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PART VII
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THE CENTURY DICTIONARY
PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH. D., LL. D.
PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY
THE plan of "The Century Dictionary " in-
cludes three things : the construction of a
general dictionary of the English language
which shall be serviceable for every literary
and practical use ; a more complete collection
of the technical terms of the various sciences,
arts, trades, and professions than has yet been
attempted ; and the addition to the definitions
proper of such related encyclopedic matter,
with pictorial illustrations, as shall constitute
a convenient book of general reference.
About 200,000 words will be denned. The
Dictionary will be a practically complete record
of all the noteworthy words which have been
in use since English literature has existed,espe-
cially of all that wealth of new words and of
applications of old words which has sprung
from the development of the thought and life
of the nineteenth century. It will record not
merely the written language, but the spoken
language as well (that is, all important provin-
cial and colloquial words), and it will include
(in the one alphabetical order of the Diction-
ary) abbreviations and such foreign words and
phrases as have become a familiar part of
English speech.
THE ETYMOLOGIES.
The etymologies have been written anew on
a uniform plan, and in accordance with the es-
tablished principles of comparative philology.
It has been possible in many cases, by means
of the fresh material at the disposal of the
etymologist, to clear up doubts or difficulties
hitherto resting upon the history of particular
words, to decide definitely in favor of one of
several suggested etymologies, to discard nu-
merous current errors, and to give for the first
time the history of many words of which the
etymologies were previously unknown or erro-
neously stated. Beginning with the current
accepted form of spelling, each important word
has been traced back through earlier forms to
its remotest known origin. The various prefixes
and suffixes useful in the formation of English
words are treated very fully in separate articles.
HOMONYMS.
Words of various origin and meaning but
of the same spelling, have been distinguished
by small superior figures (!, 2 , 3 , etc.). In
numbering these homonyms the rule has been
to give precedence to the oldest or the most
familiar, or to that one which is most nearly
English in origin. The superior numbers ap-
ply not so much to the individual word as to
the group or root to which it belongs, hence
the different grammatical uses of the same
homonym are numbered alike when they are
separately entered in the Dictionary. Thus a
verb and a noun of the same origin and the
same present spelling receive the same superior
number. But when two words of the same form
and of the same radical origin now differ con-
siderably in meaning, so as to be used as dif-
ferent words, they are separately numbered.
THE ORTHOGRAPHY.
Of the great body of words constituting the
familiar language the spelling is determined
by well-established usage, and, however ac-
cidental and unacceptable, in many cases, it
may be, it is not the office of a dictionary like
this to propose improvements, or to adopt those
which have been proposed and have not yet
won some degree of acceptance and use. But
there are also considerable classes as to which
usage is wavering, more than one form being
sanctioned by excellent authorities, either in
this country or Great Britain, or in both. Fa-
miliar examples are words ending in or or our
(as labor, labour), in er or re (as center, centre),
in ize or ise (as civilize, civilise) ; those having a
single or double consonant after an unaccented
vowel (as traveler, traveller), or spelled with e or
with ce or ce (as hemorrhage, hcemorrhage) ; and
so on. In such cases both forms are given,
with an expressed preference for the briefer
one or the one more accordant with native
analogies.
THE PRONUNCIATION.
No attempt has been made to record all the
varieties of popular or even educated utter-
ance, or to report the determinations made by
different recognized authorities. It has been
necessary rather to make a selection of words
to which alternative pronunciations should be
accorded, and to give preference among these
according to the circumstances of each particu-
lar case, in view of the general analogies and
tendencies of English utterance. The scheme
by which the pronunciation is indicated is quite
simple, avoiding over-refinement in the dis-
crimination of sounds, and being designed to
be readily understood and used. (See Key to
Pronunciation on back cover.)
DEFINITIONS OF COMMON WORDS.
In the preparation of the definitions of com-
mon words, there has been at hand, besides
the material generally accessible to students
of the language, a special collection of quota-
tions selected for this work from English books
of all kinds and of all periods of the language,
which is probably much larger than any which
has hitherto been made for the use of an English
dictionary, except that accumulated for the
Philological Society of London. Thousands of
non-technical words, many of them occurring
in the classics of the language, and thousands
of meanings, many of them familiar, which
have not hitherto been noticed by the diction-
aries, have in this way been obtained. The
arrangement of the definitions historically, in
the order in which the senses defined have en-
tered the language, has been adopted wher-
ever possible.
THE QUOTATIONS.
These form a very large collection (about
200,000), representing all periods and
branches of English literature. The classics
of the language have been drawn upon, and
valuable citations have been made from less
famous authors in all departments of litera-
ture. American writers especially are repre-
sented in greater fullness than in any similar
work. A list of authors and works (and edi-
tions) cited will be published with the con-
cluding part of the Dictionary.
DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
Much space has been devoted to the special
terms of the various sciences, fine arts, me-
chanical arts, professions, and trades, and
much care has been bestowed upon their treat-
ment. They have been collected by an extended
search through all branches of literature, with
the design of providing a very complete and
many-sided technical dictionary. Many thou-
sands of words have thus been gathered which
have never before been recorded in a general
dictionary, 'or even in special glossaries. To
the biological sciences a degree of promi-
nence has been given corresponding to the re-
markable recent increase in their vocabulary.
The new material in the departments of biology
and zoology includes not less than five thou-
sand words and senses not recorded even in
special dictionaries. In the treatment of phy-
sical and mathematical scienees, ofthemechan-
ical arts and trades, and of the philological
sciences, an equally broad method has been
adopted. In the definition of theological and
ecclesiastical terms, the aim of the Dictionary
has been to present all the special doctrines of
the different divisions of the Church in such a
manner as to convey to the reader the actual
intent of those who accept them. In defining
legal terms the design has been to offer all the
information that is needed by the general
reader, and also to aid the professional reader
by giving in a concise form all the important
technical words and meanings. Special atten-
tion has also been paid to the definitions of
the principal terms of painting, etching, en-
graving, and various other art-processes ; of
architecture, sculpture, archaeology, decorative
art, ceramics, etc. ; of musical terms, nautical
and military terms, etc.
ENCYCLOPEDIC FEATURES.
The inclusion of so extensive and varied a
vocabulary, the introduction of special phrases,
and the full description of things often found
essential to an intelligible definition of tliew
names, would alone have given to this Diction-
ary a distinctly encyclopedic character. It has,
however, been deemed desirable to- go some-
what further in this direction than these con-
ditions render strictly necessary.
Accordingly, not only have many technical
matters been treated with unusual fullness,
but much practical information of a kind which
dictionaries have hitherto excluded has been
added. The result is that "The Century
Dictionary" covers to a great extent the field
of the ordinary encyclopedia, with this princi-
pal difference that the information given is
for the most part distributed under the indi-
vidual words and phrases with which it is con-
nected, instead of being collected under a few
general topics. Proper names, both biograph-
ical and geographical,'are of course omitted, ex-
cept as they appear in derivative adjectives, as
Darwinian from Dancin, or Indian from India.
The alphabetical distribution of the encyclo-
pedic matter under a large number of words
will, it is believed, be found to be particularly
helpful in the search for those details which
are generally looked for in works of reference.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The pictorial illustrations have been so se-
lected and executed as to be subordinate to the
text, while possessing a considerable degree of
independent suggestiveness and artistic value.
To secure technical accuracy, the illustrations
have, as a rule, been selected by the specialist?
in charge of the various departments, and havj
in all cases been examined by them in proofc.
The cuts number about six thousand.
MODE OF ISSUE, PRICE, ETC.
" The Century Dictionary" will be comprised
in about 6,500 quarto pages. It is published
by subscription and in twenty-four parts or
sections, to be finally bound into six quarto vol-
umes, if desired by the subscriber. These sec-
tions will be issued about once a month. The
price of the sections is $2.50 each, and no
subscriptions are taken except for the entire
work.
The plan of the Dictionary is more fully de-
scribed in the preface (of which the above is in
part a condensation), which accompanies the
first section, and to which reference is made.
A list of the abbreviations used in the ety-
mologies end definitions, and keys to pronun-
ciations and to signs used in the. etymologies,
will be found on the back cover-lining.
THE CENTURY CO., 33 EAST 17 ST., NEW YORK.
C4-
\
droop * : y
droop (drop), f. [< Ml). <ln>i<i><n, rarely drnprn,
drupen, droop, csp. from sorrow, < Icel. driipa,
droop, esp. from sorrow, a secondary verb, <
drjfipaxaAS.'dreopan, ilron: see <//</// and ilrip.'}
1. intrants. I. To sink or lianj; down; bend or
hung downward, as from weakness or exhaus-
tion.
\VY1 row-ill! hi'divsae his tilkl-1 yulliailly,
Ili8 arwos drowpedr nought w-ith fetheres lowe.
Chaut-ff, (Jt-ii. I'l-ol. to C. T., 1. 107.
The evening comes, anil every little tlow.-r
Dl-nnfH now, as Well as 1.
I!' a u. and Ft., Coxcomb, ill. 3.
llanipilrii. with his ln.nl iti-i>t>[ifni/, ami his hands lean-
ing on his horse's neck, inovetl feebly out of the battle.
ilacauiay, Nugent* Hampden.
Near the lake where drooped the willow,
Long time ago. 'i. /'. Morris.
2. To languish from grief or other cause ; fall
into a state of physical weakness.
Conceiving the dishonour of his mother,
He straight declin'd, druoii'd, took it deeply.
Skak., W. T., il. 3.
After this King Loir, more and more drooping with
Years, became an easy prey to his Daughters and thir Hus-
bands. Milton, Hist. Eng., 1.
We had not been-at Sea long before our Men began to
tlriK'ii, in a sort of a Distemper that stole insensibly on
them. Dampier, Voyages, I. 624.
One day she droojted, and the next she died ; nor was
there the distance of many hours between her being very
easy in this world, and very happy in another.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. vi.
3. To fail or sink ; flag; decline; be dispirited:
as, the courage droops ; the spirits droop.
Myche fere had that fre, & full was of thoght,
All droupoiul in drede and ill dol lengyt
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6303.
But wherefore do you droop ? why look so sad ?
Be great in act, as you have been in thought.
Skak., K. John, T. 1.
Why droops my lord, my love, my life, my Cresar ?
How ill this dulness doth comport with greatness !
Fletcher (and aiiothert), Prophetess, v. 1.
4. To tend gradually downward or toward a
close. [Poetical.]
Then day droopt ; the chapel bells
Call'd us : we left the walks.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
5. To drip ; be wet with water. [Prov. Eng.]
I was drooping wet to my very skinne.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 67.
"They've had no rain at all down here," said he.
"Then," said she, demurely regarding her drooping
skirts, "they'll think I must have fallen into the river."
W. Black, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 391.
II. trans. To let sink or hang down: as, to
droop the head.
The lilylike Melissa droop'd her brows.
Tennyson, Princess, iv.
Great, sulky gray cranes dronp their motionless heads
over the still, salt pools along the shore.
R. T. Coote, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 24.
droop (drop), >i. [(droop, r.] The act of droop-
ing, or of bending or hanging down; a drooping
position or state.
With his little insinuating Jury droop.
Dickens, Little Don-it, i. 21.
drooper (dro'per), . One who or that which
droops.
If ho (tile historian) be pleasant, he is noted for n ifstt-r ;
if he be graue, he is reckoned for a drooper.
Stanihurst, To Sir H. Sidney, in Holinshed.
droopingly (dro'ping-li), adv. In a drooping
manner ; languishingly.
They [duties] are not accompanied with such sprlghtli-
ness of affections, and overflowings of joy, as they wen-
wont, but are performed droopinyly and heavily.
Sharpe, Works, III. iii.
drop (drop), v. ; pret. and pp. dropped, ppr.
dropping. [Early mod. E. also droppe; < ME.
droppen, < AS. dri>i>pnn, also dropian and etrop-
petian, ili-o/>/i< I<tn = I). <lrt>/>pen = G. Iropfcn =
S\v. droppa, drop; secondary forms of the orig.
strong verb, A.S.*dre6pan (pret. "drcdp, pl.*rfr-
/>, pp. "dropen; occurring, if at all, only in
doubtful passages), ME. drepen (= (IS. ilrinpini
= OFries. driapa I), druipi-n =()IKi. trinfaii,
MHG. G. triefcn = Icel. drjfipa = Norw. drjupa),
drop, whence also ult. drop, n., drip, r., dribble*,
etc., and (through Icel.) droop, r.] I. intmnx.
1. To fall in small portions or globules, as a
liquid.
The quality of mercy is not strain'd ;
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place brnrath. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
2. To let drops fall ; drip ; discharge in drops.
The heavens also drupird :it the presence of God.
Ps. Ixviii. S.
Mine eyes m:iy i/ro/j for thee, but thine own heart will
ache for itself. B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.
112
It was a loathsome herd, . . . half bestial, half human,
dropping with wine, bloated with gluttony, ami reeling in
obscene dances. Macaulay, Milton.
3. To fall; descend; sink to a lower position
or level.
From morn
To noon he fell, . . . and with the setting sun
Dropp'd from the zenith like a falling star.
Millim, P. L.,i. 745.
The eurtafn drops on the drama of Indian history about
the year 6.iO, or a little later.
./. r'lTffusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 209.
4. Specifically, to lie down, as a dog. 5. To
die, especially to die suddenly; fall dead, as in
battle.
It was your presurmlse,
That in the dole of blows your son might drop.
N/i.it., > Hen. IV., i. 1.
They see Indeed many drop, but then they see many
more alive. Steele, Spectator, No. 152.
6. To come to an end; be allowed to cease;
be neglected and come to nothing.
I heard of threats, occasioned by my verses; I sent to
acquaint them where I was to be found, and so It dropped.
Pope.
7f. To fall short of a mark. [Rare.]
Often it drops or overshoots. Cn!U.-r.
8. To fall lower in state or condition ; sink ;
be depressed ; come into a state of collapse or
quiescence.
Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down.
Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, ii.
9. Xaut., to have a certain drop, or depth from
top to bottom : said of a sail.
Her main top-sail drops seventeen yards. Uar. Did.
A dropping fire (milit.), a continuous irregular discharge
of small arms. To drop astern (naut.), to pass or move
toward tin- stern ; move back ; let another vessel pass
ahead, either by slackening the speed of the vessel that is
passed or because of the superior speed of the vessel pass-
ing. To drop away or off, to depart; disappear; be
lost sight of : as, all my friends dropped ateay from me ;
the guests dropped o/ one by one.
If the war continued much longer, America would most
certainly drop away, and France, and perhaps Spain, l>e-
conie bankrupt. Lecky, Eng. In 18th Cent., xv.
To drop down a stream, a coast, etc., to sail, row, or
move down a river or toward the sea, downward along a
coast, etc. To drop In, to happen in ; come in as if cas-
ually, or without previous agreement as to time, as for a
call.
Captain Knight with as many Men as he could incou-
rage to march, came in al>out 6, but he left many Men tired
on the Road ; these, as is usual, came dropping in one or
two at a time, as they were able.
Dampier, Voyages, I. 219.
Others of the household soon dropped in, and clustered
round the hoard. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 33.
To drop out, to withdraw or disappear from one's (or its)
place : as, he dropped out of the ranks. To drop to shot,
to drop or charge at the discharge of the gun : said of a
fleld-dog. To drop to wing, to dropor charge when the
bird flushes : said of a field-dog.
II. trans. 1. To pour or let fall in small por-
tions, globules, or drops, as a liquid: as, to
drop a medicine.
His heavens shall drop down dew. Dent, xxxiii. 28.
Their eyes are like rocks, which still drop water.
Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 492.
2. To sprinkle with or as if with drops ; varie-
gate, as if by sprinkling with drops ; bedrop :
as, a coat dropped with gold.
This rumoured the day following about the City, num-
bers of people flockt thither ; who found the roome all to
l>e dropt with torches in confirmation of this relation.
Sandys, Travailes, p. 151.
3. To let fall; allow to sink to a lower position;
lower : as, to drop a stone ; to drop the muz-
zle of a gun.
I saw him with that lily cropp'd
Impatient swim to meet
My quick approach, and soon he dropp'd
The treasure at my feet
Cotrper, Dog and Water-lily.
Hence 4. To let fall from the womb; give
birth to : said of ewes, etc. : as, to drop a lamb.
The history of a new cok that my lord's mare Thetis had
dropped last week. //. Kingsley, Geoffry Hamlyn, xvii.
5. To cause to fall; hence, to kill, especially
with a firearm. [Colloq.]
A young grouse at this season [October] offers an easy
shot, and he was dropped without difficulty.
T. Roo*evclt, Hunting Trips, p. 79.
He had the luck
To .//M;> at fair-play range a [cn-tined buck.
l.oicell, Fitz Adam's Story.
6. To let go; dismiss; lay aside; break off
from; omit: as, to drop an affair or a contro-
versy; to drop an acquaintance; to drop a let-
ter from a word.
He is now under prosecution ; hut they think it will be
dropped, out of pity. Swtft, Journal to Stella, xlix.
drop
I 'pun my credit, sir, were I In your place, and found my
father such very bad company, I should certainly drop his
acquaintance. >/..-, ,./<m, The Rivals, II. 1.
It (the cave| him also a semicircular open -work mould-
ing, like basket-work, whirh . . . is evidently no llliMiif. .1
for stone-work that it is no wonder it was dromu-'l
early. J. Ferguatm, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 110.
The memlier, whether church or minister, can he trir.l,
expelled. *//"/'/*-'/, or transferred to a co-ordinatt* iNMiy,
as facts may warrant. RMiotheca Sacra, Xl.III. 418.
7. To utter as if casually : as, to drop a word in
favor of a friend.
They [the Arabs] had dropt some expressions as If they
would assault the boat by night if I staid, which, with-
out doubt, they said that they might make mo go away.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. ii. 105.
To my great surprise, not a syllable was dropped on f 1m
subject. Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies.
8. To write and send (a note) in an offhand
manner: as ; drop me a line. 9. To set down
from a carriage.
When Lord Howe came over from Twickenham to see
him (the King), he said the Queen was going out driving,
and should "drop him " at his own house.
tireritte. Memoirs, July 18, 1880.
To drop a courtesy, to courtesy.
The girls, with an attempt at simultaneonsness. dropped
"curcheys " of respect The Century, XXXVI. 86.
To drop a line, (a) To fish with a line, i M To write a
letter or note. To drop anchor, to anchor. To drop
the curtain. See curtain. To drop or weep mill-
stones. See in illstone.
drop (drop), . [Early mod. E. also droppe; <
ME. drope, < AS. dropa (= OS. dropo = D. drop
= MLG. drope, drape, LG. druppcn, drapen =
OHG. tropfo, troffo, MHG. tropfe, G. tropfen
= Icel. dropi = 8w. droppe = Dan. draabe),
a drop, < AS., etc., "dreopan, pp. "dropen,
drop: see drop, r.] 1. A mass of water or
other liquid so small that the surface-tension
brings it into a spherical shape more or less
modified by gravity, adhesion, etc. ; a globule:
as, a drop of blood ; a drop of laudanum.
One or two drops of water perce not the flint stone, but
many and often droppings doo.
Puttenhatii, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 164.
O, now you weep ; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity ; these are gracious drops.
Skak., J. C., Ill 2.
Madam, this grief
You add unto me is no more than drops
To seas, for which tiiey are not seen to swell.
Beau, ant Fl., Philaster, ill. 2.
2. Something that resembles such a drop of
liquid, as a pendent diamond ornament, an ear-
ring, or a glass pendant of a chandelier: spe-
cifically applied to varieties of sugar-plums and
to medicated candies prepared in asimilarfonn:
as, lemon-dr(>ps ; cough-drop*.
The flutt'ring fan lie Zephyretta's care ;
The drops to thee, Brillante, we consign ;
And, Momentilla, let the watch be thine.
Pope, R. of the L., ii. 113.
Specifically, in her., the representation of a drop of li-
quid, usually globular tit low and tapering to a point
above. Drops of different colors are considered as tear-
drops, drops of blood, etc., and are blazoned accordingly.
See gutU.
3. Any small quantity of liquid: as, he had
not drunk a drop.
Water, water everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink.
Coteridf/e, Ancient Mariner, i.
Hence 4. A minute quantity of anything: as,
he has not a drop of honor, or of magnanimity.
Bnt If there be
Yet left in heaven as small a drop of pity
As a wren's eye, fear'd gods, a part of it !
Shak., Cymbellne, Iv. 2.
5. pi. Any liquid medicine the dose of which
consists of a certain number of drops.
Lydia. Give me the sal volatile.
l.ui-ii. Is it in a blue cover, ma'am?
Lydia. My smelling-bottle, you simpleton !
Lucy. O, the drops ! here, ma'am.
Sheridan, The Rivals, L 2.
6. A piece of gut used by anglers on casting-
lines. A fly-hook is attached to the loose end of the
drop, the other end being fastened to the easting-line.
7. A Scotch unit of weight, the sixteenth part
of an ounce, nearly equal to 30 grains English
troy weight. 8. The act of dropping; drip.
[Rare.]
Can my slow drop of tears, or this dark shade
About my brows, enough descril>e her loss ?
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2.
9. In merit., a contrivance arranged so as to
drop, fall, or hang from a higher position, or
to lower objects. Specifically (a) A trap-door in
tin- scaffold of a usual form of gallows, upon which the
criminal alnnit to In- executed is placed with the halter
about his neck, and which is suddenly dropped or swung
open on its hinges, letting him fall, (b) A contrivance
for lowering heavy weights, as bale-goods, to a ship's
drop
deck, (c) The curtain which is dropped or lowered be-
tween the acts to conceal the stage of a theater from the
audience. Also called drop-curtain, drop-scene, (d) The
movable plate which covers the keyhole of a lock, (e) A
piece of cut glass, sometimes prism-shaped, sometimes
flat, as if cut out of a sheet of plate-glass, used with others
like it as a pendent ornament on girandoles, chandeliers,
etc. (/) A drop-press. (</) A swaging-hammer which falls
between guides.
10. In arch., one of the small cylinders or trun-
cated cones depending from the mutule of the
Doric cornice and the member upon the archi-
trave immediately under the triglyph of the
same order; a trunnel. 11. In maclt., the in-
terval between the base of a hanger and the
shaft below. 12. Naut., the depth of a sail
from head to foot in the middle: applied to
courses only, hoist being applied to other square
sails. 13. In fort., the deepest part of a ditch
in front of an embrasure or at the sides of a
caponiere. 14. In entom., a small circular
1778
drop-light (drop'lit), n. A portable gas-burn-
er, generally in the form of a lamp, connected
with a chandelier or other gas-fixture by a
metallic or flexible tube.
dropling (drop'ling), n. [< drop + -ling^.J A
little drop. Davies. [Rare.]
Eightly to speak, what Man we call and count,
It is a beamling of Diuinity,
It is a droplinri of th' Eternall Fount,
It is a moatling hatcht of th' Vnity.
Sylvester, Quadrains of Pibrac, St. 13.
face : used principally in
of Diptera A drop in tne bucket, an exceedingly
small proportion.
The bulk of his [Congreve's] accumulations went to the
Duchess of Marlborough, in whose immense wealth such
a legacy was as a drop in the bucket.
ilacavlay, Leigh Hunt.
Drop Of stock, in firearms, the bend or crook of the
stock below the line of the ban-el. Drop serene (a
literal translation of Latin gutta serena), an old medical
name for amauroxis. Prince Kupert's drop. Same as
detonating bulb (which see, under detonating). To get
the drop, to be prepared to shoot before one's antagonist
is ready ; hence, to gain an advantage. [Colloq. , western
IT. S.J
dropmealt (drop'mel), adv. [< ME.
< AS. dropmailum, by_drops, < dropa, drop, +
mcelum, dat. pi. of mail, a portion, time, etc.:
see meal 1 .'] Drop by drop; in small portions
at a time.
Distilling drop-meale a little at once in that proportion
and measure as thirst requireth.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvii. 2.
drop-net (drop'net), n. 1. A kind of light
cross-woven lace. 2. A net suspended from
a boom and suddenly let fall on a passing school
of fish.
dropper (drop'er), n. [< drop + -er 1 .] 1. One
who or that which drops. Specifically (a) A glass
tube with an elastic cap at one end and a small orifice at
the other, for drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops ;
a pipette. Also dropping-tube. (6) A reaping-machine that
deposits the cut grain in gavels on the ground : so called
to distinguish it from one that merely cuts, or cuts and
binds. See reaper.
It causes a Westerner to laugh to see small grain being
cut with a dropper or a self-raking reaper.
Sin. Amer., N. S., LV. 373.
(c) Among florists, a descending shoot produced by seedling
Drosera
drop-ripe (drop'rip), . So ripe as to bo ready
to drop from the tree. Davies. [Kare.]
The fruit was now drop-ripe, we may say, and fell by a
shake. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 274.
drop-roller (drop'ro"ler), H. 1. Same as drop-
l, ar . 2. In press-work, an inking-roller which
drops at regulated intervals, with a supply of
printing-ink, on the distributing-table or dis-
tributing-rollers. Also known as the dtictor or
ductor-roller.
drop-scene (drop'sen), . Same as drop, 9 (c).
dropseed-grass (drop'sed-gras). n. A name
given to species of Spttrobolus and Muh lenbergia .
drop-shutter (drop'shufer), H. In photog., a
device for rendering the exposure of a plate in
a camera very brief: used in instantaneous
photography. The most simple form, also known as
the guillotine shutter, and the one that gives a name to
all other appliances of the kind, consists of two opaque
pieces, each pierced with a hole, and arranged to slide
one over the other. One of the pieces is fitted over the
lens-tube, and when the openings in the two pieces are in
line, the shutter admits light to the camera. When it is
desired to make a very short exposure, the movable slide
is raised till the opening of the tube is closed. On let-
ting the slide fall, the opening in it passes before that in
the fixed piece, and for an instant light is admitted to
the plate behind the lens. To accelerate the fall of the
slide, various devices are used, as springs or elastic bands.
Improved drop-shutters have the form of revolving disks
actuated by springs, etc. , or that of nap-shutters controlled
by a pneumatic device, etc. ; and in many the opening is
made to take place eccentrically, or the holes in the shut-
ters are cut of various shapes, with the object of distrib-
uting the light, and giving a greater volume of light to the
foreground or the lower portion of the picture, which is
naturally not so well lighted as the higher portions.
his own weapon. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 604.
To have a drop in one's eye, to be drunk. [Slang.]
Swift, Polite Conversation, i.
dropax (dro'paks), n. [< Gr. fpuKaS;, a pitch-
ration for removing hair from the skin ; a de-
pilatory. [Bare or unused.]
drop-bar (drop'bar), n. In printing, a bar or
roller attached to a printing-press for the pur-
pose of regulating the passage of the sheet to
impression. In the rotary press the bar drops at a fixed
time on the edge of the sheet, and with an eccentric re-
volving motion draws it forward. In some forms of the
cylinder-press the bar drops on the edge of the sheet and
holds it firmly in position until it is seized by the grippers.
Also called drop- roller.
drop-black (drop'blak), n. See black.
drop-bottom (drop'bot"um), n. A bottom, as
of a car, which can be let fall or opened down-
ward : a common device for unloading certain
kinds of railroad-cars.
drop-box (drop'boks), n. In a figure-weaving
loom, a box for holding a number of shuttles,
each carrying its own color, and so arranged
that any one of the shuttles can be brought into
action as required by the pattern.
drop-curls (drop'kerlz), n. pi. Curls dropping
loose from the temples or sides of the head.
drop-curtain (drop'ker"tan), n. Same as drop,
9(c).
drop-drill (drop'dril), n. An agricultural im-
plement which drops seed and manure into the
soil simultaneously. See drill*, 3.
drop-fingers (drop'fing'gerz), n. pi. In print-
ing, two or more finger-like rods attached to
some forms of cylinder printing-presses for the
purpose of holding the sheet in fixed position
2. In mining, a
the main lode : nearly the same as feeder, ex-
cept that the latter more generally carries the
idea of an enrichment of the lode with which it
unites. 3. A dog which is a cross between a
pointer and a setter. 4. An artificial fly ad-
justed to a leader above the stretcher-fly, used
m angling. Also called bobber and drop-fly.
See whip. .
And observe, that if your droppers be larger than, or
even as large as, your stretcher, you will not be able to
throw a good line. /. Walton, Complete Angler, ii. 5, note.
dropping (drop'ing), n. [< ME. droppynge, <
AS. dropnng, a dropping, verbal n. of dropian,
drop: see drop, t>.] 1. The act of falling in
drops ; a falling.
A continual dropping in a very rainy day and a conten-
tious woman are alike. Prov. xxvii. 1.1.
2. That which drops or is dropped : generally
in the plural.
Like eager droppings into milk. Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.
All the Countrey is overgrowne with trees, whose drop-
pings continually turneth their grasse to weeds, by reason
of the rancknes of the ground, which would soone be
amended by good husbandry.
Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 121.
Specifically 3. pi. Dung: especially said of the
dung of fowls : as, the droppings of the henroost.
4. In glass-making, one of the lumps or glob-
Laguerre towards his latter end grew dropsical and in-
active. Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, IV. i.
2. Resembling or partaking of the nature of
dropsy.
dropsicalness (drop'si-kal-nes), n. The state
of being dropsical. Bailey, 1727.
dropsied (drop'sid), a. [< dropsy + -erf 2 .] Dis-
eased with dropsy; unnaturally swollen; ex-
hibiting an unhealthy inflation.
Where great additions swell, and virtue none,
It is a dropsied honour. Shak., Alls Well, ii. 3.
(drop'ston), n. A stalactitic variety
of calcite. See stalactite.
dropsy (drop' si), n. [Early mod. E. also d ropsie ;
< ME. dropsy, dropesye, abbr. by apheresis of
ydropsie, hydropsie : see hydropsy.] 1. In mcd.,
a morbid accumulation of watery liquid in any
cavity of the body or in the tissues. See edema,
anasarca, and ascites.
And lo a man syk in the dropeaye was bifore him.
Wyclif, Luke xiv.
Hut the sad Dropxie freezeth it extream,
Till all the blood be turned into fleam.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Furies.
2. In bot., a disease in succulent plants caused
by an excess of water. 3. In fish-culture, a
disease of young trout. Before the food-sac is gone
the trout are often affected with a swelling over the sac,
where a membrane forms, swells out, and is filled with a
watery substance. An incision is sometimes made in the
as drop-
per, 4.
drop-forging (drop'for"jing), n. A forging
produced by a drop-press.
drop-glass (drop'glas), n. A dropping-tube or
pipette, used for dropping a liquid into the eye
or elsewhere.
drop-hammer (drop 'hara'cr), . Same as drop-
drop-handle (dropMian^dl), H. A form of
needle-telegraph instrument in which the cir-
cuit-making device is operated by a handle
projecting downward.
drop-keel (drop'kel), n. Naut., same as center-
board. [Eng.]
droplet (drop'let), n. [< drop + -let. ] A little
drop.
Though thou abhorr'dst in us our human griefs,
Scorn'dst our brain's flow, and those our droplets which
From niggard nature fall. Shak., T. of A., v. 5.
drop-letter (drop'lef'er), n. A letter intended
for a person residing within the delivery of the
post-office where it is posted. [U. S.]
bination with the volatilized alkalis. The crude
glass thus formed on the cover drops into the molten glass
in the vessel, rendering it defective.
dropping-bottle (drop'ing-bot"l), n. An instru-
ment for supplying small quantities of water to
test-tubes, etc.; an edulcorator.
dropping-tube (drop 'ing -tub), n. Same as
dropper, 1 (a).
drop-press (drop'pres), n. A swaging-, stamp-
ing-, or f orging-machine having either a regular
or an intermittent motion. It is essentially a power-
hummer moving between vertical guides, and delivering a
dead-stroke blow either from its own weight or by weight
combined with power. In simple machines the weight is
raised above the anvil by hand by means of a cord, and let
fall ; but as these machines are wasteful of labor they
have been largely superseded by power-machines, in which
the weight is raised by a strap wound over a drum, or by
a wooden slat pressed between two pulleys revolving in
opposite directions.or by direct connection with a wrist
on a disk-wheel. The weight is either released at any
point of its path by some simple device controlled by a
lever within reach of the operator's hand or foot, or it
descends by the movement of the disk. If a spring is
interposed between the weight and the lifting apparatus,
whatever its form, to absorb the recoil, it is called a dead-
stroke- hammer or 'press. In the drop-presses employing
a strap or other lifting device that is released at the will
of the operator, the blows are intermittent. Where the
connection with a wheel is direct, the blows are regular
and uniform so long as the machine works. All things
shaped from hot metals on a drop-press, such as small
parts of machines, are called drop-forffin<ts. The drop-
press is sometimes called simply press, and sometimes
drop-hammer. It should not be confounded with the
stamping-press, which, while it is allied to the drop-press,
differs essentially in its manner of working.
lowering weights, and especially for removing
the wheels of locomotives.
drop-the-handkerchief (drop ' the -hang ' ker-
chif ), n. A children's game in which one player
drop-tin (drop'tin), n. Tin pulverized by be-
ing dropped into water while melted.
dropwise (drop'wiz), adv. [< drop + -/.'.]
After the manner of drops; droppingly; by
drops. [Rare.]
In mine own lady palms I cull'd the spring
That gather'd trickling dropwise from the cleft.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
drop-worm (drop'werm), n. The larva of one
of many insects. Specifically (a) Of any geometrid
moth. Also called span-worm, inch-worm, mounting-
mtrm, etc. (b) Of Thyridopteryx ephfiiiercefonms. Also
called hang-worm and bag-u'orm.
dropwort (drop'wert), . An English name for
the fSpira-a Filipendula False dropwort, an Amer-
ican book-name for Tiedcmannia teretifoKa, an umbellifer-
ous plant of the Atlantic States. Hemlock- and water-
dropwort, common book-names for species of (Enanthe.
droschka, n. Same as droshky.
drose, r. i. See drozc.
Drosera (dros'e-rii), n. [NL., < Gr. Spoaepoc,
dewy, < <!/)(i(7or,"dew, water, juice, prob. ult. <
(Skt.) -v/ dru, run.] A genus of plants giving
name to the order Droseraceai. There are about
100 species, found in all parts of the globe excepting the
Drosera
Pacific islands, and most abundantly in cxtratropical Aus-
tralia. Their leaven are covered with glandular hairs,
which exude drops ol a clear glutinous tlniil that glitter
in the sun ; hence the
it-'"'. These u'laiuliilar bair.s reUj
them, and other bails around
tbo.se actually touched by tin:
insect bend over nnd incl"-c it.
The excitement of the glands
induces the > , i. i ion of a di-
gestive fluid, under tbe opera-
tion of which the nutritious
nitrogenous matter of the in-
sect is dissolved and absorbed.
The common Kuropean species
have long had a popular repu-
tation as a remedy for bronchi-
tis anil asthma.
Droseracese (dros-e-ra'-
se-e), ii. j)l. |N'L.,< Dro-
iier a + -acew. J A natural
order of polypetalous in-
sectivorous herbs, grow-
ing in marshy localities
in temperate and tropi-
cal regions, having their
leaves mostly circiuate
in vernation and covered
with numerous glandu-
lar viscid hairs. Of the genera, Drosera (which see)
is by far the largest. Of the others, Dionaa is character-
ized by having foliaceons petioles bearing a two-lobed lam-
ina which closes quickly when touched, and Aldrovanda
by having pitcher shaped leaves. See cut under Dionra.
droshky, drosky (drosh'-, dros'ki), .; pi.
droalikirs. iti-oxkies (-kiz). [Also written drozh-
ki, etc. ; = F. droschki = D. droschke = Dan.
droske = Sw. droska, < G. droschke, a droshky,
cab, etc., = Pol. drozhka^ dorozhka, < Russ.
9
drove
Stindew (Drosera rotundi-
/alia}.
2. In galrano-clect., an alloy of zinc aud iron drought 1 , drouth (drout, drouth^ n. [In the
formed in the zinc-bath, partly by the solvent
action of the zinc on the iron of the pot, but
chiefly from the iron articles dipped, and from
the dripping off of the superfluous amalgam
as they come from the bath. W. II. Itahl.
3. Figuratively, a worthless thing; the value-
less remainder of a once valued thing.
The world's glory is but dross unclean. >> "> /-
The past gain each new gain makes a loss,
And yesterday's gold love to-day makes drott.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. ::m.
dross (dros), v. t. [< dross, n.] To remove
dross from.
Droaimi is performed with a large perforated Iron spoon
or ladle, through the openings of which the fluid zinc runs
otf, while the dross is retained, packed into shallow moulds
so as to form slabs of alwut seventy -five pounds weight,
and In this form is usually sold to the smelters ami refin-
ers, who gain the zinc it contains either by distillation or
by special patented procedures.
W. 11. Wahl, Oalvanoplastic Manipulations, p. 529.
drossardt (dros'ard), n. [< D. drossaard, MD.
driisxiK rl (with accom. term, -aurd, -aert = E.
-ard), earlier MD. drossact, D. drost = OFries.
(frusta = MLG. drossete (> ML. drossatus), drot-
zete, druczete, droste, druste, LG. droste = OHG.
'truhtsdzo, truhsdzo, trutsdzo, truhsazzo, MHG.
truhtseze, truhtsceze, trochtsaze, truhsceze, truch-
seze, G. truchsess = Icel. drotteeti = Sw. drot-
drozet, drozt, drots = Dan. drost (< LG.),
lir.st form (with Hi altered t<. t. as also in i
< ME. ilrnuijlit, ilnnrylit, drugt,
'., the more orig. form, early
mod. E. also drouyth, < ME. drouyth, ilruhth,
drogthr, ilriii/ilif; < AS. druynth, ilrut/oth (= D.
droogte), dryness, < dryge, orig. 'druge (= D.
droog), dry: see dry. Drouth is thus equiv. to
dry-th (which form is occasionally used, like
Karm-lh, etc.). Drouth is etymologically the
more correct spelling. Both forms have been
in concurrent use since the ME. period, but
i/roni/lit has been the more common.] If. Dry-
ness.
With the droieahte of the daye alledrye ware the flora!
Murte Arthure (E. E. T. .), 1. 8260.
The Asp, says Gesner, by reason of her exceeding
,lr,,n : i/it, it accounted deaf; hut that one Asp Is deafer
than another I read not Cotgrave.
2. Dry weather; want of rain or of moisture;
such a continuance of dry weather as injuri-
ously affects vegetation ; aridness.
Whan that Aprllle with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perccd to the roote.
Chaucer, Gen. ProL to C. T., L 2.
In a drought the thirsty creatures cry,
And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain.
Dryden, Annus Mirabllls.
In the dust and drouth of London life
She moves among my visions of the lake.
Tennyson, Edwin Morris.
uu, ciu., = ui. uf i/~ii/vi*, W /i v~ivi*, s. AI lect, cnier omcer, appar. v.as uest siiowii iu
drozhki (= Little Russ. drozhky), a droshky, OHG.) < OHG. truht(= OS. drulit = AS. dryltt,
1*111, UM'*c<, HrWM W/I/KJ ^ fmm mm *- y-v UM/| . , . .
an officer whose duty it was to set the meat on 3. 1 hirst ; want or < inK.
the table of his prince or sovereign, a steward,
server, grand master of the kitchen, hence in
extended use a steward, bailiff, constable, pre-
fect, chief officer, appar. (as best shown in
As one, whose drouth
Yet scarce allay'd, still eyes the current stream.
MUton, P. L., vll. 86.
4. Figuratively, scarcity; lack.
A drought of Christian writers caused a dearth of all his-
dim. of drogi, a carriage, a hearse, prop. pi. of rfri)(i),'the people, multitude, company, follow- ***
droga, the pole or shaft of a carriage. Not con- j ng / 8ee dright), + OHG. sdzo (= AS. sceta, etc. : drought-, ". A dialectal form of draft 1 , draught^.
nected with Russ. doroga, a road (= Pol. droga see cotset), one who sits or settles: the com- dronghtineSS, drouthiness (drou'ti-nes, -thi-
= Bohem. draga, draha, a road, = QBulg. Serv. pound appar. meaning orig. the officer who as- nes), n. The state of being droughty; dry-
signed a prince's guests or followers their seats ness; aridness.
at table. Less prob. the first element is OHG. droughty, drouthy (drou'ti, -thi), a. 1. Char-
truJi t, a load, draught, provisions (akin to E. acterized by drought; dry.
draftl, draught*), the lit. meaning of the com-
draga, a valley), dim. dorozltka (> Pol. doro:1ika),
a little road, though the second Pol. form simu-
lates such a connection.] A kind of light four-
wheeled carriage used iu Russia and Prussia.
The droshky proper is without a top, and consists of a kind
of long narrow bench, on which the passengers ride as on
a saddle ; but the name is now applied to various kinds of
vehicles, as to the common cabs plying in the streets of
some German cities, etc.
Droskiet the smallest carriages in the world, mere
sledges on wheels, with drivers like old women in low-
crowned hats and long blue dressing-gowns buttoned from
their throat* to their feet. A. J. C. Hare, Russia, ii.
Begovuiya droshlri an extremely light vehicle, com-
posed of two pairs of wheels joined together by a single
hoard, on which the driver sits stride-legged.
D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 236.
drosnet, [ME. : see dross.] Dregs; dross.
drosometer (dro-som'e-ter), n. [< Gr. fyoooc.,
dew, + /itrpov,' a measure.] An instrument
for ascertaining the quantity of dew that con-
pound suiting then its first known actual use,
one who sets the meat on the table.] A stew-
ard; a bailiff; a prefect.
There is ... a droxsard of Limburgh near this place
(to whom I gave an Exemplar of R. B. 's Apology) very de-
sirous to speak with some of the friends.
Penn, Travels in Holland, etc.
drosselt (dros'el), . [Also written drazcl; per-
haps the same as drotchel, appar. < Sc. dratch,
dretch = E. dretck*, loiter, delay : see dretch^.]
a slut.
That when the time's expir'd, the drazel*
For ever may become his vassals.
S. Butler, Hudibras, III. i. 987.
Now dwels ech drotsel in her glass.
Warner, Albion's England, ix. 47.
See the extract.
denses on a body which has been exposed to drosser (dros'er), n.
the open air during the night. It consists of a The weight of so many tables pressing one against an-
balance, one end of which is f iirnished with a plate fitted other would cause the hlndermost to bend ; but this is pre-
to receive the dew, and the other with a weight protected vented by the invention of iron frames or drossert, which
from it. divide the tables into sets. Glass-making, p. 125.
Drosophila (dro-sof 'i-lii), n. [NL.,<Gr. 6p6aac, Dressiness (dros'i-nes), M. The quality or state
dew, + tOoc. loving.] A genus of flies, ol the of bei (lr foulness ; impurity,
family Muscidiv, one species of which, Droso- ^^ of afflictlon jmml ^ ^ reflne ua
plnla flara (the yellow turnip-leaf miner), is from our e8rth | y drosrinett. and soften us for the impres-
very destructive to turnips, the maggots eating s ion of Ood's own stamp and image. Boyle, Works, 1. 275.
Oh ! can the clouds weep over thy decay,
Yet not one drop fall from thy droughty eyes ?
Drayton, The Barons' Wars, IL
When the man of God calls to her "Fetch me a little
water," ... it was no easy suit in so droughtie a season.
/;/. llnii. Elijah.
The sun of a drouthy summer . . . was shining on the
heath. /(. w. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv.
2. Thirsty; dry ; requiring drink.
If the former years
Exhibit no supplies, alas '. thotl must
With tasteless water wash thy droughty throat.
PhiKpt.
And at his elbow Souter Johnny,
His ancient, trusty, drouthy cronie.
tin r us. Tarn o' Shantcr.
There are capital points In the second Ipicture], which
depicts the consternation excited in a village inn on dis-
covering the single ale-cask dry, and the house full of
drouthy customers. Saturday Ret., July 8, 1866.
The rustic politicians would gather round Philip, and
smoke and drink, ami then question and discuss till they
were drouthy again. Urn. Gaskelt, Sylvia's Lovers, xli.
drook (drok), v. t. [Sc., < ME. *d
"(Imuknen (see droukening), < Icel. drukna =
Dan. drnkne, be drowned: see drown, where
the k is lost in the w.] To drench; wet thor-
oughly. Also dratrk.
And aye she took the tlther souk
To drouk the stowrle tow.
Burnt, The Weary Fund o' Tow.
iiy destructive to turnips,
into the pulp and producing whitish blisters on d ro88 l e8S (dros'les), a. [< dross + -less.] Free
the upper side. D. cellarls attacks potatoes. from (lrogg
dross (dros), M. [Early mod. .E. also rfrosse; < dro BBy (dros'i), n. [< dross + -yl.] Like dross; droukeningt, droukningt, . [ME., alsodnmJt-
ML. drotM, earlier rOos, < AS. dros = MLG. pertain i n g to dross; abounding with dross, or ,- < 'droiikcn, 'drouknen, drench: see drouk.]
drott All), tiroes, urej^s. Ihe more common *._ ...1,1...... ... ...,..;.,!. nnniin^i tsimt>tnio . _ ^ ? _i T .1
ilriixni ), always in syn-
AS. word is "drosen (or
copated pi. drosna (or 'drosiui) (== MD. droes-
xi HI. D. droenem = MLG. druse = OHG. trusana,
truxiiti, driixi'iin, ilnisiiin. MHG. drum-lie, (Irtisinc,
dnwcne, OHG. also trittumiut, truosfiui. trnosina,
tntnurii, ilnioxitna, MHG. truosen, druoscne, G.
druscii), lei's, dregs, < drcoxan (pp. drorcn for
'drosen) = < >S. ilnostiii = Norw. drjosa = Goth.
waste or worthless material: applied to metals,
and figuratively to other things.
So doth the flre the drossy gold reflne.
Sir J. Da vies, Immort
A wise man, like a good refiner, can gather gold out of
the drossiest volume. Milton, Areopagttica, p. 21.
Many more of the same bevy, that, I know, the drotsy
age doats on. Shaic., Hamlet, v. 2.
The heart restor'd aud purg'd from drown/ nature
drfttM'(LGt. itnmen, etc.), fall: see drizsle, and N-w finds the freedom of a new-born creature,
of. dro-r, ,/,-,,-.] 'I. Refuse or impure or for- ""*" Eulblem8 - " 1B '
eign matter which separates from a liquid and drot (drot), v. t. Same as drat*.
falls to the bottom or rises to the top, as in droud (droud), n. [Sc., origin obscure.] 1. A
wine or oil or in molten metal ; sediment; lees; ""^fi"*- J-*
dregs; scum; any refuse or waste matter, as
chaff; especially, and now chiefly, the slag,
si-ales, or cinders thrown off from molten metal.
Cold and sillier clenseth ham of bore dros i the fure [in
the flre]. An<-r>n Iii"i,. \>. >(.
1. A slumbering; slumber; a doze.
Als I lay in a winteris nyt in a droukrninii before the day.
Debate of Body and Soul, 1. 1. (Lat. Poems attrlb. to
tal. ofSoul. Int. IW. Mapes, ed. Wright)
2. A swoon.
vile the! selden the! weore sort,
For-dolled in a dntuknyntj dred.
//.,,,/ /too,'/ (E. E. T. S.), p. 141.
droukit, drooket (dro'kit, -ket), p. a. [Pp. of
drouk, q. v.] Drenched. [Scotch..]
The last Halloween I was waiikin'
My droukit sark-sleeve, as ye ken.
Burnt, Tain Glrn.
The cart gaed ajec and they liaith fell into the water ;
twa pnir drouii'Mike Ijodies they were when they cam out,
Petticoat Talet, I. 237.
droukningt, See droukeiiiiig.
Drosite of metallc, scorinni ; ilnw of corne, aciis. cri-
balluui, ruscum : ilrw of f> Ithe ln-re of hyt be, rnsciim,
rusculuin. Prompt. Parr., p. 1S3.
Some scunnl the drnsse that from the metal! came.
Some stird the molten owre "ith ladles great.
Spenttr, F. i;.. 11. vii. 3ti.
codfish. Jamieson.
The flsh are awful ; half a guinea for a cod's head, and
no bigger than the drouds the cadgers bring from Ayr, at
a shilling and eigbteen-pence a piece.
Kiackirood-t Mag., June, 1820, p. 29. (jroumyt ("drou'rai), a. [E. dial. (Devonshire);
2. A kind of wattled box for catching herrings. c f. drumly.] Troubled; turbid; muddy.
That . . . protestation of Catiline, to set on flre and
Jamieson. 3. A lazy, lumpish person. Jamie-
<. trouble states, to the end to fish In dmimy waters.
Folk pitied her heavy handful of such a rfro<t Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 350.
Gait, Annals of the Parish, p. 330. drouth, drouthiness, etc. See drought 1 , etc.
drought. A Middle English form of the preterit drove 1 . I'ndiii and obsolete and dialectal
of <//<('. past participle of
drove
drove 2 (drov), n. [< ME. drove, earlier drof, <
AS. drdf, a, drove, < drifan (pret. drdf), drive :
see drive] 1. A number of oxen, sheep, or
swine driven in a body ; cattle driven in a herd :
by extension, a collection or crowd of other
animals, or of human beings, in motion.
Of moistfull matter,
God made the people that frequent the Water;
And of an Earthly stuff the stubborn droues
That haunt the Hils and Dales, and Downs and Groues.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 4.
The sounds and seas, with all their finny drove,
Now to the moon in wavering morrice move.
Milton, Conitls, 1. 115.
Where droves, as at a city gate, may pass.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
2. A road or drive for sheep or cattle in droves.
[Great Britain.] 3. A narrow channel or
drain, used in the irrigation of land. [Great
Britain.]
drove 3 (drov), v. t. ; pret. and pp. droved, ppr.
droving. [So., usually in pp. droved; prob. a
secondary form (after drove*, drove 2 ) ol drive;
cf. D. drijven, drive, also engrave, emboss.] In
masonry, to tool roughly. Droved and broached,
a phrase applied to work that has been first rough-hewn,
and then tooled clean. Droved and striped, a phrase
applied to work that is first rough-tooled, and then formed
into shallow grooves or stripes with a half- or three-quar-
ter-inch chisel, having the droved interstices prominent.
Droved ashler. See ashler.
drove 3 (drov), n. [See dr0M>, .] A chisel, from
two to four inches broad, used in making droved
work.
drove 4 t, drevet, '' * [ME. droven, dreven, <
AS. drefan (for *drofian), trouble, agitate, dis-
turb (the mind), = OS. drobhian = MLG. dro-
ven, LG. droven = MD. droeven = OHG. truoban,
truoben, MHG. truoben, triieben, G. triiben, trou-
ble, = Sw. be-drofva = Dan. he-drove, grieve,
trouble, = Goth, drobjan, cause trouble, excite
an uproar; connected with the adj., AS. drdf,
' - - ' - '-'3; afflict;
1780
kanen, drunkanen, become drunk, be drunk),
< AS. drnncen, pp. of drincan, drink : see drink.
Cf. drench*, drown, and drouk, of same ult. ori-
gin.] I. intrans. To be suffocated by immer-
sion in water or other liquid.
O Lord ! methought what pain it was to drown !
Shak., Rich. III., i. 4.
II. trans. 1. To suffocate by immersion in
water or other liquid ; hence, to destroy, extin-
guish, or ruin by or as if by submersion.
The sea cannot drown me : I swam, ere I could recover
the shore, five-and-thirty leagues, off and on.
Shak., Tempest, iii. 2.
I feel 1 weep apace ; but Where's the flood,
The torrent of my tears to drown my fault in ?
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, iv. 2.
I try'd in Wine to drown the mighty Care ;
But wine, alas, was Oyl to th' Fire.
Cowley, The Mistress, The Incurable.
The barley is then steeped too much, or, as the maltster
expresses it, is drowned. Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 281.
2. To overflow ; inundate : as, to drown land.
To dew the sovereign flower, and drov.ni the weeds.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 2.
If it [the storm] had continued long without ye shifting
of y 6 wind, it is like it would have drouned some parte of
y cuntrie. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 337.
The trembling peasant sees his country round
Covered with tempests, and in oceans drowned.
Addison, The Campaign.
A weir is said to be drowned when the water in the
channel below it is higher than its crest.
Rankine, Steam Engine, 137.
3. Figuratively, to plunge deeply ; submerge ;
overwhelm: as, to drown remorse in sensual
pleasure.
Both man and child, both maid and wife,
Were drown'd in pride of Spain.
Queen Eleanor's Fall (Child's Ballads, VII. 293).
My private voice is drowned amid the senate.
Addison, Cato.
To drown out, to force to come out, leave, etc., by influx
of water ; drive out
drudge
drowsy (drou'zi), n. [Formerly also drousie ;
< drowse + -y*] 1. Inclined to sleep; sleepy;
heavy with sleepiness.
Drowsy am I, and yet can rarely sleep. Sir P. Sidney.
They went till they came into a certain country, whose
air naturally tended to make one drowsy. . . . Here Hope-
ful began to be very dull and heavy of sleep ; wherefore
he said unto Christian, I do now begin to grow so drowsy
that I can scarcely hold up mine eyes ; let us lie down
here and take one nap.
Hunt/an, Pilgrim's Progress, i., Enchanted Ground.
2. Resulting from or affected by drowsiness ;
characteristic of or marked by a state of drows-
ing.
The rest around the hostel fire
Their drowsy limbs recline.
Scott, Marmion, iii. 26.
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense. Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
3. Disposing to sleep ; lulling; soporific: as, a
drowsy couch.
The hoary.willows waving with the wind,
In drowsy murmurs lull'd the gentle maid.
Addison.
The bowl with drowsy juices filled
From cold Egyptian drugs distilled.
Addison, Rosamond, iii. 3.
I hate to learn the ebb of time
From yon dull steeple's drowsy chime.
Scott, L. of the L., vi. 24.
4. Dull; sluggish; stupid.
I would give you a drowsy relation, for it is that time of
night, though I called it evening. Donne, Letters, Ixii.
Those inadvertencies, a body would think, even our
been capable of. Bp. Atterbunj.
drowsyhead (drou'zi-hed), n. [In Spenser
drowsihed; < drowsy + -head] Drowsiness;
sleepiness; tendency to sleep. [Archaic.]
A pleasing land of drowsyhead it was,
Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye.
Thomson, Castle of Indolence, L 6.
These hours of drowsihead were the season of the old
drovent. An obsolete and improper form of drowner (drou'ner), n. One who or that which
driven, past participle of drive. drowns.
drover (dro'ver), n. [< drove?, n., + -er*.] 1. The nourse , dy3e and cardes is we risome idlenesse,
One who drives cattle or sheep to market ; one enemy of virtue, drowner of youthe. Ascham, Toxophilus.
who buys cattle in one place to sell in another. drowge (drouz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. drowsed, ppr.
droylet, and n. See droil. Spenser.
droze, arose (droz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. drozed,
ppr. drozing. [E. dial., also freq. drosle; prob.
connected with dross and drowse, ult. \ AS.
To
2f. A boat driven by the wind: probably only
in the passage cited.
He woke
And saw his droixr drive along the streame.
Spenser, F. Q., III. viii. 22.
droving 1 (dro'ving), n. [< drove 2 + -ing*]
The occupation of a drover. [Rare.]
droving 2 (dro'ving), n. [Verbal n. of droveS, v]
A method of hewing the faces of hard stones,
similar to random-tooling or boasting. See
droveS, v. Droving and striping, in stone-cutting,
the making with the chisel of shallow parallel channels
drutsian, sink, become slow or sluggish (rare)
(= MD. droosen, slumber, doze; cf. LG. driln-
sen, driinseln, slumber, drunsen, low, as a cow,
drawl in speech), < dredsan (= Goth, driusan,
etc.), fall: see drizzle, dross, droze] To be
(R
He drowsed upon his couch. South, Sermons, IV. 78.
Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse, or prove
The Danaid of a leaky vase. Tennyson, Princess, ii.
In the pool drowsed the cattle up to their knees.
Lowell, Sir Launfal, i.
be *droovy = E. dial, druvy, drnivy, thick, mud-
dy, overcast (cf. druve. a muddy river), Sc.
drowie, moist, muddy, < ME. drovy, drovi, tur-
bid, muddy, < AS. drof, drofi (rare), turbid,
muddy, also troubled (in mind), = OS. drobhi,
druobhi = D. droef, droevig = MLG. drove, LG.
druv, drove = OHG. truobi, G. triibe, troubled,
gloomy, sad: see drove*] Turbid.
He is like to an hors that seketh rather to drynke drovy
water and trouble than for to drinke water of the welle
that is cleer. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
drow 1 , v. t. [E. dial., var. of dry : see dry] To
dry. Grose. [Prov. Eng. (Exmoor).]
drow 2 (drou), n. [Sc., appar. developed from
the adj. drowie, moist, misty, > E. drovy, q. v.]
A cold mist; a drizzling shower.
drow 3 (drou), n. [Sc., also trow, var. of troll 2 .
Cf . droll] One of a diminutive elfish race sup-
posed by superstitious people in the Shetland
islands to reside in hills and caverns, and to be
curious artificers in iron and precious metals.
I hung about thy neck that gifted chain, which all in
our isles know was wrought by no earthly artist, but by
the Drows in the secret recesses of their caverns.
Scott, Pirate, x.
drowghtt, n. An obsolete form of drought*.
drown (droun), v. [Early mod. E. also drown;
< ME. droumen, dronnen, contr. of earlier drunc-
nen, druncnien, < ONorth. druncnia (= lcel.
drulcna = Sw. dnmkna = Dan. drukne, intr.,
drown, sink, = AS. druncnian = OHG. trun-
] A state of
somnolency; a half -sleep.
But smiled on in a drowse of ecstasy. Browning.
Many a voice along the street,
And heel against the pavement echoing, burst
Their drowse. Tennyson, Geraint.
He gave one look, then settled into his drowse again.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 128.
drowsed (drouzd), p. a. 1. Sleepy; overcome
with sleepiness ; drowsy.
I became so drowsed that it required an agony of exer-
tion to keep from tumbling off my horse.
B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 272.
2. Heavy from somnolency ; dull ; stupid.
There gentle sleep
First found me, and with soft oppression seized
My drowsed sense. Milton, P. L., viii. 289.
drowsihead, n. See drowsyhead.
drowsily (drou'zi-li), adv. 1 . In a drowsy man-
ner; sleepily; heavily: as, he drowsily raised
his head. 2. Sluggishly; languidly; slothful-
ly; lazily.
Drowsily the banners wave
O'er her that was so chaste and fair. Praed.
drowsiness (drou'zi-nes), n. 1. Sleepiness;
disposition to sleep ; lassitude.
Tis like the murmuring of a stream, which, not varying
in the fall, causes at first attention, at last drowsiness.
Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
He bore up against drowsiness and fever till his master
was pronounced convalescent. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
2f. Sluggishness; sloth; laziness.
Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. Prov. xxiii. 21.
melt and drip down, as a candle. Grose; SalJi-
id pp. drubbed, ppr.
ial. form (= E. dial.
drob), a var. or secondary form
*drcn (E. dial, dryp and drib: see
at, < ME. drenen (pret. drop, drop,
i, strike, kill, < AS. drepan (pret. "drcep,
pp. dropen, drepen), strike, = LG. drapen,
drfy'en = OHG. treffan, MHG. G. treffen, hit,
touch, concern, = lcel. drepa = Sw. drapa =
Dan. drabe, kill, slay (cf. Sw. drabba, hit).]
To beat with a stick; cudgel; belabor ; thrash ;
beat in general.
Captain Swan came to know the Business, and marr'd
all ; undeceiving the General, and drubbing the Noble-
man. Dampier, Voyages, I. 362.
Must I be drttbb'd with broom-staves ?
Steele, Lying Lover, iv. 1.
Admiral Hawke has come up with them [the French]
and drubbed them heartily.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, vi., ed. note.
If any of the under officers behave so as to provoke the
people to drub them, promote those to better offices.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 411.
drub (drub), n. [< drub, ^.] A blow with a
stick or cudgel ; a thump ; a knock.
By setting an unfortunate mark on their followers they
have exposed them to innumerable drubs and contusions.
Addison.
/IvnMior
araDDer
), n. One who drubs or beats.
These two were sent (or I'm no Drubber).
Prior, The Mice.
drubbing (drub'ing), n. [Verbal n. of drub, v]
A cudgeling ; a sound beating.
drudge 1 (druj), r. '.; pret. and pp. drudged, ppr.
drudging. [< ME. druggen, work hard ; said to
be of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. drugaire, a slave
or drudge, dntgaireachd, slavery, drudgery;
but these forms are prob. of E. origin. Cf.
ilritifi, a drudge, Sc. dntg, pull forcibly, drug,
& rough pull, E. dial, drug, a timber-carriage,
drudge 2 , a large rake, as a verb, harrow, = E.
dredge*. The word is thus prob. ult. < AS.
dragan, E. draw : see draw, drag, dredge*] To
work hard, especially at servile, mechanical,
or uninteresting work; labor in tedious, drag-
drudge
Kin?,' t;isks ; labor with toil ami fatigue, anil
without interest.
lie [irofreth his servys' 1
To dt-ti /'/' and diawe.
: i, K night's Tale, I. 558.
Fair are your Words, as fair your <'arriai;c ;
Let mi' In- free, tlnul,/*' you in Marriage.
/',.",, 'Hi,. Mice.
Oajl it be that a power of Intellect so nnmeiisuivil ;tmi
exhaustless in its range has been brought into being
nicreh I" 'Ii inl'i- tor an animal exist.
Cltanniny, Perfect Life, p. 159.
drudge 1 (<lruj), w. [< drudge*, v. See drug-.]
One who toils, especially at servile or mechan-
ical labor; otie who labors hard in servile or
uninteresting employments ; a spiritless toiler.
Another Kind of lioluhiiaii they liavi-, when a vile drudge,
In in- a poor lalioiircr in another country, doth chuosc of
his own free will to be a bondman among them.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 8.
I can but wait upon you,
And be your drudge ; keep a poor life to serve you.
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ill. 2.
How did the toiling ox his death deserve,
A downright simple drudge, and born to serve ?
JDryden, Pythagorean Philos., 1. 177.
drudge- (ilru.j), n. [E. dial., ult. = dredge*, .]
1. A large rake. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] 2.
A dredge.
drudge^ (druj), . t. ; pret. and pp. drudged,
ppr. drudging. [E. dial., ult. = dredge*, v. t.]
To harrow. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
drudge 3 (druj), . [Origin obscure.] Whisky
in the raw state, as used in the manufacture
of alcohol. [U. 8.]
drudger 1 (druj'er), n. A drudge ; one who
drudges.
drudger 'H (druj'er), . [Var. of dredger?.] 1.
A dredging-box.
To London, and there among otherthings did look over
some pictures at Cade's for my house, and did carry home
a silver drudger for my cupboard of plate.
Pepys, Wary, Feb. 2, 1665.
2. A bonbon-box in which comfits (drag6es)
are kept.
drudgery (druj'er-i), n. [< drudge* + -cry*.]
The labor of a drudge ; ignoble, spiritless toil ;
hard work in servile or mechanical occupations.
One that is aboue the world and its drudgery, and can-
not pull downe his thoughts to the pelting businesses of
It [life].
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A High-spirited Man.
Those who can turn their hands to any thing besides
drudgery live well enough by their industry.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 141.
Paradise was a place of bliss, . . . without drudgery,
and without sorrow. Locke.
= Syn. Labor, Toil, etc. See work, n.
drudgical (druj'i-kal), a. [Irreg. < drudge 1 +
-ic-al.] Of or pertaining to a drudge ; of the
nature of a drudge or of drudgery. Carlyle.
drudging-boxt (druj'ing-boks), n. See dredg-
in/j-liii.r.
drudgingly (druj'ing-li), adv. With labor and
fatigue ; laboriously.
drudgism (druj'izm), n. [< drudge + -ism.]
Drudgery. Car I y If.
drueriet, drueryt, n. Same as drury.
drug 1 (drug), n. [Early mod. E. also drugg,
ilrngge (ME. drugges, drogges, is doubtful in
this sense, as in the only passage cited (Chau-
cer) it alternates with dragges, stomachic com-
fits: see dredge 2 ); = G. droge, drogue == Sp. Pg.
It. droga, < OF. drogue, F. drogue, a drug,
mod. also stuff, rubbish, < D. droog = E. dry :
"drooglie waere, droogh krui/d, droogiierije (dry
wares, dry herb, 'druggery'), phafmaca, aro-
mata" (Kilian, who explains that "drugs vio-
lently dry up and cleanse the body, but afford
it no nourishment"); " droogen, gedroogde
knnjdea en wortels (dried herbs and roots),
drugga" (Sewel). See dry.] 1. Any vege-
table, animal, or mineral substance used in
the composition or preparation of medicines;
hence, also, any ingredient used in chemical
preparations employed in the arts.
Full rcily haddc he his apotecarics.
To send him <lr<t'iyes [var. droyyet, drugges] and hi letua-
ries,
For echc of hem made other for to witme.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 426.
2. A tiling which has lost its value, and is no
longer wanted ; specifically, a commodity that
is not salable, especially from overproduction :
as. ;i ilrng in the market (the phrase in which
the word is generally used).
brad they lie,
As the*!' were times when loyalty's a drug,
And zeal in a subordinate too cheap
And common to IK- saved when we sjK'nd life:
Brotc-nintj, limn and Book, II. 230.
1781
drug 1 (drug), v. ; pret. and pp. drugged, ppr.
iti-iti/i/ini/. [< ilfii;/ 1 , .] I. Iran*. 1. To mix
with drugs ; uarcoti/.e or make poisonous, as a
beverage, by mixture with a drug: as, to drag
wine (in order to render the person who drinks
it insensible).
The surfeited grooms
Do mock their charge with snores : I have drugy'd their
possets. Sliat., Macbeth, ii. -I.
2. To dose to excess with drugs or medicines.
3. To administer narcotics or poisons to; render
insensible with or as with a narcotic or anes-
thetic drug; deaden: as, he was drugged and
then robbed.
A sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things.
Drug thy memories, lest thou learn it, lest thy heart be
put to proof. 'i''iu:n*nn, l.orK>lry Hall.
With rebellion, thus sugar-coated, they have been drug-
giii'i the public mind of their section for more than thirty
years. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 145.
4. To surfeit ; disgust.
With pleasure drugg'd, he almost long'd for woe.
Jlyruii, t'hilde Harold, t 6.
U. intrans. To prescribe or administer drugs
or medicines, especially to excess.
Past all the doses of your drugging doctors.
II. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
drug 2 t (drug), n. [See drudge*.] A drudge.
Hadst thou, like us, from our first swath proceeded
The sweet degrees that this brief world affords
To such as may the passive drugs of it
Freely command, thou wouldst have plung'd thyself
In general riot. Shale., T. of A., Iv. 3.
drug 3 (drug), n. Same as drogue.
drugged, v. i. A Middle English form of drudge*.
drugge-t, . An obsolete form of drug*.
drugger (drug'er), n. [< drug + -er*. Cf . F.
drogueur, Sp. droguero.] If. A druggist.
Fraternities and companies 1 approve of as merchants'
burses, colledges of drugnerg, physicians, musicians, &e.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 63.
2. One who administers drugs; especially, a
physician who doses to excess. Dunglison.
druggermant (drug'er-man), n. An obsolete
form of dragoman.
You druggerman of heaven, must I attend
Your droning prayers? Dryden, Don Sebastian.
Fity you was not druqgerman at Babel.
Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 83.
druggery (drug'er-i), .; pi. druggeries (-iz).
[< OF. droguerie, F. droguerie (cf. MD. droo-
ghe rye), < drogue, drug : see drug* and. -ery.] 1.
Drugs collectively. [Rare.] 2. A druggist's
shop. [Humorous.]
drugget (drug'et), n. [= G. droguett = Sp. Pg.
droyuete = It. droghetto, < F. droguet, drugget,
formerly a kind of stuff half silk, half wool.
Origin unknown. There is nothing to show a
connection with drug*.] 1. A coarse woolen
material, felted or woven, either of one color or
printed on one side, and used as a protection
for a carpet, as a carpet-lining, or, especially
in summer, as a rug or carpet, generally cov-
ering only the middle portion of a floor. A
finer fabric of the same sort is used for table-
and piano-covers. 2. A striped woolen or
woolen and cotton fabric, commonly twilled,
formerly used in some parts of Great Britain,
especially for women's clothing.
He is of a fair complexion, light brown lank hair, hav-
ing on a dark brown frieze coat, double-breasted on each
side, with black buttons and buttonholes ; a light drug-
get waistcoat.
Advertisement, 1703 (Malcolm's Manners and Customs
[of London in 18th Cent.).
They [the Gauls] wove their stuffs for summer, and
rough felts or drugget* for winter wear, which are said
to have been prepared with vinegar, and to have been so
tough as to resist the stroke of a sword.
C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 114.
druggist (drug'ist), n. [= MD. drooghist = F.
droguiate (appar. later than the E.) ; as drug* +
-ist.] 1 . One who deals in drugs ; one whose oc-
cupation is the buying and selling of drugs.
This new corporation of drutiltiot* had inflamed the bills
of mortality and puzzled the College of Physicians with
diseases for which they neither knew a name or cure.
Toiler, No. 131.
Specifically 2. One who compounds or pre-
pares drugs according to medical prescriptions ;
an apothecary or pharmacist; a dispensing
chemist. [U. S.]- Chemist and druggist. See
drugstert (drug'ster), H. [< drug + -sttr.] A
druggist.
They place their ministers after their apothecaries ; that
e physi
d (dro
Sp. Pg. <///</ = It. druido, < L. druida, pi.
is, the physician of the soul after the ilnuHter of the body.
x<m(A, Works, I. iv.
druid (dro'id), . [= G. druide = F. druide =
= It.
drum
druida, also dmis (fern. druiux) l lA.ilrniilrx (usu-
ally in pi.). = Gr. oafU^t, a drum; of Old ( Vlt i.-
origin :< Olr. drui, gen. drund, dat. and nci-.
ili-niil, nom. pi. and dual druad, later Ir. and
Gael, ilrnni. w\\. ili-nndli, a magician (I-., nutyux);
also later nom. druidh = Vf.tii i in/il<l (orig. nom.
*dryw), a druid. Cf. AS. dry, a magician, < Olr.
drui, a magician. The W. form shows a forced
simulation of W. derw, an oak; so L. dmiiln
was thought to be connected with Gr. fyif, a tree,
esp. an oak (= E. tree) ; but this isguesswork. C'f.
Olr. dair (gen. dnrm-li), daur (gen. daro, dara)
= OGael. dair = W. dar, an oak.] 1. One of an
order of priests or ministers of religion among
the ancient Celts of Gaul, Britain, and Ireland.
The chief seats of the dniids were in Wales, P.rit tan.v. and
the regions around the modern Dreux and hat ties in
France. The druids are believed to have possessed some
knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, etc. They
superintended the affairs of religion and morality, and
performed the office of judges. The oak is said to have
represented to them the one supreme God, and the mis-
tletoe when growing upon it the dependence of man
upon him; and they accordingly held these in the highest
veneration, oak-groves being their places of worship. They
are said to have had a common superior, who was elected
by a majority of votes from their own members, and who
enjoyed his dignity for life. The druids, as an order, al-
ways opposed the Romans, but were ultimately extermi-
nated by them. [Very commonly written with a capital.)
As those Druid* taught, which kept the British rites,
And dwelt iu darksome groves, there counselling with
sprites. Orayton, Polyolbion, i. 35.
Thir Religion was governd by a sort of Priests or Magi-
cians call'd Drtiiiles from the Greek name of an Oke, which
Tree they had in greate reverence, and the Mlsslcto espe-
cially growing theron. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
2. [cap.] A member of a society called the
United Ancient Order of Druids, founded in
London in 1781, for the mutual benefit of the
members, and now counting numerous lodges,
called groves, in America, Australia, Germany,
etc. 3. In en torn., a kind of saw-fly, a hyme-
nopterous insect of the family Tentliredinida.
Druid's foot, a five-pointed figure supposed to have had
mystical meaning among the druids, and still in use In
some parts of Europe as a charm.
druidess (dro'id-es), n. [= F. druidesse; us
druid + -ess.] A female druid; a druidic
prophetess or sorceress.
The Druidesa has offended Heaven in giving way to
love. The American, IV. 232.
druidic, druidical (dro-id'ik, -i-kal), a. [< druid
+ -ic, -ic-al.] Of or pertaining to the druids:
as, druidical remains.
The Druid followed him, and suddenly, we are told,
struck him with a druidic wand, or, according to one ver-
sion, flung at him a tuft of grass over which lie had pro-
nounced a druidical incantation. O'Curry, Anc. Irish, I. x.
Druidical bead. Same as adder-ttonf. Druidical cir-
cles, the name popularly given to circles formed of large
upright stones, consisting in some cases of a single round,
in others of several rounds, and concentric, from the as-
sumption that they were druidical places of worship,
though there is no sufficient proof that this was their des-
tination. The ntost celebrated druidical circle in England
is that at Stonehenge iu Wiltshire. Druidical patera,
a name given to bowls, commonly of stone, and usually
with one handle, found In the Isle of Man and elsewhere,
and now thought to have been used as lamps. Similar
bowls are still in use for this purpose in the Faroe islands.
druidish (dro'id-ish), a. [< druid + -ink*.]
Pertaining to or like the druids.
druidism (drS'id-izm), n. [= F. druidisme = Sp.
Pg. druidismo; as druid + -ism.] The religion
of the druids; the doctrines, rites, and cere-
monies of the sacerdotal caste of the ancient
Celts. See druid, 1.
still the great and capital objects of their [the Saxons')
worship were taken from Druiiti*nt.
Burke, Abridg. of Eng. Htrt., i. 2.
Their religion [that of the ancient Britons] was Druid-
ism; and Britain is said to have been the parent-seat of
that creed. Sir K. Cretuil, Eng. fonst., p. 2S.
druid-stone (dro'id-ston), n. Same as gray-
wether.
drum 1 (drum), w. [Early mod. E. also drumme;
= Dan. tronime = Sw. trumma (cf. Ir. Gael.
ilritma, < E.), a drum, < D. trom = LG. trumme
= G. tromme, dial, trumme, trumni, tromm,
dromm, late MHG. trumme, trumbe, drumbe,
drumme, trum, a drum (also in dim. form : Dan.
tromle = Sw. trumla, < D. tromniil = G. trom-
niil, formerly also drummel, MHG. trammel,
trumjiel, dram/it-l, trumel, a drum); orig. identi-
cal with MHG. trumme, trumbe, < OHG. trumlia,
trumpa, a trump, trumpet: see trump* and trum-
pet*. It thus appears that drum* and trump*
are ult. identical, though applied to unlike in-
struments. The diverse use is prob. due to the
(supposed) imitative origin of the name. See
iln/iii*, r.] 1. A musical instrument of the per-
cussive class, consisting of a hollow wooden or
metallic body and a tightly stretched head of
membrane which is struck with a stick. Three
cumin
principal forms are used: (1) cylindrical, with one heart
and an open bottom, usually called a tambourine or
Egyptian drum ; (2) hemispherical, with one head, usually
cal'led a kettledrum; (3) cylindrical, with two heads, one
of which can be struck, as in a side-drum or snare-drum,
or both of which can be struck, as in the bass drum. All
these forms are used to some extent in orchestral music,
1782
red-bass, sea-bass. See cut under redfish. Bass drum,
a musical instrument, the largest of the drum family,
having a cylindrical body and two heads of membrane,
the tension of which may be altered by hoops. It ia struck
with a soft-headed stick. It is commonly used in mili-
tary bands, and occasionally in full orchestras. Formerly
alled Unvjdrum. Beat or tuck of drum. Seedcai.
but the kettledrum only is important, because it alone can Circulating drum, in water-heaters or steam-boilers, a
be perfectly tuned. Orchestral drums are generally used ~'
in pairs, and tuned to different pitches. The third form
in all its varieties is much used in military music, prin-
cipally to emphasize rhythm.
I would wish them rather to lie chosen out of all partes
of the realme, either by discretion of wise men thereunto
appoynted, or by lott, or by the drumme, as was the old
use in sending foorthe of colonyes.
Spenser, State of Ireland.
The drummes crie dub a dub. Gascoigne, Flowers.
Your nether party fire must,
Then beat a flying drum.
Battle of Philiphaugh (Child's Ballads, VII. 134).
, ,
chamber disposed to receive a flow of heated water in
order to afford room near the heating surface for other
bodies of water from parts of the boiler remote from the
fire. Double drum, a former name of the bass drum.
Drum of cod, a large cask or hogshead, containing from
600 to 1,000 pounds, into which the cod are packed tight-
ly and pressed down with a jack-screw and shipped.
Drum of the ear. Same as tympanum. Muffled drum,
a drum having the cord which is used for carrying the
drum over the shoulder passed twice through the cords
which cross the lower diameter of the drum, to prevent a
sharp sound, or to render the sound grave and solemn.
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.
Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
2. In arch. : (a) The solid part of the Corinthian
and Composite capital, otherwise called bell,
vase, or basket, (b) One of the blocks of nearly drum 1 (drum), v. ; pret. and pp. drummed, ppr.
cylindrical form of which the shafts of many drumming. [= D. trommen = Dan. tromme =
columns are constructed, (c) An upright mem- Sw. trumma, drum ; also f req. E. drumble, q. v. ;
ber under or above a dome. 3. In much., a from the noun, but felt to be in part imitative,
term applied to various contrivances resem- See drum 1 , ., and cf. thrum^."\ I. intrant. 1. To
bling a drum in shape. Specifically (a) A cylin- beat a drum ; beat or play a tune on a drum.
der revolving on an axis for the purpose of turning wheels 2. To beat rhythmically or regularly with the
by means of belts or bands passing round it. (6) The fi nge rs or something else, as if using drum-
nnrivl nf pi-ntip nr wfnnnu fr\ A nvlfnilai' rm wnfon
barrel of a crane or windlass, (c) A cylinder on which
wire is wound, as in wire-drawing, (d) The grinding cyl-
inder or cone of some mills, (e) The cast-iron case which
holds the coiled spring of a spring car-brake. (/) A cir-
cular radiator for steam or hot air ; a stove-drum or steam-
drum. (<;) In water-heaters or steam-boilers, a chamber
into which heated water is made to flow in order to afford
room for other bodies of water from parts of the boiler not
so near the fire. (A) A steam-tight cask in which printed
fabrics are submitted to the action of steam to fix the col-
ors, (t) A washing-tub for cleaning rags in paper-making,
(j) A doffer in a carding-machine.
4. Ill a vase or similar vessel, that part of the
sticks: as, to drum on the table.
He drummed upon his desk with his ruler and medi-
tated. W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 274.
Tiiere was no sound but the drumming oi the General's
fingers on his sword-hilt.
G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 281.
3. To beat, as the heart ; throb.
His drumming heart cheers up his burning eye,
His eye commends the leading to his hand.
Shak., Lucrece, 1. 436.
TIlis indeed makes a noise, and drums in popular ears.
sir T - Sr urne , Religio Medici.
body which approximates to a cylindrical form. f To attract recruits, as by the sound of the
5. In anat. and zool. : (a) The tympanum drum ! hence > m the United States, to sue for
or middle ear. (6) The tracheal tympanum or Partizans, customers, etc. : followed by for.
labyrinth of a bird. See tympanum, 4. (c) One 5 - To sound llke a drum ! resound.
of the tympanic organs seated in two deep
cavities on the first abdominal segment of cer-
tain Homoptera, and said to be used in produ- 6. To produce a sound resembling drumming :
cing sounds. Kirby. (d) The large hollow hyoid said of partridges, blackcock, and other birds,
bone of a howling monkey. See Mycetince. 6. It is done by quivering the expanded feathers
A membrane drawn over a round frame, used of the wings,
fortestingthedelicateedgesof eye-instruments. The bird [snipe] never drummed except when on the
7. A receptacle having the form of a drum, stoop, and whenever it performed this manoeuvre the
drum ot figs. 8. Milit., a party accompanied them* and quivered with a ra^id.Tremuloufmotio^tnat
by a drum sent under a flag of truce to confer quite blurred their outlines..
with the enemy.
I believe I told you of Lord John Drummond sending a
drum to Wade to propose a cartel.
J. G. Wood, Out of Doors, p. 171.
II. trans. 1 . To perform on a drum, as a tune.
2. Milit., to expel formally and accompany
Walpole, Letters, II. 2. in depar ture with the beat of the drum: often
9f. [With allusion to drumming up recruits.] used figuratively, and usually followed by out:
A fashionable and crowded evening party, at as, the disgraced soldier was drummed out of the
which card-playing appears to have been the regiment,
chief attraction; a rout. The more riotous of
such assemblies were styled drum-majors.
They were all three to go together to the opera, and
thence to Lady Thomas Hatchet's drum.
Fielding, Tom Jones.
All your modern entertainments, routs, drums, or as-
semblies. Goldsmith, The Goddess of Silence.
10. An afternoon tea. Also called kettledrum,
with a punning allusion to tea-kettle. 11. In
ichth., a name of several sciaanoid fishes: so
called from the drumming noise they make,
said to be due, in part at least, to the grinding 4 - To force u P on tne attention by continual
of the pharyngeal bones upon each other. () iteration; din: as, to drum something into one's
The salt-water drum, Pogoniaa chromis, the largest of the ears. To drum up, to assemble as by beat of drum ;
"'"JB, ranging from 20 to nearly 100 pounds In weight, assemble or collect by influence and exertion : as, to drum
up recruits or customers.
drum 2 (drum), n. [< Ir. and Gael, druim, also
druman, the back, a ridge, summit.] 1. A
ridge; a hill. Drum enters into the composition of
many Celtic place-names, especially in Ireland and Scot-
land, as Drwmcondra, ZJrwmglass, .DrMmsheugh, Drum-
lanrig, Drumo&k ; and it is frequently found alone as the
name of a farm, an estate, a village, etc.
Specifically 2. A long narrow ridge or mound
of sand, gravel, and boulders : a name given by
Irish geologists to elevations of this kind be-
A mmet proved unworthv was ttrmnmed mL
Lowell, Tempora Mutantur.
One by one the chief actors in it [the prosecution of the
Whisky Ring] were called before the lines, despoiled of
their insignia, and drummed out of the administration
camp. N. A. Rev., CXXIII. 321.
3. To summon as by beat of drum.
But, to confound such time,
That drums him from his sport, and speaks as loud
As his own state, and ours 'tis to be chid
As we rate boys. Shak., A. and C., i. 4.
Salt-water Drum (Pogonias ehromis).
lieved to have been the result of glacial agen-
Also
of a silvery-gray color when adult, and with numerous e i es - See eskar, horseback, and kame.
?vi e ,?" * chin ' U ra "Kes along the Atlantic coast called drumlin.
of the United States from Florida to Massachusetts It
!t is an inhabitantof the great lakes.and of the ' MUsissip.
P'nyer and its larger tributaries. Also called sheepshrad. The long parallel ridges, or "sowbacks" and drums,
.e : branded drum, or beardless drum, Scicena ocellata, as they are termed, . . . invariably coincide in direction
the redflsh of the south Atlantic and Gulf States. It is with the valleys or straths in which they lie
;ccogmzed by the black spot margined with light color Geikie, Ice Age, p. 17.
ro-E^MWfflttEStfKS drum-armature (drum'ar"ma-tur), . A dy-
10 pounds in weight, but sometimes attaining upward of namo-armature constructed so as to resemble
40 pounds. Also called oryan-Juh, red-horse, spotted-bass, a drum in form.
drummer
drumbelo (drum'be-16), . [E. dial. : see drum-
ble 2 , r.] A dull, heavy fellow.
drumbleH (drum'bl), r. i. [Appar. freq. of
drum, v., after D. trommelen = G. trommehi =
Dan. tromle = Sw. trumla, drum (see drum, v.);
but perhaps in part of other origin. Cf. drum-
ble'*.~\ 1. To sound like a drum.
The whistling pipe and drumbling tabor.
Drayton, Nymphidia, viii.
2. To mumble. Halliwell.
drumble' 2 t (drum'bl), v. i. [Cf. drumble^ and
dumble^-."] To drone ; be sluggish.
Go take up these clothes here, quickly ; . . . look, how
youdrmWe. Shak., M. W. of W., iii. :i.
drumble-drone (drum'bl-dron), n. [E. dial,
also drumble-drane ; < drumble + drone; cf . dunt-
Uedore.'} 1. A drone. 2. A bumblebee.
3. A dor-beetle. Kingsley.
drumblert (drum'bler), n. [< MD. drommeler, a
kind of ship (Kilian). Cf. MD. D. drommeler, a
man of square and compact build, < drommel,
things packed close together, < drom, a thread,
= E. thrum 1 , q. v.] A kind of ship.
She was immediatly assaulted by diuers English pinas-
ses, hoyes, and drumblers. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 001.
drum-call (drum'kal), w. In milit. music, a call,
signal, or command given upon the drum.
drum-curb (drum'kerb), n. A wooden or iron
cylinder set in the opening of a shaft, at the
beginning of its construction, to sustain the
lining. The earth is cut away under the edges of the
drum, and as it settles down courses of brick are added to
the lining at the top.
drum-cylinder (drum 'sil"in-der), n. In a print-
ing-press, a large cylinder making one revolu-
tion to each impression. See cylinder-press.
driimflsh (drum'fish), n. Same as drumi, 11.
drum-guard (drum'gard), n. A device on a
threshing-machine to prevent the operator,
while feeding it, from falling into the throat,
the feeder being at the top : used only on Eng-
lish machines.
drumhead (drum'hed), n. 1. The membrane
stretched upon a drum, by striking which the
tone is produced. Its tension and the pitch of the
tone are determined by rings or hoops fitted round the
edge of the drum-body.
2. The top part of a capstan, which is pierced
with a number of holes to receive the ends of
the levers or bars employed to turn it round.
See capstan. 3. In anat., the membrana tym-
pani. 4. A variety of cabbage having a large
rounded or flattened head Drumhead court
martial. See court martial, under court.
drumin, drumine (drum'in), n. [< Drum(mou-
dii) (see def.) + -itft, -ine 2 .] An alkaloid from
Euphorbia Drummondii, said to produce local
anesthesia like cocaine.
drumlin (drum'lin), n. Same as drum*, 2.
drumly (drum'li), a. [E. dial, and So., also
drumbled. Cf. droumy. Perhaps altered from
equiv. ME. drubly, drably, turbid, muddy, con-
nected with drublen, droblen, trouble, make
turbid, as water, perhaps allied to equiv. droren
(see drove*), or possibly a mixture of droven
with equiv. trublen, troblen, trouble. Cf. drum-
ble%, and LG. drummelig, drummig, musty, ap-
plied to grain, bread, etc.] 1. Turbid; full of
grounds, dregs, or sediment ; dreggy; muddy;
holding foreign matter in mechanical solution.
Draw me some water out of this spring. Madam, it is
all foul, ... it is all drumly, black, muddy.
Wodroephe, Fr. and Eng. Gram., p. 210.
Then bouses drumly German water,
To mak' himsel' look fair and fatter.
Bums, The Twa Dogs.
2. Troubled; gloomy.
Dismal grew his countenance,
And druwlie grew his ee.
The Daemon Lover (Child's Ballads, I. 203).
drum-major (drain'mS/jor), n. 1. The chief
or first drummer of a regiment. 2. One who
directs the evolutions of a band or drum-corps
in marching. [U.S.] 3f. A riotous evening
assembly. See drum 1 , 9.
drummer (drum'er), n. 1. One who plays the
drum ; especially, one who beats time on the
drum for military exercises and marching.
We caried with vs a fifer & a drummer.
Hakluyt's Voyages, III. 437.
2. One who solicits custom ; a traveling sales-
man; a commercial traveler. [U. S.]
The energy and wiles of business drummer*.
The Crntiirii, XXVIII. 8S1.
3. A local name of a large West Indian cock-
roach, Blalla gif/antfa, which, in old frame
houses, makes a noise at night, by knocking
drummer
its head against the wood. The sound very
much resembles a smart knocking with the
knuckle upon the wainscot ing.
drumming (drum'iug), n. Tlie sport of fishing
for driimtisli.
drumming-log (drain 'ing-log), . A log to
which a bird, as a grouse, resorts to drum.
drummock (drum'ok), H. [Sc., also written
ili-diiiinitck, aramOOK, dram much, etc., < Gael.
ili-nii/iiii/i; afoul mixture.] A mixture of un-
cooked oat-meal and cold water.
To tremble under Fortune's crumtnock,
On waive :i hellylil t> tlrum uittck,
Wi' his proud, independent stomach
Could 111 agree.
Ili/i-ns, On a Scotch Bard.
Drummond light. Same as calcium light (which
see, under calcium).
drum-roomt (drum'rom), . The room wliere
a drum or crowded evening party is held. See
drum 1 , ., 9.
The honny housemaid begins to repair the disordered
drum-room. Fielding, Tom Jones, xi. 9.
drum-saw (drum'sa), . Same as cylindrical
miir (which see, under cylindric).
drum-sieve, n. See sieve.
drum-skin (drum'skin), n. [= Dan. tromme-
skiiul = Sw. <n/6'fciHH.] A drumhead.
His heart
Beats like an ill-played drum-akin quick and Blow.
Library Mag., III. 801.
drumsladet, . [Found in the 16th century, and
appar. earlier; also spelled drumslet, 'drumsled
(cited as drumsted), drombeslade, drunslade,
drounslate; appar. of D. or LG. origin, like
drumslager, but no corresponding form appears;
cf. MD. tromnielslayh, D. trmnmelxlaq = G. trtim-
melschlay = Dan. trommeslag = Sw. trumsla-
gare, a drum-boat. See drumslager.] 1. A drum.
The drummers and the </n<MxJn</.' (tympanotrllire), as
also the trumpeters, call to arms, and inflame the soldiers.
Uoole, Visible World.
2. A drummer. Minsheu.
drumslagert, [< MD. trommelslager, trom-
mel-slagher, D. trommelslagcr (= G. trommel-
schlager, earlier tromineti-schldgcr, trumpe-sleger,
drninine-schldger = Dan. trommeslager = Sw.
trumslagare),\ trommel, D. trommel and from (=
G. trommel and tromme, etc.), a drum, + slager
(= G. schldger, etc.), beater (== E. slayer), <
slagen (= G. sehlagen, etc., beat, strike) = E.
slay : see drum and slayer. Cf. drumslade.'] A
drummer.
He was slalne and all his compunie, there helng but
one man, the drnwxla<it'r, left aliue, who by swiftnesse
of his foote escaped.
lli'linxhed, C'liron., Ireland, an. 1680.
drumstick (drum'stik), . [= Dan. tromme-
xiik.'] 1. One of the sticks used in beating a
drum. That used for the bass drum has a soft, stuffed
lir:nl. Drumsticks are generally used in pairs, one in each
hand of the performer.
2. Hence, from its shape, the lower or outer
joint of the leg of a dressed fowl, as a chicken,
duck, or turkey. Anatomically, ft is the leg from the
knee to the heel, the leg proper, or crus, intervening be-
tween the thigh and the shank, which latter is usually
cut olf when the fowl is dressed for the table.
3. The stilt-sandpiper or bastard dowitcher,
Micropalama liimantopus. [Local, U. S.]
drumstick-tree (drurn'stik-tre), . The Caa-
niii Fistula: so called from the shape of its pods.
drum-wheel (drum'hwel), n. In hydraulic eit-
ifin., a tympanum.
drumwood (drum'wud), n. The Tarpinia oe-
ciilciitali.i, a small sapindaceous tree of Jamai-
ca and other parts of tropical North America.
It has pinnate leaves and white flowers, which
are followed by dark-blue drupes.
drunk (drungk). The regular past participle
and a former preterit of drink.
drunk (drungk), p. a. [Pp. of drink, t\] 1. In-
toxicated ; inebriated ; overcome, stupefied, or
frenzied by alcoholic liquor: used chiefly in the
predicate.
Be not drunk: with wine, wherein is excess. Eph. v: 18.
Since drunk with Vanity yon fell.
The things turn round to yon that steadfast dwell.
Cowley, The Mistress, Called Inconstant.
I gave 1'atriek half-a-crown for his Christmas-box, on
condition he would be good ; and he emne home drunk at
midnight. >'">", .lonrnal to Stella, Dec. 24, 1711.
2. Drenched or saturated.
I will make mine arrows drunk with blood.
Deut. xxxii. 42.
drunk (drun^lO. ii. [< drunk, a.] 1. Aspree;
a drinking-bout. 2. A case of drunkenness ;
a drunken person. [Slang.]
1783
drunkard (dmng'kjird). ii. [First in 10th cen-
tury, also written drunkird; < drunk + -an/.]
One given to mi excessive use of strong drink;
a person who is habitually or frequently drunk ;
an inebriate.
The drunkard and the glutton shall come to pov< 1 1 \
I'rov. xxiii. 21.
Avoid the company of drunkard* and busylxHlies.
Jr r. rut/lor, \\ orks (ed. 1835), 1. 404.
Drunkard's cloak*. See cloak.
drunkelewt, " and a. [ME. dntnkeletc, ilnm-
l,i Ii ire, drunken, < drunken, drunken, drunken,
+ -lew, < Icel. -tear = AS. -lie, E. -ty'A] I. a.
Given to drink ; drunken. Chaucer.
Voide alle drunkflew folk, . . .
And ulle hem that vsen suche vnthriftynesse,
Ami also dijs pleiers.
Halve* Book (E. E. T. S.), p. M.
II. . A drunkard.
A yonge man to bo a dronkelewe.
(Sower, Cunt. Amant., vi.
drunken (drung'kn), p. a. [The older form of
ilnnik, now used chiefly as an attributive, the
predicative use, as in senses 1 and 4, being
archaic or technical.] 1. Affected by or as if
by strong drink ; intoxicated ; drunk.
Drunken men imagine everything turneth round. Baton.
He stares, he sfglis, he weeps and now seems more
With sorrow drunken than with Wine before.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, lit 18S.
Let the earth be drunken with our blood.
Aa*.,3Hen. VI., H. 8.
2. Given to drunkenness; habitually intemper-
ate: as, he is a drunken, worthless fellow.
Alon. Is not this Stephauo, my drunken butler ?
Seb. He is drunk now. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
3. Proceeding from intoxication; done in a
state of drunkenness : as, a drunken quarrel.
When your carters, or your waiting vassals,
Have done a drunken slaughter, and defac'd
The precious Image of our dear Redeemer,
You straight are on your knees for pardon, pardon.
Shak., Rich. III., U. 1.
4. Acting as if drunk : applied by workmen to
a screw the thread of which is uneven and pro-
duces an unsteadiness of motion in the nut.
If the tool is moved irregularly or becomes checked in
its forward movement, the thread will become dninken,
that Is, it will not move forward at a uniform speed.
./. /,'".-., Practical Machinist, p. 106.
Drunken cutter. See cuttrri.
drunkenheadi (drung'kn-hed), n. [ME. drun-
keiihed, drunkinhed, dronkehed, < drunken + -hed,
-head.] Drunkenness.
For the! two through her dronkenhede,
Of witles excitaciou
Oppressed all the nacion
Of Spayne. Guwer, Conf. Amant., vi.
drunkenly (drung'kn-li), adv. In a drunken
manner. [Rare.J
That blood already, like the pelican,
Hast thou tapp'd out, and drunkenly carous'd.
Shak., Rich. II., il. 1.
drunkenness (drung'kn-nes), n. [< ME. drun-
kennesse, drunkenesse, dronkenesse, etc., < AS.
dnincennes, < druncen, drunken: see drunken
and -ness.'] 1 . The state of being drunk, or over-
powered by intoxicants ; the habit of indulg-
ing in intoxicants ; intoxication; inebriation.
Sum men seye that he sloughe ones an Heremyte in
his Dronkenesite, that he loved fill wel.
Mandemlle, Travels, p. 71.
Let us walk honestly, as in the day ; not in rioting and
drunkenneas. Rom. xiii. 13.
2. Disorder of the faculties resembling intoxi-
cation ; intense excitement ; frenzy ; rage.
Passion is the drunkenness of the mind.
.Sotilh, Sermons, II. 362.
drunkenship (drung'kn-ship), . [< ME. druit-
ke[n~\ship, drunkeshippe, dronkeship (AS. *drun-
censcipe, not verified); < drunken + -ship.] Drun-
kenness.
For dronkeship in euery place,
To whether side that It turne,
Doth liar me. Qower, Conf. Amant,, vi.
drunkerdt, n. An obsolete spelling of drun-
kitni.
drunkwort (drungk'wert). H. An old name
for tobacco. Minsheu.
drunt (drunt), v. i. [Also droiint, drant; < Dan.
ilrunte, drynte (rare), lag, loiter.] To drawl.
[North. Eng. and Scotch.]
drunt (drunt), . [Also drant, draunt; from
the verb.] 1. A slow and dull tone; a drawl-
ing enunciation. 2. A fit of pettishness ; the
dumps ; the huff. [North. Eng. and Scotch in
both senses.]
An Mary, par iloulit, took the dnint.
To be compared to Willie, tlunu, Halloween.
Drupe.
I. Cherries, y. Section of a cherry : a, fleshy
sarcocnrp : 6, stony wall of the putamcn. inclos-
ing the seed.
druse
Drupacea (drft-pa'se-e), n. pi. [NL., fern. pi.
of ilriip<iceun: see drujiaceuuti and -acea:~\ A
name given by some botanists to that division
of rosaceous plants which comprehends the al-
mond, peach, cherry, plum, and similar fruit-
bearing trees. More generally called Amygdd-
leai, from Latin <i/y</'''". nlmonil.
drupaceous (dro-pa'shius), a. [< NL. drupacetw.
< drupii, a drupe: see drupe, and cf. Drujiacea:.]
1. Producing drupes: as, drupaceous trees.
2. Resembling or relating to a drupe ; con-
sisting of drupes. See drupe.
drupe (drop), w. [= F. drupe = 8p. Pg. It.
(/)//, < NL. ilrupa, a drupe, < L. drupa, ilrn/i-
pa (with or without olira), > LXjr. Api-irira, an
overripe olive, < Gr. f/nnrevi/f, ripened on the
tree, quite ripe, a form alternating with Apvnt-
TI/C, ready to fall, overripe, < <V">, tree, + T<-
TTT-ftv, cook, ripen, and m-trr-nv (y "TCT), fall,
respectively.] In hot., a stone-fruit; a fruit in
which the outer part of the pericarp becomes
fleshy or softens like a berry, while the inner
hardens like a nut, forming a stone with a ker-
nel, as the plum, cherry, apricot, and peach.
The stone in-
closing the
kernel is call-
ed the puta-
men (or.endo-
carp), while the
pulpy or more
succulent part
is called the
sarcocarp (or
mesocarp), and
the outer cov-
ering the epi-
earp. The true
drupe consists
of a single one-
celled and usu-
ally one-seeded
carpel, but the
tenn is applied
to similar fruits resulting from a compound pistil, in which
there may be several separate or separable putamens.
Many small drupes, like the huckleberry, are in ordinary
usage classed with berries. On the other hand, some
drupe-like fruits, as that of the hawthorn, are technically
referred to the pome, and the cocoanut and walnut, he-
Ing intermediate between a nut and a drupe, arc described
as drupaceous nuts.
drupel (drO'pel), . [< NL. 'dmpella, dim. of
drupa, a drupe: see drupe."] A little drupe,
such as the individual pericarps which together
form the blackberry.
drupelet (drop'let), . [< drupe + -let."] Same
as drupel.
drupeole (dro'pe-61), n. [< NL. 'dnipeola, dim.
of drupa, a drupe: see drupe and -ole.~] Same
as drupel.
drupetum (drS-pe'tum), n. ; pi. drupeta (-tS).
tNL., < drupa, a drupe : see drupe and -etum.~\
n lui/., an aggregation of drupes, as in the
blackberry.
drupose (drfi'pos), . [< drupe + -ose."] A
compound (C^H^Og) formed by treating the
stony concretions found in pears with dilute
hydrochloric acid at a boiling heat.
druryt, drueryt, . [Early mod. E. also droury,
drouery; < ME. drury, druri. druery, druerie,
druwerie, driwerie, etc., < OF. druerie = Pr. dru-
daria = It. druderia, love, gallantry, < OF. dru,
drud, druc = Pr. druz = It. drudo, amorous,
gallant, < OHG. trut, drut (> G. traut, a.), a
friend, lover.] 1. Love; gallantry.
Of lailys love and dmctry.
Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 184.
The drweeries of ladies and damesels make knyghtes to
vndirtake the hardynesse of armes that thel don.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), Hi. 641.
2. A mistress.
Lady, where is your drury I
Bonnie House o Airly (Child's Ballads, VI. 185).
3. A love-token; a gift, especially a jewel or
other precious object.
Thenne dressed he his itnirtie double hym aboute.
Sir Oawayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2083.
Hit (truth) is as der worthe a rfrutrrrv as dere god him-
selue. Pier* Plowman (C), ii. 83.
druse 1 (dr8z), . [< G. druse (as in def.), <
Bohem. druza, in same sense, orig. a brush, =
Russ. drusa (obs.), a brush.] A rock-cavity
lined with crystals ; a geode, or, as miners call
it, a vug. A common word in Germany, adopted from
the Slavic : the most important mining region of Germany
being the Erzgebirge, on the borders of Bohemia, The
word originally meant (in Slavic) 'brush,' and was applied
to surfaces covered with projecting crystals like teeth, just
as com6 has been in Ijmlish. Hence it also came to mean
the cavities where such druses are found to occur. In
English the word dnue is little used at the present time
evcejit I iy mini laloKists. and then chlelly in the adjective
form dnuy (which ). See *\&j ycutle
Druse
Druse 2 (droz), . [Turk. Druzi.'] One of a
people and religious sect of Syria, living chiefly
in the mountain regions of Lebanon and Anti-
libanus and the district of Hauran. The only
name they acknowledge is Unitarians (Muahidiii); that
by which they are known to others is probably from Ismail
Darazi or Durzi, who was their first apostle in Syria. They
are fanatical and warlike, and have had bloody conflicts
with their neighbors the Maronites.
Drusian 1 (dro'si-an), a. [< L. Drusianus, <
Drusus (see def.).] Pertaining to Nero Clau-
dius Drusus, called Drusus Senior (38-9 B. C.),
stepson of the emperor Augustus, who govern-
ed Germany. Drusian foot, an ancient German long
measure, equal to about 13 English inches.
Drusian 2 (dro'zi-an), a. [< Druse% + -Jaw.] Of
or pertaining to the Druses.
The full exposition of the Dntxian creed . . . would
require a volume of considerable size.
Kncyc. Brit., VII. 484.
drusy (dro'zi), a. [<.druse i + -y 1 .'] In mineral.,
covered or lined with very minute crystals. The
surface of a mineral is said to be drnsy when composed
of very small prominent crystals of nearly uniform size :
as, druny quartz.
The drusy, crystalline cavities of quartz and amethyst
that enhance the beauty of the material [silidm-d wood)
so much. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 382.
druve, . [Seedrmiy.'] A muddy river. Grose.
[Cumberland, Eng.]
druvyt, . See drory. Srockett.
druxy, druxey (druk'si), a. [Also droxy, and
formerly "drixy, dricksie; origin obscure.] Part-
ly decayed, as a tree or timber ; having decay-
ed spots or streaks of a whitish color.
dry (dri), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also drie; <
ME. drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, druge, etc., <
AS. dryge, drige, orig. * druge = D. droog = MLG.
droge, druge, LG. dreuge, drog, drege, dree, dry ;
allied to OS. drukno, drokno, adv., druknian, v.,
make dry, = OHG. trucchan. trocchan, MHG.
trucken, trocken, G. trocken, adj., dry. Cf. Icel.
draugr, a dry log, from the same Teut. / "drug.
Hence ult. drought^, drouth, dryth, and drugl.~\
I. a.; compar. drier, super), driest (sometimes
dryer and dryest). 1. Without moisture; not
moist; absolutely or comparatively free from
water or wetness, or from fluid of any kind: as,
dry land ; dry clothes ; dry weather ; a dry day ;
dry wood ; dry bones.
When 'tis fair and dry Weather North of the Equator,
'tis blustering and rainy Weather South of it.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. iii. 77.
It is a very dry country, where they have hardly any
other supply but from the rain water.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 136.
Upon the reading of this letter, there was not a dry eye
in the club. Addimn, Spectator, No. 517.
Nor vainly buys what Gildor sells,
Poetic buckets for dry wells.
M. Green, The Spleen.
Specifically 2. In geol. and mining, free from
the presence or use of water, or distant from
water: as, dry diggings; dry separation. 3.
Not giving milk: as ; a dry cow. 4. Thirsty;
craving drink, especially intoxicating drink.
None so dry or thirsty . . . will touch one drop of it.
Shak., T. of the S., v. 2.
Believe me, I am dry with talking ; here, boy, give us
here a bottle and a glass.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 259.
I suspected nothing but that he had rode till he was dry.
\falpole, Letters, II. 846.
5. Barren; jejune; destitute of interest; in-
capable of awakening emotion : as, a dry style ;
a dry subject ; a dry discussion.
As one then in a dreame, whose dryer braine
Is tost with troubled sights and fancies weake,
He mumbled soft, but would not all his silence breake.
Spemer, F. Q., I. i. 42.
Their discourses from the pulpit are generally dry, me-
thodical, and unaffecting. Goldsmith, English Clergy.
Long before he reached manhood he knew how to baffle
curiosity by dry and guarded answers.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
Macaulay's memory, like Nicbuhr's, undoubtedly con-
founded not infrequently inference and fact ; it exagger-
ated ; it gave, not what was in the book, but what a vivid
imagination inferred from the book. Sir George Lewis
had none of this defect ; his memory was a dry memory,
just as his mind was a dry light ; if he said a thing was at
page 10, you might be sure it was at page 10.
W. Sagehot, On Sir G. C. Lewis.
6f. Severe; hard: as, a dry blow.
Dro. S. I pray you eat none of it [meat].
Ant. S. Your reason?
Dro. S. Lest it make you choleric, and purchase me an-
other dry basting. Shak., C. of E., ii. 2.
If I should have said no, I should have given him the
lie, uncle, and so have deserved a dry beating again
Ford, 'Tis Pity, ii. 6.
7. Lacking in cordiality; cold: as, his answer
was very short and dry.
1784
Wyth sturne chere ther he stod, he stroked his berde,
fe wyth a countenaunce dryge he drog doun his cote.
SirGaimyne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 335.
Full cold my greeting was and dry.
Tennyson, The Letters.
8. Humorous or sarcastic, apparently without
intention ; slily witty or caustic : as, a dry re-
mark or repartee.
He was rather a dry, shrewd kind of body. InAng.
Mark ... is exceedingly calm ; his smile is shrewd ;
he can say the driest, most cutting things in the quietest
tones. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, ix.
9. In painting, noting a hardness or formal
stiffness of outline, or a want of mellowness
and harmony in color; frigidly precise; harsh.
The Tall of the Angels, by F. Floris, 1554 ; which has
some good parts, but without masses, and dry.
SirJ. Reynolds, Journey to Flanders and Holland.
No comparison can be instituted between his [Verro-
chio's) dry uninspired manner and the divine style of his
scholar [Leonardo da Vinci].
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 136.
10. In sculp., lacking or void of luxuriousness
or tenderness in form. 11. Free from sweet-
ness and fruity flavor : said of wines and, by
extension, of brandy and the like. It is said also
of artificially prepared wines, as champagnes, in which a
diminished amount of sweetening, or liqueur, as it is
called, is added, as compared with sweet wines.
12. In metal., noting a peculiar condition of a
metal undergoing metallurgic treatment. The
epithet is chiefly used in reference to copper which is be-
ing refined. Dry copper contains a certain proportion of
oxygen in combination, and to eliminate this it is subject-
ed to the process of poling.
During the ladling out the refiner takes an assay at
short intervals, as the metal is liable to get out of pitch,
or become dry, as under-poled copper is termed.
Encyc. Brit., VI. 350.
13. In American political slang, of or belong-
ing to the Prohibition party; in favor of or
adopting prohibition of the sale or use of intoxi-
cating liquors : opposed to wet: as, a dry town,
county, or State Cut and dryt. See cut, p. a.
Dry bob, casting, color. See the nouns. Dry con-
fections. See confection. Dry cooper. See cooper.
Dry cupping. See cupping, l. Dry digging, distilla-
tion, exchange, mass, measure, pile, etc. See the
nouns. Dry plate, in photog., a sensitized plate of which
the sensitive film is hard and dry, so that it can be packed
away, and, if protected from light, will keep for a con-
siderable time before being used to make a negative or
a positive picture. Various processes for preparing dry
plates have been experimented with almost since the ear-
liest ditf usion of photography ; but most of these processes
afforded plates of very uncertain quality, slow in opera-
tion, and exceedingly unreliable in their property of keep-
ing. Dry plates have comparatively recently come into
general use, in great measure superseding the old wet
plates, owing to the adoption of gelatin as a medium for
the sensitizing agent (bromide of silver), which is formed
into an emulsion with the gelatin, and spread in a thin
film upon some support, as glass, paper, or metal. Such
plates require a remarkably short exposure to make a
picture, are very convenient to handle, since the operator
can make a number of exposures at one time and place,
and can perform the chemical operations of development,
etc., at his convenience, weeks afterward, if necessary, at
any other place, instead of being forced, as with wet
plates, to finish his picture at once. Moreover, the gela-
tin film is so tough that it is hardly necessary to varnish
a dry-plate picture, as is indispensable with the tender
collodion film ; and these plates can be prepared commer-
cially at small cost and of even quality. Their chief defect
is that they cannot, as now made, be trusted to keep un-
impaired in warm weather, while unexposed or undevel-
oped, longer than about two months, or even less. Dry
process. See process. Dry season, a fishing season
during which fish are scarce. [Local, New England.]
Dry service. See dry mass, under mass*. Dry way, a
method of assaying by the aid of fire, or in a furnace or
muffle: the opposite of assaying in the humid way, when
the combination to be assayed, or, more properly, analyzed,
exists in solution, or in the liquid form. .High and dry.
See high. to boll dry. See boil^.
II. n. ; pi. dries (driz). 1 . A place where
things are dried ; a drying-house.
In the tanks it [clay] is allowed to settle until it acquires
a thick creamy consistency, when it is transferred to the
drying-house or dry. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 1.
2. In American political slang, a member of
the Prohibition party. 3. In masonry, a fis-
sure in a stone, intersecting it at various angles
to its bed and rendering it unfit to support a
load.
dry (dri), v. ; pret. and pp. dried, ppr. drying.
[< ME. dryen, drien, drigen, drygen, etc., ^ AS.
drygan, drigan, tr., dry, drugian, intr., become
dry (= D. droogen = LG. drogen, driigen, dry),
< dryge, dry: see dry, a.] I. trans. 1. To make
dry; free from water or from moisture of any
kind, and by any means, as by wiping, evapo-
ration, exhalation, or drainage ; desiccate : as,
to dry the eyes; to dry hay; wind dries the
earth ; to dry a meadow or a swamp.
After drie hem in the sonne, a nyghtes
Leve hem not throute, and then in places colde
Lette honge hem uppe.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 117.
dry-as-dust
With eyes scarce dried, the sorrowing dame
To welcome noble Marmion came.
Scott, Marmion, iv. 12.
2. To cause to evaporate or exhale ; stop the
flow of: as, to dry out the water from a wet
garment.
Chang'd Peace and Pow'r for Rage and Wars,
Only to dry one Widow's Tears. Prior, Alma, i.
3. To wither; parch.
A man of God, by Faith, first strangely drfd,
Then heal'd again, that Kings vnholy hand.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, iiii. 8.
This wasted body,
Beaten and bruis'd with arms, dried up with troubles,
Is good for nothing else but quiet now, sir,
And holy prayers. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, i. 3.
Cut and dried. See cut, p. a. Dried alum. Same as
burnt alum (which see, under alum). To dry up. (a)
To deprive wholly of moisture ; scorch or parch with arid-
ity.
Their honourable men are famished, and their multi-
tude dried up with thirst. Isa. v. 13.
(&) To evaporate completely ; stop the flow of : as, the
fierce heat dried up all the streams.
Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemary
On this fair corse. Shak., R. and J., iv. 5.
II. intrans. 1. To lose moisture ; become
free from moisture. 2. To evaporate; be ex-
haled ; lose fluidity : as, water dries away rap-
idly; blood dries quickly on exposure to the
air. To dry up. (a) To become thoroughly dry ; lose
all moisture, (ft) To be wholly evaporated ; cease to flow,
(c) To wither, as a limb, (d) To cease talking ; be silent.
(Low.]
Dry up: no, I won't dry up. I'll have my rights, if I
die for 'em, ... so you had better dry up yourself.
P. Reeves, Student's Speaker, p. 79.
dryad (dri'ad), n. [= D. G. Dan. dryade = Sw.
dryad = F. dryade = Sp. driade, driada = Pg.
dryas = It. driada, driade, < L. dryas {dryad-),
< Gr. Apvaf (Spva6-), a wood-nymph, < Spvf, a
tree, esp. and commonly the oak, = E. tree,
q. v. Cf. hamadryad.'] 1. In myth., a deity or
nymph of the woods ; a nymph supposed to re-
side in trees or preside over woods. See hama-
dryad.
Soft she withdrew, and, like a wood-nymph light,
Oread or Dryad, or of Delia's train,
Betook her to the groves. Milton, P. L., ix. 387.
Thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees, . . .
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
Keats, Ode to a Nightingale.
Knock at the rough rind of this ilex-tree, and summon
forth the Dryad. Hawthorne, Marble Faun, ix.
2. In zool., a kind of dormouse, Myoxus dryas.
Dryades (dri'a-dez), n. pi. [NL.] A group of
butterflies, named from the genus Dryas. Hub-
ner, 1816.
dryadic (dri-ad'ik), a. [< dryad + -ic.] Of or
pertaining to dryads.
He could hear the woods declaiming in vibrant periods,
although he could translate none of these dryadic tones
that came from the trees. The Atlantic, LXI. 669.
Dryandra (dri-an'dra), n. [NL., named after
Jonas Dryander, a Swedish-English botanist
(1748-1810).] A large genus of Australian
shrubs, natural order 1'roteauece, with hard, dry,
evergreen, generally serrated leaves, and com-
pact cylindrical clusters of yellow flowers. A
few species are occasionally cultivated in green-
houses.
Dryas (dri'as), n. [NL., < L. dryas, a dryad:
see dryad.'} 1. A small genus of rosaceous
plants, found in alpine and arctic regions of the
northern hemisphere. They are small prostrate
shrubs with large white or yellow flowers, followed by a
number of long feather-awned achenes. The mountain
avens, D. octopetala, is amphigean, and from it the arctic
D. integrifolia is hardly distinct. The only other species,
D. Drummondii, is peculiar to the Hocky Mountains of
British America,
2. In entom.: (a) A genus of butterflies, of
which D. paphia is the type and sole species.
(6) Another genus of butterflies. Also called
Aculhua. Hubner, 1816; Felder, 1865.
dry-as-dust (dri'as-dust'), a. and n. [That is,
dry as dust; used as the name of "Dr. Dryas-
dust," the feigned editor or introducer of some
of Scott's novels, and by later writers in allu-
sion to this character.] I. a. Very dry or un-
interesting; prosaic.
That sense of large human power which the mastery
over a great ancient language, itself the key to a magnifi-
cent literature, gave, and which made scholarship then a
passion, while with us it has almost relapsed into an anti-
quarian dry-as-dust pursuit.
R. H. Ilutton, Modern Guides of English Thought, p. 193.
So much of the work is really admirable that one the
more regrets the large proportion of the trivial and the
dryasdust. Athenanun, No. 3084, p. 739.
II. n. A dull, dry, prosaic person.
Not a mere antiquariun tlrtiamlu^t.
lirilitli Quarterly Km., I.XXXIII. 173.
dry-beat
dry-beatt (dri'bet), r. t. To heat (a tiling) till
it bc'coincs dry; lienrr. to beat severely.
I will drii-h<-at you with mi iron nit.
filmic., K. anil J., iv. :..
linn. Not our uii] d inon-, tin maid* ; lireiik off, break off.
Birun. Hy hcuven, all ilru-beaten with pure wolf !
.s'/m/,-., L. L. L, v. 2.
II' liy //'/ tfutiti'i linn mrjht make him at least sensible
ofblous. .//. Tui/li'i-, \\orks (ed. 1S35), I. 834.
dry-bone (dri'bon), M. In mining, the ore of
nine, chiefly the silicate, which occurs, mixed
with lead ore, iu the mines of the upper Missis-
sippi lend region.
dry-boned (dri'boud), a. Having dry bones;
without llcsh. IIH/I. Diet.
dry-castor (dri'ktis"tor), n. A species of bea-
ver. Sometimes called parchment -hi-nm:
dry-cup (dri'kup), v. t. To apply the cupping-
trlass to without scarification.
dry-cupping (dri'kup'ing), n. See cumring.
dry-cure (dri'kur), v. t. To cure (fish, meat,
hides, etc.) by salting and drying, as distin-
guished from pickling.
dry-ditcht (drvdich), v. t. To labor at without
result, as one who digs a ditch in which no
water will flow.
There would lie no end to repeat with how many quar-
rels this unfortunate Kishop wns provok'd, yet his adver-
saries did hut tlry-ditrft their matters, and digged in vain,
though they still cast up earth.
Dp. llacket, Ahp. Williams, ii. 98.
dry-dock (dri'dok), n. See docks.
dryer, n. See drier.
dry-eyed (dri'id), a. Tearless; not weeping.
Sight so defurm what heart of rock could long
llnj-fijnl behold t Hilton, P. L., xl. 495.
dry-fatt (dri'fat), n. Same as dry-vat.
dry-fistt (dri'fist), n. A niggardly person. Ford.
dry-fisted (dri'fis'ted), a. Niggardly.
Drying-tube.
Dry-jlstefl patrons.
New* from Parnassus.
dryfoot (drl'fut), adv. [< ME. drye foot, dru
fut, driii fot, drige fot, adverbial ace. ; AS. dat.
pi. ilrygum fotum, on dry feet.] 1. With dry
feet ; on dry land. 2. In the manner of a
dog which pursues game by the scent of the
foot.
A hound that runs counter, and yet draws dry-foot well.
Sluik., C. of E.,iv. 2.
My old master intends to follow my young master, dry-
foot, over Moorflelds to London.
B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 2.
dry-foundered (dn'fouu"derd), a. Foundered,
as a horse.
If he kick thus i' the dog-days, he will be drit-fouiider'tl.
lleau. aiut ft,, King and No King, v. 3.
dry-goods (dri'gudz), n. pi. Textile fabrics,
aud related or analogous articles of trade (as
cloth, shawls, blankets, ribbons, thread, yarn,
hosiery, etc.), in distinction from groceries,
hardware, etc.
112 horses were laden on the beach near Benacre with
dry yooils, . . . and on the 20th of the same month 40
horses were laden with dry tjotids at Kartley by riders well
armed. lifji. <>f lloitxe of Common* on Smuggling, 1745.
dry-house (dri'hous), n. Same as drying-house.
To have wooden bobbins retain their size and shape after
they are put into a hot mill, the wood must be thoroughly
seasoned in a good, well heated dry house.
Manufacturers' Ken., XX. 217.
drying (dri'ing), a. [Ppr. of dry, .] 1. Serv-
ing to dry ; adapted to exhaust moisture : as, a
driiiiuj wind or day. 2. Having the quality of
rapidly becoming dry and hard: as, a dryitiii
oil. See oil.
drying-box (dri'ing-boks), n. In photog., an
oven or a cupboard heated by a gas- or oil-stove,
or otherwise, and used to dry and harden gela-
tin plates, phototypes, etc.
drying-case (dri'ing-kas), n. A copper case
inclosed in a hot-water chamber, employed in
drying tissues and hardening balsam prepara-
tions for the microscope.
drying-chamber (dri'mg-cham'ber), . See
drying-floor (dri'mg-flor), n. See floor.
drying-house (dri'ing-hous), n. A building,
room, etc., in establishments of many different
kinds, as gunpowder-works, dye-houses, fruit-
drying establishments, etc., where goods or ma-
terials are dried in an artificially raised tem-
perature ; a drying-chamber. Also dry-house,
<lri/in;i-rnom.
drying-machine (dri'ing-ma-shen'), . A ma-
chine used in bleaching, dyeing, and laundry
establishments, consisting of two concentric
drums or cylinders, one within the other, open
at the top, aud having the inner cylinder per-
forated with holes, The goods to be dried are placed
1785
within the Inner cylinder, and the machine is then made
to rotate with great velocity, when, by the action of o-n-
tritil'jal f.nvi-, tin- ati-r MCP through the holes. The
;n -ti.'ii nf tlte drying machine is the satin- in principle as
that witnessed \\hru ;i pt-iM.n trmnllt-s a niop to dry it.
Also called t'jclrtii-tnr.
drying-off (dri'ing-of), n. The process by
which an amalgam of gold is evaporated, as in
gilding.
drying-plate (dri'ing-plat), n. One of a series
of frames in a malt-kiln, covered with woven
wire, and placed one over the other, so that
the hot air from the flues beneath may ascend
through them and dry malt placed in them,
drying-tube (drl' ing-tub), n. A tube filled
with some material having a great avidity for
moisture, such as calcium
chlorid, sulphuric acid, or
phosphoric anhydrid, and used
to dry a current of gas which
is passed through it, or to
retain the moisture evolved
from a substance so that it
can be weighed.
Dryininae (dn-i-ni'ne), n. pi.
[NL., < Dryinus + -iiue.] A
subfamily of parasitic hyme-
nopterous insects, of the fam-
ily I'roctotrupidte, founded by
Haliday in 1840. They are dis-
tinguiahed by having a tongue-like
addition to the hind wings, or, when the wings are want-
ing in the female, by enlarged raptorial front feet. The
wingless species resemble ants.
Dryinus (dri'i-nus), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804),
< Or. Spvivof (of a tree, esp. of the oak) (= E.
treen), < ipiif, a tree, the oak: see dryad.} 1.
In entom., the typical genus of Dryinince, hav-
ing the vertex impressed and the wings ample.
It is wide-spread, and the species appear to be parasitic
upon leaf-hoppers. D. atriventru of North America is an
example.
2. In herpet., a genus of whip-snakes, of the
family Dryophidee, distinguished from Dryophis
(which see) by having smooth instead of keeled
scales. Merrem, 1820; Wagler.
drylv, drily (dri'li), adv. [< dry + -ly*.] 1.
Without moisture.
It looks ill, it eats drily; marry, 'tis a withered pear.
Shale., All's Well, I. 1.
2. Without embellishment ; without anything
to enliven, enrich, or entertain.
The poet either drily didactive gives us rules which
might appear abstruse even in a system of ethics, or tri-
ningly volatile writes upon the most unworthy subjects.
Goldsmith, The Augustan Age in England.
3. Coldly ; frigidly ; without affection.
Virtue is but dryly praised and starves.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires.
4f. Severely; harshly; inconsiderately.
Conscious to himself how dryly the king had been used
by his council. liacun, Henry VII.
5. With apparently unintentional or sly hu-
mor or sarcasm.
Drymodes (dri-mo'dez), i. [NL. (Gould, 1840),
< Gr. Spv/tuir/r;, woody (of the wood), < ipvfitjf, a
coppice, wood, an oak-coppice (< 6pi>s, a tree,
esp. the oak), + eZooc, form.] A genus of Aus-
tralian turdoid passerine birds. Its position is
uncertain ; by some it is referred to a family
Timeliidte. Also written Drymacedus.
DrymO3Ca (dri-me'ka), n. [NL. (Drymoica
Swainson, 1827), < Gr. tipvp6(, a coppice, +
okof, house, > O'IKCIV, dwell.] 1. A genus of
small dentirostral oscine passerine birds, con-
taining numerous characteristic African spe-
cies known as grass-warblers : now commonly
merged in Cisticola. 2. [1. C.] A member of
this genus.
Also Drymoica.
Drymomys (drim'o-mis), n. [NL. (Tschudi.
1846), < Gr. 6pvp6f, a coppice, + five;, a mouse.]
A notable genus of South American sigmodont
rodents, of the family Muridie and subfamily
MuritlfE. They have the upper lip cleft, the ears large,
the tail long and scaly, the incisors furrowed on the sides,
and the molars small, the first of them with 3 pairs of tu-
bercles, the second with 2 pairs, and the third with 1 pair.
dry-multure (dri'mul'tur), w. In Scots law, a
sum of money or quantity of corn paid yearly
to a mill, whether those liable in the payment
grind their grain at the mill or not. See tltirl-
atje.
dryness (dri'nes), n. [Formerly also dritiess;
< ME. drynesse, < AS. drygnvs, drignes, etc., <
<lrti<ie,<by\ see dry &nd -ness.] The character or
state of being dry. Specifically (a) Freedom from
moisture ; lack of water or other fluid ; aridity ; aridness.
(6) Barrenness; jejuneness; want of that which interests,
enlivens, or entertains : as. the rfryn* 1 ** of style or expres-
sion ; the dryneti of a subject, (c) Want of feeling or
Dryolestes
sensibility in devotion; want of ardor: as, drynttt of
Spirit. ('/) 111 i"it, t l>,, ./. hul-lili! -- :in.| !<pim;ilit\ of out-
line, or want of imdlowm-SH and harmony in color, (t)
In gculjt.. want of (eridenif.s.s in JOHN.
dry-nurse (dri'm-rsj, . 1. A nurse who at-
tends and feeds a child, but does not suckle it.
Compare wet-nurse. 2. One who stands to an-
other in a relation somewhat similar; hence, es-
pecially, an inferior who instructs his superior
in his duties. [Slang.]
Grand caterer aitd dry-nurse of the Church. Cowper.
dry-nurse (dri'ners), v. t. 1. To feed, attend,
and bring up without suckling. 2. To in-
struct in tne duties of a higher rank or position
than one's own. [Slang.]
When a superior officer dots not know his duty, and is
instructed in it by an inferior otlii TV. lit- i-< tsaid to he dry-
nursed. The inferior nurses the superior as a dry-nurse
rears an infant. Bmrer.
Dryobalanpps (dri-o-bal'a-nops), n. [NL., <
Gr. d/uof&i/avof, an "acorn" (< dpvf, a tree, esp.
the oak, + pdfavoc,, an acorn or any similar
fruit), T <JV> face, appearance.] A small ge-
Flowcring Branch of Camphor-tree (Dtyobalanops arematica).
nuso:
terocarpeie.
t trees, belonging to the natural order Di;>-
trpeie, natives of the Malay archipelago.
The principal species, />. aromatica, is remarkable as the
source of the Borneo or Sumatra camphor, which is found
tilling cracks or cavities in the wood. See camphor.
Dryocopus (dri-ok'o-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. fpvf, a
tree, esp. the oak, + -KOJTOC, < KOTTTCIV, cut.] 1. A
genus of woodpeckers, of which the great black
} . - 'ijtefr' - *
>$^i
Great Black Woodpecker (DryocopMS mant'Mj*.
woodpecker of Europe, Dryocopns marlius, is
the type. This bird Is one of the largest of its tribe,
black with a scarlet crest, and resembles somewhat the
ivory-billed and pileated woodpeckers of the Vnited States.
It inhabits northerly portions of Europe. Boie, 1826.
2. A genus of South American tree-creepers.
Also Dendroeincla. Maximilian, 1831.
Dryodromas (dri-od'ro-mas), n. [NL. (Hart-
laub and Finsch, 1869), < Gr. ipvf, a tree, esp.
the oak, + opo/zaf, running, < Spaficiv, run.] A
genus of African warblers, the dryodromes, as
/'. fiiirii-H/iilla of South Africa,
dryodrome (dri'o-drom), w. A bird of the genus
Dryodromas.
Dryolestes (dri-o-les'tez). n. [NL., < Gr. opif,
a tree, esp. the oak, + J.rjonyf, a robber.] A
genus of fossil pautotheriau mammals of the
Dryolestes
Jurassic ago, remains of which are found in the
AtJantosaurns beds of the Rocky Mountain re-
gion of North America, indicating an animal
related to the opossum.
Dryolestidse (dri-o-les'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Dryolestes + -idai."] A family of extinct mar-
supial mammals, represented by the genus Dry-
olestes.
Dryophidae (dri-of'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dry-
aphis + -idte.] A family of aglyphodont or
colubriform serpents; the whip-snakes. They
have an extremely slender form and a greenish color ;
their habits are arboreal, and they inhabit warm countries.
The pupil is horizontal, and the dentition characteristic ;
the snout is sometimes prolonged into a flexible appen-
dage. There are several genera.
DryopMs (dri'o-fis), n. [NL., < Gr. Spiif, a tree,
esp. the oak, -f- 6<j>if, snake.] A genus of colu-
briform serpents, typical of the family Dryophi-
dce, or whip-snakes, having no nasal appendage
and keeled scales. D. acuminata and D. ar-
gentea are two South American species.
Dryopithecus (dri"o-pi-the'kus), n. [NL., <
Gr. ifpiif, a tree, esp. the oak, = E. tree, + iriQr/-
KOf, an ape.] A genus of extinct anthropoid
apes from the Miocene of France, of large size
and among the highest simians, regarded by
Gervais and Lartet as most closely related to
the early ancestors of man. These apes were
of nearly human stature, and were probably
arboreal and frugivorous.
