The changing Illinois environment : critical trends : technical report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project

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The
Changi
Illinois

Environment:
Critical \Trends

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wart

Illinois Department of

Energy and Natural Resources

June 1994 ILENR/RE-EA-94/05(7)

Natural History Survey
Library

ILENR/RE-EA-94/05(7)

The Changing Illinois Environment:
Critical Trends

Technical Report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project
Volume 7: Bibliography

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
Illinois State Geological Survey Division

615 East Peabody Drive

Champaign, Illinois 61820

June 1994

Jim Edgar, Governor
State of Illinois

John S. Moore, Director

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
325 West Adams Street, Room 300

Springfield, Illinois 62704-1892

Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois
Printed on Recycled and Recyclable Paper

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
325 West Adams Street, Room 300
Springfield, Illinois 62704-1892

Citation: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. The Changing Illinois Environ-
ment: Critical Trends. Summary Report and Volumes 1 - 7 Technical Report. [linois Department of
Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILENR/RE-EA-94/05.

Volume 1: Air Resources

Volume 2: Water Resources

Volume 3: Ecological Resources

Volume 4: Earth Resources

Volume 5: Waste Generation and Management

Volume 6: Sources of Environmental Stress

Volume 7: Bibliography

Volume 7:
Bibliography

Contributors

Illinois State Geological Survey

Phyllis L. Bannon

Roberta J. Farrell

Kathaleen M. O'Connor-Shoresman
Lisa R. Smith

C. Pius Weibel

and
Illinois State Museum

Illinois Natural History Survey
Illinois State Water Survey

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ABOUT CTAP

ABOUT THE CRITICAL
TRENDS ASSESSMENT
PROJECT

The Critical Trends Assessment Project (CTAP) is an
on-going process established to describe changes in
ecological conditions in Illinois. The initial two-year
effort involved staff of the Illinois Department of
Energy and Natural Resources (ENR), including the
Office of Research and Planning, the Geological,
Natural History and Water surveys and the Hazardous
Waste Research and Information Center. They
worked with the assistance of the Illinois Environ-
mental Protection Agency and the Illinois depart-
ments of Agriculture, Conservation, Mines and
Minerals, Nuclear Safety, Public Health, and Trans-
portation (Division of Water Resources), among
other agencies.

CTAP investigators adopted a “source-receptor”
model as the basis for analysis. Sources were defined
as human activities that affect environmental and
ecological conditions and were split into categories
as follows: manufacturing, transportation, urban
dynamics, resource extraction, electricity generation
and transmission, and waste systems. Receptors in-
cluded forests, agro-ecosystems, streams and rivers,
lakes, prairies and savannas, wetlands, and human
populations.

The results are contained in a seven-volume technical
report, The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical
Trends, consisting of Volume 1: Air Resources,
Volume 2: Water Resources, Volume 3: Ecological
Resources, Volume 4: Earth Resources, Volume 5:
Waste Generation and Management, Volume 6:
Sources of Environmental Stress, and Volume 7:
Bibliography. Volumes 1-6 are synopsized in a
summary report.

The next step in the CTAP process is to develop,
test, and implement tools to systematically monitor
changes in ecological and environmental conditions
in Illinois. Given real-world constraints on budgets
and human resources, this has to be done in a practi-
cal and cost-effective way, using new technologies
for monitoring, data collection and assessments.

As part of this effort, CTAP participants have begun
to use advanced geographic information systems
(GIS) and satellite imagery to map changes in IIli-
nois’ ecosystems and to develop ecological indicators
(similar in concept to economic indicators) that can
be evaluated for their use in long-term monitoring.
The intent is to recruit, train, and organize networks
of people — high school science classes, citizen vol-
unteer groups — to supplement scientific data collec-
tion to help gauge trends in ecological conditions.

Many of the databases developed during the project
are available to the public as either spreadsheet files
or ARC-INFO files. Individuals who wish to obtain
additional information or participate in CTAP
programs may call 217/785-0138, TDD customers
may call 217/785-0211, or persons may write:

Critical Trends Assessment Project

Office of Research and Planning

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
325 West Adams Street, Room 300

Springfield, IL 62704-1892

Copies of the summary report and volumes 1-7 of
the technical report are available from the ENR
Clearinghouse at 1/800/252-8955. TDD customers
call 1/800/526-0844, the Illinois Relay Center.
CTAP information and forum discussions can also
be accessed electronically at 1/800/528-5486.

FOREWORD

FOREWORD

"If we could first know where we are
and whither we are tending,
we could better judge what we do
and how to do it..."

Abraham Lincoln

Imagine that we knew nothing about the size,
direction, and composition of our economy. We
would each know a little, i.e., what was happening to
us directly, but none of us would know much about
the broader trends in the economy — the level or rate
of housing starts, interest rates, retail sales, trade
deficits, or unemployment rates. We might react to
things that happened to us directly, or react to events
that we had heard about — events that may or may
not have actually occurred.

Fortunately, the information base on economic trends
is extensive, is updated regularly, and is easily
accessible. Designed to describe the condition of the
economy and how it is changing, the information
base provides the foundation for both economic
policy and personal finance decisions. Typical
economic decisions are all framed by empirical
knowledge about what is happening in the general
economy. Without it, we would have no rational way
of timing these decisions and no way of judging
whether they were correct relative to trends in the
general economy.

Unfortunately, this is not the case with regard to
changes in environmental conditions. Environmental
data has generally been collected for regulatory and
management purposes, using information systems
designed to answer very site-, pollutant-, or species-
specific questions. This effort has been essential in
achieving the many pollution control successes of the
last generation. However, it does not provide a
systematic, empirical database similar to the eco-
nomic database which describes trends in the general
environment and provides a foundation for both
environmental policy and, perhaps more importantly,
personal decisions. The Critical Trends Assessment
Project (CTAP) is designed to begin developing such
a database.

As a first step, CTAP investigators inventoried
existing data to determine what is known and not
known about historical ecological conditions and to
identify meaningful trends. Three general conclu-
sions can be drawn from CTAP’s initial investiga-
tions:

Conclusion No. 1: The emission and discharge of
regulated pollutants over the past 20 years has
declined, in some cases dramatically. Among the
findings:

¢ Between 1973 and 1989, air emissions of
particulate matter from manufacturing have
dropped 87%, those of sulfur oxides 67%,
nitrogen oxides 69%, hydrocarbons 45%, and
carbon monoxide 59%.

¢ Emissions from cars and light trucks of both
carbon monoxide and volatile organic com-
pounds were down 47% in 1991 from 1973
levels.

¢ Lead concentrations were down substantially in
all areas of the state over the 1978-1990 period,
reflecting the phase-out of leaded gasoline.

¢ From 1987 to 1992, major municipal sewage
treatment facilities showed reductions in loading
of biological/carbonaceous oxygen demand,
ammonia, total suspended solids and chlorine
residuals that ranged from 25 to 72%.

e Emissions into streams of chromium, copper,
cyanide, and phenols from major non-municipal
manufacturing and utility facilities (most of them
industrial) also showed declines over the years
1987-1992 ranging from 37% to 53%.

Conclusion No. 2: Existing data suggest that the
condition of natural ecosystems in Illinois is rapidly
declining as a result of fragmentation and continual
stress. Among the findings:

¢ Forest fragmentation has reduced the ability of
Illinois forests to maintain biological integrity.
In one Illinois forest, neotropical migrant birds
that once accounted for more than 75% of
breeding birds now make up less than half those
numbers.

FOREWORD

¢ In the past century, one in seven native fish
species in Lake Michigan was either extirpated
or suffered severe population crashes and exotics
have assumed the roles of major predators and
major forage species.

¢ Four of five of the state’s prairie remnants are
smaller than ten acres and one in three is smaller
than one acre — too small to function as self-
sustaining ecosystems.

¢ Long-term records of mussel populations for four
rivers in east central Illinois reveal large reduc-
tions in numbers of all species over the last 40
years, apparently as suitable habitat was lost to
siltation and other changes.

* Exotic species invasions of Illinois forests are
increasing in severity and scope.

Conclusion No. 3: Data designed to monitor compli-
ance with environmental regulations or the status of
individual species are not sufficient to assess ecosys-
tem health statewide. Among the findings:

¢ Researchers must describe the spatial contours of
air pollutant concentrations statewide using a
limited number of sampling sites concentrated in
Chicago and the East St. Louis metro area.

* Much more research is needed on the ecology of
large rivers, in particular the effects of human
manipulation.

* The length of Illinois’ longest stream gaging
records is generally not sufficient to identify
fluctuations that recur less frequently than every
few decades.

* The Sediment Benchmark Network was set up in
1981 with some 120 instream sediment data
stations; by 1990 the network had shrunk to 40
stations, the majority of which have data for only
one to three years.

CTAP is designed to begin to help address the
complex problems Illinois faces in making environ-
mental policy on a sound ecosystem basis. The next
edition of the Critical Trends Assessment Project, two
years hence, should have more answers about trends
in Illinois’ environmental and ecological conditions
to help determine an effective and economical
environmental policy for Illinois.

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Table of Contents
Environmental Quality and Environmental Trends... 2.2.0... 2000 cccscccccercessensescccsecece 1
GSTS ATE Shy lage 6 dole io hicealn Cle cSt, SEO ELE RONDO De OREM nc Tae eT C 1
BOISE Che EM VITONMENE, “REPONMS © 5 .s:ais scnisusi sys 3/4) 1 ateusiava 3.4 o)e:01 16 #0-0\egngeadpa aliaaKeNecanmaa, ys 6
State and Local Comparative Risk Analysis Projects ............ 0. cece cece ect e ee eeees 8
Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies .............00202eeeees 10
EMEMCMETILAL IND ACtV ASSESSMENTS are otevare} ys eiare ea oratevaver ol iaieu= G2 Sienel erelicvas:-cisieehioseliolay aie’ oslo, 681 eke 17
Environmental Health Assessments and Concems ...... 2 6.0.5 000050000 e see os 0s tne oi cne v viene eine 19
ESCH NIEAL | PO MCW Ws erotic uo sioie ce oe cco vite kc Bolted cucway si arene (olasc eich apshe) Acs lone, alol eve le ets ice) © ecehey sone lo apne Raa 25
Public Perceptions Toward Environmental Issues and Risk Analysis .............-.-000eeeeeeeeees 26
Ervaresnemenital (NMOGEIS 22 cs soos, oitalc -« caide (ay c ona do te loh ere ia ate! wn int’ehiesiero oO PARTON. hisas ka aia tek tes hacen adie ohakois 27
Applications of Environmental Software Programs and Databases ...............000 cee eeeeeeees 31
Jor, OTN TET BCE Ts ee aienO eRe CIICI OceC Cnc oy rr OID OG tuo omy I Or acrcrOcrte = on ym een 33
RACASIREMTBICE SAL Y SES fp 5.'s ccf e ve gssciais:ini stata payieroye_.o ueiluitonets ests selevs dafis ia) ei ei@ceteceiere ees ele bie eteds eager <1) soy aaaiaee 34
GeneralpRemerenCes arc: s (5% ctor c) ayer cis usin oi eal shia Aegan te a tensie) eleva a: 3 rotatenirs ieue evenavadecs’ soho 34
Environmental ACCOUNUENG: cienayeiaie net ereenecatios oes) tele) siieierte lei atsiel eres cue so rgaannaloayep ai spss as 38
GCost-Benefit/Risk=-BenefitvANaglysis x: ps cc. s. sus: sein ols fo,i0 focenantyioie, 66 oue.0 0.0. ors fate. Nie > inla's\.silo's.eu0'5% 40
StausucalyAnalyses of Environmental Data) a .5.0. 5% eccie in sine velco selailieiaive.e a. 0 ovesayel ele ev caapepsuaudtes ¥oSoaaseia Sy 42
UCNETAILDREIETENICES |= bis. oss 16.5 i)5 sual ee vw usd slo hatsboderens She A consusl dyslco eile ae «6: sine deh Oo yelnaniea es 42
SEVENUSVOMALVSIS 2. c.s tle s.cua suena s lacus alatajcraiatn visucnseonsy ctegmua me tere area ouste anita sah cee AMS haces aie 44
IRC) Gad hs oO GOGO OOO UME Ob Fa Odo GOO UO OO nto on COO DORE bee - 52
ABTIDING/ SAC UILS LIN ARONY oties scauots cucier sve (0a loys Celede rau stowage ciriedenelneTeie! eile el sin veal araie's tel NGsTs » aubpemnaiet suite 54
Engineering Geology and/or Environmental Geology Maps ..............00eeeeeeeeeeees 54
Geographic Information Systems) (GUS) e050 euaopnpsson She i eh nics enn fo pops ingsds=a5) «a sakn eyes 4 Fane, ocoker 56
SETI IT ea CCR) GENO Oa Conds TCC ROI AMOS re ee ee, ee 57
SS REAIMEE AY BLOT. COUALICV GR 5.,. cg vencet iors creceienelierie teas (ons ante /ethLors hiner Ace) wAetsna aL wis iouess) oval eiiephiaenil dasapinntets unis lies 57
GeTICTHIDRETERENICES fo cher- recs tojoretsi oils: + mie ty ehotaw xs aslo ee ote Wi Sr EPaIA es eicaihtot ai ws OTN ae. e wi eGal Ne 57
PADIURLIC BL OXICONNRY tea ods cite. 0 os) acer areiais hacen aie een inak ts vate as via @TO. np. 9.0 oh Bye) sis) a7o0 iss je inate 61
Setimien tation IEsaea/ SEGIMNONE: COUMNEY 5, 5 ons aurinm ahtia vel siolu sleia vie ens) ® nex ative: 0 aitneh aueesis Lees 63
NGRSAMEMIT EMO Wira eo, caste o¥ate cisia, nS ueie: tinch econ abe re Warn NelieMc Pale. at GialS) anus lp ORs rh. w-# Ne aatalinta a nee od
MSTCMIINC WEEE, COUIMIILY 5 a5) 3 Wiis, tsps ral espa ru PNA oe) sid aiiasg tebt al oy sue! Sipslae. Shas IRy a (8b) aha pi dsF where Wie.-aue Teale yiaie’ ales 66
Getierel RETEMENCES he 6). careieser eras er alsysiectiayelbieisi 6] s fo) a nie werk Rti wets AAO AiNLD Oi we vada keta Se ne 66
CSIs SAP RRINOTS poi v-vh5.0,6. croceieleleceincelels nik oraumibe et oat teeen GE Bale, cans Sa chick auf vis\einlshsi bTer 68
SEPANSIIORU DOU WHYS/LANMAQES 5 oes w 35) 568 (6. bia. o.0) 020.6 6) 608-0) #0 ce eso doe e' bs. 8108 en ree aia Si le 69
Contamination from Pesticide Use and Other Agricultural Practices ...........22 eee ee eeee 70
EVA Cot aoc oe cmeehe DS CPL UCR OFIEM LTT RAS CRMC ROLE MORE RCI ee 71

CATES MAN TAGE STIEMATINISILNEON) MRT tnd eee ass giclee Ai & aoe, an sical a; Sil eid paces aera 0'°8 yaad eas alee ae 71

Public:Drinking Water Supplies...) 05 j0./5.55,.0:/6.0.0.0: 3 s)e:/07.07 0%, cue el oteiele lever sie) eunial elt otee nee aenat nea toh 72

General References) 63.05.2050 05.5 sistas O Se eee Ce ee ie tata wear cre 1c sei eia eral toe ae aaaeenete Te 72
Drougint 3 oc bs syciranalenaicts, syste ce kevoncve arsgousionere: ue) setaes ook el etonatenete toe Co Toe teak ne tte eae eae 74
Supplies! 5. aie aie is ss eve eiafisy/ee, oo eliesiege toners, ocd s,/6:'6)10,foitol anor stay oy ol ota dehrere ets) ata eta at oe anne nen TK:
Soil Quality’ 2.0. SARS CRA DEES A AR et CAR RRR oh ote eee PDP ONO, eit ene 76
Géneral’References’ 2... .5..45.255455.555:35 5 0054.5 5 eee Se ee BE, Oe 77
Erosion) (0... ‘sles ese se ne eR a be a oe tae ane ee Dee ee SDA, Ce eter 77
PESUCHNES 5 fi 8 oi 5.10 a ss ws dog alevaleeak aga m uelevautieyS archers eee ale tne avin, ane ee onan eee 78
Heavy Metals. 00. ae ere a ote cere cee or ee te, ae Se SRA 79
Petroleum: Contamination) 26.5. 5.52%. .1e-csau20e cede 9) ca Gia oo eo oeuchobe: aueln euch ena ta scidte aver aie) Sparel een 80
Air Quality oie. o'5 G4..5: & 5 505 fa. sis 3-0 )0))0 od lay arise s.a) ai as oy asians Srgist & Gy eect ine Slcaccenehe eteke te teec keane a el otek eta ae eee 80
General’ References’ 4's ae, Pete A Pecos 80
Air Quality Statistics ooo). '0.2 ce fovete vie. ouckelstevecekevedeleesere +, ol ereuejenmncte etendaie secs custo cect eeneeemene 88
A (1101111 6 Nee ieee he AL At el be eR EM AR he eet heh yy eee RENE: ‘chi Sie saCoch Con 92
Acid Rain/Nitrates/Sulfates: 2. s-.i5.sis,cce's <0 cae eis) sue’ pore aS eee ie, Coa eua wie Menehe enn loneveeeue ete LaraPatat 94
OZONE a Te oe ee ree ee ee a eT NES SRS. SRD. 98
Lead/Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) ............ 0c cece cece eee eee eens 99
Volatile’ Organic’ Compounds '(VOGEs)* ........5%. 2.055555 5 55S ehh ee Sees tere 100
Methane 5. eco yacn cc svsvanereuersee. to sacte dase cle whe sioncntiaie aus o.lerehetolsy crane wrsteone neterene ne iter one ane Pe negene 102
Dioxins/Dibenzofurans: 5.0.0.0 ee ee ee te ee eet ER ea 2 SE 102
Indoor Air’Pollution "27.5000 Gt ee SR SOR eS ae oe Oe eK ies, Been een ee Sete 103
GeneraliReferences vs cise cae ctceuere ae iole ticle. have eiouokaeiiete 2) cuok Reo ree ace eae 103
Rado rete eats fe ate fai'c ete ate te tee tote tats te “a ta tana te Ae Ye Sete o/s tetas at nao ats ete eoaelts fate ee een oe 103
Global Climate’Change Issues “.).'.°.*...0. 50%. 7 A Stale te fe fo Sole a fo fostalle Palate OR EP re 106
Natural/Geolopic: Hazards 70079. as tars faye: o's ors, be cbar ere ws cual Shane oe tre ieee Ree ERE 109
General References’. *.''2/.°.°.%. usr 's tots ote tats 7 o's Tela ls love las lolol Metal ae et et ares 109
Seismic "Risk (5°00. 452 fetal es Ae fe Neff ero le to's To\'o Ns Sola Pastas a fo ha Pa Na Note te ta bo foto hc, ee, 110
Tormados/FlOods! *.9.°: °°. 7s tote ta tata feta te tetera te te ts to latte "a foto ta Tolle taeda taiteste tatte ho fats | SOM nee ee 112
TEaTIGSHIGES” 87.75 ere oes ae atte Tothe hate tors Me fe STG te tate fa bela talSe ha tats Na atto Ma fae Tame fo fa hola 7a tot tk 1S aera eae ee 112
Man-Made’ Hazatds °.*.'.50°.'.'.°.'.'s‘oatatatets teats ata es Selelta tutes whats tha te ly to Satabataletabe ta tee CCRC. renee 113
Gerieral’References: \.7.7.'.'0'.'0'.(.'efietatshele ss Oe ee oe ee ee NE IERT Ett ene ane 113
Mineral Resources: Location and Impacts of Extraction ...............0ce cece eee eeeees 114
Wastewater ‘Treatment: Plants™ *.'.°.°.°.'.'.'.'<[.7o".'otete/s's io e's "faite "elle 'oTeteteTaltelate "stole aetna een enee 120
Electricity Generation/Coal and Nuclear Power Plants/Radiation Hazards ................... 122
Waste Disposal Issues *.°.5.'.'.7 7s '0ha ole oi ore te telat tale tale te tel ototele toaetehalete tetelaletetevesehe RMeIS ahem ets 125
Urbain ISsues oooh oak ot osha alate ete s ote ova teleterstss tfate tote "ale te tale Melotoetenatets tatetotalehs MPR aerate iene mene: 143
Urban Dynamics ............ alae sls atotate late ’sTotete ete Wee OMe Se eee eT renee Ene 143
Tralisportation (o/c ost ot sca ateteiu tattle tarate stata iotelstelatelotatohobetalaterot tale hehetetetcene tone tet atk ie emery eee lat
IManUfacturin gj. jayease) ease, slecs ei cyeres oe om arerlerios eve wre. sat eree TO Sune eN eNchee rene Rep eRRUC ECTS eGR CERER CREE ERCTS 145
Ecosystems Of THimOis! 27.7.5.) 0005.50. steven te ahelchelaletaletalictoletal leralelonet otatalel ste tatel hols amen rene rE Canna 147
Ecosystem Degradation and Resource Depletion .............. 0.00 eee eee ee eee eee eens 147
Forest Ecosystems. s00007.) 0) of sos vst che! ais! olelsialare’ahelcletelelstetetctot olcl on peaena eRe CROMER ae STORE 149
Prairie Ecosystems)... ..5 0 (s..0.'o bree sce ere ee OR ee the Oe Ree TR, eee nC eT RnA 154
Wether) © 5 aro al hashes! ote ala lalet allele ovetel otelielal atatateliat oll el attoh heh ais tet otet ) SOn ene Gn amen 160
Agricultural’ Lard) *.)0)5 00 coo ace hehehe aliel ot aiatiel olial ah al alight ol ot at alie’ 0) ATG aR IORI CuetEs ana H ETRE 170

ARGS ANG PONS), on scs2k cbs seis ins raw lareheieioie! tive, a aheneie oh a Sia a peueeSat SUN Che te chance Reet Sie cee ene 170

Rivers; Streams, and Greeks) 1c <.c0c scene oe sta) so ofe aim > wighsiare’ se 5 ip ava jslie oi eiale t weiss slere wslainerr™ 173

Sangh Geller eee 2 Se Eran s Ciaie Sok aie GIR yas Cito. betes) CIRRCRADI IDI GIO 8G ei ONO. aire Sts ea Be 176
RGENETHIRELCTENCES "ote ce ee ee we cee tree ce teasers sles sug bie a eee sete 176
OLEH RS ene ee es re ee Caan een ee ate iene ata tene re se = wieraarsrere a: era’ wrele stanere 176
ROFTISTACEATIGT Ie ee Ee eras oe Me wee oretelere prar tele omen ecm ataMers 177
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Forew ord

This bibliography was compiled to assist in all phases of the Illinois Critical Trends Assessment Project (CTAP).
It contains references for relevant methodologies and modeling, as well as for the application of various methods
to the analysis of environmental conditions in Illinois. The bibliography also includes examples of similar reports
by municipalities, other states, and foreign countries. Because various statistical methods may be necessary to
analyze environmental data that exhibit spatial uncertainty, references on statistical analysis are included in this
document. Public participation may be vital to the assessment of critical trends, so the bibliography includes
reports on how the public perceives environmental issues. Other references provide examples of how public
participation has been utilized by various governmental organizations involved in these studies. It is hoped that
this bibliography will be useful to other states and local government agencies that may need guidance in the
beginning stages of comparative risk assessment, environmental trend analyses. The bibliography may also prove
useful to scientists, environmentalists, legislators, and other citizens interested in environmental issues.

The bibliographic entries were compiled from journal articles; abstracts; conference proceedings; local, state and
federal government documents and technical reports; public and private library collections; bibliographies; and
various other sources. Many entries have short annotations. Although this list of references is fairly
comprehensive, its compilation has revealed gaps in available resources. Omissions or errors in resource
information are inadvertent. The compilers would appreciate being notified of any additions and/or corrections
that would improve the document.

All publications cited in this bibliography are classified under one of the subjects presented in the table of
contents. For references that include information related to more than one subject, full citations have been given
under the most appropriate heading and cross-referenced by author, date, and title under other relevant headings.
Entries under each heading are arranged alphabetically by author, then chronologically by year of publication.
Specific citations can be located by searching under the subject heading or by utilizing the author index at the
back of the bibliography.

This bibliography was originally compiled using NOTEBOOK II, a commercial bibliographic database package.
The data were then transferred into Word Perfect 5.1, for final formatting, organization, and editing. The
document is available on diskette in Word Perfect 5.1 format, which allows for the utilization of the word-search
capabilities in that program.

Acknowledgments
The ISGS Library staff are gratefully acknowledged for their assistance in the preparation and review of this

document. We also thank David Witzany, then a member of the ISGS Geologic Mapping and Digital
Cartography Section, for his technical assistance in the use of the NOTEBOOK II software package.

Environmental Quality and Environmental Trends

General References

Alfsen, K. H., K. A. Brekke, F. Brunvoll, H. Luras, K. Nyborg, and V. Saebo, 1992, Environmental Indicators:
Norway Central Bureau of Statistics, Discussion Paper no. 71.

Bergstrom, J. C., 1990, Concepts and measures of the economic value of environmental quality: A review. For
complete reference, see Economic Analyses, General References, p. 35.

Bishop, J. (editor), 1980, Illinois in the ’80’s...Trends in Natural Resource Management: Illinois Institute of Natural
Resources, Document no. ILLDOE-8 1/23, Springfield, Illinois, 98 p.

Boden, T. A., P. Kanciruk, and M. P. Farrell, 1990, Trends ’90: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. For
complete reference, see Global Climate Change Issues, p. 106.

Conservation Foundation, 1984, State Environmental Data Summaries: The Conservation Foundation, Washington,
D. C., 245 p.

Non-comprehensive summary of environmental quality and trends for each state. The information
presented for Illinois covers population and economic trends, hazardous waste generation figures,
estimates of air and water quality, and an analysis of land use and ecosystem conditions.

Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, 1981, Environmental Trends: Council on
Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C, 346 p.

Summary of national environmental trends, along with social trends that affect environmental
quality. Colorful, easy-to-read text that includes many graphs and maps. Excellent format that could
be an example for CTAP.

Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, 1989, Environmental Trends: Council on
Environmental Quality, Washington, D. C., 152 p.

National environmental trends are outlined in this book’s 367 graphic tepresentations.

Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, 1990, Environmental Quality: Twentieth
Annual Report, Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D. C.

Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, 1991, Environmental Quality: Twenty-first
Annual Report, Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D. C., p. 1-382.

Darnay, A. J. (editor), 1992, Statistical Record of the Environment: Gale Research, Inc., Detroit, Michigan, 855 p.

A presentation of environmental, economic, and social statistics (mostly for the U. S.) in the form
of tables and charts. Provides data summaries, but no analysis or discussion of the data’s
implications. Includes a very useful reference section.

Dexter, R. N., L. S. Goldstein, P. M. Chapman, and E. A. Quinlan, 1985, Temporal Trends in Selected
Environmental Parameters Monitored in Puget Sound: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Rockville, Maryland, Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 19, 158 p.

Environmental data on Puget Sound was analyzed to identify temporal trends. It was concluded
that the majority of the trends detected represented improvements in the environmental quality of
Puget Sound.

Goldemberg, J., T. B. Johansson, A. K. N. Reddy, and R. H. Williams (editors), 1988, Energy for a Sustainable
World: Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, India, 517 p.

Hall, B., and M. L. Kerr, 1991, 1991-1992 Green Index: Island Press.

Hammond, K. A., G. Macinko, and W. B. Fairchild (editors) 1978, Sourcebook on the Environment: A Guide to the
Literature: The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 613 p.

Overviews major environmental topics and provides comprehensive reference lists.

Hunsaker, C. T., and D. E. Carpenter (editors), 1990, Ecological Indicators for the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA 600/3-90-060.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Environmental Progress, 1970-1990: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Supplemental Transition Document, Springfield, Illinois, 48 p.

Overview of Illinois’ progress in pollution control and pollution prevention from 1970-1990.
Presents statistics, usually in the form of percent change in pollution, and numerous graphs and
charts.

Jarrett, R., R. Reuter, J. Stratta, and R. Jain, 1992, Environmental Trends--Policy Implications for the U. S. Army:
Army Environmental Policy Institute, Champaign, Illinois, Document no. AEPI-PS-192, 41 p.

Brief presentations of the 41 environmental trends expected to most strongly influence Army policy
decisions in the near future. Bibliographic references are provided for each trend. Also includes
a comprehensive introduction that addresses the need for trends analysis. Excellent source for
trends information and references.

Johnston, R. J., 1989, Environmental Problems: Nature, Economy and State: Belhaven Press, London, 211 p.

Khoshoo, T. N., 1984. Environmental Concerns and Strategies: Indian Environmental Society, New Delhi, India, 296
p.

Kneese, A. V., and B. T. Bower, 1972, Environmental Quality Analysis: Theory and Method in the Social Sciences:
Proceedings, Resources for the Future Conference on Research on Environmental Quality: Theoretical and
Methodological Studies in the Social Sciences, Washington, D. C., June, 1970, Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 408 p.

Sampling of work from RFF program on the quality of the environment: 1) the environment and
economic growth; 2) management programs, including mathematical modeling; 3) political and
legal institutions and their role in environmental quality decision-making. Focuses on the social
science aspect of environmental problems. How to deal with common property natural resources
in an economic sense.

Landsberg, H. H., L. L. Fischman, and J. L. Fisher, 1963, Resources in America’s Future-Patterns of Requirements
and Availabilities 1960-2000: Resources for the Future, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,
Maryland, 1017 p.

Will the U. S. be able to meet future demands for natural resources? This question is central to the
analysis of America s resources. The authors project future resource needs and demand based on
historical and current trends and "reasonable" assumptions about the future. They then assess the
adequacy of our resource base.

Lund, H. G., and G. Preto (Technical Coordinators), 1990, Global Natural Resource Monitoring and Assessments:
Preparing for the 21st Century: Proceedings, International Conference and Workshop on Global Natural
Resource Monitoring and Assessments: Preparing for the 21st Century, Venice, Italy, September 24-30,
1989, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland, Three volumes.

Volume | centers on the following subject areas: 1) global monitoring; the planning, environmental
and socioeconomic perspective; 2) major global natural resource issues; 3) monitoring
environmental health; 4) water resources; 5) inventory monitoring and assessmentelationship to
sustainable development.

Volume 2 concentrates on 1) natural resource inventories; 2) remote sensing strategies suitable for
forest inventory and monitoring; 3) technical forecasting; 4) global coordination efforts; 5) resource
management planning; 6) policy aspects of monitoring; 7) ecological approaches to inventory and
monitoring.

Volume ‘3 contains papers on the following topics: 1) future satellite sensing capabilities; 2)
resource measurements and modeling; 3) databases and geographic information systems; 4) remote
sensing opportunities. An author index for all three volumes is included.

Meadows, D. H., D. L. Meadows, and J. Randers, 1992, Beyond the Limits, Chelsea Green Publishing Co., Post
Mills, Vermont, 300 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, W. H. Hooke, J. M. Bishop, J. L. Wickham, and I. C. Sheifer, 1990,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Environmental Digest: Selected Environmental Indicators
of the United States and the Global Environment: Office of the Chief Scientist, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 66 p.

Examines the global environment through the parameters of atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and
biosphere.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1991, Environmental Indicators: OECD
Publications, Paris, France, 77 p.

This publication provides a preliminary set of environmental indicators by which to measure
environmental performance. Includes 18 environmental indicators, some relating to environmental
quality, some to national environmental goals, and some to international environmental agreements
and issues. For each indicator, information on trends since 1970, along with information on the
present state is included. A very good model to use for CTAP.

Ornstein, R., and P. Ehrlich, 1989, New World, New Mind: Doubleday, NY.

Ott, W. R., 1978, Environmental Indices, Theory and Practice: Ann Arbor Science Publisher, Inc. Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 371 p.

This text, in the author’s own words, focuses on "quantitative techniques for interpreting and
presenting information on the State of the Environment." He discusses trends analysis,

environmental quality profiles and damage functions. Though very forward-looking, the fact that
the text is nearly 15 years old limits its applicability to CTAP.

Reilly, P. C., 1978, Environmental Quality Profile 1972-1976, Winnebago County, Illinois: Institute for
Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, 105 p.

Broad look at environmental conditions in Winnebago County. Addresses air and water quality,
resource conservation, and solid waste issues.

Risser, H. E., 1972, Trends in Energy Supply: Proceedings, Outlook for Energy Conference, Upper Midwest Council,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, December, 1972, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois, Reprint
Series 1973E, p. 13-20.

Overview of trends in U. S. consumption of energy from approximately 1955-1970.

Sansoni, B., 1987, Multi-Element Analysis for Environmental Characterization and Its Future Trends: Proceedings,
International Symposium on New Sensors and Methods for Environmental Characterization (SMEC), Kyoto,
Japan, November 10-12, 1986, Federal Republic of Germany, JUEL-SPEZ--393, 80 p.

Before starting to characterize the environment by its elemental composition, it may be useful to
ask about the objective of this effort. This includes questions about the scope of environmental
protection, the definition of the environment, and the limitations of its characterization by elemental
composition alone. In the second part of this text, examples are given of the elemental composition
of well-analyzed samples from the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The third
part introduces the principle of multi-element analysis and the fourth part gives examples. Finally,
future aspects of modern chemical analysis are outlined with respect to the multi-element principle.

Schaefer, M., 1991, The Federal research puzzle-Making the pieces fit: Environment, v. 33, no. 9, November, p.
16-42.

Guide to/Critique of U. S. Federal Government environmental research and development efforts.
Simon, J. L., 1980, Resources, population, environment: An oversupply of false bad news, Science, v. 210, no. 1431.

Speth, G. (editor), 1980, Environmental Quality-1980: Executive Office of the President, 11th Annual Report,
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D. C., 497 p.

Stigliani, W. M., 1990, 2030 is just around the corner: Naturopa, no. 64, p. 28-29.

This article presents several different scenarios (e.g. present economic and environmental trends
continue, environmental responsibility increases worldwide) and their predicted impact on the
environment in Europe, 2030.

Tunstall, D. B., 1983, Supporting Data for Environmental Trends: U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, Open
File Report 83-0534, 296 p. Microfiche.

Provides environmental data summaries. General topics covered include population, land use, solid
waste, resource consumption, toxic substances, wildlife, energy, water quality, and air quality.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1989, The Second RCA Appraisal: Soil, Water, and Related Resources on
Nonfederal Land in the United States: Analysis of Condition and Trends: U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C., Five volumes.

This document is comprised of five volumes:
Resource Condition: Water

Although localized or wide-scale water shortages of varying intensity and duration are
occurring in most parts of the U. S., many problems could be reduced with careful
planning. Farmers have increased their efficiency in using irrigation water. Competition
for water will intensify in the future if current trends continue. Improved management of
itrigation water and soil moisture, increased infiltration, and reduced runoff may improve
water availability in the future.

Resource Condition: Land

Resource Condition: The Environment
In appraising the status of environmental quality in the U. S., flood damages are found
to be increasing, offsite effects of erosion and runoff are observed to be severe, and
atmospheric deposition is causing popular concern. The known effects of acidic deposition
on crops, forests, soils, and surface waters are reviewed, as is USDA’s role in studying
this phenomenon.

Analysis of Condition and Trends
Resource Projections:

Future status of cropland resources, irrigation supplies, erosion problems, and livestock
management issues in the U. S. is projected.

U. S. Department of Energy, 1981, Environmental Trends to the Year 2000: U. S. Department of Energy,
Washington, D. C., 20 p.

