  <•/«  /«.. 
a  compound  of  camphoric  acid  with  different 
bases. 

camphoric  (kam-for'ik),  «.  [<  camphor  +  -ic.] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  camphor.-  cam- 
phoric acid,  i',  ,,11,,.  .114,  a  dibasic  acid  produced  from 
camphor  by  digestion  with  nitric  acid.  It  forms  crystal- 
line colorless  flakes,  which  are  not  readily  soluble  In  col<! 
water. 

camphor:oil  (kam'fqr-oil),  ,  ».  1.  A  yellowish- 
brown  liquid  which  drains  from  the  ermli- 
camphor  of  commerce,  having  a  camphor-like 
odor  and  taste,  and  containing  a  considerable 
quantity  of  camphor  in  solution.  —  2.  A  red- 
dish volatile  oil,  isomeric  with  oil  of  turpen- 
tine (Cj0Hi8),  obtained  from  the  iJryobalaiiopx 
aromatica  by  tapping  the  tree,  and  from  reser- 
voirs which  form  iu  the  trunk.  It  is  but  rarely 
met  with  in  commerce.  Also  called  camphor- 
wood  oil. 

camphoronic  (kam-fo-ron'ik),  a.  [<  camphor 
+  -one  +  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
camphor  —  Camphoronic  add,  Ci»H12o5,  a 


,  , 

acid  formed  hy  the  oxidation  of  camphor  or  camphoric 
acid  by  nitric  acid.  It  forms  colorless  microscopic  nee- 
dles, which  are  volatile  and  readily  soluble  in  water. 
camphor-tree  (kam'for-tre),  M.  1.  The  Cinna- 
momum camphora,  a  lauraceous  tree  which 
yields  the  camphor  of  commerce,  found  in  Ja- 
pan, along  the  southern  maritime  regions  of 
China,  and  especially  in  Formosa.  The  timber  is 
excellent  and  much  prized  for  making  clothes  chests  and 


Branch  of  Camphor-tree  {CtttrtamomHm  catnfhor< 


cabinets.  Camphor  is  obtained  from  the  root,  trunk,  and 
branches  by  exposing  the  chips  in  closed  vessels  to  the 
vapor  of  boiling  water.  The  hot  steam  volatilizes  the  cum 
phor,  which  is  deposited  in  the  upper  part  of  the  vessels. 
2.  The  DryOMlMOpt  aromatica,  a  tree  of  Su- 
matra and  Borneo,  yielding  Borneo  camphor 
(which  see,  undercflmuAo/').  See l>ry<>l><il/inii/>x. 
camphor-wood  (kam  for-wud),  w.  The  wood 
of  the  camphor-tree.—  Camphor-wood  oil.  same 

as  cttiniilioi-'uil,  2. 

camphrene  (kam-fren'), «.  [<  camphor  +  -ene.] 
A  volatile  product,  to  which  the  formula  Co 
Hi^O  has  been  given,  formed  by  the  action  of 
sulphuric  acid  on  camphor,  it  may  i»-  simply 
phorone  (a  condensation  priMluct  of  acetone)  with  slight 
impurities.  P.  N.  l>i,<}»'n*ntnrii. 

campion  (kam 'pi -on),  w.  [Cf.  "campiun,  an 
herb  that  bears  a  pretty  flower"  (Kersey,  1708) ; 
prob.  ult.  <  L.  campus,  a  field.  Cf.  chain pimi-. 
chiimpaian.]  The  popular  name  of  certain 
plants  belonging  to  the  genera  Lychnis  and 
.N'lVrHC  (which  see).  Bladder-campion  is  Silenr  imfn- 
t"  .  Ma  raiHpiiiii.  N.  ni'i.  ;t;nta  ;  moos-campion.  5.  acauli* ; 
starry  campion,  >'.  ,.r./7"''i  .  ic<l  alpine  campion,  Lychni* 
alfina;  rose-campion,  /,.  (or  Ayrwtemma)  coronana  and 


Campophaginae 

/..  t-'Uit-Joti* ;  red  campion.  /,.  r/urm/i;  white  campion 

/.,    '-  'f-iltioi  .    .''.iorampli.il     /..',i'//-i.  in  ,    and    n.. 

i  ,IMi|H»ll      /.       ; 

camp-kettle  (kainp'ket'l),  n.  A.  pot  for  the  use 
of  soldiers  or  others  in  a  camp, 
cample  (kam'pl),  r.  •'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  rampli-il. 
pin-,  i-ii  in  pi  i  nil.  [E.  dial.,  also  camfilr  (and  nun- 
/ni) ;  fre(|.  nt  rimi/ii.  \  To  contend;  argue;  talk 
noisily.  [Prov.  Bug.] 

If  they  tie  incensed,  angry,  chid  a  little,  their  wlvra 
must  not  i-niHiilf  again,  but  take  It  in  good  part. 

'"it,  Anal,  of  Mel.,  p.  Ml. 

camp-meeting  (kaiiiii'iiujtiii^),  n.  A  religious 
gathering  for  prayer,  instruction,  exhortation. 
etc.,  helil  in  an  encampment  formed  in  a  wood, 
grove,  or  field,  generally  continueil  for  a  week 
or  more.  The  practice  of  holding  such  meeting!  origi- 
nated In  the  I  nit. , i  states  In  17i«>.  and  Is  still  common, 
especially  In  the  Methodist  denomination.  Called  by  Mor- 
mons irutHl-nifAting. 

campo  (kiim'po),  n.  [Pg.  Sp.  It.  cam/to,  <  L. 
cnmpn»,  a  field:  see  camp".}  1.  The  name 
given  in  Brazil  to  patches  of  land  in  the  midst 
of  the  dense  forests  of  the  country  which  are 
either  ent  irel y  bare  of  trees  or  are  only  sparsely 
covered  with  them. 

The  country  around  Santarcm  Is  a  eainixi  region ;  a 
slightly  elevated  and  undulating  tract  of  land,  wiioded 
only  iu  patches,  or  with  single  scattered  trees. 

//.  II'.  Ilatr*.  Naturalist  oil  the  River  Amazon,  p.  178. 

2.  The  Italian  acre,  a  measure  of  land  vary- 
ing in  different  states  from  }  of  an  English  acre 
to  H  acres. 

Campodea  (kam-po'de-a),  «.   [NL.,  <  Gr.  nafiTTit, 
a  caterpillar,  +  t«!or,  form.]    The 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Cam- 
podfidte.      C.   utaphyHnut    is    an 
example. 

Cainpwlra  is  supposed  to  he  "the  rep- 
resentative of  a  form  from  which  many 
other  groups  have  been  derived." 

J-atcuf,  /.ool.  class.,  p.  lOtt. 

Campodeae  (kam-po'de-e),  «.  pi. 
[NL.]  Same  us  Campodeidte.  A. 
.S.  Packard. 

campodeid  (kam-p6'de-id),  w. 
An  insect  of  the  family  Camjm- 
dtida'. 

Campodeidae  (kam-po-de'i-de),  M. 
pi.  [XL.,  <  ('ampodva  +  -«/«•.]  A 
remarkable  family  of  thysanurous  A  />it|fj 
insects,  typified  by  the  genus  I'am- 
pudca,  illustrating  a  generalized  or  synthetic 
t  vpe  from  which  other  groups  may  have  been  de- 
rived. They  are  of  elongated  form,  the  aUlomen  having 
10  segments  and  ending  in  '1  long  filaments,  and  have  3  paint 
of  legs,  simple  trachea1,  and  no  eyes.  In  general  aspect  the 
CaniiKKleidtr  recall  some  of  the  myriapods ;  they  are  re- 
lated  to  fWitrutif,  and  es|)ecially  to  LepininidoK.  Tile  fam- 
ily contains  the  genus  A'irtitftia  liesides  Campodta,  and  to 
it  the  genus  lapifx  is  sometimes  referred.  AUio  Cautpodter, 
and  less  correctly  Campwtida. 

campoi  (kam-poi'),  M.  [The  Cantonese  pron.  of 
Chin,  kien,  selected,  +  pet,  fire.]  A  selected 
and  carefully  fired  variety  of  Congou  tea. 

campong  (kam'pong),  «.  [Malay  kampong,  an 
inclosure.]  A  native  village  iu  the  islands  of 
the  Malay  archipelago. 

All  islands  are  liable  to  the  linguistic  difficulty  of  their 
littoral  being  occupied  by  a  superior  seafaring  and  com- 
mercial race,  either  continuously  or  In  detached  catnpontjt. 
while  the  interior  and  unexplored  mountains  become  the 
refuge  of  shy  and  uncivilized  Indigenes. 

R.  X.  Cturt,  Mod.  Langs.  G.  Ind.,  p.  133. 

Campophaga  (kam-pof'a-ga),  w.  [NL.  (Vieil- 
lot,  1816),  <  Gr.  Kdfijrt/,  caterpillar,  +  ?aj  riv,  eat.] 
A  genus  of  birds,  typical  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
pophaaimc  (which  see);  the  caterpillar-catch- 
ers proper,  such  as  C.  tiigra  of  Africa.  Also 
( 'a  wpephftgrt . 

CampOphagidaB(kam-po-faj'i-de),  ii.pl.    [XL.. 

<  Cttmpiipliaga  +  -i</«'.J     A  family  of  old-world 
turdoid  pasxerine  birds,  named  from  the  genus 
t'ainpiililiai/ii.  containing  more  or  less  shrike- 
like  birds  with  soft  plumage,  that  of  the  rump 
usually  with  stiffened  shafts,  the  bill  grypanian 
with  covered  nostrils,  and  the  wings  moderate 

Or  long.  Tile  family  is  letter  know  n  by  it>  conventional 
com|iosition  than  by  its  intrinsic  character,  consisting,  ac- 
cording to  the  latest  authority,  of  the  genera  Artamidr*. 
Campocli<rrn,  Ittriq**locnt,  (irauralu*.  Kdoliitoma,  Lobo- 
'  nij^jthafja,  /YnV-rcro/u«,  Lalayr,  and  SymmorpAtf *. 
M.uiv  of  the  sjM>eies  are  called  catrrpHiar-tatchtrt.  Also 
written  l'<iiu}»-f*lni'nil,r. 

Campophaginae  (kam'po-fft-ji'neV  «.  pi.    [XL., 

<  ('iinipoiilinija  +  -IMB.J     A  group  of  old-world 
dentirostral  oscine  passerine  birds  of  uncertain 
position,  sometimes  referred  to  the  fMniida-  or 
shrikes,  oftener  to  the  Jfmteieapitla'  or  flycatch- 
ers, or  raised   to  the   rank  of  a   family,  Cam- 
puphiiiiiilii';  the  caterpillar-catchers.     Campo- 
I'huiia  is  the  leading  genus.    Also  written  Cam- 
pcphaginii,  Campephagina;. 


campophagine 


782 


can 


campophagine  (kam-pof'a-jin),  a.     [<  Campo-  CamptOSOrus  (kamp-to-so'rus),  ».    [NL.,  <  Gv. 


/iltrttfa  +  -ine l.]  Feeding  upon  caterpillars ; 
specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Camjiojiha- 
ijime  or  Campophagida;.  Also  written  campe- 

Campophilus  (kam-pof'i-lus),  n.  [NL.  (first 
(Jampephilus—Q.  R.  Gray,  1840),  <  Gr.  ' 
caterpillar,  + 
0/Aof,  loving.] 
A  genus  of 
woodpeckers  of 
the  largest  size, 
of  the  fam- 
ily Picidw,  in- 
habiting the 
warmer  parts 
of  America ; 
the  ivory-billed 
woodpeckers. 
They  have  a  long, 
straight,  truncate, 
beveled  and  ridged 
bill  of  ivory- 
like  hardness  and 
whiteness,  a  very 
slender  neck,  the 
head  crested,  and 
the  coloration 
black,  white,  and 
scarlet.  The  best- 
known  species  is  C. 
principalis  of  the 
southern  United 
States,  about  20 
inches  long  and  30 
or  more  in  extent 
of  wings.  Another, 
C.  imperialia,  is  still  larger.  See  ivory-bill.  Also  written 
Campephilu*. 

Campostoma  (kam-pos'to-mii),  n.  [NL.  (Agas- 
siz,  1855),  <  Gr.  Ka/iirt/,  a  bending,  +  arAfia, 
mouth.]  A  genus  of  American  cyprinoid 
fishes,  of  the  family  Cyprinida;,  characterized 


bent,  +  oapof,  a  heap,  mound  (fruit- 
dot)  :  see  sorus.~\  A  genus  of  ferns,  of  the  tribe 
Aspleniece,  comprising  two  species,  one  of  whic}i 
is  found  in  eastern  North  America,  the  other 
in  eastern  Asia  ;  the  walking-fern,  it  has  fruit- 
dots  both  parallel  and  oblique  to  the  midrib,  and  the  tip 
nf  the  frond  bends  over  and  takes  root,  giving  origin  to 
a  new  plant. 

camptptropal  (kamp-tot'ro-pal),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Ka/arTof,  flexible,  taken  as  equiv.  to  Ka/nrvtoc, 
bent,  curved,  +  rpiiruv,  turn.  Cf.  campylotro- 
pal.} In  bot.,  same  as  campylotropal. 

camptulicon  (kamp-tu'li-kon),  n.  [An  artifi- 
cial trade-name,  <  Gr.  /CO/OTTOC,  flexible,  +  oii^of, 
woolly,  thick,  crisp,  curled.]  A  kind  of  cloth 
resembling  india-rubber,  made  of  a  compound 
of  inferior  india-rubber  and  powdered  cork. 
It  is  used  for  various  purposes,  such  as  facings  for  knife- 
boards,  floor-mats  for  steamers,  shields  on  door-steps,  and 
the  like. 

campulitropal,  campulitropous  (kam-pu-lif- 
ro-pal,  -pus),  a.  Same  as  campylotropal. 

cam-pump  (kam'pump),  «.  A  steam-pump  in 
which  the  motion  is  regulated  by  the  action  of 
cams. 


Brown-headed  Cactus-wren  (Campylorhynchus  bnirtneicapilltts}. 

in  the  southwestern  United  States,  C.  bnnmeicapillu*. 
the  brown-headed  cactus-wren,  and  C.  afinw,  the  Sti 
Lucas  cactus-  wren. 

In 


Ivory-billed  Woodpecker  ( CampophilHs 
principalis). 


. 

permous  (kam  "  pi  -  16  -  sper  '  mus),  a 
a  seed  :  'see 


Stone-roller  ( Ca 


by  the  enormous  length  of  the  intestine,  which 
is  six  or  seven  times  as  long  as  the  body,  and 
is  wound  in  many  spiral  coils  around  the  air- 
bladder.  The  species  swarm  in  the  spring  in  brooks  of 
the  southern  and  western  United  States,  and  are  known  as 
stone-rotten.  The  genus  is  the  type  of  the  Campoitomina. 

Campostominae  (kam-pos-to-mi'ne),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Campostoma  +  4MB.]  A  subfamily  of 
Cyprinidw,  typified  by  the  genus  Campostoma. 

campostomine  (kam-pos'to-min),  a.  and  n.  I. 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  characters  of  the 
Campostominai. 

II.  n.  A  cyprinoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Cam- 
postominai. 

camp-sheathing  (kamp'she"THing),  n.  [Also 
in  modified  forms  camp-sheeting,  campsheet, 
campshed,  campshot;  <  camp  (perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  cam,  Dan.  kam,  a  ridge:  see  cam1)  + 
sheathing  (or  sheeting,  or  shed,  taken  in  the  same 
sense).]  A  structure  consisting  of  a  guide- 
pile,  a  wale,  or  a  horizontal  piece  of  timber, 
and  a  series  of  planks  about  three  inches  thick 


campus  (kam'pus),  n.     [L.,  afield :  see  camp2.} 
The  green  upon  or  about  which  the  buildings 

,,  °    .  I*  .-  .  .  1.11V   ,l>    1    .HIM.---  M  n-ll. 

of  an  American  college  or  university  generally  campylospermate  (kam'pi-16-sper'mat),  a. 

stand ;  the  college-yard.  60?.,  same  as  campylospermous. 

camp-Vinegar  (kamp'vin"e-gar),  ».    A  mixture  cam.' 

of  vinegar  with  Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut- 
catchup,  anchovies,  and  garlic. 
campylite  (kam'pi-lit),   n.     [<  Gr.  KO/OTI'/IOC, 

bent,  curved  (connected  with  KAfnrruv,  bend, 

curve),  +  -tte2.]    A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mi- 

metite  or  arsenate  of  lead,  in  which  phosphorus 

largely  replaces  arsenic.     It  is  found  in  Cum- 
berland, England. 

hence  the  name, 
campylometer  (kam-pi-lom'e-ter),  n.     [<  Gr. 

KafnrrAof,  bent,  curved,  +  fierpov,  a  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  length  of 

lines,  straight  or  curved,  on  maps  or  plans.     It 

is  so  divided  that  the  actual  length,  correspond- 
ing to  the  given  scale,  may  be  read  from  it. 
Campyloneura  (kam^pi-lo-nu'ra),  n.    [NL. 

(Fieber,  1861),  <  Gr.  Kaum'Aof,  curved,  +  veitpov, 

vein.]    A  genus  of  true  bugs,  or  Heteroptera,  of 

the  family  Phytocorida;.    The  Phytocoridce,  as  the 

name  indicates,  feed  on  vegetables,  but  Campyloneura  and 

vUripenms  (Say),  the  gla^y.'wiliged  soldier-bug,  U  known  CampylotrOpOUS  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pus),  a. 

as  campylotropal. 


[<  Gr.  Ka/mvAof,  curved,  + 
sperm.}     In  bot.,  having  the 
albumen  of  the  seed  curved 
at  the  margin  so  as  to  form 
longitudinal  furrows,  as  the 
fruits  of  some  umbelliferous 
plants,  as  in  sweet  cicely. 
The  crystals  are  curved;  campylotropal       (kam -pi- 
lot'ro- pal),  a. 
[<  Gr.  Ka/arvtof, 
curved,    +    rpi- 
veiv,  turn.]      In 
bot.,  curved  in 
such  a  manner 


Transverse  Section  of 
Campylospermous  Fruit 
of  I  OUIKHI  macvlatum. 
a,  a,  seeds,  channeled  up- 
on the  inner  face. 


as  to  bring  the 
true  apex  close 
to  the  base:  ap- 
plied to  an  ovule  or  seed.  Also 

camptotropal,    campulitropal,     campulitropous, 

ca  mpylo  tropous. 

Same 


cam-shaft  (kam'shaft),  n.  A  shaft  with  cams  or 
wipers  used  to  lift  the  pestles  of  stamping-mills. 

camsterie  (kam-ste'ri),  a.  [Also  camsteary, 
camsteerie,  camstairie,  camstrairy ;  cf.  camstrud- 
geons,  of  same  sense;  perhaps  corruptions  of 
Gael,  comh-stri,  -strigh,  -strith,  strife,  broil, 
quarrel  (comh-stritheach,  contentious),  <  comh- 
(=  L.  con-,  com-),  together,  +  stri,  strife,  con- 
tention.] Froward;  perverse:  unmanageable. 
[Scotch.] 


He's  a  cainttcary  chield,  and  fasheous  about  marches, 
.  .  .  but  deil  o'  me  if  I  wad  wrang  Jock  o'  Dawston  nei- 
ther. Scott,  Guy  Manuering,  II.  xvii. 


Same  as 


See  camous,  camoused. 


the  warmer  parts  of  America,  and  is  represented  chiefly  by  i5'inie  as  °a 
the  genera  Campylorhynchus,  Salpinctei,  and  Catherpe».  Can1  (kan), 
The  species  are  numerous,  especially  those  of  the  first- 
named  genus,  and  are  known  as  cactus-wrens,  canon- 


Glassy-winged  Soldier-bug  and  Pupa  (Campyloneura  vitripennis}. 
(Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes. ) 

to  be  predaceous  and  to  attack  leaf-hoppers.    It  is  pale  CamstrudgCOUS  (kam-struj 'us),  a. 
greenish-yellow,  and  has  delicately  transparent  wing-cov-     camsterte.     [Scotch,  colloq.] 
era  ornamented  with  a  rose-colored  or  brownish  cross.   camUsM    Camusedt  a. 
The  larva  and  pupa  are  more  opaque,  and  are  of  a  uui-  ramiio-*    n       S«o 

form  bluish-white  color.  ™v'    V /i         /t     -Vl 

and  placed  vertically,  erected  at  the  foot  of  an  Campylorhynchinae  (kam"pi-16-ring-ki'ne),  n  cam;Wheel  (kam  hwel),  n.  A  wheel  formed  so 
embankment  or  a  soft  cutting  to  resist  the  out-  pi.  [NL.,  <  Campylorhynchus  +'-iw«.]  A  group  ast.°  m«ve  eccentrically  and  produce  a  recipro- 
ward  thrust  of  the  earthwork.  of  oscine  passerine  birds,  commonly  referred  catlng  rectilinear  and  interrupted  motion  in 

campsheet,     campshed,     campshot,     camp-     to  the  family  Troglodytida;  or  wrens.    The  feet     so.m,e.,ot  o   part  ?f  *      macnmery  connected 
Sheeting  (kamp'shet,  -shed,  -shot,  -sheeting),      are  not  strictly  laminiplantar,  the  lateral  tarsal  plates     Wltn  lt-     "ee  eam  >  •• 

a *.._«.,„-  being  divided  or  not  perfectly  fused  in  one,  and  the  tail  Camwood  (kam'wud),  n.      [Perhaps  for  Cam- 

is  broad  and  fan-shaped,  with  the  individual  feathers     peachy  wood,  from  a  notion  that  it  came  from 
widening  toward  the  end,  whence  the  name  fan-tailed     Oarrmpachv  Bav  cf   hmfl   n     <i   and  hnu  wnnrl  1 
ivrens,  which  is  applied  to  the  group.    It  is  confined  tc 
-*-  of  America,  and  is  represented  chieflv  b\ 

an1  (kan),  r. ;  pret.  could.  [The  forms  are : 
(1)  Ind.  pres.  1st  pers.  can,  2d  canst,  3d  COM, 
pi.  can,  <  ME.  can,  canst,  can  (also  con,  etc.), 
pi.  eunnen,  cunne  (also  connen,  coime),  <  AS. 

der  of  the  wing,  as  *far  as  the  bones  extend,  campylorhynchine  (kam"pi-lo-ring'kin),  a.  In  cann  or  can>  canst,  cann  or  can  (also  conn,  etc.), 
Coues.  ornith.,  having  the  bill  bent;  specifically,  of  or  pi-  cunnon.  (2)  Pret.  could  (the  ZTieing  inserted 

Camptolaemus   (kamp-to-le'mus),   n.      [NL.     Pertaining  to  the  Campylorhynchina'.  in  ignorant  imitation    of    should  and   icoii/d, 

(first  Camptplaimws — G.  R.  Gray,  1841)   <  Gr.  Campylorhynchus  (kam^pi-lo-ring'kus),  n. 

•<-,  flexible,  +  /ta^df,  the  throat.]     A  not-     [NL,-  (Spix,  1824),  <  Gr.  naftTriAoc,  bent,  curved, 

+  p!ryx°f,  snout,  beak.]  The  typical  and 
largest  genus  of  the  Campylorhynchinai  or  fan- 
tailed  wrens,  including  the  numerous  species  of 
cactus-wrens  which  inhabit  the  warmer  parts 
of  America.  They  are  of  large  size,  having  a  length  of 
7  or  8  inches,  with  the  tarsus  scutellate  behind,  the  lateral 
toes  of  equal  length,  the  wings  and  tail  of  about  equal 
length,  and  the  tail  broad  with  plane  feathers.  The  up- 
per parts  are  brown,  with  sharp  white  streaks  •  the  un- 
der parts  white,  boldly  spotted  with  black ;  and  the  tail- 
feathers  barred  with  black  and  white.  Two  species  occur 


n.    Same  as  camp-sheathing. 

camp-stool  (kamp'stol),  ».  A  seat  or  stool  with 
cross-legs  and  a  flexible  seat,  so  made  as  to  be 
folded  up  and  packed  away  when  not  in  use. 

campteiium  (kamp-te'ri-um),  «. ;  pi.  campteria 
(-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Kafarr^p,  a  bending,  turning 
(cf.  raz/OTTor,  bent),  <  Kd/mTetv,  bend.]  In  ornith., 
the  bend  of  the  wing ;  the  fore  and  outer  bor- 


tvrene,  and  rock-urrem. 
and  canon-wren. 

campylorhyn 

ornith.,  havin 


See  cute  under  Campylorhynch-u 


able  genus  of  sea-ducks,  of  the  subfamily  Fn- 
ligulinw,  having  as  type  the  pied  or  Labrador 
duck,  C.  labradorius.  They  have  a  leathery  expan- 
sion of  the  edges  of  the  upper  mandilile,  a  distinct  nail 
slight  frontal  angles,  slight  teeth  in  the  upper  mandible 
(those  of  the  lower  being  prominent  and  vertical),  bristly 
cheeks,  short  and  vaulted  wings,  a  short  and  U-feathered 
tail,  and  the  coloration  of  the  male  entirely  black  and 
white.  The  genus  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  point  of  ex- 
tinction. The  steamer-duck  of  South  America  is  some- 
times placed  in  this  genus. 


where  the  I  is  radical),  <  ME.  coude,  couthe, 
earlier  cuthe,  pi.  coude,  couden,  couthe,  couthcn, 
earlier  cuthen,  <  AS.  cuthe,  pi.  cuthon  (for 
"cunthe,  *eunt]ion,  the  a  being  lost,  as  in  muth, 
mouth,  toth,  tooth,  etc.).  (3)  Inf.  can  (to  can), 
assumed  from  the  ind.  form,  occasionally  used 
in  mod.  E.  as  a  convenient  substitute  for  to  be 
able,  or,  as  in  the  example  cited  from  Bacon, 
analogously  with  Kill  as  an  independent  verb ; 
ME.  inf.  cininen,  cnnne,  also  connen,  conne  (usu- 
ally 'to  know,'  rarely  'to  can'),  <  AS.  etmtian, 
scarcely  used.  (4)  The  ppr.,  ME.  cunning,  kun- 


can 

ni/ngc,  etc.,  earlier  and  north,  form  cunnand,  is 
mod.  K.  ciniiiiiii/,  with  a  partly  delleeleil  sense: 
gee  cunning,  a.,  mid  cunning,  n.  (5)  The  pp. 
couth  is  found  in  mod.  E.  only  in  comp.  un- 
couth, anil  deriv.  kith,  kit  lie,  q.'v. ;  ME.  ninth, 
mini,  cuth,  <  AS.  rii/li  (I'or  'ciintli.  like  pret. 
at  the  above),  known.  The  ME.  and  AS.  sense 
of  can  as  an  independent  verb  is  '  know ' ;  as 
an  auxiliary,  'be  able';  but  the  latter  use  is 
rare  in  AS.,  being  supplied  by  nuvg,  E.  HUUJ. 
The  cognate  forms  (1st  and  Bd  pen.  pres.  and 
pret.  ind.,  and  inf.)  are:  OS.  kan,  konstti.  I, mi- 
nan  =  OFl'ies.  lean,  1,-iniiln,  I:IIIIHII.  l;in,iui  =  1). 
kan,  kondi'.  kmim-n  =  MLG.  <•«//,  /»»<//,  /.-««- 
inn,  kiiinim,  koiit'it,  LG.  kiln,  kuiitlr,  kiint-ii  = 
OHG.  chan,  kiin,  chunda,  chontla,  konda,  chon- 
xtn.  l:nn.tlii,  I'hiiiiiiini,  MUG.  kiin.  kimili;  knnili; 
/•iiiini  ii,  1,-iinni'n,  (!.  kiinii,  koiinti'.  Iciinnen  =  Icel. 
kit >i ii,  kiiiini,  kintini  =  Sw.  /.-/in,  kiiiitlr,  kiuiiid  = 
Dan.  knit,  knnitr,  kniini-  =  Goth,  kann,  kuntha, 
know;  prop,  a  preterit  present,  AS. 
being  orig.  a  strong  pret.  (with  pp.  *<•«»- 
nen,  whence  the  later  weak  pret.  ruthe,  and  weak 
pp.  cuth)  of  an  assumed  inf.  "cinnan  (whence 
the  factitive  ceniutn,  make  known,  =  Icel.  kenna, 
make  known,  know:  see  ken*),  Tent.  •/  "kin, 
"ken  (=  Lith.  zinau,  know,  recognize,  =  Olr. 
adgein,  perf.,  knew),  orig.  'perceive,  get  know- 
ledge of'  (pret.  'have  perceived,  have  gotten 
knowledge  of,'  and  hence,  in  indefinite  or  pres- 
ent time,  'know'),  this  root  being  parallel  with 
the  ult.  related  *kna,  *kno  in  AS.  cnawan,  E. 
know,  L.  gno-scere,  etc.  (see  know) ;  in  another 
view  orig.  'beget,  get'  (pret.  'have  gotten'), 
connected  with  AS.  cennan,  beget,  produce, 
cynn,  kin,  ge-cynd,  kind,  etc.,  •/  "ken,  L.  *gen, 
etc.,  but  this  root,  though  equally  widely  ex- 
tended, appears  to  be  fundamentally  distinct 
from  the  root  "ken,  know:  see  ken2,  kin1,  kind, 
limits,  etc.  Hence  ult.  cow1  (=  can1),  con2, 
i-ii nt,  cuifi,  cunning,  couth,  uncouth  (=  unco), 
kith,  kithe,  etc.]  A.  As  an  independent  verb. 
I.t  trans.  1.  To  know;  understand. 

Ami  Pounces  ami  Antonye,  that  nioche  couxle  of  werre, 
issed  mite  of  the  hoste  all  armed  in  to  the  foreste  of  Bry- 
oke.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  Hi.  38B. 

For  Latlne  ne  canst  thou  nat  yet  but  sniale,  my  litel 
Sonue.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  Pref. 

Clerkys  that  canne  the  scyens  seuene 
Seys  that  curtasy  came  fro  heuen. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  17. 
She  could  the  Bible  iu  the  holy  tongue, 
And  read  it  without  priuks. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  1.  1. 
And  con  you  these  tongues  perfectly  ? 

Beau,  and  Fl. ,  Coxcomb,  iv.  4. 
O,  she  could  the  art  of  woman  most  feelingly. 

Deklcer  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  1.  1. 
2.  To  know  how  to  do;  be  able  to  do. 

We  are  mortal ; 
And  can  but  deeds  of  men. 

B.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  1.  2. 
I  know  your  fiery  temper, 
And  that  you  can,  and  dare,  as  much  as  men. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  iv.  1. 
Thou  little  wotest  what  this  right-hand  can. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  ill.  16. 

To  can  <>r  con  thank  or  thankst  (AS.  thonc  cunnan;  also 

Ihitnc  tritan,  =  OS.  thank  tritan,  etc. :  see  nit],  literally,  to 

know  thanks;  hence,  to  recognize  obligation ;  give  thanks. 

Y  con  thee  gret  thonke.  William  of  Palernc,  1.  297. 

I  con  him  no  thanks  for  't.  Shalt.,  All's  Well,  Iv.  S. 

is,,  in  curly  use  the  negative,  to  con  unthant,  to  give  no 
tlmiika. 

Al  that  goud  we  hem  doth, 

Heo  hit  blutheleiche  nmlerfoth  (blithely  receive], 

And  ctmnen  vs  unth&nc.  Layainan,  I.  140.] 

To  con  magret  |  maugre  I,  to  show  displeasure  at ;  blame. 
Sec  niautjrf,  n. 

\  ef  I  wiste  the  kynge  looth  woldeeonn*  me  noinauffre, 
1  wnlde  sey  that  he  sholdc  go.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ill.  606. 

Il.t  intrans.  To  have  ability;  be  able.  Still 
so  used  in  Scotch :  as,  I'll  no  can  go. 

He  sceal  him  conne  sculde  Ihe  shall  can  (be  able  to)  shield 
him  well  |. 

Moral  Ode,  at.  107  (Early  Eng.  Poems,  ed.  Furnivall,  p.  22). 

In  evil  the  best  condition  is  not  to  will,  the  second  not 
t"  '•"»-  Bacon,  Of  Great  Place. 

And  now  that  we  understand  each  other,  yell can  name 
your  business.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  Kidnapped,  xxiv 

B.  As  an  auxiliary.  1.  To  be  able;  properly, 
to  be  able  physically;  hence,  by  extension,  to 
be  able  mentally,  morally,  or  legally ;  possess 
the  qualities,  qualifications,  or  resources  ne- 
eessjiry  for  the  attainment  of  any  end  or  the 
accomplishment  of  any  purpose,  the  specific 
end  or  purpose  being  indicated  by  the  verb  to 
which  can  is  auxiliary. 

Can  the  tig-trcc  .   .   .   beai  ..live  berries?         Jas.  ill.  12. 
Thou  HI nst  not  >a\   I  did  it  :  never  shake 
Thy  fior.v  l.,eks  ut  me.  ,s7.«t-..  .Macbeth,  iii.  4. 


783 

Thy  love  doth  plead  so  prettily  to  stay. 

That,  trust  me,  I  could  weep  to  part  with  thee. 

Beau,  and  A'/.,  I'hUutcr,  11.  1. 

What  can  we  suppose  this  will  come  to? 

Milton,  Reformation  In  Eng.,  Ii. 

It  is  a  contradiction  to  Imagine  that  niuui]».teiice  eon 
•I"  that,  which,  If  it  could  be  done,  would  render  all 
power  insignificant.  Titlotton,  Works,  II.  xclx. 

All  that  Adam  had,  all  that  Omar  could,  you  have  and 
con  do.  Emerton,  Nature. 

[Formerly  used  also  In  the  Infinitive. 

He  feiuneth  him  to  eonne  arede 

Of  tiling  which  afterward  shuld  falle. 

Gcmvr,  Conf.  Amaiit.,  II.  168. 
I  shall  not  conne  answere.  Chaucer.] 

2.  May:  noting  merely  permission:  as,  you  can 
have  it  if  you  wish:  can  I  speak  to  you  a  mo- 
ment? [Chiefly  colloq.]  — can  but  cannot  but. 
See  dull,  conj. 

can1  (kan),  n.  [<  can*,  r.]  Knowledge;  skill; 
ability.  [Scotch.] 

can2  (kan),  «.  [<  ME.  canne.  <  AS.  canne  (trans- 
lating L.  "crater  vel  cann«  ')  =  D.  kan,  a  pot, 
mug,  =  OHG.  channa,  MHG.  G.  kanne,  a  can, 
tankard,  mug,  =  Icel.  kanna  =  Sw.  kanna  = 
Dan.  kande,  a  can,  tankard,  mug,  also  measure, 
>  ML.  ciuiiiii,  i-niiii,  a  vessel  or  measure  for 
liquids,  >  OF.  canne,  cane,  F.  dim.  canette,  a 
jug.  By  some  the  Teut.  forms  are  derived  from 
L.  canwa,  a  reed,  cane:  see  cane1.']  1.  A  ves- 
sel of  small  or  moderate  size  and  made  of  any 
material,  but  now  generally  of  sheet-metal, 
such  as  tin,  and  used  as  a  drinking-cup  or  to 
contain  liquids,  preserves,  etc.  Cans  are  generally 
cylindrical  in  form,  as  drinking-  and  preserving-cans;  but 
in  some  cases  they  are  square  or  conical,  and  are  some- 
times provided  with  a  handle  and  spout,  as  oil-cans  for 
lubricating  purposes,  watering-cans,  etc. 

There  weren  sett  slxe  stonuncannc*.    Wyclif,  John  11.  6. 
I  hate  it  as  an  unfilled  can.  Shot.,  T.  N.,  ii.  3. 

Fill  the  cup,  and  fill  the  can. 

Tennyson,  Vision  of  Sin,  iv. 

2.  A  measure  of  liquids  in  the  Shetland  islands, 
containing  about  an  English  gallon.  .Tamieson. 
— 3.  The  revolving  cylindrical  holder  into 
which  the  sliver  falls  from  a  carding-machine. 
—  Cup  and  can.  see  cui>. 

can2  (kan),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canned,  ppr.  ean- 
ning.  [<  can2,  n.]  To  put  into  a  can;  espe- 
cially, to  put  into  sealed  metal  cans  or  glass 
jars,  for  preservation,  as  prepared  vegetables, 
fruits,  and  meats. 

can3t  (kan).  A  frequent  Middle  English  cor- 
ruption of  gan,  began,  preterit  of  ginnen,  begin 
(see  gin1) :  often  equivalent,  with  the  infinitive 
of  a  principal  verb,  to  the  preterit  of  that  verb. 

Allace  !  Aurora,  the  syllie  Larke  cnn  cry. 

Sir  D.  Lyndsay,  Prol.  to  Dreme. 

With  gentle  wordes  he  can  her  fayrely  greet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iv.  46. 
So  can  he  turne  his  earnest  unto  game. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  31. 

Can4  (kan),  ».  [E.  Ind.]  The  catty  or  pound 
of  Cochin  China,  equal  to  1  pound  6  ounces 
avoirdupois. 

cana  (ka'na).  n.  [Sp. ;  cf.  cana,  a  cane,  reed: 
see  ca»f  i.]  A  measure  of  length  used  through- 
out Spain,  and  varying  from  1.7  yards  at  Barce- 
lona to  2.3  in  Aragon. 

Canaanite  (ka'nan-it),  n.     [<  Canaan  +  -tfe2.] 

1.  A  descendant  of  Canaan,  son  of  Ham  (Gen. 
x.  15-19) ;  more  generally,  one  of  the  primitive 
inhabitants  of  the  land  of  Canaan,  named  from 
him,  lying  between  the  Jordan  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  included  in  modern  Palestine. 
The  Canaanites  proper  (Uen.  xvi.  21,  etc.)  were  one  of  a 
number  of  tribes  to  which  the  name  was  collectively  ap- 
plied, severally  governed  by  so-called  kings,  and  which 
were  conquered  by  the  Israelites  after  a  prolonged  strug- 
gle. 

2.  A  title  of  one  of  the  twelve  apostles  ("Si- 
mon the  Canaanite,"  Mat.  x.  4),  called  elsewhere 
(Luke  vi.  15,  Acts  i.  13)  Zelotes,  that  is,  the 
zealot:  it  is  a  transliteration  of  an  Aramaic 
word  signifying  zeal,  or  a  zealot. — 3.  [/.  c.]   A 
variety  of  massive  white  pyroxene  occurring  in 
limestone  at  Canaan,  Connecticut. 

Canaanitish  (ka-nan-5'tish),  a.     [<  Canaanite 
+  -is/i.]    Of  or  pertaining  to  Canaan  or  the 
Canaanites. 
Shattered  portions  of  the  Canaanitith  nations  escaped. 

canabert,  «.  [A  var.  of  canevas  (OF.  canevas, 
i-iininra,  etc.),  canvas:  see  canivHt.]  A  linen 
cloth  mentioned  in  the  wardrobe  accounts  of 
Henry  VII.  l-'iiirliiilt. 

canabyt,  »•     An  old  spelling  of  eannjty. 

Canace  (kan'a-se),  n.  [ML.  (Von  Reichenbach, 
1853),  after  Canace,  Gr.  Kavdiai,  daughter  of  JEo- 


canal 

lus.]    A  ^eims  of  ^:illiii neei MIS  liinls,  of  which  the 

type  is  the  Canada  grouse  or  spruce-part  riilgo, 

Canace      ca- 

nadfimiH.      n 

Is  characterized 

by        feathered 

tarsi,      absence 

of    a    creit,    a 

short  tall  of  10 

or    20     olitiue 

feathers,  the  ab- 

MM)     ••'    l"  '  n 

liarly       length- 

the  neck,  and 
dark  blended 
or  conspicuous- 
ly variegated 
coloration.  The 
s|>ccles  are 
woodland  and 
arlx>ricole,  and 
are  confined  to 
North  America. 
The  most  noU- 
ble  specie*,  af- 
ter the  one 
named,  Is  the 
dusky  grouse  of 

the  Rocky  Mountains,  C.  obtcura.   There  are  several  other 
species  or  varieties.    Also  called  Deiuiragaput. 
canaclet,  conaclet,  n.     [ME.]    A  word  of  un- 
certain origin  and  meaning,  found  only  in  the 
following  passages: 

The  copcn nines  of  the  canaeles  that  on  the  cuppe  reres. 
Alliterative  Poems  (eA.  MorrisX  II.  1461. 
Clutering  of  eonacles  that  kesten  tho  bnrde*. 

Alliterative  J'oemt  (ed.  Morris),  1L  1515. 

Canada  (kan-ya'dft),  n.  [Sp.,  <  ea*a,  cane,  reed, 
passage,  tunnel:  se«  cane  and  canon,  canyon.'}  A 
valley :  the  common  name  in  Spain  of  rather 
narrow  valleys,  and  especially  of  such  as  are 
walled  in  by  precipitous  slopes.  This  word  was 
used  by  early  Spanish  writers  on  California  (as  Venegas) 
and  occurs  in  the  name  of  one  well-known  locality  in  that 
State,  Canada  de  las  Uvas.  In  general,  however,  all  val- 
leys (excepting  quite  broad  ones)  and  most  defiles  as  well 
as  deep  and  well-marked  ravines  or  gorges,  are  through- 
out the  Cordilleran  region  of  the  United  States  called 
canons.  See  caflrm. 

Canada  (ka-na'dft),  n.  [Pg.]  A  Portuguese 
liquid  measure.  It  Is  equal  in  Lisbon  to  1.47  United 


Canada  Crotuc  ( Canatr  catiuinvto). 


States  quart*,  1.23  English  quart*,  or  1.396  liters.  In  Oporto 
to  2.23  United  States  quarts  or  2.114  liters,  In  Klo  to  2.81 
liters,  In  Bahia  to  7.25  United  States  quart*,  and  In  Ceylon 


to  l.fiO  United  States  quarts.     Also  canufa. 

Canada  balsam,  rice,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

Canadian  (ka-na'di-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Canada  + 
-iaw.]  I.  a."  Pertaining  to  Canada,  a  British 
possession  in  America  north  of  the  United 
States.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  includes  all  of  British 
America  except  Newfoundland-,  but  the  name  Canada  is 
also  re*tricted  so  as  to  Include  only  the  provinces  of  On- 
tario and  Quebec  (formerly  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  or 
Canada  West  and  East). — Canadian  embroidery,  a  name 
given  to  a  kind  of  embroidery  made  with  small  pieces  of 
fur,  of  the  skins  of  reptiles,  and  the  like,  applied  to  the 
surface  of  the  stuff,  and  combined  with  needlework  done 
with  porcupine-quills  split  so  fine  that  they  arc  flexible, 
and  dyed  in  various  colors.  Diet,  of  Xeedlneork. 
H.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Canada. 

canaigre  (ka-na'ger),  n.  In  Texas,  a  species 
of  dock,  II  a  mi. r  In/mi  nosf /Kiln.-,  the  root  of  which 
is  used  in  tanning. 

canaille  (ka-nal'),  n.  [<  F.  canaillf,  <  It.  cana- 
glia  (=  8p.  canalla  =  Pg.  canalha),  rabble,  prop, 
and  orig.  a  pack  of  dogs,  <  cane  =  Pg.  ctto  =  8p. 
can  (obs.)  =  F.  chien,  <  L.  eanis,  a  dog:  see  Ca- 
nis,  and  cf.  kenneft,  a  doublet  of  canaille.']  1. 
The  lowest  orders  of  the  people  collectively; 
the  rabble ;  the  vulgar. 

To  keep  the  sovereign  canaille  from  Intruding  on  the 
retirement  of  the  poor  king  of  the  French.  Burkr. 

2.  Originally,  a  mixture  of  the  coarser  particles 
of  flour  and  fine  bran  or  shorts  for  feed ;  now 
occasionally  used  for  the  grade  known  as  "fine 
feed"  or  "  finished  middlings."  Also  spelled  ca- 
nail,  canal,  and  canell. 

canakin  (kan'a-kin),  n.     Same  as  mniiikin,  1. 

canal1  (ka-nal''),  n.  [=  D.  kanaal  =  G.  Dan. 
Sw.  kanal,  <  F.  canal  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canal  =  It. 
canale,  <  L.  canalis,  a  channel,  trench,  pipe,  ca- 
nal; cf.  Skt.  •/  l.iniii.  dig.  See  cliiiniirli  and 
kenneft,  doublets  of  canal1.]  1.  An  artificial 
waterway  for  irrigation  or  navigation,  canals 
appear  to  nave  been  first  used  for  conveying  water,  and 
were  merely  shallow  ditches  with  a  slight  fall.  They 
naturally  became, when  large  enough,  a  roadway  for  ItoaU. 
Mini  eventually  for  ships.  A  canal  may  be  a  mere  cutting 
to  unite  bodies  of  water  for  the  passage  of  boat*,  a*  in 
some  of  the  chains  of  lakes  in  the  eastern  United  SUtes : 
or  a  continuous  waterway  formed  by  a  series  of  long  level* 
united  by  locks  and  carried  over  river*  and  valleys  by 
means  of  bridge*,  a*  the  Erie  canal ;  or  a  canalized  river; 
or  a  navigable  passage  connecting  lake*  or  sew,  as  the 
Wetland  canal  in  Canada,  or  the  Suez  canal.  Among  the 
longest  canals  are  the  improved  Ganges  river  In  India,  522 
miles  long,  the  (irand  canal  in  China,  about  800  miles,  and 
ih.  I'.ne  .  IIIL.I  iii  \.  «  York,  363  mile*.  The  James  and 
Kanawha  Rivers  Navigation  canal,  147  miles  long,  over- 


canal 

cornea  by  its  locks  a  grade  of  1,910  feet,  and  the  Morris  canal 
in  New  Jersey,  101  miles  long,  one  of  1,684  feet.  The  Suez 
canal(opened  in  18*19)  is  90  miles  long,  and  is  level  through- 
out. It  is  the  largest  in  the  world  in  point  of  sectional  area, 
and  the  most  important  in  a  commercial  aspect.  Canalized 
rivers  are  common  in  western  Europe.  On  ordinary  nar- 
row canals  boats  are  usually  drawn  by  horses  or  mules 
traveling  on  a  tow-path,  though  steam -propulsion  and 
steam-towing  are  now  used  to  some  extent;  larger  ones, 
called  ship-canals,  as  the  Suez,  the  North  Holland,  the 
Welland,  etc.,  are  navigated  by  vessels  of  different  sizes, 
up  to  the  largest  under  sail  or  steam. 

2.  In  arch.,  a  channel;  a  groove;  aflute:  thus, 
the  canal  of  the  volute  is  the  channel  on  the 
face  of  the  circumvolutions  inclosed  by  a  list 
in  the  Ionic  capital. — 3.  In  anat.,  a  duct;  a 
channel  through  which  a  fluid  is  conveyed  or 
solids  pass ;  a  tubular  cavity  in  a  part,  or  a  com- 
munication between  parts.  See  duct. — 4.  In 
2067.,  the  name  of  sundry  grooves,  furrows, 
apertures,  etc.,  as:  (a)  the  channels  of  various 
actinozoans;  (i)  the  afferent  and  efferent  pores 
of  sponges ;  (c)  the  groove  observed  in  different 
parts  of  certain  univalve  shells,  and  adapted  for 
the  protrusion  of  the  long  cylindrical  siphon  or 
breathing-tube  possessed  by  those  animals. —  5. 
In  bot.,  an  elongated  intercellular  or  intrafas- 
cicular  space,  either  empty  or  containing  sap, 

resin,  or  other  substances Abdominal  canal,  in 

anat.,  same  as  inguinal  canal. — Alimentary  canal, 
alisphenoid  canal,  alveolodental  canal.  See  the  ad- 
jectives.—Alveolar  canal,  (a)  Anterior,  the  canal  in  the 
superior  maxillary  bone  containing  the  anterior  superior 
dental  nerve.  (b)  Inferior,  the  inferior  dental  canal,  (c) 
Median,  the  canal  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone  contain- 
ing the  middle  superior  dental  nerve,  (rf)  Posterior,  the 
canal  in  the  superior  maxillary  bone  containing  the  poste- 
rior superior  dental  nerve.— Ambulaeral  neural  canal. 
See  ambulacral. — Anterior  palatine  canal,  (a)  The  ca- 
nal formed  by  the  union  of  the  canales  incisivi.  It  opens  on 
the  palate  just  behind  the  incisor  teeth.  Also  called  ante- 
rior palatine  fossa.  (b)  The  canalis  incisivus  on  either  side. 
(c)  The  canales  incisivi  with  the  anterior  palatine  canal  in 
sense  a.— Aquiferous  canals.  See  aquiferous.— Arach- 
noid canal,  a  portion  of  the  subarachnoid  space,  where 
the  arachnoid  crosses,  without  dipping  into,  the  longitu- 
dinal and  transverse  fissures  of  the  brain. — Atrial  canal, 
auditory  canal.  See  the  adjectives. — Auricular  canal, 
the  constriction  between  the  auricular  and  ventricular  por- 
tions of  a  fetal  heart.— Axial  canal.  See  axial.— Ber- 
nard's canal,  a  supplementary  duct  of  the  pancreas.  Also 
called  Santorini's  canal.— Canal  Of  Bartholin.  Same 
as  duet  of  Bartholin.— Canal  Of  Cloquet.  Same  aa  hya- 
loid canal. — Canal  Of  Corti,  the  space  lying  between  the 
tectorial  membrane  and  basilar  membrane  of  the  cochlea. 
—  Canal  Of  Cotunnius,  the  aqnnductui  vestibuli  (which 
see.  under  aquoeductus). —  Canal  Of  Fontana,  an  annular 
series  of  spaces,  which  lie  in  the  sclerotic,  just  in  front  of 
the  place  of  attachment  of  the  iris,  and  communicate  freely 
with  the  anterior  chamber  of  the  eye.  Also  called  canal  of 
Hovius,  ciliary  canal,  and  Fontana's  spaces. —  Canal  Of 
Gartner.  Same  as  (jaertnerian  canal. — Canal  Of  Gul- 
dl.  Same  as  Vidian  canal. — Canal  Of  Hovtus.  Same  as 
canal  of  Fontana.—  Canal  Of  Huguier.  Same  as  Huyuie- 
rian  canal.  See  below. — Canal  Of  Lbwenberg.  the  canal 
in  the  cochlea  bounded  by  the  membrane  of  Keissuer,  the 
tectorial  membrane,  and  the  outer  wall  of  the  cochlear  ca- 
nal. It  is  the  upper  free  portion  of  that  canal.—  Canal  Of 
Miiller.  Same  as  duct  of  Mutter.—  Canal  of  Nuck,  the 
pouch  of  peritoneum  (processus  vaginalis)  which  in  the  fe- 
male embryo  extends  down  along  the  round  ligament  of 
the  uterus,  and  which  may  persist  to  a  greater  or  less  ex- 
tent in  the  adult—  Canal  Of  Petit,  the  annular  series  of 
connected  spaces  in  the  suspensory  ligament  encircling 
the  crystalline  lens  of  the  eye.—  Canal  of  Reissner.  Same 
as  cochlear  canal.  — Canal  Of  Rivinus.  Same  as  duct  of 
Mivinus.—  Canal  of  Rosenthal.  Same  as  spiral  canal  of 
the  modiolus.— Canal  Of  ScMemm,  a  circular  canal,  of 
elliptical  cross-section,  lying  in  the  substance  of  the  scle- 
rotic slightly  anterior  to  the  canal  of  Fontana.— Canal  Of 
Stenson.  Same  as  duct  of  Stenson.—  Canal  Of  Stilling. 
Same  as  hyaloid  canal. —  Canal  of  Wharton.  Same  as 
duct  of  Wharton.— Canal  Of  Wirsung,  the  pancreatic 
duct.— Canals  of  Breschet.  canals  in  the  diploe  of  the 
cranial  bones,  in  which  Breschet's  veins  run. —  Canals  Of 
Recklinghausen,  the  system  of  canals  in  the  cornea ;  the 
communications  between  the  cell-spaces  of  the  cornea. — 
Carotid  canal.  See  carotid.— Central  canal,  the  median 
canal  of  the  spinal  cord. —  Central  canal  of  the  modio- 
lusf  the  largest  of  the  canals  in  the  modiolus  of  the  cochlea 
of  the  ear.— Cerebrosplual  canal,  (a)  The  neural  or 
eraniovertebral  canal  formed  by  the  skull  and  the  spine, 
and  containing  the  brain  and  spinal  marrow.  (6)  The  primi- 
tive common  and  continuous  cavity  of  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord,  not  infrequently  more  or  less  extensively  obliterated 
in  the  latter,  but  in  the  former  modified  in  the  form  of  the 
several  ventricles  and  other  cavities.— Ciliary  canal. 
Same  as  canal  of  Fontana. — Cochlear  canal,  the  proper 
cavity  of  the  cochlea,  connected  by  the  canalis  reuniens 
with  the  cavity  of  other  parts  of  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear. 
Also  called  canal  of  Reissner.— Dental  canal,  (a)  An- 
terior, a  small  canal  branching  off  from  the  infraorbital 
canal  in  the  floor  of  the  orbit,  and  descending  in  the  front 
wall  of  the  antrum.  It  transmits  vessels  and  nerves  to 
the  front  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw.  (b)  Inferior,  the  chan- 
nel in  the  inferior  maxillary  or  lower  jaw-bone,  which 
transmits  the  inferior  dental  nerves  and  vessels,  (c)  Pot- 
I friar,  one  or  more  flue  canals  entering  the  superior  max- 
illary Iwne  about  the  middle  of  its  posterior  surface,  and 
transmitting  the  posterior  dental  vessels  and  nerves.— 
Digestive  canal.  Same  as  alimentary  canal.— E)acu- 
latory  canal.  Same  as  ejaculatory  duct  (which  see,  under 
duct).—  Eustachian  canal,  the  bony  canal  in  the  petrous 
portion  of  the  temporal  bone  which  forms  part  of  the 
Eustachian  tube.— Facial  canal,  the  aquieductns  Fallopii 
(which  see,  under  ogweduottu)  :  so  called  because  it  trans- 
mits the  facial  nerve  through  the  temporal  bone.—  Gaert- 
nerian  canal,  or  duct  of  Gartner,  the  remains  in  the  fe- 


784 

male  of  the  obliterated  archinephric  canal  or  Wolfflan 
duct,  forming  a  cwcal  appendage  or  cul-de-sac  of  the  geni- 
tal passages,  or  a  cord  connecting  the  latter  with  the  paro- 
variuin.— Gastrovascular  canal,  genital  canaL  See 
the  adjectives.— Haversiau  canal,  the  track  or  trace  of  a 
blood-vessel  in  bone ;  a  cylindrical  hollow  in  bone  in  which 
an  artery  or  a  vein  runs.  These  canals  are  mostly  of  minute 
or  microscopic  size ;  on  transsection  of  compact  bone-tis- 
sue they  appear  as  round  holes,  but  in  longisection  they 
are  seen  to  be  branching  and  anastomosing  canals.  When 
large  and  irregular,  as  they  often  are,  in  growing  bone 
and  in  the  cancellous  tissue  of  adult  bone,  they  are  called 
Haversian  upaccs.  The  medullary  cavity  or  marrow-cav- 
ity of  a  long  bone,  as  a  humerus  or  femur,  is  really  a 
gigantic  Haversian  canal,  filled  with  fat,  numerous  blood- 
vessels, and  connective  tissue.  See  cut  under  bone.— 
Hepatic  canal.  Same  as  hepatic  duct  (which  see,  under 
duct).  —  Huguierian  canal,  a  small  passage  for  the  chorda 
tympani  nerve  through  the  temporal  bone  between  its  sqlla- 
mosal  and  petrosal  elements,  parallel  with  the  Olaserian  fis- 
sure. Also  called  canal  of  Iluyuier.  —  Hunter's  canal,  the 
canal  formed  by  the  vastus  interims  muscle  on  one  side  and 
the  adductor  longus  and  adductor  magnuson  the  other,  to- 
gether with  a  strong  fibrous  band  passing  over  from  the 
vastus  to  the  tendons  of  the  adductors.  The  femoral 
artery  runs  through  this  canal  to  become  the  popliteal. 

—  Hyaloid  canal,  the  fine  canal  in  the  vitreous  humor 
of  the  eye,  extending  from  the  optic  papilla  to  the  lens  cap- 
sule, which  contains  in  the  embryo  the  hyaloid  artery,  but 
persists  for  a  time  after  the  disappearance  of  that  vessel. 
Also  called  canal  of  Cloquet  and  canal  of  Stilling. — In- 
cisor  canal.  See  anterior  palatine  canal. — Infraorbital 
canal,  the  canal  leading  from  the  infraorbital  groove  on 
the  orbital  surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  and 
opening  at  the  infraorbital  foramen.    It  transmits  the  in- 
fraorbital nerve  and  artery.— Inguinal  canal,  a  canal  in 
the  groin,  about  two  inches  long,  passing  from  the  internal 
to  the  external  abdominal  ring.    It  lies  just  above  and 
parallel  to  Poupart's  ligament,  and  transmits  the  spermatic 
cord  in  the  male  and  the  round  ligament  in  the  female. 
Also  called  abdominal  canal. —  Lacrymal   canal,    (fl) 
Same  as  nasal  canal,    (b)  One  of  the  canaliculi  lacrymales 
(which  see,  under  canaliculus).— Madreporlc  canals, 
mucous  canals.   See  the  adjectives.— Nasal  canal,  the 
bony  canal  lodging  the  nasal  duct,  and  formed  by  the  supe- 
rior maxillary,  lacrymal,  and  inferior  turbinated  bones. — 
Nasopalatine  canal.    Same  as  anterior  palatine  canal. 

—  Neural  canal.    («)  The  tube  formed  by  the  centra  and 
neural  arches  of  vertebra,  in  which  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord  lie.  (b)  In  echinoderms,  a  canal  of  which  a  part  of  the 
wall  is  formed  by  the  anibiilacral  nerve  and  its  connec- 
tions ;  the  track  or  trace  of  the  anibiilacral  nerve  and  its 
connections. 

This  band-like  nerve  [ambulacral  nerve  of  a  starfish] 
constitutes  the  superficial  wall  of  a  canal,  which  extends 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  ambulacrum,  and  may  be 
termed  the  ambulacral  neural  canal.  It  is  divided  by  a 
longitudinal  septum.  At  its  oral  end  .  .  .  each  ambu- 
lacral nerve,  when  it  reaches  the  oral  membrane,  divides 
into  two  divergent  branches,  which  unite  with  the  corre- 
sponding branches  of  the  other  ambulacral  nerves  to  form 
the  oral  ring.  Answering  to  the  latter  is  a  wide  circular 
neural  canal,  into  which  the  ambulacral  neural  canalu 
open.  Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  478. 

Obturator  canal,  a  funnel-shaped  opening  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  obturator  membrane,  transmitting  the  obtura- 
tor vessels  and  nerves.— Pterygopalatine  canal.  Same 
as  canaliculus  phai'ynfft'us  (v\\ic\\  see,  under  canaliculus). 

—  Sacral  canal,  the  sacral  portion  of  the  neural  canal. — 
Santorini's  canal    Same  as  Bernard's  canal.— Semi- 
circular canal,  one  of  the  three  membranous  canals  lead- 
ing off  from  and  returning  into  the  utriculus  of  the  inner 
ear :  also  applied  to  the  bony  channels  in  which  these 
lie.    A  vertical  superior,  a  vertical  posterior,  and  a  hori- 
zontal or  external  semicircular  canal  are  distinguished. 
See  cut  under  ear.— Sheathing  canal  (canalis  vaginalis), 
the  communication  of  the  cavity  of  the  tunica  vaginalis 
testis  with  the  general  peritoneal  cavity  of  the  abdomen. 
In  man  it  soon  closes,  leaving  the  tunica  vaginalis  a  shut 
sac. —  Spinal  canal,  the  canal  formed  by  the  series  of  ver- 
tebra: containing  the  spinal  cord.   Also  called  vertebral  ca- 
nal. —  Spiral  canal  Of  the  cochlea,  the  spiral  channel  in 
the  petrous  bone  in  which  the  cochlear  portion  of  the  mem- 
branous labyrinth  is  contained. — Spiral  canal  of  the 
modiolus,  a  minute  spiral  canal  at  the  base  of  the  osse- 
ous lamina  spiralis  of  the  ear,  winding  spirally  about  the 
modiolus  or  columella  of  the  cochlea.     It  contains  the 
ganglion  spirale  of  the  cochlear  nerve. — Sternal  canal. 
See  sternal.— Stlebel'S  canal,  a  tube  observed  in  certain 
molluscan  embryos,  and  regarded  as  probably  an  evanes- 
cent embryonic  nephridium. — Vertebral  canal.    Saun- 
as spinal  canal.— Vidian  canal,  a  canal  running  in  the 
sphenoid  bone  from  the  foramen  lacerum  medium  to  the 
sphenomaxillary  fossa,  and  containing  the  Vidian  nerve 
and  artery.    Also  called  canal  of  Guidi. 

canal1  (ka-nal'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canalletl, 
ppr.  canalling.  [<  canal1,  «.]  To  intersect  or 
cut  with  canals. 

Engineers,  like  kobolds  and  enchanters, — tunnelling 
Alps,  canalling  the  American  Isthmus,  piercing  the  Ara- 
bian desert.  Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

canal2  (ka-nal'),  »•     Same  as  canaille,  2. 

canal-boat  (ka-nal'bot),  ».  A  comparatively 
long  and  narrow  boat  used  on  canals  for  the 
conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers,  and  com- 
monly moved  by  traction. 

canal-coal  (kan'al-kol),  n.  A  corrupt  form  of 
cannel-coal. 

canales,  «•     Plural  of  canalis. 

canalicular  (kan-a-lik'u-lar),  a.  [<  L.  canali- 
culus, dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  see  canal1, 
«.,  channel1.']  1.  In  anat.  and  zool.,  resembling 
a  small  canal ;  canal-shaped. 

A  dividing  of  the  mesoderm  occurs,  which  takes  the 
form  either  of  canalicular  cavities,  or  of  a  complete  split- 
ting of  the  mesoderm  into  an  outer  plate  attached  to  the 
ectoderm,  and  au  inner  one  attached  to  the  endoderm. 

Gegenbaur,  Conip.  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  50. 


canalis 
2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  canaliculi ;  canaliculate. 

The  reticulated  tissue  of  Lover  is  then  seen  to  be  a  sys- 
tem of  canals,  which  is  but  a  modified  form  of  the  cana- 
licular spaces  of  the  spines. 

Jour.  Roy.  Mwros.  Soc.,  2d  ser.,  VI.  80. 

Canalicular  abscess,  an  abscess  of  the  breast  which 
communicates  with  the  lactiferous  ducts. 

canaliculate,  canaliculated  (kan-a-lik'u-lat, 
-la-ted),  a.  [<  L.  canaliculatun,  <  canalicitlns,  a 
little  channel,  dim.  of  canalis,  a  channel:  see 
canal1,  «.]  Channeled;  furrowed;  grooved. 
Specifically— (a)  Inrntom.,  having  a  central  longitudinal 
furrow,  which  is  broad  and  well  defined,  but  not  very 
deep :  said  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  thorax  when  it  is 
grooved  for  the  reception  of  the  rostrum,  (b)  Shaped  into 
a  canal  or  canaliculus ;  being  a  channel,  groove,  gutter, 
or  spout,  as  the  lip  of  a  whelk,  (c)  In  bot.,  having  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove,  as  a  petiole  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

canaliculus  (kan-a-lik'u-lus),  n. ;  pi.  canaliculi 
(-11).  [L.,  dim.  oi  canalis,  a  channel:  see  chan- 
nel1, canal1,  «.]  In  anat.  and  sool.,  a  little 
groove,  furrow,  pipe,  tube,  or  other  small 
channel. 

The  canaliculi  which  originate  in  one  lacuna  most  fre- 
quently run  into  a  neighboring  lacuna,  or  else  into  a 
neighboring  Haversian  canal.  //.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  46. 

Canaliculi  biliferi,  the  bile-ducts.— Canaliculi  calco- 
pnori.  See  calcouiuirous.— Canaliculi  caroticotym- 
panici,  two  or  three  short  canals  leading  from  the  caro- 
tid canal  into  the  tympanum  and  transmitting  branches 
of  the  carotid  plexus.— Canaliculi  dentium,  the  minute 
canals  of  the  dentine.— Canaliculi  lacrymales,  the  lac- 
rymal canals,'  small  tubes  beginning  at  the  pnncta  lacry- 
malis,  and  opening  into  the  lacrymal  sac  either  separately 
or  by  a  common  opening.— Canaliculi  Of  bone,  the  micro- 
scopic branch- 
ing tubules  ra- 
diating from 
the  lacunse  of 
bone,  and  con- 
necting one  la- 
cuna with  an- 
other. —  Ca- 
naliculi pe- 
trosi,  two 
very  small  ca- 
nals, or  in 
some  cases 
channels,  on 
the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  pe- 
trous portion 
of  the  tem- 
poral bc-ne, 
transmitting 
nd 


Microscopical  Structure  of  Bone,  magnified  about 
600  diameters. 

c,  f,  bone-corpuscles  in  their  lacunae ;  d,  rf,  ca- 
naliculi of  bone. 


the  large  an 
small  superfi- 
cial petrosal  nerves.— Canaliculi  vasculosl,  the  nutri- 
tious and  Haversian  canals  of  bone. — Canaliculus  pha- 
ryngeus,  a  groove  on  the  under  surface  of  the  vaginal 
process  of  the  pterygoid  process  of  the  sphenoid  bone, 
more  or  less  completely  converted  into  a  canal  by  the  sphe- 
noid process  of  the  palatine  bone.  It  transmits  the  ptery- 
gopalatine  vessels  and  the  pharyngeal  or  pterygopalatine 
nerve.  Also  called  ptorygopalaK'M  canal. —  Canaliculus 
pterygopalatinus,  sphenopalatinus,  sphenopha- 
ryngeus.  Same  as  canaliculus  pharyniteus. — Canalicu- 
lus tympanicus,  the  minute  canal  iu  the  petrous  portion 
of  the  temporal  bone  which  transmits  Jacobson's  nerve. 

Canalifera  (kan-a-lif'e-ra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  neut. 
pi.  of  canaliferus :  see'canaliferous.]  A  family 
of  gastropods,  characterized  by  the  extension 
of  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell  and  mouth 
into  a  canal-like  spout.  It  was  formed  by  Lamarck 
(1809)  for  the  genera  CeritMum,  Turbinellaf  Fasciolaria, 
Pyrula,  Fu#us,  Murex,  and  Pleurotoina,  which  have  been 
accepted  by  modern  conchologists  as  types  of  different 
families.  [Obsolete.] 

canaliferous  (kan-a-lif'e-rus),  «.  [<  NL.  cana- 
liferus, <  L.  canal's,  canal,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.] 
Having  a  channel  or  canal. 

Canalirostra  (ka-nal-i-ros'tra),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
L.  canalis,  a  canal,  +  rostrum,  pi.  rostra,  a 
beak,  mod.  rostrum.]  A  superfamily  of  hemip- 
terous  insects,  consisting  of  the  Tingida',  Aru- 
<lida',  and  Phynia  tida,  having  a  deep,  long  groove 
on  the  prosternum  into  which  fits  the  rostrum. 
Also,  incorrectly,  Canalirostri.  Amyot  and  Ser- 
rille,  1843. 

canalirostrate  (ka-nal-i-ros'trat),  or.  [<  Caiinli- 
rostra  +  -afc1.]  Saving  a  channeled  beak  or 
rostrum ;  specifically,  having  the  characters  of 
the  Canalirostra. 

canalis  (ka-na'lis),  «. ;  pi.  canales  (-lez).  [L., 
a  channel,  pipe,  groove,  etc.:  see  canal1,  n.] 
In  anat.  and  zool.,  same  as  canal,  3  and  4.— Ca- 
nales  laqueiformes,  the  loops  of  Henlc  in  the  kidneys.— 
Canalis  caroticus.  See  carotid  canal,  under  carotid. — 
Canalis  Cloqueti,  the  hyaloid  canal.-  Canalis  cochleae 
osseus,  the  entire  spiral  osseous  canal  of  the  cochlea, 
containing  the  scala  vestibnli,  scala  cochlea)  or  canalis 
cochlearis,  and  scala  tympani.— Canalis  condyloideus, 
the  canal  opening  at  the  posterior  condyloid  foramen.  It 
transmits  a  vein  to  the  lateral  sinus.-  Canalis  cranio- 
pliaryngeus,  the  craninpharyugeal  canal,  connecting  the 
cerebral  with  the  buccal  cavity.  See  rrniu"i'linrimiira>.-- 
Canalis  gynsecophorus,  a  gynwcophore.—  Canalis  hy- 
poglossi,  tlic  anterior  condyloid  foramen,  which  trans- 
mits the  twelfth  or  hypoglossal  nerve.  —  Canalis  inpisi- 
VUS,  the  ealtal  leading  down  from  the  nasal  tnssa  nn  either 
side  to  jniii  its  fellow  and  form  or  open  into  the  anterior 
palatine  canal  or  fossa.  It  transmits  the  anterior  palatine 
vessels.  Also  called  incisor  canal,  und'rior  palatine  canal, 


canalis 

incisnr  fnrnwn,  and  <nm, /<••/,  »r' *f'<,i*<>ii.  —  Camilla  mus- 
culotubarlus,  th,>  Joint  ,-anaix  for  tin-  Ku<,tii<'liian  tube 
ami  the  tensor  tyinpaiii.  Canalia  nasolacrymalls.  *«• 

wiit  i-niKi!,  iiMil-T  <-<iniiti.    Canalis  reunions,  it,'1  <  * 

nul  hy  which  Ihr  sat-cillns  of  tin*  internal  ,-ar  rnjiiiiinin 
eaten  with  the  ranali*  coehlearij*. —  Canalis  vaglnalls. 

HL-C  xli>-«tliiii<i  c<iitfit,  under  cumin. 

canalization  (kit-iml-i-za'shon), ».  [(cniinii.i. 
alter  \',  riniii/tsfiti<ni.~]  1.  'Die  construction  of 
canals,  or  the  establishment  of  communication 
by  means  of  canals. 

Caiutli*iiti"ti  on  a  '--ranil  sciilf  tin-  uniting  of  seas  ainl 
oceans  by  navigable  raiiul.s  hail  been  "in  the  air  rvcr 
since  the  middle  of  the  cent  in  \. 

'Kii;,,hn,-;ili  /Iff.,  CLXIV.  II. 

Specifically — 2.  The  conversion  of  a  natural 
stream  or  a  chain  of  lakes  or  marshes  into  a 
continuous  canal,  suitable  for  navigation,  by 
means  of  weirs,  barrages,  locks,  short  cuttings, 
etc.  Canalized  rivers  are  common  in  France;  In  the 
t'nited  states  the  Monongahclu  and  Kanawha  rivers  af- 
ford instances.  The  Suez  eanal  is  in  part  the  result  of 
the  canalization  of  natural  bodies  of  water. 

Also  spelled  canalisation. 

canalize  (ka-nal'5z),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canal- 
ized, ppr.  canalizing.  [<  canal  +  -ire;  after  F. 
canaliser.]  1.  To  make  a  canal  through ;  pro- 
vide with  a  canal  or  canals. — 2.  To  convert 
into  a  canal :  as,  to  canalize  a  river. 

The  lilavet  is  canalized  throughout  its  courso  through 
the  department.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  813. 

Also  spelled  canalise. 

canal-lift  (ka-nal'lift),  n.  1.  A  hydraulic  ele- 
vator for  raising  a  tank  filled  with  water  in 
which  a  canal-boat  may  float.  Such  an  appliance 
is  used  on  tiie  canal  near  Manchester,  England,  to  trans- 
fer boats  from  one  level  to  another. 
2.  A  cradle  on  which  a  canal-boat  may  rest 
and  be  drawn  up  by  cable  along  an  inclined 
railroad.  A  lift  of  this  kind  is  in  use  on  the 
Morris  canal  in  New  Jersey. 

canal-lock  (ka-nal'lok),  n.  An  inclosure  with 
gates  at  each  end,  forming  a  connection  be- 


3 

e 

M 

Canal-lock. 

/,  vertical  longitudinal  section  ;  R.  plan  ;  e,  lock-chamber  ; 
f,  f',  gates  i  "i.  M,  underground  conduits. 

tween  the  upper  and  lower  levels  of  a  canal, 
enabling  boats  to  pass  from  one  to  the  other. 
See  lock.  In  the  accompanying  cut  e  represents  the 
Inclosure  technically  called  a  lock-chamber.  A  boat  hav- 
ing entered  this  chamber  from  if,  the  gates  at  tf  are  closed 
and  those  at  y  opened ;  the  water  in  e,  being  thus  rein- 
forced with  part  of  the  water  beyond  y,  rises  to  the  same 
level  with  it,  and  the  boat  proceeds. 

canam  (ka-nam'),  n.  A  dry  measure  of  Pondi- 
cherry,  India,  equal  to  72  liters,  or  2  United 
States  bushels. 

Cananeet,  «.     [ME.]    An  obsolete  form  of  Ca- 
naanitish. 
The  woman  Canattee.  Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1. 59. 

Cananga  (ka-nang'gii),  ».  [NL.,  from  the  Ma- 
layan name.]  A  genus  of  large  auonaceous 
evergreen  trees,  including  three  species,  all  Ma- 
layan. The  most  common  species  Is  C.  odorata,  the  ilang- 
ilanj;,  which  is  cultivated  throughout  India  and  in  other 
tropical  countries.  The  large  fragrant  flowers  yield  an 
attar,  and  an  oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds. 

Canara  butter.    See  butter*. 

canard  (ka-niir'  or  ka-niird'),  n.  [<  F.  ca- 
nunl,  a  hoax,  a  broadside,  a  quack,  a  particu- 
lar use  of  en  nard,  m.  or  f.,  a  duck,  prop,  only 
m.,  a  drake,  <  c«ne,  f.,  a  duck  (cf.  ML.  canar- 
iliift,  a  kind  of  boat).  Origin  unknown ;  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  connected  with  MLG.  LG. 
him'  (>  G.  kalm)  =  D.  kaan,  a  boat.  The  con- 
nection of  the  sense  'a  hoax,  cheat'  with  the 
orig.  sense  '  a  duck '  is  prob.  to  be  explained 
from  the  old  phrase  rrmlmr  ilc  fimnrd  A  moitie, 
a  cozener,  guller,  liar,  lit.  one  who  half-sells  a 
duck,  that  is  (appar.),  pretends  to  sell,  and 
cheats  in  the  operation;  an  expression  prob. 
due  to  some  local  incident.  In  def.  2,  cf.  Pa- 
risian F.  canard,  a  newspaper,  canardirr,a.  jour- 
nalist.] 1.  An  absurd  story  or  statement  in- 
tended as  an  imposition;  a  fabricated  story  to 
which  currency  is  given,  as  by  a  newspaper; 
a  hoax.  Hence  —  2.  A  broadside  cried  in  the 
streets:  so  called  from  the  generally  sensa- 
tional nature  of  ils  contents,  /mo.  Diet. 
50 


785 

Oanarese,  Kanarese  (kan-a-reV  or  -reV ),  a.  and 
ii.  [<  Caiiiirn.  hmiiira  (see  def.),  -4-  -cse.~\  I. 
".  <  >f  or  pertaining  to  either  of  two  districts  in 
western  India,  called  respectively  North  and 
South  Canara  (or  Kanara). 

II.  n.  1.  sing,  and  ]>l.  A  native  or  natives  of 
either  of  these  districts. —  2.  A  language  of  the 
Dravidian  group,  nearly  allied  to  Telugu,  being 
one  of  several  languages  spoken  in  these  dis- 
tricts, and  over  a  large  tract  as  far  north  as 
Bidar.  Also  called  Kiirimln. 

canarin,  canarine  (kan'a-rin),  n.  [<  canary  + 
-in2,  -i/i«2.]  A  compound  (€3^8311)  used  in 
dyeing,  formed  by  oxidizing  sulphocyanide  of 
potassium  with  chlorate  of  potassium  in  the 

1>resence  of  sulphuric  and  hydrochloric  acid. 
t  produces  very  fast  yellow  shades  on  cotton. 
Canarium  (ka-na'ri-um),  n.  [NL.,  <  canari,  an 
E.  Ind.  name.]  A  genus  of  large  evergreen 
trees,  of  the  natural  order  Burseraceae,  chiefly 
of  tropical  Asia  and  the  adjacent  islands.  There 
are  many  species,  abounding  in  fragrant  resins,  though 
the  larger  number  are  but  little  known.  Tin-  black  dam- 
mar-tree of  India,  C.  ttrietum,  yields  a  brilliant  black  gum 
which  is  used  medicinally  and  for  other  purposes.  Manila 
eleml  is  supposed  to  be  the  product  of  v.  cumwune,  a  spe- 
cies cultivated  in  the  Moluccas  ami  elsewhere  for  its  fruit, 
which  is  edible  ami  furnishes  a  pleasant  oil. 
canary  (ka-na'ri),  n.  and  a.  [<  Sp.  Pg.  canario 
(dance  and  bird)  =  F.  canari  (bird),  canarie 
(dance);  cf.  G.  kanarienvngel,  canary-bird; 
named  with  reference  to  the  Canary  islands, 
which  take  their  name  from  Gran  Canaria, 
one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L. 
Canaria  insula,  so  called  because  of  its  large 
dogs,  canaria  being  fern,  of  canariug,  pertaining 
to  dogs,  <  cants,  a  dra:  see  Conis.]  I.  »•;  pi. 
canaries  (-riz).  1.  Wine  made  in  the  Canary 
islands.  It  was  anciently  Included  under  the  general 
name  *ack.  In  the  eighteenth  century,  ami  as  late  as  1820, 
it  was  in  special  demand  in  England.  The  principal  brands 
are  Tf.nenjfe  and  Vidonia. 

Canary  was  the  Drink  of  our  wise  Forefathers,  'tis  Bal- 
samick,  and  saves  the  charge  of  Tothecaries'  Cordials. 

M rt.  Centlivre,  Bold  Stroke,  III. 
2f.  A  lively  French  and  English  dance,  of  dis- 
puted origin,  similar  to  the  jig:  named  from 
the  Canary  islands.  Often  written  canaries. 

I  have  seen  a  medicine 
That's  able  to  breathe  life  into  a  stone, 
Quicken  a  rock,  and  make  you  dance  canary. 

Shalt.,  All's  Well,  It  1. 

111  make  you  a  dish  of  calves'  feet  dance  the  Canaries, 
And  a  consort  of  cramm'd  capons  flddle  to  'cm. 

Fletcher  (and  others),  Bloody  Brother,  It  2. 

3f.  A  melody  intended  for  such  a  dance,  written 
in  sextuple  (or  sometimes  quadruple)  rhythm. 
— 4.  A  canary-bird  (which  see). —  8.  A  sov- 
ereign (gold  coin):  so  called  from  its  color. 
[Prov.  Eng.] —  6.  A  kept  mistress.  PT^^- 
Eng.] —  7f.  A  word  put  by  Shakspere  in  its 
singular  and  plural  forms  into  the  month  of 
Mrs.  Quickly,  in  the  explanation  of  which  com- 
mentators differ.  It  is  probably  an  intentional 
blunder  for  quandary. 

You  have  brought  her  into  such  a  canaries,  as  'tis  won- 
derful. The  best  courtier  of  them  all  ...  could  never 
have  brought  her  to  such  a  canary. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  II.  2. 

II.  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  domestic  canary- 
bird;  bright-yellow. 

canaryt  (ka-na'ri),  v.  i.  [<  canary,  n.,  2.]  To 
dance ;  frolic ;  perform  the  old  dance  called  a 
canary. 

Jig  off  a  tune  at  the  tongue's  end,  canary  to  It  with  your 
feet,  humour  it  with  turning  up  your  eyelids. 

Shale.,  L.  L.  L.,  ill.  1. 

canary-bird  (ka-na'ri-berd),  n.  An  oscine 
passerine  bird  of  the  family  Fringillida?,  so 
called  because  indigenous  to  the  Canary  isl- 
ands ;  a  kind  of  finch,  Fringilla  canaria,  or  Car- 
duelis  canaria,  one  of  the  commonest  and  best- 
known  cage-birds,  everywhere  kept  and  bred 
in  confinement.  The  native  bird  is  dark  and  streaked, 
somewhat  resembling  a  linnet  or  siskin,  the  uniformly 
bright-  or  pale-yellow  color  which  commonly  distinguishes 
the  plumage  of  the  cage-bird  being  the  result  of  artificial 
selection.  The  cultivated  varieties  are  numerous,  with 
considerable  diversity  of  color,  and  there  are  many  hy- 
brids with  allied  species,  as  the  goldfinch,  linnet,  siskin, 
and  bulltlncli.  The  birds  were  Introduced  Into  Kuro|»'  in 
the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  century.— Canary-bird  flower, 
(a)  A  species  of  Tropaolum,  T.  pcreyrinuin,  with  deeply 
cut  leaves  and  bright  canary-yellow  flowers,  the  lower 
petals  of  which  are  small  and  fringed.  Also  called  canary- 
>•.  (6)  Same  as  bird-iiinnt. 

canary-creeper  (ka-na'ri-kre'per),  n.  The 
canary-bird  flower  (which  see,  under  canary- 
bird). 

canary-finch  (ka-na'ri-finch),  n.  The  canary- 
bird. 

canary-grass  (ka-na'ri-gras),  it.  Pnalaris  Ca- 
iiarieiisis,  natural  order  Graminece,  a  native  of 
the  Canary  islands,  its  seed  is  used  as  food  in  the 


cancel 

Canaries,  Barbary,  and  Italy,  and  Is  extensively  cultivated 
elsewhere  for  canary-birds.     The  reed  canary-gnu,  /'. 

ll:ll,,:l,  ,:•!.., I,      |n      A      ,-.,111111011       B|Rti«,     S     V  iH^Ult  «V    f ,  ,  I  I ,        "f 

which  Is  the  ribbon  grass  of  garden!, 
canary-moss  (ka-na'ri-mfts),  n.    A  name  of  tin 

lii'liens,  /,'  i'n 'in,  !•(,-.,  which  yield  ar- 

cliil  and  litmus.     Alwi  called  rdimnj-iriril.     Sec 
cut  under  <//,/«/. 

canary-seed  (ka-iia'ri-stMl),  «.    The  seed  of 

caiinry-nrass,  UM-,|  I'm-  IV, Mint;  birds. 

canary-stone  di,i-Ma'ri-stuii).  n.  \  very  beau- 
tiful and  somewhat  rare  variety  of  carnelian, 
so  named  from  its  yellow  color. 

canary-weed  (ka-na'ri-wed),  w.  Same  as  ca- 
nartf-i: 

canary-wood  i  ka-na'ri-wud),  M.  The  hand- 
some, dark-colored,  mahogany-like  wood  of 
I'lixm  liii/iru  ;incl  .l/iiil/iini<i.i  t 'tiiiiirieiisig,  lau- 
raceous  trees  of  the  Azores  and  Madeira:  so 
called  because  it  was  brought  originally  from 
the  Canaries.  Also  called  Madi-irn  in<il«>i/<i>iy. 

canaster  (ka-nas'tor),  ».  [=  MLG.  kanaster  = 
F.  canantre,  <  Pg.  canastra  =  Sp.  canastro,  ca- 
nasto,  usually  canasta,  a  large  basket.  <  Gr. 
/tdvaarpav,  a  wicker  basket:  see  canister.}  1.  A 
rush  basket  made  in  the  Spanish  countries  of 
South  America  and  used  for  packing  tobacco 
for  exportation.  The  tobacco  sent  to  Europe 
packed  in  these  baskets  takes  from  them  the 
name  of  canaster  tobacco.  Hence  —  2.  A  kind 
of  tobacco  for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  coarsely  broken. 

Meanwhile  I  will  smoke  my  ranatter, 
And  tipple  my  alu  in  the  shade. 