Dryoscopus (dii-os'ko-pus). n. [NL. (Boie,
1826), < Gr. 6pvf, a tree, esp. the oak, + OKonelv,
view.] An extensive genus of shrikes, of the
family Laniidee, containing about 22 species,
all confined to Africa. The type is D. cubla. The
bill is always hooked and notched, but varies in propor-
tion of height to width in different species. The nostrils
are oval and exposed, the wings and tail rounded and of
about equal lengths, and the tarsi scutellate. The plu-
mage of the back and rump is extremely fluffy ; the colora-
tion is black and white, sometimes with an ochraceous
tinge but without any bright colors, and is alike in both
sexes. Also called Hapalonotus, Chaunonotus, and Rhyn-
chastatus.
dry-point (dri' point), n. and a. I. n. 1. A
steel instrument or etching-needle with a sharp
point, used by etchers to cut delicate lines on
copperplates from which the etching-ground
has been removed. The bur raised by the cutting of
the metal ia either left standing on one side of the furrow
to catch the printing-ink and produce a mezzotint effect
of more or less deep tone, or removed with the burnisher
so that the line may yield a clean impression.
2. The process of engraving with the dry-point.
II. a. In engraving, an epithet applied to a
line made with the dry-point, or to an engrav-
ing produced by means of that instrument.
dry-pointing (dri'pom'ting), n. The grinding
of needles and table-forks.
Drypta (drip'ta), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1801), ir-
reg. < Gr. Apvirreiv (?), tear, strip.] A genus of
adephagous beetles, of the family Carabidai.
They are of small size and slender, graceful form. There
are 20 to 30 species, confined to the old world, especially
well represented in the East Indies and Africa ; only 2 are
European. D. marginata of Europe is the type.
Dryptidaet (drip'ti-de), n. pi. [NL. (Laporte,
1834), < Drypta + -idee.] A family of Coleoptera,
named from the genus Drypta, now merged in
Carabidai.
dry-rent (dri'rent), n. In law, a rent reserved
without clause of distress.
dryrihedt, A false spelling of drearihead.
dry-rot (dri 'rot), . 1. A decay affecting
timber, occasioned by various species of fun-
gi, the mycelium of
which penetrates the
timber, destroying
it. Polyporus hybridus
causes the dry-rot of oak-
built ships ; Mendius la-
crymans is the most com-
mon and most formida-
ble dry-rot fungus, found
chiefly in fir- and pine-
wood. Polyporus destruc-
tor is common in Ger-
many. Damp, uuventilated situations are most favorable
to the development of dry-rot fungi. Dry wood is not
attacked. Various methods have been proposed for the
prevention of dry-rot ; that most in favor is to thoroughly
saturate the wood with creosote, which makes it unfit for
vegetation. (See Ityaniring.) Animal dry-rot is also found
to be occasioned by the attack of fungi.
2. Figuratively, a concealed or unsuspected in-
ward decay or degeneration, as of public mor-
als or public spirit.
dry-rub (dri' rub), y. t. To make clean by rub-
bing without wetting.
dry-salt (dri'salt), v. t. To cure (fish, meat,
hides, etc.) by salting and drying; dry-cure.
drysalter (dri'sal'ter), n. ['< dry-salt, v., +
-er 1 .] If. A dealer in salted or dried meats,
pickles, sauces, etc.
Dry-rot Fungus (Merultus lacry-
mans).
1786
I became a merchant a wholesale trafficker ... In
everything, from barrels of gunpowder down to a pickled
herring. In the civic acceptation of the word, I am a
merchant ; amongst the vulgar, I am called a drysalter.
T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, III. ii.
2. A dealer in dyestuffs, chemical products,
etc. [Great Britain.]
drysaltery (dri'sal'ter-i), . [< dry-salt + -try.~\
1. The business of a drysalter. 2. The articles
kept by a drysalter.
dry-shod (dri'shod), a. Having dry shoes or
feet.
Dry-shod to passe she parts the flouds in tway.
Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 20.
Those Feet, that dry-shod past the Crimsin Gulf,
Now dance (alas !) before a Molten Calf.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The La we.
dry-stone (dri'ston), a. Composed of stones
not cemented with mortar : as, dry stone walls, "
Scott.
dry-stpve (dri'stov), n. A glazed structure for
containing plants which are natives of dry cli-
mates.
drytht, n. [< dry + -th; a mod. formation, as
a var. of drouth, with direct ref. to dry. See
drought^, drouth.'] Same as drought^.
dry-vatt (dri'vat), . A basket, box, or pack-
ing-case for containing articles of a dry kind.
Also dry-fat.
I am a broken vessel, all runs out :
A shrunk old dryfat.
B. Jonson, Staple of News, iii. 2.
Charles has given o'er the world ; I'll undertake
... to buy his birthright of him
For a dry-fat of new books.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, L 2.
D. S. An abbreviation of dal segno.
d/S. An abbreviation of days' sigh t, common in
commercial writings : as, a bill payable at 10
d/s. (that is, ten days after sight).
D. Sc. An abbreviation of Doctor of Science.
dso, n. [E. Ind.] A valuable hybrid between
the yak and the common cow. Encyc. Brit.,
XIV. 197.
D-string (de'string), n. The third string on
the violin, and the second on most other in-
struments played with a bow; the third string
on the guitar.
duad (du'ad), n. [Var. of dyad, after L. duo,
two: see dyad, dual."] 1. Same as dyad. 2. In
math., an unordered pair; two objects consid-
ered as making up one, and as the same one
whichever is taken first.
duadic (du-ad'ik), a. 1. Same as dyadic. 2.
In math., composed of unordered pairs.
dual (du'al), a. and n. [< L. dualis, of two (in
gram. tr. Gr. iviit6f), < duo = Gr. Svo = E. two,
q. v.] I. a. 1. Eelating to two ; specifically,
in gram., expressing two, as distinguished from
singular, expressing one, and from plural, ex-
pressing more than two. The languages of our fam-
ily originally had a dual number, both in declension and in
conjugation ; it is preserved in Sanskrit and Greek, and
less fully in other tongues, as Gothic. Dual forms also
occur in other families.
2. Composed or consisting of two parts, quali-
ties, or natures, which may be separately con-
sidered ; twofold; binary; dualistic: as, the
dual nature of man, spiritual and corporeal.
Faint glimpses of the dual life of old,
Inward, grand with awe and reverence ; outward, mean
and coarse and cold. Whittier, Garrison of Cape Ann.
II. n. In gram., the number relating to two;
the dual number.
The employment of a dual for the pronouns of the first
and second persons marks an early date.
Genesis and Exodus (E. E. T. 8.), Pref., p. xiv.
dualin (dii'a-lin), n. [< dual, of two, + -in 2 .]
A mixture "of 30 parts of fine sawdust, 20 of
saltpeter, and 50 of nitroglycerin, used as an
explosive. Also called dualin-dynamite.
dualism (du'a-lizm), n. [= F. dualisme = Sp.
Pg. It. dualismo = D. G. dualismus =Dan. dua-
lisme = Sw. dualism ; as dual + -ism.] 1 . Divi-
sion into two ; a twofold division ; duality.
An inevitable dualism bisects nature, so that each thing
is a half, and suggests another thing to make it whole : as,
spirit, matter; man, woman ; odd, even; subjective, ob-
jective ; in, out ; upper, under ; motion, rest ; yea, nay. . . .
The same dualism underlies the nature and condition of
man. Emerson, Compensation.
2. In philos., in genera], that way of thinking
which seeks to explain all sorts of phenomena
by the assumption of two radically independent
and absolute elements, without any continuous
gradation between them: opposed to monism.
In particular, the term is applied (rt) To the doctrine
that spirit and matter exist as distinct substances, thus
being opposed both to idealism and to materialism.
Berkeley then is right in triumphing over Realism and
Dualism. Right in saying that if he were to accord them
dub
the existence of matter they coultl make no use of it. The
subject would remain as dark as before. Q. H. Leues.
(b) To the doctrine of a double absolute, especially a prin-
ciple of good and a principle of evil, or a male and a fe-
male principle.
Rudimentary forms of Dualism , the antagonism of a Good
and Evil Deity, are well known among the lower races of
mankind. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 287.
3. In theol. : (a) The doctrine that there are two
independent divine beings or eternal principles,
one good and the other evil : characteristic es-
pecially of Parsism and various Gnostic sys-
tems, (b) The heretical doctrine, attributed
to Nestorius by his opponents, of the twofold
personality of Christ, the divine logos dwelling
as a separate and distinct person in the man
Christ Jesus, and the union of the two natures
being somewhat analogous to the indwelling
of the Holy Spirit in the believer; that view of
the personality of Christ which regards him as
consisting of two personalities. 4. In chem.,
a theory advanced by Berzelius which assumed
that every compound, whether simple or com-
plex, must be constituted of two parts of which
one is positively and the other negatively elec-
trified. Thus, for example, sodium sulphate is put toge-
ther not from sulphur, oxygen, and sodium, but from sul-
phuric acid and soda, which can themselves be separated
into positive and. negative constituents. Muir, Principles
of Chemistry.
5. In general, any system or theory involving
a duality of principles Creatural dualism. See
ereatural. Hypothetic dualism. Sec hypothetic. Nat-
ural dualism, the doctrine of a real subject and a real
object in cognition accepted unreflectively. Persian,
dualism, the doctrine of a good and an evil active princi-
ple struggling against each other in the government of
human affairs and destiny. Realistic dualism, the
doctrine that the universe consists of two kinds of reali-
ties, spirit and matter.
dualist (du'a-list), n. [= F. dualiste = Sp. Pg.
It. dualista = D. Dan. Sw. dualist ; as dual +
-ist.'] One who holds the doctrine of dualism
in any of its forms; an opponent of monism;
especially, one who admits the existence both
of'spirit and of matter. Craig.
dualistic (du-a-lis'tik), a. [= F. dualistiquc (cf.
D. G. dualistisch = Dan. Sw. dualistislc) ; as du-
alist + -ic. ] 1 . Consisting of two ; characterized
by duality. 2. Of or pertaining to dualism;
not monistic.
The dualistic doctrine of a separate mind is therefore
based upon an artificial and impassible separation of the
two necessarily co-existent sides of thought-life, namely,
the plastic and the functional.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 118.
In the Mazdean orZoroastrian religion we have the best
example of a dualistic faith. Faiths of the World, p. 360.
duality (du-al'i-ti), ! [< ME. dualitie = F. du-
aliti= Pr. dualitat = Sp. dualidad = Pg. duali-
dade = It. dualita, < L. as if *dualita(t-)s, < du-
alis, dual : see dual.] The state of being two,
or of being divided into two ; twofold division
or character; twoness.
This dualitie after determission is founden in euery
creature, be it neuer so single of onhed.
Testament of Love, ii.
Though indeed they be really divided, yet are they so
united as they seem but one, and make rather a duality
than two distinct souls.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 5.
To the schoolmen the duality of the universe appeared
under a different aspect
Huxley, Nineteenth Century, XXI. 192.
The principle of duality, in geom., the principle that
in any proposition not involving measure, if for "point"
be everywhere substituted "plane," and vice versa, the
latter proposition will be as true as the former.
Upon this supposition of a positive curvature, the whole
of geometry is far more complete and interesting ; the
principle of duality, instead of half breaking-down over
metric relations, applies to all propositions without ex-
ception. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 323.
duan (du'an), n. [< Gael, duan, a poem, canto,
ode, song, ditty, oration, = Ir. duan, a poem,
song. Cf. Ir. duar, a word, saying, duas, a
poet.] A division of a poem; a canto; also, a
poem or song. Sitrns; Byron.
duarchy (du'ar-ki), ..: pi. dimrchies (-kiz).
[Prop. *dyarchy, < Gr. TOO, = E. two, + -ap r \ia,
* apxeiv, rule.] Government by two persons;
diarchy (which see).
Siam is practically a monarchy, although nominally a
duarchy, the second king hardly holding the power of a
vice-king. Harper's Weekly, XXVIII. 330.
dub 1 (dub), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dubbed, ppr.
dubbhig. [< ME. dubben, rarely dobbeti, doub-
ben, dub (also in comp. adiibben : see adub), <
late AS. *duoban (only once in pret. dubbade :
" Se cyng [William the Conqueror] dubbadehis
sunu Henric to ridere," the king dubbed his
sou Henry a knight) (whence the equiv. Icel.
dubba til riddara, Sw. <lubba till riddare; Icel.
dnbhrt, also, equip with arms, dress), (. OF.
dub
"douhrr, 'd,>b, r, <lb<-r, in comp. nilouhrr, ado- dub 3 (dub), n. [K. dial, and SP. : sen dilfl.} A
6cr, adiib,;: mhiblui: m/.m!,!,,,; tidiiblK,; equip puddle; a small pool of foul, stagnant Witter.
with iirins invest with armor, dri'ss, prepare, They rudely ran with all their might,
repair, adjust, mod. !'. odo*b, ,; adjust (a piece ^J^^:'^:^'"!'^!!'^-.
' r, repair ( ship, etc.)
.
/;//. /// ,nul Ite BejH/or (Child's Ballads, V. 196).
= It. adddbbiirc, dress, deck, adorn; so ML.
adobun; equip with arms, invest with armor,
duh as knight, dress, repair, adorn, etc.), < o-,
lions. () strike, give the accolade,' with refer- name of the ibyr bear The mod
1. ..i fl*inn . . ,r, , i .,, i., L ' 111 I'll vn 111 U lit t >( MM II I(*M - ... . .
|
Fries, du66a, beat, slap (Koolman), = OSw. to glide! Also spelled da
dubba, strike (Ihre), appar. orig. in part imita- dubberH, A furbisher of old clothes.
tive; cf. duV*. Cf. also rfafei.J 1. To strike />/, Int., p. Ixxv.
with a sword in the ceremony of making one flubber- (dub'er), n. [Repr. Gujerati
a knight; hence, to make or designate as a ( ce rebral d), a leathern vessel, bottle, etc.] In
York
dabaro
knight ; invest with the knightly character.
He lokede
As Is the kynde of a knyght that Cometh to be daubed.
Piers Plowman (C), xxi. 11.
He [the Nayro] is dubbed or created by the king, who
commaundeth to gird him with a sword, and laying his
right hand vpon his head, muttereth certaine wordes soft-
ly, and afterward dubbeth him.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 495.
The king stood up under his cloth of state, took the
sword from the lord protector, and dubbed the lord mayor
of London knight. Uayward.
Monsieur Mingo for quaffing doth surpass,
In cup, or can, or glass;
God Bacchus do me right,
And <lnh me knight
Domingo.
Nash, Summer's Last Will and Testament.
[This catch, a scrap of which is also put into the mouth of
Silence in shakspere'i 2 Henry IV., v. 8, alludes to a con-
vivial custom, according to which he who drank a large
potation of wine or other liquor, on his knees, to the health
of his mistress, was Jocularly said to be dubbed a knight,
and retained his title for the evening.)
Hence 2. To confer a new character or any
dignity or name upon ; entitle ; speak of as.
O Poet ! thou had'st been discreeter, . . .
If thou had'st dubb'd thy Star a Meteor,
That did but blaze, and rove, and die.
Prior, On the Taking of Nainnr, st. 12.
A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. vi. 81.
The settlers have dubbed this the cabbage-tree.
The Century, XXVII. 920.
3f. To invest with the dress and insignia of a
knight, or with any distinctive character; in
general, to dress ; ornament ; embellish.
He [the Lordl dubbed him wit our liknes.
Knij. Mi-lr. Homilies (ed. J. Small), p. 12.
[It was] dubbed oner with dyamondes, that were dere
holdyn,
That with lemys of light as a lamp shone.
l>r*triiction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1683.
And alle tho Robes ben orfrayed alle abouten, and dubbed
fulle of precious Stones and of grete oryent Perles, fulle
richely. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 233.
India, a large leathern vessel made of untanned
hide of the buffalo or the goat ; and used for
holding oil, ghee, etc. Also written dupper.
Did they not boil their Butter it would lie rank, but af-
ter it has passed the Fire they kept it in Dappers, the year
round. Fryer, East India and 1'ersia, p. 118.
dubbing (dub'iug), . [< MB. dubbing, dob-
bung ; verbal n. of dubl, v.} 1. The act of
making a knight ; the accolade.
A prince longeth for to do
The gode kuijtcs dabbling.
Shoreham, Poems, p. 15.
The dubbyng of my dlngnite may nojt be done downe,
Nowdirwith duke nor duzeperes, my dedis are so dreste.
York Plays, p. 219.
2t. Dress; ornament; trappings.
His corown and his kinges array
And his dubbing he did oway.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. 8.), p. 130.
3. The act of striking, cutting, rubbing, or
dressing, so as to make smooth or otherwise
adapted to a purpose, (a) Dressing by means of an
adz. (b) Rubbing with grease, as leather when being cur-
ried. See dipping, 4. (c) Raising a nap on cloth by means
of teazels.
Hence 4. A preparation of grease for use in
currying leather. 5. The materials used for
making the body of a fishing-fly. The term Is ap-
plied more particularly to material of short fiber used in
making the body of the fly, as fur, pig's wool, or pig's
down. It is spun sparsely around the waxed wrapping-silk
and wound on with it. The materials commonly used are
mohair, seal's wool, pig's wool, floss silk, and hurls of pea-
cock-feathers or of ostrich-plumes. Wool is least used for
dubbing, especially in trout-fishing, as it absorbs too much
water and makes the fly soggy ; it is used, however, for sal-
mon-flies, seal's wool being preferable.
Take your dubbing which is to make the body of your fly,
as much as you think convenient.
Cotton, in Walton's Angler, it. 245.
dubbing-tool (dub'ing-t6l), n. A. tool for par-
ing or smoothing off an irregular surface ; an
adz.
dubh. [Ir. and Gael., black. See dhu.} See
4. To strike, cut, rub, or dress so as to make dubhash (dS'bash), n. Same as dobhash.
smooth, or of an equal surface, (o) To cut down or dubiety (du-bi'e-ti), n. [= Sp. dubiedad == Pg.
reduce with an adz.
If I wanted a board, I had no other way but to cut down a
tree, set it on an edge before me, and hew it flat on either
side with my axe, till I had brought it to Iw ai thin as a
plank, and then dud it smooth with my adze. De Foe.
(ft) To rub with grease, as leather when being curried, (c)
To raise a nap cm. as cloth, by striking it with teazels, (d)
To cut off the eoml> and wattles, and sometimes the ear-
lobes of (a game-cock) ; trim, (e) To dress (a fishing-fly).
dubicdade = It. dubbicta, dubbietade, dubbietate,
<C L. dubieta(t-)s, (. dubius, doubtful: see dubi-
ous.} Doubtfulness; dubiousness.
A state of dubiety and suspense is ever accompanied by
uneasiness. Richardson.
The twilight of dubiety never falls npon a Scotchman.
Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies.
Had the antagonist left dubiety,
Here were we proving murder a mere myth.
Brotcning, Ring and Book, II. 75.
Some dub the Oak-fly with black wool, and Isabella-col-
oured mohair, and bright brownish bear's hair, warped on , .
with yellow silk. /. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 105, note. dublOSlty (du-bl-OS l-tl),n.; pi. dubtostttes (-tiz).
His no time to be dte.'n3 when yon ought to be fishing. 1= It. dubbiotiM, dubbiogitade, dubbiositate, <
R. B. Roosevelt, flame Fish, p. 25. L. as if *dubtositn(t-}s, < dubiosu.t, dubious: see
Todubout,in rtatter.imrk, to bring out (a surface) to a dubious.} 1 . Dubiousness ; doubtfulness. 2.
level plane by pieces of wood, tiles, slate, plaster, or the Something doubtful.
' lk ,' Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiotitie* for
dub- (dub), V. 1. ; pret. and pp. diibbrd, ppr. certainties. Sir T. Broicne, Vulg. Err.
dubhi,,,,. [Prob. orig. 'strike' (see ***), but d u bi on8 (du'bi-us), a. [= It. dubbioso, < LL.
in dub-a-dnb, riibtt-duh, considered imitative, ,, ( , fclV)SK ,, ) an extension of L. dubius (> Pg. diibio,
like Ar. dabdaba (a pron. like E. M), the noise
of a drum, of horses' feet, etc. The noun dub-
is rather due to dub 1 , 4 (), dress with an adz.]
To make a quick noise, as by hammering or
drumming.
dub- (dub), n. [See rf&2, v.} A blow.
As skilful euopers li.M.p their tubs
With I.ydian and with Phrygian dubs.
.s'. liullrr, Hudibras, II. i. 850.
= It. dubio, dubbio), doubtful : see doubt 1 .} 1 .
Doubting; hesitating; wavering or fluctuat me;
in opinion, but inclined to doubt.
At first he seemed to be very dubious in entertaining
any discourse with us, and gave very impertinent answers
to the questions that we demanded of him.
Dampier, Voyages. I. 12.
Dubious still whose word to t:ike.
Browning, Ring aud Book, I. 121.
dubitative
\Ve.ideriinrn, tin- MI "in. > L. -in ml, wairwtlett and ././-
liimii, and a anxious to oblige the Chief Jllntice cif I. .in
m. .n I'lea^ t" re-tire, in order that he might iilitalohli pla. .-.
Lecky, Kng. in l*th Cent., xiv.
2. Doubtful ; marked by or occasioning doubl
or uncertainty ; difficult to determine or relieve
of uncertainty ; notdistinctorplain ; puzzling:
M, a dubious question; a dubious light.
Sometimes the manner of speaking, even concerning
common things, is dark and dubious.
BJI. Atterbury, Sermons, II. U.
Vurdubioui meanings learn'd polemics strove,
And wars on faith in-evented works of love.
Crabbe, Works, I. 147.
Looked to It probably as a means of solving a dubious
problem. Presa>lt, Ferd. and Isa., xvi.
The world is full of hopeful analogies and handsome du-
bivus eggs called possibilities.
<;. ,-,. Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 91.
3. Of uncertain event or issue: as, a dubious
undertaking.
His utmost power with adverse power opposed
In dubious battel on the plains of heaven,
And shook his throne. Milton, P. L., I. 104.
4. Liable to doubt or suspicion; of doubtful
quality or propriety ; questionable : as, a man
of dubious character; a dubious transaction;
his morals or his methods are dubious. =8yn. 1.
Unsettled, undetermined. 2. Doubtful, Ambiguous, etc.
(see obscure, a.) ', questionable, problematical, puzzling.
dubiously (du'bi-us-li), adv. Doubtfully ; un-
certainly; questionably.
For first, Albertus Magnus speaks dubiously, confessing
he could not confirm the verity hereof.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 5.
dubiousness (du'bi-us-nes), . 1. The state of
being dubious, or inclined to doubt; doubtful-
ness.
She [Minerva] speaks with the dubiousness of a man,
not the certainty of a Goddess. Pope, Odyssey, I., note.
2. Uncertainty; the quality of being difficult
to determine, or open to doubt or question : as,
the dubiousness of a problem.
Let us therefore at present acquiesce In the dubioumesi
of their antiquity. J. Philips, Splendid Shilling, Ded.
dubitable (du'bi-ta-bl), a. [< OF. dubitable =
Sp. dubitable = Pg.' dubitavel = It. dubitabile, <
L. dubitabilis, < dubitare, doubt: see dubitate,
doubt, v.] Liable to be doubted ; doubtful ; un-
certain.
All the dubitable hazards
Of fortune. Middleton, Came at Chess, ill. 1.
The ground of invocation of saints or angels being at
least dubitable, their invocation is sin.
Dr. 11. More, Antidote against Idolatry, p. 25.
dubitably (du'bi-ta-bli), adv. In a dubitable
manner. [Rare.] Imp. Diet.
dubitancy (du'bi-tan-si), n. [< OF. dubitance
= It. dubitanza, < ML. dubitantia, doubt, < L.
dubitan(t-)s, ppr. of dubitare, doubt: see dubi-
tate, doubt, v?] Doubt; uncertainty. [Rare.]
Running headlong and wilfully after the old impurities,
even then when they are most fully without all dubitancy
resolved, that all the Joys of heaven are forfeited by this
choice. Hammond, Works, IV. 505.
dubitate (du'bi-tat), v. i.; pret. and pp. dubi-
tated, ppr. dubitating. [< L. dubitatus, pp. of
ditbitare, doubt : see doubt, r.] To doubt ; hesi-
tate. [Rare.]
If, for example, he were to loiter dubitating, and not
come ; if he were to come, and fail.
Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 1.
How largely his statements are to be depended on, I
more than merely dtibUate.
Louxll, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 7.
dubitatingly (du'bi-ta-ting-li), adv. Hesitat-
ingly. Carlyle.
dubitation (du-bi-ta'shon), n. [< OF. and F.
dubitation = Pr. dubitatio = Sp. dubitacion =
Pg. dubitacelo = It. dubitazione, < L. dubita-
tio(n-), < dubitare, doubt: see dubitate, doubfl.}
The act or state of doubting; doubt; hesitation.
In the scholastic disputations, dubitation was the condi-
tion of a disputant who had pronounced a matter to be
doubtful and was bound to sustain that position.
Dubitation is the beginning of all Knowledge.
Howell, Letters, I. v. 20.
The ordinary effects . . . might for ever after be con-
fidently expected, without any dubitation.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1886), I. 255.
In states of dubitation under impelling elements, the in-
stinct pointing to courageous action is, besides the man-
lier, conjecturably the right one.
fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL 451.
dubitative (du'bi-ta-tiv), a. [= F. dubitatif
= Pr. ditbitatiu = Sp. Pg. It. dubitatiro, < LL.
tlitbitativus. < L. dubitare, doubt: see dubitate.}
Tending to doubt; doubting. [Rare.]
They were engaged. She had been nibbled at, all but
eaten 'up, while he hung dubitative; and though that was
the eause of his winning her, it offended his niceness.
G. Meredith, The Egoist, iii.
dubitatively
dubitatively (du'bi-ta-tiv-li), adv. Hesitat-
ingly; doubtingly; as'if in doubt. [Rare.]
"But ought I not to tell Ezra that I have seen my
father?" said Mirah, with deprecation in her tone. "No,"
Mrs. Meyrick answered, dubitatively ', " I don't know that
it is necessary to do that."
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, lii.
Duboisia (du-boi'si-a), n. [NL., named after
F. N. A. Dubois, a French botanist and ecclesi-
astic (1752-1824).] 1. A solanaceous genus of
plants, of Australia and New Caledonia, in-
cluding two shrubby or arborescent species.
I), myoporoides is employed in surgery for the dilatation
of the pupil, and yields an alkaloid, duboisine, identical
with hyoscyamine. The wood is white and very soft, but
close and firm, and excellent for carving. The leaves and
twigs of the pituri, D. Uopwoodii, are chewed by the na-
tives as a stimulating tonic.
2. [1. c.] Same as duboisine.
duboisine (du-boi'sin), . [< Duboisia + -ie 2 .]
An alkaloid obtained from Duboisiamyoporoides,
& shrub or small tree which is a native of Aus-
tralia. In its chemical reactions and its physiological
effects it presents strong resemblances to hyoscyamine.
Also duboisia.
dubs 1 (dubz), n. pi. [An abbr. of doublets.'}
Doublets at marbles. A player knocking two marbles
out of the ring cries " dubs" and thereby claims both.
The ground was beaten by many feet to the hardness of
a floor, and the village boys delighted to play marbles in
this convenient spot. Their cries of "rounses," "taw,"
"dubs," "back licks," and "vent" might often be heard
there before and after school hours.
The Century, XXXVI. 78.
dubs 2 (dubz), n.pl. [Cf. equiv. dibs: see dib 3 .~\
Money: same as dib 3 , 3. [Slang.]
ducal (du'kal), a. [= F. ducal = Sp. Pg. ducal =
It. ducale, < LL. ducalis, < L. dux (due-), a lead-
er, general, ML. duke : see duke 1 ."] 1. Pertain-
ing to a duke : as, a ducal coronet.
Oil, salt, even flour and bread, were subject to monopoly,
and could only be sold by the ducal agents. Brougham.
2. In ornith., a term applied to certain large
terns of the subgenus Thalasseus, as Sterna
(Thulasseus) cantiaca. Coues.
ducally (du'kal-i), adv. After the manner of
a duke ; with a duke or a ducal family : as,
ducally connected.
ducape (du'kap), n. A heavy silk, especially
black or of plain color, usually corded.
ducat (duk'at), n. [Altered in spelling from
earlier ductiat, ducket, < ME. duket (= D. du-
Jcaat, G. dukat, Dan. Sw. dukat), < OF. and F.
ducat = Pr. ducat = Sp. Pg. ducado = It. du-
cato, < ML. ducatus, a ducat; so called, it is
said, from the motto "Sit tibi, Christe, datus,
quern tu regis, iste ducatus" (let this duchy
which thou rulest be dedicated to thee, O
Christ), impressed on a coin struck by Roger
II. of Sicily as duke of Apulia ; < ML. ducatus,
a duchy, < L. dux (due-), a leader, ML. duke : see
duke 1 . Cf. duchy, ult. a doublet of ducat.] 1.
A gold coin of varying form and value, formerly
in use in several European countries. A ducat
was first issued in Apulia, about the middle of the twelfth
1788
3. pi Money; cash. [Slang.] 4. An Aus-
trian weight for gold, which has been deter-
mined by Vienna authorities to be 3.490896
grams. This unit is supposed to have been derived
through the Jews from the Ptolemaic drachma of 3.56
grams. Ducat gold, in cerain., a name given to gilding
of brilliant color slightly in relief above the glaze, espe-
cially in the painting of fine porcelain.
ducatoon (duk-a-ton'), n. [Also formerly ducka-
toon, ducadoon; < F. ducaton = Sp. ducaton =
Pg. ducutao, < It. ducatone, aug. of ducato, a
Ducat of Ladislaus Postumus, King of Hungary. A. D. 1453-1457.
British Museum. (Size of the original.}
century, by the Norman duke Roger II. In 1283 a gold
ducat was struck in Venice, but the piece was afterward
called a zecchino (sequin), the ducat becoming only a money
of account. (See def. 2.) The earliest gold coins of Ger-
many seem to have been called ducats, and this name was
applied to German gold coins of the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. Gold coins called dacats were also is-
sued in the Netherlands, in Hungary, and elsewhere. The
value of the ducat varied but little, the coin usually con-
taining from 3.42 to 3.44 grams of fine gold, worth from
$2.27 to $2.32.
If every ducat in six thousand ducats
Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,
I would not draw them. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1.
Take you a ducket, or your chequin of gold, and apply
to the place affected. B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
After it grew tributary to the Turke ; yet was it gov-
erned and possessed by the Genoese, who paid for their
immunities the Annuall sum of fourteen thousand duck-
Ms. Sandys, Travailes, p. 11.
2. An old money of account in the Venetian
republic.
Now whereas the Venetian duckat is much spoken of,
you must consider that this word duckat doth not signifle
any one certaine coyne ; but many several! pieces do con-
curre to make one duckat. Coryat, Crudities, II. US.
Ducatoon struck by Antonio Priuli. Doge of Venice, A. D. 1618-1623.
British Museum. (Size of the original.)
ducat: see ducat.] The English name of the
ducatone, a silver coin (also called giustina) for-
merly current in the republic of Venice, and
containing nearly 398 grains of fine silver, equal
to 0.965 of the United States silver dollar.
Some gae her crowns, some ducadoons.
Sight's Lady (Child's Ballads), VIII. 290).
The duckatoone, which containeth eight livers, that is,
six shillings. This piece hath in one side the effigies of
the Duke of Venice and the Patriarch, . . . and in the
other, the figure of St. Justina, a chast Patavine [Paduan]
virgin. Coryat, Crudities, II. 68.
duces, n. Plural of dux.
duces tecum (du'sez te'kum). [L., you will
bring with you : duces, 2d pers. sing. fut. ind.
of ducere, lead, bring (see duct) ; te, abl. of tu
= E. thou; cum, with (appended to personal
pronouns).] In law, a writ commanding a per-
son to appear in court, and to bring with him
specified documents or other things in his cus-
tody, which may be required as evidence. More
fully called subpoena duces tecum. See subpoena.
Duchet, a. and n. An obsolete form of Dutch.
duchess (duch'es), n. [Formerly also dutchess;
< ME. duchesse, duches (also dukes, i. e., dukess),
< OF. duchesse, F. duchesse = Pr. duquessa =
Sp. duquesa = Pg. duqueza = It. duchessa, < ML.
ducissa (the orig. hard sound of c being retain-
ed in Rom., after the masc. form), fern, of dux
(due-), > OF. due, etc., E. duke: see duke 1 ."] 1.
The consort or widow of a duke, or a woman
who holds the sovereignty or titles of a duchy.
Ich am hus dere douheter, duchesse of heuene.
Piers Plowman (C), iii. 33.
The dictionary definition is far from being exhaustive,
since, obviously, where so created, or where the terms of
the patent so run, a duchess may be duchess in her own
right. There is no antinomy to resolve in the case of a
princess being also a duchess. N. and Q., 7th ser. , IV. 229.
2. A variety of roofing-slate two feet long and
one foot wide. 3. A part of ladies' head-dress
in the seventeenth century, apparently a knot
of ribbon.
duchy (duch'i), .; pi. duchies (-iz). [Also for-
merly dutcliy ; < ME. duchie, duchee, duche, <
OF. duchee, duchet, f., F. duche, m., = Pr. ducat
= Sp. Pg. ducado = It. ducato, < ML. ducatus,
a duchy, territory of a duke, L. ducatus, military
leadership, command, < dux (due-), a leader,
duck
ML. a duke: see ditlce 1 , and cf. ducat, dogate.]
The territory or dominions of a duke ; a duke-
dom. See duke 1 , 3.
duchy-court (duch'i-kort), n. The court of a
duchy; especially, in England, the court of the
duchy of Lancaster, held before the chancellor
of the duchy or his deputy, concerning equi-
table interests in lands held of the crown in
right of this duchy.
ducipert, In her., same as cap of maintenance
(which see, under maintenance).
duck 1 (duk), v. [< ME. *dukken (= MD. ducken
= LG. ducken, > G. ducken = Dan. dukke, also
dt/kke), duck, dive, stoop; a secondary verb,
partly displacing its orig., E. dial, and Sc. douk,
dook, < ME. douken, duken, < AS. *ducan (found
only in deriv. duce, a duck : see duck 2 ) = MD.
duueken, D. duiken = MLG. duken, LG. duken =
OHG. tuhhan, MHG. tuchen, G. tauchen = Sw.
dyka, orig. intr., duck, dive, stoop.] I. intrant.
1. To plunge the head or the whole body into
water and immediately withdraw ; make a dip.
They shot marvellously at him, and he was driven some-
times to duck into the water.
North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 609.
Well, my dear brother, if I scape this drowning,
'Tis your turn next to sink ; you shall duck twice
Before I help you.
Beau, and FL, Scornful Lady, ii. 2.
2. To nod or bob the head suddenly ; bow.
Because I cannot flatter, and look fair, . . .
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy,
I must be held a rancorous enemy.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.
You shall have
A Frenchman ducking lower than your knee,
At th' instant mocking even your very shoe-ties.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, i. 1.
Hence 3. To give way; yield; cringe.
"What, take the credit from the Law?" you ask?
Indeed, we did 1 Law ducks to Gospel here.
Broivning, Ring and Book, II. 107.
Wig ducked to wig, each blockhead had a brother, and
there was a universal apotheosis of the mediocrity of our
set. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 338.
II. trans. 1 . To dip or plunge in water and
immediately withdraw : as, to duck a witch or a
scold.
So strait they were seizing him there
To duck him likewise.
Robin Hood and Little John (Child's Ballads, V. 220).
I say, duck her in the loch, and then we will see whether
she is witch or not. Scott, Abbot, ii.
2. To lower or bend down suddenly, as in dodg-
ing a missile or an obstacle, or in saluting awk-
wardly : as, to duck the head.
duck 1 (duk), . [< duckl, t).] A diving incli-
nation of the head.
As it is also their generall custome scarcely to salute
any man, yet may they neither omitte crosse, nor carved
statue, without a religious duck.
Discov. of New World, p. 128.
Here be, without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod
Of lighter toes. Milton, Comus, 1. 960.
duck 2 (duk), n. [= Sc. duik, duke, dook, < ME.
ducke, dukke, doke, dokke, douke, duke, < AS. duce
(found only in gen. ducan), a duck, lit. a ducker,
< "ducan (pret. pi. "ducon. pp. *d6cen), duck,
dive : see duck 1 , v. Cf . ducker, 3 ; Dan. duk-and,
dyk-and, a sea-duck (and, duck: see draJcel);
Sw. dyk-f&gel, diver, plungeon (f&gel = E./Ott'Z).
So dicer, dipper, dopper, etc., names applied to
diving birds.] 1. A lamellirostral natatorial
bird of the family Anatidos and subfamily Ana-
tlncB or Fuligulince (which see). The technical dis-
tinction between any duck and other birds of the same fam-
ily, as geese and mergansers, is not clear ; but a duck may
usually be recognized by the broad and flat bill, short
legs, scutellate tarsi, and entirely feathered head. The
common wild duck or mallard is Anas boscas, the feral
stock of the domestic duck. The species of ducks are
numerous, about 125, divided into some 40 modern genera,
and found in nearly all parts of the world. Most ducks
fall in one or the other of two series, fresh-water ducks or
river-ducks, Anatince, and salt-water ducks or sea-ducks,
Fulit/ulince; and from the latter a few are sometimes
detached to form a third subfamily, Erismaturince ; but
the implied distinction in habits by no means holds good,
since some or any river-ducks may be found in salt wa-
ter, and few if any sea-ducks are entirely maritime. The
mallard and closely related species now form the restrict-
ed genus Anas. Teal are small ducks, chiefly of the ge-
nus Querquedula ; Q. circin is the garganey. The widgeons
form the genus Mareca ; the gad-walls, Cliiwlelasmus; the
spoonbills, Spatula ; the pintails or sprigtails, Dalila. Cer-
tain arboreal ducks of various parts of the world consti-
tute the genus Dentlrocii<jna. The muscovy duck or musk-
duck is Cairina auaausfa. The celebrated mandarin-
duck of China and the wood-duck or summer duck of the
United States are two species of the genus Aix, A.oaleri-
cttlata and A. sponsa. Sheldrakes or burrow-ducks are
of the genus Casarca or Tadorna. A number of sea-ducks
with black or red heads are placed in genera variously
named Fnliijida, Fulix, Aithyia, Xyroca, etc. ; such are
th8i'au)is and pochard*, tin 1 canvaebaok, and others. The
ImillcliKids, goldeneyes, and histlewings belong to a ge-
duck
mis variously ealleii r!<i,i >',i, Ofattffoft, :"i'i i;:-<'/.fn/l>t.
Tlie harlequin ilurk i /// fri'mii
tun. The old-wife or long- tailed duck i* ll<tr<'lda<tlacial\*.
The Labrador ihiek, rii,i,]>tnlti'iii<^ hi'ii-'i'l^rnm, is notable
u being prohahly on tin: point of extinction ; it is a near
relative of the steamer-dnrk of South America, ,V /"/>
terus rt'iiri-i-iix. Kicli-ri an' largo sea-ducks of the genus
Htuitiih'ritt and .some relnte<i genera. Scoters and surf-
duckH, aUo ealleil sea-coots, arc laix-e Uaek sea-ducks of
the gftniu QBdMifa and its labdirfolous. 'I'lie ruddy ducks
belong t<> the Kt-iiii-s Kfixnntturii and some related gen-
era. nihJng-dncIu, so called, are nut properly dncki, Dot
ruer-aiiHer* (MiT'tinte).
The iltick and mallard first, the falconers only spurt.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv.
2. Tho female duck, as distinguished from the
male, or drake (which see). 3. Some web-
footed bird likened to or mistaken for a duck:
as, the cobbler's-awl duck (that is, the avoset).
4. One of the stones used in playing the game
of duck on drake. Acorn-duck, the summer duck
orwnod-duek. ,l/.r NIHIMH. [Maryland, Carolina, U. 8.]
American scaup duck, a variety of the common scaup
peculiar to America, .litlnfia marilanearctica. Blmacu-
lated duck. See i,< inundate. Black duck, (a) The
dusky duck, (b) The velvet scoter, (c) The surf-scoter.
[Local, U. S.] Black English duck, the dusky duck.
[Southern U. S.) Blaten duck, the gadwall that is,
the lilataut or bleating ilnck. [New Jersey, i:. S.] Bom-
bay duck. See tin m main. -Brahminy duck. SeedraA-
minii. Buffalo-headed, buffel-head, buffel's-head, or
buffle-headed duck. Same aa imjRci. i Butter-duck,
(a) The buttorhall. [Georgia, U. 8.) (6) The ruddy duck.
[ Virginia, U. S. ] Cay uga duck, a large black variety of
the domestic duck. It has been recently introduced into
England. Channel-duck, the velvet scoter. Sharpies*,
1833. [Chesapeake Bay, U. 8.] - Cobbler's-awl duck.
See cobbler!. Cock-robin duck, the hooded merganser.
[New Jersey, U. S.] Conjuring duck, the buffle or
spirit-duck ; also, the goldeneye or whistlewing : from
their quickness in diving. Sir J. Richardson. [British
America.] Creek-duck, the gadwall. Q.Trumbull. (At-
lantic coast, U. 8.] Crested wood-duck, the wood-
duck. Belknap, 1784. [New Hampshire, U. 8.1 Crow
duck. See t\dica. Cuthbert duck, or St. Cuth-
bert'a duck, the common eider, Somateria mollissima.
Daub-duck, the ruddy cluck, Krismatura rubida. G.
Truinbull. [Rangeley lakes, Maine, U. S.] Deaf-duck.
Same as daub-duck. [Michigan, U. S.] Duck on drake,
a game in which one player places upon a large stone (the
drake) a small stone (the duck), which the other players
try to knock off with their ducks and return to the pitch-
iug-line without having been touched. If the player
whose duck is on the drake succeeds in touching one of the
other players while his duck is in his hand, the latter takes
his place and the game continues as before. Duclair
duck, a French variety of the domestic duck, the result
of crossing white and colored varieties. Dumpling-
duck. Same as daub-duck. [Georgia, U. S.] Dunter
duck. See dun!' ,; Dusky and spotted duck, the
harlequin duck. Q. Edwards, 1747. Dusky duck, Ana*
obscura, a large duck closely related to the mallard, of va-
ried dark coloration, with white under the wings and pur-
plish-violet speculum, abundant along the eastern coast of
the United States, and highly esteemed for food. A^variety
resident in Florida is Anas obscura-
lira, Sulvigula..
duck, the mallard. <f. TminbtUl. [Local, southern U. 8.]
Fall duck, the American redhead or pochard. School-
craft, 1820; Tanner, 1830. Fan-created duck, the hood-
ed merganser. Barton, 1799. Fish- or fishing-duck, a
general name of mergansers, from their food or habits.
Flock duck. See Jhckiny-fowl. Fool-duck, the ruddy
duck, Krimnatura rubida. G.Trumbull. [Michigan, U. 8.J
French duck, the mallard. [Louisiana U. S.] Ger-
man duck, the gad wall. Also called Wclshdrake. Oiraud,
1844. [New Jersey, U.S.] Oray duck, (a) Properly, the
gray or gadwall, A iiax strepera or Chaiilrlasnt UK streperus.
(b) The female mallard, (c) The female pintail. [Local,
U. 8. ) Harle duck. Same as harle. Reo. C. Smainson,
1885. [Orkney islands.] Harlequin duck. See harle-
quin. Heavy-tailed duck, the ruddy duck. Also
called bris1leta.il, pintail, quilltail, sticktatt, stifftail,
ipinetail, etc., in reference to the peculiar tail-feathers.
SAorn/aM, 1830. [Chesapeake Bay, U. 8.] Herald duck,
the herald, a merganser. [Shetland isles.] Isles of
Shoals duck, the American eider. Labrador duck,
Camptolcemus labradoriug, a species of sea-duck of the
northeastern coast of North America. See def. 1. Lame
duck. See lam,-. Little black and white duck, the
male buffle. Edwards, 1747. Little brown duck, the
female buttle. Catesby, 1731. Long- tailed duck, Harelda
fjlacialis or Clannitla h>/emalis. See hart-id and llarelda.
Maiden duck, the inoralar. Rev. C. Swainson. [Wex-
ford, Ireland.) -Mandarin-duck, a beautiful kind of
duck, A ix yalericulata, having a purple, green, white, and
chestnut plumage, and a varied green and purple crest. It
is a native of China, and is regarded in that empire as an
emblem of conjugal affection. It is a near relative of the
common summer duck or wood-duck of the United States,
Aix gponga. Mir a- moss-, or mulr-duck, the mallard,
/ten. C. Sicainson. [Local, Eng. ] Mountain duck, the'
harlequin. Sir J. Richardson. [Hudson's bay.] Mussel-
duck, the American scaup. G. TrutnbiUl. [Sbinnecock
bay. NewYork, U.S.] Noisy dUCk, the long-tailed duel;.
J. J. Audubon. Painted duck, jffl) The Chinese nian-
dariu-duck, Aix tialfriatlata. (6) The harlequin. [Hud-
son's bay.] Penguin-duck, a variety of the domesti,-
duck : so called from its erect attitude. Pheasant-duck.
(a) The pintail, Dajilaacuta. Also called sm-fli'-ntant ami
ipater-jthfaxant. A related species is technically known
as Daiila ttrofilinNiana. [Local, U. S.] (b) The hooded mer-
ganser. Also called wat>T-i>h?amnt. Aau-xim, 1709. [New
Jersey, U. S.] Pied duck, the Labrador duck, On,i;>-
toltemus laliradoriug. Pied gray duck, the male pintail.
<1. Triimlmll. | Long Island, New Ynrk, U.S.]- Puddle-
dUCk, ttle common domestic dnek, of no special breed.
Raft duck. See ntft-diii-k. Red-headed duck. B
hewl. Ring-necked duck. SeervwMot. Kook-dUOk,
the harlequin duck. Jiff. J. II. L(tn : iillf. [Nova Scotia.)
Rouen duck, a large variety of domestic duck, colored like
1789
tho mallard. Round-crested duck, the hooded mergan-
ser. Ruddy duck, the mo-t general name. .f Kritmatura
rubida : so called from the prevailing reddish color of the
adult male, first by A. Wilson, ii I. It has many popu-
lar aii-1 more or less local names in the United States, de-
rived from some peculiarity of its aspect or habita. St.
Cuthbert's duck. See Cuthbert duck. Scale-duck, thu
led iMcastcd merganser. [BtnOffford Lough.) Scotch
dUCk, the butlle. Also culled N* 1 "'' -lii'iinr .^,"t>-h dip-
per, Scutch teal. G. Truinbull. [North Carolina. I'. 8.)
Scoter duck. See scoter. Sharp-tailed duck, the
long-tailed duck. llev. C. Stcaiiixini. (( trkney and Shet-
land. [Shoal-duck, the American eider. [New Eng-
land. ) Sleepy duck, the ruddy duck. Sleigh-bell
duck, the American Mack scoter. cV. Triuubtill. [Kangelcy
lakes, Maine, U.S.) Smoklng-duck, the American wid-
gron. [Fur countries. | Squam-duck, the American
ei.lt T: so called from a locality in Long Island, New York.
i:ifiinil, 1844. Squaw-duck, the American elder: a mU-
print for nuam3uck. De Kay, 1844 ; Trumbull, 1888.
Stock-duck, the mallard. Summer duck, a duck which
summers or breeds in a given place or region. Specifical-
ly (a) The wood-duck (which sec). See Aix. [U. 8.) (6)
The gargancy or summer teal, Queri/uedula circia. [Eng.]
Surf-duck, a sea-duck of the genus (Edfmia ; a sco-
ter ; a sea-coot ; specifically, (K. perspicillata, inhabiting
North America at large, especially coastwise, the male of
which is black with .a white patch on the nape and an-
other on the poll, and the bill pinkish-white, orange, and
black. Swallow- tailed duck, the long-tailed duck.
unon and nifhftrdunn, 1SH1. [Hudson's bay.) To
make or play (at) duck and drake, to make or play
ducks and drakes, (a) To cast or shy a flat stone, a piece
of slate, etc., along the surface of water so as to cause it
to strike and rebound repeatedly.
What watered slates are best to make
On watery surface duct-and-drake.
S. Butler, Hudibras.
Duck and Drake is a very silly pastime, though inferior
to few in point of antiquity, . . . and was anciently
played with flat shells, testulam marinam, which the boys
threw into the water, and he whose shell rebounded most
frequently from the surface before it finally sunk was the
conqueror. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 494.
Hence (6) To handle or use a thing recklessly ; scatter ;
squander ; throw into confusion : with with or "/.
He [the unscientific etymologist] has now added to his
marvellous capacity for philological blundering the power
of wandering into the Held of comparative philology and
of there playing ducks and drakes with the Aryan roots
and their permutations. jV. and Q., 7th ser., III. 312.
My fortune is nae inheritance a' mine ain acquisition
I can make ducks and drakes o/ it. So don't provoke
me. //. Mackenzie, Man of the World, Iv. 1.
Tree-duck, (o) Any duck of the genus Dendrocygna
(which see), (b) The wood-duck or summer duck, which
breeds in trees, (c) The hooded merganser : so called from
breeding in trees. R. Ridyway. [Indiana, Illinois, U. S.]
Tufted duck, the ring-necked scaup, Aithyia collaris
or FuWjula rujitorqueg. A. Wilson. Velvet duck, the
velvet or white-winged scoter. See scoter. Wheat-duck,
the American widgeon. D.Crary. [Oregon, U. 8.] Whls-
tle-duck. See whittleuiing. Whistling duck or coot,
the American black scoter. White-faced duck or teal,
the blue-winged teal. See teal. White-winged surf-
duck, the velvet scoter. See scotfr. Wild duck, specifi-
cally, the mallard. Winter duck, the long-tailed duck.
[U. s.] Wood duck. See wood-duck.
duck 3 (duk), n. [Prob. a familiar use of rfwoi-2,
like dore, chick' 1 = chuek^, mouse, lamb, F. pottle,
and other zoological terms of endearment ; but
cf . Dan. dukke = Sw. docka = East Fries, dokke,
dok = Or. docks, etc., a doll, puppet: see dock 2 .
Cf. also doxy.] A sweetheart; a darling: a
word of endearment, fondness, or admiration.
It is sometimes also applied to things: as, a
duck of a bonnet. [Cofloq.]
Will you buy any tape
Or lace for your oape,
My dainty duck, my dear-a ?
Shak., W. T., tv. 3 (song).
Prithee goe in (my duck) ; I'le but speak to 'em,
And return instantly. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, ii. 2.
duck 4 (duk), n. [< D. doek, linen cloth, a towel,
light canvas, = MLGK dok= OHG. tuoh, MHG.
tuoch, G. tuch, cloth, = Icel. dukr, any cloth or
texture, a table-cloth, a towel, = Sw. duk = Dan.
dug, cloth.] 1. A strong linen fabric simply
woven without twill, lighter than canvas, and
used for small sails, sails for pleasure-boats, and
for men's wear. Duck is usually white or un-
bleached, but is sometimes made in plain col-
ors. 2. A cotton fabric sometimes considered
the second grade, for strength and durability,
after double-warp (which see, under warp).
Russia duck, a white linen canvas of fine quality.
duck-ant (duk'ant), n. In Jamaica, a species
of Termes or white ant, which, according to P.
H. Gosse, constructs its nest on the branches
or trunks of trees, where clusters of them may
be seen forming large, black, round masses,
often as big as a hogshead.
duckatt, duckatoont. Obsolete forms of ducat,
iliictttoon.
duckbill (duk'bil), w. 1. The duck-billed pla-
typus. (>riiillnirl/i/H<-linii itrtiil<>rus, a monotre-
matous oviparous mammal of Australia, hav-
ing a horny beak like a duck's, whence the
name. Also dxrlc-mii'i: See Ornit/iorlii/nchun.
2. Same as duck-billed speculum (which see,
ducking
Duckbill, or Puck billed Platypus Ormlliar^ncfiui
under speculum). 3. [In allusion to the shape
of the toe.] A broad-toed shoe of the fifteenth
century.
duck-billed (duk'bild), a. Having a bill like a
duck's, as that of the Ornithorltynclttia Duck-
billed cat, the fish Polyvdon npatula,oT paddle-flsh. Also
called tpoon-billed cat. Duck-billed speculum. See
speculum.
ducker (duk'er), n. [=E. dial, douker, doucker,
< ME. doukere, a ducker, a bird so called, =
D. duiker = OHG. tuhhari, MHG. tuchcr, G.
toucher = Dan. dukkcr. a diver (bird), dykkcr,
a plunger, = Sw. dykare. a diver.] 1. One
who ducks ; a plunger or diver.
They haue Oysters, in which the Pearles are found,
which are fished for by duckert, that dine into the water,
at least ten, twenty, or thirty fathom.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 605.
2. A cringer ; a fawner.
No, dainty ducker*,
t*p with your three pil'd spirits, your wrought valours.
limn, and Fl., Philastcr, iv. 1.
3. A bird that ducks or dives; specifically, the
European dipper, Cinclus aquaticus. Macgilli-
vray. [Local, British.]
duckery (duk'er-i), n.; pi. duckcrirs (-iz). [<
duck 2 + -ery.~] A place for breeding ducks.
Every city and village has fish ponds and duckerit*.
[Southern China.) U. S. Cons. Rep., No. Iv. (1885), p. 683.
ducket 1 , n. An obsolete spelling of ducat.
ducket 2 , . A corruption of dowcotr, variant of
dovecote. Srockett.
duck-hawk (duk'hak), . 1. In England, the
moor-buzzard or marsh-harrier, Circus cerugi-
nosus. 2. In the United States, the great-foot-
ed hawk or peregrine falcon, Falco percgrinux,
var. anatum : so called from its habitually prey-
ing upon ducks. It is very closely related to and not
specifically distinct from the peregrine falcon of the old
world. It is a bird of great strength and spirit, a true
falcon, little in-
ferior to the ger-
falcon in size,
and about as
large as the lim-
ner or prairie-
falcon. The fe-
male, which is
larger than the
male, is 17 to 19
inches long and
about 45 In ex-
tent of wings.
In both sexes,
when adult, the
upper parts are
slaty-bine or
dark-bluish ash,
darker on the
head, the sides
of which have
a characteristic
curved black
stripe ; the un-
der parts are
whitish or Imlf,
variously spot-
ted or barred
with blackish ;
the wings and tail are also spotted or barred ; the hill is
blue-black; the cere and feet are yellow. The duck-hawk
is widely but irregularly distributed throughout North
America ; it nests indifferently on trees, cliffs, or the
ground, and usually lays 3 or 4 heavily colored eggs.
ducking 1 (duk'ing), n. [Verbal n. of duck*-, u.]
1. The act of plunging or the being plunged
into water : as, to get a ducking.
At length, on the 18th of September, we crossed the line
in the longitude of 8' west; after which the ceremony of
ducking, *c., generally practised on this occasion, was not
omitted. Cook, Voyages, III. II. 1.
2. The act of bowing stiffly or awkwardly.
For my kneeling down at my entrance, to begin with
prayer, and after to proceed with reverence, I did but my
duty in that : let him scofftngly call it cringing or duck-
ing, or what he pleases. State Trial*, Abp. Laud, an. 1640.
ducking-' (duk'ing), n. [< duck* + -inj/l.] The
sport of shooting wild ducks.
Duck-hawk (Falco ftrefrimts,vsa.a*atitm'}.
ducking
For water service of any kind, and especially for duck-
ing, he [the Chesapeake Bay dog] is the dog par excel-
lence. Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 424.
ducking-gun (duk'ing-gun), n. A very heavy
fowling-piece used for shooting ducks, and usu-
ally mounted upon a fixture in a punt or skiff.
duckihg-sink (duk'ing-singk), n. A boat used
in hunting ducks and other water-fowl.
ducking-stool (duk'ing-stol), n. A stool or
chair in which common scolds were formerly
tied and plunged into water. They were of differ-
ent forms, but that most commonly in use consisted of
an upright post and a transverse pivoted beam on which
1790
conduifl, douche), < ducere, pp. ductus, lead,
conduct, draw, bring forward, etc. (in a great
variety of uses), = Goth. tiuhan = OHG. ziohan,
MHG. G. ziehen = AS. teon, draw, > ult. E.
ton; tug: see tov>\ tug, tuck*, etc. The L.
ducere is the ult. source of very many E. words,
as alduce, adduce, conduce, deduce, educe, in-
duce, introduce, produce, reduce, seduce, traduce,
Y . ,,,/7,/,v2 nmif 3 conts, and is provided with valves. Its caliber varies
abduct, conduct, etc., conduit, conduit*, aque- betw(jcn thatof a cr ow-quillandof agoose-quill.-Whar-
duct, viaduct, etc., endue*, subdue, etc., educate '
Ducking-stool.
the seat was fitted or from which it was suspended by a
chain. The ducking-stool is mentioned in the Doomsday
survey ; it was extensively in use throughout Great Brit-
ain from the fifteenth till the beginning of the eighteenth
century, and in one rare case at least at Leominster
was used as recently as 1809. See cucking-stool. Also
called castigatory.
If he be not fain before he dies to eat acorns, let me
live with nothing but pollerd, and my mouth be made a
ducking-stool for every scold.
G. Wilkins, Miseries of Inforst Marriage, iii.
duckins (duk'inz), n. [Origin obscure.] A
name in Berwick, England, of the sea-stickle-
back, Spinachia vulgaris.
duckish (duk'ish), . [A dial, transposition of
dusk.'] Dusk. HaMwell. [Prov. Eng.]
duck-legged (duk'leg"ed), a. Having short
legs, like a duck.
Dmk-leijij'd, short-waisted, such a dwarf she is,
That she must rise on tiptoes for a kiss.
Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vi.
duckling (duk'ling), . [< ME. dokelyng, dooke-
lynge; (duck 2 + dim. -ling 1 .] A young duck.
I must have my capons
And turkeys brought me in, with my green geese
And ducklings i' th' season.
Fletcher, Beggars' Bush, 1. 1.
So have I seen, within a pen,
Young ducklings foster'd by a hen.
Swift, Progress of Marriage.
duck-meat, duck's-meat (duk'-, duks'met), .
The popular name of several species of Lemna
and Wolffia, natural order Lemnacex, plants
growing in ditches and shallow water, floating
on the surface, and eaten by ducks and geese.
See Lemna. Also called duckweed.
duck-mole (duk'mol), n. Same as duckbill, 1.
The duck-mole, on the other hand, lays two eggs at a
time, and does not carry them about, but deposits them
in her nest, an underground burrow like that of the mole.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVII. 66B.
duckoyt, n. [See decoy, v.] Same as decoy.
duck's-bill (duks'bil), n. In printing, a pro-
jecting lip (0) of stiff paper or cardboard
pasted on the tympan of a hand-press to sus-
tain and keep in place the sheet to be printed.
Duck's-bill bit. See biti. Duck's-bill limpet. See
limpet.
duck's-egg (duks'eg), n. In cricket, the zero (0)
which marks in the score the fact that a side
or a player makes nothing; hence, a score of
nothing: as, to win a duck's-egg.
duck's-foot (duks'fut), n. In some parts of
England, the lady's-mantle, Alcnemilla vulgaris,
from the shape of the leaf. The name is said
to be given in the United States to the May-
apple, Podophyllum peltatum.
duck-shot (duk'shot), n. Large shot used for
shooting wild ducks.
duck's-meat, n. See duck-meat.
duck-snipe (duk'snlp), n. The semipalmated
tattler or willet, Symphemia semipalmata. Dr.
Henry Bryant, 1859. [Bahamas.]
duckweed (duk'wed), n. Same as duck-meat.
duck-weight (duk'wat), n. A stone figure of a
duck, used as a weight in ancient Assyria and
Babylonia. It was usually inscribed with a legend, giv-
ing the name of the king and the value of the weight in
minee, as "30 manahs, Palace of Irba Merodach, King of
Babylon."
Duclair duck. See ducl&.
duct (dukt), n. [Also, as L., ductus; = OF.
duit, doit, doet = Pg. ducto = It. dutto, < L. duc-
tus, a leading, a conduit-pipe (cf, aqueduct,
ductor
lymphatic duct, conveying the great mass of lymph and
chyle directly into the venous circulation : so called from
its course through the cavity of the thorax. In man this
duct i.s from 15 to 18 inches long ; it begins opposite the
second lumbar vertebra, by a dilated sac or cyst (the
receptaculum chyli or cistern of Pecquet), and runs up to
the root of the neck, alongside the vertebral column, pass-
ing through the aortic oriiice of the diaphragm. It ends
in the venous system at or near the junction of the left
internal jugular and subclavian veins. It is composed of
3 coats, and is provided with valves. Its caliber varies
en that of a crow-quill and of a goose-quill. Whar-
or Whartonian duct (dnctus Wkartoni; named
auct, maauci, etc., enaue", stiuuue, cm., cm <, tons or Wnartoman duct (aueau wnartom; namea
etc., ductile, etc., duke, doge, ducat, duchy, etc.] for Thomas Wharton, an English physician, author of
T _!_. ____i j . j; ...,.. . i ,...!..;.,,* " AifoiuwMLnhln " IflriM thft duct of the snbinaxillarv
If. Leading; guidance; direction; bearing.
According to the duct of this hypothesis.
Olanville, Pre-existence of Souls, p. 146.
2. Any tube or canal by which a fluid is con-
ducted or conveyed. Specifically (a) In anat., one
of the vessels of an animal body by which the blood, chyle,
lymph, secretions, etc., are conveyed. See ductus.
The little ducts began
To feed thy bones with lime, and ran
Their course, till thou wert also man.
Tennyson, Two Voices.
Adenographia," 1656), the duct of the submaxillary
gland, conveying saliva into the mouth, about 2 inches
long, opening on a papilla at the side of the frenum lin-
gua, or bridle of the tongue. Wolfflan, duct. See ductus
Woljfii, under ductus.
ductible (duk'ti-bl), a. [< L. as if "ductibilis
(cf. ML. diictabilis), < ductus, pp. of ducere, lead:
see duct.] Capable of being drawn out; ductile.
[Rare.]
The purest gold is most ductible.
Feltham, Resolves, ii. 2.
ductile (duk'til), a. [= F. ductile = Sp. ductil =
m In tot. : (1) A long continuous vessel or canal, form- uce u a = . ue = p u =
ed by a row of cells which have lost their intervening Pg. ductll = It. dutMe, < L. ductths, that may be
partitions. The walls are variously marked by pits and led, extended, or hammered out thin, < ductus,
by spiral, annular, or reticulated thickenings, and the __ o f <Jcere, lead : see duct.~\ 1. Susceptible
cavity may be filled with air or water, or they may be *fi._ i j ' drawn tractable comolvins-
ous. (2) In bryology, the narrow continuous cells ot being lea lie , eompiYii]
iurround the utricles in the leaves of Sphagnum. yielding to persuasion or instruction : as, the
vity may
lactiferous.
Aberrant duct of the testis. See aberrant. Acous- ductile mind of youth ; a ductile people,
tic duct. See acoustic and auditory. Annular duct.
See annular. Archinephric duct, the duct of the ar-
chinephron, or primitive kidney. Arterial duct, audi-
tory duct, branchial duct. See the adjectives. Bili-
ary duct, one of the ramified systems of ducts which col-
lect the bile from the liver and by their union form the
hepatic duct. Cystic duct, the duct of the gall-bladder
conveying bile into the intestine, either directly or, as in
man, by uniting with the hepatic duct in a ductus com-
munis choledochus. Duct or canal of Bartholin, one
of the ducts of the sublingual gland, running alongside of
Wharton's duct, and opening into it or close to its oriflce
into the mouth. Duct Of Gartner. Same as Gaertnerian
canal (which see under ccmoil ). Duct or canal Of Muller
(ductus Muelleri), the primitive oviduct, or passage in the
female from the ovary to the exterior, which subsequently
becomes converted, as in mammals, into the Fallopian
tube, uterus, etc. One Miillerian duct may be obliterated,
or both may persist, in different animals ; or the two may
be united in one in most of their extent, giving rise to
a single uterus, and vagina with a pair of Fallopian tubes.
Duct or canal of Wharton. See Wharton's duct, be-
low. Duct or canal of Wirsung. See pancreatic duct.
Ducts or canals of Kivinus(3c(w8 Riviniani), those
ducts of the sublingual gland which open apart from one
another and from Wharton's duct. Ducts or canals of J.,.VHIITT- //hilr'Kl lil a/In Tn a Anr DPP
Stenson, the communication of Jacobson's organ with the dUCtllely (dulc ti UJ,<MW. 1
buccal cavity. Efferent duct. Same as deferent canal Imp. JJtCt.
(which see, underdf/erenf). Elaculatory duct or canal. ductileneSS (duk'til-nes), n. The quality of be-
See ductus ejaculatorius, under ductus. Galactopho- i n g ductile ; capability of receiving extension
rous duct, one of the lactiferous ducts of the mammary ,J> j r ,. w j '. rlnntirltv FRare 1
gland which terminate in the nipple. -GenitO-urinary By Orawing, a liny. L-^are.j
The sinful wretch has by her arts denied
The ductile spirit of my darling child.
Crabbe, Works, IV. 139.
Says he, "while his mind's ductile and plastic,
I'll place him at Dotheboys Hall,
Where he'll learn all that's new and gymnastic."
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 165.
The overwhelmingpopularity of "Guzman de Alfarache "
. . . rendered this form of fiction so generally welcome in
Spain that it made its way into the ductile drama.
Tidmor, Span. Lit., III. 106.
2. Flexible ; pliable.
The ductile rind and leaves of radiant gold.
Dryden, Mneid.
The toughest and most knotty parts of language became
ductile at his touch. Macaulay, Dryden.
3. Capable of being drawn out into wire or
threads : as, gold is the most ductile of the
metals.
All bodies, ductile and tensile, as metals, that will be
drawn into wires. Bacon.
I, when I value gold, may think upon
The ductileness, the application.
Donne, Elegies, xvili.
duct. See the extract.
In the Urodela, the vasa efferentia of each testis enter the
inner side of the corresponding kidney, and traverse it,
leaving its outer side to enter a genito-urinary duct, which ductilimeter (duk-ti-lim'e-ter), n. [= F. duc-
and o"ens belrtnd tato'thelstoaca! 5 '' ' bl yln nt> tilimetre, < L. ductilis, ductile, + inetrum, mea-
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 163. sure.] An instrument for showing with preci-
Hepatic duct, the duct of the liver, conveying bile to the sion the ductility of metals.
intestine, either directly or, as in man, by uniting with the ductility (duk-tll 1-tl), . [= F. ductlhte = Sp.
cystic duct to form the ductus communis choledochus. auctilidad = Pg. ductilidadc = It. duttilita, (. L.
as if *ductilita(t'-)s, < ductilis, ductile: see duc-
tile.'] 1 . That property of solid bodies, particu-
larly metals, which renders them capable of
being extended by drawing, with correlative
diminution of their thickness or diameter, with-
out any actual fracture or separation of parts.
On this property the wire-drawing of metals depends. It
is greatest in gold and least in lead. Dr. Wollaston suc-
ceeded in obtaining a wire of platinum only 30^55 of an
inch in diameter.
M
It is formed in man of two main branches which issue
from the liver at the transverse fissure, one from the
right, the other from the left lobe, and unite in one trunk
before joining the cystic duct.
All the ducts from the liver
and gall-bladder are sometimes
known as biliary ducts, collec-
tively. Lactiferous duct.
Same as galactophorous duct.
Lymphatic duct. See
lymphatic, n. Nasal duct,
the membranous tube leading
from the lacrymal sac to open
into the inferior meatus of the
nose. Obliterated duct.
See obliterate. Pancreatic
duct, the duct of the pancre-
as, discharging the pancreatic
secretion into the intestine.
In man the principal pancre-
atic duct is also called duct or
canal of Wirsung. Parotid
duct. Same as ductus Stenonis
(which see, under ductus).
Secondary archinephric
duct. See the extract.
In both sexes the products
escape by an apparatus which
is homologous with the Miil-
lerian duct, consisting of a
canal of varying length, and
provided with an infundibular
oriflce, which is attached to the
ureter (secondary archinephric
duct) ; this takes up the gene-
rative products.
Qegenbaur, Comp. Anat.
[(trans.), p. 610.
Steno's duct. See ductus
Stenonis, under ductus.
Thoracic duct, the ductus
thoracicus, the common trunk
*. I'
The order of ductility is Gold, Silver, Platinum, Iron,
Copper, Palladium, Aluminium, Zinc, Tin, Lead.
A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 232.
2. Flexibility; adjustability; ready compli-
ance.
It is to this ductility of the laws that an Englishman
owes the freedom he enjoys.
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, I.
In none of Dryden's works can be found passages more
pathetic and magnificent, greater ductility and energy of
language, or a more pleasing and various music.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vii.
ductiont (duk'shon), .. [< L. ductio(n-), < fluc-
tus, pp. of ducere, lead: see duct.] Leading;
guidance.
The but meanly wise and common ductionsot bemisted
nature. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 66.
a, , in,o roo, of i.rt ductless I (dukt'les), a. [< duct + -less.] Hav-
em at junction of ing no duct : as, a aucticss gland. The so-called
ductless glands of man are four the spleen, thymus,
thyroid, and adrenal. The last is a pair, and the others
are single. See gland.
ductor (duk'tor), n. [< L. ductor^a, leader, <
Human Thoracic Duct and
Azygous Veins,
receptacle of the chyle ;
nk of the thoracic duct.
innomi
f, left jugular, and e, left sub-
clavian vein ; e t right innomi-
nate vein ; rf, d t ei, several
thoracic and lumbar lymphatic
veins run pSraiiei with am
ducere, pp. ductus, lead : see tlttct.] If. A leader.
^ ? Browne.-Z. An inkmg-rollw on a priut-
of ail the ivmph-tics except to join ""= r ht The s " uc - ing-press which takes prmting-mk from the
ing those which form the right upo'n tBbSSwS" ' ' ink-fountain and conducts it (whence the name)
ductor
to tho distribiiting-tiibb' mid -rollers, linpnip-
orly called doctor by many pressmen.
ductor-roller (duk'tor-ro'ltT), . Same as
ductule (duk'tul), . [< NL. 'ductulii.i, dim. of
L. durtus, a duct: see duct.] A little duct.
[Rare.]
AH the i/i -liilfn grow longer and I come branched, vas-
ciilar processes grow In between them.
t'oKtrr, Kmbryology, I. vl. 18.
ducturet (duk'tur), n. [< ML. as if "ductura.
< i,. ductus, ppVof ductrc, lead: see duct and
-are.] Guidance j direction.
Interest and design are a kind of force upon the soul,
iH'iiring it man oftentimes besides the tlm-hir,' of his native
pr nsities. South, Works, VIII. i.
ductus (duk'tus), w.; pi. ductus. [L. : see duct.]
In tuuit., any duct, tube, pipe, canal, or other
conduit. [In technical use the Latin form is com-
monly preserved.] Ductus ad nasum (duct to the
nose), the nasal or lacrymal duct, conveying tears from
the eye to the nose. Ductus arterioaus. Same as
iirirrnil iliKt (which see, under arterial). Ductus Bel-
liniani (duct of Bellini), the excretory tubes of the kid-
neys. Ductus Botalli (duct of Botalli), a dnctus arteri-
osus between the fourth aortic arch and the fifth ; in mam-
mals, the communication which persisU during fetal life
In-'tween the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary artery,
on the closure of which passage, after birth, the duct
becomes a rtbrous cord, tne ligainentum Botalli. The
term is sometimes extended to the corresponding ductus
arterioai of other primitive aortic arches. So named from
Leonardo Botalli, of Piedmont, born at Asti about Ift'iO,
who described it ill 1565. Ductug choledochus, a bile-
duct; the common bile-duct. Also called ductus comiuu-
tti'jr choledochus. See chotedoch. Ductus cochlearls,
the cochlear canal (which see, under canal*). Ductus
Cuvlerl (iluct of Cuvier), a short transverse venous trunk,
formed on each side of a vertebrate embryo by the June-
tiou of anterior and posterior cardinal veins ; the primi-
tive anterior or superior venw cavas, both of which may
persist as two precaval veins, or, us usual in higher Verte-
brata, one of which may be more or less obliterated, when
a single (right) vena cava superior persists. Ductus
ejaculatorius (ejaeulatory duct), in both Vertebrate and
many Incerttbrata, the duct conveying semen from the
testicles or associate structures to the canal of the Intro-
niittent organ, especially from the seminal vesicles to the
urethra. Ductus endblymphaticus, a tubular process
of the membranous labyrinth of the ear which passes
through the aquteductus vestibull into the cranial cavity,
where it terminates in a blind enlargement below the dura
mater, the sacculus endolymphaticus. See labyrinth, and
recetiitUJi vestibidi, under recemnts. Ductus Gaertneri.
Same as Gaertnerutn canal (which see, under cattail).
Ductus hepato-entericus, a bile-duct in general ; a duc-
tus choledochus ; any efferent duct conveying the hepatic
secretion into the Intestine. Ductus nasolacrymalis.
the membranous tube consisting of the ittcrymal sac and
nasal duct. Ductus oesophagocutaneus, a duct which
places the esophagus in communication with the bran*
chial pore ami so with the exterior, in some flshes, as
the hag, Miisiur. - Ductus pneumaticus, a pneumatic
duct ; an air-duct or passage placing the cavity of any
pneumatic organ in communication with the cavity of the
enteron, as the air-duct of a fish, in its higher develop-
ment becoming any of the ordinary air-passages of a body,
as a windpipe, etc. Ductus Rivini or Rivinianl, the
ducts of Rivinus (which see, under duct). Ductus Ste-
nonis (Steno's duct), the duct of the parotid gland, con-
veying saliva into the mouth : so called from the Danish
anatomist Nicolas Steuo, of Copenhagen (1638-86). Also
called parotitt duct. -Ductus thoracicus (thoracic
duct), the largest lymphatic vessel of the body, conveying
chyle directly into the venous circulation. See cut under
duct. Ductus venosus (venous duct), the communicat-
ing vein, in the fetus, between the inferior vena cava and
the umbilical vein, obliterated soon after birth. Duc-
tus vitellinus, or ductus vlteUo-intestinalla (vitel-
line or vitello-intestinal duct), in a vertebrate embryo,
the communication between the primitive intestine and
the cavity of the yolk-sac or umbilical vesicle. Duc-
tua Wlrsungianus, the duct of Wirsung, the principal
pancreatic duct. Ductus Wolffli (Wolfflan duct), the
excretory duct of the Wolfflan body or primitive kidney,
in the female soon disappearing for the most part, in the
male becoming the permanent vas deferens, or excretory
duct of the testicle. (See also canall.)
dud (dud), n. [< ME. dudd, dudde, a coarse
cloak; said to be of Celtic origin. Cf. brat 1 .]
If. A coarse cloak or mantle.
Dudde, clothe, [L.] amphibilus birrus.
Prompt. Pan\, p. 1S4.
Lacerna ext. pallium, fnubriatum, a coule, or a dutlde or
a gowne. Prompt Parv., p. 134, note (HarL MS., No. 225").
2f. A rag. 3. pi. [Formerly also spelled
dudes, as in Harman's "Caveat" (1567), where
the word is erroneously set down as "pedlar's
French" that is, thieves' cant.] Clothes;
especially, poor or ragged clothing; tatters:
used in contempt. [Cofloq. or humorous.]
I'se warrant it w as tho tae half of her fee and liountith,
for she wared [spent) tlte ither half on pinners and pr:u 1
ings ; . . . she'll ware 't a' on dutl* and nonsense.
Scott, Old Mortality, xiv.
Away I went to sea, with my duds tied in a han'kercher.
Mrs. Stoiee, Oldtown, p. 84.
\t MUM, windows bun'.' lace curtains, flannel ihulf at
kHM. (r. 1C. fiilili-, old Creole Hays, p. 151.
dudder 1 (dud'or't. c. [Var. of dodder 1 * and did-
il'-r. q. v.] I. intraii.i. To didder or dodder;
shiver or tremble.
1791
"Ms woiimly cold, sure. I dudder and shake like nn
aspen leaf , every joint o( me.
t'vrd and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. 1.
II. trans. To shock with noise ; deafen ; con-
fuse ; confound ; amaze. HaUiwell. [Prov. Eng.]
dudder 1 (dud'er), . [< dudder^, v.] Confu-
sion; amazement: as, all in a dudder (that is,
quite confounded). HaUiwell, [Prov. Eng.]
dudder 2 (dud'er), n. [< dud + -er.] Same as
ilnffi /', 2.
duddery (dud'er-i), n. ; pi. dudder its (-iz). [<
dud + -era.] A place where duds or rags are
kept for sale. Gent. Mag. ; Grose. [Colloq. or
low.]
duddlest, pi- Duds. Pilkington, Sermons
(Parker Soc.). [North. Eng.]
duddy (dud'i), a. [Sc., also duddie; < dud +
-y 1 .] Ragged; tattered; having a disreputable
appearance.
Nae tawted tyke, though e'er sae duddie,
But he wad stan't, as glad to see him.
Burns, The Twa Dogs.
Their goods were contained in certain duddy pokes.
Carlyle, in Froude, L 271.
duddy (dud'i), 71. ; pi. duddies (-iz). [Dim. of
dud.] A little rag. Afackay.
dude (dud), n. [A slang term said to have ori-
ginated in London, England. It first became
known in general colloquial and newspaper use
at the time of the so-called "esthetic" move-
ment in dress and manners, in 1882-3. The
term has no antecedent record, and is prob.
merely one of the spontaneous products of pop-
ular slang. There is no known way, even in
slang etymology, of "deriving" the term, in
the sense used, from duds (formerly sometimes
spelled dudes : see dud), clothes, in the sense of
'fine clothes'; and the connection, though ap-
parently natural, is highly improbable.] A fop
or exquisite, characterized by affected refine-
ments of dress, speech, manners, and gait, and
a serious mien ; nence, by an easy extension,
and with less of contempt, a man given to ex-
cessive refinement of fashion in dress.
There was one young man from the West, who would
have been flattered with the appellation of dude, so at-
tractive In the fit of his clothes, the manner in which he
walked and used his cane and his eyeglass, that Mr. King
wanted very much to get him and bring him away in a
cage. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 180.
The elderly club dude may lament the decay of the good
old code of honor. Harper's Mag., LXVII. 6S2.
The social dude who affects English dress and the Eng-
lish drawl. The American, VII. 151.
dudeen (du-den'), n. [Of IT. origin.] A short
tobacco-pipe ; a clay pipe with a stem only two
or three inches long.
It is not the descendants of the "Mayflower," In short,
who are the representative Americans of the present day ;
it is the Micks and the Pats, the Uanses and the Wilhelms,
redolent still of the dudeen and the sauerkraut barrel.
The Century, XXXV. 807.
dudeism (du'dizm), n. See dudism.
dudgeon 1 (duj'on), n. and a. [Early mod. E.
also dudgen, dudgtn, Sc. dugeon; < ME. dojoun,
dojon, dogon (as a noun : see def. 3 and quot. ) ;
perhaps, through an unrecorded OF. "dojon,
" dogon, dim. of OF. (and E.) doui-e = Pr. Cat.
doga = It. doga, dial, dova (ML. doga), a stave
(of a hogshead or other cask). < MD. duyghe,
D. duitj MHG-. duge, G. daube, a stave ; fur-
ther origin unknown.] I. n. If. A stave of a
barrel or cask. [Recorded only in the com-
pound dudgeon-tree: see def. 2 and dudgeon-
tree.] 2. Wood for staves: same as dudgeon-
tree. Jamieson. [Scotch.] 3f. Some kind of
wood having a mottled grain; or the wooden
hilt of a dagger, ornamented with graven lines.
Ronntfn [i. e., run, as lines interwoven] as dojoun or
niasere [maple : see mazer] or other lyke.
Prompt. Parv., p. 436.
4f. The hilt of a dagger. See dudgeon-haft.
And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood.
Shak., Macbeth, ii. 1.
6f. A dagger. See dudgeon-dagger.
Il.t o- Ornamented with graven lines; full
of wavy lines ; curiously veined or mottled.
Now for the Iwx-tree : . . . seldome hath it any graine
crisped damaske wise, and never but about the root, the
which is tlit'l'iin and full of worke.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvi. 16.
dudgeon 2 (duj'on), w. [By apheresis from the
orig. form ciiduiiini; appar. < W. 'endygni, < en-,
an enhancing prefix, + dygen, malice, resent-
ment. Cf. dyclian, a jeer, dygas, hatred. Corn.
(Indian, dini-httn, grief, sorrow.] A feeling of
offense; resentment; sullen anger; ill will; dis-
cord.
due
Tho Arclil.i.xh"p of I'aiiti-rlnirv. "liiinu' a Letter to
him [ Wolsey], subtirni>< il S out Ill-other William of Can-
tei hury ; he took it in great Dnthfon to IK- termed his
Itrotlicr. Hater, Chronicles, p. 285.
I drink It to thee in dudyerm and hostility. .Scoff.
Mrs. W. was in high dudijnm; her heels clatternl on
the red-tiled floor, and she whisked about the hoiue like
a parched pea upon a drum-head.
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 365.
dudgeon 3 ! (duj'on), a. [Origin uncertain : Ml').
doron, explained by L. degencr, degenerate,
worthless, occurs in "Prompt. Parv." (p. 12f>) in
the alphabetical place of and appar. intended
for "dogon, "doion, but another manuscript has
in the same place "doion, dogena" (p. 436),
which seems to refer to dudgeon*, the hilt of a
dagger: see dudgeon 1 ."] Bude; unpolished.
By my troth, though I am plain and dudgeon,
I would not be an ass. Beau, ant Fl., Captain, ii. 1 .
You see I use old dudgeon phrase to draw him.
r'teteher (and another), Queen of Corinth, II. 4.
dudgeon-daggert (duj'ou-dag'er), n. A dagger
having an ornamental hilt of wood; hence, a
dagger of any sort, but especially one carried
by a civilian, and not a weapon of war.
An his justice be as short as his memory,
A dudgeon^lagyer will serve him to mow down sin withall.
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, v. 1.
dudgeon-haftt (duj'on-haft), n. [Early mod.
E. also ditdgin hafte;"< dudgeon! + haft.] The
haft or hilt of a dagger ornamented with graven
lines.
A dudijean ha/t of a dagger, [F.] dague a roelles.
Sherwood.
dudgeon-tree, n. [Sc. dugeon-trec; < dudgeon!
+ tree. ] Wood for staves. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
dudism (du'dizm), n. [X dude + -ism.'} The
dress, manners, and social peculiarities of the
class known as dudes.
I suppose it to be the efflorescence of that pseudo-eos-
theticism which has had other outcome in sun-flowers, and
Dude-inn, and crazy quilts, and crushed strawberry tints.
D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together.
Dudley limestone, trilobite. See limestone,
trilobite.
dudman (dud'man), n. ; pi. dudmen (-men). [<
dud + man.] A rag man, or a man made of
rags that is, a scarecrow made of old gar-
ments. Mackay. [Prov. Eng.]
due 1 (du), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also dew; <
ME. due, dewe, duwe, < OF. deu, deut, m., dene,
i., mod. F. du, m., due, f. (pp. of devoir: see
dever, devoir), = It. debuto, < ML. as if 'debutus
for L. debitus, owed (neut. debitum, fem. debita,
a thing due or owed, a debt), pp. of debere (>
It. devere = F. devoir, etc . ), owe : see debt.~] I. a.
1. Owed ; payable as an obligation ; that may
be demanded as a debt : as, the interest falls
due next month.
The penalty,
Which here appeareth due upon the bond.
Skat., M. of V., iv. 1.
Then there was Computation made, what was due to
the King of Ureat Britain, and the Lady Elizabeth.
llowell. Letters, I. vi. 5.
In another [inscription) there is a sort of table of the
fees or salaries due to the several officers who were em-
ployed about the games.
Pococlce, Description of the East, II. IL 71.
2. Owing by right of circumstances or condi-
tion; that ought to be given or rendered; prop-
er to be conferred or devoted : as, to receive
one with due honor or courtesy.
Do thou to euery man that is due,
As thou woldist he dide to thee.
Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 63.
We receive the due reward of our deeds. Luke xxiil. 41.
Hapless the lad whose mind such dreams invade,
And win to verse the talents due to trade. Crabbe.
With dirges due in sad array.
.Slow through the churchyard path we saw him borne.
Gray, Elegy.
3. According to requirement or need ; suitable
to the case; determinate; settled; exact: as,
he arrived in due time or course.
Mony dayes he endurit, all in due pes,
And had rest in his rewme right to his dethe.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.\ L 13386.
They cannot nor are not able to make any due proofe
of our letters of coquet. Hakluyt's \'oyage*,\. 211.
Last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of
due time. 1 Cor. xv. 8.
To ask your patience.
If too much zeal hath carried him aside
From the due path. S. Jonton, Alchemist, ill. -2.
4. That is to be expected or looked for ; un-
der engagement as to time ; promised : as, the
train is due at noon ; he is due in New York to-
morrow. 5. Owing; attributable, as to a cause
or origin; assignable: followed by to: as, the
delay was due to an accident.
due
This effect is due to the attraction of the sun and moon.
J. D. Forbes.
In the mind of the savage every effect is believed to be
due to a special worker, because special workers have been
observed to precede effects in a multitude of instances.
//. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 330.
That which is most characteristic of us [Americans] is
unmistakably a political education due to English origin
and English growth. Stille, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 191.
6. In law : (a) Owing, irrespective of whether
the time of payment has arrived: as,- money
is said to be due to creditors although not
yet payable. (6) Presently payable; already
matured: as, a note is said to be due on the
third day of grace Due and payable, said of a sub-
sisting debt the time for payment of which has arrived.
Due notice, due diligence, such as the law requires
under the circumstances. Due process of law, in
Amer. const, law, the due course of legal proceedings ac-
cording to those rules aud forms which have been estab-
lished for the protection of private rights. Constitutional
1792
duffer
That ducncxK, that debt (as I may call it), that obliga-
tion, which, according to the law of nature, in a way of
meetness and comeliness, it was fit for God as a creator to
deal with a creature. Goodwin, Works, I. ii. 199.
duel (du'el), n. [= D. Dan. duel = G. Sw. duell,
< F. duel, < It. duetto = Sp. duelo = Pg. duelfo,
< ML. duelluin, lit. a combat between two, a
restored form of L. bellum, OL. duellum, war duenna (du-en'a), n. [Sp., formerly duenna,
(see bellicose, etc.), < duo = E. two.] 1. A sin- nQW gpelled ^na, vernacular form of dofta,
gle combat; specifically, a premeditated and migtre | s lady (fem . corresponding to masc.
prearranged combat between two persons with dugf master don sir ) < L. domina, mistress,
deadly weapons, and usually in the presence of fem _ ' of dominus master: see dominus, don?,
at least two witnesses, called seconds, for the donna etc n lp The chief lad in wa i t i ng on
purpose of deciding a quarrel, avenging an m- the Q ueen of Spain ._ 2 . An elderly woman
suit, or clearing the honor of one of the com- hold j a mi ddlo station b
tinguished from a legislative act. They
to those processes which the American law inherited from
the English common law, as part of the law of the land
secured by Magna Charta ; but they may include any new
form of legal proceeding devised and sanctioned by legis-
lative act, provided it be consonant with the recognized
general principles of liberty and justice.
II. n. 1. That which is owed ; that which is
required by an obligation of any kind, as by
contract, by law, or by official, social, or reli-
gious relations, etc. ; a debt ; an obligation.
And unto me addoom that is my dew.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 56.
I'll give thee thy due, thou hast paid all there.
Shale., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.
Measuring thy course, fair Stream ! at length I pay
To my life's neighbour dues of neighbourhood.
Wordsworth, The Biver Eden, Cumberland.
For I am but an earthly Muse,
And owning but a little art,
To lull with song an aching heart,
Aud render human love his dues.
Tennyson, 111 Memoriam, xxxvii.
Specifically 2. Any toll, tribute, fee, or other
legal exaction: as, custom-house dues; excise
dues.
Men that cleave the soil,
Sow the seed, and reap tile harvest with enduring toil,
.Storing yearly little dues of wheat and wine and oil.
Tennyson, The Lotos-Eaters (Choric Song).
3. Eight ; just title.
The key of this infernal pit by due . . .
I keep. Milton, V. L., ii. 850.
Easter dues. See Easier^. For a full due (naut.), so
that it need not be done again.
The stays and then the shrouds are set up for a full
due. Luce, Seamanship, p. 116.
Sound dues, a toll or tribute levied by Denmark from
an early date (it is mentioned as early as 1319) until 1857,
on merchant vessels passing through the Sound between
Denmark and Sweden. These dues were an important
source of revenue for Denmark ; they were sometimes par-
tially suspended, were regulated by various treaties, and
continued until abolished for a compensation fixed by
treaties with the maritime nations. To give the devil
Ms due. See devil.
due 1 (du), adv. [< due, a.] Directly; exactly:
only with reference to the points of the com-
pass: as, a due east course.
Due west it rises from this shrubby point.
Milton, Comus, 1. 306.
The Danube descends upon the Euxine in a long line
running due south. De Quincey, Herodotus.
due 2 t, * [Early mod. E. also dewe; < ME.
duen, by apheresis from enduen, endewen, en-
dowen : see endue 2 , endow.] To endue ; endow.
For Fraunces founded hem [religious orders] nougt to
faren on that wise,
Ne Domyuik dued hem neuer swiche drynkers to worthe
[become]. Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), 1. 776.
This is the latest glory of thy praise,
That I, thy enemy, due thee withal.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2.
due-bill (du'bil), n. A brief written acknow-
ledgment of indebtedness, differing from a
promissory note in not being payable to or-
der or transferable by mere indorsement.
due corde (do'e kdr'de). [It. : due, fern, of duo,
< L. duo = E. two; corde, pi. of corda, < L.
chorda, cord, chord : see chord.] Two strings :
in music, a direction to play the same note si-
multaneously on two strings of any instrument
of the violin class.
due-distant (du'dis"tant), a. Situated at a
suitable distance. [A nonce-word.]
A seat, soft spread with furry spoils, prepare ;
Due-distant, for us both to speak and hear.
Pope, Odyssey, xix.
duefult (du'ful), . [Formerly also dewful; <
duel + -ful.] Fit; becoming.
But thee, Jove ! no equall Judge I deeme,
Of my desert, or of my dewfull Right.
Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 35.
putes The practice was formerly common, but has gener- duenna to forbid your coming more under my lattice ?
ally been suppressed by adverse public opinion in civilized Sterne, Tristram Shandy, Slawkenbergnis s Tale,
countries. In England and the United States dueling is 3 A e iderly woman who is employed to
illegal, death resulting from this cause being regarded as ~V ' *. mvprT , Ps . s . .,
murder, no matter how fair the combat may have been; guard a younger, a gover
and the seconds are liable to severe punishment as acces- you are getting so very pretty that you absolutely need
series. Deliberate dueling is where both parties meet a auenna , Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, ix.
avowedly with intent to murder. In law the offense of .,-,- .,., r i ft j..tj n . n r> n ^
dueling consists in the invitation to fight ; and the crime duet (du-ef ), n. [Also, as It. , duetto; = D. Dan.
duet = G. Sw. duett = Sp. duf to = Pg. duetto, <
It. duetto, < duo, < L. duo = E. two.] A musical
composition either for two voices or for two
instruments, or for two performers on one in-
strument, and either with or without accom-
is complete on the delivery of a challenge.
They then advanced to fight the duel
With swords of temper'd steel.
Sir Hugh le Blond (Child's Ballads, III. 258).
A certain Saracen . . . challenged the stoutest Christian
of all the army to a duell. Coryat, Crudities, I. 119. an i men t
Modern war, with its innumerable rules regulations, ^ etef n ' A Middle English form of duty.
limitations and refinements, is the Duel of Nations. l> , t s/ T1 ;;i rr t Him nf Jiirttn
Summer, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1846. duettmO (do-et-te n9), n. [it., dim. Ot auetto,
A duel is a fighting together of two persons, by previous duet.] A short, unpretentious duet,
consent, and with deadly weapons, to settle some antece- Ariettas and duettinos succeed each other,
dent quarrel. 2 Big/top, Cr. L. (7th ed.), 813. Longfellow, Hyperion, p. 329.
2. Any fight or contest between two parties; duetto (do-et'to), n. [It. : see duet.] A duet,
especially, a military contest between parties They tnen set O fj m a sor t O f duetto, enumerating
the advantages of the situation. Scoff, Monastery, xviii.
due volte (do'e vol'te). [It. : due, fern, of duo,
< L. duo = E. two; volte, pi. of volta, turn : see
vault, n.] Two times; twice: a direction in
musical compositions.
representing the same arm of the service.
The Son of God,
Now entering his great duel, not of arms,
But to vanquish by wisdom hellish wiles.
Milton, P. B., i. 174.
The long-range artillery duels so popular at one time * i / -*.\. *
in the war. The Century, XXXVI. 104. duff (duf), M. [Another form of dough (with /
duel (du'el), t..; pret. and pp. dueled, duelled, <ff\ d f* = Caught, dwarf etc.): see
ppr. dueling <, duelling. [= D duelleren = G. du- *8*.] L - Dough; paste of bread. [Prov
elliren = Dan. duellere = Sw. duellera; from Eng.] -2. Naut., a stiff flour pudding boiled
the noun.] I. intrans. To engage in single ina bag or cloth : as, sailors plum duff,
combat ; fight a duel.
With the king of France duelled he.
Metrical llomances, iii. 297.
The crew . . . are allowed [on Sunday] a pudding, or,
as it is called, a duf. This is nothing more than flour
boiled with water, and eaten with molasses.
Ii. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 19.
3. Vegetable growth covering forest-ground.
[Local, U. S.]
This duf (composed of rotten spruce-trees, cones, nee-
dles, etc.) has the power of holding water almost equal to
the sponge, and, when it is thoroughly dry, burns, like
punk, without a blaze. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 289.
I have seen the smoke from fires in the du/ even after
the snow has fallen.
Rep. of Forest Commission of State of New York, 1886,
[p. 102.
4. Fine coal.
II. trans. To meet and fight in a duel ; over-
come or kill in a duel.
Who, single combatant,
Duell'd their armies rank'd in proud array,
Himself an army. Milton, S. A., 1. 345.
He must at length, poor man ! die dully of old age at
home ; when here he might so fashionably and gentilely,
long before that time, have been duell'd or flux'd into an-
other world. South, Works, II. vi.
The stage on which St. George duelled and killed the
dragon. Maundrell.
duelert, duellert (du'el-er), n. A combatant duffar, n. Same as duffer 1 *, duffart.
in single fight; a duelist. duffart (duf 'art), n. and a. [So., also dowfart,
You may also see the hope and support of many a flour- <J?/ r ?> < *"# q ' V-> + '"**' """"^ L "' A
ishing family untimely cut off by a sword of a drunken dull, Stupid tellOW.
dueller, in vindication of something that he miscalls his U. a. Stupid ; dull ; spiritless.
honour. South, Works, VI. iii. duff.flay (duf 'da), n. The day on which duff is
dueling, duelling (du'el-ing), . [Verbal n. of served on board ship ; Sunday.
duel, v.] The fighting of a duel ; the practice duffel, n. and a. See duffle.
of fighting duels. duffer 1 (duf'er), n. [Origin obscure.] 1. A
duelist, duellist (du'el-ist), n. [= D. duellist, < peddler ; specifically, one who sells women's
F. duelliste = Sp. duelista = Pg. It. duellista ; as clothes.
duel + -ist.] One who fights in single combat; A class of persons termed "duffers," "packmen," or
one who practises or promotes the practice of "Scotchmen," and sometimes "tallymen, "traders who go
rounds with samples of goods, and take orders for goods
dueling.
You imagine, perhaps, that a contempt for your own life
gives you a right to take that of another ; but where, sir,
is the difference between a duellist who hazards a life of
no value, and the murderer who acts with greater security ?
Goldsmith, Vicar.
duello (du-el'6), m. [< It. duello : see duel.] 1.
A duel ; a single combat.
This being well forc'd, and urg'd, may have the power
To move most gallants to take kicks in time,
And spurn out the duelloes out o' th' kingdom.
Fletcher (and another!), Nice Valour, iii. 1.
2. The art or practice of dueling, or the code
of laws which regulate it.
The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have one
bout with you : he cannot by the duello avoid it.
Shak., T. N., iii. 4.
duelsome (du'el-sum), a. [< duel + -some.] In-
clined or given to dueling ; eager or ready to
fight duels. [Rare.]
Incorrigibly duelsome on his own account, he is for oth-
ers the most acute and peaceable counsellor in the world.
Thackeray, Paris Sketch-Book, ii.
duefia (do-a'nya), n. [Sp.] See duenna.
dueness (du'nes), n. [< duel + - ness .] Fit-
ness; propriety; due quality. [Bare.]
,
afterwards to be delivered, but who, carrying no goods for
immediate sale, were not within the scope of the existing
charge, were in 1861 brought within the charge by special
enactment and rendered liable to duty. These du/crs
were numerous in Cornwall.
S. Dou'ell, Hist. Taxation, III. 38.
2. A hawker of cheap, flashy, and professedly
smuggled articles; a hawker of sham jewelry.
[Eng. in both uses.]
duffer 2 (duf'er), n. [Appar. a var. of duffart,
q. v.] A stupid, dull, plodding person ; a fogy ;
a person who only seemingly discharges the
functions of his position ; a dawdling, useless
character: as, the board consists entirely of
old duffers.
Duffers (if I may use a slang term which has now be-
come classical, and which has no exact equivalent in Eng-
lish proper)are generally methodical and old. Fosset cer-
tainly was a duffer. Hood.
"And do you get 800 for a small picture?" Mackenzie
asked severely. "Well, no," Johnny said, with a Imigh,
" but then I am a duffer."
W. Black, Princess of Thule, xxv.
The snob, the cad, the prig, the dufer du Manrier has
given us a thousand times the portrait of such specialties.
No one has done the duffer so well.
U. James, Jr., The Century, XXVI. 55.
duffll
duffilti An obnolote spelling
duffing (iluf'ing), M. In iiiii/linii, thr body of
mi iirtilicial fly.
duffle, duffel "(duf'l), . and a. [< D. duffel
= LG. duffel, a kind of coarse, thick, shaggy
woolen cloth, = \V. Flein. duffel, any shaggy-
material for wrapping n]i ; cf. duffelen, wrap
up, < iliiffrl, a liundlo or bunch (of rags, hay,
straw, etc.) (Wedgwood). Usually referred to
Itaffel, a town near Antwerp.] I. . 1 . A coarse
woolen cloth having a thick nap or frieze,
generally knotted or tufted.
And let It bo of dttfle grey
As warm a cloak as man can Bell.
Wordsworth, Alice Fell.
They secured to one corporation the monopoly to con-
tinue to introduce . . . trade guns, fishing ami trapping
gear, calico, <lujfl'-, and gewgaws.
W. Barrows, Oregon, p. o!>.
2. Baggage; supplies; specifically, a sports-
man's or camper s outfit.
Everyone has gone to his chosen ground with too much
impedimenta, too much duffle,
G. W. Sears, Woodcraft, p. 4.
II. a. Made of duffle.
She was going ... to buy a bran-new duffle cloak.
Mrs. Oaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, ii.
dufoil (du'foil), n, and a. [< L. duo (= E. two)
+ E./oi/i, < L. folium, a leaf. Cf. trefoil, etc.]
I. n. In her., a head of two leaves growing out
of a stem. Otherwise called twifoil.
II. a. In her., having only two leaves,
dufrenite (du-fren'lt), . [From the French
mineralogist'?. A. Dufrenoy (1792-1857).] A
native hydrous iron phosphate, generally mas-
sive with radiated fibrous structure. It has a
dark-green color, but changes on exposure to
yellow or brown.
dufrenoysite (du-fre-noi'zit), n. [< Dufrenoy
(see del.) + -t'te 2 .] A sulphid of arsemo and
lead, found in small prismatic crystals of a lead-
gray color in the dolomite of the Binnenthal,
Switzerland : named for the French mineralo-
gist P. A. DufrSnoy.
dug 1 (dun), H. [Early mod. E. dugge; cf. E.
dial, ducky, dukky, the female breast ; prob.
ult. connected with 8w. ddgga = Dan. dcegge,
suckle. See dairy, dey 1 .] The pap or nipple
of a woman or a female animal; the breast,
with reference to suckling. It is now applied
to that of a human female only in contempt.
It was a faithless squire that was the source
Of all my sorrow, and of these sad tears ;
With whom, from tender dug of common nonrse,
At once I was up brought. Spenser, F. Q.
she wildly breaketh from their strict embrace,
Like a milch doe, whose swelling dug* do ache,
Hasting to feed her fawn hid in some brake.
Shot., Venus and Adonis, 1. 875.
dug 2 (dug). Preterit and past participle of dig.
dugong (du'gong), . [Also duyong; < Malay
tliiii<mg, Javanese duyunq.'] A large aquatic
herbivorous mammal of the order Sirenia, Hali-
core dugong, of the Indian seas, in general con-
. figuration It resembles a cetacean, having a tapering flsh-
like body ending in flukes like a whale's, with two fore
Dugong ( Halicore
flippers and no hind limbs. It is known to attain a length
of 7 or 8 feet, and is said to lie sometimes much longer.
The flesh is edible, and not unlike l>eef. Other products
of the dugong are leather, ivory, and oil. The dugong and
the manatee, of the old and new world respectively, are
the licst-kimwii ,-irenians, and leading living representa-
tives of the order Sirenia (which see). They may have
contributed to the myth of the mermaid. See HaKcom.
dugout (dug' out), H. 1. A boat consisting of
a log with the interior dug out or hollowed. It
is a common form of the primitive canoe.
Our boat was a very unsafe dii'l-utit with no out-riggers,
in which we could not dare to beguile a part of the way
in sleep, for fear of capsizing it by an niiL-narded move-
ment. //. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 296.
The sun was just rising, as a man stepped from his
slender dun-out and drew half its length out upon the
oozy bank of a pretty bayou.
G. W. Cable, The Century, XXXV. 89.
113
1793
2. A shelter or roujrh kind of house excavated
in the ground, or more generally in the face of
a bluff or bunk. Whole dugout' are entirely exca-
vated ; lni/t^/ii : /'>ntn arc partly ev;i\ate<i anil partly I milt
of lots. The hitter kind IM frequently used in Montana for
dwellings ; the whole dugouts are chiefly built for storing
the crops an< I "(her things and as a refuge from c\ ri.m, ,
and tornadoes. [Western I', s. |
The small outlying camps are often tents or mere durj-
Mtfc in the ground. T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 499.
People must resort to ilttij-otifs and cellar caves.
Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 269.
Dugungus, ii. [NL. (Tiedmann), < dugong, q.
v.J A genus of sireuians: same as Halicorc.
Also called Platystomus.
dug-way (dug'wa), n. A way dug along a
precipitous place otherwise impassable ; a road
constructed for the passage of vehicles on the
side of a very steep bill, along a bold river-
front, etc. [Western U. 8.]
dui-. [Accom. form of Skt. di-i (= E. twi-), < dva
= L. ilni> = E. two : noting a supposed second
following element.] A prefix attached to the
name of a chemical element and forming with
it a provisional name for a hypothetical ele-
ment, which, according to the periodic system
of Mendelejeff, should have such properties as
to stand in the same group with the element to
which the prefix is attached and next but one
to it. For instance, dui-Jluorine is the name of a sup-
posed element not yet discovered, belonging in the same
group as fluorine and .separated from it in the group by
manganese.
Dujardinia (du-jar-din'i-a), n. [NL., named
after Dujardin.] A genus of chsetopodous an-
nelids, of the family Syllidcr.
duke 1 (duk). . [< ME. duke, dewke, duk, due,
douk, dove, { OF. due, dues, dux, F. due = 8p. Pg.
duque = It. duca (Venetian doge : see doge) =
MGr. doi>f, < L. dux (due-), a leader, general,
ML. a duke, < L. ducere, lead : see duct. Cf. Or.
herzog = D. hertog = Dan. herlug = Sw. hertig,
a duke, = AS. heretoga, a general, lit. 'army-
leader'; the second element (G. -zog, AS. -toga)
being ult. akin to L. dux, as above. Cf. duchess,
duchy, ducat, etc.] If. A chief; a prince; a
commander; a leader: as, "thedutoof Edom,"
Ex. xv. 15.
" What lord art thu ? " quath Lucifer ; a voys aloud seyde,
" The lord of myght and of may n, that made allethynges.
Duke of this dymme place, a-non vndo the sates."
Piers PlOtfmm (C), xxi. 865.
With-ynne the Cite were lij*' men defensable, that of
the Ihik' made grete ioye when thei hym saugh.
Merlin (E. E. T. .), ii. 188.
Hannibal, duke of Carthage.
Sir T. Elyot.
Coronet of an English
Duke.
2. In Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, and
Portugal, a hereditary title of nobility, ranking
next below that of prince, but in some instances
a sovereign title, as in those of the dukes of
Burgundy, Normandy, Lorraine, etc. (see 3, be-
low), or borne as his distinguishing title by a
prince of the blood royal. The first English duke
was Edward the Black Prince, created
Duke of Cornwall In 1387. Dukes,
when British peers, sit in the House
of Lords by right of birth; Scotch
and Irish dukes have a right of elec-
tion to it, in common with other
peers of those countries, in certain
proportions; in other countries, ex-
cept Germany (see below), the title
conveys no prescriptive political
power. In Great Britain a duke's
coronet consists of a richly chased gold circle, having on
its upper edge eight strawberry-leaves, with or without a
cap of crimson velvet, closed at the top with a gold tassel,
lined with sarcenet, and turned up with ermine.
His grandfather was Lionel duke of Clarence,
Third son to the third Edward king of England.
SAn*., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4.
Next in rank [to the sovereign] among the lords tem-
poral were the dukes. Stubbs, Const. Hist., 428.
3. A sovereign prince, the ruler of a state
called a duchu. In the middle ages, on the continent
of Europe, all dukes were hereditary territorial rulers,
generally in subordination to a king or an emperor, though
often independent ; now only German dukes retain that
status, and of these there are but five, those of Anhalt,
Brunswick, Saxe-Altenburg. Haxe-Coburg-Gotha, andSaxe-
Meiningcii. Modena and Parma, in lUly, were ruled by
sovereign dukes until their incorporation with the king-
dom of Italy in I860.
4f. A name of the great eagle-owl of Europe,
linbo majrimns, called grand-due by the French.
5. pi. The fists. [Slang.] -Duke of Exeter's
daughter*. See brake*, 12. Duke palatine. Seejxrfa-
tine.lo dine with Duke Humphrey. See dine.
duke 1 (duk), v. i. ; pret. and pp. Jiikcd, ppr. duk-
ini/. [< duke 1 , H.] To play the duke. [Rare.]
Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence.
NAfii-., \i. for M.,iii. 2.
duke-, n. A dialectal (Scotch) form of duck-.
dulcarnon
Thn'- dayls In dub aniang the dukit
He did with dirt him I .
dukedom (duk'dum), n. [< <//.vi + -dom.] 1.
The jurisdiction, territory, or possessions of a
duke.
Is not a iliikeilinii, sir, a goodly gift?
Slink., s Hen. VI., . L
Edward III. founded the dukedom of Cornwall as the
perpetual dignity of the kings eldest son and heir appa-
rent. Stubbf, Const. Hist., | 428.
2. The rank or quality of a duke,
dukeling (duk'ling), . [< dukri + dim. -ling.}
A petty, mean, insignificant, or mock duke.
This dukeling mushroom
Hath doubtless charm 'd the Unit,
F'.r.l, IVrklli Warlwck, 11. 8.
dukely (duk'li), a. [< dukei + -fyl.] Becom-
ing a duke. Southey.
dukery (du'ker-i), n. ; pi. dukeries (-iz). [<
duke 1 + -ery.~\ A ducal territory, or a duke's
seat : as, the Dukeries (a group of ducal seats in
Nottinghamshire, England). Davies. [Humor-
ous.]
The Albertlne line, electoral though it now was, made
apanages, subdivisions, unintelligible little dukes and du-
keriet of a similar kind. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 859.
England is not a dukery. Nineteenth Century.
dukeship (duk'ship), n. [< duke* + -ship.] The
state or dignity of a duke.
Will your dukeship
Sit down and eat some sugar-plums?
Masringer, Great Duke of Florence, Iv. 2.
duke's-meat, n. 8ame as duck-meat.
dukesst, n. [ME. dukes, a var. of duehes: see
duchess.'] A duchess.
Dukhobortsi (do-ko-bdrt'si), n. pi. [Buss.
dukhoboretsu, pi. dukhobortxi, one who denies
the divinity of the Holy Ghost (dukhoborstto,
a sect of such deniers), < dukhu, spirit (Srya-
tui{ Dukhu, Holy Ghost), + boretsu, a contend-
er, wrestler, < boroli, overcome, refl. con-
tend, wrestle, fight.] A fanatical Russian sect
founded in the early part of the eighteenth
century by a soldier named Procope Loupkin,
who pretended to make known the true spirit
of Christianity, then long lost. They have no
stated places of worship, observe no holy days, reject the
use of Images and all rites and ceremonies, have no or-
dained clergy, and do not acknowledge the divinity of
Christ or the authority of the Scriptures, to which they
give, in so far as they accept them, a mystical interpreta-
tion. Owing to their murders and cruelties, they were re-
moved to the Caucasus in 1841 and subsequent years; they
now form a community there of seven villages.
dulcamara (dul-ka-ma'ra), . [= P. douce-
amere = Sp. dulcamara,
dulzamara = Pg. It.
duccamara, < NL. dul-
camara, lit. bitter-
sweet, <.\j.dulcis, sweet,
+ amarus, bitter.] A
pharmaceutical name
for the bittersweet,
Solatium Dulcamara, a
common hedge-plant
through Europe and the
Mediterranean region,
and naturalized in the
United States. The root
and twigs have a peculiar
bitter-sweet taste, and have
been used in decoction for
the cure of diseases of the
skin.
dulcamarin (dul-ka-ma'rin), n. [= F. dul-
camarine; as dulcamara + -in 2 .] A glucoside
obtained from the Solanum Dulcamara or bit-
tersweet, forming a yellow, transparent, resin-
ous mass, readily soluble in alcohol, sparingly
so in ether, and very slightly soluble in water.
dulcarnont, n. A word occurring in the phrase
to be at dulcarnon that is, to be at a loss, to
be uncertain what course to take. It is found
in the following passage from Chaucer :
" I am, til God me liettere mynde sende.
At dulrarnon, right at my wittes ende.
Quod Pandarus, " Ye, nece, will ye here?
Dulcarntm called is ' flemyng of wreches ' ;
It semeth hard, for wreches wol nought lere,
For veray slouthe, or other wilful teches."
Troilut, ill. 9S1.
Dulcarnon represents the Arabic dhu 'I karwin, 'lord of
the two horns,' a name applied to Alexander, either be-
cause he boasted himself the son of Jupiter Amiuon, and
therefore had his coins stamped with honied images, or
as some say, because he had in his power the eastern and
western world, signified in the two horns. (Selden's
Preface to Drayton's Polyolbion.) But the epithet was
also applied to the 47th proposition of Euclid, in hirh
the squares of the two sides of the right-angled triangle
stand out something like two horns. This pr<>]H>sition
was confounded by Chaucer with the r>th proposition, the
famous ponst ovfnorwn.
dulcarnon
This, for some reason, was in the dulcimelt,
derived "from eleiria, meaning sorrow. The passage from
Chaucer was first thus explained in the London Athen&um,
Sent. 23, 1871, p. :.
dulce (duls), a. and . [Altered to suit the orig.
L. ; early mod. E. doulce, earlier douce, < ME.
douce, dotoce, sweet, < L. dulcis, sweet: see
douce.] I. a. Sweet; pleasant; soothing.
Nevertheless with much doulce and gentle terms they
make their reasons as violent and as vehement one against
the other as they may ordinarily.
Quoted in Stubbs's Const. Hist., 443.
II. n. Sweet wine ; must. See the extract.
Sweetness is imparted by the addition of " dulce," that
is. must, frequently made from grapes dried for some days
in the sun. Ure, Diet., IV. 950.
dulcet, f- * [< dulce, a.] To make sweet; ren-
der pleasant ; soothe.
1794 dull
A n nVisnlctp form of dulcimer a subdivision of dulia, is that higher veneration which we
An obs< oi awrn ner. y . as the most Malu , ( , |>( niere
[Formerly also dulci- reatllreS] though, of course, infinitely inferior t., Cod, and
IF. doulcentfr (Koque- incomparably inferior to Christ in his human nature.
| dolcemele, a musical CaiA. Diet.
instrument, <.L. dulce melo's, a sweet song: dulce, j) u u c hia (du-lik'i-a), w. [NL., < Gr. Sovfaxk,
neut. of dulcis, sweet ; inelos, < Gr. uilwc,, a song : i on i c f orm o f rfoAi^oc; , long : see Dolichos.] The
see melody.] 1. A musical instrument consist- typical genus of the family DuKMidce.
ing of a body shaped like a trapezium, over Dulichiidae (du-li-kl'i-de), re. pi. [NL., < Duli-
which are stretched a number of metallic c / (ia + .,-^j.] A family of amphipod crusta-
AAMIM
[NL., < Dulus + -inai.]
ian dentirostral oscine
passerine birds, commonly referred to the fam-
strings,havinga compass sometimes diatonic,
sometimes chromatic of from 2 to 3 octaves.
D u lfo 1 5 B ( ( lu-lI'ne),n..2>Z.
The tones are produced by striking the strings with ham- A ^^fj^jgy o f "West Indian dentirostral oscine
ble. The dulcimer is a very ancient instrument. It is
specially notable because it was the prototype of the
pianoforte, which is essentially a keyed dulcimer that
, sometimes to the Ampelidce. -It
is* represented by the genus Dulus (which see).
pianoforte, which is essentially a keyed dulcimer - that du m (dull a [Early mod. E. also dul, dulle; <
is, a dulcimer whose hammers are operated by keys or OUU ^"i"/" ": !; ,>,, %r,, '
levers The immediate precursor of the pianoforte, how- ME. dul, dull, also dyll, dill, and in earlier use
See harpsi- dwal, < AS. 'dwal, *dwol, found only in contr.
form dol, stupid, foolish, erring (= OS. dol =
OFries. dol = D. dol = MLG. dwal, dwel, dol,
ever, the harpsichord, was a keyed psaltery.
chord, psaltery, pianoforte.
Here, among the fiddlers, I first saw a dulcimere played
Severus . . . (because he
behind at his backe) . . . wisely and with good foresight
dulceth. and kindly intreateth the men.
Hoi/and, tr. of Camden's Britain, p. 68.
dulcenesst (duls'nes), re. [< "dulce, a. (see
douce, a.); < L. dulcis, sweet, + -ness.'] Sweet-
ness ; pleasantness.
Too much dulceness, goodness, and facility of nature.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 338.
. .
would not leave an enemie on with sticks knocking of the string^^pre^. Q ^ ^G , MHO. * G toU ma.
It was an Abyssinian maid,
And on her dulcimer she played.
Coleridge, Khubla Khan.
2f. A kind of woman's bonnet.
With bonnet trimmed and flounced withal,
Which they a dulcimer do call.
Warton, High Street Tragedy.
dulcin (dul'sin), re. [< L. dulcis, sweet, + -j2.]
dulcet (dul'set), a. and . [Altered after L 8ame ag UKK; , wl .
dulcis, from ME. doucet, sweet < OF. doucet, duldnesst (dul'si-nes), n. [< dulce + -y +
F. doucet (= Pr. dosset, dousset), dim. of doux, _ ;) , 8o ft ne(j8; easiness of temper. Bacon.
fern, douce, < L. dulcis, sweet. Cf. doucet.] n^ldiast (dul'si-nist), n.
I. a. 1. Sweet to the sense, especially of taste; "
luscious ; exquisite ; also, melodious ; harmo-
nious.
Dainty lays and dulcet melody. Spenser.
Anou out of the earth a fabric huge
Rose, like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet.
Milton, P. L., i. 712.
[< ML. DulcinisttK,
pi., < Dulcinus, a proper name (It. Dolcino), <
L. dulcis, sweet.] A follower of Dulcinus or
Dolcino (born at Novara, Italy; burned alive
in 1307), a leader of the Apostolic Brethren of
= Icel. dulr, silent, close, = Goth, dwals, fool-
ish), < *dwelan, pret. *dwal, pp. gedwolen, mis-
lead, = OS. fordwelan, neglect. From the same
root come AS. dweiian, err, dwola, dwala, error,
gedwola = OHG. gitwola, error, etc., and ult. E.
dwell and dwate, q. v. Cf. also dill? and dolt.]
1. Stupid; foolish; doltish; blockish; slow of
understanding : as, a lad of dull intellect.
The murmur was mykell of the mayn pepnll,
Lest thai dang hir to dethe in hor dull hate.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11904.
If our Ancestors had been as dull as we have been of
late, 'tis probable we had never known the way so much
as to the East Indies. Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 102.
Among those bright folk not the dullest one.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 366.
UK^authority oniie ^piJraUisfnmnta^ in thought, expression, or action : as, a surfeit
ment, and all rites and ceremonies. They held that all leaves one dull; a dull thinker; a dull sermon ;
So mild and dulcet as the flesh of young pigs.
Lamb, Roast Pig.
law and all rights of property should be abolished, and
that the rite of marriage should be superseded by a
merely spiritual and celibate union of man and wife.
2 Agreeable to the mind. dulcitamine (dul-sit-am'in), n. [< dulcite +
They have . . . styled poesy a dulcet and_gentle phi- amine.] In chem., acompoundjrf dulcitan_with
losophy.
Il.t . The sweetbread.
B. Jouson, Discoveries, ammonia, having the formua eQ5 2 .
dulcitan(dul'si-tan), n. [< dulcite + -an.] The
anhydrid of dulcitol (C 6 H 12 O 5 ), an alcohol pre-
Thee stagg upbreaking they slit to the dulcet or inche- . . ,~
pyn. Stanikurst, Mneid, i. 218. pared by heating dulcitol.
dulcetness (dul'set-nes), re. Sweetness. dulcite (dul'sit), re. [<^.dulcis,
Be
with th<_ . . .
brevity and short time that we have to use them should
assuage their dulcetness.
J. Bradford, Writings (Parker Soc.), I. 338.
dulciant, . [= Dan. Sw. dulcian = OF. doul-
gaine, doucainite, dmiceine, also doulcine, dou-
cinc, a flute, = Sp. dulzaina = Pg. dulqaina, do-
faina, doqainha, < ML. dulciana, a kind of bas- dulcitudet (dul'si-tud), re. [< L. dulcitudo,
soon, < L. dulcis, sweet: see dulce.] A small sweetness, < dulcis, sweet: see dulce, douce.]
bassoon. Sweetness. E. Phillips, 1706.
dulciana (dul-si-an'a), n. [ML., a kind of bas- dulcoratet (dul'ko-rat), v. t. [< LL. dulcoratus,
soon: see dulcian.]" In organ-building, a stop pp. of dulcorare, sweeten, < dulcoi^ sweetness,
having metal pipes of small scale, and giv-
ing thin, incisive, somewhat string-like tones.
The word was formerly applied to a reed stop
of delicate tone. See dulcian. Also called
. Same as dulcitol.
it so that there were no discommodities mingled j,,i-j + ,.i /j-.i'-j tn n n r< tJtiJntp + nl 1 A
the commodities; yet as I before have said, the flUlCltOl (dul Sl-tol), re. \\ OUlClte -r -O(.J A
saccharine substance (C 6 H;uOe), similar to and
isomerie with mannite, which occurs in various
plants, and is commercially obtained from an
unknown plant in Madagascar, and in the crude
state is called Madagascar manna. Also called
dulcite, dulcin, dulcose.
< L. dulcis, sweet: see dulce.]
make less acrimonious.
To sweeten;
The ancients, for the dulcoratiny of fruit, do commend
swines-dung above all other dung.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., 465.
a dull stream ; trade is dull.
Their hands and their minds through idleness or lack of
exercise should wax dull.
Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.
It can never be known, till she is tried, whether a new
ship will or will not be a good sailer ; for the model of a
good-sailing ship has been exactly followed in a new one,
which has been proved, on the contrary, remarkably dull.
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 262.
3. Wanting sensibility or keenness ; not quick
in perception: as, dull of hearing ; dull of seeing.
And yet, tho' its voice be so clear and full,
You never would hear it ; your ears are so dull.
Tennyson, The Poet's Mind.
4. Sad; melancholy; depressed; dismal.
If thi herte be dulle and myrke and felis nother witt ne
sauour ne deuocyone for to thynke.
Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 40.
5. Not pleasing or enlivening; not exhilarat-
ing; causing dullness or ennui; depressing;
cheerless : as, dull weather ; a dull prospect.
He from the Rain-bow, as he came that way,
Borrow'd a Lace of those fair woven beams
Which clear Heavens blubber'd face, and gild dull day.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, i. 59.
dolcan.
dulciflcation (dul"si-fi-ka'shon), n. [= F. dul- dulcorationt (dul-ko-ra'shon), n. [< ML. dul-
cification = Sp. dulcificacion. = Pg. dwlcificaqao coratio(n-), < LL. dulcorare, sweeten: see dul-
= It. dolcificazione, < L. as if *dulcificatio(n-), <
dulcijicare, sweeten: see dulcify.] The act of
sweetening ; the act of freeing from acidity,
saltness, or acrimony. E. Phillips, 1706.
dulcifluous (dul-sif 'lo-us), a. [< ML. dulcifluus.
Fly, 1y, profane fogs, far hence fly away ;
Taint not the pure streamr -' " s-
With your dull influence.
Taint not the pure streams of the springing day
Crashaw, A Foul Morning.
< L. dulcis, sweet, + -fluus, (.jlucre, flow.] Flow-
ing sweetly. Bailey, 1727.
dulcify (dul'si-fi), ._.; pret. and pp. dulcified,
corate."] The act of sweetening.
The fourth is in the dulcoration of some metals ; as
saccharum Saturni, &c. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 358.
dulcose (dul'kos), re. [< L. dulcis, sweet, +
-ose.] Same as dulcitol.
Same as dool, a dialectal form of
more agreeable to the taste.
Can you sublime and dulcify? calcine?
B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
Other beneficial inventions peculiarly his; such as the
dulcifying sea-water with that ease and plenty.
Evelyn, To Mr. Wotton.
2. To render more agreeable in any sense.
fed in good-humour. ' Lamb, Artificial Comedy.
Dulcified spirit, a compound of alcohol with mineral
ucids : as, dulcified spirits of niter.
dulciloquyt (diil-sil'o-kwi), re. [= Pg. It. dul-
ciloquo, It. also dolcitoquo, < LL. duleilo<[tius,
sweetly speaking, < L. dulc-is, sweet, + loqui,
speak.] A soft manner of speaking. Bailey,
1731.
There are very few people who do not find a voyage
which lasts several months insupportably dull.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Dull, dreary Hats without a bush or tree.
Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook.
6. Gross; inanimate; insensible.
Looks on the dull earth with disturbed mind.
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 340.
7. Not bright or clear ; not vivid ; dim ; ob-
scure : as, a dull fire or light ; a dull red color ;
the mirror gives a dull reflection.
One dull breath against her glass.
D. Q. Rossetti, Love's Nocturn.
By night, the interiors of the houses present a more dull
appearance than in the day.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 188.
8. Not sharp or acute; obtuse; blunt: as, a
dull sword ; a dull needle.
The murtherous knife was dull and bhmt.
Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4.
I wear no dull sword, sir, nor hate I virtue.
Jie.au. and FL, Knight of Malta, ii. 3.
Wielding the dull axe of Decay.
Whittitr, Mogg Megone.
9. Not keenly felt ; not intense : as, a dull pain.
Latria, or supreme worship, is due to Cod alone, and can- =Syn 1 Silly etc. See simple.
not be transferred to any creature without the horrible Anil 1 (dull V T= E dial, dill: < ME. didlen,
sin of idolatry. Duita Is that secondary veneration which in j-.v j n / j 771 i T /..,,,.
Catholics give to saints and angels as the servants and <'<. Ml, make dull ; < dull], (t.] I trans.
special friends of God. Lastly, hyperdulia, which is only 1 . To make dull, stupid, heavy, insensible, etc . ;
re. [Origin not ascertained.]
., a peg of wood which joins the ends of
that form the round of the wheel
of a gun-carriage.
Dules (du'lez), re. [NL. (Cuvier, 1829), irreg. <
Gr. <5oi/loc, a slave. Prop. Dulus, as applied to
a genus of birds.] A genus of serranoid fishes,
characterized by a lash-like extension of a spine
of the dorsal fin, the body being thus under the
lash, whence the name,
dule-tree, re. See dool-tree.
iiwj.u ujfs..i. v- v-cuj-nj ii CULL Y at-U-ou. , , . 7-i*-i-*.\ r- -T s /-* f ^ '
His harshest tones in this part came steeped and dulci- dulia (du-ll'a), re [ML., < Gr. AajUfa, service.
servitude, < Sov^oc, a slave.] An inferior kind
of worship paid to saints and angels in the Ro-
man Catholic Church. Also duly, doulia.
Catholic theologians distinguish three kinds of cultus.
dull
lessen the vigor, activity, or sensitiveness of;
render inanimate; dump: as, to dull tin- \vits;
to dull the senses.
How may ye thus ineane you with mails, for shame !
Yoniv dedis mi- </</ll<*. ,\ dos out of hope.
11,-itrni-tiitii i,/ /,,/ (I). E. T. S.), 1. 11314.
I hate to hearc, lowd plaints have ifulrl mine eares.
.S'/x'/wcr, l>aphnalda, v.
Those | dnii;.-, | she has
\Vi1l stupify ami /"// Hie sens*; awhile.
Shak., Cymbeline, 1.6.
The nobles and the people are all dull d
With this usurping Bng.
I '.mi. and /'/ . Philaster, iii.
tint! not thy days away In slothful supinity and the
tediousness of doing nothing.
Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., I. xxxlll.
2. To render dim; sully; tarnish or cloud : as,
the breath dulls a mirror.
She deem'd no mist of earth could dull
Those spirit-thrilling eyes so keen and beautiful.
Tennysnn, Ode to Memory.
3. To make less sharp or acute; render blunt
or obtuse: as, to dull a knife or a needle. 4.
To make less keenly felt ; moderate the inten-
sity of : as, to it nil pain.
Weep; weeping dulls the inward pain.
Tennyson, To J. S.
II. intrans. If. To become dull or blunt ; be-
come stupid.
Right nought am I thurgh youre doctriue,
I dull? under youre discipline.
Rom. of the Base, 1. 4792.
Which [wit] rusts and tints, except It subiect flnde
Worthy it's worth, whereon it self to grinde.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, i. 6.
2. To become calm; moderate: as, the wind
dulled, or dulled down, about twelve o'clock.
[Rare.j 3. To become deadened in color;
lose brightness.
The day had dulled somewhat, and far out among the
western isles that lay along the horizon there was a faint,
still mist that made them shadowy and vague.
W. Black, A Daughter of Heth, xx.
dull 2 (dul), n. [Origin obscure ; there is no
evidence to connect it with dole 3 , < L. dolun, a
device, artifice, snare, net, < Gr. AW-of, a bait
for fish, a snare, net, device, artifice.] A noose
of string or wire used to snare fish; usually,
a noose of bright copper wire attached by a
short string to a stout pole. [Southern U. S.]
dull 2 (dul), v. i. [< dull?, n.] To fish with a
dull : as, to dull for trout. [Southern U. S.]
I hope that the barbarous practice called dulling has
gone out of fashion. Forest and Stream, March 11, 1880.
dullard (dul'ard), n. and ft. [< ME. dullarde;
< dull + -ard"] I. 11. A dull or stupid person;
a dolt ; a blockhead ; a dunce.
They which cannot doe it are holden dullards and
blockes. riirflins. Pilgrimage, p. 342.
!H. . Dull ; doltish ; stupid.
But would I bee a poet if I might,
To rub my browes three days, and wake three nights,
And bite my nails, and scratch my dullard head?
Bp. Hall, Satires, I. Iv.
dullardism (dul'ar-dizm), n. [< dullard +
-ixiii.] Stupidity;doltishness. Maunder. [Rare.]
dull-brained (dul'brand), a. Having a dull
brain; being slow to understand or compre-
hend.
This arm of mine hath chastised
The petty rebel, dull-brain'd Buckingham.
Shak., Rich. III., IT. 4.
dull-browed (dul'broud), a. Having a gloomy
brow or look.
Let us screw our pampered hearts a pitch beyond the
reach of dull-brou<ed sorrow.
Quarle*, Judgment and Mercy.
duller (dul'er),. Onewhoorthatwhichmakes
dull.
Your grace must fly phlebotomy, fresh pork, conger,
and clarified whey ; they are all dullers of the vital spirits.
Beau, and Ft., Philastcr, ii. 1.
dulleryt (dul'er-i), . [= MLG. dullerie; as
dull -I- -fryi.] Dullness; stupidity.
Master Autitus of fresseplots was licentiated, and had
passed his degrees in all dullery and bloekishness.
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, II. 11.
dull-eyed (dul'id), a. Having eyes dull in ex-
pression ; being of dull vision.
I'll not lie made a soft and dull^y'd fool.
Shak'., M. of V.. iii. X.
dullhead (dul'hed), H. A person of dull under-
standing ; a dolt ; a blockhead.
This people (sayth he) l>e fooles and tliilhetlfit to all
goodnes. A.*-lnii/i. The s ( -link-master, p. 7(1.