This report was prepared as required by the National Energy Policy Plan. Air pollution, water
pollution, and solid waste generation trends were analyzed, as well as trends in water and energy
consumption.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979, Profile of Environmental Quality, Region V, the Midwest: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, Chicago, 30 p.

Colorful overview of environmental quality and environmental programs in Illinois, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. Contains many graphics, but not much detail--rather
general in scope.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1989, Protecting the Environment;
A Research Strategy for the 1990s: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 68 p.

Overview of U. S. EPA’s future research and development strategies. Addresses the need to shift
from a local-regulatory focus to a global-preventative focus. Lists as the number one priority the
development of an environmental monitoring and assessment program (EMAP). EMAP is similar
to our critical trends analysis. It is designed to answer the question "What is the condition of the
environment and how is it changing?" Also discusses the importance of risk assessment research.
Increases in grants to the academic research community, and the need to expand existing databases
on human exposure to pollutants are two more priorities addressed in this document.

6

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention, 1991, Pollution Prevention 1991: Progress
in Reducing Industrial Pollutants, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 21P-
3003, 242 p.

Relates the various programs and initiatives currently being undertaken to reduce industrial
pollution. Nationally, focus has begun to switch from end-of-pipe pollution clean-up to pollution
prevention. The success of this endeavor depends on cooperative industrial (vs. regulatory) action.

U. S. Soil Conservation Service and Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory, 1982, Basic Statistics: 1977
National Resources Inventory: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.
C., and Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory, 267 p.

U. S. Soil Conservation Service and Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory, 1987, Basic Statistics: 1982
National Resources Inventory: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.
C., and Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory.

Water Quality 2000, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1991, Challenges for the Future--Interim Report. For
complete reference, see Surface Water Quality, General References, p. 61.

Webb, L., and J. Tryens (editors), 1984, An Environmental Agenda for the States: The Conference on Alternative
State and Local Policies, Washington, D. C., 86 p.

Offers specific legislative, regulatory, and programmatic ideas for environmental action in 14
general areas (e.g. air, groundwater).

"State of the Environment" Reports

Agarwal, A., and S. Narain (editors), 1985, The State of India’s Environment 1984-85, The Second Citizens’ Report:
Ravi Chopra for the Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, India, 393 p.

This report provides a comprehensive look at the state of the environment in India. It details a
variety of environmental issues and provides information on linkages that operate at interface areas
between different ecological spaces, between people and their environment, and between the
economics of towns and villages in India.

Barney, G. O., 1980, The Global 2000 Report to the President of the U. S.: Pergamon Press, New York, 171 p.

Bird, P. M., and D. J. Rapport, 1986, State of the Environment Report for Canada: Supply and Services Canada,
Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, Quebec, Canada, 263 p.

First comprehensive report undertaken on the State of the Environment for Canada. Identifies
patterns of environmental change. Organizes, assesses and condenses data.

Brown, L. R., A. Durning, C. Flavin, L. Heise, J. Jacobson, S. Postel, M. Renner, and C. P. Shea, 1989, State of
the World 1989: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society: L. Starke
(editor), W. W. Norton & Co, New York, 256 p.

Describes problems of land degradation, ozone depletion, overreliance on automobiles, and the
global AIDS epidemic. Includes a global action plan aimed at mobilizing the world community to
fight environmental deterioration and social disintegration by slowing population growth, meeting

future food needs, reversing deforestation, and improving energy efficiency through grass-roots
organizations and international institutions.

Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway, 1991, Natural Resources and the Environment 1990: Central Bureau of
Statistics, Norway, 150 p.

Commission of the European Communities, 1979, State of the Environment, Second Report 1979: Office for Official
Publications of the European Community. Luxembourg, 127 p.

A "State of the Environment" report for the European Communities, which selects a number of
topics felt to be of particular interest and presents them in a non-technical manner to the public.
This is the second report in this series. Discusses the integration of an environmental dimension
into economic growth. Discusses trends in environmental legislation/policy related to studies being
performed and proposals put forth in the first report by the Commission of European Communities.
Very nice publication addressing issues similar to CTAP.

Conservation Foundation, 1984, State of the Environment: An Assessment at Mid-Decade: The Conservation
Foundation, Washington, D. C., 586 p.

A look at the current state of the environment in the U. S. and associated trends. Focuses strongly
on U. S. environmental quality and policy, but includes a chapter on intergovernmental cooperation.
Specifically analyzed are trends in population and the economy, pollutants and natural resources.
Contains many maps, graphs,and charts. Also includes a chapter on risk assessment methodology.
Overall, a good model for CTAP.

Conservation Foundation, 1987, State of the Environment--A View Toward the Nineties: The Conservation
Foundation, Washington, D. C., 614 p.

An assessment of U. S. environmental quality. This report differs from earlier Conservation
Foundation "State of the Environment” reports in that its focus is on more long-term trends.

Department of Ecology, 1991, The 1991 State of the Environment Report: Department of Ecology, Washington, D.
C., p. 1-139.

El-Hinnawi, E., and M. H. Hashmi, 1987, The State of the Environment: Butterworths, London, England, 182 p.

In this volume, the "state of the environment" reports produced by the U.N. Environmental
Programme since 1974 have been consolidated and updated to produce a comprehensive report on
the state of the world environment. Contemporary and future environmental issues are highlighted,
especially those of global significance.

Environmental Quality Commission, 1992, State of Kentucky’s Environment: A Report of Progress and Problems:
Environmental Quality Commission, State of Kentucky, p. 1-332.

European Commission, 1987, The State of the Environment in the European Community, 1986, Commission of the
European Communities, Brussels.

Gerrard, M., et al. (editors), 1991, State of the Environment--Report for Manitoba: Minister of Environment,
Manitoba, Canada, 191 p.

Hinrichsen, D., and G. Enyedi (editors), 1990, State of the Hungarian Environment: Statistical Publishing House,
Budapest, Hungary, 143 p.

Provides an overall picture of the state of the environment in Hungary. Part 1 is entitled
"Environment and Society". Chapter 1 covers trends in economic and urban development and their
environmental implications. Chapter 2 focuses on environmental policy in Hungary. Part 2 covers
basic resources such as air quality and pollution control, freshwater resources, water quality, soil
quality, and land use. Part 3 focuses on nature conservation issues, while Part 4 discusses
international cooperation. This publication includes numerous graphs and maps depicting trends in
Hungarian environmental issues.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1979, The State of the Environment in OECD
Member Countries, OECD Publications, Paris, France, 177 p.

This report assesses the state of the environment in OECD member countries based on three areas
of concern: 1) trends in human activity negatively impacting the environment, 2) conditions of
environmental media and other natural resources and 3) mitigation efforts. The report also
addresses the need for more complete data.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1985, The State of the Environment: OECD
Publications, Paris, France, 282 p.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1989, France Environmental Data Compendium,
OECD Publications, Paris, France.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 1991, The State of the Environment: OECD
Publications, Paris, France, 297 p.

Latest version of this publication. Emphasizes relationship between the state of the environment
and economic growth/structural changes. Very trend-oriented, lots of graphics. Excellent model for
Illinois CTAP to use in determining scope and format of our study.

Tolba, M. K., 1983, The State of the World Environment 1983: United Nations Environment Programme. 18 p.

Broad overview of the environmental problems facing the world in 1983. Presents the problems
and the actions taken or planned to combat them.

State and Local Comparative Risk Analysis Projects

Colorado, State of, 1989, Environmental Status Report--A Summary of the Technical Analysis of the Colorado
Environment 2000 Project: Colorado Department of Natural Resources and Colorado Department of Health,
Denver, Colorado, 34 p.

A comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Colorado. Thirty-one environmental
issues were analyzed by four technical work groups: air, land, water and natural resources. A
comparative risk analysis and ranking of these issues followed. This document contains the major
conclusions of the technical work groups, as well as general discussions on the 31 environmental
issues that were analyzed.

Colorado, State of, 1990, Colorado Environment 2000: Final Report of the Governor's Citizen Advisory Committee,
Colorado Department of Natural Resources and Colorado Department of Health, Denver, Colorado, 88 p.

Part of a comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Colorado. In this report, the
CE 2000 Citizen Advisory Committee has inventoried the major environmental challenges facing

Colorado, identified these challenges, defined environmental protection goals, and proposed a series
of actions to solve these problems. Initiatives for action were specific to the individual,
neighborhood, business community, and local government and state sectors.

Lashof, D., and E. Washburn, 1990, The Statehouse Effect: State Policies to Cool the Greenhouse, National
Resources Defense Fund, Washington, D. C.

Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 1991, LEAP to 2000, Louisiana’s Environmental Action Plan:
Project Report, Department of Environmental Quality, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 40 p.

A comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Louisiana. This text is a
combination of the findings of the Public Advisory and the Steering Committees. Provides a
ranking of the 35 most important environmental issues in the State of Louisiana. Includes a vision
Statement that describes environmental policy goals for the next 10 years. The report concludes
with guiding themes for implementation.

Seattle Environmental Priorities Project, Technical Advisory Committee, 1991, Environmental Risks in Seattle: A
Comparative Assessment: City of Seattle Planning Department, Seattle, Washington, 126 p.

Presents the results of a comparative risk assessment undertaken by the City of Seattle.
Environmental problems are ranked according to the magnitude of risk posed to human health and
the environment, in order to facilitate efficient environmental planning and policy-making.

Thompson, R. C., S. T. McCreary, and A. Clipp, 1991, LEAP to 2000, Louisiana Environmental Action Plan:
Technical Supplement, Department of Environmental Quality, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 153 p.

Part of a comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Louisiana. This document
describes the structure of the "Leap to 2000" project, and the methods used to analyze the data by
the Technical Committee/Work Groups.

Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, 1991, Environment 1991: Risks to Vermont and Vermonters, in Strategy for
Vermont’s Third Century: Public Advisory Committee, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Waterbury,
Vermont, 48 p.

Part of a comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Vermont. Twenty of the most
serious environmental problems in Vermont were chosen for study by the Public Advisory
Committee. These problems were ranked in order of the risks to three areas: ecosystems, human
health, and quality of life.

Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, 1991, Environment 1991: Risks to Vermont and Vermonters: Technical
Appendix, Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Waterbury, Vermont, 642 p.

A comparative risk analysis project conducted by the State of Vermont. This technical appendix
contains the technical reports and data upon which the analysis and rankings were based. Three
technical work groups contributed to this document; one focused on health risks, one on risks to
Vermont s ecosystems, and one on quality of life. These technical reports analyzed 20 specific
environmental issues/problems.

Washington Department of Ecology, 1989, The State of the Environment Report, A Product of Washington
Environment 2010: Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington, 66 p.

10

A comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Washington. Features current and
projected status of Washington s environmental resources. Twenty-three environmental threats
were analyzed and ranked for risk to human health, ecological systems, and economic risks. Sets
preliminary priorities for the state.

Washington Department of Ecology, 1990, A Citizen’s Guide to Washington’s Environment: Department of Ecology,
Olympia, Washington, 42 p.

Part of a comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Washington. This handbook
is designed to teach the citizens of Washington ways that they can change their lifestyles to benefit
the environment and future generations, without affecting the overall quality of their lives.

Washington Department of Ecology, 1990, Toward 2010, An Environmental Action Agenda: Department of Ecology,
Olympia, Washington, 58 p.

Part of a comparative risk analysis project undertaken by the State of Washington. This action
agenda began the implementation plan of the Washington Environment 2010 project. Major
environmental challenges that face the state of Washington are identified and a number of
recommendations for addressing these problems are presented.

Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case
Studies

Anderson, E. L., and C. J. Henry, 1988, Risk assessment/risk management as a toxic control strategy, Toxic
Contamination in Large Lakes: Sources, Fate and Controls of Toxic Contaminants. For complete reference,
see Surface Water Quality, Aquatic Toxicity, p. 61.

Andrews, R. N. L., 1988, Environmental impact assessment and risk assessment: Learning from each other. For
complete reference, see Environmental Impact Assessments, p. 17.

Bascietto, J., D. Hinckley, J. Plafkin, and M. Slimak, 1990, Ecotoxicity and ecological risk assessment: Regulatory
applications at EPA: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 24, no. 1, p. 10-15.

Calabrese, E. J., and E. M. Kenyon, 1991, Air Toxics and Risk Assessment. For complete reference, see Air Quality,
General References, p. 81.

Chesson, J., J. J. Marois, and G. Bruening, 1990, Data Requirements for Environmental Risk Assessment. For
complete reference, see Data Quality and Reliability, p. 33.

Chicken, J. C., and M. R. Hayns, 1989, The Risk Ranking Technique in Decision Making: Pergamon Press, New
York, 123 p.

Clark, J. M., and C. L. Fuller, 1987, A Total Exposure and Risk Assessment for Drinking Water Contaminated with
Volatile Organic Compounds. For complete reference, see Public Drinking Water Supplies, p. 72.

Cothern, C. R., 1989, Some scientific judgments in the assessment of the risk of environmental contaminants:
Toxicology and Industrial Health, v. 5, no. 3, p. 479-491.

11

Covello, V. T., and J. P. Fiskel, 1985, The Suitability and Applicability of Risk Assessment Methods for
Environmental Applications of Biotechnology: National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., Document
no. NSF/PRA 8502286.

Covello, V. T., Mumpower, P. J. M. Stallen, and V. R. Uppuluri, 1985, Environmental Impact Assessment,
Technology Assessment, and Risk Analysis. For complete reference, see Environmental Impact
Assessments, p. 17. %

Covello, V. T., J. Menkes, 1991, Risk Assessment and Risk Management Methods: The State of the Art: National
Science Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Dixon, W. G., Jr., T. P. Adams, A. L. Erdmann, and M. S. Summers, 1990, Assessing Environmental Risk in an
Urban Environment: Proceedings of the Association of Engineering Geologists, 33rd Annual Meeting,
Engineering Geology for the 90s, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 1-5, 1990, Illinois State Geological
Survey, p. 80.

Reviews the unique problems encountered when conducting environmental site assessments in
urban areas. Focuses on difficulties associated with both historical research and field work.

Eisenbeis, J. J., R. H. Montgomery, and T. G. Sanders, 1986, A Risk Assessment Methodology for Hazardous Waste
Landfills. For complete reference, see Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Disposal Issues/Injection Wells,
p. 128.

Fiskel, J. R., and V. T. Covello, 1986, Biotechnology Risk Assessment: Issues and Methods for Environmental
Introductions: Pergamon Press, New York, 174 p.

Fogarty, M. J., A. A. Rosenberg, and M. P. Sissenwine, 1992, Fisheries risk assessment, Sources of uncertainty--A
case study of Georges Bank Haddock: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 440-447.

A case study demonstrating the use of risk assessment in the development of renewable resource
exploitation strategies.

Freudenburg, W. R., 1988, Perceived risk, real risk: Social science and the art of probabilistic risk assessment:
Science, v. 242, October, p. 44-49.

Argues that social science input to risk assessment is needed for more accurate calculations of risk
consequences and probabilities, and for identifying potential biases created by certain risk
assessment procedures, as well as in analyzing and explaining public responses to risk. Discusses
findings that suggest that the dichotomy between "real" and "perceived" risk is less "real" than is
often assumed.

Garrick, B. J., W. C. Gekler, C. Chess, R. E. Kasperson, and C. Travis (editors), 1989, The Analysis,
Communication, and Perception of Risk: Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis,
October 29-November 1, 1989, San Francisco, California, Plenum Press, New York, v. 9, 713 p.

Gerrity, T. R., and C. J. Henry (editors), 1990, Principles of Route-to-Route Extrapolation for Risk Assessment:
Proceedings of Workshops held March 19-21, 1990, Hilton Head, South Carolina, and July 10-11, 1990,
Durham, North Carolina, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, New York, 322 p.

Proceedings of workshops intended to provide a scientific foundation for route-to-route
extrapolations and to determine future research priorities. Extrapolation of data based on one route

12

of exposure to another route of exposure is a common practice due to data gaps. However, the U.
S. EPA has no formal guidelines dictating this process. Scientifically unsupported extrapolations
lead to poor or increasingly uncertain risk assessments.

Gilbertson, M. (editor), 1989, Proceedings of Workshop on Cause-Effect Linkages, Chicago, Illinois, March 28-30,
1989, International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 45 p.

Discusses the methodology behind determining cause-effect linkages. Includes several case studies
on non-human and human animals; two are specific to Lake Michigan.

Goodman, G. T., and: W. D. Rowe (editors), 1979, Energy Risk Management: Academic Press, London, 351 p.

Discusses the risks to society of exploitation of alternative energy sources like nuclear power, solar
energy, coal and natural gas, biogas or alcohol, rather than the quickly depleting oil. Emphasis on
how usable risk analysis studies really are as a tool in energy policy formulation and management.
Concern regarding "objective" vs. "perceived" risk. What constitutes an "acceptable" risk level?
Problem of data availability and accuracy is addressed. Delves into cost-benefit analysis use as an
aid to risk analysis.

Haimes, Y. Y., V. Chankong, and C. Du, 1984, Risk Assessment for Groundwater Contamination. For complete
reference, see Groundwater Quality, Risk Assessments, p. 68.

Haimes, Y. Y., and E. Z. Stakhiv (editors), 1989, Risk Analysis and Management of Natural and Man-Made
Hazards. For complete reference, see Natural/Geologic Hazards, General References, p. 110.

Haimes, Y. Y., and E. Z. Stakhiv (editors), 1990, Risk-Based Decision Making in Water Resources: Proceedings,
Fourth Conference, Santa Barbara, California, October 15-20, 1989, Engineering Foundation and National
Science Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 333 p.

Hallenbeck, W. H., 1986, Risk Assessment of Exposure to Radium and Fluoride in Illinois Public Water Supplies.
For complete reference, see Public Drinking Water Supplies, p. 73.

Hallenbeck, W. H., 1987, Risk Assessment of Exposure to Waterborne and Airborne Radon-222 in Illinois. For
complete reference, see Radon, p. 104.

Hattis, D., and J. A. Smith, 1985, What’s Wrong with Quantitative Risk Analysis?: Proceedings, Conference on
Moral Issues and Public Policy Issues in the Use of the Method of Quantitative Risk Assessment, Georgia
State University, Atlanta, Georgia, September 7-26, 1985.

Hinchee, R. E., J. H. Reisinger, D. Burris, B. Marks, and J. Stepek, 1986, Underground Fuel Contamination,
Investigation, and Remediation: A Risk Assessment Approach to How Clean Is Clean. For complete
reference, see Groundwater Quality and Availability, Petroleum Contamination, p. 72.

Inman, R. L., W. J. Conover, and J. E. Campbell, 1980, Risk Methodology for Geologic Disposal of Radioactive
Waste: Small Sample Sensitivity Analysis Techniques for Computer Models, with an Application to Risk
Assessment. For complete reference, see Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste Disposal Issues/Injection
Wells, p. 135.

Jones, K., 1992, The Role of Science in Comparative Risk: Paper presented at the Comparative Risk Conference,
Northeast Center for Comparative Risk, Vermont, 3 p.

13

Kates, R. W., 1978, Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard: Workshop on Comparative Risk Assessment of
Environmental Hazards in an International Context, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, March 31-April 4, 1975,
SCOPE Report 8, John Wiley and Sons, 112 p.

Focuses on societal implications of risk assessment. Includes a section on benefit-risk analysis and
a chapter on trends in assessing environmental threat.

Kent, R. T., and M. E. Bentley, 1985, Risk Assessment of Deep-Well Injection Systems. For complete reference,
see Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste Disposal Issues/Injection Wells, p. 135.

Kite, G. W., 1977, Frequency and Risk Analysis in Hydrology: Water Resources Publications, Fort Collins,
Colorado, 224 p.

Kobrin, S. J., 1982, Managing Political Risk Assessment: Strategic Response to Environmental Change: University
of California Press, Berkeley, California, 224 p.

Lafond, G., Institute for Risk Research, 1988, Risk Assessment and Management: Emergency Planning Perspectives:
University of Waterloo Press, Ontario, Canada, 352 p.

Contains a chapter on multiple hazard mapping. Also contains a paper that describes a computer
program, called HAZARD, that simulates the atmospheric effects of chemical emissions. The
model is map-based and user-friendly.

Landis, W. G., and W. H. Van der Schalie (editors), 1990, Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment. For complete
reference, see Aquatic Toxicology, p. 62.

Lave, L. B. (editor), 1982, Quantitative Risk Assessment in Regulation: The Brookings Institute, Washington, D. C.,
264 p.

Presents arguments for including risk assessments in the regulatory decision-making process via
six case studies. (The case studies are on ozone, benzene, coke oven emissions, ionizing radiation,
chlorobenzilate, and food additives and contaminants.) Also includes a chapter on risk assessment
methodology.

Lave, L. B., V. T. Covello, A. Moghissi, and V. R. R. Uppuluri (editors), 1987, Uncertainty in Risk Assessment,
Risk Management and Decision-Making: International Workshop on Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, Risk
Management, and Decision Making, Knoxville, Tennessee, September 30-October 3, 1984, Advances in Risk
Analysis, v. 4, Plenum Press, New York, 538 p.

Portrays uncertainty as possibly the biggest problem facing risk assessors and decision-makers.
Lists four sources of uncertainty: 1) definitions; 2) scientific facts; 3) risk perceptions; and 4)
values. Illustrates the role of uncertainty in risk assessment via papers from the social sciences,
environmental sciences and mathematical sciences. One paper of note assesses the impact of
incomplete data on uncertainty levels.

Long, F. A., and G. E. Schweitzer (editors), 1982, Risk Assessment at Hazardous Waste Sites. For complete
reference, see Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste Disposal Issues/Injection Wells, p. 135.

McKone, T. E., and K. T. Bogen, 1991, Predicting the uncertainties in risk assessment: Environmental Science and
Technology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1674-1681.

14
A California groundwater case study.

Megill, R. E. (editor), 1985, Evaluating and Managing Risk: A Collection of Readings: SciData Publishing, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, 152 p.

Compilation of papers on risk assessment and risk management. Topics addressed include
uncertainty and risk assessment methodology.

National Research Council, 1983, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process: National
Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 191 p.

Onishi, Y., S. M. Brown, A. R. Olsen, M. A. Parkhurst, S. E. Wise, and W. H. Walters, 1982, Methodology for
Overland and Instream Migration and Risk Assessment of Pesticides: U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia,
EPA-600/3-82-024, 171 p.

Overview of the Chemical Migration and Risk Assessment (CMRA) Methodology. This
methodology is used to predict surface water contamination due to non-point agricultural runoff,
and to assess risk to aquatic biota.

Partridge, L., 1985, The Application of Quantitative Risk Assessment to Assist in Evaluating Remedial Action
Alternatives, in Aller, L., J. H. Lehr, and K. Butcher (editors), Association of Ground Water Scientists and
Engineers Eastern Regional Ground Water Conference, Portland, Maine, July 16-18, 1985, National Water
Well Association, Worthington, Ohio, p. 51-63.

Pearce, D. W., 1981, Overview of Risk Assessment: Use and Misuse: Proceedings, The Assessment and Perception
of Risk, a discussion organized by Sir Frederick Warner, F. R. S., and D. H. Slater, Study Group on Risk,
Royal Society of London, London, United Kingdom, v. 376, no. 1764, p. 181-192.

This paper argues that a risk assessment cannot be accurately performed without a knowledge of
the affected population s risk perceptions. Incorporating cost-benefit analysis avoids this problem
by bringing individuals utility functions into the assessment process.

Richardson, M. L., 1988, Risk Assessment of Chemicals in the Environment: Proceedings, European Conference on
Chemistry and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, United Kingdom, 579 p.

Discussion of risk assessment in four general areas: predictive accuracy, incidental emissions,
intentional emissions, and toxicological contributions. Of particular interest to CTAP are a paper
on lead in the environment, and a paper on risk assessment techniques for carcinogens.

Rose, J. B., and C. P. Gerba, 1991, Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards: Water Science
and Technology (WSTED4), v. 24, no. 2, p. 29-34.

Science Advisory Board of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Committee on Relative Risk Reduction
Strategies, 1990, Reducing Risks: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., SAB-EC-90-021. 26 p.

Summary of a three-volume report by U. S. EPA’s Science Advisory Board (SAB). This report
evaluates and expands upon EPA's 1987 report, Unifinished Business: A Comparative Assessment
of Environmental Problems. The SAB summary offers ten recommendations to the U. S. EPA
geared toward improving their prioritization methods.

15

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions
(ICSU), 1980, SCOPE Report 15, in Whyte, A. V., and I. Burton (editors), Environmental Risk Assessment:
John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England/New York, 157 p.

Nice overview of risk assessment. Covers environmental modeling, benefit-risk analysis and other
economic considerations. Includes a table of priority pollutants and major environmental risks. Uses
a modified source-linkage-receptor model.

Sheih, L. C., J. J. Johnson, J. E. Wells, J. C. Chen, and P. D. Smith, 1985, Simplified Seismic Probabilistic Risk
Assessment: Procedures and Limitations. For complete reference, see Seismic Risk, p. 111.

Stara, J. F., and L. S. Erdreich (editors), 1984, Selected Approaches to Risk Assessment for Multiple Chemical
Exposures. For complete reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 23.

Starr, C., 1985, Risk management, assessment and acceptability: Risk Analysis, v. 5, p. 97-102.

Stevenson, D. E., 1989, Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities, in Bonin, J. J., and D. E. Stevenson (editors),
Advances in Risk Analysis: Plenum Press, New York, v. 7, 686 p.

Contains over 75 papers presented at the 1987 annual meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis.
Discussed are aspects of risk analysis from definitions to methodology to communication. Includes
many diverse case studies, including an analysis of the impact of risk assessment and risk
management in the State of New Hampshire. Several modeling methodologies are presented; of
particular interest are the pathways exposure model (similar to our source-agent-receptor linkage
model) and the matrix-based assessment model. Contains one report on data quality assurance.
Very good source for risk assessment models and data quality assurance information.

Suter, G. W., II, and J. M. Loar, 1992, Weighing the ecological risk of hazardous waste sites--the Oak Ridge case.
For complete reference, see Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste Disposal Issues/Injection Wells, p. 139.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984, Risk Assessment and Management: Framework for Decision Making:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 600/9-85/002, 38 p.

Discusses how EPA is using the risk assessment/management approach to prioritize needs for
program development and policy decisions. Important to look at "trends" or what risk-reduction
effect a regulation has. Steps of a risk assessment include: 1) hazard identification: does a
particular substance exhibit a particular adverse health effect? 2) dose-response assessment; 3)
exposure assessment: direct measurement, estimation, mathematical models; 4) risk
characterization: exposure multiplied by potency. Uncertainty abounds in risk assessment due to
extrapolation between animals and humans and lack of data.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Development of a Qualitative Pathogen Risk Assessment
Methodology for Municipal Sludge Landfilling. For complete reference, see Wastewater Treatment Plants,

p. 121.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Office of Policy Analysis, 1987,
Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems: U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., Five volumes.

16

The complete work includes five volumes: Overview; Appendix I, Report of the Cancer Risk Work
Group; Appendix II, Non-Cancer Risk Work Group; Appendix III, Report of Ecological Risk Work
Group; and Appendix IV, Report of Welfare Risk Work Group.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, EPA’s Ecological Risk Assessment Research Program, October
1985-March 1988: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 600/M-88/011, 7 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Biological Data for Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Risk Assessment,
Report: "Workshop on Biological Data for Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Risk Assessment", May 23-25,
1988: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and ILSI Risk Science Institute, Asheville, North Carolina,
EPA/600/3-90/019, 47 p., Microfiche.

Overview of risk assessment and the use of pharmacokinetic modeling to reduce some of the
uncertainties inherent to risk assessments.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, A Risk Analysis of Twenty-Six Environmental Problems: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 26 p.

Results of EPA Region V’s risk analysis of 26 problem areas. Risk to human health and the
environment were studied. Risk assessments were compared and ranked as high high, medium high,
medium low, low, or risk not assessed/no known impacts.

U. S. House of Representatives, 1980, Comparative Risk Assessment: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Science,
Research, and Technology, Committee on Science and Technology, U. S. House of Representatives, 96th
Congress, Second Session, May 14-15, 1980, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.,
Document no. 129, 571 p.

Senate hearing on comparative risk analysis methodology and its use in regulatory decision-making.
Cost-benefit analysis and its incorporation into the decision-making process was also covered.

U. S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Science, Research, and
Technology, 1983, A Review of Risk Assessment Methodologies: Report: U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C., 78 p.

Urban, D. J., and N. J. Cook, 1986, Ecological Risk Assessment: Hazard Evaluation Division, Standard Evaluation
Procedure, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D. C., EPA-
540/9-85-001, 96 p.

Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, 1991, Environment 1991: Risks to Vermont and Vermonters: Agency of
Natural Resources, Waterbury, Vermont, p. 1-48.

Venkataraman R. R., and G. V. Johnson, 1988, Impact of Risk and Planning Horizons on the Selection of Soil
Conservation Management Systems, in V. Novotny (editor), Proceedings of the Symposium on Nonpoint
Pollution; 1988, Policy, Economy, Management, and Appropriate Technology: American Water Resources
Association, Bethesda, Maryland, Technical Publication v. 4, p. 107-116.

Examines the effects of incorporating risk assessments into the process of choosing a soil
conservation management plan.

17

Whelan, G., B. L. Steelman, 1985, Development of Improved Risk Assessment Tools for Prioritizing Hazardous
Waste Disposal Sites. For complete reference, see Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste Disposal
Issues/Injection Wells, p. 143.

Williams, G. R., and D. S. Mileti, 1986, Inclusion of Social Variables in Models of Risk Assessment, in S. R. Abt,
J. D. Nelson, T. A. Shepherd, R. E. Wardwell, and D. van Zyl (editors), Proceedings, 8th Annual
Symposium on Geotechnical and Geohydrological Aspects of Waste Management, Fort Collins, Colorado,
February 5-7, 1986, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, p. 375-379.

Wilson, R., and E. A. C. Crouch, 1987, Risk assessment and comparisons: An introduction: Science, v. 236, April
17, p. 267.

Risk assessment is presented as a way of examining risks so that they may be better avoided,
reduced, or otherwise managed. Risk estimates are compared and contrasted to display their
similarities and differences.

Wolka, K. K., L. W. Turley, and W. G. Petruzzi, 1990, A Well Field Risk Assessment. For complete reference, see
Groundwater Quality, Risk Assessments, p. 69.

Environmental Impact Assessments

Andrews, R. N. L., 1988, Environmental impact assessment and risk assessment: Learning from each other, in
Wathem, P. (editor), Environmental Impact Assessment Theory and Practice, Unwin Hyman, Ltd., London,
p. 85-97.

Comparison/contrast of risk assessment and environmental impact assessment. Suggests that
consolidation of the two methods may, in many cases, improve analysis and policy decisions.

Bisset, R., 1980, Methods for environmental impact analysis: recent trends and future prospects: Journal of
Environmental Management, v. 11, no. 1, July, p. 27.

Burchell, R. W., and D. Listokin, 1975, The Environmental Impact Handbook: Centre for Urban Policy Research,
Rutgers University, New Jersey, 234 p.

Clark, B. D., 1984, Basic Concepts of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Health Impact
Assessment. For complete reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 20.

Covello, V. T., J. L. Mumpower, P. J. M. Stallen, and V. R. Uppuluri, 1985, Environmental Impact Assessment,
Technology Assessment, and Risk Analysis, in Series G: Ecological Sciences, NATO Advanced Study
Institute on Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment, and Risk Analysis, Bourgh-St.
Maurice, France, August 21-31, 1983, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 1068 p.

Offers views on the role of risk assessments and environmental impact assessments in the
decision-making process. The psychology of risk perception is also presented. Includes papers on
uncertainty in risk analysis and risk assessment methodology.

Culhane, P. J., H. P. Friesema, and J. A. Beecher, 1987, Forecasts and Environmental Decision Making--The Content
and Predictive Accuracy of Environmental Impact Statements. For complete reference, see Forecasting, p.
ph

Ditton, R. B., and T. L. Goodale (editors), 1972, Environmental Impact Analysis: Philosophy and Methods:
Proceedings, Conference on Environmental Impact Analysis, Green Bay, Wisconsin, January 4-5, 1972, U.
S. Dept. of Commerce, National Sea Grant Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Program, Madison, Wisconsin, WIS-SG-72-111, 171 p.

Ellis, D., 1989, Environments at Risk: Case Histories of Impact Assessment: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 329 p.

Environmental Impact Center, Inc., 1973, A Methodology for Assessing Environmental Impact of Water Resources
Development: Environmental Impact Center, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 148 p.

Hipel, K. W., 1988, Nonparametric approaches to environmental impact assessment. For complete reference, see
Statistical Analyses of Environmental Data, General References, p. 42.

Leopold, L. B., F. E. Clarke, B. B. Hanshaw, and J. R. Balsley, 1971, A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental
Impact: U. S. Geological Survey, Circular 645, 13 p.

Proposes a matrix system for assessing environmental impact in an attempt to develop a uniform
environmental impact statement. This report was written in response to a 1969 article in "Science"
criticizing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 for not being specific enough to be a
useful guideline.

Overcash, M. R., and J. M. Davidson (editors), 1980, Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution: Ann
Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 449 p.

Rao, K. S., and L. Satterfield, 1983, A Study of the Probable Environmental Impact of Fugitive Coal Dust Emissions
at the Ravenswood Power Plant, New York. For complete reference, see Electricity Generation/Coal and
Nuclear Power Plants/Radiation Hazards, p. 124.

Rosen, S. J., 1976, Manual for Environmental Impact Evaluation, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
192 p.

Schlesinger, B., and D. Daetz, 1975, Development of a procedure for forecasting Long-Range Environmental
Impacts. For complete reference, see Forecasting, p. 54.

Smith, M. A., 1974, Fielé Test of an Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology: Environmental Resources
Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Document no. ERC 1574, 197 p.

Stout, G. E., K. McGregor, J. L. Spaeth, K. A. Reinbold, G. L. Wheeler, G. L. Rolfe, and D. Studtman, 1978,
Baseline Data Requirements for Assessing Environmental Impact: Illinois Institute for Environmental
Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 78/05, 140 p.

Presents a procedure for gathering the baseline data necessary for an environmental impact
assessment of a rural development project.

U. S. Department of the Army, 1975, Handbook for Environmental Impact Analysis: U. S. Army AG Publications
Center, Department of the Army, St. Louis, Missouri, #200-1, 98 p.

Warner, M. L., and E. H. Preston, 1974, A Review of Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C., EPA-600/5-74-
002, 27 p.

19

Westman, W. E., 1985, Ecology, Impact Assessment, and Environmental Planning, in Environmental Science and
Technology Series: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 532 p.

General text that includes such topics as environmental decision-making, environmental impact
analysis, risk analysis and environmental modeling/forecasting.

Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns

Ad Hoc Study Group of the Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee, Science Advisory Board, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, Assessment of Health Risk from Organics in Drinking Water,
Science Advisory Board, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 59 p.

Overview of a study to determine the risk to human health from low levels of organic compounds
in drinking water. Emphasis on data gaps and research needs.

Allen, B. C., et al., 1988, Investigation of Cancer Risk Assessment Methods (Project Summary): Office of Health
and Environmental Assessment, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA/600/S6-
87/007, 3 p.

Results of a study undertaken to assess the underlying assumptions used in cancer risk assessments.
The study found that animal and human risks are highly correlated, strengthening the validity of
using this assumption in cancer risk assessments.

Bailey, D. A., P. F. Ricci, and G. Whelan, 1986, Groundwater Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study. For complete
reference, see Groundwater Quality, Risk Assessments, p. 68.

