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Full text of "The Century dictionary : an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language: prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney"

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PART VII 
THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK 



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THE CENTURY DICTIONARY 

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF 

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH. D., LL. D. 

PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY 



THE plan of "The Century Dictionary " in- 
cludes three things : the construction of a 
general dictionary of the English language 
which shall be serviceable for every literary 
and practical use ; a more complete collection 
of the technical terms of the various sciences, 
arts, trades, and professions than has yet been 
attempted ; and the addition to the definitions 
proper of such related encyclopedic matter, 
with pictorial illustrations, as shall constitute 
a convenient book of general reference. 

About 200,000 words will be denned. The 
Dictionary will be a practically complete record 
of all the noteworthy words which have been 
in use since English literature has existed,espe- 
cially of all that wealth of new words and of 
applications of old words which has sprung 
from the development of the thought and life 
of the nineteenth century. It will record not 
merely the written language, but the spoken 
language as well (that is, all important provin- 
cial and colloquial words), and it will include 
(in the one alphabetical order of the Diction- 
ary) abbreviations and such foreign words and 
phrases as have become a familiar part of 
English speech. 

THE ETYMOLOGIES. 

The etymologies have been written anew on 
a uniform plan, and in accordance with the es- 
tablished principles of comparative philology. 
It has been possible in many cases, by means 
of the fresh material at the disposal of the 
etymologist, to clear up doubts or difficulties 
hitherto resting upon the history of particular 
words, to decide definitely in favor of one of 
several suggested etymologies, to discard nu- 
merous current errors, and to give for the first 
time the history of many words of which the 
etymologies were previously unknown or erro- 
neously stated. Beginning with the current 
accepted form of spelling, each important word 
has been traced back through earlier forms to 
its remotest known origin. The various prefixes 
and suffixes useful in the formation of English 
words are treated very fully in separate articles. 

HOMONYMS. 

Words of various origin and meaning but 
of the same spelling, have been distinguished 
by small superior figures (!, 2 , 3 , etc.). In 
numbering these homonyms the rule has been 
to give precedence to the oldest or the most 
familiar, or to that one which is most nearly 
English in origin. The superior numbers ap- 
ply not so much to the individual word as to 
the group or root to which it belongs, hence 
the different grammatical uses of the same 
homonym are numbered alike when they are 
separately entered in the Dictionary. Thus a 
verb and a noun of the same origin and the 
same present spelling receive the same superior 
number. But when two words of the same form 
and of the same radical origin now differ con- 
siderably in meaning, so as to be used as dif- 
ferent words, they are separately numbered. 

THE ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Of the great body of words constituting the 
familiar language the spelling is determined 
by well-established usage, and, however ac- 
cidental and unacceptable, in many cases, it 
may be, it is not the office of a dictionary like 
this to propose improvements, or to adopt those 
which have been proposed and have not yet 
won some degree of acceptance and use. But 
there are also considerable classes as to which 
usage is wavering, more than one form being 
sanctioned by excellent authorities, either in 
this country or Great Britain, or in both. Fa- 



miliar examples are words ending in or or our 
(as labor, labour), in er or re (as center, centre), 
in ize or ise (as civilize, civilise) ; those having a 
single or double consonant after an unaccented 
vowel (as traveler, traveller), or spelled with e or 
with ce or ce (as hemorrhage, hcemorrhage) ; and 
so on. In such cases both forms are given, 
with an expressed preference for the briefer 
one or the one more accordant with native 
analogies. 

THE PRONUNCIATION. 
No attempt has been made to record all the 
varieties of popular or even educated utter- 
ance, or to report the determinations made by 
different recognized authorities. It has been 
necessary rather to make a selection of words 
to which alternative pronunciations should be 
accorded, and to give preference among these 
according to the circumstances of each particu- 
lar case, in view of the general analogies and 
tendencies of English utterance. The scheme 
by which the pronunciation is indicated is quite 
simple, avoiding over-refinement in the dis- 
crimination of sounds, and being designed to 
be readily understood and used. (See Key to 
Pronunciation on back cover.) 

DEFINITIONS OF COMMON WORDS. 

In the preparation of the definitions of com- 
mon words, there has been at hand, besides 
the material generally accessible to students 
of the language, a special collection of quota- 
tions selected for this work from English books 
of all kinds and of all periods of the language, 
which is probably much larger than any which 
has hitherto been made for the use of an English 
dictionary, except that accumulated for the 
Philological Society of London. Thousands of 
non-technical words, many of them occurring 
in the classics of the language, and thousands 
of meanings, many of them familiar, which 
have not hitherto been noticed by the diction- 
aries, have in this way been obtained. The 
arrangement of the definitions historically, in 
the order in which the senses defined have en- 
tered the language, has been adopted wher- 
ever possible. 

THE QUOTATIONS. 

These form a very large collection (about 
200,000), representing all periods and 
branches of English literature. The classics 
of the language have been drawn upon, and 
valuable citations have been made from less 
famous authors in all departments of litera- 
ture. American writers especially are repre- 
sented in greater fullness than in any similar 
work. A list of authors and works (and edi- 
tions) cited will be published with the con- 
cluding part of the Dictionary. 

DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 
Much space has been devoted to the special 
terms of the various sciences, fine arts, me- 
chanical arts, professions, and trades, and 
much care has been bestowed upon their treat- 
ment. They have been collected by an extended 
search through all branches of literature, with 
the design of providing a very complete and 
many-sided technical dictionary. Many thou- 
sands of words have thus been gathered which 
have never before been recorded in a general 
dictionary, 'or even in special glossaries. To 
the biological sciences a degree of promi- 
nence has been given corresponding to the re- 
markable recent increase in their vocabulary. 
The new material in the departments of biology 
and zoology includes not less than five thou- 
sand words and senses not recorded even in 
special dictionaries. In the treatment of phy- 
sical and mathematical scienees, ofthemechan- 



ical arts and trades, and of the philological 
sciences, an equally broad method has been 
adopted. In the definition of theological and 
ecclesiastical terms, the aim of the Dictionary 
has been to present all the special doctrines of 
the different divisions of the Church in such a 
manner as to convey to the reader the actual 
intent of those who accept them. In defining 
legal terms the design has been to offer all the 
information that is needed by the general 
reader, and also to aid the professional reader 
by giving in a concise form all the important 
technical words and meanings. Special atten- 
tion has also been paid to the definitions of 
the principal terms of painting, etching, en- 
graving, and various other art-processes ; of 
architecture, sculpture, archaeology, decorative 
art, ceramics, etc. ; of musical terms, nautical 
and military terms, etc. 

ENCYCLOPEDIC FEATURES. 

The inclusion of so extensive and varied a 
vocabulary, the introduction of special phrases, 
and the full description of things often found 
essential to an intelligible definition of tliew 
names, would alone have given to this Diction- 
ary a distinctly encyclopedic character. It has, 
however, been deemed desirable to- go some- 
what further in this direction than these con- 
ditions render strictly necessary. 

Accordingly, not only have many technical 
matters been treated with unusual fullness, 
but much practical information of a kind which 
dictionaries have hitherto excluded has been 
added. The result is that "The Century 
Dictionary" covers to a great extent the field 
of the ordinary encyclopedia, with this princi- 
pal difference that the information given is 
for the most part distributed under the indi- 
vidual words and phrases with which it is con- 
nected, instead of being collected under a few 
general topics. Proper names, both biograph- 
ical and geographical,'are of course omitted, ex- 
cept as they appear in derivative adjectives, as 
Darwinian from Dancin, or Indian from India. 
The alphabetical distribution of the encyclo- 
pedic matter under a large number of words 
will, it is believed, be found to be particularly 
helpful in the search for those details which 
are generally looked for in works of reference. 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

The pictorial illustrations have been so se- 
lected and executed as to be subordinate to the 
text, while possessing a considerable degree of 
independent suggestiveness and artistic value. 
To secure technical accuracy, the illustrations 
have, as a rule, been selected by the specialist? 
in charge of the various departments, and havj 
in all cases been examined by them in proofc. 
The cuts number about six thousand. 

MODE OF ISSUE, PRICE, ETC. 

" The Century Dictionary" will be comprised 
in about 6,500 quarto pages. It is published 
by subscription and in twenty-four parts or 
sections, to be finally bound into six quarto vol- 
umes, if desired by the subscriber. These sec- 
tions will be issued about once a month. The 
price of the sections is $2.50 each, and no 
subscriptions are taken except for the entire 
work. 

The plan of the Dictionary is more fully de- 
scribed in the preface (of which the above is in 
part a condensation), which accompanies the 
first section, and to which reference is made. 

A list of the abbreviations used in the ety- 
mologies end definitions, and keys to pronun- 
ciations and to signs used in the. etymologies, 
will be found on the back cover-lining. 



THE CENTURY CO., 33 EAST 17 ST., NEW YORK. 



C4- 



\ 

droop * : y 

droop (drop), f. [< Ml). <ln>i<i><n, rarely drnprn, 
drupen, droop, csp. from sorrow, < Icel. driipa, 
droop, esp. from sorrow, a secondary verb, < 
drjfipaxaAS.'dreopan, ilron: see <//</// and ilrip.'} 

1. intrants. I. To sink or lianj; down; bend or 
hung downward, as from weakness or exhaus- 
tion. 

\VY1 row-ill! hi'divsae his tilkl-1 yulliailly, 

Ili8 arwos drowpedr nought w-ith fetheres lowe. 

Chaut-ff, (Jt-ii. I'l-ol. to C. T., 1. 107. 
The evening comes, anil every little tlow.-r 
Dl-nnfH now, as Well as 1. 

I!' a u. and Ft., Coxcomb, ill. 3. 

llanipilrii. with his ln.nl iti-i>t>[ifni/, ami his hands lean- 
ing on his horse's neck, inovetl feebly out of the battle. 

ilacauiay, Nugent* Hampden. 
Near the lake where drooped the willow, 

Long time ago. 'i. /'. Morris. 

2. To languish from grief or other cause ; fall 
into a state of physical weakness. 

Conceiving the dishonour of his mother, 
He straight declin'd, druoii'd, took it deeply. 

Skak., W. T., il. 3. 

After this King Loir, more and more drooping with 

Years, became an easy prey to his Daughters and thir Hus- 

bands. Milton, Hist. Eng., 1. 

We had not been-at Sea long before our Men began to 

tlriK'ii, in a sort of a Distemper that stole insensibly on 

them. Dampier, Voyages, I. 624. 

One day she droojted, and the next she died ; nor was 

there the distance of many hours between her being very 

easy in this world, and very happy in another. 

Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. vi. 

3. To fail or sink ; flag; decline; be dispirited: 
as, the courage droops ; the spirits droop. 

Myche fere had that fre, & full was of thoght, 
All droupoiul in drede and ill dol lengyt 

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6303. 
But wherefore do you droop ? why look so sad ? 
Be great in act, as you have been in thought. 

Skak., K. John, T. 1. 

Why droops my lord, my love, my life, my Cresar ? 
How ill this dulness doth comport with greatness ! 

Fletcher (and aiiothert), Prophetess, v. 1. 

4. To tend gradually downward or toward a 
close. [Poetical.] 

Then day droopt ; the chapel bells 
Call'd us : we left the walks. 

Tennyson, Princess, ii. 

5. To drip ; be wet with water. [Prov. Eng.] 
I was drooping wet to my very skinne. 

Coryat, Crudities, I. 67. 

"They've had no rain at all down here," said he. 
"Then," said she, demurely regarding her drooping 
skirts, "they'll think I must have fallen into the river." 
W. Black, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 391. 

II. trans. To let sink or hang down: as, to 
droop the head. 

The lilylike Melissa droop'd her brows. 

Tennyson, Princess, iv. 

Great, sulky gray cranes dronp their motionless heads 
over the still, salt pools along the shore. 

R. T. Coote, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 24. 

droop (drop), >i. [(droop, r.] The act of droop- 
ing, or of bending or hanging down; a drooping 
position or state. 

With his little insinuating Jury droop. 

Dickens, Little Don-it, i. 21. 

drooper (dro'per), . One who or that which 
droops. 

If ho (tile historian) be pleasant, he is noted for n ifstt-r ; 
if he be graue, he is reckoned for a drooper. 

Stanihurst, To Sir H. Sidney, in Holinshed. 

droopingly (dro'ping-li), adv. In a drooping 
manner ; languishingly. 

They [duties] are not accompanied with such sprlghtli- 
ness of affections, and overflowings of joy, as they wen- 
wont, but are performed droopinyly and heavily. 

Sharpe, Works, III. iii. 

drop (drop), v. ; pret. and pp. dropped, ppr. 
dropping. [Early mod. E. also droppe; < ME. 
droppen, < AS. dri>i>pnn, also dropian and etrop- 
petian, ili-o/>/i< I<tn = I). <lrt>/>pen = G. Iropfcn = 
S\v. droppa, drop; secondary forms of the orig. 
strong verb, A.S.*dre6pan (pret. "drcdp, pl.*rfr- 
/>, pp. "dropen; occurring, if at all, only in 
doubtful passages), ME. drepen (= (IS. ilrinpini 
= OFries. driapa I), druipi-n =()IKi. trinfaii, 
MHG. G. triefcn = Icel. drjfipa = Norw. drjupa), 
drop, whence also ult. drop, n., drip, r., dribble*, 
etc., and (through Icel.) droop, r.] I. intmnx. 

1. To fall in small portions or globules, as a 
liquid. 

The quality of mercy is not strain'd ; 

It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven 

Upon the place brnrath. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 

2. To let drops fall ; drip ; discharge in drops. 

The heavens also drupird :it the presence of God. 

Ps. Ixviii. S. 

Mine eyes m:iy i/ro/j for thee, but thine own heart will 
ache for itself. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1. 

112 



It was a loathsome herd, . . . half bestial, half human, 
dropping with wine, bloated with gluttony, ami reeling in 
obscene dances. Macaulay, Milton. 

3. To fall; descend; sink to a lower position 
or level. 

From morn 

To noon he fell, . . . and with the setting sun 
Dropp'd from the zenith like a falling star. 

Millim, P. L.,i. 745. 

The eurtafn drops on the drama of Indian history about 
the year 6.iO, or a little later. 

./. r'lTffusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 209. 

4. Specifically, to lie down, as a dog. 5. To 
die, especially to die suddenly; fall dead, as in 
battle. 

It was your presurmlse, 
That in the dole of blows your son might drop. 

N/i.it., > Hen. IV., i. 1. 

They see Indeed many drop, but then they see many 
more alive. Steele, Spectator, No. 152. 

6. To come to an end; be allowed to cease; 
be neglected and come to nothing. 

I heard of threats, occasioned by my verses; I sent to 
acquaint them where I was to be found, and so It dropped. 

Pope. 
7f. To fall short of a mark. [Rare.] 

Often it drops or overshoots. Cn!U.-r. 

8. To fall lower in state or condition ; sink ; 
be depressed ; come into a state of collapse or 
quiescence. 

Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down. 

Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, ii. 

9. Xaut., to have a certain drop, or depth from 
top to bottom : said of a sail. 

Her main top-sail drops seventeen yards. Uar. Did. 

A dropping fire (milit.), a continuous irregular discharge 
of small arms. To drop astern (naut.), to pass or move 
toward tin- stern ; move back ; let another vessel pass 
ahead, either by slackening the speed of the vessel that is 
passed or because of the superior speed of the vessel pass- 
ing. To drop away or off, to depart; disappear; be 
lost sight of : as, all my friends dropped ateay from me ; 
the guests dropped o/ one by one. 

If the war continued much longer, America would most 
certainly drop away, and France, and perhaps Spain, l>e- 
conie bankrupt. Lecky, Eng. In 18th Cent., xv. 

To drop down a stream, a coast, etc., to sail, row, or 
move down a river or toward the sea, downward along a 
coast, etc. To drop In, to happen in ; come in as if cas- 
ually, or without previous agreement as to time, as for a 
call. 

Captain Knight with as many Men as he could incou- 
rage to march, came in al>out 6, but he left many Men tired 
on the Road ; these, as is usual, came dropping in one or 
two at a time, as they were able. 

Dampier, Voyages, I. 219. 

Others of the household soon dropped in, and clustered 
round the hoard. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 33. 

To drop out, to withdraw or disappear from one's (or its) 
place : as, he dropped out of the ranks. To drop to shot, 
to drop or charge at the discharge of the gun : said of a 
fleld-dog. To drop to wing, to dropor charge when the 
bird flushes : said of a field-dog. 

II. trans. 1. To pour or let fall in small por- 
tions, globules, or drops, as a liquid: as, to 
drop a medicine. 

His heavens shall drop down dew. Dent, xxxiii. 28. 

Their eyes are like rocks, which still drop water. 

Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 492. 

2. To sprinkle with or as if with drops ; varie- 
gate, as if by sprinkling with drops ; bedrop : 
as, a coat dropped with gold. 

This rumoured the day following about the City, num- 
bers of people flockt thither ; who found the roome all to 
l>e dropt with torches in confirmation of this relation. 

Sandys, Travailes, p. 151. 

3. To let fall; allow to sink to a lower position; 
lower : as, to drop a stone ; to drop the muz- 
zle of a gun. 

I saw him with that lily cropp'd 

Impatient swim to meet 
My quick approach, and soon he dropp'd 

The treasure at my feet 

Cotrper, Dog and Water-lily. 

Hence 4. To let fall from the womb; give 

birth to : said of ewes, etc. : as, to drop a lamb. 

The history of a new cok that my lord's mare Thetis had 

dropped last week. //. Kingsley, Geoffry Hamlyn, xvii. 

5. To cause to fall; hence, to kill, especially 
with a firearm. [Colloq.] 

A young grouse at this season [October] offers an easy 
shot, and he was dropped without difficulty. 

T. Roo*evclt, Hunting Trips, p. 79. 

He had the luck 

To .//M;> at fair-play range a [cn-tined buck. 

l.oicell, Fitz Adam's Story. 

6. To let go; dismiss; lay aside; break off 
from; omit: as, to drop an affair or a contro- 
versy; to drop an acquaintance; to drop a let- 
ter from a word. 

He is now under prosecution ; hut they think it will be 
dropped, out of pity. Swtft, Journal to Stella, xlix. 



drop 

I 'pun my credit, sir, were I In your place, and found my 
father such very bad company, I should certainly drop his 
acquaintance. >/..-, ,./<m, The Rivals, II. 1. 

It (the cave| him also a semicircular open -work mould- 
ing, like basket-work, whirh . . . is evidently no llliMiif. .1 
for stone-work that it is no wonder it was dromu-'l 
early. J. Ferguatm, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 110. 

The memlier, whether church or minister, can he trir.l, 
expelled. *//"/'/*-'/, or transferred to a co-ordinatt* iNMiy, 
as facts may warrant. RMiotheca Sacra, Xl.III. 418. 

7. To utter as if casually : as, to drop a word in 
favor of a friend. 

They [the Arabs] had dropt some expressions as If they 
would assault the boat by night if I staid, which, with- 
out doubt, they said that they might make mo go away. 
Pococke, Description of the East, I. ii. 105. 

To my great surprise, not a syllable was dropped on f 1m 
subject. Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies. 

8. To write and send (a note) in an offhand 
manner: as ; drop me a line. 9. To set down 
from a carriage. 

When Lord Howe came over from Twickenham to see 
him (the King), he said the Queen was going out driving, 
and should "drop him " at his own house. 

tireritte. Memoirs, July 18, 1880. 
To drop a courtesy, to courtesy. 

The girls, with an attempt at simultaneonsness. dropped 
"curcheys " of respect The Century, XXXVI. 86. 

To drop a line, (a) To fish with a line, i M To write a 
letter or note. To drop anchor, to anchor. To drop 
the curtain. See curtain. To drop or weep mill- 
stones. See in illstone. 

drop (drop), . [Early mod. E. also droppe; < 
ME. drope, < AS. dropa (= OS. dropo = D. drop 
= MLG. drope, drape, LG. druppcn, drapen = 
OHG. tropfo, troffo, MHG. tropfe, G. tropfen 
= Icel. dropi = 8w. droppe = Dan. draabe), 
a drop, < AS., etc., "dreopan, pp. "dropen, 
drop: see drop, r.] 1. A mass of water or 
other liquid so small that the surface-tension 
brings it into a spherical shape more or less 
modified by gravity, adhesion, etc. ; a globule: 
as, a drop of blood ; a drop of laudanum. 

One or two drops of water perce not the flint stone, but 
many and often droppings doo. 

Puttenhatii, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 164. 
O, now you weep ; and, I perceive, you feel 
The dint of pity ; these are gracious drops. 

Skak., J. C., Ill 2. 
Madam, this grief 

You add unto me is no more than drops 
To seas, for which tiiey are not seen to swell. 

Beau, ant Fl., Philaster, ill. 2. 

2. Something that resembles such a drop of 
liquid, as a pendent diamond ornament, an ear- 
ring, or a glass pendant of a chandelier: spe- 
cifically applied to varieties of sugar-plums and 
to medicated candies prepared in asimilarfonn: 
as, lemon-dr(>ps ; cough-drop*. 

The flutt'ring fan lie Zephyretta's care ; 

The drops to thee, Brillante, we consign ; 

And, Momentilla, let the watch be thine. 

Pope, R. of the L., ii. 113. 

Specifically, in her., the representation of a drop of li- 
quid, usually globular tit low and tapering to a point 
above. Drops of different colors are considered as tear- 
drops, drops of blood, etc., and are blazoned accordingly. 
See gutU. 

3. Any small quantity of liquid: as, he had 
not drunk a drop. 

Water, water everywhere, 
Nor any drop to drink. 

Coteridf/e, Ancient Mariner, i. 

Hence 4. A minute quantity of anything: as, 
he has not a drop of honor, or of magnanimity. 

Bnt If there be 

Yet left in heaven as small a drop of pity 
As a wren's eye, fear'd gods, a part of it ! 

Shak., Cymbellne, Iv. 2. 

5. pi. Any liquid medicine the dose of which 
consists of a certain number of drops. 

Lydia. Give me the sal volatile. 
l.ui-ii. Is it in a blue cover, ma'am? 
Lydia. My smelling-bottle, you simpleton ! 
Lucy. O, the drops ! here, ma'am. 

Sheridan, The Rivals, L 2. 

6. A piece of gut used by anglers on casting- 
lines. A fly-hook is attached to the loose end of the 
drop, the other end being fastened to the easting-line. 

7. A Scotch unit of weight, the sixteenth part 
of an ounce, nearly equal to 30 grains English 
troy weight. 8. The act of dropping; drip. 
[Rare.] 

Can my slow drop of tears, or this dark shade 
About my brows, enough descril>e her loss ? 

B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. 

9. In merit., a contrivance arranged so as to 
drop, fall, or hang from a higher position, or 
to lower objects. Specifically (a) A trap-door in 
tin- scaffold of a usual form of gallows, upon which the 

criminal alnnit to In- executed is placed with the halter 
about his neck, and which is suddenly dropped or swung 
open on its hinges, letting him fall, (b) A contrivance 
for lowering heavy weights, as bale-goods, to a ship's 




drop 

deck, (c) The curtain which is dropped or lowered be- 
tween the acts to conceal the stage of a theater from the 
audience. Also called drop-curtain, drop-scene, (d) The 
movable plate which covers the keyhole of a lock, (e) A 
piece of cut glass, sometimes prism-shaped, sometimes 
flat, as if cut out of a sheet of plate-glass, used with others 
like it as a pendent ornament on girandoles, chandeliers, 
etc. (/) A drop-press. (</) A swaging-hammer which falls 
between guides. 

10. In arch., one of the small cylinders or trun- 
cated cones depending from the mutule of the 
Doric cornice and the member upon the archi- 
trave immediately under the triglyph of the 
same order; a trunnel. 11. In maclt., the in- 
terval between the base of a hanger and the 
shaft below. 12. Naut., the depth of a sail 
from head to foot in the middle: applied to 
courses only, hoist being applied to other square 
sails. 13. In fort., the deepest part of a ditch 
in front of an embrasure or at the sides of a 
caponiere. 14. In entom., a small circular 



1778 

drop-light (drop'lit), n. A portable gas-burn- 
er, generally in the form of a lamp, connected 
with a chandelier or other gas-fixture by a 
metallic or flexible tube. 

dropling (drop'ling), n. [< drop + -ling^.J A 
little drop. Davies. [Rare.] 

Eightly to speak, what Man we call and count, 

It is a beamling of Diuinity, 
It is a droplinri of th' Eternall Fount, 
It is a moatling hatcht of th' Vnity. 

Sylvester, Quadrains of Pibrac, St. 13. 



face : used principally in 

of Diptera A drop in tne bucket, an exceedingly 

small proportion. 

The bulk of his [Congreve's] accumulations went to the 
Duchess of Marlborough, in whose immense wealth such 
a legacy was as a drop in the bucket. 

ilacavlay, Leigh Hunt. 

Drop Of stock, in firearms, the bend or crook of the 
stock below the line of the ban-el. Drop serene (a 
literal translation of Latin gutta serena), an old medical 
name for amauroxis. Prince Kupert's drop. Same as 
detonating bulb (which see, under detonating). To get 
the drop, to be prepared to shoot before one's antagonist 
is ready ; hence, to gain an advantage. [Colloq. , western 
IT. S.J 



dropmealt (drop'mel), adv. [< ME. 
< AS. dropmailum, by_drops, < dropa, drop, + 
mcelum, dat. pi. of mail, a portion, time, etc.: 
see meal 1 .'] Drop by drop; in small portions 
at a time. 

Distilling drop-meale a little at once in that proportion 
and measure as thirst requireth. 

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvii. 2. 

drop-net (drop'net), n. 1. A kind of light 
cross-woven lace. 2. A net suspended from 
a boom and suddenly let fall on a passing school 
of fish. 

dropper (drop'er), n. [< drop + -er 1 .] 1. One 
who or that which drops. Specifically (a) A glass 
tube with an elastic cap at one end and a small orifice at 
the other, for drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops ; 
a pipette. Also dropping-tube. (6) A reaping-machine that 
deposits the cut grain in gavels on the ground : so called 
to distinguish it from one that merely cuts, or cuts and 
binds. See reaper. 

It causes a Westerner to laugh to see small grain being 
cut with a dropper or a self-raking reaper. 

Sin. Amer., N. S., LV. 373. 

(c) Among florists, a descending shoot produced by seedling 



Drosera 

drop-ripe (drop'rip), . So ripe as to bo ready 
to drop from the tree. Davies. [Kare.] 

The fruit was now drop-ripe, we may say, and fell by a 
shake. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 274. 

drop-roller (drop'ro"ler), H. 1. Same as drop- 
l, ar . 2. In press-work, an inking-roller which 
drops at regulated intervals, with a supply of 
printing-ink, on the distributing-table or dis- 
tributing-rollers. Also known as the dtictor or 
ductor-roller. 

drop-scene (drop'sen), . Same as drop, 9 (c). 

dropseed-grass (drop'sed-gras). n. A name 
given to species of Spttrobolus and Muh lenbergia . 

drop-shutter (drop'shufer), H. In photog., a 
device for rendering the exposure of a plate in 
a camera very brief: used in instantaneous 
photography. The most simple form, also known as 
the guillotine shutter, and the one that gives a name to 
all other appliances of the kind, consists of two opaque 
pieces, each pierced with a hole, and arranged to slide 
one over the other. One of the pieces is fitted over the 
lens-tube, and when the openings in the two pieces are in 
line, the shutter admits light to the camera. When it is 
desired to make a very short exposure, the movable slide 
is raised till the opening of the tube is closed. On let- 
ting the slide fall, the opening in it passes before that in 
the fixed piece, and for an instant light is admitted to 
the plate behind the lens. To accelerate the fall of the 
slide, various devices are used, as springs or elastic bands. 
Improved drop-shutters have the form of revolving disks 
actuated by springs, etc. , or that of nap-shutters controlled 
by a pneumatic device, etc. ; and in many the opening is 
made to take place eccentrically, or the holes in the shut- 
ters are cut of various shapes, with the object of distrib- 
uting the light, and giving a greater volume of light to the 
foreground or the lower portion of the picture, which is 
naturally not so well lighted as the higher portions. 



his own weapon. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 604. 
To have a drop in one's eye, to be drunk. [Slang.] 



Swift, Polite Conversation, i. 

dropax (dro'paks), n. [< Gr. fpuKaS;, a pitch- 
ration for removing hair from the skin ; a de- 
pilatory. [Bare or unused.] 

drop-bar (drop'bar), n. In printing, a bar or 
roller attached to a printing-press for the pur- 
pose of regulating the passage of the sheet to 
impression. In the rotary press the bar drops at a fixed 
time on the edge of the sheet, and with an eccentric re- 
volving motion draws it forward. In some forms of the 
cylinder-press the bar drops on the edge of the sheet and 
holds it firmly in position until it is seized by the grippers. 
Also called drop- roller. 

drop-black (drop'blak), n. See black. 

drop-bottom (drop'bot"um), n. A bottom, as 
of a car, which can be let fall or opened down- 
ward : a common device for unloading certain 
kinds of railroad-cars. 

drop-box (drop'boks), n. In a figure-weaving 
loom, a box for holding a number of shuttles, 
each carrying its own color, and so arranged 
that any one of the shuttles can be brought into 
action as required by the pattern. 

drop-curls (drop'kerlz), n. pi. Curls dropping 
loose from the temples or sides of the head. 

drop-curtain (drop'ker"tan), n. Same as drop, 
9(c). 

drop-drill (drop'dril), n. An agricultural im- 
plement which drops seed and manure into the 
soil simultaneously. See drill*, 3. 

drop-fingers (drop'fing'gerz), n. pi. In print- 
ing, two or more finger-like rods attached to 
some forms of cylinder printing-presses for the 
purpose of holding the sheet in fixed position 



2. In mining, a 
the main lode : nearly the same as feeder, ex- 
cept that the latter more generally carries the 
idea of an enrichment of the lode with which it 
unites. 3. A dog which is a cross between a 
pointer and a setter. 4. An artificial fly ad- 
justed to a leader above the stretcher-fly, used 
m angling. Also called bobber and drop-fly. 
See whip. . 

And observe, that if your droppers be larger than, or 
even as large as, your stretcher, you will not be able to 
throw a good line. /. Walton, Complete Angler, ii. 5, note. 

dropping (drop'ing), n. [< ME. droppynge, < 
AS. dropnng, a dropping, verbal n. of dropian, 
drop: see drop, t>.] 1. The act of falling in 
drops ; a falling. 

A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a conten- 
tious woman are alike. Prov. xxvii. 1.1. 

2. That which drops or is dropped : generally 
in the plural. 

Like eager droppings into milk. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5. 

All the Countrey is overgrowne with trees, whose drop- 
pings continually turneth their grasse to weeds, by reason 
of the rancknes of the ground, which would soone be 
amended by good husbandry. 

Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 121. 

Specifically 3. pi. Dung: especially said of the 
dung of fowls : as, the droppings of the henroost. 
4. In glass-making, one of the lumps or glob- 



Laguerre towards his latter end grew dropsical and in- 
active. Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, IV. i. 

2. Resembling or partaking of the nature of 
dropsy. 

dropsicalness (drop'si-kal-nes), n. The state 
of being dropsical. Bailey, 1727. 
dropsied (drop'sid), a. [< dropsy + -erf 2 .] Dis- 
eased with dropsy; unnaturally swollen; ex- 
hibiting an unhealthy inflation. 

Where great additions swell, and virtue none, 

It is a dropsied honour. Shak., Alls Well, ii. 3. 



(drop'ston), n. A stalactitic variety 
of calcite. See stalactite. 

dropsy (drop' si), n. [Early mod. E. also d ropsie ; 
< ME. dropsy, dropesye, abbr. by apheresis of 
ydropsie, hydropsie : see hydropsy.] 1. In mcd., 
a morbid accumulation of watery liquid in any 
cavity of the body or in the tissues. See edema, 
anasarca, and ascites. 

And lo a man syk in the dropeaye was bifore him. 

Wyclif, Luke xiv. 

Hut the sad Dropxie freezeth it extream, 
Till all the blood be turned into fleam. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Furies. 

2. In bot., a disease in succulent plants caused 
by an excess of water. 3. In fish-culture, a 
disease of young trout. Before the food-sac is gone 
the trout are often affected with a swelling over the sac, 
where a membrane forms, swells out, and is filled with a 
watery substance. An incision is sometimes made in the 



as drop- 
per, 4. 

drop-forging (drop'for"jing), n. A forging 
produced by a drop-press. 

drop-glass (drop'glas), n. A dropping-tube or 
pipette, used for dropping a liquid into the eye 
or elsewhere. 

drop-hammer (drop 'hara'cr), . Same as drop- 



drop-handle (dropMian^dl), H. A form of 
needle-telegraph instrument in which the cir- 
cuit-making device is operated by a handle 
projecting downward. 

drop-keel (drop'kel), n. Naut., same as center- 
board. [Eng.] 

droplet (drop'let), n. [< drop + -let. ] A little 
drop. 

Though thou abhorr'dst in us our human griefs, 
Scorn'dst our brain's flow, and those our droplets which 
From niggard nature fall. Shak., T. of A., v. 5. 

drop-letter (drop'lef'er), n. A letter intended 
for a person residing within the delivery of the 
post-office where it is posted. [U. S.] 



bination with the volatilized alkalis. The crude 
glass thus formed on the cover drops into the molten glass 
in the vessel, rendering it defective. 

dropping-bottle (drop'ing-bot"l), n. An instru- 
ment for supplying small quantities of water to 
test-tubes, etc.; an edulcorator. 

dropping-tube (drop 'ing -tub), n. Same as 
dropper, 1 (a). 

drop-press (drop'pres), n. A swaging-, stamp- 
ing-, or f orging-machine having either a regular 
or an intermittent motion. It is essentially a power- 
hummer moving between vertical guides, and delivering a 
dead-stroke blow either from its own weight or by weight 
combined with power. In simple machines the weight is 
raised above the anvil by hand by means of a cord, and let 
fall ; but as these machines are wasteful of labor they 
have been largely superseded by power-machines, in which 
the weight is raised by a strap wound over a drum, or by 
a wooden slat pressed between two pulleys revolving in 
opposite directions.or by direct connection with a wrist 
on a disk-wheel. The weight is either released at any 
point of its path by some simple device controlled by a 
lever within reach of the operator's hand or foot, or it 
descends by the movement of the disk. If a spring is 
interposed between the weight and the lifting apparatus, 
whatever its form, to absorb the recoil, it is called a dead- 
stroke- hammer or 'press. In the drop-presses employing 
a strap or other lifting device that is released at the will 
of the operator, the blows are intermittent. Where the 
connection with a wheel is direct, the blows are regular 
and uniform so long as the machine works. All things 
shaped from hot metals on a drop-press, such as small 
parts of machines, are called drop-forffin<ts. The drop- 
press is sometimes called simply press, and sometimes 
drop-hammer. It should not be confounded with the 
stamping-press, which, while it is allied to the drop-press, 
differs essentially in its manner of working. 



lowering weights, and especially for removing 
the wheels of locomotives. 
drop-the-handkerchief (drop ' the -hang ' ker- 
chif ), n. A children's game in which one player 



drop-tin (drop'tin), n. Tin pulverized by be- 
ing dropped into water while melted. 
dropwise (drop'wiz), adv. [< drop + -/.'.] 
After the manner of drops; droppingly; by 
drops. [Rare.] 

In mine own lady palms I cull'd the spring 
That gather'd trickling dropwise from the cleft. 

Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. 

drop-worm (drop'werm), n. The larva of one 
of many insects. Specifically (a) Of any geometrid 
moth. Also called span-worm, inch-worm, mounting- 
mtrm, etc. (b) Of Thyridopteryx ephfiiiercefonms. Also 
called hang-worm and bag-u'orm. 

dropwort (drop'wert), . An English name for 
the fSpira-a Filipendula False dropwort, an Amer- 
ican book-name for Tiedcmannia teretifoKa, an umbellifer- 
ous plant of the Atlantic States. Hemlock- and water- 
dropwort, common book-names for species of (Enanthe. 

droschka, n. Same as droshky. 

drose, r. i. See drozc. 

Drosera (dros'e-rii), n. [NL., < Gr. Spoaepoc, 
dewy, < <!/)(i(7or,"dew, water, juice, prob. ult. < 
(Skt.) -v/ dru, run.] A genus of plants giving 
name to the order Droseraceai. There are about 
100 species, found in all parts of the globe excepting the 



Drosera 

Pacific islands, and most abundantly in cxtratropical Aus- 
tralia. Their leaven are covered with glandular hairs, 
which exude drops ol a clear glutinous tlniil that glitter 
in the sun ; hence the 
it-'"'. These u'laiuliilar bair.s reUj 
them, and other bails around 
tbo.se actually touched by tin: 
insect bend over nnd incl"-c it. 
The excitement of the glands 
induces the > , i. i ion of a di- 
gestive fluid, under tbe opera- 
tion of which the nutritious 
nitrogenous matter of the in- 
sect is dissolved and absorbed. 
The common Kuropean species 
have long had a popular repu- 
tation as a remedy for bronchi- 
tis anil asthma. 

Droseracese (dros-e-ra'- 
se-e), ii. j)l. |N'L.,< Dro- 
iier a + -acew. J A natural 
order of polypetalous in- 
sectivorous herbs, grow- 
ing in marshy localities 
in temperate and tropi- 
cal regions, having their 
leaves mostly circiuate 
in vernation and covered 
with numerous glandu- 
lar viscid hairs. Of the genera, Drosera (which see) 
is by far the largest. Of the others, Dionaa is character- 
ized by having foliaceons petioles bearing a two-lobed lam- 
ina which closes quickly when touched, and Aldrovanda 
by having pitcher shaped leaves. See cut under Dionra. 

droshky, drosky (drosh'-, dros'ki), .; pi. 
droalikirs. iti-oxkies (-kiz). [Also written drozh- 
ki, etc. ; = F. droschki = D. droschke = Dan. 
droske = Sw. droska, < G. droschke, a droshky, 
cab, etc., = Pol. drozhka^ dorozhka, < Russ. 



9 



drove 




Stindew (Drosera rotundi- 
/alia}. 



2. In galrano-clect., an alloy of zinc aud iron drought 1 , drouth (drout, drouth^ n. [In the 
formed in the zinc-bath, partly by the solvent 

action of the zinc on the iron of the pot, but 
chiefly from the iron articles dipped, and from 
the dripping off of the superfluous amalgam 
as they come from the bath. W. II. Itahl. 

3. Figuratively, a worthless thing; the value- 
less remainder of a once valued thing. 

The world's glory is but dross unclean. >> "> /- 

The past gain each new gain makes a loss, 
And yesterday's gold love to-day makes drott. 

William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. ::m. 

dross (dros), v. t. [< dross, n.] To remove 
dross from. 

Droaimi is performed with a large perforated Iron spoon 
or ladle, through the openings of which the fluid zinc runs 
otf, while the dross is retained, packed into shallow moulds 
so as to form slabs of alwut seventy -five pounds weight, 
and In this form is usually sold to the smelters ami refin- 
ers, who gain the zinc it contains either by distillation or 
by special patented procedures. 

W. 11. Wahl, Oalvanoplastic Manipulations, p. 529. 

drossardt (dros'ard), n. [< D. drossaard, MD. 
driisxiK rl (with accom. term, -aurd, -aert = E. 
-ard), earlier MD. drossact, D. drost = OFries. 
(frusta = MLG. drossete (> ML. drossatus), drot- 
zete, druczete, droste, druste, LG. droste = OHG. 
'truhtsdzo, truhsdzo, trutsdzo, truhsazzo, MHG. 
truhtseze, truhtsceze, trochtsaze, truhsceze, truch- 
seze, G. truchsess = Icel. drotteeti = Sw. drot- 
drozet, drozt, drots = Dan. drost (< LG.), 



lir.st form (with Hi altered t<. t. as also in i 

< ME. ilrnuijlit, ilnnrylit, drugt, 
'., the more orig. form, early 
mod. E. also drouyth, < ME. drouyth, ilruhth, 
drogthr, ilriii/ilif; < AS. druynth, ilrut/oth (= D. 
droogte), dryness, < dryge, orig. 'druge (= D. 
droog), dry: see dry. Drouth is thus equiv. to 
dry-th (which form is occasionally used, like 
Karm-lh, etc.). Drouth is etymologically the 
more correct spelling. Both forms have been 
in concurrent use since the ME. period, but 
i/roni/lit has been the more common.] If. Dry- 
ness. 

With the droieahte of the daye alledrye ware the flora! 
Murte Arthure (E. E. T. .), 1. 8260. 

The Asp, says Gesner, by reason of her exceeding 
,lr,,n : i/it, it accounted deaf; hut that one Asp Is deafer 
than another I read not Cotgrave. 

2. Dry weather; want of rain or of moisture; 
such a continuance of dry weather as injuri- 
ously affects vegetation ; aridness. 
Whan that Aprllle with his shoures soote 
The droghte of March hath perccd to the roote. 

Chaucer, Gen. ProL to C. T., L 2. 

In a drought the thirsty creatures cry, 
And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain. 

Dryden, Annus Mirabllls. 
In the dust and drouth of London life 
She moves among my visions of the lake. 

Tennyson, Edwin Morris. 



uu, ciu., = ui. uf i/~ii/vi*, W /i v~ivi*, s. AI lect, cnier omcer, appar. v.as uest siiowii iu 

drozhki (= Little Russ. drozhky), a droshky, OHG.) < OHG. truht(= OS. drulit = AS. dryltt, 



1*111, UM'*c<, HrWM W/I/KJ ^ fmm mm *- y-v UM/| . , . . 

an officer whose duty it was to set the meat on 3. 1 hirst ; want or < inK. 
the table of his prince or sovereign, a steward, 
server, grand master of the kitchen, hence in 
extended use a steward, bailiff, constable, pre- 
fect, chief officer, appar. (as best shown in 



As one, whose drouth 
Yet scarce allay'd, still eyes the current stream. 

MUton, P. L., vll. 86. 

4. Figuratively, scarcity; lack. 
A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all his- 

dim. of drogi, a carriage, a hearse, prop. pi. of rfri)(i),'the people, multitude, company, follow- *** 

droga, the pole or shaft of a carriage. Not con- j ng / 8ee dright), + OHG. sdzo (= AS. sceta, etc. : drought-, ". A dialectal form of draft 1 , draught^. 

nected with Russ. doroga, a road (= Pol. droga see cotset), one who sits or settles: the com- dronghtineSS, drouthiness (drou'ti-nes, -thi- 

= Bohem. draga, draha, a road, = QBulg. Serv. pound appar. meaning orig. the officer who as- nes), n. The state of being droughty; dry- 
signed a prince's guests or followers their seats ness; aridness. 

at table. Less prob. the first element is OHG. droughty, drouthy (drou'ti, -thi), a. 1. Char- 
truJi t, a load, draught, provisions (akin to E. acterized by drought; dry. 
draftl, draught*), the lit. meaning of the com- 



draga, a valley), dim. dorozltka (> Pol. doro:1ika), 
a little road, though the second Pol. form simu- 
lates such a connection.] A kind of light four- 
wheeled carriage used iu Russia and Prussia. 
The droshky proper is without a top, and consists of a kind 
of long narrow bench, on which the passengers ride as on 
a saddle ; but the name is now applied to various kinds of 
vehicles, as to the common cabs plying in the streets of 
some German cities, etc. 

Droskiet the smallest carriages in the world, mere 
sledges on wheels, with drivers like old women in low- 
crowned hats and long blue dressing-gowns buttoned from 
their throat* to their feet. A. J. C. Hare, Russia, ii. 

Begovuiya droshlri an extremely light vehicle, com- 
posed of two pairs of wheels joined together by a single 
hoard, on which the driver sits stride-legged. 

D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 236. 

drosnet, [ME. : see dross.] Dregs; dross. 

drosometer (dro-som'e-ter), n. [< Gr. fyoooc., 
dew, + /itrpov,' a measure.] An instrument 
for ascertaining the quantity of dew that con- 



pound suiting then its first known actual use, 
one who sets the meat on the table.] A stew- 
ard; a bailiff; a prefect. 

There is ... a droxsard of Limburgh near this place 
(to whom I gave an Exemplar of R. B. 's Apology) very de- 
sirous to speak with some of the friends. 

Penn, Travels in Holland, etc. 

drosselt (dros'el), . [Also written drazcl; per- 
haps the same as drotchel, appar. < Sc. dratch, 
dretch = E. dretck*, loiter, delay : see dretch^.] 

a slut. 

That when the time's expir'd, the drazel* 
For ever may become his vassals. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, III. i. 987. 

Now dwels ech drotsel in her glass. 

Warner, Albion's England, ix. 47. 

See the extract. 



denses on a body which has been exposed to drosser (dros'er), n. 

the open air during the night. It consists of a The weight of so many tables pressing one against an- 
balance, one end of which is f iirnished with a plate fitted other would cause the hlndermost to bend ; but this is pre- 
to receive the dew, and the other with a weight protected vented by the invention of iron frames or drossert, which 
from it. divide the tables into sets. Glass-making, p. 125. 

Drosophila (dro-sof 'i-lii), n. [NL.,<Gr. 6p6aac, Dressiness (dros'i-nes), M. The quality or state 
dew, + tOoc. loving.] A genus of flies, ol the of bei (lr foulness ; impurity, 

family Muscidiv, one species of which, Droso- ^^ of afflictlon jmml ^ ^ reflne ua 

plnla flara (the yellow turnip-leaf miner), is from our e8rth | y drosrinett. and soften us for the impres- 
very destructive to turnips, the maggots eating s ion of Ood's own stamp and image. Boyle, Works, 1. 275. 



Oh ! can the clouds weep over thy decay, 
Yet not one drop fall from thy droughty eyes ? 

Drayton, The Barons' Wars, IL 

When the man of God calls to her "Fetch me a little 
water," ... it was no easy suit in so droughtie a season. 

/;/. llnii. Elijah. 

The sun of a drouthy summer . . . was shining on the 
heath. /(. w. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv. 

2. Thirsty; dry ; requiring drink. 

If the former years 
Exhibit no supplies, alas '. thotl must 
With tasteless water wash thy droughty throat. 

PhiKpt. 

And at his elbow Souter Johnny, 
His ancient, trusty, drouthy cronie. 

tin r us. Tarn o' Shantcr. 

There are capital points In the second Ipicture], which 
depicts the consternation excited in a village inn on dis- 
covering the single ale-cask dry, and the house full of 
drouthy customers. Saturday Ret., July 8, 1866. 

The rustic politicians would gather round Philip, and 
smoke and drink, ami then question and discuss till they 
were drouthy again. Urn. Gaskelt, Sylvia's Lovers, xli. 



drook (drok), v. t. [Sc., < ME. *d 
"(Imuknen (see droukening), < Icel. drukna = 
Dan. drnkne, be drowned: see drown, where 
the k is lost in the w.] To drench; wet thor- 
oughly. Also dratrk. 

And aye she took the tlther souk 
To drouk the stowrle tow. 

Burnt, The Weary Fund o' Tow. 



iiy destructive to turnips, 

into the pulp and producing whitish blisters on d ro88 l e8S (dros'les), a. [< dross + -less.] Free 

the upper side. D. cellarls attacks potatoes. from (lrogg 

dross (dros), M. [Early mod. .E. also rfrosse; < dro BBy (dros'i), n. [< dross + -yl.] Like dross; droukeningt, droukningt, . [ME., alsodnmJt- 

ML. drotM, earlier rOos, < AS. dros = MLG. pertain i n g to dross; abounding with dross, or ,- < 'droiikcn, 'drouknen, drench: see drouk.] 

drott All), tiroes, urej^s. Ihe more common *._ ...1,1...... ... ...,..;.,!. nnniin^i tsimt>tnio . _ ^ ? _i T .1 

ilriixni ), always in syn- 



AS. word is "drosen (or 

copated pi. drosna (or 'drosiui) (== MD. droes- 
xi HI. D. droenem = MLG. druse = OHG. trusana, 
truxiiti, driixi'iin, ilnisiiin. MHG. drum-lie, (Irtisinc, 
dnwcne, OHG. also trittumiut, truosfiui. trnosina, 
tntnurii, ilnioxitna, MHG. truosen, druoscne, G. 
druscii), lei's, dregs, < drcoxan (pp. drorcn for 
'drosen) = < >S. ilnostiii = Norw. drjosa = Goth. 



waste or worthless material: applied to metals, 
and figuratively to other things. 



So doth the flre the drossy gold reflne. 
Sir J. Da vies, Immort 



A wise man, like a good refiner, can gather gold out of 
the drossiest volume. Milton, Areopagttica, p. 21. 

Many more of the same bevy, that, I know, the drotsy 
age doats on. Shaic., Hamlet, v. 2. 

The heart restor'd aud purg'd from drown/ nature 

drfttM'(LGt. itnmen, etc.), fall: see drizsle, and N-w finds the freedom of a new-born creature, 

of. dro-r, ,/,-,,-.] 'I. Refuse or impure or for- ""*" Eulblem8 - " 1B ' 

eign matter which separates from a liquid and drot (drot), v. t. Same as drat*. 
falls to the bottom or rises to the top, as in droud (droud), n. [Sc., origin obscure.] 1. A 
wine or oil or in molten metal ; sediment; lees; ""^fi"*- J-* 
dregs; scum; any refuse or waste matter, as 
chaff; especially, and now chiefly, the slag, 
si-ales, or cinders thrown off from molten metal. 

Cold and sillier clenseth ham of bore dros i the fure [in 
the flre]. An<-r>n Iii"i,. \>. >(. 



1. A slumbering; slumber; a doze. 

Als I lay in a winteris nyt in a droukrninii before the day. 
Debate of Body and Soul, 1. 1. (Lat. Poems attrlb. to 
tal. ofSoul. Int. IW. Mapes, ed. Wright) 

2. A swoon. 

vile the! selden the! weore sort, 
For-dolled in a dntuknyntj dred. 

//.,,,/ /too,'/ (E. E. T. S.), p. 141. 

droukit, drooket (dro'kit, -ket), p. a. [Pp. of 
drouk, q. v.] Drenched. [Scotch..] 
The last Halloween I was waiikin' 
My droukit sark-sleeve, as ye ken. 

Burnt, Tain Glrn. 

The cart gaed ajec and they liaith fell into the water ; 
twa pnir drouii'Mike Ijodies they were when they cam out, 
Petticoat Talet, I. 237. 

droukningt, See droukeiiiiig. 



Drosite of metallc, scorinni ; ilnw of corne, aciis. cri- 
balluui, ruscum : ilrw of f> Ithe ln-re of hyt be, rnsciim, 
rusculuin. Prompt. Parr., p. 1S3. 

Some scunnl the drnsse that from the metal! came. 
Some stird the molten owre "ith ladles great. 

Spenttr, F. i;.. 11. vii. 3ti. 



codfish. Jamieson. 

The flsh are awful ; half a guinea for a cod's head, and 
no bigger than the drouds the cadgers bring from Ayr, at 

a shilling and eigbteen-pence a piece. 

Kiackirood-t Mag., June, 1820, p. 29. (jroumyt ("drou'rai), a. [E. dial. (Devonshire); 
2. A kind of wattled box for catching herrings. c f. drumly.] Troubled; turbid; muddy. 

That . . . protestation of Catiline, to set on flre and 



Jamieson. 3. A lazy, lumpish person. Jamie- 

<. trouble states, to the end to fish In dmimy waters. 

Folk pitied her heavy handful of such a rfro<t Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 350. 

Gait, Annals of the Parish, p. 330. drouth, drouthiness, etc. See drought 1 , etc. 

drought. A Middle English form of the preterit drove 1 . I'ndiii and obsolete and dialectal 
of <//<('. past participle of 



drove 

drove 2 (drov), n. [< ME. drove, earlier drof, < 
AS. drdf, a, drove, < drifan (pret. drdf), drive : 
see drive] 1. A number of oxen, sheep, or 
swine driven in a body ; cattle driven in a herd : 
by extension, a collection or crowd of other 
animals, or of human beings, in motion. 

Of moistfull matter, 

God made the people that frequent the Water; 
And of an Earthly stuff the stubborn droues 
That haunt the Hils and Dales, and Downs and Groues. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 4. 

The sounds and seas, with all their finny drove, 
Now to the moon in wavering morrice move. 

Milton, Conitls, 1. 115. 

Where droves, as at a city gate, may pass. 

Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires. 

2. A road or drive for sheep or cattle in droves. 
[Great Britain.] 3. A narrow channel or 
drain, used in the irrigation of land. [Great 
Britain.] 

drove 3 (drov), v. t. ; pret. and pp. droved, ppr. 
droving. [So., usually in pp. droved; prob. a 
secondary form (after drove*, drove 2 ) ol drive; 
cf. D. drijven, drive, also engrave, emboss.] In 
masonry, to tool roughly. Droved and broached, 
a phrase applied to work that has been first rough-hewn, 
and then tooled clean. Droved and striped, a phrase 
applied to work that is first rough-tooled, and then formed 
into shallow grooves or stripes with a half- or three-quar- 
ter-inch chisel, having the droved interstices prominent. 
Droved ashler. See ashler. 

drove 3 (drov), n. [See dr0M>, .] A chisel, from 
two to four inches broad, used in making droved 
work. 

drove 4 t, drevet, '' * [ME. droven, dreven, < 
AS. drefan (for *drofian), trouble, agitate, dis- 
turb (the mind), = OS. drobhian = MLG. dro- 
ven, LG. droven = MD. droeven = OHG. truoban, 
truoben, MHG. truoben, triieben, G. triiben, trou- 
ble, = Sw. be-drofva = Dan. he-drove, grieve, 
trouble, = Goth, drobjan, cause trouble, excite 
an uproar; connected with the adj., AS. drdf, 
' - - ' - '-'3; afflict; 



1780 



kanen, drunkanen, become drunk, be drunk), 
< AS. drnncen, pp. of drincan, drink : see drink. 
Cf. drench*, drown, and drouk, of same ult. ori- 
gin.] I. intrans. To be suffocated by immer- 
sion in water or other liquid. 

O Lord ! methought what pain it was to drown ! 

Shak., Rich. III., i. 4. 

II. trans. 1. To suffocate by immersion in 
water or other liquid ; hence, to destroy, extin- 
guish, or ruin by or as if by submersion. 

The sea cannot drown me : I swam, ere I could recover 
the shore, five-and-thirty leagues, off and on. 

Shak., Tempest, iii. 2. 

I feel 1 weep apace ; but Where's the flood, 
The torrent of my tears to drown my fault in ? 

Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 2. 
I try'd in Wine to drown the mighty Care ; 
But wine, alas, was Oyl to th' Fire. 

Cowley, The Mistress, The Incurable. 

The barley is then steeped too much, or, as the maltster 

expresses it, is drowned. Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 281. 

2. To overflow ; inundate : as, to drown land. 
To dew the sovereign flower, and drov.ni the weeds. 

Shak., Macbeth, v. 2. 

If it [the storm] had continued long without ye shifting 
of y 6 wind, it is like it would have drouned some parte of 
y cuntrie. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 337. 

The trembling peasant sees his country round 
Covered with tempests, and in oceans drowned. 

Addison, The Campaign. 

A weir is said to be drowned when the water in the 
channel below it is higher than its crest. 

Rankine, Steam Engine, 137. 

3. Figuratively, to plunge deeply ; submerge ; 
overwhelm: as, to drown remorse in sensual 
pleasure. 

Both man and child, both maid and wife, 
Were drown'd in pride of Spain. 
Queen Eleanor's Fall (Child's Ballads, VII. 293). 

My private voice is drowned amid the senate. 

Addison, Cato. 

To drown out, to force to come out, leave, etc., by influx 
of water ; drive out 



drudge 

drowsy (drou'zi), n. [Formerly also drousie ; 
< drowse + -y*] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy; 
heavy with sleepiness. 

Drowsy am I, and yet can rarely sleep. Sir P. Sidney. 

They went till they came into a certain country, whose 
air naturally tended to make one drowsy. . . . Here Hope- 
ful began to be very dull and heavy of sleep ; wherefore 
he said unto Christian, I do now begin to grow so drowsy 
that I can scarcely hold up mine eyes ; let us lie down 
here and take one nap. 

Hunt/an, Pilgrim's Progress, i., Enchanted Ground. 

2. Resulting from or affected by drowsiness ; 
characteristic of or marked by a state of drows- 



ing. 

The rest around the hostel fire 
Their drowsy limbs recline. 

Scott, Marmion, iii. 26. 

My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains 

My sense. Keats, Ode to a Nightingale. 

3. Disposing to sleep ; lulling; soporific: as, a 
drowsy couch. 

The hoary.willows waving with the wind, 
In drowsy murmurs lull'd the gentle maid. 

Addison. 

The bowl with drowsy juices filled 
From cold Egyptian drugs distilled. 

Addison, Rosamond, iii. 3. 

I hate to learn the ebb of time 

From yon dull steeple's drowsy chime. 

Scott, L. of the L., vi. 24. 

4. Dull; sluggish; stupid. 

I would give you a drowsy relation, for it is that time of 
night, though I called it evening. Donne, Letters, Ixii. 

Those inadvertencies, a body would think, even our 



been capable of. Bp. Atterbunj. 

drowsyhead (drou'zi-hed), n. [In Spenser 
drowsihed; < drowsy + -head] Drowsiness; 
sleepiness; tendency to sleep. [Archaic.] 

A pleasing land of drowsyhead it was, 

Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye. 

Thomson, Castle of Indolence, L 6. 

These hours of drowsihead were the season of the old 



drovent. An obsolete and improper form of drowner (drou'ner), n. One who or that which 

driven, past participle of drive. drowns. 

drover (dro'ver), n. [< drove?, n., + -er*.] 1. The nourse , dy3e and cardes is we risome idlenesse, 

One who drives cattle or sheep to market ; one enemy of virtue, drowner of youthe. Ascham, Toxophilus. 

who buys cattle in one place to sell in another. drowge (drouz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. drowsed, ppr. 



droylet, and n. See droil. Spenser. 
droze, arose (droz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. drozed, 

ppr. drozing. [E. dial., also freq. drosle; prob. 

connected with dross and drowse, ult. \ AS. 

To 



2f. A boat driven by the wind: probably only 
in the passage cited. 

He woke 
And saw his droixr drive along the streame. 

Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 22. 

droving 1 (dro'ving), n. [< drove 2 + -ing*] 
The occupation of a drover. [Rare.] 

droving 2 (dro'ving), n. [Verbal n. of droveS, v] 
A method of hewing the faces of hard stones, 
similar to random-tooling or boasting. See 
droveS, v. Droving and striping, in stone-cutting, 
the making with the chisel of shallow parallel channels 



drutsian, sink, become slow or sluggish (rare) 
(= MD. droosen, slumber, doze; cf. LG. driln- 
sen, driinseln, slumber, drunsen, low, as a cow, 
drawl in speech), < dredsan (= Goth, driusan, 
etc.), fall: see drizzle, dross, droze] To be 



(R 



He drowsed upon his couch. South, Sermons, IV. 78. 
Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse, or prove 
The Danaid of a leaky vase. Tennyson, Princess, ii. 
In the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees. 

Lowell, Sir Launfal, i. 



be *droovy = E. dial, druvy, drnivy, thick, mud- 
dy, overcast (cf. druve. a muddy river), Sc. 
drowie, moist, muddy, < ME. drovy, drovi, tur- 
bid, muddy, < AS. drof, drofi (rare), turbid, 
muddy, also troubled (in mind), = OS. drobhi, 
druobhi = D. droef, droevig = MLG. drove, LG. 
druv, drove = OHG. truobi, G. triibe, troubled, 
gloomy, sad: see drove*] Turbid. 

He is like to an hors that seketh rather to drynke drovy 
water and trouble than for to drinke water of the welle 
that is cleer. Chaucer, Parson's Tale. 

drow 1 , v. t. [E. dial., var. of dry : see dry] To 
dry. Grose. [Prov. Eng. (Exmoor).] 

drow 2 (drou), n. [Sc., appar. developed from 
the adj. drowie, moist, misty, > E. drovy, q. v.] 
A cold mist; a drizzling shower. 

drow 3 (drou), n. [Sc., also trow, var. of troll 2 . 
Cf . droll] One of a diminutive elfish race sup- 
posed by superstitious people in the Shetland 
islands to reside in hills and caverns, and to be 
curious artificers in iron and precious metals. 

I hung about thy neck that gifted chain, which all in 
our isles know was wrought by no earthly artist, but by 
the Drows in the secret recesses of their caverns. 

Scott, Pirate, x. 

drowghtt, n. An obsolete form of drought*. 

drown (droun), v. [Early mod. E. also drown; 
< ME. droumen, dronnen, contr. of earlier drunc- 
nen, druncnien, < ONorth. druncnia (= lcel. 
drulcna = Sw. dnmkna = Dan. drukne, intr., 
drown, sink, = AS. druncnian = OHG. trun- 



] A state of 
somnolency; a half -sleep. 

But smiled on in a drowse of ecstasy. Browning. 

Many a voice along the street, 
And heel against the pavement echoing, burst 
Their drowse. Tennyson, Geraint. 

He gave one look, then settled into his drowse again. 
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 128. 

drowsed (drouzd), p. a. 1. Sleepy; overcome 
with sleepiness ; drowsy. 

I became so drowsed that it required an agony of exer- 
tion to keep from tumbling off my horse. 

B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 272. 

2. Heavy from somnolency ; dull ; stupid. 

There gentle sleep 

First found me, and with soft oppression seized 
My drowsed sense. Milton, P. L., viii. 289. 

drowsihead, n. See drowsyhead. 
drowsily (drou'zi-li), adv. 1 . In a drowsy man- 
ner; sleepily; heavily: as, he drowsily raised 
his head. 2. Sluggishly; languidly; slothful- 
ly; lazily. 

Drowsily the banners wave 
O'er her that was so chaste and fair. Praed. 

drowsiness (drou'zi-nes), n. 1. Sleepiness; 
disposition to sleep ; lassitude. 

Tis like the murmuring of a stream, which, not varying 
in the fall, causes at first attention, at last drowsiness. 

Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy. 

He bore up against drowsiness and fever till his master 
was pronounced convalescent. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii. 

2f. Sluggishness; sloth; laziness. 
Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. Prov. xxiii. 21. 



melt and drip down, as a candle. Grose; SalJi- 

id pp. drubbed, ppr. 
ial. form (= E. dial. 
drob), a var. or secondary form 
*drcn (E. dial, dryp and drib: see 
at, < ME. drenen (pret. drop, drop, 
i, strike, kill, < AS. drepan (pret. "drcep, 
pp. dropen, drepen), strike, = LG. drapen, 
drfy'en = OHG. treffan, MHG. G. treffen, hit, 
touch, concern, = lcel. drepa = Sw. drapa = 
Dan. drabe, kill, slay (cf. Sw. drabba, hit).] 
To beat with a stick; cudgel; belabor ; thrash ; 
beat in general. 

Captain Swan came to know the Business, and marr'd 
all ; undeceiving the General, and drubbing the Noble- 
man. Dampier, Voyages, I. 362. 

Must I be drttbb'd with broom-staves ? 

Steele, Lying Lover, iv. 1. 

Admiral Hawke has come up with them [the French] 
and drubbed them heartily. 

Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, vi., ed. note. 

If any of the under officers behave so as to provoke the 
people to drub them, promote those to better offices. 

Franklin, Autobiog., p. 411. 

drub (drub), n. [< drub, ^.] A blow with a 
stick or cudgel ; a thump ; a knock. 

By setting an unfortunate mark on their followers they 
have exposed them to innumerable drubs and contusions. 

Addison. 



/IvnMior 
araDDer 



), n. One who drubs or beats. 



These two were sent (or I'm no Drubber). 

Prior, The Mice. 

drubbing (drub'ing), n. [Verbal n. of drub, v] 
A cudgeling ; a sound beating. 

drudge 1 (druj), r. '.; pret. and pp. drudged, ppr. 
drudging. [< ME. druggen, work hard ; said to 
be of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. drugaire, a slave 
or drudge, dntgaireachd, slavery, drudgery; 
but these forms are prob. of E. origin. Cf. 
ilritifi, a drudge, Sc. dntg, pull forcibly, drug, 
& rough pull, E. dial, drug, a timber-carriage, 
drudge 2 , a large rake, as a verb, harrow, = E. 
dredge*. The word is thus prob. ult. < AS. 
dragan, E. draw : see draw, drag, dredge*] To 
work hard, especially at servile, mechanical, 
or uninteresting work; labor in tedious, drag- 



drudge 

Kin?,' t;isks ; labor with toil ami fatigue, anil 
without interest. 

lie [irofreth his servys' 1 
To dt-ti /'/' and diawe. 

: i, K night's Tale, I. 558. 
Fair are your Words, as fair your <'arriai;c ; 
Let mi' In- free, tlnul,/*' you in Marriage. 

/',.",, 'Hi,. Mice. 

Oajl it be that a power of Intellect so nnmeiisuivil ;tmi 
exhaustless in its range has been brought into being 

nicreh I" 'Ii inl'i- tor an animal exist. 

Cltanniny, Perfect Life, p. 159. 

drudge 1 (<lruj), w. [< drudge*, v. See drug-.] 
One who toils, especially at servile or mechan- 
ical labor; otie who labors hard in servile or 
uninteresting employments ; a spiritless toiler. 

Another Kind of lioluhiiaii they liavi-, when a vile drudge, 
In in- a poor lalioiircr in another country, doth chuosc of 
his own free will to be a bondman among them. 

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 8. 

I can but wait upon you, 
And be your drudge ; keep a poor life to serve you. 

Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ill. 2. 
How did the toiling ox his death deserve, 
A downright simple drudge, and born to serve ? 

JDryden, Pythagorean Philos., 1. 177. 

drudge- (ilru.j), n. [E. dial., ult. = dredge*, .] 

1. A large rake. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] 2. 
A dredge. 

drudge^ (druj), . t. ; pret. and pp. drudged, 
ppr. drudging. [E. dial., ult. = dredge*, v. t.] 
To harrow. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] 

drudge 3 (druj), . [Origin obscure.] Whisky 
in the raw state, as used in the manufacture 
of alcohol. [U. 8.] 

drudger 1 (druj'er), n. A drudge ; one who 
drudges. 

drudger 'H (druj'er), . [Var. of dredger?.] 1. 
A dredging-box. 

To London, and there among otherthings did look over 
some pictures at Cade's for my house, and did carry home 
a silver drudger for my cupboard of plate. 

Pepys, Wary, Feb. 2, 1665. 

2. A bonbon-box in which comfits (drag6es) 
are kept. 

drudgery (druj'er-i), n. [< drudge* + -cry*.] 
The labor of a drudge ; ignoble, spiritless toil ; 
hard work in servile or mechanical occupations. 

One that is aboue the world and its drudgery, and can- 
not pull downe his thoughts to the pelting businesses of 
It [life]. 

Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A High-spirited Man. 

Those who can turn their hands to any thing besides 
drudgery live well enough by their industry. 

Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 141. 

Paradise was a place of bliss, . . . without drudgery, 
and without sorrow. Locke. 