[< (lull + -ishl.] Some-
1795
They are somewhat heavy In motion and t/ullinh, which
must lie imputed to the quality of the elime.
//,, Parly of leasts, p. 12.
dullness, dulness (dul'nes), . [< ME. dul-
//c.sw, ilnlliiifi. tin/in sue, dolncs; < dull + -ness.]
The state or quality of being dull, in any sense
of that word.
Thou art Inclin'd to sleep ; 'tis a good dulness,
And give it way. Shak., Tempest, i. 2.
Dttlness, that in a playhouse meets disgrace,
Might meet with reverence In its proper place.
Dryden, Troilus and Cresslda, Prol., I. 25.
Nor Is the dulnrns of the scholar to extinguish, but
rather to inllame, the charity of the teacher.
South, Sermons.
And gentle Dulnetis ever loves a joke.
/'../. Dunciad, II. 34.
When coloured windows came Into use, the comparative
dulness of the former mode of decoration [fresco] was im-
mediately felt. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 620.
Cardiac dullness. See cardiac. = Syn. Baldness, Heavi-
ness, etc. (in style). See frigidity.
dully (dul'li), rfr. In a dull manner; stupid-
ly; sluggishly; without life or spirit; dimly;
bluntly.
She has a sad and darkened soul, loves itnllti.
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iv. 1.
The dome dully tinted with violet mica.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 317.
dully (dul'i), a. [< dull + -y.] Somewhat
dull. [Poetical.]
Far off she seem'd to hear the dully sound
of human footsteps fall. Tennyson, Palace of Art
dulness, . See dullness.
dulocracyt (du-lok'ra-si), n. [Also written dou-
locracy ; < Gr. iovAoK/iaTia, < ioiil.oc, a slave, +
-Kparia, < Kparciv, rule. ] Predominance of slaves ;
a government of or by means of slaves. E.
Phillips, 1706.
dulse (duls), . [Also dial, dullis, dilse, dills,
dillisk; < Gael, duileasg, duileosg = Ir. duileasg,
duilliasg, dulse, perhaps < Gael. Ir. duille, a leaf,
+ (Ir. ) uisge, water: see usquebaugh, whisky.]
A seaweed, Rhodymenia palmata, belonging to
the order Floridea;. It has bright-red, broadly wedge-
shaped fronds, from 6 to 12 inches long and 4 to 8 inches
broad, irregularly cleft or otherwise divided, and often
bearing frondlete on the margin. It Is common between
tide-marks, and extends into deeper waters, adhering to
the rocks and to other alga?. It is eaten in New England
and in Scotland ; in Iceland It is an important plant, and
Is stored in casks to be eaten with fish; in Kamtchatka a
fermented liquor is made from it. In the south of England
this name is given also to another alga of the same order,
Iridcea edulis.
What dost thou here, young wife, by the water-side,
Gathering crimson dulse! Celia Thaxter, All's Well.
Craw dulse, Rhodymenia ciliata. [Scotch.] Pepper
dulse, Laurencia pinnatifida. [Scotch.]
Dulus (du'lus), . [NL. (Vieillot, 1816), < Gr.
<5oWof, a slave. The bird used to be called Taii-
gara esclace.] A genus of probably vireonine
dullish (dul'ish), a.
what Uull.
dentirostral oscine birds of the West Indies,
representing a subfamily IMime, the position
of which is unsettled. In some respects it re-
sembles Icteria. D. dominions is the only es-
tablished species.
dulwllly (dul'wil-i), M. [E. dial.] The ring-
plover, JEgialites hiaticula. Montagu.
duly 1 (du'li), adv. [< ME. ditely, dewly, diewly,
durliclir; < duel- + -fy 2 .] In a due manner;
when or as due; agreeably to obligation or
propriety; exactly; fitly; properly.
Vnto my dygnytc dere sail difirly be dyghte
A place full of plente to my plesyng at ply.
York Plays, p. 1.
That they may have their wages duly paid them,
And something over to remember me by.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. -2.
As our Saviour, during his forty days' stay on earth,
fully enabled his apnstlcs to attest his resurrection, so did
lu- qualify them thili/ to preaeh liis dnctrine.
llji. Ath'rhtirv. Sermons, II. vii.
Seldom at church, 'twas such a busy life ;
But (tulit sent his family and wife.
Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 382.
dumb-cake
None duly loves thcr but who, nobly free
Kroin sensual object*, finds his all in (her.
Cowper, Glory to I Jod Alone.
duly' 2 (du'li), w. [< dulia, q. v.] Same as diilia.
Now call you this devotion, as you please, whether duly
or hyperduly or indirect, <n- n dm iin . 1,1 1 . llccted or ana-
gogical worship, which i lii-stnved on sneh images.
/;/ < tut, Saul and Samuel at Kndor, p. 852.
dumt, ft. An obsolete spelling of. dumb.
dumal (du'mal), a. [< LL. dumalis, < L. <l-
mus, Oil. dujtmus, a thorn-bush, a bramble, per-
haps akin (as if a contraction of 'tlensimus) to
densus = Gr. cJofjiV, thick, dense: see dense.]
Pertaining to briers ; bushy,
dumb (dum), a. [Early mod. E. also dum,
dunibc; < ME. dumb, domli, donnib, < AS. dumb,
mute, = OPries. dumbe, dumi = D. dom =
MLG. LG. dum, dull, stupid, = OHG. tumb,
MHG. tump, turn, G. (with LG. rf) dumtn, mute,
stupid, = Icel. diimbr, dumbi. mute, = Sw. dumb,
mute, ffuw-stupid, = Dan. ai, stupid, = Goth.
dumbs. OHG. tumb, G. dumm, is found also in
sense of 'deaf (OHG. toup); cf. Gr. n^.oc,
blind ; perhaps the two words are ult. con-
nected, the orig. sense being then 'dull of per-
ception.' See deaf.] 1. Mute; silent; refrain-
ing from speech.
I was dumb with silence ; I held my peace. Ps. xxxlx. 2.
Dnmbe as any ston,
Thou sittest ut another booke,
Tyl fully dasewyd is thy looke.
Chaucer, House of Kaine, 1. 658.
To praise him we sould not be dum in.
Battle of Harlaw (LIMA'S Ballads, VII. 189).
Since they never hope to make Conscience dumb, they
would have it sleep as much as may be.
Stillinifjteet, Sermons, I. xi.
2. Destitute of the power of speech ; unable to
utter articulate sounds: as, a deaf and dumh
person; the dumb brutes. 3. Mute; not accom-
panied with or emitting speech or sound : as, a
i(nml> show ; dumb signs.
Such shapes, such gesture, and such sound, expressing
(Although they want the use of tongue) a kind
Of excellent dumb discourse. Shak., Tempest, ill. 3.
You shan't come near him ; none of your dumb signs.
Steele, Lying Lover, ill. 1.
Hence 4. Lacking some usual power, mani-
festation, characteristic, or accompaniment;
destitute of reality in some respect ; irregular;
simulative: as, dumb ague; dumb craft. See
phrases below. 5. Dull; stupid; doltish. [Lo-
cal, U. S. In Pennsylvania this use is partly
due to the G. dumm.} 6. Deficient in clear-
ness or brightness, as a color. [Rare.]
Her stern was painted of a ihnnlt white or dun colour.
Df/or.
Deaf and dumb. See deaf-mute^ Dumb ague, a IHIPH-
lar name of an irregular intermittent fever, lacking the
usual chill or cold stage; masked fever. Dumb bors-
holder, an old staff of office, serving also as an imple-
ment to break open doors and the like In the service of
the law, of which an example is preserved at Twyford in
the county of Kent, England. It was made of wood, aliout
3 feet long, with an iron spike at one end and several iron
rings attached, through which cords could be passed. J.
A. A., IX. 505. Dumb compass. See coin nun. Dumb
craft, lighters and boats not having sails. Dumb cram-
bo, furnace, etc. See the nouns. Dumb piano. Same
as diqitorium. Dumb spinet. Same as manichord.
To strike dumb, to render silent from astonishment ;
confound ; astonish.
Alas ! this parting strikes poor lovers dumb.
Sliak., T. O. of V., II. 2.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Mute, etc. See silent.
dumb (dum), v. [< ME. doumben, < AS. d-dtim-
IIIIIH. intr., become dumb, be silent, < dumb,
dumb: see dumb, a.] I.t intrans. To become
dumb ; be silent.
I doumbed and meked and was fill still--.
Ps. xxxviii. 3 (ME. version).
II. trans. To make dumb; silence; over-
power the sound of.
An arm-gaunt steed,
Who neigh'd so high, that what I would have spoke
Was beastly dumb'd by him. Shalt., A. and <'., I. 5.
dumb-bell (dum'bel), w. One of a pair of
weights, each consisting of two balls joined by
a bar, intended to be swung in the hands for
the sake of muscular exercise, made of iron, or
for very light exercise of hard wood.
Brandishing of two sticks, grasped in each hand and
loaden with plugs of lead at either end : . . . sometimes
practised in the present day, and called "ringingofthc
tininh bell*." Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 142.
dumb-bidding (dum 'bid 'ing), . A form of
bidding at auctions, where the exposer puts a
reserved bid under a candlestick or other cov-
ering, and no sale is effected unless the bidding
comes up to that.
dumb-cake (dum'kak), n. A cake made in si-
lence ou St. Mark's Eve, with numerous cere-
dumb-cake
monies, by maids, to discover their future hus-
bands. [Local, Eng.]
dumb-cane (dum'kan), . An araceous plant
of the West Indies, Die/enbachia Seguiiie: so
called from the fact that its acridity causes
swelling of the tongue when chewed, and de-
stroys the power of speech.
dumb-chalder (dum'chal"der), n. In ship-build-
ing, a metal cleat bolted to the after part of
the stern-post, for one of the rudder-pintles to
play on.
dumb-craft (dum'kraft), An instrument
somewhat similar to the screw-jack, having
wheels and pinions which protrude a ram, the
point of which communicates the power.
dumbfound, dumbfounder. See dumfound,
duiiifnunder.
durable 1 (dum'bl), a. [E. dial., < dumb + dim.
or freq. term, -fe'.] Stupid ; very dull. Halli-
dumble' 2 t (dum'bl), . [E. dial., = dimble, q. v.]
Same as dimble.
dumbledore (dum'bl-dor), n. [E. dial., also
written dumblcdor; < "dumble = D. dommelen,
buzz, mumble, slumber, doze (perhaps ult. imi-
tative, like bumble-, humblebee), + dore, dor, a
bumblebee, a black beetle, a cockchafer : see
dor 1 .] 1. The bumblebee.
Betsy called it [the monk's hood] the dumbledore' a de-
light. Soulhey, The Doctor, viii.
2. The brown cockchafer.
dumbly (dum'li), adv. [< dumb + -fy 2 .] Mute-
ly ; silently ; without speech or sound.
Cross her hands humbly,
As if praying dumbly,
Over her breast. Hood, Bridge of Sighs.
dumbness (dum'nes), . 1. Muteness ; silence;
abstention from speech ; absence of sound.
Take hence that once a king ; that sullen pride
That swells to dumbness.
Dryden, Don Sebastian, HI. 1.
2. Incapacity for speaking ; inability to utter
articulate sounds. See deafness.
In the first case the demoniac or madman was dumb ;
and his dumbness probably arose from the natural turn
of his disorder.
Farmer, Demoniacs of New Testament, i. 5.
dumb-show (dum'sho'), n. 1. A part of a
dramatic representation shown pantomimi-
cally, chiefly for the sake of exhibiting more
of the story than could be otherwise included,
but sometimes merely emblematical. Dumb-
shows were very common in the earlier English
dramas.
Groundlings who, for the most part, are capable of no-
thing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise.
Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
The Julian feast is to-day, the country expects me ; I
speak all the dumb-shows : my sister chosen for a nymph.
Fletcher ami Rowley, Maid in the Mill, ii. 1.
2. Gesture without words ; pantomime : as, to
tell a story in dumb-show.
dumb-Waiter (dum'wa'ter), . A framework
with shelves, placed between a kitchen and a
dining-room for conveying food, etc. When the
kitchen is in the basement story the dumb-waiter is bal-
anced by weights, so as to move readily up and down by the
agency of cords and pulleys. The name is also given to a
small table or stand, sometimes with a revolving top, placed
at a person's side in the dining-room, to hold dessert, etc.,
until required.
Mr. Meagles . . . gave a turn to the dumb-waiter on his
right hand to twirl the sugar towards himself.
Dickens, Little Dorrit, i. 16.
dumetose (du'me-tos), a. [< L. dumetum, dum-
metum, OL. dumectum, a thicket, < dumus, a
bramble: see dumal,'} In bot., bush-like.
dumfound, dumbfound (dum-found'), v. t.
[Orig. a dial, or slang word, < dumb 4- appar.
-found in confound.'] To strike dumb ; confuse ;
stupefy; confound.
Words which would choke a Dutchman or a Jew,
Dumfound Old Nick, and which from me or you
Could not be forced by ipecacuanha,
I imp from his oratorio lips like manna. Southey.
I waited doggedly to hear him [Landor] begin his cele-
bration of them [pictures], dumfounded between my moral
obligation to be as truthful as I dishonestly could and my
social duty not to give offense to my host.
Lou-ell, The Century, XXXV. 514.
dumfounder, dumbfounder (dum-foun'der),
r. t. [Another form of dumfound, apparent-
ly simulating founder^, sink.] Same as dum-
found. [Rare.]
There is but one way to browbeat this world,
Dumbfounder doubt, and repay scorn in kind
To go on trusting, namely, till faith move
Mountains. Browning, King and Book, I. 114.
Dumicola (du-mik'o-lS), n. [NL. (Swainson,
1831, as Dumecola),'<. L. dumus, a bramble, +
colere, inhabit.] A genus of South American
1796
tyrant flycatchers, of the family Tyrannidce,
containing such species as D. diops. Also
called Musciphaga and Hemitriceus.
dummador (dum'a-dor), . Same as dumble-
dore.
dummerert (dum'er-er), n. [< dumb + double
suffix -cr-er."] A dumb person ; especially, one
who feigns dumbness.
Equall to the Cranck in dissembling is the Dummerar;
for, as the other takes vpon him to haue the falling sick-
nesse, so this counterfets Dumbnes.
Dekker, Belman of London (ed. 1608), sig. D, 3.
Every village almost will yield abundant testimonies
[of counterfeits] amongst us ; we have dvmmtrtrt, &c.
Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 159.
dumminess (dum'i-nes), n. The character of
being dumb ; stupidity.
A little anecdote . . . which . . . strikingly illustrates
the dumminess of a certain class of the English popula-
tion. C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 292, note.
dummy (dum'i), n. and a. [= Sc. dumbic;
dim. of dumb, duni.] I. n.; pi. dummies (-iz).
1. One who is dumb; a dumb person; a mute.
[Colloq.] 2. One who is silent ; specifically,
in tlieat,, a person on the stage who appears be-
fore the lights, but has nothing to say. 3. One
who or that which lacks the reality, force, func-
tion, etc. , which it appears to possess; some-
thing that imitates a reality- in a mechanical
way or for a mechanical purpose. Specifically
(a) Some object made up to deceive, as a sham package,
a wooden cheese, an imitation drawer, etc. (d) Some-
thing used as a block or model in exhibiting articles of
dress, etc. (c) A specimen or sample of the size and
appearance of something which is to be made, as a book
composed of sheets of blank paper bound together, (d)
Something employed to occupy or mark temporarily a par-
ticular space in any arrangement of a number of articles.
4. In mech. : (a) A dumb-waiter. (6) A loco-
motive with a condensing-engine, and hence
avoiding the noise of escaping steam : used es-
pecially for moving railroad-cars in the streets
of a city, or combined in one with a passenger-
car for local or street traffic, (c) The name
given by firemen to one of the jets from the
mains or chief water-pipes, (d) A hatters'
pressing-iron. 5. In card-playing: (.) An ex-
posed hand of cards, asm whist when three play.
(6) A game of whist in which three play, the
fourth hand being placed face up. One player,
with this and his own hand, plays against the
other two Double dummy, a game at whist with
only two players, each having two hands of cards, one of
them exposed.
II. n. If. Silent; mute. Clarke. 2. Sham;
fictitious; feigned: as, a dummy watch.
About 1770 it became fashionable to wear two watches ;
but this was an expensive luxury, and led to the manufac-
ture of dummy watches.
F. Vors, Bibelots and Curios, p. 83.
It is also probable that farms made up in whole or part
of land obtained by dummy entries would, for some time
at least, be returned as having separate owners and there-
fore as separate farms. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 388.
Dumont's blue. See Hue, n.
dumortierite (du-mdr'ter-it), n. [After M.
Eugene Dumortier.~\ A silicate of aluminium
of a bright-blue color, occurring in fibrous forms
in the gneiss of Chaponost near Lyons, and else-
where.
dumose, dumous (du'mos, du'mus), a. [< L.
dumosus, dummosus, OL. dusmosus, bushy, < du-
mus, a thorn-bush, a bramble : see dumal.] 1.
In hot., having a compact, bushy form. 2.
Abounding in bushes and briers.
dump 1 (dump), n. [< "dump, adj., Sc. dumpli,
dull, insipid ; prob. < Dan. dump, dull, low, hol-
low, = G. dumpf, damp, musty, dull, esp. of
sound, low, heavy, indistinct, muffled (< MHO.
dimpfen, steam, reek); cf. D. dompig, damp,
hazy, misty, = LG. dumpig, damp, musty, =
Sw. dial, dumpin, melancholy (pp. of dimba,
steam, reek), Sw. dumpig, damp: see below.
Cf . D. dampen, quench, put out ; from the same
source as damp, q. v.] 1. A dull, gloomy state
of the mind; sadness; melancholy; sorrow;
heaviness of heart: as, to be in the dumps.
[Regularly used only in the plural, and usually
in a humorous or derogatory sense.]
Some of our poore familie be fallen into such dumpes,
that scantly can any such cumfort as my poore uit can
geue them any thing asswage their sorow.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 3.
Why, how now, daughter Katharine? In your dumps?
Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1.
Gent. But where's my lady?
Pet. In her old dumps within, monstrous melancholy.
Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 2.
His head like one in doleful dtnnp
Between his knees.
S. Butler, Hudibras, II. i. 106.
I know not whether it was the dumps or a budding ec-
stasy. Thoreau, Walden, p. 242.
dump
2t. Meditation; reverie. Locke. 3. pi. Twi-
light. [Proy. Eng.] 4f. (a) A slow dance
with a peculiar rhythm.
And then they would have handled me a new way ;
The devil's dump had been danc'd then.
Fletcher, Pilgrim, v. 4.
(6) Music for such a dance.
Visit by night your lady's chamber-window
With some sweet concert: to their instruments
Tune a deploring dump. Shak., T. G. of V., iii. 2.
(c) Any tune.
0, play me some merry dump, to comfort me.
Shak., R. and J., iv. 5.
dump 2 (dump), v. [< ME. dumpen, rarely dam-
pen, tr. cast down suddenly, intr. fall down sud-
denly (not in AS.); = Norw. dumpa, fall down
suddenly, fall or leap into the water, = Sw. dial.
dumpa, make a noise, dance clumsily, dompa,
fall down suddenly,=Icel. dumpa (once), thump,
= Dan. dumpe, intr. thump, plump, tr. dip, as
a gun, = D. dampen, tr., dip, as a gun, dompclcn,
tr., plunge, dip, immerse, = LG. dumpeln, intr.,
drift about, be tossed by wind and waves ; all
from a strong verb repr. by Sw. dimpa, pret.
damp, pp. neut. dumpit, fall down, plump. Cf.
thump.] I. trans. 1. To throw down violently ;
plunge; tumble. [Obsolete, except as a col-
loquialism in the United States : as, the bully
was dumped into the street.]
Than sail the rainbow descend. . . .
Wit[h] the wind than sail it mell,
And driue tham dun all vntil hell
And dump the deuls [devils) thider in.
Cursor Mundi, 1. 22639.
Kene men sail the kepe,
And do the dye on a day,
And damp the in the depe.
Minot, Poems (ed. Eitson), p. 47.
2. To put or throw down, as a mass or load
of anything; unload; especially, to throw down
or cause to fall out by tilting up a cart: as, to
dump a stickful of type (said by printers) ; to
dump bricks, or a load of brick. [U. S.]
The equipage of the campaign is dumped near the store-
cabin. W. Barrows, Oregon, p. 137.
Dumped like a load of coal at every door.
Lowell, To G. W. Curtis.
3. To plunge into. [Scotch.] 4. To knock
heavily. [Prov. Eng.]
II. intrans. If. To fall or plunge down sud-
denly.
Vp so doun schal ye dumpe depe to the abyme.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 362.
The folke in the Mete felly thai drownen :
Thai dump in the depe, and to dethe passe.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 13289.
2. To unload a cart by tilting it up; dispose
of a refuse load by throwing it out at a certain
place: as, you must not dump there. [U.S.]
3. In printing, to remove type from the stick and
place it on the galley: as, where shall I dumpt
dump 2 (dump), n. [= Norw. dump, a sudden fall
or plunge, also the sound of something falling,
also a gust of wind, a squall, = Dan. dump,
the sound of something falling ; from the verb.
Hence dumpy, dumpling.'] 1. The sound of a
heavy object falling; a thud. 2. Anything
short, thick, and heavy. Hence 3. A clumsy
medal of lead formerly made by casting in
moist sand ; specifically, a leaden counter used
by boys at chuckfarthing and similar games.
The dumps still existing are generally impressed with char-
acters, often letters, perhaps the initials of the maker.
Thy taws are brave, thy tops are rare,
Our tops are spun with coils of care,
Our dumps are no delight.
Hood, Ode on Prospect of Clapham Academy.
4. A small coin of Australia.
The small colonial coin denominated dumps have all
been called in. Sydney Gazette, January, 1S23.
If the dollar passes current for five shillings, the iinm/i
lays claim to fifteen pence value still in silver money.
Sydney Gazette, January, 1823.
5. pi. Money; "chink." [Slang.]
May I venture to say when a gentleman jumps
In the river at midnight for want of the dumps,
He rarely puts on his knee-breeches and pumps?
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 37.
6. A place for the discharge of loads from
carts, trucks, etc., by dumping; a place of de-
Fosit for offal, rubbish, or any coarse material.
U.S.]
A sort of platform on the edge of the dump. There, in
old days, the trucks were tipped and the loads sent thun-
dering down the chute. The Century, XXVII. I'll.
We sat by the margin of the iliiniti and saw, far below
us, the green tree-tops standing still in the clear air.
The Centura, XXVII. 38.
The next point is to get sufficient grade or fall to carry
away the immense masses of debris : that is, the miner
has to look out for his "dump."
Eissler, Hod. High Explosives, p. 278.
dump
7. The pile of matter HO deposited ; specifically,
the pile of refuse rock around the mouth of a
shaft or adit-level. [U. S.J 8. A nail. See
the extract. [Eng.]
Nails of mixed metal being termed dmnpt.
Thearle, Naval Arch., S 21.
dump- 1 (dump). 11. [Cf. Norw. dump, a pit,
pool, also the bottom of a carriage or sleigh ;
LG. dumpfel, tiimpfel, an eddy, a deep place in
a lake or sirriim, orig. a place that "plunges"
down ; ult. from the verb represented by <////-',
.] A deep hole filled with water. Grose, [Prov.
KM-. |
dumpage (ilum'paj), . [< dump? + -age.'] 1.
The privilege of dumping loads from carts,
trucks, et., on a particular spot. [U. 8.] 2.
The fee paid for such privilege. fU. 8.]
dump-bolt (dump'bolt), . In shtp-building, a
short bolt used to hold planks temporarily.
dump-car (domp'kB*), n. A dumping-car.
dump-cart (dump'kiirt), n. Same as tip-cart.
dumper (dnm'per), n. One who or that which
dumps ; specifically, a tip-cart. [U. S.] Double
dumper, u cart or wagon the furin of which is like that
of a tip-cart, except that the neap contains a seat for the
driver in the rear of the forward axle. [U. S.J
dumping-bucket (dum'ping-buk'et), . See
bucki t.
dumping-car (dum'ping-kiir), n. A truck-car
the body of which can be turned partly over to
be emptied. [U. S.]
dumping-cart (dum'ping-kart), n. A cart
whose body can be tilted to discharge its con-
tents. [U. S.]
dumping-ground (dum'ping-ground), n. A
piece of ground or a lot where earth, offal, rub-
bish, etc., are emptied from carts; a dump.
[U. S.]
dumpish (dum'pish), a. [< dump* + -ish 1 .]
Dull ; stupid ; morose ; melancholy ; depressed
in spirits.
Sir knight, why ride ye dumpish thus behind ?
Spenser, F. Q., IV. 11. 5.
The life which I live at this age is not a dead, dumpish,
and sour life ; but chearful, lively, and pleasant.
Lord Herbert, Memoirs.
She will either be dumpish or unnelghbourly, or talk of
uch matters as uo wise body can abide.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 237.
dumpishly (dum'pish-li), adv. In a dull, mop-
ing, or morose manner. Bp. Hall.
dumpishness (dum'pish-nes), n. The state of
being dull, moping, or morose.
The duke demaundid of him what should signifle that
dumptehties of mynde. Hall, Edw. IV., an. 15.
dumple (dum'pl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dumpled,
ppr. dumpling. [Appar. freq. of dump%, v. ] To
fold; bend; double. Scott.
dumpling (dump'ling), n. [< <famp a , ., 2, +
dim. -ling."] 1. A kind of pudding or mass of
boiled paste, or a wrapping of paste in which
fruit is boiled.
Our honest neighbour's goose and dumplings were fine.
Goldsmith, Vicar, x.
2. A dwarf. [Prov. Eng.] scotch dumpling,
the stomach of a cod, stuffed with chopped cod-liver ana
corn-meal, and boiled.
dumpling-duck, n. See ducW.
dumpy 1 (dum'pi), a. [< dump 1 + -yl.] Dump-
ish; sad; sulky. [Eare.]
The sweet, courteous, amiable, and good-natured Satur-
day Keview has dumpy misgivings upon the same point.
New York Tritnme.
dumpy- (dum'pi), a. and n. [< dump 1 *, n., +
-y 1 -} I. a. Short and thick ; squat.
Her stature tall I hate a dumpy woman.
Byron, Dou Juan, 1. Gl.
He had a round head, snugly-trimmed beard slightly
dashed witli gray, was short and a trifle stout King
thought, dumpy. C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 185.
II. . ; pi. dumpies (-piz). 1. A specimen of
a breed of the domestic hen in which the bones
of the legs are remarkably short. Also called
<,< i per. 2. Same as dumpy-level.
dumpy-level (dum'pi-lev'el), . A form of
spirit-level much used in England, especially
for rough aud rapid work. Its superiority consists
principally in its lUnpllcUy and compactness. The tele-
scope is of short focal length, whence the name dumi"/-
lrn-1, or simply iliim/ii/, as it ia frequently called. It is
also called the Vravatt level, after the name of the in-
\vntor. Ill the dumpy the level is placed upon the tele-
scope (n. .t under it, as in the Y-levcl), and is fastened at
one enil \\ith a liin^e. ami at the other with a capstan-
he:l'leil screw. Sec }'! n t.
dumreicherite (dom'ri-chor-it), . [Named
after Baron von Ditiimichcr of Lisbon.] A hy-
drous sulphate of magnesium and aluminium,
related to the alums, found in the volcanic
rocks of the Cape Verd islands.
1797
dun 1 (dun), a. and n. [< ME. dunne, domic, ilmt,
< AS. dun, dunn, < W. dim, dun, dusky, swarthy,
= Ir. and Gael, donn, dun, brown. Not related
to G. dtinkel, dark. Hence dunling, duini"<-l .
ilmikcy.] I, a. 1. Of a color partaking of brown
and black ; of a dull-brown color; swarthy.
And shote at the donne dere
As I am wont to done.
I.iitrll Gette o/Robyn II ode (Child's Ballads, IV. 266).
My mistress' eyea are nothing like the tun ;
Coral is far more red than her lips' red ;
If snow be white, why then her breasta are dun.
Shak., Sonnets, cxxx.
They [sea-lions] hare no hair on their bodies like the
seal ; they are of a dun colour, and are all extraordinary
fat. Dampier, Voyages, an. 1683.
And deer-skins, dappled, dun, and white.
Scott, I., of the I.., t. 27.
2. Dark; gloomy.
"O is this water deep," he said,
"As It is wondrous dun ? "
Sir Rotand (Child's Ballads, I. 220).
He then survey'd
Hell and the gulf Iwtween, and Satan there
Coasting the wall of heaven on this side night
In the dun air sublime. Milton, P. L, ill. 72.
Fallow-dun, a shade between cream-color and reddish
brown, which graduates Into light hay or light chestnut.
Darwin. Mouse-dun, lead- or slate-color which gradu-
ates Into an ash-color.
II. n. A familiar name for an old horse or
jade : used as a quasi-proper name (like doblrin).
Dun In the mire, a proverbial phrase used to denote
an embarrassed or straitened position.
Syr, what Dunne is in the mire t
Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, Prol.
dun 1 (dun), r. ; pret. and pp. dunned, ppr. dun-
ning. [< ME. dunnen, donnen, make of a dun
color, < AS. iiiniiiiiin. darken, obscure (as the
moon does the stars), < dun, dunn, dark, dun :
see dun 1 , a.] I. trans. 1. To make of a dun or
dull-brown color.
It'iuiiiifl of colour, subnlger. Prompt. Pare., p. 135.
I sail yow gyffe twa gud grewhundes
Are donned als any doo [doe).
MS. in Halliwell, p. 310.
Especially 2. To cure, as cod, in such a man-
ner as to impart a dun or brown color. See
dunjish. [New Eug.]
The process of dunning, which made the [ Isles of] Shoals
tisli BO famous a century ago, Is almost a lost art, though
the chief fisherman at Star still dum a few yearly.
Celia Thaxter, Isles of Shoals, p. 83.
II. intrans. To become of a dun color.
Thin hew [hue] dutinet.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 221.
dun 2 (dun), v. ; pret. and pp. dunned, ppr. dun-
ning. [< ME. dunnen, make a loud noise (ver-
bal n. dunning, a loud noise), var. of dynnen,
dynning, dinnen, etc., earlier ME. durtien, < AS.
dynian, make a din. .Dim 2 is thus another form
of din, r. Cf. dunt = dint, dulft = dilP, etc. The
use of the word as in II. is modern, and may
be of other origin.] I.f intrans. To make a
loud noise ; din.
EC. trans. To demand payment of a debt
from ; press or urge for payment or for fulfil-
ment of an obligation of any kind.
I scorn to push a lodger for his pay ; so I let day after
day pass on without dunning the old gentleman for a far-
thing, li-rhi't, Knickerbocker, p. 19.
dun 2 (dun), n. [< dun 2 , v.] 1. One who duns ;
an importunate creditor, or an agent employed
to collect debts.
It grieves my heart to be pulled by the sleeve by some
rascally dun, "Sir, remember my bill."
Arbuthnot, Hist. John Bull.
Has his distresses too, I warrant, like a lord, and affects
creditors and duns. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ill. 2.
2. A demand for the payment of a debt, espe-
cially a written one; a dunning-letter : as, to
send one's debtor a dun.
dun 3 (dun; AS. and Ir. pron. d8n), . [Of Cel-
tic origin ; Ir. dun = Gael, dun, a hill, fort, town,
W. dire, a hill-fort ; > AS. dun. E. don?l, a hill:
seerfoirni.] A hill; a mound; a fortified emi-
nence. This word enters into the composition of many
place-names in Great Britain, frequently under the modi-
fied forms (Him-, don-, -don (as well as down, which see) : as,
Ditnstable, Dunmow, Dundee, Dunbar, .Dumfries, Dum-
barton, Doncaster, Donegal, etc.
The Dim was of the same form as the Rath, but consist-
ing of at least two concentric circular mounds or walls,
with a deep trench full of water between them. They
were often encircled by a third, or even by a greater num-
lierof walls, at increasing distances; but this circumstance
made no alteration in the form or in the signification of
the name. <t't'it,-ry, Anc. Irish, II. xix.
dunbird(dun'berd), H. 1. The common pochard
or red-headed duck, Fuliijiiln frrina. 2. The
ruddy duck. Erinnintura r'ubida. \uttall, 1834.
3. The female scaup duck, Fuligula mania.
[Essex, Eng.]
dunche-down
duncan(dung'kan), H. A half-grown cod. GOT-
dun, [Scotch (Moray Frith).]
dunce (duns), n. [Early mod. E. also dunse,
ilmiK, Duns O G. Duns), orig. in the phrase
Duns man, Duns-man, that is, a follower of
Duns (also written Dunse, Dunce), whose full
name was John Duns Scotus, a celebrated scho-
lastic theologian, called the "Subtle Doctor."
He died in 1308. His followers, called ScHtmix,
held control of the universities till the reforma-
tion set in, when the reformers and humanists,
regarding them as obstinate opponents of
sound learning and of progress, and their phi-
losophy as sophistical and barren, applied the
term Duns man, which at first meant simply a
Scotist, to any caviling, sophistical opponent;
and so it came finally to mean any dull, obsti-
nate person.] If. [cap.'] A disciple or fol-
lower of John Duns Scotus (see etymology);
a Dunce-man ; a Scotist. Tyndale.
Scetitta lit.], a follower of Scotui, as we say a Dunce.
Florio.
Hence 2. A caviling, sophistical person; a
senseless caviler.
Whoso surpasseth others either in cavilling, sophistry,
or subtle philosophy, is forthwith named a Dunt.
Stanihurgt, in Hollnshed's Chron. (Ireland), p. 2.
3. A dull-witted, stupid person ; a dolt ; an ig-
noramus.
What am I tetter
For all my learning, if I love a dunce,
A handsome dunce 1 to what use serves my reading?
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, III. 1.
Uraue clothes make dunces often seeme great clarkes.
Cotgraoc (s. v./oi.).
Or I'm a very Dunce, or Womankind
Is a most unintelligible thing.
CowUy, The Mistress, Women's Superstition.
How much a dunce that has licen sent to roam
Excels a dunce that has been kept at home.
Coteper, Progress of Error, 1. 415.
The interval between a man of talents and a dunce is as
wide as ever. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
duncedom (duns'dum), n. [< dunce + -dam.]
The domain of dunces; dunces in general.
Carlyle.
It [dignity] is at once the thinnest and moat effective of
all the coverings under which duncedom sneaks aud skulk*.
Whipple, Lit. and Life, p. 142.
duncelyt, dunslyt (duns'li), adr. [< 7>wwce(def.
1), Duns, + -/y 2 .] In the manner of a follower
of Duns Scotus, or of Duns Scotus himself.
He is wilfully wilted, Dunsly learned, Moorly affected,
bold not a little, zealous more than enough.
Latimer, Sermons and Remains, II. 374.
Dunce-mant. Duns-mant (duns'man), n. [See
dunce."] A disciple of Duns Scotus ; a Scotist;
hence, a subtle or sophistical reasoner (see
dunce, etymology).
Now would Aristotle deny such s|>eakyng, & a Dun*
man would make xx. distinctions. T>tn<lale, Works, p. 88.
How thlnke you ? is not this a likely answere for a great
doctour of diuinitie? for a great Dunt mant for so great
a preacher ? Barnes, Works, p. 232.
duncepoll(duns'pol), n. A dunce. [Prov. Eng.]
Duncert, . [< Dunce, Duns (i. e., Duns Scotus :
see dunce), + -er 1 .] A Dunce-man. Becon.
duncery (dun'ser-i), n. [Formerly dunsery and
dunstery ; < dunce + -ery.\ Dullness ; stupidity.
Let every indignation make thee zealous, as the dunstery
of the monks made Erasmus studious.
S. Ward, Sermons, p. 83.
The land had once infranchis'd her self from this imper-
tinent yoke of prelaty, under whose fnquisitorius am I ty-
rannical duncery no free and splendid wit can flourish.
Milton, Church-Government, Pref., II.
With the occasional duncery of some untoward tyro
serving for a refreshing interlude.
Lamb, Old and New Schoolmaster.
dunce-table (duns'ta'bl), . An inferior table
provided in some inns of court for the poorer
or duller students. Dyce. [Eng.]
A phlegmatic cold piece of stuff : his father, methinks,
should be one of the dunce-table, and one that never drunk
strong beer in 's life but at festival-times.
Deklcer and Ford, Sun's Darling, v. 1.
dunch 1 (dunch), \ t. or i. [Also written dunah ;
< ME. dunchen, push, strike, < Sw. dunka, beat,
throb, = Dan. dunke, thump, knock, throb, =
Icel. dunJca (Haldorsen), give a hollow sound.]
To push or jog, as with the elbow; nudge.
[Scotch and prov. Eng.]
"Ye needna be dunshin that gate [way], John," contin-
ued the old lady; "naebody says that ye ken whar the
brandy comes from." Scott, Old Mortality.
dunch 2 (duneh), a. [Appar. a var. of dunce.]
Deaf. Grose. [Prov. Eng.]
dunche-downt, dunse-downt, [So called
"bycauso the downe of this herbe will cause
one to be deafe, if it happens to fall into the
dunche-down
ears, as Matthiolus writeth" (Lyte, 1578); <
dunch? + dou-ii*.] The herb reed-mace, Typlia
lattfoUa.
dun'cicalt (dun'si-kal), a. [Formerly also dun-
cicall, dunnical, diiitstical ; < dunce + -ic-al.~]
Like a dunce.
The most dull and duncusall commissioner.
Fuller, Ch. Hist., VIII. ii. 26.
I have no patience with the foolish duncical dog.
Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, VIII. 100.
duncifyt (dun'si-fi), . t. [< dunce + -i-jy, <june 2 (dun), .
make.] To make dull or stupid ; reduce to the
condition of a dunce.
Here you have a fellow ten thousand times more dunci-
Aed than dunce Webster.
Warburton, To Hurd, Letters, cxxx.
duncish (dun'sish), a. [< dunce + -ish 1 .] Like
a dunce ; sottish. Imp. Diet.
duncishness (dun'sish-nes), n. The character
or quality of a dunce ; folly. Westminster Rev.
dun-COW (dun'kou), n. In Devonshire speech,
the shagreen ray, Saiafullonica, a batoid fish.
duncur (dung'ker), n. The pochard or dun-
bird. Also dunker. [Prov. Eng.]
Dundee pudding. See pudding.
dunder 1 (dun'der), . A dialectal variant of
thunder.
dunder 2 (dun'der), w. Lees; dregs; especially,
the lees of cane-juice, which are used in the
West Indies in the distillation of rum.
The use of dunder in the making of rum answers the
purpose of yeast in the fermentation of flour. Edwards.
dunderbolt (dun'der-bolt), re. [A dial. var. of
thunderbolt.'] A fossil belemnite; a thunder-
stone. Varies.
For "the reuinatis" boiled dunderbolt is the sovereign dung 1 (dung)
1798
The Spaniards neared and neared the fatal dunes which
fringed the shore for many a dreary mile.
Kingsley, Westward Ho, xxxi.
Then along the sandy margin
Of the lake, the Big-Sea- Water,
On he sped with frenzied gestures, . . .
Till the sand was blown and sifted
Like great snowdrifts o'er the landscape,
Heaping all the shore with Sand Dunes.
Long/ellou; Hiawatha, xi.
The long low dune, and lazy-plunging sea.
Tennyson, Last Tournament.
[See d 3 .] An ancient fort
"with a hemispherical or conical roof. [Scotch.]
dunfish (dun'fish), . [< dun 1 , a. and v. t., +
fish. ] Codfish cured by dunning, especially for
dunite
underground part was often used as a prison. Also called
keep dungeon-keep, or infer. See cut under castle. [In
this sense also written donjon, a spelling preferred by
some English writers ; but there is no historical distinc-
Hence 2. A close cell; a deep, dark place of
confinement.
A-twene theis tweyn a gret comparison ;
Kyng Alysaunder, he conquerryd alle ;
Dyogenes lay in a smalle dongeon,
In sondre weilyrs which turnyd as a ballc.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 27.
They brought him [Joseph] hastily out of the dungeon.
Gen. xli. 14.
The King of Heaven hath doom'd
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat.
Milton, P. L., ii. 317.
[< dungeon, n.] To
ing the "fagots" with bed-quilts to keep them clean.
[New Eng.]
dung 1 (dung), n. [< ME. dung, dong, rarely
ding, < AS. dung, also dyng (in glosses badly
iur ignorance.
Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 128.
You said nothing
Of how I might be dungeoned as a madman.
Shelley, The Cenci, ii. 1.
written dingo and dinig) = OFries. dung. Fries, dungeoner (dun' jun-er), n. One who impris-
a, MHG. tunge, dung, G. dung O ns or keeps in jail; a jailer.
dong = OHG. tunga,
(with LG. d) (cf. MHG. tunger, G. diinger, ma-
nure) = Sw. dynga, muck, = Dan. dynge, a heap,
hoard, mass. Hence dingy 1 .] The excrement
of animals ; ordure ; feces.
remedy, at least in the West of Cornwall.
Polwhele, Traditions and Recollections (1826), II. 607.
dunderfunk (dun'der-fungk), n. The name
given by sailors to a dish made by soaking ship-
biscuit in water, mixing it with fat and mo-
lasses, and baking in a pan. Also called dandy-
finik.
dunderhead (dun'der-hed), w. [Orig. E. dial.,
appar. < dunder 1 , = thunder (cf. Sc. donnard,
stupid, appar. of same ult. origin), + head. Cf.
equiv. dunderpate, dunderpoll.] A dunce; a
numskull.
I mean your grammar, O thou dunderhead.
Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, il. 4.
Here, without staying for my reply, shall I be called as
many blockheads, numskulls, doddypoles, dunderheads,
ninny-hammers, <fec. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 25.
[Poetical.]
That most hateful land,
Dungeoner of my friend. Keats, To
(dung'fli), . A dipterous insect of
the"genus Scatophaga.
Thei that kepeu that Hows coveren hem with Hete of dung fork (dung'fdrk), n. 1. A fork used in
Hors Deny, with outen Henne, Goos, or Doke, or ony other , nov j ue stable-manure. Also muck -fork. 2.
FouL Mandemlle, Travels, p. 49. ^ ^Jj* ft pointe d or forked process upon
For over colde doo [put] douves dounge at eve w hich the larvte of certain coleopterous insects
16 PMadius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 188. carry about their own excrement, as in the
Pigeon dung approaches guano in its power as manure, genera Cassida, Coptocyela, and the like. See
Encyc. Brit., XII. 233. cut under Coptocyela.
[Early mod. E.
ghyll, donghel,
heap of dung.
Salt is good, but if salt vanysche, in what thing schal
it be sauered 't Neither in erthe, neither in donghille it is
profitable. WyelV, Luke xiv.
Shine not on me, fair Sun, though thy brave Kay
With safety can the foulest dunghili kiss.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 135.
Hence 2. Figuratively (a) A mean or vile
abode. (6) Any degraded situation or condition.
He
restored vowel)
donga, denga
manure (cf. Dan. dynge = Sw. dm
] 1
nga, heap,
trans. 1 .
hoard, amass); from the noun.^ _
To cover with dung; manure with or as with
dung.
And, warring with success,
Dunq Isaac's Fields with forrain carcasses.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Schisme.
And he answering said unto him, Lord, let it alone this
year also, till I shall dig about it, and dung it.
Luke xiii. 8.
This ground was dunged, and ploughed, and sowed.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 254.
2. In calico-printing, to immerse in a bath of
cow-dung and warm water in order to remove
excrement.
dunderheaded (dun'der-hed"ed), a. Like a flung' 2 (dung).' Preterit and past 'participle of
^MM^AvVanjl rtw^nvi^rt /"_! A Sfll/t TT^ B - v e ' * r
dunderhead or dunce. G. A. Sala.
ding 1 .
Many a dunderpate, like the owl, the stupidest of birds,
dunderpate (dun'der-pat) n. [< dunder 1 (see dung a ree (dung-ga-re'), n. [Anglo-Ind., low,
dunderhead) + pate.] Same as dunderhead. CO mmon, vulgar.]" A coarse cotton stuff, gen-
erally blue, worn by sailors.
The crew have all turned tailors, and are making them
comes to be considered the very type of wisdom.
Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 148.
dunderpoll (dun'der-pol), n. [< dunder 1 (see
dunderhead) + poll 1 .] Same as dunderhead.
HalHwett. [Prov. Eng. (Devonshire).]
dunder-whelp (dun'der-hwelp), . [< dunder 1
(see dunderhead) + whelp.] A dunderhead;
a blockhead.
What a purblind puppy was I ! now I remember him ;
All the whole cast on 's face, though it were umber'd,
And inask'd with patches : what a dunder-whelp,
To let him domineer thus !
Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.
dun-diver (dun'di"ver), n. 1. The female mer-
ganser or goosander, Mergus merganser: so
called from the dun or brown head. 2. The
ruddy duck, Erismatura rubida. [New York,
U.S.] J. E. De Kay, 1844.
lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill.
1 Sam. ii. 8.
(c) A man meanly born : a term of abuse.
Out, dunghill ! dar'st thou brave a nobleman?
Shak., K. John, iv. 3.
II. a. Sprung from the dunghill; mean;
low; base.
Unfit are dunghill knights
To serve the town with spear in field. Googe.
You must not suffer your thoughts to creep any longer
upon this dunghill earth.
Bp. Beveridge, Works, II. cxxxvii.
Dunghill fowl, a mongrel or cross-bred specimen of the
common hen ; a barn-yard fowl.
ew suits from some dungaree we bought ~at Vai- dunghill-raker (dung'hil-ra"ker), n. The com-
mon dunghill fowl. [A nonce-word.]
The dunghill-raker, spider, hen, the chicken too, to me
have taught a lesson. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii.
which a small proportion of cows' or pigs' dung, dung-hook (dung'huk), n. An agricultural im-
or some substitute for it, has bee.n dissolved, plement for spreading manure,
with a certain amount of chalk to remove the dung-hunter (dung'hun"ter), n. One of the
i-- -_!j /! ii__ :_i_j * :~i a~ species of jaeger or skua-gull, of the genus iS'ter-
paraiso. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. xii.
dung-bath (dung'bath), n. In dyeing, a bath
used in mordanting, composed of, water in
See
acetic acid from the printed material.
dunging.
dung-beetle (dung'be"tl),. 1. A common Eng-
lish name of the dor or dor-beetle, Geotrypes
stercorarius. 2. pi. A general name of the dunging (dung'ing), M." [Verbal n. of *
group of scarabs or scarabaaoid beetles which In JC^M the mordanting of goods by
roll up balls of dung ; the tumblebugs or dung- 1 ___ i L\.~ ---- 1, A.,,*~ untv. /-nriii/jV, 0^^^
chafers, aa the sacred beetle of the Egyptians.
See cuts under Copris and Scarabceus.
Dundubia (dun-du'bi-a), n. [NL. (Amyot and dung-bird (dung'berd), n. Same as dung-hunt-
Serville, 1843) (so called from the resonant er. See badoch. [Prov. Eng.]
drumming sound which these insects emit), < dung-chafer (dung'cha"f6r), n. A name given
Hind. Skt. dundtibhi, a drum, < Hind, dund.] to various coleopterous insects of the family
A remarkable genus of homopterous insects, Scarab(eidw, and especially of the genus Geo-
containing the largest and most showy species trypcs, which frequent excrement for the pur-
of the family Cicadidce, or cicadas. D. im- pose of depositing their eggs; a dung-beetle.
peratoria is the largest hemipteran known, dungeon (dun'jun), . [Also archaically in
expanding 8 inches, of a rich orange-color, and some senses donjon ; < ME. dongeon, dongcoun.
corarius. The birds are so called from their supposed
habits ; but in reality they harass other gulls and terns to
make them disgorge their food, not to feed upon their ex-
crement. Also called dung-bird and dirty-alien.
[Verbal n. of dung*-, v.]
-,-..., ng of goods by passing
them through a dung-bath (which see). In mod-
ern practice substitutes are used,
dungiyah (dung'gi-ya), H. A coasting-vessel
in use in the Persian gulf, on the coasts of
Arabia, and especially in the gulf of Cutch.
The dungiyahs sail with the monsoon, and arrive often in
large companies at Muscat, celebrating their safe arrival
with salvos of artillery, music, and flags. " <" *-
is a native of Borneo.
dune 1 (dun),. [Partly a dial. form( also dene) of
down 1 , and partly < F. dune = Sp. Pg. It. duna, a
dune, = G. diinc, a dune, = Dan. Sw. dyner, pi.,
< LG. iliinen, pi., = Fries, diinen (also duninge,
diim) = D. duin, a dune, = E. down 1 , a hill : see
, , They arc flat-
bottomed and broad-beamed, have generally one mast, fre-
quently longer than the vessel, and are in other respects
rigged like the baggala. The model is supposed to date
from the expedition of Alexander.
dungmere (dung'mer), . A pit where dung,
donqon. dongoun, donyon, donioun, etc., a dun- weeds, etc., are mixed, to rot together for ma-
geon (in both uses), < OF. dongeon, dongon, nure. E.PhUlips,l706; HalHwett. [Prov. Eng.]
donjon, etc., F. donjon = Pr. donjon, dompnhon, dungy (dung'i), a. [< dung + -y L . Ct. OMflJ^.J
Full of dung; foul; vile.
There's not a grain of it [honesty], the face to sweeten
Of the whole dungy earth. Shak., W. 1., 11. 1.
domejo (ML. reflex dunjo(n-), dungeo(n-), don-
jio(n-), dangio(-), domgio(n-), etc.), < ML.
do>nnio(n~), a dungeon (tower), eontr. from
down 1 .] A mound, ridge, or hill of loose sand, and a particular use of ML. dominio(n-), do- (Jun<T.yard (dung'yard), n. A yard or inclosure
heaped up by the wind on the sea-coast, or rare- main, dominion, possession: see dominion, do- w here dung is collected.
ly on the shore of a large lake, as on Lake Su- main, demain, demesne.] 1. The principal tow- flunite (dun'it), n. [So called from Dun Moun-
perior. Hills of loose sand at a distance from the coast, er of a medieval castle. It was usually raised on n t a j n near Nelson New Zealand.] A rock Con-
or in the interior of a country, are sometimes called by mitural or artificial mound and situated in the innermost :-'__ psupiitiallvof a crystalline cranular mass
trench authors dunes; but this is not the usage in Eng- court or bailey, and formed a last refuge into which the ! '"j "' MJI &
liah. Also doom. gan-ison could retreat in case of necessity. Its lower or of ohvin With chromite or picotite, containing
dunite
also frequently more or loss of various other
minerals, alteration products of the olivin.
Duuito appears to l>o frequently more or less
altered into .-.I'l-prntine.
duniwassal, dunniewassal (dun-i-was'al), .
[ lvc|ir. i furl, ilniii' unsnl, 11 gentleman : dium .
111:111; iitiniil, gentle.] Among the Highlanders
of Scotland, a gentleman, especially one of sec-
ondary rank; a cadet of a family of rank.
His liiMinct hail a short feather, which indicated his
claim to In- treated ax a liiiinlii'-n'omeU, or wirt of gentle-
maii. Scott, Waverley, xvi.
dunkadoo ((liiiig-ka-do'), n. [Imitative.] The
American bittern," Botaiirux mugitans or lenti-
iliiHHiiis. [Local, New Eng.]
Dunkard (dung'kard), . Same as /M/iAvr 1 .
Near at hand was the meeting-house of a sect of German
(junkers Tunkcrs or Dunkardis. as they are differently
named. t. A. lien., CXXVI. 255.
Dunker 1 , Tunker (dung'-, tung'ker), n. [< G.
tunker, a dipper, < tutiken, MHG. tunken, dunken,
OHG. function, dunehon, thunkon, dip, immerse,
perhaps ult. = L. lingers = Gr. ttyytiv, wet,
moisten, dye, stain : see tinge."] A member of
a sect of German-American Baptists, so named
from their manner of baptism. Their proper
church-name is Brethren. Driven from Germany Jjy per-
sedition early in the eighteenth century, they took ref-
uge in Pennsylvania, and thence extended their societies
into neighboring .States, and are especially found in Ohio.
They condemn all war and litigation, acknowledge the au-
thority of the Bihle, administer baptism by triple immer-
sion, and only to a. lulls, practise washing of the feet before
the Lord's supper, use the kiss of charity, laying on of hands,
and anointing with oil, and observe a severe simplicity in
dress and speech. They have bishops, elders, and teachers,
ami arc commonly supposed to accept the doctrine of uni-
versal redemption. Also called Dipper.
dunker 2 (dung'ker), . Same as duneur.
Dunkirk lace. See lace.
dunlin (dun'lin), . [A corruption of E. dial.
dunling, the proper form, < dun^ + dim. -ling 1 .
Cf. dunbird, dunnock.] The red-backed sand-
piper, Tringa (Pelidna) alpina, widely dispersed
and very abundant in the northern hemisphere,
especially along sea-coasts, during the extensive
American Dunlin (Peh'^Ha fact/tea}, in summer plumage.
migrations it performs between its arctic breed-
ing-grounds and its temperate or tropical win-
ter resorts. The dunlin is 8 inches long, the bill an
inch or more, slightly decurved ; in full dress the belly is
jet-black, the upper parts varied with brown, gray, and
reddish. The American dunlin is a different variety, some-
what larger, with a longer or more decurved bill, the Pe-
lidna. pacifica of Cones. The dunlin is also called urinf,
purre, ox-bird, bull's-eye, sea-snipe, pickerel, etc.
dunling (dun'ling), n. A dialectal (and origi-
nally more correct) form of dunlin.
dunlop (dun'lpp), n. A rich white kind of
cheese made in Scotland out of unskimmed
milk: so called from the parish of Dunlop in
Ayrshire.
dunnage (dun'aj), . [Origin unknown.] 1.
Fagots, boughs', or loose wood laid in the hold
of a ship to raise heavy goods above the bot-
tom and prevent injury from water ; also, loose
articles of lading wedged between parts of the
cargo to hold them steady and prevent injury
from friction or collision.
We covered the bottom of the hold over, fore and aft,
with dried brush for dunnage.
It. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 304.
2. Baggage.
Hut Barnacle suggested, as some of the dunmt'i- :m.i
tin- tent would need to be dried before being packed, that
we build it lire outside.
C. A. Seide, Cruise of Aurora (1885), p. 105.
dunnage (dun'aj), v. t. ; pret. and pp. iliouiaged,
pVr.diDiniiging. [< diinnait?. .] Tostowwith
fagots or loose wood, as the bottom of a ship's
hold; wedge or chock, as cargo. Seedunnage, n.
Vessels fraudulently liunnaiftt/ f"r the purpose of redu-
cing their tonnage. The American, VIII. SSi
1790
dunner (dun'er) ; n. One who duns; one em-
ployed in soliciting payment of debts.
'[ hey are ever talking of new silks, and serve the owners
in getting them customers, as their common dumier* do
in making them pay. Sprrt.n,,, .
dunniewassal, . See duniwassal.
dunniness (dun'i-nes), . [< dunny + -nets.]
Deafness. Bailey, 1781. [Kare.]
dunning (dun'ing), H. [Verbal n. of dun 1 , r.]
The process of curing codfish in a way to give
them a particular color and flavor. See dim 1 ,
r. t., and dunfxli,
dunnish (dun'ish), a. [< duni + -ish 1 .] In-
cliued to a dun color ; somewhat dun.
dunnock (dun'ok), n. [E. dial. (Northampton)
also doney ; (. JjE. donek, < donnen, dunnen, dun,
+ dim. -ek, -ock. Cf. donkey.] The hedge-
sparrow, Accentor modularis. Also dick-dun-
nock. Macgillivray.
1 1 art-tun has been cast out like an unfledged dunnock.
E. Bronte, Wuthering Height*, iv.
dunny (dun'i), a. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.
Cf. donnerd.] Deaf; dull of apprehension.
[Local, Great Britain.]
My old dame, Joan, is something dunny, and will scarce
know how to manage. Scott.
dunpickle (dun'pik'l), n. The moor-buzzard,
Circus ceruginosus. Montagu. [Local, Eng.]
dunrobin (dun'rob'in), n. A superior kind of
Scotch plaid.
dunst, dunset, n. Obsolete forms of dunce.
dunse-downt, See dunche-down.
dunseryt, n. An obsolete form of duncery.
dunsett (dun'set), n. [A book-form repr. AS.
iiimsiete, dunsete. pi., a term applied to a cer-
tain division of the Welsh people, lit. hill-dwell-
ers, < dun, a hill (see down 1 ), + sSta (= OHG.
sazo), a dweller, settler, < sittan (pret. s<?t), sit.
Cf. cotset.] One of the hill-dwellers of Wales;
a settler in a hill country.
dunsh, r. t. See dunch 1 .
dunsicalt,". See duncical.
dunslyt, Duns-mant. See duncely, Dunce-man.
dunst (dunst), n. A kind of flour; fine semolina
without bran or germs. The Miller (London).
dunstable (dun'sta-bl), a. and n. [In allusion
to Dunstable in England, the adj. use (as in
def. ) being derived from the word as used in the
phrase Dunstable road or way.] I.f a. [cap.]
Plain; direct; simple; downright.
Your uncle is an odd. hut a very honest, DiinxtaUe soul.
Richardson, Sir Charles Qrandison, VI. 177.
Dunstable road, way. or highway, the way to Dun-
stable : used proverbially as a symbol of plainness or di-
rectness.
"As plain as DunstaUe road." It is applied to things
plain and simple, without welt or guard to adorn them, as
also to matters easie and obvious to be found.
Fuller, Worthies, Bedfordshire.
There were some good walkers among them, that walked
in the kings high way ordinarily, uprightly, plaine Dun-
utable tvay. Latimer, Sermons.
II. n. A fabric of woven or plaited straw,
originally made at Dunstable in England. Also
used attributively: as, a dunstable hat or bon-
net.
dunstert (dun'stSr), . 1. A kind of broad-
cloth : so called in the seventeenth century.
2. Cassimere.
dunt (dunt), n. [A var. of dint, dent, < ME.
dunt, dynt, etc.: see dint and den* 1 .] 1. A
stroke ; a blow. [Scotch and prov. Eng.]
I hae a glide hraid swonl,
I'll tak liiintu frae nael>ody.
Burn*, I ha'e a ^Vife o' my Ain.
2. A malady characterized by staggering, ob-
served particularly in yearling lambs. [Prov.
Eng.] 3. Palpitation. Dunglison. [Scotch.]
dunt (dunt), v. [A var. of dint, dent 1 : see dint,
dew* 1 , v.] I. trans. 1. To strike; give a blow
to; knock. [Scotch and prov. Eng.]
Fearing the wrathful ram might dunt out ... the
brains, if he had any, of the young cavalier, they opened
the door. Gait, Ringan Gilhaize, II. .
2. In packing herrings, to jump upon (the head
of the barrel) in order to pack it more tightly.
[Local, Canadian.] 3. To confuse by noise;
stupefy. [Prov. Eng.]
II. intrann. To beat; palpitate, as the heart.
[Scotch.]
While my heart i life-blood dunted,
I'd bear't in mind.
Buna, To Mr. Mitchell.
dunter (dun'ter), . [Sc., perhaps so called
from its waddling gait. < ilnnt. r.] The eider-
duck, Somateria mollissima. Montagu. [Local,
British.]
duodenal
dunter-goose (dun'tt-r-gOs), . Same as
ter. Symonds.
dnntle (dun'tl), r. t. ; pret. and pp. ilmitled, ppr.
duntliufi. [Freq. of dunt.'] Todent; mark with
an indentation. [Prov. Eng.]
His cap Is duntlfil in ; his back beam fresh stain* of
peat. Kingnley, Two Years Ago, Int.
duo (du'6), n. [It., a duet, also two, < L. duo
= E. two."] The same as duet. A distinction is
sometimes made by using duet for a two-part com]"
for two voices or instruments of the same kind, and <t>t<>
for such a composition for two voices or instrument* of
different kinds.
(Lord's Day.) Up, and, while I staid for the barber, tried
to compote a duo of counter point : and I think It u 111 do
very well, It being by Mr. lierkenshaw's rule.
Pepyi, Diary, II. 312.
duo-. [L. duo-, duo, = Gr. 6vo-, Si<o = E. two.]
A prefix in words of Latin or Greek origin,
meaning ' two.'
duodecahedral, duodecahedron (du-o-dek-a-
he'dral, -dron). Seo dodecahedral, dodecatie-
dron. "
dnodecennlal (du'6-de-sen'i-al). a. [< LL.
duodecennis, of twelve 'years (( L. duodecim,
twelve, + annug, a year), + -al.] Consisting of
twelve years. Ash.
duodecimal (du-o-des'i-mal), a. and . [< L.
duodecim (= Gr. "ivuiena, S'&tcKa), twelve (< duo
= E. two, + decem = E. ten), + -al. Cf. dozen,
ult. < duodecim, and see decimal."] I. a. Reck-
oning by twelves and powers of twelve: as,
duodecimal multiplication.
The duodecimal system In liquid measures, which la
found elsewhere, appears to be derived from the Babylo-
nians. Von Hanlec, Univ. llist. (trans.), p. 19.
Duodecimal arithmetic or scale. See duodetutry arith-
metic or Kale, under duodenary.
H. n. 1. One of a system of numerals the
base of which is twelve. 2. jil. An arithmeti-
cal rule for ascertaining the number of square
feet, twelfths of feet, and square inches in a
rectangular area or surface whose sides are
given in feet and inches and twelfths of inches.
The feet of the multiplier are first multiplied into the
feet, Inches, and twelfths of the multiplicand, giving
square feet, twelfths, and inches. The inches of the mill*
tiplier are then multiplied into the feet and inches of the
multiplicand, giving twelfths of feet and square inches,
and nnally the twelfths of inches of the multiplier are
multiplied into the feet of the multiplicand, giving square
Inches. These three partial products are then added to-
gether to get the product sought. It is used by artificers.
Also called duodecimal or crosg multiplication.
duodecimally (du-o-des'i-mal-i), adv. In a
duodecimal manner ; by twelves.
duodecimfid (du'o-de-sim'fid), a. [< L. duode-
cim, twelve, 4- -fidus, < findere, cleave, split (=
E. bite): see fission, etc.] Divided into twelve
parts.
duodecimo (du-o-des'i-mo). . and a. [Orig.
in L. (NL.) phrase in duodecimo: in, prep., =
E. in; duodecimo, abl. of duodecimo, twelfth,
< duodecim, twelve.] I. . 1. A size of page
usually measuring, in the United States, about
5^ inches in width and 7J inches in length,
when the leaf is uncut, and corresponding to
crown octavo of British publishers. 2. A book
composed of sheets which, when folded, form
twelve leaves of this size. 3. In music, the in-
terval of a twelfth. E. D.
H. a. Consisting of sheets folded into twelve
leaves ; having leaves or pages measuring about
54 by 7} inches. Often written I2mo or 12.
duodecimole (du-o-des'i-mol), . [< L. duo-
decimus, twelfth : see duodecimo.] In muxic, a
group of twelve notes to be performed in the
time of eight ; a dodecuplet.
Duodecimpennatse (du'o-de-sim-pe-na'te),
n. pi. [NL., < L. duodecim, twelve, + penna-
tus, winged, feathered.] In ornith., in Sunde-
vall's system, a cohort of Gallinte, composed of
the American curassows and guans, Cracida:
so called from the 12 rectrices or tail-feathers.
Also called Sylricol<r.
duodecuple (du-o-dek'u-pl), a. [= F. duode-
ni/>li' = Sp. duodecuplo = Pg. It. duodecuplo, <
L. duo, = E. two, + decuplus, tenfold: see de-
cuple and duodecimal.] Consisting of twelves.
duodena, n. Plural of duodenum.
duodenal 1 (du-o-de'nal), a. [= F.duod&ial =
Sp. Pg. duodenal = It. duodenal 'e ; as duodenum
+ -/.] Connected with or relating to the duo-
denum: as, "duodenal dyspepsia." ' n/>land.
Duodenal fold, a special loop or duplication of the duo-
denum, in which the pancreas is lodged in many aninnils,
i -pei ially in l.inls. where it forms the mot constant
and rharnrteristic folding of the intestine. Duodenal
glands. Sec-
duodenal 2 (du-6-de'nal), tt. and . [< duodene
+ -al.] I. a. Pertaining to a duodene.
duodenal
II. n. In musical theory, the symbol of the
root of a duodene.
duodenary (du-o-den'a-ri), a. [= F. duodi'iiairc
= Sp. Pg. It. du'odenario, < L. duodenaritis, con-
taining twelve, < diiodeiii, twelve each, < duo-
decim, twelve.] Relating to the number twelve ;
twelvefold; increasing by twelves. Duodenary
or duodecimal arithmetic or scale, that system in
which the local value of the figures increases in a twelve-
fold proportion from right to left, instead of in the ten-
fold proportion of the common decimal arithmetic.
duodene (du'o-den), n. [< L. duodeni, twelve
each: see duodenary. Cf. duodenum.] In mu-
sical theory, a group of twelve tones, having pre-
cise acoustical relations with one another, ar-
ranged so as to explain and correct problems in
harmony and modulation. Any tone whatever may
be chosen as the root, and its symbol is called a duodenal.
The root, the major third above, and the major third be-
low it constitute the initial trine. The duodene consists
of four such trines, one being the initial trine, one a per-
fect fifth below it, one a perfect fifth above it, and one
two perfect fifths above it. The term and the process of
analysis to which it belongs were first used by A. J. Ellis
in England in 1874. The study of the process is incident
to the attempt to secure just intonation (pure tempera-
ment) on keyed instruments of fixed pitch.
duodenitis (du*o-de-ni'tis), n. [NL., < duode-
num + -itis.] Inflammation of the duodenum.
duodenostomy (du"o-de-nos'to-mi), n. [< NL.
duodenum, q. v., + Gr. croua, mouth, opening.]
The surgical formation of an external opening
from the duodenum through the abdominal
wall.
duodenum (du-o-de'num), n. ; pi. duodena (-na).
[NL. (so called because in man it is about twelve
finger-breadths long)/ L. duodeni, twelve each:
see duodenary, ,] 1. In aiiat., the first portion
of the small intestine, in immediate connection
with the stomach, receiving the hepatic and
pancreatic secretions, and usually curved or
folded about the pancreas. It extends from the
pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. In man it is
from 10 to 12 inches in length. See cuts under alimentary
and intestine.
2. In entom., a short smooth portion of the in-
testine, between the ventricmus and the ileum,
found in a few coleopterous insects. Some en-
tomotomists, however, apply this name to the
ventriculus.
duodrama (du-o-dra'ma), . [= F. duodrame =
It.duodramma,'<~L. duo','i,wo(=Qi.Siio = 'E. two),
+ Gr. Spa/na, a drama : see drama.] A dramatic
or melodramatic piece for two performers only.
duoliteral (du-o-lit'er-al), a. [< L. duo, = E.
two, + literal: see literal, letter*.] Consisting
of two letters only ; biliteral.
duologue (dii'o-log), n. [< L. duo, two (= Gr.
6iio = E. two), + Gr. Uyoc, speech. Cf. mono-
logue, dialogue.] A dialogue or piece spoken
by two persons.
Mr. Ernest Warren's duologue " The Nettle " is simple
pretty, and effective. Athenaeum, No. 3077.
I do not feel that I shall be departing from the rule I
prescribed to myself at the commencement of this paper,
if I touch upon the duologue entertainments.
Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XXXIX. 644.
duomo (dwo'mo), n. [It., a dome, cathedral:
see dome*.] A cathedral; properly, an Italian
cathedral. See domel.
Bright vignettes, and each complete,
Of tower or duomo, sunny-sweet.
Tennyson, The Daisy.
The bishop is said to have decorated the duomo with
600 large and 200 small columns brought from Paros for
the purpose.
C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. xxxv., note.
dupt (dup), v. t. [Contr. of dial, do up, open, <
ME. do up, don up, open : see do 1 , and cf . don 1
doff, douft.] To open.
What Devell ! iche weene, the porters are drunke : wil
they not dup the gate to-day?
R. Edwards, Damon and Pythias.
Then up he rose and donu'd his clothes,
And dupp'd the chamber door.
Shale., Hamlet, iv. 6.
dupability (du-pa-birj-ti), n. [Also written,
less reg., , dupeability ; < dupable: see -Mlity.]
The quality of being dupable ; gullibility. "
But this poor Napoleon mistook ; he believed too much
in the dupability of men. Carlyle.
dupable (du'pa-bl), a. [Also written, less reg.,
dupeable; < dupe + -able.] Capable of being
duped; gullible.
Man is a tlitjiaWe animal. Soulheij, The Doctor, Ixxxvii.
duparted (du'piir-ted), . [< L. duo, = E. two,
+ parted.] In lier., same as biparted.
dupe (dup), n. [< F. dupe, a dupe, < OF. dupe,
dup/ie, F. dial, dube, duppe, a hoopoe, a bird re-
garded as stupid : see noopoe and Upupa. For
similar examples of the application of the names
1800
of (supposed) stupid birds to stupid persons, cf .
booby, goose, gull, and (in Pg.) dodo. Cf. Bret.
liouperik, a hoopoe, a dupe.] A person who is
deceived ; one who is led astray by false repre-
sentations or conceptions; a victim of credu-
lity: as, thedupe^ of a designing rogue; he is a
dupe to his imagination.
First slave to words, then vassal to a name,
Then dupe to party ; child and man the same.
Pope, Dunciad, iv. 502.
He that hates truth shall be the dupe of lies.
Confer, Progress of Error.
When the spirit is not masterof the world, then it is its
dupe. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 229.
dupe (dup), r. /. ; pret. and pp. duped, ppr.
duping. [< F. duper, dupe, gull, take in; from
the noun.] To deceive; trick; mislead by im-
posing on one's credulity : as, to dupe a person
by flattery.
Ne'er have I duped him with base counterfeits.
Coleridge.
Instead of making civilization the friend of the poor, it
[the theory of social equality] has duped the poor into
making themselves the enemies of civilization.
IF. //. Mattock, Social Equality, p. 211.
dupeability, dupeable. See dupability, dupa-
ble.
duper (du'per), n. [< dupe + -er l ; after OF.
(and F.) dupeur, a deceiver.] One who dupes or
deceives ; a cheat ; a swindler.
The race-ground had its customary complement of
knaves and fools the dupers and the duped.
Bulwer, Pelham, I. xii.
dupery (du'per-i), . [< F. duperie, < dupe, a
dupe : see dupe, n.] The art of deceiving or
imposing upon the credulity of others ; the ways
or methods of a duper.
Travelling from town to town in the full practice of du-
pery and wheedling. I. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 304.
It might be hard to see an end to the inquiry were we
once to set diligently to work to examine and set forth
how much innocent dupery we habitually practise upon
ourselves in the region of metaphysics.
Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 23.
dupion. doupion (du'-, do'pi-on), n. [< F. dou-
ion, < It. doppione, aug. of doppio, double, <
. duplus, double: see double, and also dou-
bloon and dobrao, doublets of dupion.] 1. A
double cocoon formed by two silkworms spin-
ning together. 2. The coarse silk furnished
by such double cocoons.
duplation (du-pla'shqn), n. [< L. duplus, dou-
ble, + -ation.] Multiplication by two; dou-
bling.
duple (du'pl), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. duplo, < L. du-
plus, double : see double, the old form.] Dou-
ble. [Rare in general use.]
A competent defence of Illyricum was upon a two-fold
reason established, the duple greatnesse of which busi-
ness the emperor having taken in hand affected both.
Holland, tr. of Ammianus, p. 101.
Duple ratio, a ratio such as that of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, etc.
Subduple ratio is the reverse, or as 1 to 2, 4 to 8, etc.
Duple rhythm, in mime, a rhythm characterized by two
beats or pulses to the measure ; double time.
duple (du'pl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dupled, ppr.
dupling. [< duple, a.] To double. [Rare.]
duplet (du'plet), n. [< L. duplus, double, + E.
dim. -et.] A doublet. [Rare.]
That is to throw three dice till duplets and a chance be
thrown, and the highest duplet wins.
Dryden, Hock Astrologer, iii.
duplex (du'pleks), a. and n. [< L. duplex, dou-
ble, twofold, < duo, = E. two, +plicare, fold.] I.
a. Double; twofold. Specifically applied in electricity
to a system of telegraphy in which two messages are trans-
mitted at the same time over a single wire : it includes
both diplcx and contraplex. See these words. Duplex
escapement of a watch. See escapement. Duplex
idea, lathe, pelitti. See the nouns. Duplex querela
(eccles.), a double quarrel (which see, under quarrel).
II, n. A doubling or duplicating.
duplex (du'pleks), v. [< duplex, a.] I. trans.
In teleg., to arrange (a wire) so that two mes-
sages may be transmitted along it at the same
time.
Four perfectly independent wires were practically cre-
ated. . . . Each of these wires was also duplexed.
G. B. Prescott, Elect. Invent., p. 219.
II. ill trans. To transmit telegraphic messages
by the duplex system.
duplicate (du'pli-kat), v. ; pret. and pp. dupli-
cated, ppr. duplicating. [< L. duplicatus, pp. of
duplicare, make double, < duplex (duplic-), dou-
ble, twofold: see duplex. Cf. double, r.] I.
trans. 1. To double; repeat; produce a second
(like the first) ; make a copy or copies of.
Whereof perhaps one reason is, because there is shewn
in this a duplicated power: a contrary stream of power
running across and thwart, in its effects in this.
Goodwin, Works, III. i. 658.
duplication
2. In physiol., to divide into two by natural
growth or spontaneous division: as, some in-
fusorians duplicate themselves.
II. intrans. To become double ; repeat or be
repeated ; specifically, in ecclesiastical use, to
celebrate the mass or holy communion twice in
the same day. See duplication.
The desires of man, if they pass through an even and in-
different life towards the issues of an ordinary and neces-
sary course, they are little, and within command ; but if
they pass upon an end or aim of difficulty or ambition,
they duplicate, and grow to a disturbance.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 104.
If the Priest has to duplicate, i. e., to celebrate twice in
one day, he must not drink the ablutions, which must be
poured into a chalice and left for him to consume at the
second celebration. For to drink the ablutions would be
to break his fast.
F. G. Lee, Directorium Anglicanum, 4th ed. (1879), p. 248.
duplicate (du'pli-kat), . and n. [= It. dupli-
cato = D. diiplikaat = G. Dan. duplikat, <L.
duplicates, pp. of duplicare, make double: see
duplicate, v.] I. a. 1. Double; twofold; con-
sisting of or relating to a pair or pairs ; or to two
corresponding parts: as, duplicate spines in an
insect; duplicate examples of an ancient coin;
duplicate proportion. 2f. Consisting of a dou-
ble number or quantity; multiplied by two.
The estates of Bruges little doubted to admit so small a
numbre into so populous a company, yea though the num-
bre were duplicate. Hall, Hen. VII., an. 5.
3. Exactly like or corresponding to something
made or done before; repeating an original;
matched: as, there are many duplicate copies
of this picture; a duplicate action or proceed-
ing. Duplicate proportion or ratio, the proportion
or ratio of squares : thus, in geometrical proportion, the
first term is said to be to the third in the duplicate ratio of
the first to the second, or as its square is to the square of
the second. Thus, in 9 : 15 : : 15 : 25, the ratio of 9 to 25 is
a duplicate of that of 9 to 15, or as the square of 9 is to
the square of 15 ; also, the duplicate ratio of a to & is the
ratio of a a to 6 6 or of a2 to (Si.
II. n. 1. One of two or more things corre-
sponding in every respect to each other.
Of all these he [ Vertue] made various sketches and notes,
always presenting a duplicate of his observations to Lord
Oxford. Walpole, Life of Vertue.
Specifically, in law and com.: (a) An instrument or writ-
ing corresponding in every particular to a first or original
and of equal validity with it ; an additional original.
Duplicates of dispatches and of important letters are
frequently sent by another conveyance, as a precaution
against the risk of a miscarriage. The copy which first
reaches its destination is treated as an original. Wharton.
In the case of mutual contracts, such as leases, contracts
of marriage, copartnership, and the like, duplicates of the
deed are frequently prepared, each of which is signed by
all the contracting parties; and, where this is done, the
parties are bound if one of the duplicates be regularly ex-
ecuted, although the other should be defective in the ne-
cessary solemnities. Bell.
(b) A second copy of a document, furnished by authority
when the original has been lost, defaced, or invalidated.
2. One of two or more things each of which
corresponds in all essential respects to an origi-
nal, type, or pattern ; another corresponding to
a first or original ; another of the same kind ; a
copy: as, a duplicate of a bust.
Many duplicates of the General's wagon stand about the
church in every direction.
W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 72.
duplication (du-pli-ka'shqn), n. [= F. dupli-
cation = Pr. duplicatio = Sp. duplicacion = Pg.
duplicaq Ho = It. duplicazione, < L. duplicatio(n-),
< duplicare, pp. duplicatus, double : see dupli-
cate, v.] 1. The act of duplicating, or of mak-
ing or repeating something essentially the same
as something previously existing or done.
However, if two sheriffs appear in one year (as at this
time and frequently hereafter), such duplication coineth
to pass by one of these accidents.
Fuller, Worthies, Berkshire.
2. In arith., the multiplication of a number by
two. 3. A folding; a doubling; also, a fold: as,
the duplication of a membrane. 4. InpJiysiol.,
the act or process of dividing into two by natural
growth or spontaneous division. 5. in music,
the process or act of adding the upper or lower
octaves or replicates to the tones of a melody or
harmony. See double, n.&ndi: 6. Inbot., same
as chorisis. 7. In admiralty line, a pleading on
the part of the defendant in reply to the replica-
tion. Benedict. [Rare.] 8. Eccles., the cele-
bration of the mass or eucharist twice by the
same priest on the same day. From the sixth cen-
tury to the thirteenth, duplication was in many places
not an unusual practice on a number of days. Since the
fourteenth century it has been forbidden in the Roman
Catholic Church except on Christmas day. In the medi-
eval church in England it was allowed on Easter day
also. The Greek Church does not permit duplication.
Duplication formula, in math., a formula for obtain-
duplication
Ing the sine, etc., of the dmil.Ie ol un angle from the
functions of the angle Itself. Problem of the duplica-
tion, or duplication of the cube, in <//'.. tin problem
to determine the side of a mbe which shall have double
the Soli. I tents of II uivelieuhc. The' problem ise.niiv
Blent to Illlilin- the elllpr root of 2, which is neither ra
tlonal nor rationally expressible In terms of square roots
of Integers ; ' ..n^ <|ii< nily neither an exact numerical so-
lution nor an exact construction with a rule and compass
is possible. Also called Hie /'/mil problem.
There r< -11111111 yet some other pages of Mr. Hobbes'sdia
lo'^ne. wherein he speaks of ... the duplication of the
GWk . and the quadrature of the circle.
Jliiul,; Works, I. 234.
The altar of Apollo at Athens was a square block, or
cube, and to double It required the duplication <tf the cube.
D. Webtttr, Speech, Mechanics' Inst., Nov. 12, 1828.
duplicative (du'pli-kii-tiv), . [= F. duplica-
tij ; as ilii/ilii-ntr + -iri.\ I laving the quality of
duplicating or doubling; especially, injiliy.tiul..
having the quality of duplicating or dividing
into two by natural growth or spontaneous di-
vision.
In the lowest forms of Vegetable life, the primordial
K'Tin multiplies itself by duplicative subdivision into an
apparently unlimited number of cells.
II'. /;. Carpenter, in Grove's Corr. of Forces.
duplicatopectinate (du-pli-ka-to-pek ' ti-nat) ,
a. [< duplicate + pectinate.'] In entom., hav-
ing the branches of bipectinate antennw on
each side alternately long and short.
duplicature (du'pli-kit-tur), n. [= P. duplica-
titri = It. itiipliciititra, < L. as if "duplicatura,
< duplicare, pp. duplicates, double: see dupli-
cate, v.] A doubling; a fold or folding ; a du-
plication: as, a duplicature of the peritoneum.
The kidneys and bladder are contained in a distinct du-
plicature of that membrane [the peritoneum], being there*
by partitioned off from the other contents of the abdo-
men. Paley, Nat. Theol., xi.
duplicidentate (du'pli-si-den'tat), a. [< NL.
diil>licidentatus, < L. duplex (duplic-), double, +
dentatus = E. toothed: see dentate.'] Of or
pertaining to the Duplicidentati ; having four
upper incisors, two of which are much smaller
than and situated behind the other two, of
which they thus appear like duplicates, as in
the hare, rabbit, or pika. Coues.
Duplicidentati (du*pli-si-den-ta'ti), n. pi.
[NL. (sc. Glires), orig. Duplicidentata (sc. Ro-
dentia, Illiger, 1811); pi. of duplicidcntatits : see
duplicidentate.'] A primp division of the order
Rodentia or Glires, containing those rodents, as
the hares and pikas, which have four upper
front teeth that is, twice as many as ordinary
rodents, or Simplicidentati. The group consists
of the families Leporidae and Lagomyidte. E. U.
Alston.
duplicity (du-plis'i-ti), K. [< ME. duplicate, <
OF. duplicite, F. duplicite = Sp. duplicidad =
Pg. duplicidade = It. duplicita, < .LL. duplici-
ta(t-)s, doubleness, ML. ambiguity, < L. duplex
(duplic-), twofold, double : see duplex.'] 1. The
state of being double ; doubleness. [Bare.]
They neither acknowledge a multitude of unmade dei-
ties, nor yet that duplicity of them which Plutarch con-
tended for (one good and the other evil).
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 231.
These intermediate examples need not in the least con-
fuse our generally distinct ideas of the two families of
buildings ; the one in which the substance is alike through-
out, and the forms and conditions of the ornament as-
sume or prove that it is so ; ... and the other, in which
the substance is of two kinds, one internal, the other ex-
ternal, and the system of decoration is founded on this
duplicity, as pre-eminently in St. Mark's. I have used
the word duplicity iu no depreciatory sense. Ruxkin.
A star in the Northern Crown, . . . (ij Corona)), was
found to have completed more than one entire circuit
since its first discovery ; another, r Serpentarii, had closed
up into apparent singleness ; while in a third, < Orionis,
the converse change had taken place, and deceptive sin-
gleness had been transformed into obvious duplicity.
A. M. Clerke, Astron. in 19th Cent., p. 68.
2. Doubleness of heart or speech ; the acting
or speaking differently in relation to the same
thing at different times or to different persons,
with intention to deceive ; the practice of de-
ception by means of dissimulation or double-
dealing.
And shall we even now. whilst we are yet iniurtlngfrom
tile consequence* of hrr treachery, become u second time
the nood easy dupes of her itni-
Anecdotes of Up. Watmn, I. 273.
I think the student of their character should also he slow
to upbraid Italians for their duiiliritii. without admitting,
in palliation of the faults, facts of long ages of alien and
domestic pi>iv.s-.in, in politics and reliuion.
linn;-//*. Venetian Life, xxi.
3. In lair, the pleading of two or more dis-
tinct matters together as if constituting but
one. = Syn. 2. Uuile, deception, hypocrisy, urtitlce, chi-
canery.
1801
duplo- (du'plo). [< . L. duplitx, double : see dov-
l>li .] A prefix signifying 'twofold' or 'twice as
much ' : as, duplo-carburet, twofold carburet,
It. dn/ilirare, < ML. duplirarr, put in a rebutter,
make a second reply, L. duplicare, double : see
i/ii/ilicate, a.] In Scots law, a second reply: a
pleading formerly in use in inferior courts.
Answers, replies, dupliei, triplies, imadruplles, followed
tiiiek upon each other. Scott, Abbot, f.
dupondius (du-pon'di-us), . ; pi. du2>ondii (-1).
[L., also diipondium, dipoitdium, < duo, = E. tiro,
+ pondus, a weight, < pendere, weigh: see
pound 1 .] A Roman bronze coin, of the value
Obverse. Reverse.
Dupondius of Augustus. British Museum. (Size of the original-!
of 2 asses (see a* 4 ), issued by Augustus and
some of his successors: popularly called by
coin-collectors "second brass," to distinguish
it from the sestertius, the " first brass" Roman
coin.
dupper (dup'er), n. Same as dubber^.
Dupuytren s contraction. See contraction.
dur (dor), n. [= G. Dan. Sw. dur, < L. durus,
hard.] In music, major: as, C dur, or C major.
dura (du'ra), . [NL., fern, of L. durus, hard:
see dare."]" 1. Same as duramen. 2. The dura
mater (which see). Wilder and Gage.
durability (du-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [= Dan. Sw. du-
rabilitet, <F. durabilite(OF. dureblete) = Pr. du-
rabletat = Pg. durabilidade = It. durabilita, <
LL. durabilita(t-)s, < L. durabilis, durable: see
durable.'] The quality of being durable; the
power of lasting or continuing in the same
state by resistance to causes of decay or disso-
lution.
A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds
by its size, its height, . . . its antiquity, and its durability.
H. Blair, Rhetoric, iii.
durable (du'ra-bl), a. [= D. Dan. Sw. durabel,
< F. durable = Pr. Sp. durable = Pg. duravel =
It. durabile, < L. durabilis, lasting, < durare, last,
< durus, hard, lasting : see dure, v.] Having the
quality of lasting, or continuing long in being;
not perishable or changeable: lasting; endur-
ing: as, durable timber; durable cloth; durable
happiness.
The monuments of wit and learning are more durable
than the monuments of power, or of the hands.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 101.
They might take vp their Crosse, and follow the second
Adam vnto a durable happinesse.
Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 28.
For time, though in eternity, applied
To motion, measures all things durable.
durante beneplacito
and spinal cord ; a dense, tough, glistening
fibrous membrane which lines the interior of the
brain-case, but in the spinal column is sepa-
rated from the periosteum lining the vertebras
by a space filled with loose areolar tissue, in
the skull it envelops the brain, but does not send down
processes into the fissures. It forms, however, some main
folds, as the vertical falcate sheet or falx cerebrl between
the hemispheres of the cerebrum, and the tentorinm or
horizontal sheet between the cerebrum and the cerebel-
lum. Sundry venous channels between layers of the dura
mater are the sinuses of the brain. The term itura mater
is contrasted with pia mater, both these meninges lielng
so named from an old fanciful notion that they were the
" mothers," or at least the nurses, of the contained parts.
duramen (du-ra'men), n. [NL., < L. duramen,
hardness, also applied to a ligneous vine-branch,
< durare, harden, < durus, hard: see dure.] In
bot., the central wood or heart-wood in the trunk
of an exogenous tree. It is harder and more solid
than the newer wood that surrounds it, from the forma-
tion of secondary layers of cellulose In the wood-cells. It
is also usually of a deeper color, owing to the presence of
peculiar coloring matters. Called by ship-carpenters the
spine. See alburnum. Also dura.
The inner layers of wood, being not only the oldest, hut
the most solidified by matters deposited within their com-
ponent cells and vessels, are spoken of collectively under
the designation duramen or "heart- wood."
W. B. Carpenter, Micros., I 3CH.
durance (du'rans), n. [Early mod. E. also du-
raunce, duransc; < OF. durance = Sp. duranza
= It. duranza, < ML. as if "durantia, < L. du-
ran(t-)s, ppr. of durare, last : see dure, v. In E.
durance is prob. in part an abbr. by apheresis of
endurance, q. v.] 1. Duration; continuance;
endurance. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Loe ! I have made a Calender for every yeare,
That steele in strength, and time in durance, shall out-
weare. Spenter, .Shep. Cal., Epil.
An antique kind of work, composed of little square pieces
of marble, gilded and coloured, . . . which set together
. . . present an unexpressible statelinesse ; and are of
marvellous durance. Sandyt, Travailes, p. 24.
Of how short durance was this new made state 1
Dryden, State of Innocence, v. 1.
The durance of a granite ledge.
Emerson, Astrcea.
By present, past, and future.
Milton, P. L., v. 881.
The very susceptibility that makes him quick to feel
makes him also incapable of deep and durable feeling.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 364.
= Syn. Permanent, Stable, etc. (see lotting), abiding, con-
tinuing, linn, strong, tough.
durableness (du'ra-bl-nes), n. The quality of
being lasting or enduring ; durability : as, the
durableness of honest fame.
As for the timber of the walnut-tree, it may be termed
an English shittim-wood for the fineness, smoothness, and
durableness thereof. fuller, Worthies, Surrey.
The durableness of metals is the foundation of this ex-
- traordinary steadiness of price.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, L 11.
durably (du'ra-bli), adv. In a lasting manner;
with long continuance.
An error in physical speculations Is seldom productive
of such consequences, either to one's neighbour or one's
self, as are deeply, durably, or extensively injurious.
V. Knox, Essays, 1.
dural (du'ral), a. [< dura (mater) + -al.] Of
or pertaining to the dura mater.
The dural vessels were well injected externally and In-
ternally. Medical Xetn, III. 430.
dura mater (ilu'rii ma'ter). [NL. : L. dura,
fern, of durus, hard; mater, mother: see durr,
mother, and of. dura.] The outermost membra-
nous envelop or external meninx of the brain
2. Imprisonment ; restraint of the person ; in-
voluntary confinement of any kind.
What bootes it him from death to l>e unlwwnd,
To be captived in endlesse duraunce
Of sorrow and despeyre without aleggeauuce?
Spenter, t'. ()., III. v. 42.
They [the Flemmings] put their Lord in Prison, till with
long Durance he at last consented.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 122.
I give thee thy liberty, set thee from durance.
Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1.
In durance vile here must I wake and weep.
;;..,.. Epistle from Esopus to Maria.
3f. Any material supposed to be of remarkable
durability, as buff-leather ; especially, a strong
cloth made to replace and partly to imitate
buff-leather; a variety of tammy. Sometimes
written durant, and also called everlasting.
Your mincing nlceries durance petticoats, and silver
bodkins.
Marston, Jonton, and Chapman, Eastward Ho, i. 1.
As the taylor that out of seven yards stole one and a
half of durance. R. WiUon, Three Ladies of London.
Is not a buff -jerkin a most sweet robe of durance!
Shot., 1 Hen. IV., L 2.
4. A kind of apple.
durancyt,". [Assurance.] Continuance; last-
ingness; durance.
The souls ever durancy I sung before,
Ystruck with mighty rage.
Dr. It. More, Sleep of the Soul, 1 1.
durangite (du-ran'jit), n. [< Duranqo (see def.)
+ -ite%.] A fluo-arsenate of aluminium, iron,
and sodium, occurring in orange-red monoclinic
crystals, associated with cassiterite (tin-stone),
at Durango, Mexico.
duranset, n. An obsolete form of durance.
durantt (du'rant), . [< It. durante, & kind of
strong cloth, <I L. duran(t-)s, lasting, ppr. of
durare, last: see dure, r.] Same as durance, 3.
Duranta (du-ran'ta), n. [NL., named after
Castor Durante, an Italian physician (died
1590).] A genus of verbenaceous shrubs of
tropical America, bearing a great profusion of
blue flowers in racemes. D. Plumieri is found
in greenhouses.
durante beneplacito (du-ran'te be-ne-plas'i-
to). [ML. NL. : L. durante, abl. of duran(t-)g,
during, ppr. of durare, last, dure (see dure, r.,
and during); LL. beneplacito, abl. of benepla-
citum, good pleasure, neut. of beneplacitus, pp.
of beneplacerc, bene placere, please well : see oe-
neplacit,] During good pleasure.
durante vita
durante Vita (du-ran'te vi'ta). [L. : durante,
abl. of duran(t-)s, during (see durante bene-
placito); vita, abl. of ito,life: see rital.'] Dur-
ing life.
duration (du-ra'shon), n. [< ME. duration.
Cf. Pr. duracio = Sp"duracion = Pg. durag&o =
It. durazione, < ML. duratio(n-), continuance,
perseverance, < L. durare, last : see dure, v.]
Continuance in time ; also, the length of time
during which anything continues : as, the dura-
tion of life or of a partnership; the duration
of a tone or note in music; the duration of an
eclipse.
The distance between any parts of that succession [of
ideas], or between the appearance of any two ideas in our
ininds, is that we call duration.
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xiv. 3.
Is there any thing in human life, the duration of which
can be called long? Steele, Spectator, No. 153.
It was proposed that the duration of Parliament should
be limited. Macaulay.
Relative, apparent, and common time is duration as es-
timated by the motion of bodies, as by days, months, and
years. Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, art. xvii.
durbar, darbar (der'bar), n. [< Hind, darbar,
Turk, derbdr, < Pers. darbar, a court, an audi-
ence-room, < dar, a door, + bar, admittance,
audience, court, tribunal.] 1. An audience-
room in the palace of a native prince of India;
the audience itself.
He was at once informed that a Rampore citizen had
no right to enter the durbar of Jubbul, and was obliged
to go out in the rain in the court-yard.
W. H. Russell, Diary in India, II. 206.
2. A state levee or audience held by the gov-
ernor-general of India, or by one of the native
princes; an official reception.
On January 1, 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Em-
press of India, at a darbdr of unequalled magnificence,
held on the historic " ridge " overlooking the Mughal capi-
tal of Delhi. Encyc. Brit., XII. 811.
duret (dur), a. [Sc. also dour; < OF. dur, F.
dur = Sp. Pg. It. duro, < L. durus, hard, rough,
harsh, insensible, = Ir. dur = Gael, dur, dull,
hard, stupid, obstinate, firm, strong, = W. dir,
certain, sure, of force, dir, force, certainty;
but the Celtic forms, like W. dur, steel, may
be borrowed from the Latin.] Hard ; rough.
What dure and cruell penance dooe
I sustaine for none offence at all.
Palace of Pleasure, I. sig. Q, 4.
duret (dur), . [< ME. duren, < OF. durer, F.
durer = Pr. Sp. Pg. durar = It. durare, < L.
durare, intr.be hardened, be patient, wait, hold
out, endure, last, tr. harden, inure, < durus,
hard, rough, harsh, insensible: see dure, a.
Hence endure, perdure, duration, during, etc.]
1. intrans. 1. To extend in time; last; con-
tinue ; be or exist ; endure.
Why] that the world may dure.
Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 980.
Vpon a sabboth day, when the disciples were come to-
gether vnto the breakyng of the bread, Paule made a ser-
mon duryng to mydnight. Tyndale, Works, p. 476.
Yet hath he not root in himself, but dureth for a while.
Mat. xiii. 21.
The noblest of the Citizens were ordained Priests, which
function dured with their liues.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 332.
2. To extend in space.
Arabye durethe fro the endes of the Reme of Caldee
unto the laste ende of Affryk, and marchethe to the Lond
of Ydumee, toward the ende of Botron.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 43.
"How fer is it hens to Camelot?" quod Seigramor.
" Sir. it is vj mile vnto a plain that dureth wele two myle
fro thens." Merlin(E. E. T. S.), ii. 260.
II. trans. To abide ; endure.
He that can trot a courser, break a rush,
And, arm'd in proof, dare dure a strawes strong push.
Marston, Satires, i.
durefult (dur'ful), a. [< dure + -ful.] Last-
ing : as, dureful brass.
The durefull oake whose sap is not yet dride.
Spenser, Sonnets, vi.
durelesst (dur'les), a. [< dure + -less.] Not
lasting; fading; fleeting: as, "dureless plea-
sures," Raleigh, Hist. World.
Diireresque (du-rer-esk' ), a. [< Diirer (see def.)
+ -esque.] In the manner or style of Albert
Diirer, the most famous Renaissance artist of
Germany (1471-1528), noted for the perfection
of his drawing and the facility with which he
delineated character and passion: as, Diirer-
esque detail. Albert Durer was at once painter, sculp-
tor, engraver, and architect ; but his fame is must widely
spread through his admirable engravings, botll on wood
and on copper, which far surpassed anything that had
1802
been produced in that branch of art in his day, and pro-
vided free scope for his remarkable sureness and delicacy
of hand. One of the greatest merits of his work lies in
the harmony of composition characterizing even his most
complicated designs. In his early work the detail, though
Durio
come, q. v.] A Hindu divinity, the consort of
Siva, other names given her being Devi, Kali,
Parvati, Bhavani, Uma, etc. She is generally rep-
resented with ten arms. In one hand she holds a spear,
with which she is
piercing Mahisha,
the chief of the
demons, the kill-
ing of whom was
her most famous
exploit ; in ano-
ther, a sword ; in
a third, the hair of
the demon chief,
and the tail of a
serpent twined
round him ; and in ^
others, the trident,
discus, ax, club,
and shield. A great
festival lasting ten
days is celebrated
annually in Bengal
in her honor. Also
spelled Doorga.
durgan. dur-
gen (der'gan,
-gen), n. [A
Durga.
( From Coleman's" Hindu Mythology.")
dwarf
dwergh, etc.) :
see dwarf.] A
dwarf. M.Phillips,n06; Halliwell. [Prov.Eng.]
Durham (der'am), n. One of a breed of short-
horn cattle, so named from the county of Dur-
ham in England, where they are brought to
great perfection: also used attributively: as,
the Durham breed ; Durham cattle.
always rendered with almost unparalleled truth, is some- Duria (du'ri-a), n. See
what profuse and labored, and often sacrifices beauty to durian (du'n-an), n. [< Malay du
tree, the Durio Zibethinus.
fruit of this tree.
Diireresque Detail, as illustrated in a woodcut by Durer.
(Reduced from the original.)
1. A
See Durio. 2. The
Wetastedmanyfruitsnewtous; . . . we tried a durian,
the fruit of the East, . . . and having got over the first
horror of the onion-like odour we found it by no means
bad. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xxiv.
exactness ; but toward the close of his career he sought
to attain repose and simplicity of manner and subject.
duress (du'res or du-res'), n. [< ME. duresse,
duresce, hardship, OF. durece, duresce, du-
resse = Pr. duressa = Sp. Pg. dureza = It. du-
rezza, < L. duritia, hardness, harshness, sever-
ity, austerity, < durus, hard: see dure, a.] If. fl^Uo (do-rel'yo), . [Sp., dim. of duro, hard:
Hardness. see dure, a.] An old Spanish coin, a gold dol-
lar: otherwise called the escudillo de oro and
coronilla.
duringt, . [< ME. during; verbal n. of dure,
t\] Duration; existence.
And that shrewes ben more unsely if they were of lenger
Whan the spaynols that a-spied spakli the! him folwed, during and most unsely yf they weren perdurable.
And deden al the duresse that thei do mist. Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 4.
William oSPalerne(E.E. -I. S.), 1.3632. during*^. a . [< ME. during, ppr. of duren,
Yef I delyuer my moder fro this luge^ shall eny other l as t : see dure, V.] Lasting; continuing; en-
during. Chaucer.
Temples and statues, reared in your minds,
The fairest, and most during imagery.
B. Jonson, Sejanus, i. 2.
during (dur'ing), prep. [< ME. duringe, pre;
Ye that here an herte of suche duresse,
A faire body formed to the same.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 67.
2. Hardship; constraint; pressure; imprison-
ment; restraint of liberty ; durance.
do her duresse? Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 19.
Right feeble through the evill rate
Of food which in her duresse she had found.
Spenser, . Q., IV. viii. 19.
After an unsatisfactory examination and a brief duress,
the busy ecclesiastic was released.
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 398.
prop
g (dur'ing), prep. [< ME. duringe, prop..
. ppr. of dure, last (see during, p. a.), like
P* Durante, < 1.. durante abl agreeing j with
the substantive, as m durante wta, during life,
ht - '. lf ? lastm ,' y here duran < is the present
3. In law, actual or apprehended physical re-
straint so great as to amount to coercion: a
species of fraud in which compulsion in some
form takes the place of deception in accom-
plishing the injury. Coota/.-Duress of goods participle used m agreement with the noun
the forcible seizing or withholding of "sonal property vita (E. life), used absolutely: durante, abl. ot
withoutsufncientjustiflcation.inordertocoercetheclaim- duran(t-)s, ppr. of durare, last: see dure, V.}
ant. Duress of imprisonment, actual deprivation of i n the time of; in the course of; throughout
liberty. Duress per minas, coercion by threats of de- , />rvTiHrmnn/>a nf- n fltirinn lifp dtirinn
structiontolifeorlimb. A promise is voidable when made the ' as, at. .ng 11 uring
our earthly pilgrimage ; during the space ot a
A promise is
under duress, whether this is exercised immediately upon
the promisor or upon wife, husband, descendant, or ascen-
dant.
duress* (du-res'), v. t. [< duress, .] To sub-
ject to duress or restraint ; imprison.
If the party duressed do make any motion. Bacon.
duressort (du-res'or), n. [< duress + -or.'] In
law, one wno subjects another to duress. Bacon.
durett (du-ref), n. [Appar. < OF. duret, F.
duret (= It. duretto), somewhat stiff, hard, etc.,
dim. of dur, stiff, hard, etc., < L. durus, hard: ]) U r.io (du'ri-6), n.
see dure, a.] A kind of dance.
The Knights take their Ladies to dance with them gal-
liards, durets, corantoes, &c.
Beaumont, Masque of Inner-Temple.
durettat, . [As if < It. duretto, somewhat
hard: see duret.] A coarse kind of stuff, so
called from its wearing well.
I never durst be seen
Before my father out of duretta and serge ;
But if he catch me in such paltry stuffs,
To make me look like one that lets out money,
Let him say, Timothy was tarn a fool.
Jasper Afayne, City Mateh, i. 5.
Durga (dor'ga), n. [Hind. Durga, Skt. Durga,
a female divinity (see def.), prop, adj., lit.
whose going is hard, hard to go to or through,
impassable, as n. difficulty, danger, < dtir-foT
dus-, hard, bad (= Gr. 6va-, bad: see dys-), +
I '- ',-, j. . ' T-I Purian (Durio Zibel
V ga, another form of i/ gam, go, come, = E. ,,.
year.
Ulysses was a baron of Greece, exceedingly wise, and
during the siege of Troy invented the game of chess.
Quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 405.
During the whole time Rip and his companion had la-
bored on in silence. Jrviny, Sketch-Book, p. 53.
The whole world sprang to arms. On the head of Fred-
eric is all the blood which was shed in a war which raged
during many years and in every quarter of the globe.
Macaulay, Frederic the Great.
[NL., also written Duria
and (non-Latinized) Durion,
Dhourra, etc., < Malay dury-
on: see durian.] A genus of
malvaceous trees, of which
there are three species, na-
tives of the Malay peninsula
and adjoining islands. The
durian, D. Zibethimis, the best-
known species, is a tall tree very
commonly cultivated for its fruit,
wliirh is very large, with a thick
hard rind and entirely covered
with strong sharp spines. Not-
withstanding its strong civet odor
and somewhat terebinthinate fla-
vor, it is regarded by the natives
as the most delicious of fruits. The
custard-like pulp in which the
large seeds are embedded is the
part eaten ; the seeds are also
roasted and eaten, or puunded into
Durio
flour. They may !>< used as vegetable Ivory. It possesses
very nmrknl aphniih^uir qii:ilil K-
durityt (dii'ri-ti), . [= F. iliiri'ti' = It. duritft,
durititdi; iliiri/nii; < I,. durita(t-)n, hardness, <
ilnnis, liiii-il: SIT dun; a.] 1. HunlncHH; firm-
ness.
As for irradlancy or sparkling, which is found in many
Hems, ii U iic. t cli...ivial.lc m this; for it cometh short of
tlu-ir I'ulni.artni-ssi- ami <lu,-il<i.
>'./ T. Browne, Vulg. Err., II. 1.
Thr aiH'imts dill I. urn tlu-ir tlrinest stone, and even frag-
ments of marble, which in ti Wcanii- almost inarlih:
again, at least of indissolulile ilnriln, as ajipeari'th In the
M an. lin;; theatres. Sir II. H'uttnu, Klein, of Arehitecture.
2. Hardness of mind; harshness; cruelty.
(_'ui-l;i ril in.
durjee (<16r'je), . [Also written dirgee, durzee,
etc., repr. Hind, darsi, vernacularly darji, <
Peru, darzi, a tailor.] In the East Indies, a
native domestic tailor or seamster.
durmast (der' mast), . [Origin uncertain.] A
species of oak ( Qiit-rc/is mvxilijltiru, or, according
to some, Q. pubexcens) so closely allied to the
common oak (Q. Itobur) as to be reckoned by
gome botanists only a variety of it. its wood is,
however, ilarke r, heavier, and more elastic, and less easy
to split or to break ; but It is comparatively easy to bend,
and is therefore highly valued by tne builder ana the cabi-
net-maker.
dura 1 , durns (dern, dernz), n. [E. dial. (Corn-
wall) durn, a door-post, gate-post, < Corn, dorn,
door-post; cf. W. dor, dries, door: see door.]
In mining, a " sett " of timbers in a mine. Duna
is sometimes made singular and sometimes plural. (Pryce.)
The term chietly used at present, especially in the United
States, is ten (which see).
durn a , . t. See dent 3 .
duro (do'ro), M. [Sp.] The Spanish silver dol-
lar, the peso duro. See dollar.
durometer (du-rom'e-ter), n. [< L. durus, hard,
+ metrum, a measure.] An apparatus invent-
ed by Behrens for testing the hardness of steel
rails. It consists essentially of a small drill fitted with
apparatus for measuring the amount of feed under a given
pressure of the drill, and counting the turns of the drill.
The feed and work are considered to give relatively the
hardness of the steel.
duroust (du'rus), a. [< L. durus, hard: see
(lure, a.] Hard.
They all of them vary much from their primitive ten-
derness and bigness, and so become more durous.
J. Smith, Solomon's Portraiture of Old Age, p. 186.
duroyt (du-roi'), n. [See corduroy.] Same as
corduroy. '
Western Goods had their share here also, and several
booths were tilled with Serges, Duroyi, Druggets, Shal-
loons, Cantaloous, Devonshire Kerstes, etc.
Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, I. 94.
durra (dur'ft), n. [Also written dura, doura,
dourah, dora, dhura, dhourra, dhurra, etc., repr.
Ar. dorra, durra, dora, Turk, dori, millet; cf.
Ar. dorra, Turk. Pers. Hind, durr, a pearl.]
The Indian millet or Guinea corn, Sorghum vul-
gare. See sorghum.
The always scanty crop of doura fails away from the
Nile. The Century, XXIX. 651.
durst (derst). A preterit of dare 1 .
durukuli, n. See douroucouli.
dusack (du'sak), n. [G. dusak, also duseck, tu-
sack, disak, thicsak, tissek, < Bohem. tesak, a
short, broad, curved sword.] A rough cutlas
in use in Germany in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries. It is commonly represented as forged
of a single piece, the fingers passing through an opening
made at the end opposite the point, so that the grip con-
sists of a rounded and perhaps leather-covered part of the
blade itself. It is said to have originated In Bohemia.
dliset, An obsolete spelling of deuce 1 .
dush ((lush), c. [E. dial., < ME. dusshen, dusch-
i a : appar. orig. a var. of dasxhen, daschen. dash :
eeo dash.'] I. trans. To strike or push violently.
[Now only prov. Eng.]
Tlici dusshed hym, the! dasshed hym,
Thel lussheil hym, the! lasshed hym,
Thei pusshed hym, the! passhed hym,
All sorowe thei saicle that it semed hym.
1'ork Plays, p. 481.
Mynours then mightely the moldes did serene,
Ouertyrnet the toures, & the tore walles
All dtushet into the diche, doll to be-holde.
Destruction iif Troy (E. E. T. S.X L 4776.
II. iiitraiin. To fall violently; dash down;
move with violence. [Now only prov. Eng.]
Such a dasande drede duschnl to his herte
That ul faluwit [fallowed] his face.
;tttmrt! Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 1538.
dusk(dusk). . andn. [=E. dial, duel-lull (trans-
posed from dusk) ; < early ME. dosk, dose, d< .sA -.
deosc, dark ; not found in AS., but perhaps a sur-
vival of the older form of AS. deorc, ME. deorc,
ili'rl;, E. tlurk. which in its rhotacized form has
no obvious connections, while dcime, dimk. <ln*k
appears to be related to Norw. dunk, a drizzling
1803
rain, Sw. dial, dusk, a slight shower, Sw. dusk,
chilliness, raw weather (> Norw. duxkit = Sw.
duxka = Dan. duxkr, drizzle ; Sw. duskig, misty,
etc.), appar. orig. applied to dark, threaten-
ing weather. LG. dusken, slumber, is not re-
lated.] I. a. Dark; tending to darkness ; dusky;
shaded, either as to light or color ; shadowy ;
swarthy. [Rare and poetical.]
A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.
Milton, P. E., L 296.
Dusk faces with white silken turbans wreathed.
Milton, P. TIL, iv. 70.
As rich as moths from duik cocoons.
Tennyson, Princess, II.
II. n. 1. Partial darkness; an obscuring of
light, especially of the light of day; a state
between light and darkness ; twilight : as, the
diixk of the evening; the dusk of a dense forest.
He quits
His door lu darkness, nor till dusk returns.
Wordsworth, Excursion, v.
Prone to the lowest vale t h aerial tribes
Descend : the tempest-loving raven scarce
Dares wing the dubious dusk. Thomson, Summer.
Fortunately the dusk had thrown a veil over us, and in
the exquisite delicacy of the fading light we drifted slowly
up the mysterious river.
C. W. Stoddard, Mashallah, p. 161.
2. Tendency to darkness of color; swarthiness.
Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen,
Whose dusk set off the whiteness of the skin.
Dryden, I'al. and Arc., 111. 77.
dusk (dusk), r. [< ME. dusken, earlier dosken,
make dark, become dark ; < dusk, a.] I. trans.
1. To make dusky or dark ; obscure; make less
luminous.
After the sun is up, that shallow which dusketh the light
of the moon must needs be under the earth. Hoiland.
Essex, at all times his [Raleigh's] rival, and never his
friend, saw his own lustre dutked by the eminence of his
inferior. /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 266.
2. To make dim.
Which clothes a dlrkness of a forletyn and a despised
elde hadde dunked and derked.
Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 1.
The faithfulnes of a wife is not stained with decelpt,
nor dusked with any dissembling.
Sir T. Wilson, Art of Rhetoric, p. 55.
H. intrans. 1. To grow dark; begin to lose
light, brightness, or whiteness.
Dusken his eygheu two, and faylleth breth.
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1948.
2. To cause a dusky appearance; produce a
slightly ruffled or shadowed surface.
Little breezes dunk and shiver
Thro' the wave that runs for ever
By the island in the river
Flowing down to Camelot.
Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, 1.
[Rare in all uses.]
dusken (dus'kn), . [< dusk + -enl.] I. in-
trans. To grow dusk; dim; become darker.
[Rare.]
I have known the male to sing almost uninterruptedly
during the evenings of early summer, till twilight dusk-
ened into dark. Lowell.
II. trans. To make dark or obscure. [Rare.]
The sayd epigrame was not vtterly defaced, but onely
duskened, or so rased that it myght be reddr, thoughe that
with some difficulty. Xicoils, tr. of Thucydides, fol. 163.
duskily (dus'ki-li), adr. With partial dark-
ness ; with a tendency to darkness or somber-
ness.
The twilight deepened, the ragged battlements and the
low broad oriels [of Haddon Hall] glanced duskily from
the foliage, the rooks wheeled and clamored In the glow-
ing sky. //. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 26.
duskiness (dus'ki-nes), n. Incipient or partial
darkness; a moderate degree of darkness or
blackness ; shade.
Time had somewhat sullied the colour of it with such a
kind of duskiness, as we may observe in pictures that have
hung iu some smoky room.
Boetius (trans.), p. S(Oxf., 1674).
duskish (dus'kish), a. f< dusk + -Jsfc 1 .] Mod-
erately dusky ; partially obscure ; dark or
blackish.
Sight Is not well contented with sudden departments
from one extream to another; therefore let them have
rather a duskish tincture than an absolute black.
NI';- //. Wotton, Elem. of Architecture.
duskishly (dus'kish-li), adv. Cloudily; darkly;
obscurely ; dimly.
The Comet appeared again to-night, but duskishlu.
Pepg*, Diary, II. 195.
duskishness (dus'kish-nes), n. Duskiness;
slight obscurity ; dimness.
The harts use dictamus. The swallow the hearbe i-ele-
ili.nia. The weasell fennell seede, for the duskishnew
anil blearishnesse of her eyes.
Jieitcenuiu, Passengers' Dialogues (1612),
dust
The divers colours and the tinctures fair,
Whli-h in this various vesture changes write
Of light, of duskishnesse.
Dr. 11. More, Psychotola, L 22.
dusky (dus'ki), a. [< dusk + -yi.] 1. Rather
dark ; obscure; not luminous; dim: as, a dusky
valley.
Here dies the duiky torch of Mortimer,
( 'link il with ambition of the meaner sort.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., 11. 5.
He [Dante] Is the very man who has heard the torment-
ed spirits crying out for the second death, who has read
the dusky characters on the portal within which there Is
no hope. Macaulay, Milton.
Memorial shapes of saint and sage,
That pave with splendor the Past's dusky aisles.
Lowell, Under the Willows.
2. Rather black; dark-colored; fuscous; not
light or bright : as, a dusky brown ; the dusky
wings of some insects.
I will take some savage woman, she shall rear my dutkij
race. Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
A smile gleams o'er his dusky brow.
Whittier, Mogg Megone, I.
Here were the squalor and the glitter of the Orient
the solemn dusky faces that look out on the reader from
the pages of the Arabian Nights.
T. II, Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 201.
3. Hence, figuratively, gloomy ; sad. [Rare.]
While he continues In life, this dusky scene of borrow,
this melancholy prospect of final perdition will frequent-
ly occur to his fancy. Bentley, Sermons.
Dusky duck. See duck.
Dussumiera (dus-u-me'rft), . [NL. (Cuvier
and Valenciennes, 1847 ; also Lhtssumieria) ;
named for the traveler Dussumier.] A genus of
fishes, in some systems made type of a family
Dussumierida.
dussumierid (dus-u-me'rid), . A fish of the
family Dussumieridte.
Dussumieridje (dus-u-me'ri-de), . pi. [NL.,
< I>u.?sumiera + -idee.'] A family of malacop-
terygian fishes, represented by the genus Dus-
sumiera. It is closely related to the family Clupeida,
but the abdomen Is rounded and the ribs are not connected
with a median system of scales. The species are few in
number; one {Dussumiera teres) is an inhabitant of the
eastern coast of the United States.
Dussumierina (dus ll 'u-me-ri'na), n. pi. [NL.,
< Dussumiera + -in2.] In Gunther's system,
the fourth group of Clupeidtf, with the mouth
anterior and lateral, the upper jaw not overlap-
ping the lower, and the abdomen neither cari-
uate nor serrate, and without an osseous gular
plate. The group corresponds to the family
Dussumierida;.
dust 1 (dust), . [< ME. dust, doust, < AS. dust
(orig. dust) = OFries. dust = MLG. LG. dust
(> G. dust), dust, = D. duist. meal-dust, = Icel.
dust, dust, = Norw. dust, dust, fine particles,
= Dan. dyst, fine flour or meal ; allied prob.
to OHG. tunist, dunist, dunst, breath, storm,
MHG. G. dunst, vapor, fine dust, = Sw. and Dan.
dunst, steam, vapor; and to Goth, dauns, odor;
all prob. ult. from a root repr. by Skt. / dhvans
or / dhvas, fall to dust, perish, vanish, in pp.
dhvas-ta (= E. dus-t), bestrewn, covered over,
esp. with dust.] 1. Earth or other matter in
fine dry particles, so attenuated that they can
be raised and carried by the wind ; finely com-
minuted or powdered matter : as, clouds of dust
obscure the sky.
Than a-roos the duste and the powder so grete that vn-
nethe oon myght kuowe a-nother, ne noon ne a-bode his
felowe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.X 11. 201.
The ostrich, which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and
warmeth them in dust. Job x\xix. 13, 14.
2. A collection or cloud of powdered matter in
the air; an assemblage or mass of fine particles
carried by the wind : as, the trampling of the
animals raised a great dust; to take the du.it
of a carriage going in advance.
By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall
cover thee. Ezek. xxvL 10.
Hence 3. Confusion, obscurity, or entangle-
ment of contrary opinions or desires ; embroil-
ment ; discord : as, to raise a dust about an af-
front ; to kick up a dust. See phrases below.
Great contest follows, and much learned dust
Involves the combatants ; each claiming truth,
And truth disclaiming both. Cmrper, Task, ill. 161.
4. A small quantity of any powdered substance
sprinkled over something : used chiefly in cook-
ery: as, give it a dust of ground spice. 5.
Crude matter regarded as consisting of sepa-
rate particles ; elementary substance.
Many [a day] hade i be ded & to dust roted,
Nadde it be Goddes grace * help of that liest.
William uf Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), L 4124.
dust
Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.
Gen. iii. 19.
My flesh is clothed with worms and clods of dust. . . .
For now shall I sleep in the dust. Job vii. 6, 21.
Fair brows
That long ago were dust.
Eryant, Flood of Years.
Hence 6f. A dead body, or one of the atoms
that compose it ; remains.
The bodies of the saints, what part of the earth or sea
soever holds their dusts, shall not be detained in prison
when Christ calls for them. . . . Hot a dust, not a bone,
can be denied. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 106.
Hereafter if one Duet of Me
Mix'd with another's Substance be,
'Twill leaven that whole Lump with love of Thee.
Cowley, The Mistress, All over Love.
7. A low condition, as if prone on the ground.
He raiseth up the poor out of the dust. 1 Sam. ii. 8.
8. Rubbish; ashes and other refuse. [Eng.]
But when the parish dustman came,
His rubbish to withdraw,
He found more dust within the heap
Than he contracted for ! Hood, Tim Turpin.
A string of carts full of miscellaneous street and house
rubbish, all called here [London] by the general name of
dmt. New York Tribune, Sept. 9, 1879.
9. Gold-dust; hence, money; cash. See phrases
below. [Slang.] 10. Same as dust-brand Cos-
mic dust. See cosmic. Down with the (his, your)
dust, pay or deliver the money at once.
The abbot down with his dust; and, glad he had es-
caped so, returned to Reading, as somewhat lighter in
purse, so much more merry in heart than when he came
thence. Fuller, Ch. Hist., II. 218.
Limb. I'll settle two hundred a year upon thee. . . .
Aldo. Before George, son Limberham, you'l spoil all,
if you underbid so. Come, down with your dust, man ;
what, show a base mind when a fair Lady's in question !
Dnjden, Limberham, ii. 1.
Come, fifty pounds here ; down with your dust.
O'Keefe, Fontainebleau, ii. 3.
Dust and ashes. See osAs. Founders' dust. See
founder'^. Metallic dust, powdered oxids or filings of
metals, used for giving a metallic luster to wall-papers,
lacquered ware, etc. The metal-powders are washed,
treated with chemicals, and heated, to obtain a variety of
colors. To beat the dust. See beati.To bite the
dust. See bite. To kick up a dust, to make a row;
cause tumult or uproar. [Colloq.] To make one take
the dust, in driving, to pass one on the road so as to
throw the dust back toward him ; beat one in a race. To
raise a dust, (a) To cause a cloud of dust to rise, as a
fast-driven carriage, a gust of wind, etc. (6) To make con-
fusion or disturbance; get up a dispute; create discord
or angry discussion. [Colloq.]
The Bishop saw there was small reason to raise such a
dust out of a few indiscreet words.
Bp. llacket, Abp. Williams, II. 61.
By the help of these [men], they were able to raise a
dust and make a noise ; to form a party, and set them-
selves at the head of it. Bp. Atterlnmj, Sermons, I. iii.
To throw dust in or Into one's eyes, to mislead, con-
fuse, or dupe one.
This is certainly the dust of Gold which you have thrown
in the good Man's Eyes. Dryden, Spanish Kriar, iii. 1.
dust 1 (dust), v. t. [< ME. dusten, intr., rise as
dust, = Icel. dusta = Norw. dusta, tr., dust,
sprinkle with dust, = Dan. dyste, sprinkle ; from
the noun.] 1. To free from dust; brush, wipe,
or sweep away dust from: as, to dust a table,
floor, or room.
Let me dust yo' a bit, William. Yo've been leaning
against some whitewash, a'll be bound.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lovers, xiv.
2. To sprinkle with dust, or with something
in the form of dust: as, to dust a cake with
fine sugar; to dust a surface with white or
yellow.
Especially in one of those stand-stills of the air that fore-
bode a change of weather, the sky is dusted with motes of
fire of which the summer-watcher never dreamed.
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 52.
Insects in seeking the nectar would get dusted with pol-
len, and would certainly often transport it from one flower
to another. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 95.
To dust one, to make one take the dust (which see, under
dust, .) To dust one's jacket, to give one a drubbing ;
beat one as if for freeing him from dust, or so as to raise
a dust.
dust 2 (dust), v. [< ME. dusten, desten, throw,
hurl, intr. rush, comp. adusten, throw (a differ-
ent word from dusshen, throw down, dash: see
dush), appar. of Scand. origin: < Icel. dusta,
beat; cf. dustera, tilt, fight (Haldorsen, Cleas-
by), dust, a blow (Haldorsen), = Sw. c?ws<=Dan.
dyst, a tilt, bout, fight, = MLG. dust (zdust, sust),
a tilt, a dance. Prob. allied to douse?, beat (see
douse?). Hitherto confused by a natural figure
with dust*-, from which, in def. I., 2, and II.,
it cannot now be entirely separated. It is
possible that the two words are ult. connected.
Cf. Gr. Kovletv, tr. cover with dust, intr. run (as
horses or men), or march (as an army), making
1804
a dust in the act, i. e., 'dust.'] I.t trans. 1.
To throw ; hurl.
This inilde meiden ... toe [took] him bi the ateliche
[grisly] top, ant hef him up ant duste him adunriht [down-
right] to ther [the] eorthe.
SI, Margherete (ed. Cockayne), p. 12.
He iss Godd self, that duste death under him.
Legend of St. Katherinc, 1. 1093.
2. To strike ; beat.
An engel duste hit a swuch dunt that hit bigon to clat-
eren. ' Legend of St. Katherine, 1. 2025.
Observe, my English gentleman, that blowes have a won-
derful! prerogative in the feminine sex ; ... if ... she
be good, to dust her often hath in it a singular . . . ver-
tue. Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1612).
II. intrans. To run; leave hastily ; scuttle;
get out: as, to get up and dust; come, dust out
of here. [Colloq. or slang.]
Vrgan lepe vnfain
Ouer the bregge [bridge] he deste.
Sir Tristrem, iii. 9 (Minstrelsy, ed. Scott, V.).
dust-ball (dust'bal), TO. A disease in horses in
which a ball is sometimes formed in the intes-
tinal canal, owing to over-feeding with the dust
of corn or barley. Its presence is indicated by a hag-
gard countenance, a distressed eye, a distended belly, and
hurried respiration.
dust-bin (dust'bin), n. A covered receptacle
for the accumulated dust, ashes, and rubbish
of a dwelling, usually placed in a cellar or in a
yard. [Eng.]
Villages, with their rows of hovels sandwiched in be-
tween rows of dustbins. Contemporary Rev., LII. 128.
dust-brand (dust'brand), . Smut. Also dust.
dust-brush (dust'brush), n, A brush made of
feathers, fine bristles, tissue-paper, or the like,
for removing dust, as from furniture, walls,
framed pictures, etc.
dust-cart (dust'kart), . A cart for conveying
dust, refuse, and rubbish from the streets.
[Eng.]
dust-chamber (dust'cham' / b6r), n. An in-
closed flue or chamber filled with deflectors, in
which the products of combustion from an ore-
roasting furnace are allowed to settle, the
heavier and more valuable portions being left
in the dust-chamber, and the volatile portions
passing out through the chimney or other es-
cape.
dust-collar (dust'kol"ar), n. A grooved ring
or flange placed between the hub of a wheel
and the journal, to hold a dust-guard and keep
the axle-box clean.
duster (dus'ter), . 1. One who dusts. 2.
That which is used in dusting or removing
dust, as a piece of cloth or a brush. A kind of
cloth especially for use in the form of dusters is made of
cotton, or of linen and cotton, generally twilled, woven
plain or with a checked pattern, and sold by the yard,
and also in separate squares, like handkerchiefs.
We were taught to play the good housewife in the kitch-
en and the pantry, and were well instructed in the con-
duct of the broom and the duster.
Watts, Education of Children and Youth, f viii.
3. A fine sieve. 4. A machine for sifting
dry poisons upon plants, to destroy insects.
E. H. Knight. 5. A light overcoat or wrap
worn to protect the clothing from dust, espe-
cially in traveling.
With February came the Carnival. . . . Hawthorne
. . . accepted its liberties . . . with great good humor.
He used to stroll along the streets, with a linen duster
over his black coat.
J. Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hawthorne, II. v.
Set duster, a long broom, hearth-brush, or any dusting-
brush.
dust-guard (dust'gard), n. A thin piece of
wood, leather, or fabric fitted to a journal-box
to exclude dust from the axle and bearings, and
to prevent the escape of the oil and waste from
the box.
The dust-guard is made of sycamore wood, and is either
in one or two parts. Engineer, LXV. 297.
dust-hole (dust'hol), n. A dust-bin.
Our dusthole ain't been hemptied this week, so all the
stuff is running into the sile.
Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 80.
dustiness (dus'ti-nes), n. The state of being
dusty.
dusting-colors (dus'ting-kul // orz), n. pi. In
printing, colors in the form of powder, made to
be spread or dusted over an impression in ad-
hesive varnish. Ultramarine blue and gold bronzes
are common dusting-colors, and by this treatment show
greater depth or brilliancy of color than when mixed with
the varnish as a printing-ink.
dustless (dust'les), a. [< dusti + -/ess.] Free
from dust.
A dustless path led to the door.
L. Wallace, Ben Hur, p. 177.
Dutch
dust-louse (dust'lous), . An insect of the
genus I'socus or family I'socidw.
dustman (dust'man), n. ; pi. dustmen (-men).
1. One whose employment is the removal of
dust, rubbish, or garbage. 2. The genius of
sleep in popular sayings and folklore: so
named because the winking and eye-rubbing
of a sleepy child are as if he had dust in his
eyes Running or flying dustman, a man who re-
moved dust from dust-lioles, without license, for the sake
of what he could pick out of it. [Eng. ]
At Marlborough Street one day early in November,
1837, two of the once celebrated fraternity known as "Jly-
ing dustmen " were charged with having emptied a dust-
hole in Frith Street, without leave or licence of the con-
tractor. Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, pp. 78, 79.
dustoori (dus-to'ri), n. Same as dasturi.
dust-pan (dust'pan), n. A utensil for collect-
ing and removing dust brushed from the floor,
furniture, etc.
dust-pointt (dust'point), n. An old rural game,
probably the same as push-pin.
We to nine holes fall,
At dust-point or at quoits.
Drayton, Muse's Elysium, vi.
Then let him be more manly ; for he looks
Like a great school-boy that had been blown up
Last night at dust-point.
Beau, and Fl., Captain, iii. 3.
dust-prig (dust 'prig), . A dust-hole thief;
one who filched from dust-bins. [Eng.]
The days of " dusting on the sly " seem to be rapidly
passing away. The transportation of the renowned Bob
Bonner, first of dust-prigs, added to the great fall in
breeze, have caused this consummation.
Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 79.
dust-prigging (dust'prig"ing), n. Filching or
stealing from dust-bins. [Eng.]
In the palmy days of dust-prigging, [men] fearlessly en-
countered the perils of Tothill Fields and the treadmill
in pursuit of their unlawful vocation.
Quoted in First Year of a Silken Reign, p. 79.
dust-shot (dust'shot), n. The smallest size of
shot. Also called mustard-seed.
Mustard-seed or dust-shot, as it is variously called.
Corns.
dust-storm (dust'storm), n. A storm of wind
which raises dense masses of dust into the air,
as on one of the great deserts of Africa or Asia.
dustuck, dustuk (dus'tuk), n. [Anglo-Ind., <
Hind, dastak, a passport, permit, < Hind, dast,
< Pers. dast, the hand.] In India, a customs
permit.
Mir Jaflr pledged himself to permit all goods of every
kind and sort to be carried duty free, under the company's
dustuck. J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 295.
dust-whirl (dust'hwerl), n. A whirl of dust,
made by an eddy of wind.
In defining this phenomenon [the whirlwind] it will be
best perhaps that you should be asked to recall the occur-
rence, on any warm day, of the formation of a dust-whirl
as it suddenly bursts upon you in the open street.
Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 247.
dusty (dus'ti), a. [< ME. dusty, dusti, < AS.
dystig, dusty, < dust, dust : see dust 1 and -jl.]
1. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust ; re-
duced to dust ; clouded with dust : as, a dusty
road; dusty matter; dusty windows.
All our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Shak., Macbeth, v. 5.
The house thro' all the level shines,
Close-latticed to the brooding heat,
And silent in its dusty vines.
Tennyson, Mariana in the South.
Nothing ever gave me such a poignant sense of death
and dusty oblivion as those crumbling tombs overshadow-
ing the clamorous aiid turbulent life on the hillside.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 245.
2. Like dust; of the hue of dust ; clouded: as, a
dusty white or red. 3. Covered with minute,
dust-like scales, as the wings of a butterfly.
Westwood.
dusty-foot (dus'ti-fut), n. Same as piepoudre.
dusty-miller (dus'ti-iniFer), n. 1. The auricu-
la, Primula Auricula : so called from the white
mealiness upon the leaves. 2. The Seneeto
Cineraria, a common cultivated foliage-plant
which is covered with white tomentum.