Bennett, B. G., 1976, Transuranic Element Pathways to Man: Proceedings, Symposium on Transuranium Nuclides
in the Environment, San Francisco, California, November 17-21, 1975, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Vienna, Austria, p. 367-383.

Analysis of inhalation and ingestion pathways of plutonium to human receptors. Also considered
are long-term pathways such as plant uptake.

Blumenthal, D. S. (editor), 1985, Introduction to Environmental Health: Springer Publishing Company, New York,
258 p.

Introductory text on environmental health, written for medical and public health students.

Boggess, W. R., and B. G. Wixson (editors), 1977, Lead in the Environment. For complete reference, see Soil
Quality, Heavy Metals, p. 79.

Bowie, S. H. U., and I. Thornton (editors), 1985, Environmental Geochemistry and Health: Report to the Royal
Society’s British National Committee for Problems of the Environment: D. Reidel Publishing Company,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 140 p.

Bowie, S. H. U., and J. S. Webb, 1980, Environmental geochemistry and health: Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London, Series B, v. 288, no. 1026, 216 p.

20

Brenniman, G. R., et al., 1979, Health Effects of Human Exposure to Barium in Drinking Water: Health Effects
Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/1-79-003, 141

p-

An investigation of death rates and health characteristics in populations exposed to barium in
drinking water.

Clark, B. D., 1984, Basic Concepts of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Health Impact
Assessment: Proceedings, CEMP Conference on Environmental Health Impact Assessment, Adana, Turkey,
November 26-December 5, 1984, v. 6, 516 p.

Clark, J. M., and C. L. Fuller, 1987, A Total Exposure and Risk Assessment for Drinking Water Contaminated with
Volatile Organic Compounds. For complete reference, see Public Drinking Water Supplies, p. 72.

Clayson, D. B., D. Krewski, and I. C. Munro (editors), 1985, Toxicological Risk Assessment-Biological and
Statistical Criteria: CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Two volumes, 230 p.

Volume | presents papers on the biological and statistical aspects of toxicological risk assessment.
Specific topics include pharmacokinetics, interspecies extrapolation, low dose extrapolation and the
calculation of confidence limits. Volume 2 presents case studies and papers on toxicological risk
assessment in general. Case studies included concern asbestos, formaldehyde, vinyl chloride and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Other papers discuss such topics as epidemiological
methodology and exposure assessment.

Cohrssen, J. J., 1989, Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environmental
Risks: Executive Office of the President, Washington, D. C., 407 p.

Cropper, M. L., and A. M. Freeman, III, 1990, Valuing Environmental Health Effects: Resources for the Future,
Quality of the Environment Division, Washington, D. C., Discussion Paper QE90-12, 81 p.

Describes economic techniques for estimating value of positive human health effects due to
pollution control.

D’ Auben, D. (editor), 1986, The Southeast Chicago Study: An Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Public
Health Impacts: I'!linois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois, IEPA/ENV/86-008, 319 p.

A joint study was conducted by Illinois EPA, Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH), and
Region V of the U. S. EPA to assess environmental degradation and measure adverse health effects
due to pollution in the Lake Calumet area of Chicago. The Lake Calumet area is highly
industrialized and has been a historic dumping ground for wastes. The study, deemed a "toxics hot
spot assessment," combined existing and new data to study the toxic threat in different media and
to human receptors.

Donigian, A. S., Jr., D. W. Meier, and P. P. Jowise, 1986, Stream Transport and Agricultural Runoff of Pesticides
for Exposure Assessment: A Methodology (Part A: Text and Appendices A-F): Environmental Research
Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia,
EPA/600/3-86/01 1a, 2910 p.

Describes STREAM (Stream Transport and Agricultural Runoff for Exposure Assessment
Methodology). STREAM is applicable to corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, and sorghum, and is
potentially applicable to other crops.

21

Dungworth, D., et al., 1988, Inhalation Toxicology-The Design and Interpretation of Inhalation Studies and Their
Use in Risk Assessment, edited by U. Mohr: Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 318 p.

Outlines methodologies used in assessing the toxicity of airborne contaminants, including laboratory
studies involving animals and toxicokinetic studies. Also addresses the interpretation of these
studies and their role in risk assessments.

Evans, R. D., J. H. Harley, W. Jacobi, A. S. McLean, W. A. Mills, and C. G. Stewart, 1981, Estimate of Risk from
Environmental Exposure to Radon-222: Nature, v. 290, no. 5802, p. 98-100.

Study of lung cancer risk in uranium miners due to exposure to radon-222 and its decay products.

Fields, D. E., C. C. Travis, A. P. Watson, and L. M. McDowell-Boyer, 1980, Estimation of North American
Population Doses Resulting from Radon-222 Release in Western United States: Methodology: Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, ORNL/TM-6751, 57 p.

A compilation of computer codes to be used in estimated human exposure to radon-222 and its
progeny from uranium milling sites in the western U. S.

Fisher, A. B., 1990, A Perspective on Valuing Changes in Health Risk: Department of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 17 p.

Fox, A. J., 1981, Mortality Statistics and the Assessment of Risk, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A:
The Assessment and Perception of Risk, a discussion organized by Sir F. Warner, F. R. S., and D. H. Slater,
on behalf of the Royal Society’s Study Group on Risk, Royal Society of London, London, United Kingdom,
v. 376, no. 1764, April 30, p. 65-78.

Follows trends in the development of more complete mortality statistics and their use in
occupational risk assessments.

Fuge, R., 1988, Sources of halogens in the environment, influences on human and animal health: Environmental
Geochemistry and Health, v. 10, no. 2, p. 51-61.

Geochemical analysis of halogen occurrence and concentration in the environment. Considers
animal and human health impacts.

Hamphill, D. D. (editor), 1972, Trace Substances in Environmental Health: Proceedings, University of Missouri’s
5th Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health, University of Missouri, Columbia,
Missouri, v. 5.

Hallenbeck, W. H., 1986, Risk Assessment of Exposure to Radium and Fluoride in Illinois Public Water Supplies.
For complete reference, see Public Drinking Water Supplies, p. 73.

Hallenbeck, W. H., 1987, Risk Assessment of Exposure to Waterborne and Airborne Radon-222 in Illinois. For
complete reference, see Radon, p. 104.

Helmer, R., I. Hespanhol, and L. J. Saliba, 1991, Public health criteria for the aquatic environment: Recent WHO
guidelines and their application. For complete reference, see Aquatic Toxicology, p. 61.

Honeycutt, R. C., G. Zweig, and N. N. Ragsdale (editors), 1985, Dermal Exposure Related to Pesticide Use:
Discussion of Risk Assessment: Division of Pesticide Chemistry Symposium at the 187th Meeting of the

22

American Chemical Society, St. Louis, Missouri, April 8-13, 1984, American Chemical Society, Washington
D. C., v. 273, 529 p.

Integration of the three disciplines of dermal absorption, field exposure studies and toxicology-risk
assessment to provide a complete risk assessment for agricultural workers from dermal exposure
to pesticides. Discusses trends in exposure assessment and protection and predictive techniques.
Mathematical models also discussed.

International Commission on Groundwater, Working Group on Groundwater Contamination Risk Assessment: C.
Cranor, R. Raucher, E. Reichard, and G. Zapponi, 1990, Groundwater Contamination Risk Assessment: A
Guide to Understanding and Managing Uncertainties. For complete reference, see Groundwater Quality,
Risk Assessments, p. 68.

Klaassen, C. D., M. O. Amdur, and J. Doull, 1986, Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons:
MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, Third Edition, 974 p.

Labat-Anderson, Inc., 1987, Human Health Risk Assessment for the Use of Pesticides in USDA Forest Service
Nurseries: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D. C., Document no. FS-412,
various pagings.

Lave, L. B., and E. P. Seskin, 1977, Air Pollution and Human Health. For complete reference, see Air Quality,
General References, p. 85.

Mazumolar, S., and N. Sussman, 1983, Relationships of air pollution to health: Results from the Pittsburgh study.
For complete reference, see Air Quality, General References, p. 85.

McLean, A. E. M., 1981, Quantification of Biological Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Risks to Health from
Chemicals: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A: The Assessment and Perception of Risk, a
discussion organized by Sir F. Warner, F. R. S., and D. H. Slater, on behalf of the Royal Society's Study
Group on Risk, University Press, Cambridge, Great Britian, v. 376, no. 1764, April 30, p. 51-64.

Discussion of risk assessment of chemicals (especially prescription drugs) that takes place (ideally)
before human exposure occurs. Addresses the role of benefit-cost analysis in these assessments.

Murphy, B.L., A. P. Toole, and P. D. Bergstrom, 1989, Health risk assessment for arsenic contaminated soil:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v. 11, nc. 3-4, p. 163-169.

Discussion of risk assessment methodologies for the inhalation and ingestion exposure pathways
of arsenic contaminated soils.

National Research Council, Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR), Board on Radiation
Effects Research, Commission on Life Sciences, editors, 1988, Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally
Deposited Alpha-Emitters: National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., v. 4, 602 p.

Neal, R. A., 1983, Health and Risk Assessment: Toxicology: Proceedings, First Atlantic Workshop on Organic
Chemical Contamination of Groundwater, Nashville, Tennessee, December 8-10, 1982, American
Waterworks Association, Denver, Colorado, p. 133-138.

Discusses the discipline of toxicology in general terms, and as it relates to the determination of the
potential toxicity of organic chemicals found as contaminants in groundwater. Proposed risk

23

assessment strategies for the analysis of contaminated groundwater, using animals and limiting the
compounds studied.

Ott, W. R., 1990, Total human exposure: Basic concepts, EPA field studies, and future research needs: Journal of
the Air and Waste Management Association, v.40, no. 7, November, p. 966-975.

Presents the argument that the assessment of risk to the public’s health should be based on the new
approach of Total Human Exposure (THE), as opposed to geophysical media carrier concentrations.

Paustenbach, D. J. (editor), 1989, The Risk Assessment of Environmental and Human Health Hazards: A Textbook
of Case Studies: Wiley and Sons, New York, 1155 p.

Ricci, P. F., 1985, Principles of Health Risk Assessment, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 417 p.

Sargent, F., 1983, Human Ecology-A Guide to Information Sources, in Health Affairs Information Guide Series,
edited by P. Wasserman: Gale Research Company, Detroit, Michigan, v. 10, 293 p.

An annotated bibliography covering a wide range of topics related to the environment and human
health. Some of these topics are environmental quality,community health, and the abiotic and biotic
environments.

Smith, J. M., 1986, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment: American Chemical Society, 189th
Meeting; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water, Miami Beach, Florida, April 28-May 3, 1985, edited
by W. Y. Garner, R. C. Honeycutt, and H. N. Nigg, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D. C., p. 414-422.

Stara, J. F., and L. S. Erdreich (editors), 1984, Selected Approaches to Risk Assessment for Multiple Chemical
Exposures: Workshop on Methods and Issues for the Assessment of Human Health Risks from Exposure
to Multiple Chemicals, July 12-13, 1983, Cincinnati, Ohio, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA-600/9-84-014a, 101 p.

Summary of multichemical human health risk assessment methodologies. Five specific areas are
addressed: 1) interspecies extrapolation; 2) risk assessment for less than lifetime exposure to
carcinogens and other toxins; 3) multiple chemical assessments; 4) daily ‘intake determination; and
5) route-to-route extrapolations.

Travis, C. C., 1989, Proceedings, NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biologically Based Methods for Cancer
Risk Assessment, held June 11-16, 1988, Corfu, Greece: Plenum Press, New York, 355 p.

Trieff, N. M. (editor), 1980, Environment and Health: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan,
652 p.

Overview of the human health implications of environmental problems. Topics range from air and
water pollution to the adverse effects of energy production. Also includes a section on the legal
and policy aspects of "solutions" to environmental problems.

Tsuchyia, K., M. Sugita, and C. B. Park, 1976, Biological effects of exposure to lead in ambient air among Tokyo
inhabitants. For complete reference, see Lead/Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), p. 100.

24

Tveten, U., 1990, Review of the Chronic Exposure Pathway Models in MACCS and Several Other Well-Known
Probabilistic Risk Assessment Models. For complete reference, see Environmental Models, p. 31.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Health Advisories for 16 Pesticides: National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia, Document no. PB87-200176, 262 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, 1989, Exposure Factors Handbook, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.
C. various pagings.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Workshop Report on EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk
Assessment: Use of Human Evidence: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
EPA/625/3-90/017, 98 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Biological Data for Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Risk Assessment.
For complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies,
p. 16.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Statistical Methods for Estimating Risk for Exposure above the
Reference Dose (Project Summary). For complete reference, see Statistical Analyses of Environmental
Data, General References, p. 43.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Research and
Development, 1990, Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to
Combustor Emissions: Interim Final Report: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio,
various pagings.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Health Advisories for 50 Pesticides: National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia, Document no. PB88-112543, various pagings.

United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and World Health Organization
(editors), 1976-1991, Environmental Health Criteria (Series): World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland.

Dates range from 1976 to 1991. Books in this series include: Titanium; Selected Radionuclides;
Hydrogen Sulfide; Arsenic; Selected Petroleum Products; Manganese; Nitrates, Nitrites, and N-
Nitroso Compounds; Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Terphenyls; Mercury; Lead; Photochemical
Oxidants; Sulfur Oxides and Suspended Particulate Matter; Carbon Disulfide; Oxides of Nitrogen;
Ultraviolet Radiation; Carbon Monoxide; Tin and Organotin Compounds; Chlorine and Hydrogen
Chloride; Styrene; Acrylonitrile; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D); Tetrachloroethylene;
Methylene Chloride; Epichlorohydrin; Chlordane; Tecnazene; Quintozene; Paraquat and Diquat;
Heptachlor, Endosulfan; Fluorine and Fluorides; Chlordecone; Mirex; Camphechlor; Acrylamide;
Trichloroethylene; Ammonia; Propylene Oxide; Ethylene Oxide; Kelevan; Tetradifon;
Organophosphorus Insecticides; Carbamate Pesticides; Asbestos; Selenium; Butanols, Four Isomers;
1,2-Dichloroethane; Pentachlorophenol; Dimethyl Sulfate; Hydrazine; Toluene Diisocyanates;
Diaminotoluene; Magnetic Fields; Chromium; Thiocarbamate Pesticides; Phosphine and Selected
Metal Phosphides; Man-made Mineral Fibres; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; Dithiocarbamate Pesticides;
Vanadium; Dichlorvos; DDT and its Derivatives; Cypermethrin; Resmethrins; Chlorophenols;
Methylmercury; Formaldehyde; Fenvalerate; D-Phenothrin; Permethrin; Tetramethrin;
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Dibenzofurane; Vinylidene Chloride; 2-Propanol; Fully

25

Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons; Barium; Selected Mycotoxins; Deltamethrin; Tricresyl
Phosphate; Tri-N-Butyl Phosphate; Methyl Isobuty] Ketone; Tributyltin Compounds; Triphenyl
Phosphate; Beryllium; 2-Methoxyethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, and their Acetates; Inorganic Mercury;
n-Hexane; Aldrin and Dieldrin; Hexachlorocyclopentadiene; Dimethylformamide; Aldicarb; Nickel;
Dimethoate; and Allethrins.

Yassi, A., M. Cheang, M. Tenebein, G. Bawden, J. Spiegel, and T. T. Redekop, 1991, An analysis of occupational
blood lead trends in Manitoba, 1979 through 1987. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 51.

Environmental Policy

Alier, J. M., 1991, Environmental Policy and Distributional Conflicts, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological
Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p. 118-137.

Alterman, R., and D. MacRae, Jr., 1983, Planning and policy analysis: Converging or diverging trends?: Journal of
the American Planning Association, v. 49, no. 2, Spring, p. 200.

Andrews, R. N. L., 1976, Environmental Policy and Administrative Change: Lexington Books, Lexington,
Massachusetts, 230 p.

Baumol, W. J., and W. E. Oates, 1979, Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Quality of Life: Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 377 p.

Baumol, W. J., and W. E. Oates, 1988, The Theory of Environmental Policy: Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 299 p.

A companion volume to Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Quality of Life, by the same
authors. Overviews environmental policy-making based on the economic theory of externalities.

Boulding, K. E., 1991, What Do We Want to Sustain?: Environmentalism and Human Evaluations, in Costanza, R.
(editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press,
NY, p. 22-31.

Bradbury, J. A., 1989, The policy implications of differing concepts of risk: Science, Technology, & Human Values,
v. 14, no. 4, p. 380-399.

Brown, L., 1991, Environmental Sustainable Development: Building on Brundtland, in Goodland, G. (editor), From
Growth to Sustainable Development: UNESCO, Paris, p. 80-86.

Carpenter, R. A., 1992, Limitations in Measuring Sustainability: United Nations University International Conference
on the Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-25, 1992, Washington D. C.

Costanza, R., H. E. Daly, and J. A. Bartholomew, 1991, Goals, Agenda and Policy Recommendations For Ecological
Economics, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability:
Columbia University Press, NY, p. 1-21.

Daly, H. E., 1989, Toward a Measure of Sustainable Social Net National Development, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy,
and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 8-9.

26

Daly, H., 1991, From Empty-World to Full World Economics: Recognizing an Historical Turning Point in
Economic Development, in Goodland, R. (editor), Environmental Sustainable Economic Development:
Building on Brundtland: Population Council, Oxford University Press, NY, p. 18-26.

Daly, H., 1991, Sustainable Development: From Concept and Theory to Operational Principles, in Davis, K., and
B. Makhail (editors), Resources, Environment and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options:
Population Council, Oxford University Press, NY, p. 25-44.

Daly, H, and Goodland, R., 1992, Approaching Global Environmental Sustainability: United Nations University
International Conference on the Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-25, 1992,
Washington D. C.

Hammitt, J. K., and S. Bruchey (editors), 1990, Probability Is All We Have: Uncertainties, Delays and
Environmental Policy-Making, in The Environment: Problems and Solutions; A Collection of New
Studies and Outstanding Dissertations on Current Issues (Series), New York, Garland Publishing, Inc.,
291 p.

This book focuses on improving methods for environmental policy-making and decision-making
methodologies. Discusses uncertainties about “outcomes,” or the physical and social
consequences of a policy, and uncertainties about "values", or social preferences among
outcomes. Delaying decision-making may reduce uncertainty levels, but will allow more serious
environmental degradation and increase the cost of protection. Discusses environmental policy
analysis in terms of three issues: 1) stratospheric ozone depletion; 2) health risks associated
with pesticide residues on foods; 3) potential global climate change.

National Academy of Sciences, 1991, Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming-Synthesis Panel: National
Academy Press, Washingtion, D. C.

Nijpels, E. (Minister), 1989, National Planning: To Choose or to Lose: Department for Information and
International Relations, Netherlands.

Pearce, D., A. Markandya, and E. Barbier, 1989, Blueprint for a Green Economy: Earthscan Piblications,
London.

Steele, R. V., et al., 1979, Leading Trends in Environmental Regulation That Affect Energy Development: U. S.
Department of Energy, Washington, D. C., DOE/EV-01682, 318 p.

Discussion of environmental regulations that could impact the Department of Energy s future
programs and emerging technologies.

World Resource Institute and United Nations Environment Programme, 1992, World Resources 1992-93: Oxford
University Press, NY, p. 1-384.

Public Perceptions Toward Environmental Issues and Risk Analysis

Cardinal, E. A., 1991, Risky business: Communicating risk for the government: Environmental Science and
Technology, v. 25, no. 12, p. 1983-1985.

Addresses the gap between the scientists’ and the public’s perceptions of risk, and offers
suggestions on overcoming this problem when communicating risk to the public.

27

Craik, K. H., and E. H. Zube (editors), 1976, Perceiving Environmental Quality: Research and Applications, Plenum
Press, New York, v. 9, 310 p.

This publication reports on a series of research workshops that examined the place of
environmental perception in a comprehensive system of indices for assessing and monitoring trends
in environmental quality. Discusses the development of Perceived Environmental Quality Indices
(PEQI) for use in scenic and recreational environments, residential and institutional environments,
and air, water and sonic environments. Includes reviews of methodological issues, analyses of
policy and procedural issues, and examination of research needs.

Dunlap, R. E., 1991, Trends in public opinion toward environmental issues: 1965-1990: Society and Natural
Resources, v. 4, p. 285-312.

Follows the trends in public support for environmental action and discusses the implications for
the environmental movement.

Freudenburg, W. R., 1988, Perceived risk, real risk: Social science and the art of probabilistic risk assessment. For
complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 11.

Frey, R. S., 1990, Assessing and Communicating Health Risks: The Case of Meat/Fat Consumption, Agricultural
Experiment Station Bulletin, Manhattan, Kansas, v. 658, p. 1-21.

Hammond, K. R., and D. Victor, 1988, Annotated Bibliography for Risk Perception and Risk Communication: Center
for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 247 p.

This annotated bibliography is divided into three sections: 1) risk perception; 2) risk
communication; and 3) health-related risk communication. It includes a complete citation index and

references for general texts not included in the bibliography.

Johnson, B. B., and V. T. Covello (editors), 1987, The Social Construction of Risk Technology, Risk and Society:
D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 403 p.

Kerr, R., 1991, US Bites Greenhouse Bullet and Gags: Science, p. 868.

National Academy of Sciences, 1991, Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming-Synthesis Panel: National
Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

O'Riordan, T., 1982, Risk-perception studies and policy priorities: Risk Analysis, v. 2, p. 95-100.

Otway, H., and K. Thomas, 1982, Reflections on risk perception and policy: Risk Analysis, v. 2, p. 69-82.

Environmental Models

Bhowmik, N. G., M. Demissie, D. T. Soong, A. Klock, N. R. Black, D. L. Gross, T. W. Sipe, and P. G. Risser,
1984, Conceptual Models of Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois. Volume I. Project Summary; Volume
II. Level II Models, Model Interactions, Keywords, and Bibliography: Illinois Scientific Surveys Joint
Report 1, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, 390 p.

28

Overview of a program that created 11 conceptual models (one general and 10 of specific
environmental subsystems) in order to analyze erosion and sedimentation processes in Illinois. Also
provides information on future research needs and data gaps.

Bignoli, G., and E. Sabbioni, 1984, Environmental assessment of arsenic released from potential pollution sources.
For complete reference, see Electricity Generation/Coal and Nuclear Power Plants/Radiation Hazards,
p. 122.

Bird, S. L., M. Cheplick, and D. S. Brown, 1991, Preliminary Testing, Evaluation and Sensitivity Analysis for the
Terrestrial Ecosystem Exposure Assessment Model (TEEAM) (Project Summary): Environmental Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, EPA/600/S3-91/019, 3 p.

Documents an initial testing and sensitivity analysis of the TEEAM. Calculates the exposure
concentrations of plants and animals to contaminants in terrestrial ecosystems. Complete report
entitled: "Preliminary testing, evaluation and sensitivity analysis for the terrestrial exposure
assessment model (TEEAM). NTIS PB91-161 711/AS.

Bognér, S., 1989, Quasi-2D Transport and Morphological Forecasting, in Large River Systems, in Sediment
Transport Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana, August, 1989,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New Yor, p. 64-69.

Describes use of QUATMORT quasi-2D morphological and transport model in forecasting river
bed changes in large river systems.

Chen, J. C., 1978, Application of Modeling Techniques to the Study and Forecasting of Energy Needs, Energy
Supply, Environmental Impacts, the Assessment of New Technology, and Alternatives: Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 227 p.

Ph.D. thesis on developing an aggregate level mathematical model of the U. S. energy situation.
This model would be used in assessing current trends and the resultant environmental impacts, as
well as in forecasting future energy needs and potential environmental impacts.

Cox, W. M., H. W. Rorex, and G. K. Moss, 1985, Evaluation of Rural Air Quality Simulation Models: Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/4-83-003a and EPA-450/4-83-003b, various pagings
(microfiche).

Donigian, A. S., Jr., D. W. Meier, and P. P. Jowise, 1986, Stream Transport and Agricultural Runoff of Pesticides
for Exposure Assessment: A Methodology (Part A: Text and Appendices A-F). For complete reference, see
Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 20.

Fange, L., K. W. Hipel, and D. M. Kilgour, 1988, The graph model approach to environmental conflict resolution:
Journal of Environmental Management, v. 27, p. 195-212.

Fedra, K., 1983, Environmental Modeling Under Uncertainty: Monte Carlo Simulation: International Institute for
Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Document no. RR-83-28, 78 p.

Describes the use of Monte Carlo simulation when data gaps and uncertainty exist. Assessment of
model reliability and predictive accuracy of models using Monte Carlo methods is addressed.

29

Fenhann, J., H. Larsen, G. A. MacKenzie, and B. Rasmussen (editors), 1990, Environmental Models: Emissions and
Consequences, in Proceedings, Riso International Conference, Sponsored by the Commission of the
European Communities, May 22-25, 1989: Developments in Environmental Modelling, Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 15, 489 p.

Theoretical and applied perspectives on the linking of emissions and emission reductions to
environmental consequences.

Holcomb Research Institute, Butler University, for the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 1976,
Environmental Modeling and Decision Making: The United States Experience: Praeger Publishers, New
York, 151 p.

The authors present an evaluation of the current state of environmental modeling in the U. S., as
well as an assessment of the use of these models in the U. S. decision-making process. The text
includes a case study on air pollution models for Chicago and their impact on city and state
environmental policies.

Jorgensen, S. E. (editor), 1984, Modelling the Fate and Effect of Toxic Substances in the Environment, in
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the International Society for Ecological Modelling (ISEM),
Copenhagen, Denmark, June 6-10, 1983: Developments in Environmental Modelling, Elsevier Science
Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 6, 342 p.

A collection of papers concentrating on the theoretical aspects of environmental modeling. Deals
with parameter estimation, modified linkage models, and error analysis.

Jorgensen, S. E., 1986, Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling: Developments in Environmental Modelling, Elsevier
Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 9, 389 p.

In-depth overview of ecological modeling, in particular, and conceptual modeling, in general.

Jorgensen, S. E. (editor), 1990, Modelling in Ecotoxicology: Developments in Environmental Modelling, Elsevier
Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 16, 353 p.

The first half of the book is a thorough overview of ecotoxicological modeling. It begins with an
introduction discussing the need for ecotoxicological modeling and ends with a discussion of,
applicable methodologies. The second half of the book is comprised of case studies. Three are
relevant to CTAP. Ch. 7 discusses the use of simple regression analysis to model the distribution
of chromium at a site. Ch. 12 is a case study of the analysis of atmospheric transport of sulfur
dioxide using a diffusion model called DIMULA. This project was part of a larger project where
the goal was to analyze and assess the impact of energy systems on the environment and on human
welfare. Ch. 13 describes the use of a contaminant-fate model to characterize the effects of four
chlorobenzenes on the aquatic ecosystem.

Marani, A. (editor), 1988, Advances in Environmental Modelling: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the
International Society for Ecological Modelling (ISEM), Venice, Italy, June 22-26, 1987: Developments in
Environmental Modelling, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 13, 691 p.

Collection of papers on environmental modeling. The applications presented are diverse and include
wetland, hydrological, and terrestrial modeling. Also discussed is the impact of modeling on the
regulatory decision-making process.

30

McClenny, W. A., K. D. Oliver, and J. D. Plell, 1989, A field strategy for sorting volatile organics into source-
related groups: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 23, no. 11, p. 1373-1379.

A new monitoring strategy, referred to as temporal profile analysis (TPA), has been developed.
This monitoring strategy appears to be a direct and practical means to identify site-specific local
sources and to improve mortality risk assessment.

Miller, C., 1978, Exposure Assessment Modeling: A State-of-the-Art Review: Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, EPA-600/3-
78-065, 57 p.

Overview of then current exposure assessment modeling methodology. Concludes that while a great
deal of work has been done on modeling environmental fate, much less has been done on modeling
exposure and the effects of exposure.

Mitsch, W. J., M. Straskraba, and S. E. Jorgensen (editors), 1988, Wetland Modelling: Developments in
Environmental Modelling, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 12, 227 p.

Diverse collection of papers intended to provide the reader with an overview of wetland modeling.
The importance of wetland modeling lies in the quantitative understanding realized by such efforts.
This understanding allows scientists to better predict the behavior and responses of wetland
ecosystems.

Mulkey, L. A., R. F. Carsel, and C. N. Smith, 1986, Development, Testing, and Applications of Nonpoint Source
Models for Evaluation of Pesticides Risk to the Environment, in Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution:
Model Selection and Application: Developments in Environmental Modeling, Elsevier Applied Science
Publishers B.V, New York, v. 10, New York, p. 383-397.

Pistikopoulos, P., P. Masclet, and G. Mouvier, 1990, A receptor model adapted to reactive species: polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons; evaluation of source contributions in an open urban site--I. Particle compounds:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 24A, no. 5, p. 1189-1197.

Contributions from three urban sources of PAHs: domestic heating, petrol vehicles and diesel
vehicles, were evaluated for various times of year and various times of day. The contributions were
calculated by chemical mass balance from histograms of six PAHs that are present in the
atmosphere only in particle form. The urban site studied (Paris, France) is an open site, well suited
to the use of a piston reactor model.

Russell, C. S. (editor), 1975, Ecological Modeling in a Resource Management Framework, in Proceedings of a
Symposium Sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Resources for the
Future: Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D. C., RFF Working Paper QE-1, 394 p.

Resource management models involve the ranking of sets of management options according to a
given economic criterion. Emphasis on using models not as research tools, but as decision-making
guides. Discusses several specific aquatic ecosystem models, and the general applications of these
types of models to common problems in the area of aquatic ecology. Discusses the process of
model development: 1) conceptualization; 2) running through functional representation; 3)
computational representation; 4) calibration; 5) verification; 6) documentation.

Scheff, P. A., R. A. Wadden, B. A. Bates, and P. F. Aronian, 1989, Source fingerprints for receptor modeling of
volatile organics. For complete reference, see Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), p. 101.

31

Shaeffer, D. L., 1979, A Model Evaluation Methodology Applicable to Environmental Assessment Models: Health
and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Document no.
ORNL-5507, 33 p.

Presents a methodology for determining the adequacy of environmental assessment models.

Shukla, J. B., T. G. Hallam, and V. Capasso (editors), 1987, Mathematical Modelling of Environmental and
Ecological Systems, in Proceedings, International Symposium on Mathematical Modelling of Ecological,
Environmental and Biological Systems, August 27-30, 1985, Kanpur, India: Developments in Environmental
Modelling, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v. 11, 254 p.

A compilation of papers presented at a symposium on mathematical modeling. The topics vary
from air and water pollution, to ecology, to environmental management.

Smith, J. H., et al., 1977, Environmental Pathways of Selected Chemicals in Freshwater Systems Part I: Background
and Experimental Procedures. For complete reference, see Aquatic Toxicology, p. 62.

Stevenson, D. E., 1989, Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities. For complete reference, see Risk Assessment
and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 15.

Tveten, U., 1990, Review of the Chronic Exposure Pathway Models in MACCS and Several Other Well-Known
Probabilistic Risk Assessment Models: Division of Systems Research, Office of Nuclear Regulatory
Research, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D. C., NUREG/CR-5377.

Applications of Environmental Software Programs and Databases

Ambrose, R. B., and T. O. Barnwell, Jr., 1989, Environmental software at the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, Environmental Software, v. 4, no. 2, p. 76-93.

AXUM, 1992, Technical Graphics and Data Analysis: TriMetrix, Inc., 444 NE Ravenna Boulevard, Seattle, WA,
p. 333-338.

Fisher, J. E., N. D. Cox, and C. L. Atwood, 1984, BURYIT/ANALYZ, a Computer Package for Assessment of
Radiological Risk of Low-level Radioactive Waste Land Disposal: U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
Washington, D. C., NUREG/CR-3994, 67 p.

User’s guide to a program that performs risk assessments of low-level waste shallow-land burial
sites. As of this guide’s publication in 1984, the program was only partially completed.

Fraser, N. M., and K. W. Hipel, 1988, Using the DecisionMaker computer program for analyzing environmental
conflicts: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 27, p. 213-228.

Jandel, 1992, SIGMAPLOT: Scientific Graph System: Jandel Scientific, Sausalito, CA.
Klee, A. J., 1990, MOUSE (Modular Oriented Uncertainty SystEm): A Computerized Uncertainty Analysis System

(Project Summary): Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/Si-89/102, NTIS PB 90-501370/AS, 6 p.

32

MOUSE deals with the problem of uncertainties in models that consist of one or more algebraic
equations. Use of MOUSE within EPA includes studying the migration of pollution plumes in
streams, establishing regulations for hazardous wastes in landfills, and estimating pollution control
costs. Complete report (paper copy and diskette) entitled: "MOUSE (Modular Oriented Uncertainty
SystEm): a computerized uncertainty analysis system".

Lafond, G., Institute for Risk Research, 1988, Risk Assessment and Management: Emergency Planning Perspectives.
For complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies,

p. 13.

Lawson, D. R., 1990, The southern California air quality study. For complete reference, see Air Quality, General
References, p. 85.

Lettenmaier, D. P., 1977, Detection of Trends in Stream Quality: Monitoring Network Design and Data Analysis.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Mackiewicz, M. C., 1989, Simple Trend Analysis and Graphical Presentation for Short-Term Forecasting of Ground
Water Contaminant Levels at Closed Facilities. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 49.

Merriam, D. F. (editor), 1968, Computer Applications in the Earth Sciences: Colloquium on Trend Analysis. For
complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 49.

Nemirovskky, E. A., 1990, Computer Applications in Resource Estimation: Prediction and Assessment for Metals
and Petroleum: Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Overview of SCANDING, a USSR computer system used in mineral forecasting.

Pelt, W. R., R. L. Bass, I. R. Kuo, and A. L. Blackard, 1991, Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model User’s
Manual (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1 p.
Document is a user’s guide for the computer program, "Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model".
Provides step-by-step guidance for using the program to estimate landfill air emissions. Complete
report (paper copy and diskettes) entitled "Landfill air emissions estimation model user’s manual."
NTIS PB 91-167 718/AS. Diskettes: PB 91-507 541/AS.

SYSTAT, 1992. SYSTAT: The System for Statistics: SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, IL.

Tarr, A. C., 1990, Assessment of Regional Earthquake Hazards and Risk Along the Wasatch Front, Utah. For
complete reference, see Seismic Risk, p. 111.

Tichenor, B. A., L. A. Sparks, J. B. White, and M. D. Jackson, 1990, Evaluating sources of indoor air pollution. For
complete reference, see Indoor Air Pollution, General References, p. 103.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1991, Aquatic Toxicity Information
Retrieval Data Base (ACQUIRE): U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, Tape no.
EPA/DF MT-92/019 (magnetic tape).

A compilation of data on the toxicity of over 5000 chemicals to aquatic plants and organisms.

Wilkinson, L., 1990, SYSTAT: the System for Statistics: SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, IL.

33

Yates, S. R., and M. V. Yates, 1990, Geostatistics for Waste Management: A Users Guide for the GEOPACK
(Version 1.0), Geostatistical Software System: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma, EPA/600/8-90/004, 70 p.

This is a rather brief manual for GEOPACK, a geostatistical software program. Specific
applications covered include fate and transport of contaminants,and the prediction of adverse
environmental effects.

Zimmermann, R. M., T. F. Kempe, and K. J. Donnelly, 1986, PATHWAY-II: A Computer Code for Radiological
Environmental Pathways Analysis. For complete reference, see Electricity Generation/Coal and Nuclear
Power Plants/Radiation Hazards, p. 125.

Data Quality and Reliability

Artz, R. S., and J. M. Miller, 1985, Analysis and Assessment of US-WMO Regional Precipitation Chemistry
Measurements (1972-1982), a Subset of the National Trends Network. For complete reference, see Air
Quality Statistics, p. 88.