Thackeray,  Imitation  of  Horace. 

canattllo(kan-a-tery6),  n.  [Mex.]  The  Mex- 
ican name  of  a  plant  of  the  genns  Ephedra, 
used  as  a  styptic  and  as  a  remedy  in  syphilitic 
complaints. 

can-bottle  (kan'bot'l),  ».  The  long-tailed  tit- 
mouse. [Prov.  Eng.J 

can-buoy  (kan'boi),  n.  A  large  cylindrical  or 
conical  floating  buoy,  used  as  a  mark  for  shoals, 
etc.  See  buoy. 

cancan  (kan'kan),  n.  [<  F.  cancan,  a  dance 
(see  def.) ;  a  slang  or  cant  term,  perhaps  a  par- 
ticular use  of  cancan,  tittle-tattle,  gossip,  scan- 
dal, said  to  be  <  L.  quamqiiain,  although  (be- 
cause "in  the  schools  of  the  middle  ages  the 
proper  pronunciation  of  this  word  was  the  sub- 
ject of  fierce  contention,  one  party  pronoun- 
cing it  can-can,  and  the  other  rjiianquam  "),  but 
prob.  <  cancancr,  tattle,  chattor,  gossip,  appar. 
an  imitative  reduplication,  to  be  compared 
with  the  E.  cackle,  quack,  etc.]  A  kind  of  dance 
performed  in  low  resorts  by  men  and  women, 
who  indulge  in  extravagant  postures  and  las- 
civious gestures ;  hence,  a  quadrille  or  a  similar 
dance  performed  in  this  manner. 

can-cart  (kan'kiirt),  «.  A  light  two-wheeled 
vehicle  with  a  bent  axle  for  supporting  a  large 
can  hung  on  trunnions  between  the  wheels, 
used  for  carrying  milk,  etc. 

cancel  (kan'sel),  w.  [In  older  E.  form  chancel, 
q.  v.,  <  OF.  chancel  =  Sp.  cancel  =  Pg.  cancello, 
cancclla  =  It.  cancello,  a  lattice,  grating,  <  ML. 
cancellus,  cancclla,  L.  'cancellun,  always  in  pi. 
i-iiiirilli,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles  (see  can- 
ceui),  dim.  of  cancer,  pi.  cancri,  a  lattice :  a 
word  scarcely  used.  See  the  verb.]  If.  Lattice- 
work, or  one  of  the  cross-bars  in  latticework; 
a  latticework  or  grated  inclosure;  hence,  a 
barrier ;  a  limit. 

A  prison  is  but  a  retirement,  and  opportunity  of  serious 
thoughts  to  a  person  whose  spirit  .  .  .  desires  no  enlarge- 
ment beyond  the  cancel*  of  the  body. 

Jer.  Taytvr,  Life  of  Christ,  III.,  Disc.  xv.  f  0. 

2.  [<  cancel,  r.]    In  printing,  a  page,  sheet,  or 
other  part  of  a  printed  work  suppressed  and 
destroyed  before  publication  ;  the  act  of  reject- 
ing a  part  of  a  printed  work.    The  cancel  ordered 
on  the  discovery  of  a  fault  in  unpublished  printed  mat- 
ter is  usually  followed  by  correct  reprinting ;  but  a  cancel 
is  sometimes  made  without  reprintinir. 

3.  [<  cancel,  r.]  In  music,  the  sign  B,  when  used 
to  nullify  the  effect  of  a  sharp  or  a  flat  pre- 
viously occurring  either  in  the  signature  or  as 
an  accidental. 

cancel  (kan'sel),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canceled  or 
cancelled,  ppr.  canceling  or  cancelling.  [For- 
merly also  cancell;  <  F.  canceller,  OF.  canceller, 
canceler  =  Pr.  Pg.  cancrllar  =  Sp.  cancclar  = 
It.  cam''  !l<ir<\  <  L.  canivllare,  make  like  a  lat- 
tice, esp.  to  strike  out  a  writing  by  drawing 
lines  across  in  the  form  of  latticework,  <  «m- 
cflli,  pi.,  a  lattice,  grating,  railing,  bar  in  a  court 
of  justice,  barrier  in  public  spectacles:  see 
cancel,  n.  Hence  tilt.  (<  L.  cancelli)  also  Chan- 


cancel 

eel,  chancellor,  etc.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  inclose 
with  latticework  or  a  railing. 

A  little  obscure  place  cancelled  in  with  iron-work  is  the 
pillar  or  stump  at  which  .  .  .  our  Saviour  was  scourged. 

Evelyn. 

2.  To  draw  lines  across  (something  written)  so 
as  to  deface ;  blot  out  or  obliterate :  as,  to  can- 
cel several  lines  in  a  manuscript. 

The  suras  you  borrow'd  are  return'd,  the  bonds 
Cancell'd,  and  your  acquittance  formally  seal'd. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iv.  2. 

The  indentures  were  cancelled.  Thackeray. 

3.  To  annul  or  destroy;  make  void;  set  aside: 
as,  to  cancel  a  debt  or  an  engagement. 

Know  then,  I  here  forget  all  former  griefs, 

Cancel  all  grudge.  Shak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  v.  4. 

His  subjects  slain, 
His  statutes  cancell'd,  and  his  treasure  spent 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  4. 

4.  (a)  In  math.,  to  strike  out  or  eliminate,  as 
a  number  or  quantity  constituting  a  common 
factor  in  a  dividend  and  divisor  or  the  numera- 
tor and  denominator  of  a  fraction,  or  a  common 
term  in  the  two  members  of  an  equation.     (6) 
In  printing,  to  strike  out,  reject,  or  throw  aside, 
as  some  portion  of  a  printed  work,    (c)  In  music, 
to  suspend  the  power  of  (a  sharp  or  a  flat)  by  in- 
serting the  sign  J.  =  Syn.  2.  Erase,  Expunge,  etc.  (see 
e/ace\  strike  out ;  destroy,  scratch  out,  rub  out,  wipe  out. 
—  3.  Repeal,  Rescind,  etc.     See  abolish. 

H.t  intrans.  To  become  obliterated  or  void. 
[Rare.] 
A  rash  oath  that  cancell'd  in  the  making.  Cowley. 

cancelation,  cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon), 
n.  The  act  of  canceling;  specifically,  in  math., 
the  striking  out  or  removal  of  a  common  factor 
or  term.  See  cancel,  v.  t.,  4  (a). 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  »•  [<  P. 
"canceler,  assibilated  chanceler  (*eschanceter) 
(=  Pr.  cancheler,  chancelar),  reel,  stagger,  wa- 
ver, lit.  go  in  zigzags,  being  the  same  word  as 
canceler,  draw  lines  across  in  the  form  of  lat- 
ticework: see  cancel,  ».]  The  turn  of  a  hawk 
upon  the  wing  to  recover  itself,  after  miss- 
ing in  the  first  stoop.  Also  written  canceller. 

The  fierce  and  eager  hawks,  down  thrilling  from  the  skies, 
Make  sundry  canceleers  ere  they  the  fowl  can  reach. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xx.  229. 

canceleert,  canceliert  (kan-se-ler'),  «>.  »•  [< 
canceleer,  ».]  In  falconry,  to  turn  two  or  three 
times  on  the  wing  before  seizing  the  prey,  as 
a  hawk  in  stooping,  especially  when  it  misses. 
Also  written  canceller. 

The  partridge  sprung, 
He  [the  hawk]  makes  his  stoop ;  but,  wanting  breath,  is 

forced 
To  canceller.  Maseinger,  The  Guardian,  ii.  1. 

canceler,  canceller1  (kan'sel-6r),  «.•  One  who 
or  that  which  cancels;  specifically,  a  hand- 
stamp  or  stamping-machine  for  the  cancela- 
tion of  postage-stamps ;  a  canceling-stamp. 

canceliert,  «•  and  v.    See  canceleer. 

canceling-stamp  (kan'sel-ing-stamp),  n.  A 
hand-stamp  for  defacing  and  canceling  post- 
age-stamps or  checks. 

cancellarean  (kan-se-la're-an),  a.  Same  as 
cancellarian1.  [Bare.] 

cancellareate  (kan-se-la're-at),  a.  [<  ML.  can- 
cellarius :  see  chancellor."]  'Belonging  to  a  chan- 
cellor. [Rare.] 

Cancellaria  (kan-se-la'ri-a),  n.  [Nl/.  (Lamarck, 
1801 ;  cf .  ML.  cancellariits ':  see  chancellor),  <  L. 
concetti,  a  grating:  see  cancel,  v.]  The  typical 
genus  of  Cancellariida!,  having  an  oval  cancel- 
lated shell  with  the  last  whorl  ventricous,  aper- 
ture oblong  and  canaliculated,  canal  short,  and 
columella  obliquely  plicate.  There  are  many 
species,  of  which  C.  reticulata  is  an  example. 

The  shell  is  almost  always  marked  off  into  squares  by 
transverse  ribs  and  revolving  lines,  which  gives  rise  to  the 
name  of  the  principal  genus  Cancellaria. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hitt.,  I.  337. 

cancellarian1  (kan-se-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  can- 
cellar  lus:  see  chancellor.']  Relating  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  chancellor ;  cancellareate.  Also  spelled 
cancellarean.  [Rare.] 

cancellarian2  (kan-se-la'ri-an),  a.  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -an.]  In  conch.,  pertaining  to  the  Can- 
cellaria or  to  the  Cancellariida!. 

cancellariid  (kan-se-la'ri-id),  n.  A  gastropod 
of  the  family  Cancellariida;. 


786 

cancellarioid  (kan-se-la'ri-oid),  a.  [<  Cancel- 
laria +  -oid.]  Resembling  the  members  of  the 
genus  Cancellaria;  cancellarian. 
cancellate,  cancellated  (kan'se-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  L.  cancellatus,  pp.  of  cancellare,  make  like 
or  provide  with  a  lattice :  see  cancel,  v.]  Sep- 
arated into  spaces  or  divisions,  as  by  cancelli. 
Specifically— (a)  In  zool.,  marked  by  lines  crossing  each 
other;  marked  latticewise;  reticulated;  showing  a  net- 
work of  lines.  The  shell  of  Cancellaria  reticulata  is  a 
good  example. 

The  tail  of  the  castor  is  almost  bald,  though  the  beast 
is  very  hairy ;  and  cancellated  with  some  resemblance  to 
the  scales  of  fishes.  N.  Grew,  Museum. 

(6)  In  anat.,  same  as  in  zoology,  but  especially  said  of  the 
light  spongy  or  porous  texture  of  hone  resulting  from 
numerous  thin  osseous 
lamimc  with  intervening 
spaces  large  enough  to 
be  readily  seen  by  the 
naked  eye.  Such  texture 
occurs  in  the  ends  of 
long  bones,  as  the  hume- 
rus  and  femur,  and  in 
the  interior  of  most 
short,  flat,  or  irregular 
bones.  The  spaces  are 
chiefly  vascular  chan- 
nels, filled  with  connec- 
tive tissue,  fat,  etc.,  be- 
tween plates  or  layers  of 
more  compact  bone-tis- 
sue, (c)  In  bot.,  applied 
to  leaves  consisting  en- 
tirely of  veins,  without 
Cancellate  structure  of  Bone-Upper  connecting  parenchyma 

part  of  femur,  in  section.  SO   that    the    whole    leaf 

looks  like  a  sheet  of  open 

network  ;  in  mosses,  applied  to  cell-structure  having  such 
appearance. 
Also  cancellous. 

cancellation  (kan-se-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  can- 
cellatio(n-),  <  cancellare,  p'p.  cancellatus:  see 
cancel,  v.]  1.  See  cancelation. — 2.  In  anat., 
reticulation;  the  state  of  being  cancellated: 
as,  the  cancellation  of  bone. 

canceller1,  ».    See  canceler. 

canceller2t,  n.  and  v.    Same  as  canceleer. 

cancelli  (kan-sel'I),  n.  pi.  [L.,  a  lattice,  etc. : 
see  cancel,  n.]  Cross-pieces  or  reticulations 
forming  a  latticework  or  grating.  Specifically— 

(a)  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  parts  of  a  latticework  parti- 
tion between  the  choir  and  the  body  of  the  church,  so  ar- 
ranged as  not  to  intercept  the  view. 

The  Altar  is  inclos'd  with  Cancelli  so  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proach'd  by  any  one  but  the  Priest,  according  to  the  fash- 
ion of  the  Greek  Churches. 

Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  27. 

(b)  In  aoiil.  and  anat.,  the  reticulations  or  intersections 
constituting  cancellated  structure  or  reticulated  texture ; 
a  composition  of  many  spaces  bounded  by  lines  or  surfaces 
forming  a  network  or  lattice-like  arrangement,  such  as  the 
light,  spongy,  cancellated  tissue  of  bones.    The  word  is 
little  used  except  for  this  kind  of  osseous  texture,  and  the 
singular,  cancethu,  is  not  in  use.    See  cancellate,  (6). 

cancellous  (kan'se-lus),  a.  [<  L.  cancellosus,  < 
cancelli :  see  cancel,  v.~\  Same  as  cancellate. 

On  examining  a  section  of  any  bone,  it  is  seen  to  be  com- 
posed of  two  kinds  of  tissue,  one  of  which  is  dense  and 
compact  in  texture,  like  ivory;  the  other  consisting  of 
slender  fibres  and  lamellee,  which  join  to  form  a  reticular 
structure ;  this,  from  its  resemblance  to  lattice-work,  is 
called  cancellou*.  B.  Gray,  Anat.,  p.  45. 

cancer  (kan'ser),  n.  [L.  cancer  (eancr-)  =  Gr. 
xapidvof,  a  crab,  also  in  astronomical  and  medi- 
cal senses;  cf.  in  same  senses  Skt.  Jcarkata, 
karkataJca,  >  Hind,  kark,  Hindi  kekra,  a  crab, 
also  in  astronomical  sense.  Hence  (from  L.), 
through  AS.,  canker,  q.  v.,  and,  through  F., 
chancre,  q.  v.]  1.  [cop.]  [NL.]  In  zool., 
the  typical  genus  of  brachyurous  decapodous 


Common  Crab  of  the  Pacific  Coast  ( Cancer  magistcr  >. 


crustaceans  of  the  family  Cancridce:  formerly 
more  than  conterminous  with  the  order  De- 
capoda,  now  restricted  to  the  common  edible 
crab  of  Europe,  C.  pagurus,  and  its  immediate 
congeners.  See  crab1. —  2.  [cap.']  In  astron., 
Cancellariidse  (kan"se-la-ri'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  a  constellation  and  also  a  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
.  Cancellaria  +  -ida;.]  A  family  of  toxoglos-  represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  show- 
ing the  limits  of  the  sun's  course  northward  in 
summer;  hence,  the  sign  of  the  summer  sol- 
stice (marked  55). —  3.  In  pathol.,  a  malignant 
tumor  technically  named  carcinoma  (which 
see) ;  also,  by  extension,  any  malignant  tumor, 


sate  prosobranchiate  gastropods,  typified  by 
the  genus  Cancellaria,  having  the  proboscis 
rudimentary,  the  teeth  two-rowed,  and  the 
shell  cancellated  and  inoperculate.  They  are 
vegetarians. 


cancrid 

as  one  of  certain  adenomata  and  sarcomata. 

— 4t.  A  plant,  possibly  cancerwort. 

Who  taught  the  poore  beast  having  poison  tasted, 
To  seek  tn  hearbe  cancer,  and  by  that  to  cure  him. 

Great  Britaine's  Troye,  1.  1809. 

Adenoid  cancer,  an  adenocarcinoma. —  Alveolar  can- 
cer, colloid  can- 
cer, encepha- 
loid  cancer.  See 
the  adjectives. — 
Tropic  of  Can- 
cer. See  tropic. 

cancerate 

(kan'se-rat), 
v.  i. ;  pret.  and 
•pp.cancerated, 
ppr.  cancerat- 
ing.  [<  L.  can- 
ceratus,  adj., 
prop.  pp.  of 
*cancerare,  in- 
ceptive can- 
cerascere,  be- 
come cancer- 
ous, <  cancer, 
a  cancer:  see 
cancer.]  To 
grow  into  a 
cancer ;  be- 
come Cancer-  The  Constellation  Cancer, 
ous. 

cancer  ation  (kan-se-ra'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*canceratio(n-),  <  canceratvs:  see  cancerate."]  A 
growing  cancerous,  or  into  a  cancer. 

cancer-bandage  (kan'ser-ban"daj),  n.  Aband- 
age  so  arranged  as  to  resemble  the  legs  of  a 
crab.  Also  called  the  split-cloth  of  eight  tails. 

cancer-cell  (kan'ser-sel),  n.  In  pathol.,  a  cell 
characterized  by  a  large  nucleus,  bright  nucle- 
olus,  and  irregular  form,  frequently  occurring 
in  malignant  tumors. 

cancerine  (kan'se-rin),  n.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
-j-  -ine2.]  An  artificial  guano  prepared  from 
horseshoe  and  other  crabs  in  Newfoundland, 
New  Jersey,  and  elsewhere. 

cancerite  (kan'se-rit),  n.  [<  L.  cancer,  a  crab, 
+  -ifc2.]  A  petrified  crab;  a  fossil  brachyu- 
rous crustacean. 

cancer-juice  (kan'ser-jos),  ».  A  milky  liquid 
which  can  be  squeezed  out  of  a  divided  cancer. 

cancer-mushroom  (kan '  ser  -  mush  *  rom),  ». 
The  mushroom-shaped  mass  produced  by  can- 
cer of  the  uterus  when  it  affects  the  parts  about 
the  os  and  leaves  the  cervix  intact. 

cancerous  (kan'se-rus),  a.  [=  P.  cancereux,  < 
ML.  cancerosus,  <  L.  cancer,  a  cancer.]  Like 
cancer ;  virulent ;  also,  affected  with  cancer. 

There  is  a  cancerous  malignity  in  it  which  must  be  cut 
forth.  Hallam. 

cancerously  (kan'se-rus-li),  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  a  cancer. 

cancerousness  (kan'se-rus-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  cancerous. 

cancer-root  (kan'ser-rot),  n.  A  name  in  the 
United  States  of  several  plants  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  Orobanchacea",  more  particu- 
larly Epiphegus  Virginiana,  Conopholis  Ameri- 
cana, and  Aphyllon  uniflorum.  All  are  low  herbs 
without  green  color,  white,  pale-brown,  or  purplish,  and 
parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

cancer-weed  (kan'ser-wed),  n.  The  rattlesnake- 
root,  Prenanthes  alba,  of  the  United  States,  a 
milky-juiced  composite  having  an  intensely 
bitter  root,  which  is  used  as  a  domestic  tonic. 

cancerwort  (kan'ser-wert),  n.  1.  The  common 
name  of  the  annual  species  of  Litiaria,  L.  spuria 
and  L.  Elatine,  common  European  weeds. —  2t. 
An  old  name  for  a  species  of  Veronica. 

canch  (kanch),  n.  [E.  dial.]  It.  A  small  quan- 
tity of  corn  in  the  straw  put  into  the  corner  of 
a  barn ;  a  small  mow. —  2t.  A  short  turn  or 
spell  at  anything. —  3t.  A  trench  cut  sloping  to 
a  very  narrow  bottom. —  4t.  A  certain  breadth 
in  digging  or  treading  land. —  5.  In  coal-min- 
ing, that  part  of  the  floor  or  roof  of  a  gangway 
which  has  to  be  removed  in  order  to  equalize 
the  grade,  when  there  has  been  a  slight  fault 
or  break  in  the  strata. 

canchalagua  (kan-cha-la'gwa),  n.  [Sp.,  also 
canchelagua,  canchilagua.]  The  Spanish  name 
in  Chili  and  California  of  species  of  the  gen- 
tianaceous  genus  Erythra:a,used  as  bittertonics. 

canciller  (Sp.  pron.  kan-thel-yar'),  n.  [Sp. : 
see  chancellor.']  In  Mexican  law,  a  chancellor. 

cancra,  w.     Plural  of  cancrum. 

cancredt  (kang'kerd),  a.  An  obsolete  form  of 
cankered. 

cancrid  (kang'krid),  n.  A  crab  of  the  family 
Cancrida!. 


Cancridse 

Oancrldse  (kang'kri-df'),  «.  /</.  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
(Caiicr-)  +  -iil/i:]  The  family  of  crabs  of  which 
the  genus  Cininr  is  the  type;  the  central  fam- 
ily of  brachyurous  decapod  crustaceans,  its  den- 

nitiiui  viirics  «itli  different  systems  of  classification,  Inn 
in  any  cuso  the  genera  air  nuin.v.  [he  species  arc  mostly 
litlcii-.il  ui  I  ilium Toii.i,  hi-ing  raymatw  in  ulniiMt  every 

:i.       Set-   cllt    UlliliT   ,':• 

cancriform  (kaug'kri-f6rm),  a.     [=  F. 
ftinm;  <  L.  caiircr,  a  crab,  a  cancer,  +  . 

shape.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  a  crab;  re- 
sembling or  related  to  a  crab  in  structure; 
brachyurous  and  decapod,  as  a  crustacean ;  car- 
cinoraorphic.  Also  rancroiil.  —  2.  Cancerous. 

cancrine  (kung'krin),  a.  [<  L.  as  if  *<•«;«•/•/;/«.•.•. 
<  cintri-r,  a  crab :  see  cancer."]  Jluving  the  quali- 
ties of  a  crab. 

Cancrinea  (kang-krin'e-a), «. pi.  [NL.,  <  Cancer 
(1'inii-r-)  +  -inea."]  A 'group  or  legion  of  can- 
croidean  crustaceans,  containing  the  typical 
marine  representatives  of  the  superfamily  (  VIH- 
croidca,  and  especially  the  families  Caucridte 
and  I'ortnniilir. 

cancrinite  (kang'kri-nit),  n.  [<  Cancrin  (a  Rus- 
sian minister  of  finance,  1773-1845)  +  -ite2.] 
In  mineral.,  a  silicate  related  to  nepnelite,  but 
peculiar  in  containing  carbon  dioxid.  it  occurs 
massive  ami  in  indistinct  crystals,  white  to  yellow  anil 
red  in  color.  It  is  found  in  the  I'ral  mountains,  Norway. 
Transylvania,  and  Main.'. 

cancrisocial  (kang-kri-so'shal),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer (caiii'i--)  +  E.  social.']  Social  with  crabs ; 
associated  with  a  crab  in  vital  economy :  ap- 


787 

Cancromidae  (kang-krom'i-d6),  w.  nl.    FNL.,  < 

I'liniit  +  -tdVr.]     The  boat-billed  herons. 

<ir  t'aiicriiiiiinir,  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family. 

SlT    ClIHITllllllllll'. 

Cancrominae  (kang-kro-mi'ne),  n.  j>l.  [NL.,  < 
Cancronui  +  -ina;.']  A  subfamily  of  herons,  of  the 
family  Ardeitlte,  represented  by  the  single  genus 
Cancroma,  characterized  not  only  by  the  form 
of  the  bill  (see  Cancroma),  but  also  by  the  pos- 
session of  4  instead  of  3  or  2  powder-down 
tracts:  a  group  sometimes  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  family.  See  cut  under  boatbitl. 

cancrophagous  (kang-krof'a-gus),  a.  (XL.  can- 
cer (cancr-),  a  crab,  +  Or.  fayciv,  eat.]  Same 
as  cancrivorous. 

cancrum  (kang'krum).  n. ;  pi.  cancra  (-krft). 
[NL.,  a  neut.  form  of  L.  cancer  (masc.),  a  can- 
cer.] A  rapidly  progressive  ulcer.-  cancrum 
Orts  (gangrenous  stomatitis)  and  cancrum  nasl  (gangre- 
nous  rhinitis),  very  fetid  destructive  ulcerations  of  the 
walls  of  the  buccal  and  natal  cavities,  usually  seen  In  Ill- 
fed,  delicate  children.  Also  called  nwna. 

cand  (kand),  n.  [Cf.  W.  can,  brightness.]  In 
Cornwall,  England,  fluor-spar  or  fluorite  occur- 
ring as  a  veinstone :  called  by  the  Derbyshire 
miners  blue-John.  Not  used  In  America,  where  this 
kind  of  veinstone  is  of  rare  occurrence,  although  abundant 
in  certain  mining  regions  of  Europe. 

candareen  (kan-da-ren'),  n.  [<  Malay  /..<» 
<lrin."]  The  name  given  by  foreigners  in  China 
and  the  far  East  to  the  Chinese  fun,  the  100th 
part  of  a  liang  or  ounce.  As  a  weight  It  is  equal  t. . 
about  5.8  grains  troy,  and  as  a  money  of  account  It  may- 
be considered  equal  to  1.4  cents.  See  liang  and  tad. 

candavaig  (kan'da-vag),  n.  [8c.,  perhaps  < 
Gael,  ceann,  head,  +  'dttbhach,  <  duM,  black; 
foul  salmon  being  called  'black  fish'  (Jamie- 
sou).]  A  foul  salmon;  one  that  remains  in 
fresh  water  till  summer,  without  going  into  the 
sea.  [Local,  Scotch.] 

candelt,  /'.    An  obsolete  form  of  candle. 

candelabrum  (kan-de-la'brum),  n. ;  pi.  candela- 
bra (-brio.  [!,..<  i-ii, nl:  In.  a  candle :  see  candle."] 
1.  In  until/.:  (a)  A  candlestick,  (b)  A  lamp- 
stand  ;  a  kind  of  stand  used  among  the  Romans 
to  support  a  lamp  or  lamps.  Such  stands  vary  in 
height  from  those  of  only  a  few  inches,  and  intended  to 
rest  upon  a  table  or  shelf,  to  those  of  4  feet  or  more, 
which  raised  the  lamps  to  a  height  sufficient  to  Illuminate 
an  apartment.  In  general,  such  candelabra  consist  of  a  long 
shaft  or  rod  rising  from  a  base  with  three  feet,  and  support- 
ing a  circular  cap  or  disk  with  elaborate  ornamentation. 
Home  examples  arc  of  enormous  size  and  weight,  covering 
at  the  base  a  triangle  of  t>  or  7  feet  on  each  side,  and  ris- 


candid 

Civilizing  the  stems  of  his  tree*  annually  with  liquid 
lluif,  ami  meditating  how  to  eitmd  that  candent  baptism 
even  to  the  leaves.  Lomll,  Fireside  Travels,  p.  M. 

2.   Very  hot;  heated  to  whiteness;  glowing 
with  white  heat. 
The  candent  vea*el. 


Cancrisocial  Animals. —  Sc.t  anemiinc  (Saifartia  farasitira ) on  a 
whelk  .  hHccinHm  nnd<jtu>n  inhabited  by  a  henult-crab  (Pafiirus 
ArrrtAantHS). 

plied  to  sea-anemones  ami  other  animals  which 
grow  on  the  shell  of  a  crab,  or  on  a  shell  of 
which  a  hermit-crab  has  also  taken  possession. 
In  some  cases  the  association  seema  to  be  not  merely  for- 
tuitmis,  but  to  involve  some  community  of  vital  interest. 

cancrivorous  (kaug-kriv'o-rus),  a.  [<  L.  can- 
cer (cancr-),  a  crab,  +  rorarc,  eat,  devour.] 
Crab-eating ;  carcinophagous :  applied  to  sun- 
dry animals.  Also  ciincrophagous. 

cancrizans  (kang'kri-zanz),  a.  [<  ML.  cancri- 
-n/i.v,  ppr.  of  cancrizare,  walk  backward  like  a 
crab,  <  L.  cancer  (cancr-),  a  crab.]  Goingormov- 
ing  backward,  like  a  crab:  in  music,  used  of  a 
canon  the  subject  of  which  is  repeated  in  the 
answer  backward  instead  of  forward. 

cancroid  (kaug'kroid),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  cancer 
(cancr-),  a  cancer,  crab,  +  Gr.  rirfof,  form.]  I. 
a.  1.  In  palhol.,  of  the  nature  of  or  resembling 
cancer. — 2.  In  rooV.,  same  as  cancriform,  1. 

II.  n.  In  pathol. :  (a)  An  epithelioma.  (6) 
An  adenoma,  (c)  A  keloid. 

Cancroidea  (kang-kroi'de-ft),  n.  pi  [NL.,< 
Citnivr  (Caxcr-)  +  -oidea.  Cf.  cancroid."]  A 
superfamily  or  tribe  of  brachyurous  decapod 
crustaceans,  containing  the  families  Cancrida 
and  I'nr'iniiiliv:  it  corresponds  to  Cyclometopa. 
They  have  the  carapace  usually  transverse  and  the  antero- 
lateral  margins  arclu-d,  the  mouth-cavity  su  I  quadrate,  9 
branchtje  with  efferent  channels  terminating  at  the  palate. 
unil  the  male  organs  in  the  bases  of  the  fifth  pair  of  legs. 

cancroidean  (kang-kroi'de-an),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cnncrniili a. 

Cancroma  (kang-kro'mii),  n.  [NL.  (Linnaeus. 
1766),  named  with  reference  to  F.  crabier,  crab- 
eater  (in  zoo'l.  and  ornith.),  <  L.  cancer  («I«<T-\ 
a  crab.  For  the  form,  cf.  L.  cancroma,  <-<m- 
wroma,  under  carcinoma.]  A  genus  of  altrieial 
grallatorial  birds,  of  the  order  Herodiones  and 
family  Ardeida •• ;  the  boatbills  or  boat-billed 
herons  of  tropical  America,  characterized  by 
the  dilatation  and  inflation  of  the  cochleari- 
form  bill.  There  is  but  one  well-established  species,  C. 
cochUaria.  The  genus  is  typical  of  a  subfamily  CrtHfro- 
niiiiir.  Also  called  fin  I,  V.//./K  I'm*.  See  boattrill. 


Candelabra  of  Bronze.—  First  example,  epoch  of  Napoleon  I. :  second 
example,  Koiuao,  from  Pompeii. 

ing  to  a  proportionate  height ;  these,  often  made  of  marble, 
were  used  in  connection  with  religions  observances,  and 
were  rather  monuments  or  votive  offerings  than  utensils. 

2.  Any  branched  candlestick  differing  from  a 
chandelier  or  bracket  in  resting  upon  a  foot. 
Some  very  beantifnl  candelabra  exist  in  churches,  most 
commonly  made  to  hold  seven  candles.    One  in  Milan  ca- 
thedral, of  bronze,  dating  from  the  twelfth  century,  Is  per- 
haps the  richest  in  existence.    The  "  seven-branched  can- 
dlesticks" of  the  Hebrews  (see  candlestick)  are  properly 
candelabra. 

3.  A  variety  of  arabesque  in  which  a  strongly 
marked  vertical  motive  is  present.   Thus,  a  shaft 
or  a  sort  of  pilaster  from  which  the  scrollwork  of  the  de- 
sign is  given  off  is  called  a  caiulelabrum,  and  gives  the 
name  of  ••itmli'lufinnn  to  the  design  itself. 

4.  pi.  In  sponges,  branching  terminal  spines. 
KHI-UC.  Brit. 

candencyf  (kan'den-si),  n.    [<  L.  candentia, 

whiteness,  <  canden(t-)s:  se«  candent."]    Heat; 

fervor, 
candent  (kan'dent),  a.     [<  L.  canden(t-)s,  ppr. 

of  candere,  be  white  or  hot:  see  candid."]     1. 

Whitening;  making  white.     [Rare.] 


,  Works,  I.  482. 

canderos  (kan'de-ros),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  An  Eaat 
Indian  gum  resembling  amber,  but  rather  white 
in  color  and  more  pellucid.  It  is  sometimes 
fashioned  into  toys  of  various  kinds,  which  are 
vi-rv  light  and  take  a  good  polish. 

candescence  (kan-des'ens),  n.  [<  L.  randf- 
scen(t-)s:  see  candescent."]  Same  as  iiicandet- 
cence.  [Rare.] 

candescent  (kan-des'ent),  a.  [<  L.  cande- 
setn(t-)s,  ppr.  of  candescere,  become  white,  b«- 
gin  to  glow,  inceptive  of  candere,  be  white  or 
not,  glow  :  see  candid.]  Same  as  incandescent. 
[Rare.] 

At  tight  of  the  star  yet  above  the  cave,  though  less  can- 
detcent  than  before.  L.  Wallace,  Ben-Hnr,  p.  76. 

candicantt  (kan'di-kant);  a.  [<  L.  can<ftcan(<-)«, 
ppr.  of  cundicarr,  be  whitish,  (candere,  be  white  : 
see  candid."]  Waxing  white.  Bailey. 

candid  (kan'did),  a.  [<  F.  candiae=  8p.  Pg.  It. 
Candida,  <  L.  Candidas,  bright,  radiant,  pure, 
clear,  sincere,  frank,  <  candere,  shine,  glitter, 
glisten,  be  bright,  be  white,  glow,  glow  with 
neat  (in  comp.  accendere  and  incendere,  set  on 
fire:  see  accend,  incense,  incendiary,  etc.),  akin 
to  Gr.  (avfltir,  golden-yellow  (see  xanOio-),  aa- 
8ap6f,  clear,  clean,  pure  (see  cathartic),  LGr. 
navfapof,  a  coal,  and  to  Skt.  cchandra,  cliandra, 
shining,  chandra,  chandramas,  the  moon,  <  -^ 
ychand,  chand,  ong.  'skandh,  shine.  Hence  also 
(<  L.  candere)  candle,  q.  v.]  If.  Bright  ;  white. 
The  box  receives  all  black  :  but  pour  d  from  thence, 
The  stone*  came  candid  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence. 

Drydcn. 

2.  Honest  and  frank;  open  and  sincere;  in- 
genuous;  outspoken:  of   persons:    as,   to  be 
candid  with  you,  I  think  you  are  wrong. 

Open,  candid,  and  generous,  his  heart  was  the  constant 
companion  of  his  hand,  and  his  tongue  the  artless  index 
of  his  mind.  Canning. 

I  must  be  candid  with  you,  my  dear  Jeffrey,  and  tell 
you  that  I  do  not  like  your  article  on  the  Scotch  Courts. 
Sydney  Smith,  To  Francis  Jeffrey. 

3.  Free  from  undue  bias;  fair;  just;  impar- 
tial :  of  persons  or  their  acts  :  as,  a  candid  view 
or  construction. 

Candid  and  dispassionate  men.  Irving. 


-SyiL  2  and  3.    Candid,  Fair,  Oven,  Frank,  . 

Saire,  Sincere,  unprejudiced,  unbiased.  The  first  seven 
words  apply  to  the  spirit,  expression,  or  manner.  The  can- 
did man  is  able  to  look  Impartially  on  both  sides  of  a  sub- 
ject, especially  giving  due  weight  to  arguments  or  opinions 
opposed  to  his  own,  and  due  credit  to  the  motives  of  op- 
ponents ;  candid  speech  is  essentially  the  same  as  frank 
speech,  sometimes  going  so  far  as  to  be  blunt.  Fair  belongs 
primarily  to  conduct,  but  in  regard  to  speech  and  thought 
it  is  the  same  as  candid:  as,  a  man  preeminently  fair  in 
dealing  with  opposing  views.  Open  is  opposed  to  con- 
cealment ;  the  (>i#n  man  does  not  cultivate  a  politic  re- 
serve, but  expresses  his  opinions  freely,  without  stopping 
to  think  of  their  effect  upon  his  own  interest*.  /  ion*, 
literally,/rf«;  the  freedom  may  be  in  regard  to  one's  own 
opinions,  which  Is  the  same  as  opennra,  or  In  regard  to 
things  l>eloiigiiig  to  others,  where  the  freedom  may  go  so 
far  as  to  be  unpleasant,  or  It  may  disregard  conventional 
ideas  as  to  reticence.  Hence,  while  of*nn««ft  Is  consistent 
with  timidity,  franknett  implies  some  degree  of  boldness. 
Inymuotu  implies  a  permanent  moral  quality,  an  elevated 
inability  to  be  other  than  honest  or  open,  even  to  one's 
own  loss  ;  there  Is  a  peculiar  subjective  cast  to  the  word, 
as  though  the  man  stood  most  in  awe  of  the  disappro- 
bation of  his  own  judgment  and  conscience;  hence  the 
close  connection  between  ingcnvoumeu  and  modesty. 
A'oiw  expresses  a  real  or  an  assumed  unconsciousness  of 
the  way  fn  which  one's  words  meet  conventional  rules,  or 
of  the  construction  which  may  be  put  upon  them  by  others  ; 
natrete  is  thus  an  openness  or  frankness  proceeding  from 
native  or  assumed  simplicity  or  artlessnefts.  Sincere  ex- 
presses the  spirit  and  language  that  go  with  the  love  of 
truth  ;  the  sincere  man  is  necessarily  candid  and  fair,  and 
as  open  and  frank  as  seems  required  by  truth. 

He  [Dryden]  was,  moreover,  a  man  of  singularly  open 
soul,  and  of  a  temper  self-confident  enough  to  be  candid 
even  with  himself.   Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  7. 
I  like  not/air  terms  and  a  villain's  mind. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  1.  S. 
True,  some  are  open,  and  to  all  men  known. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  L  61. 
O  Truth  is  easy,  and  the  light  shines  clear 
In  hearts  kept  open,  honest  and  sincere  ! 

A.  Coin,  The  Evangel 

With  /ran*  and  with  uncurbed  plainness 

Tell  us  the  dauphin's  mind.        SAoJt.,  Hen.  V.,  L  t 

If  an  inyrniunu  detestation  of  falsehood  be  but  care- 

fully and  early  Instilled,  that  Is   the  true  and  genuine 

method  to  obviate  dishonesty.  Locke. 

Infuse  into  their  young  breasts  such  an  intentions  and 

noble  ardour,  as  will  not  fail  to  make  many  of  them  re- 

nouned.  Milton,  Education. 

He  makes  no  secret  of  his  view  that  poetry  stands  high- 

est among  the  arts,  and  that  he  (William  Wordsworth]  is 

at  the  head  of  it     He  expresses  such  opinions  in  the  most 

n/iirv  manner.  Caroline  Foi,  Journal,  p.  143. 


candid 


But  had  thy  love,  still  odiously  pretended, 

Been,  as  it  ought,  sincere,  it  would  have  taught  thee 

Far  other  reasonings.  Miltun,  S.  A.,  1.  874. 

candidacy  (kau'di-da-si),  n.  [<  candidate)  + 
-ci/.]  The  state  of  "being  a  candidate,  espe- 
cially for  an  elective  offiee  ;  candidature. 

candidate  (kaii'di-dat),  n.  [=  F.  candidat,  < 
L.  caiididatiis,  a  candidate,  lit.  'white-robed' 
(so  called  because  in  Borne  those  who  sought 
offiee  wore  a  glittering  white  toga),  <  ttMU&MM, 
white,  shining:  see  candid,  which  has  thus  an 
etymological  connection  with  candidate.']  A 
person  who  seeks  or  is  put  forward  by  others 
for  an  office  or  honor;  one  who  offers  himself 
or  is  proposed  for  office  or  preferment,  by  elec- 
tion or  appointment  :  as,  a  candidate  for  the  of- 
fice of  sheriff,  or  for  a  degree. 

He  had  anticipated  having  all  the  mixed  and  miserable 
feelings  of  one  about  making  his  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
as  a  candidate  on  exhibition. 

W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  155. 


738 

spermaceti,  or  other  fatty  material,  formed  on  a 
wick  composed  of  linen  or  cotton  threads  woven 
or  twisted  loosely,  or  (as  formerly)  of  the  pith  of 
a  rush,  and  used  as  a  source  of  artificial  light. 

Miche  of  my  can'lfl  in  wnaste  y  spende, 
Manye  wickid  windis  hath  wastid  it  away. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

Neither  do  men  light  a  candle,  and  put  it  under  a  bushel, 
but  on  a  candlestick.  Mftt-  v- 15- 

2.  One  candle-power:  used  as  a  standard  of 
comparison.  See  candle-power. —  3.  In  soda- 
manuf.,  a  name  given  to  the  jets  of  sulphureted 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  oxid  which  escape  from 
various  parts  of  the  roasted  mixture  of  sodium 
sulphate,  coal,  and  limestone,  during  the  pro- 
cess of  manufacture — Bell,  book,  and  candle.  See 
belli.— Candles'  ends.  See  candle-end. 

Faith  !   'tis  true,  Sir, 
We  are  but  spans  and  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  5. 


Candlemas-bell 

Petruchio  is  coming  in  a  new  hat  and  an  old  jerkin,  a 
pair  of  old  breeches,  thrice  turned ;  a  pair  of  boots  that 
have  been  caiulle-cayes,  one  buckled,  another  laced. 

Shak.,1.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2. 

candle-coal,  «.     See  cannel-coal. 

candle-end  (kan'dl-end),  11.     The  fag-end  of  a 

candle  burned  down;  hence,  a  petty  saving;  a 

scrap;  a  fragment;  a  worthless  trifle:  chiefly 

in  the  plural.     [Archaic.] 
candle-fir  (kan'dl-fer),  n.    Fir  that  has  been 

buried  in  a  moss-  or  peat-bog  for  a  long  time. 

It  is  split  and  used  in  some  places,  especially  in  the  rural 

parts  of  Ireland,  to  burn  for  light. 
candle-fish  (kan'dl-fish),  n.     1.  The  eulachon, 

Tlialciclithi/ajiacificiiK,  an  anadromous,  deep-sea, 


Electric  candle,  a  form  of  the  electric-arc  lamp,  as  the 
Candidate  (kan'di-dat),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can-     Jablochkoff  candle,  which  resembles  an  ordinary  candle 
didated,  ppr.  candidating.      [<   candidate,  «.]     £*?HL  to  «Sni.l*»*'i^*Sl  ffiSraSnSSSSTta 

I.t  trans.  To  render  qualified  as  a  candidate.       whlch  the  ot?eluler  wa£  allowed  time  to  repent  only  while 

Without  quarrelling  with  Rome,  we  can  allow  this  pur- 
gatory,  to  purify  and  cleanse  us,  that  we  may  be  the  better 
candidated  for  the  court  of  heaven  and  glory. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  57. 


WHICH  tile  olienuer  was  luioweu  nine  tu  reyBUH  uuij  iruMo 

a  candle  burned  out.— Flat  candle,  the  candle  burned 
in  a  flat  candlestick  (which  see,  under  candlestick). 


II.  intrans.  To  become  a  candidate;  seek 
or  aspire  to  some  office  ;  offer  one's  self  or  one's 
services  as  a  candidate,  as  a  clergyman  seeking 
a  parish  or  a  charge  ;  compete  with  others  as  a 
candidate. 

Let  him  put  the  question  to  some  [choir-singers]  who 
every  spring  have  to  candidate  for  a  situation. 

The  Century,  XXVIII.  308. 

candidateship  (kan'di-dat-ship),  u.     [<  candi- 

date +  -ship.]     Candidature. 
candidature  (kan'di-da-tur),  n.     [<  F.  candi- 

dature, <  candidat,  candidate.]     The  state  of 

being  a  candidate  ;  candidateship  ;  candidacy. 
candidatus  (kan-di-da'tus),  n.     [L.  :  see  can- 

didate, «.]    A  candidate  for  a  public  office  at 

Borne.     Shak. 
candidly  (kan'did-li),  adv.     In  a  candid  man- 

ner ;  openly  ;  frankly  ;  without  trick  or  disguise  ; 

ingenuously. 

Not  so  fairly  and  candidly  as  he  oueht. 

Ca»nde»,~Elizabeth,  an.  1598. 

No  doubt  an  overestimate  of  ourselves  and  of  our  own 
doings  is  a  very  common  human  failing,  as  we  are  all 
ready  to  admit  when  we  candidly  consider  our  neighbors. 

Lowell,  Stanley. 

candidness  (kaii'did-nes),  ».  The  quality  of 
being  candid;  openness  of  mind  or  manner; 
frank  honesty  or  truthfulness;  fairness;  in- 
genuousness. 

The  candidness  of  an  upright  judge. 

Feltham,  Resolves,  ii.  26. 

candied  (kan'did),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  candy1,  i\~] 
1.  Preserved  with  sugar,  or  incrusted  with  it; 
covered  with  crystals  of  sugar,  or  with  matter 
resembling  it:  as,  candied  raisins.  —  2.  Wholly 
or  partly  crystallized  or  congealed:  as,  candied 
honey.  —  3.  Figuratively,  honeyed  ;  flattering; 
glozing. 

Why  should  the  poor  be  flatter'd? 
No,  let  the  candied  tongue  lick  absurd  pomp, 
And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee 
Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2. 

candify  (kan'di-fl),  v.  t.  or  i.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
dified,  ppr.  candifying.  [<  candy1  +  -fy.~\  To 
make  or  become  candied  ;  candy.  [Bare.] 

Candiot,  Candiote  (kan'di-ot,  -6t),  a.  and  n. 
[<  It.  Candia,  Crete  (<  Ar.  Khandeh  :  see  def.), 
+  -oi2,  -ofc.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Candia, 
the  name  given  by  the  Venetians  to  the  island 
of  Crete  and  its  chief  city,  from  the  Arabic 
name  of  the  latter;  Cretan.  [Now  little  used.] 
II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Candia  or  Crete  ;  a 
modern  Cretan. 

candite  (kan'dit),  n.  [<  Candy  (see  def.)  + 
-ite2.]  A  variety  of  spinel  from  Candy,  Cey- 
lon. Also  called  ceylonite  or  ceylanite. 

canditeer  (kan-di-ter'),  n.  [Origin  uncertain.] 
In  fort.,  a  frame  used  to  lay  brushwood  or  fagots 
upon,  to  protect  or  cover  a  working  party. 

candle  (kau'dl),  n.  [<  ME.  candel,  candele,  < 
AS.  candel  =  F.  chandelle  =  Pr.  Sp.  candela  = 
Pg.  candca  =  It.  candela  =  Wall,  candel  =  Olr. 
cainel,  cainnel,  Ir.  coinneal  =  Gael,  coinnell  = 
W.  eanwytt  =  OBulg.  kanudilo,  Bulg.  latndilo  = 
Serv.  Icandilo  =  Buss,  kandilo,  fc««<JeK=NGr. 
Kavdfaa  =  Ar.  qand.il  (>  Turk,  qandil,  Sp.  can- 
(lil,  a  lamp),  <  L.  candela,  a  candle,  <  caiidcre, 
be  white,  bright,  shining  :  see  candid.  Hence 
(through  F.)  chandler,  chandelier,  chandry,  etc.] 
1.  A  taper;  a  cylindrical  body  of  tallow,  wax, 


The  idea  of  a  girl  with  a  really  fine  head  of  hair,  having 
to  do  it  by  one  Jlat  candle  and  a  few  inches  of  looking- 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iv. 


Mineral  candle,  a  kind  of  candle  made  from  a  semi-fluid 
naphtha  obtained  from  wells  sunk  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Irrawaddy  river  in  Burma.— Not  fit  to  hold  a  (or 
the)  candle  to  (one),  very  inferior.  The  allusion  is  to 
link-boys  who  held  torches  or  candles  to  light  passengers. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Buononcini 

That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny ; 

Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 

Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  candle. 
Birrom,  Feuds  between  Handel  and  Buononcini. 
Rush  candle,  a  candle  made  of  the  pith  of  certain  rushes, 
peeled  except  on  one  side,  and  dipped  in  tallow.— Sale  by 
Candle.  See  auction  by  inch  of  candle,  under  auction. — 
The  game  Is  not  worth  the  candle  (le  jeu  ne  vant  j>as 
la  chandelle),  the  object  is  not  worth  the  pains  requisite 
for  its  attainment :  a  phrase  of  French  origin.— To  burn 
the  candle  at  both  ends,  to  be  reckless  and  extravagant ; 
live  too  fast,  especially  by  the  exhaustion  of  vitality  by 
overwork,  the  combination  of  hard  work  with  dissipation 
or  fatiguing  pleasures,  or  the  like. 

You  can't  burn  the  candle  at  both  ends,  and  make  any- 
thing by  it  in  the  long  run  ;  and  it  is  the  long  pull  that 
you  are  to  rely  on.  S.  Bowles,  in  Merriam's  Bowles,  I.  299. 


by  amorous  gallants  to  afford  a  strong  testimony  of  zeal 
for  the  lady  whose  health  was  drunk. 

Drinks  off  candles'  ends  for  flapdragons. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4. 

Carouse  her  health  in  cans 
And  candles'  ends. 

Fletcher,  Monsieur  Thomas,  ii.  2. 

Yellow  candle,  a  Russian  tallow  prepared  from  the  fat 
of  oxen. 

candle-balance 


Candle-fish  (  Thaleichthys  pact/tens]. 

salmonoid  fish  of  the  smelt  family,  Argentinida;, 
resembling  a  smelt  in  form,  but  with  weaker 
dentition,  smaller  scales,  dusky  coloration,  and 
attaining  a  length  of  nearly  a  foot.  It  occurs  in 
immense  shoals  off  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  the 
spring,  and  ascends  all  the  rivers  north  of  the  Columbia 
to  spawn.  At  the  time  of  the  runs  the  fish  is  extremely 
fat,  and  is  not  only  used  for  food,  as  a  favorite  pan-flsh, 
but  for  the  manufacture  of  eulachon-oil,  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  cod-liver  oil  in  medicine;  and  it  is  also  made 
to  serve  as  a  natural  candle  by  inserting  in  it  the  pith  of 
a  rush  or  a  strip  of  bark  as  a  wick  (whence  the  name). 
2.  An  acanthopterygian  fish  of  the  west  coast 
of  North  America,  Anoplnpoma  fimbria,  type  of 
the  family  Anoplopomida;,  resembling  a  pollock, 


Candle-fish  (Anoplopomajimbria}, 


and  attaining  a  length  of  20  inches  and  a  weight 
of  5  pounds.  See  Anoplojiomidte.  Also  called 
black  candle-fish,  horse-mackerel,  and  beshow. 

'  r.  A  firefly.   Florin. 


as  F.  candelaria.    See  cut  under  lantern-fly. 
candle-holder  (kan'dl-hol"der),  «.     A  person 
who  holds  a  candle  ;  hence,  one  who  remotely 
assists,  but  is  otherwise  not  a  sharer,  in  some 
affair  or  undertaking. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  L  4. 

candle-light  (kan'dl-llt).  «.    [<  ME.  candel-liht, 


the  rate  of  consumption  of  a  burning  candle. 
It  consists  of  a  balanced  lever  or  scale,  on  the  shorter  arm 
of  which  the  candle  is  supported,  while  a  weight  is  hung 
on  the  longer  arm  or  scale-beam  in  such  a  way  as  to  bal- 
ance it  exactly.  The  candle  is  then  lighted,  and  the  weight 
is  shifted  to  a  known  weight,  say  one  ounce.  When  the 
candle  has  lost  one  ounce  in  weight,  the  scale  again  bal- 
ances, and  this  closes  an  electric  circuit  and  gives  a 
signal. 

candle-bark  (kan'dl-bark),  n.  A  candle-case. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

candle-beam  (kan'dl-bem),  n .  In  old  churches, 
a  horizontal  bar,  rail,  or  beam  furnished  with 
prickets  for  holding  candles,  around  each  of 
which  was  a  saucer  to  catch  the  drippings. 
Caudle-beams  were  placed  over  or  near  the  altar,  and  also 
at  the  entrance  to  the  choir  or  chancel,  where  the  rood- 
beam  or  rood-screen  was  placed  in  richer  churches. 

candle-bearer  (kau'dl-bar^er),  n.  A  candle- 
beam. 

There  shall  be  a  candle-bearer,  enriched  with  a  carving 
of  the  Holy  Trinity ;  on  the  top  of  which  three  candles 
shall  be  burnt,  on  Sundays  and  Feast-days,  so  long  as  the 
means  of  the  Gild  allow  it. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  263. 

candleberry  (kan'dl-ber"i), «. ;  pi.  candleberrifs 
(-iz).  1.  The  fruit  of  Aleurites  triloba,  the 
candleberry-tree :  so  named  because  the  ker- 
nels, when  dried  and  stuck  on  a  reed,  are  used 
by  the  Polynesians  as  candles.  Also  called 
candlenut. —  2.  The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica  ceri- 
fera,  and  its  fruit.  See  Myrica. 

candleberry-tree  (kan'dl-ber"i-tre),  n.  The 
Aleurites  triloba.  See  Aleurites. 

candle-bomb  (kan'dl-bom),  n.  A  small  glass 
bubble  filled  with  water,  which  when  placed  in 
the  wick  of  a  candle  explodes  from  the  force 
of  the  steam  that  is  generated. 

candle-case  (kan'dl-kas),  n.  A  cylindrical  box 
used  for  holding  candles. 


°f  & 


That  children  hath  bi  candtlliht 

Heore  [their]  shadowe  on  the  wall  isen  [seen], 

Early  Eng.  Poemt  (ed.  Kuruivall,  1862),  p.  138. 
In  darkness  candle-light  may  serve  to  guide  men's  steps, 
which  to  use  in  the  day  were  madness. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Pol.,  II.  iv.  §  7. 

2.  The  time  at  which  candles  or  lamps  are  light- 
ed: an  expression  much  used  in  places  or  re- 
gions where  no  correct  standard  of  time  is  easi- 
ly accessible :  as,  the  evening  service  will  begin 
at  early  candle-light. 

Between  daylight  and  candle-light.  Siri/t. 

Candlemas   (kan'dl-mas),    n.     [<  ME.  candel- 

masse,  -messe  (cf.  Dan. "  kyndelmisse  =  Sw.  kyn- 


were  candelaria,  candelatin,  candelosa,  alsocnn- 
dela.~\  An  ecclesiastical  festival  held  on  the 
second  day  of  February  in  honor  of  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  infant  Christ  in  the  temple  and 
the  purification  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  it  seems  to 
have  been  instituted  in  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century, 
though  some  authorities  believe  it  to  be  older.  It  was 
first  observed  iu  the  East.  The  feast  takes  its  name  from 
the  custom,  as  old  as  the  seventh  century,  of  carrying 
lighted  candles  in  procession  in  memory  of  Simeon's  words 
at  the  presentation  of  the  infant  (Luke  ii.  32),  "  a  light  to 
lighten  the  Gentiles,  and  the  glory  of  thy  people  Israel." 
On  this  day  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  the  caudles  and 
tapers  to  be  used  in  their  churches  throughout  the  ensuing 
year.  The  feast  is  retained  in  the  Anglican  Church,  and 
is  also  observed  by  the  Lutherans.  It  is  also  called  the 
Puriflcatiim,  and  in  the  Greek  Church  the  Hy]>m>ante. 
In  Scotland  the  date  of  this  festival,  February  2d,  Is  one 
of  the  quarter-days  for  paying  and  receiving  rents,  inter- 
est, school  fees,  etc. 

Candlemas-bell  (kan'dl-mas-bel),  H.  The 
snowdrop,  Caliuitlnis  nivalis:  so  called  from 
the  time  of  its  flowering. 


candle-mine 

candle-mine  (kan'ill-min).  «.  A  mine  o 
or  tallow:  a  term  whieli  Shakspere  makes 
I 'riuce  Henry  apply  to  FalstafT  011  account  of 
his  fatness. 

candle-mold  (kan'dl-mold),  «.  A  cylindrical 
metal  mold,  or  frame  of  such  molds,  use.l  in 
making  Candles. 

candlenut  (kau'dl-nut),  n.  Same  as  ctimll,- 
bcrri/,  I. 

candle-power  (kan'dl-pou'6r),  n.  The  illumi- 
nating power  of  a  candle:  s|iecilieully,  the 
Ulnmmating  powor  of  u  ennille  of  determinate 
composition  and  rate  of  burning,  taken  as  a 
unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity  of  any  illumi- 
nating agent  :  as,  a  gas-jet  of  -~>  OCmdU-pOBtr, 

'[In-  standard  usually  rlnplovi'.l  f<i|-  tin-  purpose  I-  a  sper- 

inarrti  i-iuidlf  burning  at  the  rate  uf  120  grains  of  sperm 
IKT  Imur. 

candle-quencherst,  ».  i>l.    Caudle-snuffers. 

rii/j.M.;,/, •/,,-;,,,-.,-.  unit  forsothc  where  th«  snoffes  ben 
<jiicnrhid,  l>u  the!  maad  of  inoost  puyr  gold. 

WycliJ,  Ex.  xxv.  83  (Oxf.). 

candle-rush  (kan'dl-rush), «.  A  popular  name 
of  JiiHi'im  I'rt'Kxux,  from  the  fact  that  its  pith  is 
used  in  Europe  for  rush-lights. 

candle-shearst  (kan'dl-sherz),  n.  pi.  [<  late 
ME.  canttclschers.]  An  old  name  for  snuffers. 

candlestick  (kun'dl-stik),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  contr.  canstick;  <  ME.  MMMwMffc  -stikkc,  < 
AS.  candel-sticca,  <  candel,  candle,  +  sticca,  a 
st  ick.  |  An  instrument  or  utensil  for  holding 
a  candle.  Candlesticks  are  of  several  sorts :  those  with 
a  pricket  upon  which  the  candle  Is  set,  anil  usually  hav- 
ing ix  saucer  or  bowl  surrounding  the  pricket  to  catch 
the  drippings;  those  with  a  forceps  (sec  c/i/i  <vim//.*(ici); 
and  those  mmle  with  a  socket  or  nozle.  The  last  U  the 
( -11111111.  HI  form.— Flat  candlestick,  a  li<-'lr.ioin  run<lleatick 
with  a  broad  Hut  foot  or  dish.  Seven-branched  candle- 
stick, a  candelabrum  having  a  central  shaft  and  three 
brandies  on  each  side,  common  in  the  churches  of  the  mid- 
dle ages,  In  allusion  to  the  candlestick  of  the  tabernacle 
(Ex.  xxv.  31)  and  the  seven  lumps  of  the  Apocalypse. 

candle-tree  (kan'dl-tre),  ».  [Tr.  of  the  Sp. 
pah  de  velas:  palo,  a  cudgel,  pole,  etc.,  <  L. 
pains  (see  pale*);  de,  <  L.  dc,  of;  velas,  pi.  of 
vela,  watchfulness,  also  candle,  <  L.  vigil, 
watchful:  see  vigilant.']  1.  A  bignoniaceous 
tree  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  Parmentiera 
eerifera,  the  fruit  of  which,  nearly  4  feet  long, 
has  the  appearance  of  a  yellow  wax  candle  and 
a  peculiar  apple-like  smell,  and  is  eaten  by 
cattle. — 2.  In  the  United  States,  the  Catal/xi 
bignonioides,  from  its  long  round  pods. 

candle-waster  (kan'dl-was'ter),  n.  One  who 
wastes  candles ;  specifically,  in  contempt  or  re- 
proach, one  who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  in 
occupations  considered  unprofitable  or  harm- 
ful, as  dissipation  or  excessive  or  late  study. 
[Now  rare.] 

Patch  grief  with  proverbs ;  make  misfortune  drunk 
With  camlle-UMiten.  Shale.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1. 

A  whoreson  book-worm,  a  candle-waster. 

B.  Jonton,  Cynthia's  Kevels,  ill.  2. 

candle  wood  (kaii'dl-wud),  «.  1.  A  name 
given  in  the  British  West  Indies  to  several 
trees,  as  (n)  to  Amyris  balsamij'era  or  rhodes- 
wood,  (l>)  to  Ouratea  Guianensis,  and  (c)  to  Scia- 
dophyllum  capitatum. —  2.  The  genus  f'ouquicra 
of  northern  Mexico  and  the  adjacent  United 
States,  including  several  species  with  erect, 
slender,  very  resinous,  and  often  leafless  stems, 
and  large  bright-scarlet  flowers. 

candlingt,  «•  [<  candle  +  -ing1.]  A  supper 
given  by  landlords  of  ale-houses  to  their  cus- 
tomers on  Candlemas  eve.  Wright. 

cando  (kan'do),  H.  A  measure  of  length  used 
in  Goa,  formerly  equal  to  47  English  inches,  but 
now  usually  taken  as  equal  to  the  Portuguese 
vara  (43.2  inches). 

candock  (kan'dok),  «.  [<  can*  +  dock1.  Cf. 
equiv.  G.  kannen-kraut,  lit.  'canwort.']  1.  A 
local  English  name  for  one  or  more  species  of 
/•:,/uix<  tinn,  or  horsetails,  g^ven  because  some 
of  i  ho  kinds  are  employed  in  polishing  tin  cans 
and  other  metallic  vessels. 

Lot  the  ixind  lie  dry  six  nr  twelve  months,  ...  to  kill 
tin-  \\at.-r  urr.Ka;-  \\atrr  lilies,  i-innlockg,  reate,  and  bul- 
rushes. /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler. 

2.  The  yellow  water-lily,  \uphar  luteum:  so 
called  from  its  dock-like  leaves  and  flagon- 
shaped  seed-vessels. 

candor,  candour  (kan'dqr),  n.  [The  latter 
spelling  still  used  in  England ;  <  F.  candeur  = 
Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  candor  =  It.  enndore,  <  L.  candor, 
ace.  eanaorem,  brightness,  radiance,  purity, 
clearness,  sincerity,  frankness,  <  canderc,  be 
white  or  bright :  see  candid.]  If.  Whiteness; 
clearness ;  brilliancy.  Sir  T.  Hroirne. — 2. 
Openness  of  heart ;  a  disposition  to  treat  sub- 


789 

jeeis  \\ith  fairness;  freedom  from  reserve  or 
disguise;  frankness;  ingenuousness;  wneerity. 

Mi-lit  I  lint  persuade  j."i  '"  dispense 
A  little  »itli  join-  r->inifoiir,  and  COII»IMII 
To  make  your  house  the  stage  on  which  we'll  act 
A  .-.mile  scene.    Matringer,  I'iirliRin.  nt  of  Love,  iv.  3. 

A  candour  which  is  only  fi.uu.l  win  n-  men  tlylit  for  truth 
and  not  for  victory.  Lady  lIMum!,  Sydney  Smith,  II. 

candredt,  «.    See  nmti-ni. 

candroy  (kuu'droi),  n.  [Origin  unknown.]  A 
machine  used  in  preparing  cottoii  cloths  for 
printing. 

canduc(kan'duk),  H.  [N.  African.  |  The  name 
of  a  North  African  fox,  I'uljien  adimta. 

candy1  (kan'di),  «.  and  a.  [<  F.  candi  (also 
sncrc  candi,  where  candi  is  regarded  as  pp.  of 
the  verb),  <  It.  caadi  (zucchcro  candito)  =  Sp. 
candi,  azucar  candi,  or  candi;  =  Pg.  candi,  can- 
dil  (axsucar  candi),  <  Ar.  qandi,  made  of  sugar,  < 
qand,  qanda  (»<il.li  r  t/amla)  =  Pers.  qand,  sugar, 
sugar-candy,  <  Hind.  Khand,  sugar,  prob.<  Miami. 
a  piece  (cf.  klianilat,  kliandit,  broken),  <  Skt. 
khanda,  a  piece,  a  portion  (cf.  khandava,  sweet- 
meats), <  •/  kliand,  break.]  I.  n. ;  pi.  Canutes 
(-diz).  A  solid  preparation  or  confection  of 
sugar  or  molasses,  or  both,  boiled,  inspissated, 
and  worked  by  pulling  to  a  crystalline  consis- 
tence, either  alone  or  combined  with  flavoring 
and  coloring  substances;  hence,  any  confec- 
tion having  sugar  as  its  basis,  however  pre- 
pared. Candy  made  of  or  with  molasses  is 
specifically  called  molasses  candy  and  taffy. — 
Candy-pull,  a  gathering  of  young  people  for  the  purpose 
of  making  and  eating  molasses  candy.  The  name  Is  de- 
rived from  the  process  of  pulling  required  In  making  the 
candy.  (U.  8.) 
II. t  ".  Sugared;  sweet. 

Why,  what  a  candi/  deal  of  courtesy 

Tills  fawning  greyhound  then  did  proffer  nie ! 

Shalt.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  1.  s. 
It  is  a  cordial  of  a  candy  taste. 

tliddleton,  Micro  Cynlcon,  Prol.  to  bk.  I. 

candy1  (kan'di),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  candied,  ppr. 
candying.  [The  verb  seems  to  appear  in  E. 
before  the  noun,  but  is  duo  to  the  noun:  F. 
candir,  <  It.  candire,  to  make  into  candy,  < 
candi:  see  candy1,  n.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  form 
into  congelations  or  crystals ;  congeal  in  a  crys- 
talline form  or  inspissated  concretion:  as,  to 
candy  sugar,  honey,  etc. —  2.  To  preserve  or  in- 
crust  with  sugar,  as  fruits,  by  immersing  them 
in  it  while  boiling  and  removing  them  sepa- 
rately or  in  mass. — 3.  To  cover  or  incrust  with 
concretions  or  crystals,  as  of  ice. 

The  cold  brook, 
Candied  with  ice.  Shot.,  T.  of  A.,  Iv.  8. 

Now  no  more  the  frost 
Candie*  the  grass.  Caretr,  Spring. 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  take  the  form  of,  or  be- 
come incrusted  by,  candied  sugar:  as,  pro- 
serves  candy  with  long  keeping. — 2.  To  be- 
come crystallized  or  congealed. 

In  manufacturing  candy  from  molasses,  .  .  .  the  can- 
I/I/I'H'/  results  from  boiling  the  molasses  to  free  it  from 
water,  and  then  .  .  .  pulling  it  by  the  hands,  so  as  to 
develop  the  colorless  saccharine  crystals  which  serve  to 
hide  the  dark  impurities.  A'fcAofo,  Fireside  Science,  p.  99. 

candy'2,  kandy  (kan'di).  n.;  pi.  candies  (-diz). 
[<  Tamil  kandi  =  Marathi  khandi,  a  measure 
of  weight,  <  Skt.  khanda,  a  portion,  piece:  see 
candy1.]  An  East  Indian  unit  of  weight,  usual- 
ly 20  maunds,  but  sometimeslJl  or  22,  and  vary- 
ing in  different  localities  and  for  every  com- 
modity. The  most  usual  value  Is  from  r.n  to  500  pounds 
avoirdupois.  Tin-  candy  is  sometimes  considered  as  a  dry 
measure,  varying  from  15  to  30  1'nited  States  bushels. 

In  an  ordinary  season  the  yield  of  a  plol  —  or,  as  the 
natives  call  it,  poda  — of  an  acre  and  three  quarters  [of 
niatt.ler)  will  lie  about  eight  oim/i>*  of  fiOO  Ibs.  each. 

A.  Q.  F.  Eliot  James,  Indian  Industries,  p.  118. 

candy-sugar  (kan'di-shug'jir),  n.  Same  as 
rocl;-<-ini<li/  or  Gibraltar  rock.  "  [Great  Britain.] 

candytuft  (kan'di-tuft),  n.  [<  Candy,  F.  Can- 
ilii;  Candia,  the  ancient  Crete,  +  tuft.]  The 
popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Iberis, 
especially  /.  umbellata,  having  tufted  flowers, 
brought  from  the  island  of  Candia.  See 
Tbtrit, 

cane1  (kan),  n.  [X  ME.  cane,  cannc,  <  OF.  cam: 
cannc  (also  assibilated  chane,  channc),  F.  canne 
=  Pr.  cana  =  Sp.  cafta  =  Pg.  canna,  cana  =  It. 
canna,  a  reed,  a  cane  (and  hence,  as  a  measure 
of  length,  F.  cannc  =  Sp.  cana,  perhaps  directly 
<  Heli.  qdneh,  as  a  measure  of  length:  see 
I'antii),  <  L.  canna,  in  ML.  also  cana,  <  Or.  Kama, 
navvy,  a  reed,  cane,  perhaps  of  Eastern  origin : 
cf.  Heb.  qancH,  a  reed.]  1.  A  rather  long  ami 
slender  jointed  woody  stem,  more  or  less  rigid, 
hollow  or  pithy,  as  that  of  some  palms,  gra>-.-. 
and  other  plants,  such  as  the  ratan,  bamboo, 


canel-bone 

and  Mitfiii  .,  the  Mem  of  i 

or  blackberries. 

Id-  -|i-.k.  uf  his  tropical  home  in  the  canet  by  th>-  pnrpl'- 
In  If.  I  h.   U  n.  k 

2.  Sugar-cane:  as,  a  plantation  of  .</«<,-  cane- 
SUgar. —  3.  The  plant  .Irinnlinaiia  nun  /-«.>/»  mm 
of  the  southern  I  n  ,  forming  rime- 

brakes.  See  .Innidinaria. — 4.  The  stem  of  a 
plant,  as  the  bamboo,  used  as  a  walking-stick  ; 
hence,  any  walking-stick.  Tin-word  wunotapi.ind 
to  a  walking-stick  fiiili.-r  Hum  tin-  MM.  •  inh  ..niury;  a 
cane  "  ^:ai  iii-li.  •!  u  ith  _»M  ha\  MI-  a  |n  tfiiin.-  in  tlif  top 
and  other  cDiis.-iii.-n..^  .n,i.  i  I  in  an 

Invnit.iry.if  Ili-nry  VIII.  s  tun-  ;  bin  it  was  iml  until  the 
<  "f  IxinU  XIV.  that  tli<-  .a  I.-  i  vt-ninl 

ill  tin-  ban. I-  of  nifii  of  quality.  Al  thin  time  runes  were 
generally  made  of  the  length  mm-  .  .,nirn..n.  that  In,  2  feet 
10  Inches  to  3  feet;  but  In  the  eighteenth  i-<-ntury  it  lie- 
usual  to  have  them  very  long.  4  feet  or  more,  and 
ornamented  with  a  great  bunch  of  ribbon*  tied  near  the 
top.  Su.-h  aim's  were  carried  by  women  ai  well  u  men. 
The  heads  of  these  one*  frequently  contained  perfume- 
lM>ttles  or  vinaigrette*;  they  were  sometimes  flttetl  with 
eye-glasses,  whiili  n.iil.l  lie  opened  and  shut;  and  occa- 
sionally a  crutch-shaped  handle  was  utilized  ai  a  •mall 
telescope,  the  cross-piece  being  made  tubular  and  fitted 
with  lenses.  The  heads  were  of  porcelain,  enameled  mcUl, 
and  other  rich  materials.  See  ttrttrtl-fattt  and  vutoi-canf. 
C.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.  [Rare.] 

The  flying  skirmish  of  the  darted  cane.  />• 

Cane  chair,  (a)  A  chair  made  of  ratan,  the  main  supports, 
arms,  back,  and  the  like  being  comi>ose<l  of  the  solid 
canes,  deprived  of  their  smooth  siliceous  surface,  cither 
singly,  or  cronjicil  in  twos  and  threes,  the  parts  being 
Ixiiuid  together  by  split  or  shaved  cane,  and  the  seat  and 
back  formed  of  woven-work  of  the  same  material.  (M  A 
chair  having  the  seat,  or  the  teat  and  liack.  made  of  thin 
strips  of  cane,  retaining  their  natural  smooth  surface, 
interlaced  or  woven  together.  —  Clouded  cane.  Same  as 
Malacca  cane. 

Sir  Plume,  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vain. 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clouded  cane. 

Pope,  K.  of  the  L.,  Ir.  124. 

Collecting-cane,  a  cane-gun  used  by  naturalists  for  col- 
lecting specimens.  See  cane-ovn. —  Hydraulic  cane. 
See  A  i/rfrnii/iV.  —  Malacca  cane,  a  cane  made  of  the  brown 
mottled  or  clouded  stem  of  the  palm  ( 'alaiHU* Scipwnum, 
without  removal  of  the  bark,  brought  from  Singapore  and 
Malacca,  but  produced  chiefly  In  Sumatra.  Also  called 
clouded  cane.  —Byn.  4.  See  staff. 

cane1  (kan),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caned,  ppr.  can- 
ing. [<  cane1,  n.]  I.  To  beat  or  flog  with  a 
cane  or  walking-stick. 

I  know  you  have  too  much  respect  for  yourself  to  cane 
me  in  this  honourable  habit.        Merle,  Spectator,  No.  88. 

2.  To  furnish  or  complete  with  cane;  fill  the 
center  of  the  back  or  the  seat  with  interwoven 
strips  of  cane :  as,  to  cane  chairs. 

cane-,  cain  (kan),  n.  [Sc.,  <  OF.  cane  (ML. 
/•ana.  canum),  a  tax,  perhaps  a  particular  use 
of  cane,  rule  or  order,  measure,  ult.  identical 
with  cane,  a  reed,  etc.,  but  with  sense  of  the 
deriv.  canon  :  see  cane1  and  canon1.]  In  Scot- 
land, rent  paid  in  kind,  as  in  poultry,  eggs, 
etc.;  hence,  any  tax,  tribute,  or  duty  exacted. 

cane-'t,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  ran2.' 

cane4t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  khan1. 

cane-brake  (kan'brak),  n.  A  thicket  of  canes ; 
in  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land  thickly 
overgrown  with  Arundinaria. 

Slow  work  it  was,  something  like  hacking  and  hewing 

and  squeezing  one's  way  through  a  cane-brake  after  a  bear. 

H  .  Jf.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  118. 

cane-colored  (kan'kul'ord),  a.  Of  the  color  of 
cane;  straw-colored. 

caned  (kand),  a.  [Origin  unknown.]  Filled 
with  white  matter;  made  white;  mothery: 
said  of  vinegar,  llnlliii-ill. 

cane-gamet  (kan'gam),  n.  The  game  of  quin- 
tain :  so  called  because  hollow  canes  were 
sometimes  used  instead  of  lances.  Xtnttt. 

cane-gun  (kan'gun'),  n.  A  weapon  comprising 
a  gun-barrel  with  its  discharging  devices,  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  an 
ordinary  walking-stick.  E.  H.  Knight. 

caneh,  kaneh  (kii'ne),  n.  [Heb.  qaneh,  a  reed : 
see  cane1.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  6  cubits, 
translated  reed  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible,  equal  to  10  feet  11  inches. 

cane-harvester  (kan'har'ves-ter),  ».  A  ma- 
chine, resembling  in  form  the  common  corn- 
harvester,  used  to  cut  and  gather  sugar-cane 
or  sorghum. 

cane-hole  (kan'hol),  n.  A  hole  or  trench  for 
planting  the  cuttings  of  cane  on  sugar-planta- 
tions. 

cane-killer  (kan'kil'er),  n.  In  Jamaica,  an 
annual  scrophulariaeeous  plant,  Alcctra  Brati- 
liensis,  which  is  parasitic  upon  the  roots  of 
sugar-cane,  etc. 

canel't,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  cannel1. 

canel-t,  "•    See  r««ii»r-'. 

canel*t,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  kennel1. 

canel-bonet,  «.  An  obsolete  form  of  cnannel- 
bont: 


canell 

canell  (ka-nel'),  «.    Same  as  canaille,  2. 

Canella1  (ka-nel'a),  w.  [NL.  (>  F.  cannelle,  ca- 
iieller  (>  E.  canned,  q.  v.)  =  Sp.  canela  =  Pg. 
canela,  canella  =  It.  cannella,  formerly  also 
canella},  <  ML.  canella,  cannella,  cinnamon:  see 
cannel2.]  1.  A  genus  of  low  aromatic  trees, 
representative  of  the  order  Canellacece,  of  only 
two  species.  The  principal  species  is  C.  alba,  the 
whitewood  or  wild  cinnamon  of  the  West  Indies  and 
southern  Florida,  which  yields  canella  or  white  cinnamon 
bark.  This  bark  has  a  pleasant  cinnamon-like  odor  and 
a  bitter  pungent  taste,  and  is  used  in  the  West  Indies  as 
a  condiment  and  in  medicine  as  an  aromatic  stimulant. 
2.  [?.  c.]  [Pg.]  A  common  name  in  Brazil  for 
various  lauraceous  and  other  aromatic  trees. 
The  canella  preta  (black  cinnamon)  is  Nec- 
tandra  inollis. — 3.  [I.  c.]  The  bark  of  Canella 
alba.  See  def .  1. 

canella2  (ka-nel'a),  n.  [Genoese  dial.,  <  It. 
cannella,  dim.  of  canna :'  see  cane1  and  canna^, 
and  ef.  Canella1.']  A  Genoese  measure  of 
length,  of  9,  10,  10i,  or  12  palmi  of  9.81  inches 
each. 

Canellaceae  (kan-e-la'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL..  <  Ca- 
nella^  +  -acea.]  A  small  natural  order  of  thala- 
mifloral  plants,  consisting  of  fragrant  and  aro- 
matic trees  belonging  to  the  genera  Canella  and 
Cinnamodendron  of  tropical  America,  and  Cin- 
namosma  of  Madagascar,  and  comprising  only 
five  known  species.  The  affinities  of  the  order 
are  obscure,  but  it  is  perhaps  related  to  the 
Bixaeeai. 

canellaceous  (kan-e-la'shius),  a.  [<  Canella- 
cece:  see-aceous.]  In  bot.,  related  or  belonging 
to  the  order  Canellaceat. 

canella-wood  (ka-nel'a-wud),  n.  A  beautiful 
cabinet-wood  from  Guiana,  the  product  of  a 
lauraceous  tree,  Aydendron  canella.  Also  writ- 
ten cannela-wood. 

canel!6t  (ka-nel'a),  a.  [OF.,  pp.  of  caneller, 
fluted,  grooved,  channeled:  see  canel1,  canned, 
v.,  channel^. ]  In  her.,  same  as  inverted. 

canelle-brown  (ka-nel'broun'),  n.  [<  F.  canelle, 
cannelle,  cinnamon  (see  cannel^),  +  brown."]  Cin- 
namon-brown; also,  a  dye  of  this  color.  See 
phenylene  brown,  un- 
der broion,  n. 

cane-mill  (kan'mil),»i. 
A  mill  for  grinding 
sugar-canes  for  the 
manufacture  of  sugar. 
See  sugar-mill. 

caneptiore  (kan'e- 
for),  n.  [<  L.  canepho- 
ra,  also  canephoros,  < 
Gr.  KavjMpof,  basket- 
bearer,  <  KOVEOV,  a  bas- 
ket of  reed  or  cane  (< 
itdwa,  a  reed :  see 
cone1),  +  -<t>6pof,  < 
fyipeiv  =  E.  bearl.]  1. 
One  of  the  bearers  of 
the  baskets  contain- 
ing the  implements  of 
sacrifice  in  the  pro- 
cessions of  the  Dio- 
nysia,  Panatheneea, 
and  other  ancient  Gre- 
cian festivals.  The  of- 
fice was  one  of  honor, 
much  coveted  by  vir- 
gins.—  2.  In  arch.,  a  female  figure  bearing  a 
basket  on  her  head.  Sometimes  improperly 
confounded  with  caryatid. 

canephoros  (ka-nef'o-ros),  n.;  pi.  canepkori 
(-ri).  [L.]  Same  as  canephore. 

canescence  (ka-nes'ens),  n.  [<  canescent :  see 
-ence.]  A  whitish  or  hoary  color. 

canescent  (ka-nes'ent),  a.  [<  L.  canescen(t-)s, 
ppr.  of  canescere,  become  white  or  hoary,  in- 
ceptive of  canere,  be  white  or  hoary,  <  canus, 
white  or  hoary.]  Growing  white  or  hoary; 
tending  or  approaching  to  white ;  whitish :  ap- 
plied to  hoary,  whitish  pelage,  plumage,  or  other 
covering  of  animals,  and  to  plants  with  gray  or 
hoary  pubescence. 

cane-scraper  (kan'skra/'per),  n.  A  machine 
for  removing  the  woody  bark  of  ratan  canes. 

cane-splitter  (kan'splifer),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  cutting  and  riving  splints  from  ratan.  E. 
H.  Knight. 

cane-Stripper  (kan'strip'er),  n.  A  knife  for 
stripping  the  stalks  of  the  sugar-cane  and  cut- 
ting off  their  tops. 

cane-sugar  (kan'shug'Sr),*!,  1.  Sugarobtained 
from  the  sugar-cane,  as  distinguished  from 
beet-root  sugar,  grape-sugar,  starch-sugar,  etc. 
See  sugar. — 2.  A  general  name  for  saccharose, 


Canephore  from  the  Parthenon 
frieze. 


790 

,  whether  derived  from  cane,  sor- 
ghum, sugar-beet,  or  maple,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  glucoses,  milk-sugar,  maltose,  etc. 

canet  (ka'net),  n.  [Origin  not  ascertained.] 
A  name  of  the  bamboo  mole-rats  of  the  genus 
Rhizomys,  as  R.  smnatranus.  E.  Btyth. 

cane-trash  (kan'trash),  n.  1.  In  sugar-making, 
refuse  of  canes  or  macerated  rinds  of  canes, 
used  as  fuel  in  boiling  the  cane-juice ;  bagasse. 
—  2.  The  dead  leaves  of  the  sugar-cane  torn 
off  to  allow  the  stalk  to  ripen. 

canette  (ka-nef),  ».  [F.,  a  beer-jug,  dim.  of 
OF.  cane,  a  can :  see  ca»2.]  A  pitcher  or  jug 
with  a  cover,  holding  from  H  to  3  pints,  in 
shape  it  is  cylindrical  or  nearly  so,  and  sometimes  has  the 
cylindrical  body  raised  on  a  sort  of  foot.  By  far  the 
greater  number  of  canettes  are  of  stoneware  or  fine  earth- 
enware, with  a  cover  of  pewter  or  the  like. 

The  canette  of  white  ware  ...  is  richly  ornamented. 
Wheatley  and  Delamotte,  Art  Work  in  Earthenware,  p.  60. 

canevast,  »•    An  obsolete  form  of  canvas. 
can-frame  (kan'fram),  n.    A  cotton-roving  ma- 
chine in  which  the  roving  is  received  into  cans. 
canful  (kan'ful),  n.    [<ca»2+/M«.]    As  much 
as  a  can  will  hold. 

cangt,  a.  and  n.  [ME.,  also  kang.  Cf.  cank*.] 
I.  a.  Foolish. 

Nis  he  a  cany  knit  [knight]  thet  secheth  reste  ithe  uihte 
(in  the  fight]?  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  358. 

To  kesten  kany  eien  upon  gunge  wummen. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  56. 
II.  n.  A  fool. 

Thet  is  al  thes  canges  blisse.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  214 
canga  (kang'gS),  w.  [The  name  is  said  by  Esch- 
wege  to  be  an'abbr.  of  an  African  word  tapan- 
hoacanga,  meaning  'negro's  head,'  and  applied 
to  the  rock  on  account  of  its  rough  surface,  as  it 
weathers  in  round,  concretionary  forms.]  A 
breccia  composed  chiefly  of  massive  brown  iron 
ore,  irregularly  mixed  with  ferruginous  mica- 
slate,  clay-slate,  and  quartz,  and  sometimes 
containing  fine  crystals  of  gold.  [A  term  used 
by  writers  on  Brazilian  geology  and  mining.] 
cangan,  kangan  (kang'gan),  n.  A  kind  of 
coarse  cotton  cloth  manufactured  in  China,  in 
pieces  19  inches  broad  and  6  yards  long.  Imp. 
Diet. 

canget,  v.  t.  [ME.  cangen,  also  acangen;  <  cang, 
».]  To  befool. 

We  arn  cangede.  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  362. 

cangeantt,  «•  [OF.,  ppr.  of  eanger,  unassibi- 
lated  form  of  changer,  change:  see  change,  v.~\ 
Changing. 

Rich  gold  tissue,  on  a  ground  of  green, 
Where  th'  artfull  shuttle  rarely  did  encheck 
The  cangeant  colour  of  a  mallard's  neck. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  The  Decay,  1.  107. 

cangle  (kang'gl).  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  cangled, 
ppr.  dangling.  [Sc.,  appar.  freq.  of  canTe*-,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  quarrel. —  2.  To  cavil.  Jamieson. 

canglyt,  adv.  [<  ME.  cangliche;  <  cang,  a.,  + 
-lyZ.]  Foolishly. 

Forthui  thet  te  wummen  lokede  cangliche  o  weopmen 
[on  men].  Ancren  Riwle,  p.  33B. 

cango  (kang'6),  n.    [Jap.]     Same  as  kago. 

cangue  (kang),  n.  [<  Pg.  cangue,  a  wooden  col- 
lar (accom.  to  Pg.  canga,  a  yoke),  <  Chinese 
kang,  bear  on  the  shoulders,  +  kia,  a  wooden 
collar  worn  by  criminals.]  The  name  given  by 
foreigners  to  the  Chinese  kia,  or  portable  pil- 
lory, which  persons  convicted  of  certain  petty 
crimes  are  condemned  to  kang,  or  carry  on  the 
shoulders,  for  periods  varying  from  a  few  days 
to  three  months.  It  consists  of  a  square  wooden  col- 
lar from  20  to  60  pounds  in  weight,  with  a  round  hole  for 
the  neck.  As  it  usually  measures  3  or  4  feet  across,  the 
convict  is  unable  to  reach  his  mouth  or  defend  himself 
from  insects,  and  is  thus  dependent  on  the  good  offices  of 
his  friends. 

cangy  (kan'ji),  a.  [E.  dial.,  also  caingy;  prob. 
<  cang  +  -jfl.]  Cross;  crabbed;  peevish;  ill- 
humored.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

can-hook  (kan'huk),  n.  A  contrivance forsling- 
ing  a  cask  by  the  ends  of  its  staves,  formed  by 
reeving  a  piece  of  rope  through 
two  flat  hooks  and  fastening 
the  ends,  the  tackle  being 
hooked  in  the  middle  of  the 
bight. 