Dutch (duch), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also
Dutche, Doutclte, Duche; < ME. Vulclie, l>n<-l,<-
(Hollandish or German), < MD. diii/U-ch (OD.
dietisc), D. tliiiterh, Dutch, Hollandish (hoog-
iliiitneh, High Dutch, German), = MLG. diidesch,
LG. diidesk = OS. tliiudistc = ORQ. diiitisl; MHG.
diutisch, diutseh, diimcli, tiittixcli, tiutscli, tiuseh,
MG. diidesch, dutiscli, tutiscli, G. deutscJi, until re-
cently also tt'Htneli, = Icel. Thytlwerskr, tliylJi-
erskr, tliijeskr (perverted forms), later and mod.
Icel. tltyzkr = Sw. 1ysk = Dan. tijdsk (the Scaud.
Dutch
forms after O.) (ML. th/n/liticiia, tlifotinfiin, first
in llin !)th century), German. Teutonic, lit. be-
longing to the people, popular, national (sup-
posed to have boon first applied to the 'popular'
or national language, German, in distinction
from flu) literary and church language, Latin,
and from the neighboring Romance tongues),
being orig. = Goth, "l/iiiiilixl,-.^ (in mlv. tluiiiiixl;n.
translating Gr. eOvmui;, adv. of tfotubf, national,
also foreign, gentile) = AS. thcodisc, n., a lan-
guage, < Goth. Ihiniln = AS. tlieod = OS. thioil,
/liiiidd, lliiiH/n = OFries. thiade = OD. diet =
011(1. ilioln, dint, MHG. diet, people, = Icel.
tlijiiilli, nation, = Lett, tauta, people, nation, =
Lith. tiiutii, country, = Ir. tun tit, people, = Oscan
touto, people (cf. uti-ildis /<(<* (Livy), the chief
magistrate of the Campanian towns: meddix,
iiK'ilijc, a magistrate) ; cf. Skt. / tu, grow, be
strong. This noun (Goth, thiuda, OHG. diot,
etc.) appears in several proper names, as in
AS. Tkeodric, G. Dietrich, D. Dierrijk, whence E.
1>< rrick, giving name to the mechanical con-
trivance so called : see derrick. The word Dutch
came into E. directly from the MD., but it is
also partly due to the G. form.] I. a. 1. Of or
pertaining to the Teutonic or German race, in-
cluding the Low German (Low Dutch) and the
High German (High Dutch). See II. Specifi-
cally ~. Of or pertaining to the Low Germans
or to their language, particularly to the inhabi-
tants of Holland ; Hpllandish; Netherlandish:
formerly called specifically Low Dutch.
Light pretexts drew me ; sometimes a Dutch love
For tulipa. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.
The word Dutch in this sense came to have in several
phrases an opprobrious or humorous application, perhaps
due in part to the animosity engendered by the long and
severe contest for the supremacy of the seas waged by Eng-
land and tile Netherlands in the seventeenth century. See
l>ut<-h auction, courane, defense, etc.
3. Of or pertaining to the High Germans or
to their language : formerly called specifically
High Dutch. Dutch auction, an auction at which the
auctioneer starts with a high price, and comes down till
he meets with a bidder ; a mock auction. Dutch bar-
gain. See bargain. Dutch bricks. See brick'*. Dutch
cheese. See cheese!. Dutch clover. See II., 7. Dutch
collar, a horse-collar. Dutch concert. Sec concert.
Dutch courage, artificial courage ; boldness inspired by
intoxicating spirits.
Pull away at the usquebaugh, man, and swallow Dutch
courage, since thine English is oozed away.
Kinysley, Westward Ho, xi.
Dutch cousins, Intimate friends : a humorous perversion
of aerinan cousins or conning german. Dutch defense,
a sham defense.
I am afraid Mr. Jones maintained a kind of Dutch de-
fence, and treacherously delivered up the garrison without
duly weighing his allegiance to the fair Sophia.
Fielding, Tom Jones, ix. 5.
Dutch foil. See /otfi. Dutch gleek, drink : a jocular
allusion to the game of gleek : as if tippling were the
favorite game of Dutchmen. Nares.
Nor could be partaker of any of the good cheer, except
it were the liquid part of it, which they call Dutch gleek,
where he plaied his cards so well, and vied and revied so
often, that he had scarce an eye to see withal.
Qaytvn, N"ots on Don Quixote, p. 90.
Dutch gold. See Dutch inetal. Dutch lace, a thick and
not very open lace, like a coarse Valenciennes lace, made in
the Netherlands, generally by the peasants. Dutch leaf.
See Dutch metal. Dutch liquid (so named because first
made by an association of Dutch chemists), a Him. oily li-
quid, insoluble in water, having a pleasant, sweetish smell
and taste. It is a definite compound, ethylene dichlorid
(CoH.CU), formed by mixing ethyleno or olenant gas and
chlorin. It also occurs as a by-product in the manufac-
ture of chloral. Dutch metal, one of the alloys used as
a cheap imitation of gold, and sold in the form of leaves,
called Dutch leaf or leaf-gold. It is a kind of brass, con-
taining It parts of copper to 2 of zinc, and is one of the
most malleable of alloys. It is cast in thin plates and then
rolled, and afterward beaten into very thin leaves. It is
used in bookbinding. Dutch myrtle, oven, pink. See
the nouns. Dutch pina. See pin. Dutch roller, rush.
See the nouns. Dutch school, the name applied to a
peculiar style of painting which attained its highest de-
velopment in the Netherlands, characterized by the se-
lection of subjects of a low or commonplace character, as
boors drinking, butchers' shops, the materials of the lard-
er, etc., but raised to tin- highest popularity by admirable
imitation and general perfection of execution. Rem-
linm.lt, Brouwer, Ostade, and Jan Steen are among the
best-known masters of this peculiar school. Dutch
syrup. See thi' extract.
A kind of syrup called colonial-synip or Dutch-syrup is
brimiiht into commerce from those colonies where sugar
is manufactured from sugar-cane.
Thautting, Beer (trans.), p. 217.
Dutch talent (naut.), any piece of nautical work which,
while it may answer the purpose, and even show a certain
ingenuity, is not done in clever, shipshape style: iletiiicit
by sailors as "main stn-nuth ami stupidity." Dutch tile.
See (id-. DUtCh White. See irhile. Dutch Wife, an
open frame of ratan or cane, used in hot weather in the
Dutch East Indies and other tropical countries to rest
tile arms and legs upon while in bed. To talk like a
Dutch uncle, to talk with great but kindly severity and
directness, us if with the authority and unsparing frank-
ness of an uncle from whom oue has expectations.
1805
Milvertnn . . . began reasoning with the boys, talking
to them liken Dutch n nrlf (I ler what that expression
means) about their cruelty.
///;',.-, Animalg and their Masters, p. 131.
II. H. 1. The Teutonic or Germanic race;
the German peoples generally : used as a plu-
ral. Specifically 2. The Low Germans, par-
ticularly the people of Holland, or the kingdom
of the Netherlands; the Dutchmen; the Hol-
landers: called specifically the Low Dutch: used
as a plural. 3. The High Germans; the in-
habitants of Germany; the Germans: formerly
called specifically the High Dutch: used as a
plural.
Germany is slandered to have sent none to this war [the
Crusades] at this first voyage ; and that other pilgrims,
passing through that country, were mocked by the lint'-t,.
ami railed fools for their pains. fuller.
4f. The Teutonic or Germanic language, in-
cluding all its forms. See 5, 6. 5. The lan-
guage spoken in the Netherlands ; the Holland-
ish language (which differs verv slightly from
the Flemish, spoken in parts of the adjoining
kingdom of Belgium) : called distinctively Low
Dutch. 6. The language spoken by the Ger-
mans ; German ; High German : formerly, and
still occasionally (as in the United States, espe-
cially where the two races are mingled), called
distinctively High Dutch. 7f. The common
white clover, Trifolium repens : an abbreviation
of Dutch clover. 8. [Z. c.] A kind of linen tape.
Pennsylvania Dutch, a mixed dialect, consisting of
German intermingled with English, spoken by the de-
scendants of the original German settlers of Pennsylvania.
To beat the Dutch, to be very strange or surprising;
excel anything liefore known or heard of : said of a state-
ment, an occurrence, etc., usually in the form "That beats
the Dutch." (Colloq., northern U. 8.)
dutch (duch), v. t. [That is, to treat in Dutch
fashion: in allusion to the fact that quills were
first so prepared in Holland; < Dutch, a.] To
clarify and harden by immersing in heated
sand, as goose-quills.
dutchesst, n. An obsolete spelling of duchess.
Dutchman (duch'man), . ; pi. Dutchmen (-men).
1. A member of the Dutch race ; a Hollander:
in the United States often locally applied to
Germans, and sometimes to Scandinavians.
The Dutch man who sold him this Vessel told him with-
al that the Government did not allow any such dealings
with the English, tho they might wink at it.
Dampier, Voyages, II. 1. 111.
2. [I. c.] A wooden block or wedge used to hide
the opening in a badly made joint. Flying Dutch-
man, (a) A legendary Dutch captain who for some hei-
nous offense was condemned to sail the sea, beating against
head-winds, till the day of judgment. Legends diner as
to the nature of his offense. According to one, a murder
was committed on board his ship ; according to another,
the captain swore a profane oath that he would weather
the Cape of Good Hope, though it took him till the last
day. It is said that he sometimes hails vessels with the
request that they will take letters home for him. (b) The
ship commanded by this captain. Harry Dutchman,
the hooded crow, Corpus comix. [Local, Eng.]
Dutchman' s-breeches (duch'manz-brich'ez),
H. The plant Dicentra Cucullaria: so called
from its broadly two-spurred flowers. [U. 8.]
Dutchman' s-laudanum (duch ' manz - la ' da-
num), n. Bullhoof, the flowers of which are
used in Jamaica as a narcotic.
Dutchraan's-pipe (duch 'manz -pip), n. Tho
plant Aristolochia Sipho, a climber with broad
handsome foliage: so called from the shape
of the flowers. See cut under Aristolochia.
[U. 8.]
dutchyt, ft. An obsolete spelling of duchy.
duteous (du'te-us), a. [< duty + -o-s(cf. beau-
teous,^ beauty ' + -oits).] 1. Dutiful; obedient;
subservient. [Rare.]
As duteous to the vices of thy mistress
As badness would desire. Shah., Lear, iv. 6.
A duteous daughter and a sister kind.
Dryden, On a Lady who Died at Bath.
2. Pertaining to or required by duty. [Bare.]
With mine own tongue deny my sacred state,
With mine own breath release all duteous oaths.
Shak., Rich. II., IT. 1.
My ways and wishes, looks and thoughts, she knows,
And duteous care by close attention shows.
Crabbe, Works, V. 5i
duteously (du'tp-us-li), adr. In a duteous man-
ner.
duteousness (du'te-us-nes), H. The quality of
being duteous.
If piety goes before, whatever iluteousncss or observance
comes alterwanl-. it cannot easily be amiss.
./ i . Taylor, Kule of Conscience, iii. 5.
dutiable (du'ti-a-bl), a. [< duty + -able.'] Sub-
ject to a customs duty: as, dutiable goods.
dutied (du'tid). n. [< duty + -erP.] Subjected
to duties or customs. [U. 8., and rare.]
duty
Breadstuff Is dutint so high in the market of Oreat
Britain as in times of plenty to exclude it, and this is done
from tile desire to favor her own fanners.
. I i<-, Works, II. U.
dutiful (du'ti-ful), n. [<d/i/ + -/ii(.] 1. Per-
forming the duties required by social or legal
obligations; obedient; submissive to natural
or legal superiors ; obediently respectful : as, a
dutiful son or daughter; a dutiful ward or ser-
vant; a dutiful subject.
The Queen beinn gone, the King said, I confess she hath
lieen t mi tin- most dutiful and loving Wife that ever
Prince had. Baker, Chronicles, p. 276.
Though never exceptionally dutiful in his filial rela-
tions, he had a genuine fondness for the author of his
lielng. J. llaicthorne. Dust, p. 187.
2. Expressive of a sense of duty; showing
compliant respect ; required by duty : as, duti-
ful attentions.
Then- would she kiss the ground, and thank the trees,
bless the air, and do dutiful reverence to every thing she
tli. Mi-ht did accompany her at their first meeting.
Sir /*. Sidney.
Surely if we have unto those laws that dutiful regard
which their dignity doth require, it will not greatly need
that we should be exhorted to live in obedience unto them.
Hooker, Eceles. Polity, ill. 9.
dutifully (du'ti-ful-i), adv. In a dutiful man-
ner; with regard to duty; obediently; submis-
sively.
I advised him to persevere in dutifully bearing with his
mother's ill humour. A necdates of Up. Watson, I. 367.
dutifulness (du'ti-ful-nes), . The quality of
being dutiful ; submission to just authority ;
habitual performance of duty.
At his [the Earl of Essex's! landing, Bryan MacPhelym
welcom'd him, tendering unto him all manner of Dutijul-
neis and Service. Baker, Chronicles, p. 350.
Piety or dutifulnens to parents was a most popular vir-
tue among the Romans. Dryden.
duty (du'ti), n. ; pi. duties (-tiz). [Early mod.
E. also dutie, duetie, dewty, deictic, < ME. duele,
duetee, deute, dcu-tee, etc., < due, detee, due, +
-te, -ty, formed after such words as bewte, beau-
ty, etc.: see due 1 and -ty.'] I. Obligatory ser-
vice ; that which ought to be done ; that which
one is bound by natural, moral, or legal obliga-
tion to do or perform.
It doth not stand with the duty which we owe to our
heavenly Father, that to the ordinances of our mother the
Church we should show ourselves disobedient.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 9.
Take care that your expressions be prudent and safe,
consisting with thy other duties.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 664.
In the middle ages fealty to a feudal lord was accounted
a duty, and the assertion of personal freedom a crime.
//. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 265.
2. The obligation to do something; the bind-
ing or obligatory force of that which is morally
right : as, when duty calls, one must obey.
For the parents iniurie was reuenged, and the duetie ot
nature performed or satisfied by the childe.
J'uttenhain, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 138.
I taught my wife her duty, made her see
What ft behoved her see and say and do,
Feel in her heart and with her tongue declare.
Broirm'm/, Ring and Book, I. 227.
O hard, when love and duty clash !
Tennyson, Princess, it
It is asserted that we are so constituted that the notion
of iluty furnishes in itself a natural motive of action of
the highest order, and wholly distinct from all the refine*
ments and modifications of self-interest.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 189.
Duty to one's countrymen and fellow -citizens, which is
the social instinct guided by reason, is in all healthy com-
munities the one tiling sacred and supreme.
W. K. Cliford, Lectures, II. 69.
3. Due obedience ; submission ; compliant or
obedient service.
Every subject's duty is the king's ; but every subject's
soul is his own. Shak., Hen. V., iv. I.
4. A feeling of obligation, or an act manifest-
ing such feeling ; an expression of submissive
deference or respectful consideration. [Ar-
chaic or prov. Eng.]
They both attone
Did de icfu to their Lady, as became.
Spenser, . Q., II. ix. 28.
There also did the Corporation of Dover and the Earl
of Winchelsea do their duties to him, in like sort.
England's Joy (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 27%
I must entreat you to take a promise that you shall
have the first [copy] for a testimony of that duty which I
owe to your love. Donne, Letters, xiv.
He craved so for news of Sylvia, . . . even though it
was only that she sent her duty to him.
Mrs. Gaskell, Sylvia's Lover, xix.
5. Any requisite procedure, service, business,
or office ; that which one ought to do ; particu -
larly, any stated service or function : as, the
duties of one's station in life ; to go or be on
duty; the regiment did duty in Flanders.
duty
Fear God, and keep his commandments : for this is the
whole duty of man. Eccl. xii. 13.
To employ him on the hardest and most imperative
duty. Hallam.
6. In mech., the number of foot-pounds of work
done per bushel or per hundredweight of fuel
consumed : as, the duty of a steam-engine.
7f. That which is due ; an obligation ; com-
pensation; dues.
And right as Judas hadde purses smale
And was a theef, right swiche a theef was he,
His master hadde but half his duetee.
Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 6934.
They neither regarded to sette him to schole, nor while
he was at schoole to paie his schoolemaister's duetie.
J. Udall, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 369.
The man shall give unto the woman a ring, laying the
same upon the book, with the accustomed duty to the
Priest and Clerk. Rubric in Marriage (1552).
Do thy duty, and have thy duty. Shak., T. of the S. , iv. 1.
8. A tax or impost ; excise or customs dues ; the
sum of money levied by a government upon cer-
tain articles, specifically on articles imported or
exported: as, the stamp duty of Great Britain;
the legacy duty; the duties on sugar; ad valo-
rem and specific duties.
To dames discreet, the duties yet unpaid,
His stores of lace and hyson he convey'd.
Crabbe., Works, I. 65.
The word duties is often used as synonymous with taxes,
but is more often used as equivalent to customs ; the latter
being taxes levied upon goods and merchandise which are
exported or imported. In this sense, duties are equivalent
to imposts, although the latter word is often restrained
to duties on goods and merchandise which are imported
from abroad. Andrews, Revenue Laws, 133.
Alnage duties. See alnage. Breach Of duty. See
breach. Countervailing duties. See countervailing.
Differential duty. Same as discriminating duty (which
see, under discriminating). Malls and dullest. See
mail*. TO do duty for. See <fol. =8yn. 8. Custom, Ex-
cise, etc. See tax, n.
duty-free (du'ti-fre), a. Free from tax or duty.
duumvir (du-um' ver), n. ; pi. duumviri, duumvirs
(-vi-ri, -verz). [L., usually, and orig., in pi. du-
umviri, more correctly dwoviri (sing.duovir), i. e.,
duo viri, two men : duo = E. two; viri, pi. of vir =
AS. wer, a man. Of. centumvir, decemvir.'] In
Rom. hist., one of two officers or magistrates
united in the same public function. The officers
specifically so called were either the highest magistrates
of municipal towns or persons appointed for some occa-
sional service, the kind of duty in all cases being indicated
by a descriptive term : as, duumviri navales, officers for
equipping and repairing the fleet.
duumviracy ( du-um' vi-ra-si), n. [< duumvi-
rate : see -acy.'] ' The union of two persons in
authority or office. [Rare.]
A cunning complicating of Presbyterian and Indepen-
dent principles and interests together, that they may rule
in their Duumviracy.
Dp. Oauden, Tears of the Church, p. 438.
duumviral (du-um'vi-ral), a. [= F. duumviral
= It. duumvirale, (. L. duumviralis, < duumviri :
see duumvir and -a?.] Pertaining to Roman
duumviri, or to a duumvirate.
duumvirate (du-um'vi-rat), . [= F. duum-
virat = Sp. duunvirato = Pg. duumvirato = It.
duumvirato, < L. duumviratits, < duumviri: see
duumvir and -ate 3 .] The union of two men in
the same office, or the office, dignity, or gov-
ernment of two men thus associated, as in an-
cient Rome.
duumviri, . Latin plural of duumvir.
duvet (du-va'), n. [F., < OF. duvet, down, wool,
nap.] A quilt or comfortable stuffed with
swans' down or eider-down.
dux (duks), n. ; pi. (luces (du'sez). [L., a lead-
er, general, chief : see duke 1 .'] 1. A leader; a
chief ; specifically, the head or chief pupil of a
class or division in some public schools. Imp.
Diet. 2. In music, the subject or theme of a
fugue : distinguished from the comes or answer.
duyker, duykerbok (dl'ker, -bok), n. [< D.
duiker, = E. ducker, + bok = E. buek.~] The
diving-buck, or impoon, Cephalophus mergens,
an antelope of South Africa : so called from its
habit of plunging through and under the bushes
in flight instead of leaping over them. There
are several species of Cephalophus, besides the one men-
tioned, to which the name is also applicable. See cut
under Cephalophus.
duypng, n. Same as dugong.
duzine, n. [< D. dozijn, a dozen: see dozen.']
A body of twelve men, governing a village.
[N. Y., colonial, local.]
The patentees are said to have been called the " Twelve
Men" or Duzine, and to have had both legislative and
judicial powers in town affairs.
Johns Hopkins Univ. Stud., IV. 66.
D. V. An abbreviation of the Latin Deo volente,
God willing. See Deo volente.
1806
D-Valve (de'yalv), n. A valve for opening and
closing the induction and eduction passages
of a steam-en-
gine cylinder : so
called from its
plan resembling
the letter D. The
usual form of the D-
valve is shown in fig.
1, where it is seen
detached, and at a
a, flg. 2, which rep-
resents a section of a
steam-cylinder and
nozles.
dwale (dwal), n.
[< ME. dwale,
dwole, error, de-
lusion, also, in
later use, dwale,
a sleeping-po-
tion, deadly
nightshade, <
AS. dwola (rare-
ly dwala), ge-dwola, error, delusion, heresy ; cf .
D. dwaal- (in comp.). delusion, = OHG. twdla,
MHG. twdle, delay; Icel. dvali, sleep, lethargy
(Haldorsen), dvala, also dvol, pi. dvalar, a short
stay, a stop, pause; Sw. dvala, a trance, ec-
stasy, = Dan. dvale, torpor, lethargy, a trance
(dvale-drik, a sleeping-potion, dvalc-ocer, man-
drake) : words variously formed and connected
with AS. "dwal, "dwol, dol (= Goth, dwals, etc.),
stupid, foolish, dull (see dull 1 ), and with the
secondary verbs AS. dwelian, mislead, intr.
err, dwelian, hinder, mislead, dwelian, remain,
dwell, etc. ; all ult. from the strong verb rep-
resented by AS. "dwelan, pret. *dwal, *dwol, pp.
ge-dwolen, mislead: see further under dwell, and
cf. dwale, v., dwalm.'] If. Error; delusion.
The Goddes lamb than clenge sale
This wreched werld fra sinful duale.
Cunor Mundi, 1. 12840.
2f. A sleeping-potion ; a soporific.
To bedde goth Aleyn, and also Jon,
Ther nas no more, hem needede no dwale.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 241.
The frere with hus flsik this folke hath enchaunted,
And doth men drynke dwale that men dredeth no synne.
Piers Plowman (C), xxiil. 379.
3. The deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna,
which possesses stupefying or poisonous prop-
erties.
Dwale, or sleeping nightshade, hath round blackish
Btalkes, &c. This kind of nightshade causeth sleep.
Gerarde, Herball (ed. T. Johnson), ii. 56.
4. In her., a sable or black color Deadly dwale,
the Acuistus arborescens, a small solanaceous tree of
tropical America, nearly allied to Atropa. It bears yellow
berries.
dwale (dwal), v. i. ; pret. and pp. dwaled, ppr.
dwaling. [See dwell.'] To mutter deliriously.
Dunglison. [Devonshire, Eng.]
dwalm, dwaum (dwam, dwam), n. [So., also
written dualm, dwam; < ME. "dwolme, < AS.
dwolrna, a confusion, chaos, hence a gulf, chasm
(cf. OS. dwalm, delusion, = OHG. twalm, stupe-
faction, a stupefying drink), < "dwelan, pp. gc-
dwolen, mislead, lead into error: see dwell,
dwale, and dull 1 .'] A swoon; a sudden fit of
sickness.
Mir Majestic . . . this nicht has had sum dwaumes of
swooning.
Letter of Council of State, in Keith's Hist., App., p. 18a
When a child is seized with some undeflnable ailment,
it is common to say, "It's just some dwaum." Jamieson.
dwang (dwang), n. A strut inserted between
the timbers of a floor to stiffen them. [Scotch.]
dwarf (dwarf), n. and a. [< ME. dwarf, dwerf,
where / represents the changed sound (so in
LG. below) of the guttural, which also took a
different development in the parallel ME. dwe-
rowe, dwerwe (mod. E. as if *dwarrow; cf. ar-
row, barrow, etc.), < dwergh, dwerk (whence also
mod. dial, durgan), a dwarf, particularly as an
attendant, < AS. dweorg, dweorh, a dwarf (def.
1), =D. dwerg, a dwarf, = MLG. dwerch, dwarch,
dwark = LG. dwarf, a dwarf, contr. dorf, an
insignificant person or thing, = OHG. twerg,
MHG. twerc, qucrch, zwerch, G. cwerg, a dwarf,
= Icel. dvergr = Sw. and Dan. dverg, a dwarf.
The mythological sense appears esp. in Scand.,
and may be the orig. sense.] I. n. 1. A per-
son of very small size ; a human being much
below the ordinary stature. True dwarfs (some of
the most celebrated of whom have been from 3 to less than
2 feet in height) are usually well formed ; but dwarflshness
is often accompanied by deformity or caused by dispro-
portion of parts. In ancient, medieval, and later times,
dwarfs have been in demand as personal attendants upon
ladies and noblemen ; and the ancient Romans practised
methods of dwarfing persons artificially.
dwarfling
Of that Citee was /Cacheus UK- Dicri'f, that clomb up in
to the Sycomour Tre, for to see oure Lord ; be cause he
was so litille, he myghte not seen him for the peple.
SlandeoUle, Travels, p. 98.
Behind her farre away a Dwarfe did lag,
That lasie seemd, in being ever last.
Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 6.
Beneath an oak, mossed o'er by eld,
The Baron's Dwarf his courser held.
Scott, L. of L. M., ii. 31.
2. An animal or a plant much below the ordi-
nary size of its species. 3. In Scand. myth.,
a diminutive and generally deformed being,
dwelling in rocks and hills, and distinguished
for skill in working metals.
II. a. Of small stature or size ; of a size
smaller than that common to its kind or spe-
cies : as, a dwarf palm ; dwarf trees. Among gar-
deners dwarf is used to distinguish fruit-trees of which
the branches spring from the stem near the ground from
riders or standards, the original stocks of which are several
feet in height.
In the northern wall was a dwarf door, leading by break-
neck stairs to a pigeon-hole.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 92.
Many of the dwar/bicycles now offered for sale, though
they have merits of their own, are anything but safeties.
Bury and llillier, Cycling, p. 28.
Similar to it [B. Aqulfolium], but different in foliage
and dwarfer in growth, is B. repeps.
Set. Ainer., N. S., LVI. 292.
Dwarf bay, bilberry, cherry, etc. See the nouns.
Dwarf dove, a small ground-dove of the genus Chamoe-
pelia, (or Columbiffallina). There are several species, all
American, the best-known being C. pax8erina 3 common in
southern parts of the United States. See cut under ground-
dove. Dwarf lemur, a small lemur of the genus Micro-
cebut (which see). Dwarf male, in algee of the group
(Kdogynieae, a small, short-lived plant consisting of only
a few cells, developed in the vicinity of the oogonium
from a peculiar zoospore, and producing antherozooids.
Dwarf quail, a small quail of the genus Excalfactoria,
as the Chinese dwarf quail, E. sintnsis. Dwarf snake,
a serpent of the family Calamariida (which see), of dimin-
utive size, and with non-distensible jaws, very generally
distributed over the globe, found under stones and logs.
There are several genera and species. Dwarf thrush, a
small variety of the hermit-thrush, found in the Western
States ; Turdus nanM. Dwarf wall, specifically, a wall
of less height than a story of a building. The term is
generally applied to walls which support the sleeper-joists
under the lowest floor of a building.
dwarf (dwarf), v. [< dwarf, .] I. trans. 1.
To hinder from growing to the natural size ;
make or keep small ; prevent the due develop-
ment of; stunt.
Tims it was that the national character of the Scotch
was, in the seventeenth century, dwarfed and mutilated.
Buckle, Civilization, II. v.
The habit of brooding over a single idea is calculated to
dwarf the soundest mind.
Dr. Kay, in Huxley and Youmans' Physiol., 508.
The window heads have been dwarfed down to mere
framings for masks.
J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 124.
You may dwarf a man to the mere stump of what he
ought to be, and yet he will put out green leaves.
G. W. Cable, Grandissimes, p. 331.
2. To cause to appear less than reality ; cause
to look or seem small by comparison: as, the
cathedral dwarfs the houses around it.
The larger love
That dwarfs the petty love of one to one.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
The mind stretches an hour to a century, and dwarfs
an age to an hour. Emerson, Old Age.
And who could blame the generous weakness
Which, only to thyself unjust,
So overprized the work of others,
And dwarfed thy own with self-distrust?
Whittier, A Memorial, M. A. C. '
II. intrans. To become less ; become dwarf-
ish or stunted.
As it grew, it dwarfed. Buckle, Civilization, II. ii.
The region where the herbage began to dwarf.
L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 7.
dwarfish (dwar'fish), a. [< dwarf + -iafti.] 1.
Like a dwarf; below the common stature or
size ; diminutive]: as, a dwarfish animal ; a
dwarfish shrub. 2. Slight; petty; despicable.
The king ... is well prepar'd
To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms,
From out the circle of his territories.
Shalt., K. John, v. '2.
dwarfishly (dwar'fish-li), adv. Like a dwarf ;
in a dwarfish manner.
The painter, the sculptor, the composer, the epic rhap-
sodist, the orator, all partake one desire, namely, to ex-
press themselves symmetrically and abundantly, not dwarf-
ishly and fragmentarily. Kmermn, The Poet.
dwarfishness (dwar'fish-nes), n. Smallness of
stature ; littleness of size.
Science clearly explains this dwarjishness produced by
great abstraction of heat ; showing that, food and other
tilings being equal, it unavoidably results.
U. Spencer, Education, p. 247.
dwarfling (dwarfling), . [< dwarf + dim.
A very small dwarf; a pygmy.
dwarfling
When the Drnirfliivi did pen-cine me, . . .
Skijit In- ^uulic into a corner.
.Si//r. ,,V.T, Tin- Woodman's Hear.
dwarfy (dwar'fi), a. [< du-arf + -yl.] Small ;
dwarfish.
Though I am squint-eyed, lame, bald, dimrfy, &<-., >. I
these det'oi-nutiei arc joy*.
Wntfrliontf, Apol. for Learning (1653), p. 65.
dwaum, n. See diralm.
dwell (dwel), v. ; pret. and pp. dwelled, more
usually dwelt, ppr. duTlling. [< ME. dicr/li n
(pi-rt. iliri'lli-i/i 1 , dirrli'de, dirrldf, dinildi; dinette,
ilirilt), intr. linger, remain, stay, abide, dwell,
also err, tr. mislead; < AS. (it) diretlun (pret.
direaldi.:), tr., mislead, deceive, hinder, pre-
vent; (ft) dwelian (also in comp. gedwclian and
ddwelian) (prot. ilin-li-de, tlwelode), tr. mislead,
deceive, intr. err, wander; (<) dwelian (pret.
ihrrlnili'), intr., r<>m:iin, dwell (riirc in tliis
sense) ; (d) dwolian, rarely dwalian, comp. ge-
dwolian, intr., err, wander; = D. dwalen, err, =
MLG. dtcelcn, dwalen, err, be foolish, LG. dwa-
len, intr. err, tr. mislead, cheat, = OS. bi-dwelian,
hinder, delay, = OHG. twaljan, twellan, MHG.
tiri'llcn, twelen, tr. hinder, delay, intr. linger,
wait, = Icel. dvelja, intr. wait, tarry, tr. delay,
defer, refl. dveljask, stay, make a stay, = Sw.
dviiljas, intr., dwell, = Dan. dvtelc, intr., linger,
loiter; all secondary verbs, more or less mix-
ed in forms and senses, and with numerous
derivatives, ult. from the strong verb repre-
sented by AS. 'dwelan (pret. "dwal, *dwol, pp.
gedwolen), mislead, cause to err (pp. as adj.,
perverse, erring), = OS. for-dwelan, neglect, =
OHG. ar-twelan, become dull, stupid, or lifeless,
ga-twelan, stop, sleep (not in Goth, except as
in deriv. dwals, stupid, foolish, etc.: see dull 1 )-.
prob. from a root repr. by Skt. -\/ dhvar, bend
or make crooked. See dwale, dull 1 , dolt.] I.
in trans. 1. To linger; delay; continue; stay;
remain.
I ne dar no leng dwelle her,
For Ihc was sent as Messager.
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), p. 48.
Series, ich haue wonder
Where my doujter to-day dwelles thus longe.
William o/ I'alenie (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1989.
Yat qwat broyer or syster be ded of yis gylde, ye aldyr-
man and alle ye gylde breyeryn and systers schullyn be
redl to here hym to ye chyrche, and otfyrryn as it aforne
seyde, and dwelle yer tylle ye messe be don.and be beryid.
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.X p. 88.
Go, and let
The old men of the city, ere they die,
Kiss thee, the matrons dwell about thy neck.
li. Jonson, Catiline, v. 6.
2. To abide as a permanent resident; reside;
have abode or habitation permanently or for
some time.
In that Desert duellyn manye of Arrabyenes.
Mandeville, Travels, p. S3.
God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the
tent* of Shem. Gen. ix. 27.
Nor till her lay was ended could I move,
But wish'd to dwell for ever in the grove.
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 1. 135.
And Virtue cannot dwell with slaves, nor reign
O'er those who cower to take a tyrant's yoke.
Bryant, The Ages.
3f. To live; be; exist: without reference to
place.
There was dwellynge somtyme a ryche man, and it is
not longe si then, and men clept him Qatholonabes ; and he
was tulle of Cauteles. .Mandeville, Travels, p. 277.
To dwell on or upon, (a) To keep the attention fixed
on ; regard with attention or interest.
They stand at a distance dwelling on his looks and lan-
guage, tlxed in amazement. Budktninnter.
The mind must abide and dwellupon things, or be always
a stranger to the inside of them. South.
Do you not, for Instance, dwell on the thought of wealth
and splendour till you covet these temporal blessings?
J. II. Sewinan, Parochial Sermons, i. 89.
Then Lancelot lifted his large eyes ; they duvlt
Deep-tranced OH hers. Tennyson, Balin and Balan.
(fi) To continue on ; occupy a long time with ; speak or
write about at great length or with great fullness : as, to
on a note in music ; to dwell upon a subject.
But I shall not <iin{( ti;)o>i speculations so abstracted as
this. Stetle, Spectator, No. 19.
I must not duvll on that defeat of fame.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
To dwell under one's vine and fig-tree, to live In
one's own home ; enjoy the possession of a home in one's
own right. 1 Ki. iv. 25. =Syn. 2. Abide, Sojourn, Can-
htlMM, etc. SIT ,iliide>.
Il.t trans. 1. To inhabit.
We sometimes
Who dwell this wild, constraint by want, come forth,
To town or village. MHInn, P. R,, 1. 331.
2. To place as an inhabitant ; plant.
The promise of the lather. who shall ilirrU
Jlis Spirit within them. Milton, P. L., xii. 4S7.
1807
dwell (dwcl), a. [< flirt II, r.] In jirintiiitj, the
brief continuation of pressure in the taking of
an impression on a hand-press or an Adams
press, supposed to set or fasten the ink more
hrmly in tne paper.
dweller (dwd't'-r), n. [< ME. dwellere, < diri-lt-
en, dwell: see dwell, p.] An inhabitant ; a resi-
dent of some continuance in a place.
And it was known unto all the dwellers at Jerusalem.
Act* i. 19.
Dweller in yon dungeon dark.
/.'"//'., Ode on Mrs. Oswald.
Dweller on the threshold, in occultism an imaginary
being or spirit, of frightful aspect and malicious charac-
ter, supposed to be encountered on the threshold of one's
studies in psychic science, as a kind of Cerberus guarding
the realm of spirit Ilulwer.
dwelling (dwel'ing), . [< ME. dwelling, diall-
ing, delay, continuance, an abode, verbal n. of
dteellen, dwell.] If. Delay. Chaucer. 2f. Con-
tinuance; stay; sojourn.
Therefore euery man bithinke him weel
How litil while Is his dwellynge.
Hymn* to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 94.
3. Habitation; residence; abode; lodgment.
Ne no wighte male, by my clothing,
Wete with what folke is my dwelling.
Horn, of the lliine.
Thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field.
Dan. iv. 32.
The condition of that fardel, the place of your dwelling,
your names? Shall., W. T., Iv. 3.
4. A place of residence or abode ; an abiding-
place; specifically, a house for residence; a
dwelling-house.
Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons. Jer. xlix. 33.
There was a neat white dwelling on the hill, which we took
to be the parsonage. 11. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 350.
dwelling-house (dwel'ing-hous), n. A house
occupied or intended to be occupied as a resi-
dence.
One Messuage or DweMinge-house. called the Viccaredge
house. Record Soc. of Lancashire and Cheshire, I. 13.
dwelling-place (dwel'ing-plas), n. [< ME.
dwellynge place.'} A place of residence; an
abiding-place.
Thei . . . hav not here a dwellynge place for evere.
Wyclif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), HI. 197.
There, where seynt Kateryne was buryed, is nouther
chin-lie no < 'hapelie, ne other duellynge place.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 62.
The Church of Christ hath been hereby made, not " a
den of thieves," but in a manner the very dwelling -place
of foul spirits. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vll. 24.
This wretched Inn, where we scarce stay to bait,
We call our Dwelling-place.
Cowley, Pindaric Odes, xll. 1.
dwelt (dwelt). Preterit and past participle of
dwell.
dwindle (dwin'dl), u. i. ; pret. and pp. dwindled,
ppr. dwindling. [Freq. (for *dwinle) of ME.
dwinen, waste away, dwine : seedieine.] 1. To
diminish ; become less ; shrink ; waste or con-
sume away: with by or from before the cause,
and to, in, or into before the effect or result: as,
the body dwindles by pining or consumption;
an estate dwindles from waste ; an object dwin-
dles in size as it recedes from view ; from its
constant exposure, the regiment dwindled to a
skeleton.
Weary sev'n nights, nine times nine,
Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine.
Shak., Macbeth, 1. 3.
By a natural and constant transfer, the one [estate] had
been extended ; the other had dwindled to nothing.
Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.
In the common Triton of our ponds, the external lungs
or brauchitc dwindle awav when the internal lungs have
grown to maturity. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 458.
2. To degenerate ; sink ; fall away in quality.
Religious societies . . . arc said to have dwindled into
factious clubs. Swift.
The flattery of his friends began to dwindle Into simple
approbation. Goldsmith, Vicar, ill.
= Syn. 1. Diminish, etc. (see decrease); attenuate, become
attenuated, decline, fall off, fall away.
dwindle! (dwin'dl), n. [< dwindle, v.] Grad-
ual decline or decrease ; a wasting away ; de-
generacy; decline.
However inferior to the heroes who were born In better
ages, he might still be great among his contemporaries,
with the hope of growing every day greater in the dwindle
of posterity. Johnson, Milton.
dwindlement (dwin'dl-ment), H. [< dwindle
+ -ment.] A dwindled state or condition ; de-
creased size, strength, ((..
It was with a sensation of dreadful dwindlement that
poor Vincent crossed the street again to his lonely alnxle.
Mrs. Oliphani. Salem rhapel, i.
dwine (dwin), r. i.; pret. and pp. dwined, ppr.
[E. dial, and Sc., < ME. dwinen, <
dyaster
AS. dtriiiini, pine iiw.-iv. dwindle, = MD. dtey-
iii n = L(i. dirini'ii = led. drum, ilriim, ilnim
= Sw. tviita, pine away, languish ; cf. Dan.
trim; whine, whimper. Hence dwindle.'] To
pine; decline, especially by sickness; fade or
waste: usually with mcny.
UuelfulU sehe dwined a-wi/-- bothe dayes A nijtes.
William, of Palerne (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 678.
Ml loue euere wexlnge be,
80 that y Hem r> ,/.
/;. nuns In I'lV-mi, ete. (K. K. T. S.), p. 27.
He Just dinned au-ttit. and we hadn't taken but one
whale In-fore our captain died, and first mate took th
command. Met. (Jattell, Sylvia's Lovers, Ix.
dwt. A contraction of pennywrigh t, d. standing
for Latin denarius, a penny, and wt. for weight.
dyad (di'ad), n. and a. [< LL. dyas (dyad-), <
Gr. rfwlf (ivai-), the number two, < <5i'-o = E.
two, q. v.] I. H. 1. Two units treated as one ;
a pair; a couple.
A point answers to a monad, and a line to a dyad, and
a superficies to a triad.
Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 376.
2. In i-li' in., an elementary substance each of
whose atoms, in combining with other atoms
or molecules, is equivalent in saturating power
to two atoms of hydrogen. For example, oxygen is
a dyad as seen in the compound HpO (water), where one
atom of oxygen combines with and saturates two atoms
of hydrogen.
3. In morpnology, a secondary unit of organi-
zation, resulting from individuation or integra-
tion of an aggregate of monads. See monad.
4. In math., an expression signifying the oper-
ation of multiplying internally by one vector
and then by another Pythagorean dyad, the
number two considered as an essence or constituent of
being.
II. a. Same as dyadic.
dyad-deme (di'ad-dem), n. A colony or aggre-
gate of undifferentiated dyads. See monad-
deme.
A secondary unit or dyad, this rising through dyad-
demei into a triad. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 843.
dyadic (di-ad'ik), a. and n. [< dyad + -'<:.]
I. a. 1. Pertaining or relating to the number
two, or to a dyad; consisting of two parts or
elements: as, a dyadic metal. 2. In Gr. pros. :
(a) Comprisingtwo different rhythms ormeters:
as, a dyadic epiploce. (6) Consisting of peri-
copes, or groups of systems each of which con-
tains two unlike systems: as, a dyadic poem.
Dyadic arithmetic. Same as binary arithmetic (which
see, under binary). Dyadic dlsyntheme, any combina-
tion of dyads, with or without repetition, in which each
element occurs twice and no oftener. Dyadic 8JTO-
theme, a similar combination in which each element oc-
curs only once.
Also dyad, duadic.
II. n. 1. In math., a sum of dyads. Seerfynrf.
2. The science of reckoning with a system of
numerals in which the ratio of values of succes-
sive places is two Complete dyadic. See complete.
Conjugate dyadlcs. See conjugate. Cyclic dyadic,
a dyadic which may be expressed to any desired degree of
approximation as a root of a unity or universal idemfac-
tor. Linear dyadic, a dyadic reducible to a dyad.
Planar dyadic, a dyadic which can be reduced to the sum
of two dyads. Shearing dyadic, a dyadic expressing a
simple or complex shear. unlplanar dyadic, a planar
dyadic In which the plane of the antecedent* coincides
with that of the consequents.
Dyak (di'ak), . One of a native race inhab-
iting Borneo, the largest island of the Malay
archipelago. The Dyaks are numerically the leading
people of the island, and are usually believed to be its
aborigines. Also Daynk, Dayakker.
dyakis-dodecahedron (di'a-kis-do'dek-a-he'-
dron), n. [< Gr. 6vdmc, twice, + ioieieAef/>ov, a
dodecahedron: see dodecahedron.'] Same as
diploid.
The dyalritdodrcahedron, bounded by twenty-four tra-
pezoids with two sides equal, has twelve short, twelve
long, and twenty-four intermediate edges.
Kncj/c. Brit., XVI. 355.
dyarchy (di'iir-ki), n. ; pi. dyarchies (-Hz). [<
Gr. dmpxia, dyarchy, < oi-o, two, + apxeiv, rule,
govern.] A government by two ; a diarchy.
Also duarchy.
The name Diarchy, given by Dr. Mommsen to the Con-
stitution of Augustus, Is not yet sufficiently justified.
The Academy, Feb. 25, 1888, p. 128.
Dyas (di'as), n. [NL. use of LL. dyas, the
number two : see dyad.'] In geol., a name some-
times applied to the Permian system, from its
being divided into two principal groups. Com-
pare Trias. See Perm in n.
Dyassic (di-as'ik), a. Pertaining or belonging
to the Dyas or Permian.
dyaster (di-as'ter), n. [NT,., < Gr. rfi'*, = E.
two. 4- i\mi/i> = E. star.~\ The double-star fig-
ure occurring in or resulting from caryocinesis.
Also spelled diuster.
dye
dye 1 (di), r. t. ; pret. and pp. dyed, ppr. dyeing.
[Formerly also die; < ME. dyen, dien, deyen, <
AS. deagian, degian, dye, color, < dcdg, dedh, a
dye, color, < *dedgan, a strong verb found only
once, in pret. deog, dye, tinge, prob. (like tinge,
< L. tingere), orig. wet, moisten, and allied to AS.
dedw, E. dew, and so to E. dag 1 , dew, and dcg,
moisten, sprinkle : see dew 1 .] 1. To fix a color
or colors in the substance of by immersion in
a properly prepared bath ; impregnate with col-
oring matter held in solution. The matters used
for dyeing are obtained from vegetables, animals, anil
minerals ; and the subjects to which they are applied are
porous materials in general, but especially wool, cotton,
silk, linen, hair, skins, feathers, ivory, wood, and marble.
The great diversity of tint obtained in dyeing is the result
of the combination of two or more simple coloring sub-
stances with one another or with certain chemical re-
agents. To render the colors permanent, the subsequent
application of a mordant, or the precipitation of the col-
oring matter by the direct use of a mordant, is usually re-
quired ; but when aniline and some other artificial dyes
are used, no mordant is necessary. The superficial appli-
cation of pigments to tissues by means of adhesive vehi-
cles such as oil and albumen, as in painting or in some
kinds of calico-printing, does not constitute dyeing, be-
cause the coloring bodies so applied do not penetrate the
fiber, and are not intimately incorporated with it.
2. To overspread with color, as by effusion;
tinge or stain in general.
I cannot rest
Until the white rose that I wear be dyed
Even in the lukewarm blood of Henry's heart.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 2.
Mony o f Murry'a men lay gaspin,
An' doit thi grand wi theire bleid.
Battle of Corichie (Child's Ballads, VII. 213).
Their [maidens'] cheekes were died with vermilion.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 807.
Over the front door trailed a luxuriant woodbine, now
dyed by the frosts into a dark claret.
S. Judd, Margaret, li. 8.
To dye In grain. See graini. To dye Scarlett, to
drink deep ; drink till the face becomes scarlet.
dye 1 (di), . [< ME. *deye, *deghe (not found),
< AS. dedg, dedh, a dye, color: see the verb,
which is orig. from the noun.] 1. Coloring
matter in solution ; a coloring liquor,
A kind of shell-fish, having in the midst of his jaws a
certain white vein, which containeth that precious liquor :
a die of sovereign estimation. Sandys, Travailes, p. 168.
2. Color; hue; tint; tinge.
And creeping shrubs of thousand dyes
Waved in the west wind's summer sighs.
Scott, L. of the L., 1. 11.
dye 2 t, i- An obsolete spelling of die 1 .
dye 3 t, n. An obsolete spelling of die 3 .
You shall no more deal with the hollow dye
Or the frail card. B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1.
dye-bath (dl'bath), n. A bath prepared for use
in dyeing; a solution of coloring matter in
which substances to be colored are immersed.
Oxalic acid, like acetic acid, is used for preparing dye-
baths. C. T. Davis, Leather, p. 708.
dye-beck (dl'bek), n. Same as dye-bath.
The dye-beck consists of alizarin and tannin.
Ure, Diet., IV. 915.
dye-house 1 (di'hous), n. A building in which
dyeing is carried on.
dye-house 2 (di'hous), . [A dial. var. of dey-
house.~\ A milk-house or dairy. Grose. [Prov.
Bug.]
dyeing (di'ing), . [Verbal n. of dye 1 ,v.'] The
operation or practice of fixing colors in solution
in textile and other porous substances.
dye-pot (di'pot), n. A dye-vat.
There were clothes there which were to receive different
colors. All these Jesus threw into one dye-pot, . . . and
taking them out, each [piece] was dyed as the dyer wished.
Stowe, Origin of the Books of the Bible, p. 222.
dyer (di'er), n. [< ME. dyere, diere, deyer, <
dyen, etc., dye : see dye 1 , .] One whose oc-
cupation is to dye cloth, skins, feathers, etc.
Almost ... my nature is subdued
To what it works in, like the dyer's hand.
Shak., Sonnets, cxi.
Dyers' spirit, tin tetrachlorid, known in commerce as
oxymuriate of tin (SnCLj + 5H 2 0). It is a valuable mor-
dant.
dyer's-broom (dl'erz-brom), n. The plant Ge-
nista tinctoria, used to make a green dye. Also
called dyeweed.
dyer's-greenweed (di'erz-gren"wed), . Same
as dyers-broom.
dyer S-moSS (dl'erz-mds), n. The lichen lioc-
cella tinctoria. Same as archil, 2.
dyer's-weed (di'erz-wed), n. The woad, weld, or
yellow-weed, Reseda lutcola, affording a yellow
dye, and cultivated in Europe on that account.
dyester (di'ster), . [< dye 1 + -ster.'] A dyer.
[Scotch.]
dyestone (di'ston), re. A red ferruginous lime-
stone occurring in Tennessee, used occasionally
1808
in the place of a dye, although insoluble and
not properly a dye Dyestone ore, an iron ore of
great economical importance in the United States. Also
called fossil, dyestone fossil, Jtaxseed, and Clinton ore.
See Clinton ore, under ore.
dyestuff (di'stuf), n. In com., any dyewood.
lichen, powder, or dye-cake used in dyeing and
staining. The most important dyestuffs are cochineal,
madder, indigo, logwood, fustic, quercitron-bark, and the
various preparations of aniline. Also called dyeware.
dye-trial (di'tri"al), . An experiment with
coloring matters to determine their value as
dyes. Such experiments are usually performed by dyeing
small pieces of yarn or fabric, of equal size, in beakers, one
of which contains the coloring matter in question, the
other a standard of the same colorant.
Never less than two dye-trials should be carried out at
once, viz., one with the new colouring matter, the other
with a colouring matter of known value, which is taken
as the " type." Benedikt, Coal-tar Colours (trans.), p. 57.
dye-vat (di'vat), n. A bath containing dyes,
and fitted with an apparatus for immersing the
fabrics to be colored.
dyeware (di'war), n. Same as dyestuff.
The reaction which ensues is not produced by any other
dye-wm. Ure, Diet, IV. 354.
dyeweed (di'wed), . Same as dyer's-broom.
dyewood (di'wud), . Any wood from which
dye is extracted.
dye-works (di'werks), n. sing, or pi. An estab-
lishment in which dyeing is carried on.
dygogram (di'go-gram), n. [< Gr. 6v(va/uc),
power, + yw(vz), angle, + -fpa^ia, anything
written.] A diagram containing a curve gen-
erated by the motion of a line drawn from a
fixed origin, and representing in direction and
magnitude the horizontal component of the
force of magnetism on a ship's compass-needle
while the ship makes a complete circuit. The
course of the ship is marked on the curve. There are two
kinds of dygogram, according as it is supposed to be fixed
in space during the rotation of the ship or fixed on the ship.
dying (di'ing), . [Verbal n. of die*-, v.~\ The
act of expiring ; loss of life ; death.
Always bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord
Jesus, that the life also of Jesus might be made manifest
in our body. 2 Cor. iv. 10.
dying (di'ing), j>. a. [< ME. dyinge, diyng, with
older term, diend, diand, etc.; ppr. of die 1 , r.
In some uses, as dying hour, dying bed, etc. (def s.
4, 5), the word is the verbal noun used attribu-
tively.] 1. Physically decaying ; failing from
life ; approaching death or dissolution ; mori-
bund: as, a dying man; a dying tree.
The noise of battle hurtled in the air,
. . . and dying men did groan. Shak., J. C.,ii. 2.
2. Mortal; destined to death; perishable: as,
dying bodies.
I preached as never sure to preach again,
And as a dying man to dying men.
Baxter, Love breathing Thanks and Praise.
3. Drawing to a close; fading away; failing;
languishing : as, the dying year ; a dying light.
That strain again ; it had a dying fall.
SAofc.T. N., i. 1.
Where the dying night-lainp nickers.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.
4. Given, uttered, or manifested just before
death: as, dying words; a dying request; dy-
ing love.
I do prophesy the election lights
On Fortinbras ; he has my dying voice.
Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
Sir, let me speak next,
And let my dying words be better with you
Than my dull living actions.
Beau, and Fl., Philaster, v. 3.
5. Pertaining to or associated with death : as,
a dying hour ; a dying bed.
He served his country as knight of the shire to his dy-
ing day. Steele, Spectator, No. 109.
Dying declaration. See declaration.
dyingly (di'ing-li), adv. In a dying or languish-
ing manner.
dyingness (di'ing-nes), . The state of dying;
hence, a state simulating the approach of death,
real or affected ; affected languor or faintness ;
languishment.
Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of dyingness; you
see that picture, Foible a swimmingness in the eyes.
Congreve, Way of the World, iii. 5.
dyke. . and v. A less proper spelling of dike.
dykehopper (dlk'hop'er), n. The wheatear,
Saxicolacenanthe. Swainson. [Local, Eng. ( Stir-
ling)-]
dynactinometer (dl-nak-ti-nom'e-ter), . [<
Gr. 6vv(a/Mc;), power, + o/cr/f (OKTIV-), a ray, +
ptrpov, a measure.] An instrument for measur-
ing the intensity of actinic power, or for com-
paring the quickness of lenses.
dynamic
dynagraph (di'na-graf), n. [Short for dynam-
ograpJi, q. v.] A machine for reporting the con-
dition of a railroad-track, the speed of a train,
and the power (and consumption of coal and wa-
ter) used in traversing a given distance. The
most important machine of this class was built by Professor
Dudley, and is employed in examining road-beds in all
parts of the United States. It consists of a paper ribbon
arranged to pass under a series of recording pens, and
moved by means of gearing from one of the axles of the
car in which it is placed. The mechanical recording ap-
pliances give the tension on the draw-bar, showing the re-
sistance of the car, its speed, the distance traveled abso-
lutely, and in a given number of seconds, minutes, and
hours. The oscillations of the car, also the level of the
rails, the alinement, the condition of the joints of the
rails, and the elevations of the rails at curves, are all me-
chanically traced on the paper band. Besides this, by
simple electrical connections, the amount of water and
coal consumed in the engine, the pressure of the steam,
the mile-posts, stations, etc., are recorded from the car
or from the engine, and all these records appear side by
side upon the paper. See seismograph.
dynam (di'nam), n. [< Gr. M<vafus, power,
might, strength, faculty, capacity, force, etc.,
< 6waa6ai, be able, capable, strong enough (to
do), pass for, signify, perhaps allied to L. du-
rus, hard: see dure, a.] 1. A unit of work,
equal to a weight of one pound raised through
one foot ; a foot-pound. 2. A force, or a force
and a couple, the resultant of all the forces act-
ing together on a body. Also spelled dyname.
Dynamene (di-nam'e-ne), n. [NL., < Gr. fivva-
fiivri, fern, of dwdftevof, ppr. of oirvaaOai, be able
(> duvafuf, power) : seerfi/w.] 1. A genus of
brachyurous decapod crustaceans, of the family
Dromiidce. 2. A genus of calyptoblastic hy-
droids, of the family Sertulariidce. D. pumila
is an example. 3. A genus of spur-heeled
cuckoos : same as Eudynamys. Stephens. [Not
in use.] 4. A genus of isopods, of the family
Sphceromidw. 5. A genus of lepidopterous in-
sects. Hiibner, 1816.
dynametor (di-narn'e-ter), n. [A contr. of dy-
namometer, which is differently applied: see
dynamometer.] An instrument for determin-
ing the magnifying power of telescopes, it
consists of a small tube with a transparent plate, exactly
divided, which is fixed to the tube of a telescope, in order
to measure the diameter of the distinct image of the ob-
ject-glass.
dynametric, dynametrical (di-na-met'rik, -ri-
kal), a. [< dynametcr + -ic, -ca/.J Pertaining
to a dynameter.
dynamic (di-nani'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. Swa/unoe,
powerful, efficacious, < 6iva/iif, power: see dy-
nam."] I. a. 1. Pertaining to mechanical forces
not in equilibrium : opposed to static. 2. Per-
taining to mechanical forces, whether in equi-
librium or not ; involving the consideration of
forces. By extension 3. Causal; effective;
motive ; involving motion or change : often
used vaguely.
The direct action of nature as a dynamic agent is pow-
erful on the language of savages, but gradually becomes
insensible as civilization advances.
W. K. Sullivan, Int. to O'Curry's Anc. Irish, p. viii.
Action is dynamic existence.
ft H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 482.
They [Calvinists] teach a spiritual, real, or dynamic and
effective presence of Christ in the Eucharist for believers
only, while unworthy communicants receive no more than
the consecrated elements to their own judgment.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 165.
4. In the Kantian philos., relating to the reason
of existence of an object of experience. Dy-
namic category, in the Kantian philos., a category which
is the concept of dynamic relation. Dynamic electri-
city, current electricity. See electricity. Dynamic
equivalent of heat. See equivalent. Dynamic geol-
ogy, that branch of the science of geology which has as
its object the study of the nature and mode of action of
the agencies by which geological changes are and have
been effected. See geology. Dynamic head. See head.
Dynamic murmurs, cardiac murmurs not caused by
valvular incompetence or stenosis, but by anemia or an
unusual configuration of the internal surface of the heart,
as where a chorda tendinea is so placed as to give rise to
a murmur. Dynamic relations, causal relations ; espe-
cially, the relations between substance and accident, be-
tween cause and effect, and between interacting subjects.
Dynamic synthesis, in the Kantian philos., a synthe-
sis of heterogeneous elements necessarily belonging to-
gether.
When the pure concepts of the understanding are ap-
plied to every possible experience, their synthesis is either
mathematical or dynamical, for it is directed partly to the
intuition only, partly to the existence of the phenomenon.
Kant', Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Miiller.
Dynamic theory, a theory by which Kant endeavored
to explain the nature of matter or the mode of its forma-
tion. According to this theory, all matter was originated
by two antagonistic and mutually counteracting princi-
ples called attraction and ri'indxion, all the predicates of
which are referred to motion. Dynamic theory of na-
ture, (a) A theory which seeks to explain nature from
forces, especially from forces of expansion and contrac-
tion (as the Stoics did), opposed to a mechanical theory
which starts with matter only, (d) The doctrine that some
dynamic
other original principle hc.sidcs matter must bo supposed
to account for the phenomena of the universe. Dynamic
theory of the soul, the metaphysical doctrine that the
soul consists in an action or tendency to action, and not
in an existence at rest Dynamic theory of the tides,
a theory of tlio tides iu which the general form of the for-
mulas is determined from the solution of a problem in dy-
namics, the values of the coefficients of the different terms
h- in (hen altered to suit tho observations: opposed to
the *inti,;il tlu-tirii, which first supposes the sea to be in
c(|iiilihriiun under the forces to which it is subjected, and
then modifies the epoch to suit the observations. Dy-
namic Viscosity. See BiKciixitt/.
II. . 1. A moral force; an efficient incen-
tive.
We hope and pray that it may act as a spiritual dynamic
on the churches and upon all the benevolent in our land.
Missionary Herald, Nov., 1879.
2. The science which teaches how to calculate
motions in accordance with the laws of force :
same as dynamics.
dynamical (dl-nam'i-kal), a. Same as dynamic.
The dynamical theory [of the tides],
Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 355.
Dynamical coefficient of viscosity. See coefficient.
dynamically (di-nam'i-kal-i), adv. In a dy-
namic manner ; as regards dynamics.
Dynamically, the only difference between carbonate of
ammonia and protoplasm which can be called fundamen-
tal, is the greater molecular complexity and consequent
instability of tho latter. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 433.
dynamics (di-nam'iks), n. [PI. ot dynamic: see
-ics. Cf. LL. dynamicc, dynamics, < Gr. Swa-
fiinf/ (sc. rkxyri, art), fern, of ovvafttK6f, dynamic.]
1. The mathematical theory of force; also
(until recently the common acceptation), the
theory of forces in motion ; tho science of de-
ducing from given circumstances (masses, po-
sitions, velocities, forces, and constraints) the
motions of a system of particles.
The science of motion is divided into two parts : the ac-
curate description of motion, and the investigation of the
circumstances under which particular motions take place.
. . . That part of the science which tells us about the cir-
cumstances under which particular motions take place is
called dinia inicx. . . . Dynamics are again divided into
two branches : the study of those circumstances under
which it is possible for a body to remain at rest is called
statics, and the study of the circumstances of actual mo-
tion is called kinetics. W. K. Clifford.
IVVhat is here called kinetics has until recently been called
dynamics.]
The hope of science at the present day is to express all
phenomena in symbols of Dynamics.
G. U. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. 283.
2. The moving moral or physical forces of any
kind, or the laws which relate to them.
The empirical laws of society are of two kinds ; some
are uniformities of coexistence, some of succession. Ac-
cording as the science is occupied in ascertaining and
verifying the former sort of uniformities or the latter,
M. Comte gives it the title of Social Statics or of Social
Dynamics. J. S. Mill, Logic, VI. x. 5.
These are then appropriately followed by the dynamics
of the subject, or the institution in action in many grave
controversies and many acute crises of history.
Atlantic Monthly, LVIII. 418.
Dynamics of music, the science of the variation and
contrast of force or londness in musical sounds. Geo-
logical dynamics, that branch of geology which treats
of the nature and mode of operation of all kinds of physi-
cal agents or forces that have at any time, and in any man-
ner, alfected the surface and Interior of the earth. Rigid
dynamics, the dynamics of rigid bodies, in which only
ordinary differential equations occur,
dynamism (di'na-mizm), n. [< Gr. Siiva/uf,
power (see dynam), + -ism."] 1. The doctrine
that besides matter some other material prin-
ciple a force in some sense is required to
explain the phenomena of nature. The term is
applied (a) to the doctrines of some of the Ionic philos-
ophers, who held to some such principles as love and hate
to explain the origin of motion ; (6) to the doctrine adopted
by Leibnitz that substance consists in the capacity for ac-
tion ; (c) to the doctrine of Tait that mechanical energy is
substance ; and (if) to the widely current doctrine that the
universe contains nothing not explicable by means of the
doctrine of energy.
2. The mode of being of mechanical force or
energy.
Who does not see the contradiction of requiring a sub-
stance for that which by its definition is not substantial
at all, but pure dynamismf
0. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. it 2.
Dynamism would be more appropriate than Materialism
as a designation of the modern scientific movement, the
idea of inertia having given place to that of an equilibrium
f forces. J. M. Riyg, Mind, XII. 657.
dynamist (di'na-mist), n. [As dynam-ism +
-ist.] A believer in dynamism.
Thus! admit, with the pure (hinatnist, that the material
universe, or successive material universes, as manifesta-
tions of matter and motion, are concatenated with time,
.ire horn, run their course, and fade away, as do the clouds
of air. Pap. Sci. itu., XXII. 803.
dynamistic (di-nn-mis'tik), a. Pertaining to
tho doctrine of force.
It is usual (and convenient) to speak of two kinds of
monarchianism the dynamiatic and the modalistic.
Encyc. Brit., XVI. 719.
1U
1809
dynamitard (di'na-mi-tard'), n. [< F. dynami-
tunt; tt.$ily>unnite'+ -ard.] Same as dynamiter.
If Ireland is to be turned into a frown Colony, she must
be put under martial law ; and even that will be no defence
against tho attacks of d;/namitardg by whom we may bo
struck at home. British Quarterly /tec., I. X XXI II. 411.
The associate guild of assassins' the nihilist and the
dynamitard. N . A. Rev., CXXXVIII. 314.
dynamite (di'na-mlt), n. [< Gr. i'wafiis, power
(see dynam), + -ite 2 .] An explosive of great
power, consisting of a mixture of nitroglycerin
with some absorbent such as sawdust, or a
certain silicious earth from Oberloho in Han-
over. The object of the mixture is to diminish the sen-
sitiveness of nitroglycerin to slight shock, and so to facili-
tate its carriage without impairing IU explosive quality.
The disruptive force of dynamite is estimated at about
eight times thatof gunpowder. Dynamite may be ignited
with a match, and will burn quietly with a bright flame
without any explosion. Large quantities have been known
to fall 20 feet on a hard surface without explosion. It
explodes with certainty when ignited by a percussion fuse
containing fulminating mercury.
dynamite (di'na-mlt), v. t.: pret. and pp. dyna-
mited, ppr. dynamiting. IX dynamite, n.] 1.
To mine or charge with dynamite in order to
prevent the approach of an enemy, or for de-
structive purposes.
The military authorities of Pretoria had caused a rumor
to go forth that some of the buildings and roads were dy-
namited, and this deterred the Boers from entering the
town, which, as a matter of fact, was not dynamited at
alL Athrnceum, No. 3016, p. 201.
2. To blow up or destroy by or as if by dyna-
mite.
It appears from the letters that the American Republic
has been dynamited, and upon its ruins a socialistic re-
public established. Science, X. 92.
His [Prince Alexander's of Bulgaria] people ... are not
at all inclined to dynamite him, which is more than can
be said for the Czar. Times (London), April 26, 1886.
dynamite-gun (di'na-mit-gun), n. A gun con-
structed for propelling dynamite, nitroglycerin,
or other high explosives, by means of steam or
compressed air under high tension.
dynamiter (dl'na-mi-ter), n. [< dynamite +
-er 1 .] One who uses, or is in favor of using,
dynamite and similar explosives for unlawful
purposes ; specifically, a political agitator who
resorts to or advocates the use of dynamite
and the indiscriminate destruction of life and
property for the purpose of coercing a govern-
ment or a party by terror.
Surely no plea of justification could absolve the dyna-
miter from the eternal consequences of his own infernal
deeds. N. A. Rev., CXL. 887.
The recent explosions on the underground railways
were the work of ... dynamiters.
The American, VII. 93.
Dynamiters subventioned by Parisian fanatics were to
appear in Metz. Nineteenth Century, XXII. 421.
dynamitical (dl-na-mit'i-kal), a. [< dynamite
+ -ical.~] Having' to do with dynamite; vio-
lently explosive or destructive.
Like certain dynamitical critics, he is satisfied with de-
struction, and his attitude towards constitutional for-
mulas is not unlike that of the dynamitical critic towards
Constitutions British and other. Xature, XXXIV. 25.
Dynamostes
Dynamizing of medicinal substances.
t.nryc. Brit., XII. 127.
dynamo (di'na-mo), n. An abbreviation of
dynamo-electric' machine. See electric.
The machines were driven by a Cummer engine of about
a hundred horse-power, which furnished power for other
dynamos. Science, III. 177.
Characteristic of a dynamo. See charartentiie.- Se-
ries dynamo, a dynamo in which the whole current gen-
erated in the armature is passed through the coil of the
neld-magneU. Shunt dynamo, a dynamo In which only
a part of the entire current generated by the rotating
armature Is applied to excite the field-magnets.
dynamo-electric, dynamo-electrical (di'na-
mo-e-lek'trik, -tn-kal), a. [< Gr. diva/u(, pow-
er (see dynam), + electric, electrical.'] Produ-
cing force by means of electricity : as, a dyna-
mo-electric machine ; also, produced by electric
force. Dynamo-electric machine. See electric.
dynamogenesis (di'na-mo-jen'e-sis), n. Same
as dynamogeny.
dynamogenic (di*na-mo-jen'ik), a. [< dyna-
mogeny + -c.] Pertaining to dynamogeny.
The influence thus manifested Is dynamogenic.
Dr. Brown-Sequard.
dynamogeny (di-na-moj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. Svva-
luf, power (see dynam), + -ycveta, < -yevr/t, pro-
ducing: see -geny.~] In psychic science, produc-
tion of increased nervous activity ; dynamiza-
tion of nerve-force. Also dynamogenesis.
dynamograph (di-nam'o-graf), n. [< Gr. tlva-
ftic, power (see dynam), + ypaQctv, write.] An
instrument combining an elliptic spring and a
register to indicate the muscular power exerted
by the hand of a person compressing it.
dynamometer (di-na-mom'e-ter), n. [Contr.
dynameter, q. v.; < Ofr. dvvaficf. power (see dy-
nam), + furpov, a measure.] An apparatus for
measuring the amount of force expended by
men ; animals, or motors in moving a load, op-
erating machines, towing vessels, etc.; a pow-
er-measurer. Dynamometers use the resistance of
springs, weights, and friction as a test, each comparison
being made with a known weight or force that will over-
come the resistance of the spring, raise the weight, or bal-
ance the friction. One of the simplest forms is a steel-
yard in which the force to be measured Is applied to the
dynamically (di-na-mit'i-kal-i), adv. By
means, or as by means, of dynamite ; with ex-
plosive violence.
The Irish attempts, at New York, Paris, and elsewhere,
dynamitically to blow up England on behalf of Ireland.
The Congreyationalist, Feb. 17, 1887.
dynamiting (dTna-mi-ting), n. [Verbal n. of
dynamite, .] The practice of destroying or
terrorizing by means of dynamite.
The question is, whether the law permits dynamiting,
or whether it will stop dynamiting at the place where It
is started, which is the only place where it can be stopped.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVIII. 426.
dynamitism (di'na-mi-tizm), n. [< dynamite
+ -ism.] The use 'of dynamite and similar ex-
plosives in the indiscriminate destruction of
life and property for purposes of coercion;
any political theory or scheme involving the
use of such destructives.
ilnation and dynamit-
The American, VI. 38.
dynamization (di'na-mi-za'shon), n. [< dyna-
mize + -ation.] 1. Dynamic development; in-
crease of power in anything ; dynamogeny : as,
dynnii:nti<i of nerve-force. 2. la homeopa-
thy, the extreme trituration of medicines with a
view to increase their efficiency or strength.
dynamize (di'na-miz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. dyna-
mised, ppr. dynamiring. [< Gr. divaii-if, power
(see dynam), + -i'je.] In homeopathy, to in-
crease the efficiency or strength of (medicines)
by extreme trituration.
Unqualified repudiation of
(tHt,
Balance-dynamometer (elevation).
shorter arm while a weight is balanced on the longer grad-
uated arm. The most common form of spring-dynamom-
eter consists of an elliptical spring that may be compressed
or pulled apart in the direction of its longer axis, with an
Index and scale, and some-
times a recording pencil, to
indicate the amount of force
exerted. In the apparatus
depending on friction a brake
is applied to the face of a pul-
ley, and the force is mea-
sured by the resistance of the
brake to the motion of the
pulley. In other forms fast
and loose pulleys are placed
side by side and connected by
weighted levers, a certain
amount of force being re-
quired to lift the lever and
communicate motion to both
pulleys. In still other forms
coiled springs are used to test
a direct strain, as in moving a
load or in towing. There are
other forms used to test the
recoil of guns and the explo-
sive force of gunpowder. In
the Batchelder dynamometer
Balance-dynamometer (plan), two pairs of bevel-wheels are
interposed between the re-
ceiving and the transmitting pulleys, one pair in line with
the pulleys, the other pair at right angles to them and In
line with a balanced scale-beam. The force and resistance
transmitted through the gears tend to turn the scale-beam
about the line of the pulley-shafts, and this must be re-
sisted by a weight upon the scale-beam, which is the mea-
sure of the force transmitted. The dynamometer Is not a
direct indicator of power exerted or of work performed;
bat when the velocity with which resistance Is overcome
or force transmitted has been determined by other means,
tills velocity, and the measure of the force obtained by the
dynamometer, are the data for computing the power or
work. See balance-dynamometer, cnaher-gage, piezometer,
and pressure-gage. Dynamometer coupling, a device
inserted In a shaft by means of which the power transmit-
ted may be measured.
dynamometric, dynamometrical (di'na-mo-
met'rik, -ri-kal), a. [< dynamometer T -ic,
-icrt?.] Pertaining to or made with the aid of a
dynamometer.
dynamometry (dl-na-mom'e-tri), n. [< dyna-
niiimcter + -y*.] The act or art of using the
dynamometer.
Dynamostes (di-na-mos'tez), n. [NL. (Pascoe,
1857), < Gr. iivautt, power, strength.] A genus
Dynamostes
of longicorn beetles, of the family Cerambyci-
dce. There is but one species, D. audax, of the
East Indies.
dynast (dl'nast), n. [= F. dynaste = Pg. dy-
nanta = Sp. It. dinasta, < L. dynastes (ML. also
*dynasta), < Or. Swdarw, a lord, master, ruler,
< iiivaaOai, be able, strong : see dynam.} A rul-
ing prince ; a permanent or hereditary ruler.
Philosophers, dynasts, monarchs, all were involved and
overshadowed in this mist. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 599.
The ancient family of Des Ewes, dynasts or lords of the
dition of Kessell. A. Wood, Athenra Ojton.
This Thracian dynast is mentioned as an ally of the Athe-
nians against Philip in an inscription found some years ago
in the Acropolis at Athens.
B. V. Head, Historia Kumorum, p. 241.
dynastat (dl-nas'tii), n. [< ML. "dynasta, L.
dynastes, < Gr. Swdortif : see dynast.} Same as
dynast.
Wherefore did his mother, the virgin Mary, give such
praise to God in her prophetic song, that he had now by
the coming of Christ cut down dynastag, or proud mon-
archs? Hilton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.
Dynastes (di-nas'tez), n. [NL., < Gr.
a ruler: see dynast.'] A genus of lamellicorn
beetles, of the family Scarabceidai or typical of
a family Dynastidee. It is restricted to forms having
the external maxillar lobe with 3 or 4 small median teeth,
no lateral prothoracic projections, and the last tarsal joint
arcuate and clubbed. The type is D. hercules, the Her-
cules-beetle, the largest known true insect, having a length
of about 6 inches, of which the curved prothoracic horn is
nearly one half.
dynastic (di-nas'tik), a. [= F. dynastique =
Sp. dindstico; cf. D. G. dynastisch = Dan. Sw.
dynastisk, < Gr. 6vvaariK6^, < SwaaTJis, a ruler:
see dynast.'] Relating or pertaining to a dy-
nasty or line of kings.
In Holland dynastic interests were betraying the wel-
fare of the republic. Bancroft, Hist. Const., H. 365.
The civil wars of the Roses had been a barren period in
English literature, because they had been merely dynastic
squabbles, in which no great principles were involved
which could shake all minds with controversy and heat
them to intense conviction.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 150.
The dynastic traditions of Europe are rooted and ground-
ed in the distant past.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 15.
dynasticism (di-nas'ti-sizm), n. [< dynastic +
-ism.] Kingly or imperial power handed down
from father to son ; government by successive
members of the same line or family.
In the Old World dynasticismis plainly in a state of de-
cadence. Qoldwin Smith, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 628.
Dynastidae (d!-nas'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dy-
nastes + -idee.} A family of lamellicorn beetles,
taking name from the genus Dynastes, and con-
taining a few forms remarkable for their great
size and strength. They are chiefly tropical, and
burrow in the ground. The Hercules-beetle, elephant-
beetle, and atlas-beetle are examples. The group is usually
merged in Scarabaeidae.
dynastidan (dl-nas'ti-dan), . [< Dynaslidoe
T -an.'] One of the Dyilastidce.
dynasty (di'nas-ti), n. ; pi. dynasties (-tiz). [=
D. G. dynastie = Dan. Sw. dynasti, < F. dynastie
= Sp. dinastia = Pg. dynastia = It. dinastia, <
ML. dynastia, dinastia, < Gr. Swaareia, lordship,
rule, < SvvdaTqs, a lord, master, ruler: see dy-
nast.'] If. A government ; a sovereignty. 2.
A race or succession of sovereigns of the same
line or family governing a particular country :
as, the successive dynasties of Egypt or of
France.
At some time or other, to be sure, all the beginners of
dynasties were chosen by those who called them to govern.
Burke, Rev. in France.
It is to Manetho that we are indebted for that classifi-
cation called by the Greeks Dynasties, a word applied gen-
erally to those sets of kings which belonged to one family,
or who were derived from one original stock. These Dy-
nasties were named as well as numbered, and their names
were derived from the town, or region, whence the found-
er came or where he lived.
H. S. Osborn, Ancient Egypt, p. 49.
dyne (din), n. [Abbr. of dynam, < Gr. ivva/us,
power: seedynam.} In physics, the unit of force
in the centimeter-gram-second system, being
that force which, acting on a gram for one sec-
ond, generates a velocity of a centimeter per
second; the product of a gram into a centi-
meter, divided by the square of a mean solar
second. The force of a dyne is about equivalent to the
weight of a milligram. It requires a force of about 445,000
dynes to support one pound of matter on the earth's sur-
face in latitude 45.
The dyne is about 1.02 times the weight of amilligramme
at any part of the earth's surface ; and the megadyne is
about 1.02 times the weight of a kilogramme.
J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Const., p. 167.
dyocsetriacontahedMn, dyokaitriakontahe-
dron (di'9-se-, di"o-ki-tri-a-kon-ta-he'dron), n.
1810
[< Gr. Svo KM Tpi&KovTa, thirty-two (Svo = E. two;
Kal, and; rpidnovra = L. triginta = E. thirty), +
eSpa, seat, base.] In geom., a solid having thirty-
two faces.
dyophysitic (di"o-fi-zit'ik), a. [< Gr. Svo, = E.
two, + Qvaif, nature, + -ite z + -ic. Cf. diphy-
site.} Having two natures.
They agree in the attempt to substitute a Christ-person-
ality with one consciousness and one will for a dyophysitic
Christ with a double consciousness and a double will.
Schaff, Christ and Christianity, p. 94.
dyotheism (di'o-the-izm), n. [< Gr. Svo, = E.
two, + Oc6(, a god, + -ism. Cf. ditheism, the
preferable form.] The doctrine that there are
two Gods, or a system which recognizes such a
doctrine; dualism.
It [Arianism] starts with a zeal for the unity and the
nnchangeableness of God; and yet ends in dyotheism, the
doctrine of an uncreated God "and a created God.
Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 58.
dyothelism (di-oth'e-lizm), n. [Alsodiothelism;
< Gr. Svo, = E. two, + 6efatv, will, + -ism.} The
doctrine that Christ had two wills,
dyothelite (dl-oth'e-llt), n. and a. [As dyothe-
lism + -ifc 2 .] I. n. A believer in dyothelism.
II. a. Pertaining to dyothelism.
The reply of the Western Church was promptly given in
the unambiguously dyothelite decrees of the Lateran synod
held by Martin I. in 649. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 758.
dys-. [< L. dys-, < Gr. Sva-, an inseparable pre-
fix, opposed to EI>- (see eu-), much like E. mis- 2
or tin-f, always with notion of ' hard, bad, un-
lucky,' etc., destroying the good sense of a
word or increasing its bad sense ; = Skt. dus-
= Zen&dush- = Ir. do- = Goth, tus-, tuz- = OHG.
zur- = Icel. tor-, hard, difficult.] An insepa-
rable prefix in words of Greek origin, signify-
ing ' hard, difficult, bad, ill,' and implying some
difficulty, imperfection, inability, or privation
in the act, process, or thing denoted by the word
of which it forms a part.
dysaesthesia (dis-es-the'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr.
SvaataOr/aia, insensibility, < 'Svaaiafhrrof, insensi-
ble, < Sva-, hard, + alaSirrof, verbal adj. of diaSa-
veaOat, perceive, feel.] In pathol., impaired,
diminished, or difficult sensation; dullness of
feeling; numbness; insensibility in some de-
gree. Also spelled dysesthesia.
dysaesthetic (dis-es-thet'ik), a. [< dyscesthesia,
after esthetic.} Affected by, exhibiting, or re-
lating to dysKsthesia. Also spelled dysesthetie.
dysanalyte (dis-an'a-lit), n. [< Gr. Svaavdivrof,
hard to undo, < Sva-', hard, + avakvTof , dissolu-
ble: see analytic.} A mineral related to pyro-
chlore, occurring in small black cubic crystals
in limestone at Vogtsburg in the Kaiserstuhl,
a mountainous district of Baden.
dysarthria (dis-ar'thri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-,
hard, + apBpov, a joint.'] In pathol., inability
to articulate distinctly ; dyslalia.
dysarthric (dis-ar'thrik), a. [< dysarthria +
-ic.} Of or pertaining to dysarthria.
Dysaster (dis-as'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, bad,
+ aaTr/p = E. star.} A genus of fossil petalosti-
chous sea-urchins, of the family Cassidulidce or
Collyritides, or giving name to a family Dysas-
teridee.
Dysasteridae (dis-as-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Dysaster + -idcv.} A family of irregular or exo-
cyclic sea-urchins, typified by the genus Dysas-
ter, with ovoid or cordate shell, showing bivi-
um and triyium converging to separate apices,
non-petaloid ambulacra, and eccentric mouth.
dyschezia (dis-ke'zi-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-,
hard, + x%tiv, defecate.] In pathol., difficulty
and pain in defecation.
dyschroia, dyschroa (dis-kroi'a, dis'kro-a), n.
[NL., < Gr. Sva-, bad, + ;tyx<i, Attic also xp a ,
color.] In pathol., discoloration of the skin
from disease.
dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-ma-top'si-ii), n.
[NL., < Gr. duo--, bad, + ^p6>^o(f-), color, 4- 6ipif,
view, sight.] In pathol., feeble or perverted
color-sense. Also dyschromatopsy, dtschroma-
topsis.
dysclasite (dis'kla-sit), n. [< Gr. Sva-, hard, +
/c/ldo-(f, a breaking (< Kkdv, break), + -ite 2 .] In
mineral., a mineral, usually fibrous, of a white
or yellowish color and somewhat pearly luster,
consisting chiefly of hydrous silicate of lime.
Also called okenite.
dyscophid (dis'ko-fid), n. A toad-like amphib-
ian of the family Dyscophidce.
Dyscophidas (dis-kdf'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dys-
cophus + -idee.} A family of firmisternial sa-
lient anurous amphibians, typified by the ge-
nus Dyscophus, with teeth in the upper jaw, di-
lated sacral diapophyses, precoracoids resting
Dysidea
upon coracoids, a cartilaginous omosternum,
and a very large anchor-shaped cartilaginous
sternum. There are several genera, chiefly Madagascar!.
Some of these frogs are remarkable for the beauty of their
coloration.
Dyscophus (dis-ko'fus), . [NL., < Gr. Sva-
xu^of, stone-deaf, < Sva-, hard, + Ku<t>6f, deaf.]
1. A genus of tailless amphibians, typical of
the family Dyscophidw. 2. In entom.: (a) A
genus of the orthopterous family (Ecanthidcn,
having the front deflexed and the male elytra
rudimentary, typified by D. saltator of Brazil.
Saussure, 1874. (6) A genus of South American
Lepidoptera. Bnrmeister, 1879.
dyscrase (dis'kras), n. [Formerly also dis-
crase; < NL. dyscrasia : see dyscrasia.} Same
as dyscrasia.
dyscrasia (dis-kra'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Svanpa-
aia, bad temperament, < Svanparos, of bad tem-
perament, < Sva-, bad, + *Kpar6f, verbal adj. of
Kspavvvvai, mix (> icpdaic,, mixture): see crater,
crasis.} In pathol., a generally faulty condi-
tion of the body; morbid diathesis; distemper.
Also dyscrase, dyscrasy, and formerly discrase,
discrasy.
dyscrasic (dis-kras'ik), a. [< dyscrasia + -ic.}
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dyscrasia;
characterized by dyscrasia: as, dyscrasic de-
generation.
It should not be forgotten that the death-rate was greater
among dyscrasic children. N. Y. Mcd. Jour., XL. 645.
dyscrasite (dis'kra-sit), n. [< Gr. duo--, bad, -f
Kpdaif, a mixture (see dyscrasia), + -Jte 2 .] A
mineral of a silver-white color and metallic
luster, occurring in crystals, and also massive
and granular. It consists of antimony and silver. Also
written discrase, discrasite, and also called antimonial sil-
ver (which see, under silver).
dyscrasy (dis'kra-si), n. ; pi. dyscrasies (-siz).
[Formerly also d'iscrasie; < F. dyscrasie. < NL.
dyscrasia : see dyscrasia.} Same as dyscrasia.
Sin is a cause of dyscrasies and distempers, making our
bodies healthless. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 256.
A general malaise or dyscrasy, of an undefined charac-
ter, but indicated by a loss of appetite and of strength,
by diarrhoea, nervous prostration, or by a general impair-
ment of health. Pop. Sci. Uo., XXII. 6.
Dysdera (dis'de-rii), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804),
< Gr. SvaSr/pu;, hard to fight with, < Sva-, hard, +
Srjpif, fight.] The typical genus of spiders of
the family Dysderid<e.
Dysderidae (dis-der'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Dys-
dera + -ida;.} A family of tubitelarian spiders,
typified by the genus Dysdera. They are especially
distinguished by having two pairs of stigmata, one just
behind the other, and distributed on each side of the belly
near its base; they have but six eyes or fewer. Also
called Dysderides and DysderoidtB.
dysenteric, dysenterical (dis-en-ter'ik, -i-kal),
a. [= F. dysenterique, dyssenterique = Sp. di-
senterico = Pg. dysenterico = It. disenterico,
dissenterico, < L. dysentericus, < Gr. Svaevrcpwos,
< Svatvrcpia, dysentery : see dysentery.} 1. Per-
taining to, of the nature of, accompanied by,
or resulting from dysentery: as, dysenteric
symptoms or effects. 2. Suffering from dys-
entery: as, a dysenteric patient.
dysenterious (dis-en-te'ri-us), a. [< dysentery
+ -ous.} Same as dysenteric. [Rare.]
All will be but as delicate meats dressed for a dysente-
rious person, that can relish nothing. Oataker.
dysentery (dis'en-ter-i), n. [Formerly dysen-
teric; < F. dysenteric, dyssenterie = Sp. disen-
teria = Pg. dysenteria = It. disenteria, dissen-
teria = D. dyssenterie = G. dysenteric = Dan.
Sw. dysenteri, < L. dysenteria, < Gr. Svcmrcpia,
dysentery, < Svaivrepos, suffering in the bowels,
< Sva-, bad, ill, + evreppv, pi. ivrepa, the bow-
els: see entero-.} A disease characterized by
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
large intestine, mucous, bloody, and difficult
evacuations, and more or less fever.
dysepulotic (dis-ep-u-lot'ik), a. [< Gr. Sva-,
hard, + epulotic, q. v.] In surg., not healing
or cicatrizing readily or easily: as, a dysepu-
lotic wound.
dysesthesia, dysesthetie. See dysaxthcsia,
dyscesthetic.
dysgenesic (dis-je-nes'ik), a. [< dysgcnesis +
-ic.] Breeding with difficulty ; sterile ; infe-
cund; barren. Daririn.
dysgenesis (dis-jen'e-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-,
hard, + yiveaiq, generation.] Difficulty in
breeding; difficult generation; sterility; in-
fecundity.
Dysidea (di-sid'e-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-, hard,
bad, + iSia, form: see idea.} A genus of
sponges, typical of the family Dysideidw. Also
Duscideia.
Dysideidae
Dysideidae (dis-i-de'i-de), >i. i>l. [NL., < Dysi-
aea, + -idee.} A family of fibrous sponges.
dysidrosis (dis-i-dro'sis), n. [NL., < Or. dva-,
luml, + idpuf, sweat, perspiration, <Iof (^ "a fid)
= E. sweat.] A disease of the sweat-follicles,
in which they become distended with the re-
tained secretion.
(lysis (di'sis), n. [ML., also disis, < Or. dvote,
setting of the sun or stars (dime '//./on, the west),
< dictv, sink, dive, set.] In astral., the seventh
house of the heavens, which relates to love,
litigation, etc.
dyskinesia (dis-ki-ne'si-ii), . [NL., < Gr.
ovamviioia, < (5t)f-, hard, + idwiai;, movement, <
Ktveiv, move.] In pathol., impaired power of
voluntary movement.
dyslalia (dis-la'li-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dva-, hard,
+ Aa'/.elv, speak.] In pathol., difficulty of iitter-
ance dependent on malformation or imperfect
innervation of the tongue and other organs of
articulation ; slow or difficult speech.
dyslexia (dis-lek'si-a), . [NL., < Gr. dva-, hard,
+ Xffif, a speaking, speech, word: see lexicon.'}
See the extract.
Dr. Ii. Berlin . . . describes under the name dyslexia
a novel psychic affection related to " alexia," or word-
blimlness, hut differing from it in tiiat the patients can
read a few lines, hut apparently get no sense from their
reading and give it up in despair.
Ainer. Jour, Psychol., I. 548.
dyslogistic (dis-lo-jis'tik), a. [< dyslogy +
-istic (after eulogistic, < eulogy). Cf. Gr. 6va\6-
ycTTOf, hard to compute, also ill-calculating,
misguided.] Conveying censure, disapproval,
or opprobrium ; censorious ; opprobrious.
Ask Reus for the motive which gave birth to the prose-
cution on the part of Actor ; the motive of course is the
most odious that can be found : desire of gain, if it be ft
case which opens a door to gain ; if not, enmity, though
not under that neutral and nnimpassioned, but under the
name of revenge or malice, or some other such dyslogistic
name. Benlham, Judicial Evidence, 1. 8.
Any respectable scholar, even if dyslogistic were new to
him, would see at a glance that duhyiitie must be a mis-
take for it, and that the right word must be the reverse
of eulogistic. The paternity of di/sloffiitic no bantling,
but now almost a centenarian is adjudged to that ge-
nius of common-sense, Jeremy Bentham.
F. Halt, Mod. Eng., p. 309.
Gossips came to mean Intimate friends ; next, gossip
meant the light, familiar talk of such friends; and, final-
ly, with a dfubgtlMo connotation, any frivolous conversa-
tion. W. K. Meant, Aryan Household, p. 291.
dyslogistically (dis-lo-jis'ti-kal-i), adv. In
dyslogistic manner ; so as to convey censu
or disapproval.
Accordingly he (Kant] is set down as a " Transcenden-
talist," and all the loose connotation of that term, as it is
now dyslogiitically employed among us, is thought to be
applicable to him. T. ft. Green, in Academy.
dyslogy (dis'lo-ji), n. [< Gr. 6va- ; bad, ill, +
-/oj/a, < Myetv, speak; after Gr. evkoyia, E. eu-
logy, of opposite meaning.] Dispraise : the op-
posite of eulogy.
In the way of eulogy and dyelogy and summing-up of
character there may doubtless ne a great many things set
forth concerning this Mirabeau. Carli/lr, Misc., IV. 117.
dysluite (dis'ltf-it), n. [< Gr. dva-, hard, +
M'ftv, loosen, + -ite 2 .] A name given to a va-
riety of gahnite, or zinc-spinel, from Sussex
county, New Jersey, containing a small per-
centage of manganese : so named because diffi-
cult to dissolve.
dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhcea (dis-men-o-
re'ii), . [NL. dysmenorrhcea, < Or. div-, hard,
+ IIT/V, a mouth, + poia, a flowing.] In pathol.,
difficult or laborious menstruation ; catamenial
discharges accompanied with much local pain,
especially in the loins.
dysmenorrheal, dysmenorrhceal (dis-men-o-
re'al),n. \_<dysincHi>rrhv<i,dyniHeiiorrhaiu, + -al'.]
Of, pertaining to, or connected with dysmen-
orrhea : as, the iysHUHorrkttA membrane which
is sometimes discharged from the uterus.
dysmerism (dis'rae-nzm), n. [< Gr. duo-, bad,
+ fiipof, part (division), + -im.] An aggre-
gation of unlike parts; a process or result of
dysmerogenesis ; a kind of merism opposed to
dysmeristic (dis-me-ris'tik), a. [As dysmer-
tsm + -ist-tc.] Having the character or quality
of dysmerism; irregularly repeated in a se't
of more or less unlike parts whose relations to
one another, or origin one from another, is dis-
guised ; dysmerogenetic : opposed to ciimeris-
lic. Sec- extract under dijKmeroijriicitin.
dysmerogenesis (dis"me-ro-jen'e-sis), n. [NL.,
< tir. (W-, l>:id, + ,f/)0f, part (division), + j/rf-
aif, generation.] The genesis, origination, or
production of many unlike parts, or of parts
in irregular series or at irregular times, which
1811
together form an integral whole ; dysmeristic
generation ; repetition of forms with adaptive
modification or functional specialization; a
kind of merogenesis opposed to eumerogenesis.
The tendency to bud formation . . . has all along acted
concurrently with a powerful synthetic tendency, so that
new units have from the flrst made but a gradual and dis-
guised appearance. Tills is dytmeroyenexit. and such ag-
gregates as exhibit It may be called ilyimeratic.
Encyc. Brit., XII. 555.
dysmerogenetic (dis'me-rW^-net'ik), a. [<
dysmerogenesis, after genetic.] Produced by or
resulting from dysmerogenesis; characterized
by or exhibiting dysmerism ; dysmeristic : op-
posed to eunifrogenetic.
dysmeromorph (dis'me-ro-m6rf ) ; it. [< Gr. dva-,
bad, + fitpo^, part (see dysmerism), + /topijiri,
shape.] An organic form resulting from dys-
merogenesis; a dysmeristic organism : opposed
to ewneromorph.
Synthesized eumeromorph simulates normal dysniero-
niorph ; analysized dytmeromorph simulates normal eu-
roeromorph. Encyc. Brit., XII. 555.
dysmeromorphic (dis'me-ro-mdr'fik), a. [<
dysmeromorph + -ic.] Having the character
or quality of a dysmeromorph ; dysmerogenet-
ie or dysmeristic in form: opposed to eumero-
morphic.
dysnomy (dis'no-mi), n. [< Gr. dvovo/tia, law-
lessness, a bad constitution, < dvavouoc., lawless,
< dva-, bad, + v6/wf, law.] Bad legislation;
the enactment of bad laws.
dysodile (dis'o-dil), n. [< Gr. dvaodw, ill-
smelling (< dva-, ill, + 6$etv, smell, akin to L.
odor, smell), + -ile.] A kind of greenish- or
yellowish-gray coal occurring in masses made
up of foliaceous layers, which when burning
emits a very fetid odor. It is a product of the de-
composition of combined vegetable and animal matters.
It was first observed at Melill in Sicily, and has also been
found at several places In Germany and France.
dysodont (dis'o-dont), a. [< NL. dysodon(t-)s,
< Gr. dva-, bad, + odovf (bdowr-) = E. tooth.] In
conch., having obsolete or irregular hinge-teeth ;
specifically, of or pertaining to the Dysodonta.
Dysodonta (dis-o-don'ta,), n. pi. [NL., pi. of
dysodont: see dysodont.] A group or order of
bivalve mollusks having obsolete or irregular
hinge-teeth, muscular impressions unequal or
reduced to one, and pallia! line entire. It cor-
responds to the Monomyaria.
Dysodus (dis'o-dus), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr.
ova-, bad, + odovf = E. tooth.] A generic name
bestowed by Cope upon the Japanese pug-
dog, called Dysodus pravus, characterized by
such degradation of the dentition that there
may be in all but 1C teeth (no incisors, 1 ca-
nine in each half -jaw, 1 premolar and 1 molar in
each upper, and 2 premolars and 2 molars in
each lower half-jaw), thus exemplifying actual
evolution of a generic form by "artificial se-
lection " of comparatively few years' duration.
dysootocia (dis-o-o-to'si-a), n. [NL.. < Gr. dva-,
fll, + aoTOKta, a laying of "eggs, < oro/tof, laying
eggs, < (f6v (= L. ovum), egg, + TIKTCIV, TCKCIV,
produce, bear.] In zool., difficult ovulation.
dysopia (dis-6'pi-a), it. [NL., < Gr. dvauiria,
confusion of face"(taken in the def. in another
sense), < dva-, bad, ill, + tity (UTT-), eye, face.]
Same as dysopsia.
dysopsia (dis-op'si-a), n. [NL.. < Gr. dva-, bad,
T o^ic, view, sight.] In pathol., painful or
defective vision.
dysopsy (dis-op'si), n. [< Gr. dva-, bad, ill, +
o^if, sight.] Same as di/sopsia.
dysorexia (dis-o-rek'si-a), . [NL., < Gr. dva-
opel-ia, feebleness of appetite, < dva-, bad, +
6/>tf <f, appetite.] In pathol., a depraved or fail-
ing appetite.
dysorexy (dis'o-rek-si), n. Same as dysorexia.
dyspareunia (dis-pa-r8'ni-a), . [NL., < Gr.
ova-, hard, + K&pewoc., lying beside, < irap&, be-
side, + c vvfi, bed.] In pathol., inability to per-
form the sexual act without pain : usually ap-
plied to females.
dyspepsia (dis-pep'sia), n. [Also dyspepgy; =
F. ayspepsie = Sp. It. dispcpsia = Pg. dyspepsia,
< L. dyspe]>sia, < Gr. Svaire^ia, indigestion, < div-
ireirrof, nard to digest, < dva-, hard, + irenrof,
verbal adj. of ireirrttv, ripen, soften, cook, digest,
= L. coijucre, cook : see cook 1 .] Impaired power
of digestion. The term is applied with a certain free-
dum to all forms of gastric derangement, whether involv-
ing impaired power of digestion or not. But It is usually
di.si-urdi-d when MOM more definite diagnosis can be made,
as gastric cancer, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastrect&sia, or
1 i it daptndi on poisonous ingesta or appears as a
dysteleological
which may Involve a diminished or an excessive secretion
of the gastric juice, or diminished or excessive acidity In
that secretion, or an irritability of the stomach-walls or
an Impairment of their motor functions, and which ap-
pears to depend on some defect In the innervation of th<<
stomach, and not on some grosser lesion.
dyspepsy (dis-pep'si), 11. Same as dyspepsia.
dyspeptic (dis-pep'tik), a. and n. [= F. dys-
l>(l>tn/ii( , < Gr. as if *(5wnrf;rmof, < dvairc^la,
dyspepsia: see dyspepsia.] I. a. 1. Pertaining
to or of the nature of dyspepsia: as, a dyspeptic
complaint. 2. Suffering from or afflicted with
dyspepsia or indigestion : as, a dyspeptic person.
3. Characteristic of one afflicted with chron-
ic dyspepsia; hence, bilious ; morbid; "blue";
pessimistic; misanthropic: as, a dyspeptic view
or opinion.
IT. n. A person afflicted with dyspepsia.
dyspeptical (dis-pep'ti-kal), a. [< dyspeptic +
-alT] Troubled with dyspepsia ; hence, inclined
to morbid or pessimistic views of things.
How seldom will the outward capability lit the Inward ;
though talented wouderfully enough, we are poor, un-
friended, dyspeptical, bashful ; nay, what Is worse than
all, we are foolish. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. S3.
dysphagia (dis-fa'ji-a), it. [NL., < Gr. as if
*6va$ayia, < ova-, hard, + ipaytlv, eat.] In pathol.,
difficulty in swallowing. Also dysphagy.
dysphagic (dis-faj'ik), a. Pertaining to, of the
nature of, or affected with dysphagia.
dysphagy (dis'fa-ji), . [= P. dysphagie; < NL.
dysphagia : see dysphagia.] Same as dysphagia.
dysphonia (dis-fo'ni-ii), . [NL., < Gr. dva-
Quvia, roughness of sound, < dvaipuvof, ill-sound-
ing, < dva-, ill, + Quvii, sound.] la. pathol., dif-
ficulty in producing vocal sounds.
dysphony (dis'fo-ni), it. [= F. dysphonie; < NL.
dysphonta : see dysphonia.] Same as dysphonia.
dysphoria (dis-fo'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dvaipopia,
pain hard to be borne, anguish, < di-ai/apof, hard
to bear, < dva-, hard, + -<t>opof, < Qcpeiv = E.
bear 1 .] lupathol., impatience under affliction ;
a state of dissatisfaction, restlessness, fidget-
ing, or inquietude.
dysphuistic (dis-fu-is'tik), a. [< dys-, bad, +
-pliuistic as in euphuistic, q. v.] Ill-sounding;
inelegant.
Of A Lover's Complaint ... I have only space or need
to remark that it contains two of the most exquisitely
Shakespearean verses ever vouchsafed to us by Shake-
speare, and two of the most execrably euphuistic or dyi-
phuisttc lines ever inflicted on us by man.
Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 62.
dyspnoea (disp-ne'a), n. [L., < Gr. dvoirvoia,
difficulty of breathing, < ivairvoof, scant of
breath, short-breathed, < dva-, hard, + -n-wiof ;
cf. itvoij, breathing, < irvelv, breathe.] In pa-
thol., difficulty of breathing ; difficult or labored
respiration.
dyspnoeal (disp-ne'al), a. [< dyspncea + -a*.]
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of dyspnoea ;
connected with dyspnoea.
dyspnoeic (disp-ne'ik), a. [< L. dyspnoicus, n.,
one short of breath, < Gr. dvairvoinof, short of
breath, < dvairvoia, dyspncea: see dyspncea.]
Affected with or resulting from dyspnosa ; dysp-
noeal.
dysporomorph (dis'po-ro-m6rf), . One of the
Dysporomorphce.
Dysporomorphse (dis'po-ro-mdr'fe), n. pi.
[NL., < Dysporus + Gr. /top^, form.] In Hux-
ley's system of classification (1867), a division
of desmognathous birds, exactly corresponding
to the Steganopodes, Totipalmati, or oar-footed
natatorial birds. They have all four toes webbed,
the oil-gland surmounted by a circlet of feathers, the
sternum broad and truncate posteriorly, the mandibular
angle truncate, the maxillopalatines large and spongy,
the united palatines carinate, and no basipterygoid pro-
cesses. The division includes the pelicans, ganneta, cor-
morants, frigates, darters, and tropic-birds.
steganopodous.
Dysporus (dis'po-rus), n. [NL. (Illiger, 1811 :
so called with reference to the closure or oblit-
eration of the nostrils), < Gr. dvajropos, hard to
pass, difficult, < dva-, hard, -1- ro>oc, passage.]
A genus of gannets : same as Sula. it is often
separated from Sula to designate the brown gannets, as
the booby, D. fiber, as distinguished from the white ones,
as S. bassana. '
dyssycus (di-si'kus), . ; pi. dyssyci (-si)- [NL.,
' Gr. dva-, bad, + OVKOV, a fig. j Haeekel's name
for a form of sponge also called rhagon.
dysteleological (dis-tel'e-o-loj'i-kal), o. [<
ili/s/i Imloiiy + -ical.] Purposeless; without de-
sign; having no "final cause" for being; not
teleological.
dysteleologist
dysteleologist (dis-tel-e-ol'o-jist), n. [< dys-
teleology + -ist.'] One who believes in dystele-
ology.
Dystdeologists, without admitting a purpose, had not
felt called upon to deny the fact. .
L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 173.
(dis-tel-f-ol'o-ji), . [< Or. Sva-,
, + reXof (refc-), en d> purpose, + -Aoyia, <
Myeiv, speak: see teleology.] The science of
rudimentary or vestigial organs, apparently
functionless or of no use or purpose in the
economy of the organism, with reference to
the doctrine of purposelessness. The idea is that
many useless or even hurtful parts may be present in an
organism In obedience to the law of heredity simply, and
that such are evidences of the lack of design or purpose
or " final cause " which the doctrines of teleology presume.
The Doctrine of Purposelessness, or Dysteleology.
Haeckel, Evol. of Man (trans.), 1. 109.
It is no wonder that Mr. Romanes should avow his "to-
tal inability to understand why the phenomena of instinct
should be more fatal to the doctrine of Dysteleology than
any other of the phenomena of nature." YVYTT
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 63.
Dysteria (dis-te'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Sva-,
hard, + rr/pciv, watch, have an eye on, keep ; cf .
SvarfipriTOf, hard to keep.] The typical genus of
Dysteriidce. D. armata of Huxley, which inhabits salt
water, has such a structure that it has been supposed by
Oosse to be a rotifer.
Dysteriidae (dis-te-rl'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Dysteria + -idee.'] A family of free-swimming
animalcules, more or less ovate, cylindrical,
flattened or compressed, and mostly encui-
rassed. They have the carapace simple or consisting of
two lateral, subequal, conjoined, or detached valves ; cilia
confined to the more or less narrow or constricted ventral
surface; the oral aperture followed by a distinct pharynx,
the walls of which are strengthened by a simple horny
tube, by a cylindrical fascicle of corneous rods, or by
otherwise differentiated corneous elements ; a conspicuous
tail-like style, or compact fascicle of setose cilia present-
ing a style-like aspect, projecting from the posterior ex-
tremity. Most of them inhabit salt water.
Dysterina (dis-te-rl'na), n. fl. [NL., < Dys-
teria + -ina?.] A family of ciliate infusonans,
typified by the genus Dysteria. Claparede and
Laclimann, 1858-60. See Dysteriidce.
dysthesia (dis-the'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. dvaOtata,
a bad condition, < dumerof, in bad condition:
see dysthetic.'] Inpathol., a non-febrile morbid
state of the blood-vessels ; a bad habit of body
dependent mainly upon the state of the circu-
lating system.
dysthetic (dis-thet'ik), a. [< Gr. Modems, in
bad case, in bad condition, < Sva-, bad, + 6er6f,
verbal adj. of n-Oe-vai, put, place.] Of, per-
taining to, or characterized by dysthesia.
dysthymic (dis-thim'ik), a. [< Gr. SvadvfUK6^,
melancholy, < dva&vfiia, despondency, despair,
< duo--, bad, + Bv/iof, spirit, courage.] In pa-
1812
thol, affected with despondency; depressed in
spirits; dejected.
dystocia (dis-to'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. Owmttia,
a painful delivery," < S'varoKO^, bringing forth
with pain, < Sva-, hard, + rinruv, nitclv, bring
forth.] In pathol., difficult parturition. Also
dystolda.
dystome (dis'tom), a. Same as dystomic.
dystomic, dystomouS (dis-tom'ik, dis'to-mus),
a. [< Gr. SVOTO/WS, hard to cut (but taken in
pass, sense 'badly cleft'), < <ko-, hard, bad, +
rofiof, verbal adj. of rifivciv, cut.] In mineral.,
having an imperfect fracture or cleavage.
dystrophic (dis-trof 'ik), . [< dystrophy + -ic.~\
Pertaining to a perversion of nutrition.
dystrophy (dis'tro-fi), n. [< Gr. Sva-, hard, ill,
+ -potfi, nourishment, < rptyiv, nourish.] In
pathol, perverted nutrition.
dysuria (dis-u'ri-a), n. [LL., < Gr. Svaavpia, <
Sva-, hard, + avpov, urine.] In pathol., difficulty
in micturition, attended with pain and scald-
ing. Also dysury.
dysuric (dis-u'rik), a. [< dysuria + -ic.] Per-
taining to or of the nature of dysuria; affected
with dysuria.
dysury (dis'u-ri), n. Same as dysuria.
Dytes (di'tez), n. [NL. (Kaup, 1829), < Gr
dvrr/e, a diver, < imiv, dive.] A genus of small
grebes, of the family Podicipedidce, containing
such species as the horned and the eared grebe.
Dyticidae, n. pi. See Dytiscidw.
Dyticus, n. "See Dytiscus.
dytiscid (di-tis'id), a. and n. I. a. Of or per-
taining to the Dytiscidce.
II. n. A water-beetle of the family Dytiscidce.
Dytiscidae, Dyticidae (di-tis'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Dytiscus, Dyticus, + -idie.'} A family of two-
eyed aquatic adephagous CoUoptera, or preda-
tory beetles, having the metasternum destitute
of an antecoxal piece, but prolonged in a trian-
gular process posteriorly, the antennae slender,
filiform, or setaceous, and the abdomen with
six segments. The Dytiscidee are related to the ground-
beetles or Carabidte, but differ in the form of the meta-
sternum, and in the structure of the legs, which are nata-
torial. They are water-beetles, mostly of large size, with
narrowly oval depressed bodies and oar-like hind legs,
found almost everywhere in fresh water.
Dytiscus, Dyticus (dl-tis'kus, dit'i-kus), n.
[NL., ong. and commonly Dytiscus (Linnseus),
Dyticus (Geoffroy, 1764), < Gr. dvraoif, able to
dive, < (Km, a diver, < Smiv, dive, sink, get into,
enter.] The typical genus of predaceous wa-
ter-beetles of the family Dytiscidce, having the
metasternal spiracles covered by the elytra,
the front tarsi five-jointed, and patellate in the
male, and the hind tarsi not ciliate, with the
claws equal. The numerous species are large, but
difficult to distinguish. They are dark olive-green above,
\
s fasci-venfr
marginalia. (Na
dziggetai
the thorax and elytra being often margined with yellow.
The elytra are smooth in the male, usually sulcate in the
female. D.inmgi-
nalis (Limiicus) is
very abundant in
Europe, inhabit-
ing, like the other
species, large
bodies of stag-
nant water. Some
species are called
water-butts.
dyvour (dT-
v6r), n. [Sc.,
also dyvor, di-
rer, < F. devoir,
a duty, obliga-
tion, etc.: see
dever and de-
voir.'] In old
Scots law, a
bankrupt who had made a cessio bonorum to
his creditors.
Louis, what reck I by thee,
Or Geordie on his ocean?
Dyvor, beggar loons to me
I reign in Jeanie's bosom. Burns.
dzeren, dzeron (dze'ren, -ron), . [Mongol,
name.] The Chinese antelope, Procapra guttu-
rosa, a remarkably swift animal, inhabiting the
arid deserts of central Asia, Tibet, China, and
southern Siberia. It is nearly 4J feet long, and is
2J feet high at the shoulder. When alarmed it clears
over 20 feet at one bound. Also called goitered antelope
and yell/m> goat.
dziggetai (dzig'ge-ti), n. [Mongol, name.]
wila ass of Asia, Equus liemionus, whose habits
are graphically recorded in the book of Job, and
which is believed to be the liemionus of Herod-
otus and Pliny. It is intermediate in appearance
and character between the horse and the ass (hence the
specific name hemionus, half-ass). The males especially
are fine animals, standing as high as 14 hands. It lives
Dziggetai (Egutts kemvmus}.
in small herds, and is an inhabitant of the sandy steppes
of central Asia, 16,000 feet above sea-level. The dziggetai
or hemione is one of several closely related species, or
more probably varieties, of large wild Asiatic asses which
appear to lack the black stripe across the withers. Two
of these are sometimes distinguished under the names of
kulan (Eqmui onager), a wide-ranging form, and kiang(b.
kiang), of Tibet. See onager, ghm, and khur. Also
spelled djiygetai and in other ways.
1. Tho fifth letter and sec-
ond vowel in our alphabet.
It has the same place in the order
of the alphabet aa the correspond-
ing sign or character in the older al-
phabets, Latin and Greek and Phe-
nician, from which ours is derived
(see .4) ; but the value originally
attached to the sign has undergone
much modification. The compar-
ative scheme of forms (like that given for the preceding
letters) is as follows :
rn
Hlerogt
Pheni-
clan.
Early
Greek ana Latin.
From the capital E have come by gradual modification and
variation (as in the case of the other letters) all the other
printed and written forms. The value of the sign in the
Semitic alphabets was and still is that of an aspiration, a
peculiar smooth A. But when the alphabet was adapted
to Greek use, this unnecessary aspirate-sign wasutilized as
a sign for a vowel-sound, either short or long, being nearly
that instanced in our two words MM* and they. Thisdoubie
value in point of quantity it had in all early Greek use, and
until in one section of the Greek race and later, after
their example, in all the others it was found conve-
nient to distinguish the long sound by a separate sign,
H (see //), after which the K was restricted to denoting
the short sound, as in our met. This distinction was not
Introduced into the Italican alphabets ; hence the same
sign stands for both short and long sound in Latin, and
with us. The name of the sign in Fhenician was he (of
doubtful meaning; usually explained as 'window'); in
Greek it was el, andlaterc i/uAo?, 'simplee' it is believed,
in antithesis to the double at, which then had the same
sound. In most of the languages of Europe the sign has
retained its original Greek and Latin value ; In the English
it has done this only so far as concerns the short sound ;
the long sound lias, in the history of the changes of pro-
nunciation, so generally passed over into what was origi-
nally the long t-sound, that we now call this Bound long e
(as in meet, mete, meat, etc.). The proper e-sound (in met,
they) is phonetically a medium between the completely
open a of father and the close sound < of pique. In Its
two quantities {met, then) it constitutes about five per cent,
of English utterance. Taking into account also the numer-
ous digraphs, as ea, ee, ei, ey, ae, ie, oe, in which it is found,
and its frequent occurrence as a silent letter, e is the most
used of our alphabetic signs. This frequency is due in
considerable measure to the general reduction of the vow-
els of endings to c that constitutes a conspicuous part of
the change from Anglo-Saxon to English. The total loss
then, further, of many of these endings in utterance has
left numerous cases of silent anal e, to which others have
been added by analogy with these. A degree of value in
the economy of our written speech belongs to it, in so far
as its occurrence after a single consonant now almost regu-
larly indicates the long sound of the vowel preceding that
consonant, as in mate, mete, mite, mate, mute; but in many
cases it appears also after a single consonant preceded by
a short vowel, and such cases, &sgive, live, have, vineyard,
constitute one of ttie classes where reform in orthography
is most easily made, and has most to recommend it. (See
-.) E has further come to be used as an orthographic
auxiliary, in some cases after c and g, where it is conven-
tionally regarded as preserving the so-called "soft" sound
of those letters, as in peaceable, manageable.
2. As a numeral, 250. Du Canqe. 3. As a
symbol : (a) In the calendar, the fifth of the do-
minical letters. (6) In logic, the sign of the
universal negative proposition. See A 1 , 2 (6).
(c) In alg. : (1) [cap.] The operation of en-
largement: thus, Efx = f (x + I); also, the
greatest integer as small as the quantity which
follows : thus, EJ = 3. (2) [I. c.] The base of
the Napierian system of logarithms; also, the
eccentricity of a conic. 4. In music: (a) The
key-note of the major key of four sharps, hav-
iug the signature (1), or of the minor key of one
sharp, having the signature (2); also, the final
of the Phrygian mode in medieval music. (6)
In the fixed system of solmization, the third
tone of the scale, called mi : hence so named
by French musicians, (c) On the keyboard of
the pianoforte, the white key to the right of
rvrry group of two black keys. (<l) The tone
given by such a key, or a tone in unison with
such a tone, (c) The degree of a staff assigned
to such a key or toiio ; with, the treble clef, the
lower line and upper space (3). (/) A note on
such a degree, indicating such a key or tone (4).
5. As an abbreviation: (a) East: as, E. by
S,, east by south. See 8. E., E. 8. E., etc. (6)
In various phrase-abbreviations. See e. g., i. e.,
E. and O. E., etc E dur, the key of E major.
E moll, the key of E minor.
e- 1 . A prefix of Anglo-Saxon origin, one of the
forms of the original prefix gc-. It remains
unfelt in enough. See -.
6- 2 . [L. e-, e. reduced form of ex-, ex : see ex-.]
A prefix of Latin origin, a reduced form of ex-,
alternating with ex- before consonants, as in
evade, elude, emit, etc. See ex-, in some scien-
tific terms it denotes negation or privation, like Greek a-
privative (being then conventionally called e- privative) :
as, ecaudate, tailless, anurous ; edentate, toothless, etc. In
elope the prefix is an accommodated form of Dutch cnf -.
-e. [ME. -e, -en, < AS. -a, -f, -o, -u, -an, -en, etc.]
The unpronounced termination of many Eng-
lish words. Silent final e is of various origin, being the
common representative (pronounced in earlier English) of
almost all the Anglo-Saxon, Old French, Latin, etc., in-
flection-endings. In nouns and adjectives of native origin
it may be regarded as representing the original vowel-end-
ing of the nominative (as in ale, tale, stake, rake, etc.), or,
more generally, the original oblique cases (dative, etc.),
which from their greater frequency became in Middle Eng-
lish the accepted form of the nominative also, as in lode,
pole, mile, wile, etc.; similarly, in words of Latin and oth-
er origin, as rule, rude, spike, sprite, etc. In verbs of na-
tive origin -e represents the original infinitive (AS. -an,
ME. -en, >) mixed with the present indicative, etc., as in
make, wake, write, etc. In a great number of words the -e
has disappeared as an actual sound, the letter being re-
tained, as a result of phonetic and orthographic accident,
as a conventional sign of "length" an accented vowel
followed by a single consonant before final silent e being
regularly " long," as in rate, write, rode, tube, etc., words
distinguished thus from forms with a "short" vowel, rat,
writ, rod, tub, etc. In words of recent introduction - is
used whenever this distinction is to he made. In some
cases the vowel preceding -e is short, as in glee, live, bade,
have, javelin, vineyard, etc., especially in polysyllables in
ile, -me, -ite, etc., as hostile, glycerine, opposite, etc. ; but
some of these words were formerly or are now often spell-
ed without the superfluous , as bad, glycerin, Jibrin, de-
posit, etc. Etymologically, final e in modern English has
no weight or value, it being a mere chance whether it rep-
resents an original vowel or syllable.
-6. [F. -e, fern, -ie, pp. suffix, < L. -dtus, -dta :
see -ate 1 .] A French suffix, the termination
of perfect participles, and of adjectives and
nouns thence derived, some of which are used,
though consciously as French words, in Eng-
lish, as VToiege, neglige, retrousse, degage.tearte,
etc. The Anglicized form is -cc 1 (which see).
ea. A common English digraph, introduced about
the beginning of the sixteenth century, hav-
ing then the sound of a, and serving to distin-
guish e or ee with that sound from e or ee with
the sound of e. The original sonnd a remained in
most of the words having ca until the eighteenth century,
and still prevails in break, great, yea, and in a dialectal
(" Irish ") pronunciation of beast, please, mean, etc (which
in dialect-writing are spelled BO aa to represent this pro-
nunciation: BOG baste*)', it has become e in breadl, dread,
head, meadow, health, wealth, leather, weather, etc., and,
modified by the following r, in bearl, bears, heart, hearth,
earth, learn, etc. In most words, however, the digraph
ea now agrees in sound with ee, namely, e, as in read, pro-
nounced the same as reed (but the preterit read like red).
The modern digraph ea lias no connection with the Anglo-
Saxon and early Middle English diphthong or " breaking "
I'd, ea, though it happens to replace it in some words, as in
bread! (Anglo-Saxon bread), lead- (Anglo-Saxon lead), earl
(Anglo-Saxon edre).
ea. An abbreviation of each.
each (ech), a. and pron. [< (1) ME. ech, eche,
tsehe, iche, yche, tichc, etc., these being prop,
oblique forms, assibilated, of the proper nom.
elc, Sic, eilc, tie, ilk, ylc, ttlc (> So. ilk, ilka), each,
< AS. celc (= MD. ieghelick, ellick.elck, D. elk
= OFries. elk, ellik, ek, ik = MLG. LG. ettik, elk
= OHG. eogalih, ioqelih, MHG. iegelich, Gt.jey-
lich), each, orig. *d-ge-lic, < a, ever, in comp.
indef., + gelic, like, < ge-, a generalizing prefix,
+ lie, body, form : see ay 1 (= o 3 ), i- (= c- 1 =
y-), and tike*-, liki*, -fyl. Mixed in ME. with
(2) ilc, ilk (mod. So. ilk 2 , ilka, q. v.), assibi-
lated ilehc, it'/i, itch, inch, contr. of earlier tunic
uirilc, iwilch, < AS. gehwilc, gchwylc (= OHG.
galtwelih), each, every one, any one, < gc-, gen-
1813
eralizing prefix, + hieilc. who, which (see i- and
which): and with (3) ME. ewilc, < AS. teghwilc
(= OHG. eogihwelih), each, orig. "d-ge-hwilc, <
a, ever, + gehwilc, each, any one, as above. See
every, where -y stands for an orig. each, and
such and which, where -ch is of like origin with
-ch in each."\ I. distributive adj. Being either
or any unit of a numerical aggregate consist-
ing of two or more, indefinitely: used in pred-
icating the same thing of both or all the mem-
bers of the pair, aggregate, or series mentioned
or taken into account, considered individually
or one by one : often followed by one, with of
before a noun (partitive genitive): as, each
sex; each side of the river; each stone in a
building; each one of them has taken a differ-
ent course from every other.
Thel token ech on by hymself a peny.
WycHf, Mat. xx. 10.
Betheleem is a litylle Cytee, long and narwe and weU
walled, and in eche syde enclosed with code Dychea.
ilanderillf. Travels, p. 69.
She her weary limbes would never rest ;
But every liil and dale, each wood and plalne.
Did search. Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 8.
And the princes of Israel, being twelve men : each one
was for the house of his fathers. Num. 1. 44.
Each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch,
Each shadow makes him stop, each murmur stay.
Shot., Venus and Adonis, 1. 70S.
II. pron. 1. Every one of any number or
numerical aggregate, considered individually:
equivalent to the adjectival phrase each one:
as, each went his way ; each had two ; each of
them was of a different size (that is, from all the
others, or from every one else in the number).
Than the! closed hem to-geder straite eche to other.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 39S.
And there appeared . . . cloven tongues like as of fire,
and it sat upon each of them. Acts ii. 3.
You found his mote ; the king your mote did see ;
But I a beam do find iu each of three.
Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3.
Wandering each his several way. Milton, P. L., ii. 523.
Each is strong, relying on his own, and each is betrayed
when he seeks in himself the courage of others.
Emerson, Courage.
2f. Both.
And each, though enemies to cither's reign,
Do in consent shake hands to torture me.
SAiii., Sonnets, xxviil.
At oacnt, joined each to another; joined end to end.
Ten masts at each make not the altitude
Which thou hast perpendicularly fell.
Shak., Lear, iv. .
Each Other, (at) Each alternate ; every other ; every
second.
Each other worde I wag a knave.
Up. Still, Gammer Ourton's Needle.
Living and dying each other day.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, p. 2.
(b) Each the other ; one another : now generally used
when two persons or things are concerned, but also used
more loosely like une another (which see, under aiwther) :
as, they love each other (that is, each loves the other).
eachwheret (ech'hwar), adv. [< each + where."}
Everywhere.
For to entrap the careles Clarion,
That rang'd each where without snspition.
Spenser, Muiopotmos, 1. 378.
The mountains eachwhert shook, the rivers turned their
streams. L. Bryskett (Arber's Eug. Garner, I. 288).
Eacles (e'a-klez), n. [NL. (Httbner, 1816) ; etym.
dubious.] A genus of large, handsome bomby-
Eacles
cid moths, peculiar to North and South Amer-
ica, having short hind wings, short proboscis,
simple antennas in the female, and the antennae
of the male pectinate to a greater or less extent.
E. imperialis is one of the largest and handsomest moths
of North America, of a yellow color, with purplish-brown
spots on the wings. The male is more purplish than the
female. The larvae feed on the foliage of various forest-
trees, and pupate in loose cocoons under ground.
Bad-. See Ed-*.
eadish, . See eddisli.
-ese. [NL., etc., fern. pi. (sc. plantce, plants) of
L. -CMS: see -eous, and cf. -acece.'] 1. In bot., a
suffix used chiefly in the formation of tribal
names and the names of other groups between
the genus and the order. It also occurs as the
termination of some ordinal names. 2. In
eool., the termination of the names of various
taxonomie groups : (a) regularly, of groups be-
tween the genus and the subfamily; (b) irreg-
ularly, of different groups above the family.
In both cases -ece is used without implication of
gender.
eager 1 (e'ger), a. [< ME. eger, egre, < OF.
eyre, aigre, F. aigre = Pr. agre = OSp. agre,
Sp. agrio = Pg. It. agro, < L. acer (acr-), sharp,
keen : see acid, acerb, etc. Cf . vinegar, alegar.]
It. Sharp; sour; acid.
This seed is eger and hot. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.
Egrest fruits, and bitterest hearbs did mock
Madera Sugars, and the Apricock.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden.
It doth posset
And curd, like eager droppings into milk.
Shak., Hamlet, 1. 6.
2. Sharp; keen; biting; severe; bitter. [Ob-
solete or archaic.]
A more myghty and more egre medicine.
Chaucer, Boethius, i. prose 6.
If so thou think'st, vex him with eager words.
Shalt., S Hen. VI., ii. 6.
It is a nipping and an eager air. Shak., Hamlet, 1. 4.
The cold most eager and sharpe till March, little winde,
nor snow, except in the end of Aprill.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 405.
3. Sharply inclined or anxious ; sharp-set; ex-
cited by ardent desire; impatiently longing;
vehement; keen: as, the soldiers were eager to
engage the enemy ; men are eager in the pur-
suit of wealth ; eager spirits ; eager zeal.
Manly he demeyned him to make his men egre,
Bad hem alle be bold & busiliche lijt .
William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3836.
All the ardent and daring spirits in the parliamentary
party were eager to have Hampden at their head.
Macaulay, Nugent's Hampden.
As our train of horses surmounted each succeeding emi-
nence, every one was eager to be the first who should
catch a glimpse of the Holy City.
R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 144.
4. Manifesting sharpness of desire or strength
of feeling ; marked by great earnestness : as,
an eager look or manner; eager words.
She sees a world stark blind to what employs
Her eager thought, and feeds her flowing joys.
Camper, Charity, 1. 405.
5t. Brittle.
Gold itself will be sometimes so eager . . . that it will
as little endure the hammer as glass itself.
Locke, Human Understanding, III. vi. 35.
=Syn. 3. Fervent, fervid, warm, glowing, zealous, for-
ward, enthusiastic, impatient, sanguine, animated.
eager 1 !, *> t. [< ME. egren; from the adj.]
To make eager ; urge ; incite.
The nedy poverte of his houshold mihte rather egren
hym to don felonyes. Chaucer, Boethius, iv. prose 6.
He angurt hym full euyll, & egerd hym with,
ffor the dethe of the dere his dole was the more.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 7329.
eager 2 , eagre (e'ger), n. [Chiefly dial, or ar-
chaic, and hence of unstable form and spell-
ing, but prop, eager; also written (obs., archa-
ic, or dial.) eagre, eger, egor, egre, eygre, aigre,
ager, liigre, liygre, and with alteration of g to
k, aker, acker, etc., < ME. aker, akyr, a cor-
ruption of AS. *eagor, *egor, only in comp.
edgor-, egor-stredm, ocean-stream, egor-here, the
'ocean-host,' a flood, = Icel. cegir, the ocean,
the sea, in myth, the giant JEgir, the husband
of Ran, answering to both Oceanus and Po-
seidon in Greek mythology.] A sudden and
formidable influx and surging of the tide in a
high wave or waves, up a river or an estuary ;
a bore, as in the Severn, the Hooghly, and the
Bay of Fundy.
His manly heart . . .
Its more than common transport could not hide ;
But like an eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.
Dryden, Threnodia Augustalis, 1. 134.
Sea-tempest is the Jb'tun Aegir ; . . . and now to this
day, on our river Trent, as I hear, the Nottingham barge-
1814
men, when the river is in a certain flooded state, call it
Eager; they cry out, "Have a care; there is the Eager
coming." Carlyle.
A mighty eygre raised his crest.
Jean Ingelow, High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire.
eagerly (e'ger-li), adv. [< ME. egerly, egurly,
egreliche, etc. ; < eager* + -fy 2 .] If. With sharp-
ness or keenness ; bitterly ; keenly.
And thanne welled water for wikked werkes,
Enerlich ernynge out of menues eyen.
Piers Plouiman(E), xix. 876.
Abundance of rain froze so eagerly as it fell, that it seem-
ed the depth of winter had of a sudden been come in.
Knolles, Hist. Turks.
2. In an eager manner ; with ardor or vehe-
mence ; with keen desire, as for the attainment
of something sought or pursued ; with avidity
or zeal.
[He] rode a-gein hym full egerly, and smote hym with
all his myght. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 158.
And egrelich he loked on me and ther-fore I spared
To asken hym any more ther-of , and badde hym full fayre
To discreue the fruit that so faire hangeth.
Piers Plowman (B), xvi. 64.
How eagerly ye follow my disgraces,
As if it fed ye ! Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2.
To the holy war how fast and eagerly did men go !
South, Sermons.
eagerness (e'ger-nes), . It. Tartness; sour-
ness; sharpness. 2. Keen or vehement desire
in the pursuit or for the attainment of some-
thing, or a manifestation of such desire ; ardent
tendency; zeal; fervor: as, to pursue happiness
or wealth with eagerness; eagerness of manner
or speech.
She knew her distance, and did angle for me,
Madding my eagerness with her restraint.
Shak., All's Well, v. S.
The eagerness and strong bent of the mind after know-
ledge, if not warily regulated, is often an hinderance to it.
Locke.
What we call our despair is often only the painful eager-
ness of unfed hope. George Eliot, Middlemarch, ii. 81.
=Syn. 2. Earnestness, Avidity, Eagerness, Zeal, Enthu-
siasm, ardor, vehemence, impetuosity, heartiness, long-
ing, impatience. The flrst five words may all denote strong
and worthy movements of feeling and purpose toward a de-
sired object. In this field eagerness has either a physical
or a moral application ; with acidity the physical applica-
tion is primary ; earnestness, zeal, and enthusiasm have
only the moral sense. Avidity represents a desire for food,
primarily physical, figuratively mental : as, to read a new
novel with avidity; it rarely goes beyond that degree of
extension. Eagerness emphasizes an intense desire, gen-
erally for specific things, although it may stand also as
a trait of character; it tends to produce corresponding
keenness in the pursuit of its object. Earnestness de-
notes a more sober feeling, proceeding from reason, con-
viction of duty, or the less violent emotions, but likely to
prove stronger and more permanent than any of the others.
The word has at times a special reference to effort ; it
implies solidity, sincerity, energy, and conviction of the
laudableness of the object sought ; it is contrasted with
eagerness in that it affects the whole character. Zeal
is by derivation a bubbling up with heat; it is naturally,
therefore, an active quality, passionate and yet pnerally
sustained, an abiding ardor or fervent devotion in any
unselfish cause. Enthusiasm is so far redeemed from
its early suggestion of extravagance that it denotes pre-
sumably a trait of character more general than eagerness
or zeal, more lively than earnestness, a lofty quickness of
feeling and purpose in the pursuit of laudable things un-
der the guidance of reason and conscience ; thus it differs
from zeal, which still generally implies a poorly balanced
judgment.
The nobles in great earnestness are going
All to the senate-house. Shak. , Cor. , iv. 6.
I lent her some modern works : all these she read with
avidity. Charlotte Bronte, The Professor, xviii.