= Syn. Labor, Toil, etc. See work, n. 
drudgical (druj'i-kal), a. [Irreg. < drudge 1 + 
-ic-al.] Of or pertaining to a drudge ; of the 
nature of a drudge or of drudgery. Carlyle. 
drudging-boxt (druj'ing-boks), n. See dredg- 

in/j-liii.r. 

drudgingly (druj'ing-li), adv. With labor and 
fatigue ; laboriously. 

drudgism (druj'izm), n. [< drudge + -ism.] 
Drudgery. Car I y If. 

drueriet, drueryt, n. Same as drury. 

drug 1 (drug), n. [Early mod. E. also drugg, 
ilrngge (ME. drugges, drogges, is doubtful in 
this sense, as in the only passage cited (Chau- 
cer) it alternates with dragges, stomachic com- 
fits: see dredge 2 ); = G. droge, drogue == Sp. Pg. 
It. droga, < OF. drogue, F. drogue, a drug, 
mod. also stuff, rubbish, < D. droog = E. dry : 
"drooglie waere, droogh krui/d, droogiierije (dry 
wares, dry herb, 'druggery'), phafmaca, aro- 
mata" (Kilian, who explains that "drugs vio- 
lently dry up and cleanse the body, but afford 
it no nourishment"); " droogen, gedroogde 
knnjdea en wortels (dried herbs and roots), 
drugga" (Sewel). See dry.] 1. Any vege- 
table, animal, or mineral substance used in 
the composition or preparation of medicines; 
hence, also, any ingredient used in chemical 
preparations employed in the arts. 

Full rcily haddc he his apotecarics. 

To send him <lr<t'iyes [var. droyyet, drugges] and hi letua- 

ries, 
For echc of hem made other for to witme. 

Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 426. 

2. A tiling which has lost its value, and is no 
longer wanted ; specifically, a commodity that 
is not salable, especially from overproduction : 
as. ;i ilrng in the market (the phrase in which 
the word is generally used). 

brad they lie, 

As the*!' were times when loyalty's a drug, 
And zeal in a subordinate too cheap 
And common to IK- saved when we sjK'nd life: 

Brotc-nintj, limn and Book, II. 230. 



1781 

drug 1 (drug), v. ; pret. and pp. drugged, ppr. 
iti-iti/i/ini/. [< ilfii;/ 1 , .] I. Iran*. 1. To mix 
with drugs ; uarcoti/.e or make poisonous, as a 
beverage, by mixture with a drug: as, to drag 
wine (in order to render the person who drinks 
it insensible). 

The surfeited grooms 

Do mock their charge with snores : I have drugy'd their 
possets. Sliat., Macbeth, ii. -I. 

2. To dose to excess with drugs or medicines. 

3. To administer narcotics or poisons to; render 
insensible with or as with a narcotic or anes- 
thetic drug; deaden: as, he was drugged and 
then robbed. 

A sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things. 
Drug thy memories, lest thou learn it, lest thy heart be 

put to proof. 'i''iu:n*nn, l.orK>lry Hall. 

With rebellion, thus sugar-coated, they have been drug- 
giii'i the public mind of their section for more than thirty 
years. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 145. 

4. To surfeit ; disgust. 

With pleasure drugg'd, he almost long'd for woe. 

Jlyruii, t'hilde Harold, t 6. 

U. intrans. To prescribe or administer drugs 
or medicines, especially to excess. 

Past all the doses of your drugging doctors. 

II. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. 

drug 2 t (drug), n. [See drudge*.] A drudge. 
Hadst thou, like us, from our first swath proceeded 
The sweet degrees that this brief world affords 
To such as may the passive drugs of it 
Freely command, thou wouldst have plung'd thyself 
In general riot. Shale., T. of A., Iv. 3. 

drug 3 (drug), n. Same as drogue. 
drugged, v. i. A Middle English form of drudge*. 
drugge-t, . An obsolete form of drug*. 
drugger (drug'er), n. [< drug + -er*. Cf . F. 
drogueur, Sp. droguero.] If. A druggist. 

Fraternities and companies 1 approve of as merchants' 
burses, colledges of drugnerg, physicians, musicians, &e. 
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 63. 

2. One who administers drugs; especially, a 
physician who doses to excess. Dunglison. 
druggermant (drug'er-man), n. An obsolete 
form of dragoman. 

You druggerman of heaven, must I attend 

Your droning prayers? Dryden, Don Sebastian. 

Fity you was not druqgerman at Babel. 

Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 83. 

druggery (drug'er-i), .; pi. druggeries (-iz). 
[< OF. droguerie, F. droguerie (cf. MD. droo- 
ghe rye), < drogue, drug : see drug* and. -ery.] 1. 
Drugs collectively. [Rare.] 2. A druggist's 
shop. [Humorous.] 

drugget (drug'et), n. [= G. droguett = Sp. Pg. 
droyuete = It. droghetto, < F. droguet, drugget, 
formerly a kind of stuff half silk, half wool. 
Origin unknown. There is nothing to show a 
connection with drug*.] 1. A coarse woolen 
material, felted or woven, either of one color or 
printed on one side, and used as a protection 
for a carpet, as a carpet-lining, or, especially 
in summer, as a rug or carpet, generally cov- 
ering only the middle portion of a floor. A 
finer fabric of the same sort is used for table- 
and piano-covers. 2. A striped woolen or 
woolen and cotton fabric, commonly twilled, 
formerly used in some parts of Great Britain, 
especially for women's clothing. 

He is of a fair complexion, light brown lank hair, hav- 
ing on a dark brown frieze coat, double-breasted on each 
side, with black buttons and buttonholes ; a light drug- 
get waistcoat. 

Advertisement, 1703 (Malcolm's Manners and Customs 

[of London in 18th Cent.). 

They [the Gauls] wove their stuffs for summer, and 
rough felts or drugget* for winter wear, which are said 
to have been prepared with vinegar, and to have been so 
tough as to resist the stroke of a sword. 

C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 114. 

druggist (drug'ist), n. [= MD. drooghist = F. 
droguiate (appar. later than the E.) ; as drug* + 
-ist.] 1 . One who deals in drugs ; one whose oc- 
cupation is the buying and selling of drugs. 

This new corporation of drutiltiot* had inflamed the bills 
of mortality and puzzled the College of Physicians with 
diseases for which they neither knew a name or cure. 

Toiler, No. 131. 

Specifically 2. One who compounds or pre- 
pares drugs according to medical prescriptions ; 
an apothecary or pharmacist; a dispensing 
chemist. [U. S.]- Chemist and druggist. See 

drugstert (drug'ster), H. [< drug + -sttr.] A 
druggist. 



They place their ministers after their apothecaries ; that 
e physi 

d (dro 
Sp. Pg. <///</ = It. druido, < L. druida, pi. 



is, the physician of the soul after the ilnuHter of the body. 

x<m(A, Works, I. iv. 

druid (dro'id), . [= G. druide = F. druide = 
= It. 



drum 

druida, also dmis (fern. druiux) l lA.ilrniilrx (usu- 
ally in pi.). = Gr. oafU^t, a drum; of Old ( Vlt i.- 
origin :< Olr. drui, gen. drund, dat. and nci-. 
ili-niil, nom. pi. and dual druad, later Ir. and 
Gael, ilrnni. w\\. ili-nndli, a magician (I-., nutyux); 
also later nom. druidh = Vf.tii i in/il<l (orig. nom. 
*dryw), a druid. Cf. AS. dry, a magician, < Olr. 
drui, a magician. The W. form shows a forced 
simulation of W. derw, an oak; so L. dmiiln 
was thought to be connected with Gr. fyif, a tree, 
esp. an oak (= E. tree) ; but this isguesswork. C'f. 
Olr. dair (gen. dnrm-li), daur (gen. daro, dara) 
= OGael. dair = W. dar, an oak.] 1. One of an 
order of priests or ministers of religion among 
the ancient Celts of Gaul, Britain, and Ireland. 
The chief seats of the dniids were in Wales, P.rit tan.v. and 
the regions around the modern Dreux and hat ties in 
France. The druids are believed to have possessed some 
knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, etc. They 
superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and 
performed the office of judges. The oak is said to have 
represented to them the one supreme God, and the mis- 
tletoe when growing upon it the dependence of man 
upon him; and they accordingly held these in the highest 
veneration, oak-groves being their places of worship. They 
are said to have had a common superior, who was elected 
by a majority of votes from their own members, and who 
enjoyed his dignity for life. The druids, as an order, al- 
ways opposed the Romans, but were ultimately extermi- 
nated by them. [Very commonly written with a capital.) 
As those Druid* taught, which kept the British rites, 
And dwelt iu darksome groves, there counselling with 
sprites. Orayton, Polyolbion, i. 35. 

Thir Religion was governd by a sort of Priests or Magi- 
cians call'd Drtiiiles from the Greek name of an Oke, which 
Tree they had in greate reverence, and the Mlsslcto espe- 
cially growing theron. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii. 

2. [cap.] A member of a society called the 
United Ancient Order of Druids, founded in 
London in 1781, for the mutual benefit of the 
members, and now counting numerous lodges, 
called groves, in America, Australia, Germany, 
etc. 3. In en torn., a kind of saw-fly, a hyme- 
nopterous insect of the family Tentliredinida. 
Druid's foot, a five-pointed figure supposed to have had 
mystical meaning among the druids, and still in use In 
some parts of Europe as a charm. 
druidess (dro'id-es), n. [= F. druidesse; us 
druid + -ess.] A female druid; a druidic 
prophetess or sorceress. 

The Druidesa has offended Heaven in giving way to 
love. The American, IV. 232. 

druidic, druidical (dro-id'ik, -i-kal), a. [< druid 
+ -ic, -ic-al.] Of or pertaining to the druids: 
as, druidical remains. 

The Druid followed him, and suddenly, we are told, 
struck him with a druidic wand, or, according to one ver- 
sion, flung at him a tuft of grass over which lie had pro- 
nounced a druidical incantation. O'Curry, Anc. Irish, I. x. 

Druidical bead. Same as adder-ttonf. Druidical cir- 
cles, the name popularly given to circles formed of large 
upright stones, consisting in some cases of a single round, 
in others of several rounds, and concentric, from the as- 
sumption that they were druidical places of worship, 
though there is no sufficient proof that this was their des- 
tination. The ntost celebrated druidical circle in England 
is that at Stonehenge iu Wiltshire. Druidical patera, 
a name given to bowls, commonly of stone, and usually 
with one handle, found In the Isle of Man and elsewhere, 
and now thought to have been used as lamps. Similar 
bowls are still in use for this purpose in the Faroe islands. 

druidish (dro'id-ish), a. [< druid + -ink*.] 
Pertaining to or like the druids. 
druidism (drS'id-izm), n. [= F. druidisme = Sp. 
Pg. druidismo; as druid + -ism.] The religion 
of the druids; the doctrines, rites, and cere- 
monies of the sacerdotal caste of the ancient 
Celts. See druid, 1. 

still the great and capital objects of their [the Saxons') 
worship were taken from Druiiti*nt. 

Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Htrt., i. 2. 

Their religion [that of the ancient Britons] was Druid- 
ism; and Britain is said to have been the parent-seat of 
that creed. Sir K. Cretuil, Eng. fonst., p. 2S. 

druid-stone (dro'id-ston), n. Same as gray- 
wether. 

drum 1 (drum), w. [Early mod. E. also drumme; 
= Dan. tronime = Sw. trumma (cf. Ir. Gael. 
ilritma, < E.), a drum, < D. trom = LG. trumme 
= G. tromme, dial, trumme, trumni, tromm, 
dromm, late MHG. trumme, trumbe, drumbe, 
drumme, trum, a drum (also in dim. form : Dan. 
tromle = Sw. trumla, < D. tromniil = G. trom- 
niil, formerly also drummel, MHG. trammel, 
trumjiel, dram/it-l, trumel, a drum); orig. identi- 
cal with MHG. trumme, trumbe, < OHG. trumlia, 
trumpa, a trump, trumpet: see trump* and trum- 
pet*. It thus appears that drum* and trump* 
are ult. identical, though applied to unlike in- 
struments. The diverse use is prob. due to the 
(supposed) imitative origin of the name. See 
iln/iii*, r.] 1. A musical instrument of the per- 
cussive class, consisting of a hollow wooden or 
metallic body and a tightly stretched head of 
membrane which is struck with a stick. Three 



cumin 

principal forms are used: (1) cylindrical, with one heart 
and an open bottom, usually called a tambourine or 
Egyptian drum ; (2) hemispherical, with one head, usually 
cal'led a kettledrum; (3) cylindrical, with two heads, one 
of which can be struck, as in a side-drum or snare-drum, 
or both of which can be struck, as in the bass drum. All 
these forms are used to some extent in orchestral music, 



1782 

red-bass, sea-bass. See cut under redfish. Bass drum, 
a musical instrument, the largest of the drum family, 
having a cylindrical body and two heads of membrane, 
the tension of which may be altered by hoops. It ia struck 
with a soft-headed stick. It is commonly used in mili- 
tary bands, and occasionally in full orchestras. Formerly 
alled Unvjdrum. Beat or tuck of drum. Seedcai. 



but the kettledrum only is important, because it alone can Circulating drum, in water-heaters or steam-boilers, a 
be perfectly tuned. Orchestral drums are generally used ~' 
in pairs, and tuned to different pitches. The third form 
in all its varieties is much used in military music, prin- 
cipally to emphasize rhythm. 

I would wish them rather to lie chosen out of all partes 
of the realme, either by discretion of wise men thereunto 
appoynted, or by lott, or by the drumme, as was the old 
use in sending foorthe of colonyes. 

Spenser, State of Ireland. 

The drummes crie dub a dub. Gascoigne, Flowers. 

Your nether party fire must, 
Then beat a flying drum. 
Battle of Philiphaugh (Child's Ballads, VII. 134). 



, , 

chamber disposed to receive a flow of heated water in 
order to afford room near the heating surface for other 
bodies of water from parts of the boiler remote from the 
fire. Double drum, a former name of the bass drum. 
Drum of cod, a large cask or hogshead, containing from 
600 to 1,000 pounds, into which the cod are packed tight- 
ly and pressed down with a jack-screw and shipped. 
Drum of the ear. Same as tympanum. Muffled drum, 
a drum having the cord which is used for carrying the 
drum over the shoulder passed twice through the cords 
which cross the lower diameter of the drum, to prevent a 
sharp sound, or to render the sound grave and solemn. 
And our hearts, though stout and brave, 
Still, like muffled drums, are beating 
Funeral marches to the grave. 

Longfellow, Psalm of Life. 



2. In arch. : (a) The solid part of the Corinthian 
and Composite capital, otherwise called bell, 

vase, or basket, (b) One of the blocks of nearly drum 1 (drum), v. ; pret. and pp. drummed, ppr. 

cylindrical form of which the shafts of many drumming. [= D. trommen = Dan. tromme = 

columns are constructed, (c) An upright mem- Sw. trumma, drum ; also f req. E. drumble, q. v. ; 

ber under or above a dome. 3. In much., a from the noun, but felt to be in part imitative, 

term applied to various contrivances resem- See drum 1 , ., and cf. thrum^."\ I. intrant. 1. To 

bling a drum in shape. Specifically (a) A cylin- beat a drum ; beat or play a tune on a drum. 

der revolving on an axis for the purpose of turning wheels 2. To beat rhythmically or regularly with the 

by means of belts or bands passing round it. (6) The fi nge rs or something else, as if using drum- 

nnrivl nf pi-ntip nr wfnnnu fr\ A nvlfnilai' rm wnfon 



barrel of a crane or windlass, (c) A cylinder on which 
wire is wound, as in wire-drawing, (d) The grinding cyl- 
inder or cone of some mills, (e) The cast-iron case which 
holds the coiled spring of a spring car-brake. (/) A cir- 
cular radiator for steam or hot air ; a stove-drum or steam- 
drum. (<;) In water-heaters or steam-boilers, a chamber 
into which heated water is made to flow in order to afford 
room for other bodies of water from parts of the boiler not 
so near the fire. (A) A steam-tight cask in which printed 
fabrics are submitted to the action of steam to fix the col- 
ors, (t) A washing-tub for cleaning rags in paper-making, 
(j) A doffer in a carding-machine. 
4. Ill a vase or similar vessel, that part of the 



sticks: as, to drum on the table. 

He drummed upon his desk with his ruler and medi- 
tated. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 274. 

Tiiere was no sound but the drumming oi the General's 
fingers on his sword-hilt. 

G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 281. 

3. To beat, as the heart ; throb. 

His drumming heart cheers up his burning eye, 
His eye commends the leading to his hand. 

Shak., Lucrece, 1. 436. 



TIlis indeed makes a noise, and drums in popular ears. 
sir T - Sr urne , Religio Medici. 



body which approximates to a cylindrical form. f To attract recruits, as by the sound of the 

5. In anat. and zool. : (a) The tympanum drum ! hence > m the United States, to sue for 
or middle ear. (6) The tracheal tympanum or Partizans, customers, etc. : followed by for. 
labyrinth of a bird. See tympanum, 4. (c) One 5 - To sound llke a drum ! resound. 

of the tympanic organs seated in two deep 
cavities on the first abdominal segment of cer- 
tain Homoptera, and said to be used in produ- 6. To produce a sound resembling drumming : 
cing sounds. Kirby. (d) The large hollow hyoid said of partridges, blackcock, and other birds, 
bone of a howling monkey. See Mycetince. 6. It is done by quivering the expanded feathers 
A membrane drawn over a round frame, used of the wings, 
fortestingthedelicateedgesof eye-instruments. The bird [snipe] never drummed except when on the 

7. A receptacle having the form of a drum, stoop, and whenever it performed this manoeuvre the 

drum ot figs. 8. Milit., a party accompanied them* and quivered with a ra^id.Tremuloufmotio^tnat 

by a drum sent under a flag of truce to confer quite blurred their outlines.. 



with the enemy. 

I believe I told you of Lord John Drummond sending a 
drum to Wade to propose a cartel. 



J. G. Wood, Out of Doors, p. 171. 
II. trans. 1 . To perform on a drum, as a tune. 
2. Milit., to expel formally and accompany 
Walpole, Letters, II. 2. in depar ture with the beat of the drum: often 
9f. [With allusion to drumming up recruits.] used figuratively, and usually followed by out: 
A fashionable and crowded evening party, at as, the disgraced soldier was drummed out of the 
which card-playing appears to have been the regiment, 
chief attraction; a rout. The more riotous of 
such assemblies were styled drum-majors. 

They were all three to go together to the opera, and 
thence to Lady Thomas Hatchet's drum. 

Fielding, Tom Jones. 

All your modern entertainments, routs, drums, or as- 
semblies. Goldsmith, The Goddess of Silence. 

10. An afternoon tea. Also called kettledrum, 

with a punning allusion to tea-kettle. 11. In 

ichth., a name of several sciaanoid fishes: so 

called from the drumming noise they make, 

said to be due, in part at least, to the grinding 4 - To force u P on tne attention by continual 

of the pharyngeal bones upon each other. () iteration; din: as, to drum something into one's 

The salt-water drum, Pogoniaa chromis, the largest of the ears. To drum up, to assemble as by beat of drum ; 
"'"JB, ranging from 20 to nearly 100 pounds In weight, assemble or collect by influence and exertion : as, to drum 

up recruits or customers. 

drum 2 (drum), n. [< Ir. and Gael, druim, also 
druman, the back, a ridge, summit.] 1. A 
ridge; a hill. Drum enters into the composition of 
many Celtic place-names, especially in Ireland and Scot- 
land, as Drwmcondra, ZJrwmglass, .DrMmsheugh, Drum- 
lanrig, Drumo&k ; and it is frequently found alone as the 
name of a farm, an estate, a village, etc. 
Specifically 2. A long narrow ridge or mound 
of sand, gravel, and boulders : a name given by 
Irish geologists to elevations of this kind be- 



A mmet proved unworthv was ttrmnmed mL 

Lowell, Tempora Mutantur. 

One by one the chief actors in it [the prosecution of the 
Whisky Ring] were called before the lines, despoiled of 
their insignia, and drummed out of the administration 
camp. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 321. 

3. To summon as by beat of drum. 

But, to confound such time, 

That drums him from his sport, and speaks as loud 
As his own state, and ours 'tis to be chid 
As we rate boys. Shak., A. and C., i. 4. 




Salt-water Drum (Pogonias ehromis). 



lieved to have been the result of glacial agen- 
Also 



of a silvery-gray color when adult, and with numerous e i es - See eskar, horseback, and kame. 
?vi e ,?" * chin ' U ra "Kes along the Atlantic coast called drumlin. 
of the United States from Florida to Massachusetts It 



!t is an inhabitantof the great lakes.and of the ' MUsissip. 

P'nyer and its larger tributaries. Also called sheepshrad. The long parallel ridges, or "sowbacks" and drums, 

.e : branded drum, or beardless drum, Scicena ocellata, as they are termed, . . . invariably coincide in direction 

the redflsh of the south Atlantic and Gulf States. It is with the valleys or straths in which they lie 

;ccogmzed by the black spot margined with light color Geikie, Ice Age, p. 17. 

ro-E^MWfflttEStfKS drum-armature (drum'ar"ma-tur), . A dy- 

10 pounds in weight, but sometimes attaining upward of namo-armature constructed so as to resemble 

40 pounds. Also called oryan-Juh, red-horse, spotted-bass, a drum in form. 



drummer 

drumbelo (drum'be-16), . [E. dial. : see drum- 
ble 2 , r.] A dull, heavy fellow. 

drumbleH (drum'bl), r. i. [Appar. freq. of 
drum, v., after D. trommelen = G. trommehi = 
Dan. tromle = Sw. trumla, drum (see drum, v.); 
but perhaps in part of other origin. Cf. drum- 
ble'*.~\ 1. To sound like a drum. 

The whistling pipe and drumbling tabor. 

Drayton, Nymphidia, viii. 

2. To mumble. Halliwell. 

drumble' 2 t (drum'bl), v. i. [Cf. drumble^ and 
dumble^-."] To drone ; be sluggish. 

Go take up these clothes here, quickly ; . . . look, how 
youdrmWe. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. :i. 

drumble-drone (drum'bl-dron), n. [E. dial, 
also drumble-drane ; < drumble + drone; cf . dunt- 
Uedore.'} 1. A drone. 2. A bumblebee. 

3. A dor-beetle. Kingsley. 

drumblert (drum'bler), n. [< MD. drommeler, a 
kind of ship (Kilian). Cf. MD. D. drommeler, a 
man of square and compact build, < drommel, 
things packed close together, < drom, a thread, 
= E. thrum 1 , q. v.] A kind of ship. 

She was immediatly assaulted by diuers English pinas- 
ses, hoyes, and drumblers. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 001. 

drum-call (drum'kal), w. In milit. music, a call, 
signal, or command given upon the drum. 

drum-curb (drum'kerb), n. A wooden or iron 
cylinder set in the opening of a shaft, at the 
beginning of its construction, to sustain the 
lining. The earth is cut away under the edges of the 
drum, and as it settles down courses of brick are added to 
the lining at the top. 

drum-cylinder (drum 'sil"in-der), n. In a print- 
ing-press, a large cylinder making one revolu- 
tion to each impression. See cylinder-press. 

driimflsh (drum'fish), n. Same as drumi, 11. 

drum-guard (drum'gard), n. A device on a 
threshing-machine to prevent the operator, 
while feeding it, from falling into the throat, 
the feeder being at the top : used only on Eng- 
lish machines. 

drumhead (drum'hed), n. 1. The membrane 
stretched upon a drum, by striking which the 
tone is produced. Its tension and the pitch of the 
tone are determined by rings or hoops fitted round the 
edge of the drum-body. 

2. The top part of a capstan, which is pierced 
with a number of holes to receive the ends of 
the levers or bars employed to turn it round. 
See capstan. 3. In anat., the membrana tym- 
pani. 4. A variety of cabbage having a large 

rounded or flattened head Drumhead court 

martial. See court martial, under court. 

drumin, drumine (drum'in), n. [< Drum(mou- 
dii) (see def.) + -itft, -ine 2 .] An alkaloid from 
Euphorbia Drummondii, said to produce local 
anesthesia like cocaine. 

drumlin (drum'lin), n. Same as drum*, 2. 

drumly (drum'li), a. [E. dial, and So., also 
drumbled. Cf. droumy. Perhaps altered from 
equiv. ME. drubly, drably, turbid, muddy, con- 
nected with drublen, droblen, trouble, make 
turbid, as water, perhaps allied to equiv. droren 
(see drove*), or possibly a mixture of droven 
with equiv. trublen, troblen, trouble. Cf. drum- 
ble%, and LG. drummelig, drummig, musty, ap- 
plied to grain, bread, etc.] 1. Turbid; full of 
grounds, dregs, or sediment ; dreggy; muddy; 
holding foreign matter in mechanical solution. 

Draw me some water out of this spring. Madam, it is 
all foul, ... it is all drumly, black, muddy. 

Wodroephe, Fr. and Eng. Gram., p. 210. 
Then bouses drumly German water, 
To mak' himsel' look fair and fatter. 

Bums, The Twa Dogs. 
2. Troubled; gloomy. 

Dismal grew his countenance, 
And druwlie grew his ee. 

The Daemon Lover (Child's Ballads, I. 203). 

drum-major (drain'mS/jor), n. 1. The chief 
or first drummer of a regiment. 2. One who 
directs the evolutions of a band or drum-corps 
in marching. [U.S.] 3f. A riotous evening 
assembly. See drum 1 , 9. 

drummer (drum'er), n. 1. One who plays the 
drum ; especially, one who beats time on the 
drum for military exercises and marching. 

We caried with vs a fifer & a drummer. 

Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 437. 

2. One who solicits custom ; a traveling sales- 
man; a commercial traveler. [U. S.] 

The energy and wiles of business drummer*. 

The Crntiirii, XXVIII. 8S1. 

3. A local name of a large West Indian cock- 
roach, Blalla gif/antfa, which, in old frame 
houses, makes a noise at night, by knocking 



drummer 

its head against the wood. The sound very 
much resembles a smart knocking with the 
knuckle upon the wainscot ing. 

drumming (drum'iug), n. Tlie sport of fishing 
for driimtisli. 

drumming-log (drain 'ing-log), . A log to 
which a bird, as a grouse, resorts to drum. 

drummock (drum'ok), H. [Sc., also written 
ili-diiiinitck, aramOOK, dram much, etc., < Gael. 
ili-nii/iiii/i; afoul mixture.] A mixture of un- 
cooked oat-meal and cold water. 

To tremble under Fortune's crumtnock, 
On waive :i hellylil t> tlrum uittck, 
Wi' his proud, independent stomach 
Could 111 agree. 

Ili/i-ns, On a Scotch Bard. 

Drummond light. Same as calcium light (which 

see, under calcium). 
drum-roomt (drum'rom), . The room wliere 

a drum or crowded evening party is held. See 

drum 1 , ., 9. 
The honny housemaid begins to repair the disordered 

drum-room. Fielding, Tom Jones, xi. 9. 

drum-saw (drum'sa), . Same as cylindrical 

miir (which see, under cylindric). 
drum-sieve, n. See sieve. 
drum-skin (drum'skin), n. [= Dan. tromme- 

skiiul = Sw. <n/6'fciHH.] A drumhead. 

His heart 
Beats like an ill-played drum-akin quick and Blow. 

Library Mag., III. 801. 

drumsladet, . [Found in the 16th century, and 
appar. earlier; also spelled drumslet, 'drumsled 
(cited as drumsted), drombeslade, drunslade, 
drounslate; appar. of D. or LG. origin, like 
drumslager, but no corresponding form appears; 
cf. MD. tromnielslayh, D. trmnmelxlaq = G. trtim- 
melschlay = Dan. trommeslag = Sw. trumsla- 
gare, a drum-boat. See drumslager.] 1. A drum. 

The drummers and the </n<MxJn</.' (tympanotrllire), as 
also the trumpeters, call to arms, and inflame the soldiers. 
Uoole, Visible World. 
2. A drummer. Minsheu. 

drumslagert, [< MD. trommelslager, trom- 
mel-slagher, D. trommelslagcr (= G. trommel- 
schlager, earlier tromineti-schldgcr, trumpe-sleger, 
drninine-schldger = Dan. trommeslager = Sw. 
trumslagare),\ trommel, D. trommel and from (= 
G. trommel and tromme, etc.), a drum, + slager 
(= G. schldger, etc.), beater (== E. slayer), < 
slagen (= G. sehlagen, etc., beat, strike) = E. 
slay : see drum and slayer. Cf. drumslade.'] A 
drummer. 

He was slalne and all his compunie, there helng but 
one man, the drnwxla<it'r, left aliue, who by swiftnesse 
of his foote escaped. 

lli'linxhed, C'liron., Ireland, an. 1680. 

drumstick (drum'stik), . [= Dan. tromme- 
xiik.'] 1. One of the sticks used in beating a 
drum. That used for the bass drum has a soft, stuffed 
lir:nl. Drumsticks are generally used in pairs, one in each 
hand of the performer. 

2. Hence, from its shape, the lower or outer 
joint of the leg of a dressed fowl, as a chicken, 
duck, or turkey. Anatomically, ft is the leg from the 
knee to the heel, the leg proper, or crus, intervening be- 
tween the thigh and the shank, which latter is usually 
cut olf when the fowl is dressed for the table. 

3. The stilt-sandpiper or bastard dowitcher, 
Micropalama liimantopus. [Local, U. S.] 

drumstick-tree (drurn'stik-tre), . The Caa- 

niii Fistula: so called from the shape of its pods. 

drum-wheel (drum'hwel), n. In hydraulic eit- 

ifin., a tympanum. 

drumwood (drum'wud), n. The Tarpinia oe- 
ciilciitali.i, a small sapindaceous tree of Jamai- 
ca and other parts of tropical North America. 
It has pinnate leaves and white flowers, which 
are followed by dark-blue drupes. 
drunk (drungk). The regular past participle 
and a former preterit of drink. 
drunk (drungk), p. a. [Pp. of drink, t\] 1. In- 
toxicated ; inebriated ; overcome, stupefied, or 
frenzied by alcoholic liquor: used chiefly in the 
predicate. 

Be not drunk: with wine, wherein is excess. Eph. v: 18. 

Since drunk with Vanity yon fell. 
The things turn round to yon that steadfast dwell. 

Cowley, The Mistress, Called Inconstant. 

I gave 1'atriek half-a-crown for his Christmas-box, on 
condition he would be good ; and he emne home drunk at 
midnight. >'">", .lonrnal to Stella, Dec. 24, 1711. 

2. Drenched or saturated. 

I will make mine arrows drunk with blood. 

Deut. xxxii. 42. 

drunk (drun^lO. ii. [< drunk, a.] 1. Aspree; 
a drinking-bout. 2. A case of drunkenness ; 
a drunken person. [Slang.] 



1783 

drunkard (dmng'kjird). ii. [First in 10th cen- 
tury, also written drunkird; < drunk + -an/.] 
One given to mi excessive use of strong drink; 
a person who is habitually or frequently drunk ; 
an inebriate. 

The drunkard and the glutton shall come to pov< 1 1 \ 

I'rov. xxiii. 21. 
Avoid the company of drunkard* and busylxHlies. 

Jr r. rut/lor, \\ orks (ed. 1835), 1. 404. 
Drunkard's cloak*. See cloak. 
drunkelewt, " and a. [ME. dntnkeletc, ilnm- 
l,i Ii ire, drunken, < drunken, drunken, drunken, 
+ -lew, < Icel. -tear = AS. -lie, E. -ty'A] I. a. 
Given to drink ; drunken. Chaucer. 

Voide alle drunkflew folk, . . . 
And ulle hem that vsen suche vnthriftynesse, 
Ami also dijs pleiers. 

Halve* Book (E. E. T. S.), p. M. 

II. . A drunkard. 

A yonge man to bo a dronkelewe. 

(Sower, Cunt. Amant., vi. 

drunken (drung'kn), p. a. [The older form of 
ilnnik, now used chiefly as an attributive, the 
predicative use, as in senses 1 and 4, being 
archaic or technical.] 1. Affected by or as if 
by strong drink ; intoxicated ; drunk. 
Drunken men imagine everything turneth round. Baton. 

He stares, he sfglis, he weeps and now seems more 
With sorrow drunken than with Wine before. 

J. Beaumont, Psyche, lit 18S. 

Let the earth be drunken with our blood. 

Aa*.,3Hen. VI., H. 8. 

2. Given to drunkenness; habitually intemper- 
ate: as, he is a drunken, worthless fellow. 

Alon. Is not this Stephauo, my drunken butler ? 

Seb. He is drunk now. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. 

3. Proceeding from intoxication; done in a 
state of drunkenness : as, a drunken quarrel. 

When your carters, or your waiting vassals, 
Have done a drunken slaughter, and defac'd 
The precious Image of our dear Redeemer, 
You straight are on your knees for pardon, pardon. 
Shak., Rich. III., U. 1. 

4. Acting as if drunk : applied by workmen to 
a screw the thread of which is uneven and pro- 
duces an unsteadiness of motion in the nut. 

If the tool is moved irregularly or becomes checked in 
its forward movement, the thread will become dninken, 
that Is, it will not move forward at a uniform speed. 

./. /,'".-., Practical Machinist, p. 106. 

Drunken cutter. See cuttrri. 
drunkenheadi (drung'kn-hed), n. [ME. drun- 
keiihed, drunkinhed, dronkehed, < drunken + -hed, 
-head.] Drunkenness. 

For the! two through her dronkenhede, 

Of witles excitaciou 

Oppressed all the nacion 

Of Spayne. Guwer, Conf. Amant., vi. 

drunkenly (drung'kn-li), adv. In a drunken 
manner. [Rare.J 

That blood already, like the pelican, 

Hast thou tapp'd out, and drunkenly carous'd. 

Shak., Rich. II., il. 1. 

drunkenness (drung'kn-nes), n. [< ME. drun- 
kennesse, drunkenesse, dronkenesse, etc., < AS. 
dnincennes, < druncen, drunken: see drunken 
and -ness.'] 1 . The state of being drunk, or over- 
powered by intoxicants ; the habit of indulg- 
ing in intoxicants ; intoxication; inebriation. 

Sum men seye that he sloughe ones an Heremyte in 
his Dronkenesite, that he loved fill wel. 

Mandemlle, Travels, p. 71. 

Let us walk honestly, as in the day ; not in rioting and 
drunkenneas. Rom. xiii. 13. 

2. Disorder of the faculties resembling intoxi- 
cation ; intense excitement ; frenzy ; rage. 
Passion is the drunkenness of the mind. 

.Sotilh, Sermons, II. 362. 

drunkenship (drung'kn-ship), . [< ME. druit- 
ke[n~\ship, drunkeshippe, dronkeship (AS. *drun- 
censcipe, not verified); < drunken + -ship.] Drun- 
kenness. 

For dronkeship in euery place, 

To whether side that It turne, 

Doth liar me. Qower, Conf. Amant,, vi. 

drunkerdt, n. An obsolete spelling of drun- 
kitni. 

drunkwort (drungk'wert). H. An old name 
for tobacco. Minsheu. 

drunt (drunt), v. i. [Also droiint, drant; < Dan. 
ilrunte, drynte (rare), lag, loiter.] To drawl. 
[North. Eng. and Scotch.] 

drunt (drunt), . [Also drant, draunt; from 
the verb.] 1. A slow and dull tone; a drawl- 
ing enunciation. 2. A fit of pettishness ; the 
dumps ; the huff. [North. Eng. and Scotch in 
both senses.] 

An Mary, par iloulit, took the dnint. 
To be compared to Willie, tlunu, Halloween. 




Drupe. 

I. Cherries, y. Section of a cherry : a, fleshy 
sarcocnrp : 6, stony wall of the putamcn. inclos- 
ing the seed. 



druse 

Drupacea (drft-pa'se-e), n. pi. [NL., fern. pi. 
of ilriip<iceun: see drujiaceuuti and -acea:~\ A 
name given by some botanists to that division 
of rosaceous plants which comprehends the al- 
mond, peach, cherry, plum, and similar fruit- 
bearing trees. More generally called Amygdd- 
leai, from Latin <i/y</'''". nlmonil. 

drupaceous (dro-pa'shius), a. [< NL. drupacetw. 
< drupii, a drupe: see drupe, and cf. Drujiacea:.] 

1. Producing drupes: as, drupaceous trees. 

2. Resembling or relating to a drupe ; con- 
sisting of drupes. See drupe. 

drupe (drop), w. [= F. drupe = 8p. Pg. It. 
(/)//, < NL. ilrupa, a drupe, < L. drupa, ilrn/i- 
pa (with or without olira), > LXjr. Api-irira, an 
overripe olive, < Gr. f/nnrevi/f, ripened on the 
tree, quite ripe, a form alternating with Apvnt- 
TI/C, ready to fall, overripe, < <V">, tree, + T<- 
TTT-ftv, cook, ripen, and m-trr-nv (y "TCT), fall, 
respectively.] In hot., a stone-fruit; a fruit in 
which the outer part of the pericarp becomes 
fleshy or softens like a berry, while the inner 
hardens like a nut, forming a stone with a ker- 
nel, as the plum, cherry, apricot, and peach. 

The stone in- 
closing the 
kernel is call- 
ed the puta- 
men (or.endo- 
carp), while the 
pulpy or more 
succulent part 
is called the 
sarcocarp (or 
mesocarp), and 
the outer cov- 
ering the epi- 
earp. The true 
drupe consists 
of a single one- 
celled and usu- 
ally one-seeded 
carpel, but the 
tenn is applied 
to similar fruits resulting from a compound pistil, in which 
there may be several separate or separable putamens. 
Many small drupes, like the huckleberry, are in ordinary 
usage classed with berries. On the other hand, some 
drupe-like fruits, as that of the hawthorn, are technically 
referred to the pome, and the cocoanut and walnut, he- 
Ing intermediate between a nut and a drupe, arc described 
as drupaceous nuts. 

drupel (drO'pel), . [< NL. 'dmpella, dim. of 
drupa, a drupe: see drupe."] A little drupe, 
such as the individual pericarps which together 
form the blackberry. 

drupelet (drop'let), . [< drupe + -let."] Same 
as drupel. 

drupeole (dro'pe-61), n. [< NL. 'dnipeola, dim. 
of drupa, a drupe: see drupe and -ole.~] Same 
as drupel. 

drupetum (drS-pe'tum), n. ; pi. drupeta (-tS). 

tNL., < drupa, a drupe : see drupe and -etum.~\ 
n lui/., an aggregation of drupes, as in the 
blackberry. 

drupose (drfi'pos), . [< drupe + -ose."] A 
compound (C^H^Og) formed by treating the 
stony concretions found in pears with dilute 
hydrochloric acid at a boiling heat. 

druryt, drueryt, . [Early mod. E. also droury, 
drouery; < ME. drury, druri. druery, druerie, 
druwerie, driwerie, etc., < OF. druerie = Pr. dru- 
daria = It. druderia, love, gallantry, < OF. dru, 
drud, druc = Pr. druz = It. drudo, amorous, 
gallant, < OHG. trut, drut (> G. traut, a.), a 
friend, lover.] 1. Love; gallantry. 

Of lailys love and dmctry. 

Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 184. 

The drweeries of ladies and damesels make knyghtes to 
vndirtake the hardynesse of armes that thel don. 

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), Hi. 641. 

2. A mistress. 

Lady, where is your drury I 

Bonnie House o Airly (Child's Ballads, VI. 185). 

3. A love-token; a gift, especially a jewel or 
other precious object. 

Thenne dressed he his itnirtie double hym aboute. 
Sir Oawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2083. 

Hit (truth) is as der worthe a rfrutrrrv as dere god him- 
selue. Pier* Plowman (C), ii. 83. 

druse 1 (dr8z), . [< G. druse (as in def.), < 
Bohem. druza, in same sense, orig. a brush, = 
Russ. drusa (obs.), a brush.] A rock-cavity 
lined with crystals ; a geode, or, as miners call 
it, a vug. A common word in Germany, adopted from 
the Slavic : the most important mining region of Germany 
being the Erzgebirge, on the borders of Bohemia, The 
word originally meant (in Slavic) 'brush,' and was applied 
to surfaces covered with projecting crystals like teeth, just 
as com6 has been in Ijmlish. Hence it also came to mean 
the cavities where such druses are found to occur. In 
English the word dnue is little used at the present time 
evcejit I iy mini laloKists. and then chlelly in the adjective 
form dnuy (which ). See *\&j ycutle 



Druse 

Druse 2 (droz), . [Turk. Druzi.'] One of a 
people and religious sect of Syria, living chiefly 
in the mountain regions of Lebanon and Anti- 
libanus and the district of Hauran. The only 
name they acknowledge is Unitarians (Muahidiii); that 
by which they are known to others is probably from Ismail 
Darazi or Durzi, who was their first apostle in Syria. They 
are fanatical and warlike, and have had bloody conflicts 
with their neighbors the Maronites. 

Drusian 1 (dro'si-an), a. [< L. Drusianus, < 
Drusus (see def.).] Pertaining to Nero Clau- 
dius Drusus, called Drusus Senior (38-9 B. C.), 
stepson of the emperor Augustus, who govern- 
ed Germany. Drusian foot, an ancient German long 
measure, equal to about 13 English inches. 

Drusian 2 (dro'zi-an), a. [< Druse% + -Jaw.] Of 
or pertaining to the Druses. 

The full exposition of the Dntxian creed . . . would 
require a volume of considerable size. 

Kncyc. Brit., VII. 484. 

drusy (dro'zi), a. [<.druse i + -y 1 .'] In mineral., 
covered or lined with very minute crystals. The 
surface of a mineral is said to be drnsy when composed 
of very small prominent crystals of nearly uniform size : 
as, druny quartz. 

The drusy, crystalline cavities of quartz and amethyst 
that enhance the beauty of the material [silidm-d wood) 
so much. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 382. 

druve, . [Seedrmiy.'] A muddy river. Grose. 
[Cumberland, Eng.] 

druvyt, . See drory. Srockett. 

druxy, druxey (druk'si), a. [Also droxy, and 
formerly "drixy, dricksie; origin obscure.] Part- 
ly decayed, as a tree or timber ; having decay- 
ed spots or streaks of a whitish color. 

dry (dri), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also drie; < 
ME. drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, druge, etc., < 
AS. dryge, drige, orig. * druge = D. droog = MLG. 
droge, druge, LG. dreuge, drog, drege, dree, dry ; 
allied to OS. drukno, drokno, adv., druknian, v., 
make dry, = OHG. trucchan. trocchan, MHG. 
trucken, trocken, G. trocken, adj., dry. Cf. Icel. 
draugr, a dry log, from the same Teut. / "drug. 
Hence ult. drought^, drouth, dryth, and drugl.~\ 
I. a.; compar. drier, super), driest (sometimes 
dryer and dryest). 1. Without moisture; not 
moist; absolutely or comparatively free from 
water or wetness, or from fluid of any kind: as, 
dry land ; dry clothes ; dry weather ; a dry day ; 
dry wood ; dry bones. 

When 'tis fair and dry Weather North of the Equator, 
'tis blustering and rainy Weather South of it. 

Dumpier, Voyages, II. iii. 77. 

It is a very dry country, where they have hardly any 
other supply but from the rain water. 

Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 136. 

Upon the reading of this letter, there was not a dry eye 
in the club. Addimn, Spectator, No. 517. 

Nor vainly buys what Gildor sells, 
Poetic buckets for dry wells. 

M. Green, The Spleen. 

Specifically 2. In geol. and mining, free from 
the presence or use of water, or distant from 
water: as, dry diggings; dry separation. 3. 
Not giving milk: as ; a dry cow. 4. Thirsty; 
craving drink, especially intoxicating drink. 

None so dry or thirsty . . . will touch one drop of it. 
Shak., T. of the S., v. 2. 

Believe me, I am dry with talking ; here, boy, give us 
here a bottle and a glass. 

Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 259. 

I suspected nothing but that he had rode till he was dry. 
\falpole, Letters, II. 846. 

5. Barren; jejune; destitute of interest; in- 
capable of awakening emotion : as, a dry style ; 
a dry subject ; a dry discussion. 

As one then in a dreame, whose dryer braine 

Is tost with troubled sights and fancies weake, 

He mumbled soft, but would not all his silence breake. 
Spemer, F. Q., I. i. 42. 

Their discourses from the pulpit are generally dry, me- 
thodical, and unaffecting. Goldsmith, English Clergy. 

Long before he reached manhood he knew how to baffle 
curiosity by dry and guarded answers. 

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii. 

Macaulay's memory, like Nicbuhr's, undoubtedly con- 
founded not infrequently inference and fact ; it exagger- 
ated ; it gave, not what was in the book, but what a vivid 
imagination inferred from the book. Sir George Lewis 
had none of this defect ; his memory was a dry memory, 
just as his mind was a dry light ; if he said a thing was at 
page 10, you might be sure it was at page 10. 

W. Sagehot, On Sir G. C. Lewis. 
6f. Severe; hard: as, a dry blow. 

Dro. S. I pray you eat none of it [meat]. 

Ant. S. Your reason? 

Dro. S. Lest it make you choleric, and purchase me an- 
other dry basting. Shak., C. of E., ii. 2. 

If I should have said no, I should have given him the 
lie, uncle, and so have deserved a dry beating again 

Ford, 'Tis Pity, ii. 6. 

7. Lacking in cordiality; cold: as, his answer 
was very short and dry. 



1784 

Wyth sturne chere ther he stod, he stroked his berde, 
fe wyth a countenaunce dryge he drog doun his cote. 
SirGaimyne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 335. 

Full cold my greeting was and dry. 

Tennyson, The Letters. 

8. Humorous or sarcastic, apparently without 
intention ; slily witty or caustic : as, a dry re- 
mark or repartee. 

He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body. InAng. 

Mark ... is exceedingly calm ; his smile is shrewd ; 
he can say the driest, most cutting things in the quietest 
tones. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ix. 

9. In painting, noting a hardness or formal 
stiffness of outline, or a want of mellowness 
and harmony in color; frigidly precise; harsh. 

The Tall of the Angels, by F. Floris, 1554 ; which has 
some good parts, but without masses, and dry. 

SirJ. Reynolds, Journey to Flanders and Holland. 
No comparison can be instituted between his [Verro- 
chio's) dry uninspired manner and the divine style of his 
scholar [Leonardo da Vinci]. 

C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 136. 

10. In sculp., lacking or void of luxuriousness 
or tenderness in form. 11. Free from sweet- 
ness and fruity flavor : said of wines and, by 
extension, of brandy and the like. It is said also 
of artificially prepared wines, as champagnes, in which a 
diminished amount of sweetening, or liqueur, as it is 
called, is added, as compared with sweet wines. 

12. In metal., noting a peculiar condition of a 
metal undergoing metallurgic treatment. The 
epithet is chiefly used in reference to copper which is be- 
ing refined. Dry copper contains a certain proportion of 
oxygen in combination, and to eliminate this it is subject- 
ed to the process of poling. 

During the ladling out the refiner takes an assay at 
short intervals, as the metal is liable to get out of pitch, 
or become dry, as under-poled copper is termed. 

Encyc. Brit., VI. 350. 

13. In American political slang, of or belong- 
ing to the Prohibition party; in favor of or 
adopting prohibition of the sale or use of intoxi- 
cating liquors : opposed to wet: as, a dry town, 
county, or State Cut and dryt. See cut, p. a. 
Dry bob, casting, color. See the nouns. Dry con- 
fections. See confection. Dry cooper. See cooper. 
Dry cupping. See cupping, l. Dry digging, distilla- 
tion, exchange, mass, measure, pile, etc. See the 
nouns. Dry plate, in photog., a sensitized plate of which 
the sensitive film is hard and dry, so that it can be packed 
away, and, if protected from light, will keep for a con- 
siderable time before being used to make a negative or 
a positive picture. Various processes for preparing dry 
plates have been experimented with almost since the ear- 
liest ditf usion of photography ; but most of these processes 
afforded plates of very uncertain quality, slow in opera- 
tion, and exceedingly unreliable in their property of keep- 
ing. Dry plates have comparatively recently come into 
general use, in great measure superseding the old wet 
plates, owing to the adoption of gelatin as a medium for 
the sensitizing agent (bromide of silver), which is formed 
into an emulsion with the gelatin, and spread in a thin 
film upon some support, as glass, paper, or metal. Such 
plates require a remarkably short exposure to make a 
picture, are very convenient to handle, since the operator 
can make a number of exposures at one time and place, 
and can perform the chemical operations of development, 
etc., at his convenience, weeks afterward, if necessary, at 
any other place, instead of being forced, as with wet 
plates, to finish his picture at once. Moreover, the gela- 
tin film is so tough that it is hardly necessary to varnish 
a dry-plate picture, as is indispensable with the tender 
collodion film ; and these plates can be prepared commer- 
cially at small cost and of even quality. Their chief defect 
is that they cannot, as now made, be trusted to keep un- 
impaired in warm weather, while unexposed or undevel- 
oped, longer than about two months, or even less. Dry 
process. See process. Dry season, a fishing season 
during which fish are scarce. [Local, New England.] 
Dry service. See dry mass, under mass*. Dry way, a 
method of assaying by the aid of fire, or in a furnace or 
muffle: the opposite of assaying in the humid way, when 
the combination to be assayed, or, more properly, analyzed, 
exists in solution, or in the liquid form. .High and dry. 
See high. to boll dry. See boil^. 

II. n. ; pi. dries (driz). 1 . A place where 
things are dried ; a drying-house. 

In the tanks it [clay] is allowed to settle until it acquires 
a thick creamy consistency, when it is transferred to the 
drying-house or dry. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 1. 

2. In American political slang, a member of 
the Prohibition party. 3. In masonry, a fis- 
sure in a stone, intersecting it at various angles 
to its bed and rendering it unfit to support a 
load. 

dry (dri), v. ; pret. and pp. dried, ppr. drying. 
[< ME. dryen, drien, drigen, drygen, etc., ^ AS. 
drygan, drigan, tr., dry, drugian, intr., become 
dry (= D. droogen = LG. drogen, driigen, dry), 
< dryge, dry: see dry, a.] I. trans. 1. To make 
dry; free from water or from moisture of any 
kind, and by any means, as by wiping, evapo- 
ration, exhalation, or drainage ; desiccate : as, 
to dry the eyes; to dry hay; wind dries the 
earth ; to dry a meadow or a swamp. 

After drie hem in the sonne, a nyghtes 
Leve hem not throute, and then in places colde 
Lette honge hem uppe. 

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 117. 



dry-as-dust 

With eyes scarce dried, the sorrowing dame 
To welcome noble Marmion came. 

Scott, Marmion, iv. 12. 

2. To cause to evaporate or exhale ; stop the 
flow of: as, to dry out the water from a wet 
garment. 

Chang'd Peace and Pow'r for Rage and Wars, 
Only to dry one Widow's Tears. Prior, Alma, i. 

3. To wither; parch. 

A man of God, by Faith, first strangely drfd, 
Then heal'd again, that Kings vnholy hand. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, iiii. 8. 

This wasted body, 

Beaten and bruis'd with arms, dried up with troubles, 
Is good for nothing else but quiet now, sir, 
And holy prayers. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, i. 3. 

Cut and dried. See cut, p. a. Dried alum. Same as 

burnt alum (which see, under alum). To dry up. (a) 
To deprive wholly of moisture ; scorch or parch with arid- 

ity. 

Their honourable men are famished, and their multi- 
tude dried up with thirst. Isa. v. 13. 
(&) To evaporate completely ; stop the flow of : as, the 
fierce heat dried up all the streams. 

Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemary 

On this fair corse. Shak., R. and J., iv. 5. 

II. intrans. 1. To lose moisture ; become 
free from moisture. 2. To evaporate; be ex- 
haled ; lose fluidity : as, water dries away rap- 
idly; blood dries quickly on exposure to the 
air. To dry up. (a) To become thoroughly dry ; lose 
all moisture, (ft) To be wholly evaporated ; cease to flow, 
(c) To wither, as a limb, (d) To cease talking ; be silent. 
(Low.] 

Dry up: no, I won't dry up. I'll have my rights, if I 
die for 'em, ... so you had better dry up yourself. 

P. Reeves, Student's Speaker, p. 79. 

dryad (dri'ad), n. [= D. G. Dan. dryade = Sw. 
dryad = F. dryade = Sp. driade, driada = Pg. 
dryas = It. driada, driade, < L. dryas {dryad-), 
< Gr. Apvaf (Spva6-), a wood-nymph, < Spvf, a 
tree, esp. and commonly the oak, = E. tree, 
q. v. Cf. hamadryad.'] 1. In myth., a deity or 
nymph of the woods ; a nymph supposed to re- 
side in trees or preside over woods. See hama- 
dryad. 

Soft she withdrew, and, like a wood-nymph light, 

Oread or Dryad, or of Delia's train, 

Betook her to the groves. Milton, P. L., ix. 387. 

Thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees, . . . 
Singest of summer in full-throated ease. 

Keats, Ode to a Nightingale. 

Knock at the rough rind of this ilex-tree, and summon 
forth the Dryad. Hawthorne, Marble Faun, ix. 

2. In zool., a kind of dormouse, Myoxus dryas. 
Dryades (dri'a-dez), n. pi. [NL.] A group of 

butterflies, named from the genus Dryas. Hub- 

ner, 1816. 
dryadic (dri-ad'ik), a. [< dryad + -ic.] Of or 

pertaining to dryads. 
He could hear the woods declaiming in vibrant periods, 

although he could translate none of these dryadic tones 

that came from the trees. The Atlantic, LXI. 669. 

Dryandra (dri-an'dra), n. [NL., named after 
Jonas Dryander, a Swedish-English botanist 
(1748-1810).] A large genus of Australian 
shrubs, natural order 1'roteauece, with hard, dry, 
evergreen, generally serrated leaves, and com- 
pact cylindrical clusters of yellow flowers. A 
few species are occasionally cultivated in green- 
houses. 

Dryas (dri'as), n. [NL., < L. dryas, a dryad: 
see dryad.'} 1. A small genus of rosaceous 
plants, found in alpine and arctic regions of the 
northern hemisphere. They are small prostrate 
shrubs with large white or yellow flowers, followed by a 
number of long feather-awned achenes. The mountain 
avens, D. octopetala, is amphigean, and from it the arctic 
D. integrifolia is hardly distinct. The only other species, 
D. Drummondii, is peculiar to the Hocky Mountains of 
British America, 

2. In entom.: (a) A genus of butterflies, of 
which D. paphia is the type and sole species. 
(6) Another genus of butterflies. Also called 
Aculhua. Hubner, 1816; Felder, 1865. 

dry-as-dust (dri'as-dust'), a. and n. [That is, 
dry as dust; used as the name of "Dr. Dryas- 
dust," the feigned editor or introducer of some 
of Scott's novels, and by later writers in allu- 
sion to this character.] I. a. Very dry or un- 
interesting; prosaic. 

That sense of large human power which the mastery 
over a great ancient language, itself the key to a magnifi- 
cent literature, gave, and which made scholarship then a 
passion, while with us it has almost relapsed into an anti- 
quarian dry-as-dust pursuit. 
R. H. Ilutton, Modern Guides of English Thought, p. 193. 

So much of the work is really admirable that one the 
more regrets the large proportion of the trivial and the 
dryasdust. Athenanun, No. 3084, p. 739. 

II. n. A dull, dry, prosaic person. 
Not a mere antiquariun tlrtiamlu^t. 

lirilitli Quarterly Km., I.XXXIII. 173. 



dry-beat 

dry-beatt (dri'bet), r. t. To heat (a tiling) till 
it bc'coincs dry; lienrr. to beat severely. 

I will drii-h<-at you with mi iron nit. 

filmic., K. anil J., iv. :.. 

linn. Not our uii] d inon-, tin maid* ; lireiik off, break off. 
Birun. Hy hcuven, all ilru-beaten with pure wolf ! 

.s'/m/,-., L. L. L, v. 2. 

II' liy //'/ tfutiti'i linn mrjht make him at least sensible 
ofblous. .//. Tui/li'i-, \\orks (ed. 1S35), I. 834. 

dry-bone (dri'bon), M. In mining, the ore of 
nine, chiefly the silicate, which occurs, mixed 
with lead ore, iu the mines of the upper Missis- 
sippi lend region. 

dry-boned (dri'boud), a. Having dry bones; 
without llcsh. IIH/I. Diet. 

dry-castor (dri'ktis"tor), n. A species of bea- 
ver. Sometimes called parchment -hi-nm: 

dry-cup (dri'kup), v. t. To apply the cupping- 
trlass to without scarification. 

dry-cupping (dri'kup'ing), n. See cumring. 

dry-cure (dri'kur), v. t. To cure (fish, meat, 
hides, etc.) by salting and drying, as distin- 
guished from pickling. 

dry-ditcht (drvdich), v. t. To labor at without 
result, as one who digs a ditch in which no 
water will flow. 

There would lie no end to repeat with how many quar- 
rels this unfortunate Kishop wns provok'd, yet his adver- 
saries did hut tlry-ditrft their matters, and digged in vain, 
though they still cast up earth. 

Dp. llacket, Ahp. Williams, ii. 98. 

dry-dock (dri'dok), n. See docks. 
dryer, n. See drier. 

dry-eyed (dri'id), a. Tearless; not weeping. 
Sight so defurm what heart of rock could long 

llnj-fijnl behold t Hilton, P. L., xl. 495. 

dry-fatt (dri'fat), n. Same as dry-vat. 
dry-fistt (dri'fist), n. A niggardly person. Ford. 
dry-fisted (dri'fis'ted), a. Niggardly. 




Drying-tube. 



Dry-jlstefl patrons. 



New* from Parnassus. 



dryfoot (drl'fut), adv. [< ME. drye foot, dru 
fut, driii fot, drige fot, adverbial ace. ; AS. dat. 
pi. ilrygum fotum, on dry feet.] 1. With dry 
feet ; on dry land. 2. In the manner of a 
dog which pursues game by the scent of the 
foot. 

A hound that runs counter, and yet draws dry-foot well. 
Sluik., C. of E.,iv. 2. 

My old master intends to follow my young master, dry- 
foot, over Moorflelds to London. 

B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 2. 

dry-foundered (dn'fouu"derd), a. Foundered, 
as a horse. 

If he kick thus i' the dog-days, he will be drit-fouiider'tl. 
lleau. aiut ft,, King and No King, v. 3. 

dry-goods (dri'gudz), n. pi. Textile fabrics, 
aud related or analogous articles of trade (as 
cloth, shawls, blankets, ribbons, thread, yarn, 
hosiery, etc.), in distinction from groceries, 
hardware, etc. 

112 horses were laden on the beach near Benacre with 
dry yooils, . . . and on the 20th of the same month 40 
horses were laden with dry tjotids at Kartley by riders well 
armed. lifji. <>f lloitxe of Common* on Smuggling, 1745. 

dry-house (dri'hous), n. Same as drying-house. 
To have wooden bobbins retain their size and shape after 
they are put into a hot mill, the wood must be thoroughly 
seasoned in a good, well heated dry house. 

Manufacturers' Ken., XX. 217. 

drying (dri'ing), a. [Ppr. of dry, .] 1. Serv- 
ing to dry ; adapted to exhaust moisture : as, a 
driiiiuj wind or day. 2. Having the quality of 
rapidly becoming dry and hard: as, a dryitiii 
oil. See oil. 

drying-box (dri'ing-boks), n. In photog., an 
oven or a cupboard heated by a gas- or oil-stove, 
or otherwise, and used to dry and harden gela- 
tin plates, phototypes, etc. 

drying-case (dri'ing-kas), n. A copper case 
inclosed in a hot-water chamber, employed in 
drying tissues and hardening balsam prepara- 
tions for the microscope. 

drying-chamber (dri'mg-cham'ber), . See 



drying-floor (dri'mg-flor), n. See floor. 

drying-house (dri'ing-hous), n. A building, 
room, etc., in establishments of many different 
kinds, as gunpowder-works, dye-houses, fruit- 
drying establishments, etc., where goods or ma- 
terials are dried in an artificially raised tem- 
perature ; a drying-chamber. Also dry-house, 
<lri/in;i-rnom. 

drying-machine (dri'ing-ma-shen'), . A ma- 
chine used in bleaching, dyeing, and laundry 
establishments, consisting of two concentric 
drums or cylinders, one within the other, open 
at the top, aud having the inner cylinder per- 
forated with holes, The goods to be dried are placed 



1785 

within the Inner cylinder, and the machine is then made 

to rotate with great velocity, when, by the action of o-n- 

tritil'jal f.nvi-, tin- ati-r MCP through the holes. The 
;n -ti.'ii nf tlte drying machine is the satin- in principle as 
that witnessed \\hru ;i pt-iM.n trmnllt-s a niop to dry it. 
Also called t'jclrtii-tnr. 

drying-off (dri'ing-of), n. The process by 
which an amalgam of gold is evaporated, as in 
gilding. 

drying-plate (dri'ing-plat), n. One of a series 
of frames in a malt-kiln, covered with woven 
wire, and placed one over the other, so that 
the hot air from the flues beneath may ascend 
through them and dry malt placed in them, 
drying-tube (drl' ing-tub), n. A tube filled 
with some material having a great avidity for 
moisture, such as calcium 
chlorid, sulphuric acid, or 
phosphoric anhydrid, and used 
to dry a current of gas which 
is passed through it, or to 
retain the moisture evolved 
from a substance so that it 
can be weighed. 
Dryininae (dn-i-ni'ne), n. pi. 
[NL., < Dryinus + -iiue.] A 
subfamily of parasitic hyme- 
nopterous insects, of the fam- 
ily I'roctotrupidte, founded by 
Haliday in 1840. They are dis- 
tinguiahed by having a tongue-like 
addition to the hind wings, or, when the wings are want- 
ing in the female, by enlarged raptorial front feet. The 
wingless species resemble ants. 
Dryinus (dri'i-nus), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804), 

< Or. Spvivof (of a tree, esp. of the oak) (= E. 
treen), < ipiif, a tree, the oak: see dryad.} 1. 
In entom., the typical genus of Dryinince, hav- 
ing the vertex impressed and the wings ample. 
It is wide-spread, and the species appear to be parasitic 
upon leaf-hoppers. D. atriventru of North America is an 
example. 

2. In herpet., a genus of whip-snakes, of the 
family Dryophidee, distinguished from Dryophis 
(which see) by having smooth instead of keeled 
scales. Merrem, 1820; Wagler. 
drylv, drily (dri'li), adv. [< dry + -ly*.] 1. 
Without moisture. 
It looks ill, it eats drily; marry, 'tis a withered pear. 

Shale., All's Well, I. 1. 

2. Without embellishment ; without anything 
to enliven, enrich, or entertain. 

The poet either drily didactive gives us rules which 

might appear abstruse even in a system of ethics, or tri- 

ningly volatile writes upon the most unworthy subjects. 

Goldsmith, The Augustan Age in England. 

3. Coldly ; frigidly ; without affection. 

Virtue is but dryly praised and starves. 

Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires. 

4f. Severely; harshly; inconsiderately. 

Conscious to himself how dryly the king had been used 
by his council. liacun, Henry VII. 

5. With apparently unintentional or sly hu- 
mor or sarcasm. 
Drymodes (dri-mo'dez), i. [NL. (Gould, 1840), 

< Gr. Spv/tuir/r;, woody (of the wood), < ipvfitjf, a 
coppice, wood, an oak-coppice (< 6pi>s, a tree, 
esp. the oak), + eZooc, form.] A genus of Aus- 
tralian turdoid passerine birds. Its position is 
uncertain ; by some it is referred to a family 
Timeliidte. Also written Drymacedus. 

DrymO3Ca (dri-me'ka), n. [NL. (Drymoica 
Swainson, 1827), < Gr. tipvp6(, a coppice, + 
okof, house, > O'IKCIV, dwell.] 1. A genus of 
small dentirostral oscine passerine birds, con- 
taining numerous characteristic African spe- 
cies known as grass-warblers : now commonly 
merged in Cisticola. 2. [1. C.] A member of 
this genus. 
Also Drymoica. 

Drymomys (drim'o-mis), n. [NL. (Tschudi. 
1846), < Gr. 6pvp6f, a coppice, + five;, a mouse.] 
A notable genus of South American sigmodont 
rodents, of the family Muridie and subfamily 
MuritlfE. They have the upper lip cleft, the ears large, 
the tail long and scaly, the incisors furrowed on the sides, 
and the molars small, the first of them with 3 pairs of tu- 
bercles, the second with 2 pairs, and the third with 1 pair. 

dry-multure (dri'mul'tur), w. In Scots law, a 
sum of money or quantity of corn paid yearly 
to a mill, whether those liable in the payment 
grind their grain at the mill or not. See tltirl- 
atje. 

dryness (dri'nes), n. [Formerly also dritiess; 

< ME. drynesse, < AS. drygnvs, drignes, etc., < 
<lrti<ie,<by\ see dry &nd -ness.] The character or 
state of being dry. Specifically (a) Freedom from 
moisture ; lack of water or other fluid ; aridity ; aridness. 
(6) Barrenness; jejuneness; want of that which interests, 
enlivens, or entertains : as. the rfryn* 1 ** of style or expres- 
sion ; the dryneti of a subject, (c) Want of feeling or 



Dryolestes 

sensibility in devotion; want of ardor: as, drynttt of 

Spirit. ('/) 111 i"it, t l>,, ./. hul-lili! -- :in.| !<pim;ilit\ of out- 
line, or want of imdlowm-SH and harmony in color, (t) 
In gculjt.. want of (eridenif.s.s in JOHN. 
dry-nurse (dri'm-rsj, . 1. A nurse who at- 
tends and feeds a child, but does not suckle it. 
Compare wet-nurse. 2. One who stands to an- 
other in a relation somewhat similar; hence, es- 
pecially, an inferior who instructs his superior 
in his duties. [Slang.] 
Grand caterer aitd dry-nurse of the Church. Cowper. 

dry-nurse (dri'ners), v. t. 1. To feed, attend, 
and bring up without suckling. 2. To in- 
struct in tne duties of a higher rank or position 
than one's own. [Slang.] 

When a superior officer dots not know his duty, and is 
instructed in it by an inferior otlii TV. lit- i-< tsaid to he dry- 
nursed. The inferior nurses the superior as a dry-nurse 
rears an infant. Bmrer. 

Dryobalanpps (dri-o-bal'a-nops), n. [NL., < 
Gr. d/uof&i/avof, an "acorn" (< dpvf, a tree, esp. 
the oak, + pdfavoc,, an acorn or any similar 
fruit), T <JV> face, appearance.] A small ge- 




Flowcring Branch of Camphor-tree (Dtyobalanops arematica). 



nuso: 
terocarpeie. 



t trees, belonging to the natural order Di;>- 
trpeie, natives of the Malay archipelago. 
The principal species, />. aromatica, is remarkable as the 
source of the Borneo or Sumatra camphor, which is found 
tilling cracks or cavities in the wood. See camphor. 
Dryocopus (dri-ok'o-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. fpvf, a 
tree, esp. the oak, + -KOJTOC, < KOTTTCIV, cut.] 1. A 
genus of woodpeckers, of which the great black 






} . - 'ijtefr' - * 

>$^i 

Great Black Woodpecker (DryocopMS mant'Mj*. 

woodpecker of Europe, Dryocopns marlius, is 

the type. This bird Is one of the largest of its tribe, 

black with a scarlet crest, and resembles somewhat the 

ivory-billed and pileated woodpeckers of the Vnited States. 

It inhabits northerly portions of Europe. Boie, 1826. 

2. A genus of South American tree-creepers. 

Also Dendroeincla. Maximilian, 1831. 
Dryodromas (dri-od'ro-mas), n. [NL. (Hart- 

laub and Finsch, 1869), < Gr. ipvf, a tree, esp. 

the oak, + opo/zaf, running, < Spaficiv, run.] A 

genus of African warblers, the dryodromes, as 

/'. fiiirii-H/iilla of South Africa, 
dryodrome (dri'o-drom), w. A bird of the genus 

Dryodromas. 
Dryolestes (dri-o-les'tez). n. [NL., < Gr. opif, 

a tree, esp. the oak, + J.rjonyf, a robber.] A 

genus of fossil pautotheriau mammals of the 



Dryolestes 

Jurassic ago, remains of which are found in the 
AtJantosaurns beds of the Rocky Mountain re- 
gion of North America, indicating an animal 
related to the opossum. 