Canicula  (ka-nik'u-la),  n.  [L. 
(>  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  Camcula  =  It. 
Canicola)  (also  in  E.  and  F. 
form  Canicule),  dim.  of  canis,  a  dog:  see  Canis.  ] 
A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constella- 
tion Canis  Major,  the  largest  and  brightest  of 
all  the  fixed  stars.  Also  called  the  dog-star  and 
Sirius.  See  first  cut  under  Canis. 

canicular  (ka-nik'u-lar),  a.  [<  late  ME.  canic- 
ular, <  L.  canicularw,  <  Canicula,  the  dog-star 


canine 

(dies  canictdares,  dog-days) :  see  Canicula.]  Per- 
taining to  Canieula,  the  dog-star,  or  to  the  dog- 
days. 

The  sun,  incens'd  by  eastern  wind, 
Afflicts  me  with  canicular  aspect. 
Greene  and  Lodge,  Looking  Glass  for  Lond.  and  Eng. 
I'll  never  dig  in  quarry  of  an  heart 

To  have  no  part ; 
Nor  roast  in  fiery  eyes,  which  always  are  canicular. 

Donne,  Dialogue. 

Canicular  days,  a  certain  number  of  days  before  and 
after  the  heliacal  rising  of  Canicula.  See  dog-days. 

Unto  some  [such  as  are  south  of  the  equinox]  the  canicular 

days  are  in  the  winter.     Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  13. 

Canicular  year,  the  Egyptian  natural  year,  which  was 

computed  from  one  heliacal  rising  of  Canicula  to  the  next. 

Canicule  (kan'i-kul),  «.      K  F.  Canicule,  <  L. 

Canicula:  see  Canicula.]    Same  as  Canicula. 
canid  (kan'id),  n.    A  carnivorous  mammal  of 
the  family  Canidce. 

Canidae  (kan'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-ida?.]  A  family  of  digitigrade  carnivorous 
mammals,  of  the  order  Ferae,  suborder  Fissipe- 
dia,  and  series  Cynoidea;  the  dog  tribe,  Cani- 
na,  or  canine  quadrupeds,  such  as  dogs,  wolves, 
and  foxes.  The  paroccipital  processes  of  the  skull  are 
closely  applied  to  the  auditory  bulla ;  the  mastoid  process 
is  small  or  obsolete ;  the  external  auditory  meatus  is  short 
or  imperfect ;  the  carotid  canal  is  well  developed,  open- 
ing into  the  posterior  lacerate  foramen ;  the  condyloid 
and  glenoid  foramina  are  distinct ;  there  is  an  intestinal 
cEecum ;  the  prostate  gland  is  salient  and  the  penis-bone 
large ;  the  teeth  are  typically  42  in  number,  but  range  from 


Skull  of  a  Fox  (Urocyon  littoralis),  illustrating  canine,  cranial,  and 
dental  characters. 

38  to  46,  according  to  the  varying  number  of  molars,  the 
molars  being  i  to  J,  the  premolars  },  the  canines  \,  and 
the  incisors  j ;  the  claws  are  non-retractile ;  the  muzzle 
is  produced ;  and  the  belly  is  usually  pinched.  The  lead- 
ing genera  are  Canis,  Cyon,  Lycaon,  Icticyon,  Lycalopex, 
Pseudalopex,  V\dpf8,  Urocyon,  and  Nyctereute.8,  constitut- 
ing the  subfamily  Caninee,  and  Megalotis  (or  Otocyon),  rep- 
resenting a  subfamily  Ategatotince. 

Canina  (ka-ni'na),  n. pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  +  -4naP. 
Cf .  L.  caninus,  pertaining  to  a  dog :  see  canine.] 
A  group  of  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammals, 
coincident  with  the  family  Canidce;  the  dog 
tribe.  See  Cynoidea. 

Caninae  (ka-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Canis  + 
-ince.  Cf.  canine.']  The  typical  subfamily  of 
the  family  Conwte,  embracing  all  of  the  family 
excepting  the  genus  Megalotis,  having  the  up- 
per molars  2  or  only  1  (3  in  Megalotis)  and  the 
sectorial  teeth  elongated.  See  Canidce. 

caninalt  (ka-nl'nal),  a.  [<  canine  +  -al.]  Ca- 
nine. 

Caninal  anger,  vented  by  snapping  and  snarling  spirits 
on  both  sides.  Fuller. 

canine  (ka-nin'  or  ka'nin),  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  ca- 
ninus,  pertaining  to  a  dog,  <  canis,  a  dog:  see 
Canis.]  I,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  dog; 
having  the  character  or  qualities  of  dogs ; 
characteristic  of  dogs ;  like  or  likened  to  a  dog. 
— 2.  Specifically,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Ca- 
nidce.— 3.  Affecting  or  derived  from  dogs:  as, 
canine  rabies ;  canine  virus. —  4.  Pertaining  to 
a  canine  or  dog-tooth — Canine  appetite,  a  mor- 
bidly voracious  appetite ;  an  inordinate  or  insatiable  de- 
sire for  food ;  bulimia. 

An  exorbitant  appetite  of  usual  things,  which  they  will 

take  in  such  quantities  till  they  vomit  them  up  like  dogs ; 

whence  it  is  called  canine.  Arbuthnot. 

His  foible  is  a  canine  appetite  for  popularity  and  fame. 

Jejj'eriton,  Correspondence,  II.  89. 

Canine  eminence,  a  vertical  prominence  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  caused  by  the 
root  of  the  canine  tooth.  Also  called  canine  prominence. 
—  Canine  fossa,  a  shallow  fossa  between  the  alveolar 
prominence  of  the  canine  tooth  and  the  base  of  the  malar 
process  of  the  superior  maxilla.— Canine  laugh,  in  pa- 
thol.,  a  facial  expression  resulting  from  spasm  of  the  ca- 
nine muscle,  or  levator  anguli  oris  (elevator  of  the  corner 
of  the  mouth),  the  corners  of  the  month  being  drawn  up 
and  showing  the  side  teeth,  as  is  done  by  a  dog  in  snarling. 
Also  called  the  aa rdonic  gmt4(ritiu  mraonioiu). — Canine 
letter,  the  letter  R.  See  R.—  Canine  madness,  rabies ; 
hydrophobia :  so  called  because  it  most  frequently  affects 
dogs  and  other  canine  quadrupeds,  and  is  usually  com- 
municated by  them  by  inoculation  with  saliva  in  the  act 
of  biting.— Canine  muscle,  the  levator  anpuli  oris.  See 
lecator.— Canine  prominence.  Same  as  canine  emt- 
nencc.— Canine  teeth,  (a)  The  canines.  See  II.,  3.  (6) 
The  conical  processes  on  the  inside  of  the  mandible  of  an 
insect,  toward  its  apex. 

II.  n.  1.  A  dog.     [Colloq.  or  humorous.]  — 
2.  Technically,  in  zoiil.,  one  of  the  Canida;  or 


canine 

Cortina;  a  dog,  wolf,  fox,  fetmec,  or  jackal:  a 
cynoid,  thoSia,  or  alopecoid. —  3.  One  of  the 
four  sharp-pointed  tearing-teeth  of  most  mam- 
mals, situated  one  on  each  side  of  each  jaw,  op- 
posite one  another,  between  the  incisors  or  cut- 
ting-teeth and  the  molars  or  grinders.  They  are 
long  ami  cupi-nully  Hlinnit  in  the  dug,  whence  the  name 
In  i  In'  u  il< I  lm;u  t  IN  >.  , i  •  il.  \  r!n|>ril  into  two  pairs  of  jiro 
j\v(in£  tusks.  The  upper  raninc-,  in  tin-  tiuinitii  jaw  are 
called  ei/i'-tfth,  and  tne  lower  ones  st»it<<«:l:  >•  •  'A. 
caniniform  ika-nin'i-fdrm),  a.  [<  L.  ciininux 
(sc.  dens  =  E.  tooth),  canine,  +  forma,  shape.] 
Resembling  a  canine  tooth. 

No  canintfonn  premolars  In  either  Jaw  [of  Tranulidtt\. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XV.  430. 

canionst  (kau'yonz),  n.  pi.  See  cannon,  n.,  7. 
caniplet  (kan'i-pl),  «.  [A  corruption  of  OF. 
cantrcl,  also  canirct,  dim.  of  canif,  knife:  see 
knife.]  A  small  knife  or  dagger. 
Canis  (ka'nis),  n.  [L.,  a  dog,  =Gr.  uliwv  (KW-) 
=  E.  hound,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Caniaie  and  subfamily  Canince.  Tlie 
name  is  used  with  varying  latitude ;  ft  was  formerly  co- 
extensive with  the  family,  hut  is  now  usually  restricted  to 
the  dogs  and  the  true  wolves  and  jackals  having  42  trHli, 
the  typical  canine  dentition.  The  genus  is  cosmopolitan. 

Tlie  common  dog 
U  Canit  fami- 
Karis;  It  Is  not, 
however,  a  spe- 
cies which  CM, i- 
in  nature,  but  la 
an  artificial  pro- 
duct, the  result 
of  domestication, 
including  the  de- 
scendant* of  prob- 
ably several  feral 
stocks.  The  com- 
mon wolf  Is  Canit 
lupus;  the  Jack- 
al, Canis  aureu*. 
The  foxes  and  the 
fox  -like  or  hyena- 
like  canine  quad- 
rupeds are  now 
usually  placed  in 
other  genera  than 
Canu,  as  Vulpes, 
Lycaon,  Ictieyon, 
etc.  Sec  dog,  and 
cut  under  Cant- 
da.— Cauls  Ma- 
jor, the  Great 


791 

cank''  (kangk),  ».  [E.  dial.  ;  origin  unknown.] 
The  local  name  in  the  coal-regions  of  Derby- 
shire and  Leicestershire,  England,  of  a  hard, 
ferruginous  sandstone,  sometimes  vailed  bur 
in  other  districts. 

canker  (kang'ker),  n.  [<  ME.  canker,  kankir, 
<  AS.  cancer  =  D.  kanker  =  OHG.  ehant-lun; 


The  Constellation  Canis  Major,  according  to 
ancient  descriptions  and  figures. 


5^  f 


Gome 


Procyonfo 


The  Constellation  Canis  Minor. 


Dog,  a  constellation  following  Orion,  and  containing  the 
great  white  star  Slrlus,  the  brightest  in  the  heavens.— 
Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Dog,  a  small  ancient  constella- 
tion following  Orion  and 
south  of  Gemini.  It  con- 
tains the  star  Procyon,  of 
the  first  magnitude. 

canister  (kan'is-ter), 
n.  [Formerly  also 
cannister,  <  L.  cante- 
triiiu,  a  basket  woven 
from  reeds,  =  MLG. 
kanaster,  <  Gr.  ndvt- 
arpnv,  ndvaarpov,  a 
wicker  basket,  also 
an  earthen  vessel 
(cf.  F.  canastre,  <  Pg. 
canastra  =  Sp.  ctiiias- 
tre,  usually  canasto, 
a  basket:  see  canaster),  <  itdiwa,  a  reed:  see 
cane1.]  If.  Properly,  a  small  basket  made  of 
reeds,  twigs,  or  the  like. 

White  lilies  In  full  canisters  they  bring. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil^  Eclogues. 

2.  A  small  box  or  case  for  tea,  coffee,  etc. — 

3.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch.,  the  metallic  vessel 
used  to  contain  the  altar-breads  or  wafers  be- 
fore consecration.     See  altar-bread. — 4.  Can- 
ister-shot. 

canister-shot   (kan'is-ter-shot),  ».     Same  as 

CtlSC-xllOt,  1. 

canities  (ka-nish'i-ez),  n.  [L.,  white,  hoary, 
esp.  of  the  hair  of  the  aged,  <  canus,  white, 
white-haired,  cam,  n.  pi.,  white  hair.]  In  pa- 
thol.,  whiteness  or  grayness  of  the  hair. 

canitlldet,  n.  [<  L.  canitudo,  hoariness,  (.  canus, 
hoary:  see  canons.]  Hoariness.  Blount,  1656. 

canjica-WOOd  (kau'ji-kil-wud),  n.  A  South 
American  wood,  lighter  and  of  a  yellower 
brown  than  rosewood,  it  is  exported  from  Brazil 
in  trimmed  logs  from  «  to  10  inches  in  diameter,  for  the 
use  of  cabinet-makers  ami  turners.  Also  anrrica-ipood. 

cank1  (kangk),  t;.  i.  [E.  dial.,  appar.  a  var.  of 
fa  nip1,  talk,  etc. ;  but  cf.  Icel.  kanknst,  refl.. 
jeer,  gibe,  kank,  n.,  gibe;  cf.  also  cackle.]  1. 
To  talk.  BalliiceU.—2.  To  cackle.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

cank2  (kangk),  r.  t.  [E.  dial.,  perhaps  a  short 
form  of  conquer  ("conker),  taken  as  a  freq. 
verb.]  To  preserve;  overcome;  conquer;  con- 
tinue. Halliicell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


r,  G.  hanker  (ME.  also  cancre,  <  OF.  dial. 
cancre  (F.  chancre,  >  E.  chancre,  q.  v.)  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cancro,  also  cancer,  =  It.  cancro,  canchero, 
formerly  also  cancaro),  a  canker,  <  L.  cancer,  a 
crab,  a  cancer:  see  cancer.']  1.  A  cancerous, 
gangrenous,  or  ulcerous  sore  or  disease,  whet  1  >  <•  i 
in  animals  or  plants;  hence,  any  corroding  or 
other  noxious  agency  producing  ulcerahon, 
gangrene,  rot,  decay,  etc. 

And  their  word  will  eat  as  doth  a  canker.  2  Tim.  II.  17. 
Specifically  —  (a)  Cancrum  orU  (which  see,  under  cnn 
crutn).  (6)  A  disease  or  fungui  attacking  tree*  or  other 
plants  and  causing  slow  decay,  (c)  In/arrury.adiseasein 
hones'  feet,  causing  a  discharge  of  fetid  matter  from  the 
cleft  in  the  middle  of  the  frog,  generally  originating  In 
a  diseased  thrush. 

2.  A  canker-worm  or  insect-larva  that  injures 
plants  by  feeding  on  them. 

To  kill  cankers  In  the  musk-rose  bud*. 

Shale.,  M.  N.  D.,  II.  3. 

3.  Figuratively,  anything  that  corrodes,  cor- 
rupts, destroys,  or  irritates;  irritation;  pain; 
grief;  care. 

Banish  the  canker  of  ambitious  thought*. 

Skat.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  L  2. 

Grief,  that's  beauty's  canker.  Sliak.,  Tempest,  1.  2. 

What  la  this  but  a  new  learning,  a  new  canker  to  nut 
and  corrupt  the  old  truth?  Latimer,  Miic.  Sel. 

The  worm,  the  canker,  and  the  grief 
Are  mine  alone  ! 

Byron,  On  my  Thirty-sixth  Year. 

4.  Rust.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  6.  In  bot.  :  (a)  The 
canker-rose  or  field-poppy,  Papaver  Rhaas.  (b) 
The  wild  dogrose,  Rosa  canina. 

To  put  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rote, 
And  plant  this  thorn,  this  cankrr,  Bollngbroke. 

Skak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  L  X 
lie  held  out  a  rose, 

To  draw  the  yielding  sense,  which,  come  to  hand, 
He  shifts,  and  gives  a  canker. 

MiddUton  and  Rowley,  Fair  Quarrel,  111.  2. 

(c)  A  toadstool.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  Black  canker, 
a  disease  in  turnips  and  other  crops  produced  by  a  species 
of  caterpillar.  See  Athalia. 

canker  (kang'ker),  c.     [<  ME.  cancren  (after 
Mli.  cancerare),  (.  canker,  n.]    I.  trans.  To  in- 
fect with  canker,  either  literally  or  figuratively  ; 
eat  into,  corrode,  or  corrupt  j  infect  as  with  a 
poisonous  influence  ;  render  ill-conditioned  or 
venomous;  make  sour  and  ill-natured. 
Restore  to  God  His  due  In  tithe  and  time  : 
A  tithe  purloined  cankers  the  whole  estate. 

Q.  Herbert,  Church  Porch,  xv. 

The  bramble 

No  wise  man  ever  planted  by  the  rose, 
It  canktrs  all  her  beauty. 

Fletcher,  Had  Lover,  iv.  4. 
May  this  angel 
New  mould  his  cankered  heart          Coleridge. 

TL.  intrans.  \.  To  corrode;  grow  corrupt; 
be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  pernicious 
influence  ;  be  or  become  ill-conditioned  or  ma- 
lignant. 

And  as,  with  age,  his  body  uglier  grows, 

80  his  mind  cankers.  Skak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  fret;  become  peevish.  Jamieson.  —  3f. 
To  decay  or  waste  away  by  means  of  any  nox- 
ious cause  ;  grow  rusty  or  discolored  by  oxida- 
tion, as  a  metal. 

Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  gilding. 

Bacon,  Phys.  and  Med.  Remains. 

cankerberry  (kang'ker-ber'i),  n.  :  pi.  canker- 
berries  (-iz).  In  Jamaica,  the  fruit  of  Solanum 
Bahamense. 

canker-bit  (kang'ker  -bit),  a.  Bitten  with  a 
cankered  or  envenomed  tooth.  Shak. 
canker-bloomt  (kang'ker-bl8m),  n.  [=  D.  kan- 
kerbloem,  wild  rose,  wild  poppy.]  1.  A  bloom 
or  flower  eaten  by  canker.  —  2.  A  bloom  or 
flower  of  the  dogrose. 

Tlie  canker-blooms  have  full  as  deep  a  dye 
As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  liv. 

canker-blossom  (kang'ker-blos'um),  n.  1.  A 
canker-bloom.—  2.  That  which  causes  canker 
in  a  blossom. 

Ome!  yon  juggler!  yon  canker-blossom  I 

You  thief  of  love  I     '  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  Ui.  2. 

canker^iortt,  n.   [ME.,  <  canker  +  dort.]  Anxi- 

ety; distress. 

Was  Trollns  naught  in  a  canker-dort. 

Chaucer,  Troilni,  II.  1752. 

cankered  (kang'kerd),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  canker,  r.] 
1.  Affected  with  cauker:  as,  a  cankered  tree.  — 


canker-worm 

2.  Ill-natured;  cross;  crabbed;  venomous;  ma- 
lignant; wicked. 

The  baser  mind  It  selfe  dlsnlaye* 
In  canend  malice  and  revengeful!  anight. 

Speiuer,  Y.  «J.,  VI.  rli  1. 

A  canker' d  grandame's  will  I  Skak.,  K.  John,  II.  1. 

The  Governor  .  .  .  assured  Ills  Majesty  that  never  were 
courtesy  and  gentlene**  so  1U  requited  as  his  had  been  by 
this  Ingrate  and  cankered  Duke. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  480. 

cankeredly  (kang'kerd-li),  adv.  In  a  cankered 
manner;  crossly;  crabbedly. .  Mir.  for  Magi. 

cankeredness  (kang'kerd-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  cankered ;  crabbedness. 

canker-fly  (kang'ker-fli),  n.  Any  fly  that  preys 
on  fruit. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  can- 
crefrete,  eaten  into  by  a  canker,  <  canker  + 
fretf,  pp.  of  freten,  fret,  eat :  see  canker  and 
fret1.]  To  eat  into  like  a  canker. 

If  God  break  off  the  soul  betimes  from  this  tin,  ere  It 
have  rankrrfrrttni  the  soul.  I).  Rogers. 

cankerfrett  (kang'ker-fret),  n.  [<  cnnkerfret, 
r.]  1.  A  cankerous  sore  or  blister  in  the 
mouth. —  2.  Copperas. 

cankerlyt  (kang'ker-li),  a.  [<  canker  +  -iy».] 
Cankered. 

canker-nail  (kang'ker-nal),  n.  A  hangnail. 
[Scotch.] 

cankerous  (kang'ker-us),  a.  [<  canker  +  -ovs; 
after  cancerous,  q.  v.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
resembling  canker;  corrosive;  ulcerous;  gan- 
grenous: as,  a  cankerous  sore  or  eruption. — 2. 
Causing  canker;  chafing;  corroding;  ulcerat- 
ing. 

Tyrannic  rule 

Unknown  before,  whose  cankerim*  shackles  seiz'd 
The  envenom'd  soul.  Thomson,  Liberty,  Iv. 

Hither  may  come  the  prisoner,  escaping  from  his  dark 
and  narrow  cell  and  cankerous  chain. 

II a  ict home.  Old  Manse. 

canker-rash  (kang'ker-rash'),  n.  In  pathol.,  a 
variety  of  scarlet  fever  complicated  with  ulcer- 
at  ions  in  the  throat. 

canker-root  (kang'ker-rtit),  n.  A  name  of  va- 
rious astringent  or  bitter  roots  used  as  a  remedy 
for  aphthee,  as  Statiee  Caroliniana,  Coptis  tn- 
folia,  etc. 

cankert  (kang'kert),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  cai»- 
kered. 

Nor  anxious  fear,  nor  cankert  care, 
E'er  luatr  come  near  him. 

Buna,  Elegy  on  Robert  Rulsseaux. 

canker-weedt  (kang'ker-wed),  n.  An  old  name 
of  the  plant  ragwort. 

canker-worm  (kang'ker-werm),  n.  A  name 
given  to  certain  caterpillars  which  are  very 
destructive  to  fruit-  ana  shade-trees.  The  spring 
canker-worm,  Anisopteryx  cernata,  Is  found  In  the  I'uited 


Fig... 

Spring  Canker-worm  (Antotfltryx  v 
Fig.  i.  a.  full-grown  larva;  #.  en.  enlarged  (natural  size  thown 
hi  small  mats  at  trie  tide)  ;  c.  *,  ooe  joint,  enlarged,  side  and  donal 
views.  Fie.  2.  a.  t.  male  and  female  mcUu,  both  natural  st*e;  r. 
Joints  of  antenna  of  female  moth  i  4  loint  of  her  abdomen,  thowigg 
spines  ;  e.  her  ovipositor.  (  e,  tt.  and  t  enlarged.  ) 

State*  from  Maine  to  Texas.  The  eggs  are  deposited  upon 
tree*.  The  larvc,  after  feeding  upon  the  foliage  for  about 
a  month,  sometimes  entirely  destroying  it.  descend  by 
threads  to  the  ground,  In  which  they  burrow  and  undergo 
transformation,  the  moths  issuing  In  April,  or  sometimes 
in  March.  The  male  U  winged,  out  the  female  Is  wing- 
lea*,  and  1s  obliged  to  climb  up  the  tree-trunk  in  order 
to  dcpcwit  her  eggs.  Hence,  an  obstructive  bandage,  oil- 
trough,  or  tarred  hand  placed  about  tree*  I*  a  common 
mode  of  protecting  them.  The  /««  nriOw-nwrm,  Anito- 
iileryz  pometaria,  it  more  distinctively  a  northern  sped**. 
The  moths  tasne  mainly  In  the  fall,  and  the  egu»  are  ex- 


, 

posed.  See  geometrid,  measurer,  and  tian-ir 
And  oft  he  let*  his  canekcr-irormcs  light 
Upon  my  braunches,  to  worke  me  more  splght 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  February. 

That  which  the  lociut  hath  left  hath  the  eanJbfr-wwrwi 

Jotll.4. 


cankery 

cankery  (kang'ker-i),  a.  [<  canker  +  -y1.]  1. 
Cankered;  corroded;  rusty. — 2.  Ill-natured; 
crabbed;  venomous;  vexing:  as,  "O  cankric 
care,"  Hum,*. 

canking  (kang'king),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cauk1,  v.] 
Whining;  dissatisfied.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Derby- 
shire).] 

canna1  (kan'a),  n.  [L.,  areed,  cane:  see  cane1.] 
1.  [ea;>.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  reed-like  plants, 
natural  order  Marantacea;,  several  species  of 
which  are  known  by  the  name  of  Indian  shot, 
from  their  rourtd,  shining,  hard,  heavy  seeds. 
They  are  natives  of  the  tropics,  and  there  are  many  spe- 
cies' and  varieties  in  cultivation  for  their  singular  showy 


Indian  Shot  (Canna  fndica). 
a,  foliage ;  />,  flower ;  f,  fruit,  dehiscing. 

flowers  and  very  ornamental  foliage.  The  common  In- 
dian shot  of  gardens  is  C.  Indica.  The  rootstocks  are 
farinaceous,  and  the  tuberous  roots  of  some  species  are 
used  as  a  vegetable.  A  species  cultivated  in  the  West  In- 
dies, supposed  to  be  the  C.  edulits  of  South  America,  yields 
a  kind  of  starch  or  arrowroot  known  as  tous-les-mois. 
2.  The  upright  shaft  or  stem  of  any  ornamen- 
tal object  or  utensil,  especially  when  of  metal, 
as  of  a  candlestick. — 3.  Eccles.,  the  pipe  or 
tube  by  which  the  sacred  wine  was  taken  from 
the  chalice.  See  calamus,  4.  These  tubes  were 
made  of  precious  material,  frequently  of  silver.  In  a  few 
cases  the  canna  seems  to  have  been  fixed  to  the  chalice. 

4.  A  linear  measure  in  use  in  some  parts  of 
Italy.    Its  length  varies  from  44  to  118  inches,  accord- 
ing to  the  locality  in  which  it  is  used  ami  the  material 
to  which  it  is  applied.    The  canna  of  Malta  is  82.2  inches. 

5.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  in- 
sects.   Walker,  1865. —  6.  A  name  of  the  eland, 
Oreas  canna. 

canna2  (kan'a),  n.  [<  Gael,  canach,  cotton, 
cotton-grass,  cat's-tail,  =  Ir.  canach,  cotton, 
down.]  Cotton-grass,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Eri- 
ophorum. 

Still  is  the  ccmna's  hoary  beard. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  15. 

canna3  (kan'a).  [Sc.,  prop,  can  na,  cannot: 
na  =  E.  wo1.]"  Cannot.  [Scotch.] 

cannabene  (kan'a-ben),  n.  [<  Cannabis  +  -ene.] 
A  colorless  oil  (Ci8H2o)  obtained  from  Canna- 
bis Indica. 

cannabic  (kan'a-bik),  a.  [<  L.  cannabis,  hemp, 

+  -ic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  hemp Cannabic 

composition,  a  substitute  for  papier  mache,  made  of  a 
mixture  of  hemp  and  resin. 

cannabin,  cannabine1  (kan'a-bin,  -bin),  re.  [< 
Cannabis  +  -in2,  -ine^.]  A  resin  obtained  from 
the  plant  Cannabis  Indica.  It  is  probably  the 
active  principle  of  the  drug  hashish. 

Oannabinaceae  (kan»a-bi-na'se-e), n. pi.  [NL., 
<  L.  cannabis,  hemp,  -f  -acece.]  '  A  natural  order 
of  plants,  the  hemp  family,  properly  included 
in  the  order  Urticacea. 

cannabine1,  n.     See  cannabin. 

cannabine2  (kan'a-bin),  a.  [<  L.  cannabinits,  < 
cannabin  =  E.  hemp.]  Pertaining  to  hemp ; 
hempen.  [Rare.] 

Cannabineae  (kan-a-bin'e-e), ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  L. 
cannabis,  hemp,  +'  -eai.]  In  some  classifica- 
tions, a  suborder  of  plants,  of  the  natural  order 
Urticacew ;  the  hemp  family  as  a  suborder. 

Cannabis  (kan'a-bis),  «.  [L.,  =  E.  hemp,  q.  v.] 
A  genus  of  urticaceous  plants,  of  a  single  spe- 
cies, C.  Indica.  See  bhang  and  hemp. 

canne1  (kan),  «.  [F.,  cane:  see  cane1.]  If. 
An  old  spelling  of  cane1. — 2.  A  French  mea- 
sure of  length,  varying  according  to  locality 
from  1.78  to  2.62  meters,  or  1.95  to  2.87  yards. 

canne2t,  »•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  ca/ifc. 

canne3,  ».     See  kanne. 

cannel1  (kan'el),  ii.  [<  ME.  canel  (also  assibi- 
lated  chattel,  >  mod.  E.  channel),  <  OF.  ca«e?, 
cltenal,  <  L.  canalis,  &  channel:  see  channel1, 


792 

,  and  canal1,  doublets  of  rmuiel1.]  If.  A 
channel ;  a  stream  of  water ;  the  bed  of  a  stream. 
Thei  grutchideu  agens  this  water,  and  dronken  podel 
watt-r  of  the  canel. 

Wyclif,  Select  Works  (ed.  Arnold),  II.  336. 
Again  lie  did  the  waters  ga, 
Til  thair  canelit  that  thai  comen  fra. 

Cursor  Mundi,  i  1866. 

2f.  A  conduit ;  a  pipe. 

Canels  or  pipes  wynes  forth  to  lede 
Into  the  vat. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  18. 

3t.  The  throat. 

So  now  thou  hatg  thi  hert  holle,  hitte  me  bihou[e]s; 
Halde  the  now  the  hyge  hodc,  that  Arthur  the  ragt, 
&  kepe  thy  kanel  at  this  kest,  if  hit  keuer  may. 
Sir  Gaicayiie  and  the  Green  Knujht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2298. 

4.  The  lowest  part  of  the  edge  of  a  tool,  which 
has  received  the  finishing;  the  finishing  bevel 
of  a  knife,  ax,  or  other  edged  tool. 

It  |a  pocket-knife]  must  be  held  [in  honing]  at  an  angle  of 
20  to  25  degrees,  and  have  an  edge  similar  to  a  chisel.  This 
is  technically  called  the  cannel,  and  is  marked  on  all  new 
knives  by  a  fine  white  line,  which  does  not  remove  or  touch 
the  polished  surface.  A  Trade  Circular,  1887. 

5.  [<  cannel1,  «>.]  A  style  of  weaving,  making 
a  corded  or  rep  tissue.    E.  H.  Knight. 

cannel1  (kan'el),  v.  t.  [<  F.  canneler,  formerly 
fancier,  canelhr,  channel,  flute,  groove,  <  canel, 
a  channel,  groove :  see  cannel1,  n.,  and  cf.  chan- 
nel1,?.] To  channel;  groove;  chamfer.  Jamie- 
son. 

canne!2t  (kan'el),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  canel, 
<  ME.  canel,  canele,  canelle  =  MD.  D.  kaneel  = 
MLG.  kannel,  LG.  kaneel,  kneel  =  late  MHG. 
kanel,  G.  cancel,  kanel  =  Sw.  Dan.  kanel,  <  OF. 
canelle,  F.  cannelle  =  Pr.  Sp.  canela  =  Pg.  ca- 
nela,  canella  =  It.  canella,  now  cannella,  <  ML. 
eanella,  cannella,  cinnamon,  so  called  from  the 
form  of  a  roll  or  quill  which  it  assumes  in  dry- 
ing, lit.  a  little  pipe  (OF.  canelle,  F.  cannelle,  a 
quill,  faucet,  cock,  spout,  etc.),  dim.  of  (L.) 
cana,  canna  (OF.  cane,  F.  canne,  etc.),  a  cane, 
reed :  see  cane1,  and  cf.  cannon.]  Cinnamon. 
In  Arabia  is  store,  mir  and  canel. 

Trevisa,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon,  I.  99. 
Alle  maner  of  spicerie,  ...  as  of  gyngevere,  clowe-gylo- 
fres,  canelle,  zedewalle,  notemuges,  and  maces. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  187. 

canne!3t,  «•    An  obsolete  form  of  kennel1. 

cannela-wood,  «.    Same  as  canella-ioood. 

cannel-cpal,  candle-coal  (kan'el-,  kan'dl-kol), 
n.  A  highly  bituminous  coal,  very  compact, 
and  burning  readily  with  a  bright  flame.  It  is 
not  so  distinctly  stratified  as  ordinary  bituminous  coal,  but 
breaks  into  more  or  less  regularly  formed  cubical  frag- 
ments. The  term  is  said  to  be  applied  to  coals  of  this  kind 
because  they  burn  like  a  candle.  See  coal.  Also  written 
canal-coal,  kennel-coal. 

cannellated  (kan'e-la-ted),  a.  [<  cannel1  + 
-ate1  +  -ed!2.]  In  arch.,  channeled  or  fluted: 
as,  "cannellated  pilasters,"  C.  C.  Perkins,  Ital- 
ian Sculpture,  Int.,  p.  xlvii. 

cannelure  (kan'e-lur),  n.  [F.,  <  canneler,  groove, 
flute:  see  cannel1,  «•.]  1.  A  groove  or  channel 
on  a  decorative  surface,  as  the  channeling  on 
Doric  columns.  Much  of  the  decoration  of  the  e,igh- 
teenth  century  is  ill  scroll-formed  or  spiral  cannelures. 
2.  A  rectangular  groove  cut  around  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  bullet  to  contain  the  lubricant, 
which  consists  generally  of  bayberry  tallow  or 
Japan  wax.  There  may  be  from  3  to  5  cannelures ;  there 
are  3  in  the  United  States  regulation  bullet.  The  lubri- 
cant prevents  leading  and  fouling  of  the  bore  in  firing. 
See  cut  under  cartridge. 

cannelure  (kan'e-lur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  canne- 
lured,  ppr.  canneluring.  [<  cannelure,  n.]  To 
form  a  groove  or  channel  on :  as,  a  cannelured 
bullet. 

cannequin  (kan'e-kin),  ».  [F.,  also  canequin; 
origin  unknown.]  White  cotton  cloth  from 
the  East  Indies.  E.  H.  Knujht. 

cannery  (kan'e-ri),  n. ;  pi.  canneries  (-riz).  [< 
con2  +  -ery.]  An  establishment  for  canning 
or  preserving  meat,  fish,  or  fruit  in  cans  or  tins 
hermetically  sealed. 

Several  new  canneries  have  been  established,  one  on 
Bristol  Bay,  where  four  hundred  cases  of  canned  and  thir- 
ty-two hundred  and  fifty  barrels  of  salted  salmon  were  put 
up  during  the  season.  Science,  IV.  475. 

cannett  (kan'et),  n.  [=  F.  canette,  <  OF.  canet, 
m.,  canette,  f.,  a  young  duck,  dim.  of  cane,  a 
duck:  see  canard.]  In  her.,  a  bearing  repre- 
senting a  duck  without  beak  or  feet,  it  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  martlet  in  being  without  the  forked 
tail  of  the  latter. 

cannetet,  n.  [ME.,  =  It.  canneto,  <  L.  canne- 
titm,  a  thicket  of  reeds,  <  canna,  a  reed.]  A 
thicket  of  reeds. 

Cannetes  olde  eke  tyme  is  nowe  to  wede 
And  of  to  kytte  it  that  thaire  root  uneseth. 

Palladiue,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  81. 


cannon 

cannibal  (kan'i-bal),  «.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
canibal ;  =  F.  cannibale  =  G.  canibale,  now  ean- 
nibalc,  <  Sp.  canibal  =  Pg.  canibal  (NL.  cani- 
balis),  a  cannibal,  a  savage,  a  conniption  of  Cnri- 
bal  (NL.  Caribalis),  a  Carib,  the  form  used  by 
Columbus  (Oct.,  1498),  and  afterward  changed 
to  canibal,  "propter  rabiem  canhimn  anthropo- 
phagorum  gentis,"  to  express  the  canine  vora- 
city of  the  Caribs,  who  were  said  to  be  man-eat- 
ers ;  as  if  from  L.  cants,  a  dog.  The  more  cor- 
rect form  is  preserved  in  Sp.  Caribc,  a  Carib, 
also  a  cannibal,  savage,  >  E.  Caribbce :  see  Carib. 
In  the  Carib  tongue  the  word  is  said  to  have 
signified 'a  valiant  man.']  I.  n.  1.  A  human 
being  who  eats  human  flesh;  a  human  man- 
eater  or  anthropophagite. 

That  face  of  his  the  hungry  cannibals 

Would  not  have  touch'd.    Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  4. 

Is  there  anything  here  to  eat 
But  one  another,  like  a  race  of  cannibals  f 

n-trhrr,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  •_>. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  animal  that  eats  the  flesh  of 
members  of  its  own  or  kindred  species. 

They  [worms]  are  cannibals,  for  the  two  halves  of  a  dead 
worm  placed  in  two  of  the  pots  were  dragged  into  the  bur- 
rows and  gnawed.  Dariein,  Vegetable  Mould,  p.  36. 
II.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  can- 
nibals or  cannibalism:  as,  "cannibal  ferocity," 
Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiv. 

cannibalism  (kan'i-bal-izm),  «.  [<  cannibal  + 
-ism.]  1.  The  eating  of  human  flesh  by  human 
beings. 

It  is  rather  startling  to  find  that  just  two  hundred  years 
ago  in  London  the  Physician  in  Ordinary  to  the  King  rec- 
ommended cannibalism,  to  Englishmen  without  the  small- 
est apology  or  hesitation. 

F.  P.  Cobbe,  Peak  in  Darien,  p.  179. 

Hence  —  2.  The  eating  of  any  animal  by  an- 
other individual  of  the  same  species, 
cannibalistic  (kan"i-ba-lis'tik),  a.     [<  cannibal 
+  -istic.]  Characterized  by  cannibalism ;  given 
to  eating  its  own  kind. 

cannibally  (kan'i-bal-i),  adv.    In  the  manner 
of  a  cannibal:  as,  "cannibally  given"  (addict- 
ed to  cannibalism),  Shale.,  Cor.,  iv.  5.    [Bare.] 
canine,  a.  and  adv.     See  canny. 
cannikin  (kau'i-kin),  «.     [<  can2  +  euphonic 
-i-  +  dim.  -kin.]     1.  A  little  can  or  cup.    Also 
written  canakin. 

And  let  me  the  canakin  clink. 

Shale.,  Othello,  ii.  3  (song). 

2.  A  wooden  bucket  forholding  sugar,  rice,  etc. 
cannily  (kan'i-li),  adv.     [Sc.,  also  written  can- 
nilie  ;  <  canny  +  -ly^.]     In  a  canny  manner. 
He  lean'd  him  ower  his  saddle  bow, 
And  cannilie  kiss'd  his  dearie. 
Duke  oSAthol'x  Nurse,  in  Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  228. 

canniness  (kan'i-nes),  n.  [<  canny  +  -ness.] 
Caution;  shrewdness. 

cannionst,  «.  pi.    See  cannon,  n.,  7. 

cannipert  (kau'i-per),  n.  A  corruption  of  cali- 
per. 

cannoid  (kan'oid),  «.  [<  Gr.  Kawa.  a  reed,  a 
tube,  4-  eMof,  form,  shape:  see  cane1  and  -oid.] 
Tubular ;  having  tubes :  applied  to  the  skeleton 
of  certain  radiolarians. 

cannon  (kan'on),  n. ;  pi.  cannons  (-onz)  or  can- 
non. [Early  mod.  E.  also  canon;  =  D.  kanon  = 
G.  canone,  now  kanone,  =  Dan.  Sw.  kanon,  a  can- 
non (gun),  <  F.  canon,  a  gun  (cannon),  barrel 
of  a  gun,  any  tube  or  pipe  (canon  parfmnatoire, 
a  surgical  tube),  a  graft,  a  cannon-bit,  a  roll  or 
cuff  (canon  de  chausses,  or  simply  canons,  pi., 
E.  canons,  cannons,  cantons,  ca'nninns)  (Cot- 
grave),  cannon-bone,  OF.  canon,  a  tube,  pipe, 
conduit,  bobbin,  =  Sp.  cation,  a  gmi  (cannon), 
tube,  pipe,  funnel,  quill,  lamp-chimney,  can- 
non-bit, spindle, roller-fold  in  cloth  (>  E.  cation, 
canyon,  q.  v.),  =  Pg.  canhao,  a  gun  (cannon), 
cannon-bit,  pi.  rolls  (cannons),  =  It.  cannone, 
a  gun  (cannon),  barrel  of  a  gun,  pipe,  conduit, 
cannon-bit  (Florio),  tube,  bobbin  (>  NGr.  Kav6w, 
a  cannon),  <  ML.  canon t  a  tube,  pipe,  gun  (can- 
non) (canonus,  a  bobbin),  prop.  aug.  of  L.  canna, 
ML.  canna,  cana,  a  reed,  pipe,  tube,  but  mixed 
with  the  nearly  related  canon,  a  rule,  in  its  lit. 
sense  of  '  a  straight  rod,'  <  Gr.  navuv,  a  straight 
rod,  a  rule,  <  KO.VTI,  a  rare  form  of  nawti,  Kama, 
L.  conjia,  a  reed:  see  cane1  and  canon1.  In  the 
minor  senses  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  also  spelled  canon,  but 
prop,  cannon.  In  the  sense  of  'cannon-bone,' 
cf.  It.  cannoli  (Florio),  cannon-bones,  cannella, 
arm-bone  (cf.  canned2).]  1.  An  engine,  sup- 
ported on  a  stationary  or  movable  frame  called 
a  i/iin-cnrriage,  for  throwing  balls  and  other  mis- 
siles by  the  force  of  gunpowder ;  a  big  gun ;  a 
piece  of  ordnance.  Cannons  are  made  of  iron,  brass, 
bronze,  or  Btei-1,  and  of  different  sizes,  carrying  balls  from 
3  or  4  pounds  weight  up  to  2,000  pounds  and  more.  The 
caliber  or  power  of  cannon  may  be  expressed  (1)  by  the 


cannon 

«eiK)tt  of  the  shut  llreii  :  as,  a  :vj  pounder  ;  (:>)  liy  tin  <li 
:im<  h-r  of  the  bore  :  as,  a  l:i  inch  KUII  ;  or  (:()  hy  the  weight 
of  tin-  ^1111  itself:  as,  tin  8-humlreilweinllt  ^lin;  a  '-'.'i  ton  Klin. 

itcfore  the  introduction  of  annor-pUUng,  tin-  naval  Bnn, 
in  use  iii  line-oi-kittle  .ships  ami  tri£ilMwan68-poaiid«ii 

(US  hundredweight),  8-inch  shcll-gun.s.  (OS  hundredweight), 


Steel  Field-gun  (Army). 

tube;  ft,  j.tcket;  C,  elliptical  chamber ;  D,  trunnion-rim ;  h, 
: ;  /•',  key-ring  ;  IS,  base-ring ;  11.  interrupted  screw  femicturc  : 
;ire  fas-check  or  obturator ;  CA',  bore. 


. 

sleeve       ,         - 

/,  Freire  gas-check  or 


amis-.!  -pounders  (1:2  in  r>s  hundred  wi  -inho.  Now  ships  are 
spoken  of  as  armed  with  tij-,  I-.!-,  Is  -,  •!!>•,  38-.  etc.,  toiiKiins, 
the  IB-ton  1:1111  throwing  4UO-iH>nnd  projectiles,  an<l  i 
Ion  (On  AOO-poand,  und  no  on,  the  weight  of  the  ball  rising 
with  the  weiu'lit  of  the  iiir.'i'.  <  'aniion  wei^'liim:  more  than 
100  tons  have  r  .....  nilv  In  'i-ii  li'iiMi-iK'tcil.  Thf  Km-ton  nun 
is  charged  with  340  pounds  of  powder,  am  I  discharge-,  a  liolt 
of  steel  or  chilled  inni  weighing  2,000  jiounds.  Cannon  of 
the  smaller  call  hers  are.  mounted  on  u  heeled  .  an  ia-r-*  l'"i- 
service  as  licM-pieces.  In  the  I  nitcd  state,  ann>  tin 
xuns  in  service  are  8-,  10-,  13-,  15-,  and  20-inch  smoolh-lMire 
Hodman  gum,  and  :i-,  3.2-,  4.  !,-,  »-,  and  12-Inch  rifled  guns. 
The  American  8-incli  ritled  gun  is  the  10-Inch  Kodinan 
smooth-bore,  lined  with  a  coiled  wrought-iron  or  steel 
tiiln1.  The  :<.:>-incli  KUU  Is  a  steel  aria-piece.  '"  tnc 
United  States  navy,  «-,  8-,  and  lu-lnuh  steel  guns  have 
lieen  adopted  fur  the  cruisers  of  recent  design.  The  prin- 
cipal parts  of  a  cannon  are  :  1st,  the  breech,  which  Is  tht) 
mass  of  solid  metal  behind  the  bottom  or  end  uf  the  tore, 
and  e\teiidiii'j  to  this  base-ring  ;  2d,  in  niiizzlc-loailin'.-  MB- 
non,  the  cancabel,  a  projection  in  rear  of  the  base-rinu',  in- 
ciu  linu'  the  fcnob  the  spherical  part  between  the  knob  and 
Ilir  hasc-rim;  bcinji  calleil  the  foi.iv  i,f  the  breech;  3d,  the 
1-fin.force,  the  thickest  part  of  the  cylinder,  extending  from 
the  base-rill);  forward  ;  4th,  the  trunnion*,  which  project 
on  each  side,  and  serve  to  support  the  cannon  ;  5th,  the 
bore  or  caliber,  the  Interior  of  the  cylinder,  wherein  the 
powder  .nut  shot  are  lodged,  and  which  may  lie  smooth  or 
rifled,  though  rifled  cannons  have  virtually  superseded  the 
smooth-bores  ;  6th,  the  muzzle  or  mouth  of  the  here.  Can- 
non are  often  made  so  as  to  be  loaded  at  the  breech,  vari- 
ous devices  being  employed  to  effect  this  object.  Cannon 
were  formerly  classed  as  whole  cannons,  demi-cannons, 
culverins,  sakers,  etc.,  but  are  now  classified  as  guns, 
howitzers,  carronades,  and  mortars  ;  also  as  Held-,  moun- 
tain-, coast-,  sea-,  and  siege-jtuiis.  See  I/IIM. 

2.  In  mack.,  a  hollow  cylindrical  piece  through 
which  a  revolving  shaft  passes,  and  which  may 
revolve        independently,      A  m  — 

and  with  a  greater  or  less 

speed   than    that   of    the 

shaft.     Such,  for  example,  is 

the  prolongation  of  the  eye  of  a 

wheel  when  bored  to  fit  a  spindle 

or  shaft  on  which  It  is  intended 

to  work  loose,  as  the  part  a  of  the  wheel  A,  loose  on  the 

shaft  b. 

3.  That  part  of  a  bit  let  into  the  horse's  mouth. 
Also  tMiion,  cannon-bit,  canon-bit.  —  4.  The  can- 
iion-bone.  —  6.  The  ear  or  loop  of  a  bell  by  which 
it  is  suspended.     Also  spelled  canon. 

Church  bells  used  always  to  be  hung  by  t!  long  ears, 
called  canon*  which  cut  a  large  piece  out  of  the  stock, 
and  weakened  it  very  much. 

Sir  JS.  Beckett,  Clocks  and  Watches,  p.  388. 

6.  In  surg.,  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 
wounds.  —  7f.  ]>!•  Ornamental  rolls  which  ter- 
minated the  breeches  or  hose  at  the  knee.  Min- 
slieu,  1617.  Also  written  cantons,  cannions,  and 
canons. 

Tis  pity  that  thon  wast  ever  bred  to  be  thrust  through 
a  pair  of  canton*  ;  thou  wouldst  have  made  a  pretty  foolish 
waiting-woman. 

Middleton,  More  Dissemblers  Besides  Women,  I.  4. 

ChatlMC*  li  queue  lie  mtrlun,  round  lireeehes  with  strait 
ranniuiu,  having  on  the  seat  a  piece  like  a  fishes  tail, 
and  worn  by  old  men,  scholars,  and  such  niggardly  or 
needy  persons.  Cniiimne. 

(Lord's  Day.)  This  morning  I  put  on  my  best  black  cloth 
suit  ...  with  my  black  silk  knit  canon*  1  bought  a  month 
ago.  Pepy»,  Diary,  H.  «». 

8.  [<  cannon,  v.,  2.]  In  billiards,  a  carom  :  little 
used  in  the  United  States,  but  common  in  Great 
Britain.  See  carom  —  Cannon  of  seven),  cannon 
of  eight1,  cannon  with  a  7-  or  8-inch  liore.  The  latter 
was  termed  a  cannon  royal  (which  see,  below). 

In  the  morning  come  Mr.  Chichly  to  Sir  W.  Coventry. 
to  tell  him  the  ill  success  of  the  guns  made  for  the  Loyal! 
London  ;  which  is,  that  in  the  trial  every  one  of  the  great 
Kims  the  whole  cannon  oj  seven,  as  I  take  it,  broke  in 
pieces.  /'••/'."»,  Diary,  II.  4O4. 

Cannon  royal,  a  cannon  or  big  gwn  formerly  in  use.    It 

weighed  S.OOO  pounds,  and  was  12  feet  lolif,  the  diann  1'  i 
of  the  iKire  lieini,'  ,s  inches.  It  carried  a  chart."1  "'  :i--! 
pounds  of  powder,  and  a  bail  weii.'liinu  IS  pounds.  Also 
railed  ivimiim  nf  •  i'llil  (dial  is.  s-inch  bore).  E.  Phillip*, 
1700.—  Rifled  cannon,  or  rifle  cannon,  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance in  the  surface  of  whose  bore  spiral  grooves  or  rifles 
are  cut  to  Impart  rotation  to  the  projectile. 
cannon  (kan'on),  r.  I.  [<  F.  canonner  =  Sp. 
cannHfiir=\'jf.  run  linn  fnr  =  11.  riiiiiioiinri'  :  from 
the  noun.]  1.  To  discharge  cannon  ;  cannon- 
ade. —  2.  In  liillinrrlx,  to  make  a  cannon  or 
carom:  hence.  I"  strike  one  tiling  and  then 
rebound  and  strike  another;  carom.  [Grout 
Britain.] 


793 

Hie  llmt  [torpedo]  struck  on,  of  the  Iron  dads  Just  abaft 
the  fore-chains,  .  .  .  did  nut  explode.  Imt  <itun»i,fii  olf  MS 

ii  «,-!,  i..  n,.  .v.  .1.  B*<  .  i  \\\  n  •.-.. 

The  train  sent  her  violently  forward  against  a  woman, 
from  whom  she  cannoned  off  against  the  brick-layer. 

Mia  Toiacy't  Miuion,  p.  w>. 

cannonade  (knn-on-ad'),  n.  [=  G.  rimiuim/i. 
kfintiiiiidr,  <  1''.  riinnniiiiilr  (=  Pg.  canlionada  = 
It.  riiiiiiniiiilii),  <  rniion.  cannon:  sro  i-iiniinn 
and  -«/«/< '.  |  A  continued  discharge  of  cannon 
or  artillery;  specifically,  such  a  discharge  di- 
rected ugaiiist  an  enemy. 

cannonade  (kan-on-ad'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  i-nn- 
iiniiiiili-il,  ]'}'<•.  riiiiiniiiiiiiiiiij.  [<  eanHi>nnili;  n.] 
I,  trans.  To  attack  with  ordnance  or  artillery; 
batter  with  cauuon. 

II.  intninH.    To  discharge  can- 
non ;  fire  large  guns. 

Itoth  armies  cannonaded  all  the  ensu- 
ing day.  Taller,  So.  OS. 

cannon-ball  (kan'on-bal),  n.  A 
ball  or  missile,  originally  of  stone, 
but  now  usually  of  cast-iron  or 
steel,  designed  to  be  thrown  from 
a  cannon.  Spherical  projectiles  are 
now  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  elon- 
gated ones,  so  that  the  term  ball  as  applied 
to  them  is  not  literally  correct.— Can- 
non-ball mill,  a  mill  for  grinding  certain 
kinds  of  dry  materials.  It  consists  of  a 
cylinder  ill  which  revolving  cannon-balls 
rili  - 1  the  desired  grinding.— Cannon- 
ball  tree,  the  Courmipita  Guianentu,j>l 
tropical  America,  bearing  a  large  globose 
fruit  with  a  woolly  shell. 

cannon-baskett  (kan'on-bas'ket), 
n.  A  gabion. 

cannon-bit  (kan'on-bit),  n.  Same 
as  cannon,  3. 

cannon-bone  (kan'on-bon),  «.  In  JjJ  ^^ 
farriery  and  vet.  surg.,  one  of  the  whole  u  the  me 
functional  and  complete  meta-  £,«?!"*  «tewic- 
carpal  or  metatarsal  bones  of  a  i«i  i»twe«n  the 
hoofed  quadruped,  supporting  the  The 
weight  of  the  body  upon  the  feet,  jj*, 
The  former,  in  the  fore  leg,  extends  from  Jfthe'  fore  limb 

the  carpus  or  so-called  "knee  '  to  the  fet-     are  (tie  metacar- 

loek-joiti t,  and  the  latter,  in  the  hind  leg,    I"*- 
from  the  tarsus  or  "hock  '  to  the  fetlock- 
joint.    In  a  solidungulate,  as  the  horse,  the  cannon-bone 
is  the  single  (third)  metacarpal  or  metatarsal ;  In  cloven- 
footed  quadrupeds,  as  the  ox,  it  is  coniposed  of  two  meta- 
carpals  or  metatarsals  fused  in  one.     The  rudimentary  or 


Cannon-bone  of 
left  hind  leg  of 
horse,  seen  from 
behind. 

t.  the  cannon- 
bone,  being  the 
middle  metatar- 
sal bone,  bearing 
a  and  3,  the  two 
splint.bones.  or 


Incomplete  lateral  metacarpals  or  metatarsals,  on  either 
side  of  the  cannon-bone,  are  called  *plintJx>nc*.  The  can- 
non-bone represents  the  extent  of  the  limb  from  the  carpo- 
metacarpal  or  tarsometatarsal  articulation  to  the  meta- 
carpo-  or  metatarsophalangeal  articulation.  Also  spelled 
cawm-bone. 

cannon-bullet  (kan'on-bul'et),  n.  A  cannon- 
ball.  [Bare.] 

cannoneer  (kan-on-eV),  n.  [Also  written  can- 
nonirr;  <  P.  canonnier  (=  It.  cannoniere),  < 
canon,  cannon :  see  cannon  and  -eer.~\  One  who 
takes  part  in  the  loading  and  discharging  of 
cannon;  an  artilleryman. 

Let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpet  speak, 
The  trumpet  to  the  cannoneer  without. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  v.  :'. 

cannoneering  (kan-on-er'ing),  ».  [<  cannoneer 
+  -ing1.']  yrhe  act" or  art  of  using  cannons; 
practice  with  cannons.  Also  caniionieritig. 

Gunnery,  cannom-fring,  bombarding,  mining. 

Burke,  Vlnd.  of  Nat.  Society. 

cannoningt  (kan'on-ing),  ».  f\rerbal  n.  of 
cannon,  c.]  A  loud  noise,  as  of  cannon. 

cannon-lock  (kan'on-lok),  «.  A  contrivance 
lilaced  over  the  touch-hole  of  a  cannon  to  ex- 
plode the  charge. 

cannon-pinion  (kan'on-pin'yon),  n.  In  a  clock 
or  watch,  a  squared  tubular  piece,  placed  on  the 
arbor  of  the  center-wheel,  and  adapted  to  hold 
the  minute-hand.  E.  H.  Knight. 

cannon-proof  (kan'on-pr6f),  a.  Proof  against 
cannon-shot. 

cannon-ranee  (kan'on-ranj),  n.  The  range  of 
a  cannon ;  the  whole  field  that  can  be  reached 
with  projectiles  from  a  cannon,  or  the  cannon 
of  a  given  battery  or  port ;  cannon-shot :  as,  to 
come  within  cannon-raniji: 

cannonry  (kan'on-ri),  n.  [<  cannon  +  -ry.~\ 
Artillery;  cannon  in  general.  [Rare.] 

cannon-snot  (kan'on-shot),  n.  1.  A  ball  or 
shot  for  cannon. —  2.  The  range  or  distance  a 
cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 

cannon-stove  (kan'on-stov),  n.  A  tall  cylin- 
drical stove,  somewnat  resembling  a  cannon  set 
up  on  its  breech. 

Cannopylea  (kan'o-pi-le'a),  n.  pi.  [XI,.,  < 
Gr.  MIITH.  a  rend,  +  -i  //,.  a  gate.]  A  group  or 
legion  of  nuliolarians:  same  as  I'luroilaria. 

Cannoraphididae  (ka-nor-u-fid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Caniioraphis  (-pliid-)  +  -id<e.]  A  fam- 


canoe 

ily  of  iihii'ixlarian  radiolarinn-.  nitlt  a  »krli-t»n 
couHiating  of  dfliidn'd  liolln\\  tulx-s  or  rcticu- 
luti-d  pici-rs  of  M|I'.\,  ilc]io«iti-il  lam,'''Mliully 
around  the  central  cajiKiili-.  Also  called  f'an- 
niirliiii'/iiiln.  llnifl, '  I. 

Cannoraphis  (ku-nor'a-fiH),  n.  [NL.,  <  <ir. 
nawa,  >i  n  i-il.  +  pa<^(,  a  needle,  also  a  needle- 
shaped  fish,  <  ia'rxTiiv,  sew.]  The  typical  genus 
of  the  family  i  '<iiiii<irii/>l<iili<ke.  Also  (.'annorha- 
i>hif. 

Cannosphaera  (kan-o-rfS'rll),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
kin-Hi,  a  rccd,  +  ofaipa,  sphere.]  The  typical 
1,'i'iiiis  of  tin1  family  '  HHII>I.-I>IH imlu. 

Cannosphaeridae  (kau-o-sfe  ri-de),  n.  pi.   [NL., 

<  Cannit.iiiha.-ra  +  -i<lie.]      A  family  of  pheeo- 
darian  radiolarians  with  a  fenestrated  shell, 
spherical  or  subspherical,  and  double.    The  in- 
ner shell  (medullar  layer)  Is  composed  simply  of  solid 
beams:  the  outer  (cortical  layer),  of  hollow  tubes  with  ra- 
dial spicules  at  the  nodes  of  junction.     The  two  layers 
are  connected  hy  hollow  radial  rods.    AluuCaitnvtpherida. 

BMW. 

cannot  (kan'ot).  A  way  of  writing  can  not, 
due  to  the  silencing  in  pronunciation  of  one  of 
the  n's. 

cannula  (kan'u-lft),  n.  [L.  (ML.  also  canula), 
dim.  of  caiina,  a  ireed,  pipe:  see  cane1.]  1.  A 
small  tube  used  by  surgeons  for  various  pur- 
poses, as  for  a  sheath  to  a  stylet  or  other  sharp 
instrument,  along  with  which  it  in  thrust  into  a 
cavity  or  tumor  containing  a  fluid.  The  |.erfo. 
ration  being  made,  the  sharp  instrument  is  withdraw  n  and 
the  tube  left,  in  order  that  the  fluid  may  pass  through  it 
AlMMnu/a. 

2.  Kcclea.,  a  cruet  for  use  at  the  altar.  See 
cruet.— Bellocq's  cannula,  an  instrument  for  plugging 
the  posterior  nares  to  stop  bleeding  from  the  nose. 

cannular  (kan'u-lar),  «.  f<  cannula  +  -ar8.] 
Tubular;  having  the  form  of  a  tube.  Also  can- 
ular. 

cannulate  (kan'u-lat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  can- 
nulated,  ppr.  cannulaling.  [<  cannula  -r  -ate3."] 
To  make  hollow,  like  a  cannula —  Cannulated 
needle,  a  surgeon's  needle  made  hollow  to  allow  a  wire 
or  thread  to  pass  through  its  entire  length. 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  a.  [Sc.,  of  uncertain 
origin ;  popularly  associated  with  con1,  n.,  skill, 
knowledge,  ability,  and  cunningl,  knowing,  and 
thus  ult.  with  can1,  r.,  know;  but  perhaps  ult. 
dne  to  Icel.  ktenn  (for  far/in,  i.  e.,  koenn).  wise, 
skilful,  expert,  clever,  =  AS.  cene,  bold,  E.  keen, 
sharp  (cf.  E.  nharji  in  a  riimilur  sense):  see 
teen1.]  A  term  of  commendation  of  various 
application.  1.  Knowing;  cautious;  prudent; 
wary;  watchful;  cunning;  artful;  crafty. 

I  trust  in  Hod  to  use  the  world  as  a  cannii  and  cunning 
master  doth  a  knave  servant  llutherford.  Letters. 

Whale  cr  he  wins  I'll  guide  with  canny  care. 

hatHMy. 

White-tall  [deer]  are  very  canny,  and  know  perfectly 
well  what  threatens  danger  and  what  does  not 

T.  KooKMll,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  113. 

2.  Skilled;  handy;  expert. 

Ills  wife  was  a  cannie  liody,  and  could  dress  things  very 
well  for  ane  in  her  line  o'  business.    Scott ,  Old  Mortality,  v. 

3.  Moderate;  reasonable,  (a)  In  expense:  Frugal: 
not  extravagant    (fc)  In  charges  or  exactions:  Not  extor- 
tionate,   (r)  In  conduct :  Not  severe. 

4.  Quiet ;  easy ;  soft   (a)  Quiet  In  disposition  ;  gen- 
tle ;  tractable,    (b)  Quiet  In  movement :  still:  slow. 

Ill  be  her  nurse,  and  I'll  gang  aboot  on  my  atockln* 
soles  as  canny  as  pussy. 

Uf.  John  Broirn,  Rah  and  his  Friends. 

(e)  Snug;  comfortable;  neat 

Kdge  me  Into  some  canny  post  Jtanuay. 

6.  Safe ;  not  dangerous ;  fortunate;  lucky. — 6. 
Good;  worthy. — 7.  Possessed  of  supernatural 
power;  skilled  in  magic. 

Canny  Elshie,  or  the  Wise  Wight  o'  Miirkelstane  Moor. 
Scott,  Black  Dwarf,  p.  ». 

canny,  cannie  (kan'i),  adv.  [8c.]  In  a  canny 
manner :  cannily ;  cautiously ;  gently ;  slowly. 

Ye'll  tak  me  in  your  anus  twa,  lo.  lift  me  rarini>. 

Bonnie  Annie,  in  Child's  Ballads,  III.  48. 
Speak  her  fair  and  canny.  Scoff,  Pirate,  I.  66. 

Ca'  cannie  (literally,  drive  gentlyX  proceed  with  caution ; 
don't  act  rashly.  (Scotch.) 

canoat,  ".     [See  ranoe.]     A  canoe.     Raleigh. 
CanoblC  (ka-nob'ik),  a.    Same  as  Canmiic. 
canoe  (ka-no"),  M.  and  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  canoo, 
raiioir,  MMMM.  orig.  canoa;  =  Pg.  It.  canon  = 
F.  rannt  =  D.  itanoo  =  Sw.  kanot  =  Dan.  kann, 

<  Sp.  canoa,  <  candoa,  the  native  West  Indian 
(Carib)  name.]     I.  n.  A  light  boat  designed  to 
be  propelled  by  a  paddle  or  paddles  held  in  the 
hands  without  fixed  supports.    The  canoe*  of  sav- 
age races  are  constructed  of  bark  (as  the  birch-bark  canoe 
of  the  American  Indians)  or  hides,  or  formed  of  the  trunks 
of  trees,  excavated  hy  hnrtiiin.'  or  cutting  them  into  a  suit- 
able shape.    The  birch-bark  canoes  are  Hunt  and  can  be 
carried  on  the  shoulders,  one  larjre  enough  for  four  per- 


canoe 

sons  sometimes  weighing  no  more  than  40  or  50  pounds 
The  modern  canoe,  employed  chiefly  for  pleasure,  is  a  light 
bo-it  carvel-  or  clinker-built,  sharp  at  both  ends  and  with 
a  beam  one  eighth  or  one  sixth  its  length ;  it  is  usually 


794 

part  of  it.  The  Roman  canon  is  divided  into  ten  portions 
or  paragraphs,  generally  named  from  their  initial  words. 
See  liturgy. 

3.  The  books  of  the  Holy  Scripture  accepted  by 
the  Christian  church  as  containing  an  authori- 
tative rule  of  religious  faith  and  practice.  With 
the  exception  of  the  books  called  antilegomena,  the  canon- 
icity  of  which  was  not  at  first  universally  recognized,  the 
canon  of  the  New  Testament  has  always  consisted  of  the 
same  books.  The  books  comprised  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
and  constituting  the  Hebrew  canon,  that  is  to  say,  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament  as  given  in  the  authorized 
version  from  Genesis  to  Malachi  inclusive,  are  universal- 
ly recognized  as  canonical.  The  canonical  character  of 
the  books  not  found  in  the  Hebrew,  but  contained  in  the 


canonic 

Ovid  was  not  only  a  fine  poet,  but  (as  a  man  may  speak) 
a  great  Canon  lauyer.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  85. 

Canon  Of  Lysippus,  in  Or,  art,  a  system  of  typical  pro- 
portions for  the  human  body,  based  upon  the  works  of 
the  sculptor  Lysippus  of  Sicyou.  Lysippus  made  the 
head  smaller  than  his  predecessors,  and  sought  to  express 
a  strongly  marked  muscular  development.— -Canon  of 
Polycletus  in  Gr.  art,  the  system  of  typical  proportions 
for  the  human  body  elaborated  by  the  sculptor  Polycletus, 
or  deduced  from  his  works.  It  is  held  to  be  particularly 
illustrated  in  his  figure  called  the  doryphorwi  (which  see). 
—  Canons  Of  inheritance,  in  law,  rules  directing  the  de- 
scent of  real  property.— Circular  canon,  in  music:  (a)  A 
canon  whose  subject  returns  into  itself ;  an  infinite  or  per- 
petual canon,  (b)  A  canon  whose  subject  ends  in  a  key 
one  semitone  above  that  in  which  it  began,  so  that  twelve 


e  OOOKS  noi  lounu  us  uie  zieuicn,  wu       n«*...*-  -     one  Semjt0iie  above  that  in  wnicn  it  oegan,  so  uiuv  iweive 

iptuagint  or  Vulgate,  was  disputed  by  many  in     .e ;  early     repetition3  traverse  the  circle  of  keys.— Enigmatical 


not  accounted  canonical  by  the  Anglican  Church  (which,  {JJ  be  written  out  by  the  student  in  accordance  with  the 

however,  treats  them  as  ecclesiastical  books,  that  is,  books  reaujrements  of  an  enigmatical  inscription  written  upon 

to  be  read  in  the  church),  nor  by  any  of  the  Protestant  tnJmuBlc.  Seeinsm»tfrm.—  Perpetual  canon,  inmusic, 

churches.   See  antilegomena,  apocrypha,  2,  deuterocanom-  a  canon  ao  constructed  that  it  may  be  repeated  any  num- 

cal,  and  ecclesiastical.  ber  of  times  without  break  in  time  or  rhythm.  =  Syn.  Or- 

4.  The  rules  of  a  religious  order,  or  of  persons  dinamx<  Regulation,  etc.    See  towi 

nk  2  ' 


lyl,,cu,  wuuuc.,  *i  U.....B  v.  ......  .  -  ...........  -=,  -..  --       .  <  ,      . 

30  inches  beam,  decked  over,  and  fitted  with  water-tight     devoted  to  a  strictly  religious  life,  as  monks  canon2   (kan'qn),   n.      [<   ME.   canon,   canotin 

n    and  the 


,  , 

compartments.    The  paddle  is  8  or  10  feet  long,  and  the 
sails  are  usually  lugs. 

I  encountered  ^^° 
aboord  me.         Capt.  John 


n     nung  .  algOj  the  ^ogk  jn  which  such  rules  canun,  assibilated  chanoun,  <  OF.  canone,  as- 

are WTjtteni  —  5.  A  catalogue  or  list;  specifi-  sibilated  chanone,  clianoinne,  F.  cJianoine  =  Pr. 

cally,  the  catalogue  of  members  of  the  chapter  cmonge  =  Sp.  canonigo  =  Pg.  conego  =  It.  ca- 

^athedral  orscollegiate  church.-6.  A  cat-  nonico  =  AS.  canonic,  ME.  Jcanunk  =  MD.  *«- 


alogue  of  saints  acknowledged  and  canonized, 


. 
,  D.  kanoniek  =  late  MHG.  kanonike,  G. 


cesa.     [Colloq.] 

H.  a.  Canoe-shaped,  (a)  Applied  by  Pennsylvania 
geologists  to  the  mountains  of  that  State  whose  structure 
gives  them  a  resemblance  -in  form  to  an  Indian  canoe. 
There  are  anticlinal  and  synclinal  canoe  mountains,  the 
one  being  like  the  other  inverted,  (b)  Applied  in  embry- 
olo"y  to  an  early  state  of  a  vertebrate  embryo,  when  it  has 
acquired  a  definite  long  axis  and  bilaterally  symmetrical 
sides  curved  in  over  the  yolk-sac,  as  in  man. 

canoe  (ka-no'),  *>•  *• ;  pret.  and  pp.  canoed,  ppr. 
canoeing".  [<  canoe,  ».]  To  paddle  a  canoe ; 
sail  in  a  canoe. 

canoe-birch  (ka-no ' berch),  n.  A  tree,  Betulapa- 
pyrifera  oTpapyracea,  also  known  as  the  paper- 


as  in  the  Koman  Catholic  and  Eastern  churches,  canonich,  now  usually  canonicus,  =  Icel.  Icanoki, 

—  7.  In  art,  a  rule  or  system  of  measures  of  kanuki  =  Sw.  kanik,  also .  kanonicus,  =  Dan. 

such  a  character  that,  the  dimensions  of  one  of  Jcannik  =  Kuss.  TcanoniM,  <  LL.  ML.  canonicus 

the  parts  being  given,  those  of  the  whole  may  be  (aiso  canonius),  a  canon  or  prebendary  (prop. 

-  versa.    A  canon  is  established,  adj.,  pertaining  to  the  rules  or  institutes  of  the 


)  .  ,  ., 

for  instance,  when  it  is  shown  that  the  length  of  any  well-     ehm-gh  canonical:  see  canonic,  canonical),  later 

^ 

number  of  times  in  the  torso  or  the  legs,     prebendary),  <  L.  canon,  <  trr.  navuv,  anile. 

1     A  dignitary  who  possesses  a  pre  bend 
3  allotted  for  the  performance  of  di- 


contained  a  certain  __ 

8.  In  music,  a  kind  of  fugal  composition  in  two 
or  more  parts,  constructed  according  to  the 
strict  rules  of  imitation.  One  voice  or  instrument 
begins  a  melody,  and  after  a  few  beats,  the  number  de- 
pending upon  the  character  of  the  melody,  a  second  takes 


j?y  v  J-     F9  -  i   >j.       i_  •       1.     j.1,          peiiumg  upuii  nic  vamfwUftm  v/i  uuc  nm»v*v»j,  M  a*,~*y..- 

birch,  and  sometimes  as  the  white  birch,  the     up  tne  same  melody  at  the  beginning,  at  the  same  pitch 

tough  durable  bark  of  which  is  used  for  making    —  -* 

canoes  in  North  America  by  the  Indians  and 

others.   The  bark  of  the  young  trees  is  chalky- 
white. 

canoe-cedar  (ka-no'se"dar),  n.     See  cedar,  2. 
canoeing  (ka-n'6'ing),  n.     [Verbal  n.  of  canoe, 

».]    The  art  or  practice  of  managing  a  canoe. 
Canoeing,  as  the  term  is  now  [1883]  understood,  dates 

back,  in  the  United  States,  to  1871,  when  the  New  York 

Canoe  Club  was  organized.      Forest  and  Stream,  XXI.  5. 

canoeist  (ka-no'ist),  n.     [<  canoe  +  -ist.]    One 


agement  of  a  canoe. 
All  this  country  lies  within  the  reach  of  the  canoeist. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXX.  226. 


or  at  some  definite  interval,  and  repeats  it  note  for  note, 
and  generally  interval  for  interval.  The  principle  of  the 
canon  is  that  the  second  voice  or  instrument,  when  it  be- 
gins the  melody,  must  combine  continuously,  according 
to  the  strict  rules  of  harmony,  with  that  part  at  which  the 
first  voice  has  arrived,  and  when  the  third  voice  begins  it 
must  combine  in  the  same  manner  with  those  parts  at 
which  the  other  two  have  arrived,  and  soon  for  any  num- 
ber of  voices.  A  round  is  sometimes  improperly  called  a 
canon. 

Here  we  had  a  variety  of  brave  Italian  and  Spanish 
songs  and  a  canon  for  eight  voices,  which  Mr.  Lock  had 
lately  made  on  these  words :  "  Dominesalvum  fac  Regem." 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  26. 

Q.  In  math. :  (a)  A  general  rule  for  the  solu- 
tion of  cases  of  similar  nature.  (6)  An  exten- 
sible table  or  set  of  tables,  (c)  A  collection  of 
a  fundamental  and 


canoeman(ka-no'man),».;  placemen  (-men),    formulas.- 10.   In  logic, 

™"v._a i,:ii.j  jj  £. : — „  ,;.,„„„       invariable  maxim,  such  as,  Nothing  ought  to 


One 


or  skilled  in  managing  a  canoe 


Liriodendron  Tidipifera. 
canon1  (kan'qn),  n.      [<  '. 
rule,  <  AS.  canon,  a  rule, 


u  ur  ais.iueu  m  maiiattiiig  a  ^<*nvc.  -  -..  ..     T       r      wTL-4i__. 

(ka-no'wud),  n.    The  tulip-tree,    bedone  without  a  reason.— 11.  In  the  Kantim 

philosophy,  the  science  which  determines  the 


ME.  canon,  canoun,  a 
canon  (canones  boc, 


conon1.] 

or  revenue  L 

vine  service  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate  church ; 
a  member  of  the  chapter  of  a  cathedral  or  col- 
legiate church.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
England  and  elsewhere  canons  were  formerly  divided  into 
three  classes,  regular,  secular,  and  honorary.  The  regu- 
lar canotis  lived  in  monasteries,  and  added  the  profession 
of  vows  to  their  other  duties.  Secular  or  lay  canons  did 
not  live  in  monasteries,  but  they  kept  the  canonical  hours. 
Honorary  canons  were  not  obliged  to  keep  the  hours.  The 
name  foreign  canons  was  given  to  such  as  did  not  offi- 
ciate in  their  canonries :  opposed  to  mansionary  or  resi- 
dentiary canons.  Canons  of  the  English  cathedrals  must 
be  in  residence  for  three  months  each  year.  Collectively, 
with  the  dean  at  their  head,  they  form  the  chapter.  There 
are  also  canons  of  a  lower  grade,  called  minor  canons,  who 
assist  in  performing  the  daily  choral  service  in  the  cathe- 
dral. Honorary  canons  may  also  be  appointed,  but  receive 
no  emolument. 

In  the  Chirche  of  Seynt  Sepulchre  was  wont  to  ben 
Chanouns  of  the  ordre  of  seynt  Augustyn,  and  hadden  a 
Priour:  but  the  Patriark  was  here  Sovereygne. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  79. 

Because  they  were  enrolled  in  the  list  of  clergy  belong- 
ing to  the  church  to  which  they  became  associated,  the 
cathedral  and  collegiate  clergy  of  the  higher  grades  con- 
tinued to  be,  and  are  yet,  called  canons. 

Sock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  ii.  83. 


right  use  of  any  faculty  of  cognition :  as,  pure 

logic  is  the  canon  of  the  formal  use  of  the  un-  canon3t,  '«•   See  cannon,  7. 


£hook  of  the7anonr-D"canw"-G"ca»o«'    derstanding  and  reason:  transcendental  ana-  canon, 'canyon  (kan'yqn;  Sp.  pron.  ka-nyon'), 
to±^.D^jffii"F:S=S.^S    lytics.is  thge  canon  of  the  use^of  the  under-    „.     [the  E*  spelling, canyon  (like  the  ult.  iden- 


tical  canyon)  suits  the  pronunciation,  Sp.fi  be- 


standing  a  priori,  and  so  on. — 12.  Inp«ar.,  a 


the  catalogue  of  the  sacred  writings,  a  rule  of 


canon2,  a  deriv.]     1.  A  rule  or  law  in  general. 
Contrary  to  thy  established  proclaimed  edict  and  conti- 
nent canon.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L..  1.  1. 
O,  that  this  too  too  solid  flesh  would  melt, 
Thaw,  and  resolve  itself  into  a  dew  I 
Or  that  the  Everlasting  had  not  fixed 
His  canon  'gainst  self -slaughter ! 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 
She  shocked  no  canon  of  taste. 


ing  unaltered.  See  ode,  tetraodion,  triodion. — 
14f.  Annual  charge  for  use  of  land ;  rent ;  a 
quit-rent.— 15.  In  printing,  a  large  text  print- 
ing-type, in  size  about  17J  lines  to  the  linear 

foot:  so  called  from  its  early  employment  in    m , 

printing  the  canon  of  the  mass  and  the  ser-     lish  ravine,  gorge,  or  gulch,  is  known  in  Spain  and  Spanish 
rr      .»,»;,  i  America  as  barranca  and  nmcbra.  =Svn.  Gome,  etc.     See 


vice-books  of  the  church — Ancyrene  canons.  See 


.  { 

Aneyrene.—  Apostolic  canons.   See  apostolic.—  Boole's       -  •£    „___,._ 
canon,  in  math.,  a  certain  rule  according  to  which  a  dif-  canon,  Canyon 


quently  applied  to  what  would  ; 
be  called  in  English  a  defile,  ravine,  or  gorge. 
This  use  of  the  word  canon  is  peculiar  to  the  United  States, 
it  being  rare  in  Mexico,  and  not  at  all  known  in  Spain  or 
in  Spanish  South  America.  The  word  used  in  Spain  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  is  Canada ;  in  Pern ,  quebrada ;  and 
in  Chili,  garganta.  A  small  and  steep  canon,  called  in  Eng- 
lish ravine,  gorge,  or  gulch,  is  known  in  Spain  and  Spa--'-' 
America  as  barranca  and  quiebra.  =  Syn.  Gorge,  etc. 
valley. 

*   v.  i.     [<  canon,  can- 


Ha^orne,  Seven  Gables,  v.     ^^tt&aT&S&S  TSHttEl  ®&  ftV*T3B  of  a 
The  scientific  canon  of  excluding  from  calculation  all     Dlrt  not  necessary  conditions  are  fulfilled.— Canon  can-    stream.     [Western  IT.  S.] 


incalculable  data  places  Metaphysics  on  the  same  level  with 
Physics.  G.  H.  Lewes,  Probs.  of  Life  and  Mind,  I.  i.  §  54. 

2.  Eccles, :  («)  A  law  or  rule  of  doctrine  or  dis- 
cipline, enacted  by  a  council  or  other  compe- 
tent ecclesiastical  authority. 

Various  canons,  which  were  made  in  councils  held  in 
the  second  century.  Hook. 

In  the  wording  of  a  canon,  it  is  not  enough  to  admonish 
or  to  express  disapprobation  ;  its  wording  must  be  expli- 
citly permissive  or  prohibitory,  backed  by  the  provision, 
expressed  or  admittedly  understood,  that  its  infringement 
will  be  visited  with  punishment. 

The  Churchman,  LIV.  462. 

(b)  In  liturgies,  that  part  of  the  liturgy  or  mass 
which  includes  the  consecration,  great  obla- 
tion, and  great  intercession.  It  begins  after  the 
Sanctus  (in  the  Roman  liturgy,  and  other  Latin  liturgies 
influenced  by  the  Roman,  with  the  words  Te  igitur),  and 
ends  just  before  the  Lord's  Prayer,  sometimes  counted  a 


crizans.      See  cancrizans.—  Canon  law,  rules  or  laws 
relating  to  faith,  morals,  and  discipline,  enjoined  on  the 

members  of  any  church  communion  by  its  lawful  ecclesi- -.  .     „  . 

astical  authority;  specifically,  a  collection  of  rules  of  ec-  canoneSS  (kan'on-es),  n.     [<  ML.  canomssa  (> 

"• F  chanoinesse),  a  fern,  form  of  canon :  see  ec- 


(kan'on-bit), n.     Same  as  cannon,  3. 

"See  cannon-bone 

k 


clesiastical  order  and  discipline  embodied  in  the  Corpus 
Juris  Canonic!  (body  of  canon  law).  It  is  a  compilation 
from  the  canons  of  councils,  the  decrees  of  the  popes  and 
fathers,  and  the  decretals  and  canonical  replies  made  to 
questions  put  at  various  times  to  the  Roman  pontiffs. 
The  principal  parts  of  which  it  consists  are  the  Decretum, 
or  collection  of  decrees  made  by  Gratian  A.  D.  1151,  and 
the  decretals  of  Gregory  IX.,  to  which  are  added  the  decre- 
tals of  Boniface  VIII.,  the  Clementine  constitutions,  and 
the  books  called  the  Extravagantes  of  John  xxji.  and  the 
Extravagantes  Coi 
of  England  cons' 

vincial  synods  ai CT__  „ 

common  law.    The  canon  law  of  the  Greek  Church  is  em- 


o«2  and  -ess.]  Eccles.,  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity of  women  living  under  a  rule,  but  not 
obliged  to  make  any  vows  or  to  renounce  the 
world. 

There  are  in  popish  countries  women  they  call  secular 
canontsses,  living  after  the  example  of  secular  canons. 

Ayliffc,  Paragon. 

as  if  *ca- 
canon,  a 
canon:  see  canon2.}     Same  as  canonical. 


1  the  jixtravagantes  01  jonn  xxn.  ana  me 

Communes.    The  canon  law  of  the  Church  canonialt.  a.     [<  ME.  canoniel,  <  ML. 
sists  of  canons  passed  in  national  and  pro-  v"tuu.,r1T>,  .m/mina.**    ( 

ind  foreign  canons  adopted  by  custom  and    nomaliS,  \   cam  na,   a    ca  ,   \ 


bodied  in  the  collections  called  the  Syntagma  Canonum,  canonic  (ka-non'ik),  a.  and  n.     [<  L.  canonicus, 
Nomocanon,  and  Synagoge  Canonum  of  Photitis.    See  no-    r)ertainin£r"to  a  canon  or  rule,  esp.  (ill  ML.)  to 
moccmon.-  Canon  lawyer,  a  person  versed  in  the  canon     I 
law. 


o     ;  ,n<.lp«in«tipBl    panons 

Scriptural  or  eccl  >ns, 


canonic 


795 


canopy 


<  Kavfo  (mwv-),  >  L.  canon,  a  rule,  canonism  (kaii'on-i/.m),  «.     [<  canon  1  +  -«>»,.]  canon-wiset  (kan'on-wlz),  a.    Versed  in  the 
stc. :  see  canon  *  and  canon*.]    I.  a.  Same  as    Adherence  to  canon  or  rule.  canon  law:  as,  "canon-Kite  prelate,"  Milton 

canonist  (kan'on-ist),  M.     [=  F.  canoniste;  <    Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 
canon1  +  -MLJ    One  skilled  in  ecclesiastical  canon-wren  (kan'yon-ren),  «.    A  bird  of  the 
or  canon  law.  family  Troglodylidce  and  genus   Cutherpei,  M 

Re  must  he  a  canmitt :  that  Is  to  say,  one  that  U  brought 
up  In  the  study  of  the  pope's  laws  and  decrees. 

Latimrr,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 


canonical. 

You  are  my  learned  and  gonmafc  n.  i^-libour. 

,  11.  Jotuion,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  L  3. 

Canonic  Imitation,  in  WHWV,  tin-  exact  <>r  metii.>dn-:ii 
imitation  of  one  voice-part  by  another.    See  canonl,  8. 

II.  >t.  [Gr.  TO  KavoviKOv,  nout.  of  Kavavutdf ;  see 
above.]  In  the  Kpii'iinnii  philosophy,  a  name 
for  logic,  considered  as  supplying  a  norm  or 
rule  to  which  reasoning  has  to  conform, 
canonical  (ka-non'i-kal),  a.  and  n.  [As  ca- 
nonic +  -al.  Cf.  ML.  riiiuiiiiritlis,  pertaining  to 
a  canon,  <  c<iiii»iicnn,  a  canon  or  prebendary: 
see  cdHoii-.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  nature  of  or 
constilutiti!,'  a  canon  or  rule;  accepted  as  a 
norm  or  rule:  as,  i-iiinmii-dt  writings. 