Ballestra, S., D. Vas, J. J. Lopez, E. Holm, and P. Parsi, 1988, Analytical quality of environmental analysis: recent
results and future trends of the IAEA-ILMR’s analytical quality control programme: Environment
International, v. 14, no. 4, p. 277.

Chesson, J., J. J. Marois, and G. Bruening, 1990, Data Requirements for Environmental Risk Assessment: Risk
Assessment in Agricultural Biotechnology, Proceedings, International Conference, University of California
at Davis, August, 1988, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Oakland,
California, p. 164-167.

Cleveland, 1979, "Robust Locally-Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots": Journal of the American
Statistical Association, v. 74, p. 829-836.

Colombari, V. (editor), 1989, Reliability Data Collection and Use in Risk and Availability Assessment: Proceedings,
6th EuReData Conference, Siena, Italy, March 15-17, 1989, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, v. 14, 906 p.

Contains a paper on a modified linkage model. Also includes two articles on the merging of data
from heterogeneous sources-data fusion. Written with respect to system reliability, though these
three articles could be generally applicable to CTAP.

Comptroller General of the United States (editor), 1982, Problems in Air Quality Monitoring System Affect Data
Reliability: Report to the Congress, September 22, 1982, U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.
C., CED-82-101, 44 p.

Costanza, R., S. O. Funtowicz, and J. R. Ravetz, 1992, Assessing and communicating data quality in policy-relevant
research: Environmental Management, v. 16, no.1, January/February, p. 121-131.

Presents the NUSAP (numerical, unit, spread, assessment, pedigree) approach to determining and
coding or grading data quality.

Goodchild, M., and S. Gopal (editors), 1989, Accuracy of Spatial Databases: Taylor and Francis, United Kingdom,
290 p.

34

Hester, O. V., S. R. Brown, and C. D. Gentillon, 1988, Annotated Bibliography of Reliability and Risk Data
Resources: Office for Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data, Division of Safety Programs, U. S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D. C., NUREG/CR-5050, 180 p.

James, K. O. W., 1992, 1990 Quality Assurance Report, NADP/NTN Deposition Monitoring-CAL Operations,
January 1990 through December 1990: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Ft. Collins, CO, p. 16.

Lave, L. B., V. T. Covello, A. Moghissi, and V. R. R. Uppuluri, (editors), 1987, Uncertainty in Risk Assessment,
Risk Management and Decision-Making. For complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk
Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 13.

Lockard, J. M., 1987, Quality Assurance Report, NADP/NTN Deposition Monitoring, Laboratory Operations, Central
Analytical Laboratory, July 1978 through December 1983, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado
State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network, 1990, Quality Assurance Plan, NADP/NTN
Deposition Monitoring, (G. M. Aubertin, D. S. Bigelow, and B. A. Malo, editors), Natural Resource
Ecology Laboratory, Ft. Collins, CO.

Shearer, C. F., 1984, Geologic Hazards Data: Sources, Uses and Abuses, in Geologic Hazards Data: Proceedings,
17th Meeting of the Geoscience Information Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 17-20, 1982, p. 3-14.

Discussion of improper use of geologic data. Emphasizes the need to match data sources with the
analysis to be performed.

Tosta, N., 1992, Copyrights, service rights?: Geo Info Systems, February, p. 22-24, 31.
Discussion of spatial databases and copyright protection. Could be useful to CTAP for data management

information.

Wingender, H. J. (editor), 1986, Proceedings, 5th EuReDatA Conference on Reliability Data Collection and Use in
Risk and Availability Assessment, Heidelberg, Germany, April 9-11, 1986, Springer-Verlag, New York, 720

p.-

Economic Analyses

General References

Alfsen, K., T. Bye, and L. Lorentsen, 1987, Natural Resource Accounting and Analysis: The Norwegian Experience
1978-1986: Central Bureau of Statistics, Oslo, Norway.

Alfsen, K. H., K. A. Brekke, F. Brunvoll, H. Luras, K. Nyborg, and V. Saebo, 1992, Environmental Indicators:
Discussion Paper, Central Bureau of Statistics, Olso, Norway, 64 p.

Baumol, W. J., and W. E. Oates, 1979, Economics, Environmental Policy, and the Quality of Life. For complete
reference, see Environmental Policy, p. 25.

Baumol, W. J., and W. E. Oates, 1988, The Theory of Environmental Policy. For complete reference, see
Environmental Policy, p. 25.

a5

Bergstrom, J. C., 1990, Concepts and measures of the economic value of environmental quality: A review: Journal
of Environmental Management, v. 31, no. 3, October, p. 215-228.

Overview of methodologies available for assessing the economic value of environmental quality.
Bergstrom emphasizes the need for this values inclusion in benefit-cost analysis of public policies
regulating environmental quality.

Boulding, K. E., 1991, What Do We Want to Sustain?: Environmentalism and Human Evaluations, in Costanza, R.
(editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press,
NY, p. 22-31.

Braat, L. C., and I. Steetskamp, 1991, Ecological-Economic Analysis for Regional Sustainable Development, in
Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia
University Press, NY, p. 269-288.

Brown, L., 1991, Environmental Sustainable Development: Building on Brundtland, in Goodland, R. (editor), From
Growth to Sustainable Development: UNESCO, Paris, p. 80-86.

Carpenter, R. A., 1992, Limitations in Measuring Sustainability: United Nations University International Conference
on the Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-25, 1992, Washington D. C.

Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway, 1991, Natural Resources and the Environment 1990: Central Bureau of
Statistics, Olso, Norway.

Chandler, W., H. Geller, and M. Ledbetter, 1988, Energy Efficiency: A New Agenda: American Council for an
Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, D. C.

Chernick, P., and E. Caverhill, 1989, The Valuation of Externalities from Energy Production, Delivery, and Use, in
Report to the Boston Gas Company: Oceana Publications.

Cohen, S., J. Eto, C. Goldman, J. Beldock, and G. Crandall, 1990, A Survey of State PUC Activities to Incorporate
Environmental Externatities into Electric Utility and Regulation, Washington, D. C.

Costanza, R., H. E. Daly, and J. A. Bartholomew, 1991, Goals, Agenda and Policy Recommendations For Ecological
Economics, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability:
Columbia University Press, NY, p. 1-21.

Costanza, R., and H. Daly, 1992, Natural Capital and Sustainable Development: Conservation Biology, p. 37-46.

Cropper, M. L., and A. M. Freeman, III, 1990, Valuing Environmental Health Effects. For complete reference, see
Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 20.

Cropper, M. L., and W. E. Oates, 1990, Environmental Economics: A Survey, Discussion Paper QE90-14: Resources
for the Future, Washington, D. C., 116 p.

Provides a good overview of environmental economics. Begins with the theory of environmental
regulation and the development of environmental policy, then addresses measurement of the costs
and benefits of environmental programs. The paper also discusses methods for measuring the value
of improved environmental amenities, i.e. methods for measuring welfare effects of environmental
changes.

Daly, H., and J. Cobb, Jr., 1989, For the Common Good: Beacon Press.

Daly, H. E., 1991, Elements of Environmental Macroeconomics, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The
Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p. 32-46.

Damstadter, J., 1992, Energy Transitions: Resources, Washington, D. C., v. 106, p. 29-34.

Goldemberg, J., T. B. Johansson, A. K. N. Reddy, and R. H. Williams, 1988, Energy for a Sustainable World: Wiley
Eastern Limited, New Delhi, India.

Goodland, R., 1991, The Case that the World has Reached Limits, in Goodland, R. (editor), Environmental
Sustainable Economic Development: Building on Brundtland: UNESCO, Paris, p. 5-18.

Harrison, A., 1989, Introducing Natural Capital into the SNA, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors),
Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank, Washington, D. C., p. 19-25.

Heaton, G., R. Repetto, and R. Sobin, 1991, Transforming Technology: An agenda for Sustainable Growth in the
21st Century: World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C., 39 p.

Holling, C. S., 1992, Sustainability: The Cross-Scale Dimension: United Nations University International Conference
on the Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-25, 1992, Washington D. C.

Krutilla, J. V., and A. C. Fisher, 1975, The Economics of Natural Environments-Studies in the Valuation of
Commodity and Amenity Resources: Baltimore, Maryland, Published for Resources for the Future by the
Johns Hopkins University Press, 292 p.

This publication addresses the valuation, allocation, and management of natural resources. Effort
to incorporate the non-commercial or amenity resources of the natural environment into the body
of economic theory and application. Includes theoretical and applied analytical techniques for
addressing problems in the management of public lands/natural resources.

Leistritz, L. F., and S. H. Murdock, 1981, The Socioeconomic Impact of Resource Development: Methods for
Assessment, in Wolf, C. P. (editor), Social Impact Assessment Series: Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado,
v. 6, 286 p.

Overview of socioeconomic impact analysis methodology organized in sections on economic,
demographic, public service, fiscal, and social impact assessment. The text also discusses projection
models.

Levin, S. A., 1992, Scale and Sustainability: A Population and Community Perspective: United Nations University
International Conference on the Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-25, 1992,
Washington D. C.

Lovins, A., 1991, Energy, People and Industrialism, in K. Davis and B. Makhail (editors), Resources, Environment
and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options: Population Council, Oxford University Press, NY, p.
95-124.

Lutz, E., and S. El-Serafy, 1989, Recent Developments and Future Work, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz
(editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank, Washington, D. C.,
p. 88-92.

37

Lynd, L., J. Cushman, R. Nichols, and C. Wyman, 1991, Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass: Science, p. 1318-
1323.

Martinez-Alier, J., and K. Schlupmann (editors), 1987, Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society:
New York, Basil Blackwell, Ltd. 286 p.

McAllister, D. M., 1980, Evaluation in Environmental Planning: Assessing Environmental, Social, Economic, and
Political Trade-Offs: The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 308 p.

Considers the evaluation process in planning; the weighing of environmental factors against
economic considerations. Evaluation is the obtaining, organizing and weighing of information on
the consequences or impacts of alternatives. Discusses the development of systematic evaluative
procedures for public actions having important consequences for our natural environment.
Evaluation includes analysis and synthesis phases. Considers cost-benefit analysis as an evaluation
method. How to deal with intangible impacts. Discusses mathematical and statistical evaluation
methods as well.

Mikesell, R., 1991, Project Evaluation and Sustainable Development, in Goodland, R. (editor), Environmental
Sustainable Economic Development, p. 54-60.

Munasinghe, M., and J. McNealy, 1992, Key Concepts and Terminology of Sustainable Development: United
Nations University International Conference on the Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-
25, 1992, Washington D. C.

Norgaard, R. B., 1989, Linkages between Environmental and National Income Accounts, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy,
and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 54-58.

Norgaard, R., and R. B. Howarth, 1991, Sustainability and Discounting the Future, in Costanza, R. (editor),
Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p.
88-102.

O’Neil, R. V., C. Hunsaker, D. Jones, J. Klopatek, V. Dale, M. Turner, R. Gardner, and R. Graham, 1992,
Sustainability at Landscape and Regional Scales: United Nations University International Conference on the
Definition and Measurement of Sustainability, June 22-25, 1992, Washington D. C.

Protney, P. R., and M. L. Cropper, 1992, Discounting Human Lives: Resources, Washingtion D. C., p. 1-4.

Smith, V. K., 1989, Can We Measure the Economic Value of Environmental Amenities?: Resources for the Future,
Washington, D. C., Discussion Paper QE90-06, 36 p.

This paper discusses the emergence of economic analysis of environmental amenities, specifically
clean air, recreational resources and the existence of species and ecosystems. Smith discusses the
methodology, problems and progress associated with this type of analysis.

Tinbergen, J., and R. Hueting, 1991, GNP and Market Prices: Wrong Signals for Sustainble Economic Success the
Mask Environmental Destruction, in Goodland, R. (editor), Environmental Sustainable Development:
Building on Bruntland: UNESCO, Paris, p. 36-43.

Toman, M. A., 1992, The Difficulty in Defining Sustainability: Resources, Washington, D. C., v. 106, p. 3-7.

38

Whitehead, J. C., 1990, Measuring willingness-to-pay for wetlands preservation with the contingent valuation
method. For complete reference, see Wetlands, p. 169.

Environmental Accounting

Alier, J. M., and K. Schlupmann, 1987, Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society, Basil Blackwell
Ltd., NY.

Anielski, M., 1992, Accounting for Carbon Fixation by Alberta’s Forests and Peatlands: 1992 Meeting of the
International Society for Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden, p. 1-36.

Bartelmus, P., 1989, Environmental Accounting and the System of National Accounts, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy,
and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 79-87.

Blades, D. W., 1989, Measuring Pollution within the Framework of the National Accounts, in Ahmad, Y., S.
El-Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 26-31.

Brakat, M., and M. Chamberlain, 1989, Intergrating Environmental Issues into Electric Utility Planning: Oceana
Publications.

Christensen, P., 1991, Driving Forces, Increasing Returns and Ecological Sustainability, in Costanza, R. (editor),
Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p.
75-87.

Daly, H. E., 1989, Toward a Measure of Sustainable Social Net National Development, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy,
and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 8-9.

El-Serafy, S., 1989, The Proper Calculation of Income from Depletable Natural Resources, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-
Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 10-18.

El-Serafy, S., and E. Lutz, 1989, Environmental and Resource Accounting: An Overview, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-
Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 1-8.

Fuji, Y., 1991, CO2: A Balancing of Accounts: IIASA Options, December, 1991, p. 10-13.

Garnaasjordet, P., 1981, Ressursregnskap (Resource Accounts): Central Bureau of Statistics, Oslo, Norwaya.

Glantz, M., 1991, On the Interactions Between Climate and Society, in K. Davis, and B. Mikhail (editors),
Resources, Environment and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options: Population Council, Oxford
University Press, NY, p. 179-200.

Goldberg, E., 1991, Ocean Space: Use and Protection, in K. Davis, and B. Makhail (editors), Resources,

Environment and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options: Population Council, Oxford University
Press, NY, p. 221-237.

39

Hall, D., H. Mynick, and R. Williams, 1990, Carbon Sequestration Versus Fossil Fuel Substitution: University Press,
Princeton, NJ.

Hannon, B., 1991, Accounting in Ecological Systems, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The Science
and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p. 234-252.

Hardin, G., 1991, Paramount Positions in Ecological Economics, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The
Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p. 47-57.

Harrison, A., 1989, Introducing Natural Capital into the SNA, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors),
Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank, Washington, D. C., p. 19-25.

Hueting, R., 1989, Correcting National Income for Environmental Losses: Toward a Practical Solution, in Ahmad,
Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World
Bank, Washington, D. C., p. 32-39.

Lutz, E., and S. El-Serafy, 1989, Recent Developments and Future Work, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz
(editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank, Washington, D. C.,
p. 88-92.

Maler, K., 1991, National Accounts and Environmental Resources, Environmental and Resource Economics: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, v. 1, p. 1-15.

Mauldin, M., 1990, Intergrating Environmental Issues into Electric Utility Planning: Oceana Publications.

Norgaard, R. B., 1989, Linkages between Environmental and National Income Accounts, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy,
and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 54-58.

Page, T., 1991, Sustainability and the Problem of Valuation, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The
Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p. 58-75.

Peskin, H. M., 1989, A Proposed Environmental Accounts Framework, in Ahmad, Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz
(editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank, Washington, Dy
p. 65-78.

Peskin, H. M., 1991, Alternative Environmental and Resource Accounting Approaches, in Costanza, R. (editor),
Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p.
176-193.

Repetto, R., W. Margrath, M. Wells, C. Beer, and F. Rossini, 1989, Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the
Natural Income Accounts: World Resources Institute, Washington, D. C., 70 p.

Soderbaum, P., 1992, Neoclassical and Institutional Approaches to Development and the Environment, Ecological
Economics: Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p. 127-144.

Tisdell, C. A., 1991, Economics of Environmental Conservation: Economics for Environmental and Ecological
Management: Elsevier Science Publishers, NY, p. 1-234.

Ulanowicz, R. E., 1991, Contributory Values of Ecosystem Resources, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological
Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia University Press, NY, p. 253-268.

Cost-Benefit/Risk-Benefit Analysis

Braat, L. C., and I. Steetskamp, 1991, Ecological-Economic Analysis for Regional Sustainable Development, in
Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: Columbia
University Press, NY, p. 269-288.

DeAngelis, M., and S. Rashkin, 1989, The Social Benefits and Costs of Electricity Generation & End Use
Technologies: California Public Utility Commission.

El-Serafy, S., 1989, The Proper Calculation of Income from Depletable Natural Resources, in Ahmad, Y., S.
El-Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World Bank,
Washington, D. C., p. 10-18.

Freeman, A. M., III, 1982, Air and Water Pollution Control: A Benefit-Cost Assessment: New York, Wiley & Sons,
186 p.

Freeman, A. M. III, 1989, Benefit-Cost Analysis of Policies Toward Risk: Resources for the Future, Washington,
D. C., Discussion Paper QE89-13, 18 p.

Theoretical look at determining whether or not a risk reduction project creates a net economic
benefit. Discusses redistribution of risk and the behavior of benefits and costs in the face of
uncertainty.

Frey, R. S., 1990, Assessing and Communicating Health Risks: The Case of Meat/Fat Consumption: Agricultural
Experiment Station Bulletin, Manhattan, Kansas, v. 658, p. 1-21.

Green, C. H., 1987, Social choice and benefit-cost analysis, in Flood Hazard Management: British and International
Perspectives: Geo Books, Norwich, England, p. 219-244.

Presents problems associated with benefit-cost analysis and outlines attempts to overcome these
problems.

Hazilla, M., and R. J. Kopp, 1989, Social Cost of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium
Analysis: Resources for the Future, Washington, D. C., Discussion Paper QE89-11, 35 p.

Addresses fundamental flaws in regulatory agencies’ cost-benefit analyses. The agencies use
estimates of private cost to approximate social costs, but this paper shows that they are not nearly
equivalent. Other flaws cited are the agencies’ disregard for intertemporal consequences and
equilibrium effects.

Hubbard, H. M., 1991, The Real Cost of Energy: Scientific American, April, 1991, p. 36-41.

Hueting, R., 1989, Correcting National Income for Environmental Losses: Toward a Practical Solution, in Ahmad,
Y., S. El-Serafy, and E. Lutz (editors), Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development: The World
Bank, Washington, D. C., p. 32-39.

Hueting, R., 1991, Correcting National Income for Environmental Losses: A Practical Solution for A Theoretical
Dilemma, in Costanza, R. (editor), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability:
Columbia University Press, NY, p. 194-213.

41

Kates, R. W., 1978, Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard, Workshop on Comparative Risk Assessment of
Environmental Hazards in an International Context. For complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk
Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 13.

Kopp, R. J., 1992, The Role of Natural Assets in Economic Development: Resources, Washington, D. C., v. 106,
p. 7-11.

Kopp, R. J., and V. K. Smith, 1989, Benefit Estimation Goes to Court: The Case of Natural Resource Damage
Assessments: Resources for the Future, Washington, D. C., Discussion Paper QE89-09, 39 p.

This book discusses economic methods for assessing liability for natural resource damage at
CERCLA sites. The role of the courts is also examined.

Krupnick, A. J., 1992, Using benefit-cost analysis to prioritize environmental problems: Resources, no. 106, Winter,
p. 34-37.

Discusses the positive and negative aspects of using benefit-cost analysis to prioritize
environmental problems in developing nations.

McLean, A. E. M., 1981, Quantification of Biological Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Risks to Health from
Chemicals: Proceedings, Royal Society of London, A: The Assessment and Perception of Risk. For complete
reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 22.

Litchfield, J., and P. Schwartz, 1988, Application of Decision Analysis Modeling to the Development of Least-Cost
Regional Power Plants: NW Power Council, Portland, OR.

Masters, C., D. Root, and E. Attanasi, 1991, Resource Constraints in Petroleum Production Potential: Science, p.
146-152.

Pearce, D. W., 1981, Overview of Risk Assessment: Use and Misuse. For complete reference, see Risk Assessment
and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 14.

Ottinger, R., N. Robinson, S. Babb, D. Wooley, and D. Hodas, 1990, Environmental Externality Costs from Electric
Utility Operations: Oceana Publications.

Ottinger, R., D. Wooley, S. Hodas, N. Robinson, and S. Babb, 1990, Environmental Costs of Electricity: Oceana
Publications.

Sharma, H. D. (editor), 1990, Energy Alternatives: Benefits and Risks: International Symposium on the Total Risk
and Benefit Impact of Energy Alternatives, University of Waterloo, May 20-23, 1986, University of
Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Canada, 496 p.

Sheff, R. L., 1979, Environmental Benefits Assessment in Economic Impact Studies: A Review: Illinois Institute of
Natural Resources, Chicago, Illinois, Document no. 79/19, 51 p.

Study of a sample of economic impact studies performed for the Illinois Institute of Natural
Resources to evaluate their environmental benefit assessments.

U. S. Congress, 1980, Risk/Benefit Analysis in the Legislative Process: Summary of a Congress/Science Joint Forum,
96th Congress, Second Session, prepared by the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, for
the Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology of the Committee on Science and Technology, and

42

Space of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Washington, D.
C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 36 p.

U. S. House of Representatives, 1980, Comparative Risk Assessment, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Science,
Research, and Technology, Committee on Science and Technology, U. S. House of Representatives. For
complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 16.

Wilson, R., and E. Crouch, 1982, Risk-Benefit Analysis: Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
218 p.

Statistical Analyses of Environmental Data

General References

Butler, J. D., P. Crossley, and D. M. Colwill, 1982, Predicting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in
urban aerosols by linear multiple regression analysis: Environmental Pollution (Part B), v. 3, no. 2, p.
109-123.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels at two urban sites (one with heavy and one with light
traffic) were related to meteorological conditions and analyzed via linear multiple regression
analysis.

Draper, N. R., and H. Smith, 1981, Applied Regression Analysis: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

El-Shaarawi, A. H., and E. Damsleth, 1988, Parametric and nonparametric tests for dependent data: Water Resources
Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 513-519.

Simulation and analytical results show that ignoring serial dependence can have serious effects on
the performance of the t, sign, and Wilcoxen tests. In particular, the true significance levels of
these tests are altered significantly from the intended nominal levels. Modifications for these tests
are given and shown to have the correct significance levels.

Eynon, B. P., 1988, Statistical analysis of precipitation chemistry measurements over the eastern United States. Part
II: Kriging analysis of regional patterns and trends: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 27, no. 12,
December, p. 1334-1343.

The regional patterns and time trends of free acidity and inorganic chemical constituents in
precipitation were investigated using a new archive of daily precipitation chemistry measurements
for the eastern United States. This archive contains data from three networks during the period
1979-1983, and consists of approximately 10,000 precipitation samples.

Hipel, K. W., 1988, Nonparametric approaches to environmental impact assessment: Water Resources Bulletin, v.
24, no. 3, June, p. 487-492.

Introduction to nine monograph papers on nonparametric approaches to environmental impact
assessment. Discusses nonparametric tests and developments in nonparametric modeling.

Hirsch, R. M., 1988, Statistical methods and sampling design for estimating step trends in surface-water quality:
Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 493-503.

43

Addresses two components of the problem of estimating the magnitude of step trends in surface
water quality. The first is finding a robust estimator appropriate to the data characteristics expected
in water-quality time series. Second, the effectiveness of various sampling strategies are examined
using Monte Carlo simulation coupled with application of this estimator.

Hopke, P. K., N. Johnson, and D. Staske, 1988, Statistical Analysis of the Background Air Quality Data Obtained
for Champaign-Urbana, Illinois: prepared for the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources.

Examines the impact of coal-burning by the Abbott Power Plant, University of IJinois at Urbana-
Champaign, on the local urban environment. Dispersion modeling studies were done using EPA’s
single source CRSTER model (Friedland, 1984).

Joynt, M. I., P. A. McCormick, and G. D. V. Williams, 1975, Regression analyses of Canadian prairie crop-district
cereal yields, 1961-1972, in relation to weather, soil and trend: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, v. 55, no.
1, February, p. 43.

Lipfert, F. W., 1980, Statistical studies of mortality and air pollution: Multiple regression analyses stratified by age
_group: Science of the Total Environment, v. 15, no. 2, p. 103-122.

Statistical analysis of the association between excess mortality by age group and ambient levels
of manganese and total suspended particulates (TSPs).

Olsen, A. R., and S. E. Wise, 1982, Frequency Analysis of Pesticide Concentrations for Risk Assessment (Franko
Model): Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, 116 p.

Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1980, Statistical Methods: The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 7th
edition, p. 192.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, 1990, Statistical Methods
for Estimating Risk for Exposure above the Reference Dose (Project Summary): U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA/600/S8-90/065.

A statistical method has been developed that provides a risk estimate for noncarcinogenic effects
at a given dose. The method uses a categorical regression procedure to model severity of effect as
it relates to experimental dose. Complete report entitled "Statistical methods for estimating for
exposure above the reference dose. " NTIS PB 90-261 504/AS.

Verly, G., M. David, A. G. Journel, and A. Marechal (editors), 1984, Geostatistics for Natural Resources
Characterization, Parts 1 and 2, in Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Proceedings, NATO
Advanced Study Institute on Geostatistics for Natural Resource Characterization, Stanford Sierra Lodge,
South Lake Tahoe, California, September 6-17, 1983: D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland,
v. 122, 1091 p.

Part | contains papers on several applied geostatistics topics, including a section on kriging. Very
mathematical--could be a good data analysis source for CTAP. Part 2 contains a wide variety of
applied geostatistics papers. Of particular interest to CTAP is the section on geostatistical
applications for pollution control, and the many references to kriging.

Vinzani, P. G., and P. J. Lamb, 1985, Temporal and spatial visibility variations in the Illinois vicinity during
1949-1980. For complete reference, see Visibility, p. 93.

Trends Analysis

Avara, E. P., and B. T. Miers, 1971, Comparison of Linear Trends in Time Series Data Using Regression Analysis:
Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, Army Electronics Command, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico,
Document no. ECOM-5403, 44 p.

Under the assumption that each of two sets of time series data contains a linear trend and
stationary Gaussian autocorrelated noise, equations are developed to test the null hypothesis that
the trends are the same.

Baldys, S., 1991, Trend analysis of selected water-quality constituents in the Verde River Basin, central Arizona:
U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, Water Resources Investigation, Document no. 90-4128, 55 p.

Beardsley, J. W., 1976, Fog on the Central California Coast for 1973, Analysis of Trends: M.S. thesis, Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. 117 p.

Surface visibility data for selected stations on the central California coast in 1973 are analyzed.
Radiosonde data from Oakland for the same period are used to derive meteorological indices.

Benkovitz, C. M., 1992, Trends analysis of vegetation exposure indices in rural areas of the U. S.: Atmospheric
Environment, v. 26A, no. 6, p. 1121-1136.

Berryman, D., B. Bobee, D. Cluis, and J. Haemmerli, 1988, Nonparametric tests for trend detection in water quality
time series: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 545-556.

A review of nonparametric tests for trend leads to the conclusion that Mann-Whitney, Spearman,
and Kendall tests are the best choices for trend detection in water quality time series.

Bisking, R. D., 1984, Statistical/Trend Analysis of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Model: M.S. thesis,
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 109 p.

Cechova, I., and E. M. Davis, 1973, Trend surface analysis and seasonal distribution patterns of primary nutrients
and chlorophyll in unstratified Gulf Coast estuaries: Water Resources Research, v. 9, no. 6, December, p.
1543.

Chock, D. P., R. W. Herrman, and S. Kumar, 1982, An analysis of trends in oxidant air quality in the South Coast
Air Basin of California: Atmospheric Environment, v. 16, no. 11, p. 2615-2630.

Clarke, A. G., D. R. Lambert, and M. J. Willison, 1990, Trends in particulate deposition and precipitation chemistry
at Leeds, U. K., Atmospheric Environment Part B: Urban Atmosphere, v. 24B, no. 1, p. 159-169.

Craig, C. D., W. P. Lowry, and D. Faulkenberry, 1980, The application of ridit analysis to detect trends in visibility:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 14, no. 10, p. 1205.

Discussions on "The application of ridit analysis to detect trends in visibility". Original article
appears in Atmospheric Environment, v. 13, no. 12.

Davenport, T. E., 1982, Water Resources Data and Preliminary Trend Analysis for the Blue Creek Watershed
Project, Pike County, Illinois, Phase I and Phase IJ: Division of Water Pollution Control, Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois, IEPA/WPC/82-008 (Phase I), 127 p.; IEPA/WPC/82-
008 (Phase II), 173 p.

45

The primary purpose of this monitoring and evaluation project was to determine the actual yield
of pollutants from a variety of agricultural practices to downstream receiving water, and examine
their effect upon the water quality and reasonable uses of the water resources. These reports present
and briefly interpret preliminary trends in water quality data collected from project inception
through September 30, 1981 as part of the Blue Creek Watershed project.

Davenport, T. E., and M. H. Kelly, 1982-1986, Water Resource Data and Preliminary Trend Analysis for the
Highland Silver Lake Monitoring and Evaluation Project, Madison County, Illinois, Phase I (1982), Phase
II (1983), Phase III (1984), and Phase IV, (1986): Division of Water Pollution Control, Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois, EPA/WPC/82-010 (Phase I), 139 p.; IEPA/WPC/83-
013 (Phase II), 160 p.; IEPA/WPC/84-030 (Phase III), 245 p.; IEPA/WPC/86-001 (Phase IV), 209 p.

This report is a product of the Comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation Program for the
Highland Silver Lake Watershed. Purpose of this report is to present and briefly interpret trends
in water quality data collected from project inception through March 31, 1983, as part of the
Highland Silver Lake project. The primary purpose of this monitoring and evaluation project is to
determine the impacts of the Rural Clean Water Project on the water resources of the watershed.
Report on Phase IV is a product of the Comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation Program for
Highland Silver Lake Watershed and summarizes over three years of water quality and loading data
gathered at the watershed and field level. Another purpose of the project is to evaluate the
effectiveness of various agricultural resource management strategies in controlling non-point source
pollution.

Delcourt, H. R., and W. F. Harris, 1980, Carbon budget of the southeastern U. S. biota: analysis of historical change
in trend from source to sink: Science, v. 210, no. 4467, October 17, p. 321-324.

Documentation of settlement patterns and deforestation in the southeastern U. S. allows evaluation
of regional carbon dynamics since 1750.

Edwards, D., and B. C. Coull, 1987, Autoregressive trend analysis: An example using long-term ecological data:
Oikos, v. 50, no. 1, September, p. 95.

Faoro, R. B., and J. A. Manning, 1981, Trends in benzo(a)pyrene 1966-77: Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, v. 31, no. 1, p. 62-64.

Analysis of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) emissions trends in 26 U. S. cities over the 12-year period from
1966-1977.

Faulkenberry, G. D., and C. D. Craig, 1979, The application of ridit analysis to detect trends in visibility:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 13, no. 12, p. 1617-1622.

Ferguson, G. A., 1965, Nonparametric Trend Analysis: McGill University Press, Montreal, 61 p.

Fernando, R., 1987, Lake Erie Central Basin total phosphorus trend analysis from 1968 to 1982: Journal of Great
Lakes Research, v. 13, no. 4, p. 667-674.

Total phosphorus data from 1968 to 1982 in the Lake Erie Central Basin trend study area were
analyzed to determine in-lake responses to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Phosphorus
Loading Reduction Program.

Gerrodette, T., 1987, A power analysis for detecting trends: Ecology, v. 68, no. 5, October, p. 1364-1372.

46

Glasser, J. E., 1985, Successional trends on tree islands in the Okefenokee Swamp as determined by interspecific
association analysis: American Midland Naturalist, v. 113, no. 2, April, p. 287.

Henderson, S. E., and M. A. Lopez, 1989, Trend Analysis of Lake Parker Stage and Relation to Various Hydrologic
Factors, 1950-86, Lakeland, Florida: U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, Document no. USGS/WRI-
89-4037, 19 p.

Analyzes existing data on lake stage, groundwater levels, public water supply pumpage, and
climatic data to determine: if Lake Parker stage is in a long-term declining trend, and if any
detected trends are occurring only at Lake Parker, or are typical of regional trends. Scope of the
investigation included statistical analyses of hydrologic data collected at Lake Parker and other sites
within a 30 mile radius.

Hendrey, G. R., C. G. Hoogendyk, and N. F. Gmur, 1984, Analysis of Trends in the Chemistry of Surface Waters
of the United States. Annual Report for NAPAP Projects E1-8 and E2-11. Final Report for IAG no.
DW89930347-01-0. Volume 1, BNL-34956-V. 2. Appendix III, Trend List. Volume 2, BNL-34956-V. 2:
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, v. 1, 205 p.; v. 2, 359 p.

The Acidification Chemistry Information Database (ACID) was established to analyze regional and
national effects of acid deposition on surface waters. Linear trend analysis of the data showed SO,
and H concentrations declining and alkalinity increasing in the New England-New York region.
Volume 2 contains a complete list of trend analyses on all 6117 stations in ACID for which
adequate data are available. Adequate data were defined as at least 10 measurements on the
variable of interest representing at least five years.

Hipel, K. W., A. I. McLeod, and R. R. Weiler, 1988, Data analysis of water quality time series in Lake Erie: Water
Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 533-544.

Comprehensive data analysis study is carried out for detecting trends and other statistical
characteristics in water quality time series measured in Long Point Bay, Lake Erie.

Hirsch, R. M., J. R. Slack, and R. A. Smith, 1982, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data,
Paper #1W1744: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 1, February, p. 107-121.

Some of the characteristics that complicate the analysis of water quality time series are non-normal
distributions, seasonality, flow relatedness, missing values, values below the limit of detection, and
serial correlation. Presented here are techniques that are suitable in the face of the complications
listed above for the exploratory analysis of monthly water quality data for monotonic trends.

Hughes, J. P., and S. P. Millard, 1988, A tau-like test for trend in the presence of multiple censoring points: Water
Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 521-531.

Hughes, V. M. P., A. L. Podio, and K. Sepehrmoori, 1990, A computer-assisted analysis of trends among Gulf Coast
blowouts: In Situ, v. 14, no. 2, p. 201.

Jensen, A., and Z. Cheng, 1987, Statistical analysis of trend monitoring data of heavy metals in flounder (Platichthys
flesus): Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 18, no. 5, May, p. 230.

Kessler, .C. J., T. H. Porter, D. Firth, T. W. Sager, and M. W. Hemphill, 1992, Factor analysis of trends in Texas
acidic deposition: Atmospheric Environment, v. 26A, no. 6, p. 1137-1146.

47

Khalil, M. A. K., R. A. Rasmussen, and M. J. Shearer, 1989, Trends of atmospheric methane during the 1960s and
1970s: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, no. D15, December, p. 18,279-18,288.

Sporadic measurements of atmospheric methane, using gas chromatography, have been taken since
the early 1960s. Analyzes these measurements to estimate the trends of methane between 1960 and
1980.

Koehler, U., K. Wege, R. Hartmannsgruber, and H. Claude, 1988, Comparative Assessment of Various Instruments
for Atmospheric Ozone Monitoring and Trend Analysis. For complete reference, see Ozone, p. 98.

Komeiji, J., K. Aoki, V. Koyama, and T. Okita, 1990, Trends of air quality and atmospheric deposition in Tokyo:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 24A, no. 8. p. 2099-2104.

Article summarizes trends in Tokyo’s air quality over the last 20 years and addresses the factors
that contributed to the changes (both positive and negative) in air quality.

Korsog, P. E., and G. T. Wolff, 1991, An examination of urban ozone trends in the northeastern U. S. (1973-1983)
using a robust statistical method: Atmospheric Environment, v. 25B, no. 1, p. 47-57.