So Gawain, looking at the villainy done,
Forbore, but in his heat and eagerness
Trembled and quivered.
Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre.
It was the sense that the cause of education was the
cause of religion itself that inspired JSlfred and Dunstan
alike with their zeal for teaching.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 325.
Truth is never to be expected from authors whose under-
standings are warped with enthusiasm; for they judge all
actions, and their causes, by their own perverse principles,
and a crooked line can never be the measure of a straight
one. Dryden, Bed. of Plutarch's Lives.
There is a certain enthusiasm in liberty, that makes hu-
man nature rise above itself in acts of bravery and heroism.
A. Hamilton, Works, II. 116.
eagle (e'gl), n. [Early mod. E. also egle; < ME.
egle, < OF. egte, aigle, F. aigle = Pr. aigla = Sp.
aguila = Pg. aguia = It. aquila, < L. aquila, an
eagle (prob. so called from its dark-brown color),
fern, of aquilus, dark-colored, brown (cf. Lith.
aklas, blind) : see Aquila, aquiline, etc. The na-
tive E. name is earn : see earn 3 .] 1. Properly,
a very large diurnal raptorial bird of the fam-
HyFalconidaianA genus Aquila (which see), hav-
ing the feet feathered to the toes, and no tooth
to the bill, which is straight for the length of
the cere. There are about 9 species, all confined to
the old world except the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetus,
eagle
which ranges also in North America. This is the type-
species, to which the term originally attached ; it is 3 feet
or more in length,
of a dark-brown
color, deriving the
epithet golden
from the ruddy-
brown feathers of
the back of the
neck. It preys on
lambs, hares, rab-
bits, various birds,
such as grouse, and
carrion. Other no-
table species are the
imperial eagle, A.
lieliaea; the Rus-
sian eagle, A. mo-
<!<liuk; the spotted
eagle, A. mamlata
(or ncEvia). From
its size, strength,
rapacity, and pow-
ers of flight and vi-
sion, the eagle has
been called the king
of birds; but its
prowess is greatly
exaggerated. By
the ancients it was
called the bird of
Jove, and it was
borne on the Roman standards. Many nations, as France
under the Bonapartes, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, have
adopted it as the national emblem. In heraldry it ranks
as one of the most noble bearings in coat-armor.
There myglite men the ryal egle fynde,
That with his sharpe lok persith the sunne ;
Golden Eagle (Aguila chrysaltus).
And othere eglis of a lowere kynde,
Of whiche that clerkis wel devyse cunne.
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 830.
So the struck eagle, stretched upon the plain,
No more through rolling clouds to soar again,
View'd his own feather on the fatal dart,
And wing'd the shaft that quiver'd in his heart.
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 1. 826.
2. A member of the genus Haliaetus, which com-
prises the fishing-eagles, sea-eagles, or earns,
resembling the eagle proper in size and form,
but having the shank bare of feathers and
scaly: such as the white- or bald-headed eagle,
or bald eagle, H. leucocephalus, the national
emblem of the United States; the white-tailed
eagle, H. albicilla; the pelagic eagle, H. pela-
gicus, etc. 3. A name of many raptorial birds
larger than the hawk and the buzzard, only
distantly related, as the harpy eagle, booted
eagle, etc. A number of genera of such large hawks
are sometimes grouped with the true eagles in a sub-
family Aqnilinoe (which see).
4. [cap.'] An ancient northern constellation be-
tween Cygnus and Sagittarius, containing the
bright Star Altair. It seems to be shown on Babylo-
nian stones of high antiquity, and the statement still
current that it almost touches the equinoctial refers to
the position of that circle about 2000 B. 0. At present
the constellation, enlarged by the addition of Autinous
shortly after the Christian era, extends 20 north and 13
south of the equator. See Aquila, 2.
6. A military ensign or standard surmounted
by the figure of an eagle. It is especially associated
with ancient Rome, though borne, with various modifica-
tions, by certain modern nations, as France under the
flrst and second empires.
This utter'd, overboard he leaps, and with his Eagle
feircly advanc'd runs upon the Enemy.
Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.
What ! shall a Roman sink in soft repose,
And tamely see the Britons aid his foes?
See them secure the rebel Gaul supply ;
Spurn his vain eagles and his power defy?
Langhorne, Ccesar's Dream.
6. A lectern, usually of wood or brass, the up-
per part of which is in the shape of an eagle
with outstretched wings supporting a book-rest,
the eagle being the symbol of Saint John the
Evangelist.
[The minister] read from the eagle. Thackeray.
7. A gold coin of the United States, of the
value of 10 dollars, weighing 258 grains troy,
900 fine, and equivalent to 2 Is. Id. sterling.
8. In arch., a name for a pediment. 9. In
the game of roulette, a spot, outside the regu-
lar 36 numbers, upon which is the picture of
an eagle. If this is the winning number, the bank takes
in all bets except those made on that particular one. See
roulette. Also called eagle-bird. American eagle. See
bald eaqle. Bald eagle, or bald fa m, a common though
misapplied name for the white-headed eagle of North
America, Haliaetus leucocephalus. This is the eagle which
has been adopted as the national emblem on the arms of
the United States, and is figured on some of its coins, be-
ing popularly called "the American eagle," "the spread
eagle," "the national bird," "the bird of freedom," etc.
It is about 3 feet Ions;, dark-brown or blackish when
adult, with pure-white head and tail ; the shank is partly
nakt'd ami yellow, by which mark the species may be dis-
tinguished in any plumage from the golden eagle, Aquila
chrysaetvs. Also called white- or bald-headed eagle. See
cut on following page. Black eagle, (a) The golden
eagle, Aquila chri/saetus. (b) The young of the bald
eagle, Haliaetus leucocephalus. Calumet eagle. See
eagle
1815
ear
the jaws are paved with rows of hexagonal teeth, thi- in<-
dian of which are of much greater breadth than length.
2. Any ray of the family Myliobatidce. These
rpys are immensely broad, owing to the development of
the pectoral mis, and have a long, flexible tail, armed with
one or more serrated spines. They inhabit for the most
part tropical or warm seas.
eagle-sighted (e'gl-si'ted), a. Having strong
sight, as an eagle.
What peremptory eagle-righted eye
Dares look upon the neaven of her brow,
That Is not blinded by her majesty?
Shalt., L. L. L., iv. 3.
Bald Eaglet Haltaitui
calumet. Fishing-eagle. Same as otprey. Golden
eagle. See def. l. Order of the Black Eagle, a Prus
siun order founded by Frederick I. in 1701. Ihe number
of knights is limited to 30, exclusive of the princes of
blood royal, and all must be of unquestioned nobility.
The badge is a cross of 8 points, having in the center a
circle with the monogram KR (for Fredericus Hex) ; the
four arms are enameled red, with the eagle of Prussia in
black enamel between each two arms. The ribbon Is
orange, but on occasions of ceremony the badge Is worn
pendent to a collar, consisting alternately of black eagles
holding thunderbolts, and medallions bearing the same
monogram as the badge ami also the monogram " Suum
cuique." Order Of the Red Eagle (formerly Order of
pret.*e<J!(=Icel. auka = Goth, aukan), increase,
found only in the pp. edcen : see eke. Cf. the
equiv. yean, which differs from ean only In the
prefix.] To bring forth young; yean. See yean.
Both do feed,
As either promised to increase your breed
At eaniny-tlme, and bring you lusty twins.
B. Jonion, Sad Shepherd, 1. 2.
. and 0. E. An abbreviation of the commer-
cial phrase errors and omissions excepted, fre-
quently appended to statements and accounts
when rendered,
eagless(e'gles), n. [< eagle + -ess.] A female ean iingt (en'ling). n. [< ean + dim. -ling*.
or hen eagle. Sherwood. [Rare.] ct yeanling.] A lamb just brought forth,
eaglestone (e'gl-stdn), n. [Tr. of Gr. amrw:
see aetites.] A variety of argillaceous pxid of
iron, found in masses varying from the size of a _ , . . , ,_,
walnut tothatofaman'shead in formthewmasses ^ (er), n. [Early mod. E. erne; < ME. ere
are spherical, oval, or nearly reniform, or sometimes re- , eare, <. AS. eare = US. ora : T\ea. are,
semble a parallelepiped with rounded edges and angles, dr = D. OOT = MLG. LG. or = OHG. ora, MHOr.
They have a rough surface, and are essentially composed
of concentric layers. The nodules often embrace -.1 the
center a kernel or nucleus, sometimes movable, and always
differing from the exterior in color, density, and fracture.
To these hollow nodules the Greeks gave the name of
eaglestones, from a notion that the eagle transported them
to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs. Also called
A11 the mnli whlch were Btreak . d and pled
should fall as Jacob's hire. Shalt., M. of v., L s.
ore, or, G. ohr = Icel. eyra = Sw. ora = Dan.
ore = Goth, auso = L. auris (dim. auricula, ML.
oricula, > It. orecchia = Sp. oreja = Pg. orelha =
Pr. aurelha = P. oreille, ear, = E. auricle: see au~
aetites.
Whether the aetites or eaglettone hath that eminent
ride, auricular, etc.) = Gr. ovc (<""-), also oiaf
(ovar-), for *ov<7of (ovaar-) = OBulg. Bulg. Croa-
tian, Serv. ucho = Bohem. Pol. ucho = Russ.
= Lith. ousts = OPruss. ausina (pi. ace.).
property to promote delivery or restrain abortion, respec- VKno -. = J-,lin. ousts =
tively applied to lower or upward parts of the body, we ear; a general Indo-European name, prob. allied
i u tion
.
the Red Eayle of Bayreuth ; also called Order of Sincerity),
an order founded by the Margrave of Bayreuth in 1705, and
shall not discourage common practice by our question.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. "
:lon. t o (j r< aieiv, hear, perceive, L. audire, hear: see
' 6- audience, audit, etc., auscultate, etc. Connection
eaglet (e'glet), n. [Earlier mod. E. also eglet; with hear doubtful: see hear.] 1. Theorganof
The present insignia of < *". a,iglette, dim. of aigle, eagle: see eagle.] A hearing; the apparatus of audition ; the accus-
ing a white eagle in relief, and surmounted by an imperial Foster'd the callow eaglet.
crown. The ribbon is sky-blue, but on state occasions Tennyson, (Enone.
the badge is worn pendent to a collar of white eagles con- Oa _i m, It lira (s,'a\ vnWnr\ n A hnnlt nnmp
nectedbyplaingoldlinks.-Spreadeagle,aneaglewith ea ,?} e --vTlltur [e gl-vul tur), n. A D<
outspread wings; speciflcally, the emblem of the Unit- of the Gypohierax angolensis of western Africa.
ed States of America : often applied attributively to any eagle-winged (e'gl-wingd), a. Having the
loud, bombastic, boastful, and arrogant display of national wiii ir s of an ea^le* swift as an eade
or other sentiments : as, a spread-eagle speech. See spread-
eagleitm. The eagle-winged pride
eagle-bird (e'gl-berd), n. Same as eagle, 9. Of sky-aspiring and ambitious thoughts,
eagle-eyed (e'gl-Id), a. 1. Sharp-sighted, like
ail eagle. 2. Quick to discern ; having acute eaglewood (e'gl-wid), n. [< eagle + wood* ;
intellectual vision. lite F. bois d'aigle, G. adlerholz, a translation
of NL. lignum aquila, or aquilaria, which is
an accom. (to L. aquila, eagle) of the E. Ind.
name aghil, Hind, agar, < Slct. agaru or aguru
(the latter form accom. to aguru, not heavy, <
a- priv. + guru = Gr. Bapif = L. gravis, heavy),
> prob. Gr. a.yh'tijox v , NU agalloclium : see agal-
eagle-fint,. [ME.e<7re/w(seequot.),<F.dial. lochum and AM j A highly fragrant wood,
(Champagne) aigrejtn, also pron. aiglefin (as if mucn use( i ^ y Asiatics for incense. See agal-
connected, with aigle, > E. eagle), a sort of fish ;
Eustachian tube ; and of an internal ear, or labyrinth, the
essential organ of hearing, containing the enu-organs of
the auditory nerve. The labyrinth consists of a complicated
closed sac, the membranous labyrinth, lined with epithe-
SC
In
ASC
I know the frailty of my fleshly will:
My passion's eaglc-ey'd. fyutrles, Emblems, Iv. 1.
To be curious and Eagle-eyed Abroad, and to be Blind
and ignorant at Home, ... is a Curiosity that carrleth
with It more of Affectation than any thing else.
BoweU, letters, ii. 65.
,
origin uncertain.] An alleged old name of the eagraB ^ (e'gras), n. Same as eddish, 1.
haddock. eagre, n. See eager%.
Belonius states that Egrefln or Eagle-fin was formerly ea fdt. n. A dialectal variant of eld.
Its [the haddock's] English name. Day.
Grose.
, . A,, obsolete (Middle English and
eagle-flighted (e'gl-fll'ted), a. Flying like an raro Anglo-Saxon) form of elder*.
eagle; mounting high. [Poetical.] ealdorman, . [AS.: see alderman.'] A chief ;
eagle-hawk (e'il-hlk), n. A hawk of the ge- "'
nus Morphnus, as the Guiana eagle-hawk, M.
guianensis. G. Cuvier.
eagle-owl (e'gl-oul), w. 1. A name of the great The name of Ealdorman l8 one O f a large class ; among
horned owl of Europe, Buuo maximus, and hence a primitive people age implies command and command
of other large species of the same genus, as B. implies age ; hence, In a somewhat later stage of language,
virginiamts, the great horned owl of North
America. See cut under 1160. 2. A name of
sundry other large owls. Sicainson.
eagle-ray (e'gl-ra), n. 1. A large species of
ray, Myliobatis aquila, a batoid fish of the fam-
a leader : the Anglo-Saxon original of alderman,
used in modern historical works with reference
to its Anglo-Saxon use.
the elders are simply the rulers.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, I. 61.
The bishop declared the ecclesiastical law, as the ealdor-
man did the secular.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 299.
Transverse Section through Side Walls of Skull, showing the Inner
Parts of the Ear.
Co, concha or external ear, or pinna ; F..\f, external auditory mea-
tus; 7>.V, tympanic membrane; lnt, incus; Malt, malleus; ASC,
PSC, ESC, anterior, posterior, and external semicircular canals;
Coc, cochlea; Eu, Eustachian tube; //V, internal auditory meatus,
through which the auditory nerve passes to the organ of hearing.
Hum and lying in a roughly corresponding excavation in the
petrous bone, the bony labyrinth. The membranous laby-
rinth contains a limpid fluid, the endolymph, and between
the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth is a
similar liquid called perilymph. The auditory nerve, pene-
trating the bone by the internal auditory meatus, is dis-
tributed to the walls of the membranous labyrinth. The
labyrinth is completely shut oft from the tympanum, but
there are two fenestrte or openings, closed by membranes,
in the tympanic wall of the bony labyrinth, and the foot of
the stapes Is applied to one of them. Sound-waves which
impinge upon the tympanic membrane are transmitted
across the tympanum by the chain of auditory ossicles,
and thence into the laby-
riuth. In vertebrates be-
low mammals the ear at
or pectoral flu
^^^ aussuw
s are expanded in a wing-like torm, and em, < AS. earn, contr. Of "eaham, = Otnes. em M bylack o{ external
>w = D. com, uncle, = OHG. MHG. oheim, uncle ear and reduction of the
\\
\J
Eagle-ray (Myliobatis aquita).
(mother's brother), also nephew (sister's son),
G. oheim, ohm, uncle. The first syllable, AS.
ea- (= Goth. a-), is perhaps related to Goth.
awo, grandmother, Icel. afi, grandfather, at,
great-grandfather, and to IJ. av-un-culus, uncle,
av-us, grandfather; the second syllable is ob-
scure. Earn remains in the surnames Eames
and Ames."] Uncle.
Sonc to hem of the cite a-sembled he thanne,
& faujt than so ferscheli for his ernes sake.
William of Palerne (E. E. T. 9.), L 3426.
Henry Hotspur, and his tame
The earl of Wor'ster.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxii.
eant (en), v. i. [< ME. enen, bring forth young,
< AS. fdnian, contr. of edcnian, be pregnant, <
edcen, pregnant, lit. increased, pp. of "edcarr,
ossicles and of the laby-
rinth, the latter being
simply ligulate or strap-
shaped ; and, as in fishes,
the inner ear may con-
tain one or more concre-
tions, sometimes of great
size, called otoliths or
ear-ttones. An ear of
some kind is recogniza-
ble in the great majority
of invertebrates. In its
simplest recognizable
expression It Is a mere
capsule or vesicle, con-
taining some hard body
answering to an otollth,
and so supposed to have
an auditory function.
See cochlea, labyrinth,
and cut under tympanic.
External Ear, or Fiona.
I, helix : 3. fossa of antihelix, or
fossa triangularis: 3. fossa of helix,
or fossa scaphoidea : 4. antihelix;
5. s. concha; 6, antitragus ; 7, lobule;
8, tragus.
ear
2. The external ear alone, known as the pinna,
auricle, or concha: as, the horse laid his ears
back.
In another Yle ben folk, that Iwm gret Eres and longe,
that haugen doun to here Knees.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 205.
Hollowing one hand against his ear,
To list a foot-fall. Tennyson, Palace of Art.
3. Inornith.: (a) The auriculars or packet of
auricular feathers which cover the external
ear-passage of a bird. (6) A plumicoruor cor-
niplume; one of the "horns" of an owl.
4. The sense of hearing; the power of distin-
guishing sounds ; the power of nice perception
of the differences of sound.
The Poet must know to whose eare he maketh his rime,
and accommodate himselfe thereto, and not glue such
musicke to the rude and barbarous as he would to the
learned and delicate eare.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 72.
5. Specifically, in music, the capacity to appre-
ciate, analyze, and reproduce musical composi-
tions by hearing them ; sensitiveness to musical
intonation and to differences of pitch and qual-
ity in musical sounds : as, a correct ear. Some-
times called a musical ear.
Sneer. I thought you had been a decided critic in music,
as well as in literature.
Dangle. So I am but I have a bad ear.
Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
When therefore I say that I have no ear, you will un-
derstand me to mean for music.
Lamb, Chapter on Ears.
And men who have the gift of playing on an instrument
by ear are sometimes afraid to learn by rule, lest they
should lose it. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 323.
6. A careful or favorable hearing ; attention ;
heed.
I cried unto God with my voice, . . . and he gave ear
unto me. Pa. Ixxvii. 1.
I gaue as good eare, and do consider as well the taulke
that passed, as any one did there.
Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 19.
Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice.
Shak., Hamlet, 1. 3.
But the bigots and flatterers who had his ear gave him
advice which he was but too willing to take.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
7t. Disposition to listen ; judgment ; taste.
He laid his sense closer, and in fewer words, according
to the style and ear of those times. Sir J. Denham.
8. A part of any inanimate object having some
likeness to the external ear. (a) A projection from
the side of a vessel or utensil made to be used as a handle :
as, the ears of a jar, pitcher, or other vessel.
Each bottle had a curling ear,
Through which the belt he drew,
And hung a bottle on each side,
To make his balance true.
Coivper, John Gilpin.
Over the fireplace were . . . iron candlesticks hanging
by their ears. S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 7.
(fc) That part of a bell by which it is suspended ; the can-
non. See first cut under bell, (c) A plate of soft metal at
the mouth of the mouthpipe of an organ, used to qualify
the tone by being bent more or less over the opening, (d)
The loop or ring by which the ram of a pile-driver is raised.
(e) In printing, a projecting piece on the edge of the frisket
or of the composing-rule. E. H. Knight. (/) One of the
holes bored in a spherical projectile for the insertion of
the points of the shell-hooks used in manipulating it.
9. In arch., same as cresset, I (a) A flea In the
ear. Seejlea. All ear or ears, listening intently ; giv-
ing close attention to sounds or utterances.
I was all ear,
And took in strains that might create a soul
Under the ribs of death. Milton, Comus, 1. 560.
For at these [pulpit] performances she was all attention,
att ear; she kept her heart fixed and intent on its holy
work, by keeping her eye from wandering.
Bp. Atterbwry, Sermons, I. vi.
Ass's ear, a kind of sea-ear, Haliotis asininus, a fine iri-
descent shell used in the manufacture of buttons, for in-
laying woodwork, and for other purposes. See abalone,
Haliotis, ormer.A't first eart, at first hearing; imme-
diately. Dairies.
A third cause of common errors is the credulity of men,
that is, an easie assent to what is obtruded, or a believing
at first ear what is delivered by others.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 5.
Barrel of the ear. Same as tympanum. By the ears,
in a state of discord or contention.
All Heav'n is by the Ears together,
Since first that little Rogue came hither.
Prior, Cupid and Ganymede.
Cheeks and earst. See cheek. Dlonysius's ear. (a)
The name given to a secret subterranean ear-shaped pas-
sage connecting the palace of Dionysius the Elder, first
tyrant of Syracuse (died 367 B. c.), with his stone-quarry
prisons, through which he was able to overhear the con-
versation of his prisoners. (i>) An aural instrument for
the use of very deaf persons. It has a large pavilion se-
cured by a swivel to a stand upon the floor, and an elastic
tube with a nozle to be held to the ear. E. H. Knight.
Drum of the ear. Same as tympanum. Over head
and ears. See up to the ears, below. To fall together
by the ears, to go together by the ears, to engage in
a fight or scuffle ; quarrel.
1816
They will, instead of eating peaceably, fall together by
the ears, each single one impatient to have all to itself.
Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 7.
To give ear to. See yive.To meet the ear. See
meet. To set by the ears, to make strife between;
cause to quarrel.
Who ever hears of fat men heading a riot, or herding
together in turbulent mobs? no no it is your lean,
hungry men who are continually worrying society, and
setting the whole community by the ears.
Jning, Knickerbocker, p. 157.
To sleep upon both ears, to sleep soundly.
Let him set his heart at rest ; I will remove this scruple
out of his mind, that he may sleep securely upon both ears.
Abp. Bramhall, Works, III. 518.
Touching the ears, in the early church, a part of the
ceremony of baptizing catechumens, consisting of touching
the ears, and saying "Ephphatha" (be opened), a symbol
of the opening of the understanding. Up to the ears,
over the earst, over head and ears, deeply absorbed
or engrossed; overwhelmed: as, over head and ears in
debt, or in business.
This Phedria out of hand got him a certain singing
wench, skilfull in musicke, and fell in love with her over
the eares. Terence (trans.), 1614.
A cavalier was up to the ears in love with a very fine
lady. Sir Ji. L' Estrange.
When I was quite embarked, discovered myself up to the
ears in a contested election. Walpole, Letters, II. 353.
Venus's ear, an ear-shell or sea-ear ; a species of Hali-
otis, as the ormer, H . tuberculata : with allusion to the
fable of Aphrodite. Wine Of one eart, good wine. One
of the aunotators of Rabelais says: "I have introduced
the same with good success in some parts of Leicester-
shire, and elsewhere, speaking of good ale, ale of one ear ;
bad ale, ale of two ears. Because when it is good we give
a nod with one ear; if bad, we shake our head, that is,
give a sign with both ears that we do not like it. '
the fine white wine ! upon my conscience it is a kind
of taffatas wine ; hin, bin, it is of one ear (il est a une
oreille). Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, i. 6.
ear 1 ! (er), v. t. [< ear 1 , .] To listen to ; hear
with attention.
I eared her language, lived in her eye.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 1.
ear 2 (er), . [Early mod. E. also eare; < ME.
ere, ear, < AS. edr, contr. of orig. "eahor =
ONorth. elier, cehher = MD. aere, D. aar =
MLG. ar, are, LG. ar = OHG. ahir, ehir, MHG.
elier, G. alire = Icel. Sw. Dan. ax = Goth, ahs,
an ear, = L. acus (acer-, orig. *aczs-), chaff (see
acerose); connected with Goth, aliana, chaff,
= E. awn 1 ; AS. egl, a beard of grain, E. dial.
ail; L. acus (acu-), a needle; L. acies = AS.
ecge, E. edge, etc. : see awn 1 , ail 2 , acus, aculeate,
aglet, edge, egg 2 ."] A spike or head of corn or
grain; that part of a cereal plant which con-
tains the flowers and seed.
The barley was in the ear, and the flax was boiled.
Ex. ix. 31.
Red ear, an ear of maize exceptionally of a deep-red color.
Such an ear, when found, was made a source of sport at
old-fashioned corn-huskings in the United States.
For each red ear a gen'ral kiss he gains.
Joel Barlow, Hasty Pudding.
Great ardor was evinced in pursuit of the red ^ir [of
corn], for which piece of fortune the discoverer had the
privilege of a kiss from any lady he should nominate.
S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 6
ear 2 (er), v. i. [< ear 2 , .] To shoot, as an ear;
form ears, as corn.
The stalke was first set, began to eare ere it came to
halfe growth, and the last not like to yeeld any thing at
all. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, II. 236.
ear 3 t (er), v. t. [Early mod. E. also eare ; < ME.
eren, erien, < AS. erian = OFries. era = MD.
eren, eeren, errien, aeren = MLG. eren = OHG.
erran, MHG. eren, ern, G. dial, aren, eren = Icel.
erja = Sw. arja = Goth, arjan = L. arare (whence
E. arable, q. v. ) = Gr. ap6eiv, apovv = Ir. araim =
OBulg. Serv. Bohem. orati = Russ. orati = Lith.
arti = Lett, art, plow.] To cultivate with a
plow; plow; till.
To sowe and eree upp feeldes fatte and weet,
And weedes tender yette oute of hem geet.
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 142.
A rough valley which is neither eared nor sown.
Deut. xxi. 4.
The English were brought so low, that they were fain to
till and eare the Ground, whilst the Danes sate idle, and
eat the Fruit of their Labours. Baker, Chronicles, p. 13.
For this daie men that doo eare the ground there doo
oft plow up bones of a large size, and great store of ar-
mour. Holinshed, Descrip. of Britain, i. 11.
ear 4 (ar), adv. [Sc., < ME. er, mr, ear, etc., early,
usually ere, before: see ere and early."] Early.
ear 5 (er), n. [E. dial., by misdivision of a near,
a kidney, as an ear: see near 2 and Tcidney.] A
kidney. Brockett; Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
earabiet (er'a-bl), a. [< ear 3 + -able. Cf. ara-
ble."] Capable of being tilled ; being under cul-
tivation ; arable.
He [the steward] is further to see what demeanes of his
lordes is most meete to be taken into his handes, so well
for meddowe, pasture, as earable, &c.
Order of a Nobleman's House, Archreol., XIII. 315.
eared
earache (er'ak), . Pain in the ear; otalgia.
earalt (er'al), a. [Improp. < ear 1 4- -al. Cf.
aural.'] Receiving by the ear; aural; auricular.
They are not true penitents that are merely earal, ver-
bal, or worded men, that speak more than they really in-
tend. Hewyt, Sermons (1658), p. 34.
earbob (er'bob), . An ear-ring or ear-drop.
[New Eng.]
I've got a pair o' ear-bobs and a handkercher piu I'm a
goin' to give yon, if you'll have them.
L. M. Almtt, Hospital Sketches, p. 35.
ear-bone (er'bon), . 1. A bone of the ear;
one of the bones composing the otocrane, otic
capsule, or periotic mass, inclosing the organ
of hearing. 2. One of the auditory ossicles or
bonelets of the cavity of the middle ear ; an
ossiculum auditus, as the malleus, incus, or
stapes. See first cut under ear. 3. A hard
concretion in the cavity of the inner ear; an
ear-stone, otosteon, or otolith (which see).
ear-brisk (er'brisk), a. Having ears that move
or erect themselves quickly ; attentive. [Rare.]
He (the colt] was an ear-brisk and high-necked critter.
S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 7.
ear-brush (er'brush), n. A brush consisting of
a piece of sponge attached to a handle, used to
clean the interior (external auditory nieatus)
of the ear ; an aurilave.
ear-cap (er'kap), n. A cover for the ear against
cold.
ear-cockle (er'kok"l), n. [< ear 2 -f cockle*-."] A
disease in wheat caused by the presence in the
grain of worms belonging to the genus Tylelen-
chus. Called in some parts of England purples.
ear-conch (er'konk), n. The shell of the ear;
the external ear, concha, auricle, or pinna.
ear-confessiont (er'kpn-fesh"on), . Auricular
confession. See confession.
I shall .dispute with a Greek about the articles of the
faith which my elders taught me and his elders deny, as
ear-confession.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1850), p. 133.
Pardons, pilgrims, ear -confession, and other popish mat-
ters. Bp. Bale, Select Works, p. 57.
ear-cornet (er'kfir'net), . A small auricle or
ear-trumpet worn in the hollow of the outer ear.
ear-COUgh (er'k6f), n. A cough provoked by
irritation in the ear.
eard (3rd), n. [< ME. erd, cered, eard, home, <
AS. eard, land, country, dwelling-place, home
(= OS. ard, dwelling-pla,ce, = OHG. art, a plow-
ing, etc.), connected with erian, E. ear 3 , plow
(see ear 3 ); prob. not connected with earfli."]
If. Land; country; dwelling-place.
God-bar him into paradis,
An - /'/ al f ul of swete blis.
Genesis and Exodus, 1. 209.
2. [PartlyconfusedwithearWi 1 .] Earth. [Prov.
Eng. and Scotch.]
He Mini ii<-<li' feerd [gathered an army] swulc nas lucure
eier on erde. Layamon, I. 177.
ear-drop (er'drop), n. An ornamental pendant
to an ear-ring ; an ear-ring with a pendant.
Lady's ear-drops, the common garden fuchsia: so called
from the formation and pendency of its flowers.
ear-dropper (er'drop"er), n. If. An eaves-
dropper. Dames.
It is possible an car-dropper might hear such things
talk'd at cock-pits and dancing schools.
Bp. Haclcet, Life of Abp. Williams, ii. 81.
2. Same as ear-drop. [Colloq.]
Come, we can go down now. I'm as ready as a mawkin
can be there's nothing awanting to frighten the crows,
now I've got my ear-droppern in.
George Eliot, Silas Marner, xi.
eardrop-tree (er'drop-tre), . A lofty legu-
minous tree of Jamaica, Enterolobium cyclocar-
pum, the pod of which is curved so as to form a
complete circle.
ear-drum (er'drum), n. 1. The middle ear;
the tympanum. See tympanum, and first cut
under ear. 2. More especially, the tympanic
membrane: as, to burst or puncture the ear-
drum. See cuts under ear and tympanic.
ear-dust (er'dust), . The small gritty par-
ticles found in the cavity of the inner ear of
many animals ; minute concretions in the laby-
rinth, distinguished from otoliths or otostea by
their fineness ; otoconia. See otoconiiiin.
eared 1 (erd), a. [< ear 1 + -erf 2 .] 1. Having
ears ; having appendages or processes resem-
bling the external ear. In heraldry, animals borne
in coat-armor wiih their ears differing in tincture from
that of the body are blazoned eared of such a metal or
color.
2. In ornith., having conspicuous auricular
feathers, as the eared g^ebe, or having plumi-
corns, as various species of eared owls. 3.
In Mammalia, auriculate ; having large or pe-
eared
culiar outer ears, as ITI in in Imls; having outer
oars in a group of animals others of which have
them not: as, the eared seals. 4. In6ot.,same
as auriculatc, 2.-Eared eggs, of iusn t , tbo
which have, just lu-l'oiv the aprx, two short oblique n|>
prmta-cs serving to prevent them from sinking in the
Sl.'llli li<|llhl sllllfltlUll.TS Oil whilh t)ll->' .'11 ' ll'-potiited.
eared- (ord), a. [< car 2 + -erf 2 .] Having ears
or awns, as grain. In heraldry, grain with the ear
iliiiiTin^ in tincture from tin- .stalk or blade is blazoned
eared of such a metal or eolor: as, a stalk of wheat vert,
eared or.
earert, " [ME. erer, eerer, erere, < eren, plow:
see car 3 .] A plower; a plowman.
Whether al day slial ere the erf re that he sowe.
Wyclif, Ua. xxvlii. 24.
ear-flap (er'flap), . The hanging flap of a
dog's ear.
ear-gland (er'gland), n. The warty glandular
skin or tympanum of a batrachian, as a toad ;
the parotid.
ear-hole (er'hol), n. The aperture of the ear;
the outer orifice of the ear ; the external audi-
tory meatus or passage.
eariness, n. See eeriness.
earing 1 (er'ing), M. [<er 1 + -<ngil.] A small
rope attached to the cringle of a sail, by which
it is bent or reefed. When attached to the head-
cringle for bending, it is called a head-earing; when at-
tached to the reef -cringle, a reef-earing.
If the second mate is a smart fellow, he will never let
any one take either of these posts from him ; but If he Is
wanting either in seamanship, strength, or activity, some
better man will get the bunt and earings from him.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 26.
From clue to earing. See clue.
earing 2 (er'ing), . [Verbal n. of ear 2 , v.] The
forming of ears of corn.
Their winter some call Popanow, the spring Cattapeuk,
the sommer Cohattayough. the earing of their Corne Ne-
piuough, the harvest and fall of leafe Taquitock.
Copt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 126.
earing 3 t (er'ing), . [< ME. "ering, < AS. er-
ing, eriung, verbal n. of maw, plow, ear: see
ears.] A plowing of land. See ears.
Yf rlshes, gresse, or fern in with this walle Is,
With ereyng ofte her lyves wol be spende.
Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 151.
There are flve years, in the which there shall neither be
earinrf nor harvest. Gen. xlv. 6.
earing-cringle (er'ing-kring'gl), n. See cringle.
earisnt (er'ish), a. [< earl + -tsAi.] Auricular.
/Varies.
1 1 is [Antichrist's] idolatrous altars, his earish confession,
his housd in one kind for the lay, . . . and all his petting
pedlary, is utterly banished and driven out of this land.
Beeon, Works, III. 4.
ear-kissing (er'kislug), a. Kissing (that is,
whispered in) the ear.
You have heard of the news abroad ; I mean the whis-
pered ones, for they are yet but ear-kissing arguments.
Shak., Lear, it. 1.
earl (erl), n. [< ME. erl, earlier eorl, earl, as a
designation of rank, < AS. eorl, an earl, a noble-
man of high rank, nearly equiv. to ealdorman
(see alderman) ; first in the Kentish laws, but
its common use as a title and designation of
office begins with the Scandinavian invasion,
through the influence of the cognate Icel. Sw.
Dan. jarl, Icel. orig. earl, in the earliest Scand.
use a man above the rank of a ' carl ' or churl,
then, esp. as a Norw. and Dan. title, an earl;
the earlier AS. use occurs only in poetry, eorl,
a man, esp. a warrior (pi. earlas, men, warriors,
the people, as an army), = OS. erl, a man, =
OHG. erl, only in proper names; cf. Heruli,
Eruli, the LL. form of the name of a people of
northern Germany, prob. 'the warriors,' OS.
pi. erlos, AS. eorlas, etc. Further origin un-
known; it is impossible to derive eorl from
ealdor, a chief, as has been suggested.] A
British title of nobility designating a nobleman
of the third rank, being that next below a mar-
quis and next above a viscount. Earl was the
highest title until 1337, when the first duke was created ;
and it fell to the third rank in 1386, on the creation of the
title of marquis. The earl formerly had the government
of a shire, and was called shireman. After the conquest,
when their oltlce was first made hereditary, earls were
for a time culled counts, and from them shires took the
name of counties; the wife of an earl is still called count-
ess. Karl is now a mere title, unconnected with territo-
rial jurisdiction, so much so that several earls have taken
as their titles their own mimes with the prefix Karl, as Karl
Grey, Karl Spencer, Earl Russell. An earl's coronet con-
sists of a richly chased circle of gold, having on its upper
edge eight stniwlMTry-leaves, :Utern;itiiiKith eight pearls,
each raised on a spire higher than the leaves, and with a
cap, etc., as in a duke's rornm't. See cut under coronet.
A Dukes Eldest sonnes be Karles, and all the rest of his
sonns are Lords, with the Addition of there Christen name,
:is Lord Thomas. Lord Henry.
Booke o/ Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.X 1. 27.
1817
My thuncs and kinsmen.
Henceforth be earl*; the first that ever Scotland
In such an honour nam'd. Shak., Macbeth, v. 7.
The government was entrusted to a magistrate with the
title of Ealdorman, or its Danish equivalent Karl.
K. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, I. 52.
The ancient dignity of the earl has In former chapter*
been traced throughout its history. In very few instances
was the title annexed to a simple town or castle.
StuUa, Const. Hist., 5428.
Earl marshal, the eighth great officer of state in Great
liritain. He is the head of the College of Arms (see Her-
olds' College, under herald), determines all rival claims to
arms, and grants armorial bearings, through the medium
of the king-at-arms, to persons not possessed of hereditary
arms. It Is his duty also to direct all great ceremonies
of state, and to make the formal proclamation of war or
peace. The office was formerly of great Importance, and
was originally conferred by grant of the king (as early as
the time of Richard II.), but is now hereditary In the family
of the Howards, dukes of Norfolk, called the premier earls
of England. (See marshal.) There were formerly also earls
marshals in Scotland. See mariwhal.
The list
Of those that claim their offices this day,
By custom of the coronation. . . .
Next, the duke of Norfolk,
He to be earl marshal. Shak., Hen.' VIII., Iv. 1.
Earl palatine. See palatine.
ear-lap (er'lap), H. [< ME. erelappe, < AS. ear-
Ittppa (= OFries. drleppa, arlippa = MD. dim.
oorlajiken = Norw. oreldp, oreuep = Sw. orlapp
= Dan. itrelcep (Sw. usually orflik or ortipp,
Dan. oreflip) = G. ohrldpp-chen), ear-lap, < edre,
ear, + Iceppa, lap: see earl and fcjpl.] 1. The
tip of the ear. 2. One of a pair of covers for
the ears in cold weather, made of cloth or fur
so as to incase them. [U. 8.]
ear-lappet (er'lap'et), n. 1. An auricular cu-
taneous fold or fleshy excrescence of a bird;
a kind of wattle hanging from the ear : usually
called ear-lobe.
In the Dutch sub-breed of the Spanish fowl the white
ear-lappets are developed earlier than In the common
Spanish breed. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 263.
2. Same as ear-lap, 2. [Rare.]
earldom (erl'dum), n. [< ME. erldom, eorldom,
< AS. eorldom (= Icel. Jarldomr = Norw. Dan.
jarledomme = Sw. jarldome), < eorl, earl, +
-dom, -dom.] The seigniory, jurisdiction, or
dignity of an earl.
Of the eleven earldoms, three were now (1300] vested In
the king, who, besides being earl of Lancaster, Lincoln,
and Hereford, was also earl of Derby Leicester, and North-
ampton. Stubbs, Const. Hist, 303.
earldorman. . A false form of Anglo-Saxon
ealdorman, due to confusion with Anglo-Saxon
eorl. See alderman.
earl-duck (erl'duk), n. [Var. of harle (Ork-
ney), name of same bird.] The red-breasted
merganser. Swainson. [Prov. Eng.]
earles-pennyt(erlz'pen'i),n. [ME.: seeartes,
arle-penny.~] Money in ratification of a con-
tract; earnest-money.
earless (er'les), a. [< earl + -less.] 1. De-
prived of ears; having the ears cropped.
Earless on high stood unabash'd Defoe.
Pope, Dunclad, li. 147.
2. Destitute of ears; not eared; exauriculate :
as, the earless seals. 3. Specifically, in ornith.,
having no plumicorns: as, the earless owls.
4f. Not giving ear; not inclined to hear or lis-
ten.
A surd and earless generation of men. Sir T. Browne.
Earless marmot. See marmot.
earlet (er'let), . [< earl + dim. -let.'] 1. A
small ear. 2. An ear-ring.
And he said to them : I desire one request of you : Give
me the earlets of your spoils. For the Ismaelites were ac-
customed to wear golden earlets.
Judges viiL 24 (Douay verslonX
3. In but., an auricle, as in certain foliose II,-
paticee.
earlid (er'lid), n. [< carl -Mid. Ct. eyelid.] In
nodi., a valvular external cutaneous ear which
can be shut down upon the auditory opening.
The tympanic membranes [of the crocodile) are exposed,
lint a cutaneous valve, or earlid, lies above each and can
be shut down over It. Huxley, Anat Vert., p. 214.
ear-lifter (er'lif'ter), . [< ear 2 , ., + lifter.]
A projecting guide on the knife-bar of a har-
vester to assist in lifting fallen or storm-beaten
grain, so that it can be cut by the machine.
earliness (er'li-nes), n. The state or fact of
being early; a state of advance or forward-
ness ; a state of being prior to something else,
or at the beginning.
The goodness of the crop is great gain, if the goodness
answers the earliness of coming up. Bacon.
Thy earliness doth me assure,
Thou art up-rous'd by some distemp'ratiire.
SAo*.,K,and J., U. S.
early
I have prayed your son ll:.II..Tt that we may strive to-
morrow with the sun's earliness to wake a stag from hU
lair. Monastery, xx.
earl-marshal (erl'mftr'shal), w. See earl mar-
xliut, under carl.
ear-lobe (er'lob), . 1. The lobe or lobule of
the ear. See lobule, and cut under ear. 2.
The auricular caruncle or fleshy excrescence
beside the ear of a fowl ; an ear-lappet.
ear-lock (er'lok), u. [< ME. erelikke, < AS.
earlocc, < edre, ear, + locc, lock: see ear 1 and
Zocfc 2 .] A lock or curl of hair near the ear,
worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Eliza-
beth and James I. ; a love-lock.
Love-locks, or ear-l'tckx, In which too many of our na-
tion have of late begun to glory, ... are yet . . . but so
many badges of infamy, effeminacy, vanity. Prynne.
early (er'li), adv. [Early mod. E. also erly,
erley ; < ME. erly, erli, ereli, north, arly, arely,
ayrly, etc., < AS. 'cerlice, ONorth. Mice, early
(rare, the common form being <er, E. ere) (=
Icel. arliga, also contr. aria, adv., = Dan.
aarle, adj. and adv.), < o?r, ere, early, + -lice,
E. -ly 2 : see wei.] Near the initial point of
some reckoning in time ; in or during the first
part or period of some division of time, or of
some course or procedure: as, come early;
early in the day, or in the century; early in his
career.
And Eweiu that gladly roos euer erly more than eny
other. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. 448.
Those that seek me early shall find me. Prov. viii. 17.
Satlrday. erley In the mornyng, we toke our Jorneyne
towardys Jherusalem.
Torkinyton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 26.
Diffuse thy beneficence early, and while thy treasures
call thee master. Sir T. Browne, Christ Mor., L 5.
As the city of Thebes was so antient, sciences flourished
In it very early, particularly astronomy and philosophy.
Pococke, Description of the East, I. 109.
= Syn. Early, Soon, Betimes. Early Is relative, and notes
occurrence before some fixed or usual time, or before the
course of time had far advanced beyond that point : as,
he rose early (that is, he rose before the usual time of
rising, or before the day had advanced far) ; he came early
In the evening (that is, before the evening was far ad-
vanced) ; while in "come early " the meaning may be only
"do not be late In your coming, or do not delay your com-
ing beyond the set or accustomed time." Soon means
shortly, or In a short time after the present or some fixed
point of time : as, come soon ; he left <xm after my arrival.
Betimes (by time) means in good time for some specific
object or all useful purposes : as, he rose betimes.
early (er'li), a. ; compar. earlier, superl. earliest.
[< ME. "erlich, earlich, found only once as adj.,
and prob. due to the adv. : see early, adv.] 1.
Pertaining to the first part or period of some
division of time, or of some course in time ;
being at or near the beginning of the portion
of time indicated or concerned : as, an early
hour; early manhood; the early times of the
church.
In their early days they had wings.
Bacon, Moral Fables, vi.
The delinquencies of the early part of his administra-
tion had been atoned for by the excellence of the later
part. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Unfortunately blighted at an earbi stage of their growth.
Hawthorne, Old Manse, I.
2. Appearing or occurring in advance of, or
at or near the beginning of, some appointed,
usual, or well-understood date, epoch, season,
or event ; being before the usual time : as, an
< arly riser ; early fruit ; early (that is, prema-
ture) decay; early marriage.
The early bird catches the worm. Proverb.
The early lark, that erst was mute,
Carols to the rising day
Many a note and many a lay.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, IT. 4.
3. Occurring in the near future: as, I shall
take an earfy opportunity of calling on yon:
the petitioners asked that a meeting be called
at an early date. 4. In embryol., very young ;
very recently formed : as, an early embryo.
Early English. See English. Early English archi-
tecture, the Pointed style of medieval architecture in
England, which was developed from and succeeded the
Norman at the close of the twelfth and in the early part
of the thirteenth century. It is characterized in gen-
eral by purity and simplicity of lines, combined with
delicacy, refinement, and grace. The columns and shafts
are more slender than those of the preceding style, and
foliage in some instances sprouts out from the central
pillar between the shafts; the moldings are more deli-
cately curved, and are alternated with hollows so as to
give beautiful effects of light and shade; the capitals
frequently have the form of an inverted bell, and are
often enriched with foliage, as of the trefoil, rising from
the neck-molding and swelling outward beneath the
abacus ; the towers are loftier and are often crowned by
spires ; the buttresses project boldly ; the vaults are groin-
ed, and the graceful wall-arcades often have their span-
drels filled with sculpture. The most distinctive features
of the Early English style, however, are the pointed arches
early 1818
and long, narrow, lancet-headed windows, without mul- earn 3 em 3 , erne 3 (ern), n. [< ME. ern, erne,
lions. Toward the end of the period the windows be- arn< ^m, earn, < AS. earn, ONorth. arn - D.
arend = MLG. arn, arne, erne, arnt, arent, LG.
arend = OHG. MHG. arn = Icel. Sw. Dan. dm,
an eagle ; also without the formative -n, OHG.
aro, MHG. ar, Gr. oar = Icel. ari = Goth, ara,
an eagle (in comp. MHG. adel-arn, also adel-ar,
Or. adler = D. adelaar, eagle, lit. ' noble eagle'),
akin to OBulg. orilil = Bulg. Slov. orel = Serv.
orao = Bohem. orel = Pol. orzel, orel (barred I)
= Russ. orelii = OPruss. arelie = Lith. arelis,
erelis = Lett, erglis, an eagle, appar. orig. ' the
bird ' by eminence, = Gr. opvtf (stem bpviB-, dial.
bpvix-, orig. bpvi-), also bpvtov, a bird, so called
from its soaring, < bpvvvat (-y/ "op) = L. oriri,
rise, soar (> ult. E. orient), = Skt. i/ ar, move.]
An eagle. This is the original English name for the
eagle. It is now chiefly poetical or dialectal, or used, as
In zoology, in special designations like bald earn.
That him ne hauede grip [gripe vulture] or ern.
Havelok, 1. 572.
An ern, in stede of his baner, he set vp of golde.
Robert of Gloucester, p. 215.
Bald earn. See bald eagle, under eagle.
earn 4 t (6rn), v. i. [A corruption of yearn^-, by
confusion with earn 5 , equiv. to yearn 2 .'] To
yearn.
And ever as he rode his hart did earne
To prove his puissance in battell brave.
Spenser, F. Q., I. 1. 8.
earn 5 t (6rn), v. . Same as yearn 2 .
earnest 1 (er'nest), . [< ME. ernest, earnest, <
AS. earnest, eornost, eornust, zeal, serious pur-
pose, = OFries. ernst, Fries, eriiste = MD. aernst,
D. ernst = MLG. ernest. ernst, LG. ernst = OHG.
came grouped in a manner that led to the development ernus t MHG ernest G nui ypal vitrnr aeri
of tracery, and the style passed into the Decorated style. ' Sr. i ' v V ' ' }& U?~
Also called the First Pointed or Lancet style. ousness ; cf . Icel. ern, bnsk, vigorous. The OHG.
earmark (er'mark), n. [< earl + mark.'] 1. and MHG. word has, rarely, the sense of 'fight-
A mark on the ear by which a sheep or other in >' but there is no authority in AS. or ME.
domestic animal is known. Hence 2. Figur- ' or this sense, on which a comparison with Icel.
atively, in law, any mark for identification, as orrosta, mod. orosta, orusta, a battle, is found-
Early English Architecture. Galilee Porch and South Transept of
Lincoln Cathedral.
a privy mark made on a coin. 3. Anycharac-
teristic or distinguishing mark, natural or oth-
er, by which the ownership or relation of some-
thing is known.
What distinguishing marks can a man fix upon a set of
intellectual ideas, so as to call himself proprietor of them?
If. Gravity; serious purpose; earnest-
ness.
The hoote ernest is al overblowe.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1287.
Therewith she laught, and did her earnest end in jest.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 23.
They have no earmarks upon them, no tokens of a par- 2. Seriousness; reality; actuality, as opposed
ticilliir nrnnrietnr. R**W/MM? 4... :....-: -_ j>-* j _" ._
ticular proprietor. Burrows.
An element of disproportion, of grotesqueness, earmark
of the barbarian, disturbs us, even when it does not dis-
gust, in them all [songs of the Trouveres].
Lowell, Study Windows, p. 243.
earmark (er'mark), v. t. [< earmark, .] To
mark, as sheep, by cropping or slitting the ear.
For feare least we like rogues should lie reputed,
And for eare-marked beasts abroad be bruted.
Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale.
earn 1 (6rn), v. t. [< ME. ernen, ernien, earnien,
< AS. earnian, earn, merit, with altered sense,
developed, as indicated by the cognate forms
(the E. dial, sense ' glean,' as in def. 3, being
appar. of later growth), from that of 'work , ,., .
(reap) for hire,' = MLG. amen, ernen, OHG. earnest 1 (6r nest), a
....= ' -CTT/> ' Tint fmi tin (f\r\\v frnpo
to jesting or feigned appearance.
Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest.
Sir P. Sidney.
But take it earnest wed with sport,
And either sacred unto you.
Tennyson, Day-Dream, Epil.
In earnest, or in good earnest, with a serious purpose ;
seriously ; not in sport or jest, nor in a thoughtless, trifllne
way : as, they set to work in earnest.
What ever he be he shall repente the daye
That he was bold, in earnest or in game,
To do to you this villany and shame.
Generydes (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 610.
He acted ingoodearnest what Rehoboani did but ' kreat'n.
Milton, Elkonoklastes, xxvii.
ME. *erneste, adj.,
^.uui* j J.WJ. iiiiv, - 1A.U\J> * t*/ IK II , VI Ills lit \JH\Ji, i a J / 1 ' ' ~~~t ---- f ~'
anon, MHG. arnen, reap; from a noun not no ^ fo ? nd (ffi ""*0WJi < AS. eornoste, adj.
found in AS., but represented by OFries. arn and adv -> = MLG. eniesi, ernst, G. ernst, adj. ;
= MLG. arn, aren, arne, erne, OHG. aran, arn, fF om the noun -3 * Serious m speech or ac-
MHG. erne OHG. pi. erm), harvest (whence ? 1O ? ; ! a S er 5 urgent; importunate; pressing;
OHG. arnot, pi. arnodi, MHG. ernede, ernde, G. lnstant : as > earnest in prayer.
ernde, arnde, erndte, arndte, usually ernte, har-
vest), = Icel. 6')in for 'asmi, work, a working
season, = Goth, asans, harvest, harvest-time
(cf Russ. osenl harvest, autumn) ; whence
Goth, asneis = OHG. asni = AS. esne, a hired
laborer.] 1. To gain by labor, service, or per-
formance ; acquire ; merit or deserve as com-
pensation or reward for service, or as one's real
or apparent desert; gain a right to or the DOS- P resent 'y P ut P n the m.
Winthr
He was most earnest with me, to haue me say my mynde
also. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 71.
The common people were earnest with this new King
(of., Russ. ose^ J.arvest, autumnY; whenle "" PeaC<J With the """"JW Pilgrimage, p. 792.
With much difficulty he suffer'd me to looke homeward,
being very earnest with me to stay longer.
Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 10, 1677.
Some of the magistrates were very earnest to have irons
session of: as, to earn a dollar a day; to earn
a fortune in trade; to earn the reputation of
being stingy.
Grant that your stubbornness
Made you delight to earn still more and more
Extremities of vengeance.
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 119.
Every joy that life gives must be earned ere it is se-
cured : and how hardly earned, those only know who have
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 176.
- Possessing or characterized by seriousness
in seeking, doing, etc.; strongly bent; intent:
as, an earnest disposition.
On that prospect strange
Their earnest eyes they flx'd.
Milton, P. L., x. 563.
' Stre * uous 5 diligent: as, earnest efforts.- 4.
weighty nature ; not trifling or feigned.
They whom earnest lets do often hinder.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.
vuicu . aim jiuw uuruiy tamea, inose only know who have o i 1-1 j. . .
wrestled for great prizes. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, vii! ( l S J_ W f lg y ' a^senous, important, or
What steward but knows when stewardship earns its wage ?
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 44.
2. In base-ball, to gain or secure by batting or
base-running, and not by the errors or bad play m L our ? were 80 a es( ^ 41 ! e y er / sound * th
of opponents: as, one side scored 5, but had "?! f ,'-, *""' ?*" Progress> p ' 244 '
earned only 3 runs. 3 To glean HaWweM " ' ls earnest - Longfellow, Psalm of Life.
[Prov. Eng.] ' earnestH (er'nest), v. t. [= G. ernsten, be se-
earn 2 (ern), v. i. [E. dial, and So., < ME. ernen y, ere ' speak or act severely ; from the noun.]
lo be serious with; use in earnest.
Let's prove among ourselves our armes in jest,
That when we come to earnest them with men,
eornen, urnen, etc., < AS. irnan, yrnan, eornan,
transposed form of rinnan, etc., run (ME. also
coagiilate): see run (of which earn 2 is a dou-
blet), runnel, rennet.'] To curdle, as milk.
We may them better use.
Pastor Fido (1602), sig. E 1.
earnestness
earnest 2 (er'uest), n. [With excrescent -t, <
ME. ernes, eernes, a pledge, < W. ernes, a pledge,
ern, a pledge, erno, give a pledge. Cf. L. arrlia,
arra, earnest: see arlcs and arrha.'] 1. A por-
tion of something given or done in advance as
a pledge; security in kind; specifically, in tow,
a part of the price of goods or service bargained
for, which is paid at the time of the bargain
to evidence the fact that the negotiation has
ended in an actual contract. Hence it is said to
bind the bargain. Sometimes the earnest, if trifling in
amount, is not taken into account in the reckoning.
Giving them some money in hand as an earnest of the
rest. Ludlow, Memoirs.
2. Anything that gives pledge, promise, assur-
ance, or indication of what is to follow ; first-
fruits.
Poul tellith in this epistle of fredom of Cristene men,
how thei have ther ernes here, and fully fredom in hevene.
Wyelif, Select Works (ed. Arnold), II. 277.
He who from such a kind of Psalmistry, or any other
verbal Devotion, without the pledge and earnest of suta-
ble deeds, can be perswaded of a zeale and true righteous-
ness in the person, hath much yet to learn.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, i.
Ev'ry moment's calm that soothes the breast
Is giv'n in earnest of eternal rest.
.." Cowper, An Epistle.
=Syn. Earnest, Pledge. Earnest, like pledge, is security
given for the doing of something definite in the future, and
generally returned when the conditions of the contract
have been fulfilled. In 2 Cor. i. 22 and v. 5 we read that
the Spirit is given as the earnest of indefinite future favors
from God ; in Blackstone we find " a penny, or any portion
of the goods delivered as earnest." Whether literal or
figurative, earnest is always a pledge in kind, a part paid
or given in warrant that more of the same kind is forth-
coming; as in "Macbeth," i. 3, Macbeth is hailed thane
of Cawdor "for an earnest of a greater honor." See also
"Cymbeline," i. 6. Pledge is often used figuratively for
that which seems promised or indicated by the actions of
the present, earnest being preferred for that which is of
the same nature with the thing promised, and pledge for
that which is materially different.
Man, if not yet fully installed in his powers, has given
much earnest of his claims.
llarg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 15.
Seldom has so much promise, seldom have so great ear-
nests of great work, been so sadly or so fatally blighted.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 10.
Bright pledge of peace and sunshine.
Vmtglum, The Rainbow.
earnest 2 ! (er'nest), v. t. [< earnest*, .] To
serve as an earnest or a pledge of.
This little we see is something in hand, to earnest to us
those things which are in hope.
T. Shepard, Clear Sunshine of the Gospel, Ded.
earnestfult (er'nest-ful), a. [< earnest* +
-ful.~\ Serious; earnest.
Lat us stin te of ernestful matere.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1176.
earnestly (er'nest-li), adv. [< ME. ernestly, <
AS. eornostlice, earnestly, strictly (also used
conjunctively as a stiff translation of L. ergo,
igitur, itaque, etc., therefore, and so, but, etc.)
(= D. ernstelijk = OHG. ermtstlitilio, MHG. er-
nestliche, G. ernstlieh), < eornost, earnest, + -lice,
E. -ly 2 .] In an earnest manner; warmly;
zealously; importunately; eagerly; with real
desire ; with fixed attention.
Thenne euelez on erthe ernestly grewen.
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), 1. 2227.
Being in an agony, he prayed more earnestly.
Luke xxii. 44.
There stood the king, and long time earnestly
Looked on the lessening ship.
William Harris, Earthly Paradise, II. 309.
earnest-money (er'uest-mun"i), n. Money
paid as earnest to bind a bargain or ratify and
confirm a sale. Also called hand-money.
earnestness (er'nest-nes), n. 1. Intentness or
zeal in the pursuit of anything ; eagerness ;
strong or eager desire ; energetic striving : as,
to seek or ask with earnestness; to engage in a
work with earnestness.
So false is the heart of man, so ... contradictory are
its actions and intentions, that some men pursue virtue
with great earnestness, and yet cannot with patience look
upon it in another. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 799.
Moderation costs nothing to a man who has no earnest-
ness. II. A'. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 140.
They who have no religious earnestness are at the mercy,
day by day, of some new argument or fact, which may over-
take them, in favor of one conclusion or the other.
J. 11. Xeicmait, Gram, of Assent, p. 414.
2. Anxious care ; solicitude ; strength of feel-
ing; seriousness: as, a man of great earnest-
ness; the charge was maintained with much
earnestness.
I learn that there is truth and firmness and an earnest-
ness of doing good alive in the work].
Donne, Letters, xlvii.
~ Syn. 1. Zeal, Enthusiasm, etc. See eagerness.
earnest-penny
earnest-pennyt (i'r'nest-pen'i), n. Same as ear-
MI , -it-money.
Accept this gift, most rare, most fine, most new ;
The earnest-penny of n love o fervent.
l''(ir>l, Love's Sacrifice, ii. 2.
An argument of greater ^>oil lirn-ufter, and an earnest-
penny ot the perfection of thr pivsrnt grace, that Is, of the
rewards of glory. Jer. Taylor, Works (e<i. 1836), I. 266.
ear-net (er'net), . A covering for the ears of
horses, made of netted cord, to keep out flies.
earnfult (ern'ful),. [A var. of yearnful.'] Full
of anxiety; causing anxiety or yearning.
The earnful smart which cats my breast.
P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, v.
earning 1 (6r'ning), n. [< ME. erning, ernung, <
AS. earnung, earning (= OHG. arnunc, arnunga),
desert, reward, verbal n. of earniait, earn: see
earn 1 .] That which is earned; that which is
gained or merited by labor, service, or per-
formance; reward ; wages ; compensation: used
chiefly in the plural.
This is the great expense of the poor that takes up
almost all their carninyi. Locke.
A tax on that part of profits known as earnings of man-
agement. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 88.
earning 2 (er'ning), n. [Verbal n. of earn*, .]
Keunet. Srockett. [Prov. Eng.]
earning-grass (er'ning-gras), n. The common
butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris : so called from
its property of curdling milk. [Prov. Eng.]
ear-pick (er'pik), n. An instrument for clean-
ing the ear.
ear-piece (er'pes), n. [Tr. of F. oreillere.] A
name given to the side-piece of the burganet
or open helmet of the sixteenth century, usual-
ly made of splints, and covering a leather strap
or chin-band to which they are riveted. Com-
pare cheek-piece. Also called oreilUre.
ear-piercer (er'per'ser), n. [Tr. of F. perce-
oreule.] The earwig.
ear-piercing (eVper'sing), a. Piercing the ear,
as a shrill or sharp sound.
O, farewell 1
Farewell the neighing steed, and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing flfe.
Shak., Othello, HL 3.
ear-pocket (er'pok'et), n. The little pouch
formed by a fold of skin at the root of the outer
ear of some animals, as the cat.
ear-reach (er'rech), n. Hearing-distance; ear-
shot. [Rare.]
The sound of it might have pierced your senses with
gladness, had you been in ear-reach of it.
B. Jonnan, Epicccnc, ii. 2.
Some invisible eare might be in ambush within the ear-
reach of his words. Fuller, Holy State.
ear-rentt (er'rent), n. Payment made by lacer-
ation or loss of the ears.
A hole to thrust your heads in,
For which you should pay ear-rent. B. Jonson.
ear-ring (er'ring), n. [< ME. erering, eerryng,
< AS. edrhring (= D. oorriiig = OHG. orring,
MHG. orrinc, G. ohrring = Sw. orring = Dan.
orenring), < edre, ear, + hring, ring: see car 1
and ring 1 .'] A. ring or other ornament, usually
of gold or silver, and with or without precious
stones, worn at the ear, the usual means of at-
tachment being the ring itself, or a hook or
projection which forms a part of it, passing
through the lobe. Among Orientals ear-rings have been
used by both sexes from the earliest times. In England
they were worn by the Romanized Britons and by Anglo-
Saxons. After the tenth century the fashion seems to have
declined throughout Europe, and ear-rings are neither
found in graves nor seen in paintings or sculptures. The
wealing of ear rings was reintroduced into England in
the sixteenth century, and Stubbs, writing in the time of
Queen Elizabeth, says, "The women are not ashamed to
make holes in their ears whereat they hang rings and other
jewels of gold and precious stones." The use of ear-rings
by women has continued to the present time. In the
seventeenth century they were worn by men ; and sea-
faring men, especially of the southern nations of Europe,
have retained the use of them, commonly in the form of
gold hoops, down to our own times. Among women the
shape of car-rings changes completely with the fashions,
long, heavy pendants being succeeded by smaller ones,
and these by single stones in almost invisible chatons, set
close to the lobe of the ear.
Without earitiffs of siluer or some other metal . . . you
shall sec no Kusse woman, be she wife or maide.
HaMuyt's Voyaya, I. 497.
ear-rivet (er'riv'et), n. One of the otoporpse
of a hydrozoan. See otoporpa.
Earse, . See Erse.
earsh, ersh (ersh), n. [E. dial., also crrixli, <ri</< ,
arish, and by contraction ash, < ME. asdic,
stubble, appar. corrupted, by association with
asche, ashes, from reg. *crsch, (. AS. "ersc, "ccrsc,
found only in comp. ersc-hen, (ersc-hen, equiv.
to edisc-hen, a quail (see eddish-hen), edisc, and
presumably *ersc, *<ersc, meaning a pasture, a
1819
park for game: see eddish. The ult. origin and
the relations of the two words are not clear.]
Stubble ; a stubble-field : same as eddish, I.
ear-shell (er'shel), . The common name of
any shell of the family Haliotidte; a sea-ear: so
called from the shape Guernsey ear-shell, llali
i>ti.< titlierculata: same as ormer.
ear-shot (er'shot), . Reach of hearing; the
distance at which words may be heard.
Gomez, stand you out of ear-thai. I have something to
say to your wife in private. Dnjden, Spanish Krlar.
There were numerous heavy oaken benches, which, by
the united efforts of several men, might be brought within
earshot of the pulpit. Mrt. GaikM, Sylvia's Lovers, vi.
ear-shriftt (er'shrift), n. Auricular confession.
The Papists' lenten preparation of forty days' earshrift.
Cartwriyht, Admonition.
Your eareshrift (one part of your penance) is to no pur-
pose. Calf hill. Answer to Martiall, p. 243.
ear-snail (er'snal), . A snail of the family
Otinidte.
ear-soret (er'sor), a. and n. I. a. Morose ; quar-
relsome ; apt to take offense.
II. n. Something that offends the ear.
The perpetual jangling of the chimes too in all the
great towns of Flanders is no small ear-tore to us.
Tom Brown, Works, I. 308.
earstt, adv. An archaic spelling of erst.
ear-stone (er'ston), n. An otolith. The sub-
stance of these concretions is often called brain
ivory (which see, under ivory).
ear-string (er'string), n. An ornamental ap-
pendage worn by men in the seventeenth cen-
tury ; a silk cord, usually black, passed through
the lobe of the ear and hanging in two, four,
or more strands, sometimes so low as to lie
upon the shoulder, sometimes only two or three
inches long. In all the representations of this
fashion it is limited to the left ear.
earth 1 (erth), n. [Early mod E. also erth; <
ME. erthe, eorthe, < AS. eorthe = OS. ertha,
erdha = OFries. erthe, irthe, erde, NFries. yerd
= MD. erde, aerde, D. aarde = MLG. eras =.
OHG. erda, crdha, MHG. G. erde = Ieel.jordh
= Sw. jora = Dan. jord = Goth, nirthti, earth
(OTeut. 'ertha, in L. as Hertha, as the name of
a goddess) ; allied to OHG. ero, earth, Icel. Jorfi,
gravel, Gr. Ipa-fc, to the earth, on the ground.
Usually, but without much probability, referred
to the / *ar, plow, whence ear*, earilfi, card,
arable, etc.] 1. The terraqueous globe which
we inhabit. It is one of the planets of the solar system,
being the third in order from the sun. The figure of the
earth is approximately that of an ellipsoid of revolution
or oblate spheroid, the axes of which measure 12,756,600
meters and 12,713,042 meters, or 7,926 statute miles and
1,041 yards, and 7,899 statute miles and 1,023 yards, respec-
tively, thus making the compression 1 :293. The radius of
the earth, considered as a sphere, is 3,958 miles. The mean
density of the whole earth is 5.6, or about twice that of the
crust, and its interior is probably metallic. The earth re-
volves upon its axis in one sidereal day, which is 3 minutes
and 55.91 seconds shorter than a mean solar day. Its axis
remains nearly parallel to itself, but has a large but slow
gyration which produces the precession of the equinoxes.
The whole earth revolves about the sun la an ellipse in one
sidereal year, which is 385 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9
seconds. The ecliptic, or plane of the earth's orbit, is In-
clined to the equator by 23 27' 12" .68 mean obliquity for
January 0, 1890, according to Hansen. The earth is dis-
tant from the sun by alwut 93,000,000 miles.
A nobill tree, thou secomoure ;
I blisse Ii y m that the on the trtht brought.
York Plays, p. 214.
One expression only in the Old Testament gives us the
word earth in its astronomical meaning, that in the
twenty-sixth chapter of Job :
" He stretched out the north over empty space ;
He hanged the earth upon nothing."
Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 104.
It appears, . . . from what we know of the tides of the
ocean, that the earth as a whole is more rigid than glass,
and therefore that no very large portion of its interior
cau be liquid. Cleric Maxwell, Heat, p. 21.
Sir W. Thomson has calculated that, if no change has
occurred in the order of things, it cannot have been more
than 200,000,000 years since the earth was in the condi-
tion of a mass of moltn matter, on which a solid crust
was just beginning to form. Cleric Maxwell, Heat, p. 248.
2. The solid matter of the globe, in distinction
from water and air; the materials composing
the solid parts of the globe; hence, the firm
land of tho earth's surface; the ground: as,
he fell to the earth.
God called the dry land earth. Gen. 1. 10.
3. The loose material of the earth's surface;
the disintegrated particles of solid matter, in
distinction from rock ; more particularly, the
combinations of particles constituting soil,
mold, or dust, as opposed to unmixed sand or
clay. Earth, being regarded by ancient philosophers as
simple, was called an element ; and in popular language
we still hear of the lour elements, fire, air, earth, and
water.
earth
Withinne a litil tyme ge nchal se al the gold withlnne
tin' Mi'irurii' tinM.il iiiioerf/ieassoUle as flour.
/;-... A- o/ Quinte t'ltence (ed. Furnivall), p. 8.
Two mules' burden of earth. 2 Ki. v. 17.
The majority of the cities and towns [of Greece] com-
plied with the demand made upon them, and gave the
[Persian] king earth and water.
yon Kante, I'nlv. Hist, (trans.), p. 185.
4. The inhabitants of the globe ; the world.
The whole earth was of one language. Gen. xi. 1.
She is the hopeful lady of my earth.
Shale., R. and J., L 2.
6. Dirt; hence, something low or mean.
What ho ! slave ! Caliban 1
Thou earth, thou! speak. Shale., Tempest, L i
6. The hole in which a fox or other burrowing
animal hides itself.
Seeing I never stray'd beyond the cell.
But live like an old. badger in his earth.
Tennyson, Holy Grail.
7. In chem.. a name formerly given to certain
inodorous, dry, and uninflammable substances
which are metallic oxids, but were formerly re-
garded as elementary bodies. They are insoluble
III water, difficultly fusible, and not easily reduced to the
metallic state. The most Important of them are alumina,
zirconia, glucina, yttria, and thorina. The alkaline earths,
baryta, strontia, lime, and magnesia, have more the prop-
erties of the alkalis, being somewhat soluble in water, and
having an alkaline taste and reaction.
8. In elect. : (a) The union of any point of a
telegraph-line, submarine cable, or any system
of conductors charged with or conveying elec-
tricity with the ground. It is generally made by join-
ing the point at which the earth is to be established by
means of a good conductor with a metallic plate buried
In moist earth, or with metallic water-pipes or gas-pipes,
which, on account of their large surface of contact with
the earth, usually afford excellent earth-connections. ( J)
A fault in a telegraph-line or cable, arising out
of an accidental contact of some part or the
metallic circuit with the earth or with more
or less perfect conductors connected with the
earth Adamlc earth. See Adamic. Axis of the
earth. See azisl. Bad earth, in elect., a connection
with the earth in which great resistance is offered to the
passage of the current. Black earth, a kind of coal
which is pounded fine and used by painters in fresco.
Chian earth. See CAt'ati. Cologne earth, a kind of
light bastard ocher, of a deep-brown color, transparent,
and durable in water-color painting. It is an earthy va-
riety of lignite or partially fossilized wood, and occurs in
an irregular bed from 30 to 50 feet deep near Cologne,
whence the name. Compression of the earth. See
compression. Dead earth, or total earth, in elect., an
earth-connection offering almost no resistance to the pas-
sage of the current, as when a telegraph-wire falls upon
a railroad-track, or when the conductor of a submarine
cable has a considerable surface in actual contact with
the water. Earth of alum, a substance obtained by
precipitating the earth from alum dissolved in water by
adding ammonia or potassa. It Is used for paints. Earth
Of bone, a phosphate of lime existing in bones after calci-
nation. Ends of the earth. See etui. Figure of the
earth, the shape and size, not of the earth's surface, but
of the mean sea-level continued under the land at the
heights at which water would stand in canals open to the
sea ; also, the generalized figure or ellipsoid which most
nearly coincides with the figure of the sea-leveL
If Lactantius affirm that the figure of the earth is plane,
or Austin deny there are antipodes, though venerable fa-
thers of the church and ever to be honoured, yet will not
their authorities prove sufficient to ground a belief there-
on. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., L 7.
Good earth, in tln-l. , a connection with the earth In which
the current meets with little resistance in its passage from
the wire or conductor to the earth. Heavy earth. Same
as baryta. Intermittent earth, In elect., an earth-con-
nection such as is produced by a wire touching at inter-
vals conducting bodies in connection with the earth.
Magnetic poles of the earth. See magnetic. Partial
earth, in elect., a poor earth-connection, such as exists
when a telegraph-wire rests upon the ground, when it*
insulators are defective, or when it touches any conduc-
tor connected with the earth, but offering considerable
resistance. To bring to the eartht. to bury. ny.
Gilds. To put to earth, in elect., to join or connect a
conductor with the earth. To run to earth, in huuiiny,
to chase the game, as a lox, to its hole or burrow. = 8yn.
1. Earth, World, Globe. Earth is used as the distinctive
name of our planet in the solar system, as Mercury, Ve-
nus, Earth, Mars, etc. It is used not only of soil, but of
the planet regarded as material, and also as the home of
the hliman race. (See Job i. 7 ; Ps. iviii. 11.) World has
especial application to the earth as inhabited ; hence we
say, he is gone to a better world; are there other world!
besides this ? It belongs, therefore, especially to the sur-
face of the earth ; hence we speak of sailing around the
world, but not the earth. Globe makes prominent the
roundness of the earth : as, to circumnavigate the globe.
The first man is of the earth, earthy. 1 Cor. xv. 47.
The Sun flies forward to his brother Sun ;
The dark Earth follows wheel'd in her ellipse.
Tennynon, Golden Year.
Poets, whose thoughts enrich the blood of the world.
Tennyson, Princess, ii.
In the four quarters of the ylobe, who reads an Ameri-
can liook?
Sydney Smith, Eev. of Seybart's Annals of United States.
On the head of Frederic is all the blood which was shed
in a war which raged during many years and in every
quarter of the ylobe. Macaulay, Frederic the Great
earth
earth 1 (erth), v. [= LG. erden = Icel. jardha
= Sw. jorda = Dan. jorde, trans., earth, bury ;
from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To hide in or as
in the earth.
An you once earth yourself, John, in the barn,
I have no daughter vor you.
B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, v. 2.
The fox is earthed. Dryden, Spanish Friar.
2. To put underground; bury; inter.
Upon your grannam's grave, that very night
We earthed her in the shades.
B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1.
Here silver swans with nightingales set spells,
Which sweetly charm the traveller, and raise
Earth's earthed monarchs from their hidden cells.
John Rogers, To Anne Bradstreet.
But now he hath served the sentence out, . . .
Why not earth him and no more words?
T. B. Aldrich, The Jew's Gift.
3. To cover with earth or mold; choke with
earth.
O thou, the fountain of whose better part
Is earth'd and gravel'd up with vain desire.
Quarles, Emblems, i. 7.
Earth up with fresh mould the roots of those auriculas
which the frost may have uncovered.
Evelyn, Calendarium Hortense.
4. In elect., to put to earth; place in connec-
tion with the earth.
In dry weather they [conductors] are not earthed at all
well, and a strong charge may then surge up and down
them, and light somebody else's gas in the most surpris-
ing way. Science, XII. 18.
II. intrans. To retire underground ; burrow,
as a hunted animal.
Huntsmen tell us that a fox when escaped from the dogs,
after a hard chase, always walks himself cool before he
earths. Bp. Home, Essays and Thoughts.
Hence foxes earthed, and wolves abhorred the day,
And hungry churles ensnared the nightly prey.
Tickell, Hunting.
earth 2 (erth), n. [E. dial., < eat-3, plow, + -tit,
noun-formative; early record is wanting, but
eard, q. v.,in the sense of 'plowing' (OHG. art),
is nearly the same word.] If. The act of plow-
ing ; a plowing.
Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths at the least, ere ye sow it, bestow.
Tusser, Husbandry.
2. A day's plowing. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
earth-auger (erth'a"ger), . Same as earth-
borer.
earth-ball (erth'bal), n. The truffle, Tuber ci-
barium, which grows in the soil, and produces
its spores within tuber-like bodies.
earth-bath (erth'bath), . A remedy occa-
sionally used, consisting of a bath of earth or
mud.
earth-board (erth'bord), n. The board of a
plow that turns over the earth ; the mold-board.
earth-bprer (erth'bor"er), n. A form of auger
for boring holes in the ground, in which the
twisted shank revolves inside a cylindrical box
with a valve, which retains the earth till the
tool is withdrawn. Also called earth-auger,
earth-boring auger. See cut under anger.
earth-born (erth'b6rn), a. 1. Born of the
earth; springing originally from the earth : as,
the fabled earth-born giants.
Creatures of other mould, earth-born perhaps,
Not spirits. Milton, P. L., iv. 360.
2. Arising from or occasioned by earthly con-
siderations.
All earth-born cares are wrong. Ooldnnith.
3. Of low birth ; meanly born.
Earth-born Lycon shall ascend the throne. Smith.
earth-bound (erth'bound), a. Fastened by
the pressure of earth ; firmly fixed in the earth ;
hence, figuratively, bound by earthly ties or in-
terests.
Who can impress the forest ; bid the tree
Unflx his earth-bound root?
Shak., Macbeth-iv. 1.
earth-bred (erth' bred), a. Low; groveling.
Peasants, I'll curl) your headstrong impudence,
And make you tremble when the lion roars
Ye earthbred worms. A. Brewer (?), Lingua, i. 6.
earth-chestnut (erth'ches"nut), n. The earth-
nut.
earth-closet (erth'kloz"et), n. A night-stool
or some convenience of that kind, in which the
feces are received and covered by dry earth,
earth-crab (erth'krab), n. An occasional name
of the mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa vulgaris.
earth-created (erth'kre-a"ted). a. Formed of
earth.
And an eternity, the date of gods,
Descended on poor earth-created man !
Young, Night Thoughts, ix. 220.
1820
earth-current (erth'kur'ent), . See current.
earth-dint (erth'din), . "[ME. erthedine. -dyn,
-dene, < AS. eurth-dyne, an earthquake. < eortlir,
earth, + dyne, a loud sound, din.] An earth-
quake.
Pestilences and hungers sal be,
And erthedyns in many eontre.
Hampolf, Prick of Conscience, 1. 4035.
earth-drake (erth'drak),M. [< ME.*erthedrake,
< AS. eorth-draca, < eorthe, earth, + draca,
drake, dragon.] In Anglo-Saxon myth., a myth-
ical monster resembling the dragon of chivalry.
He sacrifices his own life in destroying a frightful earth-
drake, or dragon. W. Spalding.
earth-eater (erth'S^tfir), n. 1. Onewhoorthat
which eats earth. 2. In ornith., specifically,
Nyctibius grandis, the ibigau (which see).
earthen (er'thn), a. [< ME. erthen, eorthen (AS.
not recorded) = D. aarden = OHG. erdin, irdin,
MHG. erdin, erden, G. erden, now irden = Goth.
airtheins, earthen; as eartfe 1 + -e 2 .] Made of
earth ; made of clay or other earthy substance :
as, an earthen vessel.
Go, and tao the erthene litil wynvessel of the crockere.
Wydif, Jer. xix. 1.
A beggarly acconnt of empty boxes,
Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds.
Shak., B. and J., v. 1.
Do not grudge
To pick out treasures from an earthen pot.
Herbert.
earthenware (er'thn-war), n. Vessels or oth-
er objects of clay (whether alone or mixed with
other mineral substances) baked or fired in a
kiln, or more rarely sun-dried or otherwise pre-
pared without firing. The term is often restricted to
the coarser qualities, as distinguished from porcelain and
stoneware and from terra-cotta. In this sense earthenware
may be known from porcelain by its opacity, and from
stoneware by its porosity, which latter quality may be rec-
ognized by touching a fracture with the tongue, when the
tongue will adhere to the porous earthenware, but not to
stoneware. Earthenware may ue either unglazed, as bricks,
ordinary flower-pots, etc., or enameled. See */"-', faience,
majolica.
Earthenware is described as a soft, opaque material
formed of an earthy mixture, refractory, or hard to fuse,
in the kiln.
Wheatley and Delamotte, Art Work in Earthenware, p. 1.
earth-fall (erth'fal), w. [= OFries. irthfal, erth-
fel, erdfal = G. erdfall, a sinking of the earth,
= Icel. jardhf all = D&n.jordfald = Svr.jordfall,
an earth-fall.] Same as land-slide.
earth-fast (erth'fast), a. [< ME. "erthfeste, <
AS. *eorthfcest, eorthfest, < eorthe, earth, + fast,
fast.] Firm in the earth, and difficult to be re-
moved.
earth-fed (erth 'fed), a. Fed upon earthly
things; low; groveling.
Such earthfed minds
That never tasted the true heaven of love.
B. Jomun.
earth-flax (erth ' flaks), n. A fine variety of
asbestos, with long, flexible, parallel filaments
resembling flax.
earth-flea (erth'fle), n. A name of the chigoe,
Sarcopsylla penetrans : so called from its living
in the earth. See cut under chigoe.
earth-fly (erth'fli), n. Same as earth-flea.
earth-foam (erth'fom), n. Same as aphrite.
earth-gall (erth'gal), n. [< ME. *erthe-galle, <
AS. eorth-gealla, < eorthe, earth, + gealla, gall.]
1. A plant of the gentian family, especially the
lesser centaury, Erythrcea Centaurium : so called
from its bitterness. 2. In the United States,
the green hellebore, Veratrum viride.
earth-hog (erth'hog), n. The aardvark. Also
called earth-pig. See Orycteropus.
earth-holet, n. [ME. eorthehole.'] A cave.
earth-house (erth'hous). n. [Sc. eird-, eard-,
yird-h&use (see eard. 2) ; < ME. erthhits, eorthhus,
< AS. eorth-hus (= Icel. jardh-hus = Dan. jord-
hws = G. erdhaus), a cave, den, < eorthe, earth,
+ Ms, house.] The name generally given
throughout Scotland to the underground struc-
tures known as " Plots' houses" or "Picts'
dwellings." The earth-honse in its simplest form con-
sists of a single irregular-shaped chamber, formed of un-
hewn stones, the side walls gradually converging toward
the top until they can be roofed by stones 4 or 5 feet in
width, the whole covered in by a mound of earth risin"
slightly above the level of the surrounding country. The
more advanced form has two or three chambers. Earth-
houses are frequent in the northeast of Scotland, occa-
sionally thirty or forty being found in the same locality
as in the Moor of Clova, Kildrummy, Abcrdeenshire.
Querns, bones, deers' horns, plates of stone or slate,
earthen vessels, cups and implements of bone, stone celts,
bronze swords, etc., are occasionally unearthed in or near
then;. Similar structures are found in Ireland. See
beehive tottM, under beehive.
earth-inductor (erth'in-duk-'tor), n. In elect.,
a coil of wire arranged so as to be capable of
earth-plate
rotation in a magnetic field, and connected with
a galvanometer by means of which the induced
current of electricity can be measured. It is
used for measuring the strength of magnetic
fields as compared with that of the earth,
earthiness (er'thi-nes), n. 1. The quality of
being earthy, or of containing earth.
(He) freed rain-water . . . from its accidental, and as it
were feculent earthiness. Boyle, Works, III. 103.
2. Intellectual or spiritual coarseness; gross-
ness.
The grossness and earthiness of their fancy. Hammond.
earthliness (erth'li-nes), . 1. The quality of
being earthly; grossness. 2. Worldliness;
strong attachment to earthly things. 3f.
Want of durability; perishableness ; frailty.
Fuller.
earthling (erth'ling), n. [Not found in ME.
(of. AS. eorthling, yrthling, a farmer, a tiller of
the earth) (= G. erdling); < earth 1 + -h'wgr 1 .] If.
An inhabitant of the earth; a creature of this
world; a mortal.
Humorous earthlings will control the stars.
B. Jonson, Masque of Hymen.
To earthlinffs, the footstool of God, that stage which he
raised for a small time, seemeth magnificent.
Drumjnond.
2. One strongly attached to worldly things ; a
worldling.
earthly (erth'li), a. [< ME. erthly, ertheli, eorthe-
li, -liclte, -lie, < AS. eorthlic (= OHG. erdlih =
Icel. jardhligr), < eorthe, earth, + -lie, E. -ly 1 .]
1. Pertaining to the earth or to this world;
pertaining to the mundane state of existence :
as, earthly objects; earthly residence.
Eorthliche honeste thynges was offred thus at ones,
Thorgh thre kynde kynges kneolyng to lesu.
Piers Plowman (C), xxii. 94.
Whan the hretheren of Gawein com thider ther be-gan
the doell and sorowe so grete that noon erthly man myght
devise noon gretter. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 300.
Our earthly house of this tabernacle. 2 Cor. v. 1.
2. Belonging to the earth or world : worldly ;
carnal, as opposed to spiritual or heavenly;
vile.
How is he born in whom we did knowe non erthely de-
lyte. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 1.
Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.
Phil. iii. 19.
This earthly load
Of death, call'd life. Milton, Sonnets, ix.
Myself
Am lonelier, darker, earthlier for my loss.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
3f. Made of earth; earthy: as, "earthly sub-
stance," Holland. 4. Corporeal ; not mental.
Great grace that old man to him given had,
For God he often saw, from heaven night,
All were his earthly eyen both blunt and bad.
Spenser, F. Q.
5. Being or originating on earth; of all things
in the world; possible; conceivable: used chief-
ly as an expletive.
What earthly benefit can be the result? Pope.
It is passing strange that, during the long period of their
education, the rising generation should never hear an
earthly syllable about the constitution and administration
of their nation. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 29.
= Syn. 1. Terrestrial, mundane, sublunary, etc. See world-
ly.
earthly-minded (erth'li-mm*'ded), a. Having
a mind devoted to earthly things.
earthly-mindedness (erth'li-min' / ded-nes), .
Grossness ; sensuality ; devotion to earthly ob-
jects; earthliness.
earth-madt (erth'mad), n. [< eartl^ + maiP,
a worm.] A kind of worm or grub.
The earth-mads and all the sorts of worms . . . are
without eyes. Holland.
earth-moss (erth'mds), n. A book-name for a
moss of the genus Phascum.
earthnut (erth'nut), n. [< ME. "erthnote, < AS.
eorth-nutufor *eorth-hnutit (=D. aardnoot = Gr.
erdmiss = Dan. jordiiod = Sw.jordnot), < eorthe,
earth, +hnutu, nut.] 1. The tuberous root of
Sunimn flexuosum and B. Bulbocastanum, com-
mon umbelliferous plants of Europe. See J3u-
nium. 2. The groundnut, Arachis liypog&a.
3. The tuber of Cyperus rotundus and some
other species of the same genus.
earth-Oil (erth'oil), . Same as petroleum ..
earth-pea (orth'pe), . See pea.
earth-pig (i'rth'pig), . Same as cnrtli-liof/.
earth-pit (erth'pit), . A trench or pit, cover-
ed with glass, for protecting plants from frost.
earth-plate (erth'plat), . In elect., a metallic
plate miried in the ground, forming the earth-
connection of a telegraph-wire, lightning-con-
ductor, or other electrical appliances.
earthpuff
earthputft (erth'puf), . A species of Lycoper-
dun; tho puff ball.
Tuberes, mushrooms, tadstooles, earthturfos, earth-
puffes. Nomenclator (1585).
earth-pulsation (erth'pul-sa''8hon), . A slow
wave-like movement of the surface of the earth.
Such movements, in general, escape attention
on account ill' their long period.
earthquake (Tt h'k wiik). . [< M K. rrflif qtpake,
< ertlte, onrth, + quake, quake. The AS. words
were corth-bifnng, -bcofung (bifung, trembling),
cnrtli-iliini (ili/ne, din), eorth-styrunij (xli/riini/.
stirring), fir/lixlyrcnnis. Cf. earth-din.'] A move-
ment or vibration of a part of the earth's crust.
Such movements are of every degree of violence, from
those that are scarcely perceptible without tho aid of
apparatus specially contrived for the purpose to those
which overthrow buildings, rend the ground asunder,
and destroy thousands of human live*. The duration of
earthquakes is as variable as their intensity. Sometimes
there is a single shock, lasting only a second or two ; at
other times a great number of shocks occur in succes-
sion, separated by greater or less] intervals of time, the
earth not being reduced to complete quiescence for weeks
or even months. It is not known that any portion of the
earth's surface is entirely exempt from earthquakes ; but
there are large areas where no very destructive ones have
ever occurred, either in the memory of man or as re-
corded iu history. The regions most frequently visited
by destructive shocks are those where active volcanoes
exist, those near high mountain-ranges, and those where
the rocks are of recent geological age, and are much dis-
turbed or uplifted. Such regions are the vicinity of the
Mediterranean, the shores of the Pacific and the adjacent
Islands, the neighborhood of the Alps, and the East India
islands. Regions not liable to seismic disturbances are
the whole of northeastern North America, the east side
of South America, the north of Asia, and a large part
of Africa. An earthquake-shock is a wave-like motion of
a part of the earth's crust, and, iu the words of Hum-
boldt, is one of the ways in which the reaction of the in-
terior of the earth against its exterior makes itself mani-
fest. The most destructive earthquake of which we have
any knowledge was that of Lisbon. It began November 1st,
1755, and was felt over that part of the earth's surface in-
cluded between Iceland on the north, Mogador in Moroc-
co on the south, Toplitz in Bohemia on the east, and the
West India islands on the west. The destruction of life
and property occasioned by this shock was very great.
The disturbance continued, especially In the vicinity of
the Mediterranean, with short intermissions, for several
months. On November 18th, 1755, the most violent shock
occurred which has been felt in New England since its
settlement by the whites. One of the most destructive
earthquakes of recent' occurrence was that which took
place on the island of Ischia near Naples, July 28th, 1883,
by which over 2,000 persons perished. By the earthquake
at Memloza, South America, on tho 20th of March, 1861,
over 12,000 persons lost their lives. A violent earthquake,
most destructive in Charleston, South Carolina, and vicin-
ity, occurred on the night of August 31st, 1888. See seis-
mic, seismometer, and volcaidstn.
Whan the Jewes hadden made the Temple, com an
Erthe quakeng, and cast it duun (as God wolde) and de-
stroyed alle that thei had made.
Mandrville, Travels, p. 84.
And all the yle ys sor trobled with the seyd erthe qwake
Dyvse tymes. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 18.
It was calculated ... by Sir C. Lyell that an earthquake
which occurred in Chill In 1822 added to the South-Ameri-
can continent a mass of rock more than equal in weight
to a hundred thousand of the great pyramids of Egypt.
Huxley, Physiography, p. 187.
Earthquake-shadow, that part of the earth's surface
which is in some degree protected from an advancing
earthquake-wave by the interposition of a mountain-
range, hill, ravine, or other arrangement of the geological
formation which offers an obstacle to its passage.
earth-shine (erth'shin), n. [< earth 1 + sliine.
Cf. moonshine, sunshine, starshine.] In astron.,
the faint light visible on the part of the moon
not illuminated by the sun. It is due to the light
which the earth reflects on the moon, and is most con-
spicuous soon after new moon, when the sun-illuminated
part of the disk is smallest. This phenomenon is popularly
described as "the old moon in the new moon's arms."
earth-smoke (crth'smok), n. [A translation
of ii. fumus terra;: fumus, smoke; terrce, gen.
of terra, earth: see fumitory and terrestrial.']
The plant fumitory, Pumaria officinalis.
earth-Star (erth'star), n. [A translation of
<liii.iter.~\ A fungus of the genus Geaster; a
kind of puffball having a double peridium, the
outer layer of which breaks into segments which
become reflexed, forming a star-like structure
about the base of the fungus.
earth-stopper (erth'stop'er), . In hunting,
one who stops up the earths of foxes to prevent
their escape.
The rnrth-ttopper is an important functionary in conn-
tries where there are many earths. Encifc. Brit., XII. 395.
earth-table (i-rth'ta'bl), . luarch., aproject-
ing course or plinth resting immediately upon
the foundations. Also called grass-table and
groitni'l- tnhli . Sco li'ilf/HH'iit-tttble.
earth-tilting (erth'til'ting), . A slight move-
ment or displacement of the surface of the
ground in some forms of earthquake.
1821
Earth-tiltings show themselves by a slow bending and
unbending of the surface, sn that a post stuck in the
ground, vertical to In-Kin with, docs not remain vertical,
out Inclines now to one side and now to another, the plane
of tile ground in which it stands shifting relatively to the
horizon. Encye. Brit., XXI. 626.
earth-tongue (erth'tung), . The popular name
given to club-shaped fungi of the genus Geo-
glossum, found in lawns and grassy pastures.
earth-treatment (erth'tret/'rnent), n. A meth-
od of treating wounds with clay (or clayey
earth) dried and finely powdered, it is applied to
the wound as a deodorizing agent, tending at the same
time to prevent or arrest putrefaction. Thomtu, Med.
Diet.
earth-tremor (erth'trem'or), n. A minute
movement of the surface of" the earth, resem-
bling an earthquake in rapidity of oscillation,
but on account of its small amplitude requir-
ing instrumental means for its detection.
earthward, earthwards (erth'ward, *wftrdz),
adv. [< earth 1 + -ward, -wards.'] Toward the
earth.
earth-wire (erth'wir), . In elect., a wire used
for joining conductors with the earth : especial-
ly applied to wires placed upon telegraph-poles
for the purpose of conveying the leakage from
the line to the earth, thus preventing interfer-
ence by leakage from one line to another.
earthwolf (erth'wulf), . The aardwolf. See
Proteles.
earthwork (erth'werk), n. [< ME. "erthewerk, <
AS. eorthtceorc (= D. aardwerk = G. erdwerk =
Dan. jordvcerk), < eorthe, earth, + tceorc, work :
see earth 1 and work.'] 1. In engin., any opera-
tion in which earth is removed or thrown up,
as in cuttings, embankments, etc. 2. In fort.,
any offensive or defensive construction formed
chiefly of earth : commonly in the plural . Hence
3. Any similar construction, as the ancient
mounds of earth found in various parts of the
United States, of unknown use and origin.
They differ widely in form, but are always well
denned in plan, and sometimes inclose large
areas.
Anyhow, there the mound is, an earthwork which, if
artificial it be, the Lady of the Mercians herself need not
have been ashamed of. /.'. .1 . Freeman, Venice, p. 30.
earthworm (erth'werm), n. [= D. aardworm
= G. erdwurm ; < earth 1 + worm."] 1 . The com-
mon name of the worms of the family Lunibri-
cidce (which see), and especially of the genus
Lumbricus, of which there are several species,
one of the best-known being L. terrestris. They
belong to the order of oligochietous annelids. The earth-
worm has a cyllndrlc vermiform l)ody, tapering at both
ends, segmented Into a great number of rings, destitute of
legs, eyes, or any appendages visible on ordinary inspec-
tion. It moves by the contraction of the successive seg-
ments of the body, aided by rows of bristles which are ca-
pable of being retracted. It is hermaphrodite, each indi-
vidual of a pair impregnating the other in copulation, when
the two are jointed in two places by their respective cli-
tH hi. Earthworms are highly useful, giving a kind of un-
der -tillage to the land, loosening the soil, and rendering
it more permeable to the air. According to Darwin, in
his work on "The Formation of Vegetable Mould," etc.,
earthworms, from their enormous numbers, exercise a
highly important agency not only in this respect, but in
the creation and aggregation of new soil, the burial and
preservation (as also the original disintegration) of organic
remains of all kinds, etc. They are food fur many birds,
mammals, and other animals, and their value for bait is
well known to the angler, whence they are often called
angleworms or juhieorms. These worms are mostly a few
inches long, but there are species attaining a length of a
yard or more.
The people who inhabit the highlands of Southern Bra-
zil have a firm belief In the existence of a gigantic earth-
worm fifty yards or more in length, five in breadth, cov-
ered with bones as with a coat-of-mail, and of such strength
as to be able to uproot great pine-trees as though they
were blades of grass, and to throw up such quantities of
clay in making Us way underground as to dam up streams
and divert them into new courses. This redoubtable
monster Is known as the " Minhocao."
Pop. Set. Mo., XIII. 508.
2. Figuratively, a mean, sordid wretch.
Thy vain contempt, dull earthmtrm, cease. Sorrit.
earthworm-oil (erth'werm-oil), n. A greenish
oil obtained from earthworms, used as a rem-
edy for earache.
earthy (er'thi), a. [< earth 1 + -i/l.] 1. Of or
pertaining to earth ; consisting of earth ; par-
taking of the nature of earth ; terrene : as,
earthy matter. 2. Resembling earth or some
of the properties of earth : as, an earthy taste
or smell.
And catch the heavy earth;/ scents
That blow from summer shores.
T. 11. Aldrich, Piscataqua Elver.
3t. Inhabiting the earth; earthly.
Those earthtj spirits black and envious are ;
I'll call up other gods of form more fair.
Dryden, Indian Emperor,
4. Gross ; not refined.
Earwig
brunneipennis}. (Line
shows natural size. }
Nor Is my flame
Bo earthy ss to need the dull material force
Of eyes, or lips, or cheeks. .Sir ./ . Denham.
6. In mineral., without luster, or dull, androngh-
ish to the touch Earthy cobalt. See atbolan
Earthy fracture, a fracture which exposes a rough, dull
surface, with minute elevations and depressions, charac-
teristic of some minerals. Earthy manganese. See
n ml.
ear-trumpet (er'tnim"pet), n. An apparatus
for collecting sound-waves and conveying them
to the ear, used chiefly by the deaf. The most
common form is a simple metallic tube having a flaring
or bell-shaped mouth for collecting the waves of sound,
and a smaller end or ear-piece which Is Inserted In the
ear.
ear-wax (er'waks), . Cerumen.
earwig (er'wig), . [= E. dial, earwike, ear-
wrig, yerriwig, erritciaijle, etc., < ME. erwygge,
erewygge, yericygge, < AS. edrwicga, also once
improp. edrwicga, earwig (translating L. blatta),
< edre, ear, + wicga, a rare word, occurring but
once (Leechdoms, ii. 134, 1. 4, translated 'ear-
wig'), appar. a general term for an insect, lit.
a moving creature, allied to wicg, a horse, vilit,
a creature, a wight, < wegan, tr. bear, carry,
intr. move, > E. weigh: see weigh, wight 1 .
Many languages give a name
to this insect indicating a be-
lief that it is prone to creep
into the human ear : D. oor-
tcorm = G. oliricurm, ear-
worm; Q.ohrbohrer, 'ear-bor-
er' ; Sw. o'rmask, ear-worm ;
Dan. orentvist, 'ear-twister';
F. perce-oreille, Pg. furu-
orelhas, 'pierce-ear'; Sp. gii-
sano del oido, It. verme auri-
colare, ear-worm, etc.] 1.
The popular English name of
all the cursorial orthopterous
insects of the family Forji-
culidte, representing the sub-
order Euplexoptcra, which has
several genera and numer-
ous Species. There Is a popular
notion that these insects creep into
the ear and cause injury to it. They
are mostly nocturnal and phytophagous, though some are
carnivorous. They have filiform, many-jointed antenntr,
short, velnless, leathery upper wings, under wings folded
both lengthwise ami crosswise, anal forceps, and no ocelli.
The common earwig is Forficula auriculari*; the great
earwig is Labidura yigantea; the little earwig is Labia
minor. Another species is Spongophora brunneipennia.
2. In the United States, the common name of
any of the small centipeds, such as are found
iu nouses in most of the States. 3f. One who
gains the ear of another by stealth and whis-
pers insinuations; a prying informer ; a whis-
perer.
That gaudy earwig, or my lord your patron,
Whose pensioner you are.
Ford, Broken Heart, II. 1.
Ear-wiggi that buzz what they think fit In the retlr'd
closet. Bp. Ilacket, Life of Abp. Williams, I. 85.
earwig (er'wig), v. t. ; pret. and pp. earwigged,
ppr. earwigging. [< earwig, n.] To gain the
ear of and influence by covert statements or
insinuations ; whisper insinuations in the ear
of against another ; fill the mind of with pre-
judice by covert statements.
He was so sure to be eanrigged in private that what he
heard or said openly went for little.
Marryat, Snarleyyow.
Up early and down late, for he was nothing of a slug-
gard ; daily ear-trigging influential men, for he was a mas*
ter of Ingratlation.
K. L. Stecenvm, A College Magazine, II.
ear- witness (er'wit'nes), n. 1. One who is
able to give testimony to a fact from his own
hearing.
An ear-tritneu of all the passages betwixt them. Fuller.
Dante is the eye-witness and ear-irii net* of that which
he relates. Macaulay, Milton.
2. A mediate witness; one who testifies to
what he has received upon the testimony of
others. Hamilton.
ear- worm (er'wenn), n. 1. Same as boll-worm.
2f. A secret counselor.
There is nothing in the oath to protect such an ear-
tcorm, but he may be appeached.
Bp. Backet, Life of Abp. Williams, II. 152.
earwort (er'wert), n. The Shachacathis rnpes-
tris, a low rubiaceous shrub of the West Indies.
ease (ez), n. [Early mod. E. also ea:e, ese; <
ME. ese, else, eyse, < AF. etse, OF. aise, ayse,
aizc, F. aise, f., = Pr. aiae, aw (> prob. Basque
aisia) = OCat. aise, ease, = Pg. azo, aid, mo-
tive, occasion, = Olt. asio, agio, aggio, m., ease,
convenience, exchange, premium, now distin-
guished in spelling : agio, ease ; aggio ( > F. agio.
ease
> E. agio, q. v.), exchange, premium. Henee
the adj., OF. aise, ayse, aize = Pr. ais, easy (mod.
F. aise, p. a., easy); the adv. phrase, OF. a
aise, F. a Vaise = Pr. ad ais = It. ad agio, ada-
gio (> E. adagio), at ease, at leisure, > OF.
aaise, ahaise = OPg. aaso = It. adagio, ease ;
and the compound, F. malaise (> E. malaise),
uneasiness. The Eom. forms are somewhat
irregular, and are certainly of external origin,
perhaps Celtic : cf. (1) Bret, eaz, ez, easy; Gael.
adkais, leisure, ease. There is nothing to prove
a connection with (2) AS. edthe, obs. E. eath
(see eath); or with (3) Goth, aeets, easy (m
compar. azetizo), azeti, ease, azetaoa, easily ; or
1822
. a song for
oped by pr
Whate'er he did was done with so much ease,
In him alone 'twas natural to please.
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., i. 27.
Refrain to-night ;
And that shall lend a kind of easiness
To the next abstinence. Shale., Hamlet, iii. 4.
He changed his faith and his allegiance two or three
times, with a facility that evinced the looseness of his
principles. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 362.
easiness
, courtly, chivalrous song ;
Century, XXVII. 783.
ease or quiet.
The state of being
promoting ease and
tranquillity.
easel 1 (e'zl), n. [< D. ezel = G. esel, an easel,
lit. an ass, = AS. esol, an ass: see ass 1 . For
the particular meaning, ' a support,' cf . clothes-
horse, saw-horse, saw-buck, F. chevalet, Sp. caba-
llete, Pg. cavallete de pintor, It. cavalletto, an
easel, clothes-horse, etc.] A frame in the form
of a tripod for supporting a blackboard, paper,
or canvas in drawing and painting ; also, a sim-
with (4) L. otimn, ease (see otiose) ; or with (5) eage (z), v. t. ; pret. and pp. eased, ppr. easing. [< j] ar f ra me used as a rest for portfolios, large
OHG. essa, MHG. G.esse (> Dan. esse), & forge,
furnace,
AS. ad,
ME. esen, eisen, < OF. *eiser, aiser, aisier= Pr. ai-
furnace, chimney, orig. a fireplace (akin to sar -pg.azar= It. agiare, ease; from the noun.]
, a funeral pyre, dst, a furnace, kiln, > j rp o j. e ii eve or f ree from pain or bodily dis-
" "' make
E. oast, q. v.), whence, as some conjecture, quiet or anno
'to be at one's ease' (F. Giro & son aise), orig. comfortable,
'to be at one's hearth, feel at home'; or with
(6) MLG. esse = G. esse = ODan. esse, Dan. es
= Sw. esse, well-being, comfort, ease (appar.
< L. esse, be, used as a noun) : unless indeed
these last Teut. forms are, like the E . word, from
the F. aise.'] 1. An undisturbed state of the
body; freedom from labor, pain, or physical an-
noyance of any kind; tranquil rest; physical
comfort: as, he sits at his ease; to take one's
ease.
books, etc Easel-picture, easel-piece, (a) A mov-
able picture painted on an easel, as distinguished from a
painting on a wall, ceiling, etc. (6) A picture small enough
to be placed on an easel lor exhibition after completion.
easeP (e'sl), adv. [Sc., also written eassel,
eastle, eastilt, appar. variations of eastlin, "east-
ling, adv., easterly : see eastling. For the form,
cf. deasil.] Eastward.
Heaven, I hope, wil^me: I^msick.^ ^ & Ow,~, ye should haehadden^H.iappeltrin.n.
The longer they live the worse they are, and death CaseleSS (ez'les), . [< ease + -less.-] Want-
alone must cose them. Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 262. ing ease ; lacking in ease. [Rare. J
Send me some tokens, that my hope may live,
Ther thei rested and esed hem [themselves] in the town
as thei that ther-to hadde grete nede.
Merlin (E. E. X. S.), ii. 172.
Be comfortable to thy friends, and to thyselfe wish ease.
Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 99.
Soul,
take thine ease, eat, drink, and be merry.
Luke xii. 19.
How blest is he who crowns, in shades like these,
A youth of labour with an age of ease !
Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 99.
Better the toil . . .
Than waking dream and slothful ease.
Whitlif.r, Seed-time and Harvest.
Thou mayest rejoice in the mansion of rest, because, by
thy means, many living persons are eased or advantaged.
Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iv. 9.
2. To free from anxiety, care, or mental dis-
turbance : as, the late news has eased my mind.
Now first I find
Mine eyes true opening, and my heart much eased.
Milton, P. L., xii. 274.
3. To release from pressure or tension; les-
sen or moderate the tension, tightness, weight,
closeness, speed, etc., of, as by slacking, lift-
ing slightly, shifting a little, etc. : sometimes
2. A quiet state of the mind; freedom from s J. ' t ship in 'a seaway by put-
-**- =" 1 '"*"' 1 o *.-* tmgdoVn the helm, or by throwing some'cargo
overboard; to ease a bar or a nut in machinery.
concern, anxiety, solicitude, or anything that
frets or ruffles the mind ; tranquillity.
And Gonnore hym praide soone to come a-gein, " ffor
neuer," quod [she], " shall I be in ese of herte vn-to the
tyme that I yow se a-gein." Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 360.
Oh, did he light upon you ? what, he would have had you
seek for ease at the hands of Mr. Legality?
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 100.
Like a coy maiden, Ease, when courted most,
Farthest retires an idol, at whose shrine
Who olt'nest sacrifice are favor'd least.
Cowper, Task, i. 409.
Hence 3f. Comfort afforded or provided; sat-
isfaction; relief; entertainment; accommoda-
tion.
But for the love of God they him bisoght
Of herberwe [harborage) and of ese as for hir peny.
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 199.
It is an ease to your friends abroad that you are more
a man of business than heretofore ; for now it were an in-
jury to trouble you with a busy letter.
Donne, Letters, xxxi.
A principal fruit of friendship is the ease and discharge
of the fulness of the heart, which passions of all kinds do
cause and induce. Bacon, Friendship (ed. 1887).
It is an ease, Malfato, to disburthen
Our souls of secret clogs.
Ford, Lady's Trial, i. 3.
4. Facility; freedom from difficulty or great
labor : as, it can be done with great ease.
When you please, 'tis done with ease.
Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow (Child's Ballads, V. 387).
Lamenting is altogether contrary to reioysing, euery
man saith so, and yet is it a peece of ioy to be able to la-
ment with ease. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 37.
The Mob of Gentlemen who wrote with ease.
Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 108.
5. Freedom from stiffness, constraint, or for-
mality ; unaffectedness : as, ease of style ; ease
of manner.
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 362.
At ease, in an undisturbed state ; free from pain or anxi-
ety : used also with a qualification of emphasis (well at
ease) or of negation (ill at ease, formerly sometimes evil on
ease, ME. evele an eyse).
His soul shall dwell at ease. Ps. xxv. 13.
Ther I was well at ese, ffor ther was no thyng that I
Desyred to have but I had it shortly.
Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 7.
I am very ill at ease,
Unfit for mine own purposes.
Shak., Othello, iii. 3.
At one's ease, comfortable ; free from stiffness or formal-
ity. Chapel of ease. See chapel. Little ease, a cell
much too small for a prisoner, used as a torture in the
reign of Elizabeth, - Syn. 1. Quiet, Tranquillity, etc. See
rest. 4. Ease, Easiness, Facility. (See read-iness.) In con-
nection with tasks of any sort, ease is subjective, and de-
notes freedom from labor, or the power of doing things
without seeming effort : as, he reads with ease. Easiness
is in this connection generally objective, characterizing
O ease your hand ! treat not so hard your slave !
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 646).
There may be times no doubt when the pressure by
Russia upon ourselves in India may be eased o/by a dex-
terous diplomatic use of European alliances and compli-
cations. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 7.
4. To relieve, as by the removal of a burden or
an encumbrance; remove from, as a burden:
with of before the thing removed: as, to ease a
porter of his load.
Or that my easeless thoughts may sleep and rest.
Donne, The Token.
I ceaselesse, easelesse pri'd about
In every nook, furious to flnde her out.
Vicars, tr. of Virgil (1632).
easement (ez'ment), n. [< ME. esement, eyse-
nient, < OF. aisement (= Pr. aizimen), < aiser,
ease : see ease and -ment.~\ 1. That which gives
ease, relief, or assistance; convenience; ac-
commodation.
Thei ben fulle grete Schipppes, and faire, and wel or-
deyned, and made with Halles and Chambres, and other
eusementes as thoughe it were on the Lond.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 214.
Here they of force (as fortune now did fall)
Compelled were themselves awhile to rest,
Glad of that easement, though it were but small.
Spenser, F. Q., VI. iv. 15.
He has the advantage of a free lodging, and some other
easements. Swift.
2. In lam, a right of accommodation in ano-
ther's land ; such a right in respect to lands
as that of passage, or of having free access of
light and air which does not involve taking
anything from the land ; more specifically, such
a right when held in respect to one piece of
The childeren hem vn-armed and wente to theire log- land by the owner of a neighboring piece by
gyngis, and hem esed of all thinge that to inannys body
belongeth. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 271.
Will no man ease me o/this fool?
Beau, and Fl. , Laws of Candy, ii. 1.
I'll ease you of that care, and please myself in 't.
Middleton, Chaste Maid, il. 2.
He was not gone far, after his arrival, but the catfaliers
met him and eased him of his money.
Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 119.
virtue of his ownership of the latter. In refer-
ence to this latter piece, the right is termed an easement;
in reference to the former it is termed a servitude : but by
some writers these terms are used indiscriminately. Ease-
iiient, as distinguished from license, implies au interest in
the servient tenement itself.
3. In carp., same as ease-off. Apparent ease-
ment, an easement "of such a nature that it may be seen
or known on a careful inspection by a person ordinarily
conversant with the subject" (L. A. Goodeve).
Sir Thomas Smythe, having reluctantly prof essed a wish ease-Off (ez'6f), n. In carp., etc., a curve or
to be eased o/his office, was dismissed. easy transition formed at the junction of two
Bancroft, Hist. V. S., 1. 118. pie eS) moldingS) et c., which would otherwise
5. To mitigate; alleviate; assuage; allay; me et at an angle, as at the junction of the wall-
abate or remove in part, as any burden, pain, string of a flight of stairs with the base-board
grief, anxiety, or disturbance. o f the wall, either above or below.
Sound advice might ease hir wearie thoughtes. easily (e'zi-li), adv. [< ME. esily, esely, esiliche;
Gascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 62. < eas y + -J02.] In an easy manner ; with ease ;
Kwethousomewhatthegrievousservitudeofthyfather. without difficulty, pain, labor, anxiety, etc.;
smoothly; quietly; tranquilly: as, a task easily
performed; an event easily foreseen; to pass
life easily ; the carriage moves easily.
Than meveth on monday two hourea be-fore day, and
2 Chron. x. 4.
Strong fevers are not eas'd
With counsel, but with best receipts and means.
Ford, Broken Heart, ii. 2.
There . . . may sweet music ease thy pain
Amidst our feast.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 106.
6. To render less difficult ; facilitate.
My lords, to ease all this, but hear me speak.
Marlowe, Edward II., i. 2.
High over seas
Flying, and over lands, with mutual wing
Easing their flight. Milton, P. L., vii. 428.
Ease her ! the command given to reduce the speed of a
steamer's engine, generally preparatory to the command
to "stop her," or " turn astern." To ease away (naut.),
to slack gradually, as the fall of a tackle. To ease the
helm. See helml.Syn. 2. To quiet, calm, tranquilize,
still, pacify. 4. To disburden, disencumber.
easeful (ez'ful), a. [< ease + -ful.~\ Attended
by or affording ease; prompting rest or com-
fort; quiet; peaceful; restful.
To himself, he doth your gifts apply ;
As his main force, choice sport, and easeful stay.
Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 624).
I spy a black, suspicious, threat'ning cloud,
That will encounter with our glorious sun,
Ere he attain his easeful western bed.
SAa*.,3Hen. VI., v. S.
,
goth all esely oon after a-nother with-oute sore traveile.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 318.
It is but a little abuse, say they, and it may be easily
amended. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough.
Coming to Norwich, he [Prince Lewis] takes that City
easily, but Dover cost him a longer Siege.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 72.
Not soon provoked, she easily forgives. Prior.
easiness (e'zi-nes), n. 1. The state of being
easy ; the act of imparting or the state of en-
joying ease ; restfulness : as, the easiness of a
vehicle ; the easiness of a seat.
I think the reason I have assigned hath a great interest
in that rest and easiness we enjoy when asleep. May.
2. Freedom from difficulty; ease of perform-
ance or accomplishment : as, the easiness of an
undertaking.
Easiness and difficulty are relative terms. Tittotson.
3. Flexibility; readiness to comply; prompt
compliance ; a yielding or disposition to yield
without opposition or reluctance: as, easiness
of temper.
easiness
Give to him, and he shall but laugh at yonr easiness.
South.
This easiness and credulity destroy all the other merit
he has ; and ho has nil his life l>een a sacrifice to others,
without ever receiving thanks, or lining one nood action.
Xtr<-lc, Spectator, No. 82.
4. Freedom from stiffness, constraint, effort,
or formality: applied to manners or style.
Abstruse and mystic thoughts you must express
With painful care, hut seeming easiness.
Rosmmmon, On Translated Verse.
That which cannot without injury IMS denied to you, is
the easiness of your conversation, far from affectation or
pride; not denying even to enemies their just praises.
Dryden, Ded. of Third Misc.
She had not much company of her own sex, except those
whom she most loved for their easing**, or esteemed for
their good sense. Swift, Death of Stella.
Syn. 2. Facility, etc. See ease.
easing 1 ! (e'zing), '* [< ww + -*"<7 1 -] An ease-
ment ; an allowance ; a special privilege.
This led unfortunately In later times to many eatings to
the sous of Gild-brothers in learning the trade and acquir-
ing the freedom of the Gild.
English Oildi (E. E. T. S.), Int., p. cxxxii.
easing 2 (e'zing), n. [A dialectal contr. of eaves-
ing, a. v.] The eaves of a house, collectively.
Brockctt. [North. Eng. and Scotch.]
easing-sparrow (e'zing-spar'6), . The house-
sparrow, Passer domesticxs, which nests under
the easing or eaves of houses. [Prov. Eng.]
easing-swallow (e'zing-swol'6), n. Same as
eaves-swallow, 2.
east (est), n. and a. [< ME. est, eest, <est, east,
n., east (ace. est, etc., as adv.), < AS. edst, adv.,
orig. the ace. or dat. (locative) of the noun,
used adverbially (never otherwise as a noun,
and never as an adj., the forms so given in the
dictionaries being simply the adv. (east or east-
an), alone or in comp.), to the east, in the east,
east; in coinp. edst- (est-, eest-, etc.), a quasi-
adj., as in edst-dal, the eastern region, the east,
etc. (> E. east, a.) ; = D. oost = Fries, east,
aest = LG. oost, Q. ost = Sw. ost = Dan. ost,
ost, east (as a noun, in other than adverbial use ;
all modern, and developed from the older ad-
verbial uses) (of. OF. eat, hest, F. est = Sp. Pg.
este, Sp. Pg. also with the def. art., leste = It.
est, from the E.): (1) AS. edst = D. oost =
Dan. ost, adv., to the east, in the east, east ; (2)
AS. edstan, edsten, esten = OS. ostan, dstana =
OFries. aesta, data, Fries, dsta = MLG. ostene,
osten = OHG. ostana, MHG. ostene, osten, G.
osten = Icel. austan, adv., prop, 'from the east
(hither),' but in MHG. and G. also 'in the
east, east'; hence the noun, D. oosten = MLG.
osten = OHG. ostan, MHG. osten, G. osten = Sw.
ostan = Dan. osten, the east ; (3) AS. "edstor (not
found, but perhaps the orig. form of edst), ME.
ester-, E. easier- (in comp.) = OS. oter=OFries.
aster = D. ooster = OHG. ostar, MHG. osier, G.
oster (in comp.) = Sw. oster = Dan. oster = Icel.
austr, adv., to the east, east, Sw. Dan. Icel. also
as noun, the east ; (4) AS. edsterne, adj., E. east-
ern, q. v. ; (5) AS. edstweard, edsteweard, E. east-
ward, q. v. These are all formed from an orig.
Teut. "aus-t-a- or 'aus-t-os-, the dawn, = L. au-
rora for "ausosa, the dawn (see aurora), = Gr.
i?<5f, Attic luf, Doric auf, Laconian a8&p, JEolic
a!ru$ for "a'uauf (see Eos, Eocene). = Skt. ushas,
the dawn, the personified Dawn, Aurora, =Lith.
auszra, dawn (cf. auszta, the morning star,
auszti. v., dawn, = Lett, oust, dawn) ; cf. Skt.
nsra, bright, pertaining to the dawn, as noun
the dawn, = AS. 'Edstra, dial. Edstra, the god-
dess of dawn or rather of spring (the dawn
of the year), > E. Easter^, q. v.; < / *, Skt.
\/ ush, bum, =s L. urere, orig. "ttscre (perf. ussi,
pp. ustus), burn (see adusft, combust, etc.). = Gr.
aiieiv, kindle, eiictv, singe, etc., a reduced form
of y vas, grow bright, light up, dawn, whence
also ult. Gr. it/tap, orig. 'pea/jap, day, lap, orig.
"Fftrap, = L. ver, orig. "veser, spring (> ult. E.
vernal, etc.), L. auriim, gold (> ult. E. auric 1 ,
awaits, or*, etc.). Cf. west, north, south, and
northeast, southeast.'] I. n. 1. One of the four
cardinal points of the compass, opposite to the
west, and lying on the right hand when one
faces the north ; the point in the heavens where
the gun is seen to rise at the equinox, or the cor-
responding point on the earth, strictly, the term
applies to the one point where the sun rises at the equi-
nox ; but originally and in general use it refers to the gen-
eral direction. Specifically (rcclr*.), the point of the com-
pass toward which one is turned when facing tile altar or
high altar from the direction of the nave. As early as the
second century it was the established custom for Chris-
tians tu pray facing the east. From this resulted the cus-
tom of building churches with the altar and sanctuary t
the east end and the main entrance at the west end, and of
1823
using the terms in this way even with respect to churches
not so built.
In comynge doun fro the Mount of Olyvete, toward the
Est, is a Castelle, that is cleped Bethany.
ilandemlle, Travels, p. 97.
Here lies the east: Doth not the day break here?
Shak., J. C., II. 1.
2. The quarter or direction toward the mean
point of sunrise ; an eastward situation or trend;
the eastern part or side : as, a town or country
in the east of Europe, or on the east of a range
of mountains; to travel to the east (that is, m
an eastern direction). 3. A territory or region
situated eastward of the person speaking, or of
the people using the term. Specifically (o) [cap.]
The parts of Asia collectively (as lying east of Europe)
where civilization has existed from early times, Including
Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, India, China, etc. : as, the riches
of the East; the spices and perfumes of the East; the
kings of the East. Also called the Orient.
The gorgeous east, with richest hand,
Showers on her kings Barbaric pearl and gold.
Milton, P. L., 11. S.
(b) In the Bible, the countries southeast, east, and north-
east of Palestine, as Moab. Anmion, Arabia Deserta, Ar-
menia, Assyria, Babylon, Parthia. The countries desig-
nated by the term in particular passages must be discov-
ered from the context. (
Then Jacob went on his journey, and came Into the land
of the people of the east. Gen. xxix. 1.
The Midianites came up, and the Amalekites. and the
children of the east. Judges vl. 3.
(c) [cap.] In the United States, in a restricted sense, New
England ; in a more general sense, the whole eastern or
Atlantic portion of the country, as distinguished from the
Weft.
4. [cap.'} In church hist., the church in the
Eastern Empire and countries adjacent, espe-
cially those on the east, as "the West" is the
church in the Western Empire: as, the great
schism between East and West.
It is idle to keep (as controversialists, and especially
Anglo-Roman controversialists, love to keep) the East in
the background. J. M. Keale, Eastern Church, I. 16.
5. The east wind.
The dreaded East Is all the wind that blows.
Pope, R. of the L., iv. 20.
As when a field of corn
Bows all its ears before the roaring East.
Tennyson, Princess, i.
Empire of the East. See empire.
H. a. [< ME. est-, eest-, eest-, east-, < AS. east-,
only in comp., being the adv. (orig. noun) so
used: see east, .] 1. Situated in the direction
of the rising sun, or toward the point where the
sun rises when in the equinoctial : as, the east
side ; an east window.
Tills evening, on the east side of the grove.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., II. 1.
2. Coming from the direction of the east : only
in the phrase the or an east wind.
Thou breakest the ships of Tarshish with an east wind.
Ps. xlvlU. 7.
3. Eccles., situated beyond or in the direction
of the altar or high altar of a church as seen
from the nave : as, the east end of the choir-
stalls.
Abbreviated E.
East dial. See dial. East Indies, a name given to the
countries Included in the two great peninsulas of southern
Asia and the adjacent Islands, from the delta of the Indus
to the northern extremity of the Philippine islands, com-
prising India, Burma, Main, etc.
They shall be my East and West Indies, and I will trade
to them both. Shak., M. W. of W., t 3.
east (est), adv. [< ME. est, eest, a:st, east, <
AS. edst, adv.: see east, n. and a.] 1. In an
easterly direction ; eastward : as, he went east.
Like youthful steers unyok'd, they took their course
East, west, north, south. Shak., 2 lien. IV., Iv. 3.
One gate there only was, and that look'd toft.
Milton, P. L., iv. 178.
2. Eccles., toward the point conventionally re-
garded as the east ; in the direction of or be-
yond the altar as seen from the nave : as, the
chapel cast of the choir is commonly called the
Lady Chapel. About east, about right ; in a proper
manner. Bartlett. [Slang, New Eng.] Down east. See
down-, adr.
east (est), v. i. [< east, n. and adv.] To move
toward the east ; turn or veer toward the east.
[Scarcely used except in the verbal noun east-
east-about (est'a-bout'), adv. Around toward
the east ; in an easterly direction.
The cause, whatever it was, gradually spread, moving
east-abmtt. Sci. Ami-r., \. S., LIV. 7.
Easter 1 (es'ter), n. and a. [< ME. ester, earlier
ti-x/ir, a'stere, also entente, ecatcrne (orig. pi.), <
AS. edstre, generally pi., nom. edstro, gen. eds-
trcna, dat. edstron, edstran, also edstor-, easier-
Easter-flower
(only in comp. and in ONorth. gen. edstret),
Easter, = OHG. ostard, pi. ostarun, MHG. oster,
generally pi. astern, G. ostcrn (in comp. oster-),
Easter; orig. a festival in honor of the goddess
of Spring, = AS. " Edstra, whose name as such is
given by Beda in the dial, form Eotstra = OHG.
*0stard, etc.: see east, .] I. . A festival
observed in the Christian church, from early
times, in commemoration of the resurrection
of Jesus Christ. It corresponds with the Passover of
the Jews, which in the King James version of the Bible
is called once by the name of Hatter (Acts ill. 4). The
name appears several times in earlier versions. Easter is
observed by the Greek, Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and
Lutheran churches, and by many among the non-liturgi-
cal churches who do not generally regard the church
year. The esteem in which It is held is Indicated by Its
ancient title, "the great day." Easter Is the Sunday
which follows that 14th day of the calendar moon which
falls upon or next after the 21st day of March. This is
true buth of old style and new, and the rule has been
used, though not universally, from a very early day.
The northern Irish and Scottish, together with the
Picts, observed the custom of the Britons, keeping their
Easter upon the Sunday that fell between the xlv. and the
xx. day of the Moon.
Abp. Uuher, Religion of the Anc. Irish, Ix., in Words-
[worth's Church of Ireland, p. 54.
Gauss's Rule for finding the date of Easter. First,
take x and y out of the following table :
* V
Old style 15 6
New style, A. r>. 1583-1699 22 2
" " 1700-1799 28 3
" " 1800-1899 23 4
1900-2099 24 5.
Second, calculate the five numbers a, b, c, d, e, by the fol-
lowing rules, where N Is the number of the year :
a is the remainder after the division of N by 19.
b is the remainder after the division of X by 4.
i- Is the remainder after the division of N by 7.
</ is the remainder after the division of 19a + x by 30.
is the remainder after the division of 26 + 4c 4- 6d 4- y
by 7.
Third, then d + e + 22 is the day of March, or d + e 9 is
the day of April on which Easter falls, except that when
this rule gives April 26th the true day is April 19th, and
when the rule gives April 25th, if d = 28 and a > 10, then
the true date is April 18th.
H. a. Of or pertaining to Easter.
It were mtich to be wished . . . that their easier devo-
tions would, in some measure, come up to their easier
dress. South, Works, II. vlii.
At Easter pricet, at a cheap rate, flesh being formerly
then at a discount. Wright. Easter day, the day on
which the festival of Easter Is celebrated.
But O, she dances such a way !
No sun upon an Kaster^tay
Is half so fine a sight.
Suckling, Ballad upon a Wedding.
Easter dues or offerings, In the Ch. of Eny., certain
dues paid to the parochial clergy by the parishioners at
Easter as a compensation for personal tithes, or as the
tithe for personal labor. Easter eggs, eggs, real or ar-
tificial, ornamented by dyeing, painting, or otherwise, and
used at Easter as decorations or gifts.
Easter eggs, or Pasch eggs, are symbolical of creation,
or the re-creation of spring. The practice of presenting
eggs to our friends at Easter is Magian or Persian. . . .
Christians adopted the custom to symbolize the resurrec-
tion, and they color the eggs red in allusion to the blood
of their redemption. Brewer.
Easter eve (sometimes Easter even), the day before Easter
Sunday ; Holy Saturday ; the end of Lent and the prelude
to the festival of Easter. In the early church Good Friday
and Easter eve were observed as a strict and continuous
fast till after midnight of the latter, the whole night be-
fore Easter day being passed in continual worship and In
listening to lections and sermons. During this vigil the
churches, and frequently the streets, were brilliantly light-
ed, the worshipers also bringing lamps and tapers with
them. Two ancient ceremonies of Kaster eve, still re-
tained in the Roman Catholic Church, are the benediction
of the paschal taper (see paschal and exultet), a custom
which is said to have originated in the fifth century, and
the benediction of the font. Easter eve was the chief
time for baptism in the early church.
And soo to Roane the same nyght. where we abode
Ester euyn and Ester daye all daye, and on Ester Monday
that was the .xij. daye of Apryll we departed from Roane
to Cuys to dyner, and to Myny ye same nyght.
Sir R. Guyljorde, Pylgrymage, p. 8.
It Is not Easter yet ; but it Is Easter eve; all Lent Is but
the vigil, the eve of Easter. Donne, Sermons, xif.
Easter gift, a gift presented at Easter. Easter term,
(a) In Eng. law, a term of court beginning on the 15th
of April and continuing till about the 8th of May. (6) In
the English universities, a term held in the spring and
lasting for about six weeks after Easter. Easter week,
the week following Easter, the days of which are callen
Easter Monday, Easter Tuefday, etc.
easier 2 ! (es'ter), a. [< ME. ester- (in comp.), <
AS. "eastor = OS. ostar, etc., adv., east: see
east, n., and cf. eastern, easterly, easterling, from
which easier, a. , is in part developed.] Eastern ;
easterly.
Till starres gan vanish, and the dawning brake,
And all the Easter fnrta were full of light.
Sir J. Uarinyton, tr. of Ariosto, xxlli. 6.
Easter-flower (es'ter-flou'er), n. The flor de
pascua of Brazil, a euphorbiaceous shrub, Eu-
Easter-flower
phorbia (or Poinsettia) pulcherrima, frequently
cultivated for ornament, its flowers being sur-
rounded by large, bright-colored bracts,
easterling (es'ter-ling), n. and a. [< ME. ester-
ling (first found in the Latinized form Ester-
lingi, pi., a name applied to the Hanse mer-
chants from the East, i.e., from North Germany,
who had special trading and banking privi-
leges, and who appear to have coined money
known by their name : see sterling) (after MLG.
osterlink = G. osterling) ; < easter- (see east, n.
and a., easier^) + -ling 1 .] I. n. 1. A native
of some country lying eastward of another; an
Oriental: formerly applied in England to the easterner (es'ter-ner), n.
Hanse merchants and to traders in general from
parts of Germany and from the shores of the
Baltic.
Having oft in batteill vanquished
Those spoylefull Picts, and swarming Easterlings.
Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 63.
Merchants of Norway, Denmark, . . . called Easter-
lings. Holimhed, Ireland, an. 130.
The merchants of the East-Land parts of Almain or easternmost (es'tern-most), a. Superl. [< east-
High Germany well known in former times by the name em + -most.] Most eastern; situated in the
Fuller, Worthies, xxiv. p O j nt furthest east.
It is most likely the Easterlmgs did preserve a record Eastertide (es'ter-tid), n. Eastertime ; either
of many words and actions of the holy Jesus, which are tllB .-.,. ,, s} , or . A : t, OT , H Ml;, V ^,.
1824
The instinct of Easterns is to estimate the importance of
a prince very much in a direct ratio to the number of armed
retainers he has about him. A. A. Rev., CXXVII. 154.