Dryolestidse (dri-o-les'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Dryolestes + -idai."] A family of extinct mar- 
supial mammals, represented by the genus Dry- 
olestes. 

Dryophidae (dri-of'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dry- 
aphis + -idte.] A family of aglyphodont or 
colubriform serpents; the whip-snakes. They 
have an extremely slender form and a greenish color ; 
their habits are arboreal, and they inhabit warm countries. 
The pupil is horizontal, and the dentition characteristic ; 
the snout is sometimes prolonged into a flexible appen- 
dage. There are several genera. 

DryopMs (dri'o-fis), n. [NL., < Gr. Spiif, a tree, 
esp. the oak, -f- 6<j>if, snake.] A genus of colu- 
briform serpents, typical of the family Dryophi- 
dce, or whip-snakes, having no nasal appendage 
and keeled scales. D. acuminata and D. ar- 
gentea are two South American species. 

Dryopithecus (dri"o-pi-the'kus), n. [NL., < 
Gr. ifpiif, a tree, esp. the oak, = E. tree, + iriQr/- 
KOf, an ape.] A genus of extinct anthropoid 
apes from the Miocene of France, of large size 
and among the highest simians, regarded by 
Gervais and Lartet as most closely related to 
the early ancestors of man. These apes were 
of nearly human stature, and were probably 
arboreal and frugivorous. 

Dryoscopus (dii-os'ko-pus). n. [NL. (Boie, 
1826), < Gr. 6pvf, a tree, esp. the oak, + OKonelv, 
view.] An extensive genus of shrikes, of the 
family Laniidee, containing about 22 species, 
all confined to Africa. The type is D. cubla. The 
bill is always hooked and notched, but varies in propor- 
tion of height to width in different species. The nostrils 
are oval and exposed, the wings and tail rounded and of 
about equal lengths, and the tarsi scutellate. The plu- 
mage of the back and rump is extremely fluffy ; the colora- 
tion is black and white, sometimes with an ochraceous 
tinge but without any bright colors, and is alike in both 
sexes. Also called Hapalonotus, Chaunonotus, and Rhyn- 
chastatus. 

dry-point (dri' point), n. and a. I. n. 1. A 
steel instrument or etching-needle with a sharp 
point, used by etchers to cut delicate lines on 
copperplates from which the etching-ground 
has been removed. The bur raised by the cutting of 
the metal ia either left standing on one side of the furrow 
to catch the printing-ink and produce a mezzotint effect 
of more or less deep tone, or removed with the burnisher 
so that the line may yield a clean impression. 
2. The process of engraving with the dry-point. 
II. a. In engraving, an epithet applied to a 
line made with the dry-point, or to an engrav- 
ing produced by means of that instrument. 

dry-pointing (dri'pom'ting), n. The grinding 
of needles and table-forks. 

Drypta (drip'ta), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1801), ir- 
reg. < Gr. Apvirreiv (?), tear, strip.] A genus of 
adephagous beetles, of the family Carabidai. 
They are of small size and slender, graceful form. There 
are 20 to 30 species, confined to the old world, especially 
well represented in the East Indies and Africa ; only 2 are 
European. D. marginata of Europe is the type. 

Dryptidaet (drip'ti-de), n. pi. [NL. (Laporte, 
1834), < Drypta + -idee.] A family of Coleoptera, 
named from the genus Drypta, now merged in 
Carabidai. 

dry-rent (dri'rent), n. In law, a rent reserved 
without clause of distress. 

dryrihedt, A false spelling of drearihead. 

dry-rot (dri 'rot), . 1. A decay affecting 
timber, occasioned by various species of fun- 
gi, the mycelium of 
which penetrates the 
timber, destroying 
it. Polyporus hybridus 
causes the dry-rot of oak- 
built ships ; Mendius la- 
crymans is the most com- 
mon and most formida- 
ble dry-rot fungus, found 
chiefly in fir- and pine- 
wood. Polyporus destruc- 
tor is common in Ger- 
many. Damp, uuventilated situations are most favorable 
to the development of dry-rot fungi. Dry wood is not 
attacked. Various methods have been proposed for the 
prevention of dry-rot ; that most in favor is to thoroughly 
saturate the wood with creosote, which makes it unfit for 
vegetation. (See Ityaniring.) Animal dry-rot is also found 
to be occasioned by the attack of fungi. 
2. Figuratively, a concealed or unsuspected in- 
ward decay or degeneration, as of public mor- 
als or public spirit. 

dry-rub (dri' rub), y. t. To make clean by rub- 
bing without wetting. 

dry-salt (dri'salt), v. t. To cure (fish, meat, 
hides, etc.) by salting and drying; dry-cure. 

drysalter (dri'sal'ter), n. ['< dry-salt, v., + 
-er 1 .] If. A dealer in salted or dried meats, 
pickles, sauces, etc. 




Dry-rot Fungus (Merultus lacry- 
mans). 



1786 

I became a merchant a wholesale trafficker ... In 

everything, from barrels of gunpowder down to a pickled 

herring. In the civic acceptation of the word, I am a 

merchant ; amongst the vulgar, I am called a drysalter. 

T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, III. ii. 

2. A dealer in dyestuffs, chemical products, 
etc. [Great Britain.] 
drysaltery (dri'sal'ter-i), . [< dry-salt + -try.~\ 

1. The business of a drysalter. 2. The articles 
kept by a drysalter. 

dry-shod (dri'shod), a. Having dry shoes or 
feet. 

Dry-shod to passe she parts the flouds in tway. 

Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 20. 

Those Feet, that dry-shod past the Crimsin Gulf, 
Now dance (alas !) before a Molten Calf. 

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The La we. 

dry-stone (dri'ston), a. Composed of stones 
not cemented with mortar : as, dry stone walls, " 
Scott. 

dry-stpve (dri'stov), n. A glazed structure for 
containing plants which are natives of dry cli- 
mates. 

drytht, n. [< dry + -th; a mod. formation, as 
a var. of drouth, with direct ref. to dry. See 
drought^, drouth.'] Same as drought^. 

dry-vatt (dri'vat), . A basket, box, or pack- 
ing-case for containing articles of a dry kind. 
Also dry-fat. 

I am a broken vessel, all runs out : 
A shrunk old dryfat. 

B. Jonson, Staple of News, iii. 2. 

Charles has given o'er the world ; I'll undertake 
... to buy his birthright of him 
For a dry-fat of new books. 

Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, L 2. 

D. S. An abbreviation of dal segno. 

d/S. An abbreviation of days' sigh t, common in 
commercial writings : as, a bill payable at 10 
d/s. (that is, ten days after sight). 

D. Sc. An abbreviation of Doctor of Science. 

dso, n. [E. Ind.] A valuable hybrid between 
the yak and the common cow. Encyc. Brit., 
XIV. 197. 

D-string (de'string), n. The third string on 
the violin, and the second on most other in- 
struments played with a bow; the third string 
on the guitar. 

duad (du'ad), n. [Var. of dyad, after L. duo, 
two: see dyad, dual."] 1. Same as dyad. 2. In 
math., an unordered pair; two objects consid- 
ered as making up one, and as the same one 
whichever is taken first. 

duadic (du-ad'ik), a. 1. Same as dyadic. 2. 
In math., composed of unordered pairs. 

dual (du'al), a. and n. [< L. dualis, of two (in 
gram. tr. Gr. iviit6f), < duo = Gr. Svo = E. two, 
q. v.] I. a. 1. Eelating to two ; specifically, 
in gram., expressing two, as distinguished from 
singular, expressing one, and from plural, ex- 
pressing more than two. The languages of our fam- 
ily originally had a dual number, both in declension and in 
conjugation ; it is preserved in Sanskrit and Greek, and 
less fully in other tongues, as Gothic. Dual forms also 
occur in other families. 

2. Composed or consisting of two parts, quali- 
ties, or natures, which may be separately con- 
sidered ; twofold; binary; dualistic: as, the 
dual nature of man, spiritual and corporeal. 

Faint glimpses of the dual life of old, 
Inward, grand with awe and reverence ; outward, mean 
and coarse and cold. Whittier, Garrison of Cape Ann. 

II. n. In gram., the number relating to two; 
the dual number. 

The employment of a dual for the pronouns of the first 
and second persons marks an early date. 

Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. 8.), Pref., p. xiv. 

dualin (dii'a-lin), n. [< dual, of two, + -in 2 .] 
A mixture "of 30 parts of fine sawdust, 20 of 
saltpeter, and 50 of nitroglycerin, used as an 
explosive. Also called dualin-dynamite. 

dualism (du'a-lizm), n. [= F. dualisme = Sp. 
Pg. It. dualismo = D. G. dualismus =Dan. dua- 
lisme = Sw. dualism ; as dual + -ism.] 1 . Divi- 
sion into two ; a twofold division ; duality. 

An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing 
is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole : as, 
spirit, matter; man, woman ; odd, even; subjective, ob- 
jective ; in, out ; upper, under ; motion, rest ; yea, nay. . . . 
The same dualism underlies the nature and condition of 
man. Emerson, Compensation. 

2. In philos., in genera], that way of thinking 
which seeks to explain all sorts of phenomena 
by the assumption of two radically independent 
and absolute elements, without any continuous 
gradation between them: opposed to monism. 
In particular, the term is applied (rt) To the doctrine 
that spirit and matter exist as distinct substances, thus 
being opposed both to idealism and to materialism. 

Berkeley then is right in triumphing over Realism and 
Dualism. Right in saying that if he were to accord them 



dub 

the existence of matter they coultl make no use of it. The 
subject would remain as dark as before. Q. H. Leues. 
(b) To the doctrine of a double absolute, especially a prin- 
ciple of good and a principle of evil, or a male and a fe- 
male principle. 

Rudimentary forms of Dualism , the antagonism of a Good 
and Evil Deity, are well known among the lower races of 
mankind. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 287. 

3. In theol. : (a) The doctrine that there are two 
independent divine beings or eternal principles, 
one good and the other evil : characteristic es- 
pecially of Parsism and various Gnostic sys- 
tems, (b) The heretical doctrine, attributed 
to Nestorius by his opponents, of the twofold 
personality of Christ, the divine logos dwelling 
as a separate and distinct person in the man 
Christ Jesus, and the union of the two natures 
being somewhat analogous to the indwelling 
of the Holy Spirit in the believer; that view of 
the personality of Christ which regards him as 
consisting of two personalities. 4. In chem., 
a theory advanced by Berzelius which assumed 
that every compound, whether simple or com- 
plex, must be constituted of two parts of which 
one is positively and the other negatively elec- 
trified. Thus, for example, sodium sulphate is put toge- 
ther not from sulphur, oxygen, and sodium, but from sul- 
phuric acid and soda, which can themselves be separated 
into positive and. negative constituents. Muir, Principles 
of Chemistry. 

5. In general, any system or theory involving 
a duality of principles Creatural dualism. See 
ereatural. Hypothetic dualism. Sec hypothetic. Nat- 
ural dualism, the doctrine of a real subject and a real 
object in cognition accepted unreflectively. Persian, 
dualism, the doctrine of a good and an evil active princi- 
ple struggling against each other in the government of 
human affairs and destiny. Realistic dualism, the 
doctrine that the universe consists of two kinds of reali- 
ties, spirit and matter. 

dualist (du'a-list), n. [= F. dualiste = Sp. Pg. 
It. dualista = D. Dan. Sw. dualist ; as dual + 
-ist.'] One who holds the doctrine of dualism 
in any of its forms; an opponent of monism; 
especially, one who admits the existence both 
of'spirit and of matter. Craig. 

dualistic (du-a-lis'tik), a. [= F. dualistiquc (cf. 
D. G. dualistisch = Dan. Sw. dualistislc) ; as du- 
alist + -ic. ] 1 . Consisting of two ; characterized 
by duality. 2. Of or pertaining to dualism; 
not monistic. 

The dualistic doctrine of a separate mind is therefore 
based upon an artificial and impassible separation of the 
two necessarily co-existent sides of thought-life, namely, 
the plastic and the functional. 

Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 118. 

In the Mazdean orZoroastrian religion we have the best 

example of a dualistic faith. Faiths of the World, p. 360. 

duality (du-al'i-ti), ! [< ME. dualitie = F. du- 
aliti= Pr. dualitat = Sp. dualidad = Pg. duali- 
dade = It. dualita, < L. as if *dualita(t-)s, < du- 
alis, dual : see dual.] The state of being two, 
or of being divided into two ; twofold division 
or character; twoness. 

This dualitie after determission is founden in euery 
creature, be it neuer so single of onhed. 

Testament of Love, ii. 

Though indeed they be really divided, yet are they so 
united as they seem but one, and make rather a duality 
than two distinct souls. 

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 5. 
To the schoolmen the duality of the universe appeared 
under a different aspect 

Huxley, Nineteenth Century, XXI. 192. 

The principle of duality, in geom., the principle that 
in any proposition not involving measure, if for "point" 
be everywhere substituted "plane," and vice versa, the 
latter proposition will be as true as the former. 

Upon this supposition of a positive curvature, the whole 
of geometry is far more complete and interesting ; the 
principle of duality, instead of half breaking-down over 
metric relations, applies to all propositions without ex- 
ception. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 323. 

duan (du'an), n. [< Gael, duan, a poem, canto, 
ode, song, ditty, oration, = Ir. duan, a poem, 
song. Cf. Ir. duar, a word, saying, duas, a 
poet.] A division of a poem; a canto; also, a 
poem or song. Sitrns; Byron. 

duarchy (du'ar-ki), ..: pi. dimrchies (-kiz). 
[Prop. *dyarchy, < Gr. TOO, = E. two, + -ap r \ia, 
* apxeiv, rule.] Government by two persons; 
diarchy (which see). 

Siam is practically a monarchy, although nominally a 
duarchy, the second king hardly holding the power of a 
vice-king. Harper's Weekly, XXVIII. 330. 

dub 1 (dub), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dubbed, ppr. 
dubbhig. [< ME. dubben, rarely dobbeti, doub- 
ben, dub (also in comp. adiibben : see adub), < 
late AS. *duoban (only once in pret. dubbade : 
" Se cyng [William the Conqueror] dubbadehis 
sunu Henric to ridere," the king dubbed his 
sou Henry a knight) (whence the equiv. Icel. 
dubba til riddara, Sw. <lubba till riddare; Icel. 
dnbhrt, also, equip with arms, dress), (. OF. 



dub 

"douhrr, 'd,>b, r, <lb<-r, in comp. nilouhrr, ado- dub 3 (dub), n. [K. dial, and SP. : sen dilfl.} A 

6cr, adiib,;: mhiblui: m/.m!,!,,,; tidiiblK,; equip puddle; a small pool of foul, stagnant Witter. 

with iirins invest with armor, dri'ss, prepare, They rudely ran with all their might, 

repair, adjust, mod. !'. odo*b, ,; adjust (a piece ^J^^:'^:^'"!'^!!'^-. 
' r, repair ( ship, etc.) 



. 
/;//. /// ,nul Ite BejH/or (Child's Ballads, V. 196). 



= It. adddbbiirc, dress, deck, adorn; so ML. 
adobun; equip with arms, invest with armor, 
duh as knight, dress, repair, adorn, etc.), < o-, 



lions. () strike, give the accolade,' with refer- name of the ibyr bear The mod 

1. ..i fl*inn . . ,r, , i .,, i., L ' 111 I'll vn 111 U lit t >( MM II I(*M - ... . . 




| 

Fries, du66a, beat, slap (Koolman), = OSw. to glide! Also spelled da 

dubba, strike (Ihre), appar. orig. in part imita- dubberH, A furbisher of old clothes. 

tive; cf. duV*. Cf. also rfafei.J 1. To strike />/, Int., p. Ixxv. 

with a sword in the ceremony of making one flubber- (dub'er), n. [Repr. Gujerati 

a knight; hence, to make or designate as a ( ce rebral d), a leathern vessel, bottle, etc.] In 



York 
dabaro 



knight ; invest with the knightly character. 

He lokede 

As Is the kynde of a knyght that Cometh to be daubed. 
Piers Plowman (C), xxi. 11. 

He [the Nayro] is dubbed or created by the king, who 
commaundeth to gird him with a sword, and laying his 
right hand vpon his head, muttereth certaine wordes soft- 
ly, and afterward dubbeth him. 

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 495. 

The king stood up under his cloth of state, took the 
sword from the lord protector, and dubbed the lord mayor 
of London knight. Uayward. 

Monsieur Mingo for quaffing doth surpass, 
In cup, or can, or glass; 
God Bacchus do me right, 
And <lnh me knight 

Domingo. 
Nash, Summer's Last Will and Testament. 

[This catch, a scrap of which is also put into the mouth of 
Silence in shakspere'i 2 Henry IV., v. 8, alludes to a con- 
vivial custom, according to which he who drank a large 
potation of wine or other liquor, on his knees, to the health 
of his mistress, was Jocularly said to be dubbed a knight, 
and retained his title for the evening.) 
Hence 2. To confer a new character or any 
dignity or name upon ; entitle ; speak of as. 

O Poet ! thou had'st been discreeter, . . . 

If thou had'st dubb'd thy Star a Meteor, 
That did but blaze, and rove, and die. 

Prior, On the Taking of Nainnr, st. 12. 

A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth. 

Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vi. 81. 

The settlers have dubbed this the cabbage-tree. 

The Century, XXVII. 920. 

3f. To invest with the dress and insignia of a 
knight, or with any distinctive character; in 
general, to dress ; ornament ; embellish. 
He [the Lordl dubbed him wit our liknes. 

Knij. Mi-lr. Homilies (ed. J. Small), p. 12. 

[It was] dubbed oner with dyamondes, that were dere 

holdyn, 
That with lemys of light as a lamp shone. 

l>r*triiction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1683. 

And alle tho Robes ben orfrayed alle abouten, and dubbed 
fulle of precious Stones and of grete oryent Perles, fulle 
richely. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 233. 



India, a large leathern vessel made of untanned 
hide of the buffalo or the goat ; and used for 
holding oil, ghee, etc. Also written dupper. 

Did they not boil their Butter it would lie rank, but af- 
ter it has passed the Fire they kept it in Dappers, the year 
round. Fryer, East India and 1'ersia, p. 118. 

dubbing (dub'iug), . [< MB. dubbing, dob- 
bung ; verbal n. of dubl, v.} 1. The act of 
making a knight ; the accolade. 
A prince longeth for to do 
The gode kuijtcs dabbling. 

Shoreham, Poems, p. 15. 

The dubbyng of my dlngnite may nojt be done downe, 
Nowdirwith duke nor duzeperes, my dedis are so dreste. 

York Plays, p. 219. 
2t. Dress; ornament; trappings. 

His corown and his kinges array 
And his dubbing he did oway. 

Holy Rood (E. E. T. 8.), p. 130. 

3. The act of striking, cutting, rubbing, or 
dressing, so as to make smooth or otherwise 
adapted to a purpose, (a) Dressing by means of an 
adz. (b) Rubbing with grease, as leather when being cur- 
ried. See dipping, 4. (c) Raising a nap on cloth by means 
of teazels. 

Hence 4. A preparation of grease for use in 
currying leather. 5. The materials used for 
making the body of a fishing-fly. The term Is ap- 
plied more particularly to material of short fiber used in 
making the body of the fly, as fur, pig's wool, or pig's 
down. It is spun sparsely around the waxed wrapping-silk 
and wound on with it. The materials commonly used are 
mohair, seal's wool, pig's wool, floss silk, and hurls of pea- 
cock-feathers or of ostrich-plumes. Wool is least used for 
dubbing, especially in trout-fishing, as it absorbs too much 
water and makes the fly soggy ; it is used, however, for sal- 
mon-flies, seal's wool being preferable. 

Take your dubbing which is to make the body of your fly, 
as much as you think convenient. 

Cotton, in Walton's Angler, it. 245. 

dubbing-tool (dub'ing-t6l), n. A. tool for par- 
ing or smoothing off an irregular surface ; an 
adz. 

dubh. [Ir. and Gael., black. See dhu.} See 



4. To strike, cut, rub, or dress so as to make dubhash (dS'bash), n. Same as dobhash. 
smooth, or of an equal surface, (o) To cut down or dubiety (du-bi'e-ti), n. [= Sp. dubiedad == Pg. 



reduce with an adz. 

If I wanted a board, I had no other way but to cut down a 
tree, set it on an edge before me, and hew it flat on either 
side with my axe, till I had brought it to Iw ai thin as a 
plank, and then dud it smooth with my adze. De Foe. 

(ft) To rub with grease, as leather when being curried, (c) 
To raise a nap cm. as cloth, by striking it with teazels, (d) 
To cut off the eoml> and wattles, and sometimes the ear- 
lobes of (a game-cock) ; trim, (e) To dress (a fishing-fly). 



dubicdade = It. dubbicta, dubbietade, dubbietate, 
<C L. dubieta(t-)s, (. dubius, doubtful: see dubi- 
ous.} Doubtfulness; dubiousness. 

A state of dubiety and suspense is ever accompanied by 
uneasiness. Richardson. 

The twilight of dubiety never falls npon a Scotchman. 

Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies. 
Had the antagonist left dubiety, 
Here were we proving murder a mere myth. 

Brotcning, Ring and Book, II. 75. 



Some dub the Oak-fly with black wool, and Isabella-col- 
oured mohair, and bright brownish bear's hair, warped on , . 
with yellow silk. /. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 105, note. dublOSlty (du-bl-OS l-tl),n.; pi. dubtostttes (-tiz). 

His no time to be dte.'n3 when yon ought to be fishing. 1= It. dubbiotiM, dubbiogitade, dubbiositate, < 

R. B. Roosevelt, flame Fish, p. 25. L. as if *dubtositn(t-}s, < dubiosu.t, dubious: see 

Todubout,in rtatter.imrk, to bring out (a surface) to a dubious.} 1 . Dubiousness ; doubtfulness. 2. 

level plane by pieces of wood, tiles, slate, plaster, or the Something doubtful. 

' lk ,' Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiotitie* for 

dub- (dub), V. 1. ; pret. and pp. diibbrd, ppr. certainties. Sir T. Broicne, Vulg. Err. 

dubhi,,,,. [Prob. orig. 'strike' (see ***), but d u bi on8 (du'bi-us), a. [= It. dubbioso, < LL. 

in dub-a-dnb, riibtt-duh, considered imitative, ,, ( , fclV)SK ,, ) an extension of L. dubius (> Pg. diibio, 



like Ar. dabdaba (a pron. like E. M), the noise 
of a drum, of horses' feet, etc. The noun dub- 
is rather due to dub 1 , 4 (), dress with an adz.] 
To make a quick noise, as by hammering or 
drumming. 
dub- (dub), n. [See rf&2, v.} A blow. 

As skilful euopers li.M.p their tubs 
With I.ydian and with Phrygian dubs. 

.s'. liullrr, Hudibras, II. i. 850. 



= It. dubio, dubbio), doubtful : see doubt 1 .} 1 . 
Doubting; hesitating; wavering or fluctuat me; 
in opinion, but inclined to doubt. 

At first he seemed to be very dubious in entertaining 
any discourse with us, and gave very impertinent answers 
to the questions that we demanded of him. 

Dampier, Voyages. I. 12. 

Dubious still whose word to t:ike. 

Browning, Ring aud Book, I. 121. 



dubitative 

\Ve.ideriinrn, tin- MI "in. > L. -in ml, wairwtlett and ././- 

liimii, and a anxious to oblige the Chief Jllntice cif I. .in 

m. .n I'lea^ t" re-tire, in order that he might iilitalohli pla. .-. 

Lecky, Kng. in l*th Cent., xiv. 

2. Doubtful ; marked by or occasioning doubl 
or uncertainty ; difficult to determine or relieve 
of uncertainty ; notdistinctorplain ; puzzling: 
M, a dubious question; a dubious light. 

Sometimes the manner of speaking, even concerning 
common things, is dark and dubious. 

BJI. Atterbury, Sermons, II. U. 

Vurdubioui meanings learn'd polemics strove, 
And wars on faith in-evented works of love. 

Crabbe, Works, I. 147. 

Looked to It probably as a means of solving a dubious 
problem. Presa>lt, Ferd. and Isa., xvi. 

The world is full of hopeful analogies and handsome du- 
bivus eggs called possibilities. 

<;. ,-,. Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 91. 

3. Of uncertain event or issue: as, a dubious 
undertaking. 

His utmost power with adverse power opposed 

In dubious battel on the plains of heaven, 

And shook his throne. Milton, P. L., I. 104. 

4. Liable to doubt or suspicion; of doubtful 
quality or propriety ; questionable : as, a man 
of dubious character; a dubious transaction; 
his morals or his methods are dubious. =8yn. 1. 

Unsettled, undetermined. 2. Doubtful, Ambiguous, etc. 
(see obscure, a.) ', questionable, problematical, puzzling. 
dubiously (du'bi-us-li), adv. Doubtfully ; un- 
certainly; questionably. 

For first, Albertus Magnus speaks dubiously, confessing 
he could not confirm the verity hereof. 

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 5. 

dubiousness (du'bi-us-nes), . 1. The state of 
being dubious, or inclined to doubt; doubtful- 
ness. 

She [Minerva] speaks with the dubiousness of a man, 
not the certainty of a Goddess. Pope, Odyssey, I., note. 

2. Uncertainty; the quality of being difficult 
to determine, or open to doubt or question : as, 
the dubiousness of a problem. 

Let us therefore at present acquiesce In the dubioumesi 
of their antiquity. J. Philips, Splendid Shilling, Ded. 

dubitable (du'bi-ta-bl), a. [< OF. dubitable = 
Sp. dubitable = Pg.' dubitavel = It. dubitabile, < 
L. dubitabilis, < dubitare, doubt: see dubitate, 
doubt, v.] Liable to be doubted ; doubtful ; un- 
certain. 

All the dubitable hazards 
Of fortune. Middleton, Came at Chess, ill. 1. 

The ground of invocation of saints or angels being at 
least dubitable, their invocation is sin. 

Dr. 11. More, Antidote against Idolatry, p. 25. 

dubitably (du'bi-ta-bli), adv. In a dubitable 
manner. [Rare.] Imp. Diet. 

dubitancy (du'bi-tan-si), n. [< OF. dubitance 
= It. dubitanza, < ML. dubitantia, doubt, < L. 
dubitan(t-)s, ppr. of dubitare, doubt: see dubi- 
tate, doubt, v?] Doubt; uncertainty. [Rare.] 
Running headlong and wilfully after the old impurities, 
even then when they are most fully without all dubitancy 
resolved, that all the Joys of heaven are forfeited by this 
choice. Hammond, Works, IV. 505. 

dubitate (du'bi-tat), v. i.; pret. and pp. dubi- 
tated, ppr. dubitating. [< L. dubitatus, pp. of 
ditbitare, doubt : see doubt, r.] To doubt ; hesi- 
tate. [Rare.] 

If, for example, he were to loiter dubitating, and not 
come ; if he were to come, and fail. 

Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 1. 

How largely his statements are to be depended on, I 
more than merely dtibUate. 

Louxll, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 7. 

dubitatingly (du'bi-ta-ting-li), adv. Hesitat- 
ingly. Carlyle. 

dubitation (du-bi-ta'shon), n. [< OF. and F. 
dubitation = Pr. dubitatio = Sp. dubitacion = 
Pg. dubitacelo = It. dubitazione, < L. dubita- 
tio(n-), < dubitare, doubt: see dubitate, doubfl.} 
The act or state of doubting; doubt; hesitation. 
In the scholastic disputations, dubitation was the condi- 
tion of a disputant who had pronounced a matter to be 
doubtful and was bound to sustain that position. 
Dubitation is the beginning of all Knowledge. 

Howell, Letters, I. v. 20. 

The ordinary effects . . . might for ever after be con- 
fidently expected, without any dubitation. 

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1886), I. 255. 

In states of dubitation under impelling elements, the in- 
stinct pointing to courageous action is, besides the man- 
lier, conjecturably the right one. 

fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL 451. 

dubitative (du'bi-ta-tiv), a. [= F. dubitatif 
= Pr. ditbitatiu = Sp. Pg. It. dubitatiro, < LL. 
tlitbitativus. < L. dubitare, doubt: see dubitate.} 
Tending to doubt; doubting. [Rare.] 

They were engaged. She had been nibbled at, all but 
eaten 'up, while he hung dubitative; and though that was 
the eause of his winning her, it offended his niceness. 

G. Meredith, The Egoist, iii. 



dubitatively 

dubitatively (du'bi-ta-tiv-li), adv. Hesitat- 
ingly; doubtingly; as'if in doubt. [Rare.] 

"But ought I not to tell Ezra that I have seen my 
father?" said Mirah, with deprecation in her tone. "No," 
Mrs. Meyrick answered, dubitatively ', " I don't know that 
it is necessary to do that." 

George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, lii. 

Duboisia (du-boi'si-a), n. [NL., named after 
F. N. A. Dubois, a French botanist and ecclesi- 
astic (1752-1824).] 1. A solanaceous genus of 
plants, of Australia and New Caledonia, in- 
cluding two shrubby or arborescent species. 
I), myoporoides is employed in surgery for the dilatation 
of the pupil, and yields an alkaloid, duboisine, identical 
with hyoscyamine. The wood is white and very soft, but 
close and firm, and excellent for carving. The leaves and 
twigs of the pituri, D. Uopwoodii, are chewed by the na- 
tives as a stimulating tonic. 
2. [1. c.] Same as duboisine. 

duboisine (du-boi'sin), . [< Duboisia + -ie 2 .] 
An alkaloid obtained from Duboisiamyoporoides, 
& shrub or small tree which is a native of Aus- 
tralia. In its chemical reactions and its physiological 
effects it presents strong resemblances to hyoscyamine. 
Also duboisia. 

dubs 1 (dubz), n. pi. [An abbr. of doublets.'} 
Doublets at marbles. A player knocking two marbles 
out of the ring cries " dubs" and thereby claims both. 

The ground was beaten by many feet to the hardness of 
a floor, and the village boys delighted to play marbles in 
this convenient spot. Their cries of "rounses," "taw," 
"dubs," "back licks," and "vent" might often be heard 
there before and after school hours. 

The Century, XXXVI. 78. 

dubs 2 (dubz), n.pl. [Cf. equiv. dibs: see dib 3 .~\ 
Money: same as dib 3 , 3. [Slang.] 

ducal (du'kal), a. [= F. ducal = Sp. Pg. ducal = 
It. ducale, < LL. ducalis, < L. dux (due-), a lead- 
er, general, ML. duke : see duke 1 ."] 1. Pertain- 
ing to a duke : as, a ducal coronet. 

Oil, salt, even flour and bread, were subject to monopoly, 
and could only be sold by the ducal agents. Brougham. 

2. In ornith., a term applied to certain large 
terns of the subgenus Thalasseus, as Sterna 
(Thulasseus) cantiaca. Coues. 

ducally (du'kal-i), adv. After the manner of 
a duke ; with a duke or a ducal family : as, 
ducally connected. 

ducape (du'kap), n. A heavy silk, especially 
black or of plain color, usually corded. 

ducat (duk'at), n. [Altered in spelling from 
earlier ductiat, ducket, < ME. duket (= D. du- 
Jcaat, G. dukat, Dan. Sw. dukat), < OF. and F. 
ducat = Pr. ducat = Sp. Pg. ducado = It. du- 
cato, < ML. ducatus, a ducat; so called, it is 
said, from the motto "Sit tibi, Christe, datus, 
quern tu regis, iste ducatus" (let this duchy 
which thou rulest be dedicated to thee, O 
Christ), impressed on a coin struck by Roger 
II. of Sicily as duke of Apulia ; < ML. ducatus, 
a duchy, < L. dux (due-), a leader, ML. duke : see 
duke 1 . Cf. duchy, ult. a doublet of ducat.] 1. 
A gold coin of varying form and value, formerly 
in use in several European countries. A ducat 
was first issued in Apulia, about the middle of the twelfth 



1788 

3. pi Money; cash. [Slang.] 4. An Aus- 
trian weight for gold, which has been deter- 
mined by Vienna authorities to be 3.490896 
grams. This unit is supposed to have been derived 
through the Jews from the Ptolemaic drachma of 3.56 
grams. Ducat gold, in cerain., a name given to gilding 
of brilliant color slightly in relief above the glaze, espe- 
cially in the painting of fine porcelain. 
ducatoon (duk-a-ton'), n. [Also formerly ducka- 
toon, ducadoon; < F. ducaton = Sp. ducaton = 
Pg. ducutao, < It. ducatone, aug. of ducato, a 





Ducat of Ladislaus Postumus, King of Hungary. A. D. 1453-1457. 
British Museum. (Size of the original.} 

century, by the Norman duke Roger II. In 1283 a gold 
ducat was struck in Venice, but the piece was afterward 
called a zecchino (sequin), the ducat becoming only a money 
of account. (See def. 2.) The earliest gold coins of Ger- 
many seem to have been called ducats, and this name was 
applied to German gold coins of the sixteenth and seven- 
teenth centuries. Gold coins called dacats were also is- 
sued in the Netherlands, in Hungary, and elsewhere. The 
value of the ducat varied but little, the coin usually con- 
taining from 3.42 to 3.44 grams of fine gold, worth from 
$2.27 to $2.32. 

If every ducat in six thousand ducats 

Were in six parts, and every part a ducat, 

I would not draw them. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. 

Take you a ducket, or your chequin of gold, and apply 
to the place affected. B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1. 

After it grew tributary to the Turke ; yet was it gov- 
erned and possessed by the Genoese, who paid for their 
immunities the Annuall sum of fourteen thousand duck- 
Ms. Sandys, Travailes, p. 11. 
2. An old money of account in the Venetian 
republic. 

Now whereas the Venetian duckat is much spoken of, 
you must consider that this word duckat doth not signifle 
any one certaine coyne ; but many several! pieces do con- 
curre to make one duckat. Coryat, Crudities, II. US. 



Ducatoon struck by Antonio Priuli. Doge of Venice, A. D. 1618-1623. 
British Museum. (Size of the original.) 

ducat: see ducat.] The English name of the 
ducatone, a silver coin (also called giustina) for- 
merly current in the republic of Venice, and 
containing nearly 398 grains of fine silver, equal 
to 0.965 of the United States silver dollar. 

Some gae her crowns, some ducadoons. 

Sight's Lady (Child's Ballads), VIII. 290). 
The duckatoone, which containeth eight livers, that is, 
six shillings. This piece hath in one side the effigies of 
the Duke of Venice and the Patriarch, . . . and in the 
other, the figure of St. Justina, a chast Patavine [Paduan] 
virgin. Coryat, Crudities, II. 68. 

duces, n. Plural of dux. 

duces tecum (du'sez te'kum). [L., you will 
bring with you : duces, 2d pers. sing. fut. ind. 
of ducere, lead, bring (see duct) ; te, abl. of tu 
= E. thou; cum, with (appended to personal 
pronouns).] In law, a writ commanding a per- 
son to appear in court, and to bring with him 
specified documents or other things in his cus- 
tody, which may be required as evidence. More 
fully called subpoena duces tecum. See subpoena. 

Duchet, a. and n. An obsolete form of Dutch. 

duchess (duch'es), n. [Formerly also dutchess; 

< ME. duchesse, duches (also dukes, i. e., dukess), 

< OF. duchesse, F. duchesse = Pr. duquessa = 
Sp. duquesa = Pg. duqueza = It. duchessa, < ML. 
ducissa (the orig. hard sound of c being retain- 
ed in Rom., after the masc. form), fern, of dux 
(due-), > OF. due, etc., E. duke: see duke 1 ."] 1. 
The consort or widow of a duke, or a woman 
who holds the sovereignty or titles of a duchy. 

Ich am hus dere douheter, duchesse of heuene. 

Piers Plowman (C), iii. 33. 

The dictionary definition is far from being exhaustive, 
since, obviously, where so created, or where the terms of 
the patent so run, a duchess may be duchess in her own 
right. There is no antinomy to resolve in the case of a 
princess being also a duchess. N. and Q., 7th ser. , IV. 229. 

2. A variety of roofing-slate two feet long and 
one foot wide. 3. A part of ladies' head-dress 
in the seventeenth century, apparently a knot 
of ribbon. 

duchy (duch'i), .; pi. duchies (-iz). [Also for- 
merly dutcliy ; < ME. duchie, duchee, duche, < 
OF. duchee, duchet, f., F. duche, m., = Pr. ducat 
= Sp. Pg. ducado = It. ducato, < ML. ducatus, 
a duchy, territory of a duke, L. ducatus, military 
leadership, command, < dux (due-), a leader, 



duck 

ML. a duke: see ditlce 1 , and cf. ducat, dogate.] 
The territory or dominions of a duke ; a duke- 
dom. See duke 1 , 3. 

duchy-court (duch'i-kort), n. The court of a 
duchy; especially, in England, the court of the 
duchy of Lancaster, held before the chancellor 
of the duchy or his deputy, concerning equi- 
table interests in lands held of the crown in 
right of this duchy. 

ducipert, In her., same as cap of maintenance 
(which see, under maintenance). 

duck 1 (duk), v. [< ME. *dukken (= MD. ducken 
= LG. ducken, > G. ducken = Dan. dukke, also 
dt/kke), duck, dive, stoop; a secondary verb, 
partly displacing its orig., E. dial, and Sc. douk, 
dook, < ME. douken, duken, < AS. *ducan (found 
only in deriv. duce, a duck : see duck 2 ) = MD. 
duueken, D. duiken = MLG. duken, LG. duken = 
OHG. tuhhan, MHG. tuchen, G. tauchen = Sw. 
dyka, orig. intr., duck, dive, stoop.] I. intrant. 

1. To plunge the head or the whole body into 
water and immediately withdraw ; make a dip. 

They shot marvellously at him, and he was driven some- 
times to duck into the water. 

North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 609. 
Well, my dear brother, if I scape this drowning, 
'Tis your turn next to sink ; you shall duck twice 
Before I help you. 

Beau, and FL, Scornful Lady, ii. 2. 

2. To nod or bob the head suddenly ; bow. 
Because I cannot flatter, and look fair, . . . 
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy, 

I must be held a rancorous enemy. 

Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. 
You shall have 

A Frenchman ducking lower than your knee, 
At th' instant mocking even your very shoe-ties. 

Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 1. 

Hence 3. To give way; yield; cringe. 
"What, take the credit from the Law?" you ask? 
Indeed, we did 1 Law ducks to Gospel here. 

Broivning, Ring and Book, II. 107. 

Wig ducked to wig, each blockhead had a brother, and 

there was a universal apotheosis of the mediocrity of our 

set. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 338. 

II. trans. 1 . To dip or plunge in water and 
immediately withdraw : as, to duck a witch or a 
scold. 

So strait they were seizing him there 
To duck him likewise. 

Robin Hood and Little John (Child's Ballads, V. 220). 

I say, duck her in the loch, and then we will see whether 

she is witch or not. Scott, Abbot, ii. 

2. To lower or bend down suddenly, as in dodg- 
ing a missile or an obstacle, or in saluting awk- 
wardly : as, to duck the head. 
duck 1 (duk), . [< duckl, t).] A diving incli- 
nation of the head. 

As it is also their generall custome scarcely to salute 
any man, yet may they neither omitte crosse, nor carved 
statue, without a religious duck. 

Discov. of New World, p. 128. 

Here be, without duck or nod, 

Other trippings to be trod 

Of lighter toes. Milton, Comus, 1. 960. 

duck 2 (duk), n. [= Sc. duik, duke, dook, < ME. 
ducke, dukke, doke, dokke, douke, duke, < AS. duce 
(found only in gen. ducan), a duck, lit. a ducker, 
< "ducan (pret. pi. "ducon. pp. *d6cen), duck, 
dive : see duck 1 , v. Cf . ducker, 3 ; Dan. duk-and, 
dyk-and, a sea-duck (and, duck: see draJcel); 
Sw. dyk-f&gel, diver, plungeon (f&gel = E./Ott'Z). 
So dicer, dipper, dopper, etc., names applied to 
diving birds.] 1. A lamellirostral natatorial 
bird of the family Anatidos and subfamily Ana- 
tlncB or Fuligulince (which see). The technical dis- 
tinction between any duck and other birds of the same fam- 
ily, as geese and mergansers, is not clear ; but a duck may 
usually be recognized by the broad and flat bill, short 
legs, scutellate tarsi, and entirely feathered head. The 
common wild duck or mallard is Anas boscas, the feral 
stock of the domestic duck. The species of ducks are 
numerous, about 125, divided into some 40 modern genera, 
and found in nearly all parts of the world. Most ducks 
fall in one or the other of two series, fresh-water ducks or 
river-ducks, Anatince, and salt-water ducks or sea-ducks, 
Fulit/ulince; and from the latter a few are sometimes 
detached to form a third subfamily, Erismaturince ; but 
the implied distinction in habits by no means holds good, 
since some or any river-ducks may be found in salt wa- 
ter, and few if any sea-ducks are entirely maritime. The 
mallard and closely related species now form the restrict- 
ed genus Anas. Teal are small ducks, chiefly of the ge- 
nus Querquedula ; Q. circin is the garganey. The widgeons 
form the genus Mareca ; the gad-walls, Cliiwlelasmus; the 
spoonbills, Spatula ; the pintails or sprigtails, Dalila. Cer- 
tain arboreal ducks of various parts of the world consti- 
tute the genus Dentlrocii<jna. The muscovy duck or musk- 
duck is Cairina auaausfa. The celebrated mandarin- 
duck of China and the wood-duck or summer duck of the 
United States are two species of the genus Aix, A.oaleri- 
cttlata and A. sponsa. Sheldrakes or burrow-ducks are 
of the genus Casarca or Tadorna. A number of sea-ducks 
with black or red heads are placed in genera variously 
named Fnliijida, Fulix, Aithyia, Xyroca, etc. ; such are 
th8i'au)is and pochard*, tin 1 canvaebaok, and others. The 
ImillcliKids, goldeneyes, and histlewings belong to a ge- 



duck 

mis variously ealleii r!<i,i >',i, Ofattffoft, :"i'i i;:-<'/.fn/l>t. 
Tlie harlequin ilurk i /// fri'mii 

tun. The old-wife or long- tailed duck i* ll<tr<'lda<tlacial\*. 
The Labrador ihiek, rii,i,]>tnlti'iii<^ hi'ii-'i'l^rnm, is notable 
u being prohahly on tin: point of extinction ; it is a near 
relative of the steamer-dnrk of South America, ,V /"/> 
terus rt'iiri-i-iix. Kicli-ri an' largo sea-ducks of the genus 
Htuitiih'ritt and .some relnte<i genera. Scoters and surf- 
duckH, aUo ealleil sea-coots, arc laix-e Uaek sea-ducks of 
the gftniu QBdMifa and its labdirfolous. 'I'lie ruddy ducks 
belong t<> the Kt-iiii-s Kfixnntturii and some related gen- 
era. nihJng-dncIu, so called, are nut properly dncki, Dot 

ruer-aiiHer* (MiT'tinte). 

The iltick and mallard first, the falconers only spurt. 

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. 

2. Tho female duck, as distinguished from the 
male, or drake (which see). 3. Some web- 
footed bird likened to or mistaken for a duck: 
as, the cobbler's-awl duck (that is, the avoset). 
4. One of the stones used in playing the game 
of duck on drake. Acorn-duck, the summer duck 
orwnod-duek. ,l/.r NIHIMH. [Maryland, Carolina, U. 8.] 
American scaup duck, a variety of the common scaup 
peculiar to America, .litlnfia marilanearctica. Blmacu- 

lated duck. See i,< inundate. Black duck, (a) The 
dusky duck, (b) The velvet scoter, (c) The surf-scoter. 
[Local, U. S.] Black English duck, the dusky duck. 
[Southern U. S.) Blaten duck, the gadwall that is, 
the lilataut or bleating ilnck. [New Jersey, i:. S.] Bom- 
bay duck. See tin m main. -Brahminy duck. SeedraA- 
minii. Buffalo-headed, buffel-head, buffel's-head, or 
buffle-headed duck. Same aa imjRci. i Butter-duck, 
(a) The buttorhall. [Georgia, U. 8.) (6) The ruddy duck. 
[ Virginia, U. S. ] Cay uga duck, a large black variety of 
the domestic duck. It has been recently introduced into 
England. Channel-duck, the velvet scoter. Sharpies*, 
1833. [Chesapeake Bay, U. 8.] - Cobbler's-awl duck. 
See cobbler!. Cock-robin duck, the hooded merganser. 
[New Jersey, U. S.] Conjuring duck, the buffle or 
spirit-duck ; also, the goldeneye or whistlewing : from 
their quickness in diving. Sir J. Richardson. [British 
America.] Creek-duck, the gadwall. Q.Trumbull. (At- 
lantic coast, U. 8.] Crested wood-duck, the wood- 
duck. Belknap, 1784. [New Hampshire, U. 8.1 Crow 
duck. See t\dica. Cuthbert duck, or St. Cuth- 
bert'a duck, the common eider, Somateria mollissima. 
Daub-duck, the ruddy cluck, Krismatura rubida. G. 
Truinbull. [Rangeley lakes, Maine, U. S.] Deaf-duck. 
Same as daub-duck. [Michigan, U. S.] Duck on drake, 
a game in which one player places upon a large stone (the 
drake) a small stone (the duck), which the other players 
try to knock off with their ducks and return to the pitch- 
iug-line without having been touched. If the player 
whose duck is on the drake succeeds in touching one of the 
other players while his duck is in his hand, the latter takes 
his place and the game continues as before. Duclair 
duck, a French variety of the domestic duck, the result 
of crossing white and colored varieties. Dumpling- 
duck. Same as daub-duck. [Georgia, U. S.] Dunter 
duck. See dun!' ,; Dusky and spotted duck, the 
harlequin duck. Q. Edwards, 1747. Dusky duck, Ana* 
obscura, a large duck closely related to the mallard, of va- 
ried dark coloration, with white under the wings and pur- 
plish-violet speculum, abundant along the eastern coast of 
the United States, and highly esteemed for food. A^variety 
resident in Florida is Anas obscura- 



lira, Sulvigula.. 

duck, the mallard. <f. TminbtUl. [Local, southern U. 8.] 

Fall duck, the American redhead or pochard. School- 
craft, 1820; Tanner, 1830. Fan-created duck, the hood- 
ed merganser. Barton, 1799. Fish- or fishing-duck, a 
general name of mergansers, from their food or habits. 
Flock duck. See Jhckiny-fowl. Fool-duck, the ruddy 
duck, Krimnatura rubida. G.Trumbull. [Michigan, U. 8.J 
French duck, the mallard. [Louisiana U. S.] Ger- 
man duck, the gad wall. Also called Wclshdrake. Oiraud, 
1844. [New Jersey, U.S.] Oray duck, (a) Properly, the 
gray or gadwall, A iiax strepera or Chaiilrlasnt UK streperus. 
(b) The female mallard, (c) The female pintail. [Local, 
U. 8. ) Harle duck. Same as harle. Reo. C. Smainson, 
1885. [Orkney islands.] Harlequin duck. See harle- 
quin. Heavy-tailed duck, the ruddy duck. Also 
called bris1leta.il, pintail, quilltail, sticktatt, stifftail, 
ipinetail, etc., in reference to the peculiar tail-feathers. 
SAorn/aM, 1830. [Chesapeake Bay, U. 8.] Herald duck, 
the herald, a merganser. [Shetland isles.] Isles of 
Shoals duck, the American eider. Labrador duck, 
Camptolcemus labradoriug, a species of sea-duck of the 
northeastern coast of North America. See def. 1. Lame 
duck. See lam,-. Little black and white duck, the 
male buffle. Edwards, 1747. Little brown duck, the 
female buttle. Catesby, 1731. Long- tailed duck, Harelda 
fjlacialis or Clannitla h>/emalis. See hart-id and llarelda. 

Maiden duck, the inoralar. Rev. C. Swainson. [Wex- 
ford, Ireland.) -Mandarin-duck, a beautiful kind of 
duck, A ix yalericulata, having a purple, green, white, and 
chestnut plumage, and a varied green and purple crest. It 
is a native of China, and is regarded in that empire as an 
emblem of conjugal affection. It is a near relative of the 
common summer duck or wood-duck of the United States, 
Aix gponga. Mir a- moss-, or mulr-duck, the mallard, 
/ten. C. Sicainson. [Local, Eng. ] Mountain duck, the' 
harlequin. Sir J. Richardson. [Hudson's bay.] Mussel- 
duck, the American scaup. G. TrutnbiUl. [Sbinnecock 
bay. NewYork, U.S.] Noisy dUCk, the long-tailed duel;. 
J. J. Audubon. Painted duck, jffl) The Chinese nian- 
dariu-duck, Aix tialfriatlata. (6) The harlequin. [Hud- 
son's bay.] Penguin-duck, a variety of the domesti,- 
duck : so called from its erect attitude. Pheasant-duck. 
(a) The pintail, Dajilaacuta. Also called sm-fli'-ntant ami 
ipater-jthfaxant. A related species is technically known 
as Daiila ttrofilinNiana. [Local, U. S.] (b) The hooded mer- 
ganser. Also called wat>T-i>h?amnt. Aau-xim, 1709. [New 
Jersey, U. S.] Pied duck, the Labrador duck, On,i;>- 
toltemus laliradoriug. Pied gray duck, the male pintail. 
<1. Triimlmll. | Long Island, New Ynrk, U.S.]- Puddle- 
dUCk, ttle common domestic dnek, of no special breed. 

Raft duck. See ntft-diii-k. Red-headed duck. B 
hewl. Ring-necked duck. SeervwMot. Kook-dUOk, 

the harlequin duck. Jiff. J. II. L(tn : iillf. [Nova Scotia.) 
Rouen duck, a large variety of domestic duck, colored like 



1789 

tho mallard. Round-crested duck, the hooded mergan- 
ser. Ruddy duck, the mo-t general name. .f Kritmatura 
rubida : so called from the prevailing reddish color of the 
adult male, first by A. Wilson, ii I. It has many popu- 
lar aii-1 more or less local names in the United States, de- 
rived from some peculiarity of its aspect or habita. St. 
Cuthbert's duck. See Cuthbert duck. Scale-duck, thu 

led iMcastcd merganser. [BtnOffford Lough.) Scotch 
dUCk, the butlle. Also culled N* 1 "'' -lii'iinr .^,"t>-h dip- 
per, Scutch teal. G. Truinbull. [North Carolina. I'. 8.) 

Scoter duck. See scoter. Sharp-tailed duck, the 
long-tailed duck. llev. C. Stcaiiixini. (( trkney and Shet- 
land. [Shoal-duck, the American eider. [New Eng- 
land. ) Sleepy duck, the ruddy duck. Sleigh-bell 
duck, the American Mack scoter. cV. Triuubtill. [Kangelcy 
lakes, Maine, U.S.) Smoklng-duck, the American wid- 
gron. [Fur countries. | Squam-duck, the American 
ei.lt T: so called from a locality in Long Island, New York. 
i:ifiinil, 1844. Squaw-duck, the American elder: a mU- 
print for nuam3uck. De Kay, 1844 ; Trumbull, 1888. 
Stock-duck, the mallard. Summer duck, a duck which 
summers or breeds in a given place or region. Specifical- 
ly (a) The wood-duck (which sec). See Aix. [U. 8.) (6) 
The gargancy or summer teal, Queri/uedula circia. [Eng.] 

Surf-duck, a sea-duck of the genus (Edfmia ; a sco- 
ter ; a sea-coot ; specifically, (K. perspicillata, inhabiting 
North America at large, especially coastwise, the male of 
which is black with .a white patch on the nape and an- 
other on the poll, and the bill pinkish-white, orange, and 
black. Swallow- tailed duck, the long-tailed duck. 

unon and nifhftrdunn, 1SH1. [Hudson's bay.) To 
make or play (at) duck and drake, to make or play 
ducks and drakes, (a) To cast or shy a flat stone, a piece 
of slate, etc., along the surface of water so as to cause it 
to strike and rebound repeatedly. 

What watered slates are best to make 
On watery surface duct-and-drake. 

S. Butler, Hudibras. 

Duck and Drake is a very silly pastime, though inferior 
to few in point of antiquity, . . . and was anciently 
played with flat shells, testulam marinam, which the boys 
threw into the water, and he whose shell rebounded most 
frequently from the surface before it finally sunk was the 
conqueror. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 494. 

Hence (6) To handle or use a thing recklessly ; scatter ; 
squander ; throw into confusion : with with or "/. 

He [the unscientific etymologist] has now added to his 
marvellous capacity for philological blundering the power 
of wandering into the Held of comparative philology and 
of there playing ducks and drakes with the Aryan roots 
and their permutations. jV. and Q., 7th ser., III. 312. 

My fortune is nae inheritance a' mine ain acquisition 

I can make ducks and drakes o/ it. So don't provoke 
me. //. Mackenzie, Man of the World, Iv. 1. 

Tree-duck, (o) Any duck of the genus Dendrocygna 
(which see), (b) The wood-duck or summer duck, which 
breeds in trees, (c) The hooded merganser : so called from 
breeding in trees. R. Ridyway. [Indiana, Illinois, U. S.] 

Tufted duck, the ring-necked scaup, Aithyia collaris 
or FuWjula rujitorqueg. A. Wilson. Velvet duck, the 
velvet or white-winged scoter. See scoter. Wheat-duck, 
the American widgeon. D.Crary. [Oregon, U. 8.] Whls- 
tle-duck. See whittleuiing. Whistling duck or coot, 
the American black scoter. White-faced duck or teal, 
the blue-winged teal. See teal. White-winged surf- 
duck, the velvet scoter. See scotfr. Wild duck, specifi- 
cally, the mallard. Winter duck, the long-tailed duck. 
[U. s.] Wood duck. See wood-duck. 

duck 3 (duk), n. [Prob. a familiar use of rfwoi-2, 
like dore, chick' 1 = chuek^, mouse, lamb, F. pottle, 
and other zoological terms of endearment ; but 
cf . Dan. dukke = Sw. docka = East Fries, dokke, 
dok = Or. docks, etc., a doll, puppet: see dock 2 . 
Cf. also doxy.] A sweetheart; a darling: a 
word of endearment, fondness, or admiration. 
It is sometimes also applied to things: as, a 
duck of a bonnet. [Cofloq.] 

Will you buy any tape 
Or lace for your oape, 
My dainty duck, my dear-a ? 

Shak., W. T., tv. 3 (song). 
Prithee goe in (my duck) ; I'le but speak to 'em, 
And return instantly. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, ii. 2. 

duck 4 (duk), n. [< D. doek, linen cloth, a towel, 
light canvas, = MLGK dok= OHG. tuoh, MHG. 
tuoch, G. tuch, cloth, = Icel. dukr, any cloth or 
texture, a table-cloth, a towel, = Sw. duk = Dan. 
dug, cloth.] 1. A strong linen fabric simply 
woven without twill, lighter than canvas, and 
used for small sails, sails for pleasure-boats, and 
for men's wear. Duck is usually white or un- 
bleached, but is sometimes made in plain col- 
ors. 2. A cotton fabric sometimes considered 
the second grade, for strength and durability, 
after double-warp (which see, under warp). 
Russia duck, a white linen canvas of fine quality. 

duck-ant (duk'ant), n. In Jamaica, a species 
of Termes or white ant, which, according to P. 
H. Gosse, constructs its nest on the branches 
or trunks of trees, where clusters of them may 
be seen forming large, black, round masses, 
often as big as a hogshead. 

duckatt, duckatoont. Obsolete forms of ducat, 
iliictttoon. 

duckbill (duk'bil), w. 1. The duck-billed pla- 
typus. (>riiillnirl/i/H<-linii itrtiil<>rus, a monotre- 
matous oviparous mammal of Australia, hav- 
ing a horny beak like a duck's, whence the 
name. Also dxrlc-mii'i: See Ornit/iorlii/nchun. 
2. Same as duck-billed speculum (which see, 



ducking 




Duckbill, or Puck billed Platypus Ormlliar^ncfiui 

under speculum). 3. [In allusion to the shape 
of the toe.] A broad-toed shoe of the fifteenth 
century. 

duck-billed (duk'bild), a. Having a bill like a 
duck's, as that of the Ornithorltynclttia Duck- 
billed cat, the fish Polyvdon npatula,oT paddle-flsh. Also 
called tpoon-billed cat. Duck-billed speculum. See 
speculum. 

ducker (duk'er), n. [=E. dial, douker, doucker, 
< ME. doukere, a ducker, a bird so called, = 
D. duiker = OHG. tuhhari, MHG. tuchcr, G. 
toucher = Dan. dukkcr. a diver (bird), dykkcr, 
a plunger, = Sw. dykare. a diver.] 1. One 
who ducks ; a plunger or diver. 

They haue Oysters, in which the Pearles are found, 
which are fished for by duckert, that dine into the water, 
at least ten, twenty, or thirty fathom. 

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 605. 

2. A cringer ; a fawner. 

No, dainty ducker*, 

t*p with your three pil'd spirits, your wrought valours. 
limn, and Fl., Philastcr, iv. 1. 

3. A bird that ducks or dives; specifically, the 
European dipper, Cinclus aquaticus. Macgilli- 
vray. [Local, British.] 

duckery (duk'er-i), n.; pi. duckcrirs (-iz). [< 
duck 2 + -ery.~] A place for breeding ducks. 

Every city and village has fish ponds and duckerit*. 
[Southern China.) U. S. Cons. Rep., No. Iv. (1885), p. 683. 

ducket 1 , n. An obsolete spelling of ducat. 

ducket 2 , . A corruption of dowcotr, variant of 
dovecote. Srockett. 

duck-hawk (duk'hak), . 1. In England, the 
moor-buzzard or marsh-harrier, Circus cerugi- 
nosus. 2. In the United States, the great-foot- 
ed hawk or peregrine falcon, Falco percgrinux, 
var. anatum : so called from its habitually prey- 
ing upon ducks. It is very closely related to and not 
specifically distinct from the peregrine falcon of the old 
world. It is a bird of great strength and spirit, a true 
falcon, little in- 
ferior to the ger- 
falcon in size, 
and about as 
large as the lim- 
ner or prairie- 
falcon. The fe- 
male, which is 
larger than the 
male, is 17 to 19 
inches long and 
about 45 In ex- 
tent of wings. 
In both sexes, 
when adult, the 
upper parts are 
slaty-bine or 
dark-bluish ash, 
darker on the 
head, the sides 
of which have 
a characteristic 
curved black 
stripe ; the un- 
der parts are 
whitish or Imlf, 
variously spot- 
ted or barred 
with blackish ; 
the wings and tail are also spotted or barred ; the hill is 
blue-black; the cere and feet are yellow. The duck-hawk 
is widely but irregularly distributed throughout North 
America ; it nests indifferently on trees, cliffs, or the 
ground, and usually lays 3 or 4 heavily colored eggs. 

ducking 1 (duk'ing), n. [Verbal n. of duck*-, u.] 

1. The act of plunging or the being plunged 
into water : as, to get a ducking. 

At length, on the 18th of September, we crossed the line 
in the longitude of 8' west; after which the ceremony of 
ducking, *c., generally practised on this occasion, was not 
omitted. Cook, Voyages, III. II. 1. 

2. The act of bowing stiffly or awkwardly. 

For my kneeling down at my entrance, to begin with 
prayer, and after to proceed with reverence, I did but my 
duty in that : let him scofftngly call it cringing or duck- 
ing, or what he pleases. State Trial*, Abp. Laud, an. 1640. 

ducking-' (duk'ing), n. [< duck* + -inj/l.] The 
sport of shooting wild ducks. 




Duck-hawk (Falco ftrefrimts,vsa.a*atitm'}. 



ducking 

For water service of any kind, and especially for duck- 
ing, he [the Chesapeake Bay dog] is the dog par excel- 
lence. Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 424. 

ducking-gun (duk'ing-gun), n. A very heavy 
fowling-piece used for shooting ducks, and usu- 
ally mounted upon a fixture in a punt or skiff. 

duckihg-sink (duk'ing-singk), n. A boat used 
in hunting ducks and other water-fowl. 

ducking-stool (duk'ing-stol), n. A stool or 
chair in which common scolds were formerly 
tied and plunged into water. They were of differ- 
ent forms, but that most commonly in use consisted of 
an upright post and a transverse pivoted beam on which 



1790 

conduifl, douche), < ducere, pp. ductus, lead, 
conduct, draw, bring forward, etc. (in a great 
variety of uses), = Goth. tiuhan = OHG. ziohan, 
MHG. G. ziehen = AS. teon, draw, > ult. E. 
ton; tug: see tov>\ tug, tuck*, etc. The L. 
ducere is the ult. source of very many E. words, 
as alduce, adduce, conduce, deduce, educe, in- 
duce, introduce, produce, reduce, seduce, traduce, 

Y . ,,,/7,/,v2 nmif 3 conts, and is provided with valves. Its caliber varies 

abduct, conduct, etc., conduit, conduit*, aque- betw(jcn thatof a cr ow-quillandof agoose-quill.-Whar- 
duct, viaduct, etc., endue*, subdue, etc., educate ' 




Ducking-stool. 

the seat was fitted or from which it was suspended by a 
chain. The ducking-stool is mentioned in the Doomsday 
survey ; it was extensively in use throughout Great Brit- 
ain from the fifteenth till the beginning of the eighteenth 
century, and in one rare case at least at Leominster 
was used as recently as 1809. See cucking-stool. Also 
called castigatory. 

If he be not fain before he dies to eat acorns, let me 
live with nothing but pollerd, and my mouth be made a 
ducking-stool for every scold. 

G. Wilkins, Miseries of Inforst Marriage, iii. 

duckins (duk'inz), n. [Origin obscure.] A 
name in Berwick, England, of the sea-stickle- 
back, Spinachia vulgaris. 

duckish (duk'ish), . [A dial, transposition of 
dusk.'] Dusk. HaMwell. [Prov. Eng.] 
duck-legged (duk'leg"ed), a. Having short 
legs, like a duck. 

Dmk-leijij'd, short-waisted, such a dwarf she is, 
That she must rise on tiptoes for a kiss. 

Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vi. 

duckling (duk'ling), . [< ME. dokelyng, dooke- 
lynge; (duck 2 + dim. -ling 1 .] A young duck. 

I must have my capons 

And turkeys brought me in, with my green geese 
And ducklings i' th' season. 

Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, 1. 1. 

So have I seen, within a pen, 
Young ducklings foster'd by a hen. 

Swift, Progress of Marriage. 

duck-meat, duck's-meat (duk'-, duks'met), . 
The popular name of several species of Lemna 
and Wolffia, natural order Lemnacex, plants 
growing in ditches and shallow water, floating 
on the surface, and eaten by ducks and geese. 
See Lemna. Also called duckweed. 

duck-mole (duk'mol), n. Same as duckbill, 1. 

The duck-mole, on the other hand, lays two eggs at a 

time, and does not carry them about, but deposits them 

in her nest, an underground burrow like that of the mole. 

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVII. 66B. 

duckoyt, n. [See decoy, v.] Same as decoy. 

duck's-bill (duks'bil), n. In printing, a pro- 
jecting lip (0) of stiff paper or cardboard 
pasted on the tympan of a hand-press to sus- 
tain and keep in place the sheet to be printed. 
Duck's-bill bit. See biti. Duck's-bill limpet. See 
limpet. 

duck's-egg (duks'eg), n. In cricket, the zero (0) 
which marks in the score the fact that a side 
or a player makes nothing; hence, a score of 
nothing: as, to win a duck's-egg. 

duck's-foot (duks'fut), n. In some parts of 
England, the lady's-mantle, Alcnemilla vulgaris, 
from the shape of the leaf. The name is said 
to be given in the United States to the May- 
apple, Podophyllum peltatum. 

duck-shot (duk'shot), n. Large shot used for 
shooting wild ducks. 

duck's-meat, n. See duck-meat. 

duck-snipe (duk'snlp), n. The semipalmated 
tattler or willet, Symphemia semipalmata. Dr. 
Henry Bryant, 1859. [Bahamas.] 

duckweed (duk'wed), n. Same as duck-meat. 

duck-weight (duk'wat), n. A stone figure of a 
duck, used as a weight in ancient Assyria and 
Babylonia. It was usually inscribed with a legend, giv- 
ing the name of the king and the value of the weight in 
minee, as "30 manahs, Palace of Irba Merodach, King of 
Babylon." 

Duclair duck. See ducl&. 

duct (dukt), n. [Also, as L., ductus; = OF. 
duit, doit, doet = Pg. ducto = It. dutto, < L. duc- 
tus, a leading, a conduit-pipe (cf, aqueduct, 



ductor 

lymphatic duct, conveying the great mass of lymph and 
chyle directly into the venous circulation : so called from 
its course through the cavity of the thorax. In man this 
duct i.s from 15 to 18 inches long ; it begins opposite the 
second lumbar vertebra, by a dilated sac or cyst (the 
receptaculum chyli or cistern of Pecquet), and runs up to 
the root of the neck, alongside the vertebral column, pass- 
ing through the aortic oriiice of the diaphragm. It ends 
in the venous system at or near the junction of the left 
internal jugular and subclavian veins. It is composed of 
3 coats, and is provided with valves. Its caliber varies 
en that of a crow-quill and of a goose-quill. Whar- 
or Whartonian duct (dnctus Wkartoni; named 



auct, maauci, etc., enaue", stiuuue, cm., cm <, tons or Wnartoman duct (aueau wnartom; namea 
etc., ductile, etc., duke, doge, ducat, duchy, etc.] for Thomas Wharton, an English physician, author of 
T _!_. ____i j . j; ...,.. . i ,...!..;.,,* " AifoiuwMLnhln " IflriM thft duct of the snbinaxillarv 



If. Leading; guidance; direction; bearing. 

According to the duct of this hypothesis. 

Olanville, Pre-existence of Souls, p. 146. 

2. Any tube or canal by which a fluid is con- 
ducted or conveyed. Specifically (a) In anat., one 
of the vessels of an animal body by which the blood, chyle, 
lymph, secretions, etc., are conveyed. See ductus. 

The little ducts began 
To feed thy bones with lime, and ran 
Their course, till thou wert also man. 

Tennyson, Two Voices. 



Adenographia," 1656), the duct of the submaxillary 
gland, conveying saliva into the mouth, about 2 inches 
long, opening on a papilla at the side of the frenum lin- 
gua, or bridle of the tongue. Wolfflan, duct. See ductus 
Woljfii, under ductus. 

ductible (duk'ti-bl), a. [< L. as if "ductibilis 
(cf. ML. diictabilis), < ductus, pp. of ducere, lead: 
see duct.] Capable of being drawn out; ductile. 
[Rare.] 
The purest gold is most ductible. 

Feltham, Resolves, ii. 2. 

ductile (duk'til), a. [= F. ductile = Sp. ductil = 



m In tot. : (1) A long continuous vessel or canal, form- uce u a = . ue = p u = 

ed by a row of cells which have lost their intervening Pg. ductll = It. dutMe, < L. ductths, that may be 



partitions. The walls are variously marked by pits and led, extended, or hammered out thin, < ductus, 

by spiral, annular, or reticulated thickenings, and the __ o f <Jcere, lead : see duct.~\ 1. Susceptible 

cavity may be filled with air or water, or they may be *fi._ i j ' drawn tractable comolvins- 

ous. (2) In bryology, the narrow continuous cells ot being lea lie , eompiYii] 

iurround the utricles in the leaves of Sphagnum. yielding to persuasion or instruction : as, the 



vity may 
lactiferous. 