Summary of a study conducted to determine ozone trends in eight metropolitan areas. The article
gives a detailed description of the statistical methodology used in their trends analysis. The authors
also discuss in detail the reasons behind the choice of certain statistical procedures. Effects of the
changes in the late 1970s in ozone calibration methodology and of meteorology on the trends were
examined as well. The study determined that there was a decrease of a few parts per billion per
year in ozone at most of the urban centers studied.

Kuo, M., 1975, Precipitation Trend and Storm Analysis in Colorado: M.S. thesis, Colorado State University,
Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, Colorado, 73 p.

Precipitation trends in Colorado were studied statistically using 56 years of data collected at 61
Stations. 80% of the annual volume of water was found to be produced by 30% of the storms.

Lee, D. O., 1985, A preliminary analysis of long-term visibility trends in central Scotland: Journal of Climatology,
v. 5, no. 6, November-December, p. 673.

Lefohn, A. S., and D. S. Shadwick, 1991, Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located
in the United States: Atmospheric Environment, v. 25A, no. 2, p. 491-501.

Investigation of the existence of trends for ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide at rural sites
in the U. S.

Lettenmaier, D. P., 1977, Detection of Trends in Stream Quality: Monitoring Network Design and Data Analysis:
Department of Ecology, Washington State, Olympia, Washington, Document no. HHL-TRS51, 181 p.

This report is the result of a study funded by the Washington State Dept. of Ecology (DOE) to
conduct a theoretical review of DOE s existing ambient stream quality monitoring program (Part
I) and to analyze certain records from the existing network for possible trends (Part II). A
computer program was developed to assist in the data analysis. Description and documentation
included.

48

Lettenmaier, D. P., 1988, Multivariate nonparametric tests for trend in water quality: Water Resources Bulletin, v.
24, no. 3, June, p. 505-512.

Lettenmaier, D. P., E. R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K. B. Faris, 1991, Trends in stream quality in the continental
United States, 1978-1987: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 3, March, p. 327-339.

Nonparametric seasonal Kendall s test, and a related multivariate test were used to analyze 403
National Stream Quality Accounting Network stations for trend, for the period from 1978-1987.

Lewis, R., D. Nychka, G. Reinsel, G. C. Tiao, and M. N. Wang, 1981, Statistical analysis of stratospheric ozone data
for the detection of trends: Atmospheric Environment, v. 15, no. 9, p. 1569-1577.

Lindsay, R. W., J. L. Richardson, and W. L. Chameides, 1989, Ozone trends in Atlanta, Georgia: Have emission
controls been effective? For complete reference, see Ozone, p. 98.

Lin Jiumn, W., 1979, TSP Air Quality Trend Analysis for Chicago, in Proceedings, APCA Quality Assurance in Air
Pollution Measurement Conference, New Orleans, March 11-14, 1979: Chicago Department of
Environmental Control, Chicago, p. 110-118.

Trend analysis for total suspended particulate data is essential for local air pollution control
agencies whose primary function is to design effective control strategies. The trend in TSP data
at one sampling site in Chicago from January 1964-December 1977 was analyzed to evaluate the
general downward trend seen in recent years.

Lins, H. F., 1987, Trend analysis of monthly sulfur dioxide emissions in the conterminous United States, 1975-1984:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 21, no. 11, p. 2297-2309.

Trends in monthly sulfur dioxide emissions for the 48 conterminous United States during the
decade 1975-1984 are identified using a robust nonparametric procedure. Statistically significant
downward trends are indicated in 32 states, upward trends appear in 10 states, and no significant
trend is apparent in six states.

Lipfert, F. W., and M. L. Daum, 1983, Correlation Analysis of Long Term Trends in Air Pollution Emissions
Concerning Air Quality and Precipitation Chemistry in the Northeastern United States, Proceedings, CACGP
Symposium on Tropospheric Chemistry, Oxford, England, August 28, 1983, BNL-34372; Conf-8308137-2.
New York, Pergamon Press. 21 p.

Loftis, J. C., R. C. Ward, R. D. Phillips, and C. M. Taylor, 1989, An Evaluation of Trend Detection Techniques for
Use in Water Quality Monitoring Programs: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
EPA/600/3-89-037, NTIS PB90-100058, 139 p.

Loftis, J. C., C. H. Taylor, and P. L. Chapman, 1991, Multivariate tests for trend in water quality: Water Resources
Research, v. 27, no. 7, July, p. 1419-1429.

Reviews both parametric and nonparametric approaches to testing for multivariate trend and
compares their performance using synthetic data.

Logan, J. A., 1985, Tropospheric ozone: seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence: Journal of
Geophysical Research, v. 90, no. D6, October 20, p. 10,463-10,482.

49

An analysis of data for tropospheric ozone with a focus on spatial and temporal variation. Data
shown for St. Louis and northern Wisconsin.

Mackiewicz, M. C., 1989, Simple Trend Analysis and Graphical Presentation for Short-Term Forecasting of Ground
Water Contaminant Levels at Closed Facilities, in Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on the Use
of Models to Analyze and Find Working Solutions to Ground Water Problems, Solving Ground Water
Problems with Models: International Ground Water Modeling Center, Holcomb Research Institute, Butler
University, Indianapolis, Indiana, February 7-9, 1989, p. 671-682.

Evaluation of SuperCalc3, a software package with trend analysis capabilities. Could be useful to
CTAP for data analysis information, though only short-term trends were analyzed.

Merriam, D. F. (editor), 1968, Computer Applications in the Earth Sciences: Colloquium on Trend Analysis: State
Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, Computer Contribution no. 27.

Miesch, A. T., and J. J. Connor, 1968, Stepwise Regression and Nonpolynomial Models, in Merriam, D. F. (editor),
Trend Analysis: State Geological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, Computer
Contribution no. 27, 40 p.

Discussion of a methodology for trend analysis of geologic map data.

Misra, R. K., J. F. Uthe, 1987, Methods of time trends analysis applied to contaminant levels in Canadian Atlantic
Cod (Gadus morhua): Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Science, v. 44, no. 4, April, p. 859-865.

Similarities and differences between multiple linear regression (MLR) and analysis of variance
(ANOVA) approaches that have been used as two seemingly different methodologies in time trend
studies are explained.

O'Neil, C. P., E. J. deSteiguer, G. W. North, and M. E. Jennings, 1975, Trend Analysis of Vegetation in Louisiana’s
Atchafalaya River Basin: Final Report: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks,
Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C., 72 p.

A trend analysis of forest vegetation in Louisiana s Atchafalaya Basin to: (1)determine trends of
vegetation succession, (2) produce a current vegetation map of the Basin, and (3) develop a
mathematical model capable of predicting changes in vegetation, based on changes in various
hydrologic factors.

Okabe, A., 1982, A qualitative method of trend curve analysis: Environment and Planning, v. 14, no. 5, May, p.
623-627.

This paper presents a method for analyzing qualitative characteristics of a trend curve and an
empirical application.

Pellerin, J., R. Roy, 1982, On long term air quality trends and intervention analysis: Atmospheric Environment, v.
16, no. 1, p. 161-169.

Penner, J. E., 1982, Trend prediction for O,: an analysis of model uncertainty with comparison to detection
thresholds: Atmospheric Environment, v. 16, no. 5, p. 1109-1115.

Psut, N. P., and J. R. Alle, 1975, Trend-surface analysis of ocean outfall plumes: Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 6, June, p. 721-731.

Application of aerial photographic measurements to water quality is studied. Water quality
associated with ocean outfall effluent plumes is measured through use of standard photographs that
are transformed into numerical data sets and handled by the statistical technique of trend-surface
analysis.

Renne, D. S., W. R. Barchet, A. R. Olsen, J. D. Shannon, and D. L. Sisterson, 1990, Analysis of source-receptor
relationships for sulfur compounds using spatial and trend techniques, Proceedings, 71st Annual Meeting
of American Meteorological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 13-18, 1991, October, 15 p.

Salmon, L., D. H. F. Atkins, E. M. R. Fisher, and D. V. Law, 1978, Retrospective trend analysis of the content of
U. K. air particulate material 1957-1974: Scicnce of the Total Environment, v. 9, no. 2, March, p. 161-200.

Daily particulate air samples were collected from a high volume air sampler at Chilton, U. K. in
a semi-rural area, from 1959-74. Neutron activation analysis was used to determine the
concentrations of 27 elements and ions. Seasonal fluctuations were observed, particularly for
volatile elements.

Schmitt, H. W., and H. Sticher, 1986, Long-term trend analysis of heavy metal content and translocation in soils:
Geoderma, v. 38, no. 1-4, September, p. 195-207.

Serrano, E., E. Zurita, and M. Castro, 1989, Analysis of the annual trend in SO, and particulate matter emissions
in Madrid (Spain): Atmospheric Environment, v. 23, no. 3, p. 631-642.

Severs, R. K., and L. A. Chambers, 1972, Different metal area distribution displayed by trend-surface analysis:
Archives of Environmental Health, v. 25, no. 2, August, p. 139-146.

Shively, T. S., 1990, An analysis of the long-term trend in ozone data from two Houston, Texas monitoring sites:
Atmospheric Environment, Part B: Urban, v. 24B, no. 2, p. 293.

Skalski, J. R., 1990, A design for long-term status and trends monitoring: Journal of Environmental Management,
v. 30, no. 2, p. 139-144.

Presents statistical limitations to traditional environmental monitoring from fixed locations. The
author suggests using rotational survey design and sampling with partial replacement to overcome
these limitations.

Sloane, C. S., 1982, Visibility trends--I. Methods of analysis: Atmospheric Environment, v. 16, no. 1, p. 41-51.

Smith, R. A., 1982, Analysis and Interpretation of Water Quality Trends in Major U. S. Rivers, 1974-81: U. S.
Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, Water Supply Paper 2307, 25 p.

Staehelin, J., and W. Schmid, 1991, Trend analysis of tropospheric ozone concentrations utilizing the 20-year data
set of ozone balloon soundings over Payerne (Switzerland): Atmospheric Environment, v. 25A, no. 9, p.
1739-1749.

Stensland, G. J., and R. G. Semonin, 1982, Another interpretation of the pH trend in the United States: Bulletin of
the American Meteorological Society, v. 63, no. 11, November, p. 1277-1284.

Concern about the apparent increase in the acidity of rainfall from the 1950s to the 1970s prompted
reexamination of data from the intermittent, short-term sampling networks that are the basis of the
trend estimates.

51

Szentimrey, T., T. Farago, and S. Szalai, 1992, Window technique for climate trend analysis: Climate Dynamics,
v. 6, p. 127-134.

Taylor, B. J., P. U. Lucke, and N. S. Laulainen, 1977, Analyses of atmospheric extinction data obtained by
astronomers--I. A time-trend analysis of data with internal accidental errors obtained at four observatories:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1.

Thomson, A. J., 1986, Trend surface analysis of spatial patterns of tree size, mocrosite effects, and competitive
stress: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 16, no. 2, April, p. 279.

Tiao, G. C., G. C. Reinsel, D. Xu, J. H. Pedrick, X. Zhu, A. J. Miller, J. J. DeLuisi, C. L. Mateer, and D. J.
Wuebbles, 1990, Effects of autocorrelation and temporal sampling schemes on estimates of trend and spatial
correlation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. D12, November 20, p. 20,057-20,517.

This paper is concerned with temporal data requirements for the assessment of trends and for
estimating spatial correlations of atmospheric species.

Torelli, L., and P. Tomasi, 1977, Interpolation and trend analysis: Two geohydrological applications: Journal of the
International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 9, no. 5, p. 529-542.

Presents two geohydrological case studies that use regression methodology in performing a trends
analysis. Relatively basic statistical analysis. Note that this article is approximately 15 years old.

Tubbs, J. D., J. L. Engvall, and Q. A. Holmes, 1977, Pattern recognition of Landsat data based upon temporal trend
analysis. For complete reference, see Mapping/Satellite Imagery, p. 57.

Walker, H. M., 1985, Ten-year ozone trends in California and Texas: Journal of Air Pollution Control Association,
v. 35, September, p. 903-912.

Summarizes the analysis of ozone trends of 50 California and 12 Texas sites. Discusses the
statistical significance of the observed trends. Also addresses data quality issues.

Wells, F. C., and T. L. Schertz, 1983, Statistical Summary of Daily Values and Trends Analysis of Dissolved-Solids
Data at National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) Stations: U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C., Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4172, 526 p.

Summarizes the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) dissolved-solids data
for 1973-1981. Also presents the results of regression analyses and graphs of trend analyses.

Yassi, A., M. Cheang, M. Tenebein, G. Bawden, J. Spiegel, and T. T. Redekop, 1991, An analysis of occupational
blood lead trends in Manitoba, 1979 through 1987: American Journal of Public Health, v. 81, no. 6, June,
p. 736.

Zeldin, M. D., 1978, Use of Meteorological Data in Air Quality Trend Analysis: Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/450/3-
78/024, 101 p.

This report surveys existing methods for meteorologically adjusting air quality trends, including
a review of known relationships between specific air pollutants and various meteorological
parameters. It presents a recommended methodology to normalize air quality trends with respect
to typical year meteorology.

52
Forecasting

Beck, M. B. (editor), 1991, Forecasting Environmental Change: Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.,
v. 10, nos. 1 and 2 (special issue).

The entire issue is relevant and could be of use for information on forecasting methodologies. The
first article discusses the general methodological issues involved in forecasting environmental
change. Other articles address such issues as smoothing uncertainty and prediction errors. Several
case studies are also included.

Bennett, R. J., 1979, Spatial Time Series-Analysis-Forecasting-Control: Pion, Ltd., London, 674 p.

A practical guide to the steps in the analysis of the systems that arise in environmental and
socioeconomic processes. Deals with analyses of sequences of observations of variables measured
Over time, space, or a combination of space-time. Text assumes a familiarity with
Statistics/mathematics. Part 3 focuses on forecasting models.

Bignoli, G., and E. Sabbioni, 1984, Environmental assessment of arsenic released from potential pollution sources.
For complete reference, see Electricity Generation/Coal and Nuclear Power Plants/Radiation Hazards,
ps 122:

Bognér, S., 1989, Quasi-2D Transport and Morphological Forecasting in Large River Systems. For complete
reference, see Environmental Models, p. 28.

California Air Resources Board, 1974, Emissions Forecasting Methodologies: Office of Planning and Research,
California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California, 79 p.

Profiles then current available methodologies for forecasting future air pollution emissions. The
described methodology only allows for short-term (5-10 years) forecasts.

Chen, J. C., 1978, Application of Modeling Techniques to the Study and Forecasting of Energy Needs, Energy
Supply, Environmental Impacts, the Assessment of New Technology, and Alternatives. For complete
reference, see Environmental Models, p. 28.

Chiarantini, L., et al., 1989, A Contribution of Microwave Remote Sensing for Soil Erosion Forecasting. For
complete reference, see Erosion, p. 77.

Culhane, P. J., H. P. Friesema, and J. A. Beecher, 1987, Forecasts and Environmental Decision Making--The Content
and Predictive Accuracy of Environmental Impact Statements: Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, 306

p.

Evaluates the analytical quality (i. e. the predictive accuracy) of environmental impact statements
(EIS) based on a study of a random sample of 239 1980 U. S. EPA EISs. The book discusses
environmental decision-making processes from a theoretical political science perspective.

Faruqui, A., D. Button, C. Sabo, and K. Seiden, 1990, Uncertainty in Forecasting, v. 1: Barakat & Chamberlin, Inc.,
Oakland, California, Document no. CU-6855, Research Project 2919-2, various pagings.

Overview of available forecasting methods and models; discusses uncertainty in forecasting.
Publication is geared toward utility industry, but may be generally applicable to CTAP in terms
of models.

53

Gibson, D. K., and G. Pantelis, 1988, Forecasting the Effect of Mine Site Rehabilitation Works on Local
Groundwater Quality, in Proceedings, Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation Conference, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, April 17-22, 1988: U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., p. 248-252.

Models for forecasting the time needed for water quality to improve significantly after being
contaminated by mining operations are presented.

Land, K. C., and S. H. Schneider (editors), 1987, Forecasting in the Social and Natural Sciences: D. Reidel
Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 381 p.

Discusses current trends in forecasting in several fields. Lists and explores four "pure" types of
forecasting methodologies: extrapolation, leading indicators, causal methods (linkages) and
stochastic methods. The book also addresses the predictability of forecasting models, errors and
model identification.

Mackiewicz, M. C., 1989, Simple Trend Analysis and Graphical Presentation for Short-Term Forecasting of Ground
Water Contaminant Levels at Closed Facilities. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 49.

Makridakis, S., et al., 1982, The accuracy of extrapolation (time series) methods: Results of a forecasting
competition: Journal of Forecasting, v. 1, no. 2, p. 111-153.

Compares and contrasts various time series (extrapolation) methodologies with respect to time and
cost of analysis and overall accuracy. The conclusion of the study was that using a combination
of forecasting methods produced the best results.

Makridakis, S., S.C. Wheelwright, and V. E. McGee, 1983, Forecasting: Methods and Applications: John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 922 p.

A mathematical/statistical overview of forecasting methodologies with detailed sections on time
series analysis, regression analysis and smoothing methods. Also discusses data requirements and
the selection of appropriate forecasting methodology.

Martino, J. P., 1983, Technological Forecasting for Decision Making: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.,
New York, 385 p.

Discussion of forecasting changes in technology with an emphasis on the use of these forecasts in
the decision-making process. Contains many chapters on forecasting methodologies (e. g. trend
extrapolation and causal methods) that could be generally applicable to CTAP. Also includes a
chapter on the common mistakes of forecasters.

Nishenko, S. P., and G. A. Bollinger, 1990, Forecasting damaging earthquakes in the central and eastern United
States. For complete reference, see Seismic Risk, p. 111.

Pickup, G., and V. H. Chewings, 1988, Forecasting patterns of soil erosion in arid lands from Landsat MSS data:
International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 9, no. 1, p. 69-84.

Describes a technique for forecasting large-scale patterns of soil erosion and soil deposition in arid
lands with Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data. This forecasting technique uses the "erosion
cell mosaic approach” and involves fitting a first-order simultaneous autoregressive (s.a.r.) model.

54

Schlesinger, B., and D. Daetz, 1975, Development of a procedure for forecasting Long-Range Environmental
Impacts, report to the Resource and Land Investigations (RALI) Program, U. S. Geological Survey:
Department of Industrial Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 137 p.

Presents a method for quantitatively forecasting the long-range environmental, social, and economic
effects of large-scale projects.

Swain, J., T. Haverson, F. Rossini, A. Porter, and H. Xu, 1991, Markov formulation of cross-impact analysis for
impact assessment and forecasting: Impact Assessment Bulletin, v. 9, no. 3, p. 55-74.

Statistical model for forecasting using trends: Very complex-looking mathematical model to be
studied at more depth to determine its usefulness for CTAP.

Vorob’yeva, L. A., and L. L. Novykh, 1986, Forecasting of calcium removal from soils by neutral and weakly
alkaline drainage by water: Soviet Soil Science, v. 18, no. 6, November-December, p. 52-58.

Presents a method for forecasting the mean calcium concentration in neutral or weakly alkaline
soils using a solubility diagram.

Mapping/Satellite Imagery

Engineering Geology and/or Environmental Geology Maps

Bracinac, Z., and M. Janjic, 1978, Engineering-Geological Maps of Seismic Regions: Bulletin of the International
Association of Engineering Geology, no. 18, p. 27-32.

Brook, D., and B. R. Marker, 1987, Thematic Geological Mapping as an Essential Tool in Land Use Planning, in
Planning and Engineering Geology, in Culshaw, M. G. (editor), Proceedings, 22nd Annual Conference of
the Engineering Group of the Geological Society, Plymouth Polytechnic, September 8-12, 1986, Engineering
Group, Geological Society of London, London, United Kingdom, v. 4, p. 211-214.

Chrosniak, C. E., D. G. Mose, G. W. Mushrush, and I. Zietz, 1989, Development of Radon Potential Maps on a
Regional Scale. For complete reference, see Radon, p. 104.

Coe, C. J., 1981, The use of geologic, hydrologic and geochemical mapping techniques in environment assessment:
Groundwater, v. 19, no. 6, November-December, p. 626-634.

Develops a method to determine the environmental and economic impact of mining from the
perspective of the operator. The method consists of developing geologic, hydrologic, and
geochemical maps that can be used to provide a three-dimensional view of the subsurface
environment before, during and after mining. Case studies are discussed that illustrate
environmental problems associated with common mining issues, such as dewatering and mining
recharge areas.

Culshaw, M. G., P. D. Jackson, and D. M. McCann, 1987, Geophysical Mapping Techniques in Environmental
Planning, in Culshaw, M. G. (editor), Planning and Engineering Geology, Proceedings, 22nd Annual
Conference of the Engineering Group of the Geological Society, Plymouth Polytechnic, September 8-12,
1986, Engineering Group, Geological Society of London, London, United Kingdom, v. 4, p. 171-177.

55

Dearman, W. R., et al., 1973, Techniques of Engineering Geological Mapping with Examples from Tyneside, in
Engineering Geology of Reclamation and Development, Proceedings, Regional Meeting of the Engineering
Group of the Geological Society of London. Durham, United Kingdom, p. 31-34.

Demek, J. (editor), 1972, Manual of Detailed Geomorphological Mapping: Academia, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 24
p.

Demek, J., and C. Embleton (editors), 1978, Guide to Medium-Scale Geomorphological Mapping: E.
Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 348 p.

Discusses geomorphological classification and geomorphological mapping methodology. Addresses
the application of these maps to planning, natural resource conservation, and the prediction of
human impact on the environment.

Dickerson, E. J., 1974, Environmental Geologic Mapping of Flood-Prone Areas: An Alternative to Engineering
Methods. Approaches to Environmental Geology: Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at
Austin, Investigation no. 81, p. 220-228.

Gozzard, J. R., 1985, Medium-scale engineering and environmental-geology mapping of the Perth Metropolitan
Region, Western Australia: Engineering Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 97-107.

The need to present geological information in a form usable by planners, administrators, and the
general public prompted the preparation of medium-scale geology maps for the Perth metropolitan
region. The thematic map approach is used to identify map units on the basis of lithology,
morphology, slope category, hydrogeology, hydrography, and soil and rock properties.

Journaux, A. (editor), 1987, Integrated Environmental Cartography: A Tool for Research and Land Use Planning:
Scientific and Cultural Organization, United Nations Educational, (UNESCO), Paris, France, 53 p.

An overview of environmental cartography, a form of cartography that integrates environmental
factors and environmental dynamics. Part I presents the methodology, and Part II presents case
studies, including the resultant maps.

Luttig, G., 1978, Geoscientific maps for land-use planning: A certain approach how to communicate by new types
of maps: International Yearbook of Cartography, v. 18, p. 95-101.

Luttig, G., 1982, Contributions of the geoscientific cartography to the solutions of conflicts arising from utilization
of natural resources and the protection of the environment, in Fisher, W. B., and P. W. Kent (editors),
Resources, Environment and the Future, German Academic Exchange Service, London, p. 203-227.

McCall, G. J. H., 1988, The “Alternative” Earth Science Mapping: Mapping for Planning and Development,
Geoscience in Development, in Proceedings, International Conference on the Application of Geology in
Developing Countries, September 26-30, 1988: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Institution of
Geologists, Nottingham University, Geological Society of London.

Nieto, S. M., O. Segrera, and J. Obarti, 1988, Environmental Cartography and Management of Natural Resources:
Service of Geological Resources, Provincial Deputation of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, 11 p.

Odum, L. A., and D. G. Mose, 1989, Radon Potential Risk Maps for Florida, Georgia and Alabama. For complete
reference, see Radon, p. 105.

56

Radbruch-Hall, D. H., 1979, Environmental aspects of engineering geological mapping in the United States: Bulletin
of the International Association of Engineering Geology, v. 19, p. 351-358.

Discusses "geology for planning" mapping, and develops a technique for evaluating the cost of
different types of construction and land development in terms of the cost of a number of earth
science factors. Covers the development of predictive and susceptibility mapping for earthquakes,
landslides, karst and other geologic factors, and suggests ways to combine this-mapping to portray
the relations between physical conditions and resources.

‘Rush, S. M., 1987, Preparation of National Maps of Geological Factors Influencing Natural Radon Concentrations.
For complete reference, see Radon, p. 106.

Rockway, J. D., 1976, The influence of map scale on engineering geology mapping: Bulletin of the International
Association of Engineering Geology, v. 14, p. 119-122.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), (editor), 1976, Engineering Geological
Maps: A Guide to their Preparation: Earth Sciences, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization Paris, France, Publication no. 15.

Wolff, F. C. (editor), 1987, Geology For Environmental Planning, in Proceedings, International Symposium on
Geological Mapping in the Service of Environmental Planning, Trondheim, Norway, May 6-9, 1986:
Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway, 121 p.

This compilation of papers and abstracts includes papers on planning for coastal areas,
environmental geologic mapping, and, of particular interest to CTAP, geological hazards mapping
and the mapping of radon risk potential.

Wolman, M. G., 1971, Evaluating alternative techniques of floodplain mapping: Water Resources Research, v. 7,
no. 6, December, p. 1383-1392.

Discusses the need, due to the costs and uncertainties involved in floodplain mapping, for localized
evaluations of alternative mapping methods.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Committee of Enquiry into the Handling of Geographic Information, 1987, Handling Geographic Information: Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 208 p.

Comprehensive overview of current and potential GIS uses. Contains recommendations to expand
the use and accessibility of GIS technology.

Curtis, P. A., 1989, Groundwater Sensitivity Modeling Using GIS Technology, in Proceedings, Mississippi Water
Resources Conference: Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi State, Mississippi, v. 19, p. 9-16.

Overview of Mississippi s groundwater protection strategy. Their program involves using a GIS,
Mississippi Automated Resource Information System (MARIS), to model groundwater sensitivity
and to prioritize future water quality investigations.

Hewitt, M. J., 1990, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, Geographic Information System
Conceptual Design: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 26 p.

57

Weathersby, R. W., 1990, Using GIS for Pollution Susceptibility Mapping, in Abstracts with Programs, Geological
Society of America, Southeastern Section, 39th Annual Meeting, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, April 5-6, 1990, v.
22, no. 4, p. 68.

The Georgia Geological Survey is currently working to create a GIS for use in environmental
management. One specific project in the works is a groundwater pollution susceptibility assessment.
They are using a modified version of the U. S. EPA’s DRASTIC system. The project involves
mapping seven different environmental characteristics related to groundwater pollution, then
overlaying the maps using GIS to determine areas of high pollution potential.

Satellite Imagery

Barrett, E. C., C. H. Power, and A. Micallef, 1990, Satellite Remote Sensing for Hydrology and Water Management:
The Mediterranean Coasts and Islands, Current Topics in Remote Sensing, v. 1, New York, Gordon and
Breach Science Publishers. 322 p.

Good overview of remote sensing techniques and applications. Details the stages of data analysis
for hydrogeological and phytogeographical applications. Contains a chapter on deriving land cover
and land use maps from remote sensing data. Strong emphasis on methodology, data interpretation
and analysis.

Bogucki, D. J., and G. K. Gruendling, 1978, Remote Sensing to Identify, Assess and Predict Ecological Impact on
Lake Champlain Wetlands: Office of Water Research and Technology, U. S. Department of Interior,
Washington, D. C., Document no. C-6075, 191 p.

Details a study of Lake Champlain wetlands. The study had four objectives: 1) to investigate
methods for phytogeographical mapping using remotely sensed images; 2) to produce such maps
for priority Lake Champlain wetlands; 3) to analyze the effect of naturally fluctuating water levels
on plant distribution and character; and 4) to predict potential effects of changes in water level due
to a proposed dam and proposed waste level regulations.

Chiarantini, L., et al., 1989, A Contribution of Microwave Remote Sensing for Soil Erosion Forecasting. For
complete reference, see Erosion, p. 77.

MacDonald, H. C., K. F. Steele, and E. Gaines, 1977, LANDSAT Linear Trend Analysis: A Tool for Groundwater
Exploration in Northern Arkansas: Arkansas Water Resources Research Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas, PUB-
49, 108 p.

Linear trends interpreted from LANDSAT can be useful in the search for more reliable
groundwater sources.

Pickup, G., and V. H. Chewings, 1988, Forecasting patterns of soil erosion in arid lands from Landsat MSS data.
For complete reference, see Forecasting, p. 53.

Tubbs, J. D., J. L. Engvall, and Q. A. Holmes, 1977, Pattern recognition of Landsat data based upon temporal trend
analysis: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 6, no. 4, p. 303.

Surface Water Quality

General References

58

Alexander, R. B., and R. A. Smith, 1988, Trends in lead concentrations in major U. S. rivers and their relation to
historical changes in gasoline-lead consumption: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 557-569.

Declines in concentrations of dissolved lead occurred at nearly two-thirds of 306 locations on major
U. S. rivers from 1974 to 1985. Statistically significant increases in dissolved lead concentrations
occurred at only six percent of the sites, clustered in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi
regions.

Alvord, J. W., and C. B. Burdick, 1919, Consulting Engineers for the Department of Public Works and Buildings:
Division of Waterways, Rivers and Lakes Commission Report on the Illinois River and Its Bottom Lands,
137 p.

Brabets, T. P., 1984, Runoff and Water Quality Characteristics of Surface-Mined Lands in Illinois. For complete
reference, see Mineral Resources: Location and Impacts of Extraction, p. 115.

Critchley, R. F., 1983, An Assessment of Trace Metal Inputs and Pathways to the Marine and Terrestrial
Environments. For complete reference, see Soil Quality, Heavy Metals, p. 79.

Davenport, T. E., 1982, Water Resources Data and Preliminary Trend Analysis for the Blue Creek Watershed
Project, Pike County, Illinois, Phase I (IEPA/WPC/82-008), and Phase II (IEPA/WPC/82-008). For complete
reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 44.

Davenport, T. E., and M. H. Kelly, 1982-1986, Water Resource Data and Preliminary Trend Analysis for the
Highland Silver Lake Monitoring and Evaluation Project, Madison County, Illinois; Phase I (1982,
IEPA/WPC/82-010), Phase II (1983, IEPA/WPC/83-013), Phase III (1984, IEPA/WPC/84-030), and Phase
IV (1986, IEPA/WPC/86-001). For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 45.

Davidson, B. M., 1924, Seventh annual report of the Department of Agriculture: State of Illinois, p. 22-24.

Demissie, M., and L. Keefer, 1991, Preliminary Evaluation of the Risk of Accidental Spills of Hazardous Materials
in Illinois Waterways: Illinois Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center, Champaign, Illinois, 77

p.

Dexter, R. N., L. S. Goldstein, P. M. Chapman, and E. A. Quinlan, 1985, Temporal Trends in Selected
Environmental Perameters Monitored in Puget Sound. For complete reference, see Environmental Quality
and Environmental Trends, General References, p. 1.

Division of Waterways, 1929, Flood Control Report: An Engineering Study of the Flood Situation in the State of
Illinois: W. F. Mulvihill and L. D. Cornish, The Division of Waterways, 402 p.

Drost-Hansen, W., and A. Thorhaug, 1974, Biologically Allowable Thermal Pollution Limits: Office of Research
and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 600/3-74-003, various

Pagings.

Freeman Ward, O., A. R. Schmidt, and R. D. McFarlane, 1989, Storm Runoff and its Effects on the Water Quality
and Bottom-Material Quality of Cedar Creek, West-Central Illinois, 1985-86: U. S. Geological Survey,
Urbana, Illinois, Water-Resources Investigation Report 89-4088, 194 p.

Haimes, Y. Y., and E. Z. Stakhiv (editors), 1990, Risk-Based Decision Making in Water Resources. For complete
reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 12.

59

Hendrey, G. R., C. G. Hoogendyk, and N. F. Gmur, 1984, Analysis of Trends in the Chemistry of Surface Waters
of the United States. Annual Report for NAPAP Projects El-8 and E2-11. For complete reference, see
Trends Analysis, p. 46.

Hipel, K. W., A. I. McLeod, and R. R. Weiler, 1988, Data analysis of water quality time series in Lake Erie. For
complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 46.

Hren, J., C. J. Oblinger Childress, J. M. Norris, T. H. Chaney, and D. N. Myers, 1990, Regional water quality:
Evaluation of data for assessing conditions and trends: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 24, no.
8, August, p. 1122-1127.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA), 1990, Title 35: Environmental Protection, Subtitle C: Water
Pollution, Chapter 1, Pollution Control Board, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Illinois Water Quality Report 1988-1989: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois, EPA/WPC/90-160, 324 p.

Detailed analysis of the quality of Illinois rivers, streams, and lakes (including Lake Michigan) for
the years 1988 and 1989. Also addresses wetland issues.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA), 1992, Illinois Water Quality Report 1990-1991, 405 p.

Illinois State Board of Health, 1901, Report of the Sanitary Investigations of the Illinois River and Its Tributaries:
Phillips Bros., State Printers, Springfield, IL, 219 p.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1984, Illinois State Water Plan: Critical Issues, Cross-Cutting Topics, Operating
Issues: Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL, January, 59 p.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1987, Illinois River Action Plan: Illinois Department of Transportation,
Springfield, IL, Special Report no. 11.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1992, Memorandum and Draft Document, "IEPA Watershed Document,”
August, 18 p.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1992, Memorandum and Draft Document, "Remaining Issues and
Implementation Requirements," November, 18 p.

Keith, L. H., W. Crummett, J. Deegan, R. A. Libby, J. K. Taylor, and G. Wentler, 1983, Principles of Environmental
Analysis: Analytical Chemistry, v. 55, p. 2210-2218.

Kendall, M. G., 1970, Rank Correlation Methods: Griffin, London, 4th edition.

Knapp, H. V., 1990, Kaskaskia River Basin Streamflow Assessment Model: Hydrologic Analysis: Illinois State
Water Survey, Contract Report no. 499.

Leahy, P. P., J. S. Rosenshein, and D. S. Knopman, 1990, Implementation Plan for the National Water-Quality
Assessment Plan: U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, Open File Report 90-174, 10 p.

Lettenmaier, D. P., 1977, Detection of Trends in Stream Quality: Monitoring Network Design and Data Analysis.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

60

Lettenmaier, D. P., E. R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K. B. Faris, 1991, Trends in stream quality in the continental
United States, 1978-1987. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 48.

Lopinot, A. C., 1973, 1972 Surface Water Inventory: Illinois Department of Conservation, Special Fisheries Report
no. 40, Springfield, IL.

Mathis, B., and G. E. Stout, 1987, Conference Summary and Suggestions for Action, in Proceedings of the
Governor’s Conference on Management of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond: Water
Resources Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Special Report no. 16.

Office of the Governor, 1967, Water for Illinois — A Plan of Action, 452 p.

Ramamurthy, G. S., 1993, Analysis of Ambient Water Quality Trends in Streams and Lakes: Illinois State Water
Survey, Champaign, IL, unpublished report.

Rose, J. B., and-C. P. Gerba, 1991, Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards. For complete
reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 14.

Schaeffer, D. J., H. W. Kerster, J. A. Perry, and D. K. Cox, 1985, The environmental audit. I. Concepts:
Environmental Management, v. 9, no. 3, p. 191-198.

Discusses the expansion of water quality monitoring from the traditional collection and analysis
of samples to the assessment and increased understanding of the environment. In this way, water
quality monitoring could play a valuable role in the environmental decision-making process.

Singh, K. P., and A. Durgunoglu, 1990, An Improved Methodology for Estimating Future Reservoir Capacities:
Application to Surface Water Supply Reservoirs in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no.
493.