The  term  canonitnl  signified  normal,  as  constituting  a 
s^£bidnwipproT£'l?thLTtan£rM  *  iynolly"")(  canonistic  (kan-o-nis'tik),  o.  [<  canonist +*ic. 

tf.  K  PMtr,  Benin,  of  Christianity,  p.  67:i.     '3f  or  Pertaining  to  canonists. 
2.  Forming  a  part  of  the  sacred  canon.     See 
canonl,  3. — 3.    Conformed  or  conforming  to 

rule;  fixed  or  determined  by  rule;  specifically,  canonizant  (ka-non'i-zant),  n. 
regulated  by  or  in  accordance  with  the  canons    -an*1.]    In  math.,  a  certain  coi 
of  the  church;  authorized:  as,  canonical  age;    •«*"«•———**—*-**•-—» — ! 
canonical  hours. 


West  and  Clark,  the  Bishops  of  Ely  and  of  Beth, .  .  . 
were  both  celebrated  ctltumUt*  and  devote*!  adherents  of 
the  old  religion.  K.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  I. 

All  through  the  Middle  Ages  the  lawyer  who  was  avow- 
edly a  priest  held  his  own  against  the  lawyer  who  pro- 
fessed to  be  a  layman;  and  ours  (England]  Is  the  only 
country  In  which,  owing  to  the  peculiar  turn  of  our 
history,  it  is  difficult  to  see  that,  on  the  whole,  the  canon- 
ist exercised  as  much  Influence  on  the  course  of  legal  de- 
velopment as  the  legist  or  civilian. 

Maine,  Early  Law  and  Custom,  p.  27. 


They  became  the  apt  scholars  of  tills  canonittic  exposi- 
tion. Hilton,  Tetrachordou. 


!•<> variant  used  in 

reducing  quantics  to  the  canonical  forms.  The 
canonizant  of  a  quantic  of  odd  order  is  the  catalectlcant 
<>f  the  penultimate  emanant.  Thus,  the  canonizant  of  the 
quantic  (a,  b,  c,  d,  t,  /)  (*,  y~p  Is 

ax  +  by,  bx  +  cy,  cx  +  dy 
bx  +  cy,  cx  +  dn,  dx  +  ty 
cx  +  dy,  dx  +  ey,  ex+fy. 

We  have  one  [successful  epic)  here,  subdivided  into  ten  canonizatet  (ka-non'i-zat),  f.  t.    [<  ML.  canoni- 

'  canonieare,  canonize:  see  canon-  can-opener  (kan'6'pn-er), «.  An  implement  for 
canonize.  _cutting  open  one  end  of  a  sealed  tin  can. 


These  two  prelates  [Olso  of  Wells  and  Walter  of  Here- 
ford!, having  doubts  about  the  canonical  competency  of 
ArchbUhop  Stigand,  went  to  Nicolas  II.  In  1081,  and  n- 
ce ived  consecration  at  his  hands. 

Stubbi,  Const.  Hist,  f  704. 


Cafloo-wren  •  Cathrrfrt  mtxtcamttit. 


C.  mexicanus:  so  called  from  its  frequenting 
canons.     Cones.    See  Catkerpet. 
canooskie(ka-noVki),n.  A  local  name  in  Alaska 
of  the  crested  auklet,  MnerifMftm  eriytatrllnx. 


distinct  poems,  each  of  which  suits  the  canonical  require-  -ntus    tin    of 

ment.  and  may  be  read  at  a  single  sitting.  j^  -.  '  ifo'can 

I  canonizationTkan'on-i-za'shon),  ».    [=F.  Oanopfc(ka-noP'ik),«.  KL.tanopicvt^Cano- 

ptures, <&£to$5T  writing  wnicl,  S£  canonisation,  <  ML.  canoni.-are,  "canonize :  see     /"«••  seeCanup,,, r.VOf  or  pertain  ing  to  Canopua, 

ie  church  as  the  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  canonize.]     In  the  Rom.  Catli.  Ch.,  the  act  of     an  ancient  rity  of  Egypt.  Also  wntten  Canobic. 


Canonical  age. 
nonlcal  Script 

received  by  the  ,.„ 

(See  apocrypha,  2.)—  Canonical  dissection,  In  math,,  a 
standard  mode  of  cutting  up  a  Rleuiann's  surface.— Ca- 
nonical epistles,  an  appellation  given  to  those  epistles 
of  the  New  Testament  which  are  called  general  or  cath- 
olic. They  are  the  epistles  of  Peter,  John,  James,  and 
Jude.— Canonical  form,  in  alfi.,  the  simplest  form  to 
which  a  quantic  can  l>e  reduced  without  loss  of  gener- 
ality. Thus,  a  binary  quantic  of  the  (2  m  +  l)th  degree 
can  be  expressed  as  the  sum  of  in  +  1  powers. — Ca- 
nonical hours,  certain  stated  times  of  the  day,  fixed  by 
ecclesiastical  laws,  appropriated  to  the  offices  of  prayer 
and  devotion.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  the  ca- 
nonical hours  are  the  seven  periods  of  dally  prayer,  viz., 
matins  (consisting  of  nocturns  with  lauds),  prime,  terce, 
sext,  nones,  evensong  or  vespers,  and  complin.  In  Eng- 
land the  same  name  Is  also  sometimes  given  to  the  hours 
from  eight  o  clock  to  twelve  in  the  forenoon,  before  and 
after  which  marriage  cannot  be  legally  performed  In 
a  parish  church.— Canonical  letters,  letters  formerly 
interchanged  by  the  orthodox  clergy,  as  testimonials  of 
their  faith,  to  keep  up  the  catholic  communion,  and  to 
distinguish  them  from  heretics.— Canonical  life,  the 
method  or  rule  of  living  prescribed  by  the  ancient  clergy 
who  lived  in  community.  It  was  less  rigid  than  the  mo- 
nastic life. —  Canonical  obedience,  the  obedience,  as 
regulated  by  the  canons,  of  an  ecclesiastic  of  lower  rank  to 
his  superior,  as  of  a  presbyter  to  his  bishop.— Canonical 


enrolling  a  beatified  person  among  the  saints. 
See  beatification.  Originally  each  bishop  was  accun 
tomed  to  declare  that  particular  deceased  pereons  should 
be  regarded  as  saints ;  but  the  exercise  of  this  power  wan 
gradually  assumed  by  the  popes,  who  since  1179  have  ex- 
ercised the  exclusive  right  of  canonization.  In  order  T.. 
canonization,  it  must  be  shown  that  two  miracles  have 
been  wrought  by  the  candidate  before  beatification,  and 
two  more  after  it  by  his  intercession.  The  pope,  on  ap- 
plication, resumes  the  case  of  the  beatified  person,  with 
the  view  of  testing  his  qualifications  for  the  higher  rank 
which  Is  claimed  for  him.  A  secret  consistory  Is  sum- 
mcmed,  at  which  three  cardinals  are  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  matter,  who  make  their  report  at  a  si-con. I 
private  meeting.  In  the  third,  which  is  a  public  consis- 
tory, one  person,  called  the  adrocatu*  diaboli,  or  devils 
advocate,  attacks  the  person  to  be  canonized,  raises  doubts 
as  to  the  miracles  said  to  have  been  wrought  by  him,  and 
exposes  any  want  of  formality  in  the  procedure;  while 
another  person,  called  advocatut  Dei,  or  God's  advocate, 
supports  his  claim.  Lastly,  a  fourth  consistory  Is  held,  in 
which  the  votes  of  the  prelates  are  taken  for  or  against 
the  canonization.  If  a  plurality  of  votes  are  cast  in  favor 
of  the  candidate,  the  pope  announces  the  day  appointed 
for  the  ceremony,  which  takes  place  at  St.  Peter  s.  Also 
spelled  canonisation. 


-  Canoplc  vases,  vases  of  a  special  type,  with  top*  In  the 
form  of  heads  of  human  Mugs  or  divinities,  used  In  an- 
cient Egypt  tu  hold  the  entrails  of  embalmed  bodlei,  four 
being  provided  for  each  body.  They  were  made  In  large 
numbers  at  Canopus,  whence  their  name.  Their  form  U 


punishment  was  inflicted,  as  idolatry,  murder,  adultery 
heresy,  etc. 

H.  n.  pi.  [Cf.  ML.  canonico!  vcstes,  canoni- 
cals.] The  dress  or  habit  prescribed  by  canon 
to  be  worn  by  the  clergy  when  they  officiate ; 
hence,  the  prescribed  official  costume  or  deco- 
ration of  any  functionary,  as,  in  English  usage, 
the  pouch  on  the  gown  of  an  M.D.,  the  coif  of  a 
serjeant-at-law,  the  lambskin  on  the  hood  of  a 
B.  A.,  the  strings  of  an  Oxford  undergraduate, 
the  tippet  on  a  barrister's  gown,  proctors'  and 
subproctors'  tippets,  etc. 

An  ecclesiastic  in  full  canonicals.  Macaulay. 

canonically  (ka-non'i-kal-i),  adv.  In  conform- 
ity with  a  caubn  or  rulb ;  specifically,  in  con- 
formity with,  or  in  the  manner  prescribed  by, 
the  canons  of  a  church:  as,  "canonically  ad- 
mitted bishops,"  Bp.  Bale,  Apology,  p.  23. 

canonicalness  (ka-non'i-kal-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  canonical. 

The  canonical  net*  of  the  Apostolic  Constitutions. 

Bp.  Burnet.  Hist.  Own  Times,  an.  1711. 

canonicate  (ka-non'i-kat),  M.    [=F.  canonical, 

<  ML.  •canoiii<;tiH.^  n.,  office  of  a  canon;  cf.  canonizer  (kan  on-i-zer),n.  One  who  canonizes. 
eanonieatus,  pp.  of  cinionii-iirr.  make  a  canon,  Also  spelled  canoiiiser. 

<  canonicus,  a  canon  :  see  canonic,  canot^.l  The  canonlyt  (kan  on-h),  n.  [<  canonl  +  -Jyi.]    Ac- 
office  of  a  canon ;  a  canonry.  cording  to  the  canon;  canonically. 

canonicity(kan-o-nis'i-ti),«.    [=F.  canonicitt,  canonry  (kan'on-ri),  «.;  pi.  eanonnes  (-nz).    [< 

<  ML.  •canoniciia(t-)s"  <  caiioiiiciin,  canonical.]     ^"O"2  +  •*»•]    Tne  benefice  filled  by  a  canon. 
The  quality  of  being  canonical ;  canouicalness.        The  patronage  of  the  canonriti  was  secured  to  the  Arch- 

The  cananieitv.  that  Is,  the  divine  authority,  of  the  "ishop  of  York  by  the  Act  IS  aiid  14  Viet,  c.  98,  s.  25 
books  of  the  New  Testament.  *•  and  «••  ^  •"••  **•  tn- 

J.  n.  .\Vinimn.  Development  "f  Christ.  Doct.,  Hi.  4.  canonst  (kan'onz),  n.  pi.    See  cannon,  n.,  7. 

canonisation,  canonise,  etc.  See  canonization,  canonship  (kan'on-ship),  n.  [<canon%  +  -»*<;>.] 

r.i /mm -c.  etc.  The  position  or  office  of  canon ;  canonry. 


Etruscan  Canoplc  V 

that  of  a  reversed  truncated  cune  rounded  off  above  hi  mi 
upherically,  with  the  o|>eiilng  in  the  ton,  which  Is  closed 
by  the  head  as  a  lid.  Their  material  is  generally  terra- 
cotta, but  frequently  some  valuable  stone.  The  name  Is 
also  given  to  vases  of  similar  form  containing  the  ashes 
of  the  dead  found  in  Etruscan  tombs  of  the  eighth  and 
seventh  centuries  B.  c.  The  Etruscan  examples  have  han- 
dles, and  bear  human  anus  as  well  as  the  head,  represent- 
ed  either  In  low  relief  along  the  body  of  the  vase,  or  In 
complete  relief,  and  sometimes  articulated  to  the  handles. 


catalogue  of  the  saints,  etc. :  see  canonl.]  1. 
To  enroll  officially  in  the  canon  or  catalogue 
of  the  saints;  declare  to  be  a  saint;  regard  as 
a  saint.  See  canonization. 

The  king,  desirous  to  bring  into  the  house  of  Lancaster 
celestial  honour,  became  suitor  to  Pope  Julius,  to  canonic 
King  Henry  VI.  for  a  saint  Bacnu,  Hist  Hen.  VII. 

The  best  of  them  will  never  be  canonized  for  a  saint 
when  she's  dead.  GoUttmith,  Oood-Xatured  Man,  I. 

And  has  a  Champion  risen  In  arras  to  try  *»„ 

His  Country's  virtue,  fought,  and  breathes  no  more ;    Oanopns    (ka-no    pus),    n. 

Him  in  their  hearts  the  people  canonize. 

Wordnnorth,  Eccles.  Sonnets,  i.  82. 

2.  To  admit  into  the  canon,  as  of  Scripture. 
[Rare.] 

Bathsheba  was  so  wise  a  woman  that  some  of  her  coun- 
sels are  canonized  for  divine.  Bp.  Hall,  David's  End. 

3.  To  embody  in  canons.     [Bare.] 

Planting  our  faith  one  while  in  the  old   convocation 
house  ;  and  another  while  in  the  chapel  at  Westminster : 
when  all  the  faith  and  religion  that  shall  be  there  canon- 
ized Is  not  sufficient  without  plain  convincement,  and  the  canopy  (kan'6-pi),  H. ;  pi.  canopies  (-piz).   [Early 
charity  of  patient  instruction.  MMon,  Areopagitica,  p. 65.     modT^.  also'cflnan,/.  cananie •  =  D.  *«»«»»  L 

Also  spelled  canonise. 


Against  the  walls  [of  the  mummy-chamber]  were  piled 
.  .  .  libation  jars  of  bronze  and  terra  cotta.  and  eanopir 
•Ms* of  precious  Lycopolltan  alabaster. 

llarprri  May.,  LXV.  187. 

[L.,  the  brightest 
star  in  the  constellation  Argo,  named  from 
Canopus,  <  Gr.  Kdvwror,  earlier  Kditj/ior,  a  town 
in  Lower  Egypt.]  The  brightest  star  but  one 
in  the  heavens,  one  magnitude  brighter  than 
Arcturus  and  only  half  a  magnitude  fainter 
than  Sirius.  It  is  situated  in  one  of  the  steering-paddles 
of  Argo,  about  35'  south  of  Sirius  and  about  the  same 
distance  east  of  Achenar ;  It  Is  of  a  white  or  yellowish 
color,  and  Is  conspicuous  in  Florida  in  winter.  Astrono- 
mers call  it  a  or  alpha  Aryiu,  or  a  or  o/;  An  Can'rur.  See 
cut  under  Argo. 


,«^«t*         '-if  f XT /-       t          '     "  "rf 

mod.  E.  also  canopy,  canapie;  =  D.  kanapee  = 
G.  canapee,  kanaiite,  a  canopied  couch,  sofa,  <  F. 
canapi  (after  It.),  prop,  conopec  (Cotgrave)  = 
OPg.  aanapt  =  8p.  Pg.  canape  =  It.  canope 
=  Wall,  canapeu,  a  canopy,  canopied  couch,  < 
ML.  niinipi  IIHI,  canapeium,  ranopiuni,  cannpinm, 
prop,  conopevm,  a  mosquito-net,  a  tent,  pa- 
vilion, <  Gr.  dtiuorriov,  nuvurreui;  an  Egyptian 
bed  with  mosquito-curtains,  a  pavilion,  <  auvu^i 
(UMXT-),  a  gnat,  mosquito,  perhaps  an  accom. 
of  a  foreign  (Egyptian  f )  word,  but  ap 
faced,'  as  if  from  some  fane 
cone,  <  Kuvof,  a  cone,  4-  tnjt,  face :  see  001*0  and 
optic.']  1.  In  general,  any  suspended  covering 


appar. '  cone- 


canopy 

that  serves  as  a  protection  or  shelter,  as  an 
awning,  the  tester  of  a  bed,  or  the  like;  espe- 
cially, an  ornamental  covering  of  cloth  suspend- 
ed on  posts  over  a  throne  or  the  seat  of  a  high 
dignitary,  or  any  covering  of  cloth  so  disposed. 
He  was  escorted  by  the  military  of  the  city  under  a 
royal  canopy  borne  by  the  deputies. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  12. 

2.  In  specific  figurative  use,  the  sky :  as,  any- 
where under  the  canopy,  or  the  canopy  of  heaven. 

But,  of  what  substance  shall  I,  after  thee 
(0  Matchless  Maker),  make  Heav'ns  Canapey? 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas,  Weeks,  1.  2. 

And  now 

The  forest's  solemn  canofnes  were  changed 
For  the  uniform  and  lightsome  evening  sky. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 

8.  In  arch.,  a  decorative  hood  or  cover  sup- 
ported or  sus- 
pended over  an 
altar,  throne, 
chair  of  state, 
pulpit,  and  the 
like;  also  the  or- 
namented pro- 
jecting head  of 
a  niche  or  taber- 
nacle. The  label- 
molding  or  drip- 
stone which  sur- 
rounds the  head  of 
a  door  or  window, 
if  ornamented,  is 
also  called  a  can- 
opy. 

4.  Ncmt.:  (a) 
A  light  awning 
over  the  stern- 
sheets  of  a  boat. 
(6)  The  brass 
framework  over 
a  hatch. —  5.  A 
large  smoke- 
bell.  See  smoke- 
bell.  Car-Build-  canopy. 

Cr*8  DiCt  Portal  of  the  church  of  St.  Pere-sous-Veze- 

,1          ,  -        lay,  France.    ( From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet. 
Canopy     (kan  O-     del1  Architecture.") 

pi),  v.  t.;  pret. 

and  pp.  canopied,  ppr.  canopying.  [<  canopy,  «.] 

To  cover  with  a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopy. 

Trees  .  .  . 
Which  erst  from  heat  did  canopy  the  herd. 

Shah.,  Sonnets,  xii. 
Canopied  with  golden  clouds.         Chapman,  Iliad,  xiii. 

A  bank 

With  ivy  canopied.       Milton,  Comus,  1.  544. 
Beneath  thy  pinions  canopy  my  head.  Keats. 

canorae  (ka-no're),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  fern.  pi.  (sc. 
aves,  birds :  see  A  res)  of  L.  canorus :  see  cano- 
rous."] The  singing  birds.  See  Cantatores  and 
Cantores. 

canorous  (ka-no'rus),  a.  [<  L.  canorus,  sing- 
ing, musical,  <  canere,  sing:  see  ca»<2.]  Mu- 
sical; tuneful.  [Rare.] 

Birds  that  are  canorous  ...  are  of  little  throats  and 
short  necks.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  vii.  14. 

The  Latin  has  given  us  most  of  our  canorous  words,  only 
they  must  not  be  confounded  with  merely  sonorous  ones, 
still  less  with  phrases  that,  instead  of  supplementing  the 
sense,  encumber  it. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  75. 
canorously  (ka-no'rus-li),  adv.    Melodiously; 
tunefully. 

canorousness  (ka-no'rus-nes),  n.  Musicalness. 
Spenser  .  .  .  chooses  his  language  for  its  rich  canorous- 
ness  rather  than  for  intensity  of  meaning. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  184. 

canoust,  a.  [<  L.  canus,  white,  hoary,  esp.  of 
the  gray  hair  of  the  aged.]  Hoary;  gray. 

cansh  (kansh),  n.  A  small  mow  of  corn,  or  a 
small  pile  of  fagots,  etc.  HalHwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

canstickt  (kan'stik),  ».  A  contraction  of  can- 
dlestick. 

I  had  rather  hear  a  brazen  canstick  turn'd. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1. 

canstowt.    An  old  abbreviation  of  canst  thou. 

cant1  (kant),  ».  [=  D.  kant,  border,  edge,  side, 
brink,  margin,  corner,  =  OFries.  kant  (in 
comp.),  side,  =  MLG.  kant,  kante,  LG.  kante  (> 
G.  kante  =  mod.  Icel.  kantr  =  Dan.  Sw.  kant), 
border,  edge,  margin,  prob.  <  OF.  cant,  corner, 
angle,  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  canto,  side,  edge,  corner, 
angle,  <  ML.  cantus,  side,  corner.  Of  uncertain 
and  prob.  various  origin:  (1)  in  part,  like  W. 
cant,  the  rim  of  a  circle,  <  L.  canthits,  ML.  can- 
tus, coHtus,  the  tire  of  a  wheel  (in  ML.  also 
explained  as  the  nave  or  spokes  of  a  wheel,  in 
L.  also  poet,  a  wheel) ;  cf .  Gr.  KaMc,,  the  felly 
of  a  wheel  (a  late  word,  perhaps  due  to  the  L., 
which  was,  according  to  Quintilian,  a  barbarous 


796 

Hispanian  or  African  word) ;  (2)  cf.  Gr.  Kav06f, 
thecorneroftheeye(seecrt«(/f«.s-);  (3)  cf.OBulg. 
l;antu  =  Bulg.  kiit  =  Sloven.  k6t  =  Serv.  ktit  = 
Bohem.  koitt  =  Pol.  kant  =  Russ.  kutil  =  Lett. 
kante,  a  corner.  In  some  senses  the  noun  is 
from  the  verb.  Hence,  cantle,  canton*.]  If. 
A  corner;  an  angle;  a  niche 

The  .  .  .  principal  person  in  the  temple  was  Irene  or 
Peace ;  she  was  placed  aloft  in  a  cant. 

B.  Jonfon,  Coronation  Entertainment. 

2.  The  corner  of  a  field. — 3.  An  external  or 
salient  angle :  as,  a  six-canted  bolt,  that  is,  one 
of  six  cants,  or  of  which  the  head  has  six  angles. 
— 4.  One  of  the  segments  forming  a  side  piece 
in  the  head  of  a  cask. —  5.  A  ship's  timber, 
near  the  bow  or  stern,  lying  obliquely  to  the 
line  of  the  keel. — 6.  A  piece  of  wood  which 
supports  the  bulkheads  on  a  vessel's  deck. 
[Eng.] — 7.  A  log  that  has  received  two  side 
cuts  in  a  sawmill  and  is  ready  for  the  next  cut. 
—  8.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line;  a 
sloping,  slanting,  or  tilted  position. 

When  the  berg  first  came  in  contact  with  the  ship,  a 
large  tongue  of  ice  below  the  water  was  forced  under  the 
bows  of  the  vessel,  raising  her  somewhat,  and  with  the 
help  of  the  wind  giving  her  a  cant. 

C.  F.  Ball,  Polar  Exp.,  p.  245. 

9.  A  toss,  thrust,  or  push  with  a  sudden  jerk : 
as,  to  give  a  ball  a  cant. — 10.  In  whale-fishing, 
a  cut  in  a  whale  between  the  neck  and  fins. 
E.  D. 

cant1  (kant),  »'.  [=  D.  kanten,  cut  off  an  angle, 
square,  =  G.  kaitten,  cant,  tilt,  =  Sw.  kanta, 
bevel,  =  LG.  freq.  kanteln,  kantern,  turn  over, 
tilt,  af-kanteln,  cut  off  an  angle,  =  Dan.  kamtre, 
upset,  capsize,  cant;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans. 
1.  To  put  or  set  at  an  angle ;  tilt  or  move  from 
a  horizontal  line :  as,  to  cant  or  cant  up  a  plank ; 
to  cant  over  a  pail  or  cask. —  2.  Naut.,  to  turn 
(something)  so  that  it  is  no  longer  fair  and 
square ;  give  (a  ship)  an  inclination  to  one  side, 
as  in  preparing  her  to  be  careened. — 3.  To  set 
upon  edge,  as  a  stone. — 4.  To  throw  with  a 
sudden  jerk ;  toss :  as,  to  cant  a  ball. 
The  sheltie  canted  its  rider  into  the  little  brook. 

Scott,  Pirate. 

5.  To  cut  off  an  angle  of,  as  of  a  square  piece 
of  timber. 

II.  intrans.  To  tilt  or  incline ;  have  a  slant. 

The  table  is  made  to  cant  as  usual,  being  clamped  in 
position  by  a  nut  screwed  up  against  a  quadrant  under- 
neath. Ure,  Diet.,  IV.  963. 

cant2  (kant),  v.  [First  at  the  end  of  the  IGth 
century;  usually  referred  to  L.  cantare  (>  ult. 
E.  chant,  q.  v.),  sing  (in  form  a  freq.  of  canere, 
pp.  cantus,  sing,  from  a  root  represented  in  E. 
by  the  noun  hen,  q.  y.),  in  eecl.  use  (ML.)  also 
perform  mass  or  divine  service,  and,  as  a  noun, 
an  anniversary  service  for  the  dead,  alms,  esp. 
when  given  as  an  anniversary  observance  (see 
can  t2,  n.  and  a.).  The  word  cant  may  thus  have 
become  associated  with  beggars ;  but  there  may 
have  been  also  an  allusion  to  a  perfunctory 
performance  of  divine  service,  and  hence  a  hy- 
pocritical use  of  religious  phrases.]  I.  intrans. 

1.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice  or  in  an 
affected  or  assumed  tone ;  assume  a  particular 
tone  and  manner  of  speaking  for  the  purpose 
of  exciting  compassion,  as  in  begging;  hence, 
to  beg. 

You  are  resolved  to  cant,  then  ?  where,  Savil, 
Shall  your  scene  lie  ? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  3. 

2.  To  make  Pharisaical,  hypocritical,  or  whin- 
ing pretensions  to  goodness;  affect  piety  with- 
out sincerity ;  sham  holiness. 

I  could  not  cant  of  creed  or  prayer. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  L  18. 

3.  To  talk  in  a  certain  special  jargon  ;  use  the 
words  and  phraseology  peculiar  to  a  particular 
sect,  party,  profession,  and  the  like. 

A  merry  Greek,  and  cants  in  Latin  comely. 

B.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  it  2. 
The  Doctor  here, 

When  he  discourseth  of  dissection, 
Of  vena  cava  and  of  vena  porta, 
Of  miseraics  and  the  mesenterium, 
What  does  he  else  but  cant? 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iv.  1. 

II.  trans.  To  use  as  a  conventional  phrase- 
ology or  jargon. 

Is  it  so  difficult  for  a  man  to  cant  some  one  or  more  of  the 
good  old  English  cants  which  his  father  and  grandfather 
canted  before  him,  that  he  must  learn,  in  the  schools  of 
the  Utilitarians,  a  new  sleight  of  tongue,  to  make  fools 
clap  and  wise  men  sneer? 

Macaulay,  On  West.  Reviewer's  Def.  of  Mill. 

cant2  (kant),  n.  and  a.  [<  cant*,  v.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  whining  or  singing  manner  of  speech ;  spe- 


Cantab. 

cifically,  the  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in 
asking  alms. —  2.  The  language  or  jargon 
spoken  by  gipsies,  thieves,  professional  beg- 
gars, or  the  like,  and  containing  many  words 
different  from  ordinary  Euglieh ;  a  kind  of  slang 
or  argot. — 3.  The  words  and  phrases  peculiar 
to  or  characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  profes- 
sion ;  the  dialect  of  a  class,  sect,  or  set  of  peo- 
ple :  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense. 

Of  all  the  cants  which  are  canted  in  this  canting  world, 
though  the  cant  of  hypocrites  may  be  the  worst,  the  cant 
of  criticism  is  the  most  tormenting. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  12. 
The  cant  of  party,  school,  and  sect 
Provoked  at  times  his  honest  scorn. 

Whittier,  My  Namesake. 

4.  A  pretentious  or  insincere  assumption,  in 
speech,  of  a  religious  character;  an  ostenta- 
tious or  insincere  use  of  solemn  or  religious 
phraseology. 

That  he  [Richard  Cromwell]  was  a  good  man,  he  evinced 
by  proofs  more  satisfactory  than  deep  groans  or  long  ser- 
mons, by  humility  and  suavity  when  he  was  at  the  height 
of  human  greatness,  and  by  cheerful  resignation  under 
cruel  wrongs  and  misfortunes  ;  but  the  cant  then  common 
in  every  guard-room  gave  him  a  disgust  which  he  had  not 
always  the  prudence  to  conceal.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 
Supplied  with  cant  the  lack  of  Christian  grace. 

Whittier,  Daniel  Neall. 

Hence  —  5.  Any  insincerity  or  conventionality 
in  speech,  especially  insincere  assumption  or 
conventional  'pretense  of  enthusiasm  for  high 
thoughts  or  aims. 

But  enthusiasm,  once  cold,  can  never  be  warmed  over 
into  anything  better  than  cant. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  157. 

=  Syn.  2  and  3.  Cant,  Slang,  Colloquialism.  Cant  be- 
longs to  a  class ;  xlamj  to  no  one  class,  except  where  it  is 
specified  :  as,  college  slang  ;  parliamentary  nlang.  Slang 
is  generally  over-vivid  ill  metaphor  and  threadbare  from 
use,  and  is  often  vulgar  or  ungrainmatical ;  cant  may  be 
correct,  but  unintelligible  to  those  outside  of  the  class 
concerned.  Cant  has  also  the  meaning  of  insincere  or 
conventional  use  of  religious  or  other  set  phrases,  as  above: 
A  colloquialism  is  simply  an  expression  that  belongs  to 
common  conversation,  but  is  considered  too  homely  for 
refined  speech  or  for  writing. 

The  Cant  or  flash  language,  or  thieves'  Jargon,  was  scarce- 
ly known  even  by  name  in  the  United  States  until  .  .  . 
some  forty  years  ago.  Science,  V.  380. 

The  use  of  elang,  or  cheap  generic  terms,  as  a  substitute 
for  differentiated  specific  expressions,  is  at  once  a  sign 
and  a  cause  of  mental  atrophy. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Old  Vol.  of  Life,  p.  275. 

Colloquialism  have  a  place  in  certain  departments  of 
literature,  namely,  familiar  and  humorous  writing,  but  in 
grave  compositions  they  are  objectionable. 

J.  De  Mille,  Rhetoric,  §  270. 

II.  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cant  or  jargon. 

The  affectation  of  some  late  authors  to  introduce  and 
multiply  cant  words  is  the  most  ruinous  corruption  in  any 
language.  Swi/t. 

cant3  (kant),  n.  [Said  to  be  vagabonds'  slang. 
Cf .  ML.  cantare,  pi.  cantaria,  alms :  see  cant2,  ».] 
Something  given  in  charity.  Imp.  Diet. 

cant4  (kaut),  n.  [Short  for  OF.  encant,  F.  en- 
can  =  Pr.  enquant,  encant  =  OSp.  e«cawte  =  It. 
i  urn  H  to  (ML.  incantum,  incantus,  inquantus),  an 
auction,  orig.  a  call  for  bids  at  an  auction,  <  L. 
in  quantum,  for  how  much?  See  quantum, 
quantity,  etc.]  An  auction;  sale  by  auction. 
Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  to  sell  their 
leases  by  cant.  Swift,  Hist.  Eug.,  Wni.  II. 

cant4  (kant),  v.  t.  [<  cant*,  n.  Cf.  equiv.  ML. 
incantare,  inquantare.~]  1.  To  sell  by  auction. 

Is  it  not  the  general  method  of  landlords  to  ...  cant 
their  land  to  the  highest  bidder? 

Swift,  Against  the  Bishops. 

2f.  To  enhance  or  increase,  as  by  competitive 
bidding  at  an  auction.  [Prov.  Eng.  in  both  uses.] 
When  two  monks  were  outvying  each  other  in  canting 
the  price  of  an  abbey,  he  [William  Rufus]  observed  a  third 
at  some  distance,  who  said  never  a  word :  the  king  de- 
manded why  he  would  not  offer ;  the  monk  said  he  was 
poor,  and  besides  would  give  nothing  if  he  were  ever  so 
rich ;  the  king  replied,  Then  you  are  the  fittest  person  to 
have  it,  and  immediately  gave  it  him. 

Swift,  Hist.  Eng.,  Wni.  II. 

cant5  (kant),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.,  also  canty;  < 
ME.  cant,  kant,  kaunt,  bold,  brave;  origin  ob- 
scure.] Bold;  strong;  hearty;  lusty.  Now 
usually  canty  (which  see). 

And  Nestor  anon,  with  a  nowmber  grete 
Of  knightes  &  cant  men,  cairyt  him  with 
Lyuely  to  his  lunde,  &  leuyt  hym  noght. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3573. 
The  king  of  Berne  was  cant  and  kene, 
Bot  there  he  left  both  play  and  pride. 

Mi'not.  Poems,  p.  30. 

cant5  (kant),  v.  i.  [E.  dial.,  <  canfi,  «.]  To  re- 
cover or  mend ;  grow  strong. 

can't  (kant  or  kant).  A  colloquial  contraction 
of  cannot. 

Cantab,  (kan'tab).  1.  An  abbreviation  of  the 
Latin  adjective  Cantabrigiensis  (see  Cantabri- 


Oantab. 

man):  as,  John  Jones,  M.  A.  I'mitnh.  ft  hat  is, 
Master  of  Arts  of  Cambridge  I'niversity). —  2. 
[As  ;i   noun.  |     A   member  or  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  in  Kngl.-uid. 
Thf  rattle -puled  trick  of  u  young  rnitlab. 


Ctontoif  an  sketcheil  in  a  series  ..f  Aeademlcal  portraits, 
and  I'niversitj  life  then  was  apparently  niurh  the  same  as 
It  Is  now.  /•',„•/„,  ,/,(/„  /,',,-,,  N  8, 

3.  [As  an  adjective.]  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge. 

llou  oft  the  Ciiiitnii  supper,  h.ust  and  guest, 
Would  echo  hclplc<*  humbler  to  your  jest ! 

/v,,,,,,.,,,,,,  r,,  in,.  Uev.  W.  II.  Krookfleld. 

cantabank  (kan'tu-bangk),  n.  [A  pi.  canta- 
biiiiqui  is  cited  in  llallivvell;  <  It.  cantambanco, 
formerly  i-iiii/iiiluinro  (Florio),  a  mountebank, 
a  ballad-singer,  lit.  one  who  sings  on  a  bench, 

<  cantniT,  sinj;,  +  in,  on,  +  banco,  bench:  see 
mill-,  i«l,  bunk-.    Cf.  iiiniiiitiliinil:,  xiiltitnliiiiirn. } 
A  strolling  singer;  a  common  ballad-singer: 
used  in  contempt.    [Rare.] 

He  was  no  tavern  cantabank  that  made  it, 
But  a  squire  minstrel  of  your  Highness'  court. 

Sir  //.  Taylor,  Ph.  van  Artcvelde,  I.,  111.  2. 

cantabile  (kan-ta'be-le),  o.  [It.,  <  L.  eaninlii- 
Ms,that  maybe  sung:  see  cantable.]  In  «».••/<•. 
executed  in  the  style  of  a  song;  flowing;  sus- 
tained; lyrical. 

cantablet,  «•  [<  L.  cantabilis,  that  may  be 
sung,  <  can  tare,  sing:  see  cant2.  Cf.  chantable.] 
That  may  be  sung.  liailcy,  1727. 

Cantabrian  (kan-ta'bri-an),  a.  [L.  Cantabria, 
Cantabria,  in  northern  Spain.]  Pertaining  to 
the  Cantabri,  an  ancient  people  of  northern 
Spain,  or  to  Cantabria,  the  region  formerly  in- 
habited by  them. 

Cantabrigian  (kan-ta-brij'i-an),  n.  and  n.  [< 
ML.  Cantabrigicnsis,  pertaining  to  Cambridge, 

<  Cantnbrigiit,  Cambridge.]     I.  a.  Relating  to 
Cambridge,  England,  or  to  its  university.    Also 
incorrectly  spelled  Cantabriili/i/ni. 

II.  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  or  a  native  of  Cam- 
bridge.—  2.  A  student  or  graduate  of  Cam- 
liridgo  University.  Abbreviated  Cantab. 

Oantabrigically  (kan-ta-brij'i-kal-i),  adv.  Af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  students  in  Cambridge 
University.  [Humorous  and  rare.] 

cantaliver,  cantilever  (kan'ta-liv-er,  kan'ti- 
lev-6r),  ».  and  a.  [Also  written  cantilicer,  can- 
talever,  canteliyer; 
of  uncertain  origin. 
The  form  cantalit'er 
(accented  cantali'- 
ver  in  Bailey,  1733 
— eauti' liver,  John- 
son, 1755)  appears 
to  be  the  earliest, 
and  is  nearest  the 
probable  original, 
namely,  <  L.  (NL.) 
quanta  libra,  of 
what  weight  or  bal- 
ance (L.  quanta, 
abl.  fern,  of  quan- 
tus,  how  much  (see 
quantity);  libra, 
abl.  of  libra,  a 
pound,  weight,  bal- 
ance, counterpoise  , 
(see  libra,  litre);  Co*B~Tg?S.S.ln*>*l— * 
cf.  caliber,  calirn; 

prob.  of  similar  formation),  a  phrase  which,  if 
used  technically  in  early  modern  (NL. )  works 
on  architecture,  would  naturally  take  in  E.  the 
forms  given.  Hardly,  as  by  some  supposed, 

<  cant1,  an  angle,  +  -a-,  -i-,  a  mere  syllable  of 
transition,  +  lever,  a  support;  cf.  E.  dial.  I,  <•<  r, 
the  support  of  the  roof  of  a  house.]     I.  H.  1. 
A  block  or  large  bracket  of  stone,  metal,  or 
wood,  framed  into  the  wall  of  a  building,  and 
projecting  from  it,  to  support  a  molding,  a  bal- 
cony, eaves,  etc.     Cantattvers  serve  the  same 
end  as  modillions  and  brackets,  but  are  not  so 
regularly  applied.    Hence  —  2.  One  of  two  long 
brackets  or  arms  projecting  toward  each  other 
from  opposite  banks  or  piers,  serving  to  form  a 
bridge  when  uniteil  directly  or  by  a  girder. 

II.  a.  Formed  on  the  principle  of  the  canta- 
liver, or  with  the  use  of  cantali  vers.*—  Cantaliver 
bridge.  See  bridge.^. 

cantaloup  (kan'ta-lop  or  -lop),  n.  [Also  writ- 
ten ciintiilntipi',  i-iintahiiji,  ciintvloup,  r«Ht<V</»/«, 
etc.;  <  F.  i-initti/onp,  <  It.  cantalnpo,  a  canta- 
loup, so  called  from  fantaliipo,  a  town  in  Italy 
where  it  was  first  grown  in  Europe.]  A  va- 
riety of  muskinelon,  somewhat  ellipsoidal  in 
shape,  ribbed,  of  pale-green  or  yellow  color, 
and  of  a  delicate  flavor. 


797 

cantankerosity  (kan-tans-ke-roR'i-ti).  n.  [< 

i-nnlii i,l.i  i -iiii.-i  +  -,li/.  |    ('antankcrougriess.   [Hu- 
morous.] 

sir.  Hi.  urhtl.-niaii  from  South  Carolina  made  a  speech  ; 
and  if  I  may  be  allowed  to  coin  a  word,  I  will  say  it  had 

i •  ciiiitniiki-riititii  iii  it  than  any  speech  I  ever  heard  on 

this  II.. or. 

A.  /.  -p..  .hin  II. .u«c  of  Rcpr.,  June  21, 18W. 

cantankerous  (kaii-tang'ke-nm),  a.  [Prop. 
ilial.,  with  suffix  -otis,  <  E.  dial,  cantini/.,  r, 
"contnnkcr,  a  corruption  (by  assimilation  of 
adjacent  syllables)  of  ME.  c<t>itn-/,<>iii:  conte- 
kimr,  prob.  also  'conhickour,  'contakour,  a  quar- 
relsome person,  <  coat, •<•/,:  cinitnck,  mutrk,  con- 
in/,',  contention,  quarreling:  see  conteck,  con- 
ti  r/.</ifr.]  Given  to  or  marked  by  ill-tempered 
contradiction  or  opposition;  contradictory; 
mulish;  contentious;  cross;  waspish;  ill-na- 
tured: as,  "acantankeroushumouT.  Thackeray. 
[Colloq.] 

There's  not  a  more  bitter  cnntaiJceniu  toad  In  all  Chris- 
tendom. Qvldnnith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii. 

I  hope,  Mr.  Falkland,  as  there  are  three  of  us  come  on 
purpose  for  the  game,  you  won't  be  so  cantankerow,  aa  to 
NjM.il  the  party  by  sitting  out.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  8. 

cantankerously  (kan-tang'ke-rus-li),  adv.  In 
a  cantankerous  manner;  ill-naturedly;  wasp- 
ishly ;  crossly.  [Colloq.] 

cantankerousness  (kan-tang'ke-rus-nes),  ». 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  cantankerous; 
ill-tempered  opposition ;  crossness ;  waspish- 
ness.  [Colloq.] 

By  all  means  tell  the  truth,  we  reply,  but  we  refuse  to 

believe  that  the  truth  Is  to  be  found  in  cautauteroumeM. 

London  Timet,  Aug.  14,  1863. 

cantar  (kan'tar),  n.  [=  It.  cantaro  =  Bulg. 
kantar,  kentar  =  Serv.  kantar,  <  Turk,  qantar 
(kantar),  <  Ar.  qintar,  a  hundredweight,  quin- 
tal (>  It.  quintale  =  Sp.  Pg.  Pr.  F.  quintal, 
>E.  kintal,  quintal,  q.  v.),  <  L.  centenarius,  con- 
sisting of  a  hundred  (pounds,  feet,  years,  etc.) : 
see  centenary,  centner,  and  quintal,  all  ult.  doub- 
lets of  can  tar.  ]  An  Arabian  and  Turkish  unit 
of  weight,  a  hundred  rotls  or  pounds.  Many  dif- 
ferent rolls  are  in  use  in  Mohammedan  countries,  for  dif- 
ferent commodities,  and  each  has  its  cantar.  The  cantar 
tints  has  all  values  from  08.05  pounds  avoirdupois  (the 
government  cantar  of  Alexandria)  to  880  pounds  (the 
great  cantar  of  Aleppo).  The  cantar  of  Constantinople 
is  124.65  pounds,  that  of  Smyrna  127.43  pounds ;  that  of  the 
calif  Almamun  (A.  D.  813-33)  waa  103.4  pounds. 

cantara  (kan'tii-rft),  n.  [<  Sp.  (xintara  =  Pg. 
cantara,  also  cantaro,  a  liquid  measure  (see 
def.),  <  cantara,  cantaro  =  It.  cantaro,  a  jar  or 
pitcher,  <  L.  cantharus,  a  drinking-vessel:  see 
cantliarus.]  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  same  as 
arroba. 

cantata  (kan-ta'ttt),  n.  [It.,  <  cantare,  <  L. 
cantare,  sing:  see  ca»it2.]  Originally,  a  musical 
recitation  of  a  short  drama  or  story  in  verse 
by  one  person,  without  action,  accompanied  by 
a  single  instrument,  and  later  with  airs  or 
melodies  interspersed ;  now,  a  choral  composi- 
tion, either  sacred  in  the  manner  of  an  oratorio, 
but  shorter,  or  secular,  as  a  lyric  drama  or  story 
adapted  to  music,  but  not  intended  to  be  acted. 

Cantate  (kan-ta'te),  n.  [L.,  2d  pers.  pi.  pres. 
impv.  of  cantare,  sing:  seecawt2.]  The  ninety- 
eigiith  psalm,  so  called  from  the  first  words 
in  Latin,  Cantate  (O  sing),  more  fully  Confute 
Domino  (Sing  ye  unto  the  Lprd).  It  Is  appointed 
in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  to  be  used  as  a  canticle 
after  the  first  lesson  at  Evening  Prayer,  except  when  It 
is  read  in  the  ordinary  course  of  the  Psalter  on  the  nine- 
teenth day  of  the  month.  In  the  English  book  It  is  the 
alternate  of  the  Mafniijicat.  In  the  American  book  it 
has  the  HIIHHUI  eft  cunfteri  as  its  alternate,  and  U  itself, 
since  1880.  an  alternate  of  the  Mayniln-nt. 

cantationt  (kan-ta'shon),  «.  [<  L.  cantatio(n-), 
<  cantare,  pp.  cantatas,  sing:  see  «mf2.]  A 
singing.  Cockeram. 

Cantatores  (kan-ta-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of 
L.  cantator,  singer.  <  cantare,  pp.  cantatas, 
sing:  see  cn«(2.]  In  ornitli..  a  group  of  pas- 
serine perching  birds,  more  or  less  nearly  co- 
exiciisive  with  ]'a,ineres,  Cantores,  or  (As. 
the  singing  birds  or  songsters,  in  Macglllivray's 
system  (18;»),  where  the  term  is  first  technically  used, 
the  Cantatureg  are  the  fifth  order  of  birds  ;  the  order  as 
there  constituted,  however,  is  not  exactly  conterminous 
with  any  now  recognized  group  of  birds,  but  includes 
some  heterogeneous  non-oscine  forms. 

cantatory  (kan'ta-to-ri),  n.  [<  L.  as  if  "can- 
tiilorins,  <  CHiitHtor,  singer:  see  Cantatores.'] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  singing  or  to  singers.  Dr. 
v.  Mill,;:  [Rare.] 

cantatrice  (kan'ta-tres;  It.  pron.  kan-ta-tre'- 
che),  n.  [F.  cantutrice,  <  It.  cantatrice,  <  L. 
Kiiitatricem,  ace.  of  cantatrijc.  fern,  of  cantator, 
a  singer:  see  Ctnitiitores.]  A  female  singer: 
applied  especially  to  one  who  sings  in  opera 
or  public  concerts. 


canterbury 

cant-block  (kant'blok),  ».     A  large  block  used 

in  canting  n  hales,  that  is,  turning  thorn  over 
in  llon-in^'.  /'.  //.  l\niiilil. 

cant-board  (kftnfbtod),  ».  A  division  made 
in  the  conveyor-box  of  a  flour-bolt  to  separate 
ilitTerent  grades. 

cant-body  (kant'bod'i).  ».  Iii  .ilii/i-biiililii,ii, 
r  he  portion  of  a  vessel  which  contains  the  cant- 
frames'. 

The  square  liody  ends  and  the  eant-budy  commence* 
just  where  the  angles  between  the  level  line*  and  square 
stations  In  the  half-breadth  plan  i>.  jin  i..  .1. -viate  greatly 
from  right  angles,  or  where  a  dinViiltv  i-.  (..tin. I  in  obtain- 
ing suitable  tlml>er  owing  to  the  levelling  rrc|iilrcd. 

Thfnrlr,  Naval  Arch.,  <  M. 

cant-chisel  (kantVhiz'el),  ».  A  large  strong 
chisel  having  a  rib  and  the  basil  on  one  side. 

cant-dog  (kaut'dog),  n.  Same  as  cant-hook,  1. 
lirockrtt.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

canted  (kan'ted),  a.  [<  canfl  +  -ecP.~\  1. 
Having  cants  or  angles:  in  arch.,  applied  to 
pillars,  turrets,  or  towers  the  plan  of  which  is  a 
polygon. — 2.  Tilted  to  one  side. 

canteen  (kan-tSn'),  n.  [Also  cantine;  <  F.  can- 
tun,  <  It.  cniitina,  a  cellar,  cave,  grotto  (cf. 
dim.  run ti in-tin,  a  small  cellar,  ice-pail,  cooler), 
=  Sp.  fiintina;  dim.  of  It.  Sp.  canto,  a  side, 
corner,  angle :  see  can/1.]  1.  A  sort  of  sutler's 
shop  in  barracks,  camps,  garrisons,  etc.,  where 
provisions,  liquors,  etc.,  are  sold. 

The  king  of  France  established  a  sufficient  number  of 
canteriu  for  furnishing  his  troops  with  tobacco,  lieu,  ( 'ye. 

Much  of  the  time  formerly  wasted  in  the  cantfen,  to  the 
injury  alike  of  health  and  morals,  is  now  devoted  to  read- 
ing. Dr.  J.  Bruwn,  Spare  Hours,  3d  ser.,  p.  181. 

2.  A  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying  water 
or  liquor  for  drink.     In  the  British  army  the  canteen 
is  a  small  vessel  capable  of  containing  3  pint*,  which  Is 
carried  by  each  soldier  on  the  inarch,  on  foreign  service, 
or  In  the  field.    In  the  Vnltrd  States  army  the  regulation 
canteen  is  of  tin,  covered  with  a  woolen  fabric,  Is  circular 
In  shape,  with  sharp  periphery  and  bulging  sides  like  a 
double-convex  lens,  fitted  with  a  cylindrical  spout  stop- 
lied  by  a  cork,  and  holds  about  3  pints ;  It  Is  slung  over 
the  shoulder.    A  much  lariier  kind,  of  the  same  materials, 
but  with  flat  sides,  and  holding  a  gallon  or  more,  is  some- 
times used,  but  not  commonly  carried  on  the  person. 

3.  A  square  box,  fitted  up  with  compartments, 
in  which  British  officers  on  foreign  service  pack 
a  variety  of  articles,  as  spirit-bottles,  tea  and 
sugar,  plates,  knives,  forks,  etc. 

cantelt,  ».     See  cantle. 
canteleup,  canteloup,  n.     See  cantaloup. 
canter1  (kan'ter),  n.    [An  abbr.  of  Canterbury 
gallop:  see  gallop.']     1.   A  moderate  running 
pace  of  a  horse ;  a  moderate  or  easy  gallop. 

The  canter  Is  to  the  gallop  very  much  what  the  walk  U 
to  the  trot,  though  probably  a  more  artificial  pace. 

Ymtatl,  The  Horse,  p.  S47. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  brisk  but  easy  movement  of 
any  kind;  a  running  over  or  through;  a  run; 
a  scamper. 

A  rapid  canter  in  the  "Times  "  over  all  the  topics  of  the 
day.  Sir  /  Stephen. 

To  Win  In  a  canter,  in  hone-racing,  to  distance  all  the 
other  horses  sit  much  that  urging  toward  the  end  of  the 
race  Is  unnecessary  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  overcome  an 
opponent  easily. 
canter1  (kan'ter),  r.    [<  cantcrl,  «.]    I.  intrant. 

1.  To  move  in  a  canter:  said  of  horses. —  2. 
To  ride  a  cantering  horse. 

II.  trans.   To  cause  to  canter. 
canter8  (kan'ter),  n.    [<  canty,  r.,  +  -crl.]     1. 
One  who  cants  or  whines;  a  professional  beg- 
gar or  vagrant. 

Jugglers  and  gypsies,  all  the  aorta  of  cantrrt,  and  colo- 
nies of  beggars.  B.  Jonton. 

2.  One  who  talks  cant,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word ;  especially,  a  canting  preacher. 

You  are  the  second  part  of  the  society  of  eantert,  out- 
laws to  order  and  discipline,  and  the  only  privileged 
church-robbers  of  Christendom. 

B.  Joiuon,  Bartholomew  Fair,  v.  2. 

On  Whitsunday  I  went  to  the  church  (w*  U  a  very  faire 
one),  and  heard  one  of  the  canter*,  who  duunias'd  the  as- 
sembly rudely  and  without  any  blessing. 

Krelim.  Diary,  June  4,  1852. 

canter3  (kan'ter).  n.  [<  cant*,  r.,  +  -«•!.]  One 
who  bids  at  an  auction.  See  extract. 

A  clan  of  men  called  cantrrt.  who  were  accustomed  to 

bi.l  for  the  tithe  of  their  ncightMiurs  land,  and  who  by 

Vt  biteboy  terrorism  were  almost  extirpated  from  Munstcr. 

Leclni,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xvl. 

canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i),  n.  [<  Canterbury 
(a  city  of  England),  in  AS.  fanttraraburh,  gen. 
and  dat.  -byrig,  <  Cantirara,  gen.  pi.  of  Cimt- 
tcare,  people  of  Kent  (<  Cant,  Cent,  Kent,  + 
ware,  pi.,  inhabitants,  related  to  trer,  a  man: 
see  «•«•),  +  biirh,  city:  see  borough^,  ftury1.] 
A  stand  with  divisions,  for  holding  music,  port- 
folios, loose  papers,  etc.,  usually  made  some- 


canterbury 

what  ornamental  as  a  piece  of  furniture,  and 
mounted  on  casters. 

canterbury-bell  (kan'ter-ber-i-bel'),  «.  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Campanula  Trache- 
lium,  given  to  it  by  Gerard  because  of  its  abun- 
dance about  Canterbury,  England.  The  common 
canterbury-bell  of  the  gardens  is  C.  Medium,  a  native  of 
central  Europe,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties.  See 
cut  under  Campanula. 

Canterbury  gallop.  See  gallop. 
canterinet,  a.  [ME.  eanteryne,  <  L.  canterinus, 
cantkerinus,  of  a  horse  (hordeum  canterinum, 
horse-barley,  winter  barley),  <  canterius,  can- 
therius,  a  gelding.]  Of  a  horse — Canterine 
barley,  horse-barley. 

This  moone  is  sowe  eke  barly  eanteryne  ; 
Laude  lene,  or  fatte,  or  drie,  is  for  it  digne. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  187. 

cant-fall  (kant'fal),  n.  The  fall  rove  through 
the  cant-blocks  at  the  mainmast-head  of  a 
whaler,  forming  a  purchase  for  turning  a  whale 
over  while  flensing,  or  cutting  off  the  blubber. 

cant-file  (kant'fll),  n.  A  file  the  cutting  faces 
of  which  form  an  obtuse  angle.  It  is  used  for 
filing  interior  faces  in  machine-work,  aa  of  spanners  or 
wrenches. 

Cant-frames  (kant'framz),  n.  pi.  In  ship-build- 
ing, the  frames  or  ribs  of  a  ship  which  are  near 
the  extremities,  and  are  canted  away  from  the 
perpendicular. 

Cantharellus  (kan-tha-rel'us),  n.  [NL.  (Jus- 
sieu,  1789),  dim.  of  L.  cantharus,  a  drinking- 
cup  (see  cantharus),  with  ref.  to  the  shape  of 
the  fungus;  but  prob.  suggested  by  the  F. 
chanterelle,  a  mushroom  (Agaricus  cantharellus, 
Linnasus,  1753):  see  chanterelle.]  A  genus  of 
hymenomycetous  fungi,  allied  to  Agaricus. 
The  chanterelle,  Cantharellus  cibaris,  is  a  well- 
known  edible  species. 

canthari,  n.     Plural  of  cantharus. 

cantharid  (kan'tha-rid), ».  [<  ME.  cantharide, 
cantaride  =  F.  cantharide  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  canta- 
rida  =  It.  cantaride,  <  L.  cantharis  (-rid-) :  see 
Cantharis.~]  If.  Some  worm-insect  injurious 
to  plants. 

Bestes  forto  sle 

That  dooth  tin  vynes  harm  let  sle  the  flie, 
The  cantliaridt1  in  roses  that  we  se. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  32. 

2.  A  beetle  of  the  genus  Cantharis  or  group 
Cantharides ;  especially,  C.  vesicatoria.  See 
cut  unde_r  Cantharis. 

Cantharidae  (kan-thar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharis  +  -idee.']  A  family  of  coleopterous 
insects,  the  type  of  which  is  the  genus  Can- 
tharis. Other  genera  are  Meloe  and  Mylabris. 

cantharidal  (kan-thar'i-dal),  a.  [<  canthari- 
des,  2,  +  -«/.]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature 
of  eantharides;  composed  of  or  treated  with 
cantharidin. 

cantharidate  (kan-thar'i-dat),  n.  [<  cantharid- 
ic  +  -ate1.]  A  salt  of  cantharidic  acid. 

Cantharides  (kan-thar'i-dez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  pi. 
of  L.  cantharis  (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly:  or  F. 
pi.  of  cantharide :  see  Cantharis.]  1.  Inzool., 
a  group  of  beetles  containing  the  genus  Cantha- 
ris and  a  number  of  closely  related  genera. — 
2.  [I.  c.]  A  medicinal  preparation  of  Spanish 
flies,  used  for  blistering  and  other  purposes. 

cantharidian  (kan-tha-rid'i-an),  o.  [<L.  can- 
tharis (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly,  +  -tan.]  Pertain- 
ing to  beetles  of  the  genus  Cantharis;  made  of 
Cantharides. 

Oh,  how  they  fire  the  heart  devout, 

Like  cantharidian  plasters.      Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

cantharidic  (kan-tha-rid'ik),  a.  [<  cantharid-in 
4-  -ic.]  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  can- 
tharidin. 

cantharidin,  cantharidine  (kan-thar'i-din), «, 
[<  L.  cantharis  (-rid-),  the  Spanish  fly,  +  -in2, 
-fee2.]  A  peculiar  poisonous  substance  (CsHg 
po)  existing  in  the  Cantharis  vesicatoria  (Span- 
ish fly)  and  other  insects,  and  causing  vesica- 
tion.  It  is  a  volatile  crystalline  body,  very  soluble  in 
ether,  alcohol,  and  essential  oils.  Cantharidin  is  even  bet- 
ter prepared  from  Mylabriii  cichorii  than  from  the  Spanish 
fly,  as  the  former  insect  contains  less  fat.  It  is  only  in 
solution  that  this  substance  possesses  blistering  powers. 

Cantharina  (kan-tha-ri'na),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Cantharus,  3,  +  -ina?'.]  In  Cfiinther's  classifica- 
tion of  fishes,  the  first  group  of  Sparidce,  having 
more  or  less  broad  trenchant  teeth  in  front  of 
the  jaws,  no  molars  nor  vomerine  teeth,  and 
the  lower  pectoral  rays  branched.  The  spe- 
cies are  mostly  vegetable-feeders.  Also  Can- 
tharina:, Cantharini. 

Cantharis  (kan'tha-ris),  n.  [L.  (>  E.  cantharid, 
q.  v.),  <  Gr.  xavBapif,  a  blistering  fly,  <  KavBapof, 
a  kind  of  beetle.  Cf .  cantharus.]  1 .  A  genus  of 
coleopterous  insects  having  the  head  separated 


798 

from  the  thorax  by  a  neck ;  the  type  of  the  family 
Cantharidae.  The  best-known  species  is  that  which  is 
called  the  Spanish  or  Mistering  Jly,  C.  vesicatoria.  This 


Spanish  Fly  ^Cunthiiris  -venicatariaj. 
a,  female;  *,  male.    (Vertical  lines  show  natural  sizes. ) 

insect  is  0  or  10  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  green  color 
mixed  with  azure.  It  has  a  nauseous  smell,  and  is  when 
bruised  extensively  used  as  the  active  element  in  vesica- 
tory or  blistering  plasters.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  preferring  the  ash.  The  flies  are  col- 
lected in  Spain,  Italy,  Hungary,  and  southern  Russia ;  the 
Russian  ones  are  the  largest  and  most  esteemed. 
2.  [1.  c. ;  pi.  eantharides  (kan-thar'i-dez).]  A 
member  of  the  genus  Cantharis. 

cantharus  (kan'tha-rus),  n. ;  pi.  canthari  (-ri). 
[L.  cantharus  (ML",  also  cantharum,  cantarus, 
cantarius,  a  tankard,  >  It.  cantaro  =  Sp.  cantaro, 
cantara :  see  cantara),  a  large  drinking-cup  with 
handles,  a  tankard,  pot,  also  a  kind  of  sea-fish, 
etc.,  <  Gr.  KdvSapof,  a  sea-fish,  the  sea-bream,  a 
kind  of  beetle,  etc.,  also  a  kind  of  drinking-cup, 
a  tankard,  a  pot.]  1.  In  classical  antiq.,  a  wide- 
mouthed  cup  or  vase,  with  a  foot,  and  two  han- 
dles rising  above  the  rim.  It  was  used  espe- 
cially for  drinking  wine. —  2.  [LL.]  A  fountain 
or  cistern  in  the  atrium  or  courtyard  before  an- 
cient and  some  Oriental  churches,  where  per- 
sons could  wash  before  entering  the  church ;  a 
laver.  Now  generally  called  phiale. — 3.  [cop.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  acanthopterygian  fishes,  of 
the  family  Sparidce.  C.  griseus,  a  British  spe- 
cies, is  known  as  the  black  bream,  or  black  sea- 
bream.  Cuvier,  1829. —  4.  [cop.]  [NL.]  A  ge- 
nus of  mollusks.  Montfort,  1808. 

canthi,  «.    Plural  of  canihus. 

canthitis  (kan-thi'tis),  n.  [NL.,  <  canthus  + 
-itis.]  Inflammation  of  one  or  both  canthi  of 
the  eye. 

Canthon  (kan'thon),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  navBov,  a 
pack-ass,  applied  humorously  in  Aristophanes 
(Pax  82)  to  a  beetle;  cf.  itavBapof,  a  kind  of 
beetle:  see  cantharus.]  A  genus  of  lamellicorn 
beetles,  of  the  family  Scarabceidce,  containing 
dung-beetles  resembling  those  of  the  genus 
Copris  in  having  narrow  epipleurre,  hornless 
head  and  prothorax,  and  slender  curved  hind 
tibisB.  C.  Iceuis  is  a  common  United  States  spe- 
cies, black,  and  half  an  inch  long. 

cant-hook  (kant'huk),  n.  1.  A  wooden  lever 
with  an  iron  hook  hinged  at  the  end  for  canting 
or  turning  over  heavy  logs. —  2.  A  sling  with 
hooks,  used  to  empty  casks  by 
raising  and  tipping  them. 

canthoplastic  (kan-tho-plas'- 
tik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consist- 
ing in  canthoplasty :  as,  a  can- 
thoplastic operation. 

canthoplasty  (kan'tho-plas-ti), 
n.    [<  Gr.  navBof,  the  corner  of 
the  eye  (see  canthus),  +  vAaarof,  verbal  adj.  of 
ir'ka.aaeiv,  form,  mold.]    The  operation  of  slit- 
ting up  the  outer  canthus,  or  corner  of  the  eye, 
so  as  to  enlarge  the  opening  between  the  lids. 

cauthus  (kan'thus),  n. ;  pi.  canthi  (-thi).  [NL., 
<  Gr.  xavdof,  the  corner  of  the  eye :  see  canft.] 

1.  The  angle  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the 
eyelids.    The  two  canthi 
of  the  human  eye  are  dis- 
tinguished as  the    outer, 
temporal,   or    lesser,  and 
the  inner,  nasal,  or  •/'••'"' 
er.    In  most  animals  the 
corresponding  canthi  are 
called    the  posterior  and 
anterior. 

2.  In  entom. :  (a)  One 

*,m,,cr  Cantos;  4.  outer  Can-        of       ^      upp^.  \n(j 


canting-coin 

lower  or  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of 
the  compound  eyes  of  insects.  (6)  A  corneous 
process  of  the  clypeus,  completely  or  partly  di- 
viding the  compound  eye.  It  is  found  in  certain 
beetles,  which  thus  appear  to  have  four  eyes. 
cantict,  cantickt,  n.  [<  L.  canticum,  q.  v.]  A 
song. 

[He]  gave  thanks  unto  God  in  some  fine  eanticks  made 
in  praise  of  the  Divine  bounty. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  t.  28. 

cantica,  n.     Plural  of  canticum. 

cantickt,  »•    See  cantic. 

cantick-quoin  (kan'tik-koin),  n.  Same  as  cant- 
ing-coin. 

canticle  (kan'ti-kl),  n.  [<  ME.  canticle,  <  L. 
canticulum,  dim.  of  canticum  (>  also  AS.  cantic), 
a  song,  <  cantus,  a  singing,  <  canere,  sing:  see 
cant2,  chant.]  1.  One  of  the  non-metrical 
hymns  recorded  in  the  Bible  as  sung  on  some 
special  occasion,  and  expressive  of  joy,  thanks- 
giving, or  confidence  in  God's  help. —  2.  One  of 
these  hymns,  or  a  composition  of  similar  char- 
acter, arranged  for  chanting,  and  so  used  in 
church  service.  Both  the  Roman  Catholic  and  the 
Greek  churches  use  as  canticles  the  songs  of  Moses  (Ex. 
xv.  1-19  and  Deut.  xxxii.  1-43),  Hannah  (1  Sam.  ii.  1-10), 
and  Habakkuk  (iii.  2-19).  In  Isaiah  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  has  canticles  taken  from  chapters  xii.  and 
xxxviii.  (10-20),  and  the  Greek  from  chapter  xxvi.  (9-20). 
The  Roman  Cathplic,  Greek,  and  Anglican  churches  all  use 
the  Benedicite  as  found  in  the  third  chapter  of  Daniel 
in  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate,  comprising  verses  35-66 
of  the  Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children  in  the  English 
Apocrypha;  the  Greek  Church  also  employs  the  preced- 
ing verses  (3-34)  as  a  separate  canticle.  The  three  taken 
from  the  gospels,  and  accordingly  known  as  the  Evangel- 
ical Canticles  (namely,  the  Magnificat,  the  Benedictus,  and 
the  Nunc  Dimittis),  are  also  used  by  all  the  three  churches 
just  named.  The  Te  Deum  is  accounted  a  canticle,  al- 
though not  found  in  the  Bible.  The  English  and  Ameri- 
can Books  of  Common  Prayer  also  use  certain  psalms  as 
canticles,  namely,  psalms  Ixvii.  (Deus  Misereatur),  xcviii. 
(Cantate),  and  c.  (Jubilate),  to  which  the  American  book 
adds  xcii.  (Bonum  eat)  and  ciii.  (Benedic).  Some  writers 
also  account  the  V'enite  (psalm  xcv.),  the  Gloria  in  Excel- 
sii,  and  the  Trisaaion  canticles. 
Specifically — 3.  [cap.]  pi.  The  Songs,  other- 
wise called  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Song  of  Sol- 
omon (LL.  Canticum  Canticorum  Salomonis), 
one  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  Until 
the  nineteenth  century  it  was  universally  ascribed  to  Solo- 
mon, but  some  critics  now  think  it  of  later  date. 
4f.  A  division  of  a  song  or  poem ;  a  canto. 
Spenser. 

canticum  (kan'ti-kum),  «.;  pi.  cantica  (-ka). 
[L. :  see  canticle.]  1.  In  the  ancient  Roman 
drama,  any  passage  sung  by  the  actors ;  espe- 
cially, in  comedy,  a  solo  accompanied  by  dan- 
cing and  music. — 2.  [LL.]  A  canticle — Canti- 
cum Canticorum,  the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Canticles. 

cantilate,  cantilation,  etc.  See  cantillate,  etc. 

cantilet,  v.  t.    An  erroneous  spelling  of  cantle. 

cantilena  (kan-ti-le'na),  n.  [=  F.  cantilene  = 
Sp.  cantilena,  cantinela  =  Pg.  cantilena  =  It. 
cantilena,  <  L.  cantilena,  a  song,  in  classical  use 
an  old  song,  gossip,  <  cantillare,  dim.  of  cantare, 
sing:  see  cant2,  chant.]  1.  In  medieval  music  : 
(a)  A  singing  exercise  or  solfeggio.  (6)  A 
cantus  firmus,  or  melody  for  church  use. —  2. 
In  modern  music,  a  ballad  or  light  popular  song. 

cantilever,  n.    See  cantalicer. 

cantillate  (kan'ti-lat),  v.  t.  and  i.  [<  L.  cantil- 
latus,  pp.  of  cantillare,  sing  low,  hum,  dim.  of 
cantare,  sing,  chant:  see  cant2.]  To  chant, 
intone,  or  recite  in  a  half-singing  style,  as  in 
Jewish  synagogues.  Also  spelled  cantilate. 
[Rare.] 

cantillation  (kan-ti-la'shon),  n.  [<  L.  as  if 
*cantillatio(n-),  <  cantillare:  see  cantillate.]  A 
chanting,  intoning,  or  recitation  in  a  half-sing- 
ing style :  especially  used  in  Jewish  synagogues. 
Also  spelled  cantilation.  [Rare.] 

cantillatory  (kan'ti-la-to-ri),  a.  Chanted,  or 
arranged  for  chanting:  as,  cantillatory  re- 
sponses. Also  spelled  cantilatory. 

cantily  (kan'ti-li),  adc.  In  a  canty  manner; 
cheerfully ;  livelily.  [Scotch.] 

cantine  (kan-ten'),  n.    See  canteen. 

canting  (kan'ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  cant2,  «.]  1. 
Affectedly  or  hypocritically  pious ;  whining : 
as,  a  canting  hypocrite  ;  a  canting  tone  of  voice. 

A  pedant,  canting  preacher,  and  a  qnack, 
Are  load  enough  to  break  one  ass's  back. 

Dryden,  Prol.  to  Pilgrim,  1.  49. 

2.  In  her.,  allusive ;  descriptive  of  the  bearer's 
name,  estate,  or  the  like.  See  allusive  arms, 
under  arm2.—  Canting  coat,  a  coat  of  arms  in  which 
allusive  bearings  are  used. 

canting-coin  (kan'ting-koin),  n.  A  triangular 
wooden  block  with  which  a  cask  is  chocked  to 
keep  it  from  rolling  when  stowed.  Also  called 
cantick-quoi  it . 


cantlngly 

cantingly  (kan'ting-li),  adv.  In  a  canting 
manner;  whiningly ;  hypocritically. 

canting-wheel  (kan'ting-hwel),  n.  A  star- 
wheel  for  an  endless  chain,  the  cogs  having 
the  corners  cut  off  or  canted.  E.  H.Knii/ht. 

cantiniere  (kau-te-nyar'),  «.  [P.,  fern,  of  eau- 
tiiui'i',  sutler,  (.  cantine,  a  sutler's  shop,  a  can- 
teen :  see  canteen.]  A  female  sutler  to  a  regi- 
ment ;  a  vivandiere. 

cantino  (kan-te'no), «.  [It.,  <  cantare.  <  L.  can- 
tare,  sing:  see  cant2,  c/ia«<.]  The  treble  string 
of  a  violin. 

cantiont  (kan'shon),  n.      [=  F.  chanson  (see 
flinnson),  <  L.  cantio(n-),  a  song,  <  canere.  pp. 
cantus,  sing:  see  cant*,  ».]      A  song;  anything 
that  is  sung. 
Singing  a  Caution  of  Colins  making. 

Speiaer,  Shep.  Cal.,  October,  Gloss*. 

cantle  (kan'tl),  ».     [<  ME.  cantel,  cantil,  <  OF. 

cantel  (F.  chanteau)  =  Pr.  cantel,  a  corner,  a 

piece,  bit  (of.  Sp.  eantillo,  a  little  stone),  < 

ML.  eantellas,  dim.  of  cantus,  side,  corner:  see 

cant1.     Hence  ult.  scantle,  scantlet,  scantling, 

q.  v.]     1.  A  corner;  fragment;  piece;  portion. 

See  how  this  river  comes  me  cranking  in, 

And  cuts  me,  from  the  best  of  all  my  land, 

A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantle  out 

Shalt.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ill.  1. 

Do  you  remember 
The  cantle  of  immortal  cheese  you  carried  with  you  ? 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Queen  of  Corinth,  il.  4. 

2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle  behind; 
the  hind  bow.  In  the  war-saddles  of  the  middle  ages, 
after  the  thirteenth  century,  the  cantle  was  made  high 
and  strong  enough  U>  bear  the  weight  and  pressure  of  the 
person  of  the  rider,  who,  when  he  put  lance  in  rest  tocharge, 
stood  up  in  the  stirrups  and  braced  himself  against  It. 
cantlet  (kan'tl),  i>.  t.  [<  cantle,  n.}  To  cut  into 
pieces ;  cut  a  piece  out  of. 

The  Duke  of  Lorraine  was  for  cantling  out  some  part  of 
France,  which  lay  next  his  territories. 

Drydm,  Vind.  of  Duke  of  Guise. 

cantlet  (kant'let),  n.     [Dim.  of  cantle,  n.    Cf. 

scantlet. ]   A  corner ;  piece ;  fragment ;  a  cantle. 

Huge  cantteta  of  his  buckler  strew  the  ground. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xil. 

Thanks  to  his  clasp-knife,  he  was  able  to  appropriate  a 

wing  of  fowl  and  a  slice  of  ham  ;  a  cantlet  of  cold  custard- 

puduing  he  thought  would  harmonize  with  these  articles. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxili. 

cantling  (kant'ling),  n.  [<  cant1  +  -ling1.} 
The  lower  course  of  bricks  inclosing  a  brick- 
clamp. 

cantlyt,  adv.    [<  cant*,  a.,  +  -ty2.]    Boldly. 

Then  criet  he  full  cantly  the  knigbtes  vpon, 
And  the  tyde  men  of  Troy,  with  a  tore  steuyn, 
In  hast  for  to  liye  to  there  hed  prinse. 

Dtttruetion  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6504. 

cant-molding  (kant'mol'ding),  n.  A  molding 
with  a  beveled  face. 

canto  (kan'to),  ».  [<  It.  canto  (=  Pg.  Sp.  canto 
=  F.  chant,  >  E.  chant),  <  L.  cantus,  a  song,  < 
canere,  sing:  see  cant*,  chant."]  1.  A  part  or 
division  of  a  poem  of  some  length:  as,  the  six 
cantos  of  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake." —  2.  In  mu- 
sic, the  highest  voice-part  in  concerted  music ; 
soprano. 

canto  fermo  (kan'to  fer'mo).  [It.,  <  ML. 
cantus  firmus :  L.  cantus,  song;  firmus,  firm: 
see  ciiant,  canto,  and  firm.'}  1.  Firm  or  fixed 
song:  the  ancient  traditional  vocal  music  of 
the  Christian  church:  so  called  because,  its 
form  being  settled  and  its  use  prescribed  by 
ecclesiastical  authority,  it  was  not  allowable  to 
alter  it  in  any  manner,  it  was  originally  sung  in  uni- 
son, or  in  octaves  only,  and  in  its  strictest  fonn  one  note  was 
assigned  to  each  syllable  of  the  words.  After  the  third  cen- 
tury  it  was  allowable  to  add  other  parts  in  harmony  with 
the  canto  fermo,  which  was  then  assigned  to  the  teuui  *oi.v 
and  sung  without  change,  the  other  parts  moving  above 
and  below  It  in  counterpoint  more  or  less  free,  the  com- 
poser being  at  liberty  to  give  to  each  syllable  as  many 
notes,  and  to  arrange  them  in  such  manner,  as  his  taste 
and  his  ideas  of  harmony  and  fitness  dictated.  These  ad. 
ditiouai  parts,  Iwlng  more  elaborate  and  ornamental  than 
the  canto  fermo,  were  called,  in  contradistinction  to  it, 
canto  jitfttrato. 

2.  A  theme  or  subject  taken  by  a  composer 
from  the  ancient  canto  fermo  of  the  church, 
for  contrapuntal  treatment.  The  term  is  also  techni- 
cally applied  to  themes  written  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
canto  Icrmii,  mid  treated  i-oiitraimntally.  Sec  iitaln-muii.- 

canto  figurato  vkau'to  fig-o-ra'to).  [It.,  <  ML. 
caiitiix  liituriitHs:  L.  cantus,  song;  figuratus, 
figured,  florid:  see  chant,  canto,  and  figured.} 
Figured  or  florid  song.  See  canto  fermo. 

canton1  (kan'ton),  n.  [=  G.  canton  (but  Swiss 
G.  usually  ori  .-"see  ord),  <  F.  canton  =  Sp.  can- 
ton —  Pg.  i-nntSo  =  It.  cantone,  <  ML.  canto(n-) 
(also  cantonum),  a  region,  district,  quarter  of 
a  city,  also  a  squared  stone.  <  cantus  (>  OF.  cant 
=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  cantu),  a  corner:  see  cant1.}  1. 


799 

An  angle  or  corner ;  also,  an  angular  space  or 
nook. 

In  a  canton  of  the  wall,  right  against  the  North  end  of 
the  Sepulchre,  there  Is  a  clift  In  the  rock. 

Sandy*,  Travalles,  p.  148. 

2.  A  portion  of  space ;  a  parcel  of  ground. 

There  are  no  grotesques  In  nature ;  not  any  thing  framed 
to  fill  up  empty  canton*,  and  unnecessary  space*. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Kellglo  Medici,  L  16. 

3.  A  small  district;  a  subdivision  of  a  country. 
Specifically  —  (a)  In  Switzerland,  one  of  the  separate  terri- 
torial member*  of  the  confederation,  constituting  a  dis 
tlnct  state  or  government 

The  canton  of  Underwald  consist*  only  of  village*  and 
boroughs,  although  It  Is  twenty-live  miles  in  length  and 
seventeen  In  breadth.  J.  Adauu,  Work*,  IV.  S16. 

('»)  In  France,  the  territorial  division  be- 
low an  arrondlssement  and  above  a  com- 
mune. See  arronditeeinent. 

4.  In  her.,  a  part  of  the  chief, 
cut  off  on  either  the  left-  or  the 
right-hand  upper  corner,  it  1*  al- 
ways bounded  by  straight  horizontal  and 


_~^  vertical  lines,  and  Is  generally  consld 

Argent,  a  Canton     „„$  „„„  of   the  .ubordlnarie*.     See  or. 

dinary. 

The  King  gave  us  the  anues  of  England  to  be  borne  In 
a  canton  in  our  arme*.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  21, 1682. 

5.  A  distinct  part  or  division:  as,  the  canton* 
of  a  painting  or  other  representation,  or  of  a 
flag. 

A  square  piece  or  canton  of  the  Ash  Tuny  salted  and 
condlted.  Uullanat,  Puny,  II.  434. 

canton1  (kan'ton),  r.  t.  [=  F.  cantonner;  from 
the  noun.]  l.'To  divide  into  cantons  or  dis- 
tricts, as  territory;  divide  into  distinct  por- 
tions; with  i  ml,  to  cut  out  and  separate. 

They  canton  out  to  themselves  a  Uttle  Ooshen  in  the 
Intellectual  world.    Locke,  Conduct  of  Understanding,  i  I. 
You  shall  hear  how  I  have  canton' d  out  the  day. 

Mn.  Centlicre,  Love  at  a  Venture,  I. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  the  different 
divisions  or  parts  (usually  regiments)  of:  as. 
to  canton  an  army  or  a  detachment.  [In  this 
sense  pronounced  kan-ton'  and  kan-ton'.] 

The  practice  of  cantoning  a  body  of  soldiers  near  the 
plain  where  the  kings  are  elected,  has  been  adopted  by 
several  foreign  powers  for  near  a  century. 

J.  Adami,  Work*,  IV.  370. 

canton2*,  n.     A  variant  of  canto. 

Write  loyal  cantone  of  contemned  love, 

And  sing  them  loud  even  In  the  dead  of  night 

Shot.,  T.  N.,  i  6. 

cantonal  (kan'ton-al),  a.  [<  F.  cantonal  (= 
Pr.  cantonal),  <  canton :  see  canton1.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  a  canton  or  cantons. 

Canton  crape.    See  crape. 

canton6  (kan-ton-a'),  a.  [F.  cantonne,  pp.  of 
cantonner:  see  canton1,  r.J  In  her.,  same  as 
cantoned,  1. 

cantoned  (kan'tond),  a.  [<  contonl  +  -ed2; 
after  F.  cantonnd.}  1.  In  her.,  between  or 
surrounded  by  charges  which  occupy  the  cor- 
ners: said  of  a 
cross  when  de- 
picted of  the 
full  size  of  the 
field,  as  an  hon- 
orable ordinary. 
—  2.  Furnished 
at  the  angles  or 
sides  with  some 
projecting  part: 
in  arch.,  applied 
to  a  building  of 
which  the  cor- 
ners are  deco- 
rated with  pro- 
jectingpilasters 
or  coins.  The 
expression  is  more 
particularly  em- 
ployed in  describ- 
ing pillars  such  as 
those  of  the  Renais- 
sance style,  which 

have  a  projecting  shaft  on  each  of  their  faces  or  on  each 
of  their  angles. 

Canton  flannel.    See  flannel. 

cantonite  (kan'tou-it),  n.  [<  Canton  (see  def.) 
+  -ite2.]  Copper  sulphid  (covellite)  in  cubic 
crystals,  probably  pseudomorphous,  from  the 
Canton  mine  in  Georgia. 

cantonize  (kan'ton-Iz),  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  oon- 
t»ni;ed,  ppr.  canionizing.  [<  canton1  +  -tee.} 
To  canton  or  divide  into  small  districts. 

Thus  was  all  Ireland  cantoniied  among  ten  persons  of 
t  ]!••  English  nation.  Sir  J.  Datiet,  State  of  Ireland. 

cantonment  (kan'ton-  or  kan-ton 'ment;  in 
India,  kau-ton'ment),  n.  [<  F.  caittonnemcnt,  < 


1  2 

Cantoned  Building. 
.  Hotel  de  VUle.  Arras.  France. 
.  College  of  the  Saptenza,  Home. 


Cantuarian 

cantonner,  canton :  sec  mutual,  r-]  j_  Apart 
or  division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
particular  regiment  of  troops;  especially,  in 
India,  a  permanent  military  station  forming 
the  nucleus  of  the  European  quarter  of  a  city. 
Von  find  by  degree*  that  an  Indian  station  coiul*U  of 
two  part* :  toe  cantonmtnU  of  the  Europeans,  the  native 
city  and  bazaar.  1C.  //.  Ruueli,  Diary  In  India,  I.  180. 

2.  />/.  The  dwelling-places  occupied  by  an 
army  during  any  suspension  of  active  opera- 
tions in  the  field ;  the  temporary  shelter,  other 
than  that  of  tents,  which  an  army  may  oc- 
casionally take,  as  when,  during  a  season  of 
excessive  heat,  the  troops  are  distributed  in 
villages,  bouses,  etc.,  but  so  as  not  to  be  widely 
scattered;  military  quarters;  specifically,  the 
winter  quarters  of  an  army. 

The  troop*  lay  principally  In  eantunmrut*  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legend*,  L  88. 

cantoon  (kan-ton'),  n.  A  strong  cotton  cloth 
smooth  on  one  side  and  corded  on  the  other. 
See  corded. 

cantor  (kan'tor),  n.  [L.,  a  singer,  <  canere, 
sing:  see  cant2,  v.}  Eccles.,  an  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  lead  the  singing  in  a  cathedral  or  in 
a  collegiate  or  parish  church ;  a  precentor. 

cantoral  (kan  te-ral),  a.  [<  cantor  +  -aJ.] 
Relating  or  pertaining  to  a  cantor  or  precentor: 
as,  a  cantoral  staff. 

Cantores  (kan-to'rez),  n.  pi.  [L.,  pi.  of  can- 
tor, a  singer,  <  canere,  sing:  see  cant2,  r.l  In 
Blyth's  classification  (1849),  the  fourth  order  of 
birds,  including  the  restricted  I'aaterina,  or  the 
Passerinte  of  Cuvier  divested  of  all  their  hetero- 
geneous elements :  it  was  thus  equivalent  to  the 
order  Passeres  of  modern  naturalists.  See  Can- 
ta  tores,  Oscines,  and  Passeres. 

cantoris  (kan-to'ris),  a.  [L.,  gen.  of  cantor,  a 
singer:  see  cantor.]  Eccles.,  of  or  belonging  to 
the  cantor  or  precentor:  as.  the  cantons  side 
of  the  choir,  the  side  on  the  left  or  north  of  one 
facing  the  altar:  opposed  to  the  decani  side. 

Cantor's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

cant-piece  (kant'pes),  n.  In  ship-building,  one 
of  the  pieces  of  timber  secured  to  the  angles 
of  fishes  and  sidetrees,  to  take  the  place  of  any 
piece  that  may  prove  deficient,  ff'eale. 

cant-rail  (kant'ral),  n.  1.  A  triangular  rail. 
Halliuell.  [Prov. Eng.]  — 2.  Afire-pole.  Hal- 
liicell.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  timber  running 
along  the  tops  of  the  upright  pieces  in  the  sides 
of  the  body  of  a  railway-carriage  and  supporting 
the  roof  and  roof-sticks.  [Eng.]  Called  in  the 
United  States  a  plate.  Car-liuilder's  Diet. 

cantraip,  cantrap,  n.    See  cantrip. 

cantred  (kan'tred),  n.  [Also  cantref,  cantrev, 
kantry ;  <  ME.  candrede  (ML.  cantredus,  candre- 
'/«.-•.  cantaredus),  <  W.  cantref,  a  hundred  (i.  e., 
a  district  so  called),  <  cant  (=  L.  centum  =  E. 
hund-red)  +  tref,  also  tred,  trc,  a  dwelling- 
place,  homestead,  town.]  In  Wales,  a  division 
of  country;  a  hundred. 