Aberrant duct of the testis. See aberrant. Acous- ductile mind of youth ; a ductile people, 
tic duct. See acoustic and auditory. Annular duct. 
See annular. Archinephric duct, the duct of the ar- 
chinephron, or primitive kidney. Arterial duct, audi- 
tory duct, branchial duct. See the adjectives. Bili- 
ary duct, one of the ramified systems of ducts which col- 
lect the bile from the liver and by their union form the 
hepatic duct. Cystic duct, the duct of the gall-bladder 
conveying bile into the intestine, either directly or, as in 
man, by uniting with the hepatic duct in a ductus com- 
munis choledochus. Duct or canal of Bartholin, one 
of the ducts of the sublingual gland, running alongside of 
Wharton's duct, and opening into it or close to its oriflce 
into the mouth. Duct Of Gartner. Same as Gaertnerian 
canal (which see under ccmoil ). Duct or canal Of Muller 
(ductus Muelleri), the primitive oviduct, or passage in the 
female from the ovary to the exterior, which subsequently 
becomes converted, as in mammals, into the Fallopian 
tube, uterus, etc. One Miillerian duct may be obliterated, 
or both may persist, in different animals ; or the two may 
be united in one in most of their extent, giving rise to 
a single uterus, and vagina with a pair of Fallopian tubes. 

Duct or canal of Wharton. See Wharton's duct, be- 
low. Duct or canal of Wirsung. See pancreatic duct. 

Ducts or canals of Kivinus(3c(w8 Riviniani), those 
ducts of the sublingual gland which open apart from one 

another and from Wharton's duct. Ducts or canals of J.,.VHIITT- //hilr'Kl lil a/In Tn a Anr DPP 

Stenson, the communication of Jacobson's organ with the dUCtllely (dulc ti UJ,<MW. 1 

buccal cavity. Efferent duct. Same as deferent canal Imp. JJtCt. 

(which see, underdf/erenf). Elaculatory duct or canal. ductileneSS (duk'til-nes), n. The quality of be- 

See ductus ejaculatorius, under ductus. Galactopho- i n g ductile ; capability of receiving extension 

rous duct, one of the lactiferous ducts of the mammary ,J> j r ,. w j '. rlnntirltv FRare 1 

gland which terminate in the nipple. -GenitO-urinary By Orawing, a liny. L-^are.j 



The sinful wretch has by her arts denied 
The ductile spirit of my darling child. 

Crabbe, Works, IV. 139. 

Says he, "while his mind's ductile and plastic, 

I'll place him at Dotheboys Hall, 

Where he'll learn all that's new and gymnastic." 

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 165. 
The overwhelmingpopularity of "Guzman de Alfarache " 
. . . rendered this form of fiction so generally welcome in 
Spain that it made its way into the ductile drama. 

Tidmor, Span. Lit., III. 106. 

2. Flexible ; pliable. 

The ductile rind and leaves of radiant gold. 

Dryden, Mneid. 

The toughest and most knotty parts of language became 
ductile at his touch. Macaulay, Dryden. 

3. Capable of being drawn out into wire or 
threads : as, gold is the most ductile of the 
metals. 

All bodies, ductile and tensile, as metals, that will be 
drawn into wires. Bacon. 



I, when I value gold, may think upon 
The ductileness, the application. 

Donne, Elegies, xvili. 



duct. See the extract. 
In the Urodela, the vasa efferentia of each testis enter the 

inner side of the corresponding kidney, and traverse it, 

leaving its outer side to enter a genito-urinary duct, which ductilimeter (duk-ti-lim'e-ter), n. [= F. duc- 

and o"ens belrtnd tato'thelstoaca! 5 '' ' bl yln nt> tilimetre, < L. ductilis, ductile, + inetrum, mea- 
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 163. sure.] An instrument for showing with preci- 

Hepatic duct, the duct of the liver, conveying bile to the sion the ductility of metals. 

intestine, either directly or, as in man, by uniting with the ductility (duk-tll 1-tl), . [= F. ductlhte = Sp. 

cystic duct to form the ductus communis choledochus. auctilidad = Pg. ductilidadc = It. duttilita, (. L. 

as if *ductilita(t'-)s, < ductilis, ductile: see duc- 
tile.'] 1 . That property of solid bodies, particu- 
larly metals, which renders them capable of 
being extended by drawing, with correlative 
diminution of their thickness or diameter, with- 
out any actual fracture or separation of parts. 
On this property the wire-drawing of metals depends. It 
is greatest in gold and least in lead. Dr. Wollaston suc- 
ceeded in obtaining a wire of platinum only 30^55 of an 
inch in diameter. 



M 



It is formed in man of two main branches which issue 
from the liver at the transverse fissure, one from the 
right, the other from the left lobe, and unite in one trunk 
before joining the cystic duct. 
All the ducts from the liver 
and gall-bladder are sometimes 
known as biliary ducts, collec- 
tively. Lactiferous duct. 
Same as galactophorous duct. 
Lymphatic duct. See 
lymphatic, n. Nasal duct, 
the membranous tube leading 
from the lacrymal sac to open 
into the inferior meatus of the 
nose. Obliterated duct. 
See obliterate. Pancreatic 
duct, the duct of the pancre- 
as, discharging the pancreatic 
secretion into the intestine. 
In man the principal pancre- 
atic duct is also called duct or 
canal of Wirsung. Parotid 
duct. Same as ductus Stenonis 
(which see, under ductus). 
Secondary archinephric 
duct. See the extract. 

In both sexes the products 
escape by an apparatus which 
is homologous with the Miil- 
lerian duct, consisting of a 
canal of varying length, and 
provided with an infundibular 
oriflce, which is attached to the 
ureter (secondary archinephric 
duct) ; this takes up the gene- 
rative products. 

Qegenbaur, Comp. Anat. 
[(trans.), p. 610. 

Steno's duct. See ductus 
Stenonis, under ductus. 
Thoracic duct, the ductus 
thoracicus, the common trunk 




*. I' 



The order of ductility is Gold, Silver, Platinum, Iron, 
Copper, Palladium, Aluminium, Zinc, Tin, Lead. 

A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 232. 

2. Flexibility; adjustability; ready compli- 
ance. 

It is to this ductility of the laws that an Englishman 
owes the freedom he enjoys. 

Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, I. 

In none of Dryden's works can be found passages more 
pathetic and magnificent, greater ductility and energy of 
language, or a more pleasing and various music. 

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii. 

ductiont (duk'shon), .. [< L. ductio(n-), < fluc- 
tus, pp. of ducere, lead: see duct.] Leading; 
guidance. 

The but meanly wise and common ductionsot bemisted 
nature. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 66. 

a, , in,o roo, of i.rt ductless I (dukt'les), a. [< duct + -less.] Hav- 
em at junction of ing no duct : as, a aucticss gland. The so-called 
ductless glands of man are four the spleen, thymus, 
thyroid, and adrenal. The last is a pair, and the others 
are single. See gland. 
ductor (duk'tor), n. [< L. ductor^a, leader, < 



Human Thoracic Duct and 

Azygous Veins, 
receptacle of the chyle ; 
nk of the thoracic duct. 



innomi 

f, left jugular, and e, left sub- 
clavian vein ; e t right innomi- 
nate vein ; rf, d t ei, several 
thoracic and lumbar lymphatic 



veins run pSraiiei with am 



ducere, pp. ductus, lead : see tlttct.] If. A leader. 

^ ? Browne.-Z. An inkmg-rollw on a priut- 

of ail the ivmph-tics except to join ""= r ht The s " uc - ing-press which takes prmting-mk from the 
ing those which form the right upo'n tBbSSwS" ' ' ink-fountain and conducts it (whence the name) 



ductor 

to tho distribiiting-tiibb' mid -rollers, linpnip- 
orly called doctor by many pressmen. 
ductor-roller (duk'tor-ro'ltT), . Same as 

ductule (duk'tul), . [< NL. 'ductulii.i, dim. of 
L. durtus, a duct: see duct.] A little duct. 
[Rare.] 

AH the i/i -liilfn grow longer and I come branched, vas- 
ciilar processes grow In between them. 

t'oKtrr, Kmbryology, I. vl. 18. 

ducturet (duk'tur), n. [< ML. as if "ductura. 
< i,. ductus, ppVof ductrc, lead: see duct and 
-are.] Guidance j direction. 

Interest and design are a kind of force upon the soul, 

iH'iiring it man oftentimes besides the tlm-hir,' of his native 
pr nsities. South, Works, VIII. i. 

ductus (duk'tus), w.; pi. ductus. [L. : see duct.] 
In tuuit., any duct, tube, pipe, canal, or other 
conduit. [In technical use the Latin form is com- 
monly preserved.] Ductus ad nasum (duct to the 
nose), the nasal or lacrymal duct, conveying tears from 
the eye to the nose. Ductus arterioaus. Same as 
iirirrnil iliKt (which see, under arterial). Ductus Bel- 
liniani (duct of Bellini), the excretory tubes of the kid- 
neys. Ductus Botalli (duct of Botalli), a dnctus arteri- 
osus between the fourth aortic arch and the fifth ; in mam- 
mals, the communication which persisU during fetal life 
In-'tween the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, 
on the closure of which passage, after birth, the duct 
becomes a rtbrous cord, tne ligainentum Botalli. The 
term is sometimes extended to the corresponding ductus 
arterioai of other primitive aortic arches. So named from 
Leonardo Botalli, of Piedmont, born at Asti about Ift'iO, 
who described it ill 1565. Ductug choledochus, a bile- 
duct; the common bile-duct. Also called ductus comiuu- 
tti'jr choledochus. See chotedoch. Ductus cochlearls, 
the cochlear canal (which see, under canal*). Ductus 
Cuvlerl (iluct of Cuvier), a short transverse venous trunk, 
formed on each side of a vertebrate embryo by the June- 
tiou of anterior and posterior cardinal veins ; the primi- 
tive anterior or superior venw cavas, both of which may 
persist as two precaval veins, or, us usual in higher Verte- 
brata, one of which may be more or less obliterated, when 
a single (right) vena cava superior persists. Ductus 
ejaculatorius (ejaeulatory duct), in both Vertebrate and 
many Incerttbrata, the duct conveying semen from the 
testicles or associate structures to the canal of the Intro- 
niittent organ, especially from the seminal vesicles to the 
urethra. Ductus endblymphaticus, a tubular process 
of the membranous labyrinth of the ear which passes 
through the aquteductus vestibull into the cranial cavity, 
where it terminates in a blind enlargement below the dura 
mater, the sacculus endolymphaticus. See labyrinth, and 
recetiitUJi vestibidi, under recemnts. Ductus Gaertneri. 
Same as Gaertnerutn canal (which see, under cattail). 
Ductus hepato-entericus, a bile-duct in general ; a duc- 
tus choledochus ; any efferent duct conveying the hepatic 
secretion into the Intestine. Ductus nasolacrymalis. 
the membranous tube consisting of the ittcrymal sac and 
nasal duct. Ductus oesophagocutaneus, a duct which 
places the esophagus in communication with the bran* 
chial pore ami so with the exterior, in some flshes, as 
the hag, Miisiur. - Ductus pneumaticus, a pneumatic 
duct ; an air-duct or passage placing the cavity of any 
pneumatic organ in communication with the cavity of the 
enteron, as the air-duct of a fish, in its higher develop- 
ment becoming any of the ordinary air-passages of a body, 
as a windpipe, etc. Ductus Rivini or Rivinianl, the 
ducts of Rivinus (which see, under duct). Ductus Ste- 
nonis (Steno's duct), the duct of the parotid gland, con- 
veying saliva into the mouth : so called from the Danish 
anatomist Nicolas Steuo, of Copenhagen (1638-86). Also 
called parotitt duct. -Ductus thoracicus (thoracic 
duct), the largest lymphatic vessel of the body, conveying 
chyle directly into the venous circulation. See cut under 
duct. Ductus venosus (venous duct), the communicat- 
ing vein, in the fetus, between the inferior vena cava and 
the umbilical vein, obliterated soon after birth. Duc- 
tus vitellinus, or ductus vlteUo-intestinalla (vitel- 
line or vitello-intestinal duct), in a vertebrate embryo, 
the communication between the primitive intestine and 
the cavity of the yolk-sac or umbilical vesicle. Duc- 
tua Wlrsungianus, the duct of Wirsung, the principal 
pancreatic duct. Ductus Wolffli (Wolfflan duct), the 
excretory duct of the Wolfflan body or primitive kidney, 
in the female soon disappearing for the most part, in the 
male becoming the permanent vas deferens, or excretory 
duct of the testicle. (See also canall.) 

dud (dud), n. [< ME. dudd, dudde, a coarse 
cloak; said to be of Celtic origin. Cf. brat 1 .] 
If. A coarse cloak or mantle. 

Dudde, clothe, [L.] amphibilus birrus. 

Prompt. Pan\, p. 1S4. 

Lacerna ext. pallium, fnubriatum, a coule, or a dutlde or 
a gowne. Prompt Parv., p. 134, note (HarL MS., No. 225"). 

2f. A rag. 3. pi. [Formerly also spelled 
dudes, as in Harman's "Caveat" (1567), where 
the word is erroneously set down as "pedlar's 
French" that is, thieves' cant.] Clothes; 
especially, poor or ragged clothing; tatters: 
used in contempt. [Cofloq. or humorous.] 

I'se warrant it w as tho tae half of her fee and liountith, 
for she wared [spent) tlte ither half on pinners and pr:u 1 
ings ; . . . she'll ware 't a' on dutl* and nonsense. 

Scott, Old Mortality, xiv. 

Away I went to sea, with my duds tied in a han'kercher. 
Mrs. Stoiee, Oldtown, p. 84. 

\t MUM, windows bun'.' lace curtains, flannel ihulf at 
kHM. (r. 1C. fiilili-, old Creole Hays, p. 151. 

dudder 1 (dud'or't. c. [Var. of dodder 1 * and did- 
il'-r. q. v.] I. intraii.i. To didder or dodder; 
shiver or tremble. 



1791 

"Ms woiimly cold, sure. I dudder and shake like nn 
aspen leaf , every joint o( me. 

t'vrd and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1. 

II. trans. To shock with noise ; deafen ; con- 
fuse ; confound ; amaze. HaUiwell. [Prov. Eng.] 

dudder 1 (dud'er), . [< dudder^, v.] Confu- 
sion; amazement: as, all in a dudder (that is, 
quite confounded). HaUiwell, [Prov. Eng.] 

dudder 2 (dud'er), n. [< dud + -er.] Same as 
ilnffi /', 2. 

duddery (dud'er-i), n. ; pi. dudder its (-iz). [< 
dud + -era.] A place where duds or rags are 
kept for sale. Gent. Mag. ; Grose. [Colloq. or 
low.] 

duddlest, pi- Duds. Pilkington, Sermons 
(Parker Soc.). [North. Eng.] 

duddy (dud'i), a. [Sc., also duddie; < dud + 
-y 1 .] Ragged; tattered; having a disreputable 
appearance. 

Nae tawted tyke, though e'er sae duddie, 
But he wad stan't, as glad to see him. 

Burns, The Twa Dogs. 

Their goods were contained in certain duddy pokes. 

Carlyle, in Froude, L 271. 

duddy (dud'i), 71. ; pi. duddies (-iz). [Dim. of 
dud.] A little rag. Afackay. 

dude (dud), n. [A slang term said to have ori- 
ginated in London, England. It first became 
known in general colloquial and newspaper use 
at the time of the so-called "esthetic" move- 
ment in dress and manners, in 1882-3. The 
term has no antecedent record, and is prob. 
merely one of the spontaneous products of pop- 
ular slang. There is no known way, even in 
slang etymology, of "deriving" the term, in 
the sense used, from duds (formerly sometimes 
spelled dudes : see dud), clothes, in the sense of 
'fine clothes'; and the connection, though ap- 
parently natural, is highly improbable.] A fop 
or exquisite, characterized by affected refine- 
ments of dress, speech, manners, and gait, and 
a serious mien ; nence, by an easy extension, 
and with less of contempt, a man given to ex- 
cessive refinement of fashion in dress. 

There was one young man from the West, who would 
have been flattered with the appellation of dude, so at- 
tractive In the fit of his clothes, the manner in which he 
walked and used his cane and his eyeglass, that Mr. King 
wanted very much to get him and bring him away in a 
cage. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 180. 

The elderly club dude may lament the decay of the good 
old code of honor. Harper's Mag., LXVII. 6S2. 

The social dude who affects English dress and the Eng- 
lish drawl. The American, VII. 151. 

dudeen (du-den'), n. [Of IT. origin.] A short 
tobacco-pipe ; a clay pipe with a stem only two 
or three inches long. 

It is not the descendants of the "Mayflower," In short, 
who are the representative Americans of the present day ; 
it is the Micks and the Pats, the Uanses and the Wilhelms, 
redolent still of the dudeen and the sauerkraut barrel. 

The Century, XXXV. 807. 

dudeism (du'dizm), n. See dudism. 

dudgeon 1 (duj'on), n. and a. [Early mod. E. 
also dudgen, dudgtn, Sc. dugeon; < ME. dojoun, 
dojon, dogon (as a noun : see def. 3 and quot. ) ; 
perhaps, through an unrecorded OF. "dojon, 
" dogon, dim. of OF. (and E.) doui-e = Pr. Cat. 
doga = It. doga, dial, dova (ML. doga), a stave 
(of a hogshead or other cask). < MD. duyghe, 
D. duitj MHG-. duge, G. daube, a stave ; fur- 
ther origin unknown.] I. n. If. A stave of a 
barrel or cask. [Recorded only in the com- 
pound dudgeon-tree: see def. 2 and dudgeon- 
tree.] 2. Wood for staves: same as dudgeon- 
tree. Jamieson. [Scotch.] 3f. Some kind of 
wood having a mottled grain; or the wooden 
hilt of a dagger, ornamented with graven lines. 

Ronntfn [i. e., run, as lines interwoven] as dojoun or 
niasere [maple : see mazer] or other lyke. 

Prompt. Parv., p. 436. 

4f. The hilt of a dagger. See dudgeon-haft. 

And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood. 

Shak., Macbeth, ii. 1. 

6f. A dagger. See dudgeon-dagger. 

Il.t o- Ornamented with graven lines; full 
of wavy lines ; curiously veined or mottled. 

Now for the Iwx-tree : . . . seldome hath it any graine 
crisped damaske wise, and never but about the root, the 
which is tlit'l'iin and full of worke. 

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvi. 16. 

dudgeon 2 (duj'on), w. [By apheresis from the 
orig. form ciiduiiini; appar. < W. 'endygni, < en-, 
an enhancing prefix, + dygen, malice, resent- 
ment. Cf. dyclian, a jeer, dygas, hatred. Corn. 
(Indian, dini-httn, grief, sorrow.] A feeling of 
offense; resentment; sullen anger; ill will; dis- 
cord. 



due 

Tho Arclil.i.xh"p of I'aiiti-rlnirv. "liiinu' a Letter to 
him [ Wolsey], subtirni>< il S out Ill-other William of Can- 
tei hury ; he took it in great Dnthfon to IK- termed his 
Itrotlicr. Hater, Chronicles, p. 285. 

I drink It to thee in dudyerm and hostility. .Scoff. 

Mrs. W. was in high dudijnm; her heels clatternl on 
the red-tiled floor, and she whisked about the hoiue like 
a parched pea upon a drum-head. 

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 365. 

dudgeon 3 ! (duj'on), a. [Origin uncertain : Ml'). 

doron, explained by L. degencr, degenerate, 

worthless, occurs in "Prompt. Parv." (p. 12f>) in 

the alphabetical place of and appar. intended 

for "dogon, "doion, but another manuscript has 

in the same place "doion, dogena" (p. 436), 

which seems to refer to dudgeon*, the hilt of a 

dagger: see dudgeon 1 ."] Bude; unpolished. 

By my troth, though I am plain and dudgeon, 

I would not be an ass. Beau, ant Fl., Captain, ii. 1 . 

You see I use old dudgeon phrase to draw him. 

r'teteher (and another), Queen of Corinth, II. 4. 

dudgeon-daggert (duj'ou-dag'er), n. A dagger 
having an ornamental hilt of wood; hence, a 
dagger of any sort, but especially one carried 
by a civilian, and not a weapon of war. 

An his justice be as short as his memory, 
A dudgeon^lagyer will serve him to mow down sin withall. 
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, v. 1. 

dudgeon-haftt (duj'on-haft), n. [Early mod. 
E. also ditdgin hafte;"< dudgeon! + haft.] The 
haft or hilt of a dagger ornamented with graven 
lines. 

A dudijean ha/t of a dagger, [F.] dague a roelles. 

Sherwood. 

dudgeon-tree, n. [Sc. dugeon-trec; < dudgeon! 
+ tree. ] Wood for staves. Jamieson. [Scotch.] 
dudism (du'dizm), n. [X dude + -ism.'} The 
dress, manners, and social peculiarities of the 
class known as dudes. 

I suppose it to be the efflorescence of that pseudo-eos- 
theticism which has had other outcome in sun-flowers, and 
Dude-inn, and crazy quilts, and crushed strawberry tints. 
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together. 

Dudley limestone, trilobite. See limestone, 
trilobite. 

dudman (dud'man), n. ; pi. dudmen (-men). [< 
dud + man.] A rag man, or a man made of 
rags that is, a scarecrow made of old gar- 
ments. Mackay. [Prov. Eng.] 

due 1 (du), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also dew; < 
ME. due, dewe, duwe, < OF. deu, deut, m., dene, 
i., mod. F. du, m., due, f. (pp. of devoir: see 
dever, devoir), = It. debuto, < ML. as if 'debutus 
for L. debitus, owed (neut. debitum, fem. debita, 
a thing due or owed, a debt), pp. of debere (> 
It. devere = F. devoir, etc . ), owe : see debt.~] I. a. 

1. Owed ; payable as an obligation ; that may 
be demanded as a debt : as, the interest falls 
due next month. 

The penalty, 
Which here appeareth due upon the bond. 

Skat., M. of V., iv. 1. 

Then there was Computation made, what was due to 
the King of Ureat Britain, and the Lady Elizabeth. 

llowell. Letters, I. vi. 5. 

In another [inscription) there is a sort of table of the 
fees or salaries due to the several officers who were em- 
ployed about the games. 

Pococlce, Description of the East, II. IL 71. 

2. Owing by right of circumstances or condi- 
tion; that ought to be given or rendered; prop- 
er to be conferred or devoted : as, to receive 
one with due honor or courtesy. 

Do thou to euery man that is due, 
As thou woldist he dide to thee. 

Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 63. 
We receive the due reward of our deeds. Luke xxiil. 41. 
Hapless the lad whose mind such dreams invade, 
And win to verse the talents due to trade. Crabbe. 

With dirges due in sad array. 

.Slow through the churchyard path we saw him borne. 

Gray, Elegy. 

3. According to requirement or need ; suitable 
to the case; determinate; settled; exact: as, 
he arrived in due time or course. 

Mony dayes he endurit, all in due pes, 

And had rest in his rewme right to his dethe. 

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.\ L 13386. 
They cannot nor are not able to make any due proofe 
of our letters of coquet. Hakluyt's \'oyage*,\. 211. 

Last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of 
due time. 1 Cor. xv. 8. 

To ask your patience. 
If too much zeal hath carried him aside 
From the due path. S. Jonton, Alchemist, ill. -2. 

4. That is to be expected or looked for ; un- 
der engagement as to time ; promised : as, the 
train is due at noon ; he is due in New York to- 
morrow. 5. Owing; attributable, as to a cause 
or origin; assignable: followed by to: as, the 
delay was due to an accident. 



due 

This effect is due to the attraction of the sun and moon. 

J. D. Forbes. 

In the mind of the savage every effect is believed to be 
due to a special worker, because special workers have been 
observed to precede effects in a multitude of instances. 

//. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 330. 

That which is most characteristic of us [Americans] is 

unmistakably a political education due to English origin 

and English growth. Stille, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 191. 

6. In law : (a) Owing, irrespective of whether 
the time of payment has arrived: as,- money 
is said to be due to creditors although not 
yet payable. (6) Presently payable; already 
matured: as, a note is said to be due on the 
third day of grace Due and payable, said of a sub- 
sisting debt the time for payment of which has arrived. 
Due notice, due diligence, such as the law requires 
under the circumstances. Due process of law, in 
Amer. const, law, the due course of legal proceedings ac- 
cording to those rules aud forms which have been estab- 
lished for the protection of private rights. Constitutional 



1792 



duffer 



That ducncxK, that debt (as I may call it), that obliga- 
tion, which, according to the law of nature, in a way of 
meetness and comeliness, it was fit for God as a creator to 
deal with a creature. Goodwin, Works, I. ii. 199. 



duel (du'el), n. [= D. Dan. duel = G. Sw. duell, 

< F. duel, < It. duetto = Sp. duelo = Pg. duelfo, 

< ML. duelluin, lit. a combat between two, a 

restored form of L. bellum, OL. duellum, war duenna (du-en'a), n. [Sp., formerly duenna, 

(see bellicose, etc.), < duo = E. two.] 1. A sin- nQW gpelled ^na, vernacular form of dofta, 

gle combat; specifically, a premeditated and migtre | s lady (fem . corresponding to masc. 

prearranged combat between two persons with dugf master don sir ) < L. domina, mistress, 

deadly weapons, and usually in the presence of fem _ ' of dominus master: see dominus, don?, 

at least two witnesses, called seconds, for the donna etc n lp The chief lad in wa i t i ng on 

purpose of deciding a quarrel, avenging an m- the Q ueen of Spain ._ 2 . An elderly woman 

suit, or clearing the honor of one of the com- hold j a mi ddlo station b 




tinguished from a legislative act. They 
to those processes which the American law inherited from 
the English common law, as part of the law of the land 
secured by Magna Charta ; but they may include any new 
form of legal proceeding devised and sanctioned by legis- 
lative act, provided it be consonant with the recognized 
general principles of liberty and justice. 

II. n. 1. That which is owed ; that which is 
required by an obligation of any kind, as by 
contract, by law, or by official, social, or reli- 
gious relations, etc. ; a debt ; an obligation. 

And unto me addoom that is my dew. 

Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 56. 

I'll give thee thy due, thou hast paid all there. 

Shale., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2. 

Measuring thy course, fair Stream ! at length I pay 
To my life's neighbour dues of neighbourhood. 

Wordsworth, The Biver Eden, Cumberland. 
For I am but an earthly Muse, 
And owning but a little art, 
To lull with song an aching heart, 
Aud render human love his dues. 

Tennyson, 111 Memoriam, xxxvii. 

Specifically 2. Any toll, tribute, fee, or other 
legal exaction: as, custom-house dues; excise 
dues. 

Men that cleave the soil, 

Sow the seed, and reap tile harvest with enduring toil, 
.Storing yearly little dues of wheat and wine and oil. 

Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters (Choric Song). 

3. Eight ; just title. 

The key of this infernal pit by due . . . 

I keep. Milton, V. L., ii. 850. 

Easter dues. See Easier^. For a full due (naut.), so 
that it need not be done again. 

The stays and then the shrouds are set up for a full 
due. Luce, Seamanship, p. 116. 

Sound dues, a toll or tribute levied by Denmark from 
an early date (it is mentioned as early as 1319) until 1857, 
on merchant vessels passing through the Sound between 
Denmark and Sweden. These dues were an important 
source of revenue for Denmark ; they were sometimes par- 
tially suspended, were regulated by various treaties, and 
continued until abolished for a compensation fixed by 
treaties with the maritime nations. To give the devil 
Ms due. See devil. 

due 1 (du), adv. [< due, a.] Directly; exactly: 
only with reference to the points of the com- 
pass: as, a due east course. 

Due west it rises from this shrubby point. 

Milton, Comus, 1. 306. 

The Danube descends upon the Euxine in a long line 
running due south. De Quincey, Herodotus. 

due 2 t, * [Early mod. E. also dewe; < ME. 
duen, by apheresis from enduen, endewen, en- 
dowen : see endue 2 , endow.] To endue ; endow. 

For Fraunces founded hem [religious orders] nougt to 

faren on that wise, 

Ne Domyuik dued hem neuer swiche drynkers to worthe 
[become]. Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 776. 
This is the latest glory of thy praise, 
That I, thy enemy, due thee withal. 

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2. 

due-bill (du'bil), n. A brief written acknow- 
ledgment of indebtedness, differing from a 
promissory note in not being payable to or- 
der or transferable by mere indorsement. 

due corde (do'e kdr'de). [It. : due, fern, of duo, 
< L. duo = E. two; corde, pi. of corda, < L. 
chorda, cord, chord : see chord.] Two strings : 
in music, a direction to play the same note si- 
multaneously on two strings of any instrument 
of the violin class. 

due-distant (du'dis"tant), a. Situated at a 
suitable distance. [A nonce-word.] 

A seat, soft spread with furry spoils, prepare ; 
Due-distant, for us both to speak and hear. 

Pope, Odyssey, xix. 

duefult (du'ful), . [Formerly also dewful; < 
duel + -ful.] Fit; becoming. 

But thee, Jove ! no equall Judge I deeme, 
Of my desert, or of my dewfull Right. 

Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 35. 



putes The practice was formerly common, but has gener- duenna to forbid your coming more under my lattice ? 
ally been suppressed by adverse public opinion in civilized Sterne, Tristram Shandy, Slawkenbergnis s Tale, 

countries. In England and the United States dueling is 3 A e iderly woman who is employed to 
illegal, death resulting from this cause being regarded as ~V ' *. mvprT , Ps . s . ., 

murder, no matter how fair the combat may have been; guard a younger, a gover 

and the seconds are liable to severe punishment as acces- you are getting so very pretty that you absolutely need 
series. Deliberate dueling is where both parties meet a auenna , Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, ix. 

avowedly with intent to murder. In law the offense of .,-,- .,., r i ft j..tj n . n r> n ^ 

dueling consists in the invitation to fight ; and the crime duet (du-ef ), n. [Also, as It. , duetto; = D. Dan. 

duet = G. Sw. duett = Sp. duf to = Pg. duetto, < 
It. duetto, < duo, < L. duo = E. two.] A musical 
composition either for two voices or for two 
instruments, or for two performers on one in- 
strument, and either with or without accom- 



is complete on the delivery of a challenge. 

They then advanced to fight the duel 
With swords of temper'd steel. 
Sir Hugh le Blond (Child's Ballads, III. 258). 
A certain Saracen . . . challenged the stoutest Christian 
of all the army to a duell. Coryat, Crudities, I. 119. an i men t 

Modern war, with its innumerable rules regulations, ^ etef n ' A Middle English form of duty. 

limitations and refinements, is the Duel of Nations. l> , t s/ T1 ;;i rr t Him nf Jiirttn 

Summer, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1846. duettmO (do-et-te n9), n. [it., dim. Ot auetto, 

A duel is a fighting together of two persons, by previous duet.] A short, unpretentious duet, 
consent, and with deadly weapons, to settle some antece- Ariettas and duettinos succeed each other, 
dent quarrel. 2 Big/top, Cr. L. (7th ed.), 813. Longfellow, Hyperion, p. 329. 

2. Any fight or contest between two parties; duetto (do-et'to), n. [It. : see duet.] A duet, 
especially, a military contest between parties They tnen set O fj m a sor t O f duetto, enumerating 

the advantages of the situation. Scoff, Monastery, xviii. 
due volte (do'e vol'te). [It. : due, fern, of duo, 

< L. duo = E. two; volte, pi. of volta, turn : see 

vault, n.] Two times; twice: a direction in 

musical compositions. 



representing the same arm of the service. 

The Son of God, 

Now entering his great duel, not of arms, 
But to vanquish by wisdom hellish wiles. 

Milton, P. B., i. 174. 



The long-range artillery duels so popular at one time * i / -*.\. * 

in the war. The Century, XXXVI. 104. duff (duf), M. [Another form of dough (with / 

duel (du'el), t..; pret. and pp. dueled, duelled, <ff\ d f* = Caught, dwarf etc.): see 

ppr. dueling <, duelling. [= D duelleren = G. du- *8*.] L - Dough; paste of bread. [Prov 

elliren = Dan. duellere = Sw. duellera; from Eng.] -2. Naut., a stiff flour pudding boiled 

the noun.] I. intrans. To engage in single ina bag or cloth : as, sailors plum duff, 
combat ; fight a duel. 



With the king of France duelled he. 

Metrical llomances, iii. 297. 



The crew . . . are allowed [on Sunday] a pudding, or, 
as it is called, a duf. This is nothing more than flour 
boiled with water, and eaten with molasses. 

Ii. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 19. 

3. Vegetable growth covering forest-ground. 
[Local, U. S.] 

This duf (composed of rotten spruce-trees, cones, nee- 
dles, etc.) has the power of holding water almost equal to 
the sponge, and, when it is thoroughly dry, burns, like 
punk, without a blaze. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 289. 

I have seen the smoke from fires in the du/ even after 
the snow has fallen. 

Rep. of Forest Commission of State of New York, 1886, 

[p. 102. 

4. Fine coal. 



II. trans. To meet and fight in a duel ; over- 
come or kill in a duel. 

Who, single combatant, 
Duell'd their armies rank'd in proud array, 
Himself an army. Milton, S. A., 1. 345. 

He must at length, poor man ! die dully of old age at 
home ; when here he might so fashionably and gentilely, 
long before that time, have been duell'd or flux'd into an- 
other world. South, Works, II. vi. 

The stage on which St. George duelled and killed the 
dragon. Maundrell. 

duelert, duellert (du'el-er), n. A combatant duffar, n. Same as duffer 1 *, duffart. 
in single fight; a duelist. duffart (duf 'art), n. and a. [So., also dowfart, 

You may also see the hope and support of many a flour- <J?/ r ?> < *"# q ' V-> + '"**' """"^ L "' A 

ishing family untimely cut off by a sword of a drunken dull, Stupid tellOW. 

dueller, in vindication of something that he miscalls his U. a. Stupid ; dull ; spiritless. 

honour. South, Works, VI. iii. duff.flay (duf 'da), n. The day on which duff is 

dueling, duelling (du'el-ing), . [Verbal n. of served on board ship ; Sunday. 

duel, v.] The fighting of a duel ; the practice duffel, n. and a. See duffle. 

of fighting duels. duffer 1 (duf'er), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. A 

duelist, duellist (du'el-ist), n. [= D. duellist, < peddler ; specifically, one who sells women's 

F. duelliste = Sp. duelista = Pg. It. duellista ; as clothes. 

duel + -ist.] One who fights in single combat; A class of persons termed "duffers," "packmen," or 

one who practises or promotes the practice of "Scotchmen," and sometimes "tallymen, "traders who go 

rounds with samples of goods, and take orders for goods 



dueling. 

You imagine, perhaps, that a contempt for your own life 
gives you a right to take that of another ; but where, sir, 
is the difference between a duellist who hazards a life of 
no value, and the murderer who acts with greater security ? 

Goldsmith, Vicar. 

duello (du-el'6), m. [< It. duello : see duel.] 1. 
A duel ; a single combat. 

This being well forc'd, and urg'd, may have the power 
To move most gallants to take kicks in time, 
And spurn out the duelloes out o' th' kingdom. 

Fletcher (and another!), Nice Valour, iii. 1. 

2. The art or practice of dueling, or the code 
of laws which regulate it. 

The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have one 
bout with you : he cannot by the duello avoid it. 

Shak., T. N., iii. 4. 

duelsome (du'el-sum), a. [< duel + -some.] In- 
clined or given to dueling ; eager or ready to 
fight duels. [Rare.] 

Incorrigibly duelsome on his own account, he is for oth- 
ers the most acute and peaceable counsellor in the world. 
Thackeray, Paris Sketch-Book, ii. 

duefia (do-a'nya), n. [Sp.] See duenna. 
dueness (du'nes), n. [< duel + - ness .] Fit- 
ness; propriety; due quality. [Bare.] 



, 

afterwards to be delivered, but who, carrying no goods for 
immediate sale, were not within the scope of the existing 
charge, were in 1861 brought within the charge by special 
enactment and rendered liable to duty. These du/crs 
were numerous in Cornwall. 

S. Dou'ell, Hist. Taxation, III. 38. 

2. A hawker of cheap, flashy, and professedly 
smuggled articles; a hawker of sham jewelry. 
[Eng. in both uses.] 

duffer 2 (duf'er), n. [Appar. a var. of duffart, 
q. v.] A stupid, dull, plodding person ; a fogy ; 
a person who only seemingly discharges the 
functions of his position ; a dawdling, useless 
character: as, the board consists entirely of 
old duffers. 

Duffers (if I may use a slang term which has now be- 
come classical, and which has no exact equivalent in Eng- 
lish proper)are generally methodical and old. Fosset cer- 
tainly was a duffer. Hood. 

"And do you get 800 for a small picture?" Mackenzie 
asked severely. "Well, no," Johnny said, with a Imigh, 
" but then I am a duffer." 

W. Black, Princess of Thule, xxv. 

The snob, the cad, the prig, the dufer du Manrier has 
given us a thousand times the portrait of such specialties. 
No one has done the duffer so well. 

U. James, Jr., The Century, XXVI. 55. 



duffll 

duffilti An obnolote spelling 

duffing (iluf'ing), M. In iiiii/linii, thr body of 
mi iirtilicial fly. 

duffle, duffel "(duf'l), . and a. [< D. duffel 
= LG. duffel, a kind of coarse, thick, shaggy 
woolen cloth, = \V. Flein. duffel, any shaggy- 
material for wrapping n]i ; cf. duffelen, wrap 
up, < iliiffrl, a liundlo or bunch (of rags, hay, 
straw, etc.) (Wedgwood). Usually referred to 
Itaffel, a town near Antwerp.] I. . 1 . A coarse 
woolen cloth having a thick nap or frieze, 
generally knotted or tufted. 

And let It bo of dttfle grey 

As warm a cloak as man can Bell. 

Wordsworth, Alice Fell. 

They secured to one corporation the monopoly to con- 
tinue to introduce . . . trade guns, fishing ami trapping 
gear, calico, <lujfl'-, and gewgaws. 

W. Barrows, Oregon, p. o!>. 

2. Baggage; supplies; specifically, a sports- 
man's or camper s outfit. 

Everyone has gone to his chosen ground with too much 
impedimenta, too much duffle, 

G. W. Sears, Woodcraft, p. 4. 
II. a. Made of duffle. 
She was going ... to buy a bran-new duffle cloak. 

Mrs. Oaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, ii. 

dufoil (du'foil), n, and a. [< L. duo (= E. two) 
+ E./oi/i, < L. folium, a leaf. Cf. trefoil, etc.] 
I. n. In her., a head of two leaves growing out 
of a stem. Otherwise called twifoil. 

II. a. In her., having only two leaves, 
dufrenite (du-fren'lt), . [From the French 
mineralogist'?. A. Dufrenoy (1792-1857).] A 
native hydrous iron phosphate, generally mas- 
sive with radiated fibrous structure. It has a 
dark-green color, but changes on exposure to 
yellow or brown. 

dufrenoysite (du-fre-noi'zit), n. [< Dufrenoy 
(see del.) + -t'te 2 .] A sulphid of arsemo and 
lead, found in small prismatic crystals of a lead- 
gray color in the dolomite of the Binnenthal, 
Switzerland : named for the French mineralo- 
gist P. A. DufrSnoy. 

dug 1 (dun), H. [Early mod. E. dugge; cf. E. 
dial, ducky, dukky, the female breast ; prob. 
ult. connected with 8w. ddgga = Dan. dcegge, 
suckle. See dairy, dey 1 .] The pap or nipple 
of a woman or a female animal; the breast, 
with reference to suckling. It is now applied 
to that of a human female only in contempt. 
It was a faithless squire that was the source 

Of all my sorrow, and of these sad tears ; 
With whom, from tender dug of common nonrse, 

At once I was up brought. Spenser, F. Q. 

she wildly breaketh from their strict embrace, 
Like a milch doe, whose swelling dug* do ache, 
Hasting to feed her fawn hid in some brake. 

Shot., Venus and Adonis, 1. 875. 

dug 2 (dug). Preterit and past participle of dig. 

dugong (du'gong), . [Also duyong; < Malay 
tliiii<mg, Javanese duyunq.'] A large aquatic 
herbivorous mammal of the order Sirenia, Hali- 
core dugong, of the Indian seas, in general con- 
. figuration It resembles a cetacean, having a tapering flsh- 
like body ending in flukes like a whale's, with two fore 




Dugong ( Halicore 

flippers and no hind limbs. It is known to attain a length 
of 7 or 8 feet, and is said to lie sometimes much longer. 
The flesh is edible, and not unlike l>eef. Other products 
of the dugong are leather, ivory, and oil. The dugong and 
the manatee, of the old and new world respectively, are 
the licst-kimwii ,-irenians, and leading living representa- 
tives of the order Sirenia (which see). They may have 
contributed to the myth of the mermaid. See HaKcom. 
dugout (dug' out), H. 1. A boat consisting of 
a log with the interior dug out or hollowed. It 
is a common form of the primitive canoe. 

Our boat was a very unsafe dii'l-utit with no out-riggers, 
in which we could not dare to beguile a part of the way 
in sleep, for fear of capsizing it by an niiL-narded move- 
ment. //. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 296. 

The sun was just rising, as a man stepped from his 
slender dun-out and drew half its length out upon the 
oozy bank of a pretty bayou. 

G. W. Cable, The Century, XXXV. 89. 
113 



1793 

2. A shelter or roujrh kind of house excavated 
in the ground, or more generally in the face of 
a bluff or bunk. Whole dugout' are entirely exca- 

vated ; lni/t^/ii : /'>ntn arc partly ev;i\ate<i anil partly I milt 
of lots. The hitter kind IM frequently used in Montana for 
dwellings ; the whole dugouts are chiefly built for storing 
the crops an< I "(her things and as a refuge from c\ ri.m, , 
and tornadoes. [Western I', s. | 

The small outlying camps are often tents or mere durj- 
Mtfc in the ground. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 499. 

People must resort to ilttij-otifs and cellar caves. 

Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 269. 

Dugungus, ii. [NL. (Tiedmann), < dugong, q. 
v.J A genus of sireuians: same as Halicorc. 
Also called Platystomus. 

dug-way (dug'wa), n. A way dug along a 
precipitous place otherwise impassable ; a road 
constructed for the passage of vehicles on the 
side of a very steep bill, along a bold river- 
front, etc. [Western U. 8.] 

dui-. [Accom. form of Skt. di-i (= E. twi-), < dva 
= L. ilni> = E. two : noting a supposed second 
following element.] A prefix attached to the 
name of a chemical element and forming with 
it a provisional name for a hypothetical ele- 
ment, which, according to the periodic system 
of Mendelejeff, should have such properties as 
to stand in the same group with the element to 
which the prefix is attached and next but one 
to it. For instance, dui-Jluorine is the name of a sup- 
posed element not yet discovered, belonging in the same 
group as fluorine and .separated from it in the group by 
manganese. 

Dujardinia (du-jar-din'i-a), n. [NL., named 
after Dujardin.] A genus of chsetopodous an- 
nelids, of the family Syllidcr. 

duke 1 (duk). . [< ME. duke, dewke, duk, due, 
douk, dove, { OF. due, dues, dux, F. due = 8p. Pg. 
duque = It. duca (Venetian doge : see doge) = 
MGr. doi>f, < L. dux (due-), a leader, general, 
ML. a duke, < L. ducere, lead : see duct. Cf. Or. 
herzog = D. hertog = Dan. herlug = Sw. hertig, 
a duke, = AS. heretoga, a general, lit. 'army- 
leader'; the second element (G. -zog, AS. -toga) 
being ult. akin to L. dux, as above. Cf. duchess, 
duchy, ducat, etc.] If. A chief; a prince; a 
commander; a leader: as, "thedutoof Edom," 
Ex. xv. 15. 

" What lord art thu ? " quath Lucifer ; a voys aloud seyde, 
" The lord of myght and of may n, that made allethynges. 
Duke of this dymme place, a-non vndo the sates." 

Piers PlOtfmm (C), xxi. 865. 

With-ynne the Cite were lij*' men defensable, that of 
the Ihik' made grete ioye when thei hym saugh. 

Merlin (E. E. T. .), ii. 188. 



Hannibal, duke of Carthage. 



Sir T. Elyot. 




Coronet of an English 
Duke. 



2. In Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal, a hereditary title of nobility, ranking 
next below that of prince, but in some instances 
a sovereign title, as in those of the dukes of 
Burgundy, Normandy, Lorraine, etc. (see 3, be- 
low), or borne as his distinguishing title by a 
prince of the blood royal. The first English duke 
was Edward the Black Prince, created 

Duke of Cornwall In 1387. Dukes, 

when British peers, sit in the House 

of Lords by right of birth; Scotch 

and Irish dukes have a right of elec- 

tion to it, in common with other 

peers of those countries, in certain 

proportions; in other countries, ex- 

cept Germany (see below), the title 

conveys no prescriptive political 

power. In Great Britain a duke's 

coronet consists of a richly chased gold circle, having on 

its upper edge eight strawberry-leaves, with or without a 

cap of crimson velvet, closed at the top with a gold tassel, 

lined with sarcenet, and turned up with ermine. 

His grandfather was Lionel duke of Clarence, 
Third son to the third Edward king of England. 

SAn*., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4. 

Next in rank [to the sovereign] among the lords tem- 
poral were the dukes. Stubbs, Const. Hist., 428. 

3. A sovereign prince, the ruler of a state 
called a duchu. In the middle ages, on the continent 
of Europe, all dukes were hereditary territorial rulers, 
generally in subordination to a king or an emperor, though 
often independent ; now only German dukes retain that 
status, and of these there are but five, those of Anhalt, 
Brunswick, Saxe-Altenburg. Haxe-Coburg-Gotha, andSaxe- 
Meiningcii. Modena and Parma, in lUly, were ruled by 
sovereign dukes until their incorporation with the king- 
dom of Italy in I860. 

4f. A name of the great eagle-owl of Europe, 
linbo majrimns, called grand-due by the French. 
5. pi. The fists. [Slang.] -Duke of Exeter's 
daughter*. See brake*, 12. Duke palatine. Seejxrfa- 
tine.lo dine with Duke Humphrey. See dine. 
duke 1 (duk), v. i. ; pret. and pp. Jiikcd, ppr. duk- 
ini/. [< duke 1 , H.] To play the duke. [Rare.] 

Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence. 

NAfii-., \i. for M.,iii. 2. 

duke-, n. A dialectal (Scotch) form of duck-. 



dulcarnon 

Thn'- dayls In dub aniang the dukit 
He did with dirt him I . 

dukedom (duk'dum), n. [< <//.vi + -dom.] 1. 
The jurisdiction, territory, or possessions of a 

duke. 

Is not a iliikeilinii, sir, a goodly gift? 

Slink., s Hen. VI., . L 

Edward III. founded the dukedom of Cornwall as the 
perpetual dignity of the kings eldest son and heir appa- 
rent. Stubbf, Const. Hist., | 428. 

2. The rank or quality of a duke, 
dukeling (duk'ling), . [< dukri + dim. -ling.} 
A petty, mean, insignificant, or mock duke. 

This dukeling mushroom 
Hath doubtless charm 'd the Unit, 

F'.r.l, IVrklli Warlwck, 11. 8. 

dukely (duk'li), a. [< dukei + -fyl.] Becom- 
ing a duke. Southey. 

dukery (du'ker-i), n. ; pi. dukeries (-iz). [< 
duke 1 + -ery.~\ A ducal territory, or a duke's 
seat : as, the Dukeries (a group of ducal seats in 
Nottinghamshire, England). Davies. [Humor- 
ous.] 

The Albertlne line, electoral though it now was, made 

apanages, subdivisions, unintelligible little dukes and du- 

keriet of a similar kind. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 859. 

England is not a dukery. Nineteenth Century. 

dukeship (duk'ship), n. [< duke* + -ship.] The 
state or dignity of a duke. 

Will your dukeship 
Sit down and eat some sugar-plums? 

Masringer, Great Duke of Florence, Iv. 2. 

duke's-meat, n. 8ame as duck-meat. 

dukesst, n. [ME. dukes, a var. of duehes: see 
duchess.'] A duchess. 

Dukhobortsi (do-ko-bdrt'si), n. pi. [Buss. 
dukhoboretsu, pi. dukhobortxi, one who denies 
the divinity of the Holy Ghost (dukhoborstto, 
a sect of such deniers), < dukhu, spirit (Srya- 
tui{ Dukhu, Holy Ghost), + boretsu, a contend- 
er, wrestler, < boroli, overcome, refl. con- 
tend, wrestle, fight.] A fanatical Russian sect 
founded in the early part of the eighteenth 
century by a soldier named Procope Loupkin, 
who pretended to make known the true spirit 
of Christianity, then long lost. They have no 
stated places of worship, observe no holy days, reject the 
use of Images and all rites and ceremonies, have no or- 
dained clergy, and do not acknowledge the divinity of 
Christ or the authority of the Scriptures, to which they 
give, in so far as they accept them, a mystical interpreta- 
tion. Owing to their murders and cruelties, they were re- 
moved to the Caucasus in 1841 and subsequent years; they 
now form a community there of seven villages. 

dulcamara (dul-ka-ma'ra), . [= P. douce- 
amere = Sp. dulcamara, 
dulzamara = Pg. It. 
duccamara, < NL. dul- 
camara, lit. bitter- 
sweet, <.\j.dulcis, sweet, 
+ amarus, bitter.] A 
pharmaceutical name 
for the bittersweet, 
Solatium Dulcamara, a 
common hedge-plant 
through Europe and the 
Mediterranean region, 
and naturalized in the 
United States. The root 
and twigs have a peculiar 
bitter-sweet taste, and have 
been used in decoction for 
the cure of diseases of the 
skin. 

dulcamarin (dul-ka-ma'rin), n. [= F. dul- 
camarine; as dulcamara + -in 2 .] A glucoside 
obtained from the Solanum Dulcamara or bit- 
tersweet, forming a yellow, transparent, resin- 
ous mass, readily soluble in alcohol, sparingly 
so in ether, and very slightly soluble in water. 

dulcarnont, n. A word occurring in the phrase 
to be at dulcarnon that is, to be at a loss, to 
be uncertain what course to take. It is found 
in the following passage from Chaucer : 

" I am, til God me liettere mynde sende. 
At dulrarnon, right at my wittes ende. 
Quod Pandarus, " Ye, nece, will ye here? 
Dulcarntm called is ' flemyng of wreches ' ; 
It semeth hard, for wreches wol nought lere, 
For veray slouthe, or other wilful teches." 

Troilut, ill. 9S1. 

Dulcarnon represents the Arabic dhu 'I karwin, 'lord of 
the two horns,' a name applied to Alexander, either be- 
cause he boasted himself the son of Jupiter Amiuon, and 
therefore had his coins stamped with honied images, or 
as some say, because he had in his power the eastern and 
western world, signified in the two horns. (Selden's 
Preface to Drayton's Polyolbion.) But the epithet was 
also applied to the 47th proposition of Euclid, in hirh 
the squares of the two sides of the right-angled triangle 
stand out something like two horns. This pr<>]H>sition 
was confounded by Chaucer with the r>th proposition, the 




famous ponst ovfnorwn. 



dulcarnon 

This, for some reason, was in the dulcimelt, 




derived "from eleiria, meaning sorrow. The passage from 
Chaucer was first thus explained in the London Athen&um, 
Sent. 23, 1871, p. :. 

dulce (duls), a. and . [Altered to suit the orig. 
L. ; early mod. E. doulce, earlier douce, < ME. 
douce, dotoce, sweet, < L. dulcis, sweet: see 
douce.] I. a. Sweet; pleasant; soothing. 

Nevertheless with much doulce and gentle terms they 
make their reasons as violent and as vehement one against 
the other as they may ordinarily. 

Quoted in Stubbs's Const. Hist., 443. 

II. n. Sweet wine ; must. See the extract. 

Sweetness is imparted by the addition of " dulce," that 
is. must, frequently made from grapes dried for some days 
in the sun. Ure, Diet., IV. 950. 

dulcet, f- * [< dulce, a.] To make sweet; ren- 
der pleasant ; soothe. 



1794 dull 

A n nVisnlctp form of dulcimer a subdivision of dulia, is that higher veneration which we 

An obs< oi awrn ner. y . as the most Malu , ( , |>( niere 

[Formerly also dulci- reatllreS] though, of course, infinitely inferior t., Cod, and 
IF. doulcentfr (Koque- incomparably inferior to Christ in his human nature. 

| dolcemele, a musical CaiA. Diet. 

instrument, <.L. dulce melo's, a sweet song: dulce, j) u u c hia (du-lik'i-a), w. [NL., < Gr. Sovfaxk, 
neut. of dulcis, sweet ; inelos, < Gr. uilwc,, a song : i on i c f orm o f rfoAi^oc; , long : see Dolichos.] The 
see melody.] 1. A musical instrument consist- typical genus of the family DuKMidce. 
ing of a body shaped like a trapezium, over Dulichiidae (du-li-kl'i-de), re. pi. [NL., < Duli- 
which are stretched a number of metallic c / (ia + .,-^j.] A family of amphipod crusta- 

AAMIM 

[NL., < Dulus + -inai.] 
ian dentirostral oscine 
passerine birds, commonly referred to the fam- 



strings,havinga compass sometimes diatonic, 
sometimes chromatic of from 2 to 3 octaves. 



D u lfo 1 5 B ( ( lu-lI'ne),n..2>Z. 
The tones are produced by striking the strings with ham- A ^^fj^jgy o f "West Indian dentirostral oscine 



ble. The dulcimer is a very ancient instrument. It is 
specially notable because it was the prototype of the 
pianoforte, which is essentially a keyed dulcimer that 



, sometimes to the Ampelidce. -It 
is* represented by the genus Dulus (which see). 

pianoforte, which is essentially a keyed dulcimer - that du m (dull a [Early mod. E. also dul, dulle; < 
is, a dulcimer whose hammers are operated by keys or OUU ^"i"/" ": !; ,>,, %r,, ' 
levers The immediate precursor of the pianoforte, how- ME. dul, dull, also dyll, dill, and in earlier use 

See harpsi- dwal, < AS. 'dwal, *dwol, found only in contr. 
form dol, stupid, foolish, erring (= OS. dol = 
OFries. dol = D. dol = MLG. dwal, dwel, dol, 



ever, the harpsichord, was a keyed psaltery. 
chord, psaltery, pianoforte. 
Here, among the fiddlers, I first saw a dulcimere played 



Severus . . . (because he 



behind at his backe) . . . wisely and with good foresight 
dulceth. and kindly intreateth the men. 

Hoi/and, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 68. 

dulcenesst (duls'nes), re. [< "dulce, a. (see 
douce, a.); < L. dulcis, sweet, + -ness.'] Sweet- 
ness ; pleasantness. 

Too much dulceness, goodness, and facility of nature. 
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 338. 



. . 

would not leave an enemie on with sticks knocking of the string^^pre^. Q ^ ^G , MHO. * G toU ma. 



It was an Abyssinian maid, 
And on her dulcimer she played. 

Coleridge, Khubla Khan. 

2f. A kind of woman's bonnet. 

With bonnet trimmed and flounced withal, 
Which they a dulcimer do call. 

Warton, High Street Tragedy. 

dulcin (dul'sin), re. [< L. dulcis, sweet, + -j2.] 



dulcet (dul'set), a. and . [Altered after L 8ame ag UKK; , wl . 

dulcis, from ME. doucet, sweet < OF. doucet, duldnesst (dul'si-nes), n. [< dulce + -y + 
F. doucet (= Pr. dosset, dousset), dim. of doux, _ ;) , 8o ft ne(j8; easiness of temper. Bacon. 
fern, douce, < L. dulcis, sweet. Cf. doucet.] n^ldiast (dul'si-nist), n. 
I. a. 1. Sweet to the sense, especially of taste; " 
luscious ; exquisite ; also, melodious ; harmo- 
nious. 

Dainty lays and dulcet melody. Spenser. 

Anou out of the earth a fabric huge 
Rose, like an exhalation, with the sound 
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet. 

Milton, P. L., i. 712. 



[< ML. DulcinisttK, 

pi., < Dulcinus, a proper name (It. Dolcino), < 
L. dulcis, sweet.] A follower of Dulcinus or 
Dolcino (born at Novara, Italy; burned alive 
in 1307), a leader of the Apostolic Brethren of 



= Icel. dulr, silent, close, = Goth, dwals, fool- 
ish), < *dwelan, pret. *dwal, pp. gedwolen, mis- 
lead, = OS. fordwelan, neglect. From the same 
root come AS. dweiian, err, dwola, dwala, error, 
gedwola = OHG. gitwola, error, etc., and ult. E. 
dwell and dwate, q. v. Cf. also dill? and dolt.] 
1. Stupid; foolish; doltish; blockish; slow of 
understanding : as, a lad of dull intellect. 

The murmur was mykell of the mayn pepnll, 
Lest thai dang hir to dethe in hor dull hate. 

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11904. 

If our Ancestors had been as dull as we have been of 
late, 'tis probable we had never known the way so much 
as to the East Indies. Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 102. 

Among those bright folk not the dullest one. 

William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 366. 



UK^authority oniie ^piJraUisfnmnta^ in thought, expression, or action : as, a surfeit 

ment, and all rites and ceremonies. They held that all leaves one dull; a dull thinker; a dull sermon ; 



So mild and dulcet as the flesh of young pigs. 

Lamb, Roast Pig. 



law and all rights of property should be abolished, and 
that the rite of marriage should be superseded by a 
merely spiritual and celibate union of man and wife. 



2 Agreeable to the mind. dulcitamine (dul-sit-am'in), n. [< dulcite + 

They have . . . styled poesy a dulcet and_gentle phi- amine.] In chem., acompoundjrf dulcitan_with 

losophy. 
Il.t . The sweetbread. 



B. Jouson, Discoveries, ammonia, having the formua eQ5 2 . 
dulcitan(dul'si-tan), n. [< dulcite + -an.] The 
anhydrid of dulcitol (C 6 H 12 O 5 ), an alcohol pre- 



Thee stagg upbreaking they slit to the dulcet or inche- . . ,~ 

pyn. Stanikurst, Mneid, i. 218. pared by heating dulcitol. 

dulcetness (dul'set-nes), re. Sweetness. dulcite (dul'sit), re. [<^.dulcis, 

Be 

with th<_ . . . 

brevity and short time that we have to use them should 
assuage their dulcetness. 

J. Bradford, Writings (Parker Soc.), I. 338. 

dulciant, . [= Dan. Sw. dulcian = OF. doul- 
gaine, doucainite, dmiceine, also doulcine, dou- 
cinc, a flute, = Sp. dulzaina = Pg. dulqaina, do- 

faina, doqainha, < ML. dulciana, a kind of bas- dulcitudet (dul'si-tud), re. [< L. dulcitudo, 
soon, < L. dulcis, sweet: see dulce.] A small sweetness, < dulcis, sweet: see dulce, douce.] 
bassoon. Sweetness. E. Phillips, 1706. 

dulciana (dul-si-an'a), n. [ML., a kind of bas- dulcoratet (dul'ko-rat), v. t. [< LL. dulcoratus, 
soon: see dulcian.]" In organ-building, a stop pp. of dulcorare, sweeten, < dulcoi^ sweetness, 
having metal pipes of small scale, and giv- 
ing thin, incisive, somewhat string-like tones. 
The word was formerly applied to a reed stop 
of delicate tone. See dulcian. Also called 



. Same as dulcitol. 

it so that there were no discommodities mingled j,,i-j + ,.i /j-.i'-j tn n n r< tJtiJntp + nl 1 A 
the commodities; yet as I before have said, the flUlCltOl (dul Sl-tol), re. \\ OUlClte -r -O(.J A 

saccharine substance (C 6 H;uOe), similar to and 
isomerie with mannite, which occurs in various 
plants, and is commercially obtained from an 
unknown plant in Madagascar, and in the crude 
state is called Madagascar manna. Also called 
dulcite, dulcin, dulcose. 



< L. dulcis, sweet: see dulce.] 
make less acrimonious. 



To sweeten; 



The ancients, for the dulcoratiny of fruit, do commend 
swines-dung above all other dung. 

Bacon, Nat. Hist., 465. 



a dull stream ; trade is dull. 

Their hands and their minds through idleness or lack of 
exercise should wax dull. 

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i. 

It can never be known, till she is tried, whether a new 

ship will or will not be a good sailer ; for the model of a 

good-sailing ship has been exactly followed in a new one, 

which has been proved, on the contrary, remarkably dull. 

Franklin, Autobiog., p. 262. 

3. Wanting sensibility or keenness ; not quick 
in perception: as, dull of hearing ; dull of seeing. 

And yet, tho' its voice be so clear and full, 
You never would hear it ; your ears are so dull. 

Tennyson, The Poet's Mind. 

4. Sad; melancholy; depressed; dismal. 

If thi herte be dulle and myrke and felis nother witt ne 
sauour ne deuocyone for to thynke. 

Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 40. 

5. Not pleasing or enlivening; not exhilarat- 
ing; causing dullness or ennui; depressing; 
cheerless : as, dull weather ; a dull prospect. 

He from the Rain-bow, as he came that way, 
Borrow'd a Lace of those fair woven beams 
Which clear Heavens blubber'd face, and gild dull day. 
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 59. 



dolcan. 
dulciflcation (dul"si-fi-ka'shon), n. [= F. dul- dulcorationt (dul-ko-ra'shon), n. [< ML. dul- 

cification = Sp. dulcificacion. = Pg. dwlcificaqao coratio(n-), < LL. dulcorare, sweeten: see dul- 

= It. dolcificazione, < L. as if *dulcificatio(n-), < 

dulcijicare, sweeten: see dulcify.] The act of 

sweetening ; the act of freeing from acidity, 

saltness, or acrimony. E. Phillips, 1706. 
dulcifluous (dul-sif 'lo-us), a. [< ML. dulcifluus. 



Fly, 1y, profane fogs, far hence fly away ; 

Taint not the pure streamr -' " s- 

With your dull influence. 



Taint not the pure streams of the springing day 

Crashaw, A Foul Morning. 



< L. dulcis, sweet, + -fluus, (.jlucre, flow.] Flow- 
ing sweetly. Bailey, 1727. 
dulcify (dul'si-fi), ._.; pret. and pp. dulcified, 



corate."] The act of sweetening. 

The fourth is in the dulcoration of some metals ; as 
saccharum Saturni, &c. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 358. 

dulcose (dul'kos), re. [< L. dulcis, sweet, + 
-ose.] Same as dulcitol. 

Same as dool, a dialectal form of 



more agreeable to the taste. 
Can you sublime and dulcify? calcine? 

B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. 

Other beneficial inventions peculiarly his; such as the 
dulcifying sea-water with that ease and plenty. 

Evelyn, To Mr. Wotton. 

2. To render more agreeable in any sense. 



fed in good-humour. ' Lamb, Artificial Comedy. 

Dulcified spirit, a compound of alcohol with mineral 
ucids : as, dulcified spirits of niter. 
dulciloquyt (diil-sil'o-kwi), re. [= Pg. It. dul- 
ciloquo, It. also dolcitoquo, < LL. duleilo<[tius, 
sweetly speaking, < L. dulc-is, sweet, + loqui, 
speak.] A soft manner of speaking. Bailey, 
1731. 



There are very few people who do not find a voyage 
which lasts several months insupportably dull. 

Macaulay, Warren Hastings. 

Dull, dreary Hats without a bush or tree. 

Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook. 

6. Gross; inanimate; insensible. 

Looks on the dull earth with disturbed mind. 

Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 340. 

7. Not bright or clear ; not vivid ; dim ; ob- 
scure : as, a dull fire or light ; a dull red color ; 
the mirror gives a dull reflection. 

One dull breath against her glass. 

D. Q. Rossetti, Love's Nocturn. 

By night, the interiors of the houses present a more dull 
appearance than in the day. 

E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 188. 

8. Not sharp or acute; obtuse; blunt: as, a 
dull sword ; a dull needle. 

The murtherous knife was dull and bhmt. 

Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4. 

I wear no dull sword, sir, nor hate I virtue. 

Jie.au. and FL, Knight of Malta, ii. 3. 

Wielding the dull axe of Decay. 

Whittitr, Mogg Megone. 

9. Not keenly felt ; not intense : as, a dull pain. 
Latria, or supreme worship, is due to Cod alone, and can- =Syn 1 Silly etc. See simple. 

not be transferred to any creature without the horrible Anil 1 (dull V T= E dial, dill: < ME. didlen, 

sin of idolatry. Duita Is that secondary veneration which in j-.v j n / j 771 i T /..,,,. 

Catholics give to saints and angels as the servants and <'<. Ml, make dull ; < dull], (t.] I trans. 

special friends of God. Lastly, hyperdulia, which is only 1 . To make dull, stupid, heavy, insensible, etc . ; 



re. [Origin not ascertained.] 
., a peg of wood which joins the ends of 
that form the round of the wheel 
of a gun-carriage. 

Dules (du'lez), re. [NL. (Cuvier, 1829), irreg. < 
Gr. <5oi/loc, a slave. Prop. Dulus, as applied to 
a genus of birds.] A genus of serranoid fishes, 
characterized by a lash-like extension of a spine 
of the dorsal fin, the body being thus under the 
lash, whence the name, 
dule-tree, re. See dool-tree. 



iiwj.u ujfs..i. v- v-cuj-nj ii CULL Y at-U-ou. , , . 7-i*-i-*.\ r- -T s /-* f ^ ' 

His harshest tones in this part came steeped and dulci- dulia (du-ll'a), re [ML., < Gr. AajUfa, service. 



servitude, < Sov^oc, a slave.] An inferior kind 
of worship paid to saints and angels in the Ro- 
man Catholic Church. Also duly, doulia. 
Catholic theologians distinguish three kinds of cultus. 



dull 

lessen the vigor, activity, or sensitiveness of; 
render inanimate; dump: as, to dull tin- \vits; 
to dull the senses. 

How may ye thus ineane you with mails, for shame ! 

Yoniv dedis mi- </</ll<*. ,\ dos out of hope. 

11,-itrni-tiitii i,/ /,,/ (I). E. T. S.), 1. 11314. 

I hate to hearc, lowd plaints have ifulrl mine eares. 

.S'/x'/wcr, l>aphnalda, v. 

Those | dnii;.-, | she has 
\Vi1l stupify ami /"// Hie sens*; awhile. 

Shak., Cymbeline, 1.6. 

The nobles and the people are all dull d 
With this usurping Bng. 

I '.mi. and /'/ . Philaster, iii. 

tint! not thy days away In slothful supinity and the 
tediousness of doing nothing. 

Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., I. xxxlll. 

2. To render dim; sully; tarnish or cloud : as, 
the breath dulls a mirror. 

She deem'd no mist of earth could dull 
Those spirit-thrilling eyes so keen and beautiful. 

Tennysnn, Ode to Memory. 

3. To make less sharp or acute; render blunt 
or obtuse: as, to dull a knife or a needle. 4. 
To make less keenly felt ; moderate the inten- 
sity of : as, to it nil pain. 

Weep; weeping dulls the inward pain. 

Tennyson, To J. S. 

II. intrans. If. To become dull or blunt ; be- 
come stupid. 

Right nought am I thurgh youre doctriue, 
I dull? under youre discipline. 

Rom. of the Base, 1. 4792. 

Which [wit] rusts and tints, except It subiect flnde 
Worthy it's worth, whereon it self to grinde. 

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, i. 6. 

2. To become calm; moderate: as, the wind 
dulled, or dulled down, about twelve o'clock. 
[Rare.j 3. To become deadened in color; 
lose brightness. 