Smith, R. A., 1982, Analysis and Interpretation of Water Quality Trends in Major U. S. Rivers, 1974-81. For
complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Smith, R. A., R. M. Hirsch and J. R. Slack, 1982, A Study of Trends in Total Phosphorus Measurements at
NASQAN Stations: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, no. 2190.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Effects of pesticides in water: A report to the states: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 145 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Methods for Identifying and Evaluating the Nature and Extent of
Non-point Sources of Pollutants. For complete reference, see Air Quality, General References, p. 87.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, U. S. Progress in Implementing the Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Supply, 1989, Nonpoint Sources: Agenda for the Future,
in Nonpoint Source Solutions, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., January, 1989,
Report no. WH-556, 31 p.

Presents U. S. EPA’s National Nonpoint Source agenda for 1990-1995 in light of the 1987 Water
Quality Act. Contains an overview of the nonpoint source problem, emphasizing its variability in
time and space.

61

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, The Quality of Our Nation’s Water: A Summary of the 1988 National
Water Quality Inventory: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 440/4-90-005,
23 p.

Water Quality 2000, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1991, Challenges for the Future-Interim Report: Water
Pollution Control Federation/Water Quality 2000, Alexandria, Virginia, 95 p.

This report is the result of Phase II of a multi-organizational effort known as Water Quality 2000.
Phase II is an overview of the “root causes” of water pollution. It also presents an assessment of
current water quality and discusses the obstacles to solving water quality problems. Phase III will
discuss solutions to water quality problems and is previewed in this report.

Water Resources Center, 1989, Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Management of the Illinois River
System: the 1990s and Beyond: University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Special Report no. 18.

Wells, F. C., and T. L. Schertz, 1983, Statistical Summary of Daily Values and Trends Analysis of Dissolved-Solids
Data at National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) Stations. For complete reference, see
Trends Analysis, p. 51.

Zipper, C. E., G. I. Holtzman, S. Rheem, and G. K. Evanylo, 1992, Surface Water Quality Trends in Southwestern
Virginia, 1970-1989: 1. Seasonal Kendall Analysis: Virginia Water Resources Center, VPI-VWRRC-BULL
173.

Aquatic Toxicology

Allan, R. J., A. J. Ball, V. W. Cairns, G. A. Fox, A. P. Gilman, D. B. Peakall, D. A. Piekarz, J. C. Van Oostdam,
D. C. Villeneuve, and D. T. Williams, 1991, Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects:
Vol. I: Contaminant Levels and Trends; Vol. II: Effects: Health and Welfare Canada, Department of
Fisheries and Oceans, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada, 755 p.

Summarizes data and reviews effects of toxic chemical concentrations in water and sediments,
invertebrates and fish, wildlife, and humans. Synthesis interprets significance of the levels as well.

Anderson, E. L., and C. J. Henry, 1988, Risk assessment/risk management as a toxic control strategy, Toxic
Contamination in Large Lakes: Sources, Fate and Controls of Toxic Contaminants, v. 3, p. 191-212.

Brown, A. F., and D. Pascoe, 1988, Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates. 5.
The acute toxicity of cadmium to twelve species of predatory macroinvertebrates: Archiv Fuer
Hydrobiologic, v. 114, no. 2, p. 311-319.

Eisler, R., 1985-90, Mirex Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review, in Contaminant Hazard
Reviews Reports: Division of Biological Services, Research and Development, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C., 42 p.

Helmer, R., I. Hespanhol, and L. J. Saliba, 1991, Public health criteria for the aquatic environment: Recent WHO
guidelines and their application: Water Science and Technology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 35-42.

Discussion of World Health Organization criteria for water quality. Specific attention is given to
the problems of rural areas in developing nations.

62

Landis, W. G., and W. H. Van der Schalie (editors), 1990, Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Thirteenth
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Atlanta, Georgia, April 16-18, 1989: American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 378 p.

This compilation includes papers on environmental risk assessment vs. environmental hazard
assessment, the prediction of adverse effects on aquatic communities, sediment toxicology, and
aquatic toxicology in general.

Nriagu, J. O., and M. S. Simmons (editors), 1984, Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes: John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 527 p.

Deals with problem of toxic contaminants entry, movement, persistence, and effects in the Great
Lakes. Comprehensive review of current information on contaminants, notably chlorinated
hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, toxaphene, mirex, toxic metals and metalloids.

Onishi, Y., S. M. Brown, A. R. Olsen, M. A. Parkhurst, S. E. Wise, and W. H. Walters, 1982, Methodology for
Overland and Instream Migration and Risk Assessment of Pesticides. For complete reference, see Risk
Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 14.

Rodgers, P. W., and W. R. Swain, 1983, Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) loading trends in Lake
Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 9, no. 4, p. 548-558.

PCB concentrations in coregonid fishes (bloater chubs) collected from Lake Michigan between
1972-1980 are used to infer a historical loading trend for polychlorinated biphenyls.

Roy, W. R., T. M. Skelly, I. G. Krapac, R. A. Griffin, D. R. Dickerson, R. M. Schuller, J. J. Suloway, and N. F.
Shimp, 1984, Geochemical Properties and Toxicological Effects on Aquatic Life of Coal Wastes: Illinois
State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, no. 107, PB85-178929, 124 p.

Sanborn, J. R., 1974, The Fate of Select Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment: National Environmental Research
Center, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon,
83 p.

Singer, P. C., 1973, Trace Metals and Metal-Organic Interactions in Natural Waters, in Proceedings, Symposium
Sponsored by Division of Air, Water and Waste Chemistry, 163rd National Meeting of American Chemical
Society, Spring, 1972: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 380 p.

The presence of trace metals in natural aquatic systems can be of concem due to direct toxicity to
human and aquatic life and indirect toxicity through accumulations of metals in the aquatic food
chain. Focuses on interactions between metals and organic compounds in the water. Papers include
analytical, thermodynamic, biochemical, and kinetic considerations.

Singh K. P., and S. M. Broeren, 1990, Mitigative Measures for At-Risk Public Surface Water Supply Systems:
Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 505.

Smith, J. H., et al., 1977, Environmental Pathways of Selected Chemicals in Freshwater Systems Part I: Background
and Experimental Procedures: Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, EPA-600/7-770-113, 81 p.

Outlines a program to develop procedures for pathways analysis of contaminants in freshwater
systems.

63

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Aquatic Toxicity Information Retrieval Data Base (ACQUIRE). For
complete reference, see Applications of Environmental Software Programs and Databases, p. 32.

Sedimentation Issues/Sediment Quality

Akanbi, A. A., and M. Demissie, 1993, Trends in Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey
Contract Report (draft).

Anderson, H. W., M. D. Hoover, and K. G. Reinhart, 1976, Forests and Water: Effects of Forest Management on
Floods, Sedimentation, and Water Supply: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA, General Technical Report PSW-18/1976.

Batie, S. S., 1984, Soil Erosion: Crisis in America’s Croplands?: The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Bhowmik, N. G., J. R. Adams, A. P. Bonini, A. M. Klock, and M. Demissie, 1986, Sediment Loads of Illinois
Streams and Rivers: Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, no. 106, 167 p.

Bhowmik, N. G., M. Demissie, D. T. Soong, A. Klock, N. R. Black, D. L. Gross, T. W. Sipe, and P. G. Risser,
1984, Conceptual Models of Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois. Volume I. Project Summary; Volume

II. Level II Models, Model Interactions, Keywords, and Bibliography. For complete reference, see
Environmental Models, p. 27.

Bogardi, I., et al., 1990, Estimation of environmental risk due to polluted sediment: Water Science and Technology,
v. 22, no. 5, p. 227-234.

Brown, L. R., 1984, Conserving Soils, in Brown, L. R. (editor), State of the World, 1984: Norton & Co., New York.
Brune, G. M., 1953, Trap Efficiency of Reservoirs, Transactions: American Geophysical Union, v. 34, p. 407-418.

Clark II, E. H., J. A. Haverkamp, and W. Chapman, 1985, Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts: The Conservation
Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Demissie, M., and N. G. Bhowmik, 1986, Peoria Lake Sediment Investigation: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract
Report no. 371.

Demissie, M., and N. G. Bhowmik, 1987, Long-term impacts of river basin development on lake sedimentation: The
case of Peoria Lake: Water International, v. 12, p. 23-32.

The authors discuss the adverse effects of increased sedimentation due to unchecked agricultural
and industrial development in a river basin, using Peoria Lake as a classic example.

Demissie, M., L. Keefer, and R. Xia, 1992, Erosion and Sedimentation in the Illinois River Basin: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILKENR/RE-WR-92/04.

Fitzpatrick, W. P., W. C. Bogner, and N. G. Bhowmik, 1985, Sedimentation Investigation of Lake Springfield:
Illionis State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 363.

Fitzpatrick, W. P., W. C. Bogner, and N. G. Bhowmik, 1987, Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake
Decatur and Its Watershed: Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, no. 107, 96 p.

64

Hall, D. C., and W. R. Berkas, 1988, Comparison of instream and laboratory methods of measuring sediment oxygen
demand: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, June, p. 571-575.

Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) was determined at three sites in a gravel-bottomed central
Missouri stream by: (1) two variations of an instream method, and (2) a laboratory method.

Illinois Department of Agriculture, 1991, Annual Progress Report: Illinois Department of Agriculture, Springfield,
IL, #7470/550.

Marquenie, J. M., and L. Tent, 1988, Impact of contaminants mobilized from sediment upon disposal, in Salomons,
W., B. L. Bayne, E. K. Duursma, and U. Forstner (editors), Pollution of the North Sea: An Assessment:
Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, p. 510-523.

Summarizes and evaluates research attempting to address the question of whether or not
contaminated sediments pose a threat to the environment. Much research has been done to
determine how and why sediments should be disposed of, what they can be used for, and how they
should be treated. The primary question concerns the effects of contaminants on ecosystems at the
_disposal sites.

Meyers, P. A., and B. J. Eadie, 1982, Sources and fluxes of organic matter to Lake Michigan sediments. For
complete reference, see Lakes and Ponds, p. 172.

Nichols, R. W., 1989, Controlling Soil Erosion in the Illinois River Basin, in Proceedings, Second Conference on
the Management of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond: Water Resources Center, Urbana,
IL, Special Report no. 18.

Singh, K. P., and A. Durgunoglu, 1988, An Improved Methodology for Estimating Future Reservoir Storage
Capacities: Application to Surface Water Supply Reservoirs in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract
Report no. 446, 36p.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE), 1981, Final Report to Congress, The Streambank Erosion Control
Evaluation and Demonstation Act of 1974, Section 32, Public Law 93-251.

Instream Flow

Baxter, R. M., 1977, Environmental effects of dams and impoundments: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,
v. 8, p. 255-283.

Broeren, S. M., and K. P. Singh, 1989, Adequacy of Illinois Surface Water Supply Systems to Meet Future
Demands: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 477.

Clark, G. R., 1991, Statutory Authorities for Protecting Instream Flow Values and Laws in Other States: Report of
the Illinois Instream Flow Protection Committee, Springfield, IL.

Department of Water Resources (DWR), 1982, Inventory of Instream Flow Requirements Related to Stream
Diversions: The Resource Agency, State of California, Sacramento, CA, p. 3.

Henegar, D. L., and K. W. Harmon, 1973, A review of references to channelization and its environmental impact:
Schneberger, E., and J. L. Funk (editors), Stream channelization: a symposium: North Central Division of
the American Fisheries Society, Special Publication no. 2, p. 79-83.

65

Hite, R. L., and B. A. Bertrand, 1989, Biological stream characterization (BSC) a biological assessment of Illinois
stream quality: Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield,
Special Report 13.

Illinois Department of Conservation, 1992, Corridor management plan for the middle fork of the Vermilion River,
State and national scenic river: Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, [linois, April, 1992.

Illinois Instream Flow Protection Committee, 1991, Report of the Illinois Instream Flow Protection Committee:
Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, IL.

Karr, J. R., K. D. Fausch, P. L. Angermeier, P. R. Yant, and I. J. Schlosser, 1986, Assessing biological integrity in
running waters: a methods and its rationale: Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication, no. 5.

Leopold, L. B., and T. Maddock, 1953, The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic
Implications: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, v. 252.

Lindsey, G., and D. Sweeney, 1981, Preliminary Investigation of Small-Scale Hydropower Potential at Five Sites
in Illinois (Phase II Report): Institute of Natural Resources, Chicago, IL.

Milhous, R. T., and W. J. Grenney, 1980, The Quantification and Reservation of Instream Flows: Progress in Water
Technology, v. 13, p. 129-154.

Miller, B. A., and H. G. Wenzel, 1984, Low Flow Hydraulics in Open Channels: University of Illinois Water
Resources Center Research Report 192, Urbana, IL.

Sale, M. J., 1980, Optimization Techniques for Instream Flow Allocations: Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois.

Singh, K. P., 1987, Hydropower, in An Action Plan for Illinois River Management: Illinois State Water Plan Task
Force Report to the Governor, Springfield, IL.

Singh, K. P., and S. M. Broeren, 1989, Hydraulic Geometry of Streams and Stream Habitat Assessment: Jounal of
Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, v. 115, no. 5, p. 583-597.

Singh, K. P., S. M. Broeren, and R. B. King, 1986, Interactive Basinwide Model for Instream Flow and Aquatic
Habitat Assessment: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 394.

Singh, K. P., and G. S. Ramamurthy, 1981, Desirable Low Flow Releases from Impounding Reservoirs: Fish
Habitats and Reservoir Costs: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 273.

Singh, K. P., and G. S. Ramamurthy, 1987, Information on Availability of Water Withdrawals from Illinois Streams
at Various Protected Flow Levels: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 414.

Singh, K. P., and G. S. Ramamurthy, 1987, Pertinent Considerations in the Development of Protected-Streamflow
Criteria for Illinois Streams: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 431.

Singh, K. P., and G. S. Ramamurthy, 1991, Harmonic Mean Flows for Illinois Streams: Illinois State Water Survey,
Contract Report no. 521.

Singh, K. P., and G. S. Ramamurthy, 1993, 7-Day 10-Year Low Flows of Streams in Northeastern Illinois: Illinois
State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 545.

66

Singh, K. P., G. S. Ramamurthy, and I. W. Seo, 1988, 7-Day, 10-Year Low Flows of Streams in the Rock, Spoon,
LaMoine, and Kaskaskia Regions: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 440.

Singh, K. P., G. S. Ramamurthy, and I. W. Seo, 1988, 7-Day 10-Year Low Flows of Streams in the Kankakee,
Sangamon, Embarras, Little Wabash, and Southern Regions: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report
no. 441.

Singh, K. P., and J. B. Stall, 1973, The 7-Day, 10-Year Low Flows of Illinois Streams: Illinois State Water Survey
Bulletin, v. 57.

Stall, J. B., and Y. S. Fok, 1968, Hydraulic Geometry of Illinois Streams: University of Illinois Water Resources
Center Research Report 15, Urbana, IL.

Stalnaker, C. B., 1980, Low Flows as a Limiting Factor in Warmwater Streams: Presented at the Warmwater Streams
Symposium, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

Groundwater Quality

General References

Berg, R. C., J. P. Kempton, and K. Cartwright, 1984, Potential for Contamination of Shallow Aquifers in Illinois:
Illinois State Geological Survey Circular, v. 532, 30 p.

Blaser, Z. & Co., 1986, An Economic Impact Analysis of Proposed Amendments to Public Water Supply
Regulations Pending Before the Illinois Pollution control Board Docket R85-14: Department of Energy and
Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, September.

Bohlke, C. M., 1989, A Preliminary Ranking and Evaluation Method for Determining the Ground-Water
Contamination Potential of Closed Landfills: M.S. thesis, University of South Florida, 105 p.

Canter, L. W., 1980, Proceedings of Seminar on Ground Water Quality: National Center For Ground Water
Research, Norman, OK.

Churchill, P., and R. Patrick (editors), 1987, Groundwater Contamination: Sources, Effects and Options to Deal with
the Problem: Proceedings, Third National Water Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 13-15,
1987, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 453 p.

Presents papers covering a wide variety of groundwater contamination issues. Topics include risk
assessment, predicting the fate of chemicals in groundwater, standards and guidelines, and
contamination control.

Cravens, S. J., and A. L. Zahn, 1990, Ground-Water Quality Investigation and Monitoring Program Design for the
Lake Calumet Area of Southeast Chicago: Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no. 496, 112 p.

Curtis, P. A., 1989, Groundwater Sensitivity Modeling Using GIS Technology. For complete reference, see
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), p. 56.

DiNovo, F., and M. Jaffe, 1984, Local Groundwater Protection, Midwest Region: American Planning Association,
Chicago, 327 p.

67
Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry, 1979, Groundwater: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Gibb, J. P., and M. O’Hearn, 1980, Dlinois Groundwater Quality Data Summary: Illinois State Water Survey
Contract Report, no. 230, 60p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Illinois Water Quality Report 1988-1989, 352 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Bureau of Water, Illinois Water Quality Report 1990-1991,
Springfield, IL, April, IEPA/WPC/92-055, 405 p.

Illinois Pollution Control Board, 1981-1993, Environmental Register, Restricted Status List--Public Water Supplies,
Nos. 245 through 468, October 6, 1981 through April 7, 1993.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1992, Memorandum and Draft Document, "Remaining Issues and
Implementation Requirements," November, 18 p.

Interagency Coordinating Committee on Groundwater, 1990, Illinois Groundwater Protection Program: A Biennial
Report, 57p.

Lindorff, D. E., and K. Cartwright, 1977, Ground-water Contamination: Problems and Remedial Action: Dlinois State
Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes, no. 81, 58 p.

Lindorff, D. E., 1979, Ground-water pollution--a status report: Ground Water, January-February, v. 17, no. 1, p. 9-17.

Describes a study of more than 170 subsurface contamination case histories to determine the
effectiveness of clean-up practices in different geologic settings.

Lippmann, M., 1992, Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and their Health Effects: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
New York.

Monitoring of Hazardous Substances: Lead, 1972, Prepared for Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality,
September.

National Research Council, Geophysics Study Committee, Geophysics Research Forum, and Commission on Physical
Sciences, Mathematics and Resources, 1984, Groundwater Contamination, in Studies in Geophysics:
National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 179 p.

Broad overview of groundwater contamination. Addresses causes and transport processes of
contaminants. The extent of the problem in the U. S., regulation and risk assessment are other
topics covered.

Nealon, J. S., J. R. Kirk, and A. P. Visocky, 1989, Regional Assessment of Northern Illinois Ground Water
Resources: Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no. 473.

Office of the Governor, 1967, Water for Illinois — A Plan of Action, 452 p.

Patrick, R., E. Ford, and J. Quarles (editors), 1987, Groundwater Contamination in the United States: University of
Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA.

Pontius, F. W., 1993, "SDWA: A Look Back": Journal of American Water Works Association, February.

68

Rail, C. D., 1989, Groundwater Contamination--Sources, Control and Preventive Measures: Technomic Publishing
Company, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 139 p.

Provides a comprehensive overview of groundwater use, quality, and contamination. Specifically
discusses waste disposal and groundwater contamination, and agricultural and industrial effects on
groundwater quality. Includes sections on risk assessment and risk management.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978, Surface Impoundments and Their Effects on Ground-Water Quality
in the United States-A Preliminary Survey: Office of Drinking Water, State Programs Division, Ground
Water Protection Branch, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 570/9-78-004,
275 p.

U. S. Public Health Service, 1914, "Bacteriological Standards for Drinking Water": Public Health Report, v. 29, p.
29-59, Nov.

U. S. Public Health Service, 1970, Community Water Supply Study: Analysis of National Survey Findings: NTIS,
PB214982, Springfield, VA.

U. S. Public Health Service, 1970, Community Water Supply Study: Significance of National Findings: NTIS,
PB214982/BE, Springfield, VA.

Weathersby, R. W., 1990, Using GIS for Pollution Susceptibility Mapping. For complete reference, see Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), p. 57.

Risk Assessments

Bailey, D. A., P. F. Ricci, and G. Whelan, 1986, Groundwater Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study, in Haimes,
Y. Y., and J. H. Snyder (editors), Groundwater Contamination: Proceedings, Engineering Foundation
Conference, Santa Barbara, California, November 11-16, 1984, Engineering Foundation, New York, p.
129-147.

Haimes, Y. Y., and V. Chankong, 1987, Risk Assessment for the Protection from and the Prevention of Groundwater
Contamination: Final Report: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.

Haimes, Y. Y., V. Chankong, and C. Du, 1984, Risk Assessment for Groundwater Contamination, in Haimes, Y.
Y., and J. H. Snyder (editors), Groundwater Contamination: Proceedings, Engineering Foundation
Conference, Santa Barbara, California, November 11-16, 1984, Engineering Foundation, New York, p.
111-127.

General overview of risk assessment methodologies and management processes as they apply to
groundwater contamination.

International Commission on Groundwater, Working Group on Groundwater Contamination Risk Assessment: C.
Cranor, R. Raucher, E. Reichard, and G. Zapponi, 1990, Groundwater Contamination Risk Assessment: A
Guide to Understanding and Managing Uncertainties: International Association of Hydrological Sciences,
Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, LAHS Publication no. 196, 204 p.

Tremendous uncertainties in groundwater contamination issues and associated health risks stem
from: poor scientific understanding of physical/chemical behavior of subsurface contaminants,
extrapolation in dose-response relationships, and a poor ability to predict the impact of risk-
controlling policies. The estimation of true health risks and their management is crucial. Exposure

assessment is divided into three stages: 1) source characterization; 2) groundwater fate and
transport evaluation; 3) assessment of actual human exposure. Discusses cost-benefit analysis to
evaluate risk management options.

McKone, T. E., and K. T. Bogen, 1991, Predicting the uncertainties in risk assessment. For complete reference, see
Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 13.

McTernan, W. F., and E. Kaplan (editors), 1990, Risk Assessment for Groundwater Pollution Control: American
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 368 p.

Addresses risk assessment as it relates to groundwater contamination and hazardous waste.
Contains sections on methodology and uncertainties. Linkage models appear throughout these
sections. Also includes a chapter on non-point source contamination of aquifers by agricultural
chemicals. Though specific to groundwater contamination, this book contains excellent
methodology information.

Mizell, D. E., 1984, RCRA Ground Water Monitoring; Statistical Games or Honest Risk Assessment? in
Proceedings, Conference on Management Techniques for Water and Related Resources, Carbondale, Illinois,
April 4-6, 1984, University of Illinois Water Resources Center, Urbana, Illinois, v. 14, p. 188-123.

Neal, R. A., 1983, Health and Risk Assessment: Toxicology. For complete reference, see Environmental Health
Assessments and Concerns, p. 22.

Partridge, L., 1985, The Application of Quantitative Risk Assessment to Assist in Evaluating Remedial Action
Alternatives. For complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case
Studies, p. 14.

Wolka, K. K., L. W. Turley, and W. G. Petruzzi, 1990, A Well Field Risk Assessment, in Zaporozec, A. (editor),
Proceedings, Conference on Minimizing Risk to the Hydrologic Environment, Las Vegas, Nevada, March
13-15, 1990: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, p. 122-131.

Case study in Lansing, Michigan, to locate new groundwater source for growing community. New
groundwater source was found to be located near an existing landfill that was under remediation
due to contamination. A risk assessment was conducted to determine the best location for the new
well field in relation to the existing landfill. Discusses methods and commercially available
software used to do the assessment.

Transport Pathways/Linkages

Bouwer, H., 1989, Linkages with ground water (Chapter 12), in Follett, R. F. (editor), Nitrogen Management and
Ground Water Protection: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p. 363-372.

To control nitrogen contamination of groundwater, this paper argues, best irrigation management
practices must be combined with best nitrogen fertilizer management practices. This is because
nitrate transport into vadose zone water via leaching is quickened by inefficient irrigation practices.

Brice, D. A., J. A. Archer, and J. K. Greer, 1990, Establishment of alternate clean up goals for a RCRA facility
utilizing numerical analysis of transport pathways to evaluate risk to human and environmental receptors.
For complete reference, see Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste Disposal Issues/Injection Wells, p. 126.

70

Carter, K. N., Jr., M. Saenz, D. J. Wilson, and P. W. Rosten, Jr., 1984, Migration of pollutants in groundwater. II.
Adsorbable pollutants and numerical dispersion reduction: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v.
4, no. 2, p. 171-202.

Discusses mathematical formulas for determining "the migration of a decomposing pollutant
adsorbing according to a Langmuir isotherm and undergoing two-dimensional flow in a saturated
aquifer." ~

Haug, A., R. H. Petrini, and G. E. Grisak, 1990, Geostatistical Assessment of Direction, Magnitude and Uncertainty
of Ground-Water Flow, in Zaporozec, A. (editor), Proceedings, Conference on Minimizing Risk to the
Hydrologic Environment, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 13-15, 1990: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company,
Dubuque, Iowa, p. 83-92.

Contamination from Pesticide Use and Other Agricultural Practices

Desprez, N., A. Landreau, and D. Vogt, 1982, Mineralization of groundwater by agricultural practices: Mapping of
sensitive areas--application to the Indre-et-Loire District (France), in Impacts of Agricultural Activities on
Groundwater, International Symposium: International Association of Hydrogeologists, Prague,
Czechoslovakia, v. 16, no. 1, p. 195-216.

Freshwater Foundation, 1987, Pesticides and Groundwater: A Health Concern for the Midwest: Proceedings,
Conference held in St. Paul, Minnesota, October 16-17, 1986, Navarre, Minnesota, Freshwater Foundation,
338 p.

Comprehensive overview of pesticide use in the Midwest. The associated problems and
management programs are addressed in detail.

Garner, W. J., R. C. Honeycutt, and H. N. Nigg (editors), 1986, Evaluation of Pesticides in Groundwater, developed
from a Symposium at the 189th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, April
28-May 3, 1985: American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 573 p.

Concentrates on all aspects of groundwater contamination from agriculturally applied pesticides.
Specific topics include physical and chemical parameters such as transport mechanisms;
groundwater monitoring techniques; modeling of pesticide movement in soil and groundwater; risk
assessment for groundwater contamination by pesticides, and regulatory aspects.

Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois State Water Survey, 1990, An Initial Evaluation of the Impact of Pesticides
on Groundwater in Illinois (Report to the Legislature): Illinois State Geological Survey, Cooperative
Groundwater Report, no. 12, 107 p.

McKenna, D. P., S. C. Schock, E. Mehnert, S. C. Mravik, and D. A. Keefer, 1989, Agricultural Chemicals in Rural,
Private Water Wells in Illinois: Recommendations for a Statewide Survey: Illinois State Geological Survey
and Illinois State Water Survey, Cooperative Groundwater Report, no. 11 109 p.

Discussion of the potential for the contamination of Illinois groundwater due to agricultural
chemical use. Overview of a monitoring plan to assess the actual levels of contamination.

McKenna, D. P., and D. A. Keefer, 1991, Potential for Agricultural Chemical Contamination of Aquifers in Illinois:
Illinois State Geological Survey, Open-File Series 1991-7, 18 p.

71

Mulkey, L. A., R. F. Carsel, and C. N. Smith, 1986, Development, Testing, and Applications of Nonpoint Source
Models for Evaluation of Pesticides Risk to the Environment. For complete reference, see Environmental
Models, p. 30.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Effects of pesticides in water: A report to the states. For complete
reference, see Surface Water Quality, General References, p. 60.

Wilson, S. D., K. J. Hlinka, J. M. Shafer, J. R. Karny, and K. A. Panczak, 1992, Agricultural Chemical
Contamination of Shallow-Bored and Dug Wells, in Research on Agricultural Chemicals in Illinois
Groundwater: Status and Future Directions II: Proceedings, Second annual conference, Illinois Groundwater
Consortium, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, p. 140-148.

Heavy Metals

Emrich, G. H., and H. F. Lucas, Jr., 1963, Geologic occurrence of natural radium-226 in ground water in Illinois:
International Association of Scientific Hydrology Bulletin, v. 8, no. 3, p. 5-19.

The methodology, analysis and results of a study to determine the natural radium-226
concentration, and thus the natural radon contamination potential, in Cambrian, Ordovician and
Silurian-Devonian aquifers in Illinois are presented.

Gilkeson, R. H., S. A. Specht, K. Cartwright, R. A. Griffin, and T. E. Larson, 1978, Geologic Studies to Identify
the Source for High Levels of Radium and Barium in Illinois Ground- Water Supplies: A Preliminary Report:
Reprint from Water Resources Center Research, Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water
Survey, Report no. 135, 27 p.
Overview of a study to determine the source of radium and barium in Illinois aquifers. It was determined
that rocks of the Cambrian and Ordovician systems were a primary source. Sulfate ion concentration was
another significant determinant.

Loomis, D. P., J. E. Watson, Jr., and D. J. Crawford-Brown, 1988, Predicting the occurrence of radon-222 in
groundwater supplies: Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v. 10, no. 2, p. 41-50.
Overview of a study to determine and develop a more complete understanding of the factors affecting
radon-222 levels.

Petroleum Contamination

Bell, A. H., 1961, Underground Storage of Natural Gas in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular, no. 318,
21 -p:

Bond, D. C., 1975, Underground Storage of Natural Gas: Illinois State Geological Survey Petroleum, no. 104, 12
p.

Buschbach, T. C., and Bond, D. C., 1967, Underground Storage of Natural Gas in Illinois: Illinois State Geological
Survey Petroleum, no. 86, 54 p.

Buschbach, T. C., and Bond, D. C., 1974, Underground Storage of Natural Gas in IIlinois-1973: Illinois State
Geological Survey, Illinois Petroleum, no.101, 71 p.

Code of Federal Regulations, 1973, Title 18, Conservation of Power and Water Resources: U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 18 CFR 152.1, p. 288-291.

72

Coleman, D. D., Meents, W. F., Liu, C.-L., Keogh, R. A., 1977, Isotopic Identification of Leakage Gas from
Underground Storage Reservoirs-A Progress Report: Illinois State Geological Survey, Petroleum, no. 111,
10 p.

Hinchee, R. E., J. H. Reisinger, D. Burris, B. Marks, and J. Stepek, 1986, Underground Fuel Contamination,
Investigation, and Remediation: A Risk Assessment Approach to How Clean Is Clean, in Graves, B. J., J.
H. Lehr, K. Butcher, D. Chen, and W. D. Shepherd (editors), Proceedings, NWWA/API Conference on
Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection and Restoration,
Houston, Texas, November 12-14, 1986, National Water Well Association, Dublin, Ohio, p. 539-564.

Illinois Revised Statutes, 1965, Public Utilities Act, Section 55, Chapter 111-2/3 (Gas Storage).

Kostecki, P. T., E. J. Calabrese, and C. E. Bell (editors), 1991, Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils and Groundwater;
Analysis, Fate, Environmental and Public Health Effects, Remediation. For complete reference, see Soil
Quality, Petroleum Contamination, p. 80.

Public Drinking Water Supplies

General References

Ad Hoc Study Group of the Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee, Science Advisory Board, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, Assessment of Health Risk from Organics in Drinking Water. For
complete reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 19.

Anderson, H. W., M. D. Hoover, and K. G. Reinhart, 1976, Forests and Water: Effects of Forest Management on
Floods, Sedimentation, and Water Supply: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, U. S.
Department of Berkeley, CA, General Technical Report PSW-18/1976.

Bowman, J. A., and B. C. Kimpel, 1991, Irrigation Practices in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Research Report,
v. 118.

Brenniman, G. R., et al., 1979, Health Effects of Human Exposure to Barium in Drinking Water. For complete
reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 20.

Clark, J. M., and C. L. Fuller, 1987, A Total Exposure and Risk Assessment for Drinking Water Contaminated with
Volatile Organic Compounds: Energy and Environmental Affairs Division, Illinois Department of Energy
and Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, Document no. ILENR/RE-AQ-87-22, 119 p.

This risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water concludes that the
non-ingestion exposure routes (e.g. dermal, inhalation) may be more significant than the ingestion
route. The authors express the need for regulatory agencies to consider these risks before
determining maximum contaminant levels (MCLs).

Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), 1982, Water Use in Agriculture: Now and for the Future:
Ames, IA, Report no. 5.

Cravens, S. J., S. D. Wilson, and R. C. Barry, 1990, Regional Assessment of the Ground- Water Resources in Eastern
Kankakee and Northern Iroquois Counties: Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, no. 111.
Champaign, IL.

73

DiNovo, F., and M. Jaffe, 1984, Local Groundwater Protection, Midwest Region: American Planning Association,
Chicago, 327 p.

Fetter, C. W., 1981, Interstate Conflict over Ground Water: Wisconsin-Illinois: Ground Water, v. 19, no. 2, p. 201-
213:

Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry, 1979, Groundwater: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Hallenbeck, W. H., 1986, Risk Assessment of Exposure to Radium and Fluoride in Illinois Public Water Supplies:
Energy and Environmental Affairs Division, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
Springfield, Illinois, Document no. ILENR/RE-AQ-87/21, 78 p.

Summary of a study undertaken in response to a 1985 Illinois EPA proposal that would have led
to an increase in the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of fluoride and radium in
Illinois drinking water. The study assessed the resultant health impacts at approximately one
additional cancer case per year due to increased radium exposure, and approximately 23 additional
cases of dental fluorosis per year due to the increased fluoride exposure.

Hess, C. T., M. A. Vietti, and D. T. Mage, 1987, Radon from drinking water-evaluation of water-borne transfer into
house air. For complete reference, see Radon, p. 104.

Horberg, L., M. Suter, and T. E. Larson, 1950, Groundwater in the Peoria Region: Illinois State Water Survey
Bulletin, v. 39 (A cooperative research project conducted by the Illinois State Water and Geological
Surveys).

Illinois State Water Survey, 1952, Proceedings of the Conference on Water Resources, October 1-3, 1951: Illinois
State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 41, 335 p.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1984, Illinois State Water Plan: Critical Issues, Cross-Cutting Topics, Operating
Issues, January, 59 p.

Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, 1992, Memorandum and Draft Document, “Remaining Issues and
Implementation Requirements," November, 18 p.

Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources (ITACWR), 1967, Water for Illinois: A Plan for Action.

Illinois Water Inventory Program (IWIP), 1991, Illinois State Water Survey program-statewide water withdrawal
information, 1978-1993.

Kristoff, L. M., D. T. Lordi, and C. Lue-Hing, 1990, Radium 226 and tritium in public well supplies of the Greater
Chicago Area: American Water Works Association Journal, v. 82, no. 3, March, p. 77-82.

Results of a radiological survey of Chicago area municipal wells.
Office of the Governor, 1967, Water for Illinois — A Plan of Action, 452 p.
Page, N. P., 1988, Gasoline Leaking from Underground Storage Tanks: Impact on Drinking Water Quality, in

Hemphill, D. D. (editor), Proceedings, 22nd Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental
Health, St. Louis, Missouri, May 23-26, 1988, v. 22. p. 233-245.

74

Prickett, T. A., and C. G. Lonnquist, 1971, Selected Digital Computer Techniques for Groundwater Resource
Evaluation: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 55.

Schicht, R. J, 1992, Ground-Water Investigation at Peoria, Illinois: Central Well-Field Area: Illinois State Water
Survey Contract Report, no. 537.

Singh K. P., and S. M. Broeren, 1990, Mitigative Measures for At-Risk Public Surface Water Supply Systems:
Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no. 505.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1987, American Bottoms, Illinois: Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact
Statement: St. Louis District, Lower Mississippi Valley Division, draft document, St. Louis, MO.