The  principal  land  measure  [of  Wales]  was  the  erw, 
which  seems  to  have  contained  about  the  same  area  as 
our  English  acre.  Four  erws  constituted  a  tyddyn  or  ten* 
ement ;  12,800  erws  formed  the  territorial  division  called 
a  cymwd,  and  about  double  that  number  a  cantrer. 

Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXV.  76. 

cantrip,  cantrap  (kan'trip,  -trap),  n.  [So., 
also  written  cantraip;  origin  unknown.  Ac- 
cording to  one  conjecture,  <  Icel.  gandr,  witch- 
craft, +  trapp,  tramping;  according  to  another, 
<  cant2,  in  sense  of '  charm  or  incantation,'  +  8c. 
raip  =  E.  rope,  a  cord,  and  orig.  meaning  'magic 
cord,'  cords  knotted  in  various  ways  figuring 
frequently  in  old  spells  or  charms.  CL  con- 
traption.] 1.  A  charm;  a  spell;  an  incanta- 
tion. Ramsay. 

And  by  some  deev'lish  cantrip  slight 
Each  In  it*  cauld  hand  held  a  light 

Burnt,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

2.  A  piece  of  mischief  artfully  or  adroitly  per- 
formed ;  a  trick. 

As  Waverley  passed  him,  .  .  .  approaching  hi*  stirrup, 
he  bade  "Tak'  heed  the  auld  Whig  played  bun  nae  can- 
trip."  Scott,  Waverley,  xxlx. 

cant-robin  (kant'rob'in),  n.  The  dwarf  dog- 
rose.  [Scotch.] 

Cant-spar  (kant'spar),  n.  \iinl.,  a  small  pole 
or  spar  fit  for  making  a  small  mast  or  yard,  a 
boom,  or  the  like. 

cant-timber  (kant'tim'ber),  n.  In  ship-build- 
ing, one  of  the  timbers  at  the  end  of  a  ship 
which  rise  obliquely  from  the  keel.  The  pair  at 
the  stem  (called  lnnr,hl-headt)  form  a  bed  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  bowsprit,  and  incline  forward,  while  the  pair 
at  the  stern  incline  aft 

Cantuarian  (kan-tu-a'ri-an),  a.  [<  ML.  Ca«- 
tiuirius,  Cniitiiarensis,  of  Canterbury,  <  AS. 


Cantuarian 

Cantware,  pi.,  the  inhabitants  of  Kent  (or  Can- 
terbury): see  canterbury.']  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Canterbury,  especially  as  the  archiepis- 
copal  see  of  the  primate  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

cantus  (kan'tus),  n. ;  pi.  eantus.  [L. :  see  chant, 
canto.']  A  song  or  melody;  especially,  an  ec- 
clesiastical melody  or  style  of  music — Cantus 
Ambroslanus  [LI..],  the  style  of  church  music  instituted 
by  Ambrose,  the  first  style  of  plain-song  (which  see). — 
Cantus  eeclesiasticus  I  ML.  ].  (n)  Church  music  in  gen- 
eral, (b)  Plain-song  in  particular,  (c)  A  musical  rendering 
of  a  liturgy,  as  contrasted  with  mere  reading.— Cantus 
flguratus  [ML.],  flgurated  plain-song,  or  counterpoint. 
See  umtafounto.—  Cantus  firmus  [ML.],  the  melody  in 
plain-song  (originally  given  to  the  tenor  voice),  or  a  melody 
taken  as  the  theme  or  subject  for  contrapuntal  composi- 
tion. See  canto  fermo.— Cantus  Gregorianus  [ML.], 
the  style  of  church  music  instituted  by  Gregory  the  Great, 
the  second  style  of  plain-song.-  Cantus  mensurabilis 
[ML.],  measured  or  metrical  melody,  having  all  its  notes 
commensurate  in  duration  :  invented  about  the  twelfth 
century.— Cantus  planus  [ML.],  plain-song. 

canty  (kan'ti),  a.  [North  E.  and  So.,  also  cant; 
<  ME.  cant,  leant,  spirited,  bold:  see  can.*6.] 
Lively;  sprightly;  cheerful:  applied  to  persons 
and  things. 

Contented  wi'  little  and  cantie  wi'  mair.     Bw*nst  Song. 
Then  at  her  door  the  canty  dame 
Would  sit,  as  any  linnet  gay. 

Wordsworth,  Goody  Blake. 

There  were  the  bailie's  wife,  and  the  bailie's  three 
daughters,  and  the  bailie's  grown-up  son,  and  three  or 
four  stout,  bushy  eyebrowed,  canty  old  Scotch  fellows. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xlix. 

Canuck,  Kanuck  (ka-nuk'),  n.  and  a.     [Of 
Amer.  Lnd.  origin.]     I.  n.  A  Canadian:  a  nick- 
name in  the  United  States. 
II.  a.  Canadian. 

canula,  «.     See  cannula. 

canut  (ka-nuf),  n.  [<  NL.  canutus,  specific 
name  of  the  knot:  see  knot2.']  A  book-name 
of  a  sandpiper,  the  knot,  Tringa  canutus.  See 
knot2.  Edwards. 

canutillo  (ka-n8-te'ly6),  n.  [Sp.  canutillo,  lit.  a 
small  pipe  or  tube,  dim.  of  canuto,  a  pipe,  part 
of  a  cane  from  knot  to  knot,  <  cana,  a  cane, 
pipe :  see  cane1.]  In  the  United  States  of  Co- 
lombia, one  of  the  fine  separate  crystals  of 
emerald  found  in  that  country. 

The  canutittos,  or  the  crystallized  and  more  valuable 
stones.  Encyc.  Brit.,  VIII.  170. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  canvesse,  canmesse,  <  ME.  canvas,  kanvas, 
canevas  =  T>.  kanefas  =  Gr.  cannevas,  kanevas  = 
Sw.  kanfass  =  Dan.  kannevas  =  Buss,  kanva,  < 
OF.  canevas,  canevers,  also  (in  deriv.)  "canabas, 
also  assibilated  chanevas,  chanevas,  chanvenas, 
mod.  F.  canevas  =  Pr.  canabas  =  Sp.  canama- 
zo  =  Pg.  canhamaqo  =  It.  canavaccio,  formerly 
also  canet-accio,  cannevaccio,  canapazzo,  can- 
vas, hempen  cloth,  <  ML.  cannerasium,  canaba- 
cius,  prop,  'cannabaceum,  *cannabaceits,  neut.  or 
masc.  of  adj.  cannabaceus  (>  OF.  chanevace),  of 
hemp,  <  L.  cannabis= E.  hemp:  see  hemp,  Canna- 
bis,  and  -aceous.  Hence  canvas,  v.,  and  canvass, 
v.  and  ».]  I.  H.  ;  pi.  canvases,  sometimes  can- 
vasses.  1 .  A  closely  woven,  dense,  heavy  cloth 
of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  any  purpose  for  which 
strength  and  durability  are  required.  Specifi- 
cally —  (a)  Sail-cloth  (which  see).  (b)  A  carefully  woven 
fabric  used  as  a  surface  or  support  for  oil-painting.  It  is 
prepared  by  stretching  it  on  long  frames,  and  covering 
it  with  one  or  two  coats  of  neutral-colored  paint.  Four 
kiuds  are  known  in  trade  :  single  prime,  smooth,  Roman, 
and  twilled. 

Touch'd  the  canvatt  into  life. 

Addison,  To  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller. 

2.  A  fabric  woven  in  small  square  meshes,  used 
for  working  tapestry  or  embroidery  with  the 
needle. 

And  on  the  flore  yeast  a  canevas. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  386. 

3.  Naut.,  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general: 
as,  to  spread  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will 
bear. 

In  the  north,  her  canvas  flowing, 
Rose  a  ship  of  France. 

Tennyson,  The  Captain. 

Boll  of  canvas.  See  bol&.—  Chess-board  canvas.  See 
chess-board.— To  be  or  live  under  canvas,  to  be  or  live 
in  tents.—  To  give  one  the  canvas,  to  receive  the  can- 
vas, to  dismiss  a  person,  or  to  be  dismissed:  old  phrases 
equivalent  respectively  to  (o  give  one  the  sack  and  to  get 
the  sack,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  canvas  used  for  me- 
chanics' tool-bags. 

Kid.  If  she  would  affect  one  of  us,  for  my  part  I  am  in- 
different. 

Vent.  So  say  I  too,  but  to  give  us  both  the  canvas ! 

Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  i.  1. 
II.  a.  Made  of  canvas. 
Where-e'er  thy  navy  spreads  her  canvas  wings, 
Homage  to  thee  and  peace  to  all  she  brings. 

Waller,  To  the  King. 

canvas  (kan'vas),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  camased 
or  canvassed,  ppr.  canvasing  or  canvassing.  [< 


800 

canvas,  ».]     1.  To  provide  or  cover  with  can- 
vas. 
The  door  had  been  nailed  up  and  canvassed  over. 

Dickens. 

2f.  To  toss  as  in  canvas ;  shake ;  take  to  task. 
I'll  canvas  thee  between  a  pair  of  sheets. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  it  4. 

3.  To  sift;  examine;  discuss:  in  this  sense 
now  usually  spelled  canvass  (which  see). 
canvasback  (kan'vas-bak),  n.  A  North  Amer- 
ican duck  of  the  family  Anatida;  and  subfamily 
FuligvMnce,  the  Fuligula  (or  Aristonetta)  vallis- 
neria,  highly  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its 
flesh.  It  is  found  in  North  America  at  large,  breeding 
from  the  Northern  States  northward,  and  wintering  in  the 
Middle  States  and  southward,  being  especially  abundant 
in  winter  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  where  it  feeds  much  on 


Canvasbacks  (Fuligula  (Aristonetta)  vallisnfria  . 

the  wild  celery,  Vallimeria  spiralis,  and  is  then  in  the 
best  condition  for  the  table.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  color  of  the  back,  which  is  white,  very  finely  vermic- 
ulated  with  narrow,  zigzag,  blackish  bars  or  rows  of  dots. 
In  general,  the  canvasback  closely  resembles  the  common 
pochard  or  redhead,  Fulirrula  fenna,  but  the  bill  and  head 
are  differently  shaped,  i'he  head  is  not  coppery-red,  as  in 
the  pochard,  but  dusky  reddish-brown,  and  the  size  is 
greater. 

canvas-climbert  (kan'vas-kli"mer),  n.  A  sailor 
who  goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.  [Bare.] 

From  the  ladder-tackle  washes  off 
A  canvas-climber.  Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1. 

canvas-cutter  (kan'vas-kufer),  ».  A  machine 
for  cutting  canvas,  cardboard,  and  other  fab- 
rics into  strips. 

canvass  (kan'yas),  13.  [Formerly  canvas,  being 
merely  a  particular  use  of  canvas,  v.  (cf.  OF. 
canabasscr,  "to  canvas,  curiously  to  examine, 
search  or  sift  out  the  depth  of  a  matter" — Cot- 
grave),  lit.  sift  as  through  canvas,  this  fabric  in 
its  coarser  texture  having  been  used  as  a  sifting- 
cloth ;  <  canvas,  n.  Cf.  bolt,  v.,  sift,  examine,  of 
similar  origin.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  examine;  scru- 
tinize. 

The  .  .  .  merits  of  the  petitioners  are  canvassed  by  the 
people.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxiii. 

As  if  life  offered  nothing  but  a  variety  of  diversions,  and 
it  was  incumbent  upon  one  who  appreciated  life  at  its  true 
value  to  canvass  that  variety  in  the  shortest  space  possi- 
ble. J.  Hawthorne,  Dust,  p.  288. 

Specifically — 2.  To  sift  or  examine  by  way  of 
discussion ;  discuss ;  debate. 

An  opinion  that  we  are  likely  soon  to  canvass. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
To  canvass  with  official  breath 
The  future  and  its  viewless  things. 

M.  Arnold,  A  Wish. 

The  very  undue  disposition  of  what  is  questionably 
called  "good  society"  to  canvass  in  an  ill-natured  manner 
the  character  and  position  of  one  who  did  not  stoop  to 
flatter  its  many  vulgar  fancies. 

Gladstone,  Gleanings,  I.  83. 

3.  To  sift  or  investigate  by  inquiry;  examine 
as  to  opinions,  desires,  or  intentions ;  apply  to 
or  address  for  the  purpose  of  influencing  ac- 
tion, or  of  ascertaining  a  probable  result :  as,  to 
canvass  the  people  of  a  city  with  reference  to 
an  approaching  election,  for  the  promotion  of 
a  public  undertaking,  or  the  like. — 4.  To  tra- 
verse for  the  purpose  of  inquiry  or  solicitation ; 
apply  to  or  address  the  inhabitants  of  with  ref- 
erence to  prospective  action:  as,  to  canvass  a 
district  for  votes,  for  subscriptions,  etc. —  5f. 
To  shake ;  take  to  task.  See  canvas,  v.  t.,  2. 

II.  intrans.  To  solicit  or  go  about  soliciting 
votes,  interest,  orders,  subscriptions,  or  the 
like :  followed  by  for :  as,  to  canvass  for  an 
office  or  preferment;  to  canvass  for  a  friend; 
to  canvass  for  a  mercantile  firm. 
canvass  (kan'vas),  n.  [<  canvass,  v.~]  1.  Ex- 
amination; close  inspection;  scrutiny:  as,  a 
canvass  of  votes.  Specifically — 2.  An  exami- 
nation or  scrutiny  of  a  body  of  men,  in  order  to 
ascertain  their  opinions  or  their  intentions,  es- 
pecially whether  they  will  vote  for  or  against  a 
given  measure  or  candidate ;  an  estimate  of 
the  number  of  votes  cast  or  to  be  cast  for  or 
against  a  candidate  or  bill:  as,  a  canvass  of  the 


caoutchouc 

legislature  disclosed  a  majority  of  six  in  favor 
of  the  measure. —  3.  A  seeking;  solicitation; 
specifically,  systematic  solicitation  for  the  votes 
and  support  of  a  district  or  of  individuals  by  a 
candidate  for  office  or  by  his  friends. 

No  previous  canvass  was  made  for  me. 

Burke,  .Speech  at  Bristol,  Nov.  3,  1774. 

The  fall  campaign  in  this  city  has  been  begun  already  by 
the  organization  of  a  great  anti-Tammany  movement,  with 
a  general  committee  of  twelve  hundred  and  all  the  appli- 
ances of  an  active  canvass.  The  Nation,  XXVII.  18. 

4.  Discussion;  debate. 

Worthy  the  canvass  and  discussion  of  sober  and  consid- 
erate men.  Dr.  II.  More,  Pre-existence  of  the  Soul,  Pref. 

canvasser  (kan'vas-er),  H.    1.  One  who  solicits 
votes,  mercantile  orders,  etc. 
As  a  canvasser  he  [Wharton]  was  irresistible. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xx. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  cast 
for  a  public  officer ;  a  scrutineer. 

canvas-stretcher  (kan'vas-strech"er),  ».  A 
wooden  frame  consisting"  of  four  strips  mor- 
tised together,  upon  which  canvas  is  stretched 
for  artists  to  paint  upon. 

canvas-work  (kan'vas-w6rk),  n.  1.  Embroi- 
dery upon  cloth  over  which  canvas  has  been 
laid  to  guide  the  stitches,  the  threads  of  the 
canvas  being  then  pulled  out. — 2.  A  kind  of 
embroidery  done  in  Berlin  wool  upon  silk  can- 
vas with  plush-stitch,  which  when  completed 
has  the  appearance  of  velvet  pile.  Also  called 
raised  canvas-work.  Diet,  of  Needlework. 

cany  (ka'ni),  «.  [<  cane1  +  -y1.]  1.  Consisting 
or  made  of  cane. 

Of  Sericana,  where  Chineses  drive 

With  sails  and  wind  their  cany  waggons  light. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  439. 

2.  Abounding  with  canes :  as,  cany  brakes. 

canyon,  «•  and  v.     See  ca»7o«. 

canzont,  "•  [<  It-  canzona,  canzone,  a  song,  bal- 
lad: see  canzona.]  A  poem;  a  song. 

Cannot  the  body  weep  without  the  eyes? 
Yes,  and  frame  deepest  canzons  of  lament. 

Middleton,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  xvii. 

canzona,  canzone  (kan-zo'na,  -ne),  n.  [It.,  a 
song,  ballad,  ode,  =  F.  chanson  =  E.  cantion,  < 
L.  cantio(n-),  a  song:  see  chanson  and  cantion.'] 

1.  A  particular  variety  of  lyric  poetry  in  the 
Italian  style,  and  of  Proven9al  origin,  which 
closely  resembled  the  madrigal.     Grove. 

The  Canzoniere  includes  also  a  few  political  poems—  a 
canzone  to  Italy,  one  supposed  to  be  addressed  to  Cola  di 
Rienzi,  and  several  sonnets  against  the  court  of  Avignon. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  604. 

2.  In  music :  (a)  A  setting  of  such  poetry,  dif- 
fering from  the  madrigal  in  being  less  elaborate 
and  artistic.    (b)  An  instrumental  piece  resem- 
bling a  madrigal. 

canzonet  (kan-zo-nef),  n.  [<  It.  canzonetta, 
dim.  of  canzone:  see  canzona."]  1.  A  little  or 
short  song,  shorter  and  less  elaborate  than  the 
aria  of  oratorio  or  opera. 

The  canzonet  and  roundelay. 

Rogers,  An  Italian  Song. 

I  amused  the  fair  Discretion  with  some  canzonets,  and 
other  toys,  which  could  not  but  be  ravishing  to  her  inex- 
perienced ears.  Scott,  Monastery,  II.  96. 

He  drank  a  few  cups  of  claret,  and  sang  (to  himself)  a 
strophe  or  two  of  the  canzonettes  of  the  divine  Astrophel. 
Scott,  Monastery,  II.  131. 
Poor  soul !  I  had  a  maid  of  honour  once ; 
She  wept  her  true  eyes  blind  for  such  a  one, 
A  rogue  of  canzonets  and  serenades. 

Tfiiniison,  The  Princess,  iv. 

2.  In  music,  a  short  concerted  air;  a  madrigal. 

canzonette,  «.    Same  as  canzonet. 

caouane,  caouanne  (ka-wan'),  «.  [A  F.  spell- 
ing of  a  native  W.  Ind.  name  (NL.  Momma).] 
A  name  of  the  loggerhead  turtle,  Thalasso- 
cJieJys  caretta  or  T.  caouaiia.  J.  E.  Gray. 

caoutchin,  caoutchine  (ko'chin),  «.  [<  caout- 
ch(ovc)  +  -f»2,  -i')Wa.]  An  inflammable  vol- 
atile oil  produced  by  distillation  of  caoutchouc 
at  a  high  temperature.  Also  eaoutehouein  and 
caoutchoucine. 

Caoutchouc  (ko'chuk),  n.  [=  Gr.  caoutscli  lick 
=  Buss,  krtuchid-ii,  <  F.  caoutchouc,  formerly 
also  caovtcliou,  from  the  native  S.  Amer.  name 
rn/iMC/n/.]  An  elastic  gummy  substance,  the 
inspissated  milky  juice  of  various  tropical 
trees  belonging  to  the  natural  orders  Apocy- 
nticcce,  Urticacea;  and  Eitphorbiacea- ;  india- 
rubber  (which  see) — Artificial  caoutchouc,  a 
thick  solution  of  glue  to  which  sodium  tunirstate  and 
hydrochloric  acid  are  added.  A  precipitate  of  glue  and 
tungstic  acid  is  formed,  which,  when  cool,  can  be  made 
into  sheets.  —  Caoutchouc  cement.  Same  as  rubber  ce- 
ment, (b).  See  cement.—  Mineral  caoutchouc.  See  min- 
eral.—  Vulcanized  caoutchouc.  See  vulcanization. 


caoutcboucin 
caoutchoucin,  caoutchoucine  (kiiVliii-sin),  «. 

Same  as  cunuli'ltm. 

cap1  (kap),  ii.  [(1)  Early  mod.  E.  also  m/v"1- 
<  Mh.  I'll/ipi;  co/i/'i,  l.'/i/n,  <  AS.  i'ir/i/ii-.  iiNo 
nt/i/M-,  -  ()l''rii'.s.  I'li/i/ii'  =  Ml).  IcnplM-,  I).  AYI/;  = 
ML(  I.  Ml.  /.•«/</»•  =  i  )I  Ii  1.  c/»i/./"'.  .M  1  Ii  1.  1  !  .  /,'<//•/« 


Norw.  kappa  =  Sw.  /.''////.'I  =  Dan. 
OK.  Cfl/W,  I''.  <•«/«',  also  I'llil/if  «  ML.  mppn\,  :i 
cap,  hood,  cowl;  parallel  with  (•_')  E.  <•«</«•  i.  < 
ME.  <•«/».  enrlior  (•<;/«•,  <  AS.  "m/ii  =  Icel.  /.V./HI 
=  Norw.  latapa  =  Sw.  /.'rt/»(  =  Dun.  /,•«/</«  i  | 
Ml,.  i-tipii);  (:i)  E.  nipi-l,  <  ME.  <•»;/»•,  <  I'r.  8p. 
!':_'.  <vi/i»  =  It.  '•"/'/"'.  a  hood,  capo,  cloak  ;  all 

<  ML.  I'liiipn.  ;ils.  i  r//yi,/.  M  cape,  a  hooded  cloak, 
a  word  of  uncertain  origin;  said  to  be  <  L.  ea- 
pcrc,  take,  take  in,  ''quia  quasi  totum  rapiat 
hominem,"  because  it  envelops,  as  it  were,  the 
whole  person  (Isidoms  of  Seville,  19,  31);  by 
iitlieni  referred  to  L.  otput,  head;  but  neither 
derivation  is  satisfactory.    See  cane1  and  cope^, 
doublets  of  rap1,  and  the  deriv.  chapel,  ckaplrt, 
chaplain.  rhuprron,  etc.]      1.  A  covering  for 
the  head;  a  hood;   now,  especially,  a  head- 
covering  or  head-dress  made  of  soft  material 
and  usually  fitting  more  closely  to  the  head 
than  a  hat.    Men's  caps  are  usually  made  of  doth,  silk, 
or  fur,  :n.-  without  a  hrliu,  except  sometimes  a  peak  in 
front,  cover  the  crown  or  top  of  the  head,  and  are  worn  as 
MH  outdoor  covering.     Women's  caps  are  made  of  lace, 
muslin,  riblnms,  ami  other  lijjht  materials,  ainl  vim-times 
cover  both  the  back  and  sides  of  the  head,  as  well  as  the 
top.     They  are  worn  as  an  indoor  covering  or  ornament. 

<  'a  |  is  a  iv  ill  many  cases  made  to  serve,  by  their  form,  color, 
ornamentation,  dr.,  as  insignia  of  rank  or  dignity,  or  em- 
blems  of  particular  principles  or  occupations,  as  the  ec- 
clesiastical cap  (see  liin'tttt),  the  cap  of  lilierty  (see  Phry- 
gian cap,  below),  the  fool's  cap,  the  nurse's  cap,  etc. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  cap  in  appearance, 
position,  or  use.     SpectBcaUy  —  (a)  In  bat.,  the  plleus 
of  a  mnshrooiu.    See  pitfiut.    (6)  In  oniith.,  the  pileum  or 
top  of  a  bird's  head,  especially  when  in  any  way  notable, 
as  by  special  coloration.     See  pileum.    (c)  A  percussion- 
cap.    (d)  An  inner  plate  secured  as  a  cover  over  the  move- 
ment or  "works"  of  some  kinds  of  watches:  now  nearly 
disused.    («)  Naut.  :  (1)  A  covering  of  metal  or  of  tarred 
canvas  for  the  end  of  a  rope,  to  prevent  fraying.    (8)  A 
large  thick  block  of  wood,  strengthened  by  iron  bands, 
and  having  a  square  and  a  round  hole  in  it,  used  to  con- 
tine  the  heel  of  one  mast  to  the  head  of  another  above 
which  it  is  erected.    The  square  hole  of  the  lower  cap  is 
lived  thinly  on  the  tenon  in  the  head  of  the  lower  mast, 
while  the  topmast  traverses  through  the  round  hole.  The 
topmast-cap  is  secured  in  the  same  way  on  the  head  of  the 
topmast,  the  topgallantinast  passing  through  the  round 
hole.   The  bowsprit  also  is  fitted  with  a  cap,  through  which 
the  jib-boom  passes.    (8)  One  of  the  square  blocks  of  wood 
laid  upon  others  on  which  the  keel  of  a  vessel  rests  in  the 
process  of  building.    (/)  In  tuxikliiinlin't,  the  envelop  of 
paper  which  the  binder  puts  around  the  elites  of  a  Ixxik- 
cover  to  protect  it  from  injury  while  lie  is  at  work  on 
other  parts  of  the  Iwok.   (/;)  In  marh.  :  (1)  The  upper  half 
of  a  journal-box  :  the  lower  half  is  called  the  pillow.     /•.'. 
//.  Kni.ilit.    (2)  The  tire  or  face  of  a  glaze-wheel.  (M)  The 
terminal  section  of  a  pipe  having  a  plug  at  the  end.    (4) 
The  part  connecting  a  punip-rou  with  a  working-beam. 
(."'!>  The  hand  connecting  the  handstatf  and  swliigel  of  a 
tlail  ;  the  capling.    (h)  The  movable  top  of  the  house  of  a 
windmill,   (i)  In  carp.,  the  uppermost  of  any  assemblage 
of  parts,  as  the  lintel  of  a  door  or  window-frame,  a  hori- 
zontal iiram  joining  the  heads  of  a  row  of  piles,  etc.    (j) 
lu  winitift,  as  sometimes  used,  any  kind  of  rock  henrath 
which  miners  expect  or  hope  to  find  ore  in  paying  quanti- 
ties.    Sometimes,  though  rarely,  it  is  used  for  outcrop, 
especially  when  this  is  comparatively  barren  of  ore.    Any 
unproductive  rock,  whether  it  be  a  i»ortion  of  a  vein  or 
not  .  may  be  called  cap  or  .•"/'/>/'/.•/  if  valuable  ore  is  found 
beneath  it.    In  such  cases  the  lode  might  be  said  by  some 
to  be  capped  .  (k)  In  <-<><il-i/iiiiiti:i,  the  Muish  halo  of  ignited 
gas  appearing  above  and  around  the  flame  of  a  safety-lamp 
when  a  dangerous  amount  of  tire-damp  is  present.    Also 
called  Mite-cap.    (I)  In  her.,  the  figure  of  a  eap  used  in 
charges,  and  as  part  of  a  crest  or  an  accessory  in  a  coat  of 
anus,  sometimes  of  very  conventional  shape. 

3.  [<  foolscap,  orig.  used  with  ref.  to  the  old 
water-mark  of  the  fool's  cap  and  bells.]  A  name 
given,  with  distinctive  qualifications,  to  several 
sizes  of  writing-paper.    Foobcap,  usually  folded  the 
long  way,  ranges  from  12  x  16  to  12*  x  16j  inches.     Law 
cap,  folded  the  narrow  way,  is  of  the  same  dimensions. 
Pot  cap  and  leiial  cap,  always  flat  or  unfolded,  are  13  x  1« 
inches.     r'l'it  •"/'.  or  full  cap,  is  14  x  17  inches.    Double 
cup  is  17  \  2b  inches.    In  England  pot  is  12J  x  15J  inches, 
ami  foolscap  or  eap  is  13$  x  NiJ  inches.   Exchange  cap  is  a 
thin,  highly  calendered  pajnT  'if  good  quality,  made  of  new 
stock,  ami  useii  tor  printing  bills  of  exchange,  etc. 

4.  The  head,  chief,  or  top  ;  the  acme. 

Thou  art  the  cap  of  all  the  fools  alive. 

that.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  S. 

5.  Head,  chief,  or  master.     [Prov.  Eng.]  —  6. 
An  act  of  respect  performed  by  uncovering  the 
head. 

Give  a  cap  ami  make  a  leg  in  thanks.  Fuller. 

7.  A  cap-sheaf  (which  see).  —  8.  pi.  Fungi. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  —  9f.  A  cape.  See  cape*.—  A 
feather  In  one's  cap.  see  <,«?/„,.  Belt-rail  cap.  Ss» 

Ml-f<iil.  Black  cap.  <'i>  The  cap  worn  In  a  jmk-c  when 
passing  sentence  of  death.  [British.)  (h)  The  eap  drawn 
over  the  head  <>t  a  criminal  immediately  before  he  is 
hanged.  Cap  COpped,  in  /»•/•.,  a  hycoekct  used  .is  a  hear 
inu-  Cap  in  crown,  in  l«-t\  .  tlie  eap  within  the  rim  or 
circle  of  the  en>\\ti.  ami  roverine.  tile  heaii.  Such  eap, 
tire  represented  of  ditferent  colors,  which  arc  mentioned 

Bl 


-.Ill 

In  the  hhi/on      Cap  Of  a  cannon,  n  piece  of  lead  laid 
over  the  vent  to  keep  the  priming  dry.     Also  called  an 
"/"•</'     Cap  of  dignity.    >a. 
-  Cap  of  estate,    same  a*  i-.*//  .<./  -  Cap 

of  fence,  any   defensive   bead-drou;    SIN-,  itl.-alls,    «.n<- 

quilled,   still!.. I,  ..r  Ii I  with  iron,  or  having  plates  of 

iron   Keu.d    l.etu.en    tile   thiekll.s,,  . 

under  f«il.     Cap  Of  liberty.     Sec  Phrygian  cap,  below. 
Cap  Of  mall.     Same  a.  .-.,.')  .  i  m*U  i»h|.-h  M-C,  under 

Cap  of  maintenance,  s.  .„.„,„/.  ,,,i,,,-..  Four- 
cornered  Cap,  tie  !»•<!  cap  \%i.rn  in  Kn^lish 
universities  and  [>ii!.]i<  schools.  The  eap  part  tit-  close  to 

the  head,  and  is  surmounted  hy  a  square  flat  hoard  mea- 
suring almnt  a  toot  diagonally  across. -•  Phrygian  cap, 
the  pointed  cap,  uitb  itn  apex  turned  over  t.-ward  th. 
front,  commonly  woni  by  some  of  the  peoples  of  Asia 
Minor  In  classical  times,  and  considered  by  the  I ;  reeks  as 
a  distinctive  part  of  Oriental  as  contrasted  with  Hellenic 
costume.  This  form  of  cap  Is  now  received  as  the  type  of 
the  cap  of  lilierty.  See  cut  nndei •  i,rnrn:  Statute  cap, 
a  woolen  cap  .  njoin.  .1  to  tie  worn  by  an  English  statute 
passed  in  1571  in  the  interest  of  the  cap-makers :  as.  "  plain 
ttatute-cap*  "  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.— To  set  one's  cap», 

to  d.  e.  i\.  ,   I.,  -ml.-.   ,,1    elie.it    . 


capacious 

Cap.  An  abbreviation  ( <i]  of  i-n/n  I, ill  ;  (h)  of 
Latin  i-iijnil  nr  rii/iitnlum,  clmpter;  d-j  in  jinni- 
in<i,  ol 

capa  (ka'ptt),  N.  [Sp..  a  cloak,  cape:  seec/iy/1. 
'•'i/'1.]  1.  A  Spanish  cape  or  cloak. —  2.  A 
I  'ul inn  tobacco  of  fine  quality,  sin-dally  suited 
for  tin  oiitsi.loH  or  wrappers  of  the  bent  cigars. 

capability  (ksV-pa-bil'i-ti),  «. ;   pi.  . 

capable:  see  capable.}  The  quality  or  being 
capable ;  ability  to  receive,  nr  jiower  to  do ; 
capacity  of  undergoing  or  of  doing ;  capacity  ; 
ability;  capableuess. 

There  are  nations  In  the  East  so  enslaved  by  custom  that 
they  seem  to  have  lost  all  power  of  change  except  the  ra- 
jHtbilitit  of  being  destroyed.  W.  K.  Cli/ord,  Lectures,  1. 106. 

We  have  arrived  at  the  stage  where  new  capabUUiei  are 
no  longer  Imperiously  demanded  hy  the  advancement  of 
.  nlinie.  »'«UA,  Eng.  Lit,  I.  aw. 

capable  (ka'pa-bl),  a.     [<  F.  capable,  capable, 
',  able  to  hold,  * 


of  a  woman  in  regard  to  a  man. 

cap1  (kap),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
jtiiitj.  [<  cap1,  ». ]  I.  trans.  1.  To  put  a  cap 
on ;  cover  with  or  as  with  a  cap,  in  any  sense 
of  that  word ;  cover  the  head,  top,  end,  or  some 
particular  part  of :  as,  to  cap  a  dunce  at  school : 
to  cap  (the  nipple  of)  a  gun. 

The  cloud-capp'rf  towers.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1. 

Bones  capped  by  a  layer  of  hard  cement. 

Ouvn,  Anat.  Vert. 

Mamjistead  Heath  is  ...  formed  of  London  clay  capped 
by  Lower  Bagshot  sand.        Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  25. 

The  snow  has  capped  yon  distant  hill. 

0.  W.  Holme* ,  An  Old  Year  Song. 

2.  To  complete ;  consummate  ;  crown ;  bring 
to  a  climax  :  follow  up  with  something  more  re- 
markable than  what  has  previously  been  done  : 
as,  to  cap  a  story  with  its  moral ;  he  cap]>ed  this 
exploit  oy  another  still  more  audacious. — 3. 
To  puzzle.  [North.  Eng.]  — 4f.  To  deprive  of 
the  cap. 
As  boys  sometimes  used  to  cap  one  another. 

Spnuer,  State  of  Ireland. 

5.  To  salute  by  taking  off  the  cap :  as,  to  cap 
a  proctor. 

You  would  not  cap  the  Pope's  commissioner. 

Tennyson,  (jneen  Mary,  iv.  2. 

Capped  quarts.  See  quartz.— Capped  rail,  an  Iron 
rail  with  a  steel  cap  or  tread.  See  rail.— to  cap  a  rope 
(Haul.),  to  cover  the  end  of  it  with  tarred  canvas  or  metal. 
—  TO  cap  Off,  in  •!{«*.<  ,,i<ik-ni'/.  to  detach  (a  cylinder  of 
blown  -jlas.  i  by  drawing  a  circle  around  the  closed  end. — 
To  cap  texts  or  proverbs,  to  quote  text*  or  provcrlw 
alternately  in  emulation  or  contest.  See  to  cap  verge*, 
below. 

I  will  cap  that  proverb  with  —  There  is  flattery  In  friend- 
ship. Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ill.  7. 
Henderson  and  ih'  other  masses, 
Were  sent  to  cap  text*  and  put  cases. 

S.  Buffer,  Hudibras,  III.  ii.  1240. 

To  cap  the  cll*^*,  to  go  to  the  utmost  limit  in  words  or 
action  ;  exceed  expectation  or  belief :  as,  that  story  cap* 
the  ctniuis ;  his  conduct  in  this  affair  cap*  the  climax  of 
absurdity. 

In  due  time  the  old  gentleman  capped  the  climax  of  his 
favors  by  dying  a  Christian  death. 

Haiethorne,  Twice-Told  Tales,  I.  445. 
To  cap  verses,  to  quote  alternately  verses  each  beginning 
with  the  same  letter  with  which  the  last  ended.  The  cap- 
ping of  Latin  verses  is  a  common  game  in  classical  schools. 
No  verse  may  lie  used  twice,  and  up  hesitation  or  delay  la 
permitted  :  so  that  a  moderate  proficiency  in  the  game 
supposes  several  thousand  verses  arranged  in  the  memory 
alphabetically.  If  the  correctness  of  a  verse  is  challenged, 
theplayer  who  gave  It  must  show  where  It  occurs. 

II.  in.row.s-.  To  uncover  the  head  in  rever- 
ence or  civility. 

Still 
doors  w: 

cap'-2  (kap),  n.  [Same  as  cop*  =  E.  cup,  q.  v.] 
A  wooden  bowl :  as,  a  cap  of  porridge  and  milk. 
Also  caup.  [Scotch.] 

cap3  (kap),  r.  *. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capped,  ppr.  cap- 
/<!»</.  [<  D.  kapen  (=  Sw.  kupa),  seize,  eaten, 
make  prize  of,  as  a  privateer  or  pirate  (>  D. 
kaap,  privateering);  appar.  <  L.  caperc,  take, 
seize,  capture:  see  capable,  captive,  capture, 
etc.  Hence  coper3  and  oyjperS,  p.]  l.Toarrest. 

Twelve  shillings  you  must  pay,  or  I  must  cap  you. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  lit  2. 
Ralph  has  friends  that  will  not  suffer  him  to  be  capt  for 
ten  times  so  much. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  seize ;  lay  hold  of  violently ;  specifically, 
to  -, -jze  i  a  \essol)  as  a  prize;  hence,  to  entrap 
or  insnave.  [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 
cap4  (kap),  r.  i. :  pret.  and  pp.  nippcil,  ppr. 
atli/iiHi/.  [Unassibilated  form  of  chap1,  chop1. 
q.  v.]  1.  To  chap,  as  the  hands. — 2.  To  wrin- 
kle.—3.  To  coagulate.  [Prov.  Eng.] 


pacious),  <  L.  ctipcre,  take  hold  of,  seize,  hold, 
etc.  (whence  nit.  a  great  number  of  E.  words, 
&s  capacious,  captious,  captire  =  caitiff,  capture, 
accept,  except,  intercept,  precept,  conceive,  de- 
ceive,  perceive,  receive,  conception,  deception,  etc., 
receptacle,  recijtient,  occufiy,  etc.),  =  Goth.  An/- 
jan =  AS.  hebban,  E.  keate,  lift,  raise,  orig. 


tapping,  cringing,  applauding  —  waiting  at  men's 
with  all  affability.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel. 


hold' :  see  //<"».]  If.  Able  to  hold  or  contain ; 
sufficiently  capacious  (for) :  followed  by  of. 

The  place  chosen  was  the  cathedral  church,  capable  <>/ 
about  400  persons.  .  Lord  Herbert. 

2f.  Capacious;  extensive;  comprehensive:  HK, 
"a  capable  and  wide  revenge,"  fihak.,  Othello, 
iii.  3. —  3.  Able  to  receive;  open  to  influences; 
impressible;  receptive;  susceptible;  admitting: 
usually  followed  by  of:  as,  capable  o/pain  and 
grief;  capable  of  long  duration;  capable  of  be- 
ing colored  or  altered:  sometimes  used  abso- 
lutely. 

His  form  and  cause  conjoln'd,  preaching  to  stones. 
Would  make  them  capable.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  111.  4. 

If  thou  be'st  capable,  of  things  serious,  thou  must  know 
the  king  is  full  of  grief.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  IT.  3. 

To  his  capable  ears 
Silence  was  music  from  the  holy  spheres. 

Kfiit.  Kndymlon,  II. 

We  have  no  right  to  conclude,  then,  that  the  order  of 
events  is  always  capable  <>/  being  explained. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  149. 

4f.  Able  to  be  received.     [Bare.] 

Lean  upon  a  rush. 

The  cicatrice  and  capable  impressure 
Thy  palm  some  moment  keeps. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  UL  b. 

6f.  Fitted  or  deserving  to  receive :  as,  "capa- 
ble of  mercy,"  Lord  Herbert. 

That  place  In  the  world's  account  which  he  thinks  his 
merit  capable  of. 

B.  Jontton,  Prcf.  to  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humonr. 

6.  Sufficiently  able  (to   do   something):   as, 
a  man  capable  of  judging. 

Every  mind  seems  capable  of  entertaining  a  certain 
quantity  of  happiness  which  no  Institutions  can  Increase, 
no  circumstances  alter,  and  entirely  independent  of  for- 
tune. HMnnith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xliv. 

7.  Having  legal  power  or  capacity :  as,  a  bas- 
tard is  not  capable  of  inheriting  an  estate. 

Of  my  land. 

Loyal  and  natural  hoy,  111  work  the  means 
To  make  thec  capable.  Shak.,  Lett,  ii.  1. 

8.  Possessing  a  good  degree  of  intelligence  or 
ability;  qualified;  able;  competent:  as,  aca/xi- 
lilf  judge ;  a  capable  instructor. 

To  be  born  rich  and  feeble  Is  as  bad  a  fate  as  to  be  born 
poor  and  capal-le.  Pop.  Set.  Mo.,  XXV.  «87. 

=  Syn.  8.  Qualified,  fitted,  adapted,  efficient,  clever,  skil- 
ful, gifted,  accomplished. 

capableness  (ka'pa-bl-nes),  ».  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  capable ;  capability ;  capacity. 

capably  (ka'pa-bli),  adr.  In  a  capable  man- 
ner. 

capacifyt  (ka-pas'i-fi),  r.  t.  [<  L.  capajr  (ca- 
pac-),  capable,  +  -fy,  q.  v.]  To  qualify. 

Wisdom  capacijlet  us  to  enjoy  pleasantly  and  Innocently 
all  good  things.  Bamv,  Sermons,  I.  i. 

capacious  (ka-pa'shus),  a.  [<  L.  capax  (cajiac-), 
able  to  contain,  able  to  contain  much,  wide, 
large,  spacious,  also  capable,  susceptible  (<  ca- 
pere,  hold,  contain:  see  capable),  -f  -out.  For 
the  term.,  cf.  audacious,  fallacious.]  If.  Capa- 
ble of  receiving  or  holding:  as,  a  jar  capacious 
of  20  gallons. —  2.  Capable  of  holding  much: 
roomy;  spacious:  as,  a  capacious  vessel j  a  ro- 
pacious  bay  or  harbor;  a  capacious  mind  or 
memory. 

Down  sunk  a  hollow  bottom  broad  and  deep. 

Capaeioui  bed  of  waters.        MOton,  P.  L.,  vIL  S90. 


capacious 

The  fancy  which  he  [Edmund  BurkeJ  hail  in  common 
with  all  mankind,  and  very  probably  in  no  eminent  de- 
gree, in  him  was  urged  into  unusual  activity  under  the 
necessities  of  his  capacious  understanding. 

De  Qnincey,  Khetoric. 

3f.  Disposed  to  receive  or  take  comprehensive 
views  (of). 

For  I  write  not  to  such  translators,  but  to  men  capacious 
of  the  soul  and  genius  of  their  authors,  without  which  all 
their  labour  will  be  of  no  use  but  to  disgrace  themselves, 
and  injure  the  author  that  falls  into  their  slaughter-house! 
Dryden,  Life  of  Lucian. 

capaciously  (ka-pa'shus-li),  adr.  In  a  capa- 
cious manner  or  degree. 

capaciousness  (ka-pa'shus-nes),  H.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capacious.  («)  Wideness;  large- 
ness; extensiveness.  (i)  Comprehensiveness;  power  of 
taking  a  wide  survey:  applied  to  the  mind. 

capacitate  (ka-pas'i-tat),  t>.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capacitated,  ppr.  capacitating.  [<  eajiaciti/  + 
-ate2.  Cf.  the  equiv.  It.  capaciture,  from  an  as- 
sumed L.  *capacitare.]  1.  To  make  capable  ; 
enable. 

liy  this  instruction  we  may  be  capacitated  to  observe 
these  errors.  Dryden. 

Specifically  —  2.  To  furnish  with  legal  powers  ; 
qualify:  as,  to  capacitate  one  for  an  office. 

capacitation  (ka-pas-i-ta'shon),  n.  [<  capaci- 
tate :  see  -ation.~\  The  act  of  making  capable. 
[Rare.] 

capacity  (ka-pas'i-ti),  n.  ;  pi.  capacities  (-tiz). 
[<  F.  capadte  =  Pr.  capacitat  =  Sp.  capaci- 
dad  =  Pg.  capacidade  =  It.  capacita,  <  L.  cu- 
pacita(t-)s,  <  eapax  (capac-),  able  to  contain: 
see  capacious.]  1.  The  power  of  receiving 
or  containing  ;  specifically,  the  power  of  con- 
taining a  certain  quantity  exactly  ;  cubic  con- 
tents. 

Our  globe  is  Bailing  on  through  space,  like  some  huge 
ocean  steamer,  whose  capacity  for  coal  is  strictly  limited. 
li.  D.  Hitchcock,  Address  48th  Anniv.  Un.  Theol.  Sem. 

2.  Receptivity;   susceptibility  to  being  pas- 
sively affected  in  any  way  ;  power  of  receiving 
impressions,  or  of  being  acted  upon. 

Faculty  ...  is  properly  limited  to  active  power,  and, 
therefore,  is  abusively  applied  to  the  mere  passive  affec- 
tions of  mind.  Capacity,  on  the  other  hand,  is  more  prop- 
erly limited  to  these.  Its  primary  signification,  which  is 
literally  room  for,  as  well  as  its  employment,  favors  this  ; 
although  it  cannot  be  denied  that  there  are  examples  of  its 
usage  in  an  active  sense.  Leibnitz,  as  far  as  I  know,  was 
the  first  who  limited  its  psychological  application  to  the 
passivities  of  mind.  .  .  .  The  active  [power]  may  he  called 
faculty,  and  perhaps  the  passive  might  be  called  capacity, 
or  receptivity. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Metaphysics,  Bowen's  Abridgment,  viii. 

Capacity  signifies  greater  passiveness  or  receptivity  than 
.  .  .  [power  or  faculty).  Hence  it  is  more  usually  applied 
to  that  in  the  soul  by  which  it  does  or  can  suffer,  or  to 
dormant  and  inert  possibilities  to  be  aroused  to  exertions 
of  strength  or  skill,  or  to  make  striking  advances  through 
education  and  habit.  A*.  Porter,  Human  Intellect,  §  36. 

3.  Active  power;  ability:  as,  mental  capacity; 
the  capacity  of  a  substance  to  resist  pressure. 

Hate,  and  fear,  and  remorse,  and  crime  have  in  them  the 
capacity  of  stirring  in  us  a  horror  of  moral  repugnance 
such  as  pagan  art  had  no  means  of  awakening.  J.  Caird. 

Man's  capacities  have  never  been  measured. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  12. 

Powhatan  gane  him  Namontack  his  trustie  servant,  and 
one  of  a  shrewd,  subtill  capacitie. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  167. 

4.  Ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense  ;  legal  quali- 
fication ;  legal  power  or  right  :  as,  a  man  or  a 
corporation  may  have  a  capacity  to  give  or  re- 
ceive and  hold  estate;  A  was  present  at  the 
meeting  in  his  capacity  of  director  (that  is,  in 
virtue  of  his  legal  qualification  as  a  director). 

Ouer  that,  that  the  same  Master  and  Wardeyns,  and 
their  successours,  shuld  be  perpctuall  and  hane  capadte. 
English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  310. 

He  had  been  restored  to  his  capacity  of  governing  by 
renouncing  the  errors  of  Popery.  Brougham. 

Hence  —  5.  Character;  profession  ;  occupation  ; 
function. 

You  desire  my  thoughts  as  a  friend,  and  not  as  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament  ;  they  are  the  same  in  both  capacities 

Stiri/t. 
6f.  A  license  ;  authorization. 

They  gave  the  monks  leave  to  depart,  and  most  of  them, 
they  said,  desired  capacities  or  licenses  to  depart  to  be 
granted  to  them,  though  some  desired  to  be  assigned  to 
other  places  of  religion. 

R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Bug.,  v. 
Breathing  capacity.  Same  as  differential  capacity.— 
Capacity  for  heat,  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  temperature  of  any  object  one  degree,  being  the  pro- 
duct of  its  mass  into  its  specific  heat.  Also  sometimes 
used  as  a  synonym  of  speci  tic  heat,  when  it  is  generally 
called  the  i  — 


802 

like  the  Leyden  jar.  The  unit  of  capacity  is  the  farad, 
or,  practically,  the  microfarad.  See /orat/.  — Differential 
capacity,  extreme  differential  capacity,  or  vital 
capacity,  the  amount  of  air  which  can  be  expelled  from 
the  lungs  by  the  greatest  possible  expiration  after  the 
greatest  possible  inspiration.  It  is  usually  about  214  cu- 
bic inches.— Specific  Inductive  capacity,  in  elect.,  the 
ratio  of  capacity  of  an  accumulator  formed  of  the  di- 
electric substance  whose  specific  capacity  is  spoken  of  to 
the  capacity  of  an  accumulator  of  the  same  form  and  size 
filled  with  air.— Standard  measure  of  capacity,  see 
measure.—  Thermal  capacity  of  a  body,  in  thermody- 
namics, the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  its  tem- 
perature by  one  degree  on  the  absolute  thermodynamic 
scale.  Sir  W.  Thomson,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XI.  576.  —  Vital  ca- 
pacity. Same  as  differential  capacity.  =  Syn.  1.  Uimen- 
sions.— 3.  Aptitude,  Faculty  (see  genius),  turn,  forte,  apt- 
ness; Ability,  Capacity  (see  ability).—  6.  Office,  sphere, 
post,  function. 

capade  (ka-pad'),  ».  [Origin  uncertain.]  In 
hat-making,  a  bat.  E.  H.  Knight. 

cap-a-pie  (kap-U-pe'),  adv.  [Earlier  also  cap-a- 
pe, cap-a-pee,  capapee,  cape-a-pe ;  <  OF.  de  cap 
a  pie,  from  head  to  foot  (now  de  pied  en  cap, 
from  foot  to  head) :  cap,  head  (see  cape^) ;  pie, 
pied,  <  L.  pes  (ped-)  =  E.  foot;  q.  v.]  From 
head  to  foot ;  all  over.  Also  written  cap-a-pie. 
See  cuts  under  armor. 

Arm'd  at  all  points,  exactly,  cap-a-pe. 

Shale.,  Hamlet,  i.  2. 

A  yellow  ointment,  with  which,  after  they  [the  Indians) 
have  bathed,  they  anoint  themselves  capapee. 

Beverleij,  Virginia,  iii.  «[  42. 

Far  from  being  disheartened,  however,  he  was  seen, 
armed  cap-a-pie,  on  horseback  from  dawn  to  evening. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  i.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  n.  [<  OF.  caparas- 
son,  caperasson,  F.  caparafon,  <  Sp.  caparmoii 
=  Pg.  caparazSo,  a  cover  for  a  saddle,  a  cover 
for  a  coach,  a  kind  of  aug.  of  capa,  a  cloak, 
cover,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a  cape :  see  cap1  and 
cape1,"]  1.  A  cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less 
ornamented,  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furniture 
of  a  horse,  especially  of  a  sumpter-horse  or 
horse  of  state. 

What  cares  he  now  for  curb  or  pricking  spur  ? 
For  rich  caparisons  or  trapping  gay? 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  286. 
Hence  —  2.  Clothing,  especially  sumptuous 
clothing ;  equipment ;  outfit. 

My  heart  groans 
Beneath  the  gay  caparison. 

Smollett,  The  Regicide,  iii.  4. 

caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  t-.  t.  [<  capaYison,  n.] 
1.  To  cover  with  a  caparison,  as  a  horse. — 2. 
To  dress  sumptuously ;  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

caparisoned  (ka-par''i-sond),  p.  a.     [Pp.  of  ca- 


e,  wen        s  generay 

called  the  specific  capacity  for  heat.—  Capacity  of  a 
conductor,  in  elect.,  the  quantity  of  electricity  required 
to  raise  its  potential  from  zero  to  unity.  The  capacity 
of  a  sphere  is  proportional  to  its  radius,  and  in  the  C.  G. 
N.  system  is  numerically  equal  to  its  radius  expressed  in 
centimeters.  The  capacity  is  increased  by  proximity  to  ;i 
charge  of  an  opposite  kind,  as  is  shown  by  a  condenser 


War-horse  Caparisoned,  from  seal  of  Philip  of  Burgundy. 

parison,  r.]  1.  Covered  with  a  caparison  or 
decorated  cloth,  as  a  horse ;  decked;  adorned. 

The  steeds,  caparison'd  with  purple,  stand 

With  golden  trappings,  glorious  to  behold,    Dryden. 

2.  In  her.,  harnessed:  used  of  a  horse  when 
saddled  and  prepared  for  the  field — Caparisoned 
ancient,  in  her.,  covered  with  barding  and  housse. —  Ca- 
parisoned modern,  in  '"•/•..  having  saddle,  etc.,  like  n 
modern  cavalry  charger. 

capcaset  (kap'kas),  n.  A  case  for  containing 
caps,  collars,  or  other  articles  of  apparel;  a 
small  traveling-case.  In  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury it  seems  to  have  become  a  receptacle  for 
papers,  money,  etc. 
A  capcase  for  your  linen  and  your  plate. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  v.  1. 
Shut  up  ia  a  silver  ozpeoM.   Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel., p.  602. 

cape1  (kap),  «.  [<  ME.  cape,  <  OF.  cape,  F.  cape, 
also  assibilated  chape,  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capa  = 
It.  cappa,  a  cloak,  cape,  <  ML.  capa,  cappa,  a 
cape,  whence  also  by  different  channels  E.  cap1 
and  cope1,  which  are  thus  doublets  of  cape1 :  see 
cap1,  cope1.']  1.  A  circular  covering  for  the 
shoulders  and  adjacent  parts,  either  separate 
or  attached  to  the  top  of  a  garment,  as  that 
of  a  gown  or  an  overcoat. — 2.  A  short  circu- 


capellane 

lar  garment  hanging  from  the  shoulders,  worn 
for  protection  against  the  weather. — 3.  The 
coping  of  a  wall.  [North.  Eng.] — 4.  pi. 
Ears  of  corn  broken  off  in  thrashing.  [North. 
Eng.] 

cape2  (kap),  n.  [<  F.  cap,  a  cape,  headland, 
head  of  a  ship,  also  lit.  a  head,  <  It.  capo  =  Sp. 
Pg.  cabo,  a  cape,  headland,  end,  extremity, 
It.  also  lit.  a  head,  <  L.  capitt,  head:  see  captit, 
capital1,  etc.]  1.  A  piece  of  land  jutting  into 
a  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the  adjoining  coast-line. 
—  2.  [cap.]  A  wine  resembling  sherry  orcanary, 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.— cape  ash.  See 
n*M.— Cape  chestnut,  jasmin,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 

cape2  (kap),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caped,  ppr. 
coping.  [<  cape"2,  n.,  after  the  orig.  F.  cap,  in 
sense  of  'head  of  a  ship';  of.  F.  mcttre  le  cap 
au  nord  (sud,  etc.),  bear  north  (south,  etc.).] 
Xaut.,  to  keep  a  course ;  head  or  point:  as,  how 
does  she  capct 

cape3  (ka'pe),  n.  [ML.,  2d  pers.  sing.  pres. 
impv.  of  L.  capere,  take:  see  capable.]  In  Eng- 
land, a  judicial  writ,  now  abolished,  used  in 
proceedings  by  the  king  or  a  feudal  lord  to  re- 
cover land  on  the  default  of  a  tenant :  called 
cape  from  its  initial  word.  The  cape  magnum,  or 
grand  cape,  was  the  writ  for  possession  when  the  tenant 
failed  to  appear.  The  cape  parmcni,  or  petit  cape,  was  the 
shorter  writ  issued  when  the  plaintiff  prevailed  after  the 
tenant  had  appeared. 

cape4t,  »'•  i.  [ME.  capen  =  MLG.  LG.  kapen  = 
pHG.  chapfen,  MHG.  kapfen,  gaze,  stare,  gape : 
in  form  a  diff.  word  from  gape,  in  which  in  E. 
it  is  now  absorbed :  see  gape.]  To  gaze;  gape. 

This  Nicholas  sat  aye  as  stille  as  stoon, 

And  evere  caped  [var.  ffapyd]  upward  into  the  eir. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  287. 

cape-a-pe+,  adr.    See  cap-a-pii: 
cape-cloakt  (kap'klok),  n.   A  cloak  with  a  cape, 
caped  (kapt),  a.     [<  cape1  +  -ed?.~\     Furnished 
with  a  cape  or  tippet. 

He  [Lord  Kilmarnock]  wears  a  caped  riding  coat,  and 
has  not  even  removed  his  laced  hat. 

A*,  and  Q.,  6th  ser.,  X.  422. 

capelH,  caple1!,  »•  [ME.,  also  capul,  etc.,  = 
Icel.  kapall,  <  Gael,  capull  =  Ir.  capull,  capal,  < 
L.  caballus,  a  horse :  see  cabal^  and  clieval.']  A 
horse. 

And  gaf  hym  cables  to  liws  cart. 

Piers  Plomnan  (C),  xxii.  333. 
Bothe  hey  and  cart  and  eek  his  caples  thre. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  256. 

capel2,  caple2  (ka'pl),  n.  [Origin  unknown.] 
In  mining,  a  wall  of  a  lode :  so  called  by  Cornish 
miners,  and  chiefly  when  the  country  closely  ad- 
jacent to  the  lode  itself  has  been  more  or  less 
altered  by  those  chemical  agencies  under  the 
influence  of  which  the  latter  was  formed.  This 
alteration  usually  shows  itself  in  a  silicincation  and  harden- 
ing of  the  rock.  The  capels  are  sometimes  themselves  so 
impregnated  with  metalliferous  particles  as  to  be  worth 
working;  in  such  cases  they  are  usually  recognized  as 
forming  a  part  of  the  lode.  If  barren  of  ore,  they  are 
considered  as  belonging  to  the  country.  At  the  Mary  Ann 
wheal  (or  mine)  in  Cornwall,  and  perhaps  in  other  mines, 
the  capel  is  called  the  cab ;  it  is  there  described  as  con- 
sisting of  chalcedonic  quartz,  and  is  considered  as  being 
a  part  of  the  lode,  although  barren  of  ore.  The  word  is 
rarely  heard  outside  of  Cornwall.  In  the  United  States 
caning  takes  its  place  to  some  extent. 

capel3  (ka'pl),  n.  [Cf.  cap1,  n.,  2,  and  capling.] 
The  horn  joint  which  connects  the  two  parts 
of  a  flail.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

capelan  (kap'e-lan),  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Gadidce,  Gadvs  minuttu,  the  poor. — 2.  Same  as 
caplin2. 

capelin  (kap'e-lin),  n.    Same  as  capliifi. 

capeline,  capelline  (kap'e-lin),  n.  [<  F.  cape- 
line  =  Sp.  Pg.  capellina  =  It.  cappellina,  <  ME. 
capellina,  capelina,  cappiliiia, 
dim.  of  capella,  itself  a  dim. 
of  capa,  cappa,  a  cap,  hood: 
see  cap1,  cape1.]  A  small 
skull-cap  of  iron  worn  by  light- 
armed  men,  such  as  archers, 
in  the  middle  ages.  Also 
written  capprliiie,  chapcliiie. 

Capella  (ka-pel'a),  n.  [L.,  a 
star  so  called,  lit.  a  she-goat, 
dim.  of  canra,  a  she-goat :  see  tury, 'placed  upon  the 

-,   -.     J .      '  .,  &    ««,,      .        cainau     but     not     at- 

caper1.]  A  star,  the  fifth  in  niched  to  it.  (From 
the  heavens  in  order  of  bright-  d,'1''M0V>meJlfrancaui"t) 
ness.  It  is  situated. on  the  left  . 
shoulder  of  Auriga,  in  front  of  the  Great  Bear,  nearly  on  a 
line  with  the  two  northernmost  of  the  seven  stars  forming 
Charles  s  Wain;  and  it  is  easily  recognized  by  the  prox- 
imity of  "the  Kids,"  three  stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude 
forming  an  isosceles  triangle.  The  color  of  Capella  is 
nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  sun.  St-c  cut  under  vl  I//VM. 

capellanet  (kap'e-lan),  n.  [<  ML.  capettanus: 
see  chaplain."]  A  chaplain  ;  a  curate  of  a  chap- 
el. Fuller. 


Capeline,    i3th    cen- 


capellet 

capellet  (knp'c-lct),  ».  [<  F.  rtipelrt,  <  LL. 
fiipfllflinii,  fiii/flli  lux,  a  little  cap,  dim.  nf  ••-/ 
pilla,  a  cap,  capo,  hood,  dim.  <>l  I-II/HI,  fii/i/iii,  a 
cap,  cape:  see  c«pl,  cnpri.]  A  kind  of  swell- 
ing like  n  wen.  growing  on  the  back  part  of  a 
horse's  hock,  ur  on  the  point  of  the  elbow.  Also 
written  fiip/ili  I. 

capellina  (Sp.  pron.  kii-pc-lyc'iiii),  11.  [Sp.,  an 
iron  helmet,  the  headpiece  of  a  helmet:  see 
eapc.linf.}  In  lire  western  mining  districts  of 
the  United  States,  n  vessel  employed  in  sepa- 
rating (In1  quicksilver  from  the  amalgam.  H. 
II'.  llnllfck. 

capelline.  «.    See 

capellmeister,  n. 

cape-merchant  t,  cap-merchantt,  ».     [An  E. 

accom.  ul1  It.  m/Hi.  head  (see  en/if-),  +  mcrettnte, 
merchant  isee  /in-i-fl/iiiil).']    A  master  merchant. 

Ill-ally  -   ((()  'I'lle  jitlrscr  nr  slipcicaru"  of  a  ship,     i/o 
E  in  rhiL-i  manager  of  •  t  ra<  I  inu  «-\pciiitinn  or  of  a  factory. 

laicry  of  the  pcttie  marchants  to  shewe  his  reckoning 

to  the  '•"/»'  intifi-l'ilut,  \vlien  they,  or  an>  of  them,  shall  he 

required.  llxkliii/t  »  t'm/age*,  I.  228. 

The  president  and  Captain  Martin's  sickness  compelled 

me  to  In-  <''ti',    t,i>'i-''l"i»t. 

Captain  Julut  Xmitli,  ((noted  in  Tyler's  Anicr.  Lit.,  I.  23. 

caper1  (ka'per),  r.  i.  [Short  for  equiv.  eiipri- 
iife,  formerly  spelled  cni/rcall,  <  It.  capriolare, 
caper,  leap  about  as  a  goat  or  kid  (caprii/lti,  > 
I',  capriole,  now  calirinlc.  a  caper,  u  capriole),  < 
rapriiiln.  a  kid  (as  dim.  of  ciiprio,  a  roebuck,  a 
wild  goat),  <  [,.  en /in  nl  HX,  a  kind  of  wild  goat, 
dim.  of  (Mlj.)  fti/n-fits,  in  fern,  form  caprea,  a 
wild  goat,  prop,  adj.,  <  caper,  m.  (ML.  also  ca- 
bro(n-)),  a  no-goat,  copra,  f.,  a  she-goat  (>  It. 
capro,  m.,  capra,  t.,  =  Sp.  cabron,  m.,  cabra,  t., 
=  Pg.  cabro,  m.,  cabra,  f.,  =  Pr.  cabra,  {.,  =  F. 
cubri  (<  ML.  capritus),  m.,  OF.  chevre,  chievre, 
F.  chevre,  t.,  >  ult.  E.  ehereril,  chcrrette,  chcrron, 
etc.).  Cf.  Gr.  KaT/jof,  a  boar;  AS.  ft<r/Vr=  Icel. 
hafr,  a  buck,  a  he-goat.  See  capret,  capriole.'] 
To  leap;  skip  or  jump;  prance;  spring:  as,  to 
caper  about  (as  a  lamb  or  a  child) ;  "making 
a  roan  horse  caper,"  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and 
Elaine. 

He  capers,  he  dances,  ho  has  eyes  of  youth. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  11L  2. 

caper1  (ka'p6r),  «.  [<  caperi,  t'.]  A  leap;  a 
skip  or  spring,  as  in  dancing  or  mirth,  or  in  the 
frolic  of  a  kid  or  lamb,  or  a  child;  hence,  a 
sportive  or  capricious  action ;  a  prank. 

We  that  are  true  lovers  run  into  strange  capers. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  It,  II.  4. 

To  cut  capers.    Sec  cut. 

caper2  (ka'per),  ».  [Of  the  product,  usually  in 
pi.  capers;  ME.  caperis, cappares,  capneris, after 
L. ;  <  F.  caprc,  cappre,  now  cdpre  =  It.  cappcro 
(=  Sp.  Pg.  with  Ar.  article  alcaparra)  =  D.  kap- 
prr  =  G.Kaper  =  Dan.  kapcrs  =  Sw.  ka/iris,  <  L. 
cnpparis,  <  Gr.  Ka-irapic,  the  caper-plant,  a  ca- 
per, <  Ar.  kabbar,  qabbdr  =  Pers.  kabar,  capers.] 
A  plant,  Capparin  xpinnxn,  the  buds  of  which 
(called  capcrx)  are  much  used  as  a  condiment. 
The  hush  Is  a  low  shrub,  growing  on  old  walls,  in  tlssures 
of  rocks,  or  among  rubbish,  In  the  countries  bordering  the 


Caper-bush  ( Caffarfs  *f>inaja\ 

Meilitcrranean.     Tin'  huds  are  collected  ami  pnwrvod  in 
viae^ar.     In  some  parts  of  Italy  the  unripe  fruit  is  em 
ployed  iii  the  same  Nay.     Also  called  rapcr-buxh  or  • 
I'lntit.  ami  formerly  t-ajn'r -!>••< •. 


803 

caper3  (ka'per).  ».  [=  <;.  kaprr  =  !•'.  tOfTt,  ' 
1).  kiipi-r  (=  Dun.  ka/nr  =  Sw.  l.uixn;),  a  privu- 
ti-i-r,  <  kii/i' n  =  Sw.  kii/iH  (cf.  (i.  Icapern  =  Dan. 
/  "/>"',  from  the  noun),  take,  seize,  make  a  pri/.e 
of  at  sea:  see  r»/>:;.  ]  \</n/.,  a  light-armed  ves- 
sel of  the  seventeenth  century,  used  by  the 
Dutch  for  privateering. 

The  trade  into  tin-  Straight  ran  m-illnT  !«•  wcureil  by 
our  u»n  .  on\o\  -.  nor  t.\  tli>>  I'n  nrh  tltreU  In  the  ilwliter- 
i:un  an.  friiin  tin-  Dutch  fnjfr*. 

»if  II  tin-  lluk.-of(linion,!.\V,irk»,  I.  122. 

caperatet.  ».  [<  L.  caperattm,  p|>.  of  cnpfrnrf, 
\\rinkli'.  i  iraw  together  in  wrinkles.]  Tofrown. 
Coll*.  1717. 

caper-bush  (ka'per-biwh),  n.    Same  as  c«/»  ;•'-'. 

capercaillie,  capercailzie  (kn-per-kal'yi.- 

[A  book-word  of  uncertain  etym.,  and  hence 
of  unstable  form;  also  written  <;i//i-ri;illi/t  and 
formerly  riipi n-nilli ,  -rni/llii ,  -mill ,  -ciilli, ,  -ml/, 
-ctili/.  -i:iilli/,  -nilfi/,  -i-iiil,  -1,'iiillif,  i;i/iln  r-l  i  lit : 
also  cnpercailyie,  "«•«/«  nv/////c  or  wilde  horse" 
(Boece,  tr.,  A.  D.  1536),  capercalueane,  and  (with 
-  repr.  the  old  form  of  y,  ana  properly  pro- 
nounced y)  mi/irmilzie  (A.  D.  16-1),  -cal:e  (said 
to  liave  been  firat  used  A.  D.  1578),  -kailsei,  etc. ; 


Capercaillie  ,  Tttrao 


Latinized  capricalca  ;  a  Sc.  word  of  Gael,  ori- 
gin, the  Gael,  form  being  capull-coille,  erplained 
as  the  '  cock  of  the  wood,'  or  lit.  the  '  horse  of 
the  wood'  (appar.,  like  the  NL.  name  vrogal- 
lus,  'ox-cock,*  in  ref.  to  its  size),  <  capull,  horse, 
or  rather  mare  (see  raiw/1),  +  coille,  a  wood, 
forest.  But  the  Gael,  form  may  be  an  accom. 
one,  and  the  word  is  otherwise  explained  as  < 
Gael,  cabhar,  a  hawk,  any  old  bird,  -rwoiteac/i, 
a  cock.  Cf  .  Gael.  comp.  coilcach-coillc,  a  wood- 
cock (cMlle,  a  wood)  ;  coileach-dubh,  a  black- 
cock (dubli,  black)  ;  coileach-fraoich,  a  moor- 
cock or  red-grouse  cock  (fraoch,  heath,  moor)  ; 
coileach-vulhchc,  an  owl,  lit.  night-cock  (oulhche, 
night).]  The  Scotch  name  for  the  wood-grouse, 
Tetrao  urogallus,  the  largest  of  the  gallinaceous 
birds  of  Europe,  the  male  sometimes  weighing 
12  to  13  pounds.  It  U  most  frequently  found  In  the 
northern  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  Norway  and 
Sweiien  being  its  favorite  homes.  For  some  time  ft  was 
almost  or  wholly  extinct  In  Great  Britain  ;  but  It  now 
auain  holds  a  place  In  the  Britlslv  fauna,  and  constitutes 
one  of  its  greatest  ornaments.  The  male  Is  commonly 
called  the  mmintain-ntrk  or 


The  ca/H'i'  flititt,  with  its  white-and-purple  blossoms, 

nourishes  alnon-  the  piles  of  nihhish. 

D.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  206. 

Bean-Caper,  the  /i/'i»i>ht!l!»tn  I-'iifni:in.  the  tlower-buds  of 
wtiichare  ns<  ii  avcapvis.  Wild  caper,  the  caper-spurge. 
t-:*i!>h»rtini  l,ntlnirin,  whose  immature  capsules  are  a*ed 
as  u  suttstitutc  for  real  capers. 


capercalzet,  «•     Same  as  capercaillie. 
caperclawt,  capperclawt,  f.   <•     [Erroneous 
forms  of  rluppfi  -iln  w.]     To  tear  with  the  nails  ; 
clapperclaw;  abuse. 

He  rai/en-lnirfth  Reza  very  tore.  Birch. 

caper-cutting  (ka'por-kut'ing),  a.    Dancing  in 
a  frolicsome  manner  ;  nighty.     Beau,  and  Fl. 
caperdewsiet,    «.      [Origin    unknown.]      The 
stocks. 

I  here  engage  myself  to  loose  ye, 
And  free  your  heels  from  caperdnane. 

S.  Butler,  lludilmu,  II.  I.  831. 

caperer  (ka'per-er),  n.    One  who  capers,  leaps, 
:uid  skips  about,  or  dances  frolicsomely. 
The  nimble  capfrfr  on  the  cord. 

lh-yilrn.  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satire*. 

caperkailliet  (ka-per-kal'ye),  n.    Same  as  ea- 

1,1'ffilillir. 

caperlash  (kii'per-lash),  n.    [E.dial.]   Abusive 

l:ui";ii!ige.     lltillhrfll.    [North.  Eng.] 

),  «.    [<  It. 


caperlonger  (ka-per-long'ger) 
!'///,/<!  (now  Innffa),  pi.  "  cappelonglie,  a  kinde  of 
long  skallops  or  cockles"  (Florio):  capi/n.  :\ 
cape:  Imnjn,  lini/i/i.  tem.  of  lonijo.  lungo,  long: 
see  cii/n>l  ami  /<»ii;/l.]  A  bivnlve  mollusk  of  the 
family  Pinnidte  or  wing-shells,  Pinna  pectinnta. 


capibara 

luivinga  wedge-shaped  shell  gapingat  the  broad 

end:  the  liirgi-ht  nf  Hritisli  bivnlvi-s.     [Local  at 

l'l\  iiiinitli  in  Knglnnd.] 
capernoity  (kap-er-noi'ti),  a.     [Also  capper- 

niii/i/,  -,,<,iti<,  -/:ii>,,,  -i/,,i/, ,'l ;  fnniiution  uiiiM-r- 

t:iin.)    Crabbed;  irritable;  peevish.  .Inmieson. 

[Beoteh.1 
capernoity  (kap-or-noi'ti),  n.     [Cf.  capernoity, 

n.J     The  noddle.    Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 
caperont,  "•    [<  it.  mi>i"'ronfi  »u 

caper.]    A  kind  of  caper.    See  extract. 
Capprroni  (It.],  a  kind  of  great  open  for  nallcti,  railed 

cnjifforu.  I 

caper-plant  ( ka'per-plant),  H.    Same  as  caper*. 
capers  t  ka'per/.  i,  ».  /•/.    The  buds  of  the  caper- 

|ihlllt.       See  /-ilj/er'1. 

caper-sauce  (ka'per-sAs),  n.  A  sauce  seasoned 
with  or  eimtaining  capers:  usually  a  white 
sauco. 

caper-spurge  (ka'per-sperj).  n.  A  plant,  £«- 
l/lnirliiii  Lutl/yrix,  also  called  iriW  caper.  See 
nip,  i-  and  xpiiriif. 

caper-tea  (ka'per-te),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
black  tea,  with  a  knotty  curled  leaf,  so  named 
from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  the  caper. 

caper-tree  (kfi'per-tre).  n.  The  Capimrin  no- 
liilix,  a  small  tree  of  Australia,  with  a  pulpy 
fruit  of  the  size  of  a  large  orange. 

Capetian  (ka-pe'shian),  a.  [After  F.  Capttitn, 
(.  Capet."]  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  pos- 
terity of  Hugh  Capet,  founder  of  the  dynasty 
which  succeeded  the  Frankish  Carolingians  on 
the  throne  of  France  (A.  D.  987):  as.  the  Capf- 
tian  family  or  dynasty;  Capetian  documents. 

The  succeeding  royal  houses  (that  of  Valois,  1328,  and  that 
of  Bourbon,  lf>si»)  IHMIIK  of  the  same  blood,  Capet  was  popu- 
larly considered  their  family  name ;  hence  Louis  XVI.  wu 
arraigned  In-fore  the  National  Convention  under  the  name 
of  Louis  Capet. 

capeuna  (kap-o-o'nii),  ».  [Bra/..]  A  fish  of 
the  family  Hcemulonidee,  Hamilton  tririttatvm 
or  i/Hiiilriliiifiituin.  It  ha«  a  more  slender  body  and 
smaller  mouth  than  most  of  its  congeners,  and  the  body 
has  three  or  four  distinct  longitudinal  golden  streaks  on 
the  shies.  It  Inhabits  the  Carlbliean  sea  and  Brazilian 
coast.  Also  called  whitt  grunt. 

cape-weed  (kap' wed),  ».  1.  The  archil  lichen, 
Koccflla  tinctoria :  so  called  from  the  Cape 
Verd  islands,  whence  the  article  is  exported. 
—  2.  In  Australia,  the  Cryptostemma  calendula- 
f  a,  a  composite  plant  of  South  Africa  (the 
Cape),  allied  to  the  marigold,  which  has  become 
extensively  naturalized  in  some  districts. 

capful  (kap'fiil),  n.     [<<•«;<!  +  -ful.']    As  much 
as  fills  a  cap ;  a  small  quantity. 
There  came  a  cupful  of  grape  right  in  our  faces. 

H'.  //.  KuatU. 

A  capful  of  wind  (»«uf.),  a  moderate  gale  lasting  only  a 
short  time. 

I  warrant  you  you  were  frightened,  wa'n't  yon,  last 
night,  when  It  blew  but  a  capful  of  iriml. 

Dtfoe,  Robinton  Onaoe. 

caph,  kaph  (kaf),  »i.  [Heb.  kaph.]  An  ancient 
Jewish  In |iiid  measure,  equal  to  about  -1  pints, 
caphar  (kaf'ttr),  ».  [Ar.  khafar,  road-guard, 
road-toll,  <  khafara,  watch,  guard.]  1.  A  post 
or  station  where  money  is  collected  from  pas- 
sengers for  maintaining  the  security  of  the 
roads. 

I  and  my  horse  swam  separately  ashore :  at  a  small  dis- 
tance from  thence  was  a  cajthar,  or  turnpike. 

Rruce,  .Source  of  the  Nile,  Int.,  p.  M. 
2.  The  tax  so  collected. 

These  Caphart  are  certain  duties  which  Travellers  are 
obliged  to  pay,  at  several  passes  upon  the  Road,  to  OftV 
cers,  who  attend  In  their  appointed  stations  to  receive 
them.  Muiintlrrll,  Aleplxi  to  Jerusalem,  p.  4. 

In  the  self  same  place  a  Temple  wu  erected,  .  .  .  unto 
which  the  Arabians  would  not  sutler  us  to  ascend,  .  .  . 
tintill  we  had  payed  the  cnjtftar  they  demanded. 

Sandy*,  Travaiies  (UK!),  p.  135. 

capias  (ka'pi-as),  H.  [L.,  take  (impv.),  2dpers. 
sing.  pres.  subj.  (an  impv.  use)  of  capere,  take: 
see  capable.]  In  late,  a  writ  in  a  civil  action 
directing  that  the  person  of  the  defendant  be 
taken  into  custody.  The  commonest  kinds  are  the 
capia*  ad  rtfjtnndftidwn  (take  to  answer),  which  Is  Is- 
sued to  arrest  before  judgment  (this  la  the  usual  tense 
when  the  word  capita  Is  used  alone),  and  the  capita  ad 
tatitfacirnduiii  (take  to  satisfy,  usually  abbreviated  to 
en.  MI.),  which  is  Issued  after  judgment,  for  execution 
against  the  person.  A  tfgtatum  capicu  was  a  sectmit  <>r 
further  writ,  allowed  in  certain  cases  where  the  return  of 
the  ttrst  attested  the  absence  of  the  defendant. 

capibara  (kap-i-ba'rft),  n.  [Sp.  Pg..  from  the 
native  name.]  The  cabiai,  carpincho,  or  gi- 
gantic water-cavy  of  South  America,  Ilydro- 
duervn  capibara,  the  largest  living  quadruped 
belonging  to  the  hystricomorphic  series  of  the 
simpbcident  rodents ;  the  type  and  only  known 
representative  of  the  family  Hi/drocharidir.  it 
is  related  to  the  CariUir,  lint  dlmlnuuMicd  from  them  by- 
certain  cranial  and  dental  characters.  The  animal  is  3 


capibara 

or  4  feet  long,  has  a  massive  body,  a  heavy  flat  head,  lux  tad 
obtuse  iuii//U>,  small  e.ves  and  ears,  short  stout  legs  with 
hoof-like  claws,  a  mere  stump  of  a  tail,  eoarse  pelage,  and 
lirownisll  coloration,  and  weighs  about  100  pounds.  It 
abounds  in  tropical  rivers,  and  is  especially  common  in 


C.ipih.tra,  or  Water-cavy  (Hydrecfttxrus  capibara}. 

Brazil  and  among  the  islands  of  the  La  Plata,  living  gen- 
erally in  small  companies  in  the  heavy  vegetation  of  the 
banks,  and  on  alarm  taking  to  the  water,  in  which  it 
swims  and  dives  with  ease.  It  is  mild  and  inoffensive  in 
disposition,  and  is  easily  tamed.  The  flesh  is  edible.  Also 
called  water-hog  and  water-pig.  Also  written  capybara, 
capibar,  capioara. 

In  shaded  nooks  beneath  the  boughs,  the  capybarax, 
rabbits  as  large  as  sheep,  went  paddling  sleepily  round 
and  round.  Kingsley,  Westward  Ho,  p.  356. 

capidgi  (kap'i-ji),  n.  [<  Turk,  qapiji,  lit.  a  por- 
ter, doorkeeper,  <  qapi,  door,  gate.]  An  execu- 
tioner in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

In  Turkey  and  Persia,  when  the  enemies  of  a  great  man 
have  sufficient  influence  to  procure  a  warrant  for  his  death, 
a  capitlyi  or  executioner  is  despatched  with  it  to  the  vic- 
tim, who  quietly  submits  to  his  fate. 

T.  n.  Home,  Introcl.  to  Study  of  Holy  Script.,  III.  140. 

capillaceous  (kap-i-la'shius),  a.  [<  L.  capilla- 
ceus,  hair-like,  of  hair,  <  capillus,  hair:  see 
capillary.']  Hair-like  in  dimensions  or  appear- 
ance ;  capillary. 

capillaire  (kap-i-lar'),  n.  [F.,  the  maidenhair 
fern  ( = E.  capillary,  n. ,  3),  and  a  syrup  made  from 
it,  <  LL.  capillaris  (se.  herba,  herb),  maidenhair: 
see  capillary.]  1.  The  maidenhair  fern,  Aclian- 
tum  Capillus-Veneris. —  2.  A  kind  of  syrup  pre- 
pared with  maidenhair  fern ;  also,  by  extension, 
any  simple  syrup,  as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavored 
with  orange-flowers  or  orange-flower  water. 

capillament  (ka-pil'a-ment),  M.  [<  L.  capilla- 
mcntum,  the  hair,  hairy  fibers  of  plants,  <  ca- 
pillus, hair :  see  capillary.']  A  filament  or  fine 
fiber;  specifically,  in  hot.,  the  filament  form- 
ing the  stalk  of  the  stamen;  a  small  fine  thread 
like  a  hair. 
The  solid  capillauientu  of  the  nerves. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Siris,  §  224. 

capillarimeter  (kap*i-la-rim'e-ter),  «.  [<  L. 
capillaris  (see  capillary)  +  melrum,  measure.] 
A  device  for  testing  oils  by  the  size  of  the 
drops  which  fall  from  a  point  of  standard  size 
under  fixed  conditions  of  temperature,  etc. 

capillariness  (kap'i-la-ri-nes  orka-pil'a-ri-nes), 
».  The  state  of  being  capillary;  capillarity. 
[Rare.] 

capillarity  (kap-i-lar'i-ti),  n.  [<  L.  capillaris 
(see  capillary)  +  -zfy.]  The  state  or  condition 
of  being  capillary ;  capillary  attraction. 

I  was  already  perfectly  familiar  with  the  notion  of  a 
skin  upon  the  surface  of  liquids,  and  I  had  been  taught  by 
means  of  it  to  work  out  problems  in  capillarity. 

W.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  I.  147. 

capillary  (kap'i-la-ri  or  ka-pil'a-ri),  «.  and  n. 
[<  L.  capillaris,  pertaining  to  'the  hair  (LL. 
herba  capillaris,  maidenhair  fern),  <  capillus, 
the  hair,  prop,  of  the  head  (for  *capitlus^),  < 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.]  I.  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  hair:  as,  a  capillary 
lotion  j  capillary  fibers  or  threads. —  2.  Specifi- 
cally, in  bot.,  resembling  hair  in  the  manner  of 
growth:  applied  in  this  sense  by  Bay,  Boer- 
haave,  and  other  early  botanists  to  ferns. 

Capillary  or  capillaceous  plants  are  such  as  have  no 
main  stalk  or  stem,  but  grow  to  the  ground,  as  hairs  on 
the  head ;  and  which  bear  their  seeds  in  little  tufts  or 
protuberances  on  the  backside  of  their  leaves.  Quincy. 

3.  Resembling  a  single  hair ;  specifically,  in 
anat.,  having  (as  a  tube)  so  small  a  bore  that 
water  cannot  be  poured  into  it,  and  will  not 
run  through  it. — 4.  Pertaining  to  a  capillary 
or  to  capillaries :  as,  capillary  circulation. 