The day had dulled somewhat, and far out among the 
western isles that lay along the horizon there was a faint, 
still mist that made them shadowy and vague. 

W. Black, A Daughter of Heth, xx. 

dull 2 (dul), n. [Origin obscure ; there is no 
evidence to connect it with dole 3 , < L. dolun, a 
device, artifice, snare, net, < Gr. AW-of, a bait 
for fish, a snare, net, device, artifice.] A noose 
of string or wire used to snare fish; usually, 
a noose of bright copper wire attached by a 
short string to a stout pole. [Southern U. S.] 

dull 2 (dul), v. i. [< dull?, n.] To fish with a 
dull : as, to dull for trout. [Southern U. S.] 

I hope that the barbarous practice called dulling has 
gone out of fashion. Forest and Stream, March 11, 1880. 

dullard (dul'ard), n. and ft. [< ME. dullarde; 
< dull + -ard"] I. 11. A dull or stupid person; 
a dolt ; a blockhead ; a dunce. 

They which cannot doe it are holden dullards and 
blockes. riirflins. Pilgrimage, p. 342. 

!H. . Dull ; doltish ; stupid. 

But would I bee a poet if I might, 

To rub my browes three days, and wake three nights, 

And bite my nails, and scratch my dullard head? 

Bp. Hall, Satires, I. Iv. 

dullardism (dul'ar-dizm), n. [< dullard + 
-ixiii.] Stupidity;doltishness. Maunder. [Rare.] 
dull-brained (dul'brand), a. Having a dull 
brain; being slow to understand or compre- 
hend. 

This arm of mine hath chastised 
The petty rebel, dull-brain'd Buckingham. 

Shak., Rich. III., IT. 4. 

dull-browed (dul'broud), a. Having a gloomy 
brow or look. 

Let us screw our pampered hearts a pitch beyond the 
reach of dull-brou<ed sorrow. 

Quarle*, Judgment and Mercy. 

duller (dul'er),. Onewhoorthatwhichmakes 
dull. 

Your grace must fly phlebotomy, fresh pork, conger, 

and clarified whey ; they are all dullers of the vital spirits. 

Beau, and Ft., Philastcr, ii. 1. 

dulleryt (dul'er-i), . [= MLG. dullerie; as 
dull -I- -fryi.] Dullness; stupidity. 

Master Autitus of fresseplots was licentiated, and had 
passed his degrees in all dullery and bloekishness. 

Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, II. 11. 

dull-eyed (dul'id), a. Having eyes dull in ex- 
pression ; being of dull vision. 

I'll not lie made a soft and dull^y'd fool. 

Shak'., M. of V.. iii. X. 

dullhead (dul'hed), H. A person of dull under- 
standing ; a dolt ; a blockhead. 

This people (sayth he) l>e fooles and tliilhetlfit to all 
goodnes. A.*-lnii/i. The s ( -link-master, p. 7(1. 

[< (lull + -ishl.] Some- 



1795 

They are somewhat heavy In motion and t/ullinh, which 
must lie imputed to the quality of the elime. 

//,, Parly of leasts, p. 12. 

dullness, dulness (dul'nes), . [< ME. dul- 
//c.sw, ilnlliiifi. tin/in sue, dolncs; < dull + -ness.] 
The state or quality of being dull, in any sense 
of that word. 

Thou art Inclin'd to sleep ; 'tis a good dulness, 
And give it way. Shak., Tempest, i. 2. 

Dttlness, that in a playhouse meets disgrace, 
Might meet with reverence In its proper place. 

Dryden, Troilus and Cresslda, Prol., I. 25. 
Nor Is the dulnrns of the scholar to extinguish, but 
rather to inllame, the charity of the teacher. 

South, Sermons. 
And gentle Dulnetis ever loves a joke. 

/'../. Dunciad, II. 34. 

When coloured windows came Into use, the comparative 
dulness of the former mode of decoration [fresco] was im- 
mediately felt. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 620. 
Cardiac dullness. See cardiac. = Syn. Baldness, Heavi- 
ness, etc. (in style). See frigidity. 
dully (dul'li), rfr. In a dull manner; stupid- 
ly; sluggishly; without life or spirit; dimly; 
bluntly. 
She has a sad and darkened soul, loves itnllti. 

Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 1. 
The dome dully tinted with violet mica. 

L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 317. 

dully (dul'i), a. [< dull + -y.] Somewhat 
dull. [Poetical.] 

Far off she seem'd to hear the dully sound 

of human footsteps fall. Tennyson, Palace of Art 

dulness, . See dullness. 

dulocracyt (du-lok'ra-si), n. [Also written dou- 
locracy ; < Gr. iovAoK/iaTia, < ioiil.oc, a slave, + 
-Kparia, < Kparciv, rule. ] Predominance of slaves ; 
a government of or by means of slaves. E. 
Phillips, 1706. 

dulse (duls), . [Also dial, dullis, dilse, dills, 
dillisk; < Gael, duileasg, duileosg = Ir. duileasg, 
duilliasg, dulse, perhaps < Gael. Ir. duille, a leaf, 
+ (Ir. ) uisge, water: see usquebaugh, whisky.] 
A seaweed, Rhodymenia palmata, belonging to 
the order Floridea;. It has bright-red, broadly wedge- 
shaped fronds, from 6 to 12 inches long and 4 to 8 inches 
broad, irregularly cleft or otherwise divided, and often 
bearing frondlete on the margin. It Is common between 
tide-marks, and extends into deeper waters, adhering to 
the rocks and to other alga?. It is eaten in New England 
and in Scotland ; in Iceland It is an important plant, and 
Is stored in casks to be eaten with fish; in Kamtchatka a 
fermented liquor is made from it. In the south of England 
this name is given also to another alga of the same order, 
Iridcea edulis. 

What dost thou here, young wife, by the water-side, 
Gathering crimson dulse! Celia Thaxter, All's Well. 

Craw dulse, Rhodymenia ciliata. [Scotch.] Pepper 
dulse, Laurencia pinnatifida. [Scotch.] 
Dulus (du'lus), . [NL. (Vieillot, 1816), < Gr. 
<5oWof, a slave. The bird used to be called Taii- 
gara esclace.] A genus of probably vireonine 




dullish (dul'ish), a. 
what Uull. 



dentirostral oscine birds of the West Indies, 
representing a subfamily IMime, the position 
of which is unsettled. In some respects it re- 
sembles Icteria. D. dominions is the only es- 
tablished species. 

dulwllly (dul'wil-i), M. [E. dial.] The ring- 
plover, JEgialites hiaticula. Montagu. 
duly 1 (du'li), adv. [< ME. ditely, dewly, diewly, 
durliclir; < duel- + -fy 2 .] In a due manner; 
when or as due; agreeably to obligation or 
propriety; exactly; fitly; properly. 

Vnto my dygnytc dere sail difirly be dyghte 
A place full of plente to my plesyng at ply. 

York Plays, p. 1. 

That they may have their wages duly paid them, 
And something over to remember me by. 

Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. -2. 

As our Saviour, during his forty days' stay on earth, 
fully enabled his apnstlcs to attest his resurrection, so did 
lu- qualify them thili/ to preaeh liis dnctrine. 

llji. Ath'rhtirv. Sermons, II. vii. 
Seldom at church, 'twas such a busy life ; 
But (tulit sent his family and wife. 

Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 382. 



dumb-cake 

None duly loves thcr but who, nobly free 
Kroin sensual object*, finds his all in (her. 

Cowper, Glory to I Jod Alone. 

duly' 2 (du'li), w. [< dulia, q. v.] Same as diilia. 

Now call you this devotion, as you please, whether duly 
or hyperduly or indirect, <n- n dm iin . 1,1 1 . llccted or ana- 
gogical worship, which i lii-stnved on sneh images. 

/;/ < tut, Saul and Samuel at Kndor, p. 852. 

dumt, ft. An obsolete spelling of. dumb. 
dumal (du'mal), a. [< LL. dumalis, < L. <l- 
mus, Oil. dujtmus, a thorn-bush, a bramble, per- 
haps akin (as if a contraction of 'tlensimus) to 
densus = Gr. cJofjiV, thick, dense: see dense.] 
Pertaining to briers ; bushy, 
dumb (dum), a. [Early mod. E. also dum, 
dunibc; < ME. dumb, domli, donnib, < AS. dumb, 
mute, = OPries. dumbe, dumi = D. dom = 
MLG. LG. dum, dull, stupid, = OHG. tumb, 
MHG. tump, turn, G. (with LG. rf) dumtn, mute, 
stupid, = Icel. diimbr, dumbi. mute, = Sw. dumb, 
mute, ffuw-stupid, = Dan. ai, stupid, = Goth. 
dumbs. OHG. tumb, G. dumm, is found also in 
sense of 'deaf (OHG. toup); cf. Gr. n^.oc, 
blind ; perhaps the two words are ult. con- 
nected, the orig. sense being then 'dull of per- 
ception.' See deaf.] 1. Mute; silent; refrain- 
ing from speech. 
I was dumb with silence ; I held my peace. Ps. xxxlx. 2. 

Dnmbe as any ston, 
Thou sittest ut another booke, 
Tyl fully dasewyd is thy looke. 

Chaucer, House of Kaine, 1. 658. 
To praise him we sould not be dum in. 

Battle of Harlaw (LIMA'S Ballads, VII. 189). 

Since they never hope to make Conscience dumb, they 
would have it sleep as much as may be. 

Stillinifjteet, Sermons, I. xi. 

2. Destitute of the power of speech ; unable to 
utter articulate sounds: as, a deaf and dumh 
person; the dumb brutes. 3. Mute; not accom- 
panied with or emitting speech or sound : as, a 
i(nml> show ; dumb signs. 

Such shapes, such gesture, and such sound, expressing 
(Although they want the use of tongue) a kind 
Of excellent dumb discourse. Shak., Tempest, ill. 3. 
You shan't come near him ; none of your dumb signs. 
Steele, Lying Lover, ill. 1. 

Hence 4. Lacking some usual power, mani- 
festation, characteristic, or accompaniment; 
destitute of reality in some respect ; irregular; 
simulative: as, dumb ague; dumb craft. See 
phrases below. 5. Dull; stupid; doltish. [Lo- 
cal, U. S. In Pennsylvania this use is partly 
due to the G. dumm.} 6. Deficient in clear- 
ness or brightness, as a color. [Rare.] 

Her stern was painted of a ihnnlt white or dun colour. 

Df/or. 

Deaf and dumb. See deaf-mute^ Dumb ague, a IHIPH- 
lar name of an irregular intermittent fever, lacking the 
usual chill or cold stage; masked fever. Dumb bors- 
holder, an old staff of office, serving also as an imple- 
ment to break open doors and the like In the service of 
the law, of which an example is preserved at Twyford in 
the county of Kent, England. It was made of wood, aliout 
3 feet long, with an iron spike at one end and several iron 
rings attached, through which cords could be passed. J. 
A. A., IX. 505. Dumb compass. See coin nun. Dumb 
craft, lighters and boats not having sails. Dumb cram- 
bo, furnace, etc. See the nouns. Dumb piano. Same 
as diqitorium. Dumb spinet. Same as manichord. 
To strike dumb, to render silent from astonishment ; 
confound ; astonish. 

Alas ! this parting strikes poor lovers dumb. 

Sliak., T. O. of V., II. 2. 
= Syn. 1 and 2. Mute, etc. See silent. 
dumb (dum), v. [< ME. doumben, < AS. d-dtim- 
IIIIIH. intr., become dumb, be silent, < dumb, 
dumb: see dumb, a.] I.t intrans. To become 
dumb ; be silent. 

I doumbed and meked and was fill still--. 

Ps. xxxviii. 3 (ME. version). 

II. trans. To make dumb; silence; over- 
power the sound of. 

An arm-gaunt steed, 

Who neigh'd so high, that what I would have spoke 
Was beastly dumb'd by him. Shalt., A. and <'., I. 5. 

dumb-bell (dum'bel), w. One of a pair of 
weights, each consisting of two balls joined by 
a bar, intended to be swung in the hands for 
the sake of muscular exercise, made of iron, or 
for very light exercise of hard wood. 

Brandishing of two sticks, grasped in each hand and 
loaden with plugs of lead at either end : . . . sometimes 
practised in the present day, and called "ringingofthc 
tininh bell*." Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 142. 

dumb-bidding (dum 'bid 'ing), . A form of 
bidding at auctions, where the exposer puts a 
reserved bid under a candlestick or other cov- 
ering, and no sale is effected unless the bidding 
comes up to that. 

dumb-cake (dum'kak), n. A cake made in si- 
lence ou St. Mark's Eve, with numerous cere- 



dumb-cake 

monies, by maids, to discover their future hus- 
bands. [Local, Eng.] 

dumb-cane (dum'kan), . An araceous plant 
of the West Indies, Die/enbachia Seguiiie: so 
called from the fact that its acridity causes 
swelling of the tongue when chewed, and de- 
stroys the power of speech. 

dumb-chalder (dum'chal"der), n. In ship-build- 
ing, a metal cleat bolted to the after part of 
the stern-post, for one of the rudder-pintles to 
play on. 

dumb-craft (dum'kraft), An instrument 
somewhat similar to the screw-jack, having 
wheels and pinions which protrude a ram, the 
point of which communicates the power. 

dumbfound, dumbfounder. See dumfound, 
duiiifnunder. 

durable 1 (dum'bl), a. [E. dial., < dumb + dim. 
or freq. term, -fe'.] Stupid ; very dull. Halli- 



dumble' 2 t (dum'bl), . [E. dial., = dimble, q. v.] 
Same as dimble. 

dumbledore (dum'bl-dor), n. [E. dial., also 
written dumblcdor; < "dumble = D. dommelen, 
buzz, mumble, slumber, doze (perhaps ult. imi- 
tative, like bumble-, humblebee), + dore, dor, a 
bumblebee, a black beetle, a cockchafer : see 
dor 1 .] 1. The bumblebee. 

Betsy called it [the monk's hood] the dumbledore' a de- 
light. Soulhey, The Doctor, viii. 

2. The brown cockchafer. 

dumbly (dum'li), adv. [< dumb + -fy 2 .] Mute- 
ly ; silently ; without speech or sound. 
Cross her hands humbly, 
As if praying dumbly, 
Over her breast. Hood, Bridge of Sighs. 

dumbness (dum'nes), . 1. Muteness ; silence; 
abstention from speech ; absence of sound. 
Take hence that once a king ; that sullen pride 
That swells to dumbness. 

Dryden, Don Sebastian, HI. 1. 

2. Incapacity for speaking ; inability to utter 
articulate sounds. See deafness. 

In the first case the demoniac or madman was dumb ; 
and his dumbness probably arose from the natural turn 
of his disorder. 

Farmer, Demoniacs of New Testament, i. 5. 

dumb-show (dum'sho'), n. 1. A part of a 
dramatic representation shown pantomimi- 
cally, chiefly for the sake of exhibiting more 
of the story than could be otherwise included, 
but sometimes merely emblematical. Dumb- 
shows were very common in the earlier English 
dramas. 

Groundlings who, for the most part, are capable of no- 
thing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise. 

Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 

The Julian feast is to-day, the country expects me ; I 

speak all the dumb-shows : my sister chosen for a nymph. 

Fletcher ami Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 1. 

2. Gesture without words ; pantomime : as, to 
tell a story in dumb-show. 

dumb-Waiter (dum'wa'ter), . A framework 
with shelves, placed between a kitchen and a 
dining-room for conveying food, etc. When the 
kitchen is in the basement story the dumb-waiter is bal- 
anced by weights, so as to move readily up and down by the 
agency of cords and pulleys. The name is also given to a 
small table or stand, sometimes with a revolving top, placed 
at a person's side in the dining-room, to hold dessert, etc., 
until required. 

Mr. Meagles . . . gave a turn to the dumb-waiter on his 
right hand to twirl the sugar towards himself. 

Dickens, Little Dorrit, i. 16. 

dumetose (du'me-tos), a. [< L. dumetum, dum- 
metum, OL. dumectum, a thicket, < dumus, a 
bramble: see dumal,'} In bot., bush-like. 
dumfound, dumbfound (dum-found'), v. t. 
[Orig. a dial, or slang word, < dumb 4- appar. 
-found in confound.'] To strike dumb ; confuse ; 
stupefy; confound. 

Words which would choke a Dutchman or a Jew, 
Dumfound Old Nick, and which from me or you 
Could not be forced by ipecacuanha, 
I imp from his oratorio lips like manna. Southey. 
I waited doggedly to hear him [Landor] begin his cele- 
bration of them [pictures], dumfounded between my moral 
obligation to be as truthful as I dishonestly could and my 
social duty not to give offense to my host. 

Lou-ell, The Century, XXXV. 514. 

dumfounder, dumbfounder (dum-foun'der), 
r. t. [Another form of dumfound, apparent- 
ly simulating founder^, sink.] Same as dum- 
found. [Rare.] 

There is but one way to browbeat this world, 
Dumbfounder doubt, and repay scorn in kind 
To go on trusting, namely, till faith move 
Mountains. Browning, King and Book, I. 114. 

Dumicola (du-mik'o-lS), n. [NL. (Swainson, 
1831, as Dumecola),'<. L. dumus, a bramble, + 
colere, inhabit.] A genus of South American 



1796 

tyrant flycatchers, of the family Tyrannidce, 
containing such species as D. diops. Also 
called Musciphaga and Hemitriceus. 
dummador (dum'a-dor), . Same as dumble- 
dore. 

dummerert (dum'er-er), n. [< dumb + double 
suffix -cr-er."] A dumb person ; especially, one 
who feigns dumbness. 

Equall to the Cranck in dissembling is the Dummerar; 
for, as the other takes vpon him to haue the falling sick- 
nesse, so this counterfets Dumbnes. 

Dekker, Belman of London (ed. 1608), sig. D, 3. 
Every village almost will yield abundant testimonies 
[of counterfeits] amongst us ; we have dvmmtrtrt, &c. 

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 159. 

dumminess (dum'i-nes), n. The character of 
being dumb ; stupidity. 

A little anecdote . . . which . . . strikingly illustrates 
the dumminess of a certain class of the English popula- 
tion. C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 292, note. 

dummy (dum'i), n. and a. [= Sc. dumbic; 
dim. of dumb, duni.] I. n.; pi. dummies (-iz). 
1. One who is dumb; a dumb person; a mute. 
[Colloq.] 2. One who is silent ; specifically, 
in tlieat,, a person on the stage who appears be- 
fore the lights, but has nothing to say. 3. One 
who or that which lacks the reality, force, func- 
tion, etc. , which it appears to possess; some- 
thing that imitates a reality- in a mechanical 
way or for a mechanical purpose. Specifically 
(a) Some object made up to deceive, as a sham package, 
a wooden cheese, an imitation drawer, etc. (d) Some- 
thing used as a block or model in exhibiting articles of 
dress, etc. (c) A specimen or sample of the size and 
appearance of something which is to be made, as a book 
composed of sheets of blank paper bound together, (d) 
Something employed to occupy or mark temporarily a par- 
ticular space in any arrangement of a number of articles. 
4. In mech. : (a) A dumb-waiter. (6) A loco- 
motive with a condensing-engine, and hence 
avoiding the noise of escaping steam : used es- 
pecially for moving railroad-cars in the streets 
of a city, or combined in one with a passenger- 
car for local or street traffic, (c) The name 
given by firemen to one of the jets from the 
mains or chief water-pipes, (d) A hatters' 
pressing-iron. 5. In card-playing: (.) An ex- 
posed hand of cards, asm whist when three play. 
(6) A game of whist in which three play, the 
fourth hand being placed face up. One player, 
with this and his own hand, plays against the 
other two Double dummy, a game at whist with 
only two players, each having two hands of cards, one of 
them exposed. 

II. n. If. Silent; mute. Clarke. 2. Sham; 
fictitious; feigned: as, a dummy watch. 

About 1770 it became fashionable to wear two watches ; 
but this was an expensive luxury, and led to the manufac- 
ture of dummy watches. 

F. Vors, Bibelots and Curios, p. 83. 

It is also probable that farms made up in whole or part 
of land obtained by dummy entries would, for some time 
at least, be returned as having separate owners and there- 
fore as separate farms. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 388. 

Dumont's blue. See Hue, n. 

dumortierite (du-mdr'ter-it), n. [After M. 
Eugene Dumortier.~\ A silicate of aluminium 
of a bright-blue color, occurring in fibrous forms 
in the gneiss of Chaponost near Lyons, and else- 
where. 

dumose, dumous (du'mos, du'mus), a. [< L. 
dumosus, dummosus, OL. dusmosus, bushy, < du- 
mus, a thorn-bush, a bramble : see dumal.] 1. 
In hot., having a compact, bushy form. 2. 
Abounding in bushes and briers. 

dump 1 (dump), n. [< "dump, adj., Sc. dumpli, 
dull, insipid ; prob. < Dan. dump, dull, low, hol- 
low, = G. dumpf, damp, musty, dull, esp. of 
sound, low, heavy, indistinct, muffled (< MHO. 
dimpfen, steam, reek); cf. D. dompig, damp, 
hazy, misty, = LG. dumpig, damp, musty, = 
Sw. dial, dumpin, melancholy (pp. of dimba, 
steam, reek), Sw. dumpig, damp: see below. 
Cf . D. dampen, quench, put out ; from the same 
source as damp, q. v.] 1. A dull, gloomy state 
of the mind; sadness; melancholy; sorrow; 
heaviness of heart: as, to be in the dumps. 
[Regularly used only in the plural, and usually 
in a humorous or derogatory sense.] 

Some of our poore familie be fallen into such dumpes, 
that scantly can any such cumfort as my poore uit can 
geue them any thing asswage their sorow. 

Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 3. 
Why, how now, daughter Katharine? In your dumps? 
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. 
Gent. But where's my lady? 

Pet. In her old dumps within, monstrous melancholy. 
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 2. 
His head like one in doleful dtnnp 
Between his knees. 

S. Butler, Hudibras, II. i. 106. 

I know not whether it was the dumps or a budding ec- 
stasy. Thoreau, Walden, p. 242. 



dump 

2t. Meditation; reverie. Locke. 3. pi. Twi- 
light. [Proy. Eng.] 4f. (a) A slow dance 
with a peculiar rhythm. 

And then they would have handled me a new way ; 
The devil's dump had been danc'd then. 

Fletcher, Pilgrim, v. 4. 
(6) Music for such a dance. 

Visit by night your lady's chamber-window 
With some sweet concert: to their instruments 
Tune a deploring dump. Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 2. 

(c) Any tune. 
0, play me some merry dump, to comfort me. 

Shak., R. and J., iv. 5. 

dump 2 (dump), v. [< ME. dumpen, rarely dam- 
pen, tr. cast down suddenly, intr. fall down sud- 
denly (not in AS.); = Norw. dumpa, fall down 
suddenly, fall or leap into the water, = Sw. dial. 
dumpa, make a noise, dance clumsily, dompa, 
fall down suddenly,=Icel. dumpa (once), thump, 
= Dan. dumpe, intr. thump, plump, tr. dip, as 
a gun, = D. dampen, tr., dip, as a gun, dompclcn, 
tr., plunge, dip, immerse, = LG. dumpeln, intr., 
drift about, be tossed by wind and waves ; all 
from a strong verb repr. by Sw. dimpa, pret. 
damp, pp. neut. dumpit, fall down, plump. Cf. 
thump.] I. trans. 1. To throw down violently ; 
plunge; tumble. [Obsolete, except as a col- 
loquialism in the United States : as, the bully 
was dumped into the street.] 

Than sail the rainbow descend. . . . 
Wit[h] the wind than sail it mell, 
And driue tham dun all vntil hell 
And dump the deuls [devils) thider in. 

Cursor Mundi, 1. 22639. 
Kene men sail the kepe, 
And do the dye on a day, 
And damp the in the depe. 

Minot, Poems (ed. Eitson), p. 47. 

2. To put or throw down, as a mass or load 
of anything; unload; especially, to throw down 
or cause to fall out by tilting up a cart: as, to 
dump a stickful of type (said by printers) ; to 
dump bricks, or a load of brick. [U. S.] 

The equipage of the campaign is dumped near the store- 
cabin. W. Barrows, Oregon, p. 137. 
Dumped like a load of coal at every door. 

Lowell, To G. W. Curtis. 

3. To plunge into. [Scotch.] 4. To knock 
heavily. [Prov. Eng.] 

II. intrans. If. To fall or plunge down sud- 
denly. 

Vp so doun schal ye dumpe depe to the abyme. 

Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 362. 
The folke in the Mete felly thai drownen : 
Thai dump in the depe, and to dethe passe. 

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13289. 

2. To unload a cart by tilting it up; dispose 
of a refuse load by throwing it out at a certain 
place: as, you must not dump there. [U.S.] 

3. In printing, to remove type from the stick and 
place it on the galley: as, where shall I dumpt 

dump 2 (dump), n. [= Norw. dump, a sudden fall 
or plunge, also the sound of something falling, 
also a gust of wind, a squall, = Dan. dump, 
the sound of something falling ; from the verb. 
Hence dumpy, dumpling.'] 1. The sound of a 
heavy object falling; a thud. 2. Anything 
short, thick, and heavy. Hence 3. A clumsy 
medal of lead formerly made by casting in 
moist sand ; specifically, a leaden counter used 
by boys at chuckfarthing and similar games. 
The dumps still existing are generally impressed with char- 
acters, often letters, perhaps the initials of the maker. 
Thy taws are brave, thy tops are rare, 
Our tops are spun with coils of care, 
Our dumps are no delight. 
Hood, Ode on Prospect of Clapham Academy. 

4. A small coin of Australia. 

The small colonial coin denominated dumps have all 
been called in. Sydney Gazette, January, 1S23. 

If the dollar passes current for five shillings, the iinm/i 
lays claim to fifteen pence value still in silver money. 

Sydney Gazette, January, 1823. 

5. pi. Money; "chink." [Slang.] 

May I venture to say when a gentleman jumps 
In the river at midnight for want of the dumps, 
He rarely puts on his knee-breeches and pumps? 

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 37. 

6. A place for the discharge of loads from 
carts, trucks, etc., by dumping; a place of de- 

Fosit for offal, rubbish, or any coarse material. 
U.S.] 

A sort of platform on the edge of the dump. There, in 
old days, the trucks were tipped and the loads sent thun- 
dering down the chute. The Century, XXVII. I'll. 
We sat by the margin of the iliiniti and saw, far below 
us, the green tree-tops standing still in the clear air. 

The Centura, XXVII. 38. 

The next point is to get sufficient grade or fall to carry 
away the immense masses of debris : that is, the miner 
has to look out for his "dump." 

Eissler, Hod. High Explosives, p. 278. 



dump 

7. The pile of matter HO deposited ; specifically, 
the pile of refuse rock around the mouth of a 
shaft or adit-level. [U. S.J 8. A nail. See 
the extract. [Eng.] 

Nails of mixed metal being termed dmnpt. 

Thearle, Naval Arch., S 21. 

dump- 1 (dump). 11. [Cf. Norw. dump, a pit, 
pool, also the bottom of a carriage or sleigh ; 
LG. dumpfel, tiimpfel, an eddy, a deep place in 
a lake or sirriim, orig. a place that "plunges" 
down ; ult. from the verb represented by <////-', 
.] A deep hole filled with water. Grose, [Prov. 
KM-. | 

dumpage (ilum'paj), . [< dump? + -age.'] 1. 
The privilege of dumping loads from carts, 
trucks, et., on a particular spot. [U. 8.] 2. 
The fee paid for such privilege. fU. 8.] 

dump-bolt (dump'bolt), . In shtp-building, a 
short bolt used to hold planks temporarily. 

dump-car (domp'kB*), n. A dumping-car. 

dump-cart (dump'kiirt), n. Same as tip-cart. 

dumper (dnm'per), n. One who or that which 
dumps ; specifically, a tip-cart. [U. S.] Double 
dumper, u cart or wagon the furin of which is like that 
of a tip-cart, except that the neap contains a seat for the 
driver in the rear of the forward axle. [U. S.J 

dumping-bucket (dum'ping-buk'et), . See 
bucki t. 

dumping-car (dum'ping-kiir), n. A truck-car 
the body of which can be turned partly over to 
be emptied. [U. S.] 

dumping-cart (dum'ping-kart), n. A cart 
whose body can be tilted to discharge its con- 
tents. [U. S.] 

dumping-ground (dum'ping-ground), n. A 
piece of ground or a lot where earth, offal, rub- 
bish, etc., are emptied from carts; a dump. 
[U. S.] 

dumpish (dum'pish), a. [< dump* + -ish 1 .] 
Dull ; stupid ; morose ; melancholy ; depressed 
in spirits. 

Sir knight, why ride ye dumpish thus behind ? 

Spenser, F. Q., IV. 11. 5. 

The life which I live at this age is not a dead, dumpish, 
and sour life ; but chearful, lively, and pleasant. 

Lord Herbert, Memoirs. 

She will either be dumpish or unnelghbourly, or talk of 
uch matters as uo wise body can abide. 

Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 237. 

dumpishly (dum'pish-li), adv. In a dull, mop- 
ing, or morose manner. Bp. Hall. 

dumpishness (dum'pish-nes), n. The state of 
being dull, moping, or morose. 

The duke demaundid of him what should signifle that 
dumptehties of mynde. Hall, Edw. IV., an. 15. 

dumple (dum'pl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dumpled, 
ppr. dumpling. [Appar. freq. of dump%, v. ] To 
fold; bend; double. Scott. 

dumpling (dump'ling), n. [< <famp a , ., 2, + 
dim. -ling."] 1. A kind of pudding or mass of 
boiled paste, or a wrapping of paste in which 
fruit is boiled. 

Our honest neighbour's goose and dumplings were fine. 
Goldsmith, Vicar, x. 

2. A dwarf. [Prov. Eng.] scotch dumpling, 
the stomach of a cod, stuffed with chopped cod-liver ana 
corn-meal, and boiled. 

dumpling-duck, n. See ducW. 
dumpy 1 (dum'pi), a. [< dump 1 + -yl.] Dump- 
ish; sad; sulky. [Eare.] 

The sweet, courteous, amiable, and good-natured Satur- 
day Keview has dumpy misgivings upon the same point. 

New York Tritnme. 

dumpy- (dum'pi), a. and n. [< dump 1 *, n., + 
-y 1 -} I. a. Short and thick ; squat. 

Her stature tall I hate a dumpy woman. 

Byron, Dou Juan, 1. Gl. 

He had a round head, snugly-trimmed beard slightly 
dashed witli gray, was short and a trifle stout King 
thought, dumpy. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 185. 

II. . ; pi. dumpies (-piz). 1. A specimen of 
a breed of the domestic hen in which the bones 
of the legs are remarkably short. Also called 
<,< i per. 2. Same as dumpy-level. 
dumpy-level (dum'pi-lev'el), . A form of 
spirit-level much used in England, especially 
for rough aud rapid work. Its superiority consists 
principally in its lUnpllcUy and compactness. The tele- 
scope is of short focal length, whence the name dumi"/- 
lrn-1, or simply iliim/ii/, as it ia frequently called. It is 
also called the Vravatt level, after the name of the in- 
\vntor. Ill the dumpy the level is placed upon the tele- 
scope (n. .t under it, as in the Y-levcl), and is fastened at 
one enil \\ith a liin^e. ami at the other with a capstan- 

he:l'leil screw. Sec }'! n t. 

dumreicherite (dom'ri-chor-it), . [Named 
after Baron von Ditiimichcr of Lisbon.] A hy- 
drous sulphate of magnesium and aluminium, 
related to the alums, found in the volcanic 
rocks of the Cape Verd islands. 



1797 

dun 1 (dun), a. and n. [< ME. dunne, domic, ilmt, 
< AS. dun, dunn, < W. dim, dun, dusky, swarthy, 
= Ir. and Gael, donn, dun, brown. Not related 
to G. dtinkel, dark. Hence dunling, duini"<-l . 
ilmikcy.] I, a. 1. Of a color partaking of brown 
and black ; of a dull-brown color; swarthy. 

And shote at the donne dere 

As I am wont to done. 

I.iitrll Gette o/Robyn II ode (Child's Ballads, IV. 266). 
My mistress' eyea are nothing like the tun ; 
Coral is far more red than her lips' red ; 
If snow be white, why then her breasta are dun. 

Shak., Sonnets, cxxx. 

They [sea-lions] hare no hair on their bodies like the 
seal ; they are of a dun colour, and are all extraordinary 
fat. Dampier, Voyages, an. 1683. 

And deer-skins, dappled, dun, and white. 

Scott, I., of the I.., t. 27. 
2. Dark; gloomy. 

"O is this water deep," he said, 
"As It is wondrous dun ? " 

Sir Rotand (Child's Ballads, I. 220). 

He then survey'd 

Hell and the gulf Iwtween, and Satan there 
Coasting the wall of heaven on this side night 
In the dun air sublime. Milton, P. L, ill. 72. 

Fallow-dun, a shade between cream-color and reddish 
brown, which graduates Into light hay or light chestnut. 
Darwin. Mouse-dun, lead- or slate-color which gradu- 
ates Into an ash-color. 

II. n. A familiar name for an old horse or 
jade : used as a quasi-proper name (like doblrin). 

Dun In the mire, a proverbial phrase used to denote 
an embarrassed or straitened position. 

Syr, what Dunne is in the mire t 

Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, Prol. 

dun 1 (dun), r. ; pret. and pp. dunned, ppr. dun- 
ning. [< ME. dunnen, donnen, make of a dun 
color, < AS. iiiniiiiiin. darken, obscure (as the 
moon does the stars), < dun, dunn, dark, dun : 
see dun 1 , a.] I. trans. 1. To make of a dun or 
dull-brown color. 

It'iuiiiifl of colour, subnlger. Prompt. Pare., p. 135. 
I sail yow gyffe twa gud grewhundes 
Are donned als any doo [doe). 

MS. in Halliwell, p. 310. 

Especially 2. To cure, as cod, in such a man- 
ner as to impart a dun or brown color. See 
dunjish. [New Eug.] 

The process of dunning, which made the [ Isles of] Shoals 
tisli BO famous a century ago, Is almost a lost art, though 
the chief fisherman at Star still dum a few yearly. 

Celia Thaxter, Isles of Shoals, p. 83. 

II. intrans. To become of a dun color. 

Thin hew [hue] dutinet. 
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 221. 

dun 2 (dun), v. ; pret. and pp. dunned, ppr. dun- 
ning. [< ME. dunnen, make a loud noise (ver- 
bal n. dunning, a loud noise), var. of dynnen, 
dynning, dinnen, etc., earlier ME. durtien, < AS. 
dynian, make a din. .Dim 2 is thus another form 
of din, r. Cf. dunt = dint, dulft = dilP, etc. The 
use of the word as in II. is modern, and may 
be of other origin.] I.f intrans. To make a 
loud noise ; din. 

EC. trans. To demand payment of a debt 
from ; press or urge for payment or for fulfil- 
ment of an obligation of any kind. 

I scorn to push a lodger for his pay ; so I let day after 
day pass on without dunning the old gentleman for a far- 
thing, li-rhi't, Knickerbocker, p. 19. 

dun 2 (dun), n. [< dun 2 , v.] 1. One who duns ; 
an importunate creditor, or an agent employed 
to collect debts. 

It grieves my heart to be pulled by the sleeve by some 
rascally dun, "Sir, remember my bill." 

Arbuthnot, Hist. John Bull. 

Has his distresses too, I warrant, like a lord, and affects 
creditors and duns. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ill. 2. 

2. A demand for the payment of a debt, espe- 
cially a written one; a dunning-letter : as, to 
send one's debtor a dun. 

dun 3 (dun; AS. and Ir. pron. d8n), . [Of Cel- 
tic origin ; Ir. dun = Gael, dun, a hill, fort, town, 
W. dire, a hill-fort ; > AS. dun. E. don?l, a hill: 
seerfoirni.] A hill; a mound; a fortified emi- 
nence. This word enters into the composition of many 
place-names in Great Britain, frequently under the modi- 
fied forms (Him-, don-, -don (as well as down, which see) : as, 
Ditnstable, Dunmow, Dundee, Dunbar, .Dumfries, Dum- 
barton, Doncaster, Donegal, etc. 

The Dim was of the same form as the Rath, but consist- 
ing of at least two concentric circular mounds or walls, 
with a deep trench full of water between them. They 
were often encircled by a third, or even by a greater num- 
lierof walls, at increasing distances; but this circumstance 
made no alteration in the form or in the signification of 
the name. <t't'it,-ry, Anc. Irish, II. xix. 

dunbird(dun'berd), H. 1. The common pochard 
or red-headed duck, Fuliijiiln frrina. 2. The 
ruddy duck. Erinnintura r'ubida. \uttall, 1834. 

3. The female scaup duck, Fuligula mania. 
[Essex, Eng.] 



dunche-down 

duncan(dung'kan), H. A half-grown cod. GOT- 
dun, [Scotch (Moray Frith).] 

dunce (duns), n. [Early mod. E. also dunse, 
ilmiK, Duns O G. Duns), orig. in the phrase 
Duns man, Duns-man, that is, a follower of 
Duns (also written Dunse, Dunce), whose full 
name was John Duns Scotus, a celebrated scho- 
lastic theologian, called the "Subtle Doctor." 
He died in 1308. His followers, called ScHtmix, 
held control of the universities till the reforma- 
tion set in, when the reformers and humanists, 
regarding them as obstinate opponents of 
sound learning and of progress, and their phi- 
losophy as sophistical and barren, applied the 
term Duns man, which at first meant simply a 
Scotist, to any caviling, sophistical opponent; 
and so it came finally to mean any dull, obsti- 
nate person.] If. [cap.'] A disciple or fol- 
lower of John Duns Scotus (see etymology); 
a Dunce-man ; a Scotist. Tyndale. 

Scetitta lit.], a follower of Scotui, as we say a Dunce. 

Florio. 

Hence 2. A caviling, sophistical person; a 
senseless caviler. 

Whoso surpasseth others either in cavilling, sophistry, 
or subtle philosophy, is forthwith named a Dunt. 

Stanihurgt, in Hollnshed's Chron. (Ireland), p. 2. 

3. A dull-witted, stupid person ; a dolt ; an ig- 
noramus. 

What am I tetter 

For all my learning, if I love a dunce, 
A handsome dunce 1 to what use serves my reading? 
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, III. 1. 

Uraue clothes make dunces often seeme great clarkes. 

Cotgraoc (s. v./oi.). 
Or I'm a very Dunce, or Womankind 
Is a most unintelligible thing. 
CowUy, The Mistress, Women's Superstition. 

How much a dunce that has licen sent to roam 
Excels a dunce that has been kept at home. 

Coteper, Progress of Error, 1. 415. 

The interval between a man of talents and a dunce is as 
wide as ever. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. 

duncedom (duns'dum), n. [< dunce + -dam.] 
The domain of dunces; dunces in general. 
Carlyle. 

It [dignity] is at once the thinnest and moat effective of 

all the coverings under which duncedom sneaks aud skulk*. 

Whipple, Lit. and Life, p. 142. 

duncelyt, dunslyt (duns'li), adr. [< 7>wwce(def. 
1), Duns, + -/y 2 .] In the manner of a follower 
of Duns Scotus, or of Duns Scotus himself. 

He is wilfully wilted, Dunsly learned, Moorly affected, 
bold not a little, zealous more than enough. 

Latimer, Sermons and Remains, II. 374. 

Dunce-mant. Duns-mant (duns'man), n. [See 
dunce."] A disciple of Duns Scotus ; a Scotist; 
hence, a subtle or sophistical reasoner (see 
dunce, etymology). 

Now would Aristotle deny such s|>eakyng, & a Dun* 
man would make xx. distinctions. T>tn<lale, Works, p. 88. 

How thlnke you ? is not this a likely answere for a great 
doctour of diuinitie? for a great Dunt mant for so great 
a preacher ? Barnes, Works, p. 232. 

duncepoll(duns'pol), n. A dunce. [Prov. Eng.] 
Duncert, . [< Dunce, Duns (i. e., Duns Scotus : 
see dunce), + -er 1 .] A Dunce-man. Becon. 
duncery (dun'ser-i), n. [Formerly dunsery and 
dunstery ; < dunce + -ery.\ Dullness ; stupidity. 
Let every indignation make thee zealous, as the dunstery 
of the monks made Erasmus studious. 

S. Ward, Sermons, p. 83. 

The land had once infranchis'd her self from this imper- 
tinent yoke of prelaty, under whose fnquisitorius am I ty- 
rannical duncery no free and splendid wit can flourish. 

Milton, Church-Government, Pref., II. 
With the occasional duncery of some untoward tyro 
serving for a refreshing interlude. 

Lamb, Old and New Schoolmaster. 

dunce-table (duns'ta'bl), . An inferior table 
provided in some inns of court for the poorer 
or duller students. Dyce. [Eng.] 

A phlegmatic cold piece of stuff : his father, methinks, 
should be one of the dunce-table, and one that never drunk 
strong beer in 's life but at festival-times. 

Deklcer and Ford, Sun's Darling, v. 1. 

dunch 1 (dunch), \ t. or i. [Also written dunah ; 
< ME. dunchen, push, strike, < Sw. dunka, beat, 
throb, = Dan. dunke, thump, knock, throb, = 
Icel. dunJca (Haldorsen), give a hollow sound.] 
To push or jog, as with the elbow; nudge. 
[Scotch and prov. Eng.] 

"Ye needna be dunshin that gate [way], John," contin- 
ued the old lady; "naebody says that ye ken whar the 
brandy comes from." Scott, Old Mortality. 

dunch 2 (duneh), a. [Appar. a var. of dunce.] 
Deaf. Grose. [Prov. Eng.] 

dunche-downt, dunse-downt, [So called 
"bycauso the downe of this herbe will cause 
one to be deafe, if it happens to fall into the 



dunche-down 

ears, as Matthiolus writeth" (Lyte, 1578); < 
dunch? + dou-ii*.] The herb reed-mace, Typlia 
lattfoUa. 

dun'cicalt (dun'si-kal), a. [Formerly also dun- 
cicall, dunnical, diiitstical ; < dunce + -ic-al.~] 
Like a dunce. 

The most dull and duncusall commissioner. 

Fuller, Ch. Hist., VIII. ii. 26. 

I have no patience with the foolish duncical dog. 

Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, VIII. 100. 



duncifyt (dun'si-fi), . t. [< dunce + -i-jy, <june 2 (dun), . 
make.] To make dull or stupid ; reduce to the 
condition of a dunce. 

Here you have a fellow ten thousand times more dunci- 
Aed than dunce Webster. 

Warburton, To Hurd, Letters, cxxx. 

duncish (dun'sish), a. [< dunce + -ish 1 .] Like 

a dunce ; sottish. Imp. Diet. 
duncishness (dun'sish-nes), n. The character 

or quality of a dunce ; folly. Westminster Rev. 
dun-COW (dun'kou), n. In Devonshire speech, 

the shagreen ray, Saiafullonica, a batoid fish. 
duncur (dung'ker), n. The pochard or dun- 

bird. Also dunker. [Prov. Eng.] 
Dundee pudding. See pudding. 
dunder 1 (dun'der), . A dialectal variant of 

thunder. 
dunder 2 (dun'der), w. Lees; dregs; especially, 

the lees of cane-juice, which are used in the 

West Indies in the distillation of rum. 
The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the 

purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour. Edwards. 
dunderbolt (dun'der-bolt), re. [A dial. var. of 

thunderbolt.'] A fossil belemnite; a thunder- 

stone. Varies. 
For "the reuinatis" boiled dunderbolt is the sovereign dung 1 (dung) 



1798 

The Spaniards neared and neared the fatal dunes which 
fringed the shore for many a dreary mile. 

Kingsley, Westward Ho, xxxi. 

Then along the sandy margin 

Of the lake, the Big-Sea- Water, 

On he sped with frenzied gestures, . . . 

Till the sand was blown and sifted 

Like great snowdrifts o'er the landscape, 

Heaping all the shore with Sand Dunes. 

Long/ellou; Hiawatha, xi. 

The long low dune, and lazy-plunging sea. 

Tennyson, Last Tournament. 



[See d 3 .] An ancient fort 
"with a hemispherical or conical roof. [Scotch.] 
dunfish (dun'fish), . [< dun 1 , a. and v. t., + 
fish. ] Codfish cured by dunning, especially for 



dunite 

underground part was often used as a prison. Also called 
keep dungeon-keep, or infer. See cut under castle. [In 
this sense also written donjon, a spelling preferred by 
some English writers ; but there is no historical distinc- 

Hence 2. A close cell; a deep, dark place of 
confinement. 

A-twene theis tweyn a gret comparison ; 
Kyng Alysaunder, he conquerryd alle ; 
Dyogenes lay in a smalle dongeon, 
In sondre weilyrs which turnyd as a ballc. 

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 27. 
They brought him [Joseph] hastily out of the dungeon. 

Gen. xli. 14. 

The King of Heaven hath doom'd 
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat. 

Milton, P. L., ii. 317. 

[< dungeon, n.] To 




ing the "fagots" with bed-quilts to keep them clean. 
[New Eng.] 

dung 1 (dung), n. [< ME. dung, dong, rarely 
ding, < AS. dung, also dyng (in glosses badly 



iur ignorance. 
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 128. 
You said nothing 
Of how I might be dungeoned as a madman. 

Shelley, The Cenci, ii. 1. 



written dingo and dinig) = OFries. dung. Fries, dungeoner (dun' jun-er), n. One who impris- 
a, MHG. tunge, dung, G. dung O ns or keeps in jail; a jailer. 



dong = OHG. tunga, 

(with LG. d) (cf. MHG. tunger, G. diinger, ma- 
nure) = Sw. dynga, muck, = Dan. dynge, a heap, 
hoard, mass. Hence dingy 1 .] The excrement 
of animals ; ordure ; feces. 



remedy, at least in the West of Cornwall. 

Polwhele, Traditions and Recollections (1826), II. 607. 

dunderfunk (dun'der-fungk), n. The name 
given by sailors to a dish made by soaking ship- 
biscuit in water, mixing it with fat and mo- 
lasses, and baking in a pan. Also called dandy- 
finik. 

dunderhead (dun'der-hed), w. [Orig. E. dial., 
appar. < dunder 1 , = thunder (cf. Sc. donnard, 
stupid, appar. of same ult. origin), + head. Cf. 
equiv. dunderpate, dunderpoll.] A dunce; a 
numskull. 

I mean your grammar, O thou dunderhead. 

Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, il. 4. 

Here, without staying for my reply, shall I be called as 
many blockheads, numskulls, doddypoles, dunderheads, 
ninny-hammers, <fec. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 25. 



[Poetical.] 

That most hateful land, 
Dungeoner of my friend. Keats, To 

(dung'fli), . A dipterous insect of 
the"genus Scatophaga. 

Thei that kepeu that Hows coveren hem with Hete of dung fork (dung'fdrk), n. 1. A fork used in 
Hors Deny, with outen Henne, Goos, or Doke, or ony other , nov j ue stable-manure. Also muck -fork. 2. 
FouL Mandemlle, Travels, p. 49. ^ ^Jj* ft pointe d or forked process upon 

For over colde doo [put] douves dounge at eve w hich the larvte of certain coleopterous insects 

16 PMadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 188. carry about their own excrement, as in the 
Pigeon dung approaches guano in its power as manure, genera Cassida, Coptocyela, and the like. See 
Encyc. Brit., XII. 233. cut under Coptocyela. 

[Early mod. E. 
ghyll, donghel, 
heap of dung. 

Salt is good, but if salt vanysche, in what thing schal 
it be sauered 't Neither in erthe, neither in donghille it is 
profitable. WyelV, Luke xiv. 

Shine not on me, fair Sun, though thy brave Kay 
With safety can the foulest dunghili kiss. 

J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 135. 

Hence 2. Figuratively (a) A mean or vile 
abode. (6) Any degraded situation or condition. 
He 



restored vowel) 
donga, denga 




manure (cf. Dan. dynge = Sw. dm 

] 1 



nga, heap, 
trans. 1 . 



hoard, amass); from the noun.^ _ 

To cover with dung; manure with or as with 

dung. 

And, warring with success, 
Dunq Isaac's Fields with forrain carcasses. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Schisme. 
And he answering said unto him, Lord, let it alone this 
year also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it. 

Luke xiii. 8. 

This ground was dunged, and ploughed, and sowed. 

Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 254. 

2. In calico-printing, to immerse in a bath of 
cow-dung and warm water in order to remove 



excrement. 



dunderheaded (dun'der-hed"ed), a. Like a flung' 2 (dung).' Preterit and past 'participle of 

^MM^AvVanjl rtw^nvi^rt /"_! A Sfll/t TT^ B - v e ' * r 



dunderhead or dunce. G. A. Sala. 



ding 1 . 



Many a dunderpate, like the owl, the stupidest of birds, 



dunderpate (dun'der-pat) n. [< dunder 1 (see dung a ree (dung-ga-re'), n. [Anglo-Ind., low, 
dunderhead) + pate.] Same as dunderhead. CO mmon, vulgar.]" A coarse cotton stuff, gen- 
erally blue, worn by sailors. 
The crew have all turned tailors, and are making them 



comes to be considered the very type of wisdom. 

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 148. 

dunderpoll (dun'der-pol), n. [< dunder 1 (see 

dunderhead) + poll 1 .] Same as dunderhead. 

HalHwett. [Prov. Eng. (Devonshire).] 
dunder-whelp (dun'der-hwelp), . [< dunder 1 

(see dunderhead) + whelp.] A dunderhead; 

a blockhead. 

What a purblind puppy was I ! now I remember him ; 
All the whole cast on 's face, though it were umber'd, 
And inask'd with patches : what a dunder-whelp, 
To let him domineer thus ! 

Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1. 

dun-diver (dun'di"ver), n. 1. The female mer- 
ganser or goosander, Mergus merganser: so 
called from the dun or brown head. 2. The 
ruddy duck, Erismatura rubida. [New York, 
U.S.] J. E. De Kay, 1844. 



lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill. 

1 Sam. ii. 8. 

(c) A man meanly born : a term of abuse. 

Out, dunghill ! dar'st thou brave a nobleman? 

Shak., K. John, iv. 3. 

II. a. Sprung from the dunghill; mean; 
low; base. 

Unfit are dunghill knights 

To serve the town with spear in field. Googe. 

You must not suffer your thoughts to creep any longer 
upon this dunghill earth. 

Bp. Beveridge, Works, II. cxxxvii. 

Dunghill fowl, a mongrel or cross-bred specimen of the 
common hen ; a barn-yard fowl. 

ew suits from some dungaree we bought ~at Vai- dunghill-raker (dung'hil-ra"ker), n. The com- 
mon dunghill fowl. [A nonce-word.] 

The dunghill-raker, spider, hen, the chicken too, to me 
have taught a lesson. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 

which a small proportion of cows' or pigs' dung, dung-hook (dung'huk), n. An agricultural im- 

or some substitute for it, has bee.n dissolved, plement for spreading manure, 

with a certain amount of chalk to remove the dung-hunter (dung'hun"ter), n. One of the 

i-- -_!j /! ii__ :_i_j * :~i a~ species of jaeger or skua-gull, of the genus iS'ter- 



paraiso. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. xii. 

dung-bath (dung'bath), n. In dyeing, a bath 
used in mordanting, composed of, water in 



See 



acetic acid from the printed material. 
dunging. 

dung-beetle (dung'be"tl),. 1. A common Eng- 
lish name of the dor or dor-beetle, Geotrypes 

stercorarius. 2. pi. A general name of the dunging (dung'ing), M." [Verbal n. of * 
group of scarabs or scarabaaoid beetles which In JC^M the mordanting of goods by 
roll up balls of dung ; the tumblebugs or dung- 1 ___ i L\.~ ---- 1, A.,,*~ untv. /-nriii/jV, 0^^^ 



chafers, aa the sacred beetle of the Egyptians. 

See cuts under Copris and Scarabceus. 

Dundubia (dun-du'bi-a), n. [NL. (Amyot and dung-bird (dung'berd), n. Same as dung-hunt- 
Serville, 1843) (so called from the resonant er. See badoch. [Prov. Eng.] 
drumming sound which these insects emit), < dung-chafer (dung'cha"f6r), n. A name given 
Hind. Skt. dundtibhi, a drum, < Hind, dund.] to various coleopterous insects of the family 
A remarkable genus of homopterous insects, Scarab(eidw, and especially of the genus Geo- 
containing the largest and most showy species trypcs, which frequent excrement for the pur- 
of the family Cicadidce, or cicadas. D. im- pose of depositing their eggs; a dung-beetle. 
peratoria is the largest hemipteran known, dungeon (dun'jun), . [Also archaically in 
expanding 8 inches, of a rich orange-color, and some senses donjon ; < ME. dongeon, dongcoun. 



corarius. The birds are so called from their supposed 
habits ; but in reality they harass other gulls and terns to 
make them disgorge their food, not to feed upon their ex- 
crement. Also called dung-bird and dirty-alien. 

[Verbal n. of dung*-, v.] 

-,-..., ng of goods by passing 

them through a dung-bath (which see). In mod- 
ern practice substitutes are used, 
dungiyah (dung'gi-ya), H. A coasting-vessel 
in use in the Persian gulf, on the coasts of 
Arabia, and especially in the gulf of Cutch. 
The dungiyahs sail with the monsoon, and arrive often in 
large companies at Muscat, celebrating their safe arrival 
with salvos of artillery, music, and flags. " <" *- 



is a native of Borneo. 
dune 1 (dun),. [Partly a dial. form( also dene) of 
down 1 , and partly < F. dune = Sp. Pg. It. duna, a 
dune, = G. diinc, a dune, = Dan. Sw. dyner, pi., 
< LG. iliinen, pi., = Fries, diinen (also duninge, 
diim) = D. duin, a dune, = E. down 1 , a hill : see 



, , They arc flat- 
bottomed and broad-beamed, have generally one mast, fre- 
quently longer than the vessel, and are in other respects 
rigged like the baggala. The model is supposed to date 
from the expedition of Alexander. 
dungmere (dung'mer), . A pit where dung, 

donqon. dongoun, donyon, donioun, etc., a dun- weeds, etc., are mixed, to rot together for ma- 
geon (in both uses), < OF. dongeon, dongon, nure. E.PhUlips,l706; HalHwett. [Prov. Eng.] 
donjon, etc., F. donjon = Pr. donjon, dompnhon, dungy (dung'i), a. [< dung + -y L . Ct. OMflJ^.J 

Full of dung; foul; vile. 

There's not a grain of it [honesty], the face to sweeten 
Of the whole dungy earth. Shak., W. 1., 11. 1. 



domejo (ML. reflex dunjo(n-), dungeo(n-), don- 
jio(n-), dangio(-), domgio(n-), etc.), < ML. 
do>nnio(n~), a dungeon (tower), eontr. from 



down 1 .] A mound, ridge, or hill of loose sand, and a particular use of ML. dominio(n-), do- (Jun<T.yard (dung'yard), n. A yard or inclosure 

heaped up by the wind on the sea-coast, or rare- main, dominion, possession: see dominion, do- w here dung is collected. 

ly on the shore of a large lake, as on Lake Su- main, demain, demesne.] 1. The principal tow- flunite (dun'it), n. [So called from Dun Moun- 
perior. Hills of loose sand at a distance from the coast, er of a medieval castle. It was usually raised on n t a j n near Nelson New Zealand.] A rock Con- 
or in the interior of a country, are sometimes called by mitural or artificial mound and situated in the innermost :-'__ psupiitiallvof a crystalline cranular mass 
trench authors dunes; but this is not the usage in Eng- court or bailey, and formed a last refuge into which the ! '"j "' MJI & 
liah. Also doom. gan-ison could retreat in case of necessity. Its lower or of ohvin With chromite or picotite, containing 



dunite 

also frequently more or loss of various other 
minerals, alteration products of the olivin. 
Duuito appears to l>o frequently more or less 
altered into .-.I'l-prntine. 
duniwassal, dunniewassal (dun-i-was'al), . 

[ lvc|ir. i furl, ilniii' unsnl, 11 gentleman : dium . 
111:111; iitiniil, gentle.] Among the Highlanders 
of Scotland, a gentleman, especially one of sec- 
ondary rank; a cadet of a family of rank. 

His liiMinct hail a short feather, which indicated his 
claim to In- treated ax a liiiinlii'-n'omeU, or wirt of gentle- 
maii. Scott, Waverley, xvi. 

dunkadoo ((liiiig-ka-do'), n. [Imitative.] The 
American bittern," Botaiirux mugitans or lenti- 
iliiHHiiis. [Local, New Eng.] 

Dunkard (dung'kard), . Same as /M/iAvr 1 . 

Near at hand was the meeting-house of a sect of German 
(junkers Tunkcrs or Dunkardis. as they are differently 
named. t. A. lien., CXXVI. 255. 

Dunker 1 , Tunker (dung'-, tung'ker), n. [< G. 
tunker, a dipper, < tutiken, MHG. tunken, dunken, 
OHG. function, dunehon, thunkon, dip, immerse, 
perhaps ult. = L. lingers = Gr. ttyytiv, wet, 
moisten, dye, stain : see tinge."] A member of 
a sect of German-American Baptists, so named 
from their manner of baptism. Their proper 
church-name is Brethren. Driven from Germany Jjy per- 
sedition early in the eighteenth century, they took ref- 
uge in Pennsylvania, and thence extended their societies 
into neighboring .States, and are especially found in Ohio. 
They condemn all war and litigation, acknowledge the au- 
thority of the Bihle, administer baptism by triple immer- 
sion, and only to a. lulls, practise washing of the feet before 
the Lord's supper, use the kiss of charity, laying on of hands, 
and anointing with oil, and observe a severe simplicity in 
dress and speech. They have bishops, elders, and teachers, 
ami arc commonly supposed to accept the doctrine of uni- 
versal redemption. Also called Dipper. 

dunker 2 (dung'ker), . Same as duneur. 

Dunkirk lace. See lace. 

dunlin (dun'lin), . [A corruption of E. dial. 
dunling, the proper form, < dun^ + dim. -ling 1 . 
Cf. dunbird, dunnock.] The red-backed sand- 
piper, Tringa (Pelidna) alpina, widely dispersed 
and very abundant in the northern hemisphere, 
especially along sea-coasts, during the extensive 




American Dunlin (Peh'^Ha fact/tea}, in summer plumage. 

migrations it performs between its arctic breed- 
ing-grounds and its temperate or tropical win- 
ter resorts. The dunlin is 8 inches long, the bill an 
inch or more, slightly decurved ; in full dress the belly is 
jet-black, the upper parts varied with brown, gray, and 
reddish. The American dunlin is a different variety, some- 
what larger, with a longer or more decurved bill, the Pe- 
lidna. pacifica of Cones. The dunlin is also called urinf, 
purre, ox-bird, bull's-eye, sea-snipe, pickerel, etc. 

dunling (dun'ling), n. A dialectal (and origi- 
nally more correct) form of dunlin. 

dunlop (dun'lpp), n. A rich white kind of 
cheese made in Scotland out of unskimmed 
milk: so called from the parish of Dunlop in 
Ayrshire. 

dunnage (dun'aj), . [Origin unknown.] 1. 
Fagots, boughs', or loose wood laid in the hold 
of a ship to raise heavy goods above the bot- 
tom and prevent injury from water ; also, loose 
articles of lading wedged between parts of the 
cargo to hold them steady and prevent injury 
from friction or collision. 

We covered the bottom of the hold over, fore and aft, 
with dried brush for dunnage. 

It. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 304. 
2. Baggage. 

Hut Barnacle suggested, as some of the dunmt'i- :m.i 
tin- tent would need to be dried before being packed, that 
we build it lire outside. 

C. A. Seide, Cruise of Aurora (1885), p. 105. 

dunnage (dun'aj), v. t. ; pret. and pp. iliouiaged, 
pVr.diDiniiging. [< diinnait?. .] Tostowwith 
fagots or loose wood, as the bottom of a ship's 
hold; wedge or chock, as cargo. Seedunnage, n. 

Vessels fraudulently liunnaiftt/ f"r the purpose of redu- 
cing their tonnage. The American, VIII. SSi 



1790 

dunner (dun'er) ; n. One who duns; one em- 
ployed in soliciting payment of debts. 

'[ hey are ever talking of new silks, and serve the owners 
in getting them customers, as their common dumier* do 

in making them pay. Sprrt.n,,, . 

dunniewassal, . See duniwassal. 

dunniness (dun'i-nes), . [< dunny + -nets.] 
Deafness. Bailey, 1781. [Kare.] 

dunning (dun'ing), H. [Verbal n. of dun 1 , r.] 
The process of curing codfish in a way to give 
them a particular color and flavor. See dim 1 , 
r. t., and dunfxli, 

dunnish (dun'ish), a. [< duni + -ish 1 .] In- 
cliued to a dun color ; somewhat dun. 

dunnock (dun'ok), n. [E. dial. (Northampton) 
also doney ; (. JjE. donek, < donnen, dunnen, dun, 
+ dim. -ek, -ock. Cf. donkey.] The hedge- 
sparrow, Accentor modularis. Also dick-dun- 
nock. Macgillivray. 

1 1 art-tun has been cast out like an unfledged dunnock. 
E. Bronte, Wuthering Height*, iv. 

dunny (dun'i), a. [E. dial. ; origin obscure. 
Cf. donnerd.] Deaf; dull of apprehension. 
[Local, Great Britain.] 

My old dame, Joan, is something dunny, and will scarce 
know how to manage. Scott. 

dunpickle (dun'pik'l), n. The moor-buzzard, 
Circus ceruginosus. Montagu. [Local, Eng.] 

dunrobin (dun'rob'in), n. A superior kind of 
Scotch plaid. 

dunst, dunset, n. Obsolete forms of dunce. 

dunse-downt, See dunche-down. 

dunseryt, n. An obsolete form of duncery. 

dunsett (dun'set), n. [A book-form repr. AS. 
iiimsiete, dunsete. pi., a term applied to a cer- 
tain division of the Welsh people, lit. hill-dwell- 
ers, < dun, a hill (see down 1 ), + sSta (= OHG. 
sazo), a dweller, settler, < sittan (pret. s<?t), sit. 
Cf. cotset.] One of the hill-dwellers of Wales; 
a settler in a hill country. 

dunsh, r. t. See dunch 1 . 

dunsicalt,". See duncical. 

dunslyt, Duns-mant. See duncely, Dunce-man. 

dunst (dunst), n. A kind of flour; fine semolina 
without bran or germs. The Miller (London). 

dunstable (dun'sta-bl), a. and n. [In allusion 
to Dunstable in England, the adj. use (as in 
def. ) being derived from the word as used in the 
phrase Dunstable road or way.] I.f a. [cap.] 
Plain; direct; simple; downright. 

Your uncle is an odd. hut a very honest, DiinxtaUe soul. 
Richardson, Sir Charles Qrandison, VI. 177. 

Dunstable road, way. or highway, the way to Dun- 
stable : used proverbially as a symbol of plainness or di- 
rectness. 

"As plain as DunstaUe road." It is applied to things 
plain and simple, without welt or guard to adorn them, as 
also to matters easie and obvious to be found. 

Fuller, Worthies, Bedfordshire. 

There were some good walkers among them, that walked 
in the kings high way ordinarily, uprightly, plaine Dun- 
utable tvay. Latimer, Sermons. 

II. n. A fabric of woven or plaited straw, 
originally made at Dunstable in England. Also 
used attributively: as, a dunstable hat or bon- 
net. 

dunstert (dun'stSr), . 1. A kind of broad- 
cloth : so called in the seventeenth century. 
2. Cassimere. 

dunt (dunt), n. [A var. of dint, dent, < ME. 
dunt, dynt, etc.: see dint and den* 1 .] 1. A 
stroke ; a blow. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] 

I hae a glide hraid swonl, 
I'll tak liiintu frae nael>ody. 

Burn*, I ha'e a ^Vife o' my Ain. 

2. A malady characterized by staggering, ob- 
served particularly in yearling lambs. [Prov. 
Eng.] 3. Palpitation. Dunglison. [Scotch.] 
dunt (dunt), v. [A var. of dint, dent 1 : see dint, 
dew* 1 , v.] I. trans. 1. To strike; give a blow 
to; knock. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] 

Fearing the wrathful ram might dunt out ... the 
brains, if he had any, of the young cavalier, they opened 
the door. Gait, Ringan Gilhaize, II. . 

2. In packing herrings, to jump upon (the head 
of the barrel) in order to pack it more tightly. 
[Local, Canadian.] 3. To confuse by noise; 
stupefy. [Prov. Eng.] 

II. intrann. To beat; palpitate, as the heart. 
[Scotch.] 

While my heart i life-blood dunted, 
I'd bear't in mind. 

Buna, To Mr. Mitchell. 

dunter (dun'ter), . [Sc., perhaps so called 
from its waddling gait. < ilnnt. r.] The eider- 
duck, Somateria mollissima. Montagu. [Local, 
British.] 



duodenal 

dunter-goose (dun'tt-r-gOs), . Same as 

ter. Symonds. 
dnntle (dun'tl), r. t. ; pret. and pp. ilmitled, ppr. 

duntliufi. [Freq. of dunt.'] Todent; mark with 

an indentation. [Prov. Eng.] 

His cap Is duntlfil in ; his back beam fresh stain* of 
peat. Kingnley, Two Years Ago, Int. 

duo (du'6), n. [It., a duet, also two, < L. duo 
= E. two."] The same as duet. A distinction is 
sometimes made by using duet for a two-part com]" 
for two voices or instruments of the same kind, and <t>t<> 
for such a composition for two voices or instrument* of 
different kinds. 

(Lord's Day.) Up, and, while I staid for the barber, tried 
to compote a duo of counter point : and I think It u 111 do 
very well, It being by Mr. lierkenshaw's rule. 

Pepyi, Diary, II. 312. 

duo-. [L. duo-, duo, = Gr. 6vo-, Si<o = E. two.] 
A prefix in words of Latin or Greek origin, 
meaning ' two.' 

duodecahedral, duodecahedron (du-o-dek-a- 
he'dral, -dron). Seo dodecahedral, dodecatie- 
dron. " 

dnodecennlal (du'6-de-sen'i-al). a. [< LL. 
duodecennis, of twelve 'years (( L. duodecim, 
twelve, + annug, a year), + -al.] Consisting of 
twelve years. Ash. 

duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), a. and . [< L. 
duodecim (= Gr. "ivuiena, S'&tcKa), twelve (< duo 
= E. two, + decem = E. ten), + -al. Cf. dozen, 
ult. < duodecim, and see decimal."] I. a. Reck- 
oning by twelves and powers of twelve: as, 
duodecimal multiplication. 

The duodecimal system In liquid measures, which la 
found elsewhere, appears to be derived from the Babylo- 
nians. Von Hanlec, Univ. llist. (trans.), p. 19. 

Duodecimal arithmetic or scale. See duodetutry arith- 
metic or Kale, under duodenary. 