2. [cap.] A member of the orthodox Oriental
or Greek Church: in contradistinction from a
Latin or Western.
The Easterns contend that the Consecration is not com-
plete without it [the Invocation].
C. E. Hammond, Liturgies Eastern and Western, Int.,
[p. xxxv.
A large number of Christians, Protestants and Easterns
as well as Catholics, profess to receive them (Christian
dogmas] on ecclesiastical authority.
H. y. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 325.
[< eastern + -er 1 .]
A person from the eastern United States.
[Colloq., U. S.]
The bulk of the cowboys themselves are South-western-
ers. . . . The best hands are fairly bred to the work and
follow it from their youth up. Nothing can be more fool-
ish than for an Easterner to think he can become a cow-
boy in a few months' time.
T. Roosevelt, The Century, XXXV. 502.
not transmitted to us.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 138.
2. The name given to the English silver pen-
nies (also called sterlings) of the twelfth, thir-
teenth, and fourteenth centuries ; also to Euro-
pean imitations of the same. See sterling.
3f. The common widgeon, Afareca penelope.
Latham. 4. The smew or white nun, Mergel-
lus albellus. Montagu. [Local, British.]
II. a. BelongingTo the money of the Easter-
lings or Baltic traders. See sterling.
easterly (es'ter-li), a. [= OHG. ostarlih, MHG.
osterlich, G. osterlich = Icel. austarligr, adj.,
easterly; < easter- (see east, n. and a., easter^,
eastern) + -ly 1 .] 1. Moving or directed east-
ward: as, an easterly current; an easterly course.
2. Situated toward the east: as, the easterly
side of a lake.
In whiche Lapland he [Arthur] placed the easterly
bounds of his Brittish empire. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 2.
3. Looking toward the east : as, an easterly ex-
posure. 4. Coming from the east : as, an east-
erly wind; an easterly rain.
The winter winds still easterly do keep,
And with keen frosts have chained up the deep.
Drayton, On his Lady not coming to London.
On
the week ushered in by and following Easter,
formerly observed throughout the Christian
world as a holiday and with religious services,
or the fifty days between Easter and Whitsun-
tide, which were observed as a festival and with
religious solemnities. This period is still re-
garded by the church as a special festival sea-
East-Indiaman (est-in'dia-man), n. A vessel
employed in the East India trade.
Sometimes an East Indiaman, with rusty, seamed, blis-
tered sides, and dingy sails, comes slowly moving up the
harbor, with an air of indolent self-importance and con-
sciousness of superiority. 6. W. Curtis, Prue and I, p. 65.
and sun., the distance eastward from a
given meridian ; the distance made by a ship on
an eastern course, expressed in nautical miles.
We had run down our easting and were well up for the
Strait. Macmillan's Mag.
At noon we were in lat. 64 27' S., and long. 85" 5' W.,
having made a good deal of easting.
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 358.
eastland (est'land), n. and a. [< ME. eestlond,
estlond, eastlond, < AS. eastland, < east, adv.,
east, + land, land.] I. . The land in the
east; eastern countries ; the Orient. [Rare.]
Il.t a. Eastward-bound; being engaged in
the eastern trade.
easterly (es'ter-li), adv. [< easterly, a.]
the east ; in the direction of east.
There seem to have been two adjacent but separate tor- Our own ei g nt E st India ships . . . and our eastland
nadoes, moving easterly about sixty miles an hour. " eet > to tne n mber of twenty. Boyle, Works, VI. 192.
Science, ill. 801. eastling (est'ling), a. [So. eastlin; < east +
easter-mackerel (es'ter-mak"e-rel), n. Same -ling*. Cf. backling, headling, etc. See easel?.]
as chub-mackerel. Easterly.
eastern (es'tern), a. and n. [< ME. esterne,
(esterne, < AS. edsterne (= OS. ostroni = OHG.
ostroni = Icel. austrcenn, eastern), < 'edstor,
east = OS. dstar, etc., east: see east,n. and a. eastward (est'ward), adv.
Cf. western, northern, southern.] I. a. 1. Situ-
ated toward the east or on the part toward the
east: as, the eastern side of a town or church;
How do you, this blae eastlin wind,
That's like to blaw a body blind?
Burns, To James Tennant.
the eastern shore of a bay.
Right against the eastern gate,
Where the great sun begins his state.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 59.
2. Going toward the east, or in the direction
of east : as, an eastern route. 3. Coming from
the east ; easterly. [Bare.]
I woo'd a woman once,
But she was sharper than an eastern wind.
Tennyson, Audley Court.
4. Of or pertaining to the east ; Oriental ; being
or occurring in the east: as, eastern countries;
eastern manners ; an eastern tour.
The easterns churches first did Christ embrace.
Stirling, Doomesday, The Ninth Houre.
[< ME. esttcard, <
AS. edstweard, edsteweard, adv., < east, adv.,
east, + -loeard, -ward.] Toward the east; in
the direction of east: as, to travel eastward;
the Dead Sea lies eastward of Jerusalem.
Eastern Kings, who to secure their reign
Must have their brothers, sons, and kindred slain
Sir J. Denham, On Mr. John Fletcher's Works
Haste hither, Eve. and with thy sight behold,
Eastward among those trees, what glorious shape
Comes this way moving. Milton, P. L., v. 309.
While more eastward they direct the prow,
Enormous waves the quivering deck o'erflow.
Falconer, Shipwreck, iii.
eastward (est'ward), a. [< eastward, adv.] 1.
Having a direction toward the east.
The eastward extension of this vast tract was unknown.
Marsden, tr. of Marco Polo.
2. Bearing toward the east ; deviating or tend-
ing in the direction of the east : as, the eastward
trend of the mountains.- Eastward position (ec-
cles.), the position of the celebrant at the eucharist when
he stands in front of the altar and facing it : used with
especial reference to such Anglican priests as face the
altar throughout most of the communion office, in con-
tradistinction from others who place themselves at the
north end of the altar, facing southward.
>'- eastwards (est'wardz), adv. [< eastward +
' adv. gen. -s.] Eastward.
.....,,.,. Such were the accounts from the remotest parts east-
iHf.jSS?!? ?*">!:. iven .t tn . e 8 - "*< Marsden, tr. of Mlrco Polo.
easy-chair
(c) Free from want or from solicitude as to the means of
living; atfordingacompetencewithouttoil; comfortable:
as, easy circumstances ; an easy fortune.
A marriage of love is pleasant, a marriage of interest
easy, and a marriage where both meet, happy.
Addison, Spectator, No. 261.
The members of an Egyptian family in easy circum-
stances may pass their time very pleasantly.
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 187.
2. Not difficult; not wearisome; giving or re-
quiring no great labor or effort ; presenting no
great obstacles; not burdensome: as, an easy
task; an easy question; an easy road.
This sikenes is righte easy to endure ;
But fewe puple it causith for to dye.
Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 61.
My yoke is easy, and my burden is light. Mat. xi. 30.
'Tis as easy as lying. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.
At last, with easy roads, he came to Leicester.
Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 2.
It is much easier to govern great masses of men through
their imagination than through their reason.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 287.
3. Giving no pain, shock, or discomfort: as, an
easy posture ; an easy carriage ; an easy trot.
Mr. Bailey, wiping his face on the jack-towel, remarked,
"that arter late hours nothing freshened up a man so
much as an easy shave."
Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xxix.
4. Moderate; not pressing or straining ; not ex-
acting; indulgent: as, a ship under easy sail;
an easy master.
He was an easy man to yeve penance.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 223.
Stert nat rudely ; komme inne an esy pace.
Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 3.
I have several small wares that I would part with at
easy rates. Steele, Taller, No. 106.
We made easy Journeys, of not above seven or eight score
miles a day. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 2.
5. Readily yielding ; not difficult of persua-
sion; compliant; not strict: as, a woman of
easy virtue.
With such deceits he gained their easy hearts.
Dryden.
So merciful a king did never live,
Loth to revenge, and easy to forgive.
Dryden, Spanish Friar, v. 2.
I am a Fellow of the most easy indolent Disposition in
the World. Steele, Tender Husband, i. 1.
6. Not constrained ; not stiff, formal, or harsh ;
facile ; natural : as, easy manners ; an easy ad-
dress ; an easy style of writing.
There is no man more hospitably easy to be withall
than my Lord Arlington. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 16, 1671.
Good manners is the art of making those people easy
with whom we converse. Swift, Good Manners.
His version is not indeed very easy or elegant ; but it is
entitled to the praise of clearness and fidelity.
Macaulay, Milton.
Dryden was the first Englishman who wrote perfectly
easy prose, and he owed his style and turn of thought to
his French reading.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 340.
7. Easeful; self-indulgent.
Our Blessed Saviour represents in the Parable this young
Prodigal as weary of being rich and easie at Home, and
fond of seeing the Pleasures of the World.
Stilling fleet, Sermons, III. i.
The easy, Epicurean life which he [Frederic] had led,
his love of good cookery and good wine, of music, of con-
versation, of light literature, led many to regard him as a
sensual and intellectual voluptuary.
Macaulay, Frederic the Great
8f. Light; sparing; frugal.
And jit he was but eey of dispence ;
He kepte that he wan in pestilence.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 441.
9t. Indifferent; of rather poor quality.
The maister of the feast had set vpon the table wine
that was but easie and so-so.
J. Udatt, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 348.
10. In com., not straitened or restricted, or dif-
ficult to obtain or manage : opposed to tigh t :
as, the money-market is easy (that is, loans
may be easily procured) Easy circumstances.
See circumstance. Free and easy. See/rec. Honors
are easy, in whist-playin<i. honors are equally divided
between the sides ; hence, figuratively, of any dispute or
contention between two parties, there seems to be no
advantage on either side. [U. S.] = Syn. 1. Untroubled,
contented, satisfied. 5. Pliant, complaisant, accommo-
dating. 6. Unconstrained, graceful.
eral problems or complications in the international" DoYi j ' e "~"
tics of Europe growing out of the presence of tin- Turkish eas y ( e Z1 ), ', compar. easier, superl. easiest, easy (e zi), adv.; compar. easier, superl. easiest.
[< easy, .] Easily.
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,
As those move easiest that have learned to dance.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 363.
power in the southeast. [Early mod. E. also easie; < ME. esy, eesy, < ese,
11. n. i. A person living in or belonging to the ease: see ease, n.] 1. Having ease, (a) Free
;ernpartof a country or region; specifically, from bodily pain or discomfort ; quiet; comfortable: as,
one belonging to one of the countries Ivine east the P atient nas sle P* we " ana is e "*n- () Free from
of Europe; an Oriental. [Rare.] ' ' , t S,,d r fretfulne88 ; uiet ; ^l"" ' 8atisflel1 : easy-chair (e'zi-char),V. A chair so shaped
h.^*"!2? them selves complained of the excessive Keep their thoughts em,, ami free, the only temper anj f such material as to afford a comfortable
wherein the mind is capable'of receiving new informations seat ! especially, an arm-chair upholstered and
Locke. Stuffed.
neat of the sun.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 129.
easy-chair
I set the Child an easy Chair
Against the Fire, and dry d his Hair.
1'riitf, cupid Turn'd Stroller.
Whether thou choose CervanU'8 1 serious air,
Or laugh and shake In Rabelais' easy-dun r.
Pope, Dunciad, I. 19.
easy-going (e'zi-gd'ini?), a. Inclined to take
matters in an easy way, without jar or friction;
good-natured.
After the cagif-ffoi'wf fashion of his day, he [Gray] was
more lilvly to eonsider his salary as another form of pen-
sion. Lowell, New Princeton Hev., I. H;4.
The flavor of Old Virginia !> unmistakable, and life
ilrnps into an c<Mi/-'/r>m'; pace under this intluenee.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 205.
eat (et), c. ; pret. ate (at) or cat (et), pp. eaten
(sometimes cat), ppr. eating. [Early mod. E.
also eate, etc; < ME. cten (pret. et, eet, (et, pi. etc,
eten, pp. eten), < AS. etan (prot. a't, pi. ceton, pp.
eten) = OS. etan = OFries. ita, eta, NFries. ytten
= MLG. LG. eten = D. eten = OHG. ezan, ezzan,
MHG. ezzen, G. essen = Icel. eta = Sw. dta =
Dan. aide = Goth, itan = L. edere = Gr. Ifeiv =
Gael, and Ir. ith = Slav. / 'jad, *ed = Skt. V ad,
eat. Cf. etch 1 , frefl, edible, etc. ; all from the
same ult. root.] I. trans. 1. To masticate and
swallow as nourishment ; partake of or devour as
food: said especially of solids : as, to eat bread.
But he toke him three Groynes of the same Tree that
his Fadre eet the Appelle offe. ilandeeille, Travels, p. 11.
They shall make thee to eat grass as oxen. Dan. Iv. 25.
Venator. On my word, master, this is a gallant Trout ;
what shall we do with him?
Piscator. Marry, e'en eat him to supper.
/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 77.
2. To corrode; wear away; gnaw into; con-
sume; waste: generally with away, out, up, or
into : as, rust has eaten away the surface ; lines
eaten out by aqua fortis; these cares eat up all
my time.
A great admirer he is of the rust of old Monuments, and
reades onely those Characters where time hath eaten ovt
the letters.
Dp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, An Antiquary.
Who eat up my people as they eat bread. Ps. xiv. 4.
Which I, in capital letters,
Will eat into thy flesh with aquafortis,
And burning corsives. B. Jonson, Volpone, lii. 6.
As I sealed the Alps, my Thoughts reflected upon Han-
nibal, who, with Vinegar and Strong Waters, did eat out a
Passage thro' those II ill-.. Howell, Letters, I. L 43.
The taxes were so intollerable that they eate up the
rents. Evelyn, Wary, Sept. 17, 1655.
The great business of the sea Is ... confined to eating
away the margin of the coast, and planing it down to a
depth of perhaps a hundred fathoms.
Huxley, Physiography, p. 183.
To eat crow, seerrows. To eat dirt. See dirt. To
eat humble-pie, see humlile-pie.lo eat one out of
house and home, to ruin one by the cost of supporting
or entertaining others.
Thy wife's friends will eat thee out ofhoime and home.
Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 644.
To eat one's head Off, to cost more in feeding than one
is wortli : said usually of an animal, particularly a horse.
My mare has eaten her head off at the Ax in Alderman-
bury. Country Farmer's Catechism,
To eat one's heart, to brood over one's sorrows or dis-
appointments.
He could not rest ; but did hit stout heart eat.
Spenser, F. Q., I. II. 6.
I will not eat my heart alone,
Nor feed witli sighs a passing wind.
Tennyson, In Memoriam, cviii.
To eat one's terms, in the English inns of court, to go
through the prescribed amount of study preparatory to
being called to the bar : in allusion to the number of din-
ners a student must eat in the public hall of his society
each term in order that the term may count as such.
Together, save for college times,
Or Temple-eaten terms.
Tennyson, Aylmers Field.
To eat one's words, to take back what one has uttered ;
retract one's assertions.
I'll eat no uvrds for you, nor no men.
B. Jonson, Eplcoene, v. 1.
Would I were a man,
I'd make him cat hi* knave's icortts!
Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, iv. 1.
If you find such a man in close and cordial influence
with the masses, write me. and ttiese mml will be eaten
with pleasure ! H. ". /.v.'.v,, v .\\ Timothy, p. -Ji.
To eat sour grapes. See tirapel. =Syn. Eat, Bite, Chew.
Vnaie, Devour, Gobblf, Continue. Eat Is the general
word. To bite is to set the teeth into. To chew Is to grind
with the teeth. To gnaw is to bite off little by little, to
work ut with tin- teeth, where the substance is hard or
muii:i'., r e<i \vith ilitlieiilty and there is little or nothing to
be got : as, to irnaw a bone. To demur is to eat up, to eat
eagerly or voraciously. To ttobbl? is to ent hurriedly or
offensively, as in large places. To mistime is to ent up,
to eat completely, /i/'e, rlu 'it; ;iml 'rnuic do not imply
swallowing ; the others do.
One cannot eat one's eake anil haw it too.
liH-kfrstaff, Thomas and Sally.
Truth has rough flavours if we bile it through.
Oeorqe Eliot, Armgart, ii.
115
1825
Rome honks are to lw> tasted, others to be swallowed,
and some few to be cheu-ed and digested.
Bacon, Studies (ed. 1887).
Gnaicin'i with my teeth my bonds In sunder,
I galn'd my freedom. Shak., C. of E., v. 1.
The miserable soldiers, after devouring all the horses in
the city, are reduced to the degradation of feeding on dogs,
cats, raU, etc. Sumner, Orations, I. 28.
And supper gobbled up in haste. Swift, Ladies' Journal.
Those few escaped
Famine and anguish will at last consume.
MUton, P. L, xi. 778.
II. intrans. 1. To take food; feed.
He did eat continually at the king's table. 2 Sam. ix. 13.
Why eateth your master with publicans and sinners?
Mat. Ix. 11.
Their daunccs ended, they deuoure the meate, for they
hnd not eate in three dayes before.
Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 773.
2. To make way by corrosion; gnaw; pene-
trate or excavate by disorganization or destruc-
tion of substance: as, a cancer eats into the
flesh.
Their word will eat as doth a canker. 2 Tim. IL 17.
The ulcer, eating thro' my skin,
Betray'd my secret penance.
Tennyson, St. Simeon Stylltes.
3. To taste: relish: as, it eats like the finest
peach. [Colloq.]
The Chub, though he eat well thus dressed, yet as he 11
usually dressed, he does not.
/. (Fa/ton, Complete Angler, p. 68.
While the tender Wood-pigeon's cooing cry
Has made me say to myself, with a sigh,
" How nice you would eat with a steak in a pie ! "
Harhain, Ingoldsby Legends, L 114.
Soup and potatoes eat better hot than cold. Jtutnell.
Eating days. See dayi. To eat up Into the wind
(naut.), to gain to windward to an unusual degree.
There are craft that from their model and balance of
sail . . . seem to eat up into the wind.
Qitaltroitffh, Boat-Sailer's Manual, p. 9.
eatable (e'ta-bl), a. and n. [< eat + -able.']
1. a. Fit to b'e eaten; edible ; proper for food;
esculent.
What flsh can any shore, or British sea-town show,
That's eatable to us, that It doth not bestow
Abundantly thereon ? Drayton, Polyolbion, xxv. 158.
II. n. Anythingthatmay be eaten; that which
is fit for or used as food.
Eatables we brought away, but the earthen vessels we
had no occasion for. Dampier, Voyages, an. 1686.
eatage (e'taj), n. [A corruption (as if < eat +
-age) of edige, eddish: see eddish.] Food for
horses and cattle from aftermath. See eddish.
The immense eatage obtained from seeds the same year
they are sown and after the flax is pulled.
Economist, Feb. 1, 1852.
eat-beet, . [< eat, v., + obj. beel.] Amerope
or bee-eater (which see). Florio.
eaten (e'tn). Past participle of eat.
eater (e'ter), n. K ME. etere, < AS. etere (= D.
eter = G. esser = Dan. eeder = Sw. atare), eat-
er, < etan, eat.] 1. One who eats; specifical-
ly, a menial ; a servant. Compare beef-eater.
Ase byeth the mochele driukeres and eteres.
Ayenbite of Inwyt, p. 47.
Be not among winebibbers, among riotous eaters of
flesh. Prov. xxiii. 20.
Where are all my eaters? my mouths, now?
B. Jonson, Epicoene, lii. 2.
Menials appear to have been treated formerly with very
little ceremony; they were stripped and beaten at their
master's pleasure; and cormorants, eaters, and feeders
were among the civilcst names bestowed upon them.
Oi/ord, Note to B. Jonson s Every Man out of his
[Humour, v. 1.
2. That which eats or corrodes; a corrosive,
eatht (eTH), a. [< ME. eth, (eth, eath, < AS. edthe
= OS. odhi = OHG. odi, easv. Connection of
this word with OHG. odi, MHG. cede, G. ode,
empty, desolate, = Dan. Sw. ode = Icel. audhr
= Goth. iinHi.i, desolate, barren, is doubtful.
There is no connection with ease: see ease.']
Easy.
That kud knijt is eth to know by his kene dedes.
William of Palerne, 1. 3571.
More eath it were for mortall wight
To tell the sands, or count the starres on hye.
Spenser, F. Q., IV. xi. 63.
All hard assaycs esteem I eath and light.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, il. 46.
eatht (eTH), adr. [< ME. ethe, eatlie, ytlie, < AS.
edtlic, cthc, edth, eth, easily, < edthe, easy: see
eath, a.] Easily.
Who thinks him most secure, is eathest sham'd.
Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, x. 42.
eathlyt (oTH'li), adr. Easily. HalliicrU.
eating (e'ting), . [< ME. etynge; verbal n. of
rut. <.] 1. The act of consuming food, espe-
cially solid food.
eaves-drip
Wat turncth a man to licestii kindc
But etyn<ff V ilr> liking out of sesoun?
llyinns to Viryin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 84.
2. That which may be eaten; food: as, the
birds were delicious eating.
The French love good eating they are all gourmands.
Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vll. 17.
And she and I the banquet-scene completing
With dreamy words and very pleasant eatinrj.
T. B. Aldrich, The Lunch.
eating (e'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of eat, v.] Corrod-
ing ; caustic.
The eating force of flames, and wings of winds.
B. Jonson, Catiline, III. 3.
Ever, against eating cares,
Lap me in soft Lydian airs.
Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 135.
eating-house (e'ting-hous), n. A house where
food is served to customers ; a place of resort
for meals ; a restaurant.
Eaton code. See code.
eau (6), n. ; pi. eaux (6z). [F., < L. //, water:
see aqua.] vVater: a word designating various
spirituous waters, particularly perfumes and
cordials ; it also enters into several French he-
raldic phrases Eau Creole, a highly esteemed cordial
made in Martinique, West Indies, by distilling the flowers
of the mammee-apple(J/ammea Americana) with spirit of
wine. Eau de Cologne, Cologne water. See cologne.
Eau de Javelle, in pnar., a solution prepared by mixing,
in suitable proportions, potassium carbonate, bleaching-
powder, and water. The solution after filtration contains
salt, potassium carbonate, and potassium hypocblorlte.
It is used chiefly as an antiseptic and a bleaching agent.
Msojavelle's water. Eau deLuce (from I<u,the name
of the Inventor), a compound of mastic, alcohol, oil of lav-
ender, oil of amber, and aqua ammonite. It is stimulant
and antispasmodfc. Also called spiritus ammoniai sued-
natus and ai/ua Lucia. Eau de Paris, a substitute for
eau de Cologne and similar cosmetics. It is sometimes
taken in sweetened water as a cordial and stimulant.
eau-de-vie (6'de-ve'), [F-, lit- water of life :
eau, water (see eau) ; de, of; vie, < L. vita, life.]
The French name for brandy: specifically ap-
plied to the coarser and less purified varieties
of brandy, the term cognac being generally ap-
plied to fine grades Eau-de-vie de Dantzig, a
white liqueur or cordial, sweet and strong, in which are
introduced for ornament small particles of gold-leaf.
Eau-de-vie d'Hendaye. a sweet cordial of which there
are three varieties white, which contains the least alco-
hol ; green, which is the strongest ; and yellow.
eaux, n. Plural of eau.
eavet, v. t. [< eaves.] To shelter, as beneath
eaves. Davies. [Bare.]
His hat shap't almost like a cone, . . .
With narrow rim scarce wide enough
To earn from rain the staring ruff.
T. Ward, England's Reformation, p. 102.
eavedropt, v. See eavesdrop.
eaver (e ver), n. [E. dial.] Rye-grass. Halli-
ir/ell. [Devonshire, Eng.]
Neither doth it fall behind in meadow-ground and pas-
turage, clover, eaver, and trefoil-grass.
Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, I. 362.
eaves (evz), n. pi. [Early mod. E. also eres; <
ME. ere.se, eovese, pi. ereses, eaves of a house,
edge (of a hill, a wood, etc.), < AS. efese, yfese,
eaves, edge, = OFries. ose = MLG. ovesc, LG.
oese, ese = OHG. obasa, obosa, obisa. opasa, oposa,
opesa, obsa, MHG. obse, G. dial, obesen, obsen, a
porch (G. dial, ouseh, itesch, a cutter along the
eaves), = Icel. p = Sw. dial, uffs, eaves, =
Goth, ubizwa, a porch, prob. < Goti. /, under,
= OHG. oba, opa, MHG. obe, G. often, above (cf.
G. ob-dach, a shelter), etc. : see over, from the
same ult. source. This word is prop, singular,
but, like riches, etc., it is treated as plural, the
formative suffix -es being mistaken for the plu-
ral suffix.] If. Edge; border; margin.
Anne forsothe sat beside the wete eehe dai in the euese
of the hil. W, Tobit xi 6 (Oxf.).
Tims laykez this lorde by lynde wodez [lind-wood's] euez.
Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight, L 1178.
Specifically 2. The lower edge of a roof; that
part of the roof of a building which projects
beyond the wall and sheds the water that falls
on the roof; hence, figuratively, any projecting
rim.
His tears run down his beard, like winter's drops
From eaoes of reeds. Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Shrowded under an obscure cloke, and the eves of an old
hat. 11. Jomon, Fortunate Isles.
Sombre streets of palaces with overhanging fawn, that,
almost meeting, form a shelter from the fiercest sun.
J. A. Symondu, Italy and Greece, p. 283.
eaves-board, eaves-catch (evz'bord, -kach),
n. An arris-fillet, or a thick board with a fea-
ther-edge, nailed across the rafters at the eaves
of a roof to raise the course of slates a little.
Also called eaves-lath.
eaves-drip (evz'drip), n. [ME. not found ; <
AS. efe&-, yfes-dri/fid, ii/rs-dropa (= Icel. i
eaves-drip
dropi = OSw. opsadrup = OFries. osedropta =
MD. osendmp, oosdrup (also osenloop), D. oos-
druip, eaves-drip, stillicide), < ej'esc, eaves, +
dryppan, drip, dropa, a drop : see eaves and drip,
drop. Cf. caves-drop.] An ancient custom or law
which required a proprietor to build in such a
manner that the eaves-drop from his house or
buildings should not fall on the land of his
neighbor. It was the same as the urban ser-
vitude of the Romans, called stillicide (stillici-
dium).
eaves-drop (evz'drop), . [Early mod. E. also
eves-drop; < eaves + drop : see eaves-drip.'] The
water which falls in drops from the eaves of a
house.
eavesdrop (evz'drop), v. ; pret. and pp. eaves-
dropped, ppr. eavesdropping. [Early mod. E.
also evesdrop (and eavedrop); < eaves-drop, .]
1. intrans. 1 . To lurk under the eaves or near
the windows of a house to listen and learn what
is said within doors.
But truly I cannot blame the gentlewomen ; you stood
eves-dropping under their window, and would not come
up. /,'"'. and /'/.. Captain, v. 3.
Telling some politicians who were wont to eavesdrop in
disguises. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.
2. Figuratively, to lie in wait to hear the pri-
vate conversation of others.
Strozza hath eavesdropp'd here, and overheard us.
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, ii. 1.
H. trans. To listen to in a clandestine man-
ner. [Rare.]
The jealous eare of night eave-drops our talke.
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, I., ii. 1.
It is not civil to eavesdrop him, but I'm sure he talks
on 't now. Shirley, Hyde Park, i. 2.
eavesdropper (evz ' drop " er), n. [Early mod.
E. also evesdropper, esen-dropper ; < eavesdrop,
v., + -er 1 .] One who watches for an opportu-
nity to hear the private conversation of others.
Under our tents I'll play the eaves-dropper,
To hear if any mean to shrink from me.
Shak., Rich. III., v. 3.
Eaves-droppers, or such as listen under walls or windows
or the eaves of a house, to hearken after discourse, and
thereupon to frame slanderous and mischievous tales, are
a common nuisance, and presentable at the court leet.
Blackstone, Com., IV. xiii.
eavesdropping (evz'drop"ing), . [Verbal n.
of eavesdrop, t'.] The act of one who eaves-
drops ; the doings of an eavesdropper.
Then might the conversations of a Schiller with a
Goethe . . . tempt Honesty itself into eavesdropping.
Carlyle, Schiller.
eavesingt (ev'zing), n. [E. dial, contr. pi. eav-
ings, easings; < ME. evesynge, eaves (also, ear-
lier, evesunge, a shearing, < AS. *cfesmig, a shear-
ing (around the edges), verbal n. of efesian, ef-
sian, shear, = Icel. efsa, cut), < evese, edge, eaves:
see eaves.] 1. A shearing; what is shorn off.
Me sold his enetnnye, tlieo her the me kerf of.
Ancren Riwle, p. 398
2. Eaves.
As we may seo a wynter
Isekles in [on] euesynges thorgh hete of the sonne
llelteth ... to myst and to water.
Piers Plowman (C), xx. 193.
eaves-lath (evz'lath), n. Same as eaves-board.
eaves-swallow (evz'swoFo), . 1. Same as
cliff-swallow. This name was first used about 1825, when
these birds appeared in settled parts of the eastern Unit-
nesting-places being on cliffs. Often less' correctly writ-
ten eace-swallow.
2. The house-martin, Chelidon urbica. Also
casing-swallow. [Local, Eng.]
eaves-trough (evz'trdf ), n. A gutter suspended
immediately under the eaves of a roof to catch
the drip. It is made of wood, sheet-tin, zinc, or copper
and fitted with hangers for adjusting it to the structure
Also called gutter, trader, or spout.
1826
eavingS (e'vingz), n. pi. [Contr. of eavesings:
see eavesing.] Eaves. Cotgrave. [Now chiefly
prov. Eng.]
ebauchoir (a-bo-shwor'), n. [P., < Ebaucher,
sketch, outline, rough-hew: see bosJi 1 , and cf.
debauch.] 1. A large chisel used by statuaries
to rough-hew their work. 2. A great hatchel
or beating instrument used by rope-makers.
ebb (eb), n. and a. [Early mod. E. ebbe; < ME.
ebbe, < AS. ebba = D. eb, ebbc = OFries. ebba =
LG. ebbe (> G. ebbc) = Sw. ebb = Dan. ebbe, ebb.
Prob. related to Goth, ibuks, backward, and per-
haps to Goth, ibns = AS. efen, E. eveni, q. v.]
1. n. 1. The reflux or falling of the tide; the
return of tide-water toward the sea: opposed
to flood or flow. See tide.
As sore wondren somme on cause of thonder,
On ebbe, on flood, on gossomer, and on mist.
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 251.
His mother was a witch, and one so strong
That could control the moon, make flows and ebbs.
Shak., Tempest, v. 1.
Sometimes at a low ebbe they [quicksands] are all un-
covered with water. Coryat, Crudities, I. 2.
[.Eschylus] was always at high flood of passion, even in
the dead ebb and lowest water -mark of the scene.
Dryden, Grounds of Criticism in Tragedy.
2. A flowing backward or away ; decline ; de-
cay; a gradual falling off or diminution: as,
the ebb of prosperity ; crime is on the ebb.
There have been divers of your Royal Progenitors who
have had as shrewd Shocks ; and 'tis well known how the
next transmarine Kings have been brought to lower ebbs.
Howell, Letters, ii. 63.
I hate to learn the ebb of time
From yon dull steeple's drowsy chime.
Scott, L. of the L., vi. 24.
Moral principle was at as low an ebb in private as in
public life. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 14.
3f. A name of the common bunting, Emberiza
miliaria. Montagu.
Il.t a. Not deep ; shallow.
The water there is otherwise verie low and ebb.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxi. 7.
The ebber shore.
Bp. Ball, Works (1648), p. 20. (HaUiwell.)
O how ebb a soul have I to take in Christ's love !
Rutherford, Letters, viii.
ebb (eb), v. [< ME. ebben, < AS. ebbian = D.
ebben = MLG. LG. ebben (> MHG. eppen, G.
ebben) = Sw. ebba = Dan. ebbc, ebb: see the
noun.] I. intrans. 1. To flow back; return,
as the water of a tide, toward the ocean ; sub-
side : opposed to flow : as, the tide ebbs and
flows twice in twenty-four hours. See tide.
This Watre rennethe, flowynge and ebbynye, be asyde of
the Mountayne. Mandeville, Travels, p. 199.
But that which I did most admire was, to see the Water
keep ebbing for two Days together, without any flood, till
the Creek where we lived was almost dry.
Dumpier, Voyages, II. iii. 66.
2. To return or recede ; fall away; decline.
Now, when all is wither'd. shrunk, and dry'd,
All virtues ebb'd out to a dead low tide.
Donne, Countess of Salisbury.
Hay
And felt them slowly ebbing, name and fame.
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
= Syn. To recede, retire, decrease, sink, lower, wane, fall
away.
II. trans. To cause to subside. [Rare.]
That disdainful look has pierc'd my soul, and ebb'd my
rage to penitence and sorrow. Steele, Lying Lover, ii. 1.
ebb-anchor (eb'ang/kor), n. The anchor by
which a ship rides during the ebb-tide.
ebb-tide (eb'tid), . The reflux of tide-water;
the retiring tide.
ebent, n. An obsolete form of ebon. Johnson.
Ebenaceae (eb-e-na'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. ebe-
nus (see ebony) + -acece.] A natural order of
gamopetalous exogens, containing 5 or 6 gen-
era and about 250 species, shrubs or trees,
chiefly inhabiting the tropics, with hard and
heavy wood. Among the valuable timbers yielded by
this order are the ebony, calamander-wood, marblewood,
etc. The largest and most important genus is Diospyros
See cut under Diospyros.
ebenet, n. An obsolete form of ebon.
ebeneous (e-be'ne-us), a. [< LL. ebeneus, of
ebony, < L. ebenus, ebony : see ebony.'] Of or
; ebony-colored.
Same as Ebionit-
But an Ebionism which Irenams and Eusebius who had
the entire works of these authors in their hands, failed to
detect, could not be of a very pronounced character.
0. P. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 602.
Ebionite (e'bi-on-5t), . and a. [< LL. Ebio-
nitai, pi., Gr. r E/3iuvaloi, < Heb. 'ebjonim (pi.
of 'ebjon), lit. 'the poor'; the origin of the
application of the name is uncertain.] I. n.
ebony
A member of a party of Judaizing Christians
which appeared in the church as early as
the second century and disappeared about the
fourth century. They agreed in (1) the recognition of
Jesus as the Messiah, (2) the denial of his divinity, (8)
belief in the universal obligation of the Mosaic law, and
(4) rejection of Paul and his writings. The twogreat divi-
sions of Ebionites were the Pharisaic Ebionites, who em-
phasized the obligation of the Mosaic law, and the Essenic
Ebionites, who were more speculative and leaned toward
Gnosticism.
II. a. Relating to the heresy of the Ebionites.
Ebionitic (e"bi-on-it'ik), a. [< Ebionite + -ic.]
Of or pertaining' to the Ebionites or Ebionitism.
Ebionitism (e'bi-on-it-izm), n. [< Ebionite +
4sm.] The doctrines or system of the Ebion-
ites. Also Ebionism.
The principal monument of the Essenian Ebionitism is
the pseudo-Clementine writings, whose date is somewhere
in the latter part of the second century.
Q. P. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 499.
eblanin (eb'la-nin), n. [Formation not clear.]
Same as pyrdxanthine.
Eblis, Iblees (eb'lis, ib'les), n. [Ar. Iblis.]
In Mohammedan myth., an evil spirit or devil,
the chief of the fallen angels or wicked jinns.
Before his fall he was called Azazel or Hharis.
- Hall of Eblis, the hall of demons ; pandemonium.
eboe-light (e'bo-llt), n. [< -eboe, appar. W. Ind.,
+ light 1 .] The Erythroxylon brevipes, a shrub
of the West Indies.
eboe-torchwood (e'bo-t6rch // wud), n. Same as
eboe-ligh t.
eboe-tree (e'bo-tre), . A leguminous tree,
Dipteryx oleifera, of the Mosquito Coast in
Central America, the seeds of which yield a
large quantity of oil. They resemble the ton-
quin-bean, but are entirely without fragrance.
ebon (eb'on), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also eben,
heben, ebeiie, etc. (cf. D. ebbenhont = G. eben-
holz ( > Dan. ibenholt = Sw. ebenholts), ' ebony-
wood'), < OF. benus, ebene, F. ebene = Pr. ebena
= Sp. Pg. It. ebano, < L. ebenus, corruptly hebe-
nus, < Gr. ijicvof, e/levri, the ebony-tree, ebony,
prob. of Phen. origin ; cf. Heb. hobnin, pi., eb-
ony : so called in allusion to its hardness ; < eben,
a stone. Now usually ebony, ebon being chiefly
poetical: see ebony.] I. n. Ebony (which see).
To write those plagues that then were coming on
Doth ask a pen of ebon and the night.
Drayton, Barons' Wars, iv.
Of all those trees that be appropriate to India, Virgil
hath highly commended the ebene above the rest.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, xli. 4.
II. a. 1 . Consisting or made of ebony.
A gentle youth, his dearely loved Squire,
His speare of lieben wood behind him bare.
Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 37.
2. Like ebony in color; dark; black.
Heaven's ebon vault,
Studded with stare unutterably bright,
Through which the moon's unclouded grandeur rolls.
Shelley, Queen Mab, iv.
Sappho with that gloriole
Of ebon hair on calmed brows.
Mrs. Drowning, Vision of Poets.
ebonist (eb'on-ist), n. [< ebon, ebony, + -ist.] A
worker in ebony.
ebonite (eb'on-it), n. [< ebon, ebony, + -ile^.] A
black, hardened compound of caoutchouc or
gutta-percha and sulphur in different propor-
tions, to which other ingredients may be added
for specific uses ; properly, black vulcanite, but
used also as a general synonym of vulcanite
(which see).
ebonize (eb'on-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ebonized,
ppr. eboniang. [< ebon, ebony, + -ize.] 1. To
stain black, as wood, with a view to the imita-
tion of natural ebony : as, a bookcase of ebon-
ized-wood. 2. To make black or tawny; tinge
with the color of ebony : as, to ebonize the fair-
est complexion.
Also spelled ebonise.
ebony (eb'on-i), n. and a. [Early mod. E. ebonie,
ibonie; an extended form of ebon, q. v.] I.
n. ', pi. ebonies (-iz). A name given to various
woods distinguished in general by their dark
color and hardness, and extensively used for
carving, ornamental cabinet-work, instruments,
canes, etc. The most valuable is the heart-wood of
Diospyros Ebenuin, which grows in great nbumlance in
the flat parts of Ceylon, and is of such size that logs of
its heart-wood 2 feet in diameter and from 10 to 15 feet
long are easily procured. Other varieties of valuable
ebony are obtained from Z>. Fbenaster of the East Indies
and D. melanoxiilon of the Coromandel coast in Hindu-
stan. The most usual color is black, but the ebonies
from tropical America vary much in this respect. The
green ebony of Jamaica, known also as American or
West Indian ebony, the wood of a leguminous tree, Brya
Ebenus, takes a beautiful polish, and is used for inlaying,
making flutes, etc. The brown ebony of British Guiana,
tiie source of \\hich is uncertain, is dark-brown, often with
ebony
lighter streaks, very haul, and one of the handsomest
woods of that country. The i;reen <>v yrllow ebony of
French Guiana, the wood of IU'ii""i"i L'-'n-nxylun, and the
red ebony from tli Ion, a iv al>o \ery hanl and
heavy. .Mountain rbouy, of the East Indies, is the wood
of Bauhiniu i.'nmnta.
Our captain counts the image of (tod, nevertheless the
Image, cut in ebowi, as i( done in ivory.
Fuller, Oood Sea-Captain.
Hparkl'd his [the swan's] jetty eyes; his feet did show
Henoath the waves like Afrlc's .
K'tg, Imit. of Spenser.
II. a. Of ebony ; made of ebony, or like eb-
ony : ns, an ebony cane ; an ebony finish.
6boulement (P. prou. a-bOl'mou), n. [F., <
ebouler, tumble down, < {- (< L. ex-), out of,
down, T "bonier, < boule, bowl, ball: see bow ft.'}
1. In fort., the crumbling or falling of the wall
of a fortification. 2. In geol., a land-slide, or
land-slip; an avalanche of rock; the giving way
and sudden fall of a mass of rock, earth, or loose
material of any kind. Sometimes, though rarely, used
by writer* in English, as, for instance, in describing the
phenomena of earthquakes and volcanoes.
ebracteate, ebracteated (e-brak'te-at, -a-ted),
a. [< L. e- priv. + bractea, a thin plate: see
bractedte.] In bot., without bracts.
When bracts are absent altogether, as Is usually the
case in the plants of the natural order Cmclfene, . . .
such plants are said to be ebracteated.
Ji Bentley, Botany, p. 181.
ebracteolate (e-brak'te-o-lat), o. [< L. e- priv.
+ bracteola, dim. of bractea, a thin plate : see
bracteolate.] In bot., without bractlets.
Ebraiket, A Middle English form of Hebraic.
Ebrewt, >< An obsolete form of Hebrew.
ebriety (e-bri'e-ti), n. [Formerly ebrietie; < F.
ebriete = Pr. ebrietat = Sp. ebriedad = Pg. ebri-
edade = It. ebrietd, ebbrieta, < L. ebrieta(t-)s,
drunkenness, < ebrius, drunken: see ebrious,}
Drunkenness; intoxication by spirituous li-
quors; derangement of the mental functions
caused by drink. [Now rare.]
Bitter almonds, . . . [as an] antidote against ebriety,
hath commonly failed. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 11. 8.
We have a very common expression to describe a man in
a state of ebriety, that "he is as drunk as a beast," or that
"he is beastly drunk." /. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., III. 82.
e~brillade (F. pron. a-bre-lyad'), n. [F., < It.
sbrigliata, a pull of the bridle, check, reproof, <
sbrigliare, unbridle, undo, loosen, < s- (< L. ex-),
out, + briglia, bridle.] In the inanege, a check
given to a horse by a sudden jerk of one rein
when he refuses to turn.
ebriosity (e-bri-os'i-ti), n. [Formerly ebriositie;
= F. ebriosite', < L. ebriosita( (-), < e &rio*us,given
to drink, < ebrius, drunken : see ebrious.] Habit-
ual drunkenness. [Rare.]
That religion which excuseth . . . Noah In the aged sur-
prizal of six hundred years . . . will neither acquit ebri-
ority nor ebriety in their known and Intended perversions.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 21.
Of all ebrioaity, who does not prefer to be intoxicated by
the air he breathes? Thoreait, Walden, p. 234.
ebriOUS (e'bri-us), o. [= F. ebrieux = Sp. Pg.
ebrioso = It. ebrioso, ebbrioso, < L. ebrius, drunk-
en.] Given to indulgence in drink ; drunken ;
drunk; intoxicated. [Bare.]
ebuccinatort (e-buk'si-na-tor), . [< L. e, out,
+ buccinator, prop, bucinator, a trumpeter: see
biircinator.] A trumpeter. [Rare.]
The fbuccinator. shewer, and declarer of these news, I
have made Qabriel, the angel and ambassador of God.
Becon, Works, I. 43.
ebulliatet (e-bul'yat), e. '. [Improp. for "ebul-
late, < LL. ebullatus, pp. of ebuttare, for the more
correct L. ebullire, boil up: see ebullient.'] To
boil or bubble up ; effervesce.
Whence this 29 play -oppugning argument will ebulliate.
Pryime, Histrio-Mastix, I. iv. 8.
ebullience, ebulliency (e-bul'yens, -yen-si), n.
[< ebullient : see -ence, -ency.} A boiling over;
a bursting forth ; overflow.
The natural and cnthusiastiek fervour of men's spirits,
and the ebulliency of their fancy. Cuatvorth, Sermons, p. 93.
The absence of restraints of severe conditions in
fine art allows a flush and ebullience, an opulence of pro-
duction, that is often called the highest genius.
A. Bain, Con. of Forces.
ebullient (e-bul'yent), a. [< L. ebuUien(t-)s,
ppr. of ebullire, boil out or up, < c, out, + bul-
lire, boil : see boif, v.'] Boiling over, as a liquid ;
overflowing; hence, over-enthusiastic; over-
demonstrative.
The ebullient choler of his refractory and pertinacious
disciple. Landor.
That the so ebullient enthusiasm of the French was in
thi* case perfectly well directed, we cannot undertake to
<> Carlylc.
Those ebullient years of my adolescence.
Luuvll, The Century, XXXV. 511.
182;
Ecaudata
L. rburnus, of
ard and dense,
Mi r.rookfleld presents an amusing type of a prolix and ebumated ( P-Wr'na-ted), a.
M old actor. Ath^um, Jan. u, 1888, p. 60. ivorV( + ^ + . crf2 -, fo a
ebullioscope (e-bul'yo-skop), . [= F. dbullio- like ivory : said of bone.
scope , irreg. < L. ebullire, boil up, + Gr. emrrc iv, eburnation (eb-er-ua'shon), . [= F. eburtia-
view.J An instrument by which the strength lion; < it. eburnus, of ivory, + -ativn.] In //-
of spirit of wine is determined by the careful thol., a morbid change in bone by which it
determination of its boiling-point. becomes very hard and dense, like ivory, as in
ebullition (eb-u-li8h'on),H. [=OF.e6uHicion,F. arthritis deformans.
Ebullition = Pr. ebutticio = Sp. ebulicion, ebul- eburnean (e-ber'ne-an), a. [= F. tburneen, <
licion = Pg. ebullictto = It. ebullizione, < LL. L. eburneus, of ivory: see eburneoug.] Relat-
ebullitio(n-), < L. ebullire, boil up: see ebullient.'] ing to or made of ivory.
1. The bubbling up or agitation which results eburneous (e-ber'ne-us), a. [= Sp. eburtwo =
from the action of heat on a liquid, owing to Pg. eburneo = It. eoumea, eburno, < L. eburne-
' ma : ^e-ation. ] The conversion of sub-
It is possible to heat water 20" F. above it, boiling-point .
without ebullition. Clerk Maxwell, Heat, pY 25. stances into others which have the appearance
("ebTr-ni'nfi
/< Ebltruu +
2. Any similar agitation, bubbling up, or dis-
turbed or seething condition or appearance,
produced by causes other than heat, as when
rapidly flowing water encounters numerous ob-
stacles or contrary currents.
The chafing of the water against these huge obstacles
/. [NL. (Swain-
J A subfamily of
gastropods, typified by the genus Eburna, and
to which have been also referred genera now
known to be little related to it. See cut under
Eburna.
one with another, creates snch a violent ebullition,'. . bumine (eb'er-nin or -nin), a.
that it fills the mind with confusion.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 156.
3. Effervescence occasioned by fermentation
or by any other process which causes the evo-
lution of an aeriform fluid, as in the mixture of
an acid with a carbonated alkali. [In this sense ec-. [L., etc., ec- ( < Gr. CK-, t/c, reg. form before
Ite], the meeting of the contrary currents e bnniine (eb'er-nin or -liin). a. [= F. ebur-
nin, < L. eburnus, of ivory, \ ebur, ivory : see
ivory.] Made of ivory. [Rare.]
All in her night-robe loose, she lay reclined,
And, pensive, read from tablet eburnine.
Scull, L. of L. M., vl. 19.
formerly biMition.]
We cannot find it to hold neither in iron or copper,
which is dissolved with less ebullition.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Iv. 7.
4. Figuratively, an outward display of feeling ;
a sudden burst ; a pouring forth ; an overflow- or ento-.
ing: as, an ebullition of passion. 6caille-work (a-kaly'werk), n.
The greatest ebullitions of the imagination. Johraon.
a consonant of tf-, f, out, etc. : see ex-.] A
prefix of Greek origin, the form of ex- before a
consonantj as in ec-lipse, ec-logue, ec-stasy, etc.
It is sometimes used in scientific terms as equiv-
alent to ecto- or exo-, as opposed to en-, endo-,
Disposed to refer this to inexperience, or the ebullition
of youthful spirit. Pretcott, Ferd. and Isa,, L 3.
It. scaglia (< G. schale, scale) (see scale 1 ), +
E. work.'} Decorative work made by sewing
scales cut from quills upon a foundation, as
of velvet or silk, forming patterns in relief.
When skilfully done it resembles mother-of-
pearl work.
It was not an extravagant ebullition of feeling, but
might have been calculated on by any one acquainted with
the spirits of our community.
Emerson, Hist. Discourse at Concord, ecalcarate (e-kal'ka-rat), a. [< NL. "ecalcara-
= Syn. Ebullition, Efervescence, Fermentation. Ebulli- tus, < L. e- priv. -t-' calcar, a spur: see CdJca-
the word may be applied flg- rate.} In zool. and bot., having no spur or cal-
car, in any technical sense of the latter word.
uratlvely to that which suggests heated or intense activ-
ebulumt! ,
-lus), n. [L.] The herb wall-
wort, danewort, or dwarf elder.
E. Phillips, 1706.
Eburia (e-bu'ri-S), n. [NL. (Ser-
ville, 1834), < L. ebur, ivory : see
ieory.] A genus of longicorn
beetles, of the family Ceramby-
c/'oVe, comprising many species,
mostly of Central and South
America and the West Indies.
Ten, however, are found in
North America, as the common
E. quadrigeminata.
eburine (eb'u-rin), n. [< L. ebur,
ivory (see ivory), + -ine 2 .] An
artificial ivory composed of
bone-dust, gum tragacanth, and
some coloring substance.
ecardinal (e-kar'di-nal), 0. [< NL. "ccardina-
lin, < L. e- priv. + cardo (cardin-), hinge: see
cardinal.} Hingeless, inarticulate, or lyopo-
matous, as a brachiopod; of or pertaining to
the Ecardincn.
Ecardines (e-kar'di-nez), H. pi. [NL., < L. e-
priv. + cardo (cardin-), a hinge.] One of the
two orders of the class Bracliiopoda. it includes
those brachiojHxIs the bivalve shell of which has no hinge
and little if any difference between the dorsal and ven-
tral valves, and contains the families Linyulidtr, Ditci-
nida;, and Craniidtf, which arc thus collectively distin-
guished from the Tenticardine*. The term is synonymous
with Lyopomata, Inarticulata, Pleurojmaia, and Sana-
branchiata, all of which are names of this division of
brachiopods.
Ecardinia (e-kar-din'i-ft), n. pi. [NL.] Same
as Ecardines.
ecarinate (e-kar'i-nat), a.
[< NL. "ecarinatus,
In
eburite (eb'u-rit), . [< L. ebur, ivory. + -ite*.} C L - f" P"J-. + eartna, keel : see carinate.}
Same as eburine. ormth. and bot., without a canna or keel.
Eburna(e-ber'na),n. [NL., fern. of L. eburnus, 6cart6 (a-kfcr-ta ), . [I., lit. discarded, pp.
' '
urna(e-ber'na),n. [NL., fern. of L. eburnus, -- , . ., . sare, pp.
of ivorv, '< ebur, 'ivory: see ivory.} A genus of < ecarter < discard, set aside, < e-, < L. er, out,
astroods variousl + rte, card : see cr,?i, and cf. dwcarrf.] A
gastropods
limited. ( a
Ivory-shell (Ednma tfirata}.
Is, variously
,ix) By Lamarck it
wasmadetoincludetheivory-
shell E. glabrata, as well as
turreted species of the family
Bucciwdae. (b) By most later
writers the typical species
has been referred to the Oli-
vidm and the genus restrict-
ed to buccinids, like E. tpi-
rata, which are by others des-
ignated as the genus Latrun-
ailui. As thus limited, it is
remarkable for the oblong-
ovate form, turreted spire,
and flattish upper or sutural
surface of the whorls, deep
umbilicus, and thick porcef-
lanous texture. The color is
also characteristic, reddish
']
. , . ., - - 1 persons with thirty-two
cards, the small cards from two to six inclusive
being excluded. The players having cut for the deal,
which is decided by the highest card, the dealer gives flve
cards to each player, three and two at a time, and turns
up the eleventh card for trump. If he turns up a king.
lie scores one ; and if the king of trumps occurs in the hand
of either player, the holder may score one by announcing
it before playing. The cards rank as follows : king (high-
est), queen, knave, ace, ten, etc. A player having a higher
card of the suit led must take the trick with such a card ;
it he cannot follow suit, he may play a trump or not, as
he chooses. Three tricks count one point, flve tricks (call-
ed a >(<) two points, and flve points make game. Before
play begins the non-dealer may propose that Is, claim
the right to discard (eearter) any of the cards in his hand,
and have them replaced with fresh ones from the pack.
Should he do so, both can discard as many cards as they
choose.
white ground, (c) By a f
ivory-shell E. iilabrata, bj _ f
arc about 14 species, found in China, etc. ; some are used
for food.
""- I'li'^^^'vsWet'd'to't'he Ecaudata (e-ka-da't&), n. pi [NL., neut. pi.
Anurn or tailless batrachians: opposed to Cau-
data or Vrodela.
ecaudate
ecaudate (e-ka'dat), a. [< NL. ecaudatus, <
L. c- priv. + cauda, a tail: see caudate."] 1.
In hot., without a tail or tail-like appendage.
2. In zoiil., tailless ; anurous; not caudate.
Specifically, in entomology, said of the posterior wings of
butterflies, etc., when they are destitute of tail-like mar-
ginal processes.
Ecballium (ek-bal'i-um), n. [NL., < Gr. t/t/3<u-
"f.tiv, throw out, < in, out, 4- pcMsiv, throw.] A
genus of eucurbitaoeous plants, closely allied
to Momordica. The only species, E. Elaterium, is the
squirting cucumber, a native of southern Europe : so
Squirting Cucumber (Ecballiittn Elaterium},
named because the fruit when ripe separates suddenly
from its stalk, and at the same moment forcibly expels
the seeds and juice from the aperture left at the base. A
precipitate obtained from the juice is the elaterium of
medicine, a very powerful hydragogue cathartic. See ela-
terium.
ecbasis (ek'ba-sis), n. [= F. ecbase, < L. ecbasis,
< Gr. /c/3amf,' a going out, issue, event, < /c/3a<-
veiv, go out, come out, happen, < *., out, + /}at-
vetv, go, = E. come: see base 1 *, basis.'] An argu-
ment drawn from the relation of cause and
effect; especially, an argument for or against
a certain course of action, such as the passage
of a proposed bill or law, from a consideration
of probable consequences.
ecbatic (ek-bat'ik), a. [< Gr. as if *K/3<m/cof,
< eKliaiveiv, happen: see ecbasis."] Relating to
an event that has happened; denoting a mere
result or consequence, as distinguished from
telic, which implies purpose or intention. Thus,
the sentence " Events full out so that the prophecy was
fulfilled" is ecbatic; but the sentence "Events were ar-
ranged in order that the prophecy might bf. fulfilled " is
telic.
ecblastesis (ek-blas-te'sis), w. [NL., < Gr. CK-
f}\aoTr/aii;, a shooting or budding forth, < knfiKa-
aTaveiv, shoot or sprout out, < , out, + /ftaord-
vctv, sprout. ] In hot. , axillary prolification in the
flower : a term applied by Engelmann to the
occurrence of adventitious buds in the axils of
one or more parts of the flower.
ecbole (ek'bo-le), n. [NL., < Gr. en/3o?.r/, a
throwing out'(cK/Jo/i.$ Uyov, a digression), < CK-
{IdUeiv, throw out : see Ecballium.l 1. Inrhet.,
a digression. 2. In Gr. music, the raising or
sharping of a tone : opposed to eclysis.
ecbolic (ek-bol'ik), a. and n. [= F. ecbolique, <
Gr. ittSfetiw, se. <j>apiuimv, a drug for expelling
the fetus, < /cj3a TiAsiv, throw out : see ecbole. ] I.
a. Promoting parturition ; producing abortion.
II. n. A drug promoting parturition.
ecce homo (ek'se ho'mo). [L. : ecce, a de-
monstrative adv. or interj., here (he or it is)!
lo! behold! prob. prig. *ece, < *e, locative of
pron. i-s, e-a, i-d, this, he, she, it, + demonstra-
tive suffix -ce; homo : see Homo.~\ Behold, the
man : a phrase commonly used to denote Christ
crowned with thorns, considered as a subject
for a work of painting or sculpture, from the
words with which he was presented by Pilate to
the Jews (John xix. 5). This subject has been fre-
quently chosen by artists since the fifteenth century,
among its most celebrated examples being paintings by
Correggio, Titian, H. Caracci, Guido Reni, Van Dyck, and
Guercino.
ecceity (ek-se'i-ti), n. [< ML. ecceitas (occurring
in the 16th century as a modification of the
earlier htecceitas, due to the fact that the for-
mation of the latter word was not understood),
< L. ecce, lo ! in LL. and ML. an assistant pron.
or adv., this, here : see ecce homo."] Same as
hwcceity.
eccentric (ek-seu'trik), a. and . [Formerly
also eccentrick; = F, excentriqiie = Pr. excen-
1828
trie = Sp. excfntrico = Pg. excentrico = It. cc-
centrico = D. excentriek (cf. D. excentrisch = G.
excentrisch = Dan. Sw. excentrisk), < NL. eccen-
tricus, < LL. eccentros, < Gr. enKevrpoe, out of
the center, < CK, out, + idvrpov, center: see cen-
terl.~] I. a. 1. Not located or situated in the
center; away from the center or axis: as, in
botany, lateral embryos and the stipes of some
hymenomycetous fungi are said to be eccentric.
The astronomers discover in the earth no centre of the
universe, but an eccentric speck.
Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 16.
A complete neural circulation, however, is by no means
the necessary condition of a sensibility independently lo-
cated in eccentric portions of the human body such as Mr.
Lewes supposes. G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 234.
2. In med., not originating or existing in the
center or central parts; due to peripheral
causes : as, eccentric irritation ; eccentric con-
vulsions (that is, convulsions due to peripheral
irritation). 3. Not coincident as regards cen-
ter ; specifically, in geom., not having the same
center: applied to circles and spheres which
have not the same center, and consequently
are not parallel : opposed to concentric, having
a common center. Hence 4. Not coincident
as regards course or aim ; tending to a differ-
ent end or result ; devious.
Whatsoever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crook-
eth them to his own ends, which must needs be often ec-
centric to the ends of his master or State.
Bacon, Wisdom for a Man's Self (ed. 1887).
Women's Affections are eccentriek to common Apprehen-
sion : whereof the two poles are Passion and Inconstansy.
Baker, Chronicles, p. 226.
5. Deviating, or characterized by deviation,
from recognized, stated, or usual methods or
practice, or from established forms, laws, etc. ;
irregular ; erratic ; odd : as, eccentric conduct ;
an eccentric person.
Still he preserves the character of a humourist, and
finds most pleasure in eccentric virtues.
Goldsmith, Vicar, iii.
So would I bridle thy eccentric soul,
In reason's sober orbit bid it roll.
Whitehead, On Churchill.
6. Of or pertaining to an eccentric : as, the ec-
centric anomaly of a planet ; the eccentric rod
of a steam-engine.
In senses 3 and 6 sometimes written excen-
tric.
Eccentric angle, in geom., an angle connected with an
ellipse and defined as follows : Let ABDE be an ellipse.
Upon the transverse axis
AB as a diameter erect
the circle ABFG. Then,
taking any point on the
ellipse, as H, let fall the
perpendicular HK upon
the transverse axis AB,
and continue this per-
pendicular until it cuts A\
the circle at the point L
on the same side of the
transverse axis AB. Join
L with the common cen-
ter, C, of the ellipse and
circle. Then, the angle
BCL, reckoned from one
determinate end, B, of the
transverse axis, is called
G
Eccentric Angle.
,
the eccentric angle of the point II. The expression is de-
rived from eccentric anomaly. Eccentric anomaly. See
anomaly. Eccentric cam, a circular ;disk used asacam,
in which the center of rotation is outside the center of fig-
ure. Eccentric chuck. See chuck*. Eccentric circle.
Same as II., 1. Eccentric cutter. Seecutteri. Eccen-
tric equation. Same as equation of the eccenrie(which see,
underegtm<io/0- Eccentric equator. Same as equant.
Eccentric hypertrophy of the heart. See hypertro-
phy. Eccentric place of a planet, its place as seen from
the center of its orbit. Eccentric theory, a theory of
the sun's motion which uses an eccentric in place of an epi-
cycle. Eccentric Wheel, a wheel which is fixed on an
axis that does not pass through the center. Its action is
that of a crank of the same length as the eccentricity. See
II., 2. = Syn. 5. Eccentric, Singular, Strange, Odd, Queer,
Whimsical, peculiar, erratic. Eccentric is applied to acts
which arethe effects of tastes, prejudices, judgments, etc.,
not merely different from those of ordinary people, but
largely unaccountable and often irregular, or to the person
who thus acts. ' Singular implies that a thing stands alone
in its kind or approximately so ; practically, the word ex-
presses some disapprobation : as, a singular fellow or per-
formance ; while eccentric people are generally the objects
of good-humored interest. Strange implies that the thing
or its cause is unknown: as, a very strange proceeding ; a
strange insect ; but what is strange to one man may not be
so to another ; what is strange to most or all is singular.
Odd, unmated, starts from the same idea as singular; when
applied to personal appearance, it implies singularity and
grotesqueness : as, an odd figure ; when applied to the mind
or habits, it is nearly equivalent to eccentric, but is some-
what stronger : as, he is very odd ; he has odd ways ; when
applied to actions or conditions, it frequently implies some
degree of wonder, and is then nearly the same as surpris-
ing : as, it is odd that he does not write. Queer often ex-
presses a singularity that is droll. Whimsical is nearer to
eccentric, applying to one who often acts upon capricious
and irregular fancies of a rather amusing kind. For con-
nection with quaint, see ancient. See also wonderful, ir-
regular, fanciful.
eccentricity
Yet in all these scores [of Shakspere's characters] hard-
ly one , . . is to be found which deviates widely from the
common standard, and which we should call very eccen-
tric if we met it in real life. Macaulay, Madame D' Arblay.
The vulgar thus through imitation err ;
As oft the learn'd by being singular.
Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 425.
Strange graces still, and stranger nights she had,
Was just not ugly, and was just not mad.
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 49.
What can be odder, for example, than the mixture of
sensibility and sausages in some of Goethe's earlier notes
to Frau von Stein, unless, to be sure, the publishing of
them? Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 296.
But the old three-cornered hat,
And the breeches, and all that,
Are so queer.
0. W. llolmes, The Last Leaf.
Birds frequently perish from sudden changes in our
whimsical spring weather, of which they have no forebod-
ing. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 6.
II. n, 1. (a) In anc. astron., a circle having
its center remote from the earth and carrying
an epicycle which in its turn was supposed to
carry a planet.
Or if they list to try
Conjecture, he his fabric of the heavens
Hath left to their disputes ; perhaps to move
His laughter at their quaint opinions wide
Hereafter, when they come to model heaven
And calculate the stars ; how they will wield
The mighty frame ; how build, unbuild, contrive,
To save appearances ; how gird the sphere
With centric and eccentric scribbled o'er,
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton, P. L., viii. 83.
(6) In mod. astron., a circle described about the
center of an elliptical orbit, with half the ma-
jor axis for radius. 2. In mech., a device for
converting a regular circular motion into an ir-
regular reciprocating rectilinear motion. It acts
upon the body moved by it through its perimeter like a
cam, with which it is sometimes classed ; but all its pecu-
liarities of motion are essentially those of a crank-motion,
and it may be considered as a crank having a wrist of
larger diameter than the throw. In the steam-engine it is
a disk fitted to the shaft, with its center placed at one side
of the center of the shaft, and it acts to convert the rotary
motion of the shaft into the reciprocating motion of the
valve-gear of the cylinder, and thus to make the engine
self-acting. (See link-motion, reversing-gear, and cut-off.)
In this sense sometimes written excentric.
3. One who or that which is irregular or anom-
alous in action ; a person of eccentric habits.
Mr. Farquhar added another to his gallery of middle-
aged eccentrics. Athenaeum, Jan. 14, 1888, p. 60.
Angular advance of an eccentric. See angular. Ec-
centric Of the eccentric, a circle whose center is remote
from the earth (in the Ptolemaic theory) or from the sun (in
the Copernican), and which carries round iU circumference
a second circle, called the eccentric, and this again a third,
called the epicycle, which carries a planet. An eccentric
of an eccentric was supposed by Ptolemy to explain the
motion of Mercury, and by Copernicus to explain the mo-
tions of Mercury and Venus. Tycho suggested such an
explanation for the motions of Mars. Equation of the
eccentric. See equation.
eccentrical (ek-sen'tri-kal), a. Same as eccen-
tric.
eccentrically (ek-sen'tri-kal-i), adv. With ec-
centricity ; in an eccentric manner or position.
Also excentrically.
Swift, Hab'lais, and that favourite child,
Who, less eccentrically wild,
Inverts the misanthropic plan,
And, hating vices, hates not man.
Lloyd, Familiar Epistle.
eccentric-gear (ek-sen'trik-ger), . In meek.,
a term including all the links and other parts
which transmit the motion of an eccentric.
eccentric-hoop (ek-sen'trik-hb'p), n. Same as
eccentric-strap.
eccentricity (ek-sen-tris'i-ti), . ; pi. eccentrici-
ties (-tiz). [= F. excentncite' = Sp. excentrici-
dad = Pg. excentricidade = It. eccentricita = D.
excentriciteit = G. excentricitiit = Dan. Sw. ex-
centricitet, < NL. eccentricita(t-)s, < eccentricus,
eccentric: see eccentric."] 1. Deviation from
a center; the state of a circle with reference to
its center not coinciding with that of another
circle. 2. In geom. and astron., the distance
between the foci of a conic divided by the
transverse diameter. The eccentricity of the
earth's orbit is .01677, or about &. 3. In
anc. astron., the distance of the center of the
equant from the earth. 4. Departure or de-
viation from that which is stated, regular, or
usual; oddity; whimsicalness : as, the eccentri-
city of a man's genius or conduct.
Akensidewaaayonngman warm with every notion . . .
connected with the sound of liberty, and by an eccentricity
which such dispositions do not easily avoid, a lover of con-
tradiction, and no friend to anything established.
Johnson, Akenside.
5. An eccentric action or characteristic ; a
striking peculiarity of character or conduct.
eccentricity
Whose [Kreilelic VVIHiiim'Kl i-wnlrirltir* were such as
had never before been seen out of a ma-l-h"
Mucaulay, Frederic the Great,
Also cxcciitrii-iti/ iii the literal uses.
Angle of eccentricity, in '/""".. ill- 1 angle whose sine is
equal to the eccentricity of an ellipse.- Bisection of the
eccentricity, see i,ix,;-t/mt. Temporal eccentricity,
in (inc. astrun., the eccentricity of the orbit of Mercury at
any time. Since the eccentric of Mercury was supposed
itself to In; currieii on an eccentric, it follows that the ec-
centricity would not he a constant <|uantlty.
eccentric-rod (ok-sen'trik-rod), .. Inmeeh., the
main connecting-link by whicL the motion of
an eccentric is transmitted.
eccentric-Strap (ek-sen'trik-st rap), n. In week.,
the band of iron which embraces the circum-
ference of an eccentric, and within which it
revolves. The eccentric-rod is attached to it.
Also called eccentric-hoop.
eccentrometer (ek-sen-trom'o-ter), H. [< LL.
eccentros, eccentric, + metrum, measure. J Any
instrument used to determine the eccentricity
of a projectile.
eccephalosis (ek-sef-ii-16'sis), n. [NL., < Gr.
EK, out, 4- Kctjia'Af/, head: see cephalic and -osis.]
In obstet., an operation in which the brain of
the child is removed to facilitate delivery; ex-
cerebration.
ecce signura (ek'se sig'num). [L., behold, the
sign : ecce, behold (see c cce homo) ; signum, sign :
see sign.'] Behold, the sign ; here is the proof.
ecchondroma (ek-on-dro ma), .j pi. ecchon-
dromata (-ma-til). [NL., ^Gr. CK, out of, +
xtvipor,, cartilage, -I- -oma.~\ A chondroma or
cartilaginous tumor growing from the surface
of a bone ; a chondroma originating in normal
cartilage, and forming an outgrowth from it.
ecchondrosis (ek-on-dro'sis), . [NL., < Gr.
tic, out of, + ^ovoyjof, cartilage (cf. cKxavtp&tv,
make into cartilage), + -osin.] Same as ecchon-
droma. Also ekchondrosis.
ecchyrnoma (ek-i-mo'inti), n. ; pi. ecchymomata
(-ma-ta). [NL., < Gr. CK, out of, + ;^i>/-of, juice,
+ -oiwa.] A swelling on the skin caused by
extravasation of blood.
ecchymosed (ek'i-most), a. [< eccliymos-is +
-d 2 .] Characterized by or partaking of the
nature of ecchymosis.
The changes which take place in the colour of an ecchy-
mostd spot are worthy of attention, since they may serve
to aid the witness in giving an opinion on the probable
tiine at which a contusion has been inflicted.
A. S. Taylor, Meil. Jurisprudence, p. 192.
ecchymosis (ok-i-mo'sis). n. ; pi. ecchymoses
(-sez). [= F. ecchymose, ^ NL. ecchymosis, <
Gr. fKxvftooic,, < CKXvp6ea6ai, shed the blood and
leave it extravasated under the skin, < CK, out,
+ ^ti/iof, juice, animal juice, < x* etv > pour: see
chyme 1 .] In med., a livid, black, or yellow spot
produced by extravasated blood. In dermatol-
ogy the word usually denotes an extravasation
of greater extent than the small spots called
petechi<e.
M. Tardieu states that he has seen these subpleural
ecchymoscs in the body of an infant ten months after
death I A. S. Taylor, Med. Jurisprudence, p. 30.
ecchymotic (ek-i-mot'ik), a. [= F. ecchymo-
tique; as ecchymosis (-mot-) + -t'c.] Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of ecchymosis : as, ec-
chymotic collections.
In purpnra hemorrhagica the lesions are usually more
numerous, more extensive, ecchymotic in character.
Duhring, Skin Diseases, plate K.
Eccl. An abbreviation (a) of Ecclesiastes ; (b)
[I. c.] of ecclesiastical.
eccle, H. See eckle 1 .
Eccles. An abbreviation (a) of Ecclesiastes ;
(b) [I. c.] of ecclesiastical.
ecclesia (e-kle'zi-a), n. ; pi. ecclesia, ecclesias
(-e, -az). [= F.'cglisc = Pr. gleiza, glieyza,
fllicia'= Sp. itjlesia = Pg. igreja = It. ctiiesa
(also ecclesia), church, < L. ecclesia, an assem-
bly of the (Greek) people, LL. (also, as in ML.,
sometimes eclnsia) a church, congregation of
Christians, = Ar. Jcelise, kenise = Turk, kilisc =
Pers. kalisa, kanisa, a church, < Gr. eiaAtiaia, an
assembly of the people, LGr. an assembly of
Christians, a church, < eKK).^Tof, summoned, <
cMi<i?.eiv, summon, call out, < fie, out, + Kafalv,
call: see calends.] 1. An assembly ; the great
assembly of the people in certain ancient Greek
states, as Athens, at which every free citizen
had a right to vote.
Tile people in the I'nited States, . . . planted, as they
:tre. over lar^e Hominions, cannot meet in one assembly,
and therefore are not exposed to those tumultuous com-
motions, like the raging waves of the sea, which always
agitated the ecclesia at Athens.
J. Adman, Works. IV. 491.
1820
In ancient Greece and Italy the primitive clan-assembly
or township-meeting did not grow by aggregation into the
assembly of the shire, but it developed Into the comitia or
eccletia of the city. J. Fiske, Auier. Pol. Ideas, p. 67.
2. A society for Christian worship ; a church;
a congregation : the Greek and Latin name,
sometimes used in English writing with refer-
ence to the early church.
ecclesialt (e-kle'zi-al), a. [< ML. ecclesialis, <
LL. ecclesia, the church : see ecclesia.] Eccle-
siastical.
(Mir ecclegial and political choices.
Milton, Reformation in Eug., il.
It Is not the part of a King ... to meddle with Eccle-
gial Government. Mil/mi, Eikonoklastes, xiii.
ecclesian (o-klc'/.i-an), . [< ML. ecclesianus.
a supporter of the church as against the civil
power, also as adj., < LL. ecclesia, the church:
see ecclesia.] One who maintains the suprem-
acy of the ecclesiastical domination over the
civil power. Imp. Diet.
ecclesiarch (e-kle'zi-ark), n. [= F. ecclesiarque,
< LGr. (KK'/.tiaidpxvf, < Gr. iurfjiola, an assembly,
+ apx6f, a leader.] 1. A ruler of the church ;
an ecclesiastical magnate. Bailey, 1727. 2.
In the Gr. Ch., a sacrist or sacristan ; a church
officer who has charge of a church and its con-
tents, and summons the worshipers by seman-
tron or otherwise. In the more important
churches the ecclesiarch formerly had minor
officials under his authority.
ecclesiast (e-kle'zi-ast), n. [< ME. ecclesiaste;
= F. ecclesiaste, < LL. ecclesiastes, < Gr. CKK).II-
aiaarfa, in classical Gr. a member of the assem-
bly (ecclesia), < eKKfaiaiae.tv, sit in the assembly,
debate as an assembly, later call an assembly,
LGr. summon to church, come into the church,
< eKiihiaia, an assembly of the people, LGr. a
church : see ecclesia. The word tioc>j?<jiaoTifc is
usually translated 'preacher,' but this is an
imperfect rendering, being rather an inference
from the verb cKK^r/atd^fiv in its later sense, ' call
an assembly ' (hence, by inference, give it di-
rections or admonitions), or from the Heb. word
of similar import.] 1. An ecclesiastic ; one
who addresses the church or assembly of the
faithful ; a preacher or sacred orator ; specifi-
cally, with tne definite article, Coheleth, or the
Preacher that is, Solomon, or the author of
the book of Ecclesiastes.
He was In chlrche a noble ecelesiaitr.
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 708.
Though thrice a thousand years are past
Since David's son, the sad and splendid,
The weary King Ecclegiagt,
Upon his awful tablets penned it.
Thackeray, Vanitas Vanitatum.
2t. [cap.] Ecclesiasticus.
Redeth Eccletiatte of flaterie
Beth ware, ye lordes, of hire trecherle.
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 507.
Ecclesiastes (e-kle-zi-as'tez), n. [LL., < Gr.
'EKK^T/aiaari/f ' the title in the Septuagint and
hence in the Vulgate version of the book called
in Heb. Qoheleth, lit. he who calls together an
assembly of the people, the gatherer of the
people, fern, (in use masc.) part. < qdhal, call,
call together (otherwise defined 'heap toge-
ther'). See ecclesiast.] One of the books of
the Old Testament, also called the Preacher.
Ecclesiasteg is the Greek title in the Septuagint version.
But preacher, in its modern signification, is not synony-
mous with the original. (See the etymology.) The book is
a dramatic presentation of the fruftlessness of a life de-
voted to worldly pleasure or ambition. It purports to be
a record of the experience and reflections of Solomon, to
whom its authorship is often attributed, but on this
point Biblical critics disagree. Often abbreviated Eccl.,
Secies.
ecclesiastic (e-kle-zi-as'tik), a. and . [For-
merly also c cclesi astick ; < F. ecclfsiastique =
Sp. eclesidstico = Pg. ecclesiastico = It. ecclesias-
tico, ecchiesiastico, eccresiastico = Sw. ecklesias-
tik (cf. G. ecclesiastisch = Dan. ekklesiastisk =
Sw. ecklesiastisk), < L. ecelesiasticus, < Gr. CKxf.ri-
aiarmKac,, of or for the assembly, LGr. and LL.
of or for the church (as a noun, a church officer,
an ecclesiastic) (cf. eixhimairHK, a member of
the assembly, etc.), < eKiArtatafetv, sit in the as-
sembly, LGr. summon to church, etc. : see ec-
clesia, ecclesiast.] I. a. Ecclesiastical; specifi-
cally, pertaining to the ministry or adminis-
tration of the church. [Now rare.]
And pulpit, drum ecclcsiastick,
Was beat with list instead of a stick.
S. Butler, Hudibras, L i. 11.
An ecclesiastic person . . . ought not to go in splendid
and vain ornaments. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1S36), II. 7.
A church of England man has a true veneration for the
scheme established among us of tcdetiattick government.
Sld.ft.
ecclesiastical
II. ii. 1. In early usage, a member of the
orthodox church, as distinguished from Jews,
pagans, infidels, and heretics.
I must here observe farther that the name of cecletiat-
tics was sometimes attributed to all Christians in general.
Bentkam.
2. One holding an office in the Christian min-
istry, or otherwise officially consecrated to the
service of the church: usually restricted to
those connected with an episcopate, and in the
middle ages to subordinate officials.
Among the Roman Cathollo, all monks, and, In the
i Imn h of England, the various dignitaries who perform
the episcopal functions, are entitled ccclrtiaitici.
Crabb, English Synonymes, p. 369.
From a humble tcch'tiastic, he was subsequently pre-
ferred to the highest dignities of the church. J'rrtcott.
ecclesiastical (o-kle-zi-as'ti-kal), a. [< eccle-
siastic + -al.] Pertaining or relating to the
church ; churchly ; not civil or secular : as, ec-
clesiastical discipline or government; ecclesias-
tical affairs, history, or polity; ecclesiastical
courts. Sometimes abbreviated eccl., eccleg.
There are in men operations, some natural, some ra-
tional, some supernatural, some politic, some finally ec-
clttiattical. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, L 16.
A Bishop, as a Bishop, had never any Eccletiaitical
Jurisdiction. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 22.
The Anglo-Saxon sovereigns, acting in the closest union
with their bishops, made ecclesiastical laws which clothed
the spiritual enactments with coercive authority.
Stukbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 298.
Ecclesiastical books, in the early church, hooks allowed
to be read in church, especially those read for edification
and for the instruction of catechumens, but not belonging
in the strictest sense to the canon of Scripture. This name
waft applied to such books as those named in the sixth of
the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, after
the canonical books of the Old Testament, as " the other
In inks," and collected in the King James Bible under the
heading "Apocrypha." Ecclesiastical calendar. See
calendar. Ecclesiastical colon. See color. Ecclesias-
tical commission, (a) A court appointed by Queen Eliza-
beth, and invested hy her with nearly absolute powers, for
the purpose of regulating religious opinions, and punishing
all departure from the church standards either in doctrine
or in ritual. It was subsequently abolished by Parliament.
(6) A standing commission In England, created by Parlia-
ment in the early part of the nineteenth century, invested
with Important powers for the reform of the established
church. It* plans have to be submitted, after due notice
to persons interested, to the sovereign in council, and be
ratified by orders in council ; but after ratification and
due publication they have the same effect as acts of Par*
liament Ecclesiastical councils. See council, 7. Ec-
clesiastical courts, church court* in which the canon
law is administered and ecclesiastical causes are tried.
In countries in which the church Is established by law the
decisions of these courts have a binding legal effect, and
the courts constitute a part of the judicial machinery of
the community ; in other countries their decisions are
binding only within the church, und enforced only by
church discipline. In England there are several ecclesi-
astical courts. That of primary resort is the Consistory
Court of the diocese ; from it appeals go to the Court of
Arches, and from there to the Privy Council. In the
Protestant Episcopal Church of America the administra-
tion of discipline of lay members is wholly in the hands
of the rector, an appeal lying to the bishop. The method
of proceeding against clergymen in each diocese Is deter-
mined by diocesan canons. A bishop is tried by the House
of Bishops. In the Presbyterian Church the ecclesiastical
courts are the Session, Presbytery, Hynod, and General
Assembly, the last being the court of last resort ; In the
Methodist Church trials are had before a church commit-
tee, with an appeal to the Conference ; In both churches
there are provisions for the constitution of courts for the
trial of clergymen for false doctrine or immoral conduct.
In churches of the Congregational system there are no
ecclesiastical courts ; the local church is the only tribunal
recognized. In the Roman Catholic Church there are
bishops' courts for the trial of ordinary church causes,
the trial of bishops being reserved to the pope ; but the
methods of procedure differ according to tne position of
the church indifferent countries. Ecclesiastical epis-
tles, in the Rom. ('nil. Ch., letters written by church
dignitaries officially, and carrying with them ecclesiasti-
cal authority, as apostolic epistles written by the Roman
pontiff in virtue of his apostolic authority, commenda-
tory epistles (see commendatory), dimissory epistles (see
diinigf-ory), encyclical epistles (see encyclic), pastoral epis-
tles, and episties of instruction to particular churches.
Ecclesiastical fast. See/*(3. Ecclesiastical his-
tory, the history of the church from the beginning to the
present time, including both Old Testament and New
Testament history ; more specifically, the history of the
Christian church, including both its interior and its ex-
terior development that is, its organization and also the
development of its doctrinal beliefs. Ecclesiastical law,
the law of the church as administered in the ecclesiastical
courts ; in a more general sense, especially in those coun-
tries where there is no church establishment, the whole
body of the law relating to religion or religious institu-
tions as administered in the civil courts. Ecclesiastical
mode. See mode. Ecclesiastical moon, or calendar
moon, a fictitious month used in determining the date
of Easter. It Is made purposely to depart from the natural
month, to avoid the possibility of a coincidence of Easter
with the Jewish Passover.- Ecclesiastical notary. See
notary. Ecclesiastical polity, the principles and laws
of church government Ecclesiastical state*, the body
of the clergy.
A king ... In whose time also began that great altera-
tion in the ttate ecclesiastical.
Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 131.
ecclesiastically
ecclesiastically (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kal-i), adv. By
the church ; as regards the constitution, laws,
doctrines, etc., of the church.
It is both naturally and ecclesiastically good.
Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, iii. 5.
ecclesiasticism (e-kle-zi-as'ti-sizm), n. [< ec-
clesiastic + -ism.] Strong adherence to the
principles and organization of the church, or
to ecclesiastical observances, privileges, etc. ;
devotion to the interests of the church and the
extension of its influence in its external rela-
tions.
My religious convictions and views have remained free
from any tincture of ecclesiasticism. Westminster Rev.
Puseyites and ritualists, aiming to reinforce ecclesiasti-
cism, betray a decided leaning towards archaic print, as
well as archaic ornaments.
H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 107.
Ethical forces for all the reforms of society are stored
in the Christian church, but the battery is insulated by
ecclesiasticism. X. A. Rev., CXLI. 246.
Ecclesiasticus (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kus), . [LL.,
prop, adj., of or belonging to the church: see
ecclesiastic.] The name in the Latin version
of the Bible, and the alternative name in the
English Apocrypha, of the book called in the
Septuagint "The Wisdom of Jesus, the Son
of Sirach," included in the canon of the Old
Testament by the Roman Catholic and Greek
churches, but regarded as apocryphal by Jews
and Protestants, though occasionally read in
the Anglican Church. In form it resembles the Book
of Proverbs. It is supposed to have been originally com-
piled in Hebrew or Aramean about 180 B. c., and trans-
lated into Greek about 130 B. c. Abbreviated Ecclus.
ecclesipgraphy (e-kle-zi-og'ra-fi), n. [< LGr.
fKnAr/a'ta, the church, + Gr. -ypaipia, < ypafytiv,
"write.] The history of churches, their locality,
doctrines, polity, and condition. The Congrega-
tionalist, July 2, 1879.
ecclesiological (e-kle"zi-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< ec-
clesiology + -ical.] Of or pertaining to eccle-
siology ; treating of ecclesiology.
Colossians is christological, and represents Christ as the
true pleroma or plenitude of the Godhead, the totality of
divine attributes and powers ; Ephesians is ecclesiological,
and exhibits the ideal church as the body of Christ, as the
reflected pleroma of Christ, "the fulness of Him who fill-
eth all in all." Scha/, Hist. Christ. Church, I. 96.
Mr. Butler candidly admits that in ecclesiological and
ritual knowledge he started with but a scanty outfit.
Edinlntrgh Rev., CLXIII. 27.
ecclesiologist (e-kle-zi-ol'o-jist), n. [< ecclesi-
ology + -ist.] One versed in ecclesiology; an
expounder of ecclesiology.
For the ecclesioloyiit proper there is a prodigious bal-
dacchino, and a grand display of metal-work behind the
high altar. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 282.
ecclesiology (e-kle-zi-ol'o-ji), . [< LGr. CKK^T/-
aia, the church, 4- Gr. -Ao-yia, < Atjtw, speak: see
-ology.] 1. The science of the church as an
organized society, and of whatever relates to
its outward expression or manifestation.
Christology naturally precedes ecclesiology in the order
of the system, as Christ precedes the church.
Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. 96.
It will furnish future writers in the history and eccle-
siology of Ireland with a most valuable storehouse of in-
formation. Athenaeum.
2. The science of church architecture and dec-
oration. It treats of all the details of church furniture,
ornament, etc., and their symbolism, and is cultivated
especially by the High Church party in the Church of Eng-
land.
Eastern Ecclesiology may be divided into two grand
branches, Byzantine and Armenian.
J. M, Neale, Eastern Church, I. 169.
eccles-tree (ek'lz-tre), . A dialectal variant
of axletree. [Prov. Eng.]
Ecclus. An abbreviation of Ecclesiasticus.
eccopet (ek'o-pe), n. [NL., < Gr. e/cKomJ, a cut-
ting out, an incision, < EKKOTTTOV, cut out, < fit,
out, + KOTTTEJV, cut.] In surg., the act of cut-
ting put; excision; specifically, a perpendicu-
lar division of the cranium by a cutting instru-
ment.
eccoprotict (ek-o-prot'ik), a. and n. [< NL.
eccoproticus, < Gr. cKKOTrportK6f, < citKOirpovv (only
in pass.), clear of dung, < , out, + Koirpof,
dung.] I. a. Having the quality of promoting
alvine discharges ; laxative ; loosening ; gently
cathartic.
II. . A medicine which purges gently, or
which tends to promote evacuations by stool ;
a laxative.
EccremocarpUS (ek"re-mo-kar'pus), n. [NL.,
< Gr. cKKpe/irK, hanging from or upon (< eKK.pt-
.
ai, hang from), + Kapnuf, fruit.] A genus
of climbing shrubs, natural order Rignonia-
1830
cede, containing three species, natives of South
America. They have twice-pinnatisect leaves with small
mi-mbranaceous leaflets, and green or yellow flve-lobed
flowers. E. scaber is cultivated as an ornamental creeper.
eccrinology (ek-ri-nol'o-ji), re. [Irreg. < Gr.
eKKpiveiv, separate (< CK, out, 4- Kplvciv, separate),
4 -Myia, < teyeiv, speak: see -ology.] That
branch of physiology which relates to the se-
cretions and the act of secretion.
eccrisist (ek'ri-sis), . [NL., < Gr. eKKpiaif, sep-
aration, < SKuptToe,, separated, < eKKpiveiv, choose
out, separate, < , out, + Kpiveiv, separate : see
crisis.] Inmed.: (a) The expulsion or excretion
of any waste products or products of disease.
(6) The excreted products themselves.
eccritict (e-krit'ik), n. [< Gr. f/ocpm/co?, se-
cretive, < cKuptToc, secreted, separated: see eccri-
sis.] A medicine that promotes excretion ; an
eliminative.
eccyesis (ek-si-e'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. as if *en-
K/'i?o-<f, < CKKVCIV, bring forth, put forth as leaves,
< in, forth, 4- KVSIV, be pregnant.] Extra-uter-
ine gestation, or the development of the fetus
outside of the cavity of the uterus, as in a Fal-
lopian tube, an ovary, or the abdominal cavity.
eccyliosis (ek-sil-i-o'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. CKKV-
UeaBai, be unrolled (develop) (<, out, 4- KvUetv,
roll up: see cylinder), + -osis.] In pathol., a
disease or disturbance of development ; a dis-
order resulting from the process of develop-
ment.
ecderon (ek'de-ron), n. [NL., < Gr. ex, out, 4-
Aepof, skin.] An outer layer of integument, as
the epithelial layer of mucous membrane, or
the epidermal layer of the skin : distinguished
from enderon, the deeper layer.
ecderonic (ek-de-ron'ik), a. [< ecderon + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to the ecderon ; epidermal or
epithelial.
Teeth in Mollusca and Annulosa are always ecderonic,
cuticular, or epithelial structures.
Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 80.
ecdysis (ek'di-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. enSvau;, a
getting out, < cKivetv, get out of, strip off, < CK,
out, + diieiv, get into, enter.] The act of put-
ting off, coming out of, or emerging; the act
of shedding or casting an outer coat or integu-
ment, as in the case of serpents and certain in-
sects, or the feathers of birds ; the molt : op-
posed to endysis.
ecgonine (ek'go-nin), n. [< Gr. lnyovof, born
(as a noun, a child) (< CK, out of, + -ym>6f, born:
see -gony), 4- -ine 2 .] In diem., a base obtained
from cocaine by the action of hydrochloric acid.
It is soluble in water.
echancrure (F. pron. a-shou-krur'), n. [F., a
hollowing out, scallop, slope, < e'chancrer, cut
sloping, lit. cut crabwise, < e-, < L. ex, out, 4-
chancre, < L. cancer, a crab : see cancer.] In
anat. and zool., a notch, nick, or indentation,
as on the edge or surface of a part ; an emar-
gination ; a shallow fissure. It is more than a
mere depression, and less than a furcation or
forfication.
echauguette (F. pron. a-sho-get'), n. [F., a
watch-turret, < OF. esehaugnette, eschalgttette,
oldest form eschargaite (ML. reflex, scaragu-
ayta), orig. a company on guard, then a single
sentinel, then a sentry-box, watch-turret (cf.
Walloon scarwaiter, be on the watch), < OHG.
*skarwahta, MHG. scharwate (G. scharwache), <
OHG. skara, MHG. G. schar, a company, a di-
vision or detail of an army, a crowd, 4- "wahta,
MHG. wachte, G. wacht, a watch, > OF. waite,
guaite, E. wait: see wait.] A bartizan.
echeM, a. and pron. A Middle English form of
each.
eche 2 t, v. t. An obsolete form of eke.
eche 3 *, . A Middle English form of ache 1 .
eche 4 t, a. [ME., earlier ece, < AS. ece, everlast-
ing, eternal ; cf . OS. ewig = OFries. ewich, ewig
= D. eettwig = OHG. ewic, MHG. ewic, ewec, G.
ewig = Dan. Sw. evig, everlasting, eternal, <
OHG. ewa, etc., = Goth, atws, an age, eternity:
see ay 1 , age, etern.] Everlasting; eternal.
Than ilke song that ever is eche.
Owl and Nightingale, 1. 742.
In helle heo schulle forberne
On eche sorynesse.
Old Eng. Miscellany (ed. Morris), p. 72.
echelon (esh'e-lon), n. [< F. echelon (= Sp. es-
calon), a round of a ladder, a step, stepping-
stone, echelon, < Miclle, OF. eschelle = Pr. Sp.
Pg. escala = It. scala, < L. scala, a ladder: see
scale 2 .] A step-like arrangement or order ;
specifically, a military disposition of troops of
such a nature that each division, brigade, regi-
Echidna
ment, company, or other body occupies a posi-
tion parallel to, but not in the same alinement
with, that in front, thus presenting the appear-
ance of steps, and capable of being formed into
one line by moving each of the less advanced
divisions, etc., forward until they all aline.
Troops so disposed are said to be in echelon. A fleet is
said tube in echelon when it presents a wedge-form to the
enemy, so that the bow-guns and broadsides of the sev-
oral ships can defend one another.
The beaters moved in echelon by the hill-top as well as
they could. ir. //. Burnett, Diary in India, II. 166.
The friends were standing where the Catskill hills lay
before them in echelon towards the river, the ridges lap-
ping over each other and receding in the distance.
C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 54.
echelon (esh'e-lon), v. t. [< echelon, n.] To
form in echelon.
The Russian army of the Lorn in the end of July was
echeloned along the road to Kustchuk, waiting for the
word to surround that fortress.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 128.
echelon-lens (esh'e-lon-lenz), n. A compound
lens used for lighthouses, having a series of con-
centric annular lenses arranged round a central
lens, so that all have a common focus.
echeneidan (ek-e-ne'i-dau), n. A fish of the
family Echeneididai. Sir J. Richardson.
echeneidid (ek-e-ne'i-did), '. A fish of the
family EcheneididiE.
EcheneididSB (ek"e-ne-id'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Echeneis (-id-) + -idw.] A family of teleoeepha-
lous fishes, representing the suborder Discoce-
phali, and typified by the genus Echeneis. The
body is elongated, broad in front, and tapering to the cau-
dal fln ; the head is flat, horizontal above, and surmounted
by an oval disk. This disk is composed of numerous (10 to
27) transverse bars, pectinated behind, and divided into
pairs by a median longitudinal leathery partition, and
is surrounded by a leathery margin. This formation is
homologous with a set of dorsal spines, and is in fact an
extremely modified dorsal fln. A normal dorsal is devel-
oped on the hinder part of the body, and the anal nearly
corresponds to it. The ventrals are thoracic in position,
and have 5 rays, and a slender spine closely attached to
the adjoining ray. By means of the disk, acting as a
sucker, these fishes attach themselves to other animals.
They are known to sailors and fishermen as suckers or
suckinff-Jishes. About a dozen species are known ; the
most common are Echeneis naucrates and Reuiora remo-
ra. Also Echenidce, Echeneidini. See pilot-fish, remora.
Echeneidini (ek-e-ne-i-di'ni), . pi. [NL., <
Echeneis (-id-) + -ini.] Same as Echeneididce.
Bonaparte, 1837.
echeneidoid (ek-e-ne'i-doid), a. and n. I. a.
Pertaining to or having the characters of the
Echeneididw.
II. n. A fish of the family Echeneididce.
Echeneis (ek-e-ne'is), n. [L., < Gr. cxeviif
(-id-), the remora, supposed to have the power
of holding ships back, prop, adj., ship-holding,
< ^(v, hold, 4- vci'f = L. navis, a ship.] The
typical genus of the family Echeneididai, hav-
ing on the top of the head a large, flat, lami-
Sucking-fish (Eclt*
nated disk or sucker, composed of numerous
transverse plates set obliquely upward and
backward, forming an adhesive surface by
which the fish attaches itself to various objects,
as a larger fish, a ship's bottom, etc. The type is
the common remora or sucking-fish, E. navcrates. By
some it is extended to include all the species of the fam-
ily, and by others restricted to elongated slender species
with numerous plates to the suckers, like E. naucrates.
echeum (e-ke'um), n. ; pi. echea (-a). [L. ecliea,
< Gr. yx c ~' a > P'- f 'lX e ' m> > * kind of loud kettle-
drum or gong_, < fixf> vxn, a sound, esp. a loud
sound, roar, rixtiv, sound, ring: see echo.] In
arch., one of the sonorous bell-shaped vases of
bronze or clay which the ancients are said to
have introduced in the construction of their
theaters to give greater power to the voices of
the actors. See acoustic vessel, under acoustic.
Echeveria (ech-e-ve'ri-a), n. [NL., named af-
ter Echeveri, a botanic artist.] A genus of suc-
culent plants, natural order Crassulacea;, chiefly
natives of Mexico. It is now included in the
genus Cotyledon.
echiaster (ek-i-as'tfer), . [NL., prop, eehinas-
ter (which is used in another application: see
Erhinaster), < Gr. exivor,, hedgehog, + arjrljp, a
star.] 1. A kind of stellate sponge-spicule.
Sollas. 2. [cap.] A genus of coleopterous
insects. Eriehson.
Echidna (e-kid'na), . [NL., < L. echidna, < Gr.
f.t'oVa, an adder, viper, < ca''f> & n adder, viper:
see Echis.] 1. In tenth., agenus of anguilliform
fishes : generally accounted a synonym of Mvras-
Echidna
na. Forstcr,l"ft. [Not in use.] 2. Inhcr/M-t.,
a, genus of reptiles: used by Wagler and others
for the geiius of v i pers ( I 'ipcridw) called Ilitis by
Gray and Cope. Merrem, 1820. [Not in use.}
3. lu nuimmul. : (a) The typical genus of the
family Kclmlnidii', containing the aculeated ant-
eater or spiny ant-eater of Australia and Tas-
mania, K. Inj.ttri.r or uculeatd, and another spe-
cies, K. lawcxi of New Guinea, together with a
fossil One, //'. <///. Tlu-y have 6 toes on each foot;
the snout Is straight and mi'iln ,it.-l> tk-Vfluj)ed. Tachy-
ttlimmix is tho warn* 1 , ami is ttie name properly to be nsr.i
for this uriiiis according to zoological rules of nomen-
clature, the name l-.'i-ludttu having been preoccupied in
another sense, though it lias most currency in this sense.
See AcanthoyloMHti, ant-eater. Cuvier, 1797. (ft) [l t <j.]
A species of the genus Echidna or family Eckid-
nidie. The echidna resembles a large hedgehog, except-
ing that the spines are much longer, and the snout Is long
and slender, with a small aperture at the end for tho pro-
trusion of the long, flexible, worm-like tongue. The ani-
mal is nocturnal, fossorial, and Insectivorous, and catches
insects with its long, sticky tongue, whence it is known as
the porcupine ant-eater. The echidna is closely related to
the ornithorhynchus, or duck-billed platypus, and, like it,
is oviparous.
4. A genus of echinoderms. T)e Blainnlle, 1830.
Echidnas (e-kid'ne), n. pi. [NL., pi. of echidna,
< Li. echidna, an adder, viper: see Echidna.} A
group of bombycid moths. Hiibner, 1816.
Echidnidse (e-kid'ni-de), . pi. [NL., < Echid-
na + -ida:.] The family of monotrematous or-
nithodelphian or prototherian mammals con-
stituted by the genera Echidna (or Tachyglos-
sus) and Zaglossus (or Acanthoglossus). They
have, lu addition to the ordinal and superordinal charac-
1831
- r
#nVs
J+^Sfat
^iHpr
; .r^^y 5
Spiny K.I
echint,"- [ME.,< L. echinus: see echini/*.] A
sea-hedgehog ; a sea-urchin.
Men . . . knowen whiche strondes habounden moat of
tendrc flsshes or of sharpe flsslies that hygten echynnyn.
Chaucer, Boe thins, p. 82.
Echinacea (ek-i-na'se-a), . [NL. (so called on
account of the long spinescent bracts of the
columnar receptacle), < Gr. cx'ivof, a hedgehog,
+ -acea.] A genus of coarse composite plants
of the prairies of North America, allied to Rud-
beckia, but with long rose-colored rays and
prickly-pointed chaff. There are two species, which
are occasionally cultivated. Their thick black roots have
a pungent taste, and are used in popular medicine under
the name of black-satnpson.
Echinarachnius (e-ki-na-rak'ni-us), . [NL.
(Leske, 1778^, < Gr. ex'vof, a hedgehog, sea-
urchin, + apaxvrt, a spider.] A genus of flat, ir-
regular petalostichous sea-urchins, of the fam-
ily Mellitidce (or Scutellidte), with no perfora-
tions or lunules. E. parma, of the Pacific and Atlan-
tic coasts of the United States, is known as the nand-dollar
or cake-urchin. E. excentricwt is the common cake-urchin
of the Pacific coast. See cut under cake-urchin.
Echinaster (ek-i-nas'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. cx'vof,
a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + oarS/p, a star.] A
genus of starfishes, of the family Solastridce.
tttofloisus bruijtti.
ters which they share with Ornithorhynchida', convoluted
cerebral hemispheres, perforated acetabulum, as in birds,
the facial region of the skull produced into a long, slen-
der rostrum with the nostrils at its end, styliform mandib-
ular rami, vermiform protnulle tongue, no true teeth,
feet not webbed, but furnished with long claws, and no
tibial spur. The family is properly called Tachyglossidce.
Echidnina (ek-id-nl'na). n. pi. FNL., < Echid-
na + -iita 2 .] A group of mammals represented
bv Echidna. Bonaparte, 1837.
echidnine (e-kid'nin), n. [< L. echidna, viper,
+ -ie 2 .] Serpent-poison; the secretion from
the poison-glands of the viper and other ser-
pents. Echidnine is a clear, viscid, neutral, yellowish
fluid, containing albumin, mucus, fatty matter, a yellow
coloring principle, and, among its salts, phosphates and
chlorids. Associated with the albumin is a peculiar ni-
trogenous body, to which the name echidnine is more
particularly applied. The poison-bag of a viper seldom
contains more than 2 grains of the poisonous liquid ; ; J, n
of a grain is sufficient to kill a small bird.
Echimyidae (ek-i-mi'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Echi-
mys + -idte.] A family of hystricomorphic ro-
dents, taking name from the genus Echimys.
Also jEchinomgidas.
Echimyinae (e-kl-mi-I'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Echi-
mys + -inw.] A subfamily of hystricomorphic
rodents, of the family Octodontidts, related to
the porcupines ; the hedgehog-rats. It Is a large
group of numerous genera, differing much in external
form and aspect. The African ground-pig, Aulacodus
sioinderianus, belongs to this subfamily, as do the West
Indian genera Capromy* and Ptogiodon. (See cut under
Auiacodus.) All the rest of the genera are South Amer-
ican. Of these the coypou, Myopotamus coypug, is the
best-known form, though not a typical one. (See cut
under coupon.) The most representative genera are Echi-
mys &nd Lonchereg, or the spiny rats proper, of which there
are a dozen or more species, having prickles In the fur.
Cercomys, Daftylmni/s, and Mesomys are other examples
without spines. Carterodon is a fossil genus from the bone-
caves of Brazil. Also written Echimyina, Echimyna, Echi-
mitiliii'i. ami, more correctly, Echinomyintz.
Echimyna (ek-i-mi'na), n. pi. [NL., < Echimys
+ -()] Same usEchimitimi.
Echimys (e-ki'mis), n. [NL., contr. of Echi-
iinmys, lit. 'hedge-rat' (so called from the fact
t hat the pelage is bristly or mixed with flattened
spiiies), < Gr. ex'tvot, a hedgehog, + /n-c = E.
mouse.] The typical genus of the subfamily
Echimyiiur : the spiny rats proper. All the species
are South American ; E. caycnnen*i* is the best-know?].
Oeo/roy, 1809. Also written Echymvs, aud properly Echi-
nomy.
EcHinaster tenfttt.
E. tfjMtitu.1 Is an example. /.'. srntus Is a West Indian
species, extending northward on the Atlantic coast of the
United States, having the spines sheathed in membrane
and occurring only at the angles of the calcareous plates
of the upper surface. Cribella is a synonym.
Echinasteridae (e-ki-nas-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinaster + -id&.] A family of starfishes
with two rows of tube-feet, a skeletal frame of
lengthened ossicles, and spines on those of the
dorsal surface: a synonym of Solastrida;.
echinate (ek'i-nat), a. [< L. echinatus, set with
prickles, prickly, < echinus, a hedgehog: see echi-
nus.] Spiny, like a hedgehog; bristling with
sharp points ; bristly. An echinate surface Is one thick-
ly covered with sharp elevations like spines bristling, and
is to be distinguished from a muricate surface, in which
the elevations are scattered, lower, and not so acute.
echinated (ek'i-na-ted), a. [< echinate + -ed%.]
Rendered prickly or bristly.
Fibre echinated by laterally projecting spicules.
Lendenfeld.
Echini (e-ki'iii), n. pi. [L., pi. of echinus, a
hedgehog, sea-urchin : see echinus.] 1. InCu-
vier s system of classification, the second fam-
ily of pedicellate echinoderms, containing the
sea-urchins : equivalent to several modern fam-
ilies, or to the whole of the order or class Echi-
iniiili'ii. 2. [?.<".] Plural of echinus.
echinid (ek'i-nid), n. One of the Echinidtr.
Echinida (e-kin'i-da), n. pi. Same as Echinidce.
Echinidae (e-kin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Echinus
+ -id<r.] A family of regular desmostichous or
endocyclic sea-urchins, of the order Endoci/t-lica
and class Echinoidea, having a thin round shell
echinococcus
with broad ambulacra! spaces bearing tuber-
cles and spines, the latter mostly short ami
pyriform, aud oral branching; the typical sea-
urchins or sea-eggs. The genera are numerous,
such as Echiiiun, l^-liimitlirix, Toxoptieustex, etc.
echinidan (e-kin'i-dan), . A sea-urchin ; one
of the Echinidte.
echiniform (e-kl'ni-f6nn), a. In entom., same
moid.
Echiniscus (ek-i-nis'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. i x i-
vof, a hedgehog, + -UJKO(, dim. suffix.] A ge-
nus of bear-animalcules or water-bears, of the
family Macro bio tidte : a synonym is Emydium.
E. bellermantii is an example.
echinital (e-kin'i-tal), a. [< echinite + -til.]
Pertaining to an echinite or fossil sea-urchin.
echinite (e-ki'nit), M. [< Gr. ej-ivof, a hedge-
hog, sea-urchin, + E. -ite 2 .] A fossil sea-urchin.
Kchinltes are found in all fossillfcrous strata,
but are most abundant and best preserved In
the Chalk. The term is an indefinite one,
these fossils being of various genera, as Go-
niocidaris, Echinothuria, etc. Tin- Paleozoic
echinites form an order I'altechiuuideti, repre-
sented by such genera as Paltechinus, Loci-
daris, etc. See cut under EchinothuriultK.
Echinobothria (e-ki-no-both'ri-a), 11.
lit. [NL. (Rudolph!),' pi. of Echino-
bothrium.] A group named for the
cestoid worms. See Echinobothrium.
Echinobothrium (e-kl-no-both'ri-
um), n. [NL., < Gr. cx~'vo>c, a hedge-
hog, 4- /3o6piov, dim. of /3<4fyx>f, a pit,
trench.] A genus of cestoid worms,
or tapeworms, of the family Diphylli-
dce, having on the head two fossettes
with hooks. The separated proglottides
continue to live and grow for some time in-
dependently. E. minimum and K. typus are
examples. Also Echineibothrium.
Echinobrissidae (e-ki-no-bris'i-de), n.
pi. [NL., < Echinobrissus + -idice.]
A family of irregular sea-urchins,
typified by the genus Echinobrissus. <*.-
Echinobrissus (e-ki-no-bris'us), 11. '"^J,""*"
[Nil., prop. "Echinobryssus, < Gr. f^.-
vof, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + ppioaof, a kind
of sea-urchin.] The typical genus of the fam-
ily Echinobrissidae.
Echinocactns (e-ki-no-kak'tus), H. [NL., < Gr.
t^ivoc, a hedgehog,
f nanTos, cactus.]
A genus of cactace-
ous plants, globose
or oval, and some-
times gigantic,
strongly ribbed, or
with tubercles in
vertical or spiral
rows. They are armed
with clusters of short
spines, at the base of
which, upon the younger
parts of the plant, are
borne the large and EcHinxotiia i
showy flowers. Over 200
species have been described, mostly Mexican, with a con*
siderable number within the limits of the United States.
Echinocardium (e-ki-no-kar'di-um), . [NL.,
< Gr. ix'vof, a hedgehog, + napiia = E. heart.]
A genus of spatangoid
sea-urchins, or heart-ur-
chins, of the family Spa-
tangidce. E. cordatum
, occurs on both coasts
of the Atlantic. Leske,
1778. Also called Am-
jiliidotus.
echinochrome (e-ki'no-
krom), n. [< Gr. ^ivpf,
a hedgehog, sea-urchin,
i, color.] Seethe
Dr. C. A. MacMunn describes the spectroscopic or chemi-
cal characters of the blood of various worms and mollusks.
One of the most interesting pigments which he has de-
tected is that which he calls echinochrome, . . . obtained
from the perivisceral cavity of Strongylocentrotus lividna.
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc., 2d ser., VI. i. 48.
echinococci, . Plural of echinococcus.
Echinococcifer (e-ki-no-kok'si-fer), n. [NL.,<
echinococcus + "L.fcrre = E. bear*.] A genus of
tapeworms, in which, in the hydatid state, the
ttenia-heads bud in special brood-capsules in
such a way that their invagination is turned
toward the lumen of the vesicle, as in the
echinococcus of Tamia erhinococeus. Claus.
echinococcus (e-ki-no-kok'us), n. ; pi. ecliinn-
rocci (-si). [XL.. < Gr. ix'vof, a hedgehog, +
(id/woe, a berry: see coccus.] Ttxnia echinococ-
cus in its larval (scolex) stage, which forms
echinococcus
the so-called hydatids occurring in the liver, Echinodermaria (e-ki"no-der-ma'ri-a), n. pi.
brain, etc., of man and other animals; the [NL., as Echinoderma + -ana.} A group ot
hydatid form of the wandered scolex of Tcenia echinoderms. DC Blainville, 1830.
echinococcus, having deutoscolices or daughter- Echinodermata (e-ki-no-der ma-ta), n. pi.
cysts formed by gemmation. This hydatid is that [NL., neut. pi. of echinodermatus : see eclmio-
of the tapeworm of the dog, having several tenia-heads J A - 1 1 ^.-~i * +-
Echinoneus
,
in the cyst; it may occur in man, commonly in the liver,
giving rise to very serious disease. The word was origi-
nally a genus name, given by Rudolphi before the relation-
ship to Tcenia was known ; it is now used as the name of
the larval stage of the tapeworm whose specific name is
the same. See cut under Tcenia.
In Echinococcus the structure of the cystic worm is
. . . complicated by its proliferation, the result of which
is the formation of many bladder-worms, inclosed one
within the other, and contained in a strong laminated sac
or cyst, apparently of a chitinous nature, secreted by the
parasite. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 186.
EcMnoconidae (e-ki-no-kon'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinoeonvs + -idw.] A family of fossil reg-
ular sea-urchins.
Echinoconus (e-ki-no-ko'nus), n. [NL., < Gr.
ex'vof, a hedgehog, H- navof, a cone: see cone.]
The typical genus of Eehinoconidce. Sreyn.
Echinocoridse (e-kl-no-kor'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echiiwcorus + -idee'.'] A family of irregular
dermatoits.] A phylum or subkingdom of i
zoic animals; the echinoderms. They rei
meta-
. 'epresent
one of the most distinct types of the animal kingdom,
agreeing with coeleuterates in having a radiate or actino-
meric arrangement of parts, usually pentamerous or by
fives or tens, a digestive canal, a water-vascular or ambu-
lacral apparatus, a true blood-vascular system, and the in-
tegument indurated by calcareous deposits, as either gran-
ules, spicules, or hard plates forming a shell. The ali-
mentary canal is distinct from the general body-cavity ;
there is a deuterostomatous oral orifice or mouth, and
usually an anus. The sexes are mostly distinct. The spe-
cies undergo metamorphosis ; the free-swimming ciliated
embryo is known as a pluteus, in some cases as an echi-
noptedium (see cut under echinupcedium) ; the adult form
is usually assumed by a complicated kind of secondary
development from the larval form, which is mostly bilat-
eral. The Echinodermata were so named by Klein in 1734,
and in Cuvier's system were the first class of his Radiata ;
they are still sometimes reduced to a class with the Ccelen-
terata. As a subkingdom they are divisible into foul-
classes : Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Asteroidea, and Holothu-
rioidea, or the crinoids, sea-urchins, starfishes, and sea-
cucumbers. As a class they are sometimes divided direct-
sea-urchins, chiefly of the Cretaceous formation. ]y into seven orders: Echinoidea (sea-urchins), Asteroidea
EchinOCOrus (ek-i-nok'o-rus), re. [NL., < Gr. (starfishes), Ophimoidea (sand-stars and brittle-stars).
,
Crinoidea (feather-stars), Cystoidea (extinct), Blastoidea
All are
%rfvSTenu r s of Eel %LZia<? ^^iST^^S^^SSSSS^
bug.J Ihe typical genus ot jiciimoconaa:. marine Al30 Echinoderma.
Schroter.
Echinocrepis (e-kl-no-kre'pis), n. [NL., < Gr.
ixiv of , a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + KpTfx'u;, a boot.]
A genus of spatangoid sea-urchins, or heart-
urchins, of the family Spatangidw, of a trian-
gular form, with the anal system on the lower
or actinal surface. E. cuneata is a deep-sea
form of southern seas. Agassis, 1879.
Echinocystis (e-kl-no-sis'tis), n. [NL., < Gr.
exivof, a hedgehog, + itvarif, a bladder : see cyst.]
Acueurbitaceousgenusof plants of the eastern echinodermatOUS (e-kl-no-der'ma-tus), a.
The organization of the Echinodermata does in fact ap-
pear so different from that of the ccelenterates, and seems
to belong to a so much higher grade of development, that
the combination of the two groups as Radiata is inadmis-
sible, and so much the more so since the radial arrange-
ment of the structure exhibits some transitions towards a
bilateral symmetry. The Echinodennata are separated
from the Co3lenterata by the possession of a separate ali-
mentary canal and vascular system, and also by a number
of peculiar features both of organization and of develop-
ment. Claus, Zoology (trans.), I. 267.
[<
Diagram of an Echinus (stripped of its spines),
a. mouth; a', gullet; b, teeth; r.lips; d, alveoli; e, falces: f.f.
auricularise ; ?. retractor, and ft, protractor, muscles of Aristotle's lan-
tern ; i, madreporic canal ; *, circular ambulacra! vessel ; /, Polian
vesicle ; rri, , e , o, ambulacra! vessels ; /, A pedal vesicles ; q, q,
pedicels; r, r, spines; j, tubercle; s' t tubercle to which a spinels
articulated ; /, /, pedicellariae ; it, anus ; v, madreporic tubercle ; x.
ocular spot.
Echinolampadidse (e-ki"no-lam-pad'i-de), .
pi. [NL., < Ecliinolampas (-fad-) + -idee.] A
family of irregular sea-urchins. See Cassidu-
lidce^. Also EcUinolampidte.
Echinolampas (e-ki-no-lam'pas), n. [NL.,also
Echinolamjiiis ; < Gr. 'cfivof, a hedgehog, sea-
urchin, + Ad/iTn?, Xa^ffdf (-Trao-), a torch : see
lamp.] A genus of irregular sea-urchins, of the
family Cassidulidat, or giving name to a family
Echinolampadida.
Echinometra (e-ki-no-met'ra), n. [NL., < Gr.
iy-pa, the largest kind of sea-urchin, <
, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + /iJ/rpa, womb.]
NL. echinodermattis, < Gr. x iv i a hedgehog,
sea-urchin, + &/>,<z(r-), skin.] Having a spicu-
late or indurated skin ; specifically, of or per-
taining to the echinoderms or Echinodermata.
United States, of a single annual species, E.
lobata. It has numerous white flowers, and an oval,
prickly fruit, which becomes dry and bladdery, and opens
at the top for the discharge of the seeds. It is frequently
cultivated for ornament, and is known as the wild balsam,
apple. By some authorities the genus is extended to in-
c^i^v^, il u,;iim in';^, I VC 1 J 'I, Aicv^ii.j ^i Diugu "VI* "J ** v *6 v '~"e' 3 ' ~ J
lar genus of minute worm-like animals of un- 1. In entom., a genus of beetles, of the family
certain position, supposed to be intermediate Histerida, with two North American species, E.
in some respects between the wheel-animal- setiger and E. decipiens. 2. A genus of insec-
cules and the crustaceans. The rounded head is tivorous mammals : same as Hemicentetes.
furnished with recurved hooks, and is succeeded by 10 EcMnOglOSSa (e-ki-no-glos'a), n. pi. [NL., <
or 11 distinct segments, the last of which is bifurcated; g r _ i x i vofj a hedgehog, + yKuaaa, the tongue.]
A grade or series of Mollusca, represented by the
gastropods, cephalopods, pteropods, and scaph-
opods, as collectively distinguished from the
Lipoglossa (which see) alone, in E. R. Lankester's
arrangement of Molltisca, the Echinogloxsa are divided into
three classes : Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (including Piero-
poda), and Scaphopoda. Odontophora is a synonym.
echinoglossal (e-ki-no-glos'al), o. and n. [<
Echinoglossa + -al.] I. a. Pertaining to or hav-
ing the characters of the Echinoglossa.
- , - - , , -,, . II. re. A member of the Echinoqlossa.
gle cephahcganglion; and eye-spots are present. Itisthe -L. .j / , -/ ..-. * rs n ' -
typical genus of the family Echinoderidce. E. dujardini OChmOld (e-kl'noid), a. and n. [< Gr. ex'VO(, a
is an example. It is a small marine worm, scarcely half hedgehog, sea-urchin, + tfrtof, form. Cf. Echt-
a millimeter long, with a distinct retractile head, caudal nodes.] I a. 1 . Having the form or appearance
8 e'ar'anc'e of se^nfentetio^ a}OnS the b dy> 8 ' Ving *" " P " of a sea - urcnin : ir ? entomology, applied to cer-
EchinocUres ditjardini, greatly enlarged.
the segments bear paired sette ; there are no limbs, and
the nervous system appears to be represented by a sin-
tain insect-eggs which are shaped like an echi-
nus, and covered with crowded deep pits. 2.
Pertaining to the Echinoidea.
II. n. In sool., one of the Echinoidea.
The spheroidal echinoids, in reality, depart further from
the general plan and from the embryonic form than the
elongated spatangoids do. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 223.
Claui, ZoSlogy (trans! J, I. 404. Echinoidea (ek-i-noi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., < Echi-
echinoderm (e-kl'no-derm), . and n. [< Eclii- nus + -oidea.] A class of the phylum or sub-
noderma.] I. a. Having a prickly covering; kingdom Echinodermata; the sea-urchins or
sea-eggs. They have a rounded, depressed (not elongat*
Echinoderidae (e-kl-no-der'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinoderes + -idai.] A family of animal-
cules, by some considered related to the roti-
fers, based upon the genus Echinoderes. It is
often located with the gastrotrichous worms.
Echinoderidce, which Dnjardin and Greet regarded as
;onnecting links between Venues and Arthropoda.
echinodermatous.
II. re. Any one of the Echinodermata.
All eckinvderms have a calcareous skeleton, and many
are provided with movable spines. A characteristic ap-
paratus of vessels, termed the ambulacra! or water-vascu-
lar system, is present. It is composed of a ring round the
pharnyx, from which proceed a number of radiating ca-
nals, commonly giving off cffical appendages (Polian vesi-
cles), as well as branches which enter the retractile tube-
feet, often furnished with a terminal disk or sucker, which
with the spines are the organs of locomotion. The madre-
poric canal connects the pharyngeal ring with the exte-
rior. Pascoe, Zool. Class., p. 40.
Echinoderma (e-ki-no-der'ma), n. pi. [NL. :
see Echinodermata.] 'Same as Echinodermata.
Owen.
echinodermal (e-ki-no-der'mal), a. [< echino-
derm + -al.] Same as eehinodermatoits.
The harder, spine-clad or echinodermal species perplex
the most patient and persevering dissector by the extreme
complexity and diversity of their constituent parts.
Owen, Anat., x.
ed) form, subspherical, cordiform, or discoid, inclosed in
a test or shell composed of many calcareous plates closely
and usually immovably connected, studded with tubercles
and bearing movable spines, and perforated in some places
for the emission of tube-feet; an oral and anal orifice
always present, a convoluted intestine, a water-vascular
system, a blood-vascular system, and sometimes respira-
tory as well as ambulatory appendages. The perforated
plates are the ambulacra, alternating with imperforate in-
terambulacral plates ; there are usually five pairs of each.
The anus is dorsal or superior, the mouth ventral or infe-
rior ; the latter in many forms has a complicated internal
skeleton. The general arrangement of parts is radiate or
actinpmeric, with meridional divisionsof parts ; but bilater-
ality is recognizable in many adults, and perfectly expressed
in the larval forms. The Echinoidea are divisible into Jte-
yularia, Desmosticha, or Endocyclica, containing the ordi-
nary symmetrically globose forms, as Cidaris, Echinus, and
Echinometra and the Irregularia, Petalosticha, or Exocy-
clica, containing the cake-urchins and heart-urchins, or
the clypeastroids and spatangoids (respectively sometimes
erected into the orders Clypeastrtda and Spatangida) ; to-
gether with the Paleozoic echinoids, which in some systems
constitute a third order, Paliechinoidea. Also Echinoida.
Echitiomttra cilonffata, with spines in part removed to show the
plates of the test.
The typical genus of regular sea-urchins of
the family Echinometrid(e. E. oblongata is an
example.
Echlnometridse (e-ki-no-met'ri-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Echinometra + -idee.] A family of reg-
ular desmostichous or endoeyclical sea-urchins,
of the order Endocyclica or Cidaridea, having
a long oval shell, imperforate tubercles, oral
branchiae, and ambulacral areas in arcs of more
than three pairs of pores. Echinometra and
Podophora are the leading genera.
Echinomyia (e-kl-no-mi'i-a), n. [NL. (Dume'ril,
1806), < Gr. ex'' v f, a hedgehog, + puia, a fly.]
A genus of flies, of the family Tachinidte, com-
prising large bristly species of a black or black-
ish-gray color, usually with reddish-yellow
sides of the abdomen or with glistening white
bands. Among them are the largest European flies of
the family Muscidce in a broad sense, but none have yet
been found in America. They are parasitic upon cater-
pillars. Also Echinojnya.
Echinomyidae (e-ki-no-mi'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinomys + -Ida:.] Same as Echimyidai.
Echinomyinee (e-kl"no-mi-i'ne), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinmnys + -ina;.] ' Same as Echimyince.
Echinomys (e-ki'no-mis), n. [NL., < Gr. ex'vof,
a hedgehog, + /jvf '= E. mouse.] Same as JSchi-
mys. Wagner, 1840.
Echinoneidse (e-kl-no-ne'i-de), n. pi. [NL., <
Echinoneus + -idte.] ' A family of irregular sea-
urchins, typified by the genus Ecliinoneus. Also
written Echinonidic and Echinoncides.
Echinonemata (e-ki-no-ne'ma-ta), n.pl. [NL.,
< Gr. X' V (, a hedgehog. + "vtyia, pi. i%ara, a
thread, < VFIV, spin.] A subordinal or other
group of ceratosilicious sponges, having spic-
ules of two or more kinds, there being smooth,
double-pointed ones in the ceratode, and rough,
single-pointed ones standing partly exposed.
Echinoneus (ek-i-nd'ne-us), n. [NL., < Gr. exi-
vof, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + veof = E. neic.]
A genus of irregular sea-urchins, of the family
( 'uxxidulidte, or giving name to a family Echino-
neida:
echinopaedia
echinopsedia, w. Plural of eehinopaedium.
echinopaedic (e-ki-no-pe'dik), a. [< -h'uini><r-
(liiini + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the eobmo-
pajdium of an echinodenn ; auriciilarian. See
Holothiiriniili-it.
echinopaedium (o-ki-no-pe'di-um), n. ; pi. n-lii-
wpirdia (-&). [NL., <' (.ir. ex'vof, a hedgehog,
4- naiiiov, dim. of jrnif (irw*-), a child.] Tho
early larval stage of an echinodenn : a name
Diagram of Cchlnopjedia, much enlarged.
A, common primitive form of R<hin9tUrmata, whence ff,fi',tL vermi-
form holothurid, and C, C , a pluteiform ophiurid or echinid (pluteusj
larva are derived: a, mouth; b, stomach; f, intestine* rf, anus; r,
ciliated band.
given by Huxley to the primitive generalized
type-form of the Echinodermata, illustrated by
the bilaterally symmetrical embryonic stage of
nearly all members of that class. See the ex-
tract.
In many Echinoderms, the radial symmetry, even In
the adult, la more apparent than real, Inasmuch as a me-
dian plane can be found, the parts on each side of which
are disposed symmetrically in relation to that plane.
With a few exceptions, the embryo leaves the egg as
a bilaterally symmetrical larva, provided with ciliated
bands, and otherwise similar to a worm-larva, which may
be termed an Echinopcediuni. The conversion of the
Echinopcedium into an Echinoderm is effected by the de-
velopment of an enterocoele, and Its conversion Into the
peritoneal cavity and the ambulacra! system of veins and
nerves, and by the metamorphosis of the mesoderm into
radially-disposed antimeres, the result of which is the
more or less complete obliteration of the primitive bilat-
eral symmetry of the animal.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 466.
=8yn. Echinopcedium, Pluteug. Echinopeedium is the
more general term, used by Its proposer to cover any em-
bryonic or larval stage of any echinoderm from the gas-
trula stage to the assumption of its specific characters. A
pluteus is a special pluteiform larva of some echinodenus,
as the holothurians, ophiuriaus, and echinids proper.
echinoplacid (e-ki-no-plas'id), a. [< Gr. ex'vof,
a hedgehog, + r^<ij Tnfla/c-), anything flat, a
plate, etc., 4- -id 2 .] Having a circlet of spines
on the madreporic plate,
as a starfish: opposed
to anccninoplacia.
I Echinopora(ek-i-nop'o-
rii), . [NL., < Gr. '
vof, a hedgehog, +
a passage: see pore.~\
The typical genus of
stone-corals of the fam-
ily Echinoporidoe. La-
marck.
Echinoporidae (e-ki-no-por'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinopora + -idee.} A family of stone-
corals, of the order Sclerodermata, typified by
the genus Echinopora.
Echinoprocta (e-ki-no-prok'tft), n. [NL., fern.
of echiiioproctus : see echinoproctous.] A genus
of porcupines :
same as Erethi-
zon. J.E.Gray,
1865.
echinoproctous
(o-ki-no-prok'-
tus), a.' [<NL.
ecliinoproctus, <
Gr. ex'ivos, a
hedgehog, +
irpuicrof, the
rump.] Having
a spiny or prick-
ly rump: spe-
cifically applied
to porcupines
of the genus
EcliitHipracta or
l-'ri'tli i_~.
Echinops (e-W-
nops), ii. [NL.,
< Gr. ixlvos, a
hedgehog, +
schi*cfs Kut/unffia.
1833
like habit, remarkable for having its one-flow-
ered heads crowded in dense terminal clusters
resembling the ordinary flower-head of the or-
der. There are about 75 species, natives of the Mediter-
ranean region and eastward, mostly perennials. A few
species are occasionally cultivated for ornament, and are
known as globe-thistles.
2. A genus of Madagascan insectivorous mam-
mals, of the family Ccntetida 1 , containing the
sokinah, E. tclfairi. Martin, 1838.
Echinoptilidae (e-ki-nop-til'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinoptilum + -idle.] A family of pennatu-
lid polyps, of the section Juncijormes, typified
by the genus Echinoptilum, having no axis.
Echinoptilum (ek-i-nop'ti-lum), n. [NL., < Gr.
ex'WK, a hedgehog, + irriMv, a feather, wing.]
The typical genus of Echinoptilidte. The type
is /-'. macintoshii of Japan.
echinorhinid (e-ki-no-rin'id), . A shark of
the family Echinorhinidte.
Echinqrhinidae (e-ki-no-rin'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Echinorhinus + -idoi.] A family of sharks,
represented by the genus Echinorhinus. The
body is very stout and surmounted by scattered thorn-like
tubercles, the anal An wanting, and the first dorsal rather
nearer the pectoral than the ventral fins. Also called
Echinorhinttidcc.
echinorhinoid (e-ki-no-ri'noid), a. and n. [<
Echinorhinus + -aid.] I. a. Of or relating to
the Echinorhinidte.
II. n. An echinorhinid.
Echinorhinus (e-ki-no-ri'nus), . [NL., < Gr.
ix~">s, a hedgehog, -f- ptv6f, skin, hide.] A
genus of selachians, or sharks, typical of the
6chiquete.
resemblance to the Anli-ri'ln. The genera Echi-
Hotliiirin. I'uli; ria, and Phormottoma are exam-
ples.
Echinothuriidae (e-ki'no-thu-ri'i-de), . /./.
[NL., < l-'.rliiiio-
II, n i HI + -iila: ]
A family of reg-
ular endooy<'li-
cal or desmos-
tichous sea-ur-
chins, having
the plates of
the shell over-
lapping or mov-
ably connected
by soft parts,
as in the gen-
era Asthenosoma
and Phormosoma. Also written Echinothuridoe.
Echinozoa (e-ki-no-zo'ft), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
ixivof, a hedgehog, + fvov, pi. Cv, an animal.]
Allman's name of the series of animals which
Huxley called Annnloida.
echinulate (e-kin'u-lat). a. [< NL. *echinulu#,
dim. of L. echinus,'* hedgehog, + -ate 1 .] Hav-
ing small prickles ; minutely prickly or spiny.
s), .; pi. echini (-ni). [L., <Gr.
Fragment of a Fossil Echinus
{EckinothMria Jtoris).
Sptnous Shark (Echinorhinus
EcHinepora rotelta.
genus of cyna-
roid Composita
with a thistle-
X e P~
family Ecliinorhinida;: so called because the tu-
bercles which stud the skin bear spines ; these,
when detached, leave a scar. E. spinosus is the
spinous shark of European, African, and Ameri-
can waters.
Echinorhynchidae (e-ki-no-ring'ki-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Echinorhynchus +' -idee.'] The typical
and only family of nematelminth parasitic
worms of the order Acanthocephala (which see),
having the sexes distinct, no oral orifice or ali-
mentary canal, and the head consisting of a
protrnsile proboscis armed with hooks, whence
the name. They are formidable, worm-like internal
parasites, with gregarina-like embryos, becoming encyst-
ed like cestoid worms. Besides Echinorhynchus, the
family contains the genus Coleops. The species are nu-
merous.
Echinorhynchus (e-ki-no-ring'kus), . [NL.,
< Gr. fx'vos, a hedgehog, -t- frvyxf, snout.] The
typical genus of the family Echinorhynchidce.
See cut under Acanthocephala.
The numerous species of the genus Echinorhynchus live
principally in the alimentary canal of different vertebrata ;
the gut-wall may be as it were sown with these animals.
Claui, Zoology (trans.), I. 32.