The  quickness  with  which  a  withered  slip  revives  on 
being  placed  in  water,  shows  us  the  part  which  rapillant 
action  plays.  //.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  12. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  phenomena  of  the  rise 
of  fluids  in  tubes  and  chinks,  and,  more  gen- 
erally, to  the  collecting  of  liquids  in  drops, 


804 

their  spreading  over  surfaces  (as  oil  on  water), 
and  various  other  phenomena  explicable  proxi- 
mately  by  surface-tension  and  ultimately  by 
cohesion  and  adhesion,  considered  as  forces 
acting  at  finite  but  insensible  distances. —  6. 
In  surg.,  linear:  descriptive  of  a  fracture  of 
the  skull  without  separation  of  the  parts  of 
the  injured  bones. — Capillary  antennae,  in  entom., 
antenna;  in  which  the  joints  are  long,  slender,  and  very 
loosely  articulated,  the  outer  ones  being  generally  a  lit- 
tle longer;  this  is  regarded  as  a  modification  of  the  cla- 
vatc  type.— Capillary  attraction,  capillary  repul- 
sion, the  excess  or  deficiency  of  the  attraction  of  one  of 
two  fluids  (the  other  being  generally  air)  for  the  wall 
of  a  vessel  with  which  they  have  a  common  line  of  con- 
tact. The  common  surface  of  the  wall  and  of  the  more 
attracted  fluid  makes  the  acuter  angle  with  the  common 
surface  of  the  fluids.  Capillary  attraction  is  proximately 
accounted  for  by  surface-tension ;  but  the  latter  has  to  be 
explained  by  the  attractions  between  the  molecules  of  the 
fluids.  See  capillary  tubes,  below.— Capillary  bottle, 
a  bottle  with  a  dropping-tube,  used  in  preparing  objects 
for  the  microscope.— Capillary  bronchitis.  See  bron- 
chitis.— Capillary  electrometer.  See  electro-capillary. 
—  Capillary  filter,  a  simple  water-filter,  consisting  of 
a  cord  of  loose  fiber,  as  a  cotton  candle-wick,  one  end  of 
which  is  placed  in  the  water,  while  the  other  end  hangs 
over  the  edge  of  the  vessel.  The  water  is  drawn  through 
the  cord  by  capillary  action,  without  its  impurities. —  Ca- 
pillary pyrites,  in  mineral.  See  millerite.—  Capillary 
repulsion.  See  capillary  attraction,  above.—  Capillary 
tubes,  tubes  with  very  small  bores,  of  which  the  diameter 
is  only  a  half,  a  third,  a  fourth,  etc.,  of  a  line.  If  a  tube 
of  this  sort,  open  at  both  ends,  is  taken  and  one  of  its 
ends  immersed  in  water,  the  water  will  rise  within  the  tube 
to  a  sensible  height  above  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
vessel,  the  height  being  inversely  as  the  diameter  of  the 
bore ;  that  is,  the  smaller  the  bore  the  greater  the  height. 
Different  liquids  rise  in  capillary  tubes  to  different  heights. 
The  rise  is  explained  by  the  action  of  cohesion  as  a  force 
acting  at  insensible  distances  (hence  called  capillary  at- 
traction), which  produces  a  tension  of  the  superficial  film 
of  the  liquid  (see  surface-tension)  that  exerts  a  pull  up- 
ward where  the  surface  is  concave,  as  when  the  tube  is 
moistened  by  the  liquid  (as  glass  or  metal  by  water,  alco- 
hol, etc.),  but  a  pressure  downward  where  tile  surface  is 
convex ;  consequently,  those  liquids  which  do  not  adhere 
to  or  wet  the  surface  of  the  tube  immersed  in  them  stand 
lower  within  than  without.  Mercury,  for  example,  is  de- 
pressed in  a  glass  tube,  but  rises  in  one  of  tin,  to  which  it 
can  adhere.  The  oil  rises  in  the  wick  of  a  lamp  or  candle 
by  this  principle.— Capillary  vessels,  in  anat. ,  the  capil- 
laries. 

II.  n. ;  pi.  capillaries  (-riz).  1.  A  tube  with 
a  small  bore.  Specifically — 2.  In  anat.:  (a) 
One  of  the  minute  blood-vessels  which  form 
a  network  between  the  terminations  of  the 
arteries  and  the  beginnings  of  the  veins.  They 
are  formed  of  a  single  endothelial  coat,  and  the  finer  ones 
may  be  no  larger  in  diameter  than  is  sufficient  to  allow 
the  passage  of  a  blood-corpuscle.  ( J)  One  of  the  mi- 
nute lymphatic  ducts,  (c)  One  of  the  intercel- 
lular passages  in  the  liver  which  unite  to  form 
the  bile-ducts. —  3f.  In  bot.,  a  fern:  especially 
applied  to  such  ferns  as  grow  like  tufts  of  hair 
on  walls.  Sir  T.  Browne.  See  I.,  2. 

capillationt  (kap-i-la'shon),  «.  [<  L.  capilla- 
tio(n-),  prop,  being  hairy,  <  capittatun,  hairy,  < 
capillus,  hair:  see  capillary.]  1.  A  blood-ves- 
sel like  a  hair;  a  capillary.  Sir  T.  Browne. — 
2.  Hairiness;  a  making  a  thing  hairy.  Bailey, 
1727. 

capillaturet  (ka-pil'a-tur),  ».  [<  L.  capillatura, 
the  hair,  esp.  false  hair,  <  capiUatus,  hairy :  see 
capillation.]  A  bush  of  hair;  frizzling  of  the 
hair.  [Rare.] 

capilli  (ka-pil'i),  n.  pi.  [L.  (NL.),  pi.  of  cajnl- 
lus,  hair:  see  capillary.]  In  entom.,  hairs  on 
the  upper  part  or  front  and  vertex  of  an  in- 
sect's head. 

capillifolious  (ka-pil-i-fo'li-us),  a.  [<  L.  capil- 
lus, hair,  +  folium,  leaf :  see  folio.]  Having 
hair-like  leaves. 

capilliform  (ka-pil'i-form),  a.  [<  L.  capillus, 
hair,  +  forma,  form.]  In  the  shape  or  form  of 
a  hair  or  hairs :  as,  a  capilliform  fiber. 

capillitium  (kap-i-lish'i-um),  n.  [L.,  the  hair 
collectively,  <  capillus,  hair :  see  capillary.]  In 
bot.:  (a)  The  variously  constituted  intricate 
filamentous  structure  which  together  with  the 
spores  fills  the  spore-case  of  many  of  the  low- 
er fungi,  especially  the  Myxomycetes.  (b)  The 
thready  or  hair-like  filaments  developed  with- 
in the  spore-capsules  or  sporangia  of  certain 
Mycetozoa. 

capillose  (kap'i-los),  a.  [<  L.  capillosus,  <  ca- 
pillus, hair:  see  capillary."]  Hairy;  abounding 
with  hair. 

capirote  (kap'i-rot),  n.  A  name  of  the  com- 
mon blackcap  warbler  of  Europe,  Sylvia  atri- 
capilla. 

capistra,  n.    Plural  of  capislruni. 

capistrate  (ka-pis'trat),  a.  [<  L.  captKtrutus, 
pp.  of  capistrare,  tie  with  a  halter,  bind,  fas- 
ten, <  capistrum,  a  halter:  see  riipixtrmii.]  In 
ornith.,  cowled  or  hooded;  masked;  having  the 


capital 

front  of  the  head  covered,  as  if  by  a  mask,  witli 
marked  color. 

capistrum  (ka-pis'trum),  >i. ;  pi.  aipistra  (-tra). 
[L.,  a  halter,  a  muzzle,  a  band,  <  capers,  holcl : 
see  capable.]  1.  A  bandage  worn  by  ancient 
flute-players  to  prevent  the  undue  distention  of 
the  cheeks  in  blowing  their  instruments. —  2.  In 
surg.,  a  bandage  for  the  head. — 3.  In  ornith.: 
(a)  Properly,  the  face  of  a  bird;  the  part  of 
the  head  about  the  bill,  especially  when  dis- 
tinguished in  any  way,  as  by  a  mask  of  color. 
Suntlevall.  (ft)  A  mask  of  color  enveloping  more 
or  less  of  the  head  like  a  hood,  as  in  the  hooded 
gull,  Larus  capistratus. 

capita,  n.     Latin  plural  of  caput. 

capitaine  (kap'i-tan),  ».  [F.  capitaine,  a  cap- 
tain.] A  labroid  fish,  Lachnolatmus  maximum 
or  falcatus,  better  known  as  hogftsh.  See  cut 
under  hogjish. 

capital1  (kap'i-tal),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  capital,  < 
OF.  and  F.  capital  (AS.  capital,  in  comp.  capi- 
tol-nuesse,  first  mass)  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  capital  = 
It.  capitale,  <  L.  capitalis,  relating  to  the  head, 
and  hence  to  life,  dangerous,  capital,  also  chief, 
preeminent,  <  caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.] 

1.  a.  If.  Relating  to  the  head;  situated  on  the 
head. 

Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Expect  with  mortal  pain.         Hilton,  P.  L.,  xii.  383. 

2.  Used  at  the  head  or  beginning,  as  of  a  sen- 
tence, line,  or  word.     See  capital  letters,  below. 
— 3.  Affecting  the  head  or  life;  incurring  or 
involving  the   forfeiture   of  life;    punishable 
with  death :  as,  treason  and  murder  are  capital 
offenses  or  crimes;  hence,  fatal;  most  serious: 
as,  a  capital  mistake. 

By  the  lawea  of  all  kingdomes  it  is  a  capitall  crime  to 
devise  or  purpose  the  death  of  the  king. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

The  law  which  made  forgery  capital  in  England  was 
passed  without  the  smallest  reference  to  the  state  of  so- 
ciety in  India.  Macaulaii,  Warren  Hastings. 

4.  First  in  importance ;  chief ;  principal. 

This  had  been 

Perhaps  thy  capital  seat,  from  whence  had  spread 
All  generations.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  343. 

Whatever  is  capital  and  essential  in  Christianity. 

Is.  Taylor. 

The  capital  peculiarity  of  the  eloquence  of  all  times  of 
revolution  ...  is  that  the  actions  it  persuades  to  are  the 
highest  and  most  heroic  which  men  can  do. 

R.  Choate,  Addresses,  p.  173. 

A  ministry  which  has  been  once  defeated  on  a  capital 
question  rarely  recovers  its  moral  force. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  ISth  Cent.,  i. 

5.  Very   good;    excellent;   first-class:    as,   a 
capital  singer  or  player;  a  capital  dinner;  a 
capital  fellow. 

When  the  reading  was  over,  nobody  said  capital,  or  even 
good,  or  even  tolerable.  T.  Ilook,  Gilbert  Gurney,  I.  ii. 

In  a  dirty  little  inn,  ill-kept  by  friendly,  simple  people, 
I  had  a  capital  breakfast. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Roundabout  Journey,  p.  52. 
Capital  cross.  See  crotsi.— Capital  letters  (capital  A, 
B,  C,  etc.),  in  •irritint/  and  printing,  letters  of  a  larger  face 
than,  and  differing  more  or  less  in  form  from,  the  letters 
constituting  the  bulk  of  the  text  (small  or  lower-case  let- 
ters), and  corresponding  iii  the  main  (especially  in  print- 
ing) to  the  majuscules  of  ancient  inscriptions  and  manu- 
scripts, which  were  wholly  written  in  such  letters:  so 
called  because  used  in  headings,  and  at  the  beginning  or 
head  of  sentences,  lines  of  poetry,  proper  names,  etc. — 
Capital  manset.  See  manse.—  Capital  offense,  crime, 
or  felony,  a  crime  or  offense  which  involves  the  penalty 
of  death.  All  the  more  serious  offenses  against  society 
were  punishable  with  death  until  comparatively  recent 
times  (the  number  in  England  in  Blackstone's  time, 
without  benefit  of  clergy,  being  160) ;  but  now  the  only 
civil  crimes  generally  treated  as  capital  are  murder,  pi- 
racy, and  treason,  to  which  rape,  arson,  and  one  or  two 
others  are  added  in  some  countries  or  states. —  Capital 
Stock.  See  capital?,  n.,  and  stock.  =Syn.  4.  Leading, 
prominent,  important,  essential. — 6.  Prime,  splendid,  per- 
fect. 

II.  n.  1.  The  city  or  town  which  is  the  of- 
ficial seat  of  government  in  a  country,  state, 
or  province,  or  of  justice  in  a  county. —  2.  A 
capital  letter  (which  see,  under  I.).  Abbre- 
viated cap.— Rustic  capitals,  in  early  Roman  manu- 
scripts, a  form  of  letters  difl'ering  from  the  square  capitals 
in  that  the  lines  are  more  free  and  tile  forms  more  slender 
and  less  angular. —  Square  capitals,  in  early  Roman 
manuscripts,  a  form  of  letters  in  which  the  horizontal 
lines  are  carefully  made  at  right  angles  with  the  vertical 
strokes.  The  forms  are  based  on  those  of  the  lapidary 
inscriptions.  The  rustic  and  square  capitals  were  used 
contemporaneously,  and  were  generally  superseded  by  the 
uncial  characters  as  early  as  the  sixth  century. 

capital2  (kap'i-tal),  ».  [=  D.  ttapttadl  =  G. 
Dan.  {capital  =  SV.  capital.  <  F.  capital  =  Sp. 
Pg.  c<ipital=lt.  capitale,  <  ML.  eu/iitutt.  wealth, 
stock  (whence  also  ult.  the  earlier  E.  forms 
chattel  and  rattle,  q.  v.),  prop.  neut.  of  L.  capi- 
talift,  principal,  chief:  see  oapttaP-.]  1.  In j>o- 
lit.  ccoii..  that  part  of  the  produce  of  industry 
which,  in  the  form  either  of  national  or  of  in- 


capital 

dividual  wealth,  is  available  fur  further  pro- 
duction; an  accumulation  "I  tin'  (u-odiirts  of 
pasl  hilior  capable  of  bein;;  used  in  thu  support 
of  present  or  future  labor. 

\Vlmt  ^'ft/it'll  <loes  for  pnMiirt  ion   iH  to  nlToril  the  shel- 
ter, protection,  tool,,  aii'l  tnnti  ii:ils  \\hieh  tin-  work  re 
3  Hires,  anil  to  fec.l   ail'l   otherwise   m  lintani    tin-   l:il».i<i 
nriny  the  process.  .  .  .   WliateyerthiiiL'?>  arc  destined  for 
this  use— destined  to  supply  prodnciiie  i.ii,,,r  with  these 
various  prerequisites      an-  '-<i^i/'i/ 

./.  N.  Mill.  l'.,l.  Kcoii.,  I.  Iv.  |  1. 

Capital  .  .  .  U  thiit  pnrt  of  wealth.  .  \.  lu.lin-  nnhn 
proyeil  land  ami  natural  a;;eiiu,  .  .  .  irhicb  UdeTOted  to 
the  production  of  wealth.  K  A.  M'liK.T,  I'ol.  KCOII.,  |73. 

2.  Kpei'itieally.  the  wealth  employed  in  carry- 
ing on  a  particular  trade,   manufacture,  busi- 
ness, or  undertaking;  stock  in  trade;  the  actual 
estate,  whether  in  money  or  property,  which  is 
owned  and  employed  by  an  individual,  firm,  or 
corporation  in  business.     A»  commonly  used  to  in- 
dicate llnancial  return-en,  it  implies  ownership,  ami  <!"*  - 
not,    without    iHialitlcatioli,    include    borrowed    nioiify. 
With  reference  to  ii  corporation,  it  is  the  aggregate  of  the 
sum  subscribed  anil  paid  in,  or  secured  to  l>e  puiil  in,  hy 
the  shareholders,  with  the  addition  of  all  undivided  L-.-UM  • 
or  pn  Mils  reali/.eil  ill  the  use  and  investment  of  those  sums ; 
or  if  losses  have  been  incurred,  then  it  is  the  residue  after 
deducting  such  losses.    See  ttix-k. 

3.  Figuratively,  productive  resources  of  any 
kind,  whether  physical  or  moral ;  means  of  in- 
fluence or  of  increasing  one's  power. 

'I  In  i.onl.,  have  no  constituents  to  tulk  to,  and  no 
speeches  to  make  merely  as  political  nii'itnl.  ijn<n-f  /,'.  /• 
Active  capital.  See  active.— Circulating  capital, 
Mint  part  of  capital  which  is  consumed  in,  or  assiiin. -.-,  a 
new  form  hy  the  effect  of,  a  single,  use,  or,  having  heen 
once  used,  ceases  to  l>e  directly  availahle  for  the  same  ser- 
vice, as  the  wages  of  laborers,  or  the  raw  matt-rials  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  any  article. 

Capital  which  .  .  .  fulfils  the  whole  of  its  office  in  the 
production  in  which  it  U  engaged,  by  a  single  use,  is  culled 
Circulating  Capital.  J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vl.  f  1. 
Fixed  capital,  capital  which  is  of  a  permanent  character 
and  Is  available  for  more  than  a  simile  use,  as  the  build- 
ings in  which  and  the  machinery  by  which  articles  are 
manufactured. 

Capital  which  exists  in  any  of  these  durable  shapes,  and 
the  return  to  which  is  spread  over  a  period  of  correspond- 
ing duration,  is  called  Fixed  Capital. 

J.  S.  Mill,  Pol.  Econ.,  I.  vi.  f  1. 

To  make  capital  Of,  to  seize  and  use  for  the  furtherance 
of  private  advantage  or  party  purposes. 
capital3  (kap'i-tal),  «.  [<  ME.  cajritale,  prop. 
"eapitel,  =  OF.  chapitel,  P.  chapiteau  =  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  capitel  =  It.  capitello  =  G.  capital,  kapita'l 
=  D.  kapiteel  =  Dan.  kapita-l=Svr.  kapital,  <  L. 
capitellum,  the  head  of  a  column  or  pillar,  also 
lit.  a  little  head  (see  rapitcllitm  and  cadet),  dim. 
of  caput  (capit-),  head  :  see  capital1,  caput.']  1. 
The  nead  or  uppermost  member  of  anything. 
Spccillcally,  in  arch.,  the  uppermost  part  of  a  column, 
pillar,  or  pilaster,  which  serves  as  the  crown  of  the  shaft, 


capital4}  (kap'i-tal),  M.     [<  MK.  nipitel,  cnj>itl< 

lat 


(partly  <  AS.  rapilnl),  also  ,-i-siliilateil 
Ifl,  rliii/iil/i-,  rlm/iUrr,  (  ()!•'.  I'li/nlli;  rlinpitli; 
i-hiijiiln  .  V  .  i-liii/ji/i'i  —  Sp.  i-niiitiiln  =  I'c;.  cn- 
jiiliiln  =  It.  i-iipititln  —  D.  kiip/iiti-l  =  <i.  fiipilil 
==  Dan.  hi/iilfl  =  S\v.  ci//>i/i  I.  <  I,,  rapitiilum,  a 
chapter,  lit.  a  little  head,  dim.  of  ra/mt  (m/iit-), 
head:  see  <•»/)«/,  and  ef.  rlm/iti  r.  '/m/d'Cer,  doub- 
lets of  r«/ii/«/'.  ]  A  chapter  or  section  of  a 
book. 
capitalisation,  capitalise.  See  capitalization, 


Meiltcv.il  C.iiiiMl.— Abbey  of  Vizclay,  nth  century.    ( From  Viotlet- 
le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  1'  Architecture." ) 

and  as  a  member  of  transition  between  it  and  the  entab- 
lature, or  oilier  portion  of  the  structure  above  the  pillar. 
In  classical  architecture  the  different  orders  have  their 
respective  appropriate  capitals:  but  ill  the  Kgyptian,  In- 
dian. Moorish,  r.y/.antinc.  and  medieval  styles  the  capital.- 
are  endlessly  diversilled. 

2.  In  fort.,  the  line  which  bisects  the  salient 
angle  of  a  ravelin. —  3.  The  head  of  a  still,  a 
chimney,  etc — Angular  capital,  a  term  applied  to 
the  modem  Ionic  capital,  which  has  four  similar  side*  and 
all  its  volutes  placed  at  all  angle  of  1 .'(.'.  with  the  plain-  of 
the  frieze.  See  nimls-nijiital.— laS&  Of  the  Ionic  Capi- 
tal. Sec  (iTMl. 

capital3  (kap'i-tal).  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  c<//./- 
tnli'il  m-fii/iitiillni.  ppr.  cniiitiili»!iiir  ciii>it<ttlin</. 
[<  I'lipilaP,  «.]  To  furnish  or  crown  with  a 
capital,  as  a  pillar  or  column.  [Rare.] 

The  uhite  coin fiiiiittillrtl  with  gilding. 

Clinriult,    Hu'llt:;   Villeltc.  XX. 


capitalism  (kap'i-tiil-izm),   M.    [< 
-/.<»/.]     1.  The  state  of  having  capital  or  prop- 
erty ;  possession  of  capital. 

lite  sense  of  capitalism  solwred  and  dignified  Paul  de 
Klorac.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  xlvi. 

2.  The  concentration  or  massing  of  capital  in 
the  hands  of  a  few  ;  also,  the  power  or  influence 
of  large  or  combined  capital. 

Industry  is  carried  on  hy  the  concentration  of  large 
sums  of  capital  ;  It  i>  there  (in  England  ]  that  capitalism  has 
developed  most  largely,  and  has  thus  prepared  the  causes 
of  its  own  destruction. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  LaveUye's  Socialism,  p.  209. 

The  working-men  mid  the  journals  out  of  sympathy 

with  their  aims  and  aspirations,  and  have  learnt  to  regard 

them  as  hopelessly  suliservient  U>  what  they  call  capital- 

A*.  A.  Ufa.,  GQOln.  312. 

capitalist  (kap'i-tal-ist),  n.  [<  capital*  +  -ist; 
=  P.  rapitaliste.]  "One  who  has  capital  ;  espe- 
cially, a  man  of  large  property  which  is  or  may 
be  employed  in  business. 

I  take  the  expenditure  of  the  eapitalitt,  not  the  value 
of  the  capital,  as  my  standard.  Burtt,  A  Regicide  Peace. 

I  wish  to  see  workmen  becoming  by  degrees  their  own 
capitaM*,—  sharers  In  all  the  profits  and  all  the  advan- 
tages which  capital  confers.  Jtvoni,  Social  Reform,  p.  119. 

capitalistic  (kap'i-ta-lis'tik),  a.  [<  capitalist 
+  -if.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  capital  or  capital- 
ists; representing  or  carried  on  by  capital  or 
capitalists  ;  founded  on  or  believing  in  capital- 
ism: as,  capitalistic  production;  capitalistic 
opinions. 

He  [Laasalle]  tells  the  workingmen  .  .  .  that  tin-  great 
industrial  centres  are  the  germs  of  the  future  state,  in 
which  the  capitali*tic  shall  be  superseded  by  the  socialistic 
method  of  production.  (J.  S.  Hall,  Herman  Culture,  p.  63. 

The  characteristic  feature  of  the  capitalistic  system  of 
production  is  that  industry  is  controlled  hy  capitalists 
employing  free  wage-lalKiur  ;  that  is,  while  the  capitalist 
owns  and  controls  the  means  of  production,  the  free  la 
liourer  has  lost  all  ownership  in  land  and  capital  and  has 
nothing  to  depend  on  hut  his  wage. 

Jinryc.  Brit.,  XXII.  212. 

capitalization1  (kap'i-tal-i-za'shon),  n.  [< 
capitalize1  +  -ation.~\  Tfie  use  of  capital  let- 
ters at  the  beginning  of  words  in  writing  or 
printing.  Also  spelled  capitalisation. 

capitalization'2  (kap'i-tal-i-za'shon),  ».  [< 
capitalize^  +  -ation;  =  F.  capitalisation.']  The 
act  Of  capitalizing,  (a)  The  application  of  wealth  M 
capital,  especially  in  large  amounts,  to  the  purposes  of 
trade,  manufactures,  etc. 

Economics,  then,  is  not  solely  the  science  of  Exchange 
or  Value  :  it  Is  also  the  science  of  Capitalisation. 

Jecmut,  Pol.  Econ.,  p.  241. 

(6)  The  act  of  computing  or  realizing  the  present  value 
of  a  periodical  payment.  (<•  >  Conversion  into  capital  :  as, 
the  creditors  consented  to  the  capitalization  of  half  their 
claims.  Also  spelled  rapitalinatton. 

capitalize1  (kap'i-tal-iz),  r,  f.  ;  pret.  and  pp. 
cajtitali^ed,  ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capital1  + 
-izc.  ]  To  begin  with  a  capital  letter  :  as,  to 
capitalize  the  first  word  of  a  sentence.  Also 
spelled  cii/iifiilitif,  and  abbreviated  to  cap. 

capitalize'2  (kap'i-tal-iz),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
italized, ppr.  capitalizing.  [<  capital?  +  -ize;  = 
F.  capitalixer.]  To  convert  into  capital  or  into 
an  equivalent  capital  sum.  (a)  To  convert  (wealth 
or  other  property)  into  capital  which  may  be  used  for 
purposes  of  trade,  manufactures,  etc.  (6)  To  compute  or 
realize  the  present  value  of  In  money:  applied  to  the 
conversion  of  a  periodical  payment  for  a  definite  or  an  in- 
definite length  of  time  into  a  single  payment  or  capital 
sum  :  as,  to  capitalize  a  pension  ;  to  capitalize  rents. 

As  to  the  project  of  capitalizing  Incomes,  that  Is  an- 
other affair.  London  Time*,  Jan.  22,  185«. 

(a)  To  convert  (floating  debt)  into  stock  or  shares.  Also 
spelled  capitalist. 

capitally  (kap'i-tal-i),  adv.  1.  By  the  loss  of 
one's  head  or  life. 

He  was  punished  capitally. 

HIL  1'iitriet.  Paraphrases  and  Com.,  Gen.  xliii.  !.">. 

2.  In  a  capital  manner;  in  a  preeminent  de- 
gree; excellently;  finely:  as,  she  sang  capitally. 

Away  here  in  the  wild  Balkan  mountains,  there  Is  old 

Mr.  Soineliodypoff'sson,  .  .  .  who  talks  English  capitally. 

J.  Balrrr,  Turkey,  p.  221. 

capitalness  (kap'i-tal-nes),  ».  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capital:  preeminence. 
[Hare.] 


capitibranchiate 
capitan-pacha,  «.    See  rii/itiiin-p<iMli«. 

capitata,  ".      I'lnral  of  i-<//>i/<;^«w. 

capitate (kap'l  tit), a.  [<L.Mptt>*M,haTiac« 

head,  <.  rii/iiit  (rii/iit  ).  head:  see  •ti/iut.]  1.  In 
In/I.,  head  shaped,  or  collected  in  a  head,  M  a 
dense  terminal  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly  M»- 
sile  flowers;  having  a  rounded  head:  as,  &capi- 
tate  stigma. —  2.  In  ornith.,  having  an  enlarged 
extremity:  as,  the  capitate  feather  of  a  pea- 
cock's tail. —  3.  In  »•«(«»!.,  suddenly  enlarged 
at  the  end  HO  as  to  fonn  a  ball  or  oval  maw*: 
applied  to  the  antennm  of  in-.-.-u  when  this 
form  is  produced  by  several  expanded  terminal 
joints,  as  in  most  of  t<  ./•/</. 

capitation  ( kap-i-ta'shon),  ri.  [=  F.  capitation, 
poll-tax,  <  iiL.  eapUamoi  »-),  the  poll-tax,  <  L. 
rnput  (capit-),  head:  gee  caput.']  1.  Numera- 
tion by  the  head ;  a  numbering  of  persons,  as 
the  inhabitants  of  a  city. 

"Baptize  all  nations"  must  signify  all  that  it  can  sig- 
nify, all  that  are  reckoned  in  the  rapttatiom  and  account* 
of  a  nation.  ra<il.,r.  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  IK. 

2.  A  tax  or  imposition  upon  each  head  or  per- 
son ;  a  poll-tax.  Sir  T.  Browne.  Also  called 
a  capitation-tax. 

\  < i  raintation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  lie  laid  unless  In 
pro|u>rtlon  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  di- 
rected to  lie  taken.  Cutut.  "/  (/.  S. 

Capitation  grant,  a  grant  of  so  much  per  head  ;  specifi- 
cally, in  (Ireat  Britain,  a  grant  annually  paid  by  govern- 
ment to  schools  on  account  of  each  pupil  who  paatei  a 
certain  test  examination,  and  to  volunteer  military  com- 
panies on  account  of  such  inemliers  as  reach  the  stage  of 
"efficient*." 

capitatum  (kap-i-ta'tum),  n.;  pi.  capitata 
(-tft).  [NL.,  neut.  of  L.  capitatus,  headed:  see 
capitate."]  The  large  capitate  bone  of  the 
carpus,  more  fully  called  os  capitatum;  the  os 
magnum.  See  cut  under  hand. 

Capitella  (kap-i-tel'ft),  n.  [NL. ,  fern.  dim.  of  L. 
caput  (capit-),  head:  see  caput.]  1.  The  typi- 
cal genus  of  the  family  Capitellitla; :  synony- 
mous with  Lumbriconaus. —  2.  [/.  c.]  Plural  of 
eapttellum. 

capitellar  (kap-i-tel'ar),  a.  [<  L.  capitellum,  a 
small  head,  the  capital  of  a  column,  dim.  of 
caput  (capit-),  beau:  see  caititellum.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  capitellum. 

capitellate  (kap-i-tel'at),  a.  [<  NL.  capitella- 
tux,  <  L.  capitellum,  a  little  head:  see  capitel- 
lum.'] 1.  In  hot.,  growing  in  small  heads. — 2. 
Having  a  capitellum  or  capitulum. 

CapitellidsB  (kap-i-tel'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
I'apitella  +  -ir/<r.]  A  family  of  marine  poly- 
cKietous  annelids,  typified  by  the  genus  Ca- 
pitella, lacking  parapodia,  and  having  the 
vascular  system  reduced  or  wanting.  Other 
genera  of  this  family  are  \otomastus  and  Da- 


capitelliform  (kap-i-teri-f6rm),a.  [<  L.  capi- 
tellum (see  cairiteflum)  +  forma,  form.]  Same 
as  capituliform. 

capitellum  (kap-i-tel'um),  n. ;  pi.  capitella  (-ft). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  dim.  of  caput  (capit-),  head: 
gee  caput,  capital3,  and  cadet1.']  1.  In  anat. : 
(a)  The  rounded  convex 
articular  eminence  upon 
the  distal  extremity  of 
the  humerug  (capitellum 
humcri)j  which  is  re- 
ceived in  the  cup-shaped 
bead  of  the  radius,  (b) 
The  head  of  a  rib  (capi- 
tilluiii  roxttr),  as  distin- 
"  guished  from  the  tuber- 
culuni  or  shoulder.  Also 
called  ca]>ilutitm. —  2.  In 
:<M>I.,  the  tentacular  por- 
tion of  the  body  or  the 
tnut  cpkonjyic;  ».  hydranth  of  a  hydroid 
"  polyp;  that  part  of  the 
hydranth  which  bears 
tentacles  and  appears  to  be  analogous  to  a 
head. 

The  ahoral  pole  grows  out  into  a  stalk-like  part,  which 
carries  the  head,  and  is  distinguished  as  the  capitellum  or 
hydranth.  ffqsMMBJVvOQBph  Anat.  (trans.),  p.  92. 

Capitibranchia,  Capitibranchiata  (kap  i-ti- 

brang'ki-S,  -brang-ki-a'tii).  n.  pi.  [XL.:  see 
eopWaVMMMate.]  Same  as  Cephalobranckia. 
capitibranchiate  (kap'i-ti-brang'ki-at),  a.  [< 
NL.  capitibranchiatus,  also  capitobranchiatus,  < 
L.  caput  (capit-),  head,  +  branchiir,  gills.]  Same 
as  cephalobranrl 

In  the  tnbicoloui  capita-branchial?  forms. 

Clant,  Zoology  (trans. X  p.  S77. 

In  some  capita-branchiate  rhctopods  cartilage  forms  a 
skeletal  support  for  the  gill  plume*. 

£«yr  Brit..  XVI    876. 


I,ower  end  of  Left  Human  Hu* 
menu  { front  view ). 

a,  inter 
external  e 
lea;  rf,  capitellum. 


Capito 

Capito  (kap'i-to),  n.  [L.,  a  fish  with  a  large 
head,  prop,  adj.,  large-headed,  <  caput  (capit-), 
head:  see  caput.']  A  genus  of  barbets,  typical 
of  the  subfamily  Capiloxiiia-  as  restricted  by 
G.  B.  Gray  in  1841  to  the  American  scansorial 
barbets  or  thickheads.  The  word  was  originally  used 
in  this  connection  by  Vieillot  in  1816 ;  it  was  transferred 


Peruvian  Barbet  (Capita  peruvianus). 

in  1820  by  Temminck  to  the  puff-birds,  or  American  fissi- 
rostral  barbets,  of  the  family  Bucconuia;,  and  subsequently 
became,  at  the  hands  of  other  writers,  a  loose  synonym  of 
various  genera  of  old-  as  well  as  new-world  barbets,  in- 
cluded in  families  known  as  Meyal&midce,  Capitonidce, 
etc.    Its  proper  and  now  current  sense  is  that  here  indi- 
cated.   See  barbetf,  Bucconitla1.,  C(witonid<K. 
Capitol  (kap'i-tol),  n.     [(ME.  "capitoile,  capa- 
toylle)  =  F.  capitole  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capitolio,  \  L. 
capitolium,  <  caput  (capit-),  the  head:  see  ca- 
put.]    1.  In  Borne,  and  in  Bomau  cities  and 
colonies,  the  precinct  and  temple  of  Jupiter 
Optimus  Maximus,  the  protector  of  the  city. 
The  Capitol  at  Rome,  situated  on  the  southwestern  sum- 
mit of  the  Capitoline  hill,  was  the  center  of  the  official 
religion  of  the  state.    In  it  the  cult  of  Juno  and  of  Mi- 
nerva was  associated  with  that  of  Jupiter.    It  was  three 
times  destroyed  by  flre,  and  each  time  restored  with  aug- 
mented magnificence ;  the  last  edifice  continued  to  exist, 
though  despoiled,  till  about  the  tenth  century.  The  whole 
of  the  Capitoline  hill  (originally  Mons  Saturnius  or  Tar- 
peius)was  also  called  the  Capitol ;  on  the  second  of  its  two 
summits  was  the  citadel.   The  modern  Capitol,  or  museum 
of  the  Capitol,  stands  in  the  space  between  the  sum- 
mits.   Meetings  of  the  senate  and  other  legislative 
bodies  have  been  held  in  or  on  the  Capitol  in  both 
ancient  and  modern  times.    Literary  references  or 
inscriptions  prove  the  existence  of  a  capitol  on  the 
model  of  that  in  Rome  in  more  than  twenty  provin- 
cial cities  of  Italy,  Gaul,  Spain,  Africa,  and  the  East ; 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  a  similar  foundation 
was  established  in  every  regularly  constituted  Ro- 
man colony.  The  Roman  capitol  of  Toulouse,  which 
has  been  more  than  once  renewed,  has  been  the 
chief  seat  of  authority  in  that  city  from  medieval 
times  to  the  present  day. 

The  cake-bakers,  being  returned  to  Lerne,  went 
presently,  before  they  did  either  eat  or  drink,  to  the 
Capitol,  and  there  before  their  king,  called  Picro- 
chole,  .  .  .   made  their  complaint,  showing  their  '^ 
panniers  broken,  their  coats  torn,  etc. 

Rabelais  (tr.  by  Urquhart),  Gargantua,  xxvi. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  edifice  occupied 
by  Congress  at  Washington ;  also,  in  the 
separate  States,  the  state-house,  or  house 
in  which  the  legislature  holds  its  sessions. 

Capitolian  (kap-i-to'li-an),  a.  Same  as  Capi- 
toline. 

Capitoline  (kap'i-to-lm),  «.  [<  L.  Capitolinus, 
<  Capitolium,  the  Capitol.]  Pertaining  to  any 
Boman  Capitol,  or  to  Jupiter  the  Protector,  of 
whose  worship  the  Capitol  was  the  official  seat ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Capitol  at  Borne, 
or  to  the  hill  on  which  it  stood :  as,  the  Capito- 
line Museum — Capitoline  games,  in  ancient  Rome, 
annual  games  originally  instituted  by  Camillus  in  honor 
of  Jupiter  Capitolinus.  and  in  commemoration  of  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  Capitol  from  the  Gauls.  They  were  rein- 
stituted,  after  having  fallen  into  disuse,  by  Domitian,  and 
were  thereafter  celebrated  every  fifth  year. 

CapitonicUe  (kap-i-ton'i-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Capito(n-)  +  -idee.]  A  family  of  non-passerine 
zygodactyl  birds,  the  scansorial  barbets,  inhab- 
iting the  warmer  parts  of  both  hemispheres. 
Leading  genera  are  Pofjoiiorhynchutt,  Megalcema,  Colo- 
rhamphtts,  etc.,  of  the  old  world,  and  Capito  of  the  new. 
The  family  name  is  almost  inextricably  confused  with 
Bitcconido!.  See  barbet'2  and  Megalcemidce,  and  cuts  un- 
der Capito  and  Pogonorhynchus, 

Capitoninae  (kap"i-to-m'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Capito(n-)  +  -ina;.]  'A  subfamily  of  Megalec- 
midte,  typified  by  the  genus  Capito  ;  the  thick- 
heads, or  American  scansorial  barbets,  confined 
to  Central  and  South  America,  and  represent- 
ed by  about  12  species  of  the  genera  Capito  and 
Tetragonops.  See  cut  under  Capito, 

capitonine  (kap'i-to-nin),  «.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Capitonida'  proper 
or  Capitonince. 


806 

capitopedal  (kap''i-to-ped'al),  a.  [<  L.  cupuf 
(capit-),  head,  +  pes  (pad-),  foot,  +  -al.]  Per- 
taining to  the  head  and  foot. 

Right  and  left  of  the  neck  [in  I'atella]  are  seen  a  pair  of 
minute  oblong  yellow  bodies,  which  were  originally  de- 
scribed by  Lankester  as  orifices  possibly  connected  with 
the  evacuation  of  the  generative  products.  On  account 
of  their  position  they  were  termed  by  him  the  capito- 
•aedal  orifices,  bciiiK  placed  near  the  junction  of  head  and 
toot.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  6*6. 

capitula,  «.    Plural  of  capitulum. 

capitulant  (ka-pit'u-lant),  n.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
lan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  capitulare:  see  capitulate."] 
One  who  capitulates  or  surrenders.  Alison, 
Hist.  Europe. 

capitulante  (Sp.  pron.  kii-pe-to-lan'te),  n. 
[Sp.,  prop.  pp.  of  capitular,  <  ML.  capitulare, 
arrange  in  heads  or  chapters:  see  capitulate.'] 
A  contractor.  [Use  in  parts  of  the  United 
States  acquired  from  Mexico.] 

capitular  (ka-pit'u-lar), ...  and  n.  [=  P.  capitu- 
laire  =  It.  capitotare,  a.  and  n.,  <  ML.  capitu- 
laris,  pertaining  to  a  chapter  (cf.  LL.  capitulare, 
neut.,  apoll-tax),  <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter  (sec- 
tion of  a  book,  or  a  council),  lit.  a  little  head : 
see  capitulum,  chapter,  and  capital*.']  I.  a.  1. 
Belonging  to  a  chapter,  in  any  sense  of  that 
word.  Also  capitulary. 

The  next  step  would  have  been  to  impose  monastic  vows 
upon  all  the  capitular  clergy. 

K.  A.  Freeman,  Hist.  Norm.  Conq.,  II.  301. 

2.  In  60*.,  growing  in  a  capitulum  or  head. 
See  capitate. — 3.  In  zool.  and  anat.,  pertain- 
ing to  a  capitnlum.— Capitular  mass.  Seemassi. 
—  Capitular  process,  in  anat.,  a  small  process  or  prom- 
inence on  a  vertebra,  with  which  the  capitulum  of  a  rib 
articulates ;  the  articular  facet  for  the  head  of  a  rib.  See 
cuts  under  atlas  and  cervical. 

II.  n.  1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  as  of 
knights  or  canons. —  2.  pi.  The  body  of  laws 
or  statutes  of  a  chapter  or  of  an  ecclesiastical 
council.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the  laws,  civil  and 
ecclesiastical,  made  by  Charlemagne  and  other  princes  in 
general  councils  and  assemblies  of  the  people.  They  are 
so  called  because  divided  into  chapters  or  sections. 

That  great  legislator  knew  too  well  the  importance 
attached  by  all  mankind  to  local  customs,  to  allow  his 
imperial  capitulars  to  interfere,  unnecessarily,  with  the 
Frisian  laws.  Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  22. 


Capito]  of  the  United  States,  Washington,  D.  C. 

3.  A  member  of  a  chapter. 

Statutes  which  shall  bind  the  chapter  itself,  and  all  its 
members,  or  capitulars.  Ayli/f,  Parergon. 

In  the  preceding  senses  also  capitulary. 

4.  [Sp.,<ML. :  see  above.]    In  parts  of  Amer- 
ica settled  by  Spaniards,  a  regidor  elected  to 
the  ayuntamiento  or  town  council,  as  distin- 
guished from  one  appointed  by  the  executive 
authority. 

capitularly  (ka-pit'u-lar-li),  adv.    In  the  form 
or  manner  of  a  chapter,  as  of  a  religious  order. 
The  keeper,  Sir  Simon  Harcourt,  alleged  you  could  do 
nothing  but  when  all  three  were  ca-pitvlarly  met. 

Surift,  To  Mr.  St.  John. 

capitulary  (ka-pit'u-la-ri),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Same  as  capitular,  1. 
The  capitulary  acts  of  York  Cathedral. 

T.  Warton,  Hist.  Bug.  Poetry,  iii.  §  35. 

II.  ». ;  pi.  capitularies  (-riz).  Same  as  capit- 
ular, 1,  2,  and  3. 

More  than  one  law  was  made,  forbidding  all  Sunday 
labour,  and  this  prohibition  was  reiterated  by  Charle- 
magne in  his  Capitularies.  Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  259. 

capitulate  (ka-pit'u-lat),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
capitulated,  ppr.  ca/iiti/liitiii;/.  [<  ML.  capitu- 
latus,  pp.  of  capitulare,  arrange  in  heads  or 
chapters,  hence  arrange  conditions  (esp.  of  sur- 
render), <  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter:  see  cajiiln- 
luni,  capitular,  and  chapter.]  1.  To  draw  up  a 
writing  in  chapters,  heads,  or  articles ;  henee. 
to  draw  up  articles  of  agreement;  arrange 


capitulum 

terms  of  agreement;  treat;  also,  to  enter  into 
an  agreement ;  confederate. 

Do  nut  bid  me 

Dismiss  my  soldiers,  or  capitulate 
Again  witli  Rome's  mechanics.     Sltak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 

Percy,  Northumberhuid, 

The  archbishop's  Grace  of  York,  Douglas,  Mortimer, 
Capitulate  against  us.  Shut.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  -2. 

He  who  took  so  hainously  to  be  offer'd  nineteen  Propo- 
sitions from  the  Parlament,  capitulates  beer  with  God 
almost  in  as  many  Articles.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxv. 

2.  To  surrender  to  an  enemy  on  stipulated  con- 
ditions.    Used  especially  regarding  an  army  or  a  garri- 
son, when  the  terms  of  surrender  are  specified  and  agreed 
to  by  the  parties. 

Mondrason  was  determined  not  to  yield  at  discretion, 
although  very  willing  to  capitulate. 

Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  II.  528. 

I  am  ashamed  to  think  how  easily  we  capilnlati-  to  badges 
and  names,  to  large  societies  and  dead  institutions. 

Emerson,  Self-reliance. 

capitulate,  capitulated  (ka-pit'u-lat,  -la-ted), 
a.  [<  NL.  capitulatns,  <  L.  capitulum :  see 
capitulum.]  1.  Having  a  capitulum  or  knob. 
Specifically — 2.  In  but.,  head-like:  applied  to 
the  apothecium  of  a  lichen  when  it  is  irregu- 
larly rounded  or  globular  and  seated  on  the 
apex  of  a  stem-like  portion  of  the  thallus,  as  in 
Cladonia.  Lindsay. 

capitulation  (ka-pit-u-la'shon),  n.  [=  D.  ka- 
pitulatie  =  F,  capitulation  (!>  G.  capitulation  = 
Dan.  kapitulation)  =  Sp.  capitulacion  =  Pg.  ca- 
pititlaqao  =  It.  capitolazione,  <  ML.  *capitula- 
tio(n-)  (cf.  capitulatio(n-),  an  index  of  chapters), 
<  capitulare.  capitulate :  see  capitulate.]  1.  An 
article  or  articles  of  agreement;  formal  agree- 
ment. [Bare.] 

With  special  capitulation  that  neither  the  Scots  nor  the 
French  shall  refortify.  Up.  Burnet,  Records,  No.  50,  i.  2. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  act  of  capitulating  or  sur- 
rendering to  an  enemy  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions ;  also,  the  treaty  or  instrument  con- 
taining the  conditions  of  such  a  surrender. 

My  idea  was,  that  all  persons  taken  in  war  were  to  be 
deemed  prisoners  of  war.  That  those  who  surrender  on 
capitulation  (or  convention)  are  prisoners  of  war  also. 

Jefferson,  Correspondence,  I.  164. 

3.  (a)  In  the  Holy  Boman  Empire,  the  con- 
tract or  pledge  entered  into  by  the  elected  em- 
peror, before  receiving  coronation,  with 
the  electors,  in  which  the  latter  generally 
secured  some  concession  as  the  price  of 
their  votes.     (b)  pi.  (1)  The  name  given 
by  Europeans  to  those  treaties  and  con- 
cessions of  the   early  sultans  of  Turkey 
which  secure  to  foreigners  residing  there 
rights  of  exterritoriality,  in  continuation 
of  similar  privileges  granted  to  foreign 
residents  by  the  Byzantine  empire. 

These  privileges  are  in  general  called  Cay''"?"- 
tioiut ;  not  in  the  sense  now  usual  of  a  surrender  of 
right,  for  they  were  a  free  grant,  but  in  the  old 
sense  of  an  agreement  under  heads  and  articles — 
"Capitula."  The  word  was  not  unusual  in  such  a 
sense  in  old  French  treaties  and  conventions,  for 
we  read  of  a  "  Capitulation  and  Contract  of  Mar- 
riage" between  Dom  Pedro  of  Portugal  and  the 
Princess  Marie  of  Savoy. 

E.  Schuyler,  Amer.  Diplomacy,  pp.  59,  60. 

(2)  Conventions  formerly  entered  into  by 
the  Swiss  cantons  to  regulate  the  employment 
of  Swiss  troops  by  the  popes,  the  Netherlands, 
and  the  kings  of  Spain,  Naples,  and  France. 

capitulator  (ka-pit'u-la-tor),  n.  [<  ML.  as  if 
'capitulator,  <  capitulare :  see  capitulate.]  One 
who  capitulates. 

capitulatory  (ka-pit'u-la-to-ri),  a.  [<  capitu- 
late +  -ory.]  1.  Briefly  stated;  drawn  up  in 
heads  or  chapters. — 2.  Relating  to  or  of  the 
nature  of  a  capitulation  or  surrender  on  con- 
ditions. 

capitule  (kap'i-tul),  «.  [<  L.  capitulum,  a  chap- 
ter: see  capitulum  and  chapter.]  If.  A  chapter. 

The  contents  of  this  capituh'  [are]  by  you  much  to  be 
pondred.  Ilakluyt'e  Voyages,  I.  221>. 

2.  In  bot.,  same  as  capitulum.  3. 

capituliform  (ka-pit'u-li-form),  a.  [<  L.  capi- 
tulum, a  little  head,"+  foniui.  shape.]  Besem- 
bling  a  small  head  or  capitulum.  Also  cupiti-l- 
liform. 

capitulum  (ka-pit'u-lum),  n. ;  pi.  ca/>ititl«.  (-Iji). 
[L.,  a  small  head,  a  capital  or  head  of  a  column, 
a  chapter,  dim.  of  eapi/t  (capit-).  head:  see 
caput,  and  cf.  etipitelliiiii,  capitular:  see  also 
capital*,  chapiter,  chapter.]  1.  In  tmat.,  the 
head  of  a  bone ;  especially,  the  head  of  a  rib, 
as  distinguished  from  its"  shoulder  or  tuber- 
culum.  Also  called  capitellum.  See  cut  un- 
der cH(l<ixkclct<»i.—  2.  In  Cirri  pedia,  specifi- 
cally, the  valves  of  the  shell  collectively,  in- 


called  en  pit  nli . — 4.  In  riitimi.:  (n)  The  enlarged 
terminal  portion  of  the  halter  or  poiser  of  a  dip- 
terous insect.  (6)  The  enlarged  terminal  por- 
tion of  the  sucking  mouth  of  a  fly,  formed  by 
two  suctorial  flaps  called  ItiMla.  (c)  The 
knob  at  the  end  of  a  capitate  antenna. —  5.  One 
of  the  stalked  spheroidal  sporangia  of  certain 
mycetozoaiis. 

capivar,  ».     Same  as  cupibara. 

capivi  (ka-pe'vi),  ».     Same  us  rii/niihii. 

caple1,  caple'-'.    See  <-i<p<-n.  rn/ni-. 

caplin' (kap'lin),  n.    [<  cap1  +  dim.  -Ki..]    The 

cap  or  band  of  leather  on  a  flail  through  which 

the  thongs  pass  that  connect  the  swingel  to  the 

staff.     Also  i-iipliiii/. 
caplin2   (kap'lin),   ...      [Also   capelin,  caplan, 

caprlati,  and,  by  corruption,  kililiii;/.  kihhliiiii : 


capitulum  807  Caprellidae 

closing  more  or  less  of  the  body  of  the  animal,   capon   (ka'pon),   r.  t.      [=  <;.   kiipiiuniii  =   ]•'.  Cappagh  brown.     Be*  tfOV*. 
as  distiu"iii,lied   from  the  peduncular  part  of     ••/»./» mmr  =  I'r.  i-npnunr  =  It.  <vi/i/«.««.-.  :  from  cap-paper  I  kap'pa   per),  ...      1.  AoOUWpMMT, 
the  creature,    when  «  pcdnncle  exist*,  >,»  in  /,•/•<<•.  it     the  noun.)     To  make  a  capon  of;  eaponi/e.          M>  called  bon  l.omt:  MM  to  make  caps  to  hold 
littohlnderpartof  thebodywhiehisineiusedmthi  eupi-  caponett  (ka'pon-et),  n.     [<  capon  +  dim.  -eft.]     commodities. —  2.  A  kind  or  writing-paper 
tuliim.  A  young  capon.  large  -heel,,.     See  iv./.l.  , 

3.  In  but.,  a  close  head  of  sessile  flowers,  as  in  caponiere  caponniere  (kap-o-ner'),  ...  [<  F.  capparid  <  kup'a-rid  ..  *.  [<  f  V././-...-M  (-,-.</-),  (|. 
the  GOMjMrite;  also,  as  used  by  some  early  ,.„,„,„„,,.,.,  _  }t  ,„,,,„„:,,  ra,  'a  covered  lodg-  v.J  In  /«»?.,  a  plant  of  the  natural  order  fnp- 
botauists,  the  receptacle  of  various  fungi;  in  „„,„,_<  Sp  ,.„  „„  .„,  (_  pg.conoeim),  a  covered  iw.c../...-«,.. 

mosses,  a  close,  .lens,   elustor  of  leaves.    Also    lo,^^   a  (,age  or  coo,,  -m  which  to  fatten  Capparidaceae  ( kap'a-ri-da'sf-e),  n.  pi.     [NI>., 

<('<ippnrix(-fiil-)  +  -/(,(»•.]  A  natural  order  of 
plants,  sometimes  shrub*  nr  trees,  nearly  re- 
lated to  tin  l  fiii-iji  rii ,  from  which  they  differ 
in  having  six  or  more  stamens  which  are  not 
tetradvnamous,  the  pod  without  a  partition 
and  often  stalked,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds 
with  a  coiled  embryo.  They  are  native*  chiefly  of 
in'1'i. ..!  and  -iii  it  1 1, pi<  ;d  i,  ui"ii»,  and  |K>Meu  more  or  leu 
aerid  imnlitiev  The  piin-  V./XIITJ  and 

era  of  tlii*  urdei.  me  i  ultivatcd  tnr  ornament,     .ve  eiitu 

Per- 


fowls,  <  Sp.  capon  =  Pg.  cnpSo,  a  capon :  see 
capon.]  tufort. :  (a)  A  covered  lo<lgmeut  sunk 
4  or  ."•  feet  iiito  a  ditch  for  its  defense,  encom- 
passed with  a  parapet  about  2  feet  high,  serv- 
ing to  support  several  planks  laden  with  earth, 
(ft)  A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  an- 
other, protected  on  the  right  and  left  by  a  wall 
or  parapet,  and  sometimes  covered  overhead. 
When  there  is  a  parapet  on  one  side  only,  it  is 
called  a  arnii-cupiniiere.  (c)  One  of  a  series  of 


a 

bomb-proof  arched   structures    for  receiving 

cannon  which  fire  through  embrasures  pierced  capparidaceous  (kap'a-ri-da'shius),   a 
in  the  front  or  mask-wall  of  the  casemates:    tuning  to  the  Cappariaacea. 
used  for  flanking  ditches.     ,Urt/inw._Doubli>ca-  capparideous   (kap-a-rid'e-us),   a 
ponlere,  in   furt.,  a  ditch-defense*  arranged  fur  flanking 
purposes.     Till'  double  caponicrc  i«  Kent-rally  placed  in 
tin-  ii,  i.l<  lie  of  the  ditch,  so  as  to  fire  in  Ixith  illrc.-ti.,n-. 


'caplan,  utpelatt ;"  origin   unknown.]    "A  caponlze  (ka'pon-Iz),  v.  t.-,  pret.  and  pp.  ca- 
fish,  formerly  referred  to  the  ,sVi/».»/ii<te  under     po»i:ctl,  ppr.  cripont:ing.    [<  capon  + 
the  name  Salmo  arrticus,  now  known  as  MallotuH    make  a  capon  of.     Also  spelled  caponue. 
;  and  assigned  to  the  smelt  family,  Ar-  caponniere,  ".    HM  Mpon«r». 

It  is  (for  8  inches  long,  and  resembles  a  CapOn'S-feather  (ka'ponz-fetb/er), ...     Same  as 


1/1  n  tin iila:    

smelt  in  nppeiiraiice,  but  is  more  elosely  related  I"  the 


Same  as 
. .  •  -• 

ritlnri  nil*. 

Capparis  (kap'a-ris),  n.  [L.,  the  caper-bush, 
the  caper:  see" c«y;cr2.]  A  genus  of  shrubby 
plants,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  of  which 
t  he  most  familiar  species  is  the  caper,  C.  spinosa. 
See  caper2.  The  product*  of  some  specie*  are  uaed  u 
irritant*  or  as  antli|uuniodlcii.  and  wune  tropical  Ameri- 

' 


i-ttffiii'ti-tltil. 


an  >JK<  ies  are  -aid  to  lie  poisonous.    The  berries  of  C. 
aaa,  which  is  abundant  In  tropical  Africa,  are  uaed  for 
1.  A  species  of    ' '• 


Capita  (Ulallotus 


scales  of  tJie  riKil'e.  In  that  sex  there  is  a  raised  banil 
along  the  sides  of  the  body  alx>ve  the  lateral  line,  con- 
sisting of  elongated  imbricated  scales  with  free  project- 


cm  seas,  and  is  an  important  fo<Mi-nsh  to  the  natives, 
though  its  chief  use  is  as  bait  for  cod. 

Same  as  caplin1. 


capon's-tail  (ka'ponz-tal),  n.     *.  *»  .-i.. ,  i,  -  ..i     

valerian:  so  called  from  its  spreading  white  cap-peak  (kap'pek),  ...     The  peak  or  stiff  pro- 
flowers.— 2.  The  columbine,  Aquitegia  vulgari*.    jecting  front  piece  of  some  kinds  of  caps. 
Capon's-tail  grass,  a  species  of  fescue,  Feituea  M;/u    cappellne,  ».     See  capelinc. 

m*.  capper1  (kap'er),  ...    [<  cap1  +  •**.]    1.  One 

caporcianite  (ka-pdr'shian-it),  n.     [<  Capor-    whose  business  is  the  making  or  selling  of  caps. 

ciano  (see  def.)  +  -ifr'2.]    A  mineral  related     [Rare.]  — 2.  A  tool  for  fitting  percussion-caps 

to,  or  perhaps  identical  with,  laumontite,  from    to  shells. 

Monte  de  Caporciano,  Tuscany.  capper'-'t  (kap'er),  ...    A  Scotch  form  of  cvp- 

capot  (ka-pof),  ...      [F.,  of  uncertain  origin,     j>er<  a  cupbearer.    See  cny»2  and  cupper. 

perhaps  connected  with  capote:  see  capote.]  capper11  (kap'er),  r.  t.     [Cf.  Dan.  kapre  =  Q. 

A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  at  the  game  of     kapern,   seize ;    from  the  noun  cajttr3  (Dan. 

piquet.     It  counts  40.  kaper,  etc.)  or  freq.  of  the  verb  cap3,  seize: 

capot  (ka-pof),  p.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capotted,    see  caj,s  an(j  caper<>.]    To  sei/.e;  lay  hold  of 

ppr.  capotting.     [<  capot,  ...]     In  the  game  of    violently;  specifically,  to  seize  (a  vessel)  M  a 

piquet,  to  win  all  the  tricks  from.  prize.     [Scotch.] 

That  last  game  I  had  with  my  sweet  cousin  I  caimltnl  capper4  (kap'er), ...      [Appar.  <  cup3  +  -er1,  lit. 

her.  Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle  on  Whist.  .v  ^ "-  •—"*-*  -l 


att,  ».     See  cape-merchant.  her.                                    Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle  on  Whist,  -^zer';  but  in  def.  1  perhaps  associated  with 

(kap'mun'i),   n.     In  for-huntinn,  Q  ta(jto  (It      on  ka-po  tag'to).    [It. :  capo,  <  attercap  =  attercop,  a  spider,  and  in  def.  2  per- 

formerly  collected  for  the  hunts-  ifcll.,utt  nea(i  (8eo  Cope2') ;  tasto,  key,  touch,  <  haps  a  particular  use,  in  allusion  to  "the  spider 

death  of  the  fox.  i,,,tnrr.  touch,  feel :  see,  taste.l    A  contrivance  and  the  flv."1    1.  A  spider.— 2.  A  stool-pigeon 


capling  (kap'ling),  « 
cap-merchantt,  «•    See  cape-merchant. 
cap-money  t 

the  money 

man  on  the 
capnomancy  (kap'no-man-si), »..    [=  F.  con.w- 

mdiitii'.  (Cotgrave)  =  Sp.  Pg.  capnomancia,  (  Gr. 

KOTTVOC,  smoke  (akin  to  Lith.  kvapas,  vapor,  =  L. 

vapor,  etc. :  see  rapor),  +  pavreia,  divination.] 

Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of  smoke, 
capnomor,  kapnomor  (kap'no-mdr),  n.    [<  Or. 

Mjjrvwf,  smoke,  +  fioipa,  a  part  (or  stem  "ftop-), 

<  peipeaQai,  divide,  apportion,  allot.]  A  trans- 
parent, colorless,  oil-like  fluid  (C^HwOg)  ob- 
tained from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies  or 

from  the  tar  of  wood. 
capo  (ka'po),  n.     [E.  dial.,  var.  of  cape/1.]    A 

working-horse.  Grose.  [Prov.  Eng.  (Cheshire).  ] 

capoc  (kap'ok),  n.    [Punjabi  kapdh,  Hind,  kti- 

pdji,  cotton'.']     A  fine  short-stapled  cotton  of 

the  East  Indies,  used  chiefly  to  stuff  cushions. 

line  palanquins,  etc. 
capoccblat  (ka-pok'ia),  n.     [It.,  fern,  of  wrpoc-    -— ^  -,---- ^"^  wam.,  „.,,,,,,  »„„„,.,,  her nt,. 

c/uo,  dull,  heavj',  silly,  lit.  big-headed,  aug.  ol     ure  to  advantage.  A.  Curzon,  Momwt.  In  the  Levant,  p.  ill. 


inxta're,  touch,  feel:  see  idstc.]    A  contrivance    and  the  fly."]    1.  A  spider.—  2.  A  stool-pigeon 
attached  to  stringed  instruments  with  frets,     in  a  gambling-house,  or  a  person  employed  at 
like  the  guitar,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the    auctions  to  raise  bids  deceptively.     [Slang.] 
pitch  of  all  the  strings  at  once.     Also  capo  di  capperclawt,  r.  t.     See  capirclair. 
tasto.  cappemoity,  «.     See  capernoiti/. 

capote  (ka-pof),  ...     [F.  capotr,  f.   (formerly  cap-piece   (kap'pes),  w.     In  carp.,  a  piece  of 
also  capot,  cappot,  m.)  (=  Sp.  Pg.  cujtote.  =  It.     timber  covering  the  heads  of  a  series  of  uprights 
'  ~    '  or  other  vertical  structure. 

capping-plane  (kap'ing-plau),  ...     In  joinery,  a 
plane  used  for  working  the  upper  surface  of 
staircase-rails. 
cap-pot  (kap'pot),  n.     In  glaxx-making,  a  cru- 


ciiplioto,  >  Turk,  qaput,  qapud),  dim.  of  wipe, 
a  hood  or  cape:  see  Mf»l.J  1.  A  large  coarse 
cloak,  properly  with  a  hood,  specincally—  («)  In 


some  military  uniforms,  the  regulation  outer  garment,  con 
sisting  of  a  very  long  and  full  cloth  coat,  (ft)  An  outer  gar- 
ment for  women,  made  of  camlet  or  cloth,  covering  the 


pim  eompleteiy  and  reaching  nearly  t»  the  ground.     «»  having  a  lid  orC8l>; 

'.)  \u  ..utergnrmentformiiiK  a  usual  part  of  the  costume,  cap-pudding    (kap    pud'ing).    n.     A 


and  worn  hy"both  women  and  men,  among  many  trilte* 
of  the  Levant.  It  Is  made  cither  of  rough  cloth  or  of 
skins  retaining  their  hair. 


capo,  the  head  :  "see  <xy>c2.  ]  The  feminine  form 
of  capoceiiio,  a  fool:  used  coaxingly  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage 


Alas,  poor  wretch  I  a  poor 

capocht,  »•  and  r.  t. 
' 


Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  iv.  2. 
See  capouch. 

capon  (ka'pon),  ...  [<  ME.  capon,  capun  (also 
assibilated  cliapniiii,  after  F.  chapon),  <  AS.  ca- 
/uni  =  MD.  kiippocii,  D.  kapoen,  kapuin  =  LG. 


pudding 

rounded  at  the  top, "which  top  consists  of  cur- 
rants, raisins,  or  the  like,  and  resembles  a  cap. 

she  [an  Albanian  woman]  went  and  nut  on  a  new  rnjirrfr    «     '_'    /ifi'nrii!    »      TL    a  she-coat  •  see  caver1  1 
sort  of  white  frock  coat,  without  sleeves,  embroidered  Uapra  (Ka  pra  ).  ...    (.^-.  a  l 

•  •  —  A  genus  of  hollow-horned  ruminants,  of  the 
family  Borida;  typical  of  the  subfamily  Capri- 
mi;  a'nd  tvpified  by  the  common  goat,  Cuprti 
liircii*.  There  are  several  other  species,  among 
them  the  ibexes.  I'upra  ilrf,  *'.  pt/rirnim,  etc. 
See  ;/t>al,  and  cuts  under  m/ai/rn*  and  iber. 

caprantilopine  (kap-ran-tiro-pin),  a.    [<  L. 

capra,  a  she-goat,  4-  XL.  HnlilopiMiin:  see  ro- 
y»cl  and  antilnpiiir.]  Partaking  of  the  char- 
acters of  both  a  goat  and  an  antelope ;  nemo- 
rhredine. 

[<  capr(ic)  +  -flfc1.]     A 


2.  The  hood  or  top  of  a  wagon,  as  of  a  bnggy, 
or  any  similar  protection  for  a  vehicle, 
capouch  (ka-p6sh'),  H.  [Also  canoch,  capucltr  = 
(i.  k<ipv:r  =  Dan.  kabmlx;  <  F.  capuclie,  also 
i-ii/ince,  <  It.  eappuccio,  <  ML.  caputium,  capi- 
tiam,  rapiiccitiM,  cappitcium,  etc.,  a  cowl  or 
hood:  see  capiitium.]  A  monk's  hood  or  cowl; 
especially,  a  hood  of  peculiar  pointed  form 
worn  by  the  Capuchin  monks. 


Sw.  Dan.  *•«/>«»  =  Mill!.  Icapun,  G.  kapaHii  =  caDOncit'('ka-por8h').  r.  t.     [Also  capock.  c,,-  caprate  (kap'rat),  .. 
F.  ehqmi  =  Pr.  Sp.  <•«/».»  =  Pg.  eflptfo  =  It.     Jjjj,.  <w,nOMO/,l  ,,.]    1.  To  cover  with  a  hood,     salt  of  capnc  a-.d. 
oippoiir,   <   L.  capo(n-)   (also   f«/i(i.i,   >  OHG.     ' 


fliuppo,  MUG.  knpi>c)  (Mh.  also 
Or.  KOTrwt',  a  capon,  prob.  <  \/  *Ka-,  repr.  by 
n&TTTfiv,  cut.]  1.  A  castrated  cock;  a  cock- 
chicken  castrated  for  the  purpose  of  improv- 
ing the  flesh  for  table. 

oh,  n  < 
A  bird  of  grace,  an  't  be  thy  will  !  1  honour  it. 

Fl'lrlifr,  .Spanish  Curate,  v.  S. 


^en  the  cicaila  and  that  we  cal 

difference*  are  very  many,  for  nrst,  they  are  differently 
oucnllated  or  cn;>o»i-Ar'/  upon  the  head  and  back. 

Sir  T.  Bromtr,  Vnlg.  Err.,  v.  s. 

2.  To  blind  or  hoodwink, 
cappadine  (kap 'n -din),  n.    [Cf.  rapito*.]    A 

been  wound  off,  used  for  shag  in  making  rugs. 


l  a),  ... 

capni,  a  she-goat:  see  caprr'.]  The  typical 
Kenug  of  tne  family  t  ,,pri  Unlit.  C.  liucari*  U  a 
sluggish  inhabitant  •fractal  tide-i>ool»  of  the  Atuntie 

™«'  °'  Europe.  pre>1ng  on  various  animals,  u  hydroid. 
and  p,,,-,,,^,^  g^  ,M,uu-»An.»;«  and  tftrtrr-Anmp. 


A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Cappa 


lireak  up  this  rn/.MH. 
Norfolk  capon,  a  red  herrinu. 


. 

Slink..  I..  I..  L..  iv.  1. 
'  l.nc:il.  Eng.) 


II.   ». 
docia. 


...  pi. 

/in  HI  i  -t-  -.uvr.j  A  lamuy  of  edi 
lajmodipodous  crustaceans,  tvpified  by  the  ge- 
nus Ctipn-llti.  characterized  by  the  attenuate 
form,  the  rudimentary  aMomen,  and  the  cervi- 
cally  ])laced  anterior  legs.  Some  of  the  forms  «re 
calleil  maulif-nlirimf*.  from  their  nuperflcial  re«eniblancr 
to  the  liiM'et  known  u  mania,  and  tftcttr-ilrimpt,  from 
their  strange  • 


Caprellidas 

The  Caprellidce  are  long  and  slender  forms  with  well- 
developed  antenna:  and  antennute.  They  live  in  salt 
water,  walking  around  on  submarine  plants  in  a  very 
deliberate  manner,  and  progress  by  a  doubling  up  of  the 
body  in  about  the  same  way  that  the  measuring-worm 
does.  The  most  common  species  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
received  its  name  (Caprella  geometrica)  from  this  habit. 
Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  II.  73. 

caprelline  (ka-prel'in),  o.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  characters  of  the  Caprellidai. 

capreolt,  capreolet,  «•  [=  MF.  capreole,  ca- 
preolle,  capriole,  a  tendril,  <  L.  capreolus :  see 
capreolus.]  1.  A  buck  or  he-goat. — 2.  A  ten- 
dril ;  a  capreolus. 

capreolary  (kap're-o-la-ri),  a.  [<  NL.  capreo- 
larius,  <  L.  capreolus,  a  tendril:  see  capreolus.] 
Same  as  capreolate,  2. 

capreolate  (kap're-o-lat),  a.  [<  L.  capreolus, 
a  tendril  (see  capreolus),  +  -ate1.]  1.  In  hot., 
provided  with  tendrils. — 2.  In  anat.,  resem- 
bling tendrils :  applied  to  the  spermatic  vessels, 
or  vasa  capreolaria,  from  their  twisted  appear- 
ance. 

capreoli,  «.    Plural  of  capreolus. 

capreoline  (ka-pre'o-lin),  a.  [<  Capreolus,  3,  + 
-iwe1.]  Pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Capreolus; 
specifically,  relating  or  akin  to  the  roebuck. 

capreolus  (ka-pre'o-lus),  «.;  pi.  capreoli  (-Ii). 
[L.  capreolus,  ML. 'also  capriolus,  a  wild  goat, 
roebuck,  chamois,  a  tendril  of  a  plant,  dim.  of 
"capreus,  fern,  caprea,  a  wild  goat:  see  coper1 
and  capriole.']  If.  A  buck  or  he-goat.  E. 
Phillips,  1706.— 2.  The  tendril  of  a  plant— 
3.  [cap.]  [NL.]  A  subgenus  of  deer,  includ- 
ing the  roebuck,  Capreolus  caprtea.  Hamilton 
Smith,  1827. 

caprett,  «•    [ME.  (translating  L.  caprea  in  Vul- 
gate), =  OF.  "chevret,  m.,  chevrett,  chevrette,  a 
kid  (as  dim.  of  chevrc,  a  goat),  a  wild  goat,  F. 
chevrette,  f.,  a  doe,  roe  (see  chevrette),  =  It.  co- 
pretto,  m.,  capretta,  f.,  <  ML.  capretus,  m.,  *ca- 
preta,  f.,  equiv.  to  capreolus,  capreola,  a  wild 
goat:  see  capreolus,  caper1.]    Aroebuck;  a  roe. 
As  capret  and  hert  thou  shall  ete.    Wyclif,  Deut.  xii.  15. 
A  moost  swift  renner,  as  oon  of  the  caprettis  [var.  ca- 
pretis]  that  dwellen  in  wodis. 

Wyclif,  2  Ki.  [2  Sam.]  ii.  18. 

capric  (kap'rik),  a.  [<  L.  caper,  a  goat:  see 
caper1.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  goat.  Also 
caprinic — Capric  add,  C10H20Oo,  a  peculiar  acid  first 
discovered  by  Chevreul  in  the  butter  of  cows'  milk.  It 
occurs  also  in  goats'  milk,  in  cocoanut-oil,  and  in  several 
kinds  of  fusel-oil.  It  is  crystalline,  somewhat  soluble  in 
hot  water,  and  has  a  faint  goat-like  smell  when  cold,  which 
becomes  more  offensive  on  heating.  Also  called  rutic  acid. 
capriccio  (ka-prich'io),  n.  [<  It.  capriccio: 
see  caprice.]  If.  A  caprice ;  a  whim.  Also 
caprichio. 

Will  this  capricio  hold  in  thee,  art  sure? 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  a  S. 
Sometimes 

(In  quite  opposed  capriccios)  he  climbs 
The  hardest  rocks  and  highest,  every  way 
Running  their  ridges.    Chapman,  Homeric  Hymns. 

2.  A  musical  composition  in  a  free,  irregular, 
and  often  whimsical  style :  first  applied  to  de- 
viations from  strict  forms,  like  the  fugue,  espe- 
cially when  in  quick  tempo,  but  now  extended 
to  any  fancifully  irregular  piece.  Also  caprice. 

capriccioso  (ka -pre -chid 'so),  adv.  [It.,<ca- 
priccio,  caprice :  see  capriccio,  caprice,  and  ca- 
pricious.]  In  music,  in  a  free,  fantastic  style. 

caprice  (ka-pres'),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ca- 
priche,  capritch,  and  caprichio,  capriccio,  after 
It. ;  <  F.  caprice,  <  It.  capriccio  =  Sp.  Pg.  ca- 
pricho,  a  caprice,  whim;  of  disputed  origin; 
usually,  but  without  sufficient  evidence,  de- 
rived from  It.  caprio,  a  goat  (as  if  orig.  'a  goat- 
leap').  Cf.  caper1  and  capriole.]  1.  A  sudden 
start  of  the  mind ;  a  sudden  change  of  opinion 
or  humor,  without  apparent  or  adequate  mo- 
tive ;  a  whim,  freak,  or  particular  fancy. 

I  found  the  night  as  full  of  beauty  as  the  day,  when 
caprice  led  me  from  the  brilliancy  of  St.  Mark's. 

Howells,  Venetian  Life,  ii. 

2.  The  habit  of  acting  according  to  varying 
impulses ;  capriciousness. 

Everywhere  I  observe  in  the  feminine  mind  something 
of  beautiful  caprice,  a  floral  exuberance  of  that  charm- 
ing wilfulness  which  characterizes  our  dear  human  sis- 
ters, I  fear  through  all  worlds.  De  Quincey. 

3.  Same  as  capriccio,  2.  =  Syn.  1.  Vagary,  humor, 
whim,  crotchet.— 2.  Fickleness. 

caprichet,  capritcht,  ».     [See  caprice.]    A  ca- 


808 

caprichio  t,  «.  See  capriccio,  1. 
capricious  (ka-prish'us),  a.  [Formerly  also  cri- 
priccious ;  =  F.  capricieiijc  =  Sp.  Pg.  capricho- 
so  =  It.  capriccioso,  capricious ;  from  the  noun : 
see  caprice.  ]  Characterized  by  caprice  ;  apt  to 
change  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  deviate  from 
one's  purpose ;  unsteady ;  changeable ;  fickle  ; 
subject  to  change  or  irregularity:  as,  a  man 
of  a  capricious  temper. 

Nor  unnoted  pass 
The  sycamore,  capricious  in  attire, 
Now  green,  now  tawny,  and  ere  autumn  yet 
Have  ehang'd  the  woods,  in  scarlet  honours  bright. 

Cuvjjier,  The  Task,  i.  818. 

Tho  king,  .  .  .  under  the  influence  of  capricious  pas- 
sions, suddenly  dissolved  .  .  .  parliament. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  379. 

A  bud  taken  from  any  one  of  the  branches,  and  grafted 
on  another  tree,  produces  either  one  of  the  pure  kinds  or 
a  capricious  tree  producing  the  three  kinds. 

Darwin,  Var.  of  Animals  and  Plants,  p.  357. 
=  Syn.  Freakish,  unsteady,  fanciful,  whimsical,  fitful, 
crotchety,  uncertain. 

capriciously  (ka-prish'us-li),  adv.  In  a  capri- 
cious manner ;  whimsically ;  irregularly. 

The  unskilled  laborer  has  ceased  to  be  at  the  mercy  of 
a  master ;  but  the  force  that  the  master  once  applied  to 
him  capriciounltf  is  now  applied  to  him  instead  by  his 
whole  social  environment,  and  that  not  capriciously,  but 
with  the  regularity  of  a  natural  law. 

»'.  //.  Mallock,  Social  Equality,  p.  191. 

capriciousness  (ka-prish'us-nes),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  capricious;  whimsicalness ; 
unsteadiness  of  purpose  or  opinion :  as,  "great 
capriciousness  of  taste,"  Pennant,  Brit.  Zool., 
Class  4;  "the  capriciousness  of  a  sickly  heart," 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  94. — 2.  Unsteadiness; 
liableness  to  sudden  changes ;  irregularity :  as, 
the  capriciousness  of  fortune. 

Capricorn  (kap'ri-k6rn),  ».  [=  F.  Capricorne  = 
It.  Capricorno  (=  Sp.  Pg.  Capricornio,  after  ML. 
Capricornium);  <  L.  Capricormis,  a  zodiacal 
constellation  (see  def.)  (>  ML.  Capricornium, 
the  winter  solstice),  lit.  'goat-horned'  (and 
hence  in  ML.  capricornus,  a  steinbok,  ibex),  < 
caper  (capr-),  goat,  +  cornu  =  E.  horn.  Cf.  Gr. 
aiytinepuf,  goat-horned,  the  constellation  Capri- 
corn.] 1.  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice: represented  on  ancient  monuments  by 
the  figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore 


price. 


Shall  a  man  fear  capricheg  t 

Chapman,  Gentleman  Usher,  v.  1. 

O  hold,  for  pity,  Sir, 
I  am  too  great  a  sufferer, 
Abus'd  as  you  have  been  b'  a  witch, 
Hut  eonjur'd  int'  a  worse  capritch. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  III.  i.  310. 


The  Constellation  of  Capricorn,  according  to  ancient  descriptions 
and  figures. 

part  like  a  goat  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.  Its 
symbol  is  V3. —  2f.  [I.e.]  An  ibex;  a  steinbok. 
He  shew'd  two  heads  and  homes  of  the  true  capricortie, 
which  animal,  he  told  us,  was  frequently  kill'd  among 
the  mountaines.  Evelyn,  Diary  (1646),  p.  189. 

Capricorn  beetles,  beetles  of  the  family  Cerambycidce 
(which  see).— Tropic  of  Capricorn.  See  tropic. 

capricornifyt  (kap-ri-kor'ni-fi),  v.  t.  [<  capri- 
corn  (with  allusion  to  horn,  v.)  +  -4-fy.]  To 
horn;  cuckold.  [Low.] 

caprid  (kap'rid),  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Caprid&OT  Caprince;  relating  to  a  goat ;  hircine. 

Capridae1  (kap'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Copra  + 
-iace.]  The  Caprina;,  or  goat  tribe,  elevated  to 
the  rank  of  a  family  of  hollow-horned  rumi- 
nants. 

Capridse2  (kap'ri-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Caproida;. 

caprificate  (kap'ri-fi-kat),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
caprificated.  ppr.  caprifieating.  [<  L.  caprifi- 
catus,  pp.  of  caprificare:  see  caprify.]  To  ripen 
by  caprification ;  caprify. 

caprification  (kap"ri-fi-ka'shou),  n.  [<  L. 
ca]»-ificatio(n~),  <  caprificare :  see  caprify.]  A 
process  intended  to  accelerate  the  ripening 
of  the  fig,  and  to  improve  the  fruit,  it  consists 
in  suspending  branches  of  the  wild  fig  (see  eapriHir)  in 
the  cultivated  trees,  and  subjecting  the  fruit  to  the  at- 
tacks of  the  gall-insects  which  are  thus  introduced.  The 
practice  is  one  of  great  antiquity,  but,  though  still  fol- 
lowed In  many  localities,  is  of  very  doubtful  utility. 
Caprification  is  also  effected  by  planting  an  occasional 
wild  fig  among  the  others.  In  some  portions  of  France 
the  same  object  is  attained  by  touching  a  drop  of  oil  to 


caprimulgine 

the  orifice  of  the  fruit,  by  which  its  ripening  is  hastened 
nearly  a  week. 

caprificus  (kap-ri-fi'kus),  n.  [L.,  the  wild  fig- 
tree,  lit.  'goat-fig,'  <  caper  (capr-),  a  goat,  + 
fieus,  fig:  see  caper1  and  fir/.]  The  caprifig. 

caprifig  (kap'ri-fig),  n.  [<  L.  caj/rificus,  a  wild 
fig,  the  second  element  being  accom.  to  E. 
fig:  see  caprificus.]  The  uncultivated  male 
form  of  the  common  fig,  Ficus  Carica,  which 
is  practically  dioecious,  though  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  are  found  upon  the  same  tree. 
The  fruit  of  the  caprifig  is  hard  and  useless,  but  is  the 
home  of  a  small  gnat-like  gall-insect,  Blastophaga  ffrott- 
sorum,  which  in  escaping  from  the  orifice  covers  itself 
with  pollen  and  thus  becomes  a  means  for  effecting  the 
fertilization  of  the  ediiile  fig.  See  capriftcatinti. 

caprifolet,  caprifolyt  (kap'ri-fol,'  -fo-li),  n.  [= 
D.  l-amperfoelic  =  Dan.  kaprifolium  =  F.  chi-rrc- 
feuille  =  it.  caprifoglio,<.  ML.  caprifolium,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle:  see  caprifolium.]  Wood- 
bine; honeysuckle. 

There  was  a  pleasaunt  Arber,  not  by  art 
But  of  the  trees  owne  inclination  made,  .  . 
With  wanton  yvie  twine  entrayld  athwart, 
And  Eglantine  and  Caprifole  emong. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  vi.  44. 

Caprifoliaceae  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [NL., 

<  Caprifolium  +  -acete.]    A  natural  order  of 
monopetalous  dicotyledons,  allied  to  the  Itubi- 
acea?.    It  includes  a  number  of  erect  or  twining  shrubs 
and  herbaceous  .plants,  comprising  the  honeysuckle,  elder, 
viburnum,  and  snowberry.     The  characteristics  of  the 
order  are  opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  an  inferior 
ovary,  4  or  5  stamens  upon  the  tube  of  the  regular  or 
irregular  corolla,  and  the  fruit  usually  a  berry  or  drupe. 
Many  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  the  order 
is  otherwise  of  little  value. 

caprifoliaceous  (kap-ri-fo-li-a'shius),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Caprifoliacece. 

caprifolium  (kap-ri-fo'li-um),  ».  [ML.,  wood- 
bine, honeysuckle,  lit.  'goat-leaf,'  <  L.  caper 
(capr-),  a  goat,  +  folium,  leaf:  see  caper1  and 
foil1.  Sometimes  erroneously  explained  as  for 
*capparifolium,  <  L.  capparis,  caper,  +  folium, 
leaf,  with  ref .  to  the  likeness  of  its  leaf  to  that 
of  the  caper:  see  caper2.]  1.  Woodbine  or 
honeysuckle. — 2.  [ca/>.]  A  section  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Caprifoliace<E,  including  the  trum- 
pet honeysuckle,  the  yellow  honeysuckle,  and 
the  American  woodbine. 

caprifolyt,  «•     See  caprifole. 

capriform  (kap'ri-f orm),  a.  [<  L.  caper  (capr-), 
a  goat,  +  forma,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a  goat; 
goat-like :  as,  capriform  horns. 

caprify  (kap'ri-fi),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  caprified, 
ppr.  caprifyinff.  [<  ME.  caprifien,  <  F.  as  if 
"caprijier  =  Sp.  caprihigar  =  Pg.  caprificar,  <  L. 
caprificare,  subject  figs  to  the  stinging  of  the 
gall-insect,  <  caprificus,  the  wild  fig-tree:  see 
caprificus.]  To  subject  to  caprification  (which 
see). 

In  Juyn,  as  sonne  is  hiest,  to  caprifte 

The  fig-tree  is,  that  is  to  signifle 

The  figges  grene  of  capriflgtree  rende 

With  tree  made  like  a  sawe  on  hem  suspende. 

Palladiut,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  125. 

caprigenous  (kap-rij'e-nus),  a.  [<  L.  caprige- 
nvs,  <  caper  (capr-),  a  goat,  +  -genus,  -born: 
see  -genous.]  Produced  by  a  goat ;  belonging 
to  the  goat  kind. 

Caprimulgidae  (kap-ri-mul'ji-de),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Caprimiilgun    +    -ida1.]     A  family  of  fissi- 
rostral  cypseliform  non-passerine  birds,  of  the 
conventional  order  Picaria!;  the  goatsuckers 
or  night-jars.    They  are  chiefly  of  nocturnal  or  cre- 
puscular habits,  have  a  broad,  flattened  head,  large  eyes 
and  ears,  and  a  very  small  bill  with  deeply  cleft  rictus 
generally  provided  with  long  bristles.    They  have  very 
small  feet,  frequently  of  an  abnormal  number  of  phalanges, 
the  hind  toe  being  short  and  usually  elevated,  the  front 
toes  webbed  at  the  base,  and  the  middle  claw  usually  pec- 
tinate.   Their  plumage  is  soft  and  lax,  and  the  wings  and 
tail  are  variable  in   development.     There  are  about  14 
genera  and  upward  of  100  species,  of  the  temperate  and 
tropical  portions  of  both  hemispheres.    They  are  divided 
into  4  subfamilies,  Podarrrin<e,  Steatornithince,  Nyctibii- 
ntK,  and  Caprimulgince. 

Caprimulginae  (kap"ri-mul-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL. , 
<.  ('(ijiriiii ulgus  +  -ina;.]  The  typical  subfamily 
of  Caprimulyidte,  including  the  true  goatsuck- 
ers and  night-jars.  These  birds  are  of  nocturnal  or 
crepuscular  habits,  insectivorous,  and  in  temperate  coun- 
tries migratory  ;  the  young  are  downy  at  birth,  contrary 
to  the  rule  among  Altnces.  The  Caprimtdgiiux  are  very 
generally  distributed  in  both  hemispheres.  Caprimvl- 
mis,  the  leading  genus,  is  confined  to  the  old  world. 
Leading  American  genera  are  Nyctidromus,  Antrogtonnni, 
and  Chordeiles.  See  cuts  under  Antrostonnts  and  ffoat- 
gitcbtr, 

caprimulgine  (kap-ri-mul'jin),  a.  and  n.  I.  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Caprimulgida;  or  the 
genus  Caprimulf/us. 