U. S. General Accounting Office, 1989, Drinking Water: Safeguards Are Not Preventing Contamination From
Injected Oil and Gas Wastes: U. S. General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman, Environment,
Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of
Representatives, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1989, Risk Assessment, Management and Communication
of Drinking Water Contamination: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA/625/4-
89/024, 90 p.

A detailed guide to the identification, assessment and management of toxic chemicals in drinking
water. Focuses on periodic occurrences of toxic chemicals and the subsequent health advisories and
risk reduction efforts. Contains an overview of the toxicology of selected substances relevant to
drinking water contamination.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, 1990, National Survey of
Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells: Phase I Report: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D. C., 235 p.

Drought

Bowman, J. A., and M. A. Collins, 1987, Impacts of Irrigation and Drought on Illinois Ground-Water Resources:
Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, no. 109.

Changnon, S. A, 1980, Removing the Confusion over Droughts and Floods: the Interface between Scientists and
Policy Makers: Water International, v. 10, p. 10-18.

Changnon, S. A, 1989, The 1988 Drought, Barges, and Diversion: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
v. 70, no. 9, p. 1092-1104.

Changnon, S. A., G. L. Achtemeier, S. D. Hilberg, H. V. Knapp, R. D. Olson, W. J. Roberts, and P. G. Vinzani,
1982, The 1980-1981 Drought in Illinois: Causes, Dimensions, and Impacts: Illinois State Water Survey
Report of Investigation, no. 102.

Changnon, S. A. et al. (17 coauthors), 1987, Droughts in Illinois: Their Physical and Social Dimensions: Illinois
State Water Survey, Report to the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources.

Changnon, S. A., and W. E. Easterling, 1989, Measuring Drought Impacts: The Illinois Case: Water Resources
Bulletin, v. 25, no. 1, p. 27-42.

75

Gerber, W. D, 1932, The Drought of 1930 and Surface Water Supplies in Illinois: Journal of the American Water
Works Association, v. 24, no. 6, p. 840.

Hudson, H. E., Jr., and W. J. Roberts, 1955, The 1952-1955 Illinois Drought with Special Reference to Impounding
Reservoir Design: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 43.

Huff, F. A., and S. A. Changnon, 1963, Drought Climatology of Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 50.

Jones, D. M. A, 1977, Impacts of the Drought in Dlinois, in Drought-Dilemma-Decisions: Proceedings, Upper
Mississippi River Basin Commission Symposium on Drought in Mid-America, Minneapolis, MN.

Kirk, J. R., 1989, Illinois Public Water Supplies’ Response to the Drought of 1988: Illinois State Water Survey,
unpublished manuscript, 5p.

Lamb, P. J. (editor), 1992, The 1988-1989 Drought in Illinois: Causes, Dimensions, and Impacts: Illinois State Water
Survey Research Report, no. 121.

Riebsame, W. E., Changnon, S. A., and T. R. Kal, 1991, Drought and Natural Resources Management in the United
States: Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

Wehrmann, H. A, 1989, Ground-Water Conditions. In The 1988-1989 Drought in Illinois: Causes, Dimensions, and
Impacts: Illinois State Water Survey Research Report, no. 121.

Supplies

Basch, M. E., and R. V. Funkhouser, 1985, Irrigation Impacts on Ground-Water Levels in Jasper and Newton
Counties, Indiana, 1981-1984: Division of Water, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis,
IN, Water Resource Assessment 85-1.

Bowman, J. A., 1991, State Water Plan Task Force Special Report on Ground-Water Supply and Demand in Illinois:
Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, no. 116.

Bowman, J. A., and M. A. Collins, 1987, Impacts of Irrigation and Drought on Illinois Ground-Water Resources:
Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, no. 109.

Broeren, S. M., and K. P. Singh, 1989, Adequacy of Illinois Surface Water Supply Systems to Meet Future
Demands: Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no. 477.

Burch, S. L., 1991. The New Chicago Model: A Reassessment of the Impacts of Lake Michigan Allocation on the
Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System in Northeastern Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Research Report,
no. 119.

Gerber, W. D, 1932, The Drought of 1930 and Surface Water Supplies in Illinois:Journal of the American Water
Works Association, v. 24, no. 6, p. 840.

Habermeyer, G. C, 1925, Public Ground-Water Supplies in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 21.
[Supplements I and II issued in 1938 and 1940)

Hanson, R, 1950, Public Ground-Water Supplies in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 40. [Supplements
I and II issued in 1958 and 1961}

76

Hudson, H. E., Jr., and W. J. Roberts, 1955, The 1952-1955 Illinois Drought with Special Reference to Impounding
Reservoir Design: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 43.

Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources (TTACWR), 1967, Water for Illinois: A Plan for Action.
Kirk, J. R, 1987, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, 1986: Illinois State Water Survey Circular, no. 167.

Kirk, J. R., J. Jarboe, E. W. Sanderson, R. T. Sasman, and R. A. Sinclair, 1979, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, 1978:
Illinois State Water Survey Circular, no. 140.

Kirk, J. R., J. Jarboe, E. W. Sanderson, R. T. Sasman, and C. Lonnquist, 1982, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, 1980:
Illinois State Water Survey Circular, no. 152.

Kirk, J. R., E. W. Sanderson, and R. T. Sasman, 1984, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, 1982: Illinois State Water
Survey Circular, no. 161.

Kirk, J. R., K. J. Hlinka, R. T. Sasman and E. W. Sanderson, 1985, Water Withdrawals in Illinois, 1984: Illinois
State Water Survey Circular, no. 163.

Kohlhase, R. C, 1987, Ground-Water Levels and Pumpage in the East St. Louis Area, Illinois, 1981-1985: Illinois
State Water Survey Circular, no. 168. Champaign, IL.

McConkey, S. A., A. Greene, and R. Sinclair, 1993, Geographic Information System Statewide Database for Public
Water Surface Water Supplies in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey, report in preparation.

Sasman, R. T., R. S. Ludwigs, C. R. Benson, and J. R. Kirk, 1986, Water-Level Trends and Pumpage in the
Cambrian and Ordovician Aquifers in the Chicago Region, 1980-1985: Illinois State Water Survey Circular,
no. 166.

Singh, K. P., S. M. Broeren, R. B. King, and M. L. Pubentz, 1988, Future Water Demands of Public Surface Water
Supply Systems in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no. 442.

Singh, K. P., and A. Durgunoglu, 1990, An Improved Methodology for Estimating Future Reservoir Capacities:
Application to Surface Water Supply Reservoirs in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no.
493.

Singh, K. P., and S. A. McConkey-Broeren, 1990, Mitigative Measures for At-Risk Public Surface Water Supply
Systems in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report, no. 505.

Suter, M., R. E. Bergstrom, H. F. Smith, G. H. Emrich, W. C. Walton, and T. E. Larson, 1959, Preliminary Report
on Ground-Water Resources of the Chicago Region, Illinois: Cooperative Report 1, Illinois State Water
Survey and Illinois State Geological Survey.

Suter, M., and R. H. Harmeson, 1960, Artificial Ground-Water Recharge at Peoria, Illinois: Illinois State Water
Survey Bulletin, v. 48.

Visocky, A. P., (in press), Water-Level Trends and Pumpage in the Deep Bedrock Aquifers in the Chicago Region,
1985-1991: Illinois State Water Survey Circular.

Soil Quality

77
General References
Bonazountas, M., 1987, Chemical Fate Modelling in Soil Systems; A State-of-the-Art Review, in Barth, H., and P.

L’Hermite, Proceedings: Scientific Basis for Soil Protection in the European Community, Berlin, October
6-8, 1986: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers B. V., London, p. 487-566.

Department of Agriculture, 1984, Soils of Illinois: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Bulletin 778, p. 1-84.

Dragun, J., 1988, The Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Materials: Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute, Silver
Springs, Maryland, 458 p.

Hall, E. C., 1962, Air Pollution from coal refuse piles: Mining Congress Journal, v. 48, no. 12, p. 37-41.

Nelson, B. W., 1990, Evaluating Soil Contamination: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, PB-90-
267444, v. 90, no. 2, 25 p.

Nelson, D. W., et al. (editors), 1983, Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems: Proceedings, of a
Symposium, November 29-December 3, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia: Soil Science Society of America, Madison,
Wisconsin, Special Publication no. 11.

Sussman, V. H, and J. Mulhern, 1964, Air Pollution from Coal Refuse Disposal Areas: Journal of Air Pollution
Control Association, v. 14, no. 7, p. 279-289.

Vigna, G. G., and M. Sherwood, 1987, Report on Session II; Assessment of impacts on the soil environment, in
Barth, H., and P. L’Hermite (editors), Proceedings: Scientific Basis for Soil Protection in the European
Community, Berlin, October 6-8, 1986: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers B. V., London, p. 589-593.

Erosion

Akanbi, A. A., and M. Demissie, 1993, Trends in Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey
Contract Report (draft).

Batie, S. S., 1984, Soil Erosion: Crisis in America’s Croplands?: The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Bhowmik, N. G., G. R. Adams, A. P. Bonini, A. M. Klock, and M. Demissie, 1986, Sediment Loads in Ilinois
Streams and Rivers: Illinois State Water Survey Report of Investigation, v. 106, 167p.

Bhowmik, N. G., M. Demissie, D. T. Soong, A. Klock, N. R. Black, D. L. Gross, T. W. Sipe, and P. G. Risser,
1984, Conceptual Models of Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois: Volume I. Project Summary; Volume
II. Level II Models, Model Interactions, Keywords, and Bibliography. For complete reference, see
Environmental Models, p. 27.

Brown, L. R., 1984, Conserving Soils, in Brown, L. R. (editor), State of the World, 1984: Norton & Co., New York.
Brune, G. M., 1953, Trap Efficiency of Reservoirs: Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 34, p. 407-418.
Chiarantini, L., et al., 1989, A Contribution of Microwave Remote Sensing for Soil Erosion Forecasting, in

Proceedings of the Seventh Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology: Methods,

Integration, Solutions, October 2-6, 1989, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Environmental Research Institute of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, v. 1, 627 p.

78

Description of a soil erosion prediction model that incorporates soil moisture and roughness
measures obtained via microwave sensors. Improved soil erosion forecasts are invaluable in
deciding on soil conservation practices.

Clark II, E. H., J. A. Haverkamp, and W. Chapman, 1985, Eroding Soils: The Off-Farm Impacts: The Conservation
Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Demissie, M., and N. G. Bhowmik, 1986, Peoria Lake Sediment Investigation: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract
Report no. 371.

Demissie, M., L. Keefer, and R. Xia, 1992, Erosion and Sedimentation in the Illinois River Basin: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILENR/RE-WR-92/04.

Douglas, I., 1981, Erosion Risk Assessment and Land Classification for Soil Conservation, in Morgan, R. P. C.
(editor), Proceedings, Conservation 80, the International Conference on Soil Conservation, Silsoe,
Bedfordshire, July 21-25, 1980: National College of Agricultural Engineering, Silsoe, Bedfordshire, United
Kingdom, p. 63-73.

Larson, W. E., et al. (editors), 1990, Research Issues in Soil Erosion/Productivity: Executive Summary of a
Workshop on Research Issues in Soil Erosion/Productivity, March 13-15, 1989, Bloomington, Minnesota:
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 35 p.

Nichols, R. W., 1989, Controlling Soil Erosion in the Illinois River Basin, Proceedings for Second Conference on
the Management of the Illinois River System: The 1990s and Beyond: Water Resources Center, Urbana,
IL, Special Report no. 18.

Patric, J. H., 1973, Deforestation Effects on Soil Moisture; Streamflow and Water Balance in the Central
Appalachians: Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Upper Darby,
PA., Forest Service Research Paper NE-259.

Peterson, J. W., 1991, Erosion and sediment-today’s challenge: Proceedings, Forty-seventh annual meeting of the
Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, p. 4-11.

Pickup, G., and V. H. Chewings, 1988, Forecasting patterns of soil erosion in arid lands from Landsat MSS data.
For complete reference, see Forecasting, p. 53.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 1955, Influences of Reforestation and Erosion Control on the Hydrology of the
Pine Tree Branch Watershed, 1941 to 1950: Hydraulic Branch Unit, TVA Division of Water Control,
Technical Monograph 86.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE), 1981, Final Report to Congress, The Streambank Erosion Control
Evaluation and Demonstation Act of 1974, Section 32, Public Law 93-251.

Pesticides

Cheng, H. H. (editor), 1990, Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts, and Modeling: Soil Science
Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 530 p.

Davidson, J. M., et al., 1980, Adsorption, Movement, and Biological Degradation of Large Concentrations of
Selected Pesticides in Soils: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, PB 81-111056, 111

p.-

79

McKenna, D. P., et al., 1989, Persistence and Mobility of Selected Pesticides in Loessial Soils of Illinois: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, Document RE; 89/22, 91 p.

Pike, D. R., K. D. Glover, E. L. Knake, and E. D. Kuhlman, 1991, Pesticide Use in Illinois: Results of a 1990
Survey of Major Crops: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 38 p.

The Illinois State Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (PIAP) conducted a survey of over 2000
randomly selected Illinois producers to determine pest control methods in general and patterns of
pesticide use, specifically.

Saltzman, S., and B. Yaron (editors), 1986, Pesticides in Soil: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 379
p.

Heavy Metals

Boggess, W. R., and B. G. Wixson (editors), 1977, Lead in the Environment: National Science Foundation,
Washington, D. C., 272 p.

Comprehensive overview of lead and its environmental and human health impacts. Includes papers
on transport processes and risk assessment.

Critchley, R. F., 1983, An Assessment of Trace Metal Inputs and Pathways to the Marine and Terrestrial
Environments, in Heavy Metals in the Environment, Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Heavy
Metals in the Environment, Heidelberg, Germany, September, 1983: CEP Consultants, Ltd., Edinburgh, U.
K., v. 2, p. 1108-1111.

Outlines sources and their relative contribution to heavy metal concentrations in both marine and
terrestrial environments.

Griffin, T. B., and J. H. Knelson (editors), 1975, Lead, in Environmental Quality and Safety (Series): Georg Thieme
Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany, Academic Press, New York, v. 2, 299 p.

Covers a broad spectrum of topics relating to lead in the environment. Includes epidemiological
and toxicological studies, atmospheric, and population level surveys and pathways analysis.

Gunderson, L. C. S., and R. B. Wanty (editors), 1991, Field Studies of Radon in Rocks, Soils, and Water: U. S.
Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 1971, 334 p.

Jones, R. L., 1986, Barium in Illinois surface soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 4, July-
August, p. 1085-1087.

Results and summary of methodology used to determine distribution of barium (Ba) in Illinois
surface soils.

Jones, R. L., and T. D. Hinesly, 1972, Total mercury content in Morrow Plot soils over a period of 63 years, in Soil
Science Society of America Proceedings, Madison, Wisconsin, v. 36, no. 6, November-December, p.
921-923.

Jones, R. L., 1989, Rubidium in surface horizons of Illinois soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 53,
no. 2, March-April, p. 588-591.

Results and review of methodology used to determine the distribution of rubidium (Rb) in Illinois
surface soils.

Jones, R. L., 1991, Uranium in Illinois surface soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, March-April,
p. 549-550.

This study was undertaken to determine the ambient level of uranium in Illinois soils. The results
conclude that uranium concentrations in Dlinois surface soils are very similar to those found in
several studies of surface soils in the coterminous U. S.

Murphy, B. L., A. P. Toole, and P. D. Bergstrom, 1989, Health risk assessment for arsenic contaminated soil. For
complete reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns, p. 22.

Schmitt, H. W., H. Sticher, 1986, Long-term trend analysis of heavy metal content and translocation in soils. For
complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Thornton, I., 1988, Environmental Pathways of Lead, in Abstracts of Papers, Third Chemical Congress of North
America, Toronto, Canada, June 5-10, 1988: American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.

Addresses agricultural pathways (soil-crop-human and soil-plant-animal) and urban pathways (soil-
dust-diet-human) of lead.

Till, J. E., and R. E. Moore, 1988, A pathway analysis approach for determining acceptable levels of contamination
of radionuclides in soils: Health-Physics, v. 55, no. 3, p. 541-548.

Describes the use of a pathways methodology to determine acceptable levels of radionuclides in
decontaminated soils. The analysis combines likely pathways of exposure to come up with a yearly
radiation exposure total.

Petroleum Contamination

Kostecki, P. T., and E. J. Calabrese (editors), 1989, Petroleum Contaminated Soils, in Proceedings of the 2nd
National Congress on the Environment and Public Health Effects of Soils Contaminated with Petroleum
Products, September, 1987: Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan.

Kostecki, P. T., E. J. Calabrese, and H. M. Horton, 1989, Petroleum Contaminated Soils: Remediation Techniques,
Environmental Fate, Risk Assessment: Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, v. 1, 495 p.

Kostecki, P. T., E. J. Calabrese, and C. E. Bell (editors), 1991, Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils and Groundwater;
Analysis, Fate, Environmental and Public Health Effects, Remediation: Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea,
Michigan, v. 1, 354 p.

Discusses risk assessment in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and groundwater. Provides method

for chronic exposure assessment in indoor air. Also discusses human-health exposure assessments.
A series of articles/papers related to hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and groundwater.

Air Quality

General References

81

Avara, E. P., and B. T. Miers, 1971, Comparison of Linear Trends in Time Series Data Using Regression Analysis.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 44.

Berk, P. D., F. L. Rodkey, T. F. Blaschke, H. A. Collision, and J. G. Waggoner, 1974, A New Approach to
Quantification of Various Sources of Bilirubin in Man: The Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine, v. 87,
p. 767-780.

Bigelow, D. S., 1984, Instruction Manual for NADP/NTN Site Selection and Installation: Natural Resource Ecology
Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

Bigelow, D. S., and S. R. Dossett, 1988, Instruction Manual: NADP/NTN Site Operation: Natural Resource Ecology
Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

Butler, J. D., P. Crossley, and D. M. Colwill, 1982, Predicting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in
urban aerosols by linear multiple regression analysis, Environmental Pollution (Part B). For complete
reference, see Statistical Analyses of Environmental Data, General References, p. 42.

Calabrese, E. J., and E. M. Kenyon, 1991, Air Toxics and Risk Assessment: Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea,
Michigan, 662 p.

Chandler, W. U., 1990, Carbon Emission Control Studies: Conservation Foundation, Baltimore.
Changnon, S. A., 1969, Climatology of Severe Winter Storms in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 53.

Changnon, S. A., 1978, Record Severe Winter Storms in Illinois, 1977-78: Illinois State Water Survey Report of
Investigation, v. 88.

Changnon, S. A., 1984, Climate Fluctuations in Illinois: 1901-1980: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin, v. 68.

Changnon, S. A., 1987, Historical atmospheric transmission changes and changes in Midwestern air pollution:
Bulletin American Meteorolgoical Society, v. 68, no. 5, p. 477-480.

Chock, D. P., R. W. Herrman, and S. Kumar, 1982, An analysis of trends in oxidant air quality in the South Coast
Air Basin of California. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 44.

Comptroller General of the United States (editor), 1982, Problems in Air Quality Monitoring System Affect Data
Reliability: Summary: Report to the Congress. For complete reference, see Data Quality and Reliability,
p. 33.

Cox, W. M., H. W. Rorex, and G. K. Moss, 1985, Evaluation of Rural Air Quality Simulation Models. For complete
reference, see Environmental Models, p. 28.

Cupitt, L. T., 1987, Atmospheric Persistence of Eight Air Toxics (Project Summary): Atmospheric Sciences Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S3-
87/004, 4 p.

The concept of the "atmospheric lifetime" of an air toxic chemical was defined, and methods were
described for estimating the lifetimes of such chemicals in the atmosphere. Complete report entitled
"Atmospheric Persistence of Eight Air Toxics". NTIS PB 87-145 306/AS.

82

Daisey, J. M., J. L. Cheney, and P. J. Lioy, 1986, Profiles of organic particulate emissions from air pollution
sources: Status and needs for receptor source apportionment modeling: Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, v. 36, no. 1, January, p. 17-33.

Trace elements are widely used to identify the sources of airborne pollutants and to apportion their
contributions to the ambient aerosol through receptor models. Published data on the organic
composition of source emissions were reviewed. Factors affecting the variability of reported
organic emissions source profiles have been discussed in detail in this review.

Davidson, C. I., 1988, The Role of Characteristics of Materials on Dry Deposition, in Workshop Summary Report
TR-898-68B: Damage to Real Structures: Office of Acid Deposition, Environmental Monitoring and Quality
Assurance, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.

Dolske, D. A., and D. F. Gatz, 1984, A Field Intercomparison of Methods for the Measurement of Particle and Gas
Dry Deposition: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, D1, p. 2076-2084.

Edgerton, S. A., and M. W. Holdren, 1987, Use of pattern recognition techniques to characterize local sources of
toxic organics in the atmosphere: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 21, no. 11, November, p.
1102-1107.

Pattern recognition techniques are used to characterize local sources of toxic air contaminants. Data
collected from four sites in the Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, are used to construct profiles of
chemical emissions from nearby chemical industries.

Faoro, R. B., and J. A. Manning, 1981, Trends in benzo(a)pyrene 1966-77. For complete reference, see Trends
Analysis, p. 45.

Galloway, J. N., G. E. Likens, W. C. Keene, and J. M. Miller, 1982, The Composition of Precipitation in Remote
Areas of the World: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 8771-8786.

Gatz, D. F., V. C. Bowersox, and J. Su, 1988, Screening Criteria for NADP Dry-Bucket Sample Data: Proceedings,
81" Annual APCA Meeting, Paper 88-101.6, Pittsburgh, PA, 16 p.

Gschwandtner, G., and S. Fairchild, 1991, Emission Factors for Iron Foundries: Criteria and Toxic Pollutants (Project
Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S2-90/044, 3 p.

Lists criteria and toxic pollutant emission factors for sources commonly found in iron foundries.
Complete report entitled "Emission factors for iron foundries: criteria and toxic pollutants." NTIS
PB 90-266 743/AS.

Herlan, A., and J. Mayer, 1982, Polycyclic aromatics in airborne dusts and emissions: Profiles, the problem of
determining origin and the role of analytics: Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene
(Orig. B), v. 176, no. 203, p. 206-248.

Comprehensive discussion of the analysis and associated problems of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in ambient air.

Hicks, B. B., M. L. Wesely, S. E. Lindberg, and S. M. Bromberg, 1986, Proceedings, NAPAP Workshop on Dry
Deposition: NOAA/ATDD, P. O. Box 2456, Oak Ridge, TN.

83

Hicks, B. B., D. D. Baldocchi, T. P. Meyers, R. P. Hosker, Jr., and D. R. Matt, 1987, A Preliminary Multiple
Resistance Routine for Deriving Dry Deposition Velocities from Measured Quantities: Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution, v. 36, p. 311-330.

Hicks, B. B., R. P. Hosker, Jr., T. P. Meyers, and J. D. Womack, 1991, Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement
Techniques--I. Design and Tests of a Prototype Meteorological and Chemical System for Determining Dry
Deposition: Atmospheric Environment, v. 25A, p. 2345-2359.

Hopke, P. K., N. Johnson, and D. Staske, 1988, Statistical Analysis of the Background Air Quality Data Obtained
for Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. For complete reference, see Statistical Analyses of Environmental Data,
General References, p. 43.

Huff, F. A., and J. R. Angel, 1989, Frequency Distribution and Hydroclimatic Characteristics of Heavy Rainstorms
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Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resource, 1992, Critical Trends Assessment Project-Analyzing
Environmental Trends in Illinois, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1971, State of Illinois Air Pollution Control Implementation Plan, Illinois
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Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1979, Annual Air Quality Report 1978: Air Monitoring Section, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL
62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, Annual Air Quality Report 1979: Air Monitoring Section, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL
62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1981, 1980 Annual Air Quality Report: Air Monitoring Section, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL
62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1982, 1981 Annual Air Quality Report: Air Monitoring Section, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL
62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1983, 1982 Annual Air Quality Report: Air Monitoring Section, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL
62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1984, Illinois Annual Air Quality Report 1983: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,

Springfield, IL 62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, Illinois Annual Air Quality Report 1984: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,

Springfield, IL 62706.

84

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Illinois Annual Air Quality Report 1985: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,
Springfield, IL 62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Illinois Annual Air Quality Report 1986: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,
Springfield, IL 62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Annual Air Quality Report 1987: Air Monitoring Section, Division
of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL
62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Illinois 1988 Annual Air Quality Report: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,
Springfield, IL 62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Environmental Progress Supplemental Transition Document,
1970-1990: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, Document 58:69.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Illinois 1989 Annual Air Quality Report: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,
Springfield, IL 62706.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, 1990 Iliinois Annual Air Quality Report: Air Monitoring Section,
Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road,
Springfield, IL 62706.

Junge, C. E., 1963, Air Chemistry and Radioactivity: Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY, p. 165.

Kersteter, S. L., 1989, Reranking of Area Sources in Light of Seasonal/Regional Emission Factors and State/Local
Needs (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S7-89/008, 6 p.

Complete report entitled "Reranking of area sources in light of seasonal/regional emission factors
and state/local needs." NTIS PB 90-110 115/AS.

Klaasen C. D., M. O. Amdur and J. Doull, 1986, Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons,
MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, 3rd edition.

Knapp, W. W., V. C. Bowersox, B. I. Chevone, S. V. Krupa, J. A. Lynch, and W. W. McFee, 1988, Precipitation
Chemistry in the United States, Part 1: Summary of Ion Concentration Variability, 1979-1984: Continuum,
v. 3, p. A-1 to A-165.

Komeiji, J., K. Aoki, V. Koyama, and T. Okita, 1990, Trends of air quality and atmospheric deposition in Tokyo.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Kuhaneck, D. P., Licht, C. A., and Marciniak, T. J., 1990, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Recovery and Source
Reduction Study: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILENR/RE-AQ-
90/14.

85

Kunkel, K. E., S. A. Changnon, C. G. Lonnquist, and J. R. Angel, 1990, A real-time climate information system for
the midwestern United States: Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, v. 71, no. 11, p. 1601-1609.

Lave, L. B., and E. P. Seskin, 1977, Air Pollution and Human Health: Published for Resources for the Future by the
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 368 p.

Emphasis on possible effects of air pollution on human health from both stationary and mobile
sources. Looks at relationship between daily mortality rates and daily air pollution levels. Discusses
costs and benefits of air pollution abatement.

Lawson, D. R., 1990, The southern California air quality study: Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association, v. 40, no. 2, February, p. 156-165.

Describes the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS). Summarizes data analysis and
modeling methodologies incorporated in the study. Also contains information about data
management and quality assurance.

Lin Jiumn, W., 1979. TSP Air Quality Trend Analysis for Chicago, For complete reference, see Trends Analysis,
p. 48.

Lipfert, F. W., 1980, Statistical studies of mortality and air pollution: Multiple regression analyses stratified by age
group. For complete reference, see Statistical Analyses of Environmental Data, General References, p. 43.

Lippmann, M., 1992, Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and their Health Effects, Van Nostrand Reinhold,
New York.

Mazumolar, S., and N. Sussman, 1983, Relationships of air pollution to health: Results from the Pittsburgh study:
Archives of Environmental Health, v. 38, no. 1, p. 17-24.

Outlines a study undertaken to determine the acute effects of relatively low level air pollution in
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

McAlister, R. A., E. Bowles, J. DeGarno, J. Rice, R. F. Jongleux, R. G. Merrill, and J. T. Bursey, 1991, 1990 urban
air toxics monitoring program: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, EPA-450/4-91-024.

Moyer, C., M. A. Francis, and C. B. Callaghan, 1992, Clean Air Act Handbook, A Practical Guide to Compliance.

National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network, 1991, NADP/NTN Annual Data Summary,
Precipitation Chemistry in the United States, 1991: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Ft. Collins, CO,
p. 5.

Peden, M. E., S. R. Bachman, J. Brennan, B. Demir, K. O. James, B. W. Kaiser, J. M. Lockard, J. E. Rothert, J.
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State Water Survey, Contract Report no. 381, Champaign, IL.

Petersen, M. S., 1990, Implementation of a Semi-Physical Model for Examining Solar Radiation in the Midwest:
Midwestern Climate Center, Illinois State Water Survey Misc. Pub., no. 123. Champaign.

86

Pistikopoulos, P., P. Masclet, and G. Mouvier, 1990, A receptor model adapted to reactive species: polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons; evaluation of source contributions in an open urban site--I. Particle compounds. For
complete reference, see Environmental Models, p. 30.

Ramdahl, I., G. Becher, and A. Bjorseth, 1982, Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particles:
Environmental Science and Technology, v. 16, no. 12, p. 861-865.

An analysis of the content of air particles from St. Louis.

Robertson, J. K., and J. W. Wilson, 1985, Design of the National Trends Network for Monitoring the Chemistry of
Atmospheric Deposition: U. S. Geological Survey Circular, v. 964, Alexandria, VA.

Salmon, L., D. H. F. Atkins, E. M. R. Fisher, and D. V. Law, 1978, Retrospective trend analysis of the content of
U. K. air particulate material 1957-1974. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Seila, R. L., W. A. Lonneman, and S. A. Meeks, 1989, Determination of C, to C,, Ambient Air Hydrocarbons in
39 U. S. Cities, from 1984 through 1986 (Project Summary): Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
EPA/600/S3-89/058, 4 p.

Complete report entitled "Determination of C, to C,, ambient air hydrocarbons in 39 U. S. cities,
from 1984 through 1986." NTIS PB 89-214 142/AS.

Semonin, R. G., and V. C. Bowersox, 1983, Characterization of the Inorganic Chemistry of the Precipitation of
North America, in Pruppacher, H. R., R. G. Semonin, and W. G. N. Slinn (editors), Precipitation
Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension: Elsevier, New York, NY, v. 1, p. 191-201.

Shriner, D. S., W. W. Heck, S. B. McLaughlin, D. W. Johnson, J. D. Joslin, and C. E. Petersen, 1990, Responses
of Vegetation to Atmospheric Deposition and Air Pollution: National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program, Washington, D. C., State of Science/Technology Report no. 18, p. 18-164 to 18-169.

Sisterson, D. L., V. C. Bowersox, and A. R. Olsen, 1990, Wet Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants, in Deposition
Monitoring-Methods and Results: National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, D. C., State
of Science/ Technology Report no. 18, p. 6-43 to 6-66 and 6-220 to 6-221.

Smith, F. B., 1991, Regional air pollution, with special emphasis on Eurepe: Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological
Society, v. 117, no. 500, July, p. 657-683.

The state of acidifying air pollution in Europe is reviewed, as is the ability and limitation of
models to simulate concentrations and depositions.

Smith, W. H., 1991, Air pollution and forest damage. For complete reference, see Forest Ecosystems, p. 153.

State of Illinois Rules and Regulations, 1989, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency: Title 35: Environmental
Protection, Subtitle B: Air Pollution, Chapter I: Pollution Control Board.

Stedman, 1991, On-road Carbon Monoxide and Hydro Carbon Remote Sensing in the Chicago Area: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, October.

Stensland, G. J., and R. G. Semonin, 1992, Another Interpretation of the pH Trend in the United States: Bulletin of
the American Meteorological Society, v. 63, p. 1277-1284.

87
Stern, C. A., 1968, Air Pollution: Air Pollution and Its Effects, Academic Press, New York, v. 1.

Trenberth, K. E., 1983, What are the Seasons?: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 64, p. 1276-
1282.

Treshow, M., and F. K., Anderson, 1989, Plant Stress from Air Pollution: John Wiley and Sons, New York, 283 p.

Broad overview of the effects of air pollution on plants. Intended for readers with little previous
knowledge of botany and atmospheric processes. Includes lists of suggested readings.

Tsani-Bazaca, E., A. McIntyre, J. Lester, and R. Perry, 1982, Ambient concentrations and correlations of
hydrocarbons and halocarbons in the vicinity of an airport: Chemosphere, v. 11, no. 1, p. 11-23.

Study undertaken to determine the feasibility of quantifying airport contributions to ambient
hydrocarbon and halocarbon levels.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, Health Assessment Document for Chromium: U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Assessing Human Health Risks From Chemically Contaminated Fish
and Shellfish: A Guidance Manual, EPA-503/8-89-002.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs, 1973, Methods for Identifying and
Evaluating the Nature and Extent of Non-point Sources of Pollutants: U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA-430/9-73-014, a261 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, 1986, Guideline on the Identification and Use of Air Quality Data
Affected by Exceptional Events: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, EPA 450/4-86-007, 35 p. (microfiche).

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Risk Information Support Center, 1989, Directory of Information
Resources Related to Health, Exposure, and Risk Assessment of Air Toxics: U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA 450/3-88-015, 67 p.

Wendland, W. M., 1990, A History of the Weather Observations in Illinois: Transactions of the Illinois Academy
of Science, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 43-56.

Wendland, W. M., and R. A. Bryson, 1970, Atmospheric dustiness, man, and climatic change: Biological
Conservation, v. 2, no. 2, p. 125-128.

Wendland, W. M., and P. Guinan, 1988, A Tornado and Severe Windstorm Climatology for Illinois: 1955-1986:
Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, v. 81, no. 1-2, p. 131-146.

Wendland, W. M., and H. Hoffman, 1993, Illinois Tornadoes Prior to 1916: Transactions of the Illinois Academy
of Science (in press).

West, J. B., 1987, Pulmonary Pathophysiology-The Essentials: Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 3rd edition).

Zeldin, M. D., 1978, Use of Meteorological Data in Air Quality Trend Analysis. For complete reference, see Trends
Analysis, p. 51.

88

Zimmerman, D., Wienke Tax, M. Smith, J. Demmy, and R. Battye, 1989, Anthropogenic Emissions Data for the
1985 NAPAP Inventory (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S7-88/022, 5 p.

Documents development of the anthropogenic emissions data for the 1985 NAPAP inventory.
Complete report entitled "Anthropogenic emissions data for the 1985 NAPAP inventory.” NTIS
PB 89-151 419/AS.

Air Quality Statistics

Akland, G. G., 1976, Air Quality Data for Metals, 1970 through 1974, from the National Air Surveillance Networks:
Statistical and Technical Analysis Branch, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, Document no. EPA 600/4-76-041, 155 p.

Artz, R. S., and J. M. Miller, 1985, Analysis and Assessment of US-WMO Regional Precipitation Chemistry
Measurements (1972-1982), a Subset of the National Trends Network: Air Resources Laboratory, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 274 p.

Data from the entire sampling period (1972-1982) for all sites in the National Trends Network and
its predecessors are presented. Analysis of these data indicates improvement in data quality since
1980 for all ions measured and at al! sites. Pre-1980 data are of lesser quality and not sufficiently
accurate for seasonal evaluation or annual trend analysis.

Bowersox, V. C., 1984, Data Validation Procedures for Wet Deposition Samples at the Central Analytical Laboratory
of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, in Johnson, T. R., and S. J. Penkala (editors),
Transactions, APCA International Specialty Conference on QA in Air Pollution Measurements: Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 500-524.

Cleveland, 1979, Robust Locally-Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots: Journal of the American
Statistical Association, v. 74, p. 829-836.

Chicago Ambient Air Quality Data, 1971, Prepared by Technical Services Division, Department of Environmental
Control, City of Chicago.

Evans, G. F., 1981, Air Quality Data for Nonmetallic Inorganic Ions: Nitrate and Sulfate for 1977 and 1978 from
the National Air Surveillance Networks: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-600/S4-81-074, 3 p
(microfiche).

Evans, G. F., J. C. Puzak, and J. E. Frazer, 1983, Air Quality Data for Nonmetallic Inorganic Ions: Nitrate and
Sulfate for 1979 from the National Air Surveillance Networks: Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-600/S4-
83-005, 4 p.