In their sexual state, the parasites which constitute the
genus Echinorhynchus inhabit the various classes of the
Vertebrata, while they are found In the Invertebrataonly
In a sexless condition. HuxUy, Anat. Invert., p. 553.
Echinosoma (e-ki-no-so'ma), n. [NL.,< Gr.
cX'vof, a hedgehog, sea-urchin, + ou/m, body.]
1 . A genus of apneunio nous holothurians, of the
family Oncinolabidce, having filiform tentacles
and five rows of tube-feet. 2. In entom.: (a)
A genus of earwigs, of the family Forficulida.
Serville, 1838. (6) A genus of weevils, of the
family Curculionidce, containing one Madeiran
species, E. porcellus. Wollaston, 1854.
Echinqstomata (e-ki-no-sto'ma-ta), n.pl. [NL..
< Gr. ex'vof, a hedgehog, + oTo/ttj(r-), mouth.]
A group of Vermes. RudolpM.
Echinostrobus (ek-i-nos'tro-bus), n. [NL., <
Gr. e^ivoc, a hedgehog, + o-fpd/3oc, a twisting, <
arptyeiv, turn.] A fossil genus of conifers, insti-
tuted by Schimper, and closely allied to Tltuijti
(which see), and also resembling Arthrotaxis in
its foliation. They occur in the lithographic stones (Ju-
rassic) of Solenhofen in Bavaria, and in other localities of
Jurassic rocks in Europe.
Echinothuria (e-ki-no-thu'ri-a), . [NL., <
Gr. cxlvos, a hedgehog, + Oipiov, dim. of Otpa
= E. door.'] A fossil genus of regular sea-
urchins, giving name to a family ScUnotimrUda.
Echinothurida (e-ki-no-thu'ri-da), .;j/. [NL.,
< Ecliiiiot/i uriii + -ida.~\ In Gegenbaur's system
of classification, a subordiual group of desmos-
tichous Echinoidea, having a movable dermal
skeleton and presenting some other points of
echinus (e-ki'nus
e'***, the hedgehog, urchin, prop,
, land-urchin, as distinguished from
yioc,, the sea-urchin ; = Lith. ezya = OBulg.
jezi = AS. tail, and contr. it = D. egel = OHG. igil,
MHG. G. igel = MLG. LG. egel = Icel. igull, a
hedgehog.] 1. A hedgehog. 2. A sea-urchin.
3. [cap."] [NL.] A Linnean genus (1735),
formerly used with great latitude, now the typi-
cal genus of the family Echinidee, containing
such sea-urchins or sea-eggs as E. spliocra, the
common British species, or the Mediterranean
E. esculentus, which is extensively used for food,
the ovaries being
eaten. The genus may
be taken to exemplify
not only the family to
which It pertains, but
the whole order of reg-
ular sea-eggs, and the
class of sea-urchins it-
self. The shape is de-
pressed-globose, with
centric mouth and
anus ; the shell or test
is hard, immovable, mc-
ridlonally divided into
five pairs of imperforate
alternating with flvu
pai rs of perforate plates,
the plates studded with
tubercles, and in life bearing movable spines.
forate plates are the ambulacra, emitting the tub
The mouth has a complicated systm of plates, constituting
the object known, when detached, as Aristotle's lantern
(which see, under lantern). A sea-urchin is comparable
to a starfish with the five arms bent upward and their
ends brought together in the center over the back of the
animal, and then soldered together throughout, with the
modification of internal structure which such an arrange-
ment of the parts would necessarily entail.
4. In arch., the convex projecting molding
of eccentric curve in Greek examples, support-
ing the abacus of the Doric capital ; hence, the
Sea-urchin (J-.tftiHus esculmtus).
Left side in natural state ; rig ht side
with the spines removed, showing the
bare plates.
The per-
>e-feet.
A Capital of the Parthenon. f. Echinus.
corresponding feature in capitals of other or-
ders, or any molding of similar profile to the
Doric echinus. Such moldings are often sculp-
tured or painted with the egg-and-dart orna-
ment.
In this instance the abacus is separated from the shaft ;
there is a bold echinus and a beaded necking ; in fact, all
the members of the Grecian order, only wanting the ele-
gance which the Greeks added to it.
J. Fergvssm, Hist. Arch., I. 342, note.
6chiquet6 (a-she-ke-ta'), a. [F., formerly eschi-
guete, formed (with prefix es-, e- (< L. ex-), out,
off, instead of des-, de-, d&- (< L. dc-), of, off)
from dichiqucte. pp. of dechtquettr, divide into
checks, under influence of rchiguier, a checker-
board: see cheek 1 . The regular OF. form is
gchiquete
csclieque : see cheeky.'] In her., same as cheeky.
Also written echiquette.
Echis (ek'is), n. [NL., < Gr. ex's, an adder, vi-
per, akin to L. anguis, a snake : see Aiiguis and
anger 1 .'] A genus of Indian vipers, of the fam-
ily Viperidce, including venomous solenoglypk
forms of small size, having fewer ventral scutes
than the African vipers, simple subcaudal
scutes, imbricated carinate scales on the head,
in two rows between the eyes and the labial
plates, and small nostrils in a large divided
nasal plate. E. carinata is a common species,
20 inches or less in length. Merrem, 1820.
Called Toxicoa by Gray.
Echitonium (ek-i-to'ni-um), . [NL., < L.
echite, a kind of clematis; or < L. cchitis, Gr.
cxiTK, a kind of stone ; < Gr. ex'C , an adder, vi-
per : see Echis.] A genus of fossil plants, in-
stituted by Unger. The genus is phanerogamous, ami
is said by Schimper to be analogous to Echites of Linneeus,
an intertropical boraginaceous genusof plants occurring in
Asia and America. They are found in various localities in
central Europe in the Tertiary.
Echium (ek'i-um), w. [NL., < Gr. cxiov, a plant
(Echium rubrum), < ex's, a viper: see Echis.']
A genus of boraginaceous plants, tall hairy
herbs or somewhat shrubby, natives of the old
world. There are about 60 species, chiefly of the Medi-
terranean region and South Africa, of which the common
viper's-bugloss, or blueweed, E. vulgare, with showy blue
flowers, has become naturalized in some parts of the
United States.
Echiuridae (ek-i-u'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Eehiu-
rus + -idw.] The leading family of Eclmtroi-
dea or chsetiferous gephyreans, having the oral
end of the body produced into a grooved pro-
boscis, containing the long esophageal com-
missures which meet in front without gangli-
onic enlargement, and having on the ventral
side two hooked sets anteriorly, with some-
times circles of setse posteriorly, the mouth be-
low the proboscis at its base, and the anus ter-
minal. The leading genera are Echiurus, Bonellia, and
Thalassema. The Echiuridae are made by Lankester a
class of the animal kingdom under the phylum Gephyrca.
echiuroid (ek-i-u'roid), a. and n. [< Echiurus
+ -aid.'] I. a. Cheetiferous, as a gephyrean;
of or pertaining to the Echiuroidea.
II. n. A member of the Echiuroidea.
Echiuroidea (ek'i-u-roi'de-S), u. pi. [NL., <
Echiurus + -oidea.] An order of Gephyrea,
the chsetif erous gephyreans. They have a terminal
anus, and a mouth at the base of a preoral proboscis. The
group contains the families Echiuridae and Sternaspidae,
and is equivalent to a gephyreau order Chcetifera.
The Echiuroidea or chsetiferous gephyrea present no
external segmentation of their elongated and contractile
body ; they have, however, in the young state, the rudi-
ments of 15 metameres. Claus, Zoology (trans.), I. 389.
Echiurus (ek-i-u'rus), n. [NL. (for "Echidurus),
< Gr, l%if (X'$-)t an adder, viper, + oiipa, a tail.]
A genus of chsetopho-
roug gephyreans (one
of the group Chcetiferi
of Gegenbaur), armed
with two strong setffl
on the ventral side
(whence the name).
The cuticle develops chiti-
uous processes, and there
is a communication be-
tween the rectum and
the perivisceral cavity by
means of a pair of tubu-
lar organs which are cili-
ated internally and at
their apertures. It is the
typical genus of the family
Echiuridce. E. vallasi of the North Sea is an example.
Also written Ecniuris.
echlorophyllose (e-klo-ro-fir 6s), a. [< NL.
"echlorophyllosus, < L. e- priv. + chlorophyllum.
chlorophyl: see clilorophyl, chlorophyllous.j
Without chlorophyl. Braithwaite.
echo (ek'6), n. ; pi. echoes (-6z). [Altered (after
L.) from earlier spelling; early mod. E. also
echoe, eccho; < ME. ecco, ekko = D. G. echo
= Dan. echo, ekko = Sw. eko = OF. eqo, P.
Geho = Sp. eco = Pg. ecco, echo = It. eco, < L.
echo (ML. also ecco), < Gr. j/x&, a sound, an
echo; cf. nxf, TO7, a sound, noise, fac-iv, sound,
ring, etc.] 1. A sound repeated by reflection
or reverberation from some obstructing sur-
face; sound heard again at its source; reper-
cussion of sound: as, an echo from a distant
hill. Sound being produced by waves or pulses of the
air, when such waves meet an opposing surface, as a wall,
they are reflected like light-waves (see reflection); the
sound so heard, as if originating behind the reflecting sur-
face, is an echo. The echo of a sound returns to the point
whence the sound originated if the reflecting surface is
at right angles to a line drawn to it from that point. An
oblique surface reflects the sound in another direction, so
that it may be heard elsewhere, though not at the point
1834
Eciton
where the sound originated. If the direct and reflected
sounds succeed one another with great rapidity, which
happens when the reflecting surface is near, the echo only
clouds the original sound, but is not heard distinctly; and
it is such indistinct echoes that interfere with the hearing
in churches and other large buildings. An interval of
about one ninth of asecond is necessary to discriminate two
successive sounds; and as sound passes through the at-
mosphere at the rate of about 1,125 feet in a second, V of
The whole nation was echoing his verse, and crowded
theatres were applauding his wit and humour.
/. D' Israeli, Calam. of Authors, I. 159.
They would have echoed the praises of the men whom
they envied, and then have sent to the newspapers libels
upon them. Macaulay.
3. To imitate as an echo; repeat or reproduce
inospneruuL me rate ui ttuuum,*^ IGCU in ock..iu, IB wi the sounds, utterances, or sentiments of: as,
1,125, or about 62 feet, will be the least distance at which t jj e moc kinc-bird echoes nearly all other crea-
an echo can be heard ; and this will be distinct only in T>nilr nurlinr
the case of a sharp, sudden sound. The walls of a house tures; to echo a popular autl
And the true art for. . . popular display is to contrive
the best forms for appearing to say something new, when
in reality you are but echoing yourself.
De Quiiicey, Style, i.
echoer (ek'o-er), n. One who echoes.
Followers and echoers of other men.
IT. Howitt, Visits to Remarkable Places (Amer. ed., 1842),
(p. 131.
. the ramparts of a city, the surface of a cloud, a wood,
rocks, mountains, and valleys produce echoes. Some
echoes are remarkable for their frequency of repetition,
and are called multiple or tautological echoes.
Folweth Ekko, that holdeth no silence,
But ever answereth at the countretaille.
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1132.
The babbling echo mocks the hounds,
Replying shrilly to the well-tuu'd horns,
As if a double hunt were heard at once.
The Scriptures are God's voice ; the church is his echo,
a redoubling, a repeating of some particular syllables
and accents of the same voice. Donne, Sermons, xiv.
Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild -echoes flying,
And answer, echoes, answer, dying, dying, dying.
Tennyson, Princess, iii. (song).
v ik), a. [= Sp. ecoico = Pg. echoico,
Shak., Tit. And., it 3. < LL_ echotcus, echoing, riming (of verses), < L.
2. [cap.] In classical myth., an oread or moun-
tain nymph, who, according to a usual form of
the myth, pined away for love of the beautiful
youth Narcissus till nothing remained of her echoism (ek o-izm), n
echoic (ek'o-il
< LL. echoicius, eciiomg,
echo, echo : see echo.'} Pertaining to or formed
by echoism ; onomatopoetic. See extract un-
der echoism.
echoicalt (e-ko'i-kal), a. [< echoic + -al.~\ Hav-
ing the nature of an echo. Nares. [Rare.]
An echoicall verse, wherein the sound of the last sylla-
ble doth agree with the last save one, as in an echo.
Nomenclator.
-ism.~\ In
[< echo
but her voice.
Sweet Echo, sweetest nymph, that liv'st unseen
Within thy aery shell. Milton, Comus, 1. 230.
3. Figuratively, a repetition of the sentiments
of others ; reproduction of the ideas or opinions
of others, either in speech or in writing.
It is the folly of too many to mistake the echo of a Lon-
don coffeehouse for the voice of the kingdom.
Swift, Conduct of the Allies.
4. In music, the very soft repetition of a short
phrase, particularly in orchestral or organ mu-
sic. In large organs an echo-organ is sometimes pro-
vided for echo-like effects; it consists of pipes shut up
in a tight box, or removed to a distance from the organ
proper, and controlled by a separate keyboard or by sep-
A single stop so used or placed is called an
philol., the fo'rmation of words by the echoing
or imitation of natural sounds, as those caused
by the motion of objects, as buzz, whizz, or the
characteristic cries of animals, as cuckoo, chick-
adee, whip-poor-will, etc. ; onomatoposia. [Re-
cent.]
Onomatopoiia, in addition to its awkwardness, has
neither associative nor etymological application to words
imitating sounds. It means word-making or word-coining,
and is as strictly applicable to Comte's altruisme as to
cuclcoo. Echoism suggests the echoing of a sound heard,
and has the useful derivatives echoist, echoize, and echoic,
instead of onomatopoetic, which is not only unmanageable,
but, when applied to words like cuckoo, crack, erroneous ;
it is the voice of the cuckoo, the sharp sound of breaking,
which is onomatopoetic or word-creating, not the echoic
words which they create.
J. A. H. Murray, 9th Ann. Address to Philol. Soc.
arate stops.
5. In P arch., a wall or vault, etc., having the echoist (ek'o-ist), n. [< echo + -ist.~\ One who
property of reflecting sounds or of producing forms words by the imitation or echoing of
an echo. 6. [con.] [NL.] In zo67., a genusof sounds. See echoism. [Recent.]
neuropterous insects. Selys, 1853 To the echo, echoize (ek'o-iz), v. .; pret. and pp. echoized,
tion of sound ; hence, loudly ; ppi.echoizing. [< eclio + -ize.\ To form words
by echoing or imitating sounds. See echoism.
[Recent.]
echolalia (ek-o-la'li-a), . [NL., < Gr. fou, an
echo, + Aa/Ud,' babbling, < ?.a/UZv, babble.] In
pathol., the repetition by the patient in a mean-
ingless way of words and phrases addressed to
him. It occurs in certain nervous disorders.
echojess (ek'o-les), a. [< echo + -less.] Giving
or yielding no echo ; calling forth no response.
so as to produce a reverberatk __ _. _ , ,
vehemently ; so as to excite attention and response : chiefly
used with applaud or similar words.
I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That would applaud again.
Shak., Macbeth, v. 3.
echo (ek'6), v. [< echo, .] I. intrans. 1. To
emit an echo; reflect or repeat sound; give
forth an answering sound by or as if by echo.
And kiss'd her lips with such a clamorous smack,
That, at the parting, all the church did echo.
Shale., T. of the S., iii. 2.
Lord, as I am, I have no pow'r at all,
To hear thy voice, or echo to thy call.
Quarles, Emblems, iv. 8.
How often from the steep
Of echoing hill or thicket have we heard
Celestial voices. Milton, P. L., iv. 681.
Its voice is echoless. Byron, Prometheus.
echometer (e-kom'e-ter), n. [= F. echometre =
EdiiurusGaertHfri,aL\xmt natu-
ral size.
Sp. ecdmetro = Pg. echometro = It. ecometro, < Gr.
r;X", echo, + iieTpav, a measure.] In physics, an
instrument for measuring the duration, the in-
tervals, and the mutual relation of sounds.
2. To be reflected or repeated by or as if by echometry (e-kom'e-tri), n. [= F. echometrie
echo; return or be conveyed to the ear in rep- = S P- ecometria = Pg. echometna = It. ecome-
etition; pass along by reverberation. </ as echometer H- -/.] 1. The art or act
Her mitred princes hear the echoina noise, ? f measuring the duration etc of sounds.- 2.
And, Albion, dread thy wrath and awful Voice. ^ arch., the art of constructing buildings in
Sir M. Blackmore. conformity with the principles of acoustics.
Sounds which echo further west CChOSCOpe (ek'o-skop), n. [< Gr. fix", sound,
Than your sires' "Islands of the Blest." echo, + moTrriv, view.] A stethoscope.
Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86. ec ho-stop (ek'o-stop), n. See echo, 4.
In the midst of echoing and re-echoing voices of thanks- EchymyS n. ATI erroneous form of Echimys.
giving. D. Webster, Adams and Jefferson. Wiegmann, 1838.
3. To produce a reverberating sound; give out Eciton (es'i-ton), n. [NL. (Latreille, 1804);
a loud sound. formation not obvious.] A genus of ants called
Drums and trumpets echo loudly,
Wave the crimson banners proudly.
Longfellow, The Black Knight (trans.).
II. trans. 1. To emit an echo of; reflect the
sound of, either directly or obliquely ; cause to
be heard by reverberation : as, the whispering
gallery of St. Paul's in London echoes very faint
sounds.
Never [more shall] the black and dripping precipices
Echo her stormy scream as she sails by.
IK. Arnold, Sohrab and Eustum.
2. To repeat as if by way of echo ; emit a re-
production of , as sounds, words, or sentiments;
imitate the sound or significance of.
Then gan triumphant Trompets sownd on hye,
That sent to heven the ecchoed report
Of their new joy, and happie victory.
Spenser, F. Q., I. xli. 4. Scilm drrfanophorum .
Those peals are echoed by the Trojan throng. Oi x i d ic, ( ii nc shows natural size) ; 6, head of soldier, front
Dryden, .Eneiil. view ; c, head of male, front view.
Eciton
foraginij or uniiy miln, usually placed in tlio
family Mi/i-mii-idie, as the potiolo of the abdo-
men has two nodes. It is n<>w Mippo h i-d that the ge-
nus Labiilus, of the family Durii/iiin-. i- represented ex-
rlll-!\i l\ I'V 111'' U -II. alld tin- rhalaelrrs nf
both groups require revision. These ants are found in
South and Central America. and '! -peeies of Ki-ilnn and 6
of Labiiluit are known in I In- I nited Status, from I'tah,
New Mexico, California, and Texas. There are two kinds
of neuters or workers, large-headed and small-headed, the
former of which are called Kttldicrx. They are canmo
roils, m:tivh in vast niiniliri's. and are very destructive.
eckle 1 , eccle (ek'l), . [E. dial., also eccle, ,var.
of ickle, ult. < AH. t/icel, an icicle: see icklc,
idi-lr.] 1. Aii Motei 2. jil. The crest of a
cock. To build eccles In the air, to build castles in
the air. U'ri'iht. [1'rov. Kng. in all uses. |
eckle" (I'k'i), a. [E. dial. Cf.ccttel.] A wood-
pecker. [Prov. Eng.]
eckle 3 , r. i. ; pret. and pp. ecklvd, ppr. eckling.
[A dial. var. of ettle.] To aim ; intend ; design.
Halliiccll. [North. Eng.]
Eclair (a-klar'), . [F., lit. lightning, < felai-
rrr, lighten, illumine, < L. exclarare, light up,
< ex, out, + clarare, make bright or clear: see
clear, v.] A small oblong cake, filled with a
cream or custard, and glazed with chocolate or
sugar.
eclaircise, v. t. See cclaircize.
iclaircissement (a-klar-seVmon), n. [F. (= Pr.
esclarziment = Sp. esclarecimiento = Pg. esclare-
cimcnto), < eclaircir, clear up: see cclaircize.]
Explanation ; the clearing up of something not
before understood.
Nay, madam, you shall stay . . . till he has made aa
eclaircinnement of his love to you.
Wycherley, Country Wife.
Next morning I breakfasted alone with Mr. W[alpole] :
when we had all the eclaircissement I ever expected, and I
left him far better satisfied than I had been hitherto.
dray. Letters, L 124.
eclaircize (e-klar'siz), v. t.\ pret. and pp. eclair-
cized, ppr. eclairci-ing . [< F. fclairciss-, stem
of certain parts of tclaircir (= Pr. esclarzir, es-
clarzezir = Sp. Pg. esclarecer), clear up; with
suffix, ult. < L. -escere (see -esce, -is/ 2 ), < eclairer,
lighten, illumine: seee'ctoir.] To make clear;
explain; clear up, as something not under-
stood or misunderstood. Also spelled eclair-
cise. [Rare.]
eclampsia (ek-lamp'si-a), n. [= F. tclampsie
= It. eclamsia. < NL. eclampsia, < Gr. itAa^if,
a shining forth, exceeding brightness, < e/c/lii/x-
Ttetv, shine forth, < , forth, + /Afmeiv, shine:
see lamp.] In pathol., a flashing of light be-
fore the eyes ; also, rapid convulsive motions.
The name is applied to convulsions resembling those of
epilepsy, but not of true epilepsy : aa, the eclampsia of
childbirth. Also eclampsy.
eclampsic (ek-lamp'sik), a. A less correct
form of eelamptic.
eclampsy (ek-lamp'si), n. Same as eclampsia.
eelamptic (ek-lamp'tik), a. [= F. falamptique ;
as eclampsia (eclampt-) + -ic.] 1. Pertaining
to or of the nature of eclampsia: as, eelamptic
convulsions; eelamptic idiocy. 2. Suffering
from eclampsia : as, an eelamptic patient.
6clat (a-kla' ), n. [F. . < feteter, burst forth, < OF.
esclater, shine, s'esclater, burst, < OHG. slizan,
MHG. slizen, split, burst, G. schleissen = AS.
slitan, E. slit, q. v.] 1. A burst, as of applause ;
acclamation ; approbation : as, his speech was
received with great Mat. 2. Brilliant effect;
brilliancy of success ; splendor; magnificence:
as, the Mat of a great achievement.
Although we have taken formal possession of Burmah
with much eclat, the dangers and difficulties of the enter-
prise are by no means at an end.
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 288.
3. Renown; glory.
Yet the eclat it gave was enough to turn the head of a
man less presumptuous than Egmont. Prescott.
eclectic (ek-lek'tik), a. and n. [== F. e"clectiquc
= Sp. ecUctico = Pg. eclectico = It. eclettico (cf.
G. elelektisch = Dan. cklektisk), < NL. eclecticus,
< Gr. ticXficTi/cof, picking out, selecting, < lidt-
m-(5c, picked out, (iiMyeiv, pick out (= L. eligere,
, , , .
pp. electus, > E. elect, q. v.), < en, out, + My
pick, choose: see legend.] I. a. Selecting;
choosing; not confined to or following any one
model or system, but selecting and appropri-
ating whatever is considered best in all.
The American mind, in the largest sense eclectic, strug-
gled for universality, while it asserted freedom.
Bancroft, Hist. U. 8., II. 464.
When not creative, their genius has been eclectic and
refining. Xt,-tlmun, Viet. Poets, p. 23.
Eclectic medicine, a medical theory and practice based
upon selection of what is esteemed best in all systems ;
specifically, the medical system of a separately organized
school of physicians in the United States, who make much
1835
use of what they regard as specific remedies, largely or
chiefly Ixitnnical. Eclectic physician, (a) One of an
ancient order of ph> sirians, supposed to have been found-
id l>y Agathinus of Sparta. (l>) A practitioner of the
American school of eclectic meairinr.
II. w. One who, in whatever department of
knowledge, not being convinced of the fun-
damental principles of any existing system,
culls from the teachings of different schools
such doctrines as seem to him probably true,
conformable to good sense, wholesome in prac-
tice, or recommended by other secondary
considerations: one who holds that opposing
schools are right in their distinctive doctrines,
wrong only in their opposition to one another.
In philosophy the chief groups of eclectics have been (1)
those ancient writers, from the first century before Christ,
who, like Cicero, influenced by Platonic skepticism, held a
composite doctrine of ethics, logic, etc., aggregated of Pla-
touist, Peripatetic, Stoic, and even Epicurean elements ;
(2) writers in the seventeenth century who, like Leibnitz,
iniirJ. d Aristotelian and Cartesian principles; (3) writ>
ers in the eighteenth century who adopted in part the
views of Leibnitz, in part those of Locke ; (4) Schellinjj and
others, who held beliefs derived from various idealistic,
pantheistic, and mystical philosophers ; (5) the school of
Cousin, who took a mean position between a philosophy
of experience and one of absolute reason.
Even the eclectics, who arose about the age of Angus-
tus, . . . were ... as slavish and dependent as any of
their brethren, since they sought for truth not In nature,
but in the several schools.
Hume, Rise of Arts and Sciences.
My notion of an eclectic Is a man who, without foregone
conclusions of any sort, deliberately surreys all accessible
modes of thought, and chooses from each his own '' hortus
siccus" of definitive convictions.
./. Oicen, Evenings with Skeptics, IL 831.
Specifically (a) A follower of the ancient eclectic philos-
ophy. (6) In the early church, a Christian who believed
the doctrine of Plato to be conformable to the spirit of
the gospel, (c) In med., a practitioner of eclectic medi-
cine, either ancient or modern ; an eclectic physician.
eclectically (ek-lek'ti-kal-i). adv. By way of
choosing or selecting; in the manner of the
eclectic philosophers or physicians; as an ec-
lectic.
eclecticism (ek-lek'ti-sizm), n. [= F. falecti-
cixme; as eclectic + -ism.] The method of the
eclectics, or a system, as of philosophy, medi-
cine, etc., made up of selections from various
systems.
Sensualism, idealism, skepticism, mysticism, are all par-
tial and exclusive views of the elements of intelligence.
But each is false only as it is incomplete. They are all
true in what they affirm, all erroneous in what they deny.
Though hitherto opposed, they are, consequently, not in-
capable of coalition ; and, in fact, can only obtain their
consummation in a powerful eclecticism a system which
shall comprehend them all.
Sir W. Hamilton, Edinburgh Rev., L. 201.
eclectism (ok-lek'tizm), . [< F. eclectisme =
Pg. eclectismo, < Gr. fsAfitTof, picked out: see
eclectic and -ISIM.] Same as eclecticism. [Rare.]
The classicists, indeed, argue for that eclectism of taste
which finds suggestive material wherever there is force
and beauty. /). G. Mitchell, Bound Together, iv.
Eclectus (ek-lek'tus), n. [NL., < Gr. inteicrof,
picked out, select: see eclectic.] 1. A genus
of trichoglossine parrots related to the lories,
containing several species of the Philippine,
Malaccan, and Papuan islands, as /.'. linncei,
E. polychlorus, etc. 2. [/. c.] A parrot of the
genus Eclectus.
eclegmt (ek-lem'), n. [Prop. *ecligm; = F.
eclegme, 6cligme, (. L. ecKgma, < Gr. l^iyfta, an
electuary, ( CKAeix etv i lick U P < & K i ou t, + ?'-
Xtiv, lick. Cf. electuary, from the same ult.
source.] A medicine of syrupy consistency.
eclimeter (ek-lim'e-ter), n. An instrument to
be held in the hand for measuring the zenith
distances of objects near the horizon.
eclipse (e-klips'), n. [< ME. eelips (more fre-
quent in'the abbr. form clips, clyppes, clyppus,
etc. : see clips), < OF. eclipse-F. eclipse = Pr.
eclipsis, eclipses, elipse = Sp. Pg. eclipse = It.
eclisse, ecclisse, ecclissi, < L. eclipsis, < Gr. eitfei-
Vr, an eclipse, lit. a failing, forsaking, < ex)M-
vciv, leave out, pass over, forsake, fail, intr.
leave off, cease, suffer an eclipse, < in, out, +
fa'metv, leave.] 1. In astron., an interception
or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or
other heavenly body, by the intervention of an-
other heavenly body either between it and the
eye or between it and the source of its illumi-
nation. An eclipse of the sun is caused by the interven-
tion of the moon between it and the earth, the sun's disk
being thus partially or entirely hidden ; an eclipse of the
moon is occasioned by the earth passing between it and
the sun, the earth's shadow obscuring the whole or part of
its surface, but never entirely concealing it. The number
of eclipses of the sun and moon cannot be fewer than two
nor more than seven in one year, exclusive of penuuibral
eclipses of the moon. The most usual number is four,
seven being very rare. Jupiter's satellites are eclipsed by
passing through his shadow. See occufta&m.
ecliptic
For It shal chauugen wonder 100114
And take eclips right u the muone,
Wliaiiuc ho is from u i li-tt
Thurgh erthe, that hitwixe is sett
The sonne and Mr, as it may fullc,
Be It in partie ur in alle.
../ the Rote, 1. 5887.
But In y first watche of y night, the moone soared
r.-i;,,*. -I. llreiide, tr. of Quintal Curtiiu, foL 78.
The un . . . from liehlnd the moon,
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds
c In half the nations, or with (ear of change
Perplexes monarchs. MUtm, V. L., \. 697.
As when the sun, a crescent of eclipse,
Dreams over lake and lawn, and isles and capes.
Tennyson, Villon of Sin, L
2. Figuratively, any state of obscuration ; an
overshadowing ; a transition from brightness,
clearness, or animation to the opposite state :
as, his glory has suffered an eclipse.
All the posterity of our first parent* suffered a perpetual
eclipse ol spiritual life. Baleigh, Hist. World.
Oayety without eclipse
Wearieth me. Tennyson, Lilian.
How like the starless night of death
Our being's brief eclipse,
When faltering heart and falling breath
Have bleached the fading lips !
O. W. Holmet, Agnet.
He [Earl Hakonl was zealous, In season and out of sea-
son, to bring back those who in t\\t eclipse of the old faith
had either gone over to Christianity or preferred to "trust
in themselves," to what he considered the true fold.
Edinburgh Rev.
central, partial, penumbra!, total eclipse.
See the adjectives. Eclipse of a satellite, the obscu-
ration of it by the shadow of its primary ' opposed to an
iirniliiitliiii. in which it is bidden by the body of the pri-
mary. Eclipse of Thales, a total eclipse of the sun
which took place 685 B. c., May 28th, during a battle be-
tween the Medes and the Lydians, and which is stated to
have been predicted by Thales of Miletus. Quantity of
an eclipse, the number of digits eclipsed. See digit, 3.
eclipse (e-klips'), r. ; pret. and pp. eclipsed, ppr.
eclipsing. [< ME. eclipsen, < OF. eclipser, F.
e'clipser = Pr. 8p. Pg. eclipsar = It. eclitsare,
ecctissarc; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To
obscure by an eclipse; cause the obscuration
of; darken or hide, as a heavenly body: as, the
moon eclipses the sun.
Within these two hundred yeares found out it was . . .
that the moone sometime vnaeclipsed twice in five moueths
space, and the sunne likewise in seven.
Holland, tr. of Pliny, 11. I).
2. To overshadow; throw in the shade; ob-
scure ; hence, to surpass or excel.
Though you have all this worth, you hold some qualities
That do eclipse your virtues.
Hi-mi, and /-'/., King and No King, 1. 1.
Another now hath to himself engross'd
All power, and us eclipsed. Milton, P. L., v. 770.
When he [Christ] was lifted up [to his cross], he did
there crucify the world, and the things of it, eclipse the
lustre, and destroy the power, of all its empty vanities.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xviil.
I, therefore, for the moment, omit all inquiry how far the
Mariolatry of the early Church did indeed eclipse Christ.
Ruskin.
II. intrans. To suffer an eclipse. [Rare.]
The labouring moon
Eclipses at their charms. Milton, P. L, II. 666.
ecliptic (e-klip'tik), a. and n. [Formerly eclip-
ticlc; = F. icliptiqite = Pg. ecliptico = It. eclit-
tico, < LL. eclipticus, < LGr. enfat-Tikof, of or
caused by an eclipse (as a noun, = F. (cliptique
= Sp. ecliptica = Pg. ecliptiea = It. eclittica, <
LL. ecliptica (so. linea, line), < Gr. M.etTmnoc,
(so. ict At/of, circle), the line or circle in the plane
of which eclipses take place), < frAwynf, an
eclipse: see eclipse, n.] I. a. 1. Pertainingto
an eclipse. 2. Pertaining to the apparent path
of the sun in the heavens : as, ecliptic constel-
lations.
Thy full face in his oblique designe
Confronting Phoebus In th' Ecliptick line,
And th' Earth between.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, I. 4.
Ecliptic conjunction, a conjunction in longitude of the
moon with the sun, the former being within its ecliptic
limits. Ecliptic digit, one twelfth part of the sun's or
moon's diameter, used as a unit in expressing the quantity
of eclipses. Ecliptic limits, the greatest distances at
which the moon can be from her nodes (that is, from
the ecliptic), If an eclipse of the sun or moon is to hap-
pen.
II. n. 1. Inasfron., a great circle of the heav-
ens in the plane of the earth's orbit, or that of
the apparent annual motion of the sun among
the Stars. The fixed ecliptic is the position of the eclip-
tic at any given date. The mean ecliptic U the position
of the fixed ecliptic relative to the equinoctial, as modified
by precession. This is now approaching the equinoctial
at the rate of 47" per century. The true or apparent eclip-
tic Is the mean ecliptic aa modified by the effects of nuta-
tion. The obliquity of the ecliptic is the inclination of the
ecliptic
ecliptic to the equinoctial. Its mean value for A. r>. 1900
is 23' 27' 8".
Satan . . .
Took leave ; and toward the coast of earth beneath,
Down from the ecliptic sped. Milton, P. L., iii. 740.
My lady's Indian kinsman, unannounced,
With half a score of swarthy faces came.
His own, tho' keen and bold and soldierly,
Sear'd by the close ecliptic, was not fair.
Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
2. A great circle drawn upon a terrestrial globe,
tangent to the tropics. It is sometimes said to " mark
the sun's annual path across the surface of the earth" ;
but since its plane is represented as fixed upon the earth,
the rotation of the latter will give it a gyratory motion in-
compatible with its representing any celestial appearance.
It may, however, prove convenient when a terrestrial globe
is used instead of a celestial one.
eclog. n. An abbreviated spelling of eclogue.
ecloglte (ek'lo-jit), n. [< Gr. ciAoypf, picked
out (< ;Ay(v,'pick out, choose), + -zfe 2 .] The
name given by Hatty to a rock consisting of
a crystalline-granular aggregate of omphacite
(a granular, grass-green variety of pyroxene)
with red garnet. With these essential constituents
cyanite (disthene) is often associated, and, less commonly,
silvery mica, quartz, and pyrites. This is one of the most
beautiful of rocks, and of rather rare occurrence. It is
found in the Alps, in the Fichtelgebirge in Bavaria, in the
Erzgebirge in Bohemia, and also in Norway. It occurs in
lenticular masses in the older gneisses and schists. To the
variety occurring at Syra in Greece, consisting largely of
cyanite or disthene, the name cyanite rock or diithene rock
has been given. Also spelled eklogite.
eclogue (ek'log), . [Early mod. E. also eclog,
and eglogue, (eglogue; = F. eglogue, eclogue, now
eglogue, Eclogue = Sp. ecloga = Pg. egloga = It.
egloga, ecloga = G. ekloge = Dan. Sw. eJclog, <
L. ecloga, < Gr. eiAoyr/, a selection, esp. of poems,
"elegant extracts" (of. e/c/loyof, picked out),
< eate-yeiv, pick out, select, < CK, out, + Myetv,
pick, choose ; cf. eclectic. The term came to be
applied esp. to a collection of pastoral poems
(with special ref. to Virgil's pastoral poems
(Bucolica), which were published under the
title of Eelogce, ' selections '), whence the false
spellings eglogue, ceglogue (P. eglogue, etc.), in
an endeavor to bring in the pastoral associa-
tions of Gr. aif (aiy-), a goat.] In poetry, a
pastoral composition, in which shepherds are
introduced conversing with one another; a
bucolic : as, the eclogues of Virgil.
Some be of opinion, and the chiefe of those who haue
written in this Art among the Latines, that the pastorall
Poesie which we commonly call by the name of Eglogue
and Bucolick, a tearme brought in by the Sicilian Poets,
should be the flrst of any other.
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 30.
eclosion (e-klo'zhon), n. [< F. felosion, < Solos-,
stem of certain parts of eclore, emerge from the
egg, < L. excludere, shut out : see exclude, exclu-
sion, and cf . close 1 , cZose 2 .] The act of emerging
from a covering or concealment; specifically,
in entom., the escape of an insect from the pupa-
or chrysalis-case.
eclysis (ek'li-sis), n. [< Gr. titivatf, a lowering
of the voice through three quarter-tones, a re-
lease or deliverance, < eKhiictv, release, < ex., out,
+ 'Mietv, loose.] In Gr. music, the lowering or
flatting of a tone : opposed to ecbole.
ecod (e-kod'), interj. [One of the numerous
variations, as egad, begad, bedad, etc., of the
oath by God.] By God; egad: a minced oath.
[Now rare.]
Ecod, you're in the right of it.
Sheridan (?), The Camp, i. 1.
Ecod ! how the wind blows ! what a grand time we shall
have ! S. ,/mlii. Margaret, i. 14.
econome (ek'o-nom), n. [= F. eeonome = Sp.
ecdnomo = Pg. It. economo, steward, financial
manager, = D. econoom = G. okonom, husband-
man, steward, = Dan. okonom = Sw. elconom (D.
and Sw. afterF.),<LL. ceconomus,<. Gr. o'uanri/Mf,
a housekeeper : see economy."] 1. In the early
church, a diocesan administrator; the curator,
administrator, and dispenser, under the bishop,
of the diocesan property and revenues. 2. In
the early and in the medieval church, and to
the present day in the Greek Church, the finan-
cial officer and steward of a monastery.
Also oeconome and cecononms.
economic (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'ik), a. [Former-
ly also economick, (economic, ceconomick, ceco-
nomique; = F. economique = Sp. econdmieo =
Pg. It. economico (cf. D. economisch = G. o'ko-
nomisch = Dan. okonomisk = Sw. ekonomisK), <
L. ceconomicus, < Gr. oiKwo/Micof, pertaining to
the management of a household or family,
practised therein, frugal, thrifty, < oiitavofiia, the
management of a household: see economy. ~\
If. Relating or pertaining to the household ;
1836
domestic. 2. Pertaining to the regulation of
household concerns. [Obsolete or archaic.]
And doth employ her economic art,
And busy care, her household to preserve.
Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul.
3. Pertaining to pecuniary means or concerns ;
relating to or connected with income and ex-
penditure : as, his economic management was
bad; ho was restrained by economic consider-
ations ; the economic branches of government.
4. Of or pertaining to economics, or the pro-
duction, distribution, and use of wealth ; relat-
ing to the means of living, or to the arts by
which human needs and comforts are supplied:
as, an economic problem; economic disturb-
ances ; economic geology or botany.
The economic ruin of Spain may be said to date from
the expulsion of the lloriscoes.
J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 245.
5. Characterized by freedom from wastefulness,
extravagance, or excess ; frugal; saving; spar-
ing: as, economic use of money or of material.
[In this sense more commonly economical.]
The charitable few are chiefly they
Whom Fortune places in the middle way ;
Just rich enough, with economic care,
To save a pittance, and a pittance spare.
Harte, Eulogius.
= Syn. 5. Saving, sparing, careful, thrifty, provident
economical (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'i-kal), a. [<
economic + -al.']' Same as economic. The form
economical is more common than economic in sense 5.
This economical misfortune [of ill-assorted matrimony].
Milton, Divorce.
There was no economical distress in England to prompt
the enterprises of colonization. Palfrey.
But the economical and moral causes that were destroy-
ing agriculture in Italy were too strong to be resisted.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 284.
The life of the well-off people is graceful, pretty, dain-
tily-ordered, hospitable ; but it has a simplicity which in-
cidentally makes it comparatively economical.
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 68.
economically (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'i-kal-i), adv.
1. As regards the production, distribution, and
use of wealth ; as regards the means by which
human needs and comforts are supplied. 2.
With economy; with frugality or moderation.
economics (e-ko- or ek-o-nom'iks), n. [For-
merly also economicks; pi. of economic (see
-ics), after Gr. TO. oMovofuKa, neut. pi. (also fern,
sing. fi OMOVOIUKIJ, sc. T^D?, art), the art of house-
hold management.] 1. The science of house-
hold or domestic management. [Obsolete or
archaic.] 2. The science which treats of
wealth, its production, distribution, etc.; po-
litical economy.
The best authors have chosen rather to handle it [edu-
cation] in their politicks than in their aeconomicks.
Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiie, p. 78.
Not only in science, but in politicks and economics, in
the less splendid arts which administer to convenience
and enjoyment, much information may be derived, by
careful search, from times which have been in general
neglected, as affording nothing to repay the labour of at-
tention. V. Knox, Essays, No. 73.
Among minor alterations, I may mention the substitu-
tion for the name of Political Economy of the single conve-
nient term Economic*. Jeoons, Pol. Econ. (2d ed.), Pref.
economisation, economise, etc. See economi-
sation, etc.
economist (e-kon'o-mist), n. [Formerly also
(economist; = F. economiste = Sp. Pg. It. econo-
mista; as economy + -ist.~] 1. One who man-
ages pecuniary or other resources; a manager
in general, with reference to means and ex-
penditure or outlay.
Very few people are good (Economists of their fortune,
and still fewer of their time. Chesterfield, Letters, ccxvi.
It would be ... madness to expect happiness from one
who has been so very bad an economist of his own.
Goldsmith, Vicar, xiii.
Ferdinand was too severe an economist of time to waste
it willingly on idle pomp and ceremonial.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 19.
Specifically 2. A careful or prudent manager
of pecuniary means ; one who practises frugal-
ity in expenditure : as, he has the reputation
of being an economist; he is a rigid economist.
3. One versed in economics, orthe science of
economy
Economite (e-kon'o-mit), n. [As economy +
-te 2 .] Same as Harmonist, 4.
economization (e-kon // o-mi-za'shon), n. [<
economize + -ation.~\ The act or practice of
economizing, or managing frugally or to the
best effect ; the result of economizing ; econ-
omy; saving. Also spelled economisation.
[Rare.]
To the extent that augmentation of mass results in a
greater retention of heat, it effects an economization of
force. //. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., 47.
economize (e-kon'o-miz), v. ; pret. and pp.
economized, ppr. economizing. [= F. economi-
ser = Sp. economizar = Pg. econotnisar = It. eco-
nomizzare = D. economiseren = G. okonomisi-
ren = Dan. okonomisere; as economy + -ize.'} I.
trans. To manage economically; practise econ-
omy in regard to ; treat savingly or sparingly :
as, to economize one's means or strength; he
economized his expenses.
To manage and economize the use of circulating me-
dium. Walsh.
II. intrans. To practise economy; avoid
waste, extravagance, or excess ; be sparing in
outlay : as, to economize in one's housekeeping,
or in the expenditure of energy.
He does not know how to economize.
Smart.
political economy.
So well known an English economist as Malthus has also
shown in a few lines his complete appreciation of the
mathematical nature of economic questions.
Jeoons, Pol. Econ. (2d ed.), Pref.
4. An officer in some cathedrals of the Church
of Ireland who is appointed by the chapter to
manage the cathedral fund, to see to the neces-
sary repairs, pay the church officers, etc.
Economist mouse, Arvicola ceconomua, a Siberian vole.
Also spelled economise.
economizer (e-kon'6-ml-zer), n. 1. One who
economizes; 'one w*ho uses money, material,
time, etc., economically or sparingly. 2. In
engin., an apparatus by which economy, as of
fuel, is effected ; specifically, one in which waste
heat from a boiler or furnace is utilized for
heating the feed-water.
Also spelled economiser.
economy (e-kon'o-mi), n. ; pi. economies (-miz).
[Formerly also economic, (economy, (economic ;
= F. economic = Sp. economia = Pg. It. econo-
mia == D. economic = G. okonomie = Dan. oko-
nomi = Sw. ekonomi (D. and Sw. after F.), < L.
osconomia. ( Gr. oiKovofiia, the management of a
household or family, or of the state, the public
revenue, < o!Kovo/>f, one who manages a house-
hold, a manager, administrator, <okof, a house,
household (= L. vicus, a village, > ult. E. wick,
wicli, a village, etc. : see wick*), + vtjitiv, deal
out, distribute, manage : see nome 1 .] 1. The
management, regulation, or supervision of
means or resources; especially, the manage-
ment of the pecuniary or other concerns of a
household : as, you are practising bad economy ;
their domestic economy needs reform.
Fain. He keeps open house for all comers.
Wid. He ought to be very rich, whose oeconomy is so
profuse. Mrs. Centlivre, The Artifice, iv.
Hence 2. A frugal and judicious use of
money, material, time, etc. ; the avoidance of
or freedom from waste or extravagance in the
management or use of anything ; frugality in
the expenditure or consumption of money, ma-
terials, etc.
I have no other notion of economy than that it is the
parent of liberty and ease. Swift, To Lord Bolingbroke.
Nature, with a perfect economy, turns all forces to ac-
count. S. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 388.
Another principle that serves to throw light on our in-
quiry is that which has been called the principle of econ-
omy, viz., that an effect is pleasing in proportion as it is
attained by little effort and simple means.
J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 70.
3. Management, order, or arrangement in gen-
eral; the disposition or regulation of the parts
or functions of any organic whole ; an organ-
ized system or method : as, the internal economy
of a nation; the economy of the work is out of
joint.
This economy must be observed in the minutest parts of
an epic poem. Dryden, jEneid, Ded.
If we rightly examine things, we shall find that there
is a sort of economy in providence, that one shall excel
where another is defective, in order to make men more use-
ful to each other, and mix them in society.
Steele, Taller, No. 92.
Specifically (a) The provisions of nature for the genera-
tion, nutrition, and preservation of animals and plants ;
the regular, harmonious system in accordance with which
the functions of living animals and plants are performed :
as, the animal economy ; the vegetable econom;/.
He who hunts
Or harms them there is guilty of a wrong,
Disturbs the economy of nature's realm.
COW/XT, Task, vi. 577.
If we forget, for au instant, that each species tends to
increase inordinately, and that some check is always in
action, yet seldom perceived by us, the whole economy of
Nature will be utterly obscured.
Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 303.
(6) The functional organization of a living body : as, his
internal economy is badly deranged.
economy
It U necessary to banish from the mind the Idea tht we
live literally besleKetl l>y organisms uhvay.s n j aily t4j sow
putrefaction on the mucous tract of our ecutwuiits.
a taut, m
(<) The regulation and disposition of the internal affairs
of a state or nation, or of any department of govcriinn nt.
The Jews already hail a Sabbath, which as citizens ami
subjects of that economy they were obliged to keep, and
did keep. raley.
The theatre was by no moans so essential a part of the
<VH;<U,/I;/ of :i Roman city as it uas of a Grecian one.
./. /'. r./uMon, Hist. Arch., I. 323.
4f. Management; control. [Rare.]
I shall never ri:c< impose my Features, to receive Sir
Kowland with any (Ecotwint/ot Face.
Cuiufrtce, Way of the World, ill. 5.
Domestic economy. Sec domestic. Economy of
grace. See grace. Political economy. See political.
= 8yn. 2. Frit'ialiti/, Ec'tmniui, Thrift. Frugality saves
by avoiding Iwth waste and needless expense ; Its central
idea is that of saving. Hconomy goes further, and includes
prudent management ; :ts, t'connun/ 01 tiiur. Tl-(tt is a
stronger word for economy ; it is a smart, ambitious, and
successful economy.
Luciillus, when frugality could charm,
Had roasted turnips in the Sabine farm.
Pope, Moral Essays, I. 218.
Strict economy enabled him [Frederic William) to keep
up a peace establishment of sixty thousand troops.
Jf acaulay, Frederic the Great.
Thrift, thr(ft, Horatio ! the funeral hak'd meats
Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables.
Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.
e converse (e kon-ver'so). [L., lit. from the
converse : c, ex, from ; converso, abl. of conver-
sum, neut. of conversus, converse : see converse 2 ,
n.] On the contrary; on the other hand.
6corch6 (a-kor-sha'), H. [F., lit. flayed, pp.
of Scorcher, OF. escorcher, flay, > ult. E. scorch :
see scorch.] In painting and sculp., a subject,
man or animal, flayed or exhibited as deprived
of its skin, so that the muscular system is ex-
posed, for the purposes of study,
ecorticate (e-kor'ti-kat), a. [< NL. *ecorticatus,
< L. e- priv. + cortex (cortic-), bark : see corti-
cate.'] In bot., without a cortical layer: applied
especially to lichens.
Ecossaise (a-ko-saz'), n. [P., fern, of Ecossais,
Scotch: see Scotch 1 .] 1. A species of rustic
dance of Scotch origin. 2. Music written for
such a dance, or in imitation of its rhythm. 3.
In therapeutics, the douche Ecossaise or Scotch
douche, alternating hot and cold douches.
The alternation of hotand cold douches, which for some
unknown reason has got the name of Ecossaise, is a very
powerful remedy from the strong action and reaction which
it produces, and is one of very great value.
Encyc. Brit., III. 439.
ecostate (e-kos'tat), a. [< NL. ecostatus, < L.
c- priv. + costa, a rib: see costate."] 1. In bot.,
not costate; without ribs. 2. In nodi. : (a)
Having no costre, in general ; ribless. (b) Bear-
ing no ribs, as a vertebra.
ficoute (a-kof), [F., < faoitter, OF. escouter,
listen, > ult. E. scon* 1 .] In fort., a small gal-
lery made in front of the glacis for the shelter
of troops, designed to annoy or interrupt the
miners of the enemy.
Ecpautheria (ek-pan-the'ri-a), u. [NL. (Hiib-
ner, 1816), so called as being spotted, < Or. en,
out (here intensive), + irav6i/p, panther or leop-
ard: see panther.'] A genus of arctiid moths
chiefly distinguished by the short hind wings,
and comprising a large number of new-world
species. Most of them are tropical or subtrop-
ical, but E. screbania is a well-known North
American form.
ecphasist (ek'fa-sis), n. [NL., < Gr, .eKipaat; , a
declaration, < e/apavai, speak out, < IK, out, +
Qdmt = L. /art, speak.] In rhct., an explicit
declaration.
Ecphimotes, . See Ecphymotes.
ecphlysis (ek'fli-sis), H. [NL., < Gr. as if *-
0Awr<f, < iit&bfta>, spurt out, < , out, + ^Afcfeiv,
f)jiea> t bubble up, burst put.] In pathol., vesic-
ular eruption, confined in its action to the sur-
foee.
ecphonemat (ek-fo-no'mii), . [NL., < Or. -
<t>ui't/ua, a thing called out, a sermon, (. enQavelv,
cry out, pronounce, < , out, + (fxwelv, utter a
sound, < <jiuv/i, the voice, a sound.] A rhetori-
cal exclamation or ejaculation. See ecpho-
ticsis.
ecphoneme (ek'fo-nem), . [< Gr. cK^n'riiia:
see ecphoneiaa.] The mark of exclamation (!).
Goolil Ilrmcn.
ecphonesis (ek-fo-no'sis), H. ; pi. ecphoneses
(-sez). [NL., < Gr. fKQuin/oic., pronunciation,
an exclamation, < induveiv, pronounce, cry out :
see rci>honrta,.] 1. In rhet., a figure which
consists in the use of an exclamation, question,
or other form of words used iuterjectioually to
1837
express some sudden emotion, such as joy, sor-
row, fear, wonder, indignation, anger, or impa-
ticuce. Also called exclamation. 2. In the Or.
Vli., one of those parts of the service which are
said by the priest or officiant in an audible or
elevated voice. The greater part of the liturgy Is said
M < 1 1 |]y that is, in a low or inaudible tone (iiu <TTI*W? , an
adverb equivalent to the necretc or sccreto of the Latin
Church). The ecphoneses, on the other hand, are said
aloud (fK<t>u)rtus, an adverb answering to the phrases Intel-
li'iibili ouce, clara voce, of the Itoman Missal, with an audi-
ble voice, with a loud voice, in the English Prayer-Hook).
They generally form the conclusion of a prayer which the
priest has said secretly, and contain a doxology or ascrip-
tion to the Trinity. The benediction at the beglnnin-j nf
the Liturgy of the Catechumens and that at the commence-
ment of the Anaphora in the Constautlnopolitan liturgies
are said in this way. Also called the exclamation.
ecphora (ek'fo-ra), n. fNL., < Gr. t/c^opa, a car-
rying out, a projection in a building, \ eiu^epeiv,
carry out. intr. shoot forth, < in, out, + Qcp(iv =
E. bear 1 .] 1. In arch., the projection of any
member or molding before the face of the mem-
ber or molding next below it. 2. [cap.'] In
conch., same as Fusus. Conrad. 1843.
ecphractic (ek-frak'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. -
ijipaxTtKof, fit for clearing obstructions (K<fpaK-
TIK&, se. QdpuaKa, pi., ecphractic medicines), <
Uijipdaaetv, clear obstructions, open up, < tic, out,
+ Qpaoaeiv, inclose.] I. a. In mcd., serving to
remove obstructions ; deobstruent.
II. n. An ecphractie drug.
ecphroniat (ek-iro'ni-a), n. [NL., < Gr. i^puv,
out of one's mind, crazy, < IK, out of, + <j>pnvt
mind.] In pathol., insanity.
ecphyma (ek-fi'ma), . ; pi. ecphymata (ek-fim'-
a-tii). [NL., < Gr. tKfyvua, an eruption of pim-
ples, (. CKifiiicaOai, grow out, (. en, out, + QveoBat,
grow.] In pathol., a cutaneous excrescence, as
a wart.
Ecphymotes (ek-fl-mo'tez), . [NL., < Gr.
enpv/ia, an eruption of pimples: see ecphyma.]
A genus of pleurodont lizards, of the family
Iguanidce, having a short and flattened form,
and large pointed carinate scales on the thick
tail: otherwise generally as in Polychrus. Fitz-
in{/er, 1826. Also spelled Ecphimotes.
ecphysesis (ek-fi-ze'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. t^ro-?-
<r(f, emission of the breath, < inifivaav, blow out,
breathe out. snort, < en, out, + Qvoav, blow,
breathe.] In pathol., a quick breathing.
Ecpleopodidce (ek-ple-o-pod'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Ecpleopua + -idte.] A family of ptychopleu-
ral or cyclosaurian lizards. Also Ecpleopoda.
EcpleopH8(ek-ple'9-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. inxfaot,
complete, entire ({ CK, out, + TT/UOC, full), +
vrot'f = E. foot.~\ The typical genus of the fam-
ily Ecpleopodidce. Dumeril and Bibron.
ecptomat (ek-to'ma), n. [NL., < Gr. iKXTutia, a
dislocation, < em'tir-reiv, fall out of, be dislo-
cated, < , out, + irixTttv, fall.] In piithol., a
falling down of any part: applied to luxations,
prolapsus uteri, scrotal hernia, the expulsion
of the placenta, sloughing off of gangrenous
parts, etc.
ecpyesis (ek-pi-e'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. tKirvr/ai^,
suppuration, < eicrrvfciv, suppurate, < f/t, out, +
TTvciv, suppurate, < iriiov, pus.] In pathol., a
skin-disease with purulent or serous effusion :
now rarely used.
ecrasement (a-kraz'mon), n. [F. e'crascment, a
crushing, < ^eraser, crush : see craze.] In fntrg.,
the operation of removing a part, as a tumor,
by a wire or chain loop gradually tightened so
as to cut slowly through its attachment.
craseur (a-kra-zer'), n. [F., < ^eraser, crush,
bruise : see craze.] In sttrg., an instrument for
removing tumors. It consists of a fine chain or wire
which is passed around the base of the part to be re-
moved, and gradually tightened by a screw or otherwise
until it has cut through. Galvanic ecraseur, an e'en-
seur so constructed that the wire loop can be heated to
redness while in use by the passage through it of an elec*
trie i in-rent.
6crevisse (a-kre-veV), n. [F. e'crevisse, a craw-
fish, a cuirass: see crate fish, crayfish.] In ar-
mor, a name given to any piece formed of splints,
one sliding over the other, in the manner of the
tail of the crawfish. See yarde-reine, great bra-
i/nt'ttc (under braauette), and splint.
ecrhythmus (ek-rith'mus), n. [NL., < Gr. -
pitifuv;, out of tune, < CK. out, + pv6ft6c, tune,
rhythm: see rhythm.] In med., an irregular
beating of the pulse.
6cru (o-kro'; F. pron. a-krii'), a. [F. ^cru, un-
bleached, raw, applied to linen, silk, etc., OF.
tncru, < <-, here unmeaning, + en/, raw, crude,
< L. crudns: see crude.] 1. Unbleached: ap-
plied to textile fabrics. 2. Having the color
of raw silk, or of undyed and unbleached linen :
hence, by extension, having any similar shade of
ecstatic
neutral color, as the color of hemp or hempen
cord. Ecru lace, a modern liice made with two kinds
of braid, one plain and the other crinkled, and worked
into hirue and prominent patterns, usually geometrical,
with bars or brides of thread. The term Is derived from
the common use of materials of ecru color.
ecrustaceous (e-krus-ta'shius), o. [< NL.
"ecrustaceus, < L. e- priv. + crusta, a cruet :
see criustaceatts.] In bot., without a crustaceous
thallus, as some lichens.
ecstasis (ek'sta-sis), n. [LI.., < Gr. eiurraair. :
see ecstasy.] fn pathol., same as ecstasy, 3.
ecstasize (ek'sta-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ecsta-
sized, ppr. ecstasizing. [< ecstasy + -ize.] To fill
with ecstasy or excessive joy. F.Butler. [Bare.]
Rose and Margaret burst from their retreatwlth a load
laugh, and gave Obed a hearty greeting; which he, be-
mazed and ecstacized, returned as handsomely as he knew
how. S. JtM, Margaret, II. 11.
ecstasy (ek'sta-si), n. : pi. ecstasies (-siz). [For-
merly spelled variously ecstasie, ecstacy, extasy,
extasie, etc. ; = F. extase = Sp. extasi, extasis =
Pg. extasis = It. estasi (D. extase = G. ekstase =
Dan. extase = Sw.extas, < F.),< LL. eestasis, ML.
also extasis, < Gr. lua-raaiq, any displacement
or removal from the proper place, a standing
aside, distraction of mind, astonishment, later
a trance, < il-urravat, 2d. aor. enar^vat, put or place
aside, mid. and pass, stand aside, (if, in, out,
+ lar&vai, place, set, "laraaBat, stand: see stasis.]
1. A state in which the mind is exalted or lib-
erated as it were from the body ; a state in which
the functions of the senses are suspended by the
contemplation of some extraordinary or super-
natural object, or by absorption in some over-
powering idea, most frequently of a religious
nature; entrancing rapture or transport.
Whether what we call rcxlanj be not dreaming with our
eyes open, I leave to be examined. Locke.
When the mind is warmed with heavenly thoughts, and
wrought up Into some degrees of holy ectat;i. It stays not
there, but communicates these Impressions to the body.
Bp. Alterhury, Sermons, II. xlx.
The Neoplatonists, though they sometimes spoke of
civic virtues, regarded the condition of ecstasy &s not only
transcending but including all, and that condition could
only be arrived at by a passive life.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 360.
2. Overpowering emotion or exaltation, in
which the mind is absorbed and the actions are
controlled by the exciting subject; a sudden
access of intense feeling. Specifically (a) Joyful,
delightful, or rapturous emotion ; extravagant delight : as,
the ecstasy of love ; he gazed upon the scene with ecstasy.
He on the tender grass
Would sit, and hearken ev'n to ecstasy.
MUton, Comus, 1. 625.
Sweet thankful love his soul did nil
With utter ecstasy of bliss.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 84.
It is a sky of Italian April, full of sunshine and the hid-
den ecMaxy of larks.
Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 191.
The ecstasies of mirth and terror which his gestures
and play of countenance never failed to produce in a
nursery flattered him [Garrickl quite as much as the ap-
plause of mature critics. JUacaulay, Madame d'Arblay.
(&) Grievous, fearful, or painful emotion ; extreme agita-
tion ; distraction : as, the very ecstasy of grief ; an ecstasy
of fear.
Better be with the dead . . .
Than on the torture of the mind to lie
In restless ecstacy. Shak., Macbeth, ill. 2.
Come, let us leave him In his ireful mood,
Our words will but increase his ecstasy.
Marlowe, Jew of Malta, L 2.
And last, the cannons' voice that shook the skies,
And, as it fares in sudden ecstasies,
At once bereft us both of ears and eyes.
Di-yden, Astnea Redux, 1. 228.
3. In med., a morbid state of the nervous sys-
tem, allied to catalepsy and trance, in which the
patient assumes the attitude and expression of
rapture. Also ecstasis. 4f. Insanity; madness.
That noble and most sovereign reason.
Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh ;
That unmatch'd form and feature of blown youth,
Blasted with ecstacy. Shak., Hamlet, ill. 1.
ecstasy (ek'sta-si), r. t. ; pret. and pp. ecstasied,
ppr. ecstasying'. [< ecstasy, n.] To fill with rap-
ture or enthusiasm. [Rare.]
The persons . . . then made prophetical and Inspired
must needs have discoursed like seraphims and the most
ecstasied order of intelligences.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. SI.
They were so ecutasitd with joy that they made the
heavens ring with triumphant snouts and acclamations.
J. Scott, Christian Life, I. iv. * 5.
ecstatic (ek-stat'ik), a. and n. [Formerly ec-
statick, fxtatick; = F. extatique = Sp. extdtico
= Pg. extatico = It. estatico, < Gr. enaraTtx6f, <
tKtrraatf, ecstasy: see ecstasy.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining to or resulting from ecstasy ; entran-
cing; overpowering.
ecstatic
In pensive trance, and anguish, and ecutatick fit.
JHJton, The Passion, i. 42.
One g Kr^?fce n cr U uDs'in TS !&T' '
Po^To Addison tum -
The Sonnets [Mrs. Browning's] reveal to us that Love ecthorZBa.
whi
all
1838
ecto-entad
The Sonnets [Mrs. Browning's] reveal to us that Love ecorZBa. . ura o ecomum.
hich is the most ecstatic of human emotions and worth ecthorseal, CCthoreal (ek-tho-re'al), a. [<
l other gifts in life. Stedman. Viet. Poets, p. 138. /;,/./// A- /// T P*>f<n'nin Vn o*i' a/itlin-*m
-Ul. J J naming to an ectnorffi
final vowel and consonant in a syllable ending ectochona (ek-to-ko'na), n. ; pi. ectoction(e (-ne).
in m &s in the Une N L < Gr. wrof, outside, + x^, a funnel: see
Monrtrum horrcndm, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademp- chone.] An ectochone.
. nl - *& ectochone (ek'to-kon), n. [< NL. ectochona,
<! V The outer division of a chone.
I' 1 many sponges (Geodia, Stelletta) the cortical domes
are constricted near their communication with the suh-
dermal cavity (8ubt . rtical crypt) by a transverse muscu-
subject shows that he is "not himself."
H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., | 77.
II. . 1. One subject to ecstasies or raptures;
an extravagant enthusiast. [Rare.]
Old Hereticks and idle Eastaticks, such as the very primi-
tive times were infinitely pestred withal.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 201.
lar sphincter; which defines an outer division or ectochone
from an inner or endochone. Encyc. Bril., XXII. 415.
Plural of ecthomum.
ec-
Vn o*i' a/itlin-*m *
to an ectnorffium .
2. Affected by ecstasy ; enraptured ; entranced, as, an ecthorwal protrusion.
By making no responses to ordinary stimuli, the ecstatic ecthoraeum (ek-tho-re 'urn), .; pi. ecthora>a
" (-a). [NL., < Gr. Ik, out, out of, + Bopalof, con- ectoclinal (ek-to-kll'nal), a. [< Gr. t/crff, out-
taming the seed, < Ooptf, seed, semen.] Inzool., s jd e , + Mveiv, 'lean: "see clinic, clinode.] In
the thread of a thread-cell; the stinging-hair 6oi., having the clinode (hymenium) and spores
of a cnida ; a cnidocil. Also ectkoreum. See exposed upon the surface of the receptacle. Le
cut under cmda. Maout and Decaisne, Botany (trans. ), p. 958.
ctoCffilian (ek-to-se'li-an), a. [< Gr. CT<if, out-
sheath terminating in a long thread (ecthoreum); this is side -f- KOI'/IOV a* hollow 1 In fluff ! extra ven
upTheVp^tnYo" tto2 oUs j^'aSTo^ ?
2. pi. Ecstasy; rapturous emotion.
ecstatical (ek-stat'i-kal), . [Formerly
cal; < ecstatic + -al.] " Same as ecstatic.
with other *<* furies, and religious frencies, with
ornaments of gold and iewels.PrcAaJ, Pilgrimage, p. 66.
The inner wall of the sac [cnida] is produced into a ectoCffilian (ek-to-se'li-an), a.
eath terminating in a long thread (ecthoreum); this is side -f- KOI'/IOV a* hollow 1 In f
" oUs ' tricular; situated outside of the cavities of the
brain : applied to that part of the corpus stri-
atum (the nucleus lenticularis) which appears
as it ohumors < embeddedinthe wall of the hemisphere. Wilder
! &S "t, T i 1 *l' I ' 6CtOCOellC (ek-to-se'llk), a. [As ectOCttl-ian +
boil, rush.] In pathol., a ; r -] HitimtBd mi flip nutsirlA nf flip nnmrnnn
-i i tt.J OlllimCu Oil Lllo OUlolUy Ol Llllr COIIllllOIl
Pflv i rv n f
., ,, ., -, ..,
e , t ? lyn *J ek ;H 11 /' 'V 'fl. P eci ' H J^ a ( ek '
^ '
very short course.
&
Fowler, Micros. Science, XX VIII. 5.
ectocondyle (ek-to-kon'dil), n. [< Gr. fA~nif , out-
side, + E. condyle.] The outer or external con-
dyle of a bone, on the side away from the body :
said especially of the condyles at the lower
out, + Ovsiv, rage.
ecstatically (ek-stat 'i-kal-i), adv. In an ec- large pustule intermediate in character between
static manner ; rapturously ; ravishingly. a furuncle or boil and an ordinary pustule,
ectad (ek'tad), ado. [< Gr. f/crdf, without, out- ecthymiform (ek-thi'mi-form), a. [< Gr. In0v/ja
side, + -ad3, < L. ad, to.] In anat., to or to- (eKBvfiar-), a pustule, papula (see ectltyma), +
ward the outside or exterior; outward; out- L. forma, form.] Having the form of or re-
wardly. sembling an ecthyma.
The dura mater may be described as ectad of the brain, 6Cto-. [NL. ecto-, < Gr. tfcrof, adv. and prep.,
but entad of the cranium. without, outside (opposed to ivrof, within: see
Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 27. ento-), < CK, out, + quasi-superl. suffix -TO-C.]
ectal (ek'tal), a. [< Gr. f/trdf, without, + -al.] A prefix in words (chiefly biological) of Greek end of the humerus and of the femur respec-
In anat., outer; external; superficial; periph- origin, signifying ' outside, without, outer, ex- tively: opposed to entocondyle. Seeepicondyle.
eral: opposed to ental. ternal, lying upon': as, ectoderm, the outer skin; ectocoracoid (ek-to-kor'a-koid), a. [<Gr. r6f,
The suggestion to employ ental and ectal was welcomed, Ectozoa, external parasites: opposed to endo-, outside, + NL. co'racoideus, the coracoid.] In
and they were published |by Wilder in 1881]. ento-. the dipnoan fishes, the element of the shoulder-
WUder and Gaye, Anat. Tech., p. 27. ectobasidium (ek"to-ba-sid'i-um), n. ; pi. ecto- girdle outside of that with which the pectoral
ectasia (ek-ta'si-a), . [NL. : see ectasis.] 1. oasidia (-a). [NL., < dr. t/crdc, outside, + NL. limb articulates. Also called clavicle.
Ectasis. 2. Aneurism.- Alveolar ectasia. Same basidimn, q. v.] In mycol., a basidium that is ectocranial (ek-to-kra'ni-al), a. [< Gr. cKr6(,
as vesicular emphysema (which see, under emphysema). externally placed, as in Hymenomycetes. Le outside, + Kpaviov, skull : see cranium.] Of or
ectasis (ek'ta-sis), n. [LL., < Gr. eKraaif, ex- Maout and Decaisne, Botany (trans.), p. 954.
tension, < inrdvuv (= L. exten-d-ere), extend, < Ectobia (ek-to'bi-ii), . [NL., < Gr. r<5f, out-
EK, out, + Tfivnv, stretch: see extend, tend 1 .] 1. side, + /3/of, life.] A genus of cursorial orthop-
In anc. orthoepy and pros. : (a) The pronuncia- terous insects, of the family Blattid<e, or cock-
tion of a vowel as long, (b) The lengthening roaches, containing a number of small species,
as E. germanica, the croton-bug (which see) :
sometimes synonymous with Blatta in a re-
stricted sense. Westwood, 1839.
or protraction of a vowel usually short. See
diastole. 2. In anc. rhet. : (a) The use of along
vowel or syllable in a part of a clause or sen-
tence where it will produce a special rhythmical ectoblast (ek'to-blast), n. [< Gr. ewoV, outside,
effect. (6) The use of a form of a word longer
than that commonly employed. Thisisgeuer-
ally called paragoge.
ectaster (ek-tas'ter), . [NL.,<Gr. eienif, with-
out, + aari/p, star.] A kind of sponge-spicule.
Sollas.
ectatic (ek-tat'ik), a. [< Gr. EKrardf, capable
of extension, < enTeivuv, extend: see ectasis.']
Exhibiting or pertaining to ectasis.
+ /3a<zorof, a bud, germ.] 1. In biol., the outer-
most recognizable structure of a cell; a cell-
wall, in any way distinguished from mesoblast
or other more interior structures. The ecto-
blast is to a cell what the epiblast is to a more
complex organism. 2. In embryol., the outer
primary layer in the embryo of any metazoan
animal; the epiblast; the ectoderm. See cut
under blastocesle.
ectene, ectenes (ek'te-ne, -nez), . [< Gr. ficre- ectoblastic (ek-to-blas'tik), a. [< ectoblast +
VT?K (LGr. also CKTCW/, n.), prop, adj., extended, -ic.] Pertaining to the ectoblast; consisting of
continued (sc. lueaia, curt/aii;, evx>/, or Trpoaevxq, ectoblast; ectodermal.
pertaining to the outer walls or surface of the
skull ; forming a part of the cranial parietes, as
a bone.
There is a large bony tract : . . between the squamosal
and the large interparietal, which is not one of the ordi-
Ilar 5' ectocranial bones.
r. A r . barter, Proc. Roy. Soc., XXXVIH. 135.
ectocuneiform (ek-to-ku'ne-i-form), a. and n.
[< NL - ectocuneiforme, q. v.] I. a. In anat.,
pertaining to the outermost cuneiform bone ;
ectosphenoid.
Union of the navicular and cuboid, and sometimes the
wiform bone, of the tarsus.
W ' "' Flomr> Encyc ' Brlt '' XV ' 430 '
H- n - The outermost one of the three cunei-
f rm or wedge-shaped bones of the distal row
f tarsal bones ; the ectocuneiform or ectosphe-
n id bone of the foot. See cut under foot.
ectocuneiforme (ek-to-ku"ne-i-f6r'me), n. ; pi.
ectocuneiformia (-mi-a). [NL., < Gr. CKr6(, with-
ou t, + NL. cuneiforme, the cuneiform bone.]
and choir, it follows the gospel, and is introduced by
the words "Let us all say with onr whole soul, and with
> T . he . choir . r Ponds with
[< Gr. eitrdf, outside,
., see cyst.] In Polyzoa, the
muscle of the abdomen, the obliquus abdomi- external tegumentary layer of the coenoscium,
nis externus. Also called extrobliquns See cut forming the common cell or cyst in which each
ectental (ek-ten'tal), a. [< Gr. E/crdf,
+ h r<if, within. +"-al.~\ In embryol ,
d muscle.
ectocardia (ek-to-kar'di-a), n.
[NL., < Gr. -
> outside, + KapSia, heart.] In teratol., a mal-
formation in which the heart is out of its nor-
without,
, of or per-
taimngtotheouterandtheinnerayerof alas-
trula: specifically said of the line of primitive
juncture of the ectoderm and endoderm cir-
cumscribing the mouth of a gastrula Also
ecto-ental.
ecteron (ek'te-ron), n. An erroneous form of Ectocarpacea (ek'to-kar-pa'se-e), n. pi. [NL.,
ecderon. Mivart. < Ectocarpus + -acea;.] A family of phteo-
ecteronic (ek-te-ron'ik), a. An erroneous form fporic marine algaa having filamentous branch-
of ecderonic. Mirart. ing fronds, chiefly monosiphonous, with little
ecthesis (ek'the-sis), n. [< Gr. iKffeatf, a setting or no cortex.
individual zooid is contained. See the extract,
and cuts under Polyzoa and Plumatella,
As a rule the colonies [of polyzoans] possess a homy or
parchment-like, frequently also calcareous, exoskeleton,
, ... , m
(ek"t9-ka-rot'id), . [< Gr. E/crdf,
outside, + E. carotid.] In anat., the external
carotid artery; the outer branch of the com-
mon carotid.
by a very regular and symmetrical case- the eetocyit or
cel1 ; through the opening of which the anterior part of
the soft body of the contained zooid with its tentacular
crown can be protruded. Claw, Zoology (trans.), II. 71.
. ,
forth, an exposition, < fxferof, verbal adj. of Ectocarpeae (ek-to-kar'pe-e), n. pi. [NL., <
eKTiBevai, put out, set forth, < in, out, + TiOcvat, Ectocarpus -f -ece.] 1. In bot., same as Ec-
put^set.] An exposition, especially of faith,
ectoderm (ek'to-derm), . [< Gr. f/trdf, outside,
~*~ &/>/ia, skin: see derm.] The completed outer
layerof cells, or outer blastodermic membrane,
^ n a 'l rae tazoan animals, formed by the cells of
the epiblast, and primitively constituting the
outer wall of the whole body, as the endoderm
. . ., - does tnat of the body-cavity; an epiblast, ecto-
toctirpacea. 2. In zool., a division of nema- blast, or external blastoderm. The term is chiefly
.. t . - ----- ".. \ >~ " Ul^^b|^bu^lc WJ tllC H11MIO- * .1 ,1 rf . ---- V ---- .~. ff ~~:
elites) was to be left an open question. is equivalent to the Hydromedusce. ectodermal (ek-to-der'mal), a. [< ectoderm +
T1e [first] Lateran synod, by which not only the Mono- CCtOCarpOUS (ek-to-kar'pus), a. [< NL. ecto- -'] Pertaining' to the "ectoderm ; consisting
carpus, < Gr. Iicr6f, outside, + K ap7r6f, fruit.1
Having external genitals, or developing sexual
P roducts from the ectoderm, as a hydromedu-
san ; of or pertaining to the Ectocarpcce.
Ectocarpus (ek-to-ka'r'pus), . [NI/: see ecto- ectodermic (ek-to-der'mik), .
ear PO^.] .In hot., the principal genus of Ecto- -i,:] Same as ectodcrma!.
including a large number of olive- ecto-entad ck'to-t-n'tad), orfr. [< Gr.
a^ 68 ' *"****<>
o, y wc no ony te Mono-
,e doctrine but also the moderating ecthexis of Hera-
d typus of Constans II. were anathematized.
ecthlinaiti Ck thlin'ai^ * '' /"r- I'af'
k-thhp dg) . [LL < Gr . Irflt.
squeeze out < ^
So!l In ffr and .Int
I ppreLon of a "etter
elision itSS o a
of ectoderm : as, the ectodermal layer of a 003-
lenterate.
The ovary bursts its ectodermal covering.
'. a Carpenter, Micros., 515.
[< ectoderm +
ecto-entad
A part may be divided by cutting either rrtn.rntail, from
without lnuar-1, nr . "t" i Tin, I, In. in uitliin outward.
n'itil, , nml Hin./f, ATI;.!. T.'i-li., j>. 27.
ecto-ental (ok'to-en'tal), a. Same as cctental.
The iMt'sodrrm grows mit from the "' >,t<r[ line.
C. .S. .I/"""', Mi-diciil N'-WB, XI.IX. 24!).
ectogastrocnemius (ok-to-gas-trok-ne'mi-us),
it. ; pi. iTliii/iixiriii'iifiiiii (-i). [XL., < Gr. ticrdf,
outside, + 'yaari/p, stomach, + Jo^/i//, the lower
leg, tibia.] The outer gastrocnemial muscle,
or outer head of the gastrocnemius ; the gas-
trocnemius externus. See cut under muscle.
ectogenous (ek-toj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. inruf, out-
Hide, + -;M'7/r, producing: see -genous.] Origi-
nating or developed outside of the host ; exter-
nally parasitic : opposed to endogenous.
Some ot the pathogenous bacteria are accustomed to
develope and multiply without the body, while others
only do so within It. The former kind we may describe
as ectoiienous, the latter as endogenous.
Xifjlrr, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. 20S.
ectoglutseus (ek-to-glii'te-us), n. ; pi. ectoglutwi
(-i). [NL., < Gr. (crdf, without, + 7-Aovrof, the
rump, buttocks: see qlutains, gluteal.] In anat.,
the outer or great gluteal muscle; the glute-
us maximus. Also ectogluteus. See cut under
MHMif.
ectogluteal (ek-to-glo"te-al), a. [< ectoglut&us
+ -al.] Pertaining to tne ectogluteus. Also
rt'toiflutiral.
ectolecithal (ek-to-les'i-thal), a. [< Gr. euros,
outside, + /l(0of, yolk, -4- -al.] In embryol.,
noting those ova which have the food-yolk pe-
ripheral in position, and thus exterior to the
formative yolk. The cleavage or segmentation is con-
sequently confined at first to the inner parts of the ovum,
and it Is only in later stages, when the food-yolk has shift-
ed to the center, that the cleavage becomes peripheral.
The egg of the spider is an example. See centrolecithal,
The first processes of segmentation In these at first rrtu-
lecithai ova arc withdrawn from observation, since they
take place in the centre of an egg covered by a superficial
layer of food-yelk. Clam, Zoology (trans.), I. 112.
Ectolithia (ek-to-lith'i-&), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. eu-
ros, outside, + >!ift>c, sto'ne.] Those radiolari-
ans which have an external silicious skeleton
or exoskeleton: distinguished from Endolithia.
Only a few [radiolariansl remain naked anil without firm
deposits : as a rule, the soft body possesses a silicious
skeleton, which either lies entirely outside the central
capsule (Ectolithia), or Is partially within it (Endolithia).
i -In a.-; Zoology (trans.), I. 189.
ectolithic (ek-to-lith'ik), a. [As Ectolithia +
-ic.] Extracapsular or exoskeletal, as the skel-
eton of a radiolarian ; of or pertaining to the
Ectolithia ; not endolithic.
ectomere (ek'to-mer), M. [< Gr. (r<if, outside,
+ fiepof, part.]' In embryo!., the less granular
of the two blastomeros into which the mamma-
lian ovum divides : also applied to a descen-
dant of this blastomere in the first stages of
development. See blastomere, entomere.
ectomeric (ek-to-mer'ik), a. [< ectomere + -ic.]
Having the character of an ectomere.
ectoparasite (ek-to-par'a-sit), . [< Gr. curof,
outside, + TrapaaiToc, a parasite: see parasite.]
An external parasite; a parasite living upon
the exterior of the host, as distinguished from
an endoparasite. Lice, fleas, ticks, etc., are ectopara-
sites. Tlie term has no classiflcatory significance in zool-
ogy or botany.
ectoparasitic (ek-to-par-a-sit'ik), a. [< ccto-
parasite + -ic.] Pertaining to or of the nature
of an ectoparasite or of ectoparasites; epizoic.
In the entoparnsltic forms of this division the visual or-
gans disappear, while they are persistent in many of the
ectoparasitic forms.
Qegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 154.
ectopectoralis (ek-to-pek-to-ra'lis), . ; pi. <v-
topectorales (-lez). '[< Gr.'fxrdf, outside, + L.
jii'i'toralis, pectoral: see pectoral.] In anat.,
the outer or great pectoral muscle ; the pecto-
ralis major (which see. under pectoralis).
ectopia (ek-to'pi-S), . [NL., < Gr. citrfaiot,
eicroToc, away from a place, out of place, out
of the way, \ IK, out, + Tdn-or, place: see topic.]
In patltol., morbid displacement of parts, usu-
ally congenital : as, ectopia of the heart or of
the bladder. Also ectn/ii/.
ectopic (ek-top'ik), a. [< ectopia + -ic.] Char-
acterized by ectopia.
The gestation is ectopic, that is, proceeding in an abnor-
mal locality. \vhieH is unfit for the office imposed upon it.
R. Banws. Dis. of Women, p. 370.
Ectopistes (ek-to-pis'tez), . [XL., < Gr. <KT-O-
m'C? iv, wander, migrate, < wroroc, away from a
place, < f a. + roTrof, place.] A genus of pigeons,
of the family Colninliidii: They have short tarsi
feathered part way down in front, a short bill feathered
far forward, the winys acutely pointed by the tint three
1839
primaries, a long cuneate tail of 12 tapering acuminate
!' atlii'm, wiiiu rnHTt with I. lack s|,,.ts, parti << ili.ivd tail
feather^, an iiulrsirtit ii.'.-k, an.l the sexes dlltillgallhftbll
by color. K. mi;iratoriuji is the common wiM pigeon m
pMMOgr-p%*OII of North America. See cut under pai-
./!'/.-/ /</'/' nil.
ectoplasm (ek'to-plazm), n. [< Gr. t/cror. with-
out, + ir/ao/ia, a thing ;formed, < irMaociv, form.]
1. In zool., the exterior protoplasm or sarcode
of a cell ; the ectosarc : applied to the denser
exterior substance of inf usorians and other uni-
cellular organisms, or of a free protoplasmic
body, as a zoospore.
In the Infusoria, which are covered by a firm cuticle,
there Is a central semifluid mass of sarcode (endoplasm)
which Is distinct from the more compact peripheral layer
of sarcode (ectoplasm). Clawt, Zoology (trans.), I. 54.
2. In bot., the outer hyaline layer or film of the
protoplasmic mass within a cell.
ectoplasmic (ek-to-plaz'inik), a. [< ectoplasm
+ ->c.] Pertaining to or consisting of ecto-
plasm.
ectoplastic (ek-to-plas'tik), a. Same as ecto-
plasmic.
The differentiation of this cortical substance (which Is
not a freauent or striking phenomenon In tissue-cells) may
be regarded as an fctopfaetic (i. e., peripheral) modifi-
cation of the protoplasm, comparable to the entoplastic
(central) modification which produces a nucleus.
E. R. Laitkester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 8:iS.
ectopopliteal (ek*to-pop-lit'e-al), a. [< Gr.
ticrof, outside. -I- li.poples (popfit-), hock, knee:
see popliteal.] In anat., situated upon the outer
side of the popliteal space or region : as, the ec-
topopliteal nerve.
Ectoprocta (ek-to-prok'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of cctoproctus.] A division of the 1'olyzon
established by Nitsche, characterized by hav-
ing the anus outside of the circlet of tentacles:
opposed to Endoprocta. See the extract.
In the Ectoprocta, . . . the endocyst consists of two
layera, an outer and Inner ; of which the former is the
representative of the ectoderm in other animals. The
latter lines the walls of the perivisceral cavity, and is re-
flected thence, like a peritoneal tunic, over the tentacular
sheath and into the Interior of the tentacula, whence it
is continued on to the alimentary canal, of which it forms
the external investment. The endoderm, which lines the
alimentary canal. Is of course continuous, through the
oral opening, with the ectoderm.
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 671.
ectoproctous (ek-to-prok'tus), a. [< NL. ecto-
proctus, (. Gr. txrof, outside, + TTTXJKTOC, the
anus, posteriors.] Pertaining to or having the
characters of the Ectoprocta: specifically ap-
plied to those polyzoans, as the Gymnolaimatti,
which have the anus situated outside the cir-
clet of tentacles : opposed to endoproctous.
It has been pointed out that the characteristic polypidf
of the ectoprocloits Polyzoa is a structure developed from
the cysttd. Huxlty, Anat. Invert., p. 39fi.
ectopterygoid (ek-top-ter'i-goid), a. and n. [<
NL. ectopterygoideus, q. v.] I. a. Pertaining
to the external pterygoid bone or muscle.
II. n. 1. An external pterygoid bone; one
of the lateral bones of the palate of some ani-
mals, as reptiles. It is highlv developed, for in-
stance, in the crocodile. See Crocodilia. 2.
In tvpical fishes, the external of two bones just
behind the palatine, generally called pterygoid.
See cut under palato-guadrate. 3. In anat.,
the ectopterygoid muscle.
ectopterygoideus (ek-top-ter-i-goi'de-us), . ;
pi. ectoptcrygoidei (-5). [NL., < Gr. rof, out-
side, + NL. pterijgoideus : see pterygoid.] In
anat., the external pterygoid muscle. See
pterygoideus.
ectopy (ek'to-pi), n. Same as ectopia.
ectosarc (ek'to-sark), n. [< Gr. MTOC, outside,
+ adpf (aapK-), flesh.] The ectoplasm of a
protozoan ; the exterior substance of the body
of an animal of low organization, as an amoeba
or other rhizopod or protozoan, in any way dis-
tinguished from an endosarc ; the usually thick-
er, denser, tougher, or otherwise modified pro-
toplasm which forms an envelop of the body, as
differentiated from the interior substance or
contents. The term is used chiefly in connection with
amcebas or other rhizopods, in which, though there may
be no definite cell-wall, the outer sarcode is differentiated
in some way from the inner substance, or endosare.
ectosarcode (ek-to-silr'kod), n. Same as ecto-
xn r<:
ectosarcodous (ek-to-siir'ko-dus), a. [< ecto-
aiiri'nilc + -mis.'] Consisting of external sar-
code ; constituting an ectosarc ; ectoplasmic.
ectosarcous (ek-to-siir'kus), a. [< ectosarc +
-MM.] Of or pertaining to the ectosarc.
ectosomal (ek'to-so-mal), a. [< ectosome + -al.]
Of or pertaining to the ectosome ; cortical, as
the exterior region of a sponge.
ectropic
ectosome (ek'to-som), . [< Or. ;<!{, outside,
+ auua, body.J In sponges, the outer region,
forming the roof and walls of the Bubdermal
chambers, composed of ectoderm and a super-
ficial layer of endoderm; the cortex: distin-
guished from choanosomc and endoxome.
The choanosome forms a middle layer between a retic-
ulation of ectotome on the one side and of endoderm anil
mesoderm, I. e., cudosome, on the other.
SolUu, Encyc. Brit., XXII. 410.
ectosphenoid (ek-to-sfe'noid), n. [< Gr. lurof,
without, + aiptfvoeiMjc, wedge-shaped : see sphe-
noid.] Same as ectocuneijorm. [Ran-.]
ectosporoUS (ek-to-spo'rus), a. [< Gr. MTOT,
outside, + ojropof/seed: see spore.] Forming
spores externally ; exosporous.
ectosteal (ek-tos'te-al), a. [< Gr. jxrof, out-
side, + OOTCOV, bone',' + -al.] Relating to or
situated on the outside of a bone ; proceeding
from without inward, as a growth of bone.
ectosteally (ek-tos'te-al-i), adv. In an ectos-
teal manner or position.
ectostosis (ek-tos-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. fxrcif,
outside, + bariov, bone, + -osis.] That form
of ossification of cartilage which begins in or
immediately under the perichpndrium ; also,
growth of bone from without inward ; perios-
teal ossification.
ectothecal (ek-to-the'kal), a. [< Gr. t/crd?, out-
side, + ffi]iai, case: see 'iheca.] In hot., having
thecaa or asci exposed, as in discomycetous
fungi and gymnocarpous lichens; discomyce-
tous; gymnocarpous.
ectotriceps (ek-tot'ri-seps), . ; pi. ectotricepiten
(ek-tot-n-sep'i-tez). [NL., < Gr. f<rroV, out-
side, + NL. triceps.] In anat., the outer head
or external division of the triceps muscle of the
arm, considered as a distinct muscle. Also ex-
tratriceps.
Ectozoa (ek-to-zo'S), n. pi. [NL., pi. of ecto-
zoon, q. v.] External parasites in general, as
distinguished from Entozoa, or internal para-
sites. Tims, the fish-lice, or Epizua, are Ectozoa, as are
other lice, ticks, fleas, etc. The term is a vague one, hav-
ing no classiflcatory significance, and implying no struc-
tural affinity among the creatures designated by it. Also
called ectoparasites.
ectozoan (ek-to-zo'an), n. [< Ectozoa + -an.]
One of the Ectozoa; an epizoan; an ectopara-
site.
ectozoic(ek-to-zo'ik),fl. [< Ectozoa + -ic. ] Per-
taining to the Ectozoa ; epizoic; ectoparasitio.
ectozoon (ek-to-zo'on), n. [NL., < Gr. CKTOS,
outside, 4- Cyw, animal.] One of the Ectozoa ;
an ectozoan.
Ectrephes (ek'tre-fez), . [NL. (Pascoe, 1866),
< Gr. trrptjeiv, bring up, breed, produce, < CK,
out, + TpeQciv, nourish.] A genus of beetles, of
the family Ptinidie, containing a few Australian
species. Also Anapcstus.
Ectrichodiajek-tri-ko'di-a), n. [NL. (Serville,
1825), < Gr. CK, out, + TptxutrK, like hair, hairy,
< 6pit; (rpi\-), hair, + tirfof, form.] A genus of
bugs, of the family Reduviida; and subfamily
Ectrichodiiitt?. E. crucia-
tti is a generally distributed
species in the United States,
about half an Inch long, of a
shining bright-red color, va-
riegated with black, short,
stout, hairy antenna! of a
dusky color, and thick, pice-
ous rostrum.
Ectrichodides (ek-tri-
kod'i-dez), n.pl. [NL.]
A group of hemipterous
insects, represented by
the genus Ectrichodid.
Same as Ectrichodiinte.
Ectrichodiinae (ek-tri-
kod-i-i'ne), n.pl. [NL.,
< Ectrichodia + -ina;.]
A subfamily of bugs, of
the family Seduviida;
typified by the genus
Ectrichodia.
ectrodactylia (ek'tro-
dak-til'i-a), n. [NL..
irreg. < Gr. ficrpuatf,
miscarriage, + AaKruljx;,
finger.] In teratol., a
malformation in which one or more fingers are
wanting.
ectrodactylism (ek-tro-dak'ti-lizm), n. [As
i i-ti-odactyl-in + -ism.] ' Same as ectrodactylia.
ectropic (ek-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. enrpo^of, turn-
ing out of the way, < eKTpfxfiv, turn out, < ,
out, + Tpixciv, turn.] Turned outward or evert-
ed, as an eyelid, when the inner or conjunc-
tiva! surface is exposed, as in ectropion.
Ectriclwditt crttciata.
Line shows natural size. '
ectropical
ectropical (ek-trop'i-kal), a. [< Gr. en, out, +
TpoxiKOf, tropic (see tropic), + -al.~] Belong-
ing to parts outside the tropics ; extratropical.
[Bare.]
ectropion, ectropium (ek-tro'pi-on, -urn), re.
[NL., < Gr. inrjiimLov, everted eyelid, < cxTpoTrof,
turning out: see ectropic.] Inpathol.: (a) As.
abnormal eversion or turning outward of the
eyelids. (a) Eversion of the cervical endomet-
rium of the womb.
ectropometer (ek-tro-pom'e-ter), . [< Gr. EK-
rpomi, a turning off,'tuming aside (< inrpivuv,
turn off: see ectropic), + fiirpov, a measure.]
An instrument used on shipboard for determin-
ing the bearing or compass-direction of objects.
The ectropometer in use in the United States Navy con-
sists of a vertical stanchion fitted in sockets on the deck
or bridge and surmounted by a compass-card without a
magnet. The card turns on a vertical axis and is fitted
with an alidade. The magnetic heading of the ship being
adjusted on this card to a line parallel with the keel, the
alidade gives readily the bearing of land, lighthouses, etc.
Also ektropometer.
ectrotic (ek-trot'ik), a. [< Gr. enTpartKoc,, of or
for abortion, < inrpuaic,, abortion, < _ *EKT/>or<if ,
verbal adj. of eKTirpaaKetv, abort, < en, out, +
TirpaaKciv. rpoeiv, wound, injure.] In med., pre-
venting the development or causing the abor-
tion of a disease.
ectypal (ek'ti-pal), a. [< ectype + -al.~\ Taken
from the original ; imitated. [Rare.]
Exemplars of all the ectypal copies.
Ellis, Knowledge of Divine Things, p. 417.
Ectypal world, in Platonic philos.,tite phenomenal world,
the world of sense, as distinguished from the archetypal
or noumenal world.
ectype (ek'tip), . [= F. ectype = Sp. ectipo =
Pg. ectypo, < L. ectypus, engraved in relief , em-
1840
-ed
produced by eczema: as, eczematous eruptions.
2. Afflicted with eczema.
ed. An abbreviation (a) of editor; (6) of edi-
tion,
ed- 1 . [ME. ed-, < AS. ed- = OS. idug = OFries.
et- = OHG. it-, ita-, MHG. He- = Icel. idh- =
Goth, id-, a, prefix equiv. to L. re-, again, back:
see re-.'] A prefix now obsolete or occurring
unf elt in a few words, meaning ' again, back,
re-,' as in edgrow, edgrowth, ednew. See eddish,
Obverse. Reverse. eddy.
cuofJamesV.ofScotland. British Museum. (Sizeof the original. ) Ed- 2 . [ME. Ed-, < AS. Edd-, & COmmOn element
_ .. , T in proper names, being edd, happiness, pros-
of issue 20 shillings English. 4. In r ranee, . fl_* r\o -j _-A_4._ *. ,,,,it-u ,.,.,, c .
a sum of money, formerly consist!
francs, now generally of five francs.-
table tracing-paper, 15 X 20 inces, u, .- nameg of Anglo .g
J^ond. nally 'property '(in Anglo-IJaxon, 'prosperity'
Ecuadoran (ek-wa-do'ran), a. and . [< icaa- Qr 4 ap 1 p in ^ sg S as Edward, Anglo-Saxon Edd-
dor + -.] Same as icwadorwn. d protector of property; JMoji, Anglo-
Ecuadorian (ek-wa-do n-an), a. and n. ..*'..
.
copy : opposed to prototype.
The complex ideas of substances are cctypes or " copies."
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxxi. 13.
Some regarded him [Klopstock] as an ectype of the an-
cient prophets. Eng. Cyc.
Specifically 2. In arcli., a copy in relief or
embossed.
ectypography (ok-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. CK-
TUTi-of, engraved in relief (see ectype),
ypd<l>ctv, write, engrave.]
A method of etching in
which the lines are left
in relief upon the plate
instead of being sunk
into it.
6cu (a-kii' or a'ku), 11.
[F., a shield (applied
also to a coin, etc.), <
OF. escu, escut, < L.
scutum, a shield: see
escutcheon, scutiim.'] 1.
The shield carried by a
mounted man-at-arms
in the middle ages ; es-
pecially, the triangular
shield of no great length
carried during the thir-
teenth and fourteenth
centuries, and hung
around the neck by the
guige, so as to cover the
left arm and left side.
2. The name of several
gold and silver coins current in France from
the fourteenth century onward, having a shield
as part of their type : in English usually ren-
dered crown. Among these coins were the ecu d'or
(golden crown), the ecu d la couronne (ecu with the crown),
Ecuadorian fauna. (-a^de), -de", pi. '-e-den \-a-den), -den (usually
The Ecuadorian section [of the Andes]. spelled -i, -te, -tere, when so pronounced, as after
I certain consonants (see below) and in northern
II. n. A native of Ecuador, a republic ot uge a j go a f ter tne vowe l, -et, -it, whence mod.
South America, on the Pacific, north of Peru. gc ^ , it ^ < A g _ e _ dej _<,_$# ( rare ly -a-de), or,
ecumenic, oecumenic (ek-u-men'ik), a. [= F. w ;thout the preceding vowel, -de, pi. -e-don,
cecumenique = Sp. ecumenico = Pg. It. ecumenico . o .don, -don (spelled -te, -ton, after consonants re-
(cf . G. ocumenisch = Dan. Sw. okumenisk), < LL. q u i r j n g 8ucn assimilation, as miste, cyste, drypte,
cecumenicus, < Gr. oiKwuewKoc,, general, universal, etc E_ mist> j^^ dript, now usually by conf or-
of or from the whole world, < olKov/ievii, the in- mation missed, kissed, dripped, etc.), the pret.
habited world, the whole world, fern. (sc. yft suffix prO p er being simply -de, the preceding
earth) of dxobfisvof, ppr. pass, of omeiv, inhabit, vowe i representing the suffix -ia, Goth, -ja, etc.,
< olnof, a house : see economy. ~\ Same as ecu- Teut> , - o - 0) f ormat i v e of weak verbs ; = OS.
menical (which is the usual form). -a-da -o-da, -da = OFries. -e-de, -a-de, -de, -te =
ecumenical, oecumenical (ek-u-men'i-kal), a. D _ de _ MLG. -e-de, -de, -te = OHG. -o-ta, -e-ta,
[< ecumenic, O3cumenic, + -al] General ; uni- _;_ to MHG. -e-te, -te, Q. -te = Icel. -adha, -dha,
versal ; specifically, belonging to the entire _ da ^ _ to _ g w _ . a ^ e> _$ e _ D an . ^ e< . te G o th.
Christian church. (with persons indicated) 1 -da (-i-da, -o-da, -ai-
da), 2 -des, 3 -da, dual 2 -dedu, 3 -deduts, pi. 1
-dedum, 2 -dednth, 3 -dedun ; being orig. the re-
duplicated pret. of AS. don, E. <fol, etc., name-
ly, AS. dide, E. *'rf, used as a pret. formative :
see do*. (2) -J2, pp. (-ed, -d, or -, or entirely
absent, according to the preceding elements),
< ME. -ed, -d, also -t (when so pronounced, as
after certain consonants (see above) and in
council should at once assemble, to compose the religious northern use also after the vowel, -et, -it, Whence
differences. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 202.
The ancient Greek Church is the mother of (ecumenical
orthodoxy; she elaborated the fundamental dogmas of
the Trinity and the Person of Christ, as laid down in the
Apostles' and the Nicene creeds.
Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 10.
Ecumenical bishop, a title first assumed by John the
Faster, Patriarch of Constantinople, in the latter part of
the sixth century. Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome
(590-604), strongly opposed the use of the title; but from
the time of Boniface III. (607), on whom it was conferred
No other literature [than the French] exhibits so expan-
sive and oecumenical a genius, or expounds so skilfully or
appreciates so generously foreign ideas.
Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 160.
The assumption of the title of (Ecumenical Patriarch
was another proof of the vast designs entertained by the
Bishops of Constantinople.
J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 29.
Both kings bound themselves to maintain the Catholic
orship inviolate, . . . and agreed that an aicumenical
. ,
by the emperor Phocas, it has been used by the popes as
their right. Ecumenical council. See council, 7. Ecu-
menical divines, in the Or. Ch., a title given to St. Basil
the Great, St. Gregory the Divine, and St. John Chrysos-
tom.
ecumenically, cecumenically (ek-u-men'i-
mod. Sc. -et, -it), < AS. -e-d, -o-d, rarely -ad, of-
ten in the pi. -e-d-e, etc., with syncope of the
preceding vowel -d-e, -t-e; = OS. OFries. D.
MLG. LG. -d = OHG. MHG. G. -t = Icel. -dlir,
-dr, -tr, m., -dJi, -d, -t, f., -t, neut., = Sw. -t =
Dan. -t = Goth, -th-s = L. -tu-s = Gr. -TO-C =
Skt. -fa-* ; a general adj . and pp. suffix quite dif-
ferent from -erf 1 , though now identified with it in
form. The suffix appears in L. -a-tu-s (E. -ate 1 ,
-adei, -ada, -ado, -ee l , etc. ; disguised in vari-
ous forms, as in arm-y), -i-tus, -i-tus (E. -ite 1 ,
-it 1 ), -e-tus, -u-tits (E. -ute), and without a pre-
ceding vowel as -tus (E. -t, as in fea-t, fac-t,
etc.).] The regular formative of the preterit
(From Viollet-le-Duc's "Diet.
duMobilierfranjais.")
-------- -*, ---------- .> .-- r - or past tense, and the perfect participle, re-
kal-i), adv. In a general or ecumenical manner. g p ec ti v ely, of English "weak" verbs: suffixes of
ecumenicity, (Ecumenicity (ek"u-me-nis'i-ti), different origin (see etymology), but now identi-
. [= F. cecumenicite = Pg. ecumenicidade ; as cal in form an( j p] lone tic relations, and so con-
ecumenic, cecumenic, + -ity.'] The character of ven iently treated together. Either suffix is attach-
being ecumenical. ed (with suppression of final silent -e, if any) to the in-
Some Catholics have protested against the cecumenicity flnitive or first pel-son indicative and varies in pronun-
ciation and spelling according to the preceding consonant
(the final consonant of the infinitive) : (1) -ed, pronounced
ed after t, d, as in heated, loaded, etc., and archaically in
other positions, as in hallowed, raised, etc., and usually
in some perfect participles used adjectively, as in blessed.
of the synod in 1311 at Vienna, generally reckoned the
15th oecumenical [council]. Encyc. Brit., VI. 511.
6cusson(a-ku-s6n'),K. [F.: see escutcheon.'] In
her., an escutcheon, especially an escutcheon
of pretense, or inescutcheon.
(e-sl-fel'at), a. [< NL. 'ecyphel- n0 unced'(w{th 'suppression of the vowel) d, after a sonant,
NL. cyphella, q. V.] In namely, b,g "hard," g "soft" (,-ge = dzh or zh),j (written
ye, as preceding), s (-se = z), th ( = dh), t), z, I, m, n, ng, r, as
in some penect parucipies useu aujecnveij, a in viroaeu.
crooked, winged, etc., parallel to blest, crooked (pronounced
kriikt), winged (pronounced wingd), etc. (2) -ed, pro-
latus, < L. e- priv. +
\ella, q.
hot., without cyphellse: applied to lichens, etc.
eczema (ek'ze-ma), n. [NL., < Gr. j/cCcua, a cu-
taneous eruption, < CK^C'IV, boil up or out, < en,
out, + friv, boil.] An inflammation of the
skin attended with considerable exudation of
lymph. Ordinarily the eczematous patch is red, slightly
swollen, more or less incrusted, and moist on the removal
of the crust, and causes considerable itching and smart-
ing. Eczema papulosum, the form of eczema charac-
in robed, robbed, lagged, rayed, engaged, rouged, hedged,
raised, posed, smoothed, breathed, lived, buzzed, boiled,
felled, beamed, dreamed, stoned, leaned, hanged, barred,
abhorred, etc. (but after the liquids I, m, n, r, in some
words also or only -t : see below), or after a vowel, or a
vowel before h or w, as in hoed, rued, brayed, towed, awed,
hurrahed, etc. most words of this class being formerly
written without the vowel, which subsequently came to
be indicated, pedantically, by an apostrophe, as in rais'd,
Obverse. Reverse.
fecu d'Or of Charles VI., Kinp of France. British Museum.
C Size of the original. }
the ecu au soleil (ecu with the sun), ecu blanc (white
crown), and ecu d'argent (silver crown). The specimen of
the ecu d'or of Charles VI. (A. D. 1380-1422) here illus-
trated wei.ahs 61 grains.
3. A Scotch gold coin, also called crown, issued
in the sixteenth century by James V. and by
Mary, Queen of Scots. It was worth at the time
ma in which the eruption consists of vesicles containing
scrum.
eczematous (ek-zem'a-tus), a. [= F. eczenta-
teux; < cczema(t-) + -CMS.] 1. Pertaining to or
(so spelled to preserve the "long" vowel), and, in preterit
only, amlil. xliintld, uvula these forms being " irregular"
in spelling only (laid, paid, staid), or in spelling and pro-
nunciation, as compared with the forms having the usual
-ed
*& (4) -rd, pronounced t (the vowel being suppressed and
tin ./assimilated to the preceding consonant) after urd,
iiiiini-ly, e "soft" (= ), eh (= IA),/, *, p, </w (= t), sunl,
A, M surd, i (= *), as in /an <i, /;<!<, .;. matched,
coughed (pronounced kolt), limtfil, tm-tfi, ///./</, //I./HM/.
j>r,'.<*>'<l, r/if,..-v-/, ,-l,txlii'<l, l^athi <l, ' <n-ttn'<l, iiii.i-i'<l, etc.. such
words being formerly, as n rule, and still optionally (in
verse, as preferred by Tennyson and other ino.lern ports.
or In restored or reformed spelling), spelled us |>n ilioiinml,
with (, as (wK, tavW. lift, /"' ', ">', ytef, etc. ; In some
words, where -fit after u liquid, I. in, n. r, or a vowel, is
pronounced t instead of, us regularly, d, and insomc words
lifter/), thespellini,' -f prevails, either exclusively (and then
tocompanleu by n change of the radical vowel), as In di-nlt,
1,11, tioifiltt, rnit'ilit, tliintijht, wrought, brwitjht, sowjht,
'iinnilit. fir/it, tirf ill, n'i'/it.'eta., or with n parallel form in
'/ pronounced d, as In /w/f, ttpilt, spoilt, ilr>-n,,,t. i-nnt.
l'ni, burnt, etc. (the ( ill some cases absorbing the final
;l of the Infinitive, as in brut, blent, built, iiirt, etc.), with
parallel forms *ije.tlrit, tpilltd, etc. (bfiulnl. iiirdnl, etc.).
(5) In some monosyllables the suffix -rd, reduced to -d or
-t, as above, has blended with the final -rf or -( of the intlni-
live, tormina, in curlier spelling, a double consonant, dd
or tt, which has since been simplified, as in thed, /<</,
hit, split, etc., all trace of the suffix being thus effaced
and such preterits and past participles being assimilated
to the infinitive ; an original long vowel in the infinitive
becoming short in the preterit and past participle, as in
read, preterit and past participle read (red), lead, preterit
and past participle led (where the change is recognized in
the spelling), and hence, rarely, In the infinitive, as in
spread, preterit and past participle spread. Some words
ending in -ed'* (participles used as adjectives) may, with
the definite article, or other definitive word, preceding,
come to be used as nouns, having as such a possessive
case (in ') and a plural (in ) : as, the police took charge
of the deceased '* effects ; at this the accused's countenance
changed. This is found chiefly in newspaper language ;
but the plural, as "their beloveds," is not uncommon in
recent poetry. See -dl, -<J2, .(1, -<2.
edacious (e-da'shus), a. \= It. edace. < L. edax
(edac-), given to eating, v edere = E. eat: see
eat.] Eating; given to eating; greedy; vora-
cious.
Swallowed in the depths of edacimut Time.
Carlyle, Misc., IV. 236.
Concord Bridge had long since yielded to the edacious
tooth of Time. /."<((, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 37.
edaciously (e-da'shus-li), adv. Greedily; vo-
raciously.
edaciousness (e-da'shus-iies), N. Edacity.
edacity (e-das'i-ti), M. [= It. edacita, < L. eda-
cita(t-)s, <. cdax, giving to eating : see edacious.]
Greediness; voracity; ravenousness ; rapacity.
It is true that the wolf is a beast of great edatitie and
digestion. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 972.
If thou have any vendible faculty, nay, If thon have but
edacity and loquacity, come. Carlyle.
Edaphodon (e-daf 'o-don), n. [NL. : see edapli-
odont.\ A fossil genus of chimteroid fishes, of
the order Holocephali, found in the Greensand,
Chalk, and Tertiary strata. Buckland.
edaphodont (e-daf o-dont), . [< NL. edapho-
don(t-)s. < Gr. liatfof, bottom, foundation, +
odorf (OOODT-) = E. tooth.] A fossil chiraajroid
fish of the genus Edaphodon.
Edda (ed'S), n. [Icel., lit. great-grandmother.]
A book written (in prose) by Snorri Sturlu-
son (born about 1178, died by assassination
1241), containing the old mythological lore of
Scandinavia and the old artificial rules for
verse-making; also, a collection of ancient Ice-
landic poems. The name Edda, by whom given is not
known, occurs for the first time in the Inscription to one
of the manuscripts of the work, written fifty or sixty years
after Snorri s death. Snorri's Edda (Edda Snorra Stttrlu-
sonar) consists of five parts : Fonnuli (Preface), the Gylfa-
^tnnuw(DelusionofOylft), Bra(7rt-rflH/Aur(Sayiug8of Bragi),
'Skuldiikapar-mal (Art of Poetry), and lliittatal (Number
of Meters), to which are added in some manuscripts Thu-
lur, or a rhymed glossary of synonyms, lists of poets, etc.
As the SMMakaitar-miil, or Art of Poetry, forms the chief
part of the Edda (including several long poems), the work
became a sort of handbook of poets, and so Edda came
gradually to mean the old artificial poetry as opposed to
the modern plain poetry contained in hymns and sacred
poems. About the year 1643 the Icelandic bishop Bryn-
jnlf Sveinsson discovered a collection of the old mytho-
logical poems, which is erroneously ascribed to Swmnnd
Sigfnssen (Iwrn alxiut 1055, died 1133), and hence called
after him Stritiuiithir KJdn Itin* i'itn1lm. tin- KiMa of S;e-
mund the Learned. The poems that comi>ose this Edda
are supposed to have been collected about the middle of
the thirteenth century, but were composed probably in
the eighth and ninth centuries. Hence the name now giv-
en to the collection, the Kldrr or Poetic Kdda, in distinc-
tion from the Youiyjpr or Prone Edda of Snorri, to which
alone the name Edda previously belonged. The most
ancient of the poems in the Elder Edda is the Voluspa,
the Prophecy of the Voloa or sibyl.
Eddaic (e-da'ik), a. [< Edda + -ic.] Same as
Eddie.
The Eddaic version, however, of the history of the gods
is not so circumstantial as that in the Ynglingasaga.
K. If. Gotse.
eddas (ed'slz), n. Same as cddocs.
odder 1 (ed' ; er), n. [E. dial, also etlicr ; < ME.
"eder, < AS. edor, eder, codor, a hedge, an in-
closure, = OS. edor = OHG. etar, MHG. eter, G.
dial, etter = leeLioAttT = Norw. juihir. j<n:
jaar, juir, jter, edge, border.] 1. A hedge.
116
1841
[Prov. Eng.] 2. The binding at the top of
stakes impel in making hcdgi-s. Sometimes
called edttrriitg. ll'rii/lit. [North. Eng.]
In lopping and felling save edder and stake,
Thine hedges us neeileth to mend, or to make.
Tuarr, One Hundred Points of Good Husbandry.
3. In Scotland, straw ropes used in thatching
corn-ricks.
edder 1 (odV-r), r. t. [< cdder 1 , n., 3.] To bind
or make tight with edder ; fasten, as the tops
of hedge-stakes, by interweaving edder. Mor-
timer.
edder 2 (ed'er), M. [A dial. var. of adder 1 , q. v.]
1. An adder; a serpent. [Now only Scotch.]
Ye eddris and eddrie briddis, hou sclmlen ye fle fro the
doom of helle! ll>v.>. Mat. xxlii.
For edilres, spirites, nionstrcs, thyng of drede,
To make a smoke and stynke is goode In dede.
Palladia*, Husbondrle (E. E. T. 8.), p. 34.
2t. A fish like a mackerel.
edder a, . See eddoes.
Eddie (ed'ik), a. [< Edda + -ic.] Of or relat-
ing to the Scandinavian Eddas; having the
character or style of the Eddas : as, the Eddie
prophecy of the V81va. Also Eddaic.
eddish (ed'ish), n. [E. dial., also edislt, ead-
isli, eddigc; contr. etch, stubble; corrupted eat-
age, q. v. ; < ME. "edish, not found (except as
in the comp. eddish-lien, q. v.), < AS. edisc, a
pasture, a park for game; origin unknown,
but perhaps orig. ' aftermath,' second growth,
< ed- (again, back) (see ed- 1 ), + -tie, adj. term.;
the formation if real is irreg. Grein refers to
ONorth. edo, ede, a contr. of eotcod, a flock. It
is doubtful whether eddish has any connection
with AS. yddisc, in-eddisc (only in glosses),
household goods or furniture. See earsh.~] 1.
The pasture or grass that comes after mowing
or reaping. [Local, Eng.]
Keep for stock is tolerably plentiful, and the fine spring
weather will soon create a good etldish in the pastures.
Times (London), April 30, 1857.
2. See the extract.
The word etch, or eddish, or edish, occurs in Tusser, and
means tiie stubble of the previous crop of whatever kind.
Seebohm, Eng. Vil. Community, p. 376.
eddish-bent, >' [ME. edisse-henne, and corrupt-
ly cdiscine (in a gloss), < AS. edige-Jien, edesc-
hen, -henn, a quail, lit. a pasture-hen (cf. mod.
' prairie-hen '), < edisc, a pasture, park for
game, + henn, hen.] A quail.
Thai asked, and come the edimhmne.
Ps. civ. [cv.1, 40 (ME. version).
eddoes, edders (ed'oz, ed'erz). . A name
given by the negroes of the Gold Coast, as
well as in the West Indies, to the roots of the
taro-plant, Colocasia antiquorum. Also eddas.
eddy (ed'i), n.- } pi. eddies (-iz). [The ME. form
(and the AS., if any) not recorded ; the word is
either cognate with or derived from Icel. idha,
an eddy, whirlpool, = Norw. ida, also ide (and
in various other forms, in, ie, ea, eaa, udu, uddu,
rudu, odo, evju, irju, the last forms prob. of other
origin ; often with prefix bak-, back, tq>j>-, up,
kring, circle), = Sw. dial, idha, idd, = Dan.
dial, ide, an eddy, whirlpool ; cf. Icel. idha =
Norw. ida, whirl about; Icel. idh, t., a doing,
idh, n., a restless motion, = Sw. id, industry, =
Dan. id, pursuit, intention ; Icel. idhiitn = Sw.
idog, assiduous, diligent; prob. connected with
AS. ed-, etc., back (equiv. to L. re-): see ed- 1 .
Cf. eddish.] A part of a fluid, as a stream of
water, which has a rotatory motion; any small
whirl or vortex in a fluid. Eddies are due to the vis-
cosity of fluids, anil to the very small degree to which they
slip over the surfaces of solids. A portion of fluid to which
a rotatory motion has once l>een communicated loses this
motion only by the gradual effect of viscosity, so that ed-
dies subsist for some time. They are always found be-
tween counter-currents.
Avoid the violence of the current, by angling in the
returns of a stream, or the eddies betwixt two streams,
which also are the most likely places wherein to kill a
fish in a stream, either at the top or bottom.
Cnttiin, in Walton's Angler, II. 26!).
And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryden.
The charmed eddies of autumnal winds
Built o'er his mouldering bones a pyramid.
Shelley, Alastor.
Alas ! we are but eddies of dust,
I'plifted by the blast, and whirled
Along the highway of the world.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii.
Common observation seems to shew that, when a solid
moves rapidly through a liquid at some distance below
the surface, it leaves behind it a succession of
the fluid. Stokes, On some Cases of Fluid Motion.
= Syn. See stream.
eddy (od'i), r. ; pret. and pp. eddied, ppr. eddy-
in</. [< <'<ld;i, .] I. intrant. To move circu-
larly or in a winding manner, as the water of an
Edenic
eddy, or o as to resemble the movement of an
eddy.
Time must be givn for the Intellect to ediiy about a
truth, and to appropriate IU bearings.
DeQuili'--!!. .-!>! i
As they looked down upon tin- tumult of the people.
deepening and eddying in the wide square, . . . they in
tered above them the sentence of warning "Christ shall
come.' Ktulriii.
With ,-ililiii,i'i whirl the waters lock
Yon treele.-s mound forlorn,
The sharp-winged sea-fowl's breeding rock,
'1 luil fronts the Spouting Horn.
O. W. Holmes, Agnes.
II. trans. To cause to move in an eddy ; col-
lect as into an eddy; cause to whirl. [Kare.]
The circling mountains rildii In
From the bare wild the dissipated itonn. Thomson.
eddy-water (ed'i-wa'ter), n. yaut., same as
deutl-water.
eddy-wind (ed'i-wind), n. The wind moving
in an eddy near a sail, a mountain, or any other
object.
edelforsite (ed'el-fdr-sit), . [< JEdelfors (see
def.) -I- -ie2.] I n mineral., a compact calcium
silicate from ^Edelfors in Sweden, probably the
same as wollastouite.
edelite (ed'e-lit), n. Same as ]>rchnite.
edelweiss (ed'el-wis; G. pron. a'dl-vi^), n.
[G., < edel, noble, precious (= E. obs. athel,
q. v.), + iceiss = E. white.'] The Leontopodium
al/iinum ((!na-
l>haliu>n Leoii-
topoditmi) of
the Alps and
Pyrenees, a
plant much
sought for by
travelers in
Switzerland,
where it grows
at a great alti-
tude in situa-
tions difficult
of access. It is
remarkable for its
dense clusters of
flower-heads sur-
rounded by a radi-
ating involucre of
floral leaves, all
densely clothed
with a close, white,
cottony pubes-
cence.
edema, oedema (e-de'ma), M. ; pi. edemata, oede-
mata (-ma-tS). [NL. a;deina, < Gr. oify/ia, a swell-
ing, a tuniorj < ot&elv, swell, become swollen/ oi-
<5of, a swelling.] 1. In ]iathol., a puffiness or
swelling of parts arising from accumulation of
serous fluid in interstices of the areolar tissue :
as, edema of the eyelids. 2. [cap.] [NL.] A
genus of bombycid moths, founded by Walker
in 1855, hav-
\ 1 ing the palpi
pilose, rather
long, ascend-
ing in the
male and por-
rect in the fe-
male, with the
third joint lan-
ceolate. The
alH/rmu, natural size. larva of /,'. iillii-
/roiu.which feeds
on the oak, is a handsome caterpillar striped with yellow
and black dorsallv, and pinkish on the under side.
edematose, oedematose (e-dem'a-tos), a. Same
as edematotis.
edematous, cedematous (e-dem'a-tns), a. [<
fi/cn>a(t-), cedenia(t-), + -nits.] Relating to ede-
ma; swelling with a serous effusion.
Eden (e'dn), n. [= F. 6den = 8p. Edfn = Pg.
Eden = G. Eden, etc., < LL. Eden (in Vulgate),
< Heb. and Chal. 'eden, Eden, lit. 'pleasure 1
or 'delight.'] 1. In the Bible, the name of the
garden which was the first home of Adam and
Eve : often, though not in the English version of
the Bible, called Paradise. 2. A region men-
tioned in the Bible, the people of which were
subdued by the Assyrians. It is supposed to
have been in northwestern Mesopotamia (2 Ki.
xix. 12; Isa. xxxvii. 12). 3. Figuratively, any
delightful region or place of residence. Also
Aden.
Summer isles of Eden lying in dark-purple spheres of
sen. Tenntnon, Locksley Hall.
Edenic (e-den'ik), a. [< Eden + -iV.] Of or
pertaining to Eden ; characteristic of Eden.
By the memory of Edfnic joy
Forfeit and lost.
iln. Bivmiinn, Drama of Exile.
Edelweiss ( I eontopodittm alpinum\
Edenic
1842
Over 100 species are known, of which more than 40 inhabit
North America; only one is found in the United States.
Will he admit that the Edenic man was a different spe-
cies, or even genus? Science, V. 407. - .
ry T-.J , -IT \ / j jj \ j_ The genus was founded oy
edenite (e'dn-it), n. [< Eden(mlle) (see def.) + F bri t. iu8 in isos.
-ite 2 .'] An aluminous variety of amphibole or Edessan (e-des'an), a.
hornblende, containing but little iron, of a pale- [< L. Edessa, Gr. "ErfT-
green or grayish color, occurring at Edenville aa a c jty of Mesopota-
in New York.
Edenization (e'dn-i-za'shon), n. [< Edenize +
-ation.] A making or converting into an Eden.
[Rare.]
The evangelization and Edenization of the world.
The Congregationalist, Nov. 5, 1885.
Edenize (e'dn-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. Edenized,
ppr. Edenizing. [< Eden + -ize.~\ 1. To make
like Eden ; convert into a paradise. [Rare.]
2. To admit into Paradise; confer the joys
of Paradise upon. [Rare.]
For pure saints cdeniz'd unfit. Doxies, Wit's Pilgrimage.
edental (e-den'tal), a. and n. [< L. - J>riv. +
mia, + -an.'] Of or per-
taining to Edessa, a city
in northwestern Meso-
potamia, noted as the
seat of an important
theological school, and
as the chief center from
which Nestorianism
spread over a great part
of Asia Edessan family
or branch of liturgies, that
class of liturgies which is
commonly called Nextorian, because used by Nestorians.
Its oldest representative is the Liturgy of the Apostles
(Adams and Maris). See liturgy.
Edessa bijida.
(Line shows natural size. }
----- x- .. ,, - - . .
den(t-)s, = E. tooth, + -al.] I. a. 1. Edentate; Edessene (e-des'en), a. [< LL. Edessenus, <
toothless. 2. Of or pertaining to the Edentata. Edessa, Edessa: see Edessan.'] Same as Edes-
II. . A member of the order Edentata. san-
edentalous (e-den'ta-lus), a. [Appar. < eden- Edessinse (ed-e-si'ne), n. pi.
tal + -ous; but prob. intended for edentulous,
q. v.] Same as edentate. [Rare.]
Edentata (e-den-ta'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi.
of L. edentatus, toothless : see edentate."] 1. In
mammal., a Cuvierian order of mammals; the
edentates. The term is literally incorrect, and in so
[NL., < Edessa
+ -ince.] A subfamily of heteropterous hemip-
terous insects or bugs, of the family Pentatomi-
da>, having the sternum produced into a cross,
and the middle line of the venter carinate, the
base of the keel being protracted into a horn.
Also Edessides.
far objectionable, few of these animals being edentulous O j., / p ;\ ,, r/ TifR eanv < AS ecu an edee
or toothless; and the Linnean equivalent term, Brute, is OttgO (ej;, M. IS M.&.egge,\ AAMftHieu
often employed instead. But the name is firmly estab- poet, a sword, = OS. eggia = Olries. eg, , ig,
lished, and the members of the order do agree in certain Fries, ig = D. egqe = MLG. egge = OHtr. ekka,
dental characters, which are these : that incisors are never edge, point, MHG. ecke, egge, G. eck,_ecke, edge,
present, and that the teeth, when there are any, are homo-
dont and (excepting in Tatusiiuos) monophyodont, grow-
ing from persistent pulps, and being devoid of enamel.
MJi iii , J.IJ.AJ.
= Icel.
Edentate Skull of Great Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga jubata).
The Edentata are ineducahilian placental mammals, with
a relatively small cerebrum of one lobe, but otherwise very
diversiform in structure, appearance, and mode of life ; the
old-world forms are likewise widely different from those of
the new world ; most edentates are of the latter. The arma-
dillos, sloths, and ant-eaters of America, and the fodient
ant-eaters and scaly ant-eaters of Africa and Asia, repre-
sent respectively five leading types of Edentata, affording
a division of the order into the five suborders Loricata
(armadillos), Tardigrada (sloths), Vermilinguia (American
ant-eaters), Squamata (scaly ant-eaters or pangolins), and
Fodientia (digging ant-eaters or aardvarks). The tardi-
grades, including a number of gigantic fossil forms, as the
mylodons and megatheriums, formerly called Oramgrada,
are herbivorous, and the living forms are all arboricole.
The others are carnivorous and chiefly insectivorous, and
it is among these that the entirely toothless forms occur,
as in the ant-eaters. The Cuvierian Edentata included
the Monotremata, now long since eliminated.
2. A group of crustaceans. Latreille, 1826.
edentate (e-den'tat), a. and n. [= P. edenU
Sp. edentado, < L. edentatus, toothless, pp. of
edentare, render toothless, < e, out, + den(t-)s
= E. tooth; cf. dentate: see Edentata.'] I. a.
1. Edentulous; toothless. 2. Of or pertaining
to the Edentata, and thus having at least no
front teeth.
II. n. 1. One of the Edentata; an ineduca-
bilian placental mammal without incisors. 2.
A toothless creature.
I tried to call to him to move, but how could a poor
edentate like myself articulate a word?
Kingsley, Alton Locke, xxxvi.
edentated (e-den'ta-ted), a. [< edentate +
-ed 2 .] Deprived of teeth; edentate. [Rare.]
Edentati (e-den-ta'tl), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L.
edentatus, toothless : see Edentata.'] A group
of edentate mammals. Vicq-d'Azyr, 1792.
edentation (e-den-ta'shon), . [< L. as if
*edentatio(n-), < edentare, pp. edentatus, render
toothless : see edentate.] The state or quality
of being edentate ; toothlessness.
edentulate (e-den'tu-lat), a. [< NL. *edentu-
latus,<. L. edentulus, toothless: see edentulous.']
In entom., without teeth ; edentate : said of the
mandibles when they have no tooth-like pro-
cesses on the inner side. Eirby.
edentulous (e-den'tu-lus), a. [< L. edentulus,
toothless, < e- priv. + den(t~)s = E. tooth: see
dent 2 . Cf. edentate."] Without teeth ; toothless.
The jaws of birds are always edentulous and sheathed
with horn, of divers configurations, adapted to their dif-
ferent modes of life and kinds of food. Owen, Anat., Int.
edert, n. See edder 2 .
Edessa (e-des'a),. [NL., < L. Edessa, Gr. "Eoeo--
aa, a city of Macedonia.] A genus of penta-
tomid bugs, typical of a subfamily Edessince,
corner, = Icel. egg = Sw. egg = Dan. egg =
Goth. *agja (not found) = L. acies, a sharp
edge or point, front of an army (' edge of bat-
tle '), akin to acer, sharp (> ult. E. eager*), acus,
a needle, etc., to Gr. o/ci'f, ant/, a point, to Skt.
acrl, an edge, corner, angle, and to E. awn 1 ,
ail 2 , ear 2 , q. v.] 1. The sharp margin or thin
bordering or terminal line of a cutting instru-
ment : as, the edge of a razor, knife, sword, ax,
or chisel.
He ... smote the kynge Pignores thourgh the helme
that nother coyf ne helme myght hym warant till that
the suerdes egge touched hys brayn.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 589.
Who [Tubal] first sweated at the forge
And forc'd the blunt and yet unbloodied steel
To a keen edge, and made it bright for war.
Cowper, Task, v. 216.
2. The extreme border or margin of anything;
the verge; the brink: as, the edge of a table;
the edge of a precipice.
Than draw streight thy clothe, & ley the boujt [fold]
on the vttur egne of the table.
Babeee Book(E. E. T. S.), p. 129.
You knew he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge,
More likely to fall in than to get o'er.
Shale., 2 Sen. TV., LI.
Specifically (a) In math., a line, straight or curved, along
which a surface is broken, so that every section of the sur-
face through that line has a cusp or an abrupt change of
direction at the point of intersection with it. (&) In zool.,
the extreme boundary of a surface, part, or mark, gener-
ally distinguished as posterior, anterior, lateral, superior,
etc. In entomology it is often distinguished from the mar-
gin, which is properly an imaginary space surrounding the
disk of any surface, and limited by the edge. The outer
edge of the elytron of a beetle may be either the extreme
boundary of the elytron, or the lateral boundary of the
upper surface, separated from the true boundary by a de-
flexed margin called the epipleura.
3. The border or part adjacent to a line of di-
vision; the part nearest some limit ; an initial
or terminal limit; rim; skirt: as, the edge of
the evening; the outer and inner edges of a
field ; the horizon's edge.
For the sayde temple stondeth vpon the est egge of
Mounte Morrea, and the Mounte Olyuete is right est from
it. Sir S. Onylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 43.
The new general, unacquainted with his army, and on
the edge of winter, would not hastily oppose them.
Milton.
It [Watling Street] ran closely along the edge of this
great forest, by the bounds of our Leicestershire.
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 190.
4. The side of a hill; a ridge. Halliwell.
[North. Eng.]
Just at the foot of one of the long straight hills, called
Edges in that country [England, on the borders of Wales],
we came upon my friend's house.
J. H. Shorthouse, John Inglesant, Int. chap.
5. Sharpness; acrimony; cutting or wounding
quality.
Slander,
Whose edge is sharper than the sword.
Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 4.
Fie, fle ! your wit hath too much edge.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, 1. 2.
The remark had a biting edqe to it.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 20,
edge-bolt
6. Acuteness or sharpness, as of desire or of
appetite ; keenness ; eagerness ; fitness for ac-
tion or operation.
Cloy the hungry edge of appetite
By bare imagination of a feast.
Shak., Rich. II., i. 3.
I did but chide in jest ; the best loves use it
Sometimes ; it sets an edge upon affection.
Middleton, Women Beware Women, ii. 1.
When I got health, thou took'st away my life,
And more ; for my friends die ;
My mirth and edge was lost ; a blunted knife
Was of more use than I. O. Herbert.
'Tis true, there is an edge in all firm belief, and with an
easy metaphor we may say the sword of faith.
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 10.