II.  «.  One  of  the  Caprimulgida;;   a  bird  of 
the  goatsucker  family. 


Oaprimulgus 

CaprimulgUS  (kap-ri-nmrgus),  «.  [I-.,  a  milk- 
er of  floats;  also  u  hinl  so  called,  tin1  goat- 
sucker (.see  i/iiutsiicki-r);  <  I-II/M-I;  fern,  rit/iru,  a 
goat,  +  ntulyerc  =  K.  milk-.}  The  typical  ami 
most  extensive  genus  of  goatsuckers,  of  the 
subfamily  Capri»iiil<ii>in;  formerly  contermi- 
nous with  the  family  CofTtumlfithf,  tint  now 
commonly  restricted  to  species  strictly  con- 
generic with  the  European  goatsucker,  night- 
jar, uight-churr,  or  fern-owl,  t'ii/iriinnli/nx  »•«/•«- 
[nritx.  in  this  acceptation  of  the  KCHUM,  none  of  ibr 
*p'-'-ics  are  American,  the  Aliierirun  whippoorwilK  Btl 
iiriim  now  usually  included  in  the  ^emi*  .!/•'-- 

Til' -tv  ;ue  llpwiiril  uf  ::u  aperies  ., I   I ',!/,,  t, ,i  nhiu*  propel. 

caprin,  caprine-  (kap'rin),  n.  [<  capr(u-)  + 
-in'",  -im&.]  A  substance  found  in  butter, 
which,  with  butyrin  and  caproue,  gives  the  but- 
ter its  peculiar  taste  and  odor.  It  is  a  com- 
pound of  capric  acid  anil  glycerin,  or  a  caprate 
of  glycerin. 

Caprina  (ku-pri '  nil),  «.  [NL.,  fern,  of  L.  cc- 
liriiins,  relating  to  a  goat;  in  allusion  to  the 
shell,  which  resembles  a  goat's  horn.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  bivalve  mollusks  of  the  Creta- 
ceous period,  by  some  regarded  as  a  member 
of  the  Kudistce,  or  family  l/i/i/mfifidte,  and  by 
others  as  the  type  of  a  family  Caprinittte. 

Caprinae  (ka-pri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capra  + 
-ina:]  The  goat  tribe  considered  as  a  subfam- 
ily of  Boritla;  characterized  by  having  horns 
which  are  subangular  in  section,  curved  back- 
ward, with  an  anterior  rectilinear  ridge  con- 
tinuous around  the  convex  curve. 

caprine1  (kap'rin),  a.  [<  L.  caprinus,  <  caper 
(cii/ir-),  a  goat:  see  caper1.]  Like  a  goat;  hir- 
ciue;  pertaining  to  the  Caprince. 

Their  physiognomy  is  canine,  vulpine,  caprine. 

lifi.  Gauden,  Life  of  Bp.  Brownrigg,  p.  236. 

caprine'2,  ».    See  caprin. 

Caprinella  (kau-ri-nel'&),  n.  [NLi.,  dim.  of  Cn- 
/irinii,  q.  v.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family 
Capritu'lliilii. 

Caprinellidae  (kap-ri-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
( 'ii/n-i  iid/ti  +  -id»;.]  A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprinella.  The 
typical  forms  have  a  subrotiical  right  valve  wftlt  a  )i_.i 
mental  furrow  on  its  convex  side  and  a  large  hinge-tooth 
supported  hy  an  oblique  plate,  while  the  left  valve  is 
spiral  and  provided  with  two  teeth,  of  which  the  anterior 
i-  borne  on  a  plate  that  longitudinally  traverses  the  inn- 
honal  cavity.  By  some  the  species  are  referred  to  the  ////>- 
puritida,  and  by  others  to  the  Chamiilce.  They  lived  dur- 
ing the  Cretaceous  epoch. 

caprinic  (ka-prin'ik),  a.  [<  caprin  +  -ic.] 
Same  as  capric. 

Caprinidae  (ka-prin'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
prina +  -ida:.]  A  family  of  extinct  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprina,  to 
which  different  limits  have  been  given.  By  some 
it  is  restricted  to  the  genus  Caprina  :  by  others  it  is  ex- 
tern led  toeinbraee.  the  genera  Cc/inim,  Capri  Httla,nnilCn- 
l'/-»tiiiit.  All  the  species  lived  ill  the  Cretaceous  seas. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
I'upriiil,  caprioll,  caprcall  (whence  by  abbr. 
caper:  see  caper1),  also  later  cabriole  (and  Sc. 
caprcl) ;  =  D.  capriool  =  G.  capriole  =  Sw.  kn- 
priol  =  Dan.  kapriole,  <  F.  capriole  (16th  cen- 
tury), now  cabriole  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriola,  <  It.  ea- 
priola, also  cavriola,  cat'riuola,  a  caper,  capriole, 
frisk,  leap,  lit.  a  leap  like  that  of  a  kid  or  goat, 
<  capriolo,  carriolo,  in.,  eapriola,  carriola.  f.,  a 
kid,  a  fawn  (Florio),  also,  without  dim.  force, 
a  wild  goat,  a  roebuck,  =  Cat.  Pr.  cabirol  = 
OF.  flu  r<  ri'l,  clicrroi/,  K.  chrrrruil,  in.,  OF.  che- 
vrolle,  chevreulle,  f.,  <  L.  capreolus,  m.,  LL.  <•</- 
preota,  f.,  ML.  also  capriolug,  eapriola,  a  wild 
goat,  roebuck,  roe :  see  capreolus  and  caper1.  Cf . 
F.  capriot,  n.,  caprioter,  v.,  caper  (Cotgrave).] 

1.  A  caper  or  leap,  as  in  dancing;  a  sudden 
bound ;  a  spring.     [Archaic.] 

With  lofty  tunics  and  caprivh  in  the  ayre 
Which  with  the  lusty  tunes  uci'ordeth  faire. 

Sir  J.  Darnel,  Dancing,  St.  68. 
His  teeth  doe  caper  whilst  he  elites  his  meat, 
His  )K>I>|<>S  doe  euper  whilst  he  takes  his  seate; 
His  very  soule,  his  intellect n:i I. 
Is  nothing  but  a  mm.  in-  '-HftreaU. 

Martian,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  xi. 

Permitting  no  caprialei  of  fancy,  hut  with  scope  enough 
for  the  outbreak  of  savage  instincts, 

lliiii-iliiiriii-,  Itlithedale  Romance,  Ix. 

2.  In  the  manege,  an  upward  spring  or  leap 
made  by  a  horse  without  advancing,  the  hind 
lc<,'s  being  jerked  out  when  at  the  height  of  the 
leap. — 3f.  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn  by  women. 

capriole  (kap'ri-61),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capri- 
uli-il,  ppr.  ctipritiliiHi.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
fiipri'nll,  and  by  abbr.  eiipcr  (see  i-nprr1) ;  <  F. 
eabrioli'r  =  Sp.  Pg.  cabriolar,  <  It.  rapriolan; 
caper,  leap;  from  the  noun:  see  capriole,  «.] 
To  execute  a  capriole  ;  leap;  skip. 


Far  IIVIT  tin-  billowy  -en  of  head*  may  lie  seen  Kucality 

f'/y,,  M.  //,,-/  .ill   l|..l  -.,   II  .,m   tile   r.  l>  ill   MlKl. 

•  ni-li  i:<  \.,  I.  \ii.  lo. 
capriped  (kap'ri-ped),  n.    [<  L.  canript-.i  (  -/»  ''-). 

<  i-ii/u-r  (mpr-t,  a  goat,  +  /<«•.«  (/»'/-)  =  K.  foot.] 
I  laving  feet  like  those  of  a  goat. 

Caprjtcht,  «.      See  <vl/i;-ir//<  . 

caprizant  (kap'ri-/ant),  a.  [<  F.  caprisant  = 
Pg.  capri;anli'  =  if.  mpri::<intr,  <  ML.  capri- 
?<ui(t-)i<,  ppr.  of  *caprizare,  leap  like  a  goat, 

<  L.  caper,  a  goat.  Cf.  caprice.]    Leaping:  used 
of  the  pulse  when  it  seems  to  leap,  an  imper- 
il it  dilatation  of  the  artery  being  succeeded 
by  a  fuller  one. 

caproate  (kap'ro-at),  n.  [<  c«/«-o(ic)  +  -atel.] 
A  salt  forineil  by  the  union  of  oaproic  acid 
with  a  base. 

cap-rock  (kap'rok),  n.  In  lead-mining,  a  stra- 
tum immediately  under  which  the  lead-bearing 
crevices  begin  to  widen  and  become  product  i  ve. 
[Lead  regions  of  the  upper  Mississippi.] 

caproic  (ka-pro'ik),  a.  [<  cn/iro-,  assumed 
stem  of  L.  caper,  a  goat,  +  -»c.]  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  goat  ;  derived  from  a  goat.  Also 

capronic  —  CaprolC  acid,  dilli-iOo,  the  sixth  in  tin- 
series  of  fatty  acids,  a  clear  mohfle  oil  which  together 
with  capric  acid  may  be  prepared  from  butter,  from  co- 
coanut-oll,  and  from  various  other  sources  ;  iU  salts  are 
termed  caproaU*.  It  IB  a  mobile  fluid,  colorless,  inflam- 
mable, and  has  a  very  acid  and  penetrating  taste. 

caproid  (kap'ro-id),  a.  and  11.     I.  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  tho  Caproida1. 
II.  w.   A  fish  of  the  family  CaproitUe. 

Caproidae  (ka-pro'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.|  <  Capros 
+  -irf<c.]  A  family  of  acanthopterygian  fisnes, 
represented  by  the  genus  Capros,  and  related 
to  the  Zenidte.  They  have  a  compressed  body,  project- 
ing snout,  very  protractile  upper  jaw,  ctenoid  scales,  and 
many  vertehne.  Tin-  principal  species  is  the  Capros  aper 
or  boar-fish.  Also  Capridtx.  See  cut  under 


Both  the  7.1-iiidie  and  the  Caproida!  exhibit  a  very  .-in 
gular  mode  of  locomotion.  This  is  to  a  large  extent  ef- 
fected hy  a  scarcely  perceptible  vibratory  motion  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal  flns,  and  they  are  thus  enabled  to  steal 
up.  Hi  their  victims  unnoticed.  Staiul.  Xal.  Uint.,  III.  200. 

capromyan  (kap-ro-mi'an).  n.  {<  Capromys  + 
-an.]  A  rodent  quadruped  of  the  group  repre- 
sented by  the  genus  ('apromys. 

Capromys  (kap'ro-mis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  win-pof, 
a  wild  boar  (cf.  L.  caper,  a  goat  :  see  caper1),  4- 
ftlf  =  E.  mou#e.~\  A  genus  of  hystricomorphic 
rodent  mammals,  of  the  family  (tetodon  tida;  and 
subfamily  EchiHomyinie,  or  hedgehog-rats,  pe- 
culiar to  the  island  of  Cuba,  where  two  species 
occur.  C.  pilorides  and  C.  prehensilis,  called  re- 
spectively the  hutia-conga  or  pilori-rat  and  the 
hutia-carabali. 

caprone  (kap'ron),  n.  [<  capr(ic)  +  -one.]  A 
clear  colorless  oil  obtained  from  butter,  and  to 
which  with  caprine  the  peculiar  flavor  of  butter 
is  partly  due.  It  is  a  ketone  of  caproic  acid. 

capronic  (kap-ron'ik),  a.  [<  caprone  +  -ic.] 
Same  as  caproic. 

Capros  (kap'ros),  n.  [NL.,  <  Or.  naTrpor,,  a  wild 
boar,  also  a  sea-fish.]  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
terygian fishes,  of  the  family  Caranffidai,  or  the 
type  of  a  distinct  family  Caproida;.  C.  aper  is 
the  boar-fish.  Lactpcde,  1804.  See  cut  under 
boar-fish. 

Caprotina  (kap-ro-ti'nft),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  Capro- 
tinii,  a  cognomen  of  Juno.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
bivalve  mollusks,  considered  by  some  to  be  typi- 
cal of  a  family  Ctiiirotinida;. 

Caprotinidae  (kap-ro-tin'i-de),  >i.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Ciiprotina  +  -ida:]  'A  family  of  fossil  bivalve 
mollusks,  typified  by  the  genus  Caprotina.  The 
valves  are  nearly  alike  in  fonu,  but  dissimilar  in  sculpture, 


Right  Talve.  Left  vmlve. 

Caprctina  strtota. 

a,  a',  positions  of  adductor  muscles!  f,  f,  cartilage-pits ;  /, /,  Kga- 
mcnlal  inflections;  /.  /  ,  teeth. 

the  right  lieing  striated  or  riblwd,  and  the  left  Hat  or  convex 
with  a  marginal  urnlm.  The  interior  U  shown  in  the  an- 
nexed cuts.  The  species  have  been  referred  variously  to 
the  families  //i>;.iirifi<f<r,  Chamiilir,  and  Caprinida;  all 
are  contlned  t..  the  Cretaceous  seas. 
Caprovis  (kap'ro-vis),  n.  [NL.,  <  L.  caper,  a 
i_'";it,  4-  Di'i*,  asheep,  =  E.  ewe.]  A  subgenus  of 
tin1  ueiius  Oris.  including  several  species  of  wild 
sheep,  as  the  inoiifilon  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica 
and  the  argali  of  Asia.  See  cut  under  ar<i<ili. 


Capsidae 

caproyl  (knp'ro-il).  ».  [<  <•<//./•..(/<  •>  4-  -yl,  <  <ir. 
i  fi,.  mat ter. )  The  radical  (>',;tl\i»)  "f  eaproic 
,ici.|  and  its  derivatives. 

capryl  (kaj/ril).  w.  (<  rapr(ic)  +  -yl.]  An  or- 
ganic radical  (<'HII]7)  not  existing  in  the  free 
•  ••,  but  found  in  a  number  of  compounds. 

caprylic  (ka-pril'ik),  a.  [<  capryl  +  -ic.]  Be- 
lated to  or  containing  the  radical  capryl,  <'M 

H17.  CapryUcacld,<iTHl:,<ii.<>ll,  «  volatile  fatty  arid 
[..iin. I  coiiibineil  ;i*  un  etln-r  in  euws  t.iitl.  r  ami  in  niiieb 
larger  iiuantlty  In  coeoanut-oll.  At  ordinary  tempera 
lures  It  is  a  liquid,  soluble  in  lioiling  water. 

capsal  (kap  sal),  n.  [A  corrupt  ion  of  capstan.] 
A  capstan ;  specifically,  among  American  lum- 
bermen, a  rough  capstan  built  on  a  raft. 

Capsaria  (kap-sa'ri-tt),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cap*** 
+  -aria.]  A  division  of  heteropterous  insect* 
coiitaiiiiiig  broadly  ovate  forms.  See  Capnida: 

cap-screw  (kap'skro),  n.  A  screw-bolt  with 
a  cubical  head,  used  in  securing  the  ends  of 
steam-oylinders. 

cap-scuttle  (kap'skut'l),  n.  Naut.,  a  covering 
for  a  hatch  made  so  as  to  fit  over  the  outside 
of  the  coaming,  to  keep  out  water. 

Capsella  (kap-sel'ii),  n.  [L.,  a  small  box  or 
coffer,  dim.  of  capsa,  a  box:  see  cote?.]  A 
small  genus  of  cruciferous  plants;  shepherd's- 
purse  (which  see). 

cap-sheaf  (kap'shef),  ».  1.  The  top  sheaf  of  a 
stack  of  grain;  thecrowner.  Hence  —  2.  Fig- 
uratively, the  summit ;  the  extreme  degree  of 
anything:  as,  this  letter  is  the  cap-sheaf  of  his 
impudence. 

Success  In  foreign  commerce  will  be  the  cap-*hea/,  the 
crowning  glory,  of  Philadelphia. 

Buchanan,  In  CurtU,  II.  Hi. 

cap-shore  (kap'shor),  n.    Xnnt.,  a  small  ipar 
supporting  the  forward  edge  of  the  cap  of  a 
lower  mast. 

capsicin,  capsicine  (kap'si- 
siu),  w.  [<  Capsicum  +  -iift, 
An  active  principle 
.,^2)  obtained  from 
the  fruit  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Capsicum,  ap- 
pearing in  colorless  crys- 
tals and  extremely  acrid.  It 
is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  forms 
crystallizable  salu  with  acetic,  ni- 
tric, and  sulphuric  acids. 
Capsicum  (kap'si-kum),  n. 
[NL.  (so  called  from  the 
shape  of  the  fruit),  <  L. 
capsa,  a  box :  see  owe2.] 
1.  A  genus  of  herbace- 
ous or  shrubby  South 
American  plants,  natural 
order  Solanaera;  with  a 
wheel-shaped  corolla,  pro- 
jecting and  converging  stamens,  and  a  many- 
seeded  berry.  Many  of  the  species  are  very  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  their  fruit,  which  contains  an  ex- 
ceedingly pungent  principle,  capsicin.  The  fruit  or  pod 
is  fleshy  ami  very  variable  in  shape  and  color,  some- 
times Inflated  and  as  large  as  an  orange.  It  Is  used  for 
pickles,  sauces,  etc.,  and  also  in 
medicine  as  a  valuable  local  anil 
general  stimulant.  Cayenne  or 
red  pepper  consist*  of  the  ground 
jM.ils  of  various  species,  especially 
of  C.  JdMti'iiaittni,  the  African  or 
(luinca  pepper,  or  spur-pepper, 
and  of  the  common  red  pepper  of 
the  garden,  C.  annuunt.  The 
pods  of  both  of  these  species 
are  also  known  as  .•/*///••>.  and 
before  they  are  ground  as  pod 
jifpfifrit.  C.  baccatum  is  the  lierry- 
hearing  capsicum,  or  bird-pepper, 
and  C.  fmtifotrnm  is  the  goat-pep- 
per. The  bonnet-pepper,  C.  tetra- 
fpmum,  has  a  large  and  very  fleshy 
fruit,  and  is  much  cultivated  In 
the  West  Indies.  The  cherry-pep- 
per, C.  cerasiformt,  with  small 
round  fniit,  Is  sometimes  culti- 
vated for  ornament.  The  bell-pepper  In  a  large-podded 
variety  of  C.  annuiim,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties. 
2.  [/.  <•.]  A  plant  of  this  genus  or  its  fruit, 
capsid  (kap'sid),  ».  One  of  the  Capsidte. 
Capsidae  (kap'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  <'<i/>stu  + 
-i<Ur.]  A  family  of  heteropterous  hemipterous 
insects,  of  the  series  Ceocoreg  or  land-bugs, 
typified  by  the  genus  Capstu,  and  founded  by 
Westwood  in  1840.  It  is  of  large  extent,  containing 
many  small  prettily  colored  species  of  conn  \  form.  The 
antenna;  are  long,  often  with  the  second  joint  thickened 
at  the  tip,  and  very  slender  terminal  joint..  :  the  labmm  is 
long:  ocelli  an  wanting ;  the  legs  are  long  and  ulcii'ler. 
with  3-jointed  tarsi  sometimes  provided  with  pulvilli. 
The  females  have  a  lung  slender  ovipositor  received  in  a 
slit  under  the  abdomen.  They  an  active  bug*,  and  sub- 
sist on  the  juices  of  planU  and  trees ;  tome  are  particu- 
larly fond  of  ri|K-  fruit.  Several  group*,  curreapoadint: 

re  or  less  nearly  with  Cnptiilir,  are  oiled  L'apuria, 

Capiida,  Caprina,  and  Capri ni. 


Cap-shore  (a}. 


cap-sill 

cap-sill  (kap'sil),  «.  The  upper  horizontal  beam 

in  the  timber-framing  of  a  bridge,  viaduct,  etc. 
Capsina  (kap-si'uji),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Capsus  + 

-ina.]    A  group  of  heteropterous  insects.    See 

Capsida:. 
capsize  (kap-slz'),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  capsized, 

ppr.  capsizing.     [Origin  unknown ;  the  Dan. 

kapsejse  is  from  E.]     I.  intrans.  To  turn  over 

or  upset :  as,  take  care  that  the  boat  does  not 

capsize. 

The  boat  swept  sheer  over  the  dam  with  all  on  board, 
filling  and  capsizitly  instantly. 

J.  T.  Trowbridge,  Coupon  Bonds,  p.  299. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  upset;  overturn  (a  boat  or 
vessel). 

What  if  carrying  sail  capsize  the  boat? 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  18. 

2.  To  move  (a  hogshead  or  other  vessel)  for- 
ward by  turning  it  alternately  on  the  heads. 
Halliwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.] 

capsize  (kap-slz'),  n.    [<  capsize,  v.]    An  up- 
set ;  an  overturn. 

cap-square  (kap'skwar),  n.  In  gun.,  one  of  the 
strong  plates  of  iron  or  brass  which  are  fitted 
over  the  trunnions  of  a  gun  and  secure  it  on 
the  carriage.  See  cut  under  gun-carriage. 
capstan  (kap'stan),  n.  [Formerly  also  capstone, 
capstand  (simulating  stand),  capstern  (simulat- 
ing stern),  once  capstring  (simulating  string), 
capisten,  caston  (dial,  capsal,  q.  v.);  =  MD. 
kapestant,  D.  kaapstander  (simulating  kaap- 
stander, a  lighthouse,  <  kaap,  MD.  kape,  =  E. 
cape2,  +  slander,  axletree,  MD.  stander,  sttin- 
daerd,  a  column,  pillar,  mill-post,  standard,  D. 
standaard,  a  banner,  =  E.  standard)  =  G.  kabc- 
stan,  <  F.  cabestan  =  Pr.  cabestan,  <  Sp.  cabc- 
strante,  usually  cabrestante  (=  Pg.  cabrestante) 
(simulating  cobra,  a  goat,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones,  +  estante,  a  shelf,  naut.  a  prop  of 
a  cross-beam,  as  adj.  fixed,  lit.  standing,  <  L. 
stan(t-)s,  ppr.  of  stare,  stand),  a  capstan,  prob. 
<  cabestrar,  <  L.  capistrare,  tie  with  a  halter,  < 
capistrum  (>  Sp.  cabestro  =  Pg.  cabresto  =  It. 
capestro  =  Pr.  cabestre  =  OF.  chevestre,  F.  che- 
vetre),  a  halter,  muzzle,  band,  <  capere,  hold :  see 
capistrum  and  capable.]  An  apparatus  work- 
ing on  the  principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle, 
used  for  raising  weights  or  applying  power,  it 
consists  of  an  upright  barrel,  either  smooth  or  having  ribs 
called  whelps,  which  are  arranged  about  a  spindle.  Above 

the  barrel  is  the 
capstan-head, 
which  has  holes 
to  receive  the 
ends  of  levers  or 
bars  by  which  the 
barrel  is  revolv- 
ed. At  the  bottom 
of  the  barrel  is  a 
pawl-head,  with 
pawls  to  catch  a 
ratchet-ring  or 
pawl-rim,  which 
is  secured  to  the 
floor  or  platform. 
A  capstan  differs 
from  a  windlass 
in  having  a  verti- 
cal instead  of  a 
horizontal  axis. 
The  capstan  em- 
ployed to  draw 
coal  from  pits  is 
usually  called  a 
'in,  and  when 


Capstan. 

a.  capstan-head  ;  b,  barrel ;  c,  pawl-rim  and 
pawls;  d,  capstan-bar. 


worked  by  horses  a  whim-gin.  On  board  ship  it  is  used 
for  weighing  the  anchor,  warping  ship,  etc.— Chinese 
Capstan,  a  differential  device  for  hoisting  or  hauling.  It 
is  the  same  as  the  differential  windlass  (which  see,  under 
•windlass),  except  that  its  axis  is  vertical.— Power-cap- 
Stan,  a  capstan  in  which,  by  the  application  of  cog-wheels, 
great  power  may  be  gained  at  the  expense  of  speed. — 
Steam-capstan,  a  capstan  turned  by  a  steam-engine. — 
To  come  up  with  the  capstan,  to  turn  it  the  contrary 
way,  so  as  to  slacken  the  rope  about  it.— To  heave  at 
the  capstan,  to  cause  it  to  turn  by  pushing  with  the 
breast  against  the  bars.— To  man  the  capstan,  to  place 
the  sailors  at  it  in  readiness  to  heave.— To  pawl  the 
capstan,  to  fix  the  pawls  so  as  to  prevent  the  capstan 
from  recoiling.— To  rig  the  capstan,  to  prepare  it  for 
heaving  by  fixing  the  bars  in  the  holes  or  otherwise.— To 
surge  the  capstan,  to  slacken  the  rope  wound  round 
upon  it. 

capstan-bar  (kap'stan -bar),  n.  One  of  the 
levers,  generally  of  wood,  by  which  a  capstan 
is  turned. -TO  swifter  the  capstan-bars,  to  fasten  a 
small  rope  round  the  outer  ends  of  all  the  capstan-bars 
before  heaving  round,  so  that  they  cannot  be  accidentally 
unshipped. 

capstan-barrel,  ».    See  capstan. 

capstanet,  capstandt,  ».    See  capstan. 

capsternt,  «.    See  capstan. 

capstone  (kap'ston),  n.  1.  In  arc/;.,  the  upper- 
most or  finishing  stone  of  a  structure,  as  of  a 
parapet,  a  turret,  etc.  Flat  capstones,  or  flags,  are 
often  laid  upon  walls  of  bricks  or  small  stones  to  protect 
the  joints  from  infiltration  of  water,  as  well  as  to  bind 
the  structure  together. 


810 

2.  In  zool.,  a  fossil  echinite  (sea-urchin)  of  the 
genus  Conulus:  so  named  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  cap. 

capstringt,  n.    See  capstan. 

capsula  (kap'su-lii),  n. ;  pi.  capsules  (-le).  [L.] 
Same  as  capsule.  " 

capsulaescic  (kap-su-les'ik),  a.  [<  L.  capsula 
(see  capsule)  +  a;sc-ulus,  horse-chestnut  (see 
csculin),  +  -ic.]  Derived  from  capsules  of  the 

horse-chestnut.— Capsulaascic  add,  an  acid  found 
in  the  capsules  of  horse-chestnuts. 
capsular  (kap'su-lar),  a.  [<  L.  capsula  (see 
capsule)  +  -oc3.]  Sollow,  like  a  chest  or  cap- 
sule ;  pertaining  to  or  having  the  structure  of 
a  capsule.— Capsular  artery,  the  middle  suprarenal 
artery.— Capsular  ligament,  the  ligament  which  sur- 
rounds every  movable  articulation,  and  contains  the  sy- 
novia like  a  bag.  See  diarthrosi*. —  Capsular  vein,  the 
suprarenal  vein. 

capsulary  (kap'su-la-ri),  a.    Same  as  capsular. 

capsulate,  capsulated  (kap'su-lat,  -la-ted),  a. 
[\  capsule  +  -ate*.]  Inclosed  in  a  capsule,  or 
as  in  a  chest  or  box.  Also  capsuled. 

capsule  (kap'sul),  n.  [=  D.  G.  Dan.  Sw.  kapsel, 
<  F.  capsule  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  capsula,  <  L.  capsula, 
a  small  box  or  chest  (cf .  capsella),  dim.  of  capsa, 
a  box:  see  case2.]  1.  A  small  casing,  envelop, 
covering,  etc.,  natural  or  artificial,  usually  thin 
or  membranous ;  a  cover  or  container  of  some 
small  object  or  quantity  of  matter.  Specifi- 
cally— 2.  In  hot.,  a  dehiscent  pod  or  seed-ves- 
sel, either  membranous  or  woody,  composed  of 


Capsules,  after  dehiscence. 
a,  asphodel ;  b,  argemone ;  c,  violet. 

two  or  more  carpels,  which  at  maturity  becomes 
dry  and  opens  by  regular  valves  corresponding 
in  number  to  the  carpels,  or  twice  as  numerous. 
The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  any  dry  dehiscent  fruit, 
and  even  to  the  spore-cases  of  various  cryptogamic  plants. 
3.  In  chem. :  (a)  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay  for 
roasting  samples  of  ores,  or  for  melting  them. 
(b)  A  small  shallow  vessel  made  of  Berlin  ware, 
platinum,  etc.,  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and 
the  like. — 4.  In  anat.  and  zool.,  a  membrane 
or  ligament  inclosing  some  part  or  organ  as 
in  a  bag  or  sac ;  a  saccular  envelop  or  invest- 
ment :  as,  the  capsule  of  the  crystalline  lens  of 
the  eye ;  the  capsule  of  a  joint,  as  the  hip. —  5. 
In  anat.,  some  part  or  organ  likened  to  a  cap- 
sule: as,  the  adrenal  capsules. — 6.  In  Protozoa, 
the  included  perforated  test  of  a  radiolarian. — 
7.  In  entom.,  a  horny  case  inclosing  the  eggs 
of  an  insect,  as  those  of  the  cockroach.  Also 
called  ootheca. —  8.  A  cap  of  thin  metal,  such  as 
tin-foil,  put  over  the  mouth  of  a  corked  bottle 
to  preserve  the  cork  from  drying,  wine  of  good 
quality  when  bottled  was  formerly  sealed  with  wax  upon 
the  cork,  but  the  use  of  the  capsule  is  now  almost  univer- 
sal, the  grower's  or  dealer's  name  or  device  being  com- 
monly stamped  upon  it. 

9.  A  small  gelatinous  case  or  envelop  in  which 
nauseous  medicines  are  inclosed  to  be  swal- 
lowed.— 10.  The  shell  of  a  metallic  cartridge  or 
of  a  fulminating  tube — Adrenal  capsule,  an  ad- 
renal(which  see).— Atrablliary  capsule,  the  suprarenal 
capsule,  or  adrenal.— Bonnet  s  capsule,  the  posterior 
part  of  the  tunica  vaginalis  of  the  eye,  behind  the  point  of 
perforation  of  the  tendons  of  the  muscles  of  the  eyeballs. 
—  Bowman's  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  Malpighian  body 
of  the  kidney.— Capsule  of  Glisson,  the  sheath  of  con- 
uective  tissue  enveloping  the  branches  of  the  portal  vein, 
hepatic  artery,  and  hepatic  duct  as  they  ramify  in  the  liver. 
—Capsule  of  the  kidney,  the  smooth  fibrous  membrane 
closely  investing  the  kidney,  and  forming  its  outer  coat. — 
Capsule  of  the  lens,  the  transparent,  elastic,  brittle,  and 
structureless  membrane  inclosing  the  lens  of  the  eye. — 
Central  capsule,  the  capsule  of  a  radiolarian.— Exter- 
nal capsule,  the  layer  of  white  nervous  substance  be- 
tween the  claustrum  and  the  putamen  of  the  brain.— In- 
ternal capsule,  the  layer  of  nerve-fibers  passing  upward 
in  the  brain  from  the  crura  cerebri  to  the  cortex,  between 
the  caudate  nucleus  and  the  optic  thalamus  on  the  one 
side  and  the  lenticular  nucleus  on  the  other.— Marsupial 
capsule,  in  Pohjzoa  (or  Bryozoa),  an  individual  of  a  colony 
serving  only  fur  the  reception  of  ova.— Nldamental  cap- 
sule, in  conch.,  a  case  in  which  the  embryos  of  certain 
mollusks  are  contained. 

The  nidamental  <'<ipxi(h'x  [of  the  whelk,  Buccimtm]  are 
aggregated  in  roundish  masses  which,  when  thrown  ashore 
and  drifted  by  the  wind,  resemble  corallines.  Each  cap- 
sule contains  five  or  six  young. 

S.  P.  Woodward,  Mollusca,  2d  ed.,  p.  219. 


captain 

Suprarenal  capsule,  a  small  flattened  body,  somewhat 
glandular  in  appearance,  but  with  no  duct,  which  in  many 
animals  surmounts  the  kidney.  Also  called  suprarenal 
body  and  adrenal.  See  cut  under  kidney. — Urticating 
capsule,  a  nematocyst,  cuida,  or  thread-cell. 

capsuled  (kap'sild),  a.     Same  as  capsulate. 

capsuliferous  (k'ap-su-lif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  +  ferre  =  E.  6e«rl.]  In  hot. 
and  :ool.,  bearing  capsules. 

capsuligerous  (kap-su-lij'e-rus),  «.  [<  L.  cap- 
su/ii  (see  capsule)  +  genre,  bear.]  Same  as 
capsuliferous. 

capsulitis  (kap-su-li'tis),  n.  [NL..  <  L.  capsula 
(see  capxule)  +  -itis.]  Inflammation  of  the  cap- 
sule of  the  lens  of  the  eye. 

capsulogenous  (kap-su-loj'e-nus),  n.  [<  L. 
capsula  (see  capsule)  +  -genus,  producing:  see 
-genous.]  Producing  a  capsule :  specifically  ap- 
plied to  certain  glands  of  earthworms,  opening 
on  the  surface  by  papillae  and  supposed  to  assist 
in  the  secretion  of  the  capsule  or  cocoon  of 
those  animals. 

capsulotomy  (kap-su-lot'o-mi),  n.  [<  L.  cap- 
sula (see  capsule)  +  MGr.  rofiia,  a  cutting :  see 
anatomy.']  In  surg.,  incision  of  the  capsule  of 
the  lens  of  the  eye. 

Capsus  (kap'sus),  n.  [NL. :  said  to  be  <  Gr. 
KavTuv,  gulp  down  ;  cf.  «ty«f,  a  gulping  down.] 
A  genus  of  insects,  typical  of  the  family  Cap- 
sidce,  founded,  by  Fabricius  in  1803.  As  now  re- 
stricted, it  contains  bugs  usually  of  medium  size  and 
broadly  ovate  form,  with  moderate  or  narrow  neck,  per- 
fect wings  and  hemelytra,  and  second  antennal  joint  long- 
est and  clavate.  C.  trifaxciatus  is  an  example. 

captt  (kapt),  p.  a.  [Pp.  of  cap*,  r.]  Overcome 
in  argument. 

capt.  An  abbreviation  of  captain. 

captain  (kap'tan),  n.  and  «..  [<  ME.  captain, 
eapitain,  -ein,  -eyn,  =  D.  kapitein  =  Dan.  kaptejn, 
kapitajn  =  Sw.  kapten,  <  OF.  eapitain,  capitaine 
(vernacular form cheeetaine,  >E.  chieftain,  q.  v.), 
F.  capitaine  =  Pr.  capituni  =  Sp.  capitan  =  Pg. 
capitao  =  U.  capitano,  <  ML.  capitanens,  -anius, 
-anus,  a  captain  (also,  and  prop.,  an  adj.,  princi- 
pal, chief),  <  L.  caput(capit-),  head :  see  capital^, 
etc.  Cf.  headman  and  hetmati.]  I.  •».  1.  One 
who  is  at  the  head  of  or  has  authority  over 
others;  a  chief;  a  leader;  a  commander,  espe- 
cially in  military  affairs.  In  the  Bible  the  term  is 
applied  to  a  king  or  prince,  to  a  general  or  commander  of 
an  army,  to  the  governor  of  a  province,  etc. 
Captain  of  the  host  of  the  Lord.  Jos.  v.  14. 

Anoint  him  to  be  captain  over  my  people.    1  Sam.  ix.  16. 
Great  Mars,  the  captain  of  us  all. 

Sltak.,  T.  and  C.,  Iv.  5. 
Great  in  council  and  great  in  war, 
Foremost  captain  of  his  time. 

Tennyson,  Duke  of  Wellington. 

More  specifically— (n)  In  the  army,  the  officer  who  com- 
mands a  company,  whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artil- 
lery. (6)  In  the  navy,  an  officer  next  in  rank  above  a  com- 
mander, and  ranking  in  the  United  States  service  with  a 
colonel,  and  in  the  British  with  a  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
after  three  years'  service  with  a  colonel,  in  the  army.  Offi- 
cers of  this  grade  in  the  British  service  were  formerly  desig- 
nated pout-captain*,  (c)  The  commander  or  master  of  a 
merchant  vessel,  (d)  In  some  of  the  public  schools  of  Eng- 
land, a  title  given  to  the  senior  scholar,  (e)  In  base-ball, 
nHOWff.  etc.,  the  head  or  leader  of  the  nine,  the  crew,  or 
the  body  of  players  on  one  side.  (/)  In  mining,  the  head 
man  or  superintendent  of  the  mining  operations ;  the  per- 
son who  directs  and  is  responsible  for  the  miners'  work.  As 
a  title,  often  abbreviated  capt. 

2.  A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  form  long- 
finned  captain,  to  the  fish  otherwise  known  as  the 
lanthorn  gurnard —  Captain  en  piedt,  a  captain  kept 

in  pay,  that  is,  not  reformed.  See  captain  reformed,  below. 
E.  PhiUips,  1706.—  Captain  ofthepoll.in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  the  first  in  rank  among  those  who 
graduate  without  honors,  known  as  the  polloi  or  pott. 

There  are  also  many  men  every  year  contending  for  the 
Captaincy  of  the  Poll,  some  for  the  honor,  such  as  it  is, 
others  because  it  will  help  them  to  get  Poll  pupils  after- 
wards. C.  A.  Bruited,  English  University,  p.  310. 

Captain  reformed!,  a  captain  who  upon  the  reducing 
of  forces  lost  his  company,  but  was  continued  as  captain, 
either  as  second  to  another  or  without  a  post.  See  refor- 
mado.  E.  PhiUips,  1706.— Captains  of  tops,  captains 
of  the  forecastle,  captains  of  the  afterguard,  and 
captains  of  the  hold,  ratings  of  petty  officers  in  the 
United  States  navy,  whose  duties  are  to  superintend 
the  men  in  their  different  departments.  —  Fleet  captain, 
in  the  United  States  navy,  an  officer  temporarily  appointed 
by  the  Navy  Department  to  act  as  chief  of  staff 'to  the  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  a  fleet  or  squadron.  Also  called  flag- 
captain. 

Il.t  a.  [The  orig.  (ML.)  use,  but  in  E.  later 
than  the  noun  use.]  1.  Of  chief  rank,  excel- 
lence, or  value;  chief;  principal. 

Like  stones  of  worth  they  thinly  placed  are, 

Or  captain  jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shak.,  Sonnets,  lii. 

2.  Of  commanding  character ;  fitted  to  lead. 

Why  then  women  are  more  valiant 
That  stay  at  lioitK'.  if  liuaring  carry  it, 
And  the  ass  more  captain  than  the  lion. 

Shale.,  T.  of  A.,  iii.  :,. 


captain 

captain  (kap'tan),  p.  t.  [<  i-ii/itiiin,  n.]  To  act 
as  leader  to:  I M>  captain  over;  command. 

It  wa.4  natural  that  IN- n  u  ho  , •,i/,t,iili'  <l  or  arrompiinii-'l 
tin-  evtiln.s  liniii  eMHtini;  form*  ami  association*  into  tin- 

dollhtflll  ll-iltll-rllt'.ss  tllllt  led    to    till'    promi.-*ell    lalnl    HllOUld 

lin.l  more  to   their  |iill].o,r  in  tin-  "M     IV-tann-nt    tllllll  iu 

till-    \.-\l.  /,"">//,     \!lloll^   [111     llook^.    !>t    >'T.,  p.   'its. 

captaincy  (kap'tan-si).  ».    ['<  <-aptain  +  -cy.] 

Tilt'  rank,  post,  or  commission  of  a  captain. 

captaincy-general  (kap'tiui- Hi -jcn'ji-ral).  «. 

[C  f(l  1 1  til  in  i'i/  +  i/i  ill-nil.  IT.  Sp.  1'ii/iitiiiiiii  ;/' - 
Hi-nil.  \  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  eaptain- 
general;  specifically,  one  of  tho  military  divi- 
sions of  Spain.  Also  riiptitiit-oi-iit-mtci/. 

captainess  (kap'tan-es).  ».     [<  captain  +  -ess. 
Ct.clniJ'tinnisx.]  \  female  commander.  [Rare.] 
(hit!  traitor  \lKi-in-e1  I  lan-st  tlnm  counsel  me 
From  my  ilt-itr  ('ni>t<tiiu'>m  to  run  away? 

0Vr  /'.  Sifltfi/,  in  Arber's  KIIK.  Garner,  I.  547. 

captain-general  (kap'tan-jen'e-ral),  ».  [<<•«/'- 
tit  in  +  i/i  inni/.  Cf.  Sp.  capitan  general.]  The 
commauder-iu-chief  of  an  army  or  of  the  mili- 
tia; specifically,  tho  commander  of  a  military 
division  in  Spain. 

Tile  magnanimous  uml  most  illustrious  .  .  .  captain- 
general  ot  the  Grecian  army,  Agamemnon. 

.s'/m*.,  T.  and  C.,  iii.  :!. 

[The  governor  of  Rhode  Island  is  hy  title  captain-general 
and  commandtT-in-chlef  of  the  military  and  naval  forces 
of  the  State.) 

captain-generalcy  (kap  '  tan  -  jen '  e  -  ral  -  si),  n. 
[<  i-<i/iiiiiii~iji  iii-nil  +  -cy.~]  Same  as  captaincy- 
i/<  in  nit. 

captain-lieutenantt  (kap'tan-lu-ten'ant),  n. 
Formerly,  in  Great  Britain,  an  officer  who,  with 
the  rank  of  captain  and  pay  of  a  lieutenant, 
commanded  a  company  or  troop.  The  first  or 
colonel's  company  of  a  regiment  of  infantry  was 
commanded  by  a  captain-lieutenant. 

captainlyt  (kap'tan-li),  a.  [<  captain  +  -ly1.] 
IVrtaining  to  or  befitting  a  captain. 

captain-pasha,  capitan-pacha  (kap'tan-,  kap*- 
i-tan-pash'a),  n.  [<  captain  or  cajtitan  (repr. 
Turk,  qaptan  or  qapwlan  (kaptan,  kapudan) 
-posAa)  +  pasha:  see  captain  and  pasha.] 
Formerly,  the  colloquial  title  of  the  Turkish 
minister  of  marine,  and  of  the  chief  admiral  of 
the  Turkish  fleet.  Also  written  capudan-pasha. 

captainryt  (kap'tan-ri),  n.  [<  F.  capitainerie, 
<  ML.  capitaneria,  captainship,  <  capitanm  : 
see  captain.]  The  power  or  command  over  a 
certain  district ;  chieftainship.  Spenser. 

captainship  (kap'tan-ship),  ».  [<  captain  + 
-ship.]  1.  The  office  of  captain,  or  of  chief 
commander. 

Therefore,  so  please  thee  to  return  with  us, 
And  of  our  Athens  (thine  and  ours)  to  take 
The  captainship.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  2. 

2f .  The  command  of  a  clan  or  government  of 
a  certain  district;  chieftainship. 

To  diminish  the  Irish  lords  he  did  abolish  their  .  .  . 
xtaurped  captainships.  Sir  J.  Dairies,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  Skill  as  a  captain  or  leader:  as,  he  displayed 
good  captainxhip. 

captal  (kap'tal),  n.  [Pr.,  <  L.  capitalis,  chief: 
see  capital1.]  A  medieval  title  of  dignity  and 
military  authority  in  the  south  of  France :  as, 
the  Captal  de  Buch  fought  on  the  English  side 
in  Gascony,  etc.,  under  Edward  III. 

Captantes'  (kap-tan'tez),  «.  pi.  [ML.,  pi.  of  L. 
capta>i(t-)s,  ppr.  of  capture,  take,  catch:  see 
captation.']  Same  as  Baptores.  A.E.Brchm. 

captation  (kap-ta'shon),  n.  [<  L.  captalin(n-), 
a  reaching  after  something,  <  captare,  pp.  i-iifi- 
tatux,  reach  after,  desire  eagerly,  allure,  freq. 
of  capere,  pp.  captus,  take,  seize :  see  capable.] 
1*.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaining  favor  or  ap- 
plause by  flattery  or  address.  Eikon  Basilikc. 
—  2.  A  name  given  by  Descourtis  to  the  open- 
ing stage  of  the  hypnotic  or  mesmeric  trance. 
Sometimes  called  fascina Hon. 

caption  (kap'shon),  n.  [<  L.  cantio(n-),  a  tak- 
ing, seizing,  fraud,  deceit,  fallacy,  <  capere, 
pp.  captn.i,  take:  see  capable.]  1.  Seizure;  cap- 
ture; taking;  catching.  [Rare.]  —  2f.  Captious 
or  specious  arguments  or  caviling;  the  act  of 
caviling  or  taking  exception;  sophism;  quib- 
ble or  quibbling. 

It  is  manifest  that  the  use  of  this  doctrine  It  for  caption 
and  contradiction.  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii. 

I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider  with  what  strange  cap- 
tion* you  have  gone  about  to  delude  your  king  and  coun- 
try. ChiUingicorth,  llelig.  of  Protestants,  i.  -L 

3.  The  act  of  taking  or  apprehending  by  a  ju- 
dicial process.  [Rare.] — 4.  In  lair,  a  certifi- 
cate stating  the  time  and  place  of  executing  a 
commission  in  chancery,  or  of  taking  a  depo- 
sition, or  of  the  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act 


811 

was  performed,  and  such  other  particulars  as 
are  necessary  to  render  it  legal  and  valid,  writ- 
ten upon  or  attached  to  the  document  to  which 
it  relates. — 6.  The  heading  or  title  of  a  legal  in- 
strument orof  a  chapter,  article,  sect  ion.  or  page: 
as,  the  caption  of  Genesis  i. ;  an  editorial  under 
tho  caption  "A  new  r'orce  in  Politics."  [U.S.] 
Letters  of  caption,  in  ,•»-..(*  (*(.<•.  a  writ  (now  olwo- 

h-ti-l  Nsueil  at  th,  ii^tanee  of  a  ereilitoi-.  commanding:  an 
olln-el-  t-.  take  ami  imprison  a  debtor  or  oi.lluant  till  he 
pai^  the.leM  or  |,.  rfoniiH  the  ohllgation.  See  I,:,, 
-  Process  caption,  in  Scots  laic,  a  summary  warrant  of 
incarceration  for  tin-  purpose  of  forcing  back  a  process, 
that  is,  the  doenmetiN  or  any  iloennieuT  In-longing  to  a 
lawsuit,  which  may  have  been  unduly  uinl  contumaciously 
retained  by  the  party  whose  receipt  stands  therefor  in 

til''   rolirt    hooks. 

captious  (kap'shus),  a.  [<  F.  captieux  =  Pr. 
capcios  =  Hp.  Pg.  capcioso  =  It.  i-n/i:.iii«o,  <.  L. 
i-'i/itiosvg,  deceptive,  fallacious,  sophistical,  < 
i-nptio(n-),  deception,  fallacy,  sophism:  see«y>- 
tion.  In  def.  3  associated  with  capacious  or 
capable,  in  the  orig.  sense  'taking':  see  capa- 
cionH.'}  1.  Apt  to  notice  and  make  much  of  un- 
important faults  or  defects ;  disposed  to  find 
fault  or  raise  objections ;  prone  to  cavil ;  diffi- 
cult to  please ;  faultfinding;  touchy:  as,  &  cap- 
tious man. 

A  vulgar  man  is  captious  and  jealous.  Chesterfield. 

A  captious  skeptic  in  love,  a  slave  to  fretfulness  and 
whim  — who  lias  no  difficulties  but  of  his  own  creating  — 
is  a  subject  more  fit  for  ridicule  than  compassion. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  Iv.  3. 

2.  Proceeding  from  a  faultfinding  or  caviling 
disposition  ;  fitted  to  harass  or  perplex ;  censo- 
rious; carping;  hence,  insidious ;  crafty:  as, a 
captious  question. 

Captious  or  fallacious  ways  of  talking.  Locke. 

With  these  modifications  ami  with  all  branches  of  the 
Government  in  political  harmony,  and  in  the  absence  of 
partisan  incentive  to  captious  obstruct  ion,  the  law  as  It  was 
left  by  the  amendment  of  188ft  was  much  less  destructive 
of  executive  discretion.  Appletons  A  im.  Cyc. ,  188(5,  p.  244. 

3*.  Capable  of  receiving;  capacious. 

Yet,  in  this  captious  and  fntenible  sieve, 
I  still  pour  in  the  waters  of  my  love. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  S. 

4.  Insnaring ;  captivating.  [Rare  and  humor- 
ous.] 

Away  with  despair,  no  longer  forliear 
To  fly  from  the  captiout  coquette. 

Byron,  Hours  of  Idleness. 

=  Syn.  1.  Captiout,  Carping,  CavUina,  faultfinding,  hy- 
percritical, cr alihctl.  testy,  pettish,  splenetic,  all  express 
unainiable  temper  and  behavior,  with,  wrongheadedness. 
Captious  expresses  a  disposition  to  catch  at  little  or  in- 
offensive things,  and  magnify  them  into  great  defects,  af- 
fronts,  etc.  Carping  is  a  strong  word  noting  faultfinding 
that  is  both  unreasonable  and  unceasing ;  it  applies  more 
to  criticism  on  conduct,  while  caviling  applies  to  objec- 
tions to  argument*,  opinions,  and  the  like  :  as,  it  is  easier 
to  cavil  than  to  disprove.  See  petulant. 

He  frequently  found  fault,  was  captious,  and  seemed 
ready  for  an  outbreaking.         Franklin,  Autoblog.,  p.  !»_'. 
Avoid  the  censures  of  the  caririny  world. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  5. 
I  write  not  to  content  each  cavilling  brain, 
But  eyes  of  noblest  spirits. 

Ford,  Ded.  of  Honour  Triumphant. 

captiously  (kap'shus-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  cap- 
tious, critical,  or  faultfinding  manner. 

Use  your  words  as  captitnmli/  as  you  can,  in  your  arguing 
on  one  side,  and  apply  distinctions  on  the  other.  Locke. 

2.  So  as  to  catch  orinsnare;  insnaringly;  cap- 
tivatingly.  [Rare.] 

captiousness  (kap'shus-nes),  «.  The  quality 
of  being  captious ;  disposition  to  find  fault ; 
inclination  to  object ;  peevishness. 

Captiousness  is  another  fault  opposite  to  civility. 

L,*kt ,  Education,  §  143. 

captivancet,  »•  [Also  written  captiraunce;  < 
L.  captivan(t-)s,  ppr.  otcnptirare,  take  captive : 
see  captivate,  ».]  Captivity. 


At  length  he  spyde  whereas  that  wof ., 

Whom  he  had  reskewed  from  captiraunce 
Of  his  strong  foe,  lay  tombled  in  the  myre. 

Spetuer,  Jf.  Q-,  III.  viL  45. 

captivate  (kap'ti-vat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cap- 
ti rated,  ppr.  captiratina.  [<  L.  captivatus,  pp. 
of  captirarc,  take  captive,  <  captirus,  captive : 
see  cuptirr,  a.  and  r.J  If.  To  seize  by  force, 
as  an  enemy  in  war,  or  anything  belonging  to 
an  enemy ;  capture ;  take  captive. 

The  French  king  captivated  to 
The  English  monarcke. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  v.  28. 

It  does  not  institute  a  magnificent  auction  of  finance, 
where  captivated  provinces  come  to  general  ransom,  by 
bidding  against  each  other. 

Burke,  Conciliation  with  America. 
2f.  To  bring  into  bondage  ;  subdue ;  place  in 
subjection. 

l^'t  us  Christian  men  Arrant  nothing  contrary  to  the 
Scripture,  but  ever  captivate  our  reason  unto  that. 

Fryth,  Works,  p.  18. 


captive 

He  deserve*  to  be  a  slave  that  Is  content  to  have  the 

hi"  i  li  of  his  will  so  cultivated.  Ki*nn  liasilikt. 

i;-nl  uses  not  to  captivate  [in  man]  under  a  )irr|x-tiiall 
Childhood  of  prescription,  Inn  tni-t-  him  with  tin-  -ill  ,,f 
reason  to  be  his  own  chooser.  Milton,  Art-op  < 

3.  To  overpower  and  hold  liy  excellence'  or 
beauty;  charm  or  lure  by  any  means;  engage 
the  regard,  esteem,  or  affections  of;  fascinate. 

Anon  In   rears  upright,  curvet*  and  leaps, 
Aa  who  should  say  "  l>i.  thus  my  strength  Is  tried  ; 
And  this  I  do  to  captivate  the  eye." 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  L  281. 

Wisdom  MI  raiilimtrs  him  with  her  appearance  that  he 
gives  himself  up  to  her.  Adilimn,  Guardian. 

I  was  captivated  with  the  beauty  and  retirement  of  tin 
place.  SUelf,  Spectator,  No.  514. 

It  Is  not  merely  what  he  [Chaucer]  has  to  say,  but  <-\  <  n 
more  the  agreeable  way  he  has  of  saying  It,  that  captivates 
our  attention  and  gives  him  an  assured  place  in  litera- 
ture. Lowell,  study  Windows,  p.  MO. 

=  Byn.  3.  To  enslave,  enchant,  lead  captive,  enamour,  be- 

witch. 

captivatet  (kap'ti-vat),  a.  [<  L.  captit-attu, 
pp. :  see  the  verb.]  Taken  captive ;  made  pris- 
oner; fascinated;  insnared. 

Wliat  though  I  lie  enthrall  .1  .'  .  .  . 

Tush !  women  have  been  cajrtipate  ere  now. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  \  I.,  v.  ::. 

captivating  (kap'ti-va-ting),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of 
cn/itirate,  r.]  Having  power  to  engage  tne  re- 
gard, esteem,  or  affections ;  winning ;  fasci- 
nating; bewitching. 

Her  understanding  excellent,  her  mind  Improved,  and 
her  manners  captivating. 

Jane  Austen,  Pride  and  Prejudice,  p.  160. 

captivation  (kap-ti-va'shon),  n.  [<  L.  capti- 
ratio(n-),  <  captirare,  take  captive:  see  capti- 
vate, v.]  The  act  of  captivating;  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  captivated. 

The  captivation  of  our  understanding. 

/.';•.  //«/',  Remains,  p.  21. 

captive  (kap'tiv),  a.  and  «.  [In  earlier  E. 
caitiff,  now  with  different  sense  (see  caitiff); 
=  F.  captif,  fern,  captire,  OF.  clictif,  etc.  (see 
caitiff),  =  Pr.  captiu,  caitiu =OCat.  caitiu  =  OSp. 
captifo,  Sp.  eautito  =  Pg.  catiro,  captivo  =  It. 
cattito,  <  L.  captivus,  a  captive,  prop,  adj.,  taken 
prisoner,  <  captus,  pp.  of  capere,  take,  seize, 
capture,  etc.:  see  capable.]  I.  a.  1.  Made 
prisoner,  as  in  war;  kept  in  bondage  or  con- 
finement. 

When  many  times  the  captive  Grecians  fall, 
Even  in  the  fan  and  wind  of  your  fair  sword, 
You  bid  them  rise  and  live.       Shak.,  T.  and  C.,  v.  3. 
The  captive  bird  that  sings  within  thy  bow'r. 

Pope,  Summer,  L  46. 

2.  Bound  or  held  by  other  than  physical  means, 
as  by  the  ties  of  love  or  other  passion;  capti- 
vated. 

My  woman's  heart 
Grossly  grew  captive  to  his  honey  words. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  IT.  1. 

3.  Holding  in  confinement:  as,  captive  chains. 
—Captive  balloon,    see  ballooni.— TO  take  captive, 

to  capture  ;  make  a  prisoner  of. 

II.  M.  1.  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  espe- 
cially a  prisoner  taken  in  war  oy  an  enemy; 
one  taken  and  kept  in  confinement. 

Like  captives  bound  to  a  triumphant  car. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  I.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  is  charmed  or  sub- 
dued by  beauty  or  excellence,  by  the  lower 
passions  of  his  own  nature,  or  by  the  wiles  of 
others ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  ties  of  love  or  any  other  pas- 
sion. 

Yet  hath  he  been  my  captive  and  my  slave, 

And  begg'd  for  that  which  Hum  unask'd  shalt  have. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  101. 

=8yn.  1.  Prisoner,  Captive.  The  word  prisoner  emphasizes 
the  idea  of  restraint  of  liberty,  but  is  not  rhetorical  or  espe- 
cially associated  with  feeling:  the  jirinoner  of  war  and  the 
prisoner  for  crime  may  lie  shut  up  in  a  prison,  kept  hi 
guards  within  denned  limits,  or  given  a  restricted  lilt-rty 
on  parole.  The  word  cajititv  suggests  licinu  complete!.!  in 
the  power  of  another,  whether  confined  or  not ;  it  has  come 
to  In-  a  rhetorical  word,  suggesting  helplessness  and  re- 
sulting unhappinc**.  Captured  soldiers  under  guard  are 
strictly  prisoner*,  but  are  often  and  properly  called  m;>- 
tives.  When  we  speak  of  a  captive  bird,  we  suggest  its 
Ionium.'  for  liU-rty.  Hie  rights  and  interests  of  a  prison- 
er are  likely  to  be  respected,  but  the  rnjid'w  may  be  abused 
or  even  sometimes  sold  into  slavery.  >*ee  captivity. 

Come,  Sleep  :  O  Sleep  !  the  certain  knot  of  peace, 

The  baiting-place  of  wit,  the  lialm  of  wo.-. 
The  poor  man's  wealth,  the  prisoners  release, 
Th  indifferent  juilge  lietween  the  high  anil  low. 

Sir  I:  Sidney,  Astrophel  and  Stella,  st  30. 
Go,  see  the  captive  bartered  as  a  slave ! 
Crushed  till  his  high,  heroic  spirit  bleeds. 

Rogers,  Pleasures  of  Memory,  ii. 

captive  i  kap'tiv),  r.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  mptiint. 
ppr.  captiving.     [=  F.  captiver  =  Pr.  capticar  = 


captive 


812 


car 


2.  To  captivate ;  insnare.     [Rare.] 

Love  now  captiv'd  his  heart,  which  erst  was  free. 

Ford,  Honour  Triumphant,  i. 
Beauty,  which  captives  all  things,  sets  me  free. 

Dryden,  Epistles,  iii.  88. 
She  who  captived  Anthony, 
The  Serpent  of  old  Nile. 

/?.  H.  Stoddard,  Shakespeare. 

captivity  (kap-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [<  F.  captivite  =  Pr. 
eaptivitat  =  Sp.  cautividad  =  Pg.  cativeiro  =  It. 
cattivitd,  <  L.  captivita(t-)s,  <  captivus,  captive: 
see  captive.}  1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner, 
or  of  coming  into  the  power  of  an  enemy  by 
force  or  the  fortune  of  war. 

And  but  for  Owen  Glendower  had  been  king, 
Who  kept  him  in  captirity  till  he  died. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2. 

2.  Subjection;  the  state  of  being  under  con- 
trol; bondage;  servitude. 

Brii 
of  Cli 

Thou  hast  led  captivity  captive.  Ps.  Ixviii.  la. 

3f.  Captives  collectively ;  a  body  of  captives. 

When  God  bringeth  back  the  captivity  of  his  people, 
Jacob  shall  rejoice,  and  Israel  shall  be  glad.  Ps.  liii. 


stance  in  the  spinal  cord.—  Caput   gallinaginis,  the 
snipe's  head;  the  crista  urethra?  (which  sue,  under  urethra). 

—  Caput  medusae,  the  network  of  dilated  veins  radiating 
from  the  umbilicus,  seen  when  the  portal  circulation  is 
obstructed  in  the  liver,  as  in  cirrhosis,  and  this  collateral 
circulation  is  developed  in  compensation.-  -  Caput  mor- 
tuum,  literally,  a  dead  head.    («)  A  fanciful  term  used 
by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the  residuum  of  chemicals 
when  all  their  volatile  matters  had  escaped  ;  specifically, 
oxid  of  iron,  which  is  the  residue  left  when  sulphate  of 
iron  is  distilled  at  a  red  heat.   Hence  —  (l>)  Anything  from 
which  all  that  rendered  it  valuable  has  been  taken  away. 

"Everything  of  life  and  beauty,"  writes  the  critic,  "  has 
been  extracted,  and  a  caput  mortuum  —  that  is,  Charles 
Kean's  Mephistopheles  —  remains.  " 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  66. 

Caput  obstipum  spaatlcum,  spasm  in  the  region  of  the 
external  branch  of  the  spinal  accessory  nerve;  wryneck. 

—  Caput  succedaneum,  an  edematous  swelling  of  the 
presenting  portion  of  the  scalp  of  the  new-born. 


Sp.  cautivar  =  Pg.  ratlvar,  captivar  =  lt.  catti-  capucciot  (ka-pueh'io),  w.    [It.,  prop,  cappuccio  : 
ran;  <  L.  captirare  (see  captivate,  v.),  <  captivus,     see  capoucli,  n.}    A  capuchin  or  hood.    Npenser. 
captive:  see  captive,  a.  and  w.]     If.  To  make  capucet,  capuchet,  "•     Same  as  capouch. 
captive;  bring  into  subjection.  Capuchin1  (kap'u-chin  or  kap-6-sheu'),  n. 

Captie'd  eternally  in  yron  mewes.  [=  F.  capuein  =  Sp.  capuchiuo  =  Pg.  capuchinho, 

Spenser,  f.  Q.,11.  v.  27.  m.,  a  monk,  and  F.  capucine  =  Sp.  capuchina 
=  Pg.  capuchinha,  f.,  a  nun,  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  <  It.  cappuccino,  a  Franciscan  monk,  so 
called  from  the  cowl  he  wore,  dim.  of  cappuccio, 
a  cowl,  >  F.  eapuche,  eapuce,  >  E.  eapuche,  ca- 
pouch: see  capouch.'}  1.  A  member  of  a  men- 
dicant order  of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  in 
Italy  in  1528  by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named 
from  the  long  pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is 
the  distinguishing  mark  of  their  dress.  According 
to  the  statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  up  in  1529,  the  monks 

were  to  live  by  begging ;  they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver  .    .  7,-      ,    ,     ,,  . 

or  silk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices  Caputal  (kap  ut-al),  a.     [Improp.  <  caput  +  -al; 
were  to  be  of  pewter.    The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous    distinguished  from  the  proper  form  capital.} 
in  Austria.     In  the  United  states  they  have  convents  in    ln   entom.,  pertaining   to   or   situated   on   the 
the  dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  -Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and     i-.,rt,i       rl>n««  n 
New  York.    See  Franciscan.  neaO.      L^are.  J 

2.  [1.  c.}  A  variety  of  pigeon  with  a  range  of  Caputia,  ».     Plural  of  caputium. 
inverted  feathers  on  the  back  of  the  head,  like  Caputiatl  (ka-pu-shi-a  ti),  n.  pi.     [ML.,  pi.  of 
the  cap  or  cowl  of  a  monk.—  3.   [I.  c.]  A  South    caputiatus,  pp.  of  caputiare,  cover  the  head  with 

,          American    monkey,    Cebus  capucinus,   having    a  hood>   <  caputium,  prop,  eapitium,  a  hood, 

Bringing  into  captwUy  every  thought  to  the  obedience     black  on  the  head,  like  the  hood  or  cowl  of  !    capouch:  see  caputium,  capouch,  ».]     A  short- 

'  Capuchin;  hence,  any  sapajou  or  monkey  of  llved  semi-political  and  communistic  sect  de- 
the  genus  Ccbus.  Also  written  capucine.  See  v°ted  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  which  appeared  in 
cut  under  Cebina:—!.  [I.  c.}  One  of  the  bald-  the  interior  of  France  about  1182:  so  called 
headed  fruit-crows  of  South  America,  Gynmo-  »om  their  hood  or  capouch. 

caputium (ka-pu  shi-um),»i.;  pl.copMMo(-shi-ii). 
[ML.,  also   capucium,   capuccium,    cappuccium 

=  sj&n.  capuciton,  \  *.  capu-  (after  the  Rom.  forms,  It.  cappuccio,  formerly 
cfto«,~<  eapuche,  a  hood:  see  capouch,  and  cf.  also  capuccio,  =  Sp.  Pg.  capucho  =  F.  eapuce, 
Capuchin1.}  1.  A  large  loose  hood  worn  by  whence  E.^cflpucAe,  capouch,^  q.  v.)^  alsp^co/»- 
women  in  the  eighteenth  century. —  2.  A 
hooded  cloak  of  the  same  period. 

My  aunt  pulled  off  my  uncle's  shoes,  and  carefully 
wrapped  his  poor  feet  in  her  capuchin. 

Smollett,  Humphrey  Clinker. 

[F.,  <  capuein.  Capuchin,  + 


tio 

imprisonment  and  captivity  as  between  prisoner  and  cap- 
tive. (See  captive.)  Confinement  is  the  most  general  word 
for  being  kept  within  bounds  against  one's  will,  as  by  force 
or  sickness ;  we  speak  of  solitary  conjinement,  and,  figur- 
atively, of  too  great  conjinement  (though  voluntary)  to 
one's  books.  Incarceration  is  the  being  put  into  a  jail  or 
prison  ;  the  word  is  rhetorical,  suggesting  ignominy,  with 
narrow  range  and  great  safeguards  against  escape.  Im- 
murement, literally  shutting  within  walls,  is  now  freely 
figurative  ;  in  either  sense  it  suggests  depth  of  separation 
or  seclusion  from  friends,  home,  or  the  world,  and  small  CapuClHau.et 
likelihood  of  getting  or  coming  out.  (See  servitude  and 
serf.) 

Even  like  a  man  new  haled  from  the  rack, 
So  fare  my  limbs  with  long  imprisonment. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5. 

But  made  hereby  obnoxious  more 

To  all  the  miseries  of  life, 

Life  in  captivity 

Among  inhuman  foes. 
Though  my  person  is  in  confineme.. 
patiate  on  ample  and  useful  subjects 
imaginable.  S.  Johnxoti,  Life  of  Savage. 

Enforced  detention,  incarceration  within  four  walls, 
was  another  method  of  coercion  which  grew  and  gained 


tium,  as  if  <  L.  caput  (capit-),  head  (cf.  cabbage1, 
cabbage2,  caboche),  but  prop.  <  capa,  cappa,  a 
cape, hood,  cowl:  see  cap1,  cape1,  cope1.  Hence 
(from  caputium)  capouch,  eapuche,  Caput-liiii. 
etc.]  1.  In  general,  a  hood  attached  to  a  gar- 

>ai>u«iuoiuci,  f.  i>  .,  \  </u|/«</»».  ^opuuiuu,  i  ment  in  ecclesiastical  or  other  canonical  cos- 
-adc,  -ade1.]  A  Capuchin's  tirade ;  a  weak  ser-  tume,  as  the  hood  of  a  Bachelor  of  Arts,  or  of  a 
mon  or  discourse.  fellow  of  an  English  university,  or  that  attached 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  profes-    to  a  monk's  gown,  a  cope,  or  the  like. —  2.  A 
sor,  a  mere  Capucinade.     Smollett,  tr.  of  Gil  Bias,  vii.  4.     short  hooded  cloak  similar  to  the  armilausa. 
capucine1  (kap'u-sin),  n.     [<  F.  capuein  (NL.  capybara,  n.    See  capibara. 
capucinus),  lit.  a  Capuchin  monk:  see  Capu-  car1  (kar),  n.     [Early  mod.  E.  abo  carre,  <  ME. 

Milton  s  A   l  108     c7")l1-]    Same  as  capuchin1,  3. 

capucine2  (kap'u-sin),  «.     [<  F.  capucine,  nas- 
iwith  aUthe fre"dom     turtium,  also  the  color  of  its  flower,  <  It.  cap- 
puccina,  nasturtium  (so  called  from  the  form  of 
the  corolla),  <  cappuccio,  a  hood:  see  capouch.} 
A  rich  reddish-orange  color;  the  color  of  the 


(also  assibilated  char,  charre,  chare,  cf. 
charct,  chariot),  <  OF.  car,  also  carre  (assibilated 
gar,  >  F.  char)  =  Pr.  car •= Sp.  Pg.  It.  carro  = 
O.  kar  =  ML(j.  karc  =  OHCr.  carra,  charra, 
eharro,  MHG.  G.  karre  (also  OHG.  garra,  garro, 
MHG.  giirre)  =  Icel.  terra  =  Dan.  karre  =  Sw. 


i  ,•»  tj_          \  i- J    T  r  **°    UMVWTWWfW* 

captor  (kap  tor),  n.     [<  L.  captor,  <  capere,  pp.  capult  „_     gee         p.  iof;  =  W.  car  a  raft  frame,  drag,  =  OGael.  car, 

captus,  take,  capture:  see  capable ,  and  cf.  cap-  capule't  (kap'u-let;  F.  pron.  ka-pu-la'),  n.    1.  a  car,  cart,  or  raft  =  Ir.  carf  a  cart,  drag 

toe.]     One  who  captures  or  takes  (a  person  or    A  hood  worn'  by  the  £easant  women  of  the  wagon;  perhaps  akin  to  L.  currus,  a  chariot 

thing)  by  force,  stratagem,  or  surprise;  one  who     French  slope  of  the  Pyrenees.     It  is  made  of  currere,  run,  Skt.  V  char,  move.     Hence  ult! 


takes  a  prisoner  or  a  prize, 
captorial  (kap-to'ri-al),  a.     [<  L.  captor,  one 


fine  white  or  red  cloth,  sometimes  bordered 
with  black  velvet. — 2.  Same  as  capellet. 


carack  (carick,  carrick),  career,  cargo1,  carica- 
ture,  earache,   carriage,    carry,   carruca,    cart, 


in  fS^ff^  ?\  ?T?  B^itai"'  espe; 
or  hogsheads  and  the  like,    (c)  In  Birmingham  and 

other  towns  of  England,  a  four-wheeled  hackney  carriage, 
«  distinguished  from  a  han»om,  which  is  called  a  cat? 

Did  ye  not  hear  it?-No; 'twas  but  the  wind. 

Or  the  car  rattling  o'er  the  stony  street. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ili.  22. 


,,      ,,•-  .  the  rank  of  a  family.     P.  P.  Carpenter,  1861. 

C^tU5,e, (kap  Sf>'  *'     [<,  T  '  MP  "™  =  Fri>Sp'  Capulina  (kap-u-li'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL.,  <  'capulus 

Pg.  captura  =  It.  cattura,  <  L.  captura,  a  taking,  +  .,•„„,.]  A  subfamily  of  gastropods,  typified  by 

catching  (or  animals),  <.  capere,  pp.  captus,  take:  ti,<>  r,^,,a  t'^r,,,i,,a     n,  ., 

see  capable,  captive.i'   I/The ^  ol  taking  or  ^sCeMimpeCbu^he S^SSStSSil«5 

seizing;  seizure;  arrest:  as,  the  capture  of  an  support  in  the  form  of  a  cup  or  deck.     The  shell  is  irreg- 

enemy,  of  a  ship,  or  of  booty,  by  force,  sur-  "lar'y  conical,  and  more  or  less  twisted  at  the  apex. 

prise,  or  stratagem ;  the  capture  of  a  criminal.  Capulus  (kap'u-lus),  n.     [NL.,  <  L.  capulus,  a  2.  A  chariot  of  war,  triumph,  or  pageantry ;  in 

The  capture  of  Alclwyd  by  his  [Eadberht's]  allies  the  llandle>  also  a  sepulcher,  tomb,  <  capere,  hold,  poetic  and  figurative  usage,  any  elaborate  con- 

Picts,  in  756,  seemed  to  leave  the  rest  of  Strath-Clyd'e  at  contain :   see  capable.}    A  genus  of  pectini-  veyance  used  in  proceedings  characterized  by 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  263.  branchiate  gastropods  with  a  pyramidal  shell,  dignity,  solemnity,  or  splendor:  as,  Phoebus's 

2.  The  thing  taken ;  a  prize.  belonging  to  the  subfamily  Capulitue  and  family  car;  the  car  of  Juggernaut;  a  triumphal  cor. 

capture  (kap'tur),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  captured,  CalyptraHda; :  synonymous  with  Pileopsis.  Let  the  bell  be  toll'd : 

ppr.  capturing.     [<  capture,  n.}     1 .  To  take  or  Caput   (kap'ut),    n. ;   pi.    capita,    rarely   caputs  And  a  reverent  people  behold 

seize  by  force,  surprise,  or  stratagem,  as  an  (-i-ta,  -utz).     [L.,  the  head,  prob.  =  AS.  hed-  The  towering  cm-,  the  sable  steeds 

enemy  or  his  property ;  take  captive ;  make  a  fod,"E.  head,  q.  v.    Hence  capital1,  capital*  etc.,  „  .      Tenn*im>.  DukJ  of  "  ellmgton. 

prize  or  prisoner  of:  as  to  caviare  a  vessel  or  a  captain,  cltief,  chieftain,  chef,  chieve1,  achieve,  3.  A  vehicle  running  upon  rails.  See /«or,W-car, 

fortress ;  to  capture  prisoners  etl]    { .  In  mat.,  the  head ;  the  head  or  upper  ^oad-car.    [U.  S.]- 4.  The  basket  of  a  bal- 

The  absorption  of  animal  matter  from  captured  insects  extremity  of  some  part  of  the  body.— 2f.   An        °%ln  .WnlC  ^fi  af°"aut  ^-AffififflB*!*- 

SBto^B«*«^S*jL«"«j,g&c^  abbreviation  of  the  phrase  caput  selatus  (liter-  &<g^-^Z£.t£££k3S%?&8£ 

JIM,  p.  17.  any>  j,ea(j  Of  tjje  8enate),  a  council  or  ruling  train;  a  caboose.— Drawing-room  car,  a  railroad  pas- 


soil. 


his  Italian  campaigns.  Kimjc.  Brit.,  V.  79. 

II.  it.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Capua. 


,.*  ....urtl.-  Caput  COli,  the  head  of  the  colon;     ™ic8'  "rOoFS'       /I 

the  cwcuni.- Caput  cornu,  capiit  cornu  posteriorisi  car2  (kar),  w.     [ME.  ker,  <  Icel.  ^nrr,  pi.  Irjorr, 
the  expanded  extremity  of  the  posterior  horn  of  gray  sub-     copse,  brushwood  (cf.  k/drnt/i/n;  a  marsh  over- 


car 

grown  wilh  brushwood:  mi/rr  =  K.  miri'),  = 
Norw.  kjrrr.  kjnrr,  a  marsh,  esp.  a  marsh  over- 
grown with  brushwood,  =  Sw.  kiirr,  a.  marsh, 
fen,  morass,  moor,  =  Dan.  kirr,  formerly  //"/, 
a  marsh,  bog,  thicket,  pool.  Cf.  earscS.]  1. 
A  wood  or  grove,  generally  of  alders,  on  a  moist 
soil.—  2.  Any  hollow  place  or  marsh.  [Prov. 
Eng.  in  both  senses.  | 

car:tt  (kar),  a.  [Sc.,  also  written  kar,  krr,  tatr, 
I'linr,  nirri/,  <  ME.  ctir.  krrn;<.  duel,  rm-rr,  left, 
left-handed,  awkward.]  Left,  as  opposed  to 
right. 

In  a  knot,  bi  a  clylfc,  nt  the  kerre  tide, 
Ther  us  the  rogh  rochet-  vn  rydely  watg  fallen, 
Tbay  lerden  to  the  fymUnu,  .\  iivk.-,;  hem  after. 
.S'.';-  linirniiii,'  null  Hi''  <:r,,  n  Kni;ilil  ( K.  K.  T.  S.),  1.  1431. 

car1  (kiir),  r.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  cnrraj.ppr.  car- 

i-iin/.     [K.  dial.,  abbr.  of  carry.']    To  carry. 

[Prov.  Eng.  (Kent).] 
car5  (kiir),   n.      [<   ME.    'car,   'carre.   <    AS. 

(ONorth.)  carr,  a  rock,  appar.  <  Gael,  carr,  a. 

rocky  shelf  or  projecting  part  of  a  rock.     Cf . 

cairn.]  A  rock.  [Prov.  Eug.] 
car.  An  abbreviation  of  carat. 
Car-.  Sec  nil  r-. 

Carabaya  bark.    See  bark*. 

Carabici  (ka-rab'i-si),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  *Ca- 
rabicus,  dim.  of  Carabus,  q.  v.J  In  Latreille's 
system  of  classification,  a  group  of  carnivorous 
or  adephagous  pentamerous  Coleoptera,  embra- 
cino;  the  caraboid  beetles. 

carabid  (kar'a-bid),  H.  A  beetle  of  the  family 
Ciirnliiila-;  a  caraboid  ;  aground-beetle. 

Carabidae  (ka-rab'i-de),  •».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Carabus 
+  -iVte.]  A  family  of  Coleoptera  or  beetles 
whose  metastt-rnum  has  an  antecoxal  piece 
separated  by  a  well-marked  suture,  reaching 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  and  extending  in  a 
triangular  process  between  the  hind  coxae,  with 
the  antennae  11-jointed,  and  the  hind  coxae 
movable  and  small.  The  antennic  arise  at  the  aide 
of  the  head  Iwtween  the  base  of  the  mandibles  and  the 
eyes.  The  species  are  usually  large  and  adonied  with  bril- 
liant metallic  colors,  and  are  either  wingless  or  have  wings 
not  adapteil  for  flying.  There  are  more  than  6,000  known 
species,  all  c.f  which  are  commonly  called  around-beetle*, 
varying  from  a  very  minute  size  up  to  2  or  3  Inches  In 
length.  The  liombardier-lteetle,  Brac/miu*  creintaiui,  be- 
longs to  this  family.  Other  names  of  the  caraboid  group 
of  insects  are  Carabi,  Carabici,  Carabida,  Carabini,  Cara- 
boidtv,  Carabiteg,  Carabidea,  CarabitteM,  Carabina.  See  cuts 
under  bombardier-beetle  and  around-beetle. 

carabideous  (kar-a-bid'e-us),  a.  [<  Carabida; 
+  -eaus.~\  Of  or  pertaining  to  or  having  the 
characters  of  the  Carabida;. 

carabidoid  (ka-rab'i-doid).  a.  Same  as  eara- 
Ixiid,  2. 

Carabinae  (kar-a-bi'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Cara- 
bus +  -ina;."]  The  typical  subfamily  of  Cara- 
bida;, containing  large  handsome  species  whose 
mesosternal  epiraeron  reaches  the  coxa,  and 
whose  middle  eoxal  cavities  are  not  entirely 
closed  by  the  sterna. 

carabinet,  «.    See  oariiim-. 

carabineer,  «•    See  carbinn  r. 

caraboid  (kar'a-boid),  «.  and  n.    [<  Or.  napa^oet- 
o'/c,  like  a  carabus,  <  napajio^,  a  carabus,  -r  e 
form.]     I.  a.  1 

Carabus;  resembling  a  carabus.— 2.  Of  or  pe: 
(.-lining  to  the  second  larval  stage  of  insects 
which  undergo  hypermetamorphosis,  as  the 
blister-beetles,  Mcloidic.  The  caraboid  stage 
succeeds  the  triunguline  and  precedes  the  sear- 
abwoid  stage.  Also  carabidoid. 

II.  ».  A  member  of  the  genus  Carabus,  or  of 
the  family  Carabida;;  a  carabus. 

Carabus  (kar'a-bus),  w.  [NL.,  <  Or.  icdpa/Jof,  a 
horned  beetle,  also  the  sea-crawfish  or  spiny 
lobster  (also  a  kind  of  light  ship).  See  oara- 
«/.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Carabina!,  now 
restricted  to  species  of  medium  or  large  size 


918 

cent  a  upot  under  each  eye,  and  hai  tufu  of  long  black 
hair  which  terminate  the  ear«.  whence  it*  name.  It  po»- 
•eue*  great  strength  and  ferocity,  and  Is  sometime!  used 


,        I 


.Caracal  (Ijrnx  earatat). 


Caramania  gum 

It.  caragolo,  aUo  i-iirinjni>l>\  i-,ii mini, in .  a  snail, 
winding  stair,  i-nrm-nllii.  a  caracole,  =  (II 
t/iii  mil;  !•'.  dial.  i-in/iitri  ulli.  a  snail.  Origin  un- 
certain; erroneously  derived  by  the  Spanish 
Academy  from  L.  cocUea,  coelea,  a  Hnail.  simil- 
shell:  see  nichlca.]  1.  In  the  manege,  a  nrini- 
rounil  or  half-turn  which  a  horseman  makes, 
either  to  the  right  or  to  the  left.— 8.  In  arc*., 
a  spiral  staircase. 

caracole  (kar'a-kdl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  cara- 
coled, ppr.  caracoling.  [<  caracole,  n. ;  =  F. 
caraenter  =  8p.  caracolear  =  Pg.  caracolar  = 
It.  cararolhire.]  1.  To  move  or  advance  in  a 
series  of  caracoles ;  prance. 

Prince  John  eararoleit  within  the  lliU  at  the  hea.l  .,f  hi. 
Jovial  party.  .sv-.rfr,  Ivanhoe,  I.  BZ. 

Hay  youth*,  In  rich  brilliant  drcue«,  caracole  up  to  ti,- 
carriages  on  fiery  steed*. 

J.  K.  Cnolce,  Virginia  Comedialu,  II.  xxl. 


In  the  chase  of  the  (mailer  quadrupeds  and  of  the  larger     2.   To  wheel,  as  cavalry, 
kinds  of  birds.     It  ha*  been  supposed  to  .he  the  lynx  of  caraCOli,  n.     See  eariimly. 


family  Pulyho, 
genera  folyliorii.t,  I'halnilurnu*,  ,sw-«<v,  Milraijn, 
Ibycter,  and  Diiptriun,  all  of  which  are  confined 
to  America.  The  name  Is  specially  applicable  U>  the 
species  of  Polybonu,  of  which  there  are  several,  as  /'. 
chrrieay,  P.  audubuni,  and  /'.  lulwnu,  of  the  southeni 
I "nited  States  and  wanner  parts  of  America.  TheK  are 
large,  vulture-like  hnwks,  of  terrestrial,  ambulatory,  not 
saltatory,  habits,  preying  chiefly  upon  carrion.  The  head 


IU8,  \  Kapa/io^,  a  carabus,  +  e/ooc,      "-  inches  long.    Also  called  carcara  and  carranfha. 

.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  Caraccesque,  Carraccesque  (k&r-a-ohesk'),  a. 

ibling  a  carabus. — 2.  Of  or  per-    I"  "r><  resembling  or  characteristic  of  the  Ca- 


rhombic  crystals,  which  are  hexagonal  in  aspect 
through  twinning. 

caracolla  (kar-a-kol'a),  ».  [NL. ;  also  writ- 
ten, less  prop.,  carocolla ;  <  Sp.  caracol,  a  snail : 
see  caracole.]  1.  A  snail  of  the  family  Ifeliri- 
dte,  with  the  whorls  of  the  shell  flattened  to- 
ward and  keeled  at  the  edges. — 2f.  (<•<///.]  A 
genus  of  such  land-snails. 

caracoly,  caracoli  (kar'a-kol-i),  n.  [Origin 
unknown.]  An  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  and  cop- 
per, of  which  an  inferior  kind  of  jewelry  is 
made  by  the  Caribs. 

caracora  (kar-a-ko'rS),  «.  [Formerly  also 
caracol;  a  Malay  word.]  A  proa  of  Borneo 
and  other  islands  of  the  East  Indies. 

caract't,  »•  [Also  charact,  <  ME.  caract,  carect, 
<  OF.  caract,  charact,  m.,  caracte,  carecte,  ka- 
recte,  carate,  t.  (=  Pr.  carecta,  f.),  character, 
sign,  mark,  shortened  from  caracter,  ME.  car- 
acter :  see  character.']  1.  A  distinctive  mark, 
especially  as  indicating  character  or  value. 

They  are  men  that  set  the  caract  and  value  upon  things 
as  they  love  them.  B.  JOIUOH,  Discoveries. 

2.  Character;  kind;  sort. 

No,  beauty,  no ;  you  are  of  too  good  i-nmi-t 
To  be  left  so,  without  a  guard. 

B.  Jonton,  Every  Man  In  hi*  Humour,  III.  S. 

3.  Estimate. 

You  do  mistake 

My  caract  of  your  friendship  all  this  while, 
or  at  what  rate  I  reckon  your  assistance. 

II.  Jonton,  Magnetlck  Lady,  I.  1. 

4.  A  formula  of  enchantment. 

lie  -liiil.li-  make  his  sacrifice 
And  rede  hi*  carect  in  the  wise, 
As  she  him  taught. 