H. n. 1. One of a system of numerals the 
base of which is twelve. 2. jil. An arithmeti- 
cal rule for ascertaining the number of square 
feet, twelfths of feet, and square inches in a 
rectangular area or surface whose sides are 
given in feet and inches and twelfths of inches. 
The feet of the multiplier are first multiplied into the 
feet, Inches, and twelfths of the multiplicand, giving 
square feet, twelfths, and inches. The inches of the mill* 
tiplier are then multiplied into the feet and inches of the 
multiplicand, giving twelfths of feet and square inches, 
and nnally the twelfths of inches of the multiplier are 
multiplied into the feet of the multiplicand, giving square 
Inches. These three partial products are then added to- 
gether to get the product sought. It is used by artificers. 
Also called duodecimal or crosg multiplication. 

duodecimally (du-o-des'i-mal-i), adv. In a 
duodecimal manner ; by twelves. 

duodecimfid (du'o-de-sim'fid), a. [< L. duode- 
cim, twelve, 4- -fidus, < findere, cleave, split (= 
E. bite): see fission, etc.] Divided into twelve 
parts. 

duodecimo (du-o-des'i-mo). . and a. [Orig. 
in L. (NL.) phrase in duodecimo: in, prep., = 
E. in; duodecimo, abl. of duodecimo, twelfth, 
< duodecim, twelve.] I. . 1. A size of page 
usually measuring, in the United States, about 
5^ inches in width and 7J inches in length, 
when the leaf is uncut, and corresponding to 
crown octavo of British publishers. 2. A book 
composed of sheets which, when folded, form 
twelve leaves of this size. 3. In music, the in- 
terval of a twelfth. E. D. 

H. a. Consisting of sheets folded into twelve 
leaves ; having leaves or pages measuring about 
54 by 7} inches. Often written I2mo or 12. 

duodecimole (du-o-des'i-mol), . [< L. duo- 
decimus, twelfth : see duodecimo.] In muxic, a 
group of twelve notes to be performed in the 
time of eight ; a dodecuplet. 

Duodecimpennatse (du'o-de-sim-pe-na'te), 
n. pi. [NL., < L. duodecim, twelve, + penna- 
tus, winged, feathered.] In ornith., in Sunde- 
vall's system, a cohort of Gallinte, composed of 
the American curassows and guans, Cracida: 
so called from the 12 rectrices or tail-feathers. 
Also called Sylricol<r. 

duodecuple (du-o-dek'u-pl), a. [= F. duode- 
ni/>li' = Sp. duodecuplo = Pg. It. duodecuplo, < 
L. duo, = E. two, + decuplus, tenfold: see de- 
cuple and duodecimal.] Consisting of twelves. 

duodena, n. Plural of duodenum. 

duodenal 1 (du-o-de'nal), a. [= F.duod&ial = 
Sp. Pg. duodenal = It. duodenal 'e ; as duodenum 
+ -/.] Connected with or relating to the duo- 
denum: as, "duodenal dyspepsia." ' n/>land. 
Duodenal fold, a special loop or duplication of the duo- 
denum, in which the pancreas is lodged in many aninnils, 
i -pei ially in l.inls. where it forms the mot constant 
and rharnrteristic folding of the intestine. Duodenal 
glands. Sec- 

duodenal 2 (du-6-de'nal), tt. and . [< duodene 
+ -al.] I. a. Pertaining to a duodene. 



duodenal 

II. n. In musical theory, the symbol of the 
root of a duodene. 

duodenary (du-o-den'a-ri), a. [= F. duodi'iiairc 
= Sp. Pg. It. du'odenario, < L. duodenaritis, con- 
taining twelve, < diiodeiii, twelve each, < duo- 
decim, twelve.] Relating to the number twelve ; 
twelvefold; increasing by twelves. Duodenary 
or duodecimal arithmetic or scale, that system in 
which the local value of the figures increases in a twelve- 
fold proportion from right to left, instead of in the ten- 
fold proportion of the common decimal arithmetic. 

duodene (du'o-den), n. [< L. duodeni, twelve 
each: see duodenary. Cf. duodenum.] In mu- 
sical theory, a group of twelve tones, having pre- 
cise acoustical relations with one another, ar- 
ranged so as to explain and correct problems in 
harmony and modulation. Any tone whatever may 
be chosen as the root, and its symbol is called a duodenal. 
The root, the major third above, and the major third be- 
low it constitute the initial trine. The duodene consists 
of four such trines, one being the initial trine, one a per- 
fect fifth below it, one a perfect fifth above it, and one 
two perfect fifths above it. The term and the process of 
analysis to which it belongs were first used by A. J. Ellis 
in England in 1874. The study of the process is incident 
to the attempt to secure just intonation (pure tempera- 
ment) on keyed instruments of fixed pitch. 

duodenitis (du*o-de-ni'tis), n. [NL., < duode- 
num + -itis.] Inflammation of the duodenum. 

duodenostomy (du"o-de-nos'to-mi), n. [< NL. 
duodenum, q. v., + Gr. croua, mouth, opening.] 
The surgical formation of an external opening 
from the duodenum through the abdominal 
wall. 

duodenum (du-o-de'num), n. ; pi. duodena (-na). 
[NL. (so called because in man it is about twelve 
finger-breadths long)/ L. duodeni, twelve each: 
see duodenary, ,] 1. In aiiat., the first portion 
of the small intestine, in immediate connection 
with the stomach, receiving the hepatic and 
pancreatic secretions, and usually curved or 
folded about the pancreas. It extends from the 
pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. In man it is 
from 10 to 12 inches in length. See cuts under alimentary 
and intestine. 

2. In entom., a short smooth portion of the in- 
testine, between the ventricmus and the ileum, 
found in a few coleopterous insects. Some en- 
tomotomists, however, apply this name to the 
ventriculus. 

duodrama (du-o-dra'ma), . [= F. duodrame = 
It.duodramma,'<~L. duo','i,wo(=Qi.Siio = 'E. two), 
+ Gr. Spa/na, a drama : see drama.] A dramatic 
or melodramatic piece for two performers only. 

duoliteral (du-o-lit'er-al), a. [< L. duo, = E. 
two, + literal: see literal, letter*.] Consisting 
of two letters only ; biliteral. 

duologue (dii'o-log), n. [< L. duo, two (= Gr. 
6iio = E. two), + Gr. Uyoc, speech. Cf. mono- 
logue, dialogue.] A dialogue or piece spoken 
by two persons. 

Mr. Ernest Warren's duologue " The Nettle " is simple 
pretty, and effective. Athenaeum, No. 3077. 

I do not feel that I shall be departing from the rule I 
prescribed to myself at the commencement of this paper, 
if I touch upon the duologue entertainments. 

Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XXXIX. 644. 

duomo (dwo'mo), n. [It., a dome, cathedral: 
see dome*.] A cathedral; properly, an Italian 
cathedral. See domel. 

Bright vignettes, and each complete, 
Of tower or duomo, sunny-sweet. 

Tennyson, The Daisy. 

The bishop is said to have decorated the duomo with 
600 large and 200 small columns brought from Paros for 
the purpose. 

C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. xxxv., note. 
dupt (dup), v. t. [Contr. of dial, do up, open, < 
ME. do up, don up, open : see do 1 , and cf . don 1 
doff, douft.] To open. 

What Devell ! iche weene, the porters are drunke : wil 
they not dup the gate to-day? 

R. Edwards, Damon and Pythias. 
Then up he rose and donu'd his clothes, 
And dupp'd the chamber door. 

Shale., Hamlet, iv. 6. 

dupability (du-pa-birj-ti), n. [Also written, 
less reg., , dupeability ; < dupable: see -Mlity.] 
The quality of being dupable ; gullibility. " 

But this poor Napoleon mistook ; he believed too much 
in the dupability of men. Carlyle. 

dupable (du'pa-bl), a. [Also written, less reg., 
dupeable; < dupe + -able.] Capable of being 
duped; gullible. 
Man is a tlitjiaWe animal. Soulheij, The Doctor, Ixxxvii. 

duparted (du'piir-ted), . [< L. duo, = E. two, 
+ parted.] In lier., same as biparted. 

dupe (dup), n. [< F. dupe, a dupe, < OF. dupe, 
dup/ie, F. dial, dube, duppe, a hoopoe, a bird re- 
garded as stupid : see noopoe and Upupa. For 
similar examples of the application of the names 



1800 

of (supposed) stupid birds to stupid persons, cf . 
booby, goose, gull, and (in Pg.) dodo. Cf. Bret. 
liouperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.] A person who is 
deceived ; one who is led astray by false repre- 
sentations or conceptions; a victim of credu- 
lity: as, thedupe^ of a designing rogue; he is a 
dupe to his imagination. 

First slave to words, then vassal to a name, 
Then dupe to party ; child and man the same. 

Pope, Dunciad, iv. 502. 

He that hates truth shall be the dupe of lies. 

Confer, Progress of Error. 

When the spirit is not masterof the world, then it is its 
dupe. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 229. 

dupe (dup), r. /. ; pret. and pp. duped, ppr. 
duping. [< F. duper, dupe, gull, take in; from 
the noun.] To deceive; trick; mislead by im- 
posing on one's credulity : as, to dupe a person 
by flattery. 

Ne'er have I duped him with base counterfeits. 

Coleridge. 

Instead of making civilization the friend of the poor, it 
[the theory of social equality] has duped the poor into 
making themselves the enemies of civilization. 

IF. //. Mattock, Social Equality, p. 211. 

dupeability, dupeable. See dupability, dupa- 
ble. 

duper (du'per), n. [< dupe + -er l ; after OF. 
(and F.) dupeur, a deceiver.] One who dupes or 
deceives ; a cheat ; a swindler. 

The race-ground had its customary complement of 
knaves and fools the dupers and the duped. 

Bulwer, Pelham, I. xii. 



dupery (du'per-i), . [< F. duperie, < dupe, a 
dupe : see dupe, n.] The art of deceiving or 
imposing upon the credulity of others ; the ways 
or methods of a duper. 

Travelling from town to town in the full practice of du- 
pery and wheedling. I. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 304. 

It might be hard to see an end to the inquiry were we 
once to set diligently to work to examine and set forth 
how much innocent dupery we habitually practise upon 
ourselves in the region of metaphysics. 

Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 23. 

dupion. doupion (du'-, do'pi-on), n. [< F. dou- 

ion, < It. doppione, aug. of doppio, double, < 
. duplus, double: see double, and also dou- 
bloon and dobrao, doublets of dupion.] 1. A 
double cocoon formed by two silkworms spin- 
ning together. 2. The coarse silk furnished 
by such double cocoons. 

duplation (du-pla'shqn), n. [< L. duplus, dou- 
ble, + -ation.] Multiplication by two; dou- 
bling. 

duple (du'pl), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. duplo, < L. du- 
plus, double : see double, the old form.] Dou- 
ble. [Rare in general use.] 

A competent defence of Illyricum was upon a two-fold 
reason established, the duple greatnesse of which busi- 
ness the emperor having taken in hand affected both. 

Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 101. 
Duple ratio, a ratio such as that of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc. 

Subduple ratio is the reverse, or as 1 to 2, 4 to 8, etc. 

Duple rhythm, in mime, a rhythm characterized by two 
beats or pulses to the measure ; double time. 

duple (du'pl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dupled, ppr. 
dupling. [< duple, a.] To double. [Rare.] 

duplet (du'plet), n. [< L. duplus, double, + E. 
dim. -et.] A doublet. [Rare.] 

That is to throw three dice till duplets and a chance be 
thrown, and the highest duplet wins. 

Dryden, Hock Astrologer, iii. 

duplex (du'pleks), a. and n. [< L. duplex, dou- 
ble, twofold, < duo, = E. two, +plicare, fold.] I. 
a. Double; twofold. Specifically applied in electricity 
to a system of telegraphy in which two messages are trans- 
mitted at the same time over a single wire : it includes 
both diplcx and contraplex. See these words. Duplex 
escapement of a watch. See escapement. Duplex 
idea, lathe, pelitti. See the nouns. Duplex querela 
(eccles.), a double quarrel (which see, under quarrel). 
II, n. A doubling or duplicating. 

duplex (du'pleks), v. [< duplex, a.] I. trans. 
In teleg., to arrange (a wire) so that two mes- 
sages may be transmitted along it at the same 
time. 

Four perfectly independent wires were practically cre- 
ated. . . . Each of these wires was also duplexed. 

G. B. Prescott, Elect. Invent., p. 219. 

II. ill trans. To transmit telegraphic messages 
by the duplex system. 

duplicate (du'pli-kat), v. ; pret. and pp. dupli- 
cated, ppr. duplicating. [< L. duplicatus, pp. of 
duplicare, make double, < duplex (duplic-), dou- 
ble, twofold: see duplex. Cf. double, r.] I. 
trans. 1. To double; repeat; produce a second 
(like the first) ; make a copy or copies of. 

Whereof perhaps one reason is, because there is shewn 
in this a duplicated power: a contrary stream of power 
running across and thwart, in its effects in this. 

Goodwin, Works, III. i. 658. 



duplication 

2. In physiol., to divide into two by natural 
growth or spontaneous division: as, some in- 
fusorians duplicate themselves. 

II. intrans. To become double ; repeat or be 
repeated ; specifically, in ecclesiastical use, to 
celebrate the mass or holy communion twice in 
the same day. See duplication. 

The desires of man, if they pass through an even and in- 
different life towards the issues of an ordinary and neces- 
sary course, they are little, and within command ; but if 
they pass upon an end or aim of difficulty or ambition, 
they duplicate, and grow to a disturbance. 

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 104. 
If the Priest has to duplicate, i. e., to celebrate twice in 
one day, he must not drink the ablutions, which must be 
poured into a chalice and left for him to consume at the 
second celebration. For to drink the ablutions would be 
to break his fast. 
F. G. Lee, Directorium Anglicanum, 4th ed. (1879), p. 248. 

duplicate (du'pli-kat), . and n. [= It. dupli- 
cato = D. diiplikaat = G. Dan. duplikat, <L. 
duplicates, pp. of duplicare, make double: see 
duplicate, v.] I. a. 1. Double; twofold; con- 
sisting of or relating to a pair or pairs ; or to two 
corresponding parts: as, duplicate spines in an 
insect; duplicate examples of an ancient coin; 
duplicate proportion. 2f. Consisting of a dou- 
ble number or quantity; multiplied by two. 

The estates of Bruges little doubted to admit so small a 
numbre into so populous a company, yea though the num- 
bre were duplicate. Hall, Hen. VII., an. 5. 

3. Exactly like or corresponding to something 
made or done before; repeating an original; 
matched: as, there are many duplicate copies 
of this picture; a duplicate action or proceed- 
ing. Duplicate proportion or ratio, the proportion 
or ratio of squares : thus, in geometrical proportion, the 
first term is said to be to the third in the duplicate ratio of 
the first to the second, or as its square is to the square of 
the second. Thus, in 9 : 15 : : 15 : 25, the ratio of 9 to 25 is 
a duplicate of that of 9 to 15, or as the square of 9 is to 
the square of 15 ; also, the duplicate ratio of a to & is the 
ratio of a a to 6 6 or of a2 to (Si. 

II. n. 1. One of two or more things corre- 
sponding in every respect to each other. 

Of all these he [ Vertue] made various sketches and notes, 
always presenting a duplicate of his observations to Lord 
Oxford. Walpole, Life of Vertue. 

Specifically, in law and com.: (a) An instrument or writ- 
ing corresponding in every particular to a first or original 
and of equal validity with it ; an additional original. 

Duplicates of dispatches and of important letters are 
frequently sent by another conveyance, as a precaution 
against the risk of a miscarriage. The copy which first 
reaches its destination is treated as an original. Wharton. 

In the case of mutual contracts, such as leases, contracts 
of marriage, copartnership, and the like, duplicates of the 
deed are frequently prepared, each of which is signed by 
all the contracting parties; and, where this is done, the 
parties are bound if one of the duplicates be regularly ex- 
ecuted, although the other should be defective in the ne- 
cessary solemnities. Bell. 

(b) A second copy of a document, furnished by authority 
when the original has been lost, defaced, or invalidated. 
2. One of two or more things each of which 
corresponds in all essential respects to an origi- 
nal, type, or pattern ; another corresponding to 
a first or original ; another of the same kind ; a 
copy: as, a duplicate of a bust. 

Many duplicates of the General's wagon stand about the 
church in every direction. 

W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 72. 

duplication (du-pli-ka'shqn), n. [= F. dupli- 
cation = Pr. duplicatio = Sp. duplicacion = Pg. 
duplicaq Ho = It. duplicazione, < L. duplicatio(n-), 
< duplicare, pp. duplicatus, double : see dupli- 
cate, v.] 1. The act of duplicating, or of mak- 
ing or repeating something essentially the same 
as something previously existing or done. 

However, if two sheriffs appear in one year (as at this 
time and frequently hereafter), such duplication coineth 
to pass by one of these accidents. 

Fuller, Worthies, Berkshire. 

2. In arith., the multiplication of a number by 
two. 3. A folding; a doubling; also, a fold: as, 
the duplication of a membrane. 4. InpJiysiol., 
the act or process of dividing into two by natural 
growth or spontaneous division. 5. in music, 
the process or act of adding the upper or lower 
octaves or replicates to the tones of a melody or 
harmony. See double, n.&ndi: 6. Inbot., same 
as chorisis. 7. In admiralty line, a pleading on 
the part of the defendant in reply to the replica- 
tion. Benedict. [Rare.] 8. Eccles., the cele- 
bration of the mass or eucharist twice by the 
same priest on the same day. From the sixth cen- 
tury to the thirteenth, duplication was in many places 
not an unusual practice on a number of days. Since the 
fourteenth century it has been forbidden in the Roman 
Catholic Church except on Christmas day. In the medi- 
eval church in England it was allowed on Easter day 
also. The Greek Church does not permit duplication. 
Duplication formula, in math., a formula for obtain- 



duplication 

Ing the sine, etc., of the dmil.Ie ol un angle from the 
functions of the angle Itself. Problem of the duplica- 
tion, or duplication of the cube, in <//'.. tin problem 
to determine the side of a mbe which shall have double 

the Soli. I tents of II uivelieuhc. The' problem ise.niiv 

Blent to Illlilin- the elllpr root of 2, which is neither ra 

tlonal nor rationally expressible In terms of square roots 
of Integers ; ' ..n^ <|ii< nily neither an exact numerical so- 
lution nor an exact construction with a rule and compass 
is possible. Also called Hie /'/mil problem. 

There r< -11111111 yet some other pages of Mr. Hobbes'sdia 
lo'^ne. wherein he speaks of ... the duplication of the 
GWk . and the quadrature of the circle. 

Jliiul,; Works, I. 234. 

The altar of Apollo at Athens was a square block, or 

cube, and to double It required the duplication <tf the cube. 

D. Webtttr, Speech, Mechanics' Inst., Nov. 12, 1828. 

duplicative (du'pli-kii-tiv), . [= F. duplica- 
tij ; as ilii/ilii-ntr + -iri.\ I laving the quality of 
duplicating or doubling; especially, injiliy.tiul.. 
having the quality of duplicating or dividing 
into two by natural growth or spontaneous di- 
vision. 

In the lowest forms of Vegetable life, the primordial 
K'Tin multiplies itself by duplicative subdivision into an 
apparently unlimited number of cells. 

II'. /;. Carpenter, in Grove's Corr. of Forces. 

duplicatopectinate (du-pli-ka-to-pek ' ti-nat) , 
a. [< duplicate + pectinate.'] In entom., hav- 
ing the branches of bipectinate antennw on 
each side alternately long and short. 

duplicature (du'pli-kit-tur), n. [= P. duplica- 
titri = It. itiipliciititra, < L. as if "duplicatura, 
< duplicare, pp. duplicates, double: see dupli- 
cate, v.] A doubling; a fold or folding ; a du- 
plication: as, a duplicature of the peritoneum. 

The kidneys and bladder are contained in a distinct du- 
plicature of that membrane [the peritoneum], being there* 
by partitioned off from the other contents of the abdo- 
men. Paley, Nat. Theol., xi. 

duplicidentate (du'pli-si-den'tat), a. [< NL. 
diil>licidentatus, < L. duplex (duplic-), double, + 
dentatus = E. toothed: see dentate.'] Of or 
pertaining to the Duplicidentati ; having four 
upper incisors, two of which are much smaller 
than and situated behind the other two, of 
which they thus appear like duplicates, as in 
the hare, rabbit, or pika. Coues. 

Duplicidentati (du*pli-si-den-ta'ti), n. pi. 
[NL. (sc. Glires), orig. Duplicidentata (sc. Ro- 
dentia, Illiger, 1811); pi. of duplicidcntatits : see 
duplicidentate.'] A primp division of the order 
Rodentia or Glires, containing those rodents, as 
the hares and pikas, which have four upper 
front teeth that is, twice as many as ordinary 
rodents, or Simplicidentati. The group consists 
of the families Leporidae and Lagomyidte. E. U. 
Alston. 

duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), K. [< ME. duplicate, < 
OF. duplicite, F. duplicite = Sp. duplicidad = 
Pg. duplicidade = It. duplicita, < .LL. duplici- 
ta(t-)s, doubleness, ML. ambiguity, < L. duplex 
(duplic-), twofold, double : see duplex.'] 1. The 
state of being double ; doubleness. [Bare.] 

They neither acknowledge a multitude of unmade dei- 
ties, nor yet that duplicity of them which Plutarch con- 
tended for (one good and the other evil). 

Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 231. 

These intermediate examples need not in the least con- 
fuse our generally distinct ideas of the two families of 
buildings ; the one in which the substance is alike through- 
out, and the forms and conditions of the ornament as- 
sume or prove that it is so ; ... and the other, in which 
the substance is of two kinds, one internal, the other ex- 
ternal, and the system of decoration is founded on this 
duplicity, as pre-eminently in St. Mark's. I have used 
the word duplicity iu no depreciatory sense. Ruxkin. 

A star in the Northern Crown, . . . (ij Corona)), was 
found to have completed more than one entire circuit 
since its first discovery ; another, r Serpentarii, had closed 
up into apparent singleness ; while in a third, < Orionis, 
the converse change had taken place, and deceptive sin- 
gleness had been transformed into obvious duplicity. 

A. M. Clerke, Astron. in 19th Cent., p. 68. 

2. Doubleness of heart or speech ; the acting 
or speaking differently in relation to the same 
thing at different times or to different persons, 
with intention to deceive ; the practice of de- 
ception by means of dissimulation or double- 
dealing. 

And shall we even now. whilst we are yet iniurtlngfrom 
tile consequence* of hrr treachery, become u second time 
the nood easy dupes of her itni- 

Anecdotes of Up. Watmn, I. 273. 

I think the student of their character should also he slow 
to upbraid Italians for their duiiliritii. without admitting, 
in palliation of the faults, facts of long ages of alien and 
domestic pi>iv.s-.in, in politics and reliuion. 

linn;-//*. Venetian Life, xxi. 

3. In lair, the pleading of two or more dis- 
tinct matters together as if constituting but 

one. = Syn. 2. Uuile, deception, hypocrisy, urtitlce, chi- 
canery. 



1801 

duplo- (du'plo). [< . L. duplitx, double : see dov- 
l>li .] A prefix signifying 'twofold' or 'twice as 
much ' : as, duplo-carburet, twofold carburet, 




It. dn/ilirare, < ML. duplirarr, put in a rebutter, 
make a second reply, L. duplicare, double : see 
i/ii/ilicate, a.] In Scots law, a second reply: a 
pleading formerly in use in inferior courts. 

Answers, replies, dupliei, triplies, imadruplles, followed 
tiiiek upon each other. Scott, Abbot, f. 

dupondius (du-pon'di-us), . ; pi. du2>ondii (-1). 
[L., also diipondium, dipoitdium, < duo, = E. tiro, 
+ pondus, a weight, < pendere, weigh: see 
pound 1 .] A Roman bronze coin, of the value 




Obverse. Reverse. 

Dupondius of Augustus. British Museum. (Size of the original-! 

of 2 asses (see a* 4 ), issued by Augustus and 
some of his successors: popularly called by 
coin-collectors "second brass," to distinguish 
it from the sestertius, the " first brass" Roman 
coin. 

dupper (dup'er), n. Same as dubber^. 

Dupuytren s contraction. See contraction. 

dur (dor), n. [= G. Dan. Sw. dur, < L. durus, 
hard.] In music, major: as, C dur, or C major. 

dura (du'ra), . [NL., fern, of L. durus, hard: 
see dare."]" 1. Same as duramen. 2. The dura 
mater (which see). Wilder and Gage. 

durability (du-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [= Dan. Sw. du- 
rabilitet, <F. durabilite(OF. dureblete) = Pr. du- 
rabletat = Pg. durabilidade = It. durabilita, < 
LL. durabilita(t-)s, < L. durabilis, durable: see 
durable.'] The quality of being durable; the 
power of lasting or continuing in the same 
state by resistance to causes of decay or disso- 
lution. 

A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds 

by its size, its height, . . . its antiquity, and its durability. 

H. Blair, Rhetoric, iii. 

durable (du'ra-bl), a. [= D. Dan. Sw. durabel, 

< F. durable = Pr. Sp. durable = Pg. duravel = 
It. durabile, < L. durabilis, lasting, < durare, last, 

< durus, hard, lasting : see dure, v.] Having the 
quality of lasting, or continuing long in being; 
not perishable or changeable: lasting; endur- 
ing: as, durable timber; durable cloth; durable 
happiness. 

The monuments of wit and learning are more durable 
than the monuments of power, or of the hands. 

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 101. 

They might take vp their Crosse, and follow the second 
Adam vnto a durable happinesse. 

Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 28. 
For time, though in eternity, applied 
To motion, measures all things durable. 



durante beneplacito 

and spinal cord ; a dense, tough, glistening 
fibrous membrane which lines the interior of the 
brain-case, but in the spinal column is sepa- 
rated from the periosteum lining the vertebras 
by a space filled with loose areolar tissue, in 
the skull it envelops the brain, but does not send down 
processes into the fissures. It forms, however, some main 
folds, as the vertical falcate sheet or falx cerebrl between 
the hemispheres of the cerebrum, and the tentorinm or 
horizontal sheet between the cerebrum and the cerebel- 
lum. Sundry venous channels between layers of the dura 
mater are the sinuses of the brain. The term itura mater 
is contrasted with pia mater, both these meninges lielng 
so named from an old fanciful notion that they were the 
" mothers," or at least the nurses, of the contained parts. 
duramen (du-ra'men), n. [NL., < L. duramen, 
hardness, also applied to a ligneous vine-branch, 
< durare, harden, < durus, hard: see dure.] In 
bot., the central wood or heart-wood in the trunk 
of an exogenous tree. It is harder and more solid 
than the newer wood that surrounds it, from the forma- 
tion of secondary layers of cellulose In the wood-cells. It 
is also usually of a deeper color, owing to the presence of 
peculiar coloring matters. Called by ship-carpenters the 
spine. See alburnum. Also dura. 

The inner layers of wood, being not only the oldest, hut 
the most solidified by matters deposited within their com- 
ponent cells and vessels, are spoken of collectively under 
the designation duramen or "heart- wood." 

W. B. Carpenter, Micros., I 3CH. 

durance (du'rans), n. [Early mod. E. also du- 
raunce, duransc; < OF. durance = Sp. duranza 
= It. duranza, < ML. as if "durantia, < L. du- 
ran(t-)s, ppr. of durare, last : see dure, v. In E. 
durance is prob. in part an abbr. by apheresis of 
endurance, q. v.] 1. Duration; continuance; 
endurance. [Obsolete or archaic.] 

Loe ! I have made a Calender for every yeare, 
That steele in strength, and time in durance, shall out- 
weare. Spenter, .Shep. Cal., Epil. 

An antique kind of work, composed of little square pieces 
of marble, gilded and coloured, . . . which set together 
. . . present an unexpressible statelinesse ; and are of 
marvellous durance. Sandyt, Travailes, p. 24. 

Of how short durance was this new made state 1 

Dryden, State of Innocence, v. 1. 



The durance of a granite ledge. 



Emerson, Astrcea. 



By present, past, and future. 

Milton, P. L., v. 881. 

The very susceptibility that makes him quick to feel 
makes him also incapable of deep and durable feeling. 

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 364. 
= Syn. Permanent, Stable, etc. (see lotting), abiding, con- 
tinuing, linn, strong, tough. 

durableness (du'ra-bl-nes), n. The quality of 
being lasting or enduring ; durability : as, the 
durableness of honest fame. 

As for the timber of the walnut-tree, it may be termed 

an English shittim-wood for the fineness, smoothness, and 

durableness thereof. fuller, Worthies, Surrey. 

The durableness of metals is the foundation of this ex- 

- traordinary steadiness of price. 

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, L 11. 

durably (du'ra-bli), adv. In a lasting manner; 
with long continuance. 

An error in physical speculations Is seldom productive 
of such consequences, either to one's neighbour or one's 
self, as are deeply, durably, or extensively injurious. 

V. Knox, Essays, 1. 

dural (du'ral), a. [< dura (mater) + -al.] Of 
or pertaining to the dura mater. 

The dural vessels were well injected externally and In- 
ternally. Medical Xetn, III. 430. 

dura mater (ilu'rii ma'ter). [NL. : L. dura, 
fern, of durus, hard; mater, mother: see durr, 
mother, and of. dura.] The outermost membra- 
nous envelop or external meninx of the brain 



2. Imprisonment ; restraint of the person ; in- 
voluntary confinement of any kind. 

What bootes it him from death to l>e unlwwnd, 

To be captived in endlesse duraunce 

Of sorrow and despeyre without aleggeauuce? 

Spenter, t'. ()., III. v. 42. 

They [the Flemmings] put their Lord in Prison, till with 
long Durance he at last consented. 

Baker, Chronicles, p. 122. 

I give thee thy liberty, set thee from durance. 

Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1. 

In durance vile here must I wake and weep. 

;;..,.. Epistle from Esopus to Maria. 

3f. Any material supposed to be of remarkable 
durability, as buff-leather ; especially, a strong 
cloth made to replace and partly to imitate 
buff-leather; a variety of tammy. Sometimes 
written durant, and also called everlasting. 

Your mincing nlceries durance petticoats, and silver 
bodkins. 

Marston, Jonton, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, i. 1. 

As the taylor that out of seven yards stole one and a 
half of durance. R. WiUon, Three Ladies of London. 

Is not a buff -jerkin a most sweet robe of durance! 

Shot., 1 Hen. IV., L 2. 
4. A kind of apple. 

durancyt,". [Assurance.] Continuance; last- 
ingness; durance. 

The souls ever durancy I sung before, 
Ystruck with mighty rage. 

Dr. It. More, Sleep of the Soul, 1 1. 

durangite (du-ran'jit), n. [< Duranqo (see def.) 
+ -ite%.] A fluo-arsenate of aluminium, iron, 
and sodium, occurring in orange-red monoclinic 
crystals, associated with cassiterite (tin-stone), 
at Durango, Mexico. 

duranset, n. An obsolete form of durance. 

durantt (du'rant), . [< It. durante, & kind of 
strong cloth, <I L. duran(t-)s, lasting, ppr. of 
durare, last: see dure, r.] Same as durance, 3. 

Duranta (du-ran'ta), n. [NL., named after 
Castor Durante, an Italian physician (died 
1590).] A genus of verbenaceous shrubs of 
tropical America, bearing a great profusion of 
blue flowers in racemes. D. Plumieri is found 
in greenhouses. 

durante beneplacito (du-ran'te be-ne-plas'i- 
to). [ML. NL. : L. durante, abl. of duran(t-)g, 
during, ppr. of durare, last, dure (see dure, r., 
and during); LL. beneplacito, abl. of benepla- 
citum, good pleasure, neut. of beneplacitus, pp. 
of beneplacerc, bene placere, please well : see oe- 
neplacit,] During good pleasure. 



durante vita 

durante Vita (du-ran'te vi'ta). [L. : durante, 
abl. of duran(t-)s, during (see durante bene- 
placito); vita, abl. of ito,life: see rital.'] Dur- 
ing life. 

duration (du-ra'shon), n. [< ME. duration. 
Cf. Pr. duracio = Sp"duracion = Pg. durag&o = 
It. durazione, < ML. duratio(n-), continuance, 
perseverance, < L. durare, last : see dure, v.] 
Continuance in time ; also, the length of time 
during which anything continues : as, the dura- 
tion of life or of a partnership; the duration 
of a tone or note in music; the duration of an 
eclipse. 

The distance between any parts of that succession [of 
ideas], or between the appearance of any two ideas in our 
ininds, is that we call duration. 

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xiv. 3. 

Is there any thing in human life, the duration of which 
can be called long? Steele, Spectator, No. 153. 

It was proposed that the duration of Parliament should 
be limited. Macaulay. 

Relative, apparent, and common time is duration as es- 
timated by the motion of bodies, as by days, months, and 
years. Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, art. xvii. 

durbar, darbar (der'bar), n. [< Hind, darbar, 
Turk, derbdr, < Pers. darbar, a court, an audi- 
ence-room, < dar, a door, + bar, admittance, 
audience, court, tribunal.] 1. An audience- 
room in the palace of a native prince of India; 
the audience itself. 

He was at once informed that a Rampore citizen had 
no right to enter the durbar of Jubbul, and was obliged 
to go out in the rain in the court-yard. 

W. H. Russell, Diary in India, II. 206. 

2. A state levee or audience held by the gov- 
ernor-general of India, or by one of the native 
princes; an official reception. 

On January 1, 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Em- 
press of India, at a darbdr of unequalled magnificence, 
held on the historic " ridge " overlooking the Mughal capi- 
tal of Delhi. Encyc. Brit., XII. 811. 

duret (dur), a. [Sc. also dour; < OF. dur, F. 
dur = Sp. Pg. It. duro, < L. durus, hard, rough, 
harsh, insensible, = Ir. dur = Gael, dur, dull, 
hard, stupid, obstinate, firm, strong, = W. dir, 
certain, sure, of force, dir, force, certainty; 
but the Celtic forms, like W. dur, steel, may 
be borrowed from the Latin.] Hard ; rough. 

What dure and cruell penance dooe 
I sustaine for none offence at all. 

Palace of Pleasure, I. sig. Q, 4. 

duret (dur), . [< ME. duren, < OF. durer, F. 
durer = Pr. Sp. Pg. durar = It. durare, < L. 
durare, intr.be hardened, be patient, wait, hold 
out, endure, last, tr. harden, inure, < durus, 
hard, rough, harsh, insensible: see dure, a. 
Hence endure, perdure, duration, during, etc.] 

1. intrans. 1. To extend in time; last; con- 
tinue ; be or exist ; endure. 

Why] that the world may dure. 

Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 980. 

Vpon a sabboth day, when the disciples were come to- 
gether vnto the breakyng of the bread, Paule made a ser- 
mon duryng to mydnight. Tyndale, Works, p. 476. 

Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while. 

Mat. xiii. 21. 

The noblest of the Citizens were ordained Priests, which 
function dured with their liues. 

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 332. 

2. To extend in space. 

Arabye durethe fro the endes of the Reme of Caldee 
unto the laste ende of Affryk, and marchethe to the Lond 
of Ydumee, toward the ende of Botron. 

Mandeville, Travels, p. 43. 

"How fer is it hens to Camelot?" quod Seigramor. 
" Sir. it is vj mile vnto a plain that dureth wele two myle 
fro thens." Merlin(E. E. T. S.), ii. 260. 

II. trans. To abide ; endure. 

He that can trot a courser, break a rush, 
And, arm'd in proof, dare dure a strawes strong push. 
Marston, Satires, i. 

durefult (dur'ful), a. [< dure + -ful.] Last- 
ing : as, dureful brass. 

The durefull oake whose sap is not yet dride. 

Spenser, Sonnets, vi. 

durelesst (dur'les), a. [< dure + -less.] Not 
lasting; fading; fleeting: as, "dureless plea- 
sures," Raleigh, Hist. World. 

Diireresque (du-rer-esk' ), a. [< Diirer (see def.) 
+ -esque.] In the manner or style of Albert 
Diirer, the most famous Renaissance artist of 
Germany (1471-1528), noted for the perfection 
of his drawing and the facility with which he 
delineated character and passion: as, Diirer- 
esque detail. Albert Durer was at once painter, sculp- 
tor, engraver, and architect ; but his fame is must widely 
spread through his admirable engravings, botll on wood 
and on copper, which far surpassed anything that had 



1802 

been produced in that branch of art in his day, and pro- 
vided free scope for his remarkable sureness and delicacy 
of hand. One of the greatest merits of his work lies in 
the harmony of composition characterizing even his most 
complicated designs. In his early work the detail, though 




Durio 

come, q. v.] A Hindu divinity, the consort of 
Siva, other names given her being Devi, Kali, 
Parvati, Bhavani, Uma, etc. She is generally rep- 
resented with ten arms. In one hand she holds a spear, 
with which she is 
piercing Mahisha, 
the chief of the 
demons, the kill- 
ing of whom was 
her most famous 
exploit ; in ano- 
ther, a sword ; in 
a third, the hair of 
the demon chief, 
and the tail of a 
serpent twined 
round him ; and in ^ 

others, the trident, 
discus, ax, club, 
and shield. A great 
festival lasting ten 
days is celebrated 
annually in Bengal 
in her honor. Also 
spelled Doorga. 

durgan. dur- 
gen (der'gan, 
-gen), n. [A 



Durga. 
( From Coleman's" Hindu Mythology.") 




dwarf 

dwergh, etc.) : 
see dwarf.] A 

dwarf. M.Phillips,n06; Halliwell. [Prov.Eng.] 
Durham (der'am), n. One of a breed of short- 
horn cattle, so named from the county of Dur- 
ham in England, where they are brought to 
great perfection: also used attributively: as, 
the Durham breed ; Durham cattle. 

always rendered with almost unparalleled truth, is some- Duria (du'ri-a), n. See 
what profuse and labored, and often sacrifices beauty to durian (du'n-an), n. [< Malay du 

tree, the Durio Zibethinus. 
fruit of this tree. 



Diireresque Detail, as illustrated in a woodcut by Durer. 
(Reduced from the original.) 



1. A 

See Durio. 2. The 



Wetastedmanyfruitsnewtous; . . . we tried a durian, 
the fruit of the East, . . . and having got over the first 
horror of the onion-like odour we found it by no means 
bad. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xxiv. 



exactness ; but toward the close of his career he sought 
to attain repose and simplicity of manner and subject. 
duress (du'res or du-res'), n. [< ME. duresse, 
duresce, hardship, OF. durece, duresce, du- 
resse = Pr. duressa = Sp. Pg. dureza = It. du- 
rezza, < L. duritia, hardness, harshness, sever- 
ity, austerity, < durus, hard: see dure, a.] If. fl^Uo (do-rel'yo), . [Sp., dim. of duro, hard: 
Hardness. see dure, a.] An old Spanish coin, a gold dol- 

lar: otherwise called the escudillo de oro and 
coronilla. 

duringt, . [< ME. during; verbal n. of dure, 
t\] Duration; existence. 

And that shrewes ben more unsely if they were of lenger 

Whan the spaynols that a-spied spakli the! him folwed, during and most unsely yf they weren perdurable. 
And deden al the duresse that thei do mist. Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 4. 

William oSPalerne(E.E. -I. S.), 1.3632. during*^. a . [< ME. during, ppr. of duren, 
Yef I delyuer my moder fro this luge^ shall eny other l as t : see dure, V.] Lasting; continuing; en- 
during. Chaucer. 

Temples and statues, reared in your minds, 
The fairest, and most during imagery. 

B. Jonson, Sejanus, i. 2. 

during (dur'ing), prep. [< ME. duringe, pre; 



Ye that here an herte of suche duresse, 
A faire body formed to the same. 

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 67. 

2. Hardship; constraint; pressure; imprison- 
ment; restraint of liberty ; durance. 



do her duresse? Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 19. 

Right feeble through the evill rate 
Of food which in her duresse she had found. 

Spenser, . Q., IV. viii. 19. 

After an unsatisfactory examination and a brief duress, 
the busy ecclesiastic was released. 

Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 398. 



prop 



g (dur'ing), prep. [< ME. duringe, prop.. 
. ppr. of dure, last (see during, p. a.), like 



P* Durante, < 1.. durante abl agreeing j with 
the substantive, as m durante wta, during life, 
ht - '. lf ? lastm ,' y here duran < is the present 



3. In law, actual or apprehended physical re- 
straint so great as to amount to coercion: a 
species of fraud in which compulsion in some 
form takes the place of deception in accom- 
plishing the injury. Coota/.-Duress of goods participle used m agreement with the noun 
the forcible seizing or withholding of "sonal property vita (E. life), used absolutely: durante, abl. ot 
withoutsufncientjustiflcation.inordertocoercetheclaim- duran(t-)s, ppr. of durare, last: see dure, V.} 
ant. Duress of imprisonment, actual deprivation of i n the time of; in the course of; throughout 
liberty. Duress per minas, coercion by threats of de- , />rvTiHrmnn/>a nf- n fltirinn lifp dtirinn 
structiontolifeorlimb. A promise is voidable when made the ' as, at. .ng 11 uring 

our earthly pilgrimage ; during the space ot a 



A promise is 

under duress, whether this is exercised immediately upon 
the promisor or upon wife, husband, descendant, or ascen- 
dant. 

duress* (du-res'), v. t. [< duress, .] To sub- 
ject to duress or restraint ; imprison. 
If the party duressed do make any motion. Bacon. 

duressort (du-res'or), n. [< duress + -or.'] In 

law, one wno subjects another to duress. Bacon. 
durett (du-ref), n. [Appar. < OF. duret, F. 

duret (= It. duretto), somewhat stiff, hard, etc., 

dim. of dur, stiff, hard, etc., < L. durus, hard: ]) U r.io (du'ri-6), n. 

see dure, a.] A kind of dance. 

The Knights take their Ladies to dance with them gal- 
liards, durets, corantoes, &c. 

Beaumont, Masque of Inner-Temple. 

durettat, . [As if < It. duretto, somewhat 
hard: see duret.] A coarse kind of stuff, so 
called from its wearing well. 

I never durst be seen 

Before my father out of duretta and serge ; 
But if he catch me in such paltry stuffs, 
To make me look like one that lets out money, 
Let him say, Timothy was tarn a fool. 

Jasper Afayne, City Mateh, i. 5. 

Durga (dor'ga), n. [Hind. Durga, Skt. Durga, 
a female divinity (see def.), prop, adj., lit. 
whose going is hard, hard to go to or through, 
impassable, as n. difficulty, danger, < dtir-foT 
dus-, hard, bad (= Gr. 6va-, bad: see dys-), + 

I '- ',-, j. . ' T-I Purian (Durio Zibel 

V ga, another form of i/ gam, go, come, = E. ,,. 



year. 

Ulysses was a baron of Greece, exceedingly wise, and 
during the siege of Troy invented the game of chess. 

Quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 405. 

During the whole time Rip and his companion had la- 
bored on in silence. Jrviny, Sketch-Book, p. 53. 

The whole world sprang to arms. On the head of Fred- 
eric is all the blood which was shed in a war which raged 
during many years and in every quarter of the globe. 

Macaulay, Frederic the Great. 

[NL., also written Duria 
and (non-Latinized) Durion, 
Dhourra, etc., < Malay dury- 
on: see durian.] A genus of 
malvaceous trees, of which 
there are three species, na- 
tives of the Malay peninsula 
and adjoining islands. The 
durian, D. Zibethimis, the best- 
known species, is a tall tree very 
commonly cultivated for its fruit, 
wliirh is very large, with a thick 
hard rind and entirely covered 
with strong sharp spines. Not- 
withstanding its strong civet odor 
and somewhat terebinthinate fla- 
vor, it is regarded by the natives 
as the most delicious of fruits. The 
custard-like pulp in which the 
large seeds are embedded is the 
part eaten ; the seeds are also 
roasted and eaten, or puunded into 




Durio 

flour. They may !>< used as vegetable Ivory. It possesses 

very nmrknl aphniih^uir qii:ilil K- 
durityt (dii'ri-ti), . [= F. iliiri'ti' = It. duritft, 
durititdi; iliiri/nii; < I,. durita(t-)n, hardness, < 
ilnnis, liiii-il: SIT dun; a.] 1. HunlncHH; firm- 
ness. 

As for irradlancy or sparkling, which is found in many 
Hems, ii U iic. t cli...ivial.lc m this; for it cometh short of 
tlu-ir I'ulni.artni-ssi- ami <lu,-il<i. 

>'./ T. Browne, Vulg. Err., II. 1. 

Thr aiH'imts dill I. urn tlu-ir tlrinest stone, and even frag- 
ments of marble, which in ti Wcanii- almost inarlih: 

again, at least of indissolulile ilnriln, as ajipeari'th In the 
M an. lin;; theatres. Sir II. H'uttnu, Klein, of Arehitecture. 

2. Hardness of mind; harshness; cruelty. 

(_'ui-l;i ril in. 

durjee (<16r'je), . [Also written dirgee, durzee, 
etc., repr. Hind, darsi, vernacularly darji, < 
Peru, darzi, a tailor.] In the East Indies, a 
native domestic tailor or seamster. 

durmast (der' mast), . [Origin uncertain.] A 
species of oak ( Qiit-rc/is mvxilijltiru, or, according 
to some, Q. pubexcens) so closely allied to the 
common oak (Q. Itobur) as to be reckoned by 
gome botanists only a variety of it. its wood is, 
however, ilarke r, heavier, and more elastic, and less easy 
to split or to break ; but It is comparatively easy to bend, 
and is therefore highly valued by tne builder ana the cabi- 
net-maker. 

dura 1 , durns (dern, dernz), n. [E. dial. (Corn- 
wall) durn, a door-post, gate-post, < Corn, dorn, 
door-post; cf. W. dor, dries, door: see door.] 
In mining, a " sett " of timbers in a mine. Duna 
is sometimes made singular and sometimes plural. (Pryce.) 
The term chietly used at present, especially in the United 
States, is ten (which see). 

durn a , . t. See dent 3 . 

duro (do'ro), M. [Sp.] The Spanish silver dol- 
lar, the peso duro. See dollar. 

durometer (du-rom'e-ter), n. [< L. durus, hard, 
+ metrum, a measure.] An apparatus invent- 
ed by Behrens for testing the hardness of steel 
rails. It consists essentially of a small drill fitted with 
apparatus for measuring the amount of feed under a given 
pressure of the drill, and counting the turns of the drill. 
The feed and work are considered to give relatively the 
hardness of the steel. 

duroust (du'rus), a. [< L. durus, hard: see 
(lure, a.] Hard. 

They all of them vary much from their primitive ten- 
derness and bigness, and so become more durous. 

J. Smith, Solomon's Portraiture of Old Age, p. 186. 

duroyt (du-roi'), n. [See corduroy.] Same as 
corduroy. ' 

Western Goods had their share here also, and several 
booths were tilled with Serges, Duroyi, Druggets, Shal- 
loons, Cantaloous, Devonshire Kerstes, etc. 

Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, I. 94. 

durra (dur'ft), n. [Also written dura, doura, 
dourah, dora, dhura, dhourra, dhurra, etc., repr. 
Ar. dorra, durra, dora, Turk, dori, millet; cf. 
Ar. dorra, Turk. Pers. Hind, durr, a pearl.] 
The Indian millet or Guinea corn, Sorghum vul- 
gare. See sorghum. 

The always scanty crop of doura fails away from the 
Nile. The Century, XXIX. 651. 

durst (derst). A preterit of dare 1 . 

durukuli, n. See douroucouli. 

dusack (du'sak), n. [G. dusak, also duseck, tu- 
sack, disak, thicsak, tissek, < Bohem. tesak, a 
short, broad, curved sword.] A rough cutlas 
in use in Germany in the sixteenth and seven- 
teenth centuries. It is commonly represented as forged 
of a single piece, the fingers passing through an opening 
made at the end opposite the point, so that the grip con- 
sists of a rounded and perhaps leather-covered part of the 
blade itself. It is said to have originated In Bohemia. 

dliset, An obsolete spelling of deuce 1 . 

dush ((lush), c. [E. dial., < ME. dusshen, dusch- 
i a : appar. orig. a var. of dasxhen, daschen. dash : 
eeo dash.'] I. trans. To strike or push violently. 
[Now only prov. Eng.] 

Tlici dusshed hym, the! dasshed hym, 
Thel lussheil hym, the! lasshed hym, 
Thei pusshed hym, the! passhed hym, 
All sorowe thei saicle that it semed hym. 

1'ork Plays, p. 481. 

Mynours then mightely the moldes did serene, 
Ouertyrnet the toures, & the tore walles 
All dtushet into the diche, doll to be-holde. 

Destruction iif Troy (E. E. T. S.X L 4776. 

II. iiitraiin. To fall violently; dash down; 
move with violence. [Now only prov. Eng.] 

Such a dasande drede duschnl to his herte 
That ul faluwit [fallowed] his face. 

;tttmrt! Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1538. 

dusk(dusk). . andn. [=E. dial, duel-lull (trans- 
posed from dusk) ; < early ME. dosk, dose, d< .sA -. 
deosc, dark ; not found in AS., but perhaps a sur- 
vival of the older form of AS. deorc, ME. deorc, 
ili'rl;, E. tlurk. which in its rhotacized form has 
no obvious connections, while dcime, dimk. <ln*k 
appears to be related to Norw. dunk, a drizzling 



1803 

rain, Sw. dial, dusk, a slight shower, Sw. dusk, 
chilliness, raw weather (> Norw. duxkit = Sw. 
duxka = Dan. duxkr, drizzle ; Sw. duskig, misty, 
etc.), appar. orig. applied to dark, threaten- 
ing weather. LG. dusken, slumber, is not re- 
lated.] I. a. Dark; tending to darkness ; dusky; 
shaded, either as to light or color ; shadowy ; 
swarthy. [Rare and poetical.] 

A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades. 

Milton, P. E., L 296. 
Dusk faces with white silken turbans wreathed. 

Milton, P. TIL, iv. 70. 
As rich as moths from duik cocoons. 

Tennyson, Princess, II. 

II. n. 1. Partial darkness; an obscuring of 
light, especially of the light of day; a state 
between light and darkness ; twilight : as, the 
diixk of the evening; the dusk of a dense forest. 

He quits 
His door lu darkness, nor till dusk returns. 

Wordsworth, Excursion, v. 
Prone to the lowest vale t h aerial tribes 
Descend : the tempest-loving raven scarce 
Dares wing the dubious dusk. Thomson, Summer. 

Fortunately the dusk had thrown a veil over us, and in 
the exquisite delicacy of the fading light we drifted slowly 
up the mysterious river. 

C. W. Stoddard, Mashallah, p. 161. 

2. Tendency to darkness of color; swarthiness. 

Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen, 
Whose dusk set off the whiteness of the skin. 

Dryden, I'al. and Arc., 111. 77. 

dusk (dusk), r. [< ME. dusken, earlier dosken, 
make dark, become dark ; < dusk, a.] I. trans. 

1. To make dusky or dark ; obscure; make less 
luminous. 

After the sun is up, that shallow which dusketh the light 
of the moon must needs be under the earth. Hoiland. 

Essex, at all times his [Raleigh's] rival, and never his 
friend, saw his own lustre dutked by the eminence of his 
inferior. /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 266. 

2. To make dim. 

Which clothes a dlrkness of a forletyn and a despised 
elde hadde dunked and derked. 

Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 1. 

The faithfulnes of a wife is not stained with decelpt, 
nor dusked with any dissembling. 

Sir T. Wilson, Art of Rhetoric, p. 55. 

H. intrans. 1. To grow dark; begin to lose 
light, brightness, or whiteness. 

Dusken his eygheu two, and faylleth breth. 

Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1948. 

2. To cause a dusky appearance; produce a 
slightly ruffled or shadowed surface. 

Little breezes dunk and shiver 
Thro' the wave that runs for ever 
By the island in the river 
Flowing down to Camelot. 

Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, 1. 
[Rare in all uses.] 

dusken (dus'kn), . [< dusk + -enl.] I. in- 
trans. To grow dusk; dim; become darker. 
[Rare.] 

I have known the male to sing almost uninterruptedly 
during the evenings of early summer, till twilight dusk- 
ened into dark. Lowell. 

II. trans. To make dark or obscure. [Rare.] 

The sayd epigrame was not vtterly defaced, but onely 

duskened, or so rased that it myght be reddr, thoughe that 

with some difficulty. Xicoils, tr. of Thucydides, fol. 163. 

duskily (dus'ki-li), adr. With partial dark- 
ness ; with a tendency to darkness or somber- 
ness. 

The twilight deepened, the ragged battlements and the 
low broad oriels [of Haddon Hall] glanced duskily from 
the foliage, the rooks wheeled and clamored In the glow- 
ing sky. //. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 26. 

duskiness (dus'ki-nes), n. Incipient or partial 
darkness; a moderate degree of darkness or 
blackness ; shade. 

Time had somewhat sullied the colour of it with such a 
kind of duskiness, as we may observe in pictures that have 
hung iu some smoky room. 

Boetius (trans.), p. S(Oxf., 1674). 

duskish (dus'kish), a. f< dusk + -Jsfc 1 .] Mod- 
erately dusky ; partially obscure ; dark or 
blackish. 

Sight Is not well contented with sudden departments 
from one extream to another; therefore let them have 
rather a duskish tincture than an absolute black. 

NI';- //. Wotton, Elem. of Architecture. 

duskishly (dus'kish-li), adv. Cloudily; darkly; 
obscurely ; dimly. 
The Comet appeared again to-night, but duskishlu. 

Pepg*, Diary, II. 195. 

duskishness (dus'kish-nes), n. Duskiness; 
slight obscurity ; dimness. 

The harts use dictamus. The swallow the hearbe i-ele- 
ili.nia. The weasell fennell seede, for the duskishnew 
anil blearishnesse of her eyes. 

Jieitcenuiu, Passengers' Dialogues (1612), 



dust 

The divers colours and the tinctures fair, 
Whli-h in this various vesture changes write 
Of light, of duskishnesse. 

Dr. 11. More, Psychotola, L 22. 

dusky (dus'ki), a. [< dusk + -yi.] 1. Rather 
dark ; obscure; not luminous; dim: as, a dusky 
valley. 

Here dies the duiky torch of Mortimer, 
( 'link il with ambition of the meaner sort. 

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., 11. 5. 

He [Dante] Is the very man who has heard the torment- 
ed spirits crying out for the second death, who has read 
the dusky characters on the portal within which there Is 
no hope. Macaulay, Milton. 

Memorial shapes of saint and sage, 

That pave with splendor the Past's dusky aisles. 

Lowell, Under the Willows. 

2. Rather black; dark-colored; fuscous; not 
light or bright : as, a dusky brown ; the dusky 
wings of some insects. 

I will take some savage woman, she shall rear my dutkij 
race. Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 

A smile gleams o'er his dusky brow. 

Whittier, Mogg Megone, I. 

Here were the squalor and the glitter of the Orient 
the solemn dusky faces that look out on the reader from 
the pages of the Arabian Nights. 

T. II, Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 201. 

3. Hence, figuratively, gloomy ; sad. [Rare.] 

While he continues In life, this dusky scene of borrow, 
this melancholy prospect of final perdition will frequent- 
ly occur to his fancy. Bentley, Sermons. 

Dusky duck. See duck. 
Dussumiera (dus-u-me'rft), . [NL. (Cuvier 

and Valenciennes, 1847 ; also Lhtssumieria) ; 

named for the traveler Dussumier.] A genus of 

fishes, in some systems made type of a family 

Dussumierida. 
dussumierid (dus-u-me'rid), . A fish of the 

family Dussumieridte. 
Dussumieridje (dus-u-me'ri-de), . pi. [NL., 

< I>u.?sumiera + -idee.'] A family of malacop- 
terygian fishes, represented by the genus Dus- 
sumiera. It is closely related to the family Clupeida, 
but the abdomen Is rounded and the ribs are not connected 
with a median system of scales. The species are few in 
number; one {Dussumiera teres) is an inhabitant of the 
eastern coast of the United States. 

Dussumierina (dus ll 'u-me-ri'na), n. pi. [NL., 

< Dussumiera + -in2.] In Gunther's system, 
the fourth group of Clupeidtf, with the mouth 
anterior and lateral, the upper jaw not overlap- 
ping the lower, and the abdomen neither cari- 
uate nor serrate, and without an osseous gular 
plate. The group corresponds to the family 
Dussumierida;. 

dust 1 (dust), . [< ME. dust, doust, < AS. dust 
(orig. dust) = OFries. dust = MLG. LG. dust 
(> G. dust), dust, = D. duist. meal-dust, = Icel. 
dust, dust, = Norw. dust, dust, fine particles, 
= Dan. dyst, fine flour or meal ; allied prob. 
to OHG. tunist, dunist, dunst, breath, storm, 
MHG. G. dunst, vapor, fine dust, = Sw. and Dan. 
dunst, steam, vapor; and to Goth, dauns, odor; 
all prob. ult. from a root repr. by Skt. / dhvans 
or / dhvas, fall to dust, perish, vanish, in pp. 
dhvas-ta (= E. dus-t), bestrewn, covered over, 
esp. with dust.] 1. Earth or other matter in 
fine dry particles, so attenuated that they can 
be raised and carried by the wind ; finely com- 
minuted or powdered matter : as, clouds of dust 
obscure the sky. 

Than a-roos the duste and the powder so grete that vn- 
nethe oon myght kuowe a-nother, ne noon ne a-bode his 
felowe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.X 11. 201. 

The ostrich, which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and 
warmeth them in dust. Job x\xix. 13, 14. 

2. A collection or cloud of powdered matter in 
the air; an assemblage or mass of fine particles 
carried by the wind : as, the trampling of the 
animals raised a great dust; to take the du.it 
of a carriage going in advance. 

By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall 
cover thee. Ezek. xxvL 10. 

Hence 3. Confusion, obscurity, or entangle- 
ment of contrary opinions or desires ; embroil- 
ment ; discord : as, to raise a dust about an af- 
front ; to kick up a dust. See phrases below. 

Great contest follows, and much learned dust 
Involves the combatants ; each claiming truth, 
And truth disclaiming both. Cmrper, Task, ill. 161. 

4. A small quantity of any powdered substance 
sprinkled over something : used chiefly in cook- 
ery: as, give it a dust of ground spice. 5. 
Crude matter regarded as consisting of sepa- 
rate particles ; elementary substance. 

Many [a day] hade i be ded & to dust roted, 
Nadde it be Goddes grace * help of that liest. 

William uf Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), L 4124. 



dust 

Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. 

Gen. iii. 19. 

My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust. . . . 
For now shall I sleep in the dust. Job vii. 6, 21. 

Fair brows 
That long ago were dust. 

Eryant, Flood of Years. 

Hence 6f. A dead body, or one of the atoms 
that compose it ; remains. 

The bodies of the saints, what part of the earth or sea 
soever holds their dusts, shall not be detained in prison 
when Christ calls for them. . . . Hot a dust, not a bone, 
can be denied. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 106. 

Hereafter if one Duet of Me 
Mix'd with another's Substance be, 
'Twill leaven that whole Lump with love of Thee. 

Cowley, The Mistress, All over Love. 

7. A low condition, as if prone on the ground. 
He raiseth up the poor out of the dust. 1 Sam. ii. 8. 

8. Rubbish; ashes and other refuse. [Eng.] 

But when the parish dustman came, 

His rubbish to withdraw, 
He found more dust within the heap 

Than he contracted for ! Hood, Tim Turpin. 

A string of carts full of miscellaneous street and house 
rubbish, all called here [London] by the general name of 
dmt. New York Tribune, Sept. 9, 1879. 

9. Gold-dust; hence, money; cash. See phrases 
below. [Slang.] 10. Same as dust-brand Cos- 
mic dust. See cosmic. Down with the (his, your) 
dust, pay or deliver the money at once. 

The abbot down with his dust; and, glad he had es- 
caped so, returned to Reading, as somewhat lighter in 
purse, so much more merry in heart than when he came 
thence. Fuller, Ch. Hist., II. 218. 

Limb. I'll settle two hundred a year upon thee. . . . 
Aldo. Before George, son Limberham, you'l spoil all, 
if you underbid so. Come, down with your dust, man ; 
what, show a base mind when a fair Lady's in question ! 

Dnjden, Limberham, ii. 1. 
Come, fifty pounds here ; down with your dust. 

O'Keefe, Fontainebleau, ii. 3. 

Dust and ashes. See osAs. Founders' dust. See 

founder'^. Metallic dust, powdered oxids or filings of 
metals, used for giving a metallic luster to wall-papers, 
lacquered ware, etc. The metal-powders are washed, 
treated with chemicals, and heated, to obtain a variety of 
colors. To beat the dust. See beati.To bite the 
dust. See bite. To kick up a dust, to make a row; 
cause tumult or uproar. [Colloq.] To make one take 
the dust, in driving, to pass one on the road so as to 
throw the dust back toward him ; beat one in a race. To 
raise a dust, (a) To cause a cloud of dust to rise, as a 
fast-driven carriage, a gust of wind, etc. (6) To make con- 
fusion or disturbance; get up a dispute; create discord 
or angry discussion. [Colloq.] 

The Bishop saw there was small reason to raise such a 
dust out of a few indiscreet words. 

Bp. llacket, Abp. Williams, II. 61. 

By the help of these [men], they were able to raise a 
dust and make a noise ; to form a party, and set them- 
selves at the head of it. Bp. Atterlnmj, Sermons, I. iii. 

To throw dust in or Into one's eyes, to mislead, con- 
fuse, or dupe one. 

This is certainly the dust of Gold which you have thrown 
in the good Man's Eyes. Dryden, Spanish Kriar, iii. 1. 

dust 1 (dust), v. t. [< ME. dusten, intr., rise as 
dust, = Icel. dusta = Norw. dusta, tr., dust, 
sprinkle with dust, = Dan. dyste, sprinkle ; from 
the noun.] 1. To free from dust; brush, wipe, 
or sweep away dust from: as, to dust a table, 
floor, or room. 

Let me dust yo' a bit, William. Yo've been leaning 
against some whitewash, a'll be bound. 

Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xiv. 

2. To sprinkle with dust, or with something 
in the form of dust: as, to dust a cake with 
fine sugar; to dust a surface with white or 
yellow. 

Especially in one of those stand-stills of the air that fore- 
bode a change of weather, the sky is dusted with motes of 
fire of which the summer-watcher never dreamed. 

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 52. 

Insects in seeking the nectar would get dusted with pol- 
len, and would certainly often transport it from one flower 
to another. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 95. 

To dust one, to make one take the dust (which see, under 
dust, .) To dust one's jacket, to give one a drubbing ; 
beat one as if for freeing him from dust, or so as to raise 
a dust. 

dust 2 (dust), v. [< ME. dusten, desten, throw, 
hurl, intr. rush, comp. adusten, throw (a differ- 
ent word from dusshen, throw down, dash: see 
dush), appar. of Scand. origin: < Icel. dusta, 
beat; cf. dustera, tilt, fight (Haldorsen, Cleas- 
by), dust, a blow (Haldorsen), = Sw. c?ws<=Dan. 
dyst, a tilt, bout, fight, = MLG. dust (zdust, sust), 
a tilt, a dance. Prob. allied to douse?, beat (see 
douse?). Hitherto confused by a natural figure 
with dust*-, from which, in def. I., 2, and II., 
it cannot now be entirely separated. It is 
possible that the two words are ult. connected. 
Cf. Gr. Kovletv, tr. cover with dust, intr. run (as 
horses or men), or march (as an army), making 



1804 

a dust in the act, i. e., 'dust.'] I.t trans. 1. 
To throw ; hurl. 

This inilde meiden ... toe [took] him bi the ateliche 
[grisly] top, ant hef him up ant duste him adunriht [down- 
right] to ther [the] eorthe. 

SI, Margherete (ed. Cockayne), p. 12. 

He iss Godd self, that duste death under him. 

Legend of St. Katherinc, 1. 1093. 

2. To strike ; beat. 

An engel duste hit a swuch dunt that hit bigon to clat- 
eren. ' Legend of St. Katherine, 1. 2025. 

Observe, my English gentleman, that blowes have a won- 
derful! prerogative in the feminine sex ; ... if ... she 
be good, to dust her often hath in it a singular . . . ver- 
tue. Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612). 

II. intrans. To run; leave hastily ; scuttle; 
get out: as, to get up and dust; come, dust out 
of here. [Colloq. or slang.] 

Vrgan lepe vnfain 
Ouer the bregge [bridge] he deste. 
Sir Tristrem, iii. 9 (Minstrelsy, ed. Scott, V.). 

dust-ball (dust'bal), TO. A disease in horses in 
which a ball is sometimes formed in the intes- 
tinal canal, owing to over-feeding with the dust 
of corn or barley. Its presence is indicated by a hag- 
gard countenance, a distressed eye, a distended belly, and 
hurried respiration. 

dust-bin (dust'bin), n. A covered receptacle 
for the accumulated dust, ashes, and rubbish 
of a dwelling, usually placed in a cellar or in a 
yard. [Eng.] 

Villages, with their rows of hovels sandwiched in be- 
tween rows of dustbins. Contemporary Rev., LII. 128. 

dust-brand (dust'brand), . Smut. Also dust. 

dust-brush (dust'brush), n, A brush made of 
feathers, fine bristles, tissue-paper, or the like, 
for removing dust, as from furniture, walls, 
framed pictures, etc. 

dust-cart (dust'kart), . A cart for conveying 
dust, refuse, and rubbish from the streets. 
[Eng.] 

dust-chamber (dust'cham' / b6r), n. An in- 
closed flue or chamber filled with deflectors, in 
which the products of combustion from an ore- 
roasting furnace are allowed to settle, the 
heavier and more valuable portions being left 
in the dust-chamber, and the volatile portions 
passing out through the chimney or other es- 
cape. 

dust-collar (dust'kol"ar), n. A grooved ring 
or flange placed between the hub of a wheel 
and the journal, to hold a dust-guard and keep 
the axle-box clean. 

duster (dus'ter), . 1. One who dusts. 2. 
That which is used in dusting or removing 
dust, as a piece of cloth or a brush. A kind of 
cloth especially for use in the form of dusters is made of 
cotton, or of linen and cotton, generally twilled, woven 
plain or with a checked pattern, and sold by the yard, 
and also in separate squares, like handkerchiefs. 

We were taught to play the good housewife in the kitch- 
en and the pantry, and were well instructed in the con- 
duct of the broom and the duster. 

Watts, Education of Children and Youth, f viii. 

3. A fine sieve. 4. A machine for sifting 
dry poisons upon plants, to destroy insects. 
E. H. Knight. 5. A light overcoat or wrap 
worn to protect the clothing from dust, espe- 
cially in traveling. 

With February came the Carnival. . . . Hawthorne 
. . . accepted its liberties . . . with great good humor. 
He used to stroll along the streets, with a linen duster 
over his black coat. 

J. Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hawthorne, II. v. 

Set duster, a long broom, hearth-brush, or any dusting- 
brush. 

dust-guard (dust'gard), n. A thin piece of 
wood, leather, or fabric fitted to a journal-box 
to exclude dust from the axle and bearings, and 
to prevent the escape of the oil and waste from 
the box. 

The dust-guard is made of sycamore wood, and is either 
in one or two parts. Engineer, LXV. 297. 

dust-hole (dust'hol), n. A dust-bin. 

Our dusthole ain't been hemptied this week, so all the 
stuff is running into the sile. 

Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 80. 

dustiness (dus'ti-nes), n. The state of being 
dusty. 

dusting-colors (dus'ting-kul // orz), n. pi. In 
printing, colors in the form of powder, made to 
be spread or dusted over an impression in ad- 
hesive varnish. Ultramarine blue and gold bronzes 
are common dusting-colors, and by this treatment show 
greater depth or brilliancy of color than when mixed with 
the varnish as a printing-ink. 

dustless (dust'les), a. [< dusti + -/ess.] Free 
from dust. 

A dustless path led to the door. 

L. Wallace, Ben Hur, p. 177. 



Dutch 

dust-louse (dust'lous), . An insect of the 
genus I'socus or family I'socidw. 

dustman (dust'man), n. ; pi. dustmen (-men). 
1. One whose employment is the removal of 
dust, rubbish, or garbage. 2. The genius of 
sleep in popular sayings and folklore: so 
named because the winking and eye-rubbing 
of a sleepy child are as if he had dust in his 
eyes Running or flying dustman, a man who re- 
moved dust from dust-lioles, without license, for the sake 
of what he could pick out of it. [Eng. ] 

At Marlborough Street one day early in November, 
1837, two of the once celebrated fraternity known as "Jly- 
ing dustmen " were charged with having emptied a dust- 
hole in Frith Street, without leave or licence of the con- 
tractor. Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, pp. 78, 79. 

dustoori (dus-to'ri), n. Same as dasturi. 

dust-pan (dust'pan), n. A utensil for collect- 
ing and removing dust brushed from the floor, 
furniture, etc. 

dust-pointt (dust'point), n. An old rural game, 
probably the same as push-pin. 

We to nine holes fall, 
At dust-point or at quoits. 

Drayton, Muse's Elysium, vi. 

Then let him be more manly ; for he looks 
Like a great school-boy that had been blown up 
Last night at dust-point. 

Beau, and Fl., Captain, iii. 3. 

dust-prig (dust 'prig), . A dust-hole thief; 
one who filched from dust-bins. [Eng.] 

The days of " dusting on the sly " seem to be rapidly 
passing away. The transportation of the renowned Bob 
Bonner, first of dust-prigs, added to the great fall in 
breeze, have caused this consummation. 

Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 79. 

dust-prigging (dust'prig"ing), n. Filching or 
stealing from dust-bins. [Eng.] 

In the palmy days of dust-prigging, [men] fearlessly en- 
countered the perils of Tothill Fields and the treadmill 
in pursuit of their unlawful vocation. 

Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 79. 

dust-shot (dust'shot), n. The smallest size of 
shot. Also called mustard-seed. 

Mustard-seed or dust-shot, as it is variously called. 

Corns. 

dust-storm (dust'storm), n. A storm of wind 
which raises dense masses of dust into the air, 
as on one of the great deserts of Africa or Asia. 

dustuck, dustuk (dus'tuk), n. [Anglo-Ind., < 
Hind, dastak, a passport, permit, < Hind, dast, 
< Pers. dast, the hand.] In India, a customs 
permit. 

Mir Jaflr pledged himself to permit all goods of every 
kind and sort to be carried duty free, under the company's 
dustuck. J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 295. 

dust-whirl (dust'hwerl), n. A whirl of dust, 
made by an eddy of wind. 

In defining this phenomenon [the whirlwind] it will be 
best perhaps that you should be asked to recall the occur- 
rence, on any warm day, of the formation of a dust-whirl 
as it suddenly bursts upon you in the open street. 

Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 247. 

dusty (dus'ti), a. [< ME. dusty, dusti, < AS. 
dystig, dusty, < dust, dust : see dust 1 and -jl.] 

1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust ; re- 
duced to dust ; clouded with dust : as, a dusty 
road; dusty matter; dusty windows. 

All our yesterdays have lighted fools 

The way to dusty death. Shak., Macbeth, v. 5. 

The house thro' all the level shines, 
Close-latticed to the brooding heat, 

And silent in its dusty vines. 

Tennyson, Mariana in the South. 

Nothing ever gave me such a poignant sense of death 
and dusty oblivion as those crumbling tombs overshadow- 
ing the clamorous aiid turbulent life on the hillside. 

T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 245. 

2. Like dust; of the hue of dust ; clouded: as, a 
dusty white or red. 3. Covered with minute, 
dust-like scales, as the wings of a butterfly. 
Westwood. 

dusty-foot (dus'ti-fut), n. Same as piepoudre. 

dusty-miller (dus'ti-iniFer), n. 1. The auricu- 
la, Primula Auricula : so called from the white 
mealiness upon the leaves. 2. The Seneeto 
Cineraria, a common cultivated foliage-plant 
which is covered with white tomentum. 

Dutch (duch), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also 
Dutche, Doutclte, Duche; < ME. Vulclie, l>n<-l,<- 
(Hollandish or German), < MD. diii/U-ch (OD. 
dietisc), D. tliiiterh, Dutch, Hollandish (hoog- 
iliiitneh, High Dutch, German), = MLG. diidesch, 
LG. diidesk = OS. tliiudistc = ORQ. diiitisl; MHG. 
diutisch, diutseh, diimcli, tiittixcli, tiutscli, tiuseh, 
MG. diidesch, dutiscli, tutiscli, G. deutscJi, until re- 
cently also tt'Htneli, = Icel. Thytlwerskr, tliylJi- 
erskr, tliijeskr (perverted forms), later and mod. 
Icel. tltyzkr = Sw. 1ysk = Dan. tijdsk (the Scaud. 



Dutch 

forms after O.) (ML. th/n/liticiia, tlifotinfiin, first 
in llin !)th century), German. Teutonic, lit. be- 
longing to the people, popular, national (sup- 
posed to have boon first applied to the 'popular' 
or national language, German, in distinction 
from flu) literary and church language, Latin, 
and from the neighboring Romance tongues), 
being orig. = Goth, "l/iiiiilixl,-.^ (in mlv. tluiiiiixl;n. 
translating Gr. eOvmui;, adv. of tfotubf, national, 
also foreign, gentile) = AS. thcodisc, n., a lan- 
guage, < Goth. Ihiniln = AS. tlieod = OS. thioil, 
/liiiidd, lliiiH/n = OFries. thiade = OD. diet = 
011(1. ilioln, dint, MHG. diet, people, = Icel. 
tlijiiilli, nation, = Lett, tauta, people, nation, = 
Lith. tiiutii, country, = Ir. tun tit, people, = Oscan 
touto, people (cf. uti-ildis /<(<* (Livy), the chief 
magistrate of the Campanian towns: meddix, 
iiK'ilijc, a magistrate) ; cf. Skt. / tu, grow, be 
strong. This noun (Goth, thiuda, OHG. diot, 
etc.) appears in several proper names, as in 
AS. Tkeodric, G. Dietrich, D. Dierrijk, whence E. 
1>< rrick, giving name to the mechanical con- 
trivance so called : see derrick. The word Dutch 
came into E. directly from the MD., but it is 
also partly due to the G. form.] I. a. 1. Of or 
pertaining to the Teutonic or German race, in- 
cluding the Low German (Low Dutch) and the 
High German (High Dutch). See II. Specifi- 
cally ~. Of or pertaining to the Low Germans 
or to their language, particularly to the inhabi- 
tants of Holland ; Hpllandish; Netherlandish: 
formerly called specifically Low Dutch. 

Light pretexts drew me ; sometimes a Dutch love 
For tulipa. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter. 

The word Dutch in this sense came to have in several 
phrases an opprobrious or humorous application, perhaps 
due in part to the animosity engendered by the long and 
severe contest for the supremacy of the seas waged by Eng- 
land and tile Netherlands in the seventeenth century. See 
l>ut<-h auction, courane, defense, etc. 
3. Of or pertaining to the High Germans or 
to their language : formerly called specifically 
High Dutch. Dutch auction, an auction at which the 
auctioneer starts with a high price, and comes down till 
he meets with a bidder ; a mock auction. Dutch bar- 
gain. See bargain. Dutch bricks. See brick'*. Dutch 
cheese. See cheese!. Dutch clover. See II., 7. Dutch 
collar, a horse-collar. Dutch concert. Sec concert. 
Dutch courage, artificial courage ; boldness inspired by 
intoxicating spirits. 

Pull away at the usquebaugh, man, and swallow Dutch 
courage, since thine English is oozed away. 

Kinysley, Westward Ho, xi. 

Dutch cousins, Intimate friends : a humorous perversion 
of aerinan cousins or conning german. Dutch defense, 
a sham defense. 

I am afraid Mr. Jones maintained a kind of Dutch de- 
fence, and treacherously delivered up the garrison without 
duly weighing his allegiance to the fair Sophia. 

Fielding, Tom Jones, ix. 5. 

Dutch foil. See /otfi. Dutch gleek, drink : a jocular 
allusion to the game of gleek : as if tippling were the 
favorite game of Dutchmen. Nares. 

Nor could be partaker of any of the good cheer, except 
it were the liquid part of it, which they call Dutch gleek, 
where he plaied his cards so well, and vied and revied so 
often, that he had scarce an eye to see withal. 

Qaytvn, N"ots on Don Quixote, p. 90. 

Dutch gold. See Dutch inetal. Dutch lace, a thick and 
not very open lace, like a coarse Valenciennes lace, made in 
the Netherlands, generally by the peasants. Dutch leaf. 
See Dutch metal. Dutch liquid (so named because first 
made by an association of Dutch chemists), a Him. oily li- 
quid, insoluble in water, having a pleasant, sweetish smell 
and taste. It is a definite compound, ethylene dichlorid 
(CoH.CU), formed by mixing ethyleno or olenant gas and 
chlorin. It also occurs as a by-product in the manufac- 
ture of chloral. Dutch metal, one of the alloys used as 
a cheap imitation of gold, and sold in the form of leaves, 
called Dutch leaf or leaf-gold. It is a kind of brass, con- 
taining It parts of copper to 2 of zinc, and is one of the 
most malleable of alloys. It is cast in thin plates and then 
rolled, and afterward beaten into very thin leaves. It is 
used in bookbinding. Dutch myrtle, oven, pink. See 
the nouns. Dutch pina. See pin. Dutch roller, rush. 
See the nouns. Dutch school, the name applied to a 
peculiar style of painting which attained its highest de- 
velopment in the Netherlands, characterized by the se- 
lection of subjects of a low or commonplace character, as 
boors drinking, butchers' shops, the materials of the lard- 
er, etc., but raised to tin- highest popularity by admirable 
imitation and general perfection of execution. Rem- 
linm.lt, Brouwer, Ostade, and Jan Steen are among the 
best-known masters of this peculiar school. Dutch 
syrup. See thi' extract. 

A kind of syrup called colonial-synip or Dutch-syrup is 
brimiiht into commerce from those colonies where sugar 
is manufactured from sugar-cane. 

Thautting, Beer (trans.), p. 217. 

Dutch talent (naut.), any piece of nautical work which, 
while it may answer the purpose, and even show a certain 
ingenuity, is not done in clever, shipshape style: iletiiicit 
by sailors as "main stn-nuth ami stupidity." Dutch tile. 
See (id-. DUtCh White. See irhile. Dutch Wife, an 
open frame of ratan or cane, used in hot weather in the 
Dutch East Indies and other tropical countries to rest 
tile arms and legs upon while in bed. To talk like a 
Dutch uncle, to talk with great but kindly severity and 
directness, us if with the authority and unsparing frank- 
ness of an uncle from whom oue has expectations. 



1805 

Milvertnn . . . began reasoning with the boys, talking 

to them liken Dutch n nrlf (I ler what that expression 

means) about their cruelty. 

///;',.-, Animalg and their Masters, p. 131. 

II. H. 1. The Teutonic or Germanic race; 
the German peoples generally : used as a plu- 
ral. Specifically 2. The Low Germans, par- 
ticularly the people of Holland, or the kingdom 
of the Netherlands; the Dutchmen; the Hol- 
landers: called specifically the Low Dutch: used 
as a plural. 3. The High Germans; the in- 
habitants of Germany; the Germans: formerly 
called specifically the High Dutch: used as a 
plural. 

Germany is slandered to have sent none to this war [the 
Crusades] at this first voyage ; and that other pilgrims, 
passing through that country, were mocked by the lint'-t,. 
ami railed fools for their pains. fuller. 

4f. The Teutonic or Germanic language, in- 
cluding all its forms. See 5, 6. 5. The lan- 
guage spoken in the Netherlands ; the Holland- 
ish language (which differs verv slightly from 
the Flemish, spoken in parts of the adjoining 
kingdom of Belgium) : called distinctively Low 
Dutch. 6. The language spoken by the Ger- 
mans ; German ; High German : formerly, and 
still occasionally (as in the United States, espe- 
cially where the two races are mingled), called 
distinctively High Dutch. 7f. The common 
white clover, Trifolium repens : an abbreviation 
of Dutch clover. 8. [Z. c.] A kind of linen tape. 
Pennsylvania Dutch, a mixed dialect, consisting of 
German intermingled with English, spoken by the de- 
scendants of the original German settlers of Pennsylvania. 
To beat the Dutch, to be very strange or surprising; 
excel anything liefore known or heard of : said of a state- 
ment, an occurrence, etc., usually in the form "That beats 
the Dutch." (Colloq., northern U. 8.) 

dutch (duch), v. t. [That is, to treat in Dutch 
fashion: in allusion to the fact that quills were 
first so prepared in Holland; < Dutch, a.] To 
clarify and harden by immersing in heated 
sand, as goose-quills. 

dutchesst, n. An obsolete spelling of duchess. 

Dutchman (duch'man), . ; pi. Dutchmen (-men). 

1. A member of the Dutch race ; a Hollander: 
in the United States often locally applied to 
Germans, and sometimes to Scandinavians. 

The Dutch man who sold him this Vessel told him with- 
al that the Government did not allow any such dealings 
with the English, tho they might wink at it. 

Dampier, Voyages, II. 1. 111. 

2. [I. c.] A wooden block or wedge used to hide 
the opening in a badly made joint. Flying Dutch- 
man, (a) A legendary Dutch captain who for some hei- 
nous offense was condemned to sail the sea, beating against 
head-winds, till the day of judgment. Legends diner as 
to the nature of his offense. According to one, a murder 
was committed on board his ship ; according to another, 
the captain swore a profane oath that he would weather 
the Cape of Good Hope, though it took him till the last 
day. It is said that he sometimes hails vessels with the 
request that they will take letters home for him. (b) The 
ship commanded by this captain. Harry Dutchman, 
the hooded crow, Corpus comix. [Local, Eng.] 

Dutchman' s-breeches (duch'manz-brich'ez), 
H. The plant Dicentra Cucullaria: so called 
from its broadly two-spurred flowers. [U. 8.] 

Dutchman' s-laudanum (duch ' manz - la ' da- 
num), n. Bullhoof, the flowers of which are 
used in Jamaica as a narcotic. 

Dutchraan's-pipe (duch 'manz -pip), n. Tho 
plant Aristolochia Sipho, a climber with broad 
handsome foliage: so called from the shape 
of the flowers. See cut under Aristolochia. 
[U. 8.] 

dutchyt, ft. An obsolete spelling of duchy. 

duteous (du'te-us), a. [< duty + -o-s(cf. beau- 
teous,^ beauty ' + -oits).] 1. Dutiful; obedient; 
subservient. [Rare.] 

As duteous to the vices of thy mistress 

As badness would desire. Shah., Lear, iv. 6. 

A duteous daughter and a sister kind. 

Dryden, On a Lady who Died at Bath. 

2. Pertaining to or required by duty. [Bare.] 

With mine own tongue deny my sacred state, 
With mine own breath release all duteous oaths. 

Shak., Rich. II., IT. 1. 

My ways and wishes, looks and thoughts, she knows, 
And duteous care by close attention shows. 

Crabbe, Works, V. 5i 

duteously (du'tp-us-li), adr. In a duteous man- 
ner. 

duteousness (du'te-us-nes), H. The quality of 
being duteous. 

If piety goes before, whatever iluteousncss or observance 
comes alterwanl-. it cannot easily be amiss. 

./ i . Taylor, Kule of Conscience, iii. 5. 

dutiable (du'ti-a-bl), a. [< duty + -able.'] Sub- 
ject to a customs duty: as, dutiable goods. 

dutied (du'tid). n. [< duty + -erP.] Subjected 
to duties or customs. [U. 8., and rare.] 



duty 

Breadstuff Is dutint so high in the market of Oreat 
Britain as in times of plenty to exclude it, and this is done 
from tile desire to favor her own fanners. 

. I i<-, Works, II. U. 

dutiful (du'ti-ful), n. [<d/i/ + -/ii(.] 1. Per- 
forming the duties required by social or legal 
obligations; obedient; submissive to natural 
or legal superiors ; obediently respectful : as, a 
dutiful son or daughter; a dutiful ward or ser- 
vant; a dutiful subject. 

The Queen beinn gone, the King said, I confess she hath 
lieen t mi tin- most dutiful and loving Wife that ever 
Prince had. Baker, Chronicles, p. 276. 

Though never exceptionally dutiful in his filial rela- 
tions, he had a genuine fondness for the author of his 
lielng. J. llaicthorne. Dust, p. 187. 

2. Expressive of a sense of duty; showing 
compliant respect ; required by duty : as, duti- 
ful attentions. 

Then- would she kiss the ground, and thank the trees, 
bless the air, and do dutiful reverence to every thing she 
tli. Mi-ht did accompany her at their first meeting. 

Sir /*. Sidney. 

Surely if we have unto those laws that dutiful regard 
which their dignity doth require, it will not greatly need 
that we should be exhorted to live in obedience unto them. 
Hooker, Eceles. Polity, ill. 9. 

dutifully (du'ti-ful-i), adv. In a dutiful man- 
ner; with regard to duty; obediently; submis- 
sively. 

I advised him to persevere in dutifully bearing with his 
mother's ill humour. A necdates of Up. Watson, I. 367. 

dutifulness (du'ti-ful-nes), . The quality of 
being dutiful ; submission to just authority ; 
habitual performance of duty. 

At his [the Earl of Essex's! landing, Bryan MacPhelym 
welcom'd him, tendering unto him all manner of Dutijul- 
neis and Service. Baker, Chronicles, p. 350. 

Piety or dutifulnens to parents was a most popular vir- 
tue among the Romans. Dryden. 

duty (du'ti), n. ; pi. duties (-tiz). [Early mod. 
E. also dutie, duetie, dewty, deictic, < ME. duele, 
duetee, deute, dcu-tee, etc., < due, detee, due, + 
-te, -ty, formed after such words as bewte, beau- 
ty, etc.: see due 1 and -ty.'] I. Obligatory ser- 
vice ; that which ought to be done ; that which 
one is bound by natural, moral, or legal obliga- 
tion to do or perform. 

It doth not stand with the duty which we owe to our 
heavenly Father, that to the ordinances of our mother the 
Church we should show ourselves disobedient. 

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 9. 

Take care that your expressions be prudent and safe, 
consisting with thy other duties. 

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 664. 

In the middle ages fealty to a feudal lord was accounted 
a duty, and the assertion of personal freedom a crime. 

//. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 265. 

2. The obligation to do something; the bind- 
ing or obligatory force of that which is morally 
right : as, when duty calls, one must obey. 

For the parents iniurie was reuenged, and the duetie ot 
nature performed or satisfied by the childe. 

J'uttenhain, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 138. 
I taught my wife her duty, made her see 
What ft behoved her see and say and do, 
Feel in her heart and with her tongue declare. 

Broirm'm/, Ring and Book, I. 227. 
O hard, when love and duty clash ! 

Tennyson, Princess, it 

It is asserted that we are so constituted that the notion 
of iluty furnishes in itself a natural motive of action of 
the highest order, and wholly distinct from all the refine* 
ments and modifications of self-interest. 

Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 189. 

Duty to one's countrymen and fellow -citizens, which is 
the social instinct guided by reason, is in all healthy com- 
munities the one tiling sacred and supreme. 

W. K. Cliford, Lectures, II. 69. 

3. Due obedience ; submission ; compliant or 
obedient service. 

Every subject's duty is the king's ; but every subject's 
soul is his own. Shak., Hen. V., iv. I. 

4. A feeling of obligation, or an act manifest- 
ing such feeling ; an expression of submissive 
deference or respectful consideration. [Ar- 
chaic or prov. Eng.] 

They both attone 
Did de icfu to their Lady, as became. 

Spenser, . Q., II. ix. 28. 

There also did the Corporation of Dover and the Earl 
of Winchelsea do their duties to him, in like sort. 

England's Joy (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 27% 
I must entreat you to take a promise that you shall 
have the first [copy] for a testimony of that duty which I 
owe to your love. Donne, Letters, xiv. 

He craved so for news of Sylvia, . . . even though it 
was only that she sent her duty to him. 

Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lover, xix. 

5. Any requisite procedure, service, business, 
or office ; that which one ought to do ; particu - 
larly, any stated service or function : as, the 
duties of one's station in life ; to go or be on 
duty; the regiment did duty in Flanders. 



duty 

Fear God, and keep his commandments : for this is the 
whole duty of man. Eccl. xii. 13. 

To employ him on the hardest and most imperative 
duty. Hallam. 

6. In mech., the number of foot-pounds of work 
done per bushel or per hundredweight of fuel 
consumed : as, the duty of a steam-engine. 
7f. That which is due ; an obligation ; com- 
pensation; dues. 

And right as Judas hadde purses smale 
And was a theef, right swiche a theef was he, 
His master hadde but half his duetee. 

Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 6934. 

They neither regarded to sette him to schole, nor while 
he was at schoole to paie his schoolemaister's duetie. 

J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 369. 

The man shall give unto the woman a ring, laying the 
same upon the book, with the accustomed duty to the 
Priest and Clerk. Rubric in Marriage (1552). 

Do thy duty, and have thy duty. Shak., T. of the S. , iv. 1. 

8. A tax or impost ; excise or customs dues ; the 
sum of money levied by a government upon cer- 
tain articles, specifically on articles imported or 
exported: as, the stamp duty of Great Britain; 
the legacy duty; the duties on sugar; ad valo- 
rem and specific duties. 

To dames discreet, the duties yet unpaid, 
His stores of lace and hyson he convey'd. 

Crabbe., Works, I. 65. 

The word duties is often used as synonymous with taxes, 
but is more often used as equivalent to customs ; the latter 
being taxes levied upon goods and merchandise which are 
exported or imported. In this sense, duties are equivalent 
to imposts, although the latter word is often restrained 
to duties on goods and merchandise which are imported 
from abroad. Andrews, Revenue Laws, 133. 

Alnage duties. See alnage. Breach Of duty. See 
breach. Countervailing duties. See countervailing. 
Differential duty. Same as discriminating duty (which 
see, under discriminating). Malls and dullest. See 
mail*. TO do duty for. See <fol. =8yn. 8. Custom, Ex- 
cise, etc. See tax, n. 

duty-free (du'ti-fre), a. Free from tax or duty. 

duumvir (du-um' ver), n. ; pi. duumviri, duumvirs 
(-vi-ri, -verz). [L., usually, and orig., in pi. du- 
umviri, more correctly dwoviri (sing.duovir), i. e., 
duo viri, two men : duo = E. two; viri, pi. of vir = 
AS. wer, a man. Of. centumvir, decemvir.'] In 
Rom. hist., one of two officers or magistrates 
united in the same public function. The officers 
specifically so called were either the highest magistrates 
of municipal towns or persons appointed for some occa- 
sional service, the kind of duty in all cases being indicated 
by a descriptive term : as, duumviri navales, officers for 
equipping and repairing the fleet. 

duumviracy ( du-um' vi-ra-si), n. [< duumvi- 
rate : see -acy.'] ' The union of two persons in 
authority or office. [Rare.] 

A cunning complicating of Presbyterian and Indepen- 
dent principles and interests together, that they may rule 
in their Duumviracy. 

Dp. Oauden, Tears of the Church, p. 438. 

duumviral (du-um'vi-ral), a. [= F. duumviral 
= It. duumvirale, (. L. duumviralis, < duumviri : 
see duumvir and -a?.] Pertaining to Roman 
duumviri, or to a duumvirate. 

duumvirate (du-um'vi-rat), . [= F. duum- 
virat = Sp. duunvirato = Pg. duumvirato = It. 
duumvirato, < L. duumviratits, < duumviri: see 
duumvir and -ate 3 .] The union of two men in 
the same office, or the office, dignity, or gov- 
ernment of two men thus associated, as in an- 
cient Rome. 

duumviri, . Latin plural of duumvir. 

duvet (du-va'), n. [F., < OF. duvet, down, wool, 
nap.] A quilt or comfortable stuffed with 
swans' down or eider-down. 

dux (duks), n. ; pi. (luces (du'sez). [L., a lead- 
er, general, chief : see duke 1 .'] 1. A leader; a 
chief ; specifically, the head or chief pupil of a 
class or division in some public schools. Imp. 
Diet. 2. In music, the subject or theme of a 
fugue : distinguished from the comes or answer. 

duyker, duykerbok (dl'ker, -bok), n. [< D. 
duiker, = E. ducker, + bok = E. buek.~] The 
diving-buck, or impoon, Cephalophus mergens, 
an antelope of South Africa : so called from its 
habit of plunging through and under the bushes 
in flight instead of leaping over them. There 
are several species of Cephalophus, besides the one men- 
tioned, to which the name is also applicable. See cut 
under Cephalophus. 

duypng, n. Same as dugong. 

duzine, n. [< D. dozijn, a dozen: see dozen.'] 
A body of twelve men, governing a village. 
[N. Y., colonial, local.] 

The patentees are said to have been called the " Twelve 
Men" or Duzine, and to have had both legislative and 
judicial powers in town affairs. 

Johns Hopkins Univ. Stud., IV. 66. 

D. V. An abbreviation of the Latin Deo volente, 
God willing. See Deo volente. 




1806 

D-Valve (de'yalv), n. A valve for opening and 
closing the induction and eduction passages 
of a steam-en- 
gine cylinder : so 
called from its 
plan resembling 
the letter D. The 
usual form of the D- 
valve is shown in fig. 
1, where it is seen 
detached, and at a 
a, flg. 2, which rep- 
resents a section of a 
steam-cylinder and 
nozles. 

dwale (dwal), n. 
[< ME. dwale, 
dwole, error, de- 
lusion, also, in 
later use, dwale, 
a sleeping-po- 
tion, deadly 
nightshade, < 
AS. dwola (rare- 
ly dwala), ge-dwola, error, delusion, heresy ; cf . 
D. dwaal- (in comp.). delusion, = OHG. twdla, 
MHG. twdle, delay; Icel. dvali, sleep, lethargy 
(Haldorsen), dvala, also dvol, pi. dvalar, a short 
stay, a stop, pause; Sw. dvala, a trance, ec- 
stasy, = Dan. dvale, torpor, lethargy, a trance 
(dvale-drik, a sleeping-potion, dvalc-ocer, man- 
drake) : words variously formed and connected 
with AS. "dwal, "dwol, dol (= Goth, dwals, etc.), 
stupid, foolish, dull (see dull 1 ), and with the 
secondary verbs AS. dwelian, mislead, intr. 
err, dwelian, hinder, mislead, dwelian, remain, 
dwell, etc. ; all ult. from the strong verb rep- 
resented by AS. "dwelan, pret. *dwal, *dwol, pp. 
ge-dwolen, mislead: see further under dwell, and 
cf. dwale, v., dwalm.'] If. Error; delusion. 
The Goddes lamb than clenge sale 
This wreched werld fra sinful duale. 

Cunor Mundi, 1. 12840. 

2f. A sleeping-potion ; a soporific. 

To bedde goth Aleyn, and also Jon, 
Ther nas no more, hem needede no dwale. 

Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 241. 

The frere with hus flsik this folke hath enchaunted, 
And doth men drynke dwale that men dredeth no synne. 
Piers Plowman (C), xxiil. 379. 

3. The deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna, 
which possesses stupefying or poisonous prop- 
erties. 

Dwale, or sleeping nightshade, hath round blackish 
Btalkes, &c. This kind of nightshade causeth sleep. 

Gerarde, Herball (ed. T. Johnson), ii. 56. 

4. In her., a sable or black color Deadly dwale, 
the Acuistus arborescens, a small solanaceous tree of 
tropical America, nearly allied to Atropa. It bears yellow 
berries. 

dwale (dwal), v. i. ; pret. and pp. dwaled, ppr. 
dwaling. [See dwell.'] To mutter deliriously. 
Dunglison. [Devonshire, Eng.] 

dwalm, dwaum (dwam, dwam), n. [So., also 
written dualm, dwam; < ME. "dwolme, < AS. 
dwolrna, a confusion, chaos, hence a gulf, chasm 
(cf. OS. dwalm, delusion, = OHG. twalm, stupe- 
faction, a stupefying drink), < "dwelan, pp. gc- 
dwolen, mislead, lead into error: see dwell, 
dwale, and dull 1 .'] A swoon; a sudden fit of 
sickness. 

Mir Majestic . . . this nicht has had sum dwaumes of 
swooning. 

Letter of Council of State, in Keith's Hist., App., p. 18a 

When a child is seized with some undeflnable ailment, 

it is common to say, "It's just some dwaum." Jamieson. 

dwang (dwang), n. A strut inserted between 
the timbers of a floor to stiffen them. [Scotch.] 

dwarf (dwarf), n. and a. [< ME. dwarf, dwerf, 
where / represents the changed sound (so in 
LG. below) of the guttural, which also took a 
different development in the parallel ME. dwe- 
rowe, dwerwe (mod. E. as if *dwarrow; cf. ar- 
row, barrow, etc.), < dwergh, dwerk (whence also 
mod. dial, durgan), a dwarf, particularly as an 
attendant, < AS. dweorg, dweorh, a dwarf (def. 
1), =D. dwerg, a dwarf, = MLG. dwerch, dwarch, 
dwark = LG. dwarf, a dwarf, contr. dorf, an 
insignificant person or thing, = OHG. twerg, 
MHG. twerc, qucrch, zwerch, G. cwerg, a dwarf, 
= Icel. dvergr = Sw. and Dan. dverg, a dwarf. 
The mythological sense appears esp. in Scand., 
and may be the orig. sense.] I. n. 1. A per- 
son of very small size ; a human being much 
below the ordinary stature. True dwarfs (some of 
the most celebrated of whom have been from 3 to less than 
2 feet in height) are usually well formed ; but dwarflshness 



is often accompanied by deformity or caused by dispro- 
portion of parts. In ancient, medieval, and later times, 
dwarfs have been in demand as personal attendants upon 



ladies and noblemen ; and the ancient Romans practised 
methods of dwarfing persons artificially. 



dwarfling 

Of that Citee was /Cacheus UK- Dicri'f, that clomb up in 
to the Sycomour Tre, for to see oure Lord ; be cause he 
was so litille, he myghte not seen him for the peple. 

SlandeoUle, Travels, p. 98. 
Behind her farre away a Dwarfe did lag, 
That lasie seemd, in being ever last. 

Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 6. 
Beneath an oak, mossed o'er by eld, 
The Baron's Dwarf his courser held. 

Scott, L. of L. M., ii. 31. 

2. An animal or a plant much below the ordi- 
nary size of its species. 3. In Scand. myth., 
a diminutive and generally deformed being, 
dwelling in rocks and hills, and distinguished 
for skill in working metals. 

II. a. Of small stature or size ; of a size 
smaller than that common to its kind or spe- 
cies : as, a dwarf palm ; dwarf trees. Among gar- 
deners dwarf is used to distinguish fruit-trees of which 
the branches spring from the stem near the ground from 
riders or standards, the original stocks of which are several 
feet in height. 

In the northern wall was a dwarf door, leading by break- 
neck stairs to a pigeon-hole. 

R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 92. 

Many of the dwar/bicycles now offered for sale, though 

they have merits of their own, are anything but safeties. 

Bury and llillier, Cycling, p. 28. 

Similar to it [B. Aqulfolium], but different in foliage 
and dwarfer in growth, is B. repeps. 

Set. Ainer., N. S., LVI. 292. 

Dwarf bay, bilberry, cherry, etc. See the nouns. 
Dwarf dove, a small ground-dove of the genus Chamoe- 
pelia, (or Columbiffallina). There are several species, all 
American, the best-known being C. pax8erina 3 common in 
southern parts of the United States. See cut under ground- 
dove. Dwarf lemur, a small lemur of the genus Micro- 
cebut (which see). Dwarf male, in algee of the group 
(Kdogynieae, a small, short-lived plant consisting of only 
a few cells, developed in the vicinity of the oogonium 
from a peculiar zoospore, and producing antherozooids. 
Dwarf quail, a small quail of the genus Excalfactoria, 
as the Chinese dwarf quail, E. sintnsis. Dwarf snake, 
a serpent of the family Calamariida (which see), of dimin- 
utive size, and with non-distensible jaws, very generally 
distributed over the globe, found under stones and logs. 
There are several genera and species. Dwarf thrush, a 
small variety of the hermit-thrush, found in the Western 
States ; Turdus nanM. Dwarf wall, specifically, a wall 
of less height than a story of a building. The term is 
generally applied to walls which support the sleeper-joists 
under the lowest floor of a building. 
dwarf (dwarf), v. [< dwarf, .] I. trans. 1. 
To hinder from growing to the natural size ; 
make or keep small ; prevent the due develop- 
ment of; stunt. 

Tims it was that the national character of the Scotch 
was, in the seventeenth century, dwarfed and mutilated. 
Buckle, Civilization, II. v. 

The habit of brooding over a single idea is calculated to 
dwarf the soundest mind. 

Dr. Kay, in Huxley and Youmans' Physiol., 508. 

The window heads have been dwarfed down to mere 
framings for masks. 

J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 124. 

You may dwarf a man to the mere stump of what he 
ought to be, and yet he will put out green leaves. 

G. W. Cable, Grandissimes, p. 331. 

2. To cause to appear less than reality ; cause 
to look or seem small by comparison: as, the 
cathedral dwarfs the houses around it. 
The larger love 
That dwarfs the petty love of one to one. 

Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. 

The mind stretches an hour to a century, and dwarfs 
an age to an hour. Emerson, Old Age. 

And who could blame the generous weakness 
Which, only to thyself unjust, 
So overprized the work of others, 
And dwarfed thy own with self-distrust? 

Whittier, A Memorial, M. A. C. ' 

II. intrans. To become less ; become dwarf- 
ish or stunted. 

As it grew, it dwarfed. Buckle, Civilization, II. ii. 

The region where the herbage began to dwarf. 

L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 7. 

dwarfish (dwar'fish), a. [< dwarf + -iafti.] 1. 
Like a dwarf; below the common stature or 
size ; diminutive]: as, a dwarfish animal ; a 
dwarfish shrub. 2. Slight; petty; despicable. 

The king ... is well prepar'd 

To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms, 

From out the circle of his territories. 

Shalt., K. John, v. '2. 

dwarfishly (dwar'fish-li), adv. Like a dwarf ; 
in a dwarfish manner. 

The painter, the sculptor, the composer, the epic rhap- 
sodist, the orator, all partake one desire, namely, to ex- 
press themselves symmetrically and abundantly, not dwarf- 
ishly and fragmentarily. Kmermn, The Poet. 

dwarfishness (dwar'fish-nes), n. Smallness of 
stature ; littleness of size. 

Science clearly explains this dwarjishness produced by 
great abstraction of heat ; showing that, food and other 
tilings being equal, it unavoidably results. 

U. Spencer, Education, p. 247. 

dwarfling (dwarfling), . [< dwarf + dim. 
A very small dwarf; a pygmy. 



dwarfling 

When the Drnirfliivi did pen-cine me, . . . 

Skijit In- ^uulic into a corner. 

.Si//r. ,,V.T, Tin- Woodman's Hear. 

dwarfy (dwar'fi), a. [< du-arf + -yl.] Small ; 
dwarfish. 

Though I am squint-eyed, lame, bald, dimrfy, &<-., >. I 
these det'oi-nutiei arc joy*. 

Wntfrliontf, Apol. for Learning (1653), p. 65. 

dwaum, n. See diralm. 

dwell (dwel), v. ; pret. and pp. dwelled, more 
usually dwelt, ppr. duTlling. [< ME. dicr/li n 
(pi-rt. iliri'lli-i/i 1 , dirrli'de, dirrldf, dinildi; dinette, 
ilirilt), intr. linger, remain, stay, abide, dwell, 
also err, tr. mislead; < AS. (it) diretlun (pret. 
direaldi.:), tr., mislead, deceive, hinder, pre- 
vent; (ft) dwelian (also in comp. gedwclian and 
ddwelian) (prot. ilin-li-de, tlwelode), tr. mislead, 
deceive, intr. err, wander; (<) dwelian (pret. 
ihrrlnili'), intr., r<>m:iin, dwell (riirc in tliis 
sense) ; (d) dwolian, rarely dwalian, comp. ge- 
dwolian, intr., err, wander; = D. dwalen, err, = 
MLG. dtcelcn, dwalen, err, be foolish, LG. dwa- 
len, intr. err, tr. mislead, cheat, = OS. bi-dwelian, 
hinder, delay, = OHG. twaljan, twellan, MHG. 
tiri'llcn, twelen, tr. hinder, delay, intr. linger, 
wait, = Icel. dvelja, intr. wait, tarry, tr. delay, 
defer, refl. dveljask, stay, make a stay, = Sw. 
dviiljas, intr., dwell, = Dan. dvtelc, intr., linger, 
loiter; all secondary verbs, more or less mix- 
ed in forms and senses, and with numerous 
derivatives, ult. from the strong verb repre- 
sented by AS. 'dwelan (pret. "dwal, *dwol, pp. 
gedwolen), mislead, cause to err (pp. as adj., 
perverse, erring), = OS. for-dwelan, neglect, = 
OHG. ar-twelan, become dull, stupid, or lifeless, 
ga-twelan, stop, sleep (not in Goth, except as 
in deriv. dwals, stupid, foolish, etc.: see dull 1 )-. 
prob. from a root repr. by Skt. -\/ dhvar, bend 
or make crooked. See dwale, dull 1 , dolt.] I. 
in trans. 1. To linger; delay; continue; stay; 
remain. 

I ne dar no leng dwelle her, 
For Ihc was sent as Messager. 

King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 48. 
Series, ich haue wonder 
Where my doujter to-day dwelles thus longe. 

William o/ I'alenie (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1989. 

Yat qwat broyer or syster be ded of yis gylde, ye aldyr- 

man and alle ye gylde breyeryn and systers schullyn be 

redl to here hym to ye chyrche, and otfyrryn as it aforne 

seyde, and dwelle yer tylle ye messe be don.and be beryid. 

English Gilds (E. E. T. S.X p. 88. 

Go, and let 

The old men of the city, ere they die, 
Kiss thee, the matrons dwell about thy neck. 

li. Jonson, Catiline, v. 6. 

2. To abide as a permanent resident; reside; 
have abode or habitation permanently or for 
some time. 

In that Desert duellyn manye of Arrabyenes. 

Mandeville, Travels, p. S3. 

God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the 
tent* of Shem. Gen. ix. 27. 

Nor till her lay was ended could I move, 
But wish'd to dwell for ever in the grove. 

Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 1. 135. 
And Virtue cannot dwell with slaves, nor reign 
O'er those who cower to take a tyrant's yoke. 

Bryant, The Ages. 

3f. To live; be; exist: without reference to 
place. 

There was dwellynge somtyme a ryche man, and it is 
not longe si then, and men clept him Qatholonabes ; and he 
was tulle of Cauteles. .Mandeville, Travels, p. 277. 

To dwell on or upon, (a) To keep the attention fixed 
on ; regard with attention or interest. 

They stand at a distance dwelling on his looks and lan- 
guage, tlxed in amazement. Budktninnter. 

The mind must abide and dwellupon things, or be always 
a stranger to the inside of them. South. 

Do you not, for Instance, dwell on the thought of wealth 
and splendour till you covet these temporal blessings? 

J. II. Sewinan, Parochial Sermons, i. 89. 

Then Lancelot lifted his large eyes ; they duvlt 

Deep-tranced OH hers. Tennyson, Balin and Balan. 

(fi) To continue on ; occupy a long time with ; speak or 

write about at great length or with great fullness : as, to 



on a note in music ; to dwell upon a subject. 

But I shall not <iin{( ti;)o>i speculations so abstracted as 
this. Stetle, Spectator, No. 19. 

I must not duvll on that defeat of fame. 

Tennyson, Guinevere. 

To dwell under one's vine and fig-tree, to live In 
one's own home ; enjoy the possession of a home in one's 
own right. 1 Ki. iv. 25. =Syn. 2. Abide, Sojourn, Can- 

htlMM, etc. SIT ,iliide>. 

Il.t trans. 1. To inhabit. 

We sometimes 

Who dwell this wild, constraint by want, come forth, 
To town or village. MHInn, P. R,, 1. 331. 

2. To place as an inhabitant ; plant. 

The promise of the lather. who shall ilirrU 

Jlis Spirit within them. Milton, P. L., xii. 4S7. 



1807 

dwell (dwcl), a. [< flirt II, r.] In jirintiiitj, the 
brief continuation of pressure in the taking of 
an impression on a hand-press or an Adams 
press, supposed to set or fasten the ink more 
hrmly in tne paper. 

dweller (dwd't'-r), n. [< ME. dwellere, < diri-lt- 
en, dwell: see dwell, p.] An inhabitant ; a resi- 
dent of some continuance in a place. 
And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem. 

Act* i. 19. 
Dweller in yon dungeon dark. 

/.'"//'., Ode on Mrs. Oswald. 

Dweller on the threshold, in occultism an imaginary 
being or spirit, of frightful aspect and malicious charac- 
ter, supposed to be encountered on the threshold of one's 
studies in psychic science, as a kind of Cerberus guarding 
the realm of spirit Ilulwer. 

dwelling (dwel'ing), . [< ME. dwelling, diall- 
ing, delay, continuance, an abode, verbal n. of 
dteellen, dwell.] If. Delay. Chaucer. 2f. Con- 
tinuance; stay; sojourn. 

Therefore euery man bithinke him weel 
How litil while Is his dwellynge. 

Hymn* to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 94. 

3. Habitation; residence; abode; lodgment. 

Ne no wighte male, by my clothing, 
Wete with what folke is my dwelling. 

Horn, of the lliine. 

Thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. 

Dan. iv. 32. 

The condition of that fardel, the place of your dwelling, 
your names? Shall., W. T., Iv. 3. 

4. A place of residence or abode ; an abiding- 
place; specifically, a house for residence; a 
dwelling-house. 

Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons. Jer. xlix. 33. 

There was a neat white dwelling on the hill, which we took 

to be the parsonage. 11. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 350. 

dwelling-house (dwel'ing-hous), n. A house 
occupied or intended to be occupied as a resi- 
dence. 

One Messuage or DweMinge-house. called the Viccaredge 
house. Record Soc. of Lancashire and Cheshire, I. 13. 

dwelling-place (dwel'ing-plas), n. [< ME. 
dwellynge place.'} A place of residence; an 
abiding-place. 
Thei . . . hav not here a dwellynge place for evere. 

Wyclif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), HI. 197. 
There, where seynt Kateryne was buryed, is nouther 
chin-lie no < 'hapelie, ne other duellynge place. 

Mandeville, Travels, p. 62. 

The Church of Christ hath been hereby made, not " a 
den of thieves," but in a manner the very dwelling -place 
of foul spirits. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vll. 24. 

This wretched Inn, where we scarce stay to bait, 
We call our Dwelling-place. 

Cowley, Pindaric Odes, xll. 1. 

dwelt (dwelt). Preterit and past participle of 
dwell. 

dwindle (dwin'dl), u. i. ; pret. and pp. dwindled, 
ppr. dwindling. [Freq. (for *dwinle) of ME. 
dwinen, waste away, dwine : seedieine.] 1. To 
diminish ; become less ; shrink ; waste or con- 
sume away: with by or from before the cause, 
and to, in, or into before the effect or result: as, 
the body dwindles by pining or consumption; 
an estate dwindles from waste ; an object dwin- 
dles in size as it recedes from view ; from its 
constant exposure, the regiment dwindled to a 
skeleton. 

Weary sev'n nights, nine times nine, 
Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine. 

Shak., Macbeth, 1. 3. 

By a natural and constant transfer, the one [estate] had 
been extended ; the other had dwindled to nothing. 

Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. 

In the common Triton of our ponds, the external lungs 
or brauchitc dwindle awav when the internal lungs have 
grown to maturity. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 458. 

2. To degenerate ; sink ; fall away in quality. 

Religious societies . . . arc said to have dwindled into 

factious clubs. Swift. 

The flattery of his friends began to dwindle Into simple 
approbation. Goldsmith, Vicar, ill. 

= Syn. 1. Diminish, etc. (see decrease); attenuate, become 
attenuated, decline, fall off, fall away. 

dwindle! (dwin'dl), n. [< dwindle, v.] Grad- 
ual decline or decrease ; a wasting away ; de- 
generacy; decline. 

However inferior to the heroes who were born In better 
ages, he might still be great among his contemporaries, 
with the hope of growing every day greater in the dwindle 
of posterity. Johnson, Milton. 

dwindlement (dwin'dl-ment), H. [< dwindle 
+ -ment.] A dwindled state or condition ; de- 
creased size, strength, ((.. 

It was with a sensation of dreadful dwindlement that 

poor Vincent crossed the street again to his lonely alnxle. 

Mrs. Oliphani. Salem rhapel, i. 

dwine (dwin), r. i.; pret. and pp. dwined, ppr. 
[E. dial, and Sc., < ME. dwinen, < 



dyaster 

AS. dtriiiini, pine iiw.-iv. dwindle, = MD. dtey- 
iii n = L(i. dirini'ii = led. drum, ilriim, ilnim 
= Sw. tviita, pine away, languish ; cf. Dan. 
trim; whine, whimper. Hence dwindle.'] To 
pine; decline, especially by sickness; fade or 
waste: usually with mcny. 

UuelfulU sehe dwined a-wi/-- bothe dayes A nijtes. 

William, of Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 678. 
Ml loue euere wexlnge be, 
80 that y Hem r> ,/. 

/;. nuns In I'lV-mi, ete. (K. K. T. S.), p. 27. 

He Just dinned au-ttit. and we hadn't taken but one 
whale In-fore our captain died, and first mate took th 
command. Met. (Jattell, Sylvia's Lovers, Ix. 

dwt. A contraction of pennywrigh t, d. standing 
for Latin denarius, a penny, and wt. for weight. 
dyad (di'ad), n. and a. [< LL. dyas (dyad-), < 
Gr. rfwlf (ivai-), the number two, < <5i'-o = E. 
two, q. v.] I. H. 1. Two units treated as one ; 
a pair; a couple. 

A point answers to a monad, and a line to a dyad, and 
a superficies to a triad. 

Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 376. 

2. In i-li' in., an elementary substance each of 
whose atoms, in combining with other atoms 
or molecules, is equivalent in saturating power 
to two atoms of hydrogen. For example, oxygen is 
a dyad as seen in the compound HpO (water), where one 
atom of oxygen combines with and saturates two atoms 
of hydrogen. 

3. In morpnology, a secondary unit of organi- 
zation, resulting from individuation or integra- 
tion of an aggregate of monads. See monad. 

4. In math., an expression signifying the oper- 
ation of multiplying internally by one vector 
and then by another Pythagorean dyad, the 
number two considered as an essence or constituent of 
being. 

II. a. Same as dyadic. 

dyad-deme (di'ad-dem), n. A colony or aggre- 
gate of undifferentiated dyads. See monad- 
deme. 

A secondary unit or dyad, this rising through dyad- 
demei into a triad. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 843. 

dyadic (di-ad'ik), a. and n. [< dyad + -'<:.] 
I. a. 1. Pertaining or relating to the number 
two, or to a dyad; consisting of two parts or 
elements: as, a dyadic metal. 2. In Gr. pros. : 
(a) Comprisingtwo different rhythms ormeters: 
as, a dyadic epiploce. (6) Consisting of peri- 
copes, or groups of systems each of which con- 
tains two unlike systems: as, a dyadic poem. 
Dyadic arithmetic. Same as binary arithmetic (which 
see, under binary). Dyadic dlsyntheme, any combina- 
tion of dyads, with or without repetition, in which each 
element occurs twice and no oftener. Dyadic 8JTO- 
theme, a similar combination in which each element oc- 
curs only once. 

Also dyad, duadic. 

II. n. 1. In math., a sum of dyads. Seerfynrf. 

2. The science of reckoning with a system of 
numerals in which the ratio of values of succes- 
sive places is two Complete dyadic. See complete. 

Conjugate dyadlcs. See conjugate. Cyclic dyadic, 
a dyadic which may be expressed to any desired degree of 
approximation as a root of a unity or universal idemfac- 
tor. Linear dyadic, a dyadic reducible to a dyad. 
Planar dyadic, a dyadic which can be reduced to the sum 
of two dyads. Shearing dyadic, a dyadic expressing a 
simple or complex shear. unlplanar dyadic, a planar 
dyadic In which the plane of the antecedent* coincides 
with that of the consequents. 

Dyak (di'ak), . One of a native race inhab- 
iting Borneo, the largest island of the Malay 
archipelago. The Dyaks are numerically the leading 
people of the island, and are usually believed to be its 
aborigines. Also Daynk, Dayakker. 

dyakis-dodecahedron (di'a-kis-do'dek-a-he'- 
dron), n. [< Gr. 6vdmc, twice, + ioieieAef/>ov, a 
dodecahedron: see dodecahedron.'] Same as 
diploid. 

The dyalritdodrcahedron, bounded by twenty-four tra- 
pezoids with two sides equal, has twelve short, twelve 
long, and twenty-four intermediate edges. 

Kncj/c. Brit., XVI. 355. 

dyarchy (di'iir-ki), n. ; pi. dyarchies (-Hz). [< 
Gr. dmpxia, dyarchy, < oi-o, two, + apxeiv, rule, 



govern.] A government by two ; a diarchy. 
Also duarchy. 

The name Diarchy, given by Dr. Mommsen to the Con- 
stitution of Augustus, Is not yet sufficiently justified. 

The Academy, Feb. 25, 1888, p. 128. 

Dyas (di'as), n. [NL. use of LL. dyas, the 
number two : see dyad.'] In geol., a name some- 
times applied to the Permian system, from its 
being divided into two principal groups. Com- 
pare Trias. See Perm in n. 

Dyassic (di-as'ik), a. Pertaining or belonging 
to the Dyas or Permian. 

dyaster (di-as'ter), n. [NT,., < Gr. rfi'*, = E. 
two. 4- i\mi/i> = E. star.~\ The double-star fig- 
ure occurring in or resulting from caryocinesis. 
Also spelled diuster. 



dye 

dye 1 (di), r. t. ; pret. and pp. dyed, ppr. dyeing. 
[Formerly also die; < ME. dyen, dien, deyen, < 
AS. deagian, degian, dye, color, < dcdg, dedh, a 
dye, color, < *dedgan, a strong verb found only 
once, in pret. deog, dye, tinge, prob. (like tinge, 

< L. tingere), orig. wet, moisten, and allied to AS. 
dedw, E. dew, and so to E. dag 1 , dew, and dcg, 
moisten, sprinkle : see dew 1 .] 1. To fix a color 
or colors in the substance of by immersion in 
a properly prepared bath ; impregnate with col- 
oring matter held in solution. The matters used 
for dyeing are obtained from vegetables, animals, anil 
minerals ; and the subjects to which they are applied are 
porous materials in general, but especially wool, cotton, 
silk, linen, hair, skins, feathers, ivory, wood, and marble. 
The great diversity of tint obtained in dyeing is the result 
of the combination of two or more simple coloring sub- 
stances with one another or with certain chemical re- 
agents. To render the colors permanent, the subsequent 
application of a mordant, or the precipitation of the col- 
oring matter by the direct use of a mordant, is usually re- 
quired ; but when aniline and some other artificial dyes 
are used, no mordant is necessary. The superficial appli- 
cation of pigments to tissues by means of adhesive vehi- 
cles such as oil and albumen, as in painting or in some 
kinds of calico-printing, does not constitute dyeing, be- 
cause the coloring bodies so applied do not penetrate the 
fiber, and are not intimately incorporated with it. 

2. To overspread with color, as by effusion; 
tinge or stain in general. 

I cannot rest 

Until the white rose that I wear be dyed 
Even in the lukewarm blood of Henry's heart. 

Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 2. 

Mony o f Murry'a men lay gaspin, 
An' doit thi grand wi theire bleid. 

Battle of Corichie (Child's Ballads, VII. 213). 
Their [maidens'] cheekes were died with vermilion. 

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 807. 

Over the front door trailed a luxuriant woodbine, now 
dyed by the frosts into a dark claret. 

S. Judd, Margaret, li. 8. 

To dye In grain. See graini. To dye Scarlett, to 
drink deep ; drink till the face becomes scarlet. 
dye 1 (di), . [< ME. *deye, *deghe (not found), 

< AS. dedg, dedh, a dye, color: see the verb, 
which is orig. from the noun.] 1. Coloring 
matter in solution ; a coloring liquor, 

A kind of shell-fish, having in the midst of his jaws a 
certain white vein, which containeth that precious liquor : 
a die of sovereign estimation. Sandys, Travailes, p. 168. 

2. Color; hue; tint; tinge. 

And creeping shrubs of thousand dyes 
Waved in the west wind's summer sighs. 

Scott, L. of the L., 1. 11. 

dye 2 t, i- An obsolete spelling of die 1 . 
dye 3 t, n. An obsolete spelling of die 3 . 

You shall no more deal with the hollow dye 

Or the frail card. B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. 

dye-bath (dl'bath), n. A bath prepared for use 
in dyeing; a solution of coloring matter in 
which substances to be colored are immersed. 
Oxalic acid, like acetic acid, is used for preparing dye- 
baths. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 708. 

dye-beck (dl'bek), n. Same as dye-bath. 

The dye-beck consists of alizarin and tannin. 

Ure, Diet., IV. 915. 

dye-house 1 (di'hous), n. A building in which 

dyeing is carried on. 
dye-house 2 (di'hous), . [A dial. var. of dey- 

house.~\ A milk-house or dairy. Grose. [Prov. 

Bug.] 
dyeing (di'ing), . [Verbal n. of dye 1 ,v.'] The 

operation or practice of fixing colors in solution 

in textile and other porous substances. 
dye-pot (di'pot), n. A dye-vat. 

There were clothes there which were to receive different 

colors. All these Jesus threw into one dye-pot, . . . and 

taking them out, each [piece] was dyed as the dyer wished. 
Stowe, Origin of the Books of the Bible, p. 222. 

dyer (di'er), n. [< ME. dyere, diere, deyer, < 
dyen, etc., dye : see dye 1 , .] One whose oc- 
cupation is to dye cloth, skins, feathers, etc. 

Almost ... my nature is subdued 
To what it works in, like the dyer's hand. 

Shak., Sonnets, cxi. 

Dyers' spirit, tin tetrachlorid, known in commerce as 
oxymuriate of tin (SnCLj + 5H 2 0). It is a valuable mor- 
dant. 

dyer's-broom (dl'erz-brom), n. The plant Ge- 
nista tinctoria, used to make a green dye. Also 
called dyeweed. 

dyer's-greenweed (di'erz-gren"wed), . Same 
as dyers-broom. 

dyer S-moSS (dl'erz-mds), n. The lichen lioc- 
cella tinctoria. Same as archil, 2. 

dyer's-weed (di'erz-wed), n. The woad, weld, or 
yellow-weed, Reseda lutcola, affording a yellow 
dye, and cultivated in Europe on that account. 

dyester (di'ster), . [< dye 1 + -ster.'] A dyer. 
[Scotch.] 

dyestone (di'ston), re. A red ferruginous lime- 
stone occurring in Tennessee, used occasionally 



1808 

in the place of a dye, although insoluble and 
not properly a dye Dyestone ore, an iron ore of 
great economical importance in the United States. Also 
called fossil, dyestone fossil, Jtaxseed, and Clinton ore. 
See Clinton ore, under ore. 

dyestuff (di'stuf), n. In com., any dyewood. 
lichen, powder, or dye-cake used in dyeing and 
staining. The most important dyestuffs are cochineal, 
madder, indigo, logwood, fustic, quercitron-bark, and the 
various preparations of aniline. Also called dyeware. 

dye-trial (di'tri"al), . An experiment with 
coloring matters to determine their value as 
dyes. Such experiments are usually performed by dyeing 
small pieces of yarn or fabric, of equal size, in beakers, one 
of which contains the coloring matter in question, the 
other a standard of the same colorant. 

Never less than two dye-trials should be carried out at 
once, viz., one with the new colouring matter, the other 
with a colouring matter of known value, which is taken 
as the " type." Benedikt, Coal-tar Colours (trans.), p. 57. 

dye-vat (di'vat), n. A bath containing dyes, 
and fitted with an apparatus for immersing the 
fabrics to be colored. 

dyeware (di'war), n. Same as dyestuff. 

The reaction which ensues is not produced by any other 
dye-wm. Ure, Diet, IV. 354. 

dyeweed (di'wed), . Same as dyer's-broom. 

dyewood (di'wud), . Any wood from which 
dye is extracted. 

dye-works (di'werks), n. sing, or pi. An estab- 
lishment in which dyeing is carried on. 

dygogram (di'go-gram), n. [< Gr. 6v(va/uc), 
power, + yw(vz), angle, + -fpa^ia, anything 
written.] A diagram containing a curve gen- 
erated by the motion of a line drawn from a 
fixed origin, and representing in direction and 
magnitude the horizontal component of the 
force of magnetism on a ship's compass-needle 
while the ship makes a complete circuit. The 
course of the ship is marked on the curve. There are two 
kinds of dygogram, according as it is supposed to be fixed 
in space during the rotation of the ship or fixed on the ship. 

dying (di'ing), . [Verbal n. of die*-, v.~\ The 
act of expiring ; loss of life ; death. 

Always bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord 
Jesus, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest 
in our body. 2 Cor. iv. 10. 

dying (di'ing), j>. a. [< ME. dyinge, diyng, with 
older term, diend, diand, etc.; ppr. of die 1 , r. 
In some uses, as dying hour, dying bed, etc. (def s. 
4, 5), the word is the verbal noun used attribu- 
tively.] 1. Physically decaying ; failing from 
life ; approaching death or dissolution ; mori- 
bund: as, a dying man; a dying tree. 

The noise of battle hurtled in the air, 

. . . and dying men did groan. Shak., J. C.,ii. 2. 

2. Mortal; destined to death; perishable: as, 
dying bodies. 

I preached as never sure to preach again, 
And as a dying man to dying men. 

Baxter, Love breathing Thanks and Praise. 

3. Drawing to a close; fading away; failing; 
languishing : as, the dying year ; a dying light. 

That strain again ; it had a dying fall. 

SAofc.T. N., i. 1. 
Where the dying night-lainp nickers. 

Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 

4. Given, uttered, or manifested just before 
death: as, dying words; a dying request; dy- 
ing love. 

I do prophesy the election lights 

On Fortinbras ; he has my dying voice. 

Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. 
Sir, let me speak next, 
And let my dying words be better with you 
Than my dull living actions. 

Beau, and Fl., Philaster, v. 3. 

5. Pertaining to or associated with death : as, 
a dying hour ; a dying bed. 

He served his country as knight of the shire to his dy- 
ing day. Steele, Spectator, No. 109. 
Dying declaration. See declaration. 

dyingly (di'ing-li), adv. In a dying or languish- 
ing manner. 

dyingness (di'ing-nes), . The state of dying; 
hence, a state simulating the approach of death, 
real or affected ; affected languor or faintness ; 
languishment. 

Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you 
see that picture, Foible a swimmingness in the eyes. 

Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 5. 

dyke. . and v. A less proper spelling of dike. 

dykehopper (dlk'hop'er), n. The wheatear, 
Saxicolacenanthe. Swainson. [Local, Eng. ( Stir- 
ling)-] 

dynactinometer (dl-nak-ti-nom'e-ter), . [< 
Gr. 6vv(a/Mc;), power, + o/cr/f (OKTIV-), a ray, + 
ptrpov, a measure.] An instrument for measur- 
ing the intensity of actinic power, or for com- 
paring the quickness of lenses. 



dynamic 

dynagraph (di'na-graf), n. [Short for dynam- 
ograpJi, q. v.] A machine for reporting the con- 
dition of a railroad-track, the speed of a train, 
and the power (and consumption of coal and wa- 
ter) used in traversing a given distance. The 
most important machine of this class was built by Professor 
Dudley, and is employed in examining road-beds in all 
parts of the United States. It consists of a paper ribbon 
arranged to pass under a series of recording pens, and 
moved by means of gearing from one of the axles of the 
car in which it is placed. The mechanical recording ap- 
pliances give the tension on the draw-bar, showing the re- 
sistance of the car, its speed, the distance traveled abso- 
lutely, and in a given number of seconds, minutes, and 
hours. The oscillations of the car, also the level of the 
rails, the alinement, the condition of the joints of the 
rails, and the elevations of the rails at curves, are all me- 
chanically traced on the paper band. Besides this, by 
simple electrical connections, the amount of water and 
coal consumed in the engine, the pressure of the steam, 
the mile-posts, stations, etc., are recorded from the car 
or from the engine, and all these records appear side by 
side upon the paper. See seismograph. 

dynam (di'nam), n. [< Gr. M<vafus, power, 
might, strength, faculty, capacity, force, etc., 
< 6waa6ai, be able, capable, strong enough (to 
do), pass for, signify, perhaps allied to L. du- 
rus, hard: see dure, a.] 1. A unit of work, 
equal to a weight of one pound raised through 
one foot ; a foot-pound. 2. A force, or a force 
and a couple, the resultant of all the forces act- 
ing together on a body. Also spelled dyname. 

Dynamene (di-nam'e-ne), n. [NL., < Gr. fivva- 
fiivri, fern, of dwdftevof, ppr. of oirvaaOai, be able 
(> duvafuf, power) : seerfi/w.] 1. A genus of 
brachyurous decapod crustaceans, of the family 
Dromiidce. 2. A genus of calyptoblastic hy- 
droids, of the family Sertulariidce. D. pumila 
is an example. 3. A genus of spur-heeled 
cuckoos : same as Eudynamys. Stephens. [Not 
in use.] 4. A genus of isopods, of the family 
Sphceromidw. 5. A genus of lepidopterous in- 
sects. Hiibner, 1816. 

dynametor (di-narn'e-ter), n. [A contr. of dy- 
namometer, which is differently applied: see 
dynamometer.] An instrument for determin- 
ing the magnifying power of telescopes, it 
consists of a small tube with a transparent plate, exactly 
divided, which is fixed to the tube of a telescope, in order 
to measure the diameter of the distinct image of the ob- 
ject-glass. 

dynametric, dynametrical (di-na-met'rik, -ri- 
kal), a. [< dynametcr + -ic, -ca/.J Pertaining 
to a dynameter. 

dynamic (di-nani'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. Swa/unoe, 
powerful, efficacious, < 6iva/iif, power: see dy- 
nam."] I. a. 1. Pertaining to mechanical forces 
not in equilibrium : opposed to static. 2. Per- 
taining to mechanical forces, whether in equi- 
librium or not ; involving the consideration of 
forces. By extension 3. Causal; effective; 
motive ; involving motion or change : often 
used vaguely. 

The direct action of nature as a dynamic agent is pow- 
erful on the language of savages, but gradually becomes 
insensible as civilization advances. 

W. K. Sullivan, Int. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. viii. 
Action is dynamic existence. 

ft H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 482. 

They [Calvinists] teach a spiritual, real, or dynamic and 

effective presence of Christ in the Eucharist for believers 

only, while unworthy communicants receive no more than 

the consecrated elements to their own judgment. 

Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 165. 

4. In the Kantian philos., relating to the reason 
of existence of an object of experience. Dy- 
namic category, in the Kantian philos., a category which 
is the concept of dynamic relation. Dynamic electri- 
city, current electricity. See electricity. Dynamic 
equivalent of heat. See equivalent. Dynamic geol- 
ogy, that branch of the science of geology which has as 
its object the study of the nature and mode of action of 
the agencies by which geological changes are and have 
been effected. See geology. Dynamic head. See head. 

Dynamic murmurs, cardiac murmurs not caused by 
valvular incompetence or stenosis, but by anemia or an 
unusual configuration of the internal surface of the heart, 
as where a chorda tendinea is so placed as to give rise to 
a murmur. Dynamic relations, causal relations ; espe- 
cially, the relations between substance and accident, be- 
tween cause and effect, and between interacting subjects. 

Dynamic synthesis, in the Kantian philos., a synthe- 
sis of heterogeneous elements necessarily belonging to- 
gether. 

When the pure concepts of the understanding are ap- 
plied to every possible experience, their synthesis is either 
mathematical or dynamical, for it is directed partly to the 
intuition only, partly to the existence of the phenomenon. 
Kant', Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Miiller. 

Dynamic theory, a theory by which Kant endeavored 
to explain the nature of matter or the mode of its forma- 
tion. According to this theory, all matter was originated 
by two antagonistic and mutually counteracting princi- 
ples called attraction and ri'indxion, all the predicates of 
which are referred to motion. Dynamic theory of na- 
ture, (a) A theory which seeks to explain nature from 
forces, especially from forces of expansion and contrac- 
tion (as the Stoics did), opposed to a mechanical theory 
which starts with matter only, (d) The doctrine that some 



dynamic 

other original principle hc.sidcs matter must bo supposed 
to account for the phenomena of the universe. Dynamic 
theory of the soul, the metaphysical doctrine that the 
soul consists in an action or tendency to action, and not 
in an existence at rest Dynamic theory of the tides, 
a theory of tlio tides iu which the general form of the for- 
mulas is determined from the solution of a problem in dy- 
namics, the values of the coefficients of the different terms 
h- in (hen altered to suit tho observations: opposed to 
the *inti,;il tlu-tirii, which first supposes the sea to be in 
c(|iiilihriiun under the forces to which it is subjected, and 
then modifies the epoch to suit the observations. Dy- 
namic Viscosity. See BiKciixitt/. 

II. . 1. A moral force; an efficient incen- 
tive. 

We hope and pray that it may act as a spiritual dynamic 

on the churches and upon all the benevolent in our land. 

Missionary Herald, Nov., 1879. 

2. The science which teaches how to calculate 
motions in accordance with the laws of force : 
same as dynamics. 

dynamical (dl-nam'i-kal), a. Same as dynamic. 
The dynamical theory [of the tides], 

Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 355. 

Dynamical coefficient of viscosity. See coefficient. 
dynamically (di-nam'i-kal-i), adv. In a dy- 
namic manner ; as regards dynamics. 

Dynamically, the only difference between carbonate of 
ammonia and protoplasm which can be called fundamen- 
tal, is the greater molecular complexity and consequent 
instability of tho latter. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 433. 

dynamics (di-nam'iks), n. [PI. ot dynamic: see 
-ics. Cf. LL. dynamicc, dynamics, < Gr. Swa- 
fiinf/ (sc. rkxyri, art), fern, of ovvafttK6f, dynamic.] 

1. The mathematical theory of force; also 
(until recently the common acceptation), the 
theory of forces in motion ; tho science of de- 
ducing from given circumstances (masses, po- 
sitions, velocities, forces, and constraints) the 
motions of a system of particles. 

The science of motion is divided into two parts : the ac- 
curate description of motion, and the investigation of the 
circumstances under which particular motions take place. 
. . . That part of the science which tells us about the cir- 
cumstances under which particular motions take place is 
called dinia inicx. . . . Dynamics are again divided into 
two branches : the study of those circumstances under 
which it is possible for a body to remain at rest is called 
statics, and the study of the circumstances of actual mo- 
tion is called kinetics. W. K. Clifford. 
IVVhat is here called kinetics has until recently been called 
dynamics.] 

The hope of science at the present day is to express all 
phenomena in symbols of Dynamics. 

G. U. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 283. 

2. The moving moral or physical forces of any 
kind, or the laws which relate to them. 

The empirical laws of society are of two kinds ; some 
are uniformities of coexistence, some of succession. Ac- 
cording as the science is occupied in ascertaining and 
verifying the former sort of uniformities or the latter, 
M. Comte gives it the title of Social Statics or of Social 
Dynamics. J. S. Mill, Logic, VI. x. 5. 

These are then appropriately followed by the dynamics 
of the subject, or the institution in action in many grave 
controversies and many acute crises of history. 

Atlantic Monthly, LVIII. 418. 