Back and edget. See baciti. Basset edges. See bus-
aet%. Convanescible edge. See conraneKcible. Cus-
pidal edge, or edge of regression. See cuspidal. to
set on edge, (a) To rest or balance on the border of ;
cause to stand upright on an edge : as, to set a large flat
stone on edge, (b) To make eager or intense ; sharpen ;
stimulate : as, his curiosity or expectation was set on edge.
To set the teeth on edge, to cause an uncomfortable
feeling as of tingling or grating in the teeth, as may be
done by the eating of very sour fruit, by the sound of fil-
ing, etc.
One will melt in your Mouth, and t'other set your Teeth
cm Edge. Congrete, Way of the World, i. 5.
=Syn. 2 and 3. Verge, skirt, brim. . See rim, 6. Intensity.
edge (ej), v.; pret. and pp. edged, ppr. edging.
[< ME. eggen, put an edge on, sharpen (only m
p. a. egged, < AS. ecged, p. a., only in comp. twi-
ecged, two-edged, seearp-eeged, sharp-edged),
also set on edge, intr. be set on edge, as the
teeth, also edge on, egg, incite (in this sense
from Scand.) (= OFries. cggja, fight, = Icel.
cggja = Sw. egga = Dan. egge, incite), < AS. ecg,
edge: see edge, n. See also egg 2 .] I. trans.
1. To sharpen; put an edge upon; impart a
cutting quality to. [Chiefly poetical.]
The wrongs
Of this poor country edge your sword ! oh, may it
Pierce deep into this tyrant's heart !
Fletcher, Double Marriage, i. 1.
Those who labour
The sweaty Forge, who edge the crooked Scythe,
Bend stubborn Steel, and harden gleeuiiig Armour,
Acknowledge Vulcan's Aid.
Prior, First Hymn of Callimachus.
That is best blood that hath most iron in 't
To edge resolve with. Lowell, Comm. Ode.
2. Hence, figuratively, to sharpen; pique.
Let me a little edge your resolution : you see nothing is
unready to this great work, but a great mind in you.
Ford, 'Tis Pity, v. 4.
By such reasonings the simple were blinded and the
malicious edged. Sir J. Haytmrd.
3. To furnish with an edge, fringe, or border:
as, to edge a flower-bed with box.
And thou shalt find him underneath a brim
Of sailing pines that edge yon mountain in.
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 3.
Their long descending train,
With rubies edged. Dryden.
A voice of many tones sent up from streams, . . .
And sands that edge the ocean. Bryant, Earth.
4. To move by or as if by dragging or hitching
along edgewise ; impel or push on edge, and
hence slowly or with difficulty: as, to edge a
barrel or a box across the sidewalk ; to edge
one's self or one's way through a crowd.
Edging by degrees their chairs forwards, they were in
a little time got up close to one another. Locke.
5. To incite; instigate; urge on; egg. See
egg 2 . [Now rare.]
This . . . will encourage and edge industrious and prof-
itable improvements. Bacon, Usury (ed. 1887).
Edg'd-on by some thank-picking parasite.
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iv. 1.
Ardour or passion will edge a man forward when argu-
ments fail. Ogilne.
Edglng-and-dlvldlng bench. See bench. To edge In,
to put or get in by or as if by an edge ; manage to get in.
When you are sent on an errand, be sure to edge in some
business of your own. Swift, Directions to Servants, iii.
Do, Sir Lucius, edge in a word or two every now and
then about my honour. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 3.
H. intrans. To move sidewise ; move gradu-
ally, cautiously, or so as not to attract notice :
as, edge along this way.
We sounded, and found 20 fathoms and a bottom of
sand ; but, on edging oft from the shore, we soon got out
of sounding. Cook, Second Voyage, iii. 7.
When one has made a bad bet, it's best to edge off.
Caiman, Jealous Wife, v. 3.
To edge away, to move away slowly or cautiously ;
nant., to decline gradually, as from the shore, or from the
line of the course. To edge down upon an object, to
approach an object in a slanting direction. To edge in
With, to draw near to, as a ship in chasing.
edge-bolt (ej'bolt), . In bookbinding, the closed
folds of a section or signature as shown in an
uncut book.
edgebone
edgebone (ej'bon), . [One of the numerous
perversions of what was orig. michr-hone: gee
<iili'lihinii-.\ The haiuicli-boiie, aitchbone, or
natcb-bouo of a beef: so tailed because it pre-
sents edgewise when the meat is cut in dress-
ing for the table. It is the principal part of
tin' pelvis or on imiominatum.
edge-coals (ej'kolz). y'- I' 1 Scotland, coal-
beils inclined at a high angle. Also called tdgi--
.11-11 IIIK, and more rarely edije-mctals.
edge-cutting (ej'kut'iiijr), . In bookbinding,
the operation of trimming down with a knife
the rough edges or bolts of a sewed and uncut
book.
edged (ejd or ej'ed), a. [< ME. egged, < AS.
eeged, < eca, edge: see edge, v.] 1. Furnished
with ail edge ; sharp ; keen.
0, turn thy edged sword another way.
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., 111. 3.
2. Having a border or fringe of a different sub-
stance, color, etc., from that of the body, as a
piece of cloth or a flower.
\viiitecannopiesandcurtainsmadeofneedlework. . .
edged with . . . bone-lace. Coryat, Crudities, I. 100.
My lady's Indian kinaman rushing in,
A breaker of the bitter news from home.
Found a dead man, a letter edged with death
Beside him. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.
3. In litr., same as fimbriated __ TO play with
edged tools. See tool, and compare edge-tool.
edge-key (ej'ke), n. Same as cdger, 2.
edgeless (ej'les), a. [< edge + -less.] Not
sharp; blunt; obtuse; unfit to cut or pene-
trate: as, an edgeless sword; an edgeless argu-
ment.
Till clogg'd with blood, his sword obeys but ill
The dictates of its vengeful master's will ;
Edgelttt it falls. Roice, tr. of Lucan s Pharsalia, vi.
edgelongt (ej'ldng), adv. [< edge + -long, as in
headlong, sidelong, etc.] In the direction of the
edge ; edgewise.
Stuck cdgelmg into the ground. B. Jonson.
edge-mail (ej'mal), n. A name given by some
writers to a kind of armor represented on me-
dieval monuments, which has been assumed to
be made of links or rings sewed edgewise upon
cloth or leather an improbable device. Com-
pare broigne. Also called edgewise mail.
edge-plane (ej'plau), M. 1. A carpenters' plane
for trimming flat, round, or hollow edges on
woodwork. 2. Same as edger, 2.
edger (ej'er), M. 1. A circular saw for squaring
the edges of lumber cut directly from the whole
log; an edging-saw: usually double, hence
called double eager. See saii'i. 2. In leather-
working, a tool for trimming the edges of shoe-
soles, straps, harness, etc. It has a knife or cutter,
the blade of which is varied in shape according to the
form which it is desired to give to the work, and a gage
and guides, usually adjustable, to insure the correct pla-
cing of the work. Also called edge-key, edge-plane, edge-
tool.
edge-rail (ej'ral), n. Ourailroads, a rail so con-
structed that the wheels of cars roll upon its
edge, the wheels being kept in place by fiances
projecting from their inner periphery : so called
in distinction from the flat rails first used.
edge-roll (ej'rol), n. In bookbinding: (a) A
rolling-tool used in gilding and decorating the
edges of book-covers. (6) Ornament or decora-
tion so produced on the edges of a book-cover.
edge-roll (ej'rol), r. t. 1. In bookbinding, to use
an edge-roll. 2. In minting, to roll the edges
of the blanks so as to produce a rim.
edge-setter (ej'sef'er), . A power-lathe for
burnishing the edges of the soles of shoes.
edge-shot (ej'shot), a. Planed on the edges, as
aboard: a lumbermen's term.
edge-stitch (ej'stich), n. In netting, knitting,
etc., a name given to the first stitch on a row.
Diet. of M
edge-tool (ej'toT), [< ME. eggetol, < <-,in<;
i'd.irc, + tol, tool.] 1. Any tool with a cutting
edge, as the ax, the chisel, the plane, the bit, etc.
3if any v</'' tul wol entre in-to his bodi,
1 wol <!< him to the deth and more despit ouere.
II', 'limn ../ I'ul. rue (E. E. T. S.), I. S755.
2. Same asedger, 2. 3. Figuratively, a matter
dangerous to tamper or sport with.
There's no jesting with e<t<n--tooli.
Beau, and Fl., Honest Man's Fortune, ii. 2.
You jest : ill jesting with nliie-toalt!
"n, Princess, ii.
edge-trimmer (ej'trim'er), n. A small machine
for paring the boot-sole. The boot is held on a jack,
moving iuid'iiiatirally. :in<l the knitV trims the t'd^e anil
takr* ,mt the feather.
edgeways (ej'\v:iiO. mlr. [< edge + -ways for
-'-'.] Same as edgewise.
1843
Odd ! I'll make myself small enough: 111 stand fy'-
Sheridan, The Kivals, v. 3.
" Nor all white who are millers," said honest Hob, glad
to get in a word, as they say, edge-ways.
Scott, Monastery, xlv.
At certain times the rings of Saturn are teen edgeways.
Newcomli and llolden, Astron., p. 108.
edge-wheel (ej'hwel), . A wheel which trav-
els on its edge in a circular bed, as in the Chil-
ian mill and in many forms of crushing-mill.
edgewise (ej'wiz), a. and adi: [< edge + -wise.]
1. a. With the edge turned forward or toward
a particular point.
In this still air even the uneasy rocking poplar-leaves
were almost stationary on their rdftetrixe stems.
E. Kggleston, The Graysons, xil.
Edgewise mall. Same as edge-mail.
II. adv. In the direction of the edge ; by
edging.
At the last pushed in his word
Edgewise, as 'twere.
William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 189.
edging (ej'ing), n. [Verbal n. of edge, t'.] 1.
That which is added on the border or which
forms the edge, as lace, fringe, or braid added to
a garment for ornament; specifically, narrow
lace or embroidery especially made for trim-
ming frills and parts of dress.
The garland which I wove for you to wear,
Of parsley, with a wreath of Ivy bound,
And border'd with a rosy edging round.
Dryden, tr. of Theocritus, Amaryllis, 1. B2.
I have known a woman branch out into a long extem-
pore dissertation upon the edging of a petticoat.
Addition, Lady Orators.
2. A border; a skirting; specifically, in hort.,
a row of plants set along the border of a flower-
bed : as, an edging of box.
Yon edging of Pines
On the steep's lofty verge.
H ordsworth, In the Simplon Pass.
3. In bookbinding: (a) The art of preparing
the uncut or folded leaves of a book by shaving
or trimming, adapting them to receive gold,
marbling, or color, and burnishing. (6) The
decorating of the edges of a book by marbling
or coloring. 4. In carp., the evening of the
edges of ribs and rafters to make them range
together.
edging-iron (ej'ing-i'ern), . In gardening, a
sickle-shaped cutting-tool, with the edge on the
convex side, used for cutting out the edges of
paths and roads and the outlines of figures,
etc., in turf.
edgingly (ej'ing-li),a<ie. Carefully; gingerly.
[Rare.]
The new beau awkwardly followed, but more edgingly,
as I may say, setting his feet mincingly, to avoid tread-
ing upon his leader's heels.
Richardson, Clarissa Ilarlowe, II. 220.
edging-machine (ej'ing-ma-shen*), . 1. A
machine-tool for molding, edging, and profiling
woodwork. See molding-machine. 2. In metal-
working, a machine for milling irregular shapes
and making templets and patterns. Sometimes
called a profiling-machine.
edging-saw (ej'ing-sa), M. A saw for squaring
edges ; an edger ; specifically, a circular saw
mounted on a bench and used to saw boards
into strips or straight-edges.
edging-shears (ej'ing-sherz), n.pl. Shears used
to cut the edges of sod along walks, around
garden-beds, etc. The blades are often set at an angle
and fitted to long handles, so that the operator can work
in a standing posture.
edging-tile (ej'in^-tll), n. A tile used in making
borders for beds in gardens.
edgrew (ed'gro), n. Same as edgrotc.
edgTOW (ed'gro), n. [Also edgrowth; < ME. ed-
i/roir, edgratc (cf. AS. edgrowung, a growing
again), < AS. ed-, back, again, + growan, grow :
see erf- 1 and grow.] Aftermath; aftergrass.
[Prov. Eng.]
Kdyrow [var. edgraic, ete growe], greese, [L,] bigermen,
regermen. Prompt. Pan., p. 135.
edgrowth (ed'groth), n. [Formerly also edd-
1/ronth ; < cd- 1 + growth. Cf.edgrow.] Same
as edgroic.
edgy (ej'i), a. [< edge + -yi.] 1. Showing an
edge ; sharply defined ; angular.
The outlines of their body are sharpc and edgy.
R. P. Knight, Anal. Inquiry into Prin. of Taste, p. 68.
2. Keen-tempered ; irritable : as, an edgy tem-
per. [Rare in both senses.]
edit, a. See ///.
edibilatory (ed-i-bil'a-to-ri), a. [Irreg. < LL.
cilihilis. edible, + -atari/.] Of or pertaining to
edibles or eating. [Rare.]
Edibilatory Epicurism holds the key to all morality.
Bultccr, Pelhani, Ivlli.
edification
edibility (ed-i-bil'i-M), H. [<edible: see -bility.]
The character of being edible ; suitableness
for being eaten.
edible (ed'i-bl), a. and n. [< LL. edibilis, eat-
able, < L. edcrc = E. eat.] I. a. Eatable; fit
to be eaten as food ; esculent : specifically ap-
plied to objects which are habitually eaten by
man, or specially fit to be eaten, among similar
things not fit for eating : as, edible birds'-nests ;
edible crabs ; edible sea-urchins.
Of fishes some are edible ; some except it be in famine,
not. Bacon, Nat. Hist., I 869.
The edible Creation decks the Board.
Prior, Solomon, II.
H. n. Anything that may be eaten for food ;
an article of food ; an eatable ; a constituent
of a meal : generally in the plural : as, bring
forward the edibles.
edibleness (ed'i-bl-nes), n. The quality of be-
ing edible.
edict (e'dikt), n. [In mod. form after the L.; <
ME. edit, < OF. edit, edict, F. edit = Sp. edicto
= Pg. edito = It. editto = D. edikt = G. edtc< =
Dan. Sw. niil.i. < L. edictum, a proclamation,
ordinance, edict, neut. of edictus, pp. of edicere,
proclaim, < e, out, forth, + dicere, speak: see
diction.] 1. A decree or law promulgated by
a sovereign prince or ruler on nis sole author-
ity; hence, any analogous order or command.
The very reading of the public edicts should fright thee
from commerce with them. B. Jonmn, Poetaster, I. 1.
Edicts, properly speaking, cannot exist in Britain, be-
cause the enacting of laws Is lodged in the parliament,
and not in the sovereign. Ogilvie.
Every one must see that the edicts issued by Henry VIII.
to prevent the lower classes from playing dice, cards, bowls,
<fec., were not more prompted by desire for popular wel-
fare than were the Acts passed of late to check gambling.
//. Sitncer, Man vs. .State, p. 8.
No one of Its [the Virginia legislature 's| members was
able to encounter Patrick Henry in debate, and his edict*
were registered without opposition.
Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 354.
Specifically 2. In Kom. law, a decree or ordi-
nance of a pretor. 3. In Scotch ecclesiastical
use, a church proclamation ; specifically, a no-
tice to show cause, if any, why a pastor or elders
should not be ordained. Edict of Nantes, an edict
signed by Henry IV. of France in April, 1598, to secure to
the Protestants the free exercise of their religion. It was
revoked by Louis XIV. In October, 1685. Edict of Theo-
doric, a code of laws, Issued alnmt A. i >. 506, for the use of
the Roman subjects of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths.
General edict, in Rom. antiq., an edict made by the
pretor as a law, in his capacity of su Inordinate legislator.
Special edict, an edict made by the pretor for a particu-
lar case, in his capacity as judge. = Syn. Decree, Ordinance,
etc. (see laipi); mandate, rescript, manifesto, command,
pronunciamiento.
edictal (e'dik-tal), a. [= F. edictal, < LL. edic-
talis, < L. edictum, a proclamation : see edict.]
Pertaining to or of the nature of an edict or
edicts.
The Praetor In framing an Edictal jurisprudence on the
principles of the Jus Gentium was gradually restoring a
type from which law had only departed to deteriorate.
Maine, Ancient Law, p. 56.
The simpler methods ... of the edictal law were found
to be more convenient than the rigorous formality of the
archaic customs. W. E. llearn, Aryan Household, p. 421.
Edictal citation, in Scots law, a citation made upon a
foreigner who is not resident within Scotland, but who
has a landed estate there, or upon a native of Scotland
who is out of the country.
edicule (ed'i-kul), . [= It. edicola, < L. crdi-
cula, a cottage, a niche or shrine, dim. of cedes,
a building: see edify.] A small edifice; a
shrine, usually in the shape of an architectural
monument, or a niche for a reliquary or statue,
etc., so ornamented as to be complete in itself
and independent of the building with which it
is connected. [Rare.]
It (the superstructure of the Khuzneh at Petral, too, Is
supported by Corinthian pillars, and is surmounted by a
huge urn, and a smaller edicule of the same order stands on
either side. The Century, XXXI. 17.
edificantt (e-dif 'i-kant), a. [= F. edifiant = Sp.
Pg. It. edificante, < L. cedifican(t-)s, ppr. of tedi-
ficare, build : see edify.] Building.
And as his pen was often militant
Nor less triumphant ; so ?dijic<int
It also was, like those blessed builders, who
Stood on their guard, and stoutly builded too.
Dtiyard, On Gataker (1655), p. 75.
edification (ed'i-fi-ka'shon), n. [< F. edifica-
tion = Pr. edificatio = Sp. edification = Pg. edi-
jinirfln = It. edificazione, < L. tedificatio(n-), act
of building, a building (structure), LL. instruc-
tion, < (edificare, pp. tedificatttt, build : see etlifij.]
1. The act or process of building; construction.
[Obsolete or archaic.]
The castle or fortresse of Corf u . . . is not onely of situa-
tion the strongest I haue scene, but also of edification.
HaJcluyfs Voyages, II. 111.
edification
Clergymen who are on the way of learning some valua-
ble lessons in the art of popular Church edification.
The Churchman, LIV. 409.
2f. The thing built; a building; an edifice.
Eullokar. 3. The act of edifying or instruct-
ing, or the state of being edified ; improvement
of the mind ; enlightenment : most frequently
used with reference to morals or religion.
He that prophesieth speaketh unto men to edification.
1 Cor. xiv. 3.
Out of these magazines I shall supply the town with
what may tend to their edification. Addition, Guardian.
Tis edification to hear him converse ; he professes the
noblest sentiments. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 3.
edificator (ed'i-fi-ka-tor), n. [= P. tdificateur
= Sp. Pg. edificador = It. edificatore, < L. cedi-
fieator, a builder, < cedificare, pp. cedificatus,
build: see edify.'] One who or that which edi-
fies; an edifier. [Bare.]
Language is the grand edificator of the race.
0. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 209.
edificatory (ed'i-fi-ka-to-ri), a. [= It. edifica-
torio, < LL. cedificator'iiis, < L. cedificator, a
builder: see edificator.'] Tending to edifica-
tion.
Where these gifts of interpretation and eminent endow-
ments of learning are found, there can be no reason o( re-
straining them from an exercise so beneficially edificatory
to the church of God. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, x.
edifice (ed'i-fis), n. [< F. Edifice = Pr. edifici =
Sp. Pg. It. edificio, < L. ledificium, a building of
any kind, < tedificare, build : see edify. ] A build-
ing; a structure; an architectural fabric: ap-
plied chiefly to large or fine buildings, public or
private.
Should I go to church,
And see the holy edifice of stone,
And not bethink me straight of dangerous rocks?
Shak., M. of V.,i. 1.
edificial (ed-i-fish'al), a. [< edifice + -ial.']
Pertaining to an edifice or a structure ; struc-
tural.
Mansions . . . without any striking edificial attraction.
British Critic, III. 053.
edifier (ed'i-fl-er), n. If. One who builds; a
builder. Huloet. 2. One who edifies or im-
parts instruction, especially in morals or re-
ligion.
They scorn their edifiers t' own,
Who taught them all their sprinkling lessons,
Their tones and sanctify'd expressions.
S. ButCer, Hudibras, I. ii. 624.
1844
II. intrans. 1. To cause or tend to cause
moral or intellectual improvement ; make peo-
ple wiser or better.
The graver sort dislike all poetry,
Which does not, as they call it, edify. Oldham.
2f. To be instructed or improved, especially
morally ; become wiser or better.
I have not edified more, truly, by man.
11. Jonson, Alchemist, iii. 1.
All you gallants that hope to be saved by your clothes,
edify, edify. Massimjer.
Edriophthalma
Delphln editions of the classics.. See delphiai. Dia-
mond edition. See diamomi. Edition de luxe IF.],
an edition of a book characterized by the choice quality
and workmanship of the paper, typography, embellish-
ment, binding, etc., and the limited number of copies
issued, and hence the enhanced price. Editions de luxe
are generally sold by subscription. Elzevir editions.
SIT Klzevir.
edition! (e-dish'on), v. t. [< edition, n.] To
edit; publish. Myles Davies.
editionert (e-dish'on-er), n. [< edition + -w*.j
An editor.
Mr. Norden . . . makethhis complaint in that necessary
Guide added to a little, but not much augmented, by the
late Editioner. J. Gregory, Posthuma, p. 321.
Alith. There's Doctrine for all Husbands, Mr. Harconrt.
Hare. I edify, Madam, so much, that I am impatient
till I am one. Wycherley, Country Wife, v. 1. editio prfncepS (f-dish l-O prin seps). [L. :
= It. edificare, < L. cedificare, build, erect, estab-
lish, LL. instruct, < aides, more commonly cedis,
a building for habitation, esp. a temple, as the
dwelling of a god, in pi. cedes, a dwelling-house
(orig. a fireplace, a hearth ; cf . Ir. aidhe, a house,
aodh, fire, AS. ad, a funeral pyre, and see oast),
+ -ficare,<.facere, build.] I. trans. 1. To build;
construct. [Obsolete or archaic.]
And seide, "This is an lions of orisouns and of holynesse,
And whenne that my wil is ich wol hit ouertlirowe,
And er thre dayes after edefye hit newe."
Piers Plowman (C), xix. 102.
Munday, the xxvij Day of Aprill, to fferare, and ther I
lay all nyght, it ys a good Cite, and well and substan-
cially Edifyed. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel!, p. 6.
Wherein were written down
The names of all who had died
In the convent, since it was edified.
Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii.
2f. To build in or upon ; cover with buildings.
Long they thus travelled in friendly wise,
Through countreyes waste, and eke well edifyde,
Seeking adventures hard, to exercise
Their puissaunce. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 14.
3. To build up or increase the faith, morality,
etc., of; impart instruction to, particularly in
morals or religion.
They that will be true ploughmen must work faithfully
for God's sake, for the edifying of their brethren.
Latiiner, Sermon of the Plough.
Comfort yourselves together and edify one another.
1 Thes. v. 11.
Your help here, to edify and raise us up in a scruple.
B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, i. 1.
My little ones were kept up beyond their usual time to
be edified by so much good conversation.
Goldsmith, Vicar, ix.
4t. To convince or persuade.
You shall hardly edify me that those nations might not,
by the law of nature, have been subdued by any nation
that had only policy and moral virtue. Bacon, Holy War.
5f. To benefit ; favor.
My love with words and errors still she feeds,
But edifies another with her deeds.
Shak., T. audC., v. 3.
He will discourse unto us edifyingly and feelingly of the
substantial and comfortable doctrines of religion.
Killingbech, Sermons, p. 324.
edifyingness (ed'i-fi-ing-nes), . The quality
of being edifying. [Bare.]
edile, aedile (e'dil), n. [< L. cedilis, < cedes,
cedis, a building, a temple: see edify.] In an-
cient Borne, a magistrate whose duty was ori-
ginally the superintendence of public build-
ings and lands, out of which grew a large num-
ber of functions of administration and police.
Among other duties, that of promoting the public games
was incumbent on the ediles, and cost them large sums of
money. Later, under the empire, their functions were
distributed among special officials, and their importance
dwindled.
edileship, sedileship (e'dil-ship), . [< edile,
cedile, + -ship.] The office of an edile.
The cedileshipvrasa.n introduction to the highest offices.
L. Schmitz, Hist. Rome, p. 236.
edilian, sedilian (e-dil'i-an), a. [< edile, cedile,
+ -/.] Belatiug to an edile.
edingtonite (ed'ing-ton-it), . [Named after
Mr. Edington, a Glasgow mineralogist.] A rare
zeolitic mineral occurring near Dumbarton,
Scotland. It is a hydrous silicate of alumini-
um and barium.
edit (ed'it), v. t. [= F. Miter = Sp. editor, <
L. cditus, pp. of edere, give out, put out, pro-
duce, publish (as literary productions), exhibit,
etc., < e, out, + dare, give: see date 1 .] If. To
put forth ; issue ; publish.
He [Plato] wrote and ordeyned lawes moste eqal and
iust. He edityed unto the Grekes |the plan of] a comou
welthe stable, quyet and commendable.
J. Locher, Prol. to Barclay's tr. of Ship of Fools (ed.
IJamieson), I. 6.
2. To make a recension or revision of, as a
manuscript or printed book ; prepare for pub-
lication or other use in a clarified, altered, cor-
rected, or annotated form ; collate, verify, elu-
cidate, amend, etc., for general or special use.
Abelard wrote many philosophical treatises which have
never been edited. Enfield.
There are at least four Viharas which we know for cer-
tainty were excavated before the Christian Era. There
are probably forty, but they have not yet been edited with
such care as to enable us to feel confident in affixing dates
to them. J. Ferguitson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 144.
3. To supervise the preparation of for publi-
cation ; control, select, or adapt the contents
of, as a newspaper, magazine, encyclopedia, or
other collective work.
edition (e-dish'on), n. [= F. edition = Sp.
cdicion = Pg. edigao = It. edieione, < L. editio(n-),
a putting forth, a publishing, edition of a lit-
erary work, < edere, pp. editus, put forth, pub-
lish: see edit.'] 1. The act of editing. 2. An
edited copy or issue of a book or other work ; a
recension, revision, or annotated reproduction:
as, Milman's edition of Gibbon's "Rome"; the
Globe edition of Shakspere. 3. A concurrent
issue or publication of copies of a book or some
similar production; the number of books, etc.,
of the same kind published together, or with-
out change of form or of contents; a multi-
plication or reproduction of the same work or
series of works: as, a large edition of a book,
map, or newspaper; the work has reached a
tenth edition; the folio editions of Shakspere's
plays.
The which I also have more at large set oute in the
seconde edition of ray booke. Whitgift, Defence, p. 49.
As to the larger additions and alterations, ... he has
promised me to print them by themselves, so that the for-
mer edition may not be wholly lost to those who have it.
Locke, Human Understanding, To the Reader.
4. Figuratively, one of several forms or states
in which something appears at different times ;
a copy; an exemplar.
The business of our redemption is . . . to set forth na-
ture in a second and fairer edition. South, Sermons.
a book, especially of a Greek or Latin classic.
editor (ed'i-tor), 11. [= F. editeur = Sp. Pg.
editor = It. editore, a publisher, < L. editor, one
who puts forth, an exhibitor (the sense 'editor'
is mod.), < edere, pp. editjm, put forth: see edit.]
One who edits; one who prepares, or superin-
tends the preparation of, a book, journal, etc.,
for publication. Abbreviated ed City editor.
editorial (ed-i-to'ri-al), . and n. [< editor +
-ial.] I. . Pertaining to, proceeding from, or
written by an editor : as, editorial labors ; an
editorial article, note, or remark.
The editorial articles are always anonymous in form.
Sir G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, ix.
II. . An article, as in a newspaper, written
by the editor or one of his assistants, and in
form setting forth the position or opinion of the
paper upon some subject; a leading article:
as, an editorial on the war.
The opening article on the first page [of "Figaro"] is
what we should call the chief editorial, and what the Eng-
lish term a "leader." In Paris it is known as a"chru-
nique." The Century, XXXV. 2.
editorially (ed-i-to'ri-al-i), adv. As, by, in the
style of, or with the authority of an editor.
editorship (ed'i-tor-ship), n. [< editor + -ship."]
The office of an editor.
editress (ed'i-tres), n. [< editor + -ess.] A
female editor.
edituatet (e-dit'u-at), v. t. [< ML. (edituatns,
pp. of ceditiiare, keep or govern a temple, < L.
ii'dituus (> It. edituo), a keeper of a temple, <
eedes, cedis, a temple (see edify), + tueri, protect. ]
To defend or govern, as a house or temple.
The devotion whereof could not but move the city to
edituate such a piece of divine office.
J. Gregory, Notes on Scripture, p. 49.
Edmunds Act. See act.
edoctrinatet (e-dok'tri-nat), v. t. [< L. e, out,
+ doctrina, doctrine: see doctrine, and cf. in-
doctrinate.] To instruct.
In what kind of complement, please you, venerable sir,
to be edoctrinated? Shirley, Love Tricks, iii. 6.
Edolianset (e-do-li-a'ne), n.pl. Same as Edo-
Edoliidae (ed-o-li'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Edolh/s
(the typical genus) + -idee.] A family of dron-
eos, named from the genus Edolius: same as
Also formerly Edoliance.
-edralis, < -edron, -he-
Gr. c6pa, a seat, base, = E. settle 1 : see settle*.]
In geom., the latter element of compound ad-
jectives referring to solids or volumes having
so many (x, y, etc., ' ~
ing 1,234 faces,' and so on.
Edriaster (ed-ri-as'ter), n. [NL., < Gr. ifipiov,
dim. of cdpa, a seat, + eon^j, star.] A genus
of cystic encrinites or fossil erinoids, of the
order Cystoidea, typical of the family Edrias-
t(ridce. Also Edrioaster. Billings, 1858.
edriasterid (ed-ri-as'te-rid), . One of the
Edriasterida. Also edrioasterid.
Edriasterida (ed"ri-as-ter'i-da), n. pi. [NL., <
Edriaster + -ida.] An order of fossil erinoids,
or a suborder of cystoid erinoids, represented
by Edriaster and related genera. They are exclu-
sively paleozoic, and in general resemble the Cystoidea.
A pyramid is present, there are no aims or stem, and the
ambulacra communicate by perforations with the calycine
cavity. The shape is that of a rounded starfish or Batten-
ed sea-urchin with a concave base. Also Edrioasterida.
Edriasteridae (ed"ri-as-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,
< Edriaster + -idee.'} A family of fossil cystoid
erinoids or encrinites, of the order Cystoidea,
typified by the genus Edriaster. They have m
or stalk, and resemble in form some of the starfishes
no arms
s. Also
spelled Edrioasteridce.
Edriophthalma (ed"ri-of-thal'ma), n. pi. [NL.,
neut - V^ of edrioplithalmus : see ednophthal-
mous.] 1. The sessile-eyed crustaceans; one of
Edriophthalma
the two groat divisions of the higher (malacos-
1845
Syn. Toteach, rear, discipline, develop, nurture, breed,
loi trlnate. school, drill.
thorax segmented like the abdomen. Thu divl
slon, rated as a subclass, includes the three orders I.H-M><
dipoda \ mi'li i/nala, iinil Isopoita (see these words), and
in this acceptation the term is definite. It has, however,
been used in less exact anil mure i ..... i|irehenslve senses,
sometimes Including even trllobltM and rOtuM.
2. In conch., a tribe of gastropods having the
eyes on the outer side of the base of the tenta-
cles. It includes most of the proboscis-bear-
ing forms.
Edriophthalmata (ed*ri-of -thai 'ma-til), n. pi.
[NL.J Same as Edriophthalma.
edriophthalmatous (ed"ri-of-tharma-tus), a.
Same as i'1/riii/ilitliiilniiiHX.
edriophthalmic (ed"ri-of-thal'mik), a. Same
us r<Tri})hthaliHOus.
edriophthalmous (ed'ri-of-thal'mus), a. [<
NL. edriiiphthalmux, prop. hedrionhthalmu*,<Qr.
iAptov, dim. of itpa, a seat, 4- o00a?.p6f, the eye.]
Sessile-eyed, as a crustacean; specifically, per-
taining to or having the characters of the Edri-
ophthalma.
Educabilia (ed*u-ka-bil'i-8), n. pi. [NL., pi.
of "educabilis, educable: see educable.] A su-
perordinal group or series of monodelphlan or
placental mammals, in which the brain has a
relatively large cerebrum, overlapping much or
all of the cerebellum and olfactory lobes, and
a large corpus callosum extending backward to
or beyond the vertical plane of the hippocam-
pal sulcus, and having in front a well-developed
rostrum. It Includes the higher set or series of mara-
m.ili.-m orders, as Primates, Ferce, Ungulata, Probogcidea,
niivnia, and Cete, thus collectively distinguished from the
Inrilncabilia (which see). It corresponds to Oyrencepha-
la and Archencephala of Owen, and to the wefiasthtne* and
archiintu of Dana. The word was invented by Bonaparte.
educabilian (ed-'u-ka-biri-an), a. [< Educa-
bilia + -an.'] Pertaining to' or having the char-
acters of the Educabilia : opposed to ineduca-
In/ian.
educability (ed"u-ka-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. timta-
biliti; as educable 4- -itjf: see -biliti/.] Capa-
bility of being educated ; capacity for receiving
instruction.
But this educabiiity of the higher mammals and birds is
after all quite limited. J. FMe, Evolutionist, p. 313.
educable (ed'u-ka-bl), a. [= F. Educable; < NL.
* educabilis ,\ L. educare, educate: see educate.]
Capable of being educated ; susceptible of men-
tal development.
Man is ... more educabU and plastic in his constitu-
tion than other animals. Dawton, Orig. of World, p. 423.
_. imparting or acquisition of
mental and moral training; cultivation of the
mind, feelings, and manners. Education in abroad
sense, with reference to man, comprehends all that disci-
plines and enlightens the understanding. corrert- thr u-m
per, cultivates the taste, and forms the manners and hab-
its; In a narrower sense, It is the special course of training
pursued, as by parents ur teachers, to secure any one or all
of these ends. Under tihyricai education is included all
that relates to the development and care of the organs of
-I'li.-ation and of the muscular and nervous systems. In-
tellcttual education comprehends the means by which the
powers of the understanding are developed and Improved,
and knowledge is imparted. Etthctic education is the de-
edulcorate
He [Swedenborgl reduces the part which morality pUjr
In tin- Divine administration t a strictly educatite one.
//. .in met, Subs, and Shad., p. SI.
Fitted for or engaged in educating : as, an
In, -ii/ii-' class.
educator (ed'u-ka-tor), . [= F. educateur =
educador = It. educatore, < L. educator,
aVearer, foster-father, later a tutor, pedagogue,
< educare, bring up, rear, educate : see educate. ]
One who or that which educates ; specifically,
one who makes a business or a special study
of education ; a teacher or instructor.
Give me leave . . . to lay before the educators of youth
these few following considerations. South, Works, V. i.
Trade, that pride and darling of our ocean, that educator
of nations, that benefactor in spite of Itself, ends in shame-
ful defaulting, bubble and bankruptcy, all over the world.
Emenon, Works and Days.
veliipment of the sense of the beautiful, and of technical e duC6 (e-dus'), V. t. ; pret. and pp. educed, ppr.
kllirS^^Jfw^w^Stott.oiWwgCBrf*; educi ,,g. r= 8p. educir = Pg. edurir = It.
educere, < L. educere, bring out, etc., < e, out,
moral nature. Technical education is intended to train
persons In the arts and sciences that underlie the practice
of the trades or professions. Education is further diviileil
into primary education, or instruction in the flrst elements
of knowledge, received by children in common or elemen-
tary schools or at home ; secondary, that received in gram-
mar ami high schools or in academies ; higher, that re-
reived in colleges, universities, and postgraduate study;
and special or projeiuional, that which alms to lit one for
the particular vocation or profession in which he Is to
engage. With reference to animal.-, the word is used in
the narrowest sense of training in useful or amusing acts
or habits.
By wardeshlp the moste parte of noble men and gentle-
men within this Realme haue bene brought vp ignorantly
and voide of good education*.
Quoted In Boote of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.),
[Forewords, p. ix.
To love her was a liberal education.
Steele, Tatler, No. 49.
,
+ ducere, lead, draw : see duct, and cf . educate,
adduce, conduce, induce, produce, etc.] It. To
draw out ; extract, in a literal or physical sense.
Cy. Why pluck you not the arrow from hU sldet
Be. We cannot, lady. . . .
St. No mean, then, doctor, rests there to rduce It?
Chapman, Gentleman Usher, Iv. L
2. To lead or bring out; cause to appear or
be manifested; bring into view or operation;
evoke.
The eternal art educing good from ill.
Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 175.
Yet has the wondrous virtue to educe
From emptiness itself a real use.
Cowpcr, Hope, 1. 156.
In divine things the task of man is not to create or to
acquire, but to educe . Lecty, Europ. Morals, I. 347.
Is there no danger of their neglecting or rejecting al
together those opinions of which they have heard so little e ducible (e-du'si-bl),. f< educe + -ible.] Capa-
during the whole course of their education? wTS ";;, ,! J
flume, Dial, concerning Natural Religion, i.
But education, in the true sense, Is not mere instruction
In Latin, English, French, or history. It is the unfolding
uf the whole human nature. It Is growing up in all things
to our highest possibility.
J. F. Clarice, Self-Culture, p. 3.
2. The rearing of animals, especially bees, silk-
worms, or the like ; culture, as of bacteria in
experimenting; a brood or collection of culti-
vated creatures. [Recent, from French use.]
If they [silkworm-moths] were free from disease, then
a crop was sure; if they were infected, the educatum
would surely fail. . . . Small educations, reared apart
from the ordinary magnanerie, . . . were recommended.
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 69.
Bureau of Education, an office of the United States
government, forming a part of the Department of the In-
terior, and charged with the promotion of the cause of
education through the collection and diffusion of statis-
ble of being educed.
educt (e'dukt), n. [= F. educte; < L. eductum,
neut. of eductus, pp. of educere, lead out: see
educe.] 1. That which is educed; extracted
matter; specifically, something extracted un-
changed from a substance. [Rare.]
The volatile oils which pre-exist in cells, in the fruit and
other parts of plants, and oil of sweet almonds obtained
by pressure, are edue.tg ; while oil of bitter almonds, which
does not pre-exist in the almond, but Is formed by the ac-
tion of emulsion and water on amygdalin, is a product.
Chamber's Encyc.
2. Figuratively, any thing educed or drawn from
another ; an inference. [Rare.]
The latter are conditions of, the former are educt t from,
experience. Sir H'. Hamilton.
3. In math., an expression derived from an-
other expression of which it is a part.
tical and other information. It originated in 1867. Its eduction (e-duk'shon), n. [= Sp. eduction =
head is called the Commitsioncr of Education. = Syn. p~ e <f MCC #A < L. cdttctMn-), < educere, pp. f due-
tus, draw out: see educe.] The act of educing;
. .
DiMipl<n '' etc " (8e * " Uirve " n); bl """
j a,staa^-i < ,a: ^s-jsr^-teSA.^ ^sss^^&g^ ,
engines, the pipe by which the exhaust-steam
i condenser or
-ulile.]
[Rare.]
cation +
Taylor.
,. ! Sp. Pg. educar = F.
quer), bring up (a child, physically or mental-
ly), rear, educate, train (a person in learning
or art), nourish, support, or produce (plants or
ere.
An open-
steam-engine
How would birchen bark, a. an educational tonic, have f^m the valves to the condenser ; the exhaust-
fallen In repute ! Lowell, Study Windows, p. 304. port.
^/.o4-<T.aHo+ Cprl fi Vi'shnn al in n T< ftl eduction-valve (f-duk shon-valv), *. A valve
? v,/m? + i v- r "Same a cJtfl Zionist throu g h whieh a Auid ls ^"charged or exhaust-
ammais;, ireq. ui euwxre, V u. .,-.., .ui 8 national + -tst.) ed; tfce exhaust _ or eduction-valve of the
up, rear (a child, usually with reference to In order to give our American afueatumafuU an idea Bteam _<, n( Hne.
bodily nurture or support, while educare refers ' importance of the results The American, IX. 4,0. eductive ^g-duk'tiv), a. [< L. eduetus, pp. of
more frequently to the mind), a sense derived educationally^ (ed-u-ka shon-al-i), adv. As re- educeret <i ra w out (see educe), + -ire.] Tending
from that of ' as'sist at birth ' (cf . "Educit obste- gards education. to e( j uce or draw out. Boyle.
t ri \ . nhiciit nutrix, instituit ptedagogus, docet Botany is naturally and educationally flrst in order. eductor (e-duk'tor), n. [< LL. eductor (only as
inagister," Varro, ap. Non. 447, 33 but these Barle, Eng. Plant Names, p. ill. equiv _ to L. educator), < L. educere, draw out.]
'" That which brings forth, elicits, or extracts.
[Rare.]
.._...-.. Stimulus must be called an eductor of vital ether.
see educe. There is no authority for the com- Tht llti i itarian pojicy o{ the age is gradually ellminat-
mon statement that the primary sense of edu- | ng tnvm the edueatiunary system many of the special gdulcorant (e-dul'ko-rant), a. and n. [< L. as
cate is to ' draw out or unfold the powers of processes by which minds used to be developed. . f . erfM/c(M . aw (,_v, ppr. of "edulcorare, sweeten:
the mind.'] To impart knowledge and men- r ',* ' see edulcorate.] L a. In med., sweetening, or
tal and moral training to; develop mentally educationist (ed-u-ka snon-ist), it. ]_<. educa- ren( j e ring less acrid,
and morally by instruction ; cultivate ; qual- tion + -ist.] One who is versed in the theory
il'y by instruction and training for the busi- and practice of education, or who advocates
or promotes education ; an educator.
Indeed, judging . . . from the writings of some of the
most prominent situratinniiit* in the United States, an
enthusiasm is spreading among Americans in favour of
workshop instruction. I'nni.-mporary Ren., L. Too.
magister, Varro, ap. ison. 441, M out inese ^>a, r.u K . n ucs, v .
distinctions were not strictly obser\-ed), the educationary (ed-u-ka'shon-a-ri), a. [< educa-
commqu and lit. sense being 'lead forth, draw /,- + -ary.] Pertaining'to education; educa-
out, bring awav,' < e, out, + ducere, lead, draw : tional. [Rare.]
ness and duties of life.
That philosopher [Epicurus] was educated here and In
Teos, and afterwards went to Athens, where he was co-
temporary with Menander the comedian.
Pococke, Description of the East, II. II. 24.
b'.tlti'-'itc ami inform the whole mass of the people. En-
alile them to SIT that it is their interest to preserve peace
ami order, and they will preserve them.
Je/erton, Correspondence, II. 276.
The zealous educationist is too apt to forget that the
weak and vicious man is flj-'hting single-handed for the
mastery over perhaps a score of evil-minded ancestors.
Pop. Sri. Mo., XXV. 489.
There is now no class, as a class, more highly educated, educative (ed'u-ka-tiv), a. [< educate + -ire.]
madlv educated, ami deeply educated, than those who , j; I .];,,,* ~- nnnoistiTiir in mill.
ere, in old Ume, lust described u purtridw-popping 1. Tending to educate, or consisting in eau-
Dc M,n- : ian, Budget of Paradoxes, p. 381. eating.
t.n
v
squireens.
II. . A drug intended to render the fluids
of the body less acrid.
edulcorate (e-dul'ko-rat), r. *. ; pret. and pp.
edulcorated, ppr. edulcorating. [< L. as if *edul-
coratus, pp. of "edulcorarc (>F. edulcorer = Pg.
edulcorar, sweeten), < e, out, + LL. dulcorare,
sweeten: see dulcorate.] 1. To remove acidity
from; sweeten.
Succory, a little edulcorated with sugar and vinegar, is
by some eaten in the summer, and more grateful to the
stomach than the palate. Kttlyn, Acetaria.
2. In diem., to free from acids, salts, or impu-
rities by washing.
edulcorate
The copious powder that results from their union is,
by that union of volatile parts, so far fixed that, after
they have edulcorated it with water, they prescribe the
calcining of it in a crucible for five or six hours.
Boyle, Works, IV. 311.
edulcoration (e-dul-ko-ra'shon), n. [= F. edul-
coration = Pg. edulcorafSo; as edulcorate +
-ion.] 1. The act of sweetening by admixture
of some saccharine substance. 2. In chem. , the
act of sweetening or rendering more mild or
pure by freeing from acid or saline substances,
or from any soluble impurities, by repeated af-
fusions of water.
edulcorative (e-dul'ko-ra-tiv), a. [< edulcorate
+ -ice. ] Having the quality of sweetening or
purifying ; edulcorant.
edulcorator (e-dul'ko-ra-tpr), . One who or
that which edulcorates ; specifically, in chem.,
a contrivance formerly used for supplying
small quantities of water to test-tubes, watch-
glasses, etc.
edulioust (e-du'li-us), a. [< L. edulia, eatables,
food (rare sing, edulium, > It. edulio), prop. pi.
of edule (> Pg. edulo), neut. of adj. edulis, eat-
able, < edere = E. eat.] Edible ; eatable.
The husks of peas, beans, or such edulious pulses.
Sir T. Browne, Misc., p. 13.
Edwardsia (ed-ward'zi-a), n. [NL. (Quatre-
fages, 1842), named after'Henri Milne-iVtoarcfe,
a French naturalist.] A ge-
nus of sea-anemones, made
type of the family Edward-
siid(B. They are not fixed or at-
tached, but live free in the sand,
or, when young, are even free-
swimming organisms. In the lat-
ter state they have been described
as a different genus, Arachnactia.
E. beautempsi is an example.
Edwardsiidae (ed-ward-zi'-
i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ed-
wardsia + -idee.'] A group of
Actiniaria with eight septa.
There are two pairs of directive
septa, the remaining four septa
being impaired. All the septa are
furnished with reproductive or-
gans. The tentacles are simple,
and usually more numerous than
the septa. The body- wall is soft,
and the column longitudinally
sulcate, with eight invections.
edwitet, r. t. [ME. edwiten,
edwyten, < AS. edwitan (=
OHG. itawizian, itawizon, **E3* .*"'**
TLf-rr^, .. _ ' ,". ,, . ,' about natural size.
MHG. itewizen = Goth, ^d-
weitjan), reproach, < ed-, back, + witan, blame :
see wife, and of. twit, < AS. wtwitan.'] To re-
proach ; rebuke.
The fyrste worde that he warpe was, "where is the bolle?"
His wif gun edwite hym tho how wikkedlich he lyued.
Piers Plowman (B), v. 370.
edwitet, [ME. edwite, edwyte, edwit, edwyt,
< AS. edwit (= OHG. itawiz, itwiz, MHG. itemize,
itwiz = Goth, idweit), reproach, < edwitan, re-
proach: see edwite, v."] Reproach; blame.
Man, hytt was full grett dyspyte
So offte to make me edwyte.
Hymns to Virgin, etc.' (E. E. T. S.), p. 124.
edyt, edit, a. [ME., also eadi, a:di, < AS. eddig
(= OS. odag = OHG. otag = Icel. audhigr =
Goth, audags), rich, happy, fortunate, blessed,
< edd, wealth, riches, happiness: see Ed-.] 1.
Rich; wealthy.
Vnderstondeth vn to me, edye men and arme [poor].
Old Eng. Miscellany (ed. Morris), p. 65.
2. Costly; expensive. Layamon, I. 100. 3.
Happy; blessed.
Edy beo thu mayde.
Old Eng. Miscellany (ed. Morris), p. 65.
4. Fortunate ; favorable.
Me wore leuere . . .
Of eddi dremes rechen swep.
Genesis and Exodus, 1. 2085.
5. Famous; distinguished.
Most doughty of dedis, dreghist in armys,
And the strongest in stoure, that euer on stede rode,
Ercules, that honorable, edint of my knightes.
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6324.
ee (e), n. [A dial, form of eye: see eye.'] An
eye. [Now chiefly Scotch.]
Fears for my Willie brought tears in my ee.
Burns, Wandering Willie.
66. A common English digraph, of Middle Eng-
lish origin, having now the sound of "long" e,
namely, e. In Middle English it was actually "double"
e that is, the long sound a corresponding to the short
sound e, representing an Anglo-Saxon long e (), as in
beet, greet, meet, breed, feed, etc., or an Anglo-Saxon ce as in
seed, eel, sleep, weed?, etc., oreii, as in r-lieek, steep, leek, etc.,
or eo, as in bee, deer, deep, creep, iveedl, etc. such vowels
or diphthongs becoming in later Middle English long e,
1846
written either e or ee, and in early modern English spelled
ee or en, with some differentiation (see ea). In words of
other than Anglo-Saxon origin ee has the same sound,
except in a few words not completely Anglicized, as in
matine'e. Words of Oriental or other remote origin having
the vowel i (pronounced e) are often spelled with ee when
turned into English form, as elchee, suttee, etc.
E. E. An abbreviation of errors exeepted, a sav-
ing clause frequently placed at the foot of an
account rendered. Also, in a fuller form, E.
and 0. E. (which see).
-ee 1 . [Late ME. -e or -ee, < OF. -e, fern, -ee,
mod. F. (with a diacritical accent) -e, fern, -ee
(pron. alike), < L. -atus, fern, -ata, pp. of verbs
in -are, F. -er. Early ME. -e, -ee, from the same
source, has usually become thoroughly Eng-
lished as -y, or -ey ; ef. arm-y,jur-y,jell-y, chim-
n-ey,journ-ey, etc. See -ate 1 , -ode 1 , -y.'} A suffix
of French, or more remotely of Latin origin, ulti-
mately the same as -ate 1 and -erf 2 , forming the
termination of the perfect passive participle,
and indicating the object of an action, it occurs
chiefly in words derived from old Law French or formed
according to the analogy of such words, as in pay-ee,
draw-ee, assignee, employ-ee, etc., denoting the person
who is paid, drawn on, assigned to, employed, etc., as op-
posed to the agent in -orl or -eri (in legal use generally
-orl), as pay-er or pay-or, draw-er, assign-or, employ-er,
etc.
-ee 2 . [Of. dim. -ie, -y, and see -ee 1 .] A diminu-
tive termination, occurring in bootee, goatee,
etc. The diminutive force is less obvious in
settee, which may be regarded as a diminutive
of sett-le.
eef, a. A dialectal form of eath.
Howbeit to this daie, the dregs of the old ancient Chau-
cer English are kept as well there [in Ireland] as in Fin-
gall, as they terme . . . easie, eeth, or tefe.
Stanihurst, Descrip. of Ireland, p. 11, in Holinshed.
eegrass (e'gras), n. Same as eddish, 1.
eekH, v., adv., and conj. An obsolete form of
eke.
eek 2 (ek), t'. i. [A dial. var. of itch or ynck : see
itch, yuck.] To itch. [Prov. Eng.]
eeket, v., adv., and conj. An obsolete form of eke.
eel (el), . [Early mod. E. also eele; < ME. el, ele,
< AS. (El = MD. ael, D. aal = Fries, iel = MLG.
al, el, LG. al = OHG. MHG. dl, G. aal = Icel. all
= Sw. &1 = Norw. Dan. aal, an eel ; perhaps
orig. Teut. *agla (cf. L. anguiUa = Gr. ly^vf,
an eel), dim. of a supposed *agi = L. anguis =
Gr. exit = Skt. ahi, a snake, < t/ *agh, *angh,
choke, strangle : see anguish, anger*, etc., Echis,
Echidna.] 1. An elongated apodal fish of the
family Anguillidtx and genus AnguiUa, of which
there are several species. The body is very long and
subcylindrical, covered with discrete minute elliptical
scales, chiefly arranged diagonally to the axis and at right
angles with one another, but immersed in the skin, and
partly concealed by a slippery mucous coat. The head is
somewhat depressed, and the lower jaw protuberant. The
teeth are slender, conic, and crowded in small bands in
both jaws and in a longitudinal band on the vomer. The
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are nearly uniform, and com-
pletely united into one, the dorsal beginning near the
second third of the entire length of the body. The color is
generally brownish or blackish, except on the belly, which
is whitish or silvery. The females attain a considerably
larger size than the males. The sexual organs are minute
except in the breeding season, and sexual intercourse takes
place in the sea. Young females ascend into fresh water,
but the males remain in salt water, and have rarely been
seen ; and when full-grown the females return to the sea
for sexual intercourse and spawning. Eels are of much
economic importance, and objects of special fisheries.
The common European species is AnguiUa anguilla or
A. vulyaris; the American is A. rostrata. See Anguilla,
Anguillidce,
In that Home men fynden Eles of 30 Fote long and
more. Mcmdeville, Travels, p. 161.
Is the adder better than the eel,
Because his painted skin contents the eye?
Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3.
It is agreed by most men that the eel is a most dainty
fish. /. Walton, Complete Angler, i. 23.
2. Any fish of the order Apodes or Symbranehii,
of which there are many families and several
hundred species. 3. Some fish resembling or
likened to an eel; an anguilliform fish. 4.
Some small nematoid or threadworm, as of
the family AnguillulidtB, found in vinegar, sour
paste, etc. See vinegar-eel, and cut under Nema-
toidea Blind eel, a bunch of eel-grass or marsh-grass.
[Colloq., Chesapeake Bay, U. S.] Electric eel, a remark-
Electric Eel (Elcctrephorvs electrical}.
eelskin
able fish, Electrophorus or Gymnotus electricus, of the fam-
ily Electrophoridce, of a thick, eel-like form with a rounded,
Unless back, the vent at the throat, and the anal iln com-
mencing behind it, of a brownish color alwve and whitish be-
low. It has the power of giving strong electric discharges at
will. The shocks producedare often violent, and serve as a
means both of olfense and of defense. They are weakened
by frequent repetitions. Its electrical apparatus consists
of two pairs of longitudinal bodies between the skin and
the muscles of the caudal region, one pair next to the back
and one along the anal flu. This apparatus is divided
into about 240 cells, and is supplied by over 200 nerves.
The electric eel is the most powerful of electric fishes.
It sometimes attains a length of over 6 feet. It inhabits
the fresh waters of Brazil and Guiana. Pug-nosed eel,
an eel of the genus Simenchelys (which see) : so called by
fishermen. It is a deep-sea species, found off the New-
foundland banks, often burrowing in the halibut, whence
the specific name S. parasitims. Salt eel. (a) An eel or
an eel's skin prepared for use as a whip.
Up betimes, and with my salt eele went down in the
parler, and there got my boy and did beat him til I was
faine to take breath two or three times.
Pepys, Diary, April 24, 1663.
Hence (b) A rope's end ; a flogging. [Nautical slang.]
Trembling for fear,
Lest from Bridport they get such another salt eel
As brave Duncan prepared for Mynheer.
Dibdin, A Salt Eel for Mynheer.
eel-basket (el'bas"ket), n. A basket for catch-
ing eels; an eel-pot.
eel-buck (61 'but), n. An eel-pot. [Great
Britain.]
Eel-bucJcs that are intended to catch the sharp-nosed or
frog-mouthed eels are set against the stream, and are set
at night, as those two descriptions of eels feed and run
only at night. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 258.
eeleator, n. [E. dial.] A young eel. [Local,
Eng. (Northumberland).]
Eele ! Eeleaator .' cast your tail intiv a knot, and awl
throw you into the waater. Quoted in Brockett't Glossary.
eelfare (el'far), n. [<.eel+ fare, agoing. Hence
by corruption elver, q. v.] 1. In the Thames
valley, the migration of young eels up the river.
2. A fry or brood of eels. [Prov. Eng. in
both senses.]
eel-fly (el'fll), n. A shad-fly. C. Hallock. [St.
Lawrence river.]
eel-fork (el'fork), . A pronged instrument
for catching eels.
eel-gig (el'gig), n. Same as eel-spear.
eel-grass (el'gras), n. 1. A grass-like naiada-
ceous marine plant, Zostera marina. [U. S.]
The dull weed upholstered the decaying wharves, and
the only freight that heaped them was the kelp and eel-
grass left by higher floods. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 45.
2. The wild celery, Vallisneria spiralis.
eel-mother (ermuTH^er), n. A viviparous fish,
Zoarces viviparm, of an elongated eel-like form,
often confounded with the eel.
eel-oil (el'oil), n. An oil obtained from eels,
used in lubricating, and as a liniment in rheu-
matism, etc.
eel-pot (el'pot), n. 1. A kind of basket for catch-
ing eels, having fitted into the mouth a funnel-
shaped entrance, like that of a wire mouse-trap,
composed of flexible willow rods converging
inward to a point, so that the eels can easily
force their way in, but cannot escape. These
baskets are usually attached to a framework of wood erect-
ed in a river, especially a tideway river, the large open end
of each being opposed to the current of the stream. The
eels are thus intercepted on their descent toward the
brackish water, which takes place during the autumn.
Eel-pots are used in various parts of the Thames in Eng-
land. In Great Britain called eel-buck.
2. The homelyn ray, Eaia maculata. [Local,
Eng.]
eel-pout (el'pout), n. [< ME. "elepoute (not re-
corded), < AS. celepute (= OD. aelpuyt, also puyt-
ael, D. puitaal) (L. capita), < eel, eel, + ptite
(only in this comp.), pout: see^owt 1 .] 1. The
conger-eel or lamper-eel, Zoarces angitillaris, of
North America. See lamper-eel. 2. A local
English name of the eel-mother or viviparous
blenny, Zoarces viviparus. 3. A local English
name of the burbot, Lota vulgaris.
eel-punt (el'punt), n. A flat-bottomed boat
used in fishing for eels.
eel-set (el'set), n. A peculiar kind of net used
in catching eels.
In Norfolk, where immense quantities of eels arc caught
every year, the capture is mostly effected by eel-sets, which
are nets set across the stream, and in which the sharp-
nosed eel is the one almost invariably taken.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 258.
eel-shaped (el'shapt), a. Like an eel in shape,
long and slender; specifically, anguilliform.
eel-shark (el'shark), n. A shark of the family
Cltlamydoselaclridce.
eel-shear (el'sher), n. An eel-spear.
eelskin (el'skin), H. The skin of an eel. Eel-
skins are used (a) to cover a sijuid or artificial bait for
eelskin
catching hlrteflsh, bonitos, etc. ; (b) by negroes as ft remedy
for rlii'iiniidi-tii ; (<) liy sailors a.s a whip, ami in this caHe
called unit eel. (d) Fnnnerly used as a casing for the cue
or pigtail of tlic hair or the wig. especially hy sailors.
eel-spear (el'sper), N. A forked spear used for
catching eels. There arc many sizes and styles of the
instrument. Special forms of eel-spears arc known as
prick and dart.
een (en), n. An obsolete or Scotch plural of
eye. See ee.
e'en 1 (en), adv. A contraction of eren 1 . For-
merly often written ene.
1 have e'en done with you. Sir R. L' Estrange.
e'en 2 (en), n. [Sc.] A contraction of even 2 .
Formerly often written one.
-een. [Of. -rue, -ine, -in, etc.] A termination
of Latin origin, representing ultimately Latin
-cnus, -inns, etc., adjective terminations, as in
tliiiiitmkccH, tureen, canteen, sateen, velveteen, etc.
See these words.
e'er (ar), adv. A contraction of ever.
This Is as strange thing as e'er I look'd on.
Shot., Tempest, v. 1.
-eer. [< F. -ier, < L. -arius, etc. : see -erl and
-/<;-.] A suffix of nouns of agent, being a more
English spelling of -ier, equivalent to the older
-er%, as in prisoner, etc. (see -er 2 ), as in engineer
(formerly enginer), pamphleteer, gazetteer, buc-
caneer, cannoneer, etc., and, with reference to
place of residence, mountaineer, garreteer, etc.
eerie, a. See eery.
eerily (e'ri-li), adv. In an eery, strange, or
unearthly manner.
It spoke in pain and woe ; wildly, eerily, urgently.
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxxv.
eeriness (e'ri-nes), n. The character or state
of being eery. Also spelled eariness.
eery, eerie (e'ri), a. [Sc., also written eiry,
cry ; origin obscure.] 1. Such as to inspire
awe or fear; mysterious; strange; peculiar;
weird.
Dark, dark, grew his eerie looks,
And raging grew the sea.
The Damon Lover (Child's Ballads, I. SOS).
The eerie heauty of a winter scene. Tennyson.
2. Affected by superstitious fear, especially
when lonely ; nervously timorous.
In mirkiest glen at midnight hour,
I'd rove, and ne'er be eerie.
Burns, My ain kind Dearie, O.
As we sat and talked, It was with an eerie feeling that
I felt the very foundations of the land thrill under my feet
at every dull boom of the surf on the outward barrier.
//. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 13.
eett. An obsolete preterit of eat. Chaucer.
of-. An assimilated form of ex- before/,
efagst (e-fagz'), inter/. [Another form of ifacks,
ij'ecks, e'tc. : see ffecks.] In faith ; on my word;
certes. [Vulgar.]
"Wags! the gentleman has got a Tratyor," says Mrs.
Towwouse ; at which they all fell a laughing.
Fielding, Joseph Andrews,
eff (of), n. Same as efft.
effablet (ef'a-bl), a. [= It. effabilc, < L. effabiUs,
utterable, < eff art, utter, speak out, < ex, out.
+ fart = Or. ifiavat, speak: gee fable, fame.]
Utterable ; capable of being explained ; expli-
cable. Barrow.
He did, upon his suggestion, accommodate thereunto
his universal language, to make his character effable.
Wallis, Defence of the Royal Society (178), p. 10.
efface (e-fas'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. effaced, ppr.
effacing. [< F. effacer (= Pr. esfassar), efface,
< ef- for es- (< L. ex), out, + face, face.] 1. To
erase or obliterate, as something inscribed or
cut on a surface ; destroy or render illegible ;
hence, to remove or destroy as if by erasing:
as, to efface the letters on a monument; to
efface a writing; to efface a false impression
from a person's mind.
Efface from his mind the theories and notions vulgarly
received. Eacon.
Tho' brass and marble remain, yet the inscriptions arc
effaced by time, and the imagery moulders away.
Locke, Human Understanding, 11. 10.
From which even the icy touch of death had not e faced
all the living beauty. Sumner, Joseph Story.
2. To keep out of view or unobserved ; make
inconspicuous; cause to be unnoticed or not
noticeable : used reflexively : as, to efface one's
self in the midst of gaiety.
That exquisite something called style, which, like the
grace of perfect breeding, everywhere pervasive and no-
where emphatic, makes itself felt liy the skill with which
It rfhivx ;/..,(/, and masters us at last with a sense of in-
definable completeness.
Loicetl, Among my Rooks, 1st ser., p. 175.
= Syn. 1. Dtfacf, Krate, Cancel, Expunge, Efface, Obliter-
ate. To deface is to injure, impair, or mar to the eye, and
so generally upon tbi; surface: as, to defacr a linildin^.
The other words agree in representing a blotting out or
184?
removal. To erase is to rub out or scratch out, in that
the thing is destroyed, although the signs of It may re-
main: as, to erase a word in a letter. To cancel is to cross
out, to deprive of force or validity. To expunge is to
strike out ; the word Is now rarely used, except of the
striking out of some record : as. to cxpunye from the jour-
nal a resolution of censure. To efface is to make a com-
plete removal: as, his kindness effaced all memory of past
neglect. Obliterate Is more emphatic than efface, meaning
to remove all sign or trace of.
Like gypsies, lest the stolen brat be known,
Defacing first, then claiming for his own.
Churchill, Apology, 1. 236.
Whatever hath been written shall remain,
Nor be erased nor written o'er again.
Longfellow, Morituri Salutamns, 1. 168.
The experiences in dreams continually contradict the
experiences received during the day ; and go far towards
cancelling the conclusions drawn from day experiences.
11. Spencer, Prin. of SocloL, | 72.
A universal blank
Of nature's works, to me expunged and rased.
Milton, P. L., ill. 49.
These are the records, half effaced,
Which, with the hand of youth, he traced.
Lonaffllow, Coplas de Manrique.
The Arabians came like a torrent, sweeping down and
obliterating even the landmarks of former civilization.
Pretcott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 8.
effaceable (e-fa'sa-bl), a. [= F. effacable; as
efface + -able.'] Capable of being effaced.
effacement (e-fas'ment), n. [= F. effacement;
as efface + -men*.] 'The act of effacing, or the
state of being effaced.
effare; (e-fa-ra'), a. [F., pp. of effarer, startle,
frighten, = Pr. esferar, frighten, < L. efferare,
make wild, < efferus, wild: see efferous.] In
her., same as salient: said of a beast, especial-
ly a beast of prey. Also cffeart.
effascinatet (e-fas'i-nat), v. t. [< L. effascinatus,
pp. of effascinare, fascinate, < ex- (intensive) +
fascinare, charm: see fascinate.] To charm;
bewitch; delude; fascinate. Heywood.
effascinationt (o-fas-i-na'shon), n. [< L. effas-
cinatio(n-), < effascinare, pp. effascinatus, charm :
see effascinate.~\ The act of bewitching, delud-
ing, or fascinating, or the state of being be-
witched or deluded.
St. Paul sets down the just judgement of God against
the receivers of Anti-christ, which is effascination, or
strong delusion.
Shelf ord, Learned Discourses (Camb., 1635), p. 317.
effeare', a. In her., same as effare.
effect (e-fekt'), v. t. [< L. e/ectus, pp. of efficere,
ecfacere, bring to pass, accomplish, complete,
do, effect, < ex, out, +jacere, do: see fact, and
cf. affect, infect.] 1. To produce as a result;
be the cause or agent of; bring about; make
actual ; achieve : as, to effect a political revolu-
tion, or a change of government.
What he [the Almighty] decreed,
He effected ; man he made, and for him built
Magnificent this world. Milton, t. L., ix. 152.
Insects constantly carry pollen from neighboring plants
to the stigmas of each flower, and with some species this
is effected by the wind. Danrin, Origin of Species, p. 248.
Almost anything that ordinary Are can effect may be ac-
complished at the focus of invisible rays.
Tiindall, Radiation, { 7.
2. To bring to a desired end; bring to pass;
execute ; accomplish ; fulfil : as, to effect a pur-
pose, or one's desires.
If it be in man, besides the king, to effect VOUT suits,
here is man shall do it Shot., W. T., iv. 4.
E'en his soul seem'd only to direct
So great a body such exploits t' effect.
Daniel, Civil Wars, v.
Being consul, I doubt not t' effect
All that you wish. B. Janata, Catiline.
= Syn. 1. To realize, fulfil, complete, compass, consum-
mate; Affect, Effect. ,See affect-. 2. Execute, Accomplish,
etc. See perform.
effect (e-fekt'),. [< ME. effect = D. effect, effekt,
= Q. effect = Dan. Sw. effekt, < OF. effect, effet,
F. effet = Pr. effeit = Sp. efecto = Pg. cffeito =
It. effetto, < L. effectus, an effect, tendency, pur-
pose, < efficere, ecfacere, pp. effectus, bring to
pass, accomplish, complete, effect: see effect,
v.] 1. That which is effected by an efficient
cause; a consequent; more generally, the re-
sult of any kind of cause except a final cause :
as, the effect of heat.
Every argument is either derived from the effecte of the
niatier, of the fourme, or of the efficient cause.
Sir T. Wilson, Rule of Reason.
Causes are as parents to effects.
Bacon, Physical Fables, vilL, Expl.
Divers attempts had l>een made at former courts, and
the matter referred to some of the magistrates and some
of the elders ; but still it came to no effect.
Winthrop, Hist New England, I. 888.
You have not only been careful of my fortune, which
was the effect of your nobleness, lint you have been soli-
citous of uiy reputation, which is that of your kimlus.
Dri/den. Account of Amius Mirabilis.
effectible
The Turks In the work stood their ground, and fired
with terrible effect into the whirlwind that was rushing
upon them
Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continent*, p. 06.
2. Power to produce consequences or results ;
force; validity; account: as, the obligation is
void and of no effect.
Christ is become of no effect unto you. OaL T. 4.
3. Purport; import or general intent: as, he
immediately wrote to that effect; his speech
was to the effect that, etc.
The effect of which seith thus In wordes fewe.
Chaucer, Pity, 1. 6.
They spake to her to that effect. 2 Chron. xxxiv. 22.
When I the scripture ones or twyes hadde redde,
And knewe therof all the hole effecte. Uawes.
We quietly and quickly answered him, both what wee
were, and whither bound, relating the effect of our Com-
mission.
Quoted in Capt. John Smith'i True Travels, II. 42.
4. A state or course of accomplishment or
fulfilment; effectuation; achievement; opera-
tion : as, to bring a plan into effect; the medi-
cine soon took effect.
Not so worthily to be brought to heroical effect by for-
tune or necessity. Sir P. Sidney.
5. Actual fact; reality; not mere appearance :
preceded by in.
And thise images, wel then mayst espye.
To the ne to hem-self mowe nought profyte,
For '" effect they been nat worth a myte.
Cliaun-r, Second Nun's Tale (ed. Skeat), O, 611.
No other in effect than what it seems.
Sir J. Denham, Cooper's Hill.
6. Mental impression ; general result upon the
mind of what is apprehended by any of the fac-
ulties : as, the effect of a view, or of a picture.
The effect was heightened by the wild and lonely nature
of the place. Irving.
lie carries his love of effect far beyond the limits of
moderation. Macaulay, On History.
I was noting the good effect of the cinnamon-colored la-
teen-sails against the dazzling white masonry.
T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 218.
In the best age of Greek art the jeweller obtained varied
effects by his perfect mastery over the gold itself, and made
comparatively little use of such precious stones as were
then known, except in rings.
C. T. Kewton, Art and Archreol., p. 395.
7. pi. [After F. effets, effects, chattels, effets
mobiliers, movable property; cf. effet, a bill,
bill of exchange, effets publics, stocks, funds.]
Goods; movables; personal estate, in tew: (a)
Property ; whatever can be turned into money. (6) Per-
sonal property.
A few words sufficed to explain everything, and in ten
minutes our effects were deposited in the guest's room of
the bailsman s house. //. Taylor, .Northern Travel, p. 127.
8f. The conclusion ; the denouement of a story.
Now to the effect, now to the fmyt of al,
Why I have told this storye, and telleu shal.
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1160.
Effect of a machine, in mech., the useful work perform-
ed in some interval of time of definite length. For ef-
fect, with the design of creating an impression ; ostenta-
tiously. Hall effect, the deflection, within Its conduc-
tor, of an electric current passing through a magnetic field.
Peltier effect, the heating or cooling of a junction of
dissimilar metals by the passage of an electric current
Thomson effect, the evolution or absorption of heat by
an electric current in flowing from one point In a con-
ductor to another at a different temperature. To give
effect to, to make valid ; carry out in practice ; push to
Its legitimate or natural result. To take effect, to oper-
ate or begin to operate. =Syn. 1. Effect, Consequence, Re-
mit ; event, issue. Effect is the closest and strictest of these
words, both philosophically and popularly representing
the immediate product of a cause : as, every effect must
have an adequate cause; the effect of a flash of lightning.
A consequence is, in the common use of the word, more
remote, and not so closely linked to a cause as effect ; it Is
that which follows. Remit may be near or remote ; it is
often used in the singular to express the sum of the effects
or consequences, viewed as making an end.
Find out the cause of this effect. Shot., Hamlet, II. 2.
Consequences are unpitying. Our deeds carry their ter-
rible consequences, quite apart from any fluctuations that
went before consequences that are hardly ever confined
to ourselves. George Eliot, Adam Bede, xvi.
Of what mighty endeavour begun
What results insufficient remain.
Ou-en Meredith, Epilogue.
7. Goods, Chattels, etc. See property.
effector (e-fek'ter), w. One who or that which
effects, produces, or causes. Also effector.
The commemoration of that great work of the creation,
and paying homage and worship to that infinite lieing
who was the effector of it
Derham, Physico-Tbeology, xi. 6.
effectible (e-fek'ti-bl), a. K effect + -ible.]
Capable of being done or achieved ; practica-
ble; feasible. [Rare.]
Whatsoever . . . is effectible by the most congruous and
efficacious application of actives to passives, \tcfectible by
them. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 338.
effection
1848
effeminately
effection (e-fek'shon), ,, . [= F. , f ao , < L. ^^^^^S^^^S^S^ JSSXJS? **** *!
effectio(n-}, a doing, effecting, < efficere, pp. ef-
feetus, effect: see effect, .] 1. The act of ef-
fecting; creation; production.
tively and actually.
Tyndale, Works, j>. 335. e ffectuouslyt (e-fek'tu-us-li), atlv. EffectuaUy;
, Master L[atimer], that I could do any-
might effectuously utter my poor heart
,7. Careless, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 406.
But going further into particulars, [Plato] falls into con-
jectures, attributing the effection of the soul unto the .
Great God, but the fabrication of the body to the Dii ex 2. Actually; in fact. [A GalllClsm.J _
Dio, or Angels. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 290. effectiveness (e-fek'tiv-nes), n. The quality ffeir (e . fgr /) _ (- [ge., also written ejere,
2. In fleoro., the construction of a proposition. o f being effective. =Syn. Effectiveness, Efficiency, Ef- ffi ~ < op a ff erer a ferer (= Pr. afferir ;
[Rare in both uses.] -Geometrical effection, a ^^^^ a Jf f ^^^ m e ^^^ L ML. reflex affirere),te suitable, convenient, <
geometrical problem deducible from some general propo- ^^^ ^^^^f^^^^i^,, L . affem adferre, bring to, assist, be useful
T* . ft A * - c **- l.~n . ff . T T_ &__.*_ 1 i_ 1_ IJ "U1 rt.
is less often used, on s
(e-fekf
sition.
'
SS&rS^SSyWBTrff -Weffectorresult; useless; vain.
In A'cois tow, to be suitable,
In form as effeirs, means such form as in law belongs to
Bell.
^Eirrrrr:: *sste ra - *rafc3*ss3s
to be open on the Sabbath, the prohibition does not ap-
pear to have been effective during the reign of Elizabeth.
W hippie, Ess. and Rev., II. 16.
A Chappell dedicated to the Virgin Mary,
an effectresse of miracles.
rep
Sandys, Travailes, p. 7.
ate(1 or is becoming to one's rank or station.
Quhy sould they not have honest weidis [proper clothes]
To thair estait doand effeir? Maitland, Poems, p. 328.
2. Capable of producing effect; fit for action J =ltr7ffeftuale, "< ~ML """effectualis Tin" adv. e/- 2. Property; quality; state; condition,
or duty ; adapted for a desired end : as, the fectualiter), < L. effectus (effectu-). an effect :
effective force of an army or of a steam-engine gee effect, n.~\ 1. Producing an effect, or the
ia cr rmifh f.i?f>r.tivf> p.fl.imcitv. Affpn.t, Hpsirpd nr intended: also, looselv. hav-
is so much ; effective capacity.
effect desired or intended ; also, loosely, hav-
Than callit scho all flouris that grew on feild,
Discryving all thair fassioun's and effeirs.
Dunbar, Bannatyne Poems, p. 5.
Effeir of war. warlike guise.
3. Serving to impress or affect with admira-
tion ; producing a decided impression of beau- much,
ty or a feeling of admiration at the first pres- gj. True ; veracious,
entation; impressive; striking; specifically,
artistically strong or successful : as, an effective
performance ; an effective picture.
Nothing can be more effective than the ancient gold
which . . . covers the walls of ... St. Sophia of Kieff,
the largest of the ancient Russian cathedrals.
The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth
Jas. v. 16.
Reprove my allegation, if you can ;
Or else conclude my words effectual.
Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.
Effectual adjudication, calling, demand, etc. See the
nouns. =Syn. 1. Efficacious, Effectual, etc. (see effective) ;
efficient, successful, complete, thorough.
He tells me, speaking of the horrid effeminacy of the
King, that the King hath taken ten times more care and
pains in making friends between my Lady Castlemaine
and Mrs. Stewart, when they have fallen out, than ever
he did to save his kingdom. Pepys, Diary, III. 168.
The physical organization of the Bengalee is feeble even
to effeminacy. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
Bacchus nurtured by a girl, and with the soft, delicate
A. J. C. Hare, Russia, ix.
The church of Sebenico is, both'inside and out, not only tual manner; with' complete effect; SO as to
a most remarkable, but a thoroughly effective building. produce or secure the end desired ; thoroughly :
E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 93. ag> t ne c jty j s effectually guarded.
4. Actual; real. [A Gallicism.]
emcient successm, comp.eie u.orougn limte o a woman, was the type of a disgraceful effemi-
effectually (e-fek tu-al-i), adv. l.Inaneffec : .Lecky, Rationalism, I. 243.
The Chinese, whose effective religion, practised at much mind more effectually then any other Arte dooth.
j _ *!_ ..* (,.**.. ; . i* !, Kir I . HMZfUtf. ATXH. lor
Lecky, nationalism, I. 243.
But foul effeminacy held me yoked
Her bond slave. Milton, S. A., 1. 410.
effeminatet (e-fem'i-nat), v. ; pret. and pp. ef-
The Poet with that same hand of delight, dothdrawthe feminated, ppr. effeminating. [< L. effeminatus,
iiul morR effectually then anv other Arte dooth. " p _n._ _?_ f\-r*. _jv_ ..* -wr~
cost and with great apparent sincerity, is now, as it has
been from the earliest times, ancestor-worship.
Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 191.
Effective component of a force. See component. Ef-
fective force. See/oreei. Effective money, coin, in 2 Actually ; in fact. [A Gallicism.]
contradistinction to depreciable paper money. Effec-
>p. of effeminare (> It. effemminare, effeminare =
Sp. efeminar (obs.) = Pg. effeminar = Pr. efemi-
... .,.^...,,. ...= . B --,. nar = F. effeminer), make womanish, < ex, out,
Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xxvi. + femina, a woman : see feminine.} I. trans.
Sir P. Sidney, Apol. lor Poetrie.
I could see it [the story] visibly operate upon his coun-
tenance, and effectually interrupt his harangue.
mniwmUBIrlllUUVll LU t.icuici;iauic imi-"-.i u*uuvj< .LIHI-VS .i.ir_ r_ 1.1 i. i i v. A A '+! +1, t
live scale of intercalations, iii math., the series of Although his charter can not be produced with the lor-
^:, _?-!:.-<:,._**.. -177 ! A * malities used at. his creation. . . . vet that he was etlec-
To make womanish ; unman ; weaken.
More resolute courages, then the Persians or Indians,
effeminated with wealth & peace, could afford.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 399.
And thou dost nourish him a lock of hair behind like a
girle, effeminating thy son even from the very cradle.
Evelyn, Golden Book of Chrysostome.
Thou art as hard to shake off as that flattering effemi-
nating Mischief, Love. Wycherley, Plain Dealer, iii. 1.
II. intrans. To grow womanish or weak ; melt
into weakness.
effective men ; the bombardment was not very effective; effectueren = G. Sffectuiren = Dan. effektuere = n J m ^ pt peaCe ' tath ^^ ^ ff emi te ' and
effective revenue. Effective is most clearly separated from gvr . effektuera), give effect to, < L. effectus (cf- Bacon, True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates (ed. 1887).
fectu-), ( "
=Syn. Effective, Efficient, Efficacious, Effectual, are not f i,_:__ pffppt,,,,! , f ff,rtiv
altogethefthesameinmeanirig;allimplyanobjectaimed ' '^ m ? ett . ectu ?; 1 - = S 7S' ^e effectiveness.
at, and generally a specific object. Effective and efficient effectuate (e-tek tu-at), V. t. ; pret. ana pp.
are used chiefly where the object is physical. Effective is effectuated, ppr. effectuating. [< ML. *effectua-
applied to that which has the power to produce an effect ft/g pp . o f * e ffectuare (> It. effettuare = Sp.
or some effect, or which actually produces or helps to pro- /',.. _ -pit pifertiinr F effrrhifr > T)
duce some effect: as, the army numbered ten thousand cjectuar = fg. effectuar . . X. effecTver ) u.
the others when representing the power to do, even when
that power is not actually in use. Efficient seems the
mat power is IIOL acLuauv 111 use. j^tfictefti seems LIIC T i, v ir 4.
most active of these words : a person is very efficient when accomplish ; achieve ; effect.
C^A t>-ffept 1 TA hriTitr tn nnss M. ' / -\ r -ci
. see effect, n.\ lo bring to pass, e ff emlna te (e-fem'i-nat), a. [= V.e
very helpful in producing desired results ; an efficient cause
is one that actually produces a result. Effective and effi-
cient may freely be applied to persons; the others less of-
ten. Efficacious is essentially only a stronger word for
efficient : as, an efficacious remedy ; efficient would not be
appropriate with remedy, as implying too much of self-
directed activity in the remedy. Effectual, with reference
to a result, implies that it is decisive or complete ; an effec-
tual stop or cure finishes the business, rendering further
work unnecessary.
He found him a most fit instrument t
sire.
Where such an unexpected face appears
Of an amazed court, that gazing sat
With a dumb silence (seeming that it fears
The thing it went about t' effectuate).
Daniel, Civil Wars, vii.
In political history it frequently occurs that the man
who accidentally has effectuated the purpose of a party
is immediately invested by them with all their favourite
virtues. /. D'Israeli, Curios, of Lit., III. 123.
The rarity of the visits of efficient bees to this exotic effectuation (e-fek-t.ij-a'shon), n. [= Pg. ef-
plant[Pi8umSoi)um]is, I believe, the chief cause of the fectuaqao = It. effettuagione ; as effectuate
Pg. effeminado = It. effemminato, effeminate, <
rament to effectuate his de- L. effeminatus, pp.: see the verb.] 1. Having
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, n. the qua i ities of the female sex ; soft or delicate
to an unmanly degree ; womanish : applied to
Precision is the most effective test of affected style as
distinct from genuine style. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 115.
,
varieties so seldom intercrossing.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 161. or producing a result.
-ion.'] The act of effectuating, bringing to pass,
That spirit, that first rush'd on thee
In the camp of Dan,
Be efficacious in thee now at need !
Milton, S. A., I. 1437.
To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual ways
of preserving peace.
Washington, Address to Congress, Jan. 8, 1790.
II. n. Milit. : (a) The number of men actu-
men.
The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, be-
came effeminate and less sensible of honour. Bacon.
A woman impudent and mannish grown
Is not more loath'd than an effeminate man.
Shak., T. and C., iii. 3.
I have heard sometimes men of reputed ability join in
with that effeminate plaintive tone of invective against crit-
icks. Shaftesbury, Misc., III. i.
Be manly then, though mild, for, sure as fate,
Thou art, my Stephen, too effeminate.
Crabbe, Works, V. 240.
The ghostly or spiritual effectuation of natural occur- o fivioi.o/.tai.io<l Vi^ t\r vaaiilHno fvnm pffpmi-
:nces has ever been and is still the mode of interpreta- <* Characterized Dy or resulting irom em
rences has ever been and is still the mode of interpreta-
tion most readily seized upon by primitive thinking.
Mind, IX. 368.
First of all, we must note the distinction of immanent
action and transitive action ; the former is what we call
action simply, and implies only a single thing, the agent ;
the latter, which we might with advantage call effectua-
.
nacy: as, an effeminate peace ; a,n effeminate life.
Soldiers
Should not affect, methinks, strains so effeminate.
Ford, Broken Heart, iii. 2.
3t. Womanlike; tender.
As well we know your tenderness of heart,
And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse.
Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
ally doing duty, or the strength of a company, " nt implies two things ' j ' ?" lff*vc Brit ' XX s^ Ana genue, K ma, WCT W , re u, u ,.
aregiment,oranarmy, in the fieldoron parade. ** , ,. . ^ Ward ' ^ c ' Brlt ;'^ x _ 82 ' Shak., Rich. III., iii. 7.
By the last law which passed the Reichstag with such ettCCtUOSet ( e - tel f -s)> l< L - & s J e ff"C- =STa Woman i gh , etc. (aee/miin), weak, unmanly,
difficulty the peace-effective was increased by about 42,000 WW : see effectuous] Same as effectuous. effeminately (e-fern'i-iiat-li), adv. In an effem-
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 17. effectuOUSt (e-fek'tu-us), a. [< OF. effectueux, inate manner; womanishly; weakly.
(6) A soldier fit for duty.
Nevertheless he assembled his army, 20,000 effectives.
< L. as if *effectuosus, < effectus (effectu-), effect :
see effect, .] Having effect or force ; forcible;
I ill 111 V, iU,UVAJ KIIKUllVKS, .^j .' / ,. v TiT
The Century, xxix. 618. efficacious; effective. B. Jonson.
effectively (e-fek' tiv-li), adv. 1 . With effect ; or ' he Contempt of the Gospell, shall the wrath of God
nnwpi-fiili I v with rpal nTifiratinn ..nmnlptplv 8uffer the Turke and tne Pone with stro "8 delusions and
Ully , Wltn real operation , completely , e j/ ectuome errors to destroye many soulis and bodys.
thoroughly. j mje , Expos, of Daniel, xii.
With golden pendants in his ears.
Aloft the silken reins he bears,
Proud, and effeminately gay.
Fawkes, tr. of Anacreon's Odes, Ixix.
Effeminately vauquish'd : by which means,
Now blind, dishearten'd, shamed, dishonour'd, quell'd,
To what can I be useful? UUton, S. A., 1. 562.
effeminateness
effeminateness ('-'in'i-nfit-m's), n. The state
of being effeminate ; unmanly softness.
The indulgent softness of the parent's family is apt, at
best, toiiive y "ii nx prisons a must unhappy f/eiiiinatfnesn.
Kteker, Works, I. I.
effeminationt (e-fem-i-mVshon), . [= F. ef-
I 'i in iiiation = I'g. i (friii i mi j'<?o = It. effeminaziouc,
'< LL. effeiniiKitio(ii-), < L. tfftmtoare, ]>]>. rffnui-
natus, make womanish: see effeminate, r.] The
state of being or the act of making effeminate.
But from this mixture of sexes . . . degenerous effemi-
,iii,>:i. Sir T. Krowne, Vulg. Err., vili. 17.
effeminizet (e-fein'i-niz), v. t. [As effemin-ate
+ -ize.] To make effeminate.
Brave knights e/eminized by sloth.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.
effendi (e-fen'di), n. [Turk, efendi, a gentle-
man, a master (of servants), a patron, protec-
tor, a prince of the blood (efendim, ' my master,'
in address equiv. to E. sir), < NGr. aaftvrrif (pron.
afen'des). a lord, master, a vernacular form of
Gr. (also NGr.) avSevnK (in NGr. pron. afthen'-
des), an absolute master : see authentic.] Atitle
of respect given to gentlemen in Turkey, equiv-
alent to Mr. or sir, following the name when
used with one.
1 assumed the polite and pliant manners of an Indian
physician, and the dress of a small Effendi, still, however,
representing myself to be a Dervish.
R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 62.
efferationt, [< LL. efferatio(n-), a making
wild or savage, < L. efferare, pp. efferatus, make
wild or savage, < efferus, very wild, fierce, sav-
age : see efferous,] A making wild. Bailey, 1727.
efferent (ef'e-rent), a. and n. [= F. efferent, <
L. efferei^t-fs, ppr. of efferre, ecferre, bring or
carry out, < ex, out, 4- Jerre = E. bear 1 .] I. a.
Conveying outward or away; deferent: as, the
efferent nerves, which convey a nervous impulse
from the gauglipnic center outward to the mus-
cles or other active tissue. In the system of blood-ves-
sels the arteries are the efferent vessels, conveying blood
from the heart to all parts of the body, while the veins
are the afferent vessels, bringing blood to the heart. In
any gland or glandular system the vessel which takes up
and carries off a secretion is efferent. Efferent duct.
Same as deferent canal ( which see, under deferent).
H. n. 1. In mini, and physiol., a vessel or
nerve which conveys outward. 2. A river
flowing from and bearing away the waters of
a lake.
efferoust (ef 'e-rus), o. [< L. efferus, very wild, ,
fierce, savage, < ex (intensive) + ferus, wild,
fierce: see fierce.] Very wild or savage ; fierce;
ferocious: as, an efferous beast.
From the teeth of that efferous beast, from the tusk of
the wild boar. ftp. King, Vltis Palatina, p. 34.
effervesce (ef-er-ves'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. ef-
Ji-rresced, ppr. effervescing. [< L. effervescerc,
boil up, foam up, < ex, out, + fervescere, begin
to boil, < fervere, boil : see fervent.] 1. To be
in a state of natural ebullition, like liquor when
gently boiling ; bubble and hiss, as fermenting
liquors or any fluid when some part escapes in
a gaseous form ; work, as new wine.
The compound spirit of nitre, put to oil of cloves, will
effervesce, even to a flame. Mead, Poisons.
2. Figuratively, to show signs of excitement;
exhibit feelings which cannot be suppressed :
as, to effervesce with joy.
Have I proved . . .
Thai Revelation old and new admits
The natural man may effervesce in ire,
O'erflood earth, o'erfroth heaven with foamy rage,
At the first puncture to his self-respect?
Broiming, Ring and Book, II. 86.
Effervescing draught. See draft*.
effervescence, effervescency (ef-er-ves 'ens,
-en-si), . [= F. effervescence = Sp. efervescen-
cin = Pg. e-fferreseencia = It. efferrescenza, < L.
effervesce n(t-)s, ppr. : see effervescent.] 1. Nat-
ural ebullition ; that commotion of a fluid which
takes place when some part of the mass flies
off in a gaseous form, producing small bubbles :
as, the effervescence or working of new wine,
cider, or beer ; the effervescence of a carbonate
with nitric acid, in consequence of chemical
action and decomposition producing carbon
dioxid or carbonic-acid gas. 2. Figuratively,
strong excitement ; manifestation o? feeling.
The wild gas, the fixed air, is plainly broke loose : but
we ought to suspend our judgment until the first effer-
vescencc is a little subsided. Burke, Kev. in France.
We postpone our literary work until we have more ripe-
ness and skill to write, and we one day discover that our
literary talent was a youthful c//i'nv*rf /(<< wliirli we have
now lost. Kiin'wii. old Age.
= Syn. See ehiillition.
effervescent (ef-er-ves'ent), a. [=F.efferve<i-
fi-iit = Sp. i/rnv.-ri lite = Pg. It. rfferrwcntr, <
L. efferceCfn(t-)y, ppr. of efftrraicere, boil up:
1840
see effervesce.] Effervescing; having the prop-
erty of effervescence ; of a nature to effervesce.
effervescible t I'f-er-ves'i-bl), . [< effervesce +
-ible.] Capable of effervescing.
A small quantity of effervescible matter. Kirvan.
effervescive (ef-er-ves'iv), a. [< effervesce +
-ive.] Producing or tending to produce effer-
vescence: as, an effervcsciee force. Hickok.
[Hare.]
effet (ef'et), . A dialectal form of efti.
effete (e-fef), a. [Formerly also effvete; < L.
effetus, improp. effoetus, that has brought forth,
exhausted by bearing, worn out, effete, < ex,
out, + fetus, that has brought forth: see fetus.]
1 . Past bearing; f unctionless, as a result of age
or exhaustion.
It Is ... probable that the females as well of beast* as
hints have in them . . . the seeds of all the young they
will afterwards bring forth, which, ... all spent and ex-
hausted, . . . the animal becomes barren and effete.
Ray, Works of Creation, I.
Hence 2. Having the energies worn out or
exhausted; become incapable of efficient ac-
tion ; barren of results.
All that can be allowed him now is to refresh his de-
crepit, effete sensuality w ith the history of his former life.
South, Sermons.
If they find the old governments effete, worn out, . . .
they may seek new ones. Burke.
Islamfsm . . . as a proselyting religion . . . has long been
practically effete. Quarterly Ren., CLXIII. 141.
= 8yn.l. Unproductive, unfruitful, unprollflc. 2. Spent,
worn out.
effeteness (e-fet'nes), n. The state of being
effete ; exhaustion ; barrenness.
What would have been the result to mankind ... if
the hope of the world's rejuvenescence had been met
solely by that effeteness of corruption [the old Roman
empire]? Buckle, Civilization, I. 221.
efficacious (ef-i-ka'shus), a. [< OF. efficacieux,
equiv. to efficace, F. efficace = Pr. efficaci = Sp.
eficaz = Pg. efficaz = It. efficace, < L. efficax (effi-
cac-), efficacious, < efficere, effect, accomplish,
do : see effect, v.] Producing the desired effect ;
having power adequate to the purpose intend-
ed; effectual in operation or result.
The mode which he adopted was at once prudent and
efficacious. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 82.
He knew his Rome, what wheels we set to work ;
Piled influential folk, pressed to the ear
Of the efficacious purple.
Browning, Ring and Book, I. 144.
= Syn. Efficient, Effectual, etc. (see effective); active, op-
erative, energetic.
efficaciously (ef-i-ka'shus-li), adv. In an effi-
cacious manner; effectually.
It [torture] does so efficaciously convince
That . . . out of eacn hundred cases, by my count,
Never I knew of patients beyond four
Withstand its taste. Broutmny, Ring and Book, II. 74.
efficaciousness (ef-i-ka'shus-nes), M. The qual-
ity of being efficacious ; efficacy.
The efficaciousness of these means Is sufficiently known
and acknowledged. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 6.
efficacy (ef 'i-ka-si), n. [= F. efficace = Pr. effi-
cacia = Sp. ejicacia = Pg. It. efficacia, < L. ef-
ficacia, efficacy, < efficax, efficacious : see effica-
cious.] The quality of being efficacious or ef-
fectual ; production of, or tie capacity of pro-
ducing, the effect intended or desired; effec-
tiveness.
'Tliis hath ever made me suspect the efficacy of relics.
Sir T. Browne, Reflgio Medici, L 28.
Planetary motions, and aspects,
In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite,
Of noxious efficacy. Milton, t. L., x. 660.
Even were Gray's claims to being a great poet rejected,
he can hardly be classed with the many, so great and uni-
form are the efficacy of his phrase and the music to which
he sets it. Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 177.
= Syn. Efficiency, etc. (sec effectiveness); virtue, force, en-
ergy.
efficiencet (e-fish'ens), . Same as efficiency.
efficiency (e-fish'en-si), . [= Sp. eficiencia =
Pg. effictencia = If. efficient, < L. efficicntia, ef-
ficiency, < efficien(t-)s, efficient: see efficient.]
The quality of being efficient ; effectual agency ;
competent power; the quality or power of pro-
ducing desired or intended effects.
The manner of this divine efficiettci/ being far above us.
Hooter, Eccles. Polity.
Truth is properly no more than Contemplation ; and her
utmost efficiency is but teaching.
Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvlii.
Causes which should carry in their mere statement cvi-
denee of their efficiency. J. S. Mill, Logic, III. v. 9.
Specifically (o) The state of being able or competent;
the state of possessing or having acquired adequate know-
leiiire or skill in any art, profession, or duty: as, by pa-
lii-iil perseverance he has attained a high degree of effi-
ciency, (b) In mech., the ratio of the useful work per-
formed by a prime motor to the energy expended. = Syn.
Efficacy, etc. See effectieenett.
effigiate
efficient (e-fish'ent), a. and n. [= F. efficient
= Pr. eficient ="Sp. ejiciente = Pg. It. efficiente,
< L. efficien(t-)s, ppr. of cfficere, effect, accom-
plish, etc. : see effect, v.] I. a. 1. Producing
outward effects ; of a nature to produce a re-
sult ; active ; causative.
If one flower is fertilised with pollen which IK more effi-
cient than that applied to the other flowers on the same
peduncle, the latter often drop off.
Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 306.
2. Acting or able to act with due effect; ade-
quate in performance ; bringing to bear the
requisite knowledge, skill, and industry; ca-
pable; competent: as, an efficient workman,
director, or commander.
Every healthy and efficient mind passes a large part of
life In the company most easy to him. Emerton, clubs.
Efficient cause, a cause which brings about something
external to itself : distinguished from material and format
caute by being external to that which it causes, and from
the end or final cause in being that by which something
is made or done, and not merely that for the sake of which
it is made or done. The conception of efficient caute an-
tedates that of physical force in the scientific sense ; and
the latter finds no place in the Aristotelian division of
causes. But many writers of the eighteenth and nine-
teenth centuries extend the meaning of efficient caute to
include forces. Other and Inferior writers, since the Arts*
totelian philosophy has ceased to form an essential part
of a liberal education, use the phrase efficient caute In imi-
tation of older writers, but without any distinct appre-
hension of its meaning, probably in the sense of effectual
caute. (See the citation from Lecky, below.) Efficient cavtes
are traditionally divided into various classes : 1st, into ac-
tive and emanative: thus, fire is said to be the emanative
cause of its own heat and the active cause of heat in other
iKxlles; 2d, into immanent and transient: an immanent
cause brings about some modification of itself (it is, never-
theless, regarded as external, because It does not produce
itself); 3d, luto/r and necessary ; 4th, Into caute by itself
and caute by accident: thus, if a man in digging a well
finds a treasure, he Is the cause per se of the well being
dug, and the cause by accident of the discovery of the trea-
sure; 5th, Into absolute and adjutant, the latter being
again divided into principal ami secondary, and secondary
into procatarctical, proeyumenal, and instrumental (the
procatarctical extrinsically excites the principal cause to
action, the proegumenal Internally disposes the principal
cause to action) ; (ith, into j'irxt and second ; 7th, Into uni-
versal and particular; 8th, into proximate and remote.
Medical men follow Galen In dividing the efficient causes
of disease into predisposing, exciting, and determining.
Every politician knew that the interference of the sov-
ereign during the debate In the House of Lords was the
efficient caute of the change of ministry.
Lecky, Kng. in 18th Cent., xr.
= Syn. Efficacious, Effectual, etc. (see effective) ; energetic,
operative, active, ready, helpful.
H. n. 1. An efficient cause (see above).
God, which movcth mere natural agents as an efficient
only, doth otherwise move intellectual creatures, and es-
pecially his holy angels. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 4.
Excepting God, nothing was before it: and therefore it
could have no efficient In nature.
Bacon, Physical Fables, viii., F.xpl.
O, but, say such, had not a woman been the tempter
and rjlH-ifiit to our fall, we had not needed a redemption.
Ford, Honour Triumphant, i.
Some are without efficient, as God.
Sir T. Browne, Religlo Medici, I. 14.
2. One who is efficient or qualified; specifically,
in the volunteer service of Great Britain, one
who has attended the requisite number of drills,
and in respect of whom the corps receives the
capitation grant paid by government. 3. In
math., a quantity multiplied by another quan-
tity to produce the quantity of which it is said
to be an efficien t ; a factor. Extra efficient, a com-
missioned officer or sergeant of volunteers in the British
army who has obtained an official certificate of competency.
Extra efficients earn an extra grant for their company,
efficiently (e-fish'ent-li), adv. In an efficient
manner; effectively.
God, when He is stiled Father, must always be under-
stood to be a true and proper cause, really and efficiently
giving life. Clarke, The Trinity, ii. { IS, note.
effictiont, [< I-- effictio(n-), a representation
(in rhet.) of corporal peculiarities, < effingere,
pp. effictus, form, fashion, represent: see effigy.]
A fashioning; a representation. Bailey, 1727.
effiercet (e-fers'), r. t. [< ef- + fierce, after L.
efferare, make fierce, < efferus. very fierce : see
efferous.] To make fierce or furious.
With fell woodness he effiereed was.
And wilfully him throwing on the gras
Did beat and bounse his head and brest ful sore.
Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 27.
effigial (e-fij'i-al), a. [< F. effiaial; as effigy
+ -at.] Pertaining to or exhibiting an effigy.
[Rare.]
The three volumes contain chiefly effifrial cuts and monu-
mental figures and inscriptions.
Critical Hitt. of Pamphlets.
effigiate (e-fij'i-at). r. t. : pret. and pp. effigi-
/itnl. ppr. efifliatinfl. [< LL. effiffiatits, pp. of
<'tli</iare (> It. effigiare = Pr. efigiar = F. effigier),
form, fashion, < effigies, an image, likeness: see
effigiate
e ffi>y-] To make into an effigy of something;
form into a like figure. [Rare.]
He who means to win souls . . . must, as St. Paul did,
riliiiiate and conform himself to those circumstances of
living and discourse by which he may prevail.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 754.
effigiation (e-fij-i-a'shon), n. [< effigiate + -ion.]
1. The act of forming in resemblance. Bailey,
1727. [Rare.] 2. That which is formed in re-
semblance ; an image or effigy. [Rare.]
No such efflffiation was therein discovered, which some
nineteen weeks after became visible.
Fuller, Ch. Hist., X. ii. 53.
effigies (e-fij'i-ez), . [L. : see effigy, .] An ef-
figy-
This same Dagoberts monument I saw there, and under
his E/igiei this Epitaph. Coryat, Crudities, I. 46.
We behold the species of eloquence in our minds, the
effigies or actual image of which we seek in the organs of
our hearing. Drijden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting.
effigurate (e-fig'u-rat), a. [< L. ex, out, + figit-
ratus, pp. offigurare, figure, <figura, a figure:
see fignrate.] In
bot., having a defi-
nite form or figure :
applied to lichens:
opposed to effuse.
effigy (ef'i-ji), n.;
pi. effigies (-jiz).
[Formerly also effi-
gie, and, as L., effi-
gies; = F. effigie =
Sp. efigie = Pg. It.
effigie, < L. effigies,
effigia, a copy or
imitation of an ob-
ject, an image, like-
ness, < effiitgere, pp.
effictus, form, fash-
ion, represent, < ex,
out, + fingere (fig-),
form: see feign, fic-
tion.] A represen-
1850
The Italian [Gothic architecture] effloresced . . . into the
meaningless ornamentation of the Certosa of Pavia and
the cathedral of Como. ttutkin.
2. To present an appearance of flowering or
bursting into bloom; specifically, to become
covered with an efflorescence ; become incrust-
ed with crystals of salt or the like.
The walls of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce with
nitrate of lime in consequence of the action of nitric acid
formed in the atmosphere. Dana.
3. In cliem., to change either throughout or
effoete
A number of specimens of waste liquors from factories,
with tlie residual matters pressed into cakes, and also of
the purified effluents, are exhibited.
Sci. Amer. Supp., No. 446.
2. Specifically, in geog., a stream that flows out
of another stream or out of a lake : as, the At-
chafalaya is an effluent of the Mississippi river.
3. In math., a covariant of a quantic of de-
gree mn in i variables, the covariant being of
degree m and in^) variables, where p is the num-
ber of permutations that can be obtained by
over the surface to a whitish, mealy, or crys- dividing n into i parts. Sylvester, 1853
talline powder, from a gradual decompositi-- <"-> - T>I,,,.I * ~-a>....i.
on simple exposure to the air; become cove
with a whitish crust or light crystallization
the form of short threads or spiculaa, froi
talline powder, from a gradual decomposition, effluvia, n. Plural of effluvium.
on simple exposure to the air; become covered effluviable (e-flo'vi-a-bl), a.
[< effluvium +
-able.] Capable of being given off in the form
of effluvium. [Rare.]
The great rapidness with which the wheels that serve
to cut and polish diamonds must be moved does excite a
great degree of heat . . . in the stone, and by that and the
strong concussion it makes of its parts, may force it to
spend its effluviable matter, if I may call it so.
Boyle, Works, IV. 354.
.. ., a. [< effluvium + -al.]
Pertaining to effluvia ; containing effluvia.
mated, ppr. effluviating.
To throw off effluvium.
in
, from a
slow chemical change between some of the in-
gredients of the matter covered and an acid
proceeding commonly from an external source.
As the surface [of a puddle of water] dries, the capillary
action draws the moisture up pieces of broken earth, dead
sticks, and tufts of grass, where the salt effloresces. j_! , a ..,
Dam-in, Geol. Observations, ii. 307. effluvl . al . ( e - flo YJ'9
efflorescence (ef-lo-res'ens), n. [= F. efflores-
cence = Sp. eflorecencia = Pg. efflorescencia =
It. efflorescenza, < L. efflorescen(t-)s, ppr. : see
efflorescent.] 1. The act of efflorescing or blos-
soming out; also, an aggregation of blossoms,
or an appearance resembling or suggesting a
mass of flowers. effluvium (e-flo'vi-um), n. ; pi. effluvia (-a). [=
F. effluve = Sp. eflumo = Pg. It. effluvia, '< L. ef-
fluvium, a flowing out, an outlet, "< effluere, flow
out: see effluent.] A subtle or invisible ex-
halation; an emanation : especially applied to
noxious or disagreeable exhalations : as, the ef-
fluvia from diseased bodies or putrefying ani-
[Rare.]
What an eminent physician, who was skilled in per-
fumes, affirmed to me about the durableness of an efflu-
viating power. Boyle, Works, V. 47.
As the sky is supposed to scatter its golden star-pollen
once every year in meteoric showers, so the dome of St.
Peter's has its annual efflorescence of fire.
Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 299.
2. In lot., the time or state of flowering; an-
thesis. 3. In med., a redness of the skin; a
rash ; eruption, as in measles, smallpox, scar- -
latina, etc. 4. In chem., the formation of small al or vegetable s jstances.
white threads or spicute, resembling the sub-
limated matter called flowers, on the surface of
certain bodies, as salts, or on the surface of
any permeable body or substance ; theincrus- efl 5 uc ( ef , luks ); 1= Sp. (obs.) eflujo = It.
tation so formed. efflusso, < L. as if 'effluxus, n., < effluere, pp.
effluxus, flow out : see effluent.] 1. The act or
state of flowing out or issuing in a stream ; effu-
sion ; effluence ; flow : as, an efflux of matter
from an ulcer. The rate of efflux of a fluid is roughly
calculated by Torricelli's theorem, that the velocity at the
Besides its electrick attraction, which is made by a sul-
phureous effluvium, it will strike fire upon percussion
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 1.
1. The state
tatiou or imitation Effl CT.-BraK in west Lynn church, efflorescency (ef-lo-res'en-si),. _.
of any object, in or condition of being efflorescent. 2f. An ef-
whole or in part ; an image or a representation florescence.
of a person, whether of the whole figure, the Two white, sparry incrustations, with efflorescencies in
bust, or the head alone ; a likeness in sculpture, fonn ' shrllbs . formed by the trickling of water. '
painting, or drawing; a portrait: most fre- , Woodward, Fossils. __^ , u ,.,., 8 ^ llc
quently applied to the figures on sepulchral efflorescent (ef-lo-res'ent), a. [= F. efflorescent converging motion, the area of the orifice is greater than
monuments, and popularly to figures made up
of stuffed clothing, etc., to represent obnoxious
persons.
A choice library, over which are the effigies of most of
our late men of polite literature.
Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 21, 1644.
The abbey church of St. Denis possesses the largest col-
lection of French 13th-century monumental effigies.
Encyc. Brit., XXI. 663.
A chair of state was placed on it, and in this was seated an
WTO of King Henry, clad in sable robes and adorned with
all the insignia of royalty.
To burn or hang in efflt,,- .
a picture of (a person), either as a substitute for actual
burning or hanging (formerly practised by judicial author-
ities as a vicarious punishment of a condemned person
who had escaped their Jurisdiction), or, as at the present
time, as an expression of dislike, hatred, or contempt: a
mode in which public antipathy or indignation is often
manifested.
This night the youths of the Citty burnt the Pope in
'ffigie. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 5, 1673.
= Sp. efloreeiente = Pg. It. efflorescente, < L.
efflorescen(t-)s, ppr. of efflorescere, blossom: see
effloresce.] 1. Blooming; being in flower. 2.
Apt to effloresce ; subject to efflorescence : as,
an efflorescent salt. 3. Covered or incrusted
with efflorescence.
Yellow efflorescent sparry incrustations on stone.
Woodward, Fossils.
. t.
orifice is the same as if each particle had fallen freely
from the level of the fluid in the vessel. But, owing to the
_ _ , x is greater than
the section of the stream, while the pressure is increased,
so that the efflux is less than the amount given by Torri-
celli's theorem.
It is no wonder, if God can torment where we see no
tormentor, and comfort where we behold no comforter ;
he can do it by immediate emanations from himself, by
continual effluxes of those powers and virtues which he
was pleased to implant in a weaker and fainter measure
in created agents. South, Works, VIII. xiv.
2. That which flows out ; an emanation, effu-
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 3. touch upon, strip the leaves off, < ef- for es- (<
,to burn or hang an image or L - ex ~)> out > + fl eur ( in the phrase A fleur de, on
a level with), < G. flur, plain, = E. floor.] In
leatlicr-mamif., to remove the outer surface of
(a skin). See the extract.
The skins [chamois-leather] are first washed, limed,
fleeced, and branned. . . . They are next efflowered that
is, deprived of their epidermis by a concave knife, blunt
in its middle part upon the convex horsebeam.
Ure, Diet., III. 87.
efflagitatet (e-flaj'i-tat), . t. [< L. efflanita- effluence (ef'lij-ens), n. [= F. effluence = Sp.
itly, < ex e fl nen cia = Pg. effluencia, < NL. *effluentia, < L.
tits, pp. of efflagitare, demand urgent! 1 .,
(intensive) + flagitare, demand.] To demand
earnestly. Coles, 1717.
efflate (e-flat'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. efflated, ppr.
efflating. [< L. efflatus, pp. of efflare, blow or
breathe out, < ex, out, + flare = E. blowl.] To
fill with breath or air ; inflate. [Rare.]
Our common spirits, efflated by every vulgar breath
upon every act, deify themselves.
Prime cheerer, Light !
Of all material beings, first and best !
Efflux divine ! Thomson, Summer, 1. 92.
Whatever talents may be, if the man create not, the
pure efflux of the Deity is not his ; cinders and smoke
there may be, but not yet flame. Emerson, Misc., p. 78.
Beryllus (who was a precursor of Apoll inarianism) taught
that in the Person of Christ, after His nativity as Man,
there was a certain efflux of the divine essence, so that He
had no reasonable human soul.
Bp. Chr. Wordsworth, Church Hist., I. 291.
effluxt (e-fluks'), v. i. [< L. effluxtts, pp.: see
the noun.] To flow out or away.
Five years being effluxed, he took out the tree and
weighed it Boyle, Works, I. 496.
.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 179.
efflation (e-fla'shon), n. [= OF. efflation, < L.
as if "efflatio(n-), < efflare, pp. efflatus, blow or
breathe out: seeefflate.] The act of breathing
out or puffing ; a puff, as of wind.
A soft efflation of celestial fire
Came, like a rushing breeze, and shook the lyre
Parnell, Gift of Poetry effluency (ef 'lo-en-si), n.
effleurage (e-fle-razh
ing, < effleurer, j
Gentle superficial
the palm of the 1
effloresce (ef-lo-res'), . i.; pret. and pp. efflo-
resced, ppr. efflorescing. [= Sp. eflorecer, < L.
efflorescere, inceptive form (later in simple form,
LL. efflorere), blossom/ ex (intensive) +florere,
blossom, flower, <flos(flor-), a flower: see flow-
er.} 1. To burst into bloom, as a plant.
effluen(t-)s, flowing out: see effluent.] 1. The
act of flowing out ; outflow; emanation. 2.
That which issues or flows out; an efflux; an effluxion (e-fluk'shon), n. [=F. effluxion=Sp.
(obs.) eflujion, < L."as if *effluxio(n-) (ML. also
sometimes spelled effluctio), < effluere, pp. effluz-
us, flow out : see efflux.] 1. The act of flowing
out. 2. That which flows out ; an emanation.
[Bare.]
emanation.
Bright effluence of bright essence increate.
Milton, P. L., iil. 6.
From this bright Effluence of his Deed
They borrow that reflected Light
With which the lasting Lamp they feed.
Prior, Carmen Seculare (1700), st. 35.
And, as if the gloom of the earth and sky had been but
the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with
their sorrow. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, xviii.
Grant that an unnamed virtue or delicate vital effluence
is always ascending from the earth. _ , .
The Atlantic, LVIII. 428. effodient _(e-fo di-ent), a.
There are some light effluxions from spirit to spirit, when
men are one with another; as from body to body. Bacon.
The effluxions penetrate all bodies, and like the species
of visible objects are ever ready in the medium, and lay
hold on all bodies proportionate or capable of their action.
Sir T. Browne, Concerning the Loadstone.
[< L. effodien(t-)s,
Same as effluence. PPf- ? f /f?*^'- cfodire, dig out, dig up, <ex,
out, +fodtre, dig: see fossil.] In zool., habitu-
[NL.,
.ffo-
in-
cluding insectivorous forms, most of which are
effodient or fossorial, as the armadillos, ant-
eaters, aardvarks, and pangolins : a term now
superseded by Fodientid, and restricted to the
African fossorial ant-eaters, as the aardvarks.
II. n. 1. That which flows out or issues forth, effoetet, a. An obsolete spelling of effete.
Dazzling the brightness ; not the sun so bright,
'Twas here the pure substantial fount of light ;
Shot from his hand and side in golden streams,
Came forward effluent horny-pointed beams.
Parnell, Gift of Poetry.
effoliation
effoliation (e-fo-li-a'shon), n. [Var. of exfolia-
tion.] In bot., the removal or fall of the foliage
of a plant.
efforcet (e-fors'), v. t. [< F. efforcer, endeavor,
strive, = Pr. exforsar = Sp. esforzar = Pg. es-
foryar, force, also endeavor, = It. sforzare,
force, rctl. endeavor, < ML. effortiare, efforciare,
crforciare, force, compel, efforciari, endeavor,
< L. ex, out, off, + fortis, strong: see force 1 .
Ct. afforce, deforce.] To force; violate.
Burnt his beastly heart t' efforce her chastity.
Spenser, F. Q.
efforcedt, [< efforce + -ed 2 .] Forceful; im-
perative.
Agnine he heard a more e/orced voyce,
That bad him come in haste.
Speitser, F. Q., II. viii. 4.
efformt (e-f6rm'), v- 1. [= It. efformare, < L. ex,
out, + formare, form.] To fashion; shape;
form.
Merciful and gracious, thou gavest us being, raised us
from nothing, . . . (forming us after thy own image.
Jer. Taylor.
efformationf (ef-or-ma'shqn), n. [< efform +
-ation.] The act of giving shape or form;
formation.
Pretending to give an account of the production and
(formation of the universe. Ray, Works of Creation, i.
effort (ef'ort or -ert), n. [< F. effort, OF. ef-
fort, esfort = Pr. esfort = Sp. esfuerzo = Pg.
esforqo = It. sforzo, an effort ; verbal n. of the
verb (ML. effortiare) represented by effort, v.,
and efforce: see effort, v., and efforce.] 1. Vol-
untary exertion ; a putting forth of the will,
consciously directed^ toward the performance
of any action, external or internal, and usually
prepared by a psychological act of "gathering
the strength" or coordination of the powers.
A voluntary action, not requiring such preparation, is,
both in the terminology of psychology and in ordinary
language, said to be performed without effort.
It is more even by the effort and tension of mind re-
quired, than by the mere loss of time, that most readers
are repelled from the habit of careful reading.
De Quincey, Style, i.
We could never listen for a quarter of an hour to the
speaking of Sir James, without feeling that there was a
constant effort, a tug up hill.
Uacaulay, Sir James Mackintosh.
2. The result of exertion ; something done by
voluntary exertion ; specifically, a literary, ora-
torical, or artistic work.
In your more serious efforts, he says, your bombast
would be less intolerable if the thoughts were ever suited
to the expression. Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1.
3. In mech., a force upon a body due to a defi-
nite cause. Thus, a heavy body on an inclined plane
is said to have an effort to fall vertically. Also, the ef-
fective component of a force. Center of effort. See
center!. Effort Of nature (a phrase introduced by Syd-
enham), the concurrence of physiological processes tending
toward the expulsion of morbific matter from the system.
Mean effort, a constant force which applied to a par-
ticle tangentially to its trajectory would produce the same
total work as a given variable force. Sense Of effort,
the feeling which accompanies an exertion of the will, by
which we are made aware of having put forth force. It
is held by some psychologists to accompany all sensations,
since, as they say, all sensation produces an immediate
reaction of the will. = Syn. Attempt, trial, essay, struggle.
effortt (ef'ort or -ert), v. t. [< ML. effortiare,
strengthen (of. confortare, strengthen: see com-
fort, v.). also compel, force: see effort, n., to
which the verb conforms. Cf. efforce.] To
strengthen; reinforce.
He efforted his spirits with the remembrance and rela-
tion of what formerly he had been and what he had doye.
Fuller, Worthies, Cheshire.
effortless (ef'ort-les or -ert-les), a.
+ -less.] Making no effort.
[< effort
But idly to remain
Were yielding effortless, and waiting death.
Southey, Thalaba, iv.
effossion (e-fosh'on), n. [< LL. effossio(n-), a
digging out, < L. effodire, pp. effossus, dig out :
see effodient.] The act of digging out of the
earth; exfodiation. [Rare.]
He . . . set apart annual sums for the recovery of
manuscripts, the effossions of coins, and the procuring of
mummies. Martinus Scriblerut, i.
effracture (e-frak'tur), i. [< LL. cffractura, a
breaking (only in ref. to housebreaking), < ef-
fringcre, pp. effractus, break, break open, < ex,
out, + frangere, break: see fraction, frtirtun:]
In surg., a fracture of the cranium with depres-
sion of the broken bone.
enfranchise (e-fran'ehiz), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
effrttncliixi'tl, ppr. rffranclti.tiiiti. [< OF. effrnu-
MMM-, exfranchix*-',' stem of certain parts of ef-
franchcr, eyfrancher, affranchise, < es- (< L. ex,
1851
out) + franchir, free: see franchise. Ct. af-
froiicltinc.] To invest with franchises or privi-
leges. [Rare.]
effrayt (e-fra'), . t. [< F. effrayer, frighten:
see affray (of which effray ia a doublet) and
afraid.] Same as affray.
Their ilain upstart, out of her den e/raide,
And rushed forth. Speiaer, F. Q., 1. 1. 16.
effrayablet (e-fra'a-bl), a. [< effray + -able.]
Frightful ; dreadful. Harvey.
effrayant (e-fra'ant), . [F., ppr. of effrayer,
frighten: see effray and -anfl.] Frightful;
alarming.
The frontal sinus, or the projection over the eyebrows,
Is largely developed [in the mlcrocephalous idiot], and
the jaws are prognathous to an effrayant degree.
Darwin, Descent of Man, I. 117.
effraye' (e-fra-ya'), [F., pp. of effrayer,
frighten: see effray.] In her., same as ram-
pant.
effrenationt (ef-re-na'shon), n. [< L. tffreua-
tio(n-), < effrenare', pp. effrenatus, unbridle, < ex,
out, + frenare, brittle, <frenum, a bridle.] Un-
bridled rashness or license ; unruliness. Glos-
sographia Aug., 1707.
effrontt (e-frunt'), v. t. [< LL. effron(t-)s, bare-
faced, shameless, < L. ex, out, +fron(t-)s, front,
forehead: see/row* and affront.] To treat with
effrontery. /Sir T. Browne.
effrontedt (e-frun'ted), a. [Also effrontit (prop.
Sc.); = F. effronte = Pr. esfrontat = It. sfron-
tato, < L. as if "effrontatus), < LL. effron(t-)s,
shameless: see effront.] Characterized by or
indicating effrontery ; brazen-faced.
Th' effronted whore prophetically showne
By Holy John in his mysterious scronls.
Stirling, Doomesday, The Second Houre.
effrontery (e-frun'ter-i), n. [< OF. effronteric
(F. effronterie), < effronte, shameless, < LL. </-
fron(t-)s, barefaced, shameless: see effront.]
Assurance ; shamelessness ; sauciness ; impu-
dence or boldness in transgressing the bounds
of modesty, propriety, duty, etc. : as, the effron-
tery of vice ; their corrupt practices were pur-
sued with bold effrontery.
A touch of audacity, altogether short of effrontery, and
far less approaching to vulgarity, gave as It were a wild-
ness to all that she did. Scott, The Abbot, iv.
I am not a little surprised at the easy effrontery with
which political gentlemen, in and out of Congress, take it
upon them to say that there are not a thousand men in
the North who sympathize with John Brown.
Einerson, John Brown.
=8yn. Impertinence., etc. (see impudence) ; hardihood, au-
dacity. See list under impertinence.
effrontUOUSlyt (e-frun'tu-us-li), adv. [< "effron-
tuous(cf.QF.effronteux) (irreg.< iiii.effroti(t-)s,
shameless, + -u-oun) + -ly%.] With effrontery ;
impudently.
He most effrontuously affirms the slander.
Roger North, Examen, p. 23.
effulcrate (e-ful'krat), a. [< NL. "effulcratus,
< L. ex, out, + fulcrum, a support.] In bot.,
not subtended by a leaf or bract : said of a bud
from below which the leaf has fallen,
effulge (e-fulj'), r. ; pret. and pp. eff'ulged, ppr.
effulging. [< L. effulgere, shine forth, < ex,
forth, + fulgere, shine : fee fulgent.] I. trans.
To cause to shine forth ; radiate; beam. [Rare.]
Firm as his cause
His bolder heart
His eyes effulging a peculiar fire.
Thornton, Britannia.
II. intrans. To send forth a flood of light;
shine with splendor.
effulgence (e-ful'jens), n. [= Sp. efulgencia, <
L. effulgen(t-)s, ppr. : see effulgent.] A shining
forth, as of light; great luster or brightness;
splendor : as, the effulgence of divine glory.
So breaks on the traveller, faint and astray,
The bright and the balmy effulgence of morn.
Beattu, The Hermit.
To glow with the effulgence of Christian truth.
Sumner, Hon. John Pickering.
-Syn. Ilrilliance, Luster, etc. See radiance.
effulgent (e-ful'jent), a. [< L. effulgen(t-)s,
ppr. of effulgere", shine forth: see effulge.]
Shining; bright; splendid; diffusing a flood
of light,
The downward sun
Looks out effulgent from amid the flash
Of broken clouds. Thomion, Spring.
effulgently (e-ful'jent-li), adv. In an effulgent
or splendid manner.
effumabilityt (e-fu-ma-biri-ti), . [< effiima-
ble: see -bility.] The quality of flying off in
fumes of vapor, or of being volatile.
Paracelsus . . . seems to define mercury !>y volatility,
or (if I may coin such a word) effumainlilii.
Boyle, Works, I. 539.
effusive
effumablet (e-fu'ma-bl), a. [< effume + -able.]
Capable of flying off in fumes or vapor ; volatile.
effumet (<--fum'), r. t. [< F. eff'umcr, < L. - -
nuiiT, emit smoke or vapor, < ex, out, + fumarr,
smoke, steam,</Mi, smoke, vapor: seefume.]
To breathe or puff out ; emit, as steam or vapor.
I can make this dog take as many whiffet as I list, and
he shall retain or effume them, at my pleasure.
B. Jonton, Every Man out of hU Humour, III. 1.
effundt (e-fund' ), v.t. [< L. effundere, pour out :
see effuse.] To pour out.
Olyves nowe that oute of helthes dwelle
Oytdreggea salt effunde uppon the roote.
Palladiui, Hiubondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 108.
If he his life rffuiul
To utmost death, the high Uod hath deslgn'd
That we both live. Dr. II. More, Psychozoia, li. 146.
effuse (e-Mz'). r. t. ; pret. and pp. effused, ppr.
effusing. [< L. effusus, pp. of effundere, ecfun-
dere, pour forth, < ex, forth, + fundere, pour:
see fuse.] To pour out, as a fluid; spill; shed.
Smooke of encense effuse in drie oxe dounge
Doo under hem, to hele hem and socoure.
f'alladiun, HuslKnidrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 138.
Whose maiden blood, thus rigorously efftud,
Will cry for vengeance at the gates of heaven.
Shat., 1 Hen. VI., T. 4.
Why to a man enamour'd,
That at her feet effutex all his soul,
Must woman cola appear, false to herself and him?
Steele, Lying Lover, v. 1.
effuse (e-fus'), a. [= OF. effus Sp. efuso =
It. effuso, < L. effusus, pp. : see the verb.] If.
Poured out freely; profuse.
"Tis pride, or emptiness, applies the straw,
That tickles little minds to mirth e/uie.
Young, Mght Thoughts, viil.
2. In bot. : (a) Very loosely spreading, as a pani-
cle, etc. (6) In lichenology, spread out without
definite form or figure: opposed to effigurate.
3. In zool. : (a) In conch., applied to shells
where the aperture is not whole behind, but
the lips are separated by a gap or groove. (6)
In entom., loosely joined; composed of parts
which are almost separated from one another:
opposed to compact or coarctate.
effuset (e-fus'), n. [< effuse, v.] Effusion; out-
pouring; loss; waste.
Anil much effuse of blood doth make me faint.
Skat., 3 Hen. VI., II. 6.
effusion (e-fu'zhon), n. [= F. effusion = Sp.
efusion = Pg. effusSo = It. effusione, < L. efftt-
sio(n-), < effundere, pp. effusus, pour out: see
effuse.] 1. The act of pouring out, literally
or figuratively; a shedding forth ; an outpour:
as, the effusion of water, of blood, of grace, of
words, etc.
When there was but as yet one only family in the world,
no means of instruction, human or divine, could prevent
effution of blood. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 10.
Tin 1 . . . most pitiful! Historic of their Martyrdome, I
have often perused not without effusion of tears.
Coryat, Crudities, I. 64.
The effusion of the Spirit under the times of the Gospel :
by which we mean those extraordinary gifts anil abilities
which the Apostles had after the Holy Ghost is said to de-
scend upon them. StillingJIeet, Sermons, 1. Jx.
2. That which is poured out; a fluid, or figura-
tively an influence of any kind, shed abroad.
Wash me with that precious effusion, and I shall )>e
whiter than snow. Eikon Rasilike.
Specifically 3. An outpourof thought in writ-
ing or speech; a literary effort, especially in
verse : as, a poetical effusion : commonly used
in disparagement.
Two or three of his shorter effusions, indeed. . . . have
a spirit that would make them amusing anywhere.
Ticknor, Span. Lit, I. 345.
4. In pathol., the escape of a fluid from the
vessels containing it into a cavity, into the sur-
rounding tissues, or on a free surface : as, the
effusion of lymph. 5. [ML. eff'usio(n-), tr. of Or.
pvatf.] That part of the constellation Aquari-
us (which see) included within the stream of
water. It contains the star Fomalhaut, now lo-
cated in the Southern Fish. Effusion of gases, in
chetn., the escape of gases through minute apertures into a
vacuum. In his experiments to determine the rate of effu-
sion of gases, Graham used thin sheets of metal or glass, per-
forated with minute apertures .086 millimeter or .003 inch
in diameter. The rates of effusion coincided so nearly
with the rates of diffusion as to lead to the conclusion that
both phenomena follow the same law, and therefore the
rates of effusion are inversely as the square roots of the
densities of the gases.
effusive (e-fu'siv), a. [< L. as if "effusirus, <
effundere, pp. effusus, pour out: see effuse.] 1.
Pouring out; flowing forth prof usely : as, effu-
sive speech.
Th' efiitirr. south
Warms the wide air. and o'er the void of heaven
Breathes the big clouds with venial shuwrrs distent.
Thoauoii, Spring, L 144.
effusive
Hence 2. Making an extravagant or undue
exhibition of feeling.
He [Dante] is too sternly touched to be effusive and
tearful. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 121.
3. Poured abroad ; spread or poured freely.
With thirsty sponge they rub the tables o'er
(The swains unite the toll); the walls, the floor,
Wash'd with th' e/itsive wave, are purg'd of gore.
Pope, Odyssey, xxii.
effusively (e-fu'siv-li), adv. In an effusive
manner.
effusiveness (e-fu'siv-nes), n. The state of be-
ing effusive.
effected (e-flek'ted), a. In entom., bent out-
ward suddenly.
efreet (e-fref), . Same as afrit.
"Wadna ye prefer a meeracle or twa?" asked Sandy.
. . . "Orafewe/reete?" added I.
Kingsley, Alton Locke, xxi.
eft 1 (eft), n. [< ME. efte, eefte, more common-
ly mete, euete, later ewte, and with the n of the
indef. art. an adhering, nefte, newte, now usu-
ally newt, q. v. Eft, though now only provin-
cial, is strictly the correct form.] A newt ; any
small lizard.
Efts, and foul-wing' d serpents, bore
The altar's base obscene.
Mickk, Wolfwold and Ulla.
eft 2 t (eft), adv. [ME. eft, ceft, efte, < AS. eft,
teft = OS. eft = OFries. eft, afterward, again:
see after.'] After; again; afterward; soon.
Til that Kynde cam Clergie to helpen,
And in the myrour of Myddel-erde made hym eft to loke.
Piers Plowman (C), xiv. 132.
Let him take the bread and eft the wine in the sight of
the people.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1860), p. 267.
efter (ef'ter), adv. and^rep. Obsolete and dia-
lectal form of after.
eftestt. A form occurring only in the following
passage, where it is apparently either an inten-
tional blunder put into the mouth of Dogberry,
or an original misprint for easiest (in early print
eafiest or efiest) . The alleged eft, ' convenient, handy,
commodious,' assumed from this superlative, is other-
wise unknown.
Yea, marry, that's the eftest way.
Shak., Much Ado, iv. 2.
eftsoont, eftsoonst (eft-son', -s6nz'), adv. [<
ME. eftsone, eftsones, again, soon after, also, be-
sides, < eft, again, + sone, soon: see eft 2 and
soon.] 1. Soon after; soon again; again; anew;
a second time; after a while.
Shal al the world be lost eftsones now?
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 303.
Pharaoh dreamed to have seen seven fair fat oxen, and
eftsoons seven poor lean oxen.
Tyndale, Ans. t. "
ns. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1860), p. 249.
2. At once; speedily; forthwith.
Ye may eftsones hem t 