Faoro, R. B., and T. B. McMullen, 1977, National Trends in Trace Metals in Ambient Air 1965-1974: Monitoring
and Data Analysis Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Waste
Management, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/1-
77-003, 28 p.

89

This report examines trends over the past 10 years (1965-74) in ambient concentrations for 11
metals. The trends are derived from samples collected from 92 urban and 16 nonurban hi-vol
Stations in the National Air Surveillance Network.

Hunt, W. F., Jr., T. C. Curran, N. Frank, R. Faoro, W. Cox, R. Neligan, and C. Mann, 1977, National Air Quality
and Emissions Trends Report, 1976: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Waste
Management, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/1-
77-002, 70 p.

Analysis of national and regional trends in air pollution levels up to 1976. Pollutants studied are
total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxidants. The
analysis shows a positive trend in air quality. Spatial variability of air pollution in the U. S. is
shown graphically.

Hunt, W. F., Jr. (editor), 1983, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1981: Office of Air Quality,
Planning and Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, EPA 450/4-83-011, 100 p.

March, 1983, Ninth Annual Report by Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, covers 1975-1981.

Hunt, W. F., Jr. (editor), 1987, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1985: Office of Air Quality,
Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
EPA 450/4-87-001.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Illinois Air Quality Annual Report: Ambient Air Monitoring
Section, Division of Air Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois,
IEPA/APC/92-058.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Illinois Annual Air Quality Report: Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, Springfield, IL, May.

James, K. O. W., 1992, 1990 Quality Assurance Report, NADP/NTN Deposition Monitoring-CAL Operations,
January 1990 through December 1990: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Ft. Collins, CO, p. 16.

Kornreich, L. D. (editor), 1972, Proceedings, Symposium on Statistical Aspects of Air Quality Data, Chapel Hill,
sponsored by Meteorology Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center and Triangle Universities
Consortium on Air Pollution : National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and
Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
EPA-650/4-74-038, 266 p.

Lockard, J. M., 1987, Quality Assurance Report, NADP/NTN Deposition Monitoring, Laboratory Operations, Central
Analytical Laboratory, July 1978 through December 1983: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado
State University, Ft. Collins, CO.

National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network, 1990, Quality Assurance Plan, NADP/NTN
Deposition Monitoring. (G. M. Aubertin, D. S. Bigelow, and B. A. Malo (editors): Natural Resource
Ecology Laboratory, Ft. Collins, CO.

Quone, J. E., D. Shriver, and L. A. Allred, 1974, Evaluation of Air Quality Data for Chicago: Illinois Institute for
Environmental Quality, ITEQ Project no. 10. 029.

90

Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1980, Statistical Methods: The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 7th
edition, p. 192.

SYSTAT, 1992, SYSTAT: The System for Statistics: SYSTAT, Inc., Evanston, IL.

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969, The 1965 Data Tabulations and Summaries of
Continuous Air Monitoring Projects (CAMP): National Air surveillance Network, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Statistical and Technical Analysis Branch, 1978, Air Quality Data for Non-Criteria
Pollutants, 1971 through 1975: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, EPA 450/2-78-001, 344 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 1971, Air Quality Data for 1967 from the National
Air Surveillance Networks, Rev. 1971: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, Publication no. APTD 69-22, 184 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 1972, Air Quality Data for Sulfur Dioxide 1969,
1970, and 1971: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Document
no. APTD 1354, 21 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 1972, Air Quality Data for Suspended Particulates
1969, 1970, and 1971: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
45 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, National Environmental Research Center, Division
of Atmospheric Surveillance, 1972, Air Quality Data Directory of Air Quality Monitoring Sites 1971: U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 153 p.

A directory listing monitoring sites of the local, state, and federal air pollution control agencies
collecting aerometric data for the National Aerometric Data Bank. Only those monitoring sites
listed with a Federal surveillance system between January 1957 and June 1971 are included in this
publication.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Division of Atmospheric Surveillance, 1972, Air
Quality Data for 1968 from the National Air Surveillance Networks and Contributing State and Local
Networks: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Publication no.
APTD-0978, 231 p.

Presents particulate and gaseous pollutant data gathered during 1968 at cooperating stations of the
various National Air Surveillance Networks, and from independent state and local sampling
networks contributing to the National Aerometric Data Bank.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Data Branch,
1973, Air Quality Data-1973 Annual Statistics: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/2-74-015, 160 p.

This report is a statistical summary report on ambient air quality submitted to EPA from air
monitoring operations of state, local and federal networks.

91

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, National Air Quality Levels and Trends in Total Suspended
Particulates and Sulfur Dioxide Determined by Data in the National Air Surveillance Network: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 26 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, National Air Surveillance Networks, 1973, Air Quality Data for Metals 1968 and 1969: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Document no. APTD-1467.

Lists urban and nonurban concentrations of 12 metallic components of suspended particulate
matter. Data gathered during 1968 and 1969 by the cooperating stations of the National Air
Surveillance Networks. Data are presented as cumulative frequency distributions. Yearly average
is reported whenever valid data for all four quarters are obtained.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, National Air Surveillance Networks, 1973, Air Quality Data for Nonmetallic Inorganic Ions 1969
and 1970: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Document no.
APTD- 1466.

Particulate pollutant data gathered during 1969 and 1970 by the cooperating stations of the National
Air Surveillance Networks provide the basis for listing the urban and nonurban concentrations of
four nonmetallic inorganic ions: ammonium, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate. Laboratory methodology
for each nonmetallic inorganic constituent is described.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Waste Management, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, Monitoring and Reports Branch, 1974, Monitoring and
Air Quality Trends Report, 1973: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 130 p.

Portrays recent nationwide air quality trends and air quality status for the year 1973 for air
pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been established.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, National Air Data Branch, 1974, Air Quality Data-1972 Annual Statistics: U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/2-74-001, 137 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Data Branch,
1975-1976, Air Quality Data-First Quarter Statistics 1974 (EPA-450/2-75-002), Second Quarter Statistics
(EPA-345/2-76-021), Third Quarter Statistics (EPA-450/2-76-002), and Fourth Quarter Statistics: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, First Quarter, 130 p.; Second
Quarter, 174 p.; Third Quarter, 170 p.; Fourth Quarter, 176 p.

Statistical summary reports on ambient air quality submitted to EPA from air monitoring operations
of state, local and federal networks in accordance with requirements of the Clean Air Act and EPA
Regulations for State Implementation Plans. These data represent all ambient air quality data
sampled for pollutants that currently have National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National Air Data Branch,
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, 1977, Air Quality Data for Non-Criteria Pollutants 1957-1970: U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 379 p.

Presents a comprehensive inventory of data produced by analysis of hi-vol filters for trace metals
and inorganic ions for 1957-1970. This inventory is based on data acquired through extensive

monitoring activities conducted by federal, state, and local pollution control agencies and submitted
to the U. S. EPA’s National Aerometric Data Bank.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, 1980, Air Quality Data-1979 Annual Statistics Including Summaries with Reference to Standards:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA 450/4-80-014.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, National Pollutant Emission Estimates 1940-1987: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 450/4-88-022, 83 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1988: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/4-90-002.

Wadden, R. A., P. A. Scheff, J. Lin, H. Lee, C. B. Keil, J. Graf-Teterycz, D. Kenski, J.-Y. Yeng, M. Javor, N.
Khalili, and T. Holsen, 1992, Evaluation of two-phase air pollution data for receptor modeling: 85th Annual
Meeting of the A&WMA, Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, paper 92-104.05.

Visibility

Beardsley, J. W., 1976, Fog on the Central California Coast for 1973. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis,
p. 44.

Changnon, S. A., Jr., 1982, Visibility changes caused by St. Louis: Atmospheric Environment, v. 16, no. 3, p.
595-598.

Locally generated pollutants in St. Louis markedly reduce surface visibility in summer. Visibility
values, as measured during the summers of 1971-75, were available for three sites in and around
St. Louis.

Charlson, R. J., 1969, Atmospheric visibility related to aerosol mass concentration: Current Research, v. 3, no. 10,
October, p. 913-918.

This paper summarizes the present and recently acquired knowledge of the relationship between
the mass concentration of aerosol and the visual range. Five main topics are covered: the
significance of the self-preserving or constant-shape size distribution; the integrating nephelometer
for measuring atmospheric visibility degradation; light-scatter and extinction related to aerosol
characteristics; the relationship between mass concentration and visual range; and the application
of this result.

Craig, C. D., W. P. Lowry, and D. Faulkenberry, 1980, The application of ridit analysis to detect trends in visibility.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 44.

Davis, R. E., 1991, A synoptic climatological analysis of winter visibility trends in the mideastern United States:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 25B, no. 2, p. 165.

Faulkenberry, G. D., and C. D. Craig, 1979, The application of ridit analysis to detect trends in visibility. For
complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 45.

Hendler, A., L. Collins, and J. Howes, 1989, Annual report on establishment and operation of the Eastern Fine
Particle and Visibility Network: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/S3-
89/026.

93
Data collected and processed through July, 1988, are summarized.

Husar, R. B., and D. E. Patterson, 1987, Haze Climate of the United States (Project Summary): Atmospheric
Sciences Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, EPA/600/S3-86/071.

Examines the historical data base of visual range at 137 surface synoptic meteorological stations
from 1948 to 1983. Complete report entitled "Haze climate of the United States". NTIS PB 87-141
OS7/AS.

Husar, R. B., 1989, Trends of Haziness Over the Eastern U. S. (Project Summary): Center for Environmental
Research Information, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Research project is fully documented in a separate report of the same title.

Lee, D. O., 1985, A preliminary analysis of long-term visibility trends in central Scotland. For complete reference,
see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Sloane, C. S., 1982, Visibility trends--I. Methods of analysis. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Sloane, C. S., 1984, Meteorologically adjusted air quality trends: Visibility: Atmospheric Environment, v. 18, no.
6, p. 1217-1229.

This report represents an attempt to extract changes in air quality that were not the result of
changes in local meteorology. This analysis focuses on changes in visibility under meteorological
conditions "typical" for each locale and season over the period 1948-1981.

Stevens, R. K., T. G. Dzubay, C. W. Lewis, and R. W. Shaw, Jr., 1984, Source apportionment methods applied to
the determination of the origin of ambient aerosols that affect visibility in forested areas: Atmospheric
Environment, v. 18, no. 2, p. 261-272.

An aerosol characterization, visibility, and receptor modeling study was conducted in the
Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, between July 14 and August 15, 1980. The objectives of this study
were to: 1) determine the origin of the ambient particles, 2) determine the major chemical species
contributing to the light extinction coefficient, 3) evaluate analytical methods to characterize
aerosols and 4) provide data for comparison with chemical composition of aerosols collected in the
Great Smoky Mountains and in the Abastumani Mountains of the Georgian Soviet Socialist

Republic.

Vinzani, P. G., and P. J. Lamb, 1985, Temporal and spatial visibility variations in the Illinois vicinity during
1949-1980: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, v. 24, no. 5, May, p. 435-451.

Changes in visibility and the occurrence of smoke or haze during the last three decades are
identified for eight locations in and around Illinois. The analyses utilize individual daily data and
are performed on both a seasonal and an annual basis. Visibility variation is investigated using
cumulative percentiles and mean ridits.

Wendland, W. M., and R. A. Bryson, 1970, Atmospheric dustiness, man, and climatic change: Biological
Conservation, v. 2, no. 2, p. 125-128.

94

Wolff, G. T., N. A. Kelly, and M. A. Ferman, 1981, On the sources of summertime haze in the eastern United
States: Science, v. 211, February 13, p. 703-705.

The summertime haze transported from the Gulf Coast northward in maritime tropical air masses
is partially formed from emissions in the midwestern and northeastern United States.

Wolff, G. T., N. A. Kelly, and M. A. Ferman, 1982, Source regions of summertime ozone and haze episodes in the
eastern United States: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 18, p. 65-81.

Investigates haze caused by sulfate aerosol and haze "blobs" moved by synoptic WX systems.

Acid Rain/Nitrates/Sulfates

Altshuller, A. P., 1980, Seasonal and episodic trends in sulfate concentrations (1963-1978) in the eastern United
States: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 14, no. 11, November, p. 1337-1348.

Ambient air quality data for sulfates and sulfur dioxide available through 1978 have been analyzed
for seasonal trends and episodic characteristics. Monitoring sites available were grouped into five
sets.

Barnard, J. E., A. A. Lucier, R. T. Brooks, P. H. Dunn, A. H. Johnson, and D. F. Karnosky, 1990, Changes in Forest
Health and Productivity in the United States and Canada: National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program,
Washington, D. C., State of Science/Technology Report no. 16, p. 16-155 to 16-159.

Barnard, W. R., G. J. Stensland, and D. F. Gatz, 1986, Alkaline Materials Flux from Unpaved Roads: Source
Strength, Chemistry, and Potential for Acid Rain Neutralization: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 30, p.
285-293.

Barrett, E., and G. Brodin, 1955, The Acidity of Scandinavian Precipitation: Tellus, v. 7, p. 251-257.

Charles, D. F., R. W. Battarbee, I. Renberg, H. van Dam, and J. P. Smol, 1989, Paleoecological Analysis of Lake
Acidification Trends in North America and Europe Using Diatoms and Chrysophytes. For complete
reference, see Lakes and Ponds, p. 171.

Demmy, J. L., W. M. Tax, and T. E. Wam, 1989, Area Source Documentation for the 1985 NAPAP Inventory
(Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S8-88/106, 3 p.

Complete report entitled "Area source documentation for the 1985 NAPAP inventory". NTIS PB
89-151 427/AS.

Eynon, B. P., 1988, Statistical analysis of precipitation chemistry measurements over the eastern United States. Part
Il: Kriging analysis of regional patterns and trends. For complete reference, see Statistical Analyses of
Environmental Data, General References, p. 42.

Flower, R. J., R. W. Battarbee, and P. G. Appleby, 1987, The recent paleolimnology of acid lakes in Galloway,
south-west Scotland: diatom analysis, pH trends, and the role of afforestation. For complete reference, see
Lakes and Ponds, p. 171.

95

Gschwandtner, G., J. K. Wagner, and R. B. Husar, 1988, Comparison of Historic SO, and NO, Emission Data Sets
(Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S7-88/009, 3 p.

Compares in detail emission estimates derived by Gschwandtner et al. and Husar. Attempts to
determine the methodological differences that result in different emission estimates. Complete
report entitled "Comparison of historic SO, and NO, emission data sets. " NTIS PB 89-103956.

Hidy, G. M., D. A. Hansen, R. C. Henry, K. Ganesan, and J. Collins, 1984, Trends in historical acid precursor
emissions and their airborne and precipitation products: Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association,
v. 34, no. 4, April, p. 333-354.

This paper discusses historical bulk deposition data and ambient air quality data for sulfate and
nitrate in relation to estimated changes in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions since the turn
of the century. Focuses on northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Husain, L., and V. A. Dutkiewicz, 1990, A long-term (1975-1988) study of atmospheric SO,_,: Regional contributions
and concentration trends: Atmospheric Environment, v. 24A, no. 5, p. 1175-1187.

A long-term study of aerosol SO,_, concentrations has been conducted at Mayville and Whiteface
Mountain in New York State.

Kessler, C. J., T. H. Porter, D. Firth, T. W. Sager, and M. W. Hemphill, 1992, Factor analysis of trends in Texas
acidic deposition. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 46.

Langstaff, J. E., and J. K. Wagner, 1987, Estimation of Uncertainty for the 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
(Project Summary): U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
EPA/700/S7-86/055, 3 p.

Complete report entitled "Estimation of uncertainty for the 1980 NAPAP emissions inventory”.
NTIS PB 87-145 397/AS.

Lebowitz, L. G., and A. S. Ackerman, 1988, Flexible Regional Emissions Data System (FREDS) Documentation for
the 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S7-
87/025, 3 p.

Documents the development of FREDS. Complete report entitled "Flexible Regional Emissions
Data System for the 1980 NAPAP emissions inventory." NTIS PB 88-129 499/AS.

Lefohn, A. S., and D. S. Shadwick, 1991, Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located
in the United States. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Lins, H. F., 1987, Trend analysis of monthly sulfur dioxide emissions in the conterminous United States, 1975-1984.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 48.

Lipfert, F. W., and M. L. Daum, 1983, Correlation Analysis of Long Term Trends in Air Pollution Emissions
Concerning Air Quality and Precipitation Chemistry in the Northeastern United States. For complete
reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 48.

96

Meyers, T. P., B. B. Hicks, R. P. Hosker, Jr., J. D. Womack, and L. C. Satterfield, 1991, Dry Deposition Inferential
Measurement Techniques--II. Seasonal and Annual Deposition Rates of Sulfur and Nitrate: Atmospheric
Environment, v. 25A, p. 2361-2370.

Nicholson, I. A., I. S. Paterson, and F. T. Last, 1980, Methods for studying acid precipitation in forest ecosystems.
For complete reference, see Forest Ecosystems, p. 153.

Pacyna, J. M., 1990, Emission Inventories in the EMEP Countries: NAPAP 1990 International Conference on Acidic
Deposition, State of Science and Technology, February 11-16, 1990, Hilton Head Island, USA, p. 5.

At present, there are two major programs in Europe carrying out emission inventories: the ECE
Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air
Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) and the EEC programme CORINAIR. The emission activity within
EMEP is presented in this work.

Peden, M. E., S. R. Bachman, J. Brennan, B. Demir, K. O. James, B. W. Kaiser, J. M. Lockard, J. E. Rothert, J.
Sauer, L. M, Skowron, and M. J. Slater, 1986, Methods for Collection and Analysis of Precipitation: Illinois
State Water Survey, Champaign, IL, Contract Report no. 381.

Placet, M., and D. G. Streets, 1988, Historical and Future Emissions of Acidic Deposition Precursors from Man-
made Sources: Abstracts of Papers, Third Chemical Congress of North America, Toronto, Canada, June
5-10, 1988, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.

This paper assesses sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compound emissions, past,
present, and future. The authors present several different scenarios for the future (e. g. increased
clean coal technology) and their corresponding projections for levels of these pollutants.

Renne, D. S., W. R. Barchet, A. R. Olsen, J. D. Shannon, and D. L. Sisterson, 1990, Analysis of source-receptor
relationships for sulfur compounds using spatial and trend techniques. For complete reference, see Trends
Analysis, p. 50.

Robertson, W. D., J. A. Cherry, and S. L. Schiff, 1989, Atmospheric sulfur deposition 1950-1985 inferred from
sulfate in groundwater: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 6, June, p. 1111-1123.

Groundwater sulfate that occurs at concentrations of 6-27 mg/L in a shallow water table sand
aquifer, at a forested site 100 km east of Sudbury, Ontario, was used to deduce the trend in
atmospheric sulfur deposition between 1950 and 1985.

Seilkop, S. K., and P. L. Finkelstein, 1987, Acid precipitation patterns and trends in eastern North America, 1980-84:
Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, v. 26, no. 8, August, p. 980-994.

Using data compiled from seven nationwide precipitation chemistry networks in the United States
and Canada, the spatial distribution of hydrogen, sulfate and nitrate ions in North America is
discussed. Geographic patterns of concentration and deposition are characterized using isopleth
maps that are presented and interpreted for the years 1980-84.

Serrano, E., E. Zurita, and M. Castro, 1989, Analysis of the annual trend in SO, and particulate matter emissions
in Madrid (Spain). For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

97

Solanki, D. L., P. R. McCurdy, F. F. Cuttitta, and G. P. Schechter, 1988, Hemolysis in Sickle Cell Disease as
Measured by Endogenous Carbon Monoxide Production: A Preliminary Report: American Journal of
Clinical Pathology, v. 89, p. 221-225.

Stelling, J. H., M. A. Bloomhardt, and I. M. McKenzie, 1987, VOC Emission Factors for NAPAP Emission
Inventory (Project Summary). For complete reference, see Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), p. 101.

Stensland, G. J., and V. C. Bowersox, 1984, Quality Assurance in Acid Precipitation Monitoring through the Use
of Ion Balance Calculations, in Johnson, T. R., and S. J. Penkala (editors), Transactions of APCA Specialty
Conference on Quality Assurance in Air Pollution Measurements: Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh, PA, p. 425-443.

Stensland, G. J., and R. G. Semonin, 1982, Another interpretation of the pH trend in the United States. For complete
reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Stockton, M. B., and J. H. E. Stelling, 1987, Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for the 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory (Project Summary): U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 3 p.

Complete report entitled "Criteria pollutant emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions
inventory". NTIS PB 87-198 735/AS.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974, Human Studies Laboratory. Health Consequences of Sulfur Dioxides:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, May, EPA-650/1-74-004.

Warn, T. E., S. Zelmanowitz, and M. Seager, 1990, Development and Selection of Ammonia Emission Factors for
the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S7-
90/014, 4 p.

Identifies the most appropriate ammonia (NH;) emission factors available for inclusion in the 1985
NAPAP Emissions Inventory. Complete report entitled "Development and selection of ammonia
emission factors for the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory." NTIS PB 90-235 094/AS.

White, J. C. (editor), 1988, Acid Rain: The Relationship Between Sources and Receptors: Proceedings, conference
sponsored by Center for Environmental Information, Inc., Rochester, New York, Elsevier Science
Publishers, New York, 223 p.

Includes papers in two general topic areas: legal aspects and scientific/technical aspects. Included
in the scientific/technical section are papers on why we need to understand source-receptor
relationships, and the information we need to complete our understanding. Also included are papers
on atmospheric chemistry in the context of source-receptor relationships and papers on the
mathematical modeling of these relationships.

Wilson, J. H., Jr., E. H. Pechan, and K. Graves, 1989, Assessment of National and Regional Acid Deposition
Precursor Emission Trends (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/Si-89/042, 2 p.

Summarizes current knowledge on acid trends in emissions of pollutants considered to be acid
deposition precursors. Special emphasis was placed on recent trends and on new information
learned by researchers since 1983, although comparisons were made with emission trends from

98

1940 to 1980 for perspective. Complete report entitled "Assessment of national and regional acid
deposition precursor emission trends.” NTIS PB 89-180 483/AS.

Ozone

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1990, Illinois State Implementation Plan: 1990 Ozone
Precursors Emissions Inventory for the Metro-East St. Louis Area, Springffeld, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1990, Illinois State Implementation Plan: 1990 Ozone
Precursors Emissions Inventory for the Chicago Area, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, 1990 Ozone Prescursors Emissions Inventory for the Chicago Area,
Illinois Ozone State Implementation Plan, October.

Kelly, N. A., G. T. Wolff, and M. A. Ferman, 1984, Sources and sinks of ozone in rural areas: Atmospheric
Environment, v. 18, no. 7, p. 1251-1266.

Based on data collected at rural sites in South Dakota, Louisiana and Virginia during the summers
of 1978-1980, the factors controlling the diurnal behavior of O3 near the surface were determined.

Koehler, U., K. Wege, R. Hartmannsgruber, and H. Claude, 1988, Comparative Assessment of Various Instruments
for Atmospheric Ozone Monitoring and Trend Analysis, Final Report: Meteorologisches Observatorium,
Hohenspeissenberg, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Federal Republic of Germany, Document no. GSF-BPT-1/88,
127 p.

Discusses a number of new and established measuring instruments and methods available today
for the monitoring of atmospheric ozone. German language.

Korsog, P. E., and G. T. Wolff, 1991, An examination of urban ozone trends in the northeastern U. S. (1973-1983)
using a robust statistical method. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Lefohn, A. S., and D. S. Shadwick, 1991, Ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide trends at rural sites located
in the United States. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Lewis, R., D. Nychka, G. Reinsel, G. C. Tiao, and M. N. Wang, 1981, Statistical analysis of stratospheric ozone data
for the detection of trends. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 48.

Lindsay, R. W., J. L. Richardson, and W. L. Chameides, 1989, Ozone trends in Atlanta, Georgia: Have emission
controls been effective?: Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, v. 39, no. 1, p. 40-43.

Summary of a nine-year study to determine a trend in ozone levels as related to VOC emissions.
The outcome indicated that either emissions have not dropped as much as claimed, or that VOC
emissions are not a significant factor in ambient ozone levels. The researchers recommend a new
look at ozone strategies for metropolitan areas.

Logan, J. A., 1985, Tropospheric ozone: seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence. For complete
reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 48.

Penner, J. E., 1982, Trend prediction for O,: an analysis of model uncertainty with comparison to detection
thresholds. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 49.

99

Quone, J. E., and R. A. Wadden, 1975, Oxidants in the Urban Atmosphere: Institute for Environmental Quality, IEQ
Project no. 10.034, January.

Reddy, V. R., D. N. Baker, and J. M. McKinion, 1989, Analysis of effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone
on cotton yield trends: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 18, no. 4, October-December, p. 427.

Sexton, K., and H. Westberg, 1983, Photochemical ozone formation in urban and point-source plumes:
Environmental Science and Technology, v. 17, no. 4, April, p. 224-227.

Results of aerial measurements in plumes from large urban areas, petroleum refineries, automotive-
painting operations, fossil-fuel power plants, and controlled burning of forest slash are presented.
Field monitoring studies occurred during summer months between 1974-1980.

Shively, T. S., 1990, An analysis of the long-term trend in ozone data from two Houston, Texas monitoring sites.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Shively, T. S., 1991, An analysis of the trend in ground-level ozone using non-homogeneous Poisson processes:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 25B, no. 3, p. 387-395.

Staehelin, J., and W. Schmid, 1991, Trend analysis of tropospheric ozone concentrations utilizing the 20-year data
set of ozone balloon soundings over Payerne (Switzerland). For complete reference, see Trends Analysis,
p. 50.

Walker, H. M., 1985, Ten-year ozone trends in California and Texas. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis,
p. 51.

Wolff, G. T., N. A. Kelly, and M. A. Ferman, 1982, Source regions of summertime ozone and haze episodes in the
eastern United States. For complete reference, see Visibility, p. 94.

Lead/Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Boline, D. R, 1981, Some Speciation and Mechanistic Aspects of Trace Metal in Biological Systems: Environmental
Health Chemistry.

Burnhan, C. D., C. E. Moore, T. Kowalski, and J. Krasniewski, 1970, A detailed study of lead determinations in
air-borne particulates over Morton Grove, Illinois by atomic absorption spectroscopy: Applied Spectroscopy,
v. 24, no. 4, p. 411-414.

Careful examination of an analytical method for the determination of lead concentrations in
atmospheric particulates has confirmed that a low temperature ashing technique is preferable to the
ashing of organic matter in a muffle furnace when preparing samples for metals analyses, and that
use of the standard additions technique for the avoidance of interferences in the analyses by atomic
absorption spectroscopy is justified. Samples collected 1964-67.

Cooper, J. A., and C. A. Frazier, 1983, Source Apportionment of TSP and Lead in Granite City, Illinois, Using
Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model Methods: NEA, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, v. 1: Final Report; Vol.
2: Appendices.

Objective of this study was to use chemical mass balance (CMB) methods to determine the major
lead sources contributing to lead levels in Granite City, in order to provide a database for the
development of future control strategies.

100

Daines, R. H., Motto, H., and Chilko, D. M., 1970, Atmospheric Lead: Its Relationship to Traffic Volume and
Proximity to Highways: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 4, p. 318-322.

Griffin, T. B., and J. H. Knelson (editors), 1975, Lead, in Environmental Quality and Safety. For complete reference,
see Soil Quality, Heavy Metals, p. 79.

Holsen, T. M., K. E. Noll, S. Liu, and W. Lee, 1991, Dry deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas:
Environmental Science and Technology, v. 25, no. 6, p. 1075-1081.

Atmospheric transport is an important pathway for the transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
from land to natural waters. The PCB dry deposition flux was measured in Chicago from May to
November 1989, and from May to June 1990.

Ludwig, J. H., D. R. Diggs, H. E. Hesselberg, and J. A. Maga, 1965, Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three
Urban Cities: A Summary: American Industrial Hygienists Association Journal, v. 26, p. 270-284.

Monitoring of Hazardous Substances: Lead, 1972, Prepared for Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality,
September.

National Academy of Science-National Research Council, 1971, Airborn Lead in Perspective, (Interim Report):
Environmental Protection Agency Contract CPA70-42, NAS, Washington, D. C.

Provenzano, G., 1978, Motor vehicle lead emissions in the United States: an analysis of important determinants,
geographic patterns and future trends: Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, v. 28, no. 12,
December, p. 1193-1199.

This paper presents a simple method that utilizes composite emission factors to estimate motor
vehicle lead emissions for large areas.

Tsuchyia, K., M. Sugita, and C. B. Park, 1976, Biological effects of exposure to lead in ambient air among Tokyo
inhabitants: Keio Journal of Medicine (Tokyo), v. 25, p. 193-211.

Outlines a study undertaken in response to public concerns over traffic-related air pollution in
Tokyo. The study looks at the adverse human health effects of ambient lead concentrations in
Tokyo in the early 1970s.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Aronian, P. F., P. Scheff, and R. A. Wadden, 1989, Wintertime source-reconciliation of ambient organics:
Atmospheric Environment, v. 23, no. 5, p. 911-920.

The application of a Chemical Mass Balance air pollution model to ambient measurements of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is presented. Twenty-six air samples were collected at three
sites in the Chicago metropolitan area and analyzed for the concentration of 23 compounds
including alkanes, aromatics and chlorinated organics.

Cohen, M. A., P. B. Ryan, J. D. Spengler, H. Ozkaynak, and C. Hayes, 1991, Source-receptor study of volatile
organic compounds and particulate matter in the Kanawha Valley, West Virginia--I, Methods and descriptive
statistics; II, Analysis of factors contributing to VOC and particle exposures: Atmospheric Environment, v.
25B, no. 1, p. 79-107.

101

The Kanawha Valley region of West Virginia includes a deep river valley with a large population
living in close proximity to many potential sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
This combination of topography, local meteorological conditions, and the chemical industry
potentiate in the Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, contributed to elevated concentrations of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) emitted within the region. An integrated approach designed to assess
pollutant exposure in this region was implemented between April 1987 and March 1988. To
investigate exposures to VOCs emitted by the local industry, simultaneous measurements of 19
VOCs, particle pH, particle elemental composition, inorganic gases, and meteorological parameters
were collected over an entire year. The results suggest that multivariate relationships may be found
that will be useful in source identification.

Gschwandtner, G., and J. K. Wagner, 1988, Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States
from 1900 to 1985 (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S7-88/008, 2 p.

Presents an estimate of historic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for each state.
Uncertainty of the emission estimates was calculated based on the methodology developed
previously by NAPAP. Data presented in Appendix B are available in Lotus 123 format on floppy
disks. Complete report (paper copy and diskettes) entitled "Historic emissions of volatile organic
compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985". NTIS PB 88-208 723/AS. Diskettes: PB
88-250-311/AS.

McAlister, R. A., W. H. Moore, J. Rice, D.-P. Dayton, R. F. Jongleux, P. L. O’Hara, R. G. Merrill, and J. T. Bursey,
1989, 1988 nonmethane organic compound monitoring program, Vol. II: urban air toxics monitoring
program: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/4-89-005.

McAlister, R. A., E. Bowles, J. DeGarno, J. Rice, R. F. Jongleux, R. G. Merrill, and J. T. Bursey, 1991, 1990 urban
air toxics monitoring program: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/4-91-024.

Scheff, P. A., R. A. Wadden, B. A. Bates, and P. F. Aronian, 1989, Source fingerprints for receptor modeling of
volatile organics: Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, v. 39, no. 4, April, p. 469-478.

The development of receptor models for the determination of the sources of an ambient air
pollutant requires that the composition of the pollutant at the point of emissions be known. For this
study, composition information for 10 sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were
evaluated and source fingerprints developed.

Shah, J. J., and E. K. Heyerdahl, 1988, National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) Data Base Update
(Project Summary): Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S3-88/010, 11 p.

Data on the observed concentrations of 320 volatile organic compounds were compiled, critically
evaluated, and assembled into a relational data base. Ambient measurements, indoor data, and data
collected with personal monitors are included, primarily from the period 1970-1987 for locations
within the United States. Complete report (paper copy and diskettes) entitled "National ambient
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) data base update." NTIS PB 88-189 022/AS.

Stelling, J. H., M. A. Bloomhardt, and I. M. McKenzie, 1987, VOC Emission Factors for NAPAP Emission
Inventory (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 3 p.

102

Complete report entitled "VOC emission factors for NAPAP emission inventory." NTIS PB 87-141
O40/AS.

Sweet, C. W., 1991, Toxic Volatile Organic Chemicals in Urban Air in Illinois: Hazardous Waste Research and
Information Center, Champaign, Illinois, 64 p.

Sweet, C. W., and S. J. Vermette, 1992, Toxic volatile organic compounds in urban air in Illinois: Environ. Sci. &
Technol., v. 26, no. 1, p. 165-173.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Addititves: 40 CFR 80, 38 Federal
Register, Dec. 6, p. 33734-33741.

Watson, J. J., J. A. Probert, and S. D. Piccot, 1991, Global Inventory of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from
Anthropogenic Sources (Project Summary): Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S8-9 1/002, 6 p.

Estimates the global atmospheric concentration of ozone in an effort to assess the potential
environmental impacts of global climate change. Presents global inventory for seven VOC
reactivity classes. Complete report entitled "Global inventory of volatile organic compound
emissions from anthropogenic sources." NTIS PB91-161687/AS.

Methane

Khalil, M. A. K., R. A. Rasmussen, and M. J. Shearer, 1989, Trends of atmospheric methane during the 1960s and
1970s. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Tyler, S. C., 1986, Stable carbon isotope ratios in atmospheric methane and some of its sources, Paper no. 6D0484:
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, no. D12, November, p. 13,232-13,238.

Dioxins/Dibenzofurans

Czuczwa, J. M., and R. A. Hites, 1986, Airborne dioxins and dibenzofurans: Sources and fates: Environmental
Science and Technology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 195-200.

Polychlorinated dibenze-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) were found in urban air
particulates and Great Lakes sediments. Combustion of municipal and chemical wastes was the
most likely source of these compounds.

Edgerton, S. A., and J. M. Czuczwa, 1988, Source apportionment of dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air in
Ohio: APCA International Specialty Conference, "Receptor Models in Air Resources Management," San
Francisco, California, February, 1988, p. 10.

Eduljee, G. H., 1987, Comment on Airborne dioxins and dibenzofurans: Sources and fates: Environmental Science
and Technology, v. 21, no. 9, p. 922-924.

Hites, R. A., 1991, Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans
(Project Summary): Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA/600/S3-91/002, 2 p.

Complete report entitled “Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and dibenzofurans." NTIS PB 91-144 667/AS.

103

Indoor Air Pollution

General References

Bierma, T. J., O’Neill, J.. Anderson, M. R., and Langhorn, J., 1991, A Guide to Indoor Air Quality for Home
Weatherization Practitioners: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL,
ILENR/RE-ER-91/04.

Diamond, R. C., and D. T. Grinsrud, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Applied Science Division, 1984, Manual on
Indoor Air Quality: Electric Power Research Institute, Inc., Palo Alto, California, EPRI EM-3469 Research
Project 2034-3, 101 p.

A general reference manual on indoor air quality. This manual is intended to guide utility
companies in advising homeowners on indoor air issues.

Seifert, B., and H. J. Abraham, 1982, Indoor air concentrations of benzene and some other aromatic hydrocarbons:
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 6, no. 2, p. 190-192.

Hydrocarbon concentrations at various indoor locations and at nearby outdoor locations were
analyzed and compared.

Tichenor, B. A., L. A. Sparks, J. B. White, and M. D. Jackson, 1990, Evaluating sources of indoor air pollution:
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, v. 40, no. 4, April, 1990, p. 487-492.

Describes U. S. EPA research efforts toward the evaluation of indoor air