Dynamics of music, the science of the variation and 
contrast of force or londness in musical sounds. Geo- 
logical dynamics, that branch of geology which treats 
of the nature and mode of operation of all kinds of physi- 
cal agents or forces that have at any time, and in any man- 
ner, alfected the surface and Interior of the earth. Rigid 
dynamics, the dynamics of rigid bodies, in which only 
ordinary differential equations occur, 
dynamism (di'na-mizm), n. [< Gr. Siiva/uf, 
power (see dynam), + -ism."] 1. The doctrine 
that besides matter some other material prin- 
ciple a force in some sense is required to 
explain the phenomena of nature. The term is 
applied (a) to the doctrines of some of the Ionic philos- 
ophers, who held to some such principles as love and hate 
to explain the origin of motion ; (6) to the doctrine adopted 
by Leibnitz that substance consists in the capacity for ac- 
tion ; (c) to the doctrine of Tait that mechanical energy is 
substance ; and (if) to the widely current doctrine that the 
universe contains nothing not explicable by means of the 
doctrine of energy. 

2. The mode of being of mechanical force or 
energy. 

Who does not see the contradiction of requiring a sub- 
stance for that which by its definition is not substantial 
at all, but pure dynamismf 

0. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. it 2. 

Dynamism would be more appropriate than Materialism 
as a designation of the modern scientific movement, the 
idea of inertia having given place to that of an equilibrium 
f forces. J. M. Riyg, Mind, XII. 657. 

dynamist (di'na-mist), n. [As dynam-ism + 
-ist.] A believer in dynamism. 

Thus! admit, with the pure (hinatnist, that the material 
universe, or successive material universes, as manifesta- 
tions of matter and motion, are concatenated with time, 
.ire horn, run their course, and fade away, as do the clouds 
of air. Pap. Sci. itu., XXII. 803. 

dynamistic (di-nn-mis'tik), a. Pertaining to 

tho doctrine of force. 

It is usual (and convenient) to speak of two kinds of 
monarchianism the dynamiatic and the modalistic. 

Encyc. Brit., XVI. 719. 
1U 



1809 

dynamitard (di'na-mi-tard'), n. [< F. dynami- 
tunt; tt.$ily>unnite'+ -ard.] Same as dynamiter. 

If Ireland is to be turned into a frown Colony, she must 
be put under martial law ; and even that will be no defence 
against tho attacks of d;/namitardg by whom we may bo 
struck at home. British Quarterly /tec., I. X XXI II. 411. 

The associate guild of assassins' the nihilist and the 
dynamitard. N . A. Rev., CXXXVIII. 314. 

dynamite (di'na-mlt), n. [< Gr. i'wafiis, power 
(see dynam), + -ite 2 .] An explosive of great 
power, consisting of a mixture of nitroglycerin 
with some absorbent such as sawdust, or a 
certain silicious earth from Oberloho in Han- 
over. The object of the mixture is to diminish the sen- 
sitiveness of nitroglycerin to slight shock, and so to facili- 
tate its carriage without impairing IU explosive quality. 
The disruptive force of dynamite is estimated at about 
eight times thatof gunpowder. Dynamite may be ignited 
with a match, and will burn quietly with a bright flame 
without any explosion. Large quantities have been known 
to fall 20 feet on a hard surface without explosion. It 
explodes with certainty when ignited by a percussion fuse 
containing fulminating mercury. 

dynamite (di'na-mlt), v. t.: pret. and pp. dyna- 
mited, ppr. dynamiting. IX dynamite, n.] 1. 
To mine or charge with dynamite in order to 
prevent the approach of an enemy, or for de- 
structive purposes. 

The military authorities of Pretoria had caused a rumor 
to go forth that some of the buildings and roads were dy- 
namited, and this deterred the Boers from entering the 
town, which, as a matter of fact, was not dynamited at 
alL Athrnceum, No. 3016, p. 201. 

2. To blow up or destroy by or as if by dyna- 
mite. 

It appears from the letters that the American Republic 
has been dynamited, and upon its ruins a socialistic re- 
public established. Science, X. 92. 

His [Prince Alexander's of Bulgaria] people ... are not 
at all inclined to dynamite him, which is more than can 
be said for the Czar. Times (London), April 26, 1886. 

dynamite-gun (di'na-mit-gun), n. A gun con- 
structed for propelling dynamite, nitroglycerin, 
or other high explosives, by means of steam or 
compressed air under high tension. 

dynamiter (dl'na-mi-ter), n. [< dynamite + 
-er 1 .] One who uses, or is in favor of using, 
dynamite and similar explosives for unlawful 
purposes ; specifically, a political agitator who 
resorts to or advocates the use of dynamite 
and the indiscriminate destruction of life and 
property for the purpose of coercing a govern- 
ment or a party by terror. 

Surely no plea of justification could absolve the dyna- 
miter from the eternal consequences of his own infernal 
deeds. N. A. Rev., CXL. 887. 

The recent explosions on the underground railways 
were the work of ... dynamiters. 

The American, VII. 93. 

Dynamiters subventioned by Parisian fanatics were to 
appear in Metz. Nineteenth Century, XXII. 421. 

dynamitical (dl-na-mit'i-kal), a. [< dynamite 
+ -ical.~] Having' to do with dynamite; vio- 
lently explosive or destructive. 

Like certain dynamitical critics, he is satisfied with de- 
struction, and his attitude towards constitutional for- 
mulas is not unlike that of the dynamitical critic towards 
Constitutions British and other. Xature, XXXIV. 25. 



Dynamostes 

Dynamizing of medicinal substances. 

t.nryc. Brit., XII. 127. 

dynamo (di'na-mo), n. An abbreviation of 
dynamo-electric' machine. See electric. 

The machines were driven by a Cummer engine of about 
a hundred horse-power, which furnished power for other 
dynamos. Science, III. 177. 

Characteristic of a dynamo. See charartentiie.- Se- 
ries dynamo, a dynamo in which the whole current gen- 
erated in the armature is passed through the coil of the 
neld-magneU. Shunt dynamo, a dynamo In which only 
a part of the entire current generated by the rotating 
armature Is applied to excite the field-magnets. 

dynamo-electric, dynamo-electrical (di'na- 
mo-e-lek'trik, -tn-kal), a. [< Gr. diva/u(, pow- 
er (see dynam), + electric, electrical.'] Produ- 
cing force by means of electricity : as, a dyna- 
mo-electric machine ; also, produced by electric 
force. Dynamo-electric machine. See electric. 

dynamogenesis (di'na-mo-jen'e-sis), n. Same 
as dynamogeny. 

dynamogenic (di*na-mo-jen'ik), a. [< dyna- 
mogeny + -c.] Pertaining to dynamogeny. 

The influence thus manifested Is dynamogenic. 

Dr. Brown-Sequard. 

dynamogeny (di-na-moj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. Svva- 
luf, power (see dynam), + -ycveta, < -yevr/t, pro- 
ducing: see -geny.~] In psychic science, produc- 
tion of increased nervous activity ; dynamiza- 
tion of nerve-force. Also dynamogenesis. 

dynamograph (di-nam'o-graf), n. [< Gr. tlva- 
ftic, power (see dynam), + ypaQctv, write.] An 
instrument combining an elliptic spring and a 
register to indicate the muscular power exerted 
by the hand of a person compressing it. 

dynamometer (di-na-mom'e-ter), n. [Contr. 
dynameter, q. v.; < Ofr. dvvaficf. power (see dy- 
nam), + furpov, a measure.] An apparatus for 
measuring the amount of force expended by 
men ; animals, or motors in moving a load, op- 
erating machines, towing vessels, etc.; a pow- 
er-measurer. Dynamometers use the resistance of 
springs, weights, and friction as a test, each comparison 
being made with a known weight or force that will over- 
come the resistance of the spring, raise the weight, or bal- 
ance the friction. One of the simplest forms is a steel- 
yard in which the force to be measured Is applied to the 




dynamically (di-na-mit'i-kal-i), adv. By 
means, or as by means, of dynamite ; with ex- 
plosive violence. 

The Irish attempts, at New York, Paris, and elsewhere, 
dynamitically to blow up England on behalf of Ireland. 
The Congreyationalist, Feb. 17, 1887. 

dynamiting (dTna-mi-ting), n. [Verbal n. of 
dynamite, .] The practice of destroying or 
terrorizing by means of dynamite. 

The question is, whether the law permits dynamiting, 

or whether it will stop dynamiting at the place where It 

is started, which is the only place where it can be stopped. 

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 426. 

dynamitism (di'na-mi-tizm), n. [< dynamite 
+ -ism.] The use 'of dynamite and similar ex- 
plosives in the indiscriminate destruction of 
life and property for purposes of coercion; 
any political theory or scheme involving the 
use of such destructives. 

ilnation and dynamit- 
The American, VI. 38. 

dynamization (di'na-mi-za'shon), n. [< dyna- 
mize + -ation.] 1. Dynamic development; in- 
crease of power in anything ; dynamogeny : as, 
dynnii:nti<i of nerve-force. 2. la homeopa- 
thy, the extreme trituration of medicines with a 
view to increase their efficiency or strength. 

dynamize (di'na-miz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dyna- 
mised, ppr. dynamiring. [< Gr. divaii-if, power 
(see dynam), + -i'je.] In homeopathy, to in- 
crease the efficiency or strength of (medicines) 
by extreme trituration. 



Unqualified repudiation of 

(tHt, 



Balance-dynamometer (elevation). 

shorter arm while a weight is balanced on the longer grad- 
uated arm. The most common form of spring-dynamom- 
eter consists of an elliptical spring that may be compressed 
or pulled apart in the direction of its longer axis, with an 
Index and scale, and some- 
times a recording pencil, to 
indicate the amount of force 
exerted. In the apparatus 
depending on friction a brake 
is applied to the face of a pul- 
ley, and the force is mea- 
sured by the resistance of the 
brake to the motion of the 
pulley. In other forms fast 
and loose pulleys are placed 
side by side and connected by 
weighted levers, a certain 
amount of force being re- 
quired to lift the lever and 
communicate motion to both 
pulleys. In still other forms 
coiled springs are used to test 
a direct strain, as in moving a 
load or in towing. There are 
other forms used to test the 
recoil of guns and the explo- 
sive force of gunpowder. In 
the Batchelder dynamometer 

Balance-dynamometer (plan), two pairs of bevel-wheels are 

interposed between the re- 
ceiving and the transmitting pulleys, one pair in line with 
the pulleys, the other pair at right angles to them and In 
line with a balanced scale-beam. The force and resistance 
transmitted through the gears tend to turn the scale-beam 
about the line of the pulley-shafts, and this must be re- 
sisted by a weight upon the scale-beam, which is the mea- 
sure of the force transmitted. The dynamometer Is not a 
direct indicator of power exerted or of work performed; 
bat when the velocity with which resistance Is overcome 
or force transmitted has been determined by other means, 
tills velocity, and the measure of the force obtained by the 
dynamometer, are the data for computing the power or 
work. See balance-dynamometer, cnaher-gage, piezometer, 
and pressure-gage. Dynamometer coupling, a device 
inserted In a shaft by means of which the power transmit- 
ted may be measured. 

dynamometric, dynamometrical (di'na-mo- 
met'rik, -ri-kal), a. [< dynamometer T -ic, 
-icrt?.] Pertaining to or made with the aid of a 
dynamometer. 

dynamometry (dl-na-mom'e-tri), n. [< dyna- 
niiimcter + -y*.] The act or art of using the 
dynamometer. 

Dynamostes (di-na-mos'tez), n. [NL. (Pascoe, 
1857), < Gr. iivautt, power, strength.] A genus 




Dynamostes 

of longicorn beetles, of the family Cerambyci- 
dce. There is but one species, D. audax, of the 
East Indies. 

dynast (dl'nast), n. [= F. dynaste = Pg. dy- 
nanta = Sp. It. dinasta, < L. dynastes (ML. also 
*dynasta), < Or. Swdarw, a lord, master, ruler, 
< iiivaaOai, be able, strong : see dynam.} A rul- 
ing prince ; a permanent or hereditary ruler. 

Philosophers, dynasts, monarchs, all were involved and 
overshadowed in this mist. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 599. 

The ancient family of Des Ewes, dynasts or lords of the 
dition of Kessell. A. Wood, Athenra Ojton. 

This Thracian dynast is mentioned as an ally of the Athe- 
nians against Philip in an inscription found some years ago 
in the Acropolis at Athens. 

B. V. Head, Historia Kumorum, p. 241. 

dynastat (dl-nas'tii), n. [< ML. "dynasta, L. 
dynastes, < Gr. Swdortif : see dynast.} Same as 
dynast. 

Wherefore did his mother, the virgin Mary, give such 
praise to God in her prophetic song, that he had now by 
the coming of Christ cut down dynastag, or proud mon- 
archs? Hilton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates. 



Dynastes (di-nas'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. 
a ruler: see dynast.'] A genus of lamellicorn 
beetles, of the family Scarabceidai or typical of 
a family Dynastidee. It is restricted to forms having 
the external maxillar lobe with 3 or 4 small median teeth, 
no lateral prothoracic projections, and the last tarsal joint 
arcuate and clubbed. The type is D. hercules, the Her- 
cules-beetle, the largest known true insect, having a length 
of about 6 inches, of which the curved prothoracic horn is 
nearly one half. 

dynastic (di-nas'tik), a. [= F. dynastique = 
Sp. dindstico; cf. D. G. dynastisch = Dan. Sw. 
dynastisk, < Gr. 6vvaariK6^, < SwaaTJis, a ruler: 
see dynast.'] Relating or pertaining to a dy- 
nasty or line of kings. 

In Holland dynastic interests were betraying the wel- 
fare of the republic. Bancroft, Hist. Const., H. 365. 

The civil wars of the Roses had been a barren period in 
English literature, because they had been merely dynastic 
squabbles, in which no great principles were involved 
which could shake all minds with controversy and heat 
them to intense conviction. 

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 150. 

The dynastic traditions of Europe are rooted and ground- 
ed in the distant past. 

Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 15. 

dynasticism (di-nas'ti-sizm), n. [< dynastic + 
-ism.] Kingly or imperial power handed down 
from father to son ; government by successive 
members of the same line or family. 

In the Old World dynasticismis plainly in a state of de- 
cadence. Qoldwin Smith, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 628. 

Dynastidae (d!-nas'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dy- 
nastes + -idee.} A family of lamellicorn beetles, 
taking name from the genus Dynastes, and con- 
taining a few forms remarkable for their great 
size and strength. They are chiefly tropical, and 
burrow in the ground. The Hercules-beetle, elephant- 
beetle, and atlas-beetle are examples. The group is usually 
merged in Scarabaeidae. 

dynastidan (dl-nas'ti-dan), . [< Dynaslidoe 
T -an.'] One of the Dyilastidce. 

dynasty (di'nas-ti), n. ; pi. dynasties (-tiz). [= 
D. G. dynastie = Dan. Sw. dynasti, < F. dynastie 
= Sp. dinastia = Pg. dynastia = It. dinastia, < 
ML. dynastia, dinastia, < Gr. Swaareia, lordship, 
rule, < SvvdaTqs, a lord, master, ruler: see dy- 
nast.'] If. A government ; a sovereignty. 2. 
A race or succession of sovereigns of the same 
line or family governing a particular country : 
as, the successive dynasties of Egypt or of 
France. 

At some time or other, to be sure, all the beginners of 

dynasties were chosen by those who called them to govern. 

Burke, Rev. in France. 

It is to Manetho that we are indebted for that classifi- 
cation called by the Greeks Dynasties, a word applied gen- 
erally to those sets of kings which belonged to one family, 
or who were derived from one original stock. These Dy- 
nasties were named as well as numbered, and their names 
were derived from the town, or region, whence the found- 
er came or where he lived. 

H. S. Osborn, Ancient Egypt, p. 49. 

dyne (din), n. [Abbr. of dynam, < Gr. ivva/us, 
power: seedynam.} In physics, the unit of force 
in the centimeter-gram-second system, being 
that force which, acting on a gram for one sec- 
ond, generates a velocity of a centimeter per 
second; the product of a gram into a centi- 
meter, divided by the square of a mean solar 
second. The force of a dyne is about equivalent to the 
weight of a milligram. It requires a force of about 445,000 
dynes to support one pound of matter on the earth's sur- 
face in latitude 45. 

The dyne is about 1.02 times the weight of amilligramme 
at any part of the earth's surface ; and the megadyne is 
about 1.02 times the weight of a kilogramme. 

J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Const., p. 167. 

dyocsetriacontahedMn, dyokaitriakontahe- 
dron (di'9-se-, di"o-ki-tri-a-kon-ta-he'dron), n. 



1810 

[< Gr. Svo KM Tpi&KovTa, thirty-two (Svo = E. two; 
Kal, and; rpidnovra = L. triginta = E. thirty), + 
eSpa, seat, base.] In geom., a solid having thirty- 
two faces. 

dyophysitic (di"o-fi-zit'ik), a. [< Gr. Svo, = E. 
two, + Qvaif, nature, + -ite z + -ic. Cf. diphy- 
site.} Having two natures. 

They agree in the attempt to substitute a Christ-person- 
ality with one consciousness and one will for a dyophysitic 
Christ with a double consciousness and a double will. 

Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 94. 

dyotheism (di'o-the-izm), n. [< Gr. Svo, = E. 
two, + Oc6(, a god, + -ism. Cf. ditheism, the 
preferable form.] The doctrine that there are 
two Gods, or a system which recognizes such a 
doctrine; dualism. 

It [Arianism] starts with a zeal for the unity and the 
nnchangeableness of God; and yet ends in dyotheism, the 
doctrine of an uncreated God "and a created God. 

Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 58. 

dyothelism (di-oth'e-lizm), n. [Alsodiothelism; 
< Gr. Svo, = E. two, + 6efatv, will, + -ism.} The 
doctrine that Christ had two wills, 
dyothelite (dl-oth'e-llt), n. and a. [As dyothe- 
lism + -ifc 2 .] I. n. A believer in dyothelism. 
II. a. Pertaining to dyothelism. 
The reply of the Western Church was promptly given in 
the unambiguously dyothelite decrees of the Lateran synod 
held by Martin I. in 649. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 758. 

dys-. [< L. dys-, < Gr. Sva-, an inseparable pre- 
fix, opposed to EI>- (see eu-), much like E. mis- 2 
or tin-f, always with notion of ' hard, bad, un- 
lucky,' etc., destroying the good sense of a 
word or increasing its bad sense ; = Skt. dus- 
= Zen&dush- = Ir. do- = Goth, tus-, tuz- = OHG. 
zur- = Icel. tor-, hard, difficult.] An insepa- 
rable prefix in words of Greek origin, signify- 
ing ' hard, difficult, bad, ill,' and implying some 
difficulty, imperfection, inability, or privation 
in the act, process, or thing denoted by the word 
of which it forms a part. 

dysaesthesia (dis-es-the'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. 
SvaataOr/aia, insensibility, < 'Svaaiafhrrof, insensi- 
ble, < Sva-, hard, + alaSirrof, verbal adj. of diaSa- 
veaOat, perceive, feel.] In pathol., impaired, 
diminished, or difficult sensation; dullness of 
feeling; numbness; insensibility in some de- 
gree. Also spelled dysesthesia. 

dysaesthetic (dis-es-thet'ik), a. [< dyscesthesia, 
after esthetic.} Affected by, exhibiting, or re- 
lating to dysKsthesia. Also spelled dysesthetie. 

dysanalyte (dis-an'a-lit), n. [< Gr. Svaavdivrof, 
hard to undo, < Sva-', hard, + avakvTof , dissolu- 
ble: see analytic.} A mineral related to pyro- 
chlore, occurring in small black cubic crystals 
in limestone at Vogtsburg in the Kaiserstuhl, 
a mountainous district of Baden. 

dysarthria (dis-ar'thri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, 
hard, + apBpov, a joint.'] In pathol., inability 
to articulate distinctly ; dyslalia. 

dysarthric (dis-ar'thrik), a. [< dysarthria + 
-ic.} Of or pertaining to dysarthria. 

Dysaster (dis-as'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, bad, 
+ aaTr/p = E. star.} A genus of fossil petalosti- 
chous sea-urchins, of the family Cassidulidce or 
Collyritides, or giving name to a family Dysas- 
teridee. 

Dysasteridae (dis-as-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Dysaster + -idcv.} A family of irregular or exo- 
cyclic sea-urchins, typified by the genus Dysas- 
ter, with ovoid or cordate shell, showing bivi- 
um and triyium converging to separate apices, 
non-petaloid ambulacra, and eccentric mouth. 

dyschezia (dis-ke'zi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, 
hard, + x%tiv, defecate.] In pathol., difficulty 
and pain in defecation. 

dyschroia, dyschroa (dis-kroi'a, dis'kro-a), n. 
[NL., < Gr. Sva-, bad, + ;tyx<i, Attic also xp a , 
color.] In pathol., discoloration of the skin 
from disease. 

dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-ma-top'si-ii), n. 
[NL., < Gr. duo--, bad, + ^p6>^o(f-), color, 4- 6ipif, 
view, sight.] In pathol., feeble or perverted 
color-sense. Also dyschromatopsy, dtschroma- 
topsis. 

dysclasite (dis'kla-sit), n. [< Gr. Sva-, hard, + 
/c/ldo-(f, a breaking (< Kkdv, break), + -ite 2 .] In 
mineral., a mineral, usually fibrous, of a white 
or yellowish color and somewhat pearly luster, 
consisting chiefly of hydrous silicate of lime. 
Also called okenite. 

dyscophid (dis'ko-fid), n. A toad-like amphib- 
ian of the family Dyscophidce. 

Dyscophidas (dis-kdf'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dys- 
cophus + -idee.} A family of firmisternial sa- 
lient anurous amphibians, typified by the ge- 
nus Dyscophus, with teeth in the upper jaw, di- 
lated sacral diapophyses, precoracoids resting 



Dysidea 

upon coracoids, a cartilaginous omosternum, 
and a very large anchor-shaped cartilaginous 
sternum. There are several genera, chiefly Madagascar!. 
Some of these frogs are remarkable for the beauty of their 
coloration. 

Dyscophus (dis-ko'fus), . [NL., < Gr. Sva- 
xu^of, stone-deaf, < Sva-, hard, + Ku<t>6f, deaf.] 
1. A genus of tailless amphibians, typical of 
the family Dyscophidw. 2. In entom.: (a) A 
genus of the orthopterous family (Ecanthidcn, 
having the front deflexed and the male elytra 
rudimentary, typified by D. saltator of Brazil. 
Saussure, 1874. (6) A genus of South American 
Lepidoptera. Bnrmeister, 1879. 

dyscrase (dis'kras), n. [Formerly also dis- 
crase; < NL. dyscrasia : see dyscrasia.} Same 
as dyscrasia. 

dyscrasia (dis-kra'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Svanpa- 
aia, bad temperament, < Svanparos, of bad tem- 
perament, < Sva-, bad, + *Kpar6f, verbal adj. of 
Kspavvvvai, mix (> icpdaic,, mixture): see crater, 
crasis.} In pathol., a generally faulty condi- 
tion of the body; morbid diathesis; distemper. 
Also dyscrase, dyscrasy, and formerly discrase, 
discrasy. 

dyscrasic (dis-kras'ik), a. [< dyscrasia + -ic.} 
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dyscrasia; 
characterized by dyscrasia: as, dyscrasic de- 
generation. 

It should not be forgotten that the death-rate was greater 
among dyscrasic children. N. Y. Mcd. Jour., XL. 645. 

dyscrasite (dis'kra-sit), n. [< Gr. duo--, bad, -f 
Kpdaif, a mixture (see dyscrasia), + -Jte 2 .] A 
mineral of a silver-white color and metallic 
luster, occurring in crystals, and also massive 
and granular. It consists of antimony and silver. Also 
written discrase, discrasite, and also called antimonial sil- 
ver (which see, under silver). 

dyscrasy (dis'kra-si), n. ; pi. dyscrasies (-siz). 
[Formerly also d'iscrasie; < F. dyscrasie. < NL. 
dyscrasia : see dyscrasia.} Same as dyscrasia. 
Sin is a cause of dyscrasies and distempers, making our 
bodies healthless. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 256. 
A general malaise or dyscrasy, of an undefined charac- 
ter, but indicated by a loss of appetite and of strength, 
by diarrhoea, nervous prostration, or by a general impair- 
ment of health. Pop. Sci. Uo., XXII. 6. 

Dysdera (dis'de-rii), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804), 

< Gr. SvaSr/pu;, hard to fight with, < Sva-, hard, + 
Srjpif, fight.] The typical genus of spiders of 
the family Dysderid<e. 

Dysderidae (dis-der'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dys- 
dera + -ida;.} A family of tubitelarian spiders, 
typified by the genus Dysdera. They are especially 
distinguished by having two pairs of stigmata, one just 
behind the other, and distributed on each side of the belly 
near its base; they have but six eyes or fewer. Also 
called Dysderides and DysderoidtB. 

dysenteric, dysenterical (dis-en-ter'ik, -i-kal), 
a. [= F. dysenterique, dyssenterique = Sp. di- 
senterico = Pg. dysenterico = It. disenterico, 
dissenterico, < L. dysentericus, < Gr. Svaevrcpwos, 

< Svatvrcpia, dysentery : see dysentery.} 1. Per- 
taining to, of the nature of, accompanied by, 
or resulting from dysentery: as, dysenteric 
symptoms or effects. 2. Suffering from dys- 
entery: as, a dysenteric patient. 

dysenterious (dis-en-te'ri-us), a. [< dysentery 
+ -ous.} Same as dysenteric. [Rare.] 

All will be but as delicate meats dressed for a dysente- 
rious person, that can relish nothing. Oataker. 

dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n. [Formerly dysen- 
teric; < F. dysenteric, dyssenterie = Sp. disen- 
teria = Pg. dysenteria = It. disenteria, dissen- 
teria = D. dyssenterie = G. dysenteric = Dan. 
Sw. dysenteri, < L. dysenteria, < Gr. Svcmrcpia, 
dysentery, < Svaivrepos, suffering in the bowels, 

< Sva-, bad, ill, + evreppv, pi. ivrepa, the bow- 
els: see entero-.} A disease characterized by 
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 
large intestine, mucous, bloody, and difficult 
evacuations, and more or less fever. 

dysepulotic (dis-ep-u-lot'ik), a. [< Gr. Sva-, 
hard, + epulotic, q. v.] In surg., not healing 
or cicatrizing readily or easily: as, a dysepu- 
lotic wound. 

dysesthesia, dysesthetie. See dysaxthcsia, 
dyscesthetic. 

dysgenesic (dis-je-nes'ik), a. [< dysgcnesis + 
-ic.] Breeding with difficulty ; sterile ; infe- 
cund; barren. Daririn. 

dysgenesis (dis-jen'e-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, 
hard, + yiveaiq, generation.] Difficulty in 
breeding; difficult generation; sterility; in- 
fecundity. 

Dysidea (di-sid'e-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, hard, 
bad, + iSia, form: see idea.} A genus of 
sponges, typical of the family Dysideidw. Also 
Duscideia. 



Dysideidae 

Dysideidae (dis-i-de'i-de), >i. i>l. [NL., < Dysi- 
aea, + -idee.} A family of fibrous sponges. 

dysidrosis (dis-i-dro'sis), n. [NL., < Or. dva-, 
luml, + idpuf, sweat, perspiration, <Iof (^ "a fid) 
= E. sweat.] A disease of the sweat-follicles, 
in which they become distended with the re- 
tained secretion. 

(lysis (di'sis), n. [ML., also disis, < Or. dvote, 
setting of the sun or stars (dime '//./on, the west), 
< dictv, sink, dive, set.] In astral., the seventh 
house of the heavens, which relates to love, 
litigation, etc. 

dyskinesia (dis-ki-ne'si-ii), . [NL., < Gr. 
ovamviioia, < (5t)f-, hard, + idwiai;, movement, < 
Ktveiv, move.] In pathol., impaired power of 
voluntary movement. 

dyslalia (dis-la'li-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dva-, hard, 
+ Aa'/.elv, speak.] In pathol., difficulty of iitter- 
ance dependent on malformation or imperfect 
innervation of the tongue and other organs of 
articulation ; slow or difficult speech. 

dyslexia (dis-lek'si-a), . [NL., < Gr. dva-, hard, 
+ Xffif, a speaking, speech, word: see lexicon.'} 
See the extract. 

Dr. Ii. Berlin . . . describes under the name dyslexia 
a novel psychic affection related to " alexia," or word- 
blimlness, hut differing from it in tiiat the patients can 
read a few lines, hut apparently get no sense from their 
reading and give it up in despair. 

Ainer. Jour, Psychol., I. 548. 

dyslogistic (dis-lo-jis'tik), a. [< dyslogy + 
-istic (after eulogistic, < eulogy). Cf. Gr. 6va\6- 
ycTTOf, hard to compute, also ill-calculating, 
misguided.] Conveying censure, disapproval, 
or opprobrium ; censorious ; opprobrious. 

Ask Reus for the motive which gave birth to the prose- 
cution on the part of Actor ; the motive of course is the 
most odious that can be found : desire of gain, if it be ft 
case which opens a door to gain ; if not, enmity, though 
not under that neutral and nnimpassioned, but under the 
name of revenge or malice, or some other such dyslogistic 
name. Benlham, Judicial Evidence, 1. 8. 

Any respectable scholar, even if dyslogistic were new to 
him, would see at a glance that duhyiitie must be a mis- 
take for it, and that the right word must be the reverse 
of eulogistic. The paternity of di/sloffiitic no bantling, 
but now almost a centenarian is adjudged to that ge- 
nius of common-sense, Jeremy Bentham. 

F. Halt, Mod. Eng., p. 309. 

Gossips came to mean Intimate friends ; next, gossip 
meant the light, familiar talk of such friends; and, final- 
ly, with a dfubgtlMo connotation, any frivolous conversa- 
tion. W. K. Meant, Aryan Household, p. 291. 



dyslogistically (dis-lo-jis'ti-kal-i), adv. In 
dyslogistic manner ; so as to convey censu 
or disapproval. 

Accordingly he (Kant] is set down as a " Transcenden- 
talist," and all the loose connotation of that term, as it is 
now dyslogiitically employed among us, is thought to be 
applicable to him. T. ft. Green, in Academy. 

dyslogy (dis'lo-ji), n. [< Gr. 6va- ; bad, ill, + 
-/oj/a, < Myetv, speak; after Gr. evkoyia, E. eu- 
logy, of opposite meaning.] Dispraise : the op- 
posite of eulogy. 

In the way of eulogy and dyelogy and summing-up of 
character there may doubtless ne a great many things set 
forth concerning this Mirabeau. Carli/lr, Misc., IV. 117. 

dysluite (dis'ltf-it), n. [< Gr. dva-, hard, + 
M'ftv, loosen, + -ite 2 .] A name given to a va- 
riety of gahnite, or zinc-spinel, from Sussex 
county, New Jersey, containing a small per- 
centage of manganese : so named because diffi- 
cult to dissolve. 

dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhcea (dis-men-o- 
re'ii), . [NL. dysmenorrhcea, < Or. div-, hard, 
+ IIT/V, a mouth, + poia, a flowing.] In pathol., 
difficult or laborious menstruation ; catamenial 
discharges accompanied with much local pain, 
especially in the loins. 

dysmenorrheal, dysmenorrhceal (dis-men-o- 
re'al),n. \_<dysincHi>rrhv<i,dyniHeiiorrhaiu, + -al'.] 
Of, pertaining to, or connected with dysmen- 
orrhea : as, the iysHUHorrkttA membrane which 
is sometimes discharged from the uterus. 

dysmerism (dis'rae-nzm), n. [< Gr. duo-, bad, 
+ fiipof, part (division), + -im.] An aggre- 
gation of unlike parts; a process or result of 
dysmerogenesis ; a kind of merism opposed to 



dysmeristic (dis-me-ris'tik), a. [As dysmer- 
tsm + -ist-tc.] Having the character or quality 
of dysmerism; irregularly repeated in a se't 
of more or less unlike parts whose relations to 
one another, or origin one from another, is dis- 
guised ; dysmerogenetic : opposed to ciimeris- 
lic. Sec- extract under dijKmeroijriicitin. 

dysmerogenesis (dis"me-ro-jen'e-sis), n. [NL., 
< tir. (W-, l>:id, + ,f/)0f, part (division), + j/rf- 
aif, generation.] The genesis, origination, or 
production of many unlike parts, or of parts 
in irregular series or at irregular times, which 



1811 

together form an integral whole ; dysmeristic 
generation ; repetition of forms with adaptive 
modification or functional specialization; a 
kind of merogenesis opposed to eumerogenesis. 

The tendency to bud formation . . . has all along acted 
concurrently with a powerful synthetic tendency, so that 
new units have from the flrst made but a gradual and dis- 
guised appearance. Tills is dytmeroyenexit. and such ag- 
gregates as exhibit It may be called ilyimeratic. 

Encyc. Brit., XII. 555. 

dysmerogenetic (dis'me-rW^-net'ik), a. [< 
dysmerogenesis, after genetic.] Produced by or 
resulting from dysmerogenesis; characterized 
by or exhibiting dysmerism ; dysmeristic : op- 
posed to eunifrogenetic. 

dysmeromorph (dis'me-ro-m6rf ) ; it. [< Gr. dva-, 
bad, + fitpo^, part (see dysmerism), + /topijiri, 
shape.] An organic form resulting from dys- 
merogenesis; a dysmeristic organism : opposed 
to ewneromorph. 

Synthesized eumeromorph simulates normal dysniero- 
niorph ; analysized dytmeromorph simulates normal eu- 
roeromorph. Encyc. Brit., XII. 555. 

dysmeromorphic (dis'me-ro-mdr'fik), a. [< 
dysmeromorph + -ic.] Having the character 
or quality of a dysmeromorph ; dysmerogenet- 
ie or dysmeristic in form: opposed to eumero- 
morphic. 

dysnomy (dis'no-mi), n. [< Gr. dvovo/tia, law- 
lessness, a bad constitution, < dvavouoc., lawless, 

< dva-, bad, + v6/wf, law.] Bad legislation; 
the enactment of bad laws. 

dysodile (dis'o-dil), n. [< Gr. dvaodw, ill- 
smelling (< dva-, ill, + 6$etv, smell, akin to L. 
odor, smell), + -ile.] A kind of greenish- or 
yellowish-gray coal occurring in masses made 
up of foliaceous layers, which when burning 
emits a very fetid odor. It is a product of the de- 
composition of combined vegetable and animal matters. 
It was first observed at Melill in Sicily, and has also been 
found at several places In Germany and France. 

dysodont (dis'o-dont), a. [< NL. dysodon(t-)s, 

< Gr. dva-, bad, + odovf (bdowr-) = E. tooth.] In 
conch., having obsolete or irregular hinge-teeth ; 
specifically, of or pertaining to the Dysodonta. 

Dysodonta (dis-o-don'ta,), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
dysodont: see dysodont.] A group or order of 
bivalve mollusks having obsolete or irregular 
hinge-teeth, muscular impressions unequal or 
reduced to one, and pallia! line entire. It cor- 
responds to the Monomyaria. 

Dysodus (dis'o-dus), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr. 
ova-, bad, + odovf = E. tooth.] A generic name 
bestowed by Cope upon the Japanese pug- 
dog, called Dysodus pravus, characterized by 
such degradation of the dentition that there 
may be in all but 1C teeth (no incisors, 1 ca- 
nine in each half -jaw, 1 premolar and 1 molar in 
each upper, and 2 premolars and 2 molars in 
each lower half-jaw), thus exemplifying actual 
evolution of a generic form by "artificial se- 
lection " of comparatively few years' duration. 

dysootocia (dis-o-o-to'si-a), n. [NL.. < Gr. dva-, 
fll, + aoTOKta, a laying of "eggs, < oro/tof, laying 
eggs, < (f6v (= L. ovum), egg, + TIKTCIV, TCKCIV, 
produce, bear.] In zool., difficult ovulation. 

dysopia (dis-6'pi-a), it. [NL., < Gr. dvauiria, 
confusion of face"(taken in the def. in another 
sense), < dva-, bad, ill, + tity (UTT-), eye, face.] 
Same as dysopsia. 

dysopsia (dis-op'si-a), n. [NL.. < Gr. dva-, bad, 
T o^ic, view, sight.] In pathol., painful or 
defective vision. 

dysopsy (dis-op'si), n. [< Gr. dva-, bad, ill, + 
o^if, sight.] Same as di/sopsia. 

dysorexia (dis-o-rek'si-a), . [NL., < Gr. dva- 
opel-ia, feebleness of appetite, < dva-, bad, + 
6/>tf <f, appetite.] In pathol., a depraved or fail- 
ing appetite. 

dysorexy (dis'o-rek-si), n. Same as dysorexia. 

dyspareunia (dis-pa-r8'ni-a), . [NL., < Gr. 
ova-, hard, + K&pewoc., lying beside, < irap&, be- 
side, + c vvfi, bed.] In pathol., inability to per- 
form the sexual act without pain : usually ap- 
plied to females. 

dyspepsia (dis-pep'sia), n. [Also dyspepgy; = 
F. ayspepsie = Sp. It. dispcpsia = Pg. dyspepsia, 

< L. dyspe]>sia, < Gr. Svaire^ia, indigestion, < div- 
ireirrof, nard to digest, < dva-, hard, + irenrof, 
verbal adj. of ireirrttv, ripen, soften, cook, digest, 
= L. coijucre, cook : see cook 1 .] Impaired power 
of digestion. The term is applied with a certain free- 
dum to all forms of gastric derangement, whether involv- 
ing impaired power of digestion or not. But It is usually 
di.si-urdi-d when MOM more definite diagnosis can be made, 
as gastric cancer, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastrect&sia, or 

1 i it daptndi on poisonous ingesta or appears as a 



dysteleological 

which may Involve a diminished or an excessive secretion 
of the gastric juice, or diminished or excessive acidity In 
that secretion, or an irritability of the stomach-walls or 
an Impairment of their motor functions, and which ap- 
pears to depend on some defect In the innervation of th<< 
stomach, and not on some grosser lesion. 

dyspepsy (dis-pep'si), 11. Same as dyspepsia. 

dyspeptic (dis-pep'tik), a. and n. [= F. dys- 
l>(l>tn/ii( , < Gr. as if *(5wnrf;rmof, < dvairc^la, 
dyspepsia: see dyspepsia.] I. a. 1. Pertaining 
to or of the nature of dyspepsia: as, a dyspeptic 
complaint. 2. Suffering from or afflicted with 
dyspepsia or indigestion : as, a dyspeptic person. 
3. Characteristic of one afflicted with chron- 
ic dyspepsia; hence, bilious ; morbid; "blue"; 
pessimistic; misanthropic: as, a dyspeptic view 
or opinion. 
IT. n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia. 

dyspeptical (dis-pep'ti-kal), a. [< dyspeptic + 
-alT] Troubled with dyspepsia ; hence, inclined 
to morbid or pessimistic views of things. 

How seldom will the outward capability lit the Inward ; 
though talented wouderfully enough, we are poor, un- 
friended, dyspeptical, bashful ; nay, what Is worse than 
all, we are foolish. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. S3. 

dysphagia (dis-fa'ji-a), it. [NL., < Gr. as if 
*6va$ayia, < ova-, hard, + ipaytlv, eat.] In pathol., 
difficulty in swallowing. Also dysphagy. 

dysphagic (dis-faj'ik), a. Pertaining to, of the 
nature of, or affected with dysphagia. 

dysphagy (dis'fa-ji), . [= P. dysphagie; < NL. 
dysphagia : see dysphagia.] Same as dysphagia. 

dysphonia (dis-fo'ni-ii), . [NL., < Gr. dva- 
Quvia, roughness of sound, < dvaipuvof, ill-sound- 
ing, < dva-, ill, + Quvii, sound.] la. pathol., dif- 
ficulty in producing vocal sounds. 

dysphony (dis'fo-ni), it. [= F. dysphonie; < NL. 
dysphonta : see dysphonia.] Same as dysphonia. 

dysphoria (dis-fo'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dvaipopia, 
pain hard to be borne, anguish, < di-ai/apof, hard 
to bear, < dva-, hard, + -<t>opof, < Qcpeiv = E. 
bear 1 .] lupathol., impatience under affliction ; 
a state of dissatisfaction, restlessness, fidget- 
ing, or inquietude. 

dysphuistic (dis-fu-is'tik), a. [< dys-, bad, + 
-pliuistic as in euphuistic, q. v.] Ill-sounding; 
inelegant. 

Of A Lover's Complaint ... I have only space or need 
to remark that it contains two of the most exquisitely 
Shakespearean verses ever vouchsafed to us by Shake- 
speare, and two of the most execrably euphuistic or dyi- 
phuisttc lines ever inflicted on us by man. 

Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 62. 

dyspnoea (disp-ne'a), n. [L., < Gr. dvoirvoia, 
difficulty of breathing, < ivairvoof, scant of 
breath, short-breathed, < dva-, hard, + -n-wiof ; 
cf. itvoij, breathing, < irvelv, breathe.] In pa- 
thol., difficulty of breathing ; difficult or labored 
respiration. 

dyspnoeal (disp-ne'al), a. [< dyspncea + -a*.] 
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dyspnoea ; 
connected with dyspnoea. 

dyspnoeic (disp-ne'ik), a. [< L. dyspnoicus, n., 
one short of breath, < Gr. dvairvoinof, short of 
breath, < dvairvoia, dyspncea: see dyspncea.] 
Affected with or resulting from dyspnosa ; dysp- 
noeal. 

dysporomorph (dis'po-ro-m6rf), . One of the 
Dysporomorphce. 

Dysporomorphse (dis'po-ro-mdr'fe), n. pi. 
[NL., < Dysporus + Gr. /top^, form.] In Hux- 
ley's system of classification (1867), a division 
of desmognathous birds, exactly corresponding 
to the Steganopodes, Totipalmati, or oar-footed 
natatorial birds. They have all four toes webbed, 
the oil-gland surmounted by a circlet of feathers, the 
sternum broad and truncate posteriorly, the mandibular 
angle truncate, the maxillopalatines large and spongy, 
the united palatines carinate, and no basipterygoid pro- 
cesses. The division includes the pelicans, ganneta, cor- 
morants, frigates, darters, and tropic-birds. 



steganopodous. 

Dysporus (dis'po-rus), n. [NL. (Illiger, 1811 : 
so called with reference to the closure or oblit- 
eration of the nostrils), < Gr. dvajropos, hard to 
pass, difficult, < dva-, hard, -1- ro>oc, passage.] 
A genus of gannets : same as Sula. it is often 
separated from Sula to designate the brown gannets, as 
the booby, D. fiber, as distinguished from the white ones, 
as S. bassana. ' 

dyssycus (di-si'kus), . ; pi. dyssyci (-si)- [NL., 
' Gr. dva-, bad, + OVKOV, a fig. j Haeekel's name 
for a form of sponge also called rhagon. 

dysteleological (dis-tel'e-o-loj'i-kal), o. [< 
ili/s/i Imloiiy + -ical.] Purposeless; without de- 
sign; having no "final cause" for being; not 
teleological. 



dysteleologist 

dysteleologist (dis-tel-e-ol'o-jist), n. [< dys- 
teleology + -ist.'] One who believes in dystele- 
ology. 

Dystdeologists, without admitting a purpose, had not 
felt called upon to deny the fact. . 

L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 173. 

(dis-tel-f-ol'o-ji), . [< Or. Sva-, 
, + reXof (refc-), en d> purpose, + -Aoyia, < 
Myeiv, speak: see teleology.] The science of 
rudimentary or vestigial organs, apparently 
functionless or of no use or purpose in the 
economy of the organism, with reference to 
the doctrine of purposelessness. The idea is that 
many useless or even hurtful parts may be present in an 
organism In obedience to the law of heredity simply, and 
that such are evidences of the lack of design or purpose 
or " final cause " which the doctrines of teleology presume. 

The Doctrine of Purposelessness, or Dysteleology. 

Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), 1. 109. 

It is no wonder that Mr. Romanes should avow his "to- 
tal inability to understand why the phenomena of instinct 
should be more fatal to the doctrine of Dysteleology than 
any other of the phenomena of nature." YVYTT 

Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 63. 

Dysteria (dis-te'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, 
hard, + rr/pciv, watch, have an eye on, keep ; cf . 
SvarfipriTOf, hard to keep.] The typical genus of 
Dysteriidce. D. armata of Huxley, which inhabits salt 
water, has such a structure that it has been supposed by 
Oosse to be a rotifer. 

Dysteriidae (dis-te-rl'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Dysteria + -idee.'] A family of free-swimming 
animalcules, more or less ovate, cylindrical, 
flattened or compressed, and mostly encui- 
rassed. They have the carapace simple or consisting of 
two lateral, subequal, conjoined, or detached valves ; cilia 
confined to the more or less narrow or constricted ventral 
surface; the oral aperture followed by a distinct pharynx, 
the walls of which are strengthened by a simple horny 
tube, by a cylindrical fascicle of corneous rods, or by 
otherwise differentiated corneous elements ; a conspicuous 
tail-like style, or compact fascicle of setose cilia present- 
ing a style-like aspect, projecting from the posterior ex- 
tremity. Most of them inhabit salt water. 

Dysterina (dis-te-rl'na), n. fl. [NL., < Dys- 
teria + -ina?.] A family of ciliate infusonans, 
typified by the genus Dysteria. Claparede and 
Laclimann, 1858-60. See Dysteriidce. 

dysthesia (dis-the'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dvaOtata, 
a bad condition, < dumerof, in bad condition: 
see dysthetic.'] Inpathol., a non-febrile morbid 
state of the blood-vessels ; a bad habit of body 
dependent mainly upon the state of the circu- 
lating system. 

dysthetic (dis-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. Modems, in 
bad case, in bad condition, < Sva-, bad, + 6er6f, 
verbal adj. of n-Oe-vai, put, place.] Of, per- 
taining to, or characterized by dysthesia. 
dysthymic (dis-thim'ik), a. [< Gr. SvadvfUK6^, 
melancholy, < dva&vfiia, despondency, despair, 
< duo--, bad, + Bv/iof, spirit, courage.] In pa- 



1812 

thol, affected with despondency; depressed in 

spirits; dejected. 

dystocia (dis-to'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Owmttia, 

a painful delivery," < S'varoKO^, bringing forth 

with pain, < Sva-, hard, + rinruv, nitclv, bring 

forth.] In pathol., difficult parturition. Also 

dystolda. 

dystome (dis'tom), a. Same as dystomic. 

dystomic, dystomouS (dis-tom'ik, dis'to-mus), 

a. [< Gr. SVOTO/WS, hard to cut (but taken in 

pass, sense 'badly cleft'), < <ko-, hard, bad, + 
rofiof, verbal adj. of rifivciv, cut.] In mineral., 

having an imperfect fracture or cleavage. 

dystrophic (dis-trof 'ik), . [< dystrophy + -ic.~\ 
Pertaining to a perversion of nutrition. 

dystrophy (dis'tro-fi), n. [< Gr. Sva-, hard, ill, 
+ -potfi, nourishment, < rptyiv, nourish.] In 
pathol, perverted nutrition. 

dysuria (dis-u'ri-a), n. [LL., < Gr. Svaavpia, < 
Sva-, hard, + avpov, urine.] In pathol., difficulty 
in micturition, attended with pain and scald- 
ing. Also dysury. 

dysuric (dis-u'rik), a. [< dysuria + -ic.] Per- 
taining to or of the nature of dysuria; affected 
with dysuria. 

dysury (dis'u-ri), n. Same as dysuria. 

Dytes (di'tez), n. [NL. (Kaup, 1829), < Gr 
dvrr/e, a diver, < imiv, dive.] A genus of small 
grebes, of the family Podicipedidce, containing 
such species as the horned and the eared grebe. 

Dyticidae, n. pi. See Dytiscidw. 

Dyticus, n. "See Dytiscus. 

dytiscid (di-tis'id), a. and n. I. a. Of or per- 
taining to the Dytiscidce. 
II. n. A water-beetle of the family Dytiscidce. 

Dytiscidae, Dyticidae (di-tis'i-de), n. pi. [NL., 
< Dytiscus, Dyticus, + -idie.'} A family of two- 
eyed aquatic adephagous CoUoptera, or preda- 
tory beetles, having the metasternum destitute 
of an antecoxal piece, but prolonged in a trian- 
gular process posteriorly, the antennae slender, 
filiform, or setaceous, and the abdomen with 
six segments. The Dytiscidee are related to the ground- 
beetles or Carabidte, but differ in the form of the meta- 
sternum, and in the structure of the legs, which are nata- 
torial. They are water-beetles, mostly of large size, with 
narrowly oval depressed bodies and oar-like hind legs, 
found almost everywhere in fresh water. 

Dytiscus, Dyticus (dl-tis'kus, dit'i-kus), n. 
[NL., ong. and commonly Dytiscus (Linnseus), 
Dyticus (Geoffroy, 1764), < Gr. dvraoif, able to 
dive, < (Km, a diver, < Smiv, dive, sink, get into, 
enter.] The typical genus of predaceous wa- 
ter-beetles of the family Dytiscidce, having the 
metasternal spiracles covered by the elytra, 
the front tarsi five-jointed, and patellate in the 
male, and the hind tarsi not ciliate, with the 
claws equal. The numerous species are large, but 
difficult to distinguish. They are dark olive-green above, 



\ 




s fasci-venfr 
marginalia. (Na 



dziggetai 

the thorax and elytra being often margined with yellow. 
The elytra are smooth in the male, usually sulcate in the 
female. D.inmgi- 
nalis (Limiicus) is 
very abundant in 
Europe, inhabit- 
ing, like the other 
species, large 
bodies of stag- 
nant water. Some 
species are called 
water-butts. 

dyvour (dT- 
v6r), n. [Sc., 
also dyvor, di- 
rer, < F. devoir, 
a duty, obliga- 
tion, etc.: see 
dever and de- 
voir.'] In old 
Scots law, a 

bankrupt who had made a cessio bonorum to 
his creditors. 

Louis, what reck I by thee, 
Or Geordie on his ocean? 

Dyvor, beggar loons to me 
I reign in Jeanie's bosom. Burns. 

dzeren, dzeron (dze'ren, -ron), . [Mongol, 
name.] The Chinese antelope, Procapra guttu- 
rosa, a remarkably swift animal, inhabiting the 
arid deserts of central Asia, Tibet, China, and 
southern Siberia. It is nearly 4J feet long, and is 
2J feet high at the shoulder. When alarmed it clears 
over 20 feet at one bound. Also called goitered antelope 
and yell/m> goat. 

dziggetai (dzig'ge-ti), n. [Mongol, name.] 
wila ass of Asia, Equus liemionus, whose habits 
are graphically recorded in the book of Job, and 
which is believed to be the liemionus of Herod- 
otus and Pliny. It is intermediate in appearance 
and character between the horse and the ass (hence the 
specific name hemionus, half-ass). The males especially 
are fine animals, standing as high as 14 hands. It lives 




Dziggetai (Egutts kemvmus}. 



in small herds, and is an inhabitant of the sandy steppes 
of central Asia, 16,000 feet above sea-level. The dziggetai 
or hemione is one of several closely related species, or 
more probably varieties, of large wild Asiatic asses which 
appear to lack the black stripe across the withers. Two 
of these are sometimes distinguished under the names of 
kulan (Eqmui onager), a wide-ranging form, and kiang(b. 
kiang), of Tibet. See onager, ghm, and khur. Also 
spelled djiygetai and in other ways. 




1. Tho fifth letter and sec- 
ond vowel in our alphabet. 
It has the same place in the order 
of the alphabet aa the correspond- 
ing sign or character in the older al- 
phabets, Latin and Greek and Phe- 
nician, from which ours is derived 
(see .4) ; but the value originally 
attached to the sign has undergone 
much modification. The compar- 
ative scheme of forms (like that given for the preceding 
letters) is as follows : 




rn 



Hlerogt 



Pheni- 
clan. 



Early 
Greek ana Latin. 



From the capital E have come by gradual modification and 
variation (as in the case of the other letters) all the other 
printed and written forms. The value of the sign in the 
Semitic alphabets was and still is that of an aspiration, a 
peculiar smooth A. But when the alphabet was adapted 
to Greek use, this unnecessary aspirate-sign wasutilized as 
a sign for a vowel-sound, either short or long, being nearly 
that instanced in our two words MM* and they. Thisdoubie 
value in point of quantity it had in all early Greek use, and 
until in one section of the Greek race and later, after 
their example, in all the others it was found conve- 
nient to distinguish the long sound by a separate sign, 
H (see //), after which the K was restricted to denoting 
the short sound, as in our met. This distinction was not 
Introduced into the Italican alphabets ; hence the same 
sign stands for both short and long sound in Latin, and 
with us. The name of the sign in Fhenician was he (of 
doubtful meaning; usually explained as 'window'); in 
Greek it was el, andlaterc i/uAo?, 'simplee' it is believed, 
in antithesis to the double at, which then had the same 
sound. In most of the languages of Europe the sign has 
retained its original Greek and Latin value ; In the English 
it has done this only so far as concerns the short sound ; 
the long sound lias, in the history of the changes of pro- 
nunciation, so generally passed over into what was origi- 
nally the long t-sound, that we now call this Bound long e 
(as in meet, mete, meat, etc.). The proper e-sound (in met, 
they) is phonetically a medium between the completely 
open a of father and the close sound < of pique. In Its 
two quantities {met, then) it constitutes about five per cent, 
of English utterance. Taking into account also the numer- 
ous digraphs, as ea, ee, ei, ey, ae, ie, oe, in which it is found, 
and its frequent occurrence as a silent letter, e is the most 
used of our alphabetic signs. This frequency is due in 
considerable measure to the general reduction of the vow- 
els of endings to c that constitutes a conspicuous part of 
the change from Anglo-Saxon to English. The total loss 
then, further, of many of these endings in utterance has 
left numerous cases of silent anal e, to which others have 
been added by analogy with these. A degree of value in 
the economy of our written speech belongs to it, in so far 
as its occurrence after a single consonant now almost regu- 
larly indicates the long sound of the vowel preceding that 
consonant, as in mate, mete, mite, mate, mute; but in many 
cases it appears also after a single consonant preceded by 
a short vowel, and such cases, &sgive, live, have, vineyard, 
constitute one of ttie classes where reform in orthography 
is most easily made, and has most to recommend it. (See 
-.) E has further come to be used as an orthographic 
auxiliary, in some cases after c and g, where it is conven- 
tionally regarded as preserving the so-called "soft" sound 
of those letters, as in peaceable, manageable. 
2. As a numeral, 250. Du Canqe. 3. As a 
symbol : (a) In the calendar, the fifth of the do- 
minical letters. (6) In logic, the sign of the 
universal negative proposition. See A 1 , 2 (6). 
(c) In alg. : (1) [cap.] The operation of en- 
largement: thus, Efx = f (x + I); also, the 
greatest integer as small as the quantity which 
follows : thus, EJ = 3. (2) [I. c.] The base of 
the Napierian system of logarithms; also, the 
eccentricity of a conic. 4. In music: (a) The 
key-note of the major key of four sharps, hav- 
iug the signature (1), or of the minor key of one 
sharp, having the signature (2); also, the final 




of the Phrygian mode in medieval music. (6) 
In the fixed system of solmization, the third 
tone of the scale, called mi : hence so named 
by French musicians, (c) On the keyboard of 
the pianoforte, the white key to the right of 
rvrry group of two black keys. (<l) The tone 
given by such a key, or a tone in unison with 
such a tone, (c) The degree of a staff assigned 
to such a key or toiio ; with, the treble clef, the 



lower line and upper space (3). (/) A note on 
such a degree, indicating such a key or tone (4). 
5. As an abbreviation: (a) East: as, E. by 
S,, east by south. See 8. E., E. 8. E., etc. (6) 
In various phrase-abbreviations. See e. g., i. e., 
E. and O. E., etc E dur, the key of E major. 
E moll, the key of E minor. 

e- 1 . A prefix of Anglo-Saxon origin, one of the 
forms of the original prefix gc-. It remains 
unfelt in enough. See -. 

6- 2 . [L. e-, e. reduced form of ex-, ex : see ex-.] 
A prefix of Latin origin, a reduced form of ex-, 
alternating with ex- before consonants, as in 
evade, elude, emit, etc. See ex-, in some scien- 
tific terms it denotes negation or privation, like Greek a- 
privative (being then conventionally called e- privative) : 
as, ecaudate, tailless, anurous ; edentate, toothless, etc. In 
elope the prefix is an accommodated form of Dutch cnf -. 

-e. [ME. -e, -en, < AS. -a, -f, -o, -u, -an, -en, etc.] 
The unpronounced termination of many Eng- 
lish words. Silent final e is of various origin, being the 
common representative (pronounced in earlier English) of 
almost all the Anglo-Saxon, Old French, Latin, etc., in- 
flection-endings. In nouns and adjectives of native origin 
it may be regarded as representing the original vowel-end- 
ing of the nominative (as in ale, tale, stake, rake, etc.), or, 
more generally, the original oblique cases (dative, etc.), 
which from their greater frequency became in Middle Eng- 
lish the accepted form of the nominative also, as in lode, 
pole, mile, wile, etc.; similarly, in words of Latin and oth- 
er origin, as rule, rude, spike, sprite, etc. In verbs of na- 
tive origin -e represents the original infinitive (AS. -an, 
ME. -en, >) mixed with the present indicative, etc., as in 
make, wake, write, etc. In a great number of words the -e 
has disappeared as an actual sound, the letter being re- 
tained, as a result of phonetic and orthographic accident, 
as a conventional sign of "length" an accented vowel 
followed by a single consonant before final silent e being 
regularly " long," as in rate, write, rode, tube, etc., words 
distinguished thus from forms with a "short" vowel, rat, 
writ, rod, tub, etc. In words of recent introduction - is 
used whenever this distinction is to he made. In some 
cases the vowel preceding -e is short, as in glee, live, bade, 
have, javelin, vineyard, etc., especially in polysyllables in 
ile, -me, -ite, etc., as hostile, glycerine, opposite, etc. ; but 
some of these words were formerly or are now often spell- 
ed without the superfluous , as bad, glycerin, Jibrin, de- 
posit, etc. Etymologically, final e in modern English has 
no weight or value, it being a mere chance whether it rep- 
resents an original vowel or syllable. 

-6. [F. -e, fern, -ie, pp. suffix, < L. -dtus, -dta : 
see -ate 1 .] A French suffix, the termination 
of perfect participles, and of adjectives and 
nouns thence derived, some of which are used, 
though consciously as French words, in Eng- 
lish, as VToiege, neglige, retrousse, degage.tearte, 
etc. The Anglicized form is -cc 1 (which see). 

ea. A common English digraph, introduced about 
the beginning of the sixteenth century, hav- 
ing then the sound of a, and serving to distin- 
guish e or ee with that sound from e or ee with 
the sound of e. The original sonnd a remained in 
most of the words having ca until the eighteenth century, 
and still prevails in break, great, yea, and in a dialectal 
(" Irish ") pronunciation of beast, please, mean, etc (which 
in dialect-writing are spelled BO aa to represent this pro- 
nunciation: BOG baste*)', it has become e in breadl, dread, 
head, meadow, health, wealth, leather, weather, etc., and, 
modified by the following r, in bearl, bears, heart, hearth, 
earth, learn, etc. In most words, however, the digraph 
ea now agrees in sound with ee, namely, e, as in read, pro- 
nounced the same as reed (but the preterit read like red). 
The modern digraph ea lias no connection with the Anglo- 
Saxon and early Middle English diphthong or " breaking " 
I'd, ea, though it happens to replace it in some words, as in 
bread! (Anglo-Saxon bread), lead- (Anglo-Saxon lead), earl 
(Anglo-Saxon edre). 

ea. An abbreviation of each. 

each (ech), a. and pron. [< (1) ME. ech, eche, 
tsehe, iche, yche, tichc, etc., these being prop, 
oblique forms, assibilated, of the proper nom. 
elc, Sic, eilc, tie, ilk, ylc, ttlc (> So. ilk, ilka), each, 
< AS. celc (= MD. ieghelick, ellick.elck, D. elk 
= OFries. elk, ellik, ek, ik = MLG. LG. ettik, elk 
= OHG. eogalih, ioqelih, MHG. iegelich, Gt.jey- 
lich), each, orig. *d-ge-lic, < a, ever, in comp. 
indef., + gelic, like, < ge-, a generalizing prefix, 
+ lie, body, form : see ay 1 (= o 3 ), i- (= c- 1 = 
y-), and tike*-, liki*, -fyl. Mixed in ME. with 
(2) ilc, ilk (mod. So. ilk 2 , ilka, q. v.), assibi- 
lated ilehc, it'/i, itch, inch, contr. of earlier tunic 
uirilc, iwilch, < AS. gehwilc, gchwylc (= OHG. 
galtwelih), each, every one, any one, < gc-, gen- 

1813 



eralizing prefix, + hieilc. who, which (see i- and 
which): and with (3) ME. ewilc, < AS. teghwilc 
(= OHG. eogihwelih), each, orig. "d-ge-hwilc, < 
a, ever, + gehwilc, each, any one, as above. See 
every, where -y stands for an orig. each, and 
such and which, where -ch is of like origin with 
-ch in each."\ I. distributive adj. Being either 
or any unit of a numerical aggregate consist- 
ing of two or more, indefinitely: used in pred- 
icating the same thing of both or all the mem- 
bers of the pair, aggregate, or series mentioned 
or taken into account, considered individually 
or one by one : often followed by one, with of 
before a noun (partitive genitive): as, each 
sex; each side of the river; each stone in a 
building; each one of them has taken a differ- 
ent course from every other. 

Thel token ech on by hymself a peny. 

WycHf, Mat. xx. 10. 

Betheleem is a litylle Cytee, long and narwe and weU 
walled, and in eche syde enclosed with code Dychea. 

ilanderillf. Travels, p. 69. 

She her weary limbes would never rest ; 
But every liil and dale, each wood and plalne. 
Did search. Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 8. 

And the princes of Israel, being twelve men : each one 
was for the house of his fathers. Num. 1. 44. 

Each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch, 
Each shadow makes him stop, each murmur stay. 

Shot., Venus and Adonis, 1. 70S. 

II. pron. 1. Every one of any number or 
numerical aggregate, considered individually: 
equivalent to the adjectival phrase each one: 
as, each went his way ; each had two ; each of 
them was of a different size (that is, from all the 
others, or from every one else in the number). 

Than the! closed hem to-geder straite eche to other. 

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 39S. 

And there appeared . . . cloven tongues like as of fire, 
and it sat upon each of them. Acts ii. 3. 

You found his mote ; the king your mote did see ; 
But I a beam do find iu each of three. 

Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3. 

Wandering each his several way. Milton, P. L., ii. 523. 
Each is strong, relying on his own, and each is betrayed 
when he seeks in himself the courage of others. 

Emerson, Courage. 
2f. Both. 

And each, though enemies to cither's reign, 
Do in consent shake hands to torture me. 

SAiii., Sonnets, xxviil. 

At oacnt, joined each to another; joined end to end. 
Ten masts at each make not the altitude 
Which thou hast perpendicularly fell. 

Shak., Lear, iv. . 

Each Other, (at) Each alternate ; every other ; every 
second. 
Each other worde I wag a knave. 

Up. Still, Gammer Ourton's Needle. 

Living and dying each other day. 

Holland, tr. of Pliny, p. 2. 

(b) Each the other ; one another : now generally used 
when two persons or things are concerned, but also used 
more loosely like une another (which see, under aiwther) : 
as, they love each other (that is, each loves the other). 
eachwheret (ech'hwar), adv. [< each + where."} 
Everywhere. 

For to entrap the careles Clarion, 

That rang'd each where without snspition. 

Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 378. 

The mountains eachwhert shook, the rivers turned their 
streams. L. Bryskett (Arber's Eug. Garner, I. 288). 

Eacles (e'a-klez), n. [NL. (Httbner, 1816) ; etym. 
dubious.] A genus of large, handsome bomby- 




Eacles 

cid moths, peculiar to North and South Amer- 
ica, having short hind wings, short proboscis, 
simple antennas in the female, and the antennae 
of the male pectinate to a greater or less extent. 
E. imperialis is one of the largest and handsomest moths 
of North America, of a yellow color, with purplish-brown 
spots on the wings. The male is more purplish than the 
female. The larvae feed on the foliage of various forest- 
trees, and pupate in loose cocoons under ground. 

Bad-. See Ed-*. 
eadish, . See eddisli. 

-ese. [NL., etc., fern. pi. (sc. plantce, plants) of 
L. -CMS: see -eous, and cf. -acece.'] 1. In bot., a 
suffix used chiefly in the formation of tribal 
names and the names of other groups between 
the genus and the order. It also occurs as the 
termination of some ordinal names. 2. In 
eool., the termination of the names of various 
taxonomie groups : (a) regularly, of groups be- 
tween the genus and the subfamily; (b) irreg- 
ularly, of different groups above the family. 
In both cases -ece is used without implication of 
gender. 

eager 1 (e'ger), a. [< ME. eger, egre, < OF. 
eyre, aigre, F. aigre = Pr. agre = OSp. agre, 
Sp. agrio = Pg. It. agro, < L. acer (acr-), sharp, 
keen : see acid, acerb, etc. Cf . vinegar, alegar.] 
It. Sharp; sour; acid. 
This seed is eger and hot. Chaucer, Parson's Tale. 

Egrest fruits, and bitterest hearbs did mock 
Madera Sugars, and the Apricock. 

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden. 

It doth posset 
And curd, like eager droppings into milk. 

Shak., Hamlet, 1. 6. 

2. Sharp; keen; biting; severe; bitter. [Ob- 
solete or archaic.] 

A more myghty and more egre medicine. 

Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 6. 

If so thou think'st, vex him with eager words. 

Shalt., S Hen. VI., ii. 6. 

It is a nipping and an eager air. Shak., Hamlet, 1. 4. 

The cold most eager and sharpe till March, little winde, 
nor snow, except in the end of Aprill. 

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 405. 

3. Sharply inclined or anxious ; sharp-set; ex- 
cited by ardent desire; impatiently longing; 
vehement; keen: as, the soldiers were eager to 
engage the enemy ; men are eager in the pur- 
suit of wealth ; eager spirits ; eager zeal. 

Manly he demeyned him to make his men egre, 
Bad hem alle be bold & busiliche lijt . 

William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3836. 

All the ardent and daring spirits in the parliamentary 
party were eager to have Hampden at their head. 

Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden. 

As our train of horses surmounted each succeeding emi- 
nence, every one was eager to be the first who should 
catch a glimpse of the Holy City. 

R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 144. 

4. Manifesting sharpness of desire or strength 
of feeling ; marked by great earnestness : as, 
an eager look or manner; eager words. 

She sees a world stark blind to what employs 
Her eager thought, and feeds her flowing joys. 

Camper, Charity, 1. 405. 
5t. Brittle. 

Gold itself will be sometimes so eager . . . that it will 
as little endure the hammer as glass itself. 

Locke, Human Understanding, III. vi. 35. 
=Syn. 3. Fervent, fervid, warm, glowing, zealous, for- 
ward, enthusiastic, impatient, sanguine, animated. 
eager 1 !, *> t. [< ME. egren; from the adj.] 
To make eager ; urge ; incite. 

The nedy poverte of his houshold mihte rather egren 
hym to don felonyes. Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 6. 

He angurt hym full euyll, & egerd hym with, 
ffor the dethe of the dere his dole was the more. 

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7329. 

eager 2 , eagre (e'ger), n. [Chiefly dial, or ar- 
chaic, and hence of unstabl