Qavxr,  Coiif.  Amant.,  II.  347. 
Whan  that  a  man 
With  hi*  carecte  him  wolde  enchalliite. 

Gomr,  Conf.  Amant,  I.  57. 
An  obsolete  form  of  carat. 


and  neck  are  extensively  denuded ;  the  legs  ami  wings  are 
comparatively  long;  the  lieak  is  toothless,  with  the  cere 
ending  vertically,  the  nostrils  high  up,  linear,  and  oblique, 
with  concealed  tubercle.  Though  vulturine  in  general  as- 
pect and  economy,  the  caracaras  approach  the  typical  fal- 
con* in  some  anatomical  characters,  as  in  the  peculiar 
structure  of  the  shoulder-joint,  the  extensively  oasined 
nasal  bones  with  central  nasal  tul»ercle,  and  the  anterior 
keel  of  the  palate.  The  common  caracara  is  much  varied 
with  white  and  black  barring  of  the  plumage,  and  I*  about  caract2!  "• 

_22  inches  long.    AJso  called  carcara  and  rarmnrha.  A  Ilmrki  Mw  „„  „„„„.  irvy,  U  divided  Into  twenty. 

four  equal  parts,  called  caractt.  Coctxr. 

Diamond*,  two  whereof 

racci  or  Carracci,  Italian  painters  of  the  latter  Do  double  the  twelfth  caraet.          CarttrnyM. 

part  of  the  sixteenth  and  the  earlier  part  of  caractert,  «•    An  earlier  form  of  character. 
the  seventeenth  century,  founders  of  the  eclec-  Caradoc  sandstone.    See  sandstone. 
tic  or  Bolognese  school  of  painting.  carafe,  caraffe  (ka-raf),  n.    [=  D.  karaf=  Q. 

carack,  carrack  (kar'ak),  n.  [Also  written  karaffe  =  Dan.  karaffc,  karaffel,  <  F.  carafe, 
cnrac,  carick,  carrick,  carrock,  <  ME.  caracke.  <  It.  caraffa  =  Sp.  Pg.  garrafa,  a  vessel  for 
carrik;  =  D.  kraak  =  G.  Icaraeke,  kracke,  <  OF.  cooling  liquids,  prob.  <  AT.  ghirdf,  a  vessel,  < 
carraque,  F.  caraque  =  Sp.  Pg.  carraca  =  It.  gltarafa,  draw,  as  water.]  A  glass  water-bottle 
caracca,  <  ML.  carraca,  caraca  (also  caracata  or  decanter. 

(i.  e.,  carricata)  navis,  'laden  ship'),  prop,  car-  Caragana  (kar-a-ga'na),  n.     [NL.,  <  caragan, 
rica,  a  ship  of  burden,  <  carricare,  load  a  car,     the  name  of  the  original  species  among  the 
r „,     <  L.  carrus,  a  ca":  see  carl,  caricature,  cargo^,     Mogul  Tatars.]     A  genus  of  leguminous  tree, 

and  handsome  coloration,  having  the  third  an-    a"d  charge.]    A  large  round-biiilt  vessel  of  con-    or  shrubs,  all  Asiatic  and  chiefly  Siberian,  wit  h 

tennal  joint  cylindrical,  the  labrum  not  fur-    siderable  depth,  fitted  for  fighting  as  well  as  for    feathery  pale-green  foliage  and  yellow  flowers 

call',  the  mandibles  with  no  external  setigerous    burden,  such  as  were  used  by  the  Portuguese     appearing  in  early  spring.     The  species  are  all 

puncture,  the  posterior  coxse  contiguous,  and    and  Spaniards  in  trading  with  America  and    ornamental,  and  several  are  in  cultivation. 

the  anterior  coxal  cavities  open  behind.    There    the  Kast  Indies. 

arc  many  species,  especially  in  Em-o|K>,  where  the  genus  The  Oenuois  comen  In  sundry  wtoec 

i-eiicbes  its  highest  ile\ elopin, -lit,     C.  terrotui  is  the  com-  Into  this  land  with  diners  marchandUei 

m. .nest   American  species,  j)  to  J  of  an  inch  long,  black,  In  great  Caraek*.  arrayed  withouteu  lacke 

with  bhiisli  edges  of  the  prothorux  and  elytra,  the  latter  With  cloth  of  gold.          llatluyt's  Voyayei,  I.  193. 

betag  punctate.  On  coreairs  galley,  carack  tall, 

2.  [i.e.]  A  member  of  this  genus,  or  of  the  fam-  And  plundered  Christian  cararaL 

ily  Caraliitlii: — 3f.    [I.  c.]  A  caravel.  Wkittier,  Derne. 

caract,  ».    See  ainick.  caracol1  (kar'a-kol),  H.    Same  as  caracole,  2. 

caracal  (kar'a-kal),  n.     [<  F.  caracal,  said  to  caracol'-'t  (kar'a-kol),  n.     An  obsolete  form  of 

be  <  Turk,  i/nra  i/ii/n// :  r/nm.  black ;  i/iilm/.  ear.] 


carageen,  n.     See  carrageen. 

caragenin,  n.     See  carragecnin. 

caragheen,  «.     See  carrageen. 

caramgt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  carrion. 

caraipT  (kar-a-e'pe),  n.  [8.  Amer.]  The  pot- 
tery-tree of  Part,  Moqvitta  iitilix.  the  powdered 
bark  of  which  is  mixed  with  clay  for  making 
vessels  for  domestic  use.  Pottery  "thus  made  is 


capable  of  withstanding  a  high  degree  of  heat. 
Caraite,  «.     Sec  Karaite. 

\  carnivorous  (lipitigrade  quadruped  of  the  /'<-  caracole  (kar'a-kol),  «.     [Also  written  caracol  carajara,  carajura  (kar-a-ja'ra,  -jS'rS),  ».    [A 
liila',  or  cat  family,  and  genus  I.ynr,  L.  cara-    (esP-  in  sense  L'),  <  F.  caracole,  a  caracole,  a     native  S.  Amer.  name.]     A  red  coloring  mmt- 
ciil,  inhabiting  portions  of  northern  Africa  and    gambol,  a  spiral  staircase,  formerly  caracal,  a     ter  obtained  from  Bignonin  chica.     See  chico. 
southwestern    Asia.    H  js  ulH.nt  the  size  of  a  fox,     snail,  <  Sp.  eiirurnl  =  Cat.  I'linnjol  =  Pg.  cara-  Caramania  gum.    Same  as  Bamora gum  (which 
is  of  a  uniform  deep-brown  or  wine-red  color  above,  ex       nil,  a  snail,  a  winding  staircase,  a  caracole,  =     see,  under  gum-). 


caramba 

caramba  (ka-ram'bji).  ».     Same  as  earambala. 

carambqla  (ka-ram'bo-lii),  «.  [E.  Ind.]  The 
acid  fruit  of  the  Averrhoa  Carambola  of  tropi- 
cal Asia,  which  resembles  the  bilimbi,  and  is 
often  cultivated.  It  is  used  for  making  tarts, 
etc. 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  •«.    [<  F.  oaramboie 

=  Sp.  Pg.  It.  carambola ;  origin  unknown.  In 
E.  now  shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billiards  : 
(a)  The  red  ball  placed  on  the  mark.  (6)  A 
carom  (which  see). 

carambolet  (kar-am-bol'),  r.  ?'.  [<  F.  caram- 
boler  (=  G.  karambolieren  =  Dan.  karambolerc 
=  Sp.  carambolear  =  Pg.  carambolar),  carom, 
<  carambole,  carom  (in  billiards).  In  E.  now 
shortened  to  carom,  q.  v.]  In  billiards,  to 
carom. 

caramel  (kar'a-mel),  >t.  [<  F.  caramel,  burnt 
sugar,  =  It.  cnramella  =  Sp.  Pg.  caramelo,  a 
lozenge,  sugar-candy,  prob.  a  corruption  of 
ML.  calamellus  (mellitus),  sugar-cane  (also  by 
simulation  canamella,  cannamelki,  and  separate- 
ly cana  mcllis,  'cane  of  honey'),  calamellus  be- 
ing prop.  dim.  of  calamus,  a  reed,  cane:  see 
calamus.]  1.  Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar,  a  pro- 
duct of  the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar.  When  cane- 
sugar  is  heated  in  an  oil  or  metal  bath  to  between  210°  and 
220J  C.,  it  begins  to  assume  a  brown  color  of  continually  in- 
creasing depth,  and  when  the  tumefaction  has  ceased  the 
vessel  contains  a  black  substance  to  which  the  name  of 
caramel  has  been  given.  It  has  a  high  luster,  like  an- 
thracite, and  dissolves  readily  in  water,  giving  it  a  fine 
sepia  tint.  Its  composition  is  the  same  as  that  of  cane- 
sugar  in  its  compound  with  oxid  of  lead.  It  is  used  for 
giving  a  brown  color  to  spirits,  soups,  gravies,  etc. 
2.  A  sweet,  variously  composed  and  flavored, 
but  generally  consisting  of  chocolate,  sugar, 
and  butter,  and  dark-colored. 
Sometimes  spelled  caromel. 

caramelization  (kar-a-mel-i-za'shon),  B.  [< 
caramelize  +  -ation.]  The  transformation  of 
sugar  into  caramel. 

caramelize  (kar'a-mel-Iz),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
caramelized,  ppr.  earamtUttng.  [<  caramel  + 
-ize.~\  To  transform  or  convert  into  caramel : 
as,  caramelised  sugar. 

caramote  (kar'a-mot),  n.  [F. ;  cf.  Sp.  cara- 
muyo  =  Pg.  caramujo,  a  kind  of  sea-snail,  =  It. 
caramogio,  a  dwarf,  a  shrimp.]  A  rather  large 
species  of  shrimp,  Penaius  caramote,  common  in 
the  Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  great 
numbers  and  salted  for  exportation. 

carangid  (ka-ran'jid),  n.  A  fish  of  the  family 
Carangida?. 

Carangidae  (ka-ran'ji-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
ranx (-rang-)  +  -ida\~\  A  family  of  acanthopte- 
rygian  fishes,  represented  by  the  genus  Caranx, 
to  which  various  limits  have  been  assigned, 
(a)  In  Giinther's  system,  a  family  of  Acanthopterygh  cotto- 
scombriformes,  with  the  skeleton  firm,  no  bony  stay  for  the 
preoperculum,  teeth  conical  or  triangular  if  present,  the 
spinous  portion  of  the  dorsal  present  (sometimes  rudi- 
mentary), the  body  compressed,  oblong  or  elevated,  with 
10  abdominal  and  14  caudal  vertebrae.  In  this  sense  it 
has  been  used  by  most  European  ichthyologists  since  1862. 
It  includes  flshes  which  have  been  distributed  by  others 
in  the  families  Carantjidtz,  Pomatomidfe,  Psettidce,  Zan- 
clidce,  CaproUae,  EqtmKdie  etc.  (6)  In  Gill's  system  re- 
stricted to  Scnmbroidea  with  10  abdominal  and  from  14 
to  16  caudal  vertebrae,  a  short  or  atrophied  first  dorsal 
flu,  second  dorsal  and  anal  long,  opposite,  and  nearly 
alike,  generally  two  anal  spines  detached  and  forming  a 
finlet,  and  non-protractile  jaws.  These  limits  have  been 
adopted  by  most  recent  American  ichthyologists.  It  em- 
braces numerous  species  of  tropical  flshes,  the  best-known 
of  which  are  the  cavallies,  pompanos,  and  pilot-nsh. 

Carangidce  is  the  family  name  for  the  flshes  generally 
known  as  cavally  or  crevalle,  jack,  pompano,  scad,  etc. 

Stand.  Xat.  Hist.,  III.  186. 

Caranginse  (kar-an-ji'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Ca- 
ranx  (-rowj?-)  -I-  4na:.~\  A  subfamily  of  Carangi- 
dce;  the  cavallies  or  horse-mackerels.  The  pre- 
maxillaries  are  protractile,  the  pectoral  flns  long  and  fal- 
cate, the  anal  fln  is  like  the  second  dorsal  and  with  its  base 
longer  than  the  abdomen,  the  maxillary  has  a  supplemen- 
tary bone,  the  dorsal  outline  is  more  curved  than  the  ven- 
tral outline,  and  the  back  and  abdomen  are  rounded.  Also 
Carancini,  Carangtni.  See  cut  under  Caranx. 

carangine  (ka-ran'jin),  a.  and  ».     I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  characters  of  the  Ca- 
raiiginw  or  Carangidte. 
II.  n.  A  member  of  the  subfamily  Carangina;. 

carangoid   (ka-rang'goid),  a.  and  n.     [<  NL. 
Caranx  (-rang-)  +  Gr.  eMof,  shape.]     I,  a.   Of 
or  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  Carangidai. 
II.  «.   One  of  the  Carangida;. 

caranna  (ka-ran'a),  ».    Same  as  carauna. 

carantot,  n.    Same  as  coranto. 

Come,  gallants,  who'le  run  a  cnranto,  or  leapealevalto? 
Marston,  The  Fawne,  ii.  1. 

Caranx  (kar'anks),  «.  [NL.,  appar.  <  Sp.  ca- 
rangue,  caranga,  a  kind  of  flatfish  in  the  West 
Indies.]  The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Ca- 
rangida;. The  scad  or  horse-mackerel,  Caranx  vulgrtrix, 


S14 


Cavally.  or  Horse-mackerel  (Caratixtitlearis}. 

C.  trachunix,  or  Tracliitntft  saunut,  is  the  best-known  ex- 
ample. 

Carapa  (kar'a-pa),  'ii.  [NL.  (Pg.  OOfaipa),  <  ca- 
raipi,  a  native  Guiana,  name.]  1.  A  genus  of 
tropical  trees,  natural  order  Meliacea.  A  South 
American  species,  C.  Guianeti*i#,  is  a  flue  large  tree,  the 
bark  of  which  is  in  repute  as  a  febrifuge.  Oil  made  from 
its  seeds  (called  carap-oil  or  crab-oil)  is  used  for  lamps. 
The  wood,  called  carapa-wood  or  crab-wood,  is  light  and 
takes  a  good  polish  ;  it  is  used  for  making  furniture,  and 
also  for  the  spars  of  ships.  The  oil  of  the  African  species, 
C.  Touloucouna ,  called  coondi,  kundah,  or  tallicoona  oil, 
is  used  by  the  negroes  for  making  soap  and  anointing  their 
bodies,  its  taste  being  so  bitter  that  it  serves  as  a  defense 
against  bites  of  vermin.  The  oil  of  the  South  American 
carapa  is  used  for  the  same  purpose. 
2.  [/.  c.]  A  tree  belonging  to  this  genus. 
carapace  (kar'a-pas),  n.  [Also  carapax;  <  F. 
carapace,  <  Cat.  cara- 
bassa  =  Sp.  carapaclio 
=  It.  dial,  caravazza,  a 
gourd:  see  calabash.] 
1.  The  shell  of  a  turtle 
or  tortoise;  specifical- 
ly, the  upper  shell,  the 


i.Carapacc  of  Tortoise  (Emys}, 
dorsal  surface,  outside.  The 
heavy  lines  indicate  the  divi- 
sions of  the  epidermal  plates  or 
scutes  forming  the  tortoise-shell  ; 
the  light  lines  show  the  sutures 
of  the  bony  plates  underlying 
and  supporting  the  shell.  i-S, 


ic      A'p 


2.  Cross-section  of  Carapace  and 
Plastron  of  Tortoise,  t,  centrum  of 
a  vertebra;  ns,  its  expanded  neu- 
ral spine  ;  r,  expanded  rib,  form- 
ing one  moss  with  a  lateral  scute 
and  ending  at  a  marginal  plate ; 
ic,  interclavicular  scute,  or  ento- 
plastron  ;  hp,  hyosternal  scute,  or 
epiplastron. 


uorn  .     i-, 

expanded  neural  spines  of  ver- 
tebrae ;  rl-r8,  expanded  costal 

plates  of  ribs  ;  nu,  nuchal  plate  ;  fy,  pygal  plate  ;  m,  series  of  mar- 
ginal plates. 

under  shell  being  called  the  plastron.  See  also 
cut  under  Chelonia.  —  2.  In  Mammalia,  the  shell 
of  an  armadillo.  —  3.  In  Cirripedia,  the  multi- 
valvular  shell,  test,  or  case.  —  4.  In  higher  Crus- 
tacea, the  shield  covering  the  cephalothorax, 
sometimes  separable  into  a  cephalostegite  and 
an  omostegite.  See  cut  under  Apws.  —  5.  One 
of  the  many  hard  cases,  tests,  or  shells  which 
are  likened  to  a  carapace,  as  those  of  certain 
inf  usorians  ;  a  lorica. 

carapacial  (kar-a-pa'shal),  a.  [<  carapace  + 
-ial.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  carapace. 

The  lateral  portions  of  the  carapacml  ridge,  becoming 
deeper,  are  converted  into  branchiostcgites,  and  the  cav- 
ities which  they  overarch  are  the  branchial  chambers. 

Huxley,  Crayfish,  p.  217. 

carapax  (kar'a-paks),  n.    Same  as  carapace. 

carap-oil  (kar'ap-oil),  n.  Oil  obtained  from 
Carapa  Giiianensis.  See  Carapa,  1. 

carasow,  ».     See  curassow, 

Carassius  (ka-ras'i-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  F.  carassin, 
a  carp  :  see  crucian.]  A  genus  of  carps  or  cyp- 
rinoid  fishes  containing  the  common  goldfish, 
C.  auratus.  See  goldfish. 

carassow,  n.    See  curassoto. 

carat,  karat  (kar'at),  ».  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
caract  (simulating  caract,  cltaracter,  a  charac- 
ter, mark,  stamp);  =D.  karaat=G.  fcarat(MHG. 
karat,  gardt)  =  Dan.  Sw.  karat,  <  F.  carat  =  Pr. 
carat  =  It.  carato  =  Sp.  Pg.  quilate,  OPg.  em- 
rate  =  Turk.  Pers.  qlrdt,  <  Ar.  qirdt,  qirrdt,  a 
carat,  the  twenty-fourth  of  an  ounce,  four  bar- 
leycorns, also  a  pod,  husk  (=  LL.  cerates),  < 
Gr.  Kcpdnov,  the  fruit  of  the  locust-tree,  also, 
like  L.  siliqua  (see  siliqua),  a  weight,  the  carat, 
also  and  lit.  a  little  horn,  dim.  of  Kepaf  (nepar-), 
a  horn,  akin  to  E.  liorn  :  see  ccrato-  and  /torn.] 
If.  An  old  weight  equal  to  a  scruple,  or  the 
twenty-fourth  part  of  an  ounce  troy.  —  2f.  A 
unit  of  mass  formerly  used  in  various  countries 
for  weighing  gold.  It  was  generally  the  24th  part  of 
a  mark  of  gold,  and  was  subdivided  into  12  grains.  It  was 
commonly  equal  to  about  150.5  troy  grains. 
Hence  —  3.  A  twenty-fourth  part  :  specifically 
used  in  expressing  the  fineness  of  gold  when 
used  as  jewelry.  Thus,  pure  gold  being  considered  as 
24  carats  fine,  if  two,  six,  or  ten  twenty-fourths  of  alloy 
(commonly  copper  or  silver)  is  present,  the  gold  is  said  to 
he  22,  18,  or  14  carats  fine,  and  so  on.  The  gold  used  by 


caravan 

jewelers  is  seldom  over  18  carats  flue,  except  in  wedding- 
rinirs.  the  standard  fineness  of  which  is  22  carats.  Gold 
of  18  carats  fine  is  almost  invariably  used  in  mounting 
diamonds,  while  14-carat  gold  is  said  to  be  ordinarily  used 
in  the  United  States  for  gold  chains,  etc. 
4.  A  unit  of  weight  for  precious  stones,  divided 
by  jewelers  into  4  grains,  called  diamoiuLgraing, 
but  equal  to  about  3£  troy  grains,  151£  English 
carats  being  taken  as  equal  to  an  ounce  troy. 
In  1877  the  weight  of  the  carat  was  fixed  by  a  syndicate 
of  London,  Paris,  and  Amsterdam  jewelers  at  205  milli- 
grams, or  151.76  carats  to  the  troy  ounce.  Under  the 
translated  form  Kfpdrioi>,  or  ceratiwn,  siliqua  was  adopted 
by  Constantino  into  the  system  of  weights  of  the  empire 
as  -rjy  of  an  ounce,  equal  to  189  milligrams.  In  Italy  it  re- 
mained as  a  part  of  the  system  of  weights,  in  general  with 
the  same  relation  to  the  ounce  and  with  nearly  the  same 
value.  The  Arabic  oirat  was  the  24th  part  of  the  mithkal, 
and  was  subdivided  sometimes  into  4,  sometimes  into  3 
grains,  its  value  for  gems  being  very  nearly  3  grains 
troy.  The  Castilian  carat,  j},  of  a  Castilian  ounce,  or 
3.184  troy  grains,  was,  like  the  rest  of  the  Castilian  sys- 
tem, adopted  from  the  Arabs.  From  Spain  this  has  passed 
to  the  rest  of  Europe  and  to  America,  with  only  small 
modifications,  less  than  unlegalized  units  commonly  un- 
dergo, under  the  name  of  the  Amsterdam  or  diaimntd 
carat,  which  is  usually  divided  into  64ths.  Pearls  are  sold 
by  the  diamond-grain  and  not  by  the  carat,  while  small 
baroque  pearls,  coral,  rough  garnets,  and  the  inferior 
kinds  of  stones  are  sold  by  the  ounce  troy.  The  subdi- 
visions of  the  carat  are  always  expressed  in  fourths,  eighths, 
sixteenths,  etc. 

Often  abbreviated  car.  or  K. 
carat  (kar'at),  v.  t.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  caract; 
<  carat,  caract,  n.']     To  try  or  refine  (gold). 

Caratlare,  to  touch  or  trie  gold,  to  refine  or  make  per- 
fect, to  caract.  Florio. 

carate  (ka-ra'te),  «.  [S.  Amer.]  A  cutaneous 
disease  occurring  in  South  America,  which  pro- 
duces scarlet,  brown,  or  blue  blotches,  espe- 
cially on  the  face,  hands,  and  feet. 

carauna  (ka-ra'na),  ».  [Also  written  carana, 
caranna  (NL.  carana) ;  native  name.]  A  soft, 
greenish-brown,  balsamic  oleo-resin  produced 
by  a  burseraceous  tree,  probably  Protium  Ca- 
rana, found  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon 
and  Orinoco.  It  is  exported  in  little  masses,  rolled  up 
in  leaves  of  flags.  It  has  an  agreeable  aromatic  smell,  and 
a  bitterish  slightly  pungent  taste.  It  was  formerly  used 
in  plasters. 

Caravan  (kar'a-van  or  kar-a-van'V  n.  [=  D. 
karavaan  =  G".  karawane  ="  Dan.  karavane  = 
Sw.  kararan,  <  F.  caravane,  <  Sp.  caravana  = 
Pg.  caravana  =  It.  carovana  (ML.  caravanna, 
caravenna,  carvanna,  carranus  =  MGr.  Kapftaviav, 
NGr.  Kapflavi)  =  Turk.  Tcdrwan  (la/drwdn)  =  Ar. 
kairawdn  =  Hind,  kdrwdn,  <  Pers.  kdrwdn,  kdra- 
tcdn,  a  caravan.  Prob.  orig.  Pers.,  but  by  some 
considered  orig.  Ar. ;  cf.  Pers.  kdr,  business, 
work,  Ar.  kair.  trade,  profession,  kird,  kirwa, 
hire,  hiring.  In  sense  ii  shortened  to  raw :  see 
•van*.']  1.  A  company  of  travelers,  pilgrims,  or 
merchants,  in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
who  associate  together  that  they  may  travel 
with  greater  security,  especially  through  des- 
erts or  regions  infested  by  robbers.  Nearly  all 
commerce  in  these  countries  was  formerly  carried  on  by 
caravans,  using  camels  chiefly  for  transportation;  and 
they  are  still  numerous,  though  largely  superseded  by 
other  methods. 

Men  who  pass 

In  troop  or  caravan.       Milton,  P.  B,.,  i.  323. 
Great  caravans,  formerly  composed  of  Pagans,  now  of 
Mahometans,  passed  from  west  to  east,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  in  ancient  times,  to  buy  and  disperse  India  goods 
through  Africa.  Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II.  61. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  large  number  of  persons 
traveling  together,   especially   when   moving 
slowly  or  with  much  baggage ;  poetically,  any 
large  number  of  persons,  or  even  animals,  con- 
sidered as  traveling  together  to  a  common  des- 
tination. 

Their  aery  caravan,  high  over  seas 
Flying.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  428. 

When  thy  summons  comes  to  join 
The  innumerable  caravan,  which  moves 
To  that  mysterious  realm  ...  of  death. 

Bryant,  Thanatopsis. 

3.  A  large  covered  carriage  used  for  conveying 
passengers,  or  a  company  of  people  traveling 
together,  or  a  traveling  exhibition  or  show; 
hence,  any  large  covered  wagon  or  cart  for 
travel  or  transport :  often  abbreviated  to  row. 

Alike,  gay  widow,  virgin,  wife, 
Ingenious  to  diversify  dull  life, 
In  coaches,  chaises,  caravans,  and  hoys, 
Fly  to  the  coast  for  daily,  nightly  joys. 

Cowprr,  Retirement. 

He  had  never  seen  such  a  fat  boy  in  or  out  of  a  travel- 
ling caravan.  Dickens,  Pickwick,  II.  xxvi. 
4f.  A  number  of  vessels  or  barks  in  company, 
or  an  expedition  with  such  vessels. 

Their  galleys  still  spread  over  the  Levant  and  came 
back  victorious  from  their  caravans,  as  their  cruises 
against  the  Moslems  were  called.  PregcoU. 

6f.  A  hood  with  hoops  or  springs  of  whalebone 
and  an  adjustable  veil  for  the  face.    Fairholt. 


caravan-boiler 

caravan-boiler  (kar'a-van-boilte),  «.    An  old 

fonn  of  steam-boiler,  resembling  a  wagon. 
caravaneer  (kar'a-van-er'),  ».     [<  F.  cnnira- 

niir  (—  Sp.  i-iimranerii=  Vg.  rami-aiirim),  <  ra- 
ravane,  caravan.]  One  who  1<  a.l-  the  camels, 
etc.,  of  a  caravan. 

Caravansary  (kar-a-van'sa-ri),  n.;  pi.  earariiii- 
mirirx  (-fix).  [=  P.  rararaiiKi-mi,  -xrrail  =  It. 
mmraiixrrai  =  Sp.  riifiii-aiixi  rmllo  =  IV 
vaufiirti  =  Turk,  kmriinsaray  =  Hind,  kiiricun- 
xara,  <  I  Vi-s.  UrtPcfNMFdsj  <  hinran,  caravan,  + 
nil  mi.  »  |i.-il:iee,  a  public  eililiee,  an  inn:  see 
xini</liii.\  In  the  bast,  a  place  appointed  for 
receiving  and  lodging  caravans;  a  kind  of  inn 


Interior  of  Caravansary  at  Aleppo. 

where  the  caravans  rest  at  night,  being  a  large 
square  building,  with  a  spacious  court  in  the 
middle.  Here  travelers  find  shelter  and  accommoda- 
tions, but  are  obliged,  if  they  have  not  brought  their  own 
supplies,  to  procure  provisions  and  all  necessaries  for  both 
men  and  beasts  at  the  neighboring  bazaar.  Also  written 
caravanserai,  caramiutera. 

It  is  a  mere  cai-at'diuary,  fit  for  a  man  of  genius  to 
lodge  in,  but  not  to  live  in.        II.  1C.  //.,/,»,'».  Autocrat,  i. 

caravel,  carvel  (kar'a-vel,  kar'vol),  n.  [=  D. 
karreel  =  G.  krafeel,  crarel  =  F.  caravelle  =  It. 
cararella  (>  Turk,  qaravela),  <  Sp.  caraeela,  also 
carabela  (=  Pg. 

rararrla),  a  car- 
avel, dim.  of  ra- 
raba=Pg.  ram 
vo,  also  carrliii, 
erero,  a  small 
vessel,  <  ML. 
carabus,  a  kind 
of  boat,  <  Gr. 
Kapaftoc.,  a  kind 
of  light  ship 
(NGr.  /ca/jrf,J(); 
prob.  a  particu- 
lar use  of  Ki'ipa- 
j8of,  a  beetle, 
a  sea-crawfish : 
see  Carabus.] 
Naut.,  the  name  Can>vcl>  „  c 

of  several  kinds 

of  vessels,  line  variety,  us.'. I  in  Portugal,  Is  a  vessel  of 
from  101)  to  160  tolls  burden  ;  another  is  a  fishing-vessel  of 
from  10  to  15  tons ;  and  a  third  is  a  large  Turkish  ship  of 
war.  The  name  was  also  given  to  n  small  ship  used  by 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries  for  long  voyages.  It  was  narrow  at  the  poop 
and  wide  at  the  bo\\.  ami  carried  a  double  tower  at  its 
stern  and  a  single  one  at  its  hows.  It  had  four  masU  and 
a  how  sprit,  ami  the  principal  sails  were  lateen  sails.  Two 
of  the  vessels  with  which  Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic 
and  discovered  America  were  of  this  description. 

The  king  of  Portingal  mimic, 1  to  arme  certalne  Camel* 
to  discouer  this  Spieerie.  llaMuttt'H  Voyage*,  I.  217. 

The  armament  consisted  of  two  caravels,  or  light  vessels 
without  decks,  and  a  third  of  larger  burden. 

Pnscutt,  Ferd.  and  ISA.,  L  16. 
The  seas  of  our  discovering  over-roll 
Him  ami  bis  yulil ;  tlie  frailer  M 
With  what  was  mine,  came  happily  to  the  shore. 

Ti'niiiixiin,  Columbus. 

carawala  (kar-a-wii'lii),  M.  A  venomous  ser- 
pent of  southern  India  und  Ceylon,  /lupnalr 
i"  /'ii,  a  viviparous  species  of  the  viperiue  series. 

caraway  (kar'a-wii),  H.  [Also  written  carra- 
ii'ai/,  early  mod.  E.  also  cttroirau,  <  Sp.  alrara- 
liin-i/a,  caraway.  <  Ar.  ill,  the,  +  kanriyii.  1,-ani- 
trii/a,  caraway-seeds,  caraway-plant,  prob.  <  Gr. 
Mi/mi.,  caraway,  >  L.  can-inn,  XL.  earinii  (>  It. 
rum — Florio),  cumin,  caraway.  Another  form 
is  E.  dial,  and  Sc.  rurri/.  rarrrit,  <  F.  rarri  =  It. 
earn  =  I),  kanrri  =  MLG.  karice,  G.  karri; 
kai-lii',  kanrri  =  Dan.  karri;  <  Sp.  earri.  short  for 
tilrararia  —  I'g.  ii/rararia,  variants  of  the  forms 
before  mentioned,  or  directly  from  the  Ar.  with- 
out the  article.]  1.  A  biennial  plant,  ('a nun 
t'linii.  of  the  natural  order  I'mbellifrni;  with  a 
tapering  root  like  a  parsnip,  which  when  youno; 
is  used  as  food,  but  has  a  very  strong  flavor. 


BIB 

It  Is  a  native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is  frequently  cult! 
vated  for  it«  fruit,  or  so  which  have  an  aro- 

matic smell  and  a  warm  pungent  taste.    They  are  used  as 
a  carminative  in  n  I  for  flavoring  cakes,  etc., 

and  a  volatile  oil  is  obtained  from  them  by  distillation. 
2.  The  Xiijrlla  mi  lira  or  black  caraway,  a  ra- 
nunculaceous  plant  of  southern  Europe,  the 
seeds  of  which  are  aromatic  and  used  for  the 
same  purposes  as  common  caraway. — 3.  Col- 
lectively, the  seeds  of  the  caraway. 

Illanmlcicllc,  nr  pcpyns,  with  <'n,'n>i'>->i  in  colifltc. 

Baber*  /;...i-(i:.  K.  T.  s.),  p.  100. 

4f.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  or  comfit  containing 
caraway-seeds. 

I  li.-u  cheese  with  fruite  On  the  table  set, 
With  I'.iskctcs  or  Camimyet,  As  you  may  get 

BttMf  JM(B,  K.  T.  S.),  p.  343. 

A  dish  of  earavayt.  Shuk.,  ••  lien.  IV.,  v.  3. 

5.  A  kind  of  apple.     Maxim. 

caraynet,  «•     An  old  fonn  of  carrion. 

carbamate  (kiir'ba-mat),  n.  [<  carbam(ic)  + 
-ate1.]  A  salt  of  carbamic  acid. 

carbamic  (kiir-bam'ik),  a.  [<  c«tr6(»nie)  +  atn- 
(iilc)  +  -ic.]  Relating  to  a  substituted  carbonic- 
acid  containing  the  amide  radical  \ll._,.  c.-.r- 
bamic  acid,  *'ON1I.»O1I,  an  aeid  not  known  in  the  free 
-talc,  but  forming  salts  ami  ethers,  as  mctlijl  carbamate, 
i  i  IN  M-. i  "M  Its  ammonium  salt  occurs  In  commercial 
ammonium  carl.onatc. 

carbamide  (kiir'ba-mid  or  -mid),  «.  [<  carb(on) 
+  a  m  iilr.  ]  1 .  A  compound  identical  with  urea, 
having  the  formula  CO(NH2)2-  It  is  found  in 
many  of  the  animal  juices,  and  occurs  most  abundantly 
in  urine. 
2.  A  general  name  for  the  derivatives  of  urea. 

carbazotate  (kar-baz'o-tat),  n.  [<  carbasot(ic) 
+  -atf1.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  car- 
bazotic acid  with  a  base. 

carbazotic  (kar-ba-zot'ik),  a.  [<  carb(un)  + 
azote  +  -if.]  Composed  of  or  pertaining  to  car- 
bon and  azote.— carbazotic  add,  (Y.lMNOo^oii, 
picric  acid  ;  a  crystalltzahle  acid  obtained  by  the  ac'tion  of 
nitric  acid  on  phenol,  Indigo,  and  other  animal  ami  vegeta- 
ble substances.  It  forms  shining  yellow  crystals,  sparingly 
soluble  In  cold  water,  and  having  an  intensely  bitter  tssittf 
It  is  used  chiefly  In  dyeing.  When  silk  which  has  been 
treated  with  a  mordant  of  alum  or  cream  of  tartar  Is  im- 
mersed in  a  solution  of  this  acid,  it  Is  dyed  a  beautiful 
permanent  yellow  color ;  and  by  the  use  of  indigo  and 
picric  acid  together  various  shades  of  green  are  obtained. 
Its  salts  explode  violently  when  struck.  Also  called  trini- 

carberry  (kar'ber'i),  H.;  pi.  carberries  (-iz). 
The  gooseberry.  [North.  Eng.] 

carbhydrate  (karb-hi'drat),  n.  Same  as  car- 
bohydrate. 

carbide  (kiir'bid  or  -bid),  H.  [<  carb(on)  + 
-ide1.]  A  compound  of  carbon  with  a  metal. 
Formerly  called  carburet. 

carbine1!  (kar'bin),  M.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  cara- 
bine, carabin,  carbeene,  a  musketeer,  <  F.  cara- 
bin, "  a  carbine  or  curbeene  [misprinted  for  enr- 
beene],  an  arquebuzier  armed  with  a  murrian 
and  breastplate,  and  serving  on  horseback" 
(Cotgrave),  mod.  F.  carabin,  a  surgeon's  ap- 
prentice, earlier  OF.  calabrin,  calabrien,  orig. 
one  who  worked  a  war-engine,  <  calabre,  a  war- 
engine:  see  calabre%.  In  this  sense  obsolete, 
being  replaced  by  carbineer.]  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  carbine;  a  carbineer;  a  musketeer. 

Nay,  I  knew, 

However  he  wheel'd  about  like  a  loose  carbine, 
lie  would  charge  home  at  length  like  a  brave  gentleman. 
Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  v.  1. 

carbine2  (kiir'bm),  n.  [Formerly  also  carabine, 
=  D.  karabijn  =G.  karahinrr  =  Dan.  karabin  = 
Sw.  karbin,  <  F.  carabine,  <  It.  carabina  =  Sp. 
Pg.  carabina  (>  Ar.  auarabiiia,  ijarltiina),  a  car- 
bine; from  carbine1.]  1.  In  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, a  firearm ;  one  of  the  many  names  given 
to  the  lighter  form  of  harquebuse. — 2.  In  mod- 
ern times,  a  short  rifle,  especially  one  adapted 
to  the  use  of  mounted  troops. 

carbineer  (kiir-bi-ner'),  H.  [=  D.  karabinier  = 
Dan.  karabincr  =  Sw.  karbinerare,  <  F.  cara- 
binier  (=  Sp.  carabinero  =  Pg.  carabineiro  =  It. 
carabinierr.  raraliino),<.  carabine:  see  carbine*.] 
A  soldier  armed  with  a  carbine.  Also  formerly 
written  carabineer. 

carbine-thimble  (kiir'bin-thim'bl),  «.  A  stiff 
socket  of  leather  fastened  to  a  D-ring  on  the 
right  side  of  a  saddle,  to  hold  the  muzzle  of  a 
carbine. 

carbo  (kar'bo).  n.  [NL.  (L.):  so  called  from 
their  coal-black  color :  see  carbon.]  A  name  of 
several  black  water-birds,  (a)  The  black  guillemot 
of  the  North  Pacific-.  I'ria  carbo.  (6)  The  common  cor- 
morant. I'lialaemcorax  carbo.  (c»)  [cap.]  A  genus  of  cor- 
MHiraiit-.  -iviim  name  t,'  the  C'trlMniliiir.  Laceptde,  1800. 

carboclet,  ».  A  Middle  English  form  of  car- 
buncle. Clnniri  r. 

carbohydrate  (kiir-bo-lu'dr»t),  «.  [<  carbon 
+  hydrate.]  A  general  name  for  a  group  of 


carbon 

organic  Itodiex  containing  0  carbon  atoms  or 
some  multiple  of  <>,  und  hydrogen  and  oxygon 
in  the  proportion  in  whirli  they  form  v 
(HgO),  that  is,  tui.-.-  as  many  hydrogen  a« 
oxygen  atoms,  as  starch,  sugar,  and  cellulose. 
A  l-i.  riirhhi/ili-ati . 

carbohydroUB  (kiir-lxi-hi'druB),  a.  [<  carbo- 
hyilr(aic)  +  -on*.]  Pertaining  to  or  or  the  na- 
ture of  a  carbohydrate. 

Borodin  .  .  .  maintain*  .  .  .  that  the  energy  of  the 
respiration  In  leafy  shooU  under  constant  external  condi- 
tions is  a  function  of  the  earMtftlrmu  material  which  la 
i  in  the  plant.       .Smi'fAjiHiian  Report,  1881,  p.  303. 

carbolated  (kar'b9-l»-ted),  a.  [<  c«r6o/(ic)  + 
-uti  -  +  -r<l~~.]  Impregnated  with  carbolic  acid. 

carbolic  (kar-bol'ik),  a.  [<  carb(on)  +  -ol  + 
-ic.  ]  I'erttiiniug  to  or  derived  from  carbon  or 
'•<•.,!.  Carbolic  add,  a  substance  <<  ,.H  ."li>  found  In 
that  part  of  tin-  li.a>i  ..il  of  owl-tar  which  dlntlls  over 
between  321)  and  374  K.  From  this  product  of  coal-Ur  It 
Is  almost  exclusively  prepared.  It  has  feeble  acid  prop- 
erties, but  in  chemical  structure  Is  allied  to  the  alcohol*, 
and  Itclongs  U>  a  class  of  compounds  called  vhniuU.  When 
pure  It  crystallizes  in  white  »r  colorless  iiceoles,  which  hare 
the  odor  of  creosote  and  a  burning  taste.  They  dellquescr 
readily  and  become  liquid.  It  Is  an  Irritant  poison  when 
taken  In  large  doses,  but  in  doses  of  from  1  to  3  grains  It 
Is  used  internally  as  a  therapeutic  agent.  Its  chief  medi- 
cinal use,  however,  Is  as  a  disinfectant  in  antiseptic  sur- 
gery, and  as  an  external  application  to  unhealthy  sores, 
compound  fractures,  abscesses  after  they  have  been  open 
ed,  and  tissues  that  are  exposed  as  a  result  of  surgical  opera- 
tions. The  action  of  the  acid  Is  not  only  to  exclude  germs 
that  induce  putrefaction,  but  also  to  destroy  such  as  may 
have  l>een  admitted,  for  which  reason  it  U  Introduced 
Into  the  interior  of  the  wound.  Also  called  phrnicafid. — 
Carbolic-add  paper,  wrapping-pa|>cr  saturated  with 
stearin  and  carbolic  aeid,  used  for  preserving  meats,  etc. 

carbolize  (kiir'bol-lz),  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bolized,  ppr.  car6ulizing.  [<  carbol-ic  +  -irr.] 
To  impregnate  with  carbolic  acid.  Also  spelled 
carboliye. 

carboluria  (kar-bo-lu'ri-S),  M.  [<  carbolic  +  Gr. 
mpov,  urine.]  A  condition  of  the  urine  charac- 
terized by  dark  discoloration,  symptomatic  of 
poisoning  by  carbolic  acid. 

carbon  (kar'bon),  «.  [==  F.  carbone  =  Sp.  car- 
bono  =  Pg.  carbone  =  It.  carbonio,  <  NL.  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  mod.  forms,  in  chem.  sense ;  cf . 
F.  charbon  =  Pr.  carbo  =  Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  carrSo 
=  It.  carbone,  a  coal,  coal,  older  forms,  in  orig. 
sense ;  <  L.  carbo(ii-),  a  coal,  whether  a  glowing 
coal  or  a  dead  coal,  charcoal.  ]  1 .  Chemical  sym- 
bol, C;  atomic  weight,  11.97.  An  element  found 
in  nature  in  two  distinct  forms:  the  diamond, 
which  is  extremely  hard,  of  high  specific  grav- 
ity (3.5),  usually  colorless  and  transparent,  with 
brilliant  adamantine  luster,  and  crystallizes  in 
octahedrons;  and  graphite,  which  is  very  soft, 
of  low  specific  gravity  (2),  black  and  opaque, 
with  metallic  luster,  and  crystallizes  in  hexag- 
onal plates.  See  diamond  and  graphite.  Its  phys- 
ical properties  vary  greatly  with  its  different  forms.  It  is 
combustible,  bunting  to  carbonic  add  (i  'i  i-_o.  In  combina- 
tion it  is  universally  distributed  through  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms  being  a  constituent  of  every  living 
tissue.  By  the  action  of  heat  on  such  t  issues,  with  partial 
or  complete  exclusion  of  air,  carl « m  Is  procured  In  amor- 
phous fonn  more  or  less  mixed  with  other  matters,  .•such 
products  are  animal  charcoal,  lampblack,  wood  charcoal, 
coke,  and  gas-carbon.  The  numlier  of  its  compounds  with 
the  other  elements  !>  endless ;  and  at  present  more  com- 
pounds of  carbon  are  known,  probably,  than  of  all  other 
elements  taken  together.  It  Is  present  in  the  atmosphere 
as  carbon  dioxid.  or  carl>onic-acid  gas,  and  In  the  same  form 
In  some  mineral  waters ;  it  also  appears  In  the  salts  called 
cat  honatcs,  as  calcium  carbonate  in  coral,  In  the  shells  of 
many  sea-animals,  in  the  common  mineral  calcite,  includ- 
in<.'  i  balk,  limestone,  marble,  etc.,  and  as  Iron  carbonate 
in  the  mineral  siderite,  etc. 

2.  The  form  of  the  diamond  generally  called 
carbonado;  the  black  diamond. — 3.  In  electric 

lighting,  a  carbon-point  (see  below) Blsulphld 

Of  carbon.  See  trimtptiitt.—  Carbon  dioxid.  Num-asmr- 
btmie  acitt  (which  see,  under  carbonic).—  Carbon-points, 
in  fUctric  lifihtin<i,  two  rods  of  very  hard,  compact  carl«on, 
between  which  the  electric  arc  Is  formed,  producing  a  light 
of  great  brilliancy.  See  rv»//rti'e  nir,  under  arc,  and  electric 
li^ifii,  under  flectrif.—  Carbon  process,  iii  ;>Aofo<;.,  a  pro- 
cess of  producing  photographic  positive  pictures  in  a  pig- 
ment composed  of  carlMin,  in  order  to  insure  their  jK-nna- 
iicncv.  The  thill  pajMT  on  which  the  impression  from  tin- 
negative  is  taken  is  coated  with  gelatin  colored  with  the 
carlK.n  pigment,  and  sensitized,  usually  with  bichromateof 
I>otJi8h.  After  cxjiosure  to  light  under  the  negative  it  is 
affixed  face  downward  upon  another  sheet  of  paper,  and  ia 
plunged  with  it  into  a  hot-water  bath,  which  detaches  the 
nrst  paper  and  leaves  the  gelatin  film  uncovered.  The 
water  dissolves  those  portions  of  the  film  which  have  not 
U'en  rendered  insoluble  by  the  action  of  light  through  the 
transparent  portions  of  the  negative  upon  the  sensitizing 
medium,  and  the  more  or  less  insoluble  portions  of  the 
film  fonn  a  positive  picture,  which  is,  however,  reversed 
in  its  relations  of  right  and  left.  If  a  second  transfer  of 
the  film  from  1U  support,  to  restore  these  relations  in  the 
finished  print,  is  required,  the  first  transfer  is  not  made  to 
a  paper  surface,  but  to  a  sheet  of  glass,  zinc,  or  caontchouc. 
The  same  end  may  be  accomplished  without  the  second 
transfer,  by  stripping  the  negative  Him  from  the  glass,  and 
printing  with  its  face  outward,  by  reversing  the  right  and 
left  of  the  negative  by  the  use  of  a  prism,  or  by  other  de- 


carbon 

vices.— Carbon  spar,  a  name  given  to  several  mineral 
carbonates,  as  carbonate  of  magnesium,  of  zinc,  etc. —  Car- 
bon telephone,  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edison, 
in  which  the  vibrations  of  the  diaphragm  of  the  mouth- 
piece produce,  by  variable  pressure  upon  a  piece  of  com- 
pressed carbon  placed  in  the  circuit,  variations  in  the 
electric  current  which  induce  sonorous  vibrations  in  the 
receiver. — Gas-carbon,  a  form  of  amorphous  carbon 
which  is  produced  in  the  retorts  where  coal  is  heated  for 
the  manufacture  of  illuminating  gas.  It  forms  an  iron- 
gray  deposit  on  the  sides  and  upper  part  of  the  retort.  It 
is  extremely  hard,  and  is  a  good  conductor  of  heat  and 
electricity.  It  is  used  in  the  preparation  of  carbon  bat- 
tery-plates, and  also  for  the  carbon-points  used  with  the 
electric  arc-light.  Also  called  coal-gas  charcoal  and  gas- 
graphite. 

carbona  (kar-bo'na),  n.  [NL.:  see  carbon.] 
In  mining,  a  mass  o?  stanniferous  rock,  irregu- 
lar in  form,  and  not  possessing  the  general 
character  of  a  lode.  Such  a  mass,  however,  is  ordi- 
narily subordinate  to  a  lode  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  The 
carbona  is  in  some  respects  analogous  to  the  "  pipes  "  and 
' '  flats  "  of  the  North  of  England  lead-mines.  The  carbona 
of  the  St.  Ives  lode  in  Cornwall,  England,  was  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  these  occurrences,  and  one  of  the  first 
to  which  this  name  was  given.  It  was  composed  of  feldspar, 
quartz,  black  tourmalin  (schorl),  tin  ore  (cassiterite),  ana 
some  cupriferous  ore.  It  also  contained  fluor-spar,  which 
was  not  present  in  the  lode  itself. 

carbonaceous  (kar-bo-na'shius),  a.  [<  carton 
+  -aceous.]  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  car- 
bon; containing  carbon  or  coaly  matter.— Car- 
bonaceous shale,  a  soft  shaly  rock  through  which  coaly 
or  bituminous  matter  is  abundantly  diffused  in  fine  parti- 
cles. Such  shales  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  Devonian  and  Silurian  series. 

carbonadet  (kar-bo-nad'),  n.  [=  G.  Dan.  kar- 
bonade,  <  F.  carbonade,  carbounade,  <  It.  car- 
Sonata  (=  Sp.  carbonado  =  Pg.  caravonada), 
carbonade,  <  carbone  (=  Sp.  carbon  =  Pg.  car- 
vao),  a  coal:  see  carbon.]  In  cookery,  a  piece 
of  meat,  fowl,  or  game  cut  across,  seasoned, 
and  broiled ;  a  chop.  Also  carbonado. 

1  will  make  thee  slice  the  brawns  of  thy  arms  into  car- 
bonades,  and  eat  them. 

Marlmve,  Tamburlaine  the  Great,  I.,  iv.  4. 
If  I  come  in  his  [way]  willingly,  let  him  make  a  carbo- 
nado of  me.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 

Broil  them  on  the  coals 
For  carbonadoes. 

Massinger,  The  Bondman,  iii.  3. 

carbonadet,  carbonado'2t  (kar-bo-nad', -na'do), 
r.  t.  [<  carbonade,  «.]  1.  To  make  a  carbo- 
nade of;  score  across  and  grill. 

Will  he  have  a  brace, 

Or  but  one  partridge,  or  a  short  legg'd  hen, 
Daintyly  carbonadoed  > 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 
2.  To  cut  or  hack,  as  in  fighting. 
Draw,  you  rogue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  your  shanks. 

Stiak.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
With  his  keen-edged  spear 
He  cut  and  carbonaded  them. 

Massinger,  Picture,  ii.  1. 
Who  could  surmise  a  man  ever  could  rise 
Who'd  been  thus  carbonado'd,  cut  up,  and  dissected  ? 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  230. 

carbonado1  (kar-bo-na'do),  n.  [Sp.,  <  carbono, 
carbon:  see  carbon.]  Same  as  bort,  2. 

earbonado-'t  (kar-bo-na'do),  n,  and  v.  Same  as 
carbonade. 

Carbonari,  n.    Plural  of  Carbonaro. 

Carbonarism  (kar-bo-na'rizm),  n.  [<  Carbonari 

+  -ism.]    The  principles,  deeds,  or  cause  of  the 

Carbonari ;  sympathy  with  or  support  of  them. 

The  determination,  the  self-forgetfulness,  the  audacity 

of  the  Nihilists,  compared  with  whose  conspiracies  the 

plots  of  Carbonarism  are  merely  child's  play,  are  a  fact  so 

foreign  to  our  nature  that  we  can  hardly  understand  it. 

Orpen,  tr.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  196. 

Carbonaro  (kar-bo-na'ro),  ».;  pi.  Carbonari 
(-ri).  [It.,  lit.  (as  carbonajo),  a  cnarcoal-burn- 
er,  <  L.  carbonarius,  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier, <  carbo(n-)  (>  It.  carbone),  coal,  charcoal: 
see  carbon.]  One  of  the  members  of  a  secret 
political  society  called  the  Carbonari,  formed 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  during  the  reign  of 
Murat  (1808-14)  by  republicans  and  others  dis- 
satisfied with  the  French  rule.  They  were  origi- 
nally refugees  among  the  mountains  of  the  Abruzzi  prov- 
inces, and  took  their  name  from  the  mountain  charcoal- 
burners.  T  heir  aim  was  to  free  their  country  from  foreign 
domination.  After  having  aided  the  Bourbons  in  the  expul- 
sion of  the  French,  the  organization  spread  over  all  Italy 
as  the  champions  of  the  national  liberal  cause  against  the 
reactionary  governments.  At  one  time  the  Carbonari  num- 
bered several  hundred  thousand  adherents.  They  were 
concerned  in  the  various  revolutions  of  the  times  until 
crushed  out  by  the  Austrian  power  in  Italy.  About  1820 
they  spread  into  France,  and  played  an  important  part  in 
French  politics  nntil  the  revolution  of  1830. 

Louis  Napoleon  began  as  a  Carbonaro  and  conspirator 
and  narrowly  escaped  the  fate  which  terminated  the  course 
of  his  elder  brother  and  removed  at  least  one  rival  out  of 
his  way.  W.  R.  Grey,  Misc.  Essays,  1st  ser.,  p.  154. 

carbonatation  (kar"bo-na-ta'shon),  n.     Same 

as  eitrlioHalion. 
carbonate1  (kar'bo-nat),  n.     [<  carbo»(ic)  + 

-ate1 ;  =  F.  carbonate  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbonate.]     1. 


816 

In  chem.,  a  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
carbonic  acid  with  a  base:  as,  calcium  carbo- 
nate; copper  carbonate.  The  carbonates  are  an  im- 
portant class  of  salts,  many  of  them  being  extensively  used 
in  tile  arts  and  in  medicine. 

2.  pi.  The  common  name  in  the  Cordilleran 
mining  region  of  ores  consisting  in  large  part 
of  carbonate  of  lead,  and  usually  containing 
silver.  This  is  an  important  class  of  ores  in 
Colorado  and  Utah. —  3.  Same  as  carbonado  or 
bort.  [Bare.]— Hard  carbonates,  salts  containing 
carbonic  acid  with  iron  for  a  base. —  Soft  carbonates, 
salts  containing  carbonic  acid  with  a  base  of  lead. 

carbonate'2  (kar'bo-nat),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
carbonated,  ppr.  cdrbonating.  [<  carbon(ic)  + 
-ate2;  =  F.  carbonater  =  Sp.  carbonatar.]  To 
impregnate  or  saturate  with  carbonic  acid. — 
Carbonated  springs,  springs  of  water  impregnated  with 
carbonic-acid  gas.  They  are  common  in  volcanic  countries. 

carbonation  (kar-bo-na'shon),  ».  [<  carbo- 
nate2: see  -ation.]  The  act  or  process  of  caus- 
ing combination  with  carbonic  acid;  specifi- 
cally, a  process  of  defecating  beet-,  sorghum-, 
or  cane-juice  by  the  addition  of  milk  of  lime, 
and  subsequently  precipitating  the  lime  as  car- 
bonate by  leading  into  the  solution  a  stream  of 
carbonic-acid  gas.  Also  carbonatation . 

carbon-black  (kar'bon-blak),  n.  A  fine  lamp- 
black used  in  making  printing-inks  and  paints. 
It  is  made  by  directing  the  flames  of  gas-lamps,  fed  by 
natural  gas  from  wells,  against  cold  surfaces,  and  collect- 
ing by  machinery  the  sooty  deposit.  It  is  almost  pure  car- 
bon in  a  finely  divided  form. 

carbon-bronze  (kar'bon-bronz),  n.  An  anti- 
friction alloy  of  which  the  principal  constitu- 
ent is  copper.  It  was  invented  by  Baldman  and 
Weisman,  and  is  used  for  journal-bearings,  etc. 

carbon-button  (kar'bon-but'n),  n.  A  small  disk 
of  carbon,  usually  of  compressed  lampblack, 
used  in  a  form  of  telephone  invented  by  Edison. 
The  resistance  which  it  offers  to  the  passage  of  an  electric 
current  depends  upon  the  pressure  to  which  it  is  sub- 
jected, so  that  when  it  forms  a  part  of  a  circuit  of  con- 
stant electromotive  force  the  current  strength  will  vary 
with  variations  of  pressure  on  the  disk.  See  carbon  tele- 
phone, under  carbon. 

carbonic  (kar-bon'ik),  a.  [=  F.  carbonique  = 
Sp.  Pg.  It.  carbonico,  <  NL.  carbonicM,  \  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon:  see  carbon  and  -ic.]  Pertain- 
ing to  carbon,  or  obtained  from  it — Carbonic 
acid,  CO^,  more  properly  called  carbonw  anhffdrid  or 
carbon  dioxid,  a  gaseous  compound  of  12  parts  by  weight 
of  carbon  and  32  of  oxygen,  colorless,  without  smell,  22 
times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen,  and  existing  in  the  atmosphere 
to  the  extent  of  1  volume  in  2,500.  It  is  reduced  to  a 
liquid  by  high  pressure  and  cold  ;  and  it  is  obtained  as  a 
solid  white  substance  by  means  of  the  intense  cold  pro- 
duced by  the  sudden  expansion  of  the  liquid  when  al- 
lowed to  escape  from  pressure.  It  has  a  pleasant,  acidu- 
lous, pungent  taste,  and  aerated  beverages  of  all  kinds  — 
beer,  champagne,  and  carbonated  mineral  water  —  in  part 
owe  their  refreshing  qualities  to  its  presence ;  for,  though 
poisonous  when  taken  into  the  lungs,  it  is  harmless  when 
taken  into  the  stomach  in  moderate  quantity.  Dissolved 
in  water,  it  forms  a  dibasic  acid,  CO(OH)2,  whose  salts,  the 
carbonates,  are  widely  and  abundantly  distributed  in  na- 
ture. It  is  incapable  of  maintaining  combustion  or  animal 
life,  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison  when  present  in  the  air  to 
the  extent  of  only  4  or  5  per  cent.  It  is  disengaged  from 
fermenting  liquors  and  from  decomposing  vegetable  and 
animal  substances,  and  is  largely  evolved  from  fissures  in 
the  earth,  constituting  the  choke-damp  of  mines.  From  its 
weight  it  has  a  tendency  to  subside  into  low  places,  vaults, 
and  wells,  rendering  some  low-lying  places,  as  the  upas 
valley  of  Java,  and  many  caves,  uninhabitable.  This  gas 
is  formed  and  given  out  during  the  respiration  of  animals, 
and  in  all  ordinary  combustion,  from  the  oxidation  of  car- 
bon in  the  fuel.  It  is  evolved  from  the  colored  parts  of  the 
flowers  of  plants  both  by  night  and  day,  and  from  the  green 
parts  of  plants  during  the  night.  In  direct  or  diffuse  day- 
light, plants  absorb  it  energetically  from  the  atmosphere 
through  their  leaves,  and  decompose  it,  assimilating  the 
carbon,  and  returning  most  of  the  oxygen  to  the  air. —  Car- 
bonic-acid engine,  (a)  A  fire-engine  from  which  water 
is  ejected  by  the  pressure  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  is 
evolved  in  a  chamber  connected  with  the  water-reservoir. 
(b)  An  engine  which  is  moved  by  the  expansive  force  of 
condensed  carbonic  acid.— Carbonic-acid  water.  See 
aerated  waters,  under  aerate. — Carbonic  or  carbonous 
oxid,  a  substance  (CO)  obtained  by  allowing  carbonic  acid 
to  pass  over  red-hot  fragments  of  charcoal,  contained  in  a 
tube  of  iron  and  porcelain,  and  also  by  several  other  pro- 
cesses. It  is  a  colorless,  inodorous  gas,  a  little  lighter  than 
air,  has  neither  acid  nor  alkaline  properties,  is  very  poison- 
ous, and  burns  with  a  pale-lavender  flame.  This  substance 
is  produced  when  a  coal-fire  burns  with  a  smokeless  flame, 
and  the  pale-lavender  flame  produced  by  its  combustion 
may  often  be  observed  playing  over  such  a  fire. 

Carbonidae  (kar-bon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Car- 
bo(n-)  +  -ida;.]  A  name  of  the  cormorant  fam- 
ily. J.  F.  Brandt,  1839.  See  Phalacrocoracida;. 

carboniferous  (kar-bo-nif  'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  car- 
bo(n-),  coal,  +  ferre  =  E.  bear1.]  Containing 
or  yielding  carbon  or  coal.  In  geol.,  almost  ex- 
clusively used  in  designating  that  assemblage  of  strata 
from  which  the  coal  of  England,  France,  Germany,  and  the 
United  States  is  for  the  most  part  obtained.  The  Carboii- 
iferous  series  is  of  the  Paleozoic  age,  and  is  the  most  rt> 
centportion  of  the  Paleozoic.  Itisoverlaid  by  the  Permian 
rocks,  which  belong  to  the  closing  era  of  the  Carbonifer- 
ous age,  anil  is  unikTlaiil  by  the  Devonian.  The  Carbon- 
iferous, over  large  areas  Ijoth  in  Europe  and  North  Arner- 


carboy 

ica,  is  separable  into  three  more  or  less  distinct  groups: 
the  coal-measures,  the  millstone-grit,  and  the  mountain 
limestone.  The  first  of  these  three  is  a  series  of  shales 
and  clays,  with  which  the  coal-beds  themselves  are  inter- 
stratified.  This  part  of  the  series  is  sometimes  several 
thousand  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  number  and  thickness 
of  the  intercalated  coal-beds  differ  greatly  in  different  re- 
gions. The  millstone-grit  is  a  detrital  rock  ordinarily 
quite  silicious,  and  assuming  all  degrees  of  fineness,  from 
that  of  a  fine-grained  gritstone  to  that  of  acoar.st-  i-onglom- 
erate.  Its  thickness  varies  greatly  in  various  regions.  The 
mountain  limestone  is  a  calcareous  rock,  often  rich  in  fos- 
sils of  marine  origin,  and  sometimes  having  a  thickness 
of  over  3,000  feet.  See  coal,  coal-measures,  millstone-grit, 
and  mountain  limestone  (under  limestone).  [In  technical 
use,  commonly  with  a  capital.) 

carbonisation,  carbonise,  etc.  See  carbonisa- 
tion, etc. 

carbonization  (kar"bo-ni-za'shon),  n.  [<  car- 
bonize (see  -ation)  ;  =  F.  carbonisation  =  Sp. 
carbonization  =  Pg.  carbonizacao.  ]  1  .  The  oper- 
ation of  converting  wood  or  other  organic  sub- 
stance into  coal  or  charcoal.  The  volatile  constit- 
uents are  driven  off  by  combustion,  and  a  more  or  less 
pure  carbon  remains  behind.  The  term  is  also  used  for 
the  slow  transformation  of  wood  into  coal  by  natural  pro- 
cesses. 

2.  Same  as  cnrburization.  —  3.  Same  as  citr- 
bonation.  Also  spelled  carbonisation. 

Carbonization-bed  (kar"bg-ni-za'shon-bed),  n. 
In  charcoal-burning,  a  rectangular  wooden  box, 
higher  at  the  rear  than  at  the  front,  contain- 
ing wood  covered  with  a  layer  of  earth,  it  has  a 
hearth  at  the  front  or  lower-end,  and  forms  a  kind  of  kiln  ; 
the  flre  gradually  extends  backward  from  the  hearth,  and 
the  charcoal  is  withdrawn  as  fast  as  it  is  made. 

carbonize  (kar'bo-mz),  v.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  car- 
bonized, ppr.  carbonizing.  [<  carbon  +  -ize;  = 
F.  carboniser  =  Sp.  Pg.  carbonizar  =  It.  carbo- 
nizzare.]  1.  To  convert  into  carbon  by  com- 
bustion or  the  action  of  fire,  or  by  other  natural 
processes.  —  2.  To  cover  with  carbon  (in  the 
form  of  charcoal  or  lampblack).  —  3.  To  carbu- 
rize. 

Also  spelled  carbonise. 

Carbonized  linen  or  paper,  thin  material  prepared  for 
transferring  patterns  by  tracing  them  upon  the  surface 
with  a  hard  point.  The  linen  is  white  or  blue,  but  the  paper 
is  sold  in  many  colors.  Also  called  transfer-paper.  —  Car- 
bpnizlng-fumace,  an  apparatus  for  carbonizing  wood, 
disintegrating  rocks,  etc.  E.  H.  Knight. 

carbonizer  (kiir'bo-ni-zer),  ».  A  tank  of  ben- 
zol or  other  hydrocarbon,  through  which  air 
is  passed  to  carry  off  an  inflammable  vapor. 
E.  D.  Also  spelled  carboniser. 

carbon-light  (kiir'bon-lit),  ».  An  electric  arc- 
light. 

carbonohydrous  (ka^'bo-no-hi'drus),  a.  [< 
carbon  +  hydr(ogcn)  +"-ons.]  Composed  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen. 

carbonometer  (kar-bo-nom'e-ter),  n.  [<  NL. 
carbo(n-),  carbon,  +  L.  metrum,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  detecting  the  presence  of 
carbonic  acid  by  its  action  on  lime-water. 

carbonOUS  (kar'bo-nus),  a.  [<  carbon  +  -ous.\ 
Pertaining  to  or  containing  carbon  —  Carbonous 
oxid.  Same  as  carbonic  oxid  (wnich  see,  under  carbonic). 

carbon-paper  (kar'bon-pa"per),  n.  Paper  faced 
with  carbon  or  lampblack:  used  between  two 
sheets  of  paper  for  the  purpose  of  reproducing 
upon  the  lower  sheet  anything  which  may  be 
written  or  drawn  upon  the  upper  sheet,  or 
printed  urjon  it  by  a  type-writer. 

carbon-point  (kiir'bon-point),  n. 
points,  under  carbon. 

carbon-print  (kiir'  bon-print),  n.  A  photograph 
in  permanent  inks  or  colors.  See  carbon  process, 
under  carbon,  and  Woodbury  type,  under  type. 

carbonyl  (kar'bon-il),  n.  [<  carbon  +  -yl.]  A 
hypothetical  organic  radical  having  the  formula 
CO. 

carbovinate  (kar-bo-vTnat),  n.  [<  NL.  car- 
bo(n-),  carbon,  +  L.  vin(mn],  wine  (for  'alco- 
hol'), +  -ate1.]  See  carbovinate  of  potassium, 
under  potassium. 

carboxyl  (kar'bok-sil),  n.  [<  carb(on)  +  01- 
(ygen)  +  -yl.]  A  hypothetical  organic  radical 
having  the  formula  COOH.  It  may  be  regarded  as 
a  compound  radical  made  up  of  carbonyl  (CO)  and  hy- 
droxyl  (OH).  This  carboxyl  group  (COOH)  exists  in  all 
organic  acids,  its  hydrogen 
being  replaceable  by  a  basic 
element  or  group,  thus  form- 


See carbon- 


ing  a  salt,  as  acetic  acid  (CH3 
COOH),  sodium  acetate  (CH3 
COONa),  etc. 

carboy  (kar'boi),n.  [Ult. 
<  Hind.  Pers.  qardba,  a 
large    flagon.]       If.    A 
demijohn. 
Six  carboys  of  Isphahan  Wine. 

Bommy,  1754,  quot.  in  Yule  Carboy. 

[and  Burnell's  Glossary. 

2.  A  large  globular  bottle  of  green  glass,  pro- 
tected by  an  outside  covering  consisting  either 


8.  Aiin-r.  . 
sc. 


ML 

'garlan  (other- 

•ailed   Church 

ilc,  Old  Slavic, 

avonlc). 


. .  odont. 

Old  French. 

Old  Flemish. 

Old  Gaelic. 

Old  High  German. 

Oldlrlih. 

Old  Italian. 

Old  Latin. 

Old  Low  German. 

th. Old  Northumbrian. 

.at Old  Prussian. 

original,  originally. 

nt  1 1. ornithology. 

• Old  Saxon. 

Sp. Old  Spanish. 

•teoL  osteology. 

3w. Old  Swedish. 

1'eut. Old  Teutonic. 

«. participial  adjective. 

aleon.  paleontology. 

wt participle. 

•••. passive. 

L pathology. 

perfect 

Persian. 

person. 


. 

.petrography. 
.Portuguese. 
.  pharmacy. 
.  Pheniclan. 

philology. 
.  philosophy. 

phonography. 


So. 

Scand 

Scrip Sc 

sculp sculB 

Serv Serv  li 

sing 

Skt San  at 

Slav Slatk 

Sp.  Spanh 

sub] snbjunt 

snpeil superlat 

•urg 

surv. snrve 

Sw.  ..  .     8w 


technolog 
tolegraphi 


techno!  .........  tech 

Uleg 

tantoL  ........  teratology- 

term  ...........  terminal  l< 

Tent  ..........  Teutonic. 

theat  ...........  theatrical 

theoL  ..........  theology. 

therap  .........  therapeuf 

tozicol.  ........  toxlcolor 

tr.,  trans  ......  transit' 

trlgon  ..........  trlgoi 

Turk.  ..........  Tui» 


alt 


rar. 
vet 
T.L 
T.t 
W. 


Wallach 
W.  Ind 


:Sf 

.VCT 

.Va) 

::g 

,'Wft 

Wah 
.Wai) 
•9 

•a 

w^-Tnk. 


r      •     '   . 
'across,  seasoned, 
.  carbonado. 

i  of  thy  arms  into  car- 
are,  Tamburlaine  the  Great,  I.,  iv.  4. 
i*  ay]  willingly,  let  him  make  a  carbo- 
Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3. 
/    Broil  them  on  the  coals 
jonadoes. 

Massinfrer,  The  Bondman,  iii.  3. 

:bonado-t  (kar-bo-nad',-na'd6), 
jade,  ti.}    1.  To  make  a  carbo- 
/  across  and  grill. 
/  Will  he  have  a  brace, 

le  partridge,  or  a  short  legg'd  hen, 
carbonadoed  ? 

her  {and  another).  Love's  Pilgrimage,  i.  1. 
hack,  as  in  fighting. 
;ue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  your  shanks. 

Shale.,  Lear,  ii.  2. 
With  his  keen-edged  spear 
,t  and  carbonaded  them. 

Matsinger,  Picture,  ii.  1. 
jrmise  a  man  ever  could  rise 
pus  carbonado'd,  cut  up,  and  dissected  ? 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  230. 
j-na'do),  n.    [Sp.,  <  carbono, 
]     Same  as  bort,  2. 
•na'do),  n.  and  v.    Same  as 

of  Carbonaro. 
•na'rizm),  n.  [<  Carbonari 
iles,  deeds,  or  cause  of  the 
with  or  support  of  them, 
self-forgetfulness,  the  audacity 
1  with  whose  conspiracies  the 
merely  child's  play,  are  a  fact  so 
it  we  can  hardly  understand  it. 
|r.  of  Lavelaye's  Socialism,  p.  196. 

,  n. ;  pi.  Carbonari 
,  a  charcoal-burn- 
oal-bumer,  a  col- 
0,  coal,  charcoal: 
bers  of  a  secret 
irbonari,  formed 
&• '  rei-n  of 


Tl 
cu 

fe 
wi 


Sp.  1 

ing  to  caiuv. 
acid,  CO2,  more 
carbon  dioxid,  a  g. 
of  carbon  and  32  o 
times  as  heavy  as  hy 
to  the  extent  of  1 
liquid  by  high  press 
solid  white  substance 
duced  by  the  sudden 
lowed  to  escape  from  ; 
lous,  pungent  taste,  an 
beer,  champagne,  and  >••• 
owe  their  refreshing  qua: 
poisonous  when  taken  int 
taken  into  the  stomach  in 
in  water,  it  forms  a  dibasi 
carbonates,  are  widely  an 
ture.  It  is  incapable  of  mi 
life,  acting  as  a  narcotic  p 
the  extent  of  only  4  or  5  p 
fermenting  liquors  and  fi 
animal  substances,  an*' 
the  earth,  constituting 
weight  it  has  a  tender 
and  wells,  rendering 
valley  of  Java,  and 
is  formed  and  giver 
and  in  all  ordinary 
bon  in  the  fuel.  I 
flowers  of  plants  1 
parts  of  plants  du 
light,  plants  absor 
through  their  lea\ 
carbon,  and  returnu. 
bonic-acid  engine. 
is  ejected  by  the  prt 
evolved  in  a  chambe 
(6)  An  engine  which 
condensed  carbonic  r 
'•"••«•*  <mters,  undt 
-*«oce  (CO) 
•d-hot.fr 


PE 

1625 

C4 

I889a 

pt.3 


The  Century  dictionary 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
CARDS  OR  SLIPS  FROM  THIS  POCKET 

UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  LIBRARY 


ABBREVIATIONS 
USED  IN  THE  ETYMOLOGIES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 


a.,  ad] adjective. 

abbr abbreviation. 

at.l. ablative. 

Me. accusative. 

accom. accommodated,  accom- 
modation. 

act. active. 

adv adverb. 

AC Anglo-French. 

agri. agriculture. 

AL. Anglo-Latin. 

ale. algebra. 

A  in-  r American. 

anat anatomy. 

anc ancient. 

antlq antiquity. 

oar aorist 

appar apparently. 

Ar. Arabic. 

arch architecture. 

arehaeoL  archicology. 

ariih.  arithmetic. 

art. article. 

AS Anglo-Saxon. 

aatrol astrology. 

astron astronomy. 

at  trili attributive. 

ang augmentative. 

Bar Bavarian. 

B«ng. Bengali. 

blol biology. 

Bohem Bohemian. 

hot botany. 

HIM/.   Brazilian. 

Bret Breton. 

bryol bryology. 

Bulg.  Bulgarian. 

carp. carpentry. 

Cat Catalan. 

Cath Catholic. 

cans. causative. 

ceram ceramics, 

cf. L.  confer,  compare. 

ch. church. 

Chal Chaldee. 

chem chemical,  chemistry. 

Chin.  Chinese. 

i'li  n  ii  i chronology. 

colloq colloquial,  colloquially. 

com commerce,  commer- 
cial. 

romp. composition,  com- 
pound. 

compar. comparative. 

i  -i  n  n  •  1 1 concnology. 

con] conjunction. 

contr contracted,  contrac- 
tion. 

Corn Cornish. 

crahlol cranlology. 

cranlom craniometry. 

crystal.  crystallography. 

D.  Dutch. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

il.'f. definite,  definition. 

deriv derivative,  derivation. 

dial dialect,  dialectal. 

dut. different 

dim diminutive. 

distrlb distributive. 

dram dramatic. 

dynain dynamics. 

£  East. 

E. English  (utuailymean- 

in^modernEnglish). 

eccl.,  eccles ecclesiastical. 

econ economy. 

e.  g L.  exempli  gratia,  for 

example. 

Egypt Egyptian. 

E.  I  nd East  Indian. 

elect electricity. 

embryol embryology. 

Eng English. 


engln engineering. 

entom entomology. 

Epls Episcopal. 

equlv equivalent 


at- 


ethnog  .........  ethnography. 

ethnol.  ........  ethnology. 

i-t  yin.  ..........  etymology. 

Eur  ............  European. 

exclam.  ........  exclamation. 

I.,  (em  ..........  feminine. 

P.  ..............  French  (ittually  mean- 

ing modern  French). 
Flem  ...........  flemish. 

fort  ...........  fortification. 

freq  ............  frequentative. 

Fries.  ..........  Friestc. 

fut  ............  future. 

O  ...............  Qenatn(tuuall<imcan- 

ing  flew  High  Ger- 

man). 
Gael  ............  Gaelic. 

galv  ............  galvanism. 

gen.  ...........  genitive. 

geog  ............  geography. 

geol.  ...........  geology. 

geom  ...........  geometry. 

Goth.  ..........  Gothic  (Miesogothlc). 

Gr  .............  Greek. 

gram  ...........  grammar. 

gun  ............  gunnery. 

Heb  ............  Hebrew. 

her.  ............  heraldry. 

herpet  ........  herpetology. 

Hind.  ..........  Hindustani 

hist  ............  history. 

horol  ...........  horology. 

hurt.  ...........  horticulture. 

Hung  ...........  Hungarian. 

hydnml  ........  hydraulics. 

hydros.  ........  hydrostatics. 

Icel  ...........  Icelandic         (utuallii 

meaning    Old    Ice- 


ed  Old  Norse). 
Ichth  ...........  ichthyology. 

i.  e.  ............  I.,  id  tit,  that  Is. 

impers.  ........  Impersonal. 

impf  ...........  Imperfect 

Impv  ...........  Imperative. 


JTT.: 


u  1.  1  .  ............  Indicative. 

Indo-Eur  .......  Indo-European. 

iii.k-f.  ..........  Indefinite. 

Inf.  ...........  Infinitive. 

instr  ...........  Instrumental. 

interj  ..........  Interjection. 

Intr.,  in  trans.  .  .  .Intransitive. 

IT.  .............  Irish. 

tatf.  ..........  Irregular,  Irregularly. 

It    .  ...........  Italian. 

Jap.  ............  Japanese. 

L.  ..............  Latin  (utuaUy  mean- 

ing classical  Latin). 
Lett.  ...........  Lettish. 

LG  .............  Low  German. 

llchenol.  .......  llchenology. 

Ut  ..............  literal,  literally. 

Itt.  .............  literature. 

Llth  ............  Lithuanian 

llthog  ..........  lithography. 

lithol  ...........  llthology. 

LL.  ............  Late  Latin. 

in.  ,  masc  .......  masculine. 

II  ..............  Middle. 

mach  ...........  machinery. 

mammal  ........  mammalogy. 

mannf  ..........  manufacturing. 

math  ...........  mathematics. 

MD  .............  Middle  Dutch. 

M  Ii  .............  Middle  English  (at  her. 

wile  called  Old  Eng- 

lish). 


mechanics,  mechani- 
cal. 

. .  medicine. 
..mensuration. 

metal metallurgy. 

metaph metaphysics. 

meteor. meteorology. 

Mez. Mexican. 

MGr Middle  Greek,  medie- 
val Greek. 

MHO Middle  High  demon. 

luilit.  military. 

mineral.  mineralogy. 

ML. Middle  Latin,  medie- 
val Latin. 

MLG Middle  Low  German. 

mod. modern. 

mycol mycology. 

myth. mythology. 

n noun. 

n.,  neut neuter. 

K. New. 

N North. 

N.  Amer. North  America. 

nat natural. 

naut. nautical. 

nav. navigation. 

NGr New   Greek,    modem 

Greek. 

NHG New     High     German 

(utualty  limply  G., 
German). 

ML. New    Latin,    modern 

Latin. 

nom nominative. 

Norm. Norman. 

north.  northern. 

Norw Norwegian. 

numls. numismatics. 

O.  Old. 

ota. obsolete. 

obstet. obstetrics. 

OBulg Old  Bulgarian  (other- 

true  failed  Church 
Slavonic,  Old  Slavic, 
Old  Slavonic). 

OCat  Old  Catalan. 

OD. Old  Dutch. 

ODan. Old  Danish. 

Otartog odontography. 

odontoL odontology. 

Of. Old  French. 

Oltan. Old  Flemish. 

OGaeL Old  Gaelic. 

OHG Old  High  German. 

Olr.  Old  Irish. 

Olt Old  Italian. 

OL. Old  Latin. 

OLO Old  Low  German. 

ONorth Old  Northumbrian. 

OPruss Old  Prussian. 

orig. original,  originally. 

orntth. ornithology. 

OS. Old  Saxon. 

O8p. Old  Spanish. 

osteoL osteology. 

OSw Old  Swedish. 

OTeut Old  Teutonic. 

P.  a. participial  adjective. 

psJ«»n    paleontology. 

P«rt participle. 

pass. passive. 

pathol. pathology. 

pert. perfect 

Pen. Persian. 

pers. person. 

persp. perspective. 

Peruv. Peruvian. 


.petrography. 
.Portuguese. 
•  •  .pharmacy. 
.  .Phenlclan. 


photog.  photography. 

phren  ..........  phrenology. 

phys.  ..........  physical 

PjV«lpl  .........  physlolofy. 

pi.  ,  j.lur  ........  plnraL 

poet.  ...........  poetical 

pollt.  ..........  political. 

Pol  .............  Polish. 

poss.  ...........  possessive. 

PP.  ............  past] 


vencal). 
.prefix. 
preposition. 


ITt. 


pref..... 
prep. 

pros. 

pret. preterit 

priv privative. 

prob. probably,  probable. 

peon.  pronoun. 

pron pronounced,    pronnn- 


prop.  

Prot '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  PnXeatent 

prov provincial. 

psycho). psychology. 

q.  v L.  ffuod  (or  pi.  qua) 

mde,  which  ace. 

reft. reflexive. 

reg regular,  regularly. 

repr representing. 

rhet rhetoric. 


philoL phll 

polios. philosophy. 

pbonog.  phonography. 


Romanic,  Romance 

(languages). 

RQMuUL 

8.777. ..........South. 

8.  Amer South  American. 

sc. L.  Kilitti,  understand, 

supply. 

Sc, Scotch. 

Scand. Scandinavian. 

Scrip Scripture. 

sculp sculpture. 

8«nr Servian. 

sing singular. 

Skt Sanskrit 

Slav Slavic,  Slavonic. 

Sp.  Spanish. 

sab] subjunctive. 

supeil superlative. 

snrg surgery. 

surv surveying. 

8w Swedish. 

syn. synonymy. 

Syr. Syriac. 

techno) technology. 

teleg telegraphy. 

teratoL  teratology. 

term termination. 

Teut  Teutonic. 

theat. theatrical 

theoL theology. 

therap therapeutics. 

toxlcol toxicology. 

tr. ,  trans  transitive. 

trigon trigonometry. 

Turk. Turkish. 

. . '. '.       . . '.  ultimate,  ultimately. 

T Terb. 

var. variant 

ret veterinary. 

».  L Intransitive  verb. 

v.  t transitive  verb. 

W. Welsh. 

Wall Walloon. 

WalUch. Wallach  i.in . 

W.  Ind West  Indian. 

aoopog.  KXtaeographr. 

soot soofofT. 

«o«t lootomy. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


a  as  in  fat,  man,  pang. 

a  'as  in  fate,  mane,  dale. 

a  as  in  far,  father,  guard. 

a  as  in  fall,  talk,  naught 

a  as  in  ask,  fast,  ant 

a  as  in  fore,  hair,  bear. 

e  as  in  met,  pen,  bless. 

e  as  in  mete,  meet,  meat 

e  as  In  her,  fern,  heard. 

i  as  In  pin,  It,  biscuit 

i  as  In  pine,  fight,  file. 

o  as  in  not,  on,  frog. 

0  as  in  note,  poke,  floor. 

6'  as  in  move,  spoon,  room. 

6  as  in  nor,  song,  off. 

n  as  in  tub,  son,  blood. 

u  as  In  mute,  acute,  few  (also  new, 

tube,   duty:    see   Preface,    pp. 

ix,  x). 

ft  as  In  pull,  book,  could. 


ii    German  u,  French  n. 

ol  as  In  oil,  Joint,  boy. 

on  as  in  pound,  proud,  now. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  In  an  unac- 
cented syllable  Indicates  Its  abbreviation 
and  lightening,  without  absolute  loss  of 
Its  distinctive  quality.  See  Preface,  p.  xl. 
Thus: 

»  as  in  prelate,  courage,  captain. 

§  as  In  ablegate,  episcopal. 

B  Ufa)  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat 

V  as  in  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  In  an  unac- 
cented syllable  Indicates  that,  even  In  the 
mouths  of  the  best  speakers,  Its  sound  Is 
variable  to,  and  In  ordinary  utterance  ac- 
tually becomes,  the  short  u-sonnd  (of  but, 
pun,  etc.).  Sec  Preface,  p.  xi.  Thus : 


a    as  In  errant,  republican. 

?as  In  prudent,  difference, 
as  in  charity,  density. 
Q    as  In  valor,  actor,  Idiot 
ft    as  In  Persia,  peninsula, 
e    as  in  the  book, 
ft   as  In  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  (~)  under  the  consonant*  (,  d, 
i,  2  indicates  that  they  In  like  mam 
are  variable  to  ch,  j,  ih,  zh.    Thus : 

t  as  in  nature,  adventure. 

4  as  In  arduous,  education. 

I  as  In  leisure. 

I  as  In  seizure. 

th  as  in  thin. 

TH  as  in  then. 

ch  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

n    French  nasalizing  n,  as  In  ton,  en. 


ly    (In  French  words)  French  liquid  (moo- 

niiS)  1. 

'  denotes  a  primary,  "  a  secondary  accent 
(A  secondary  accent  is  not  marked  If  at  Its 
regular  Interval  of  two  syllables  from  the 
primary,  or  from  another  secondary.) 

SIGNS. 

<  read/rom;  L  e.,  derived  from. 

>  read  whence  ;  L  e.,  from  which  Is  derived. 

+  read  and;  L  e.,  compounded  with,  or 
with  suffix. 

=  raid  coynaie  vM;  L  e.,  etymological!} 
parallel  with. 

y  read  root 

•  n*\  theoretical  or  alleged;  L  e.,  theoreti- 
cally assumed,  or  asserted  but  unveri- 
fied, form. 

t  rt.iJ  tM  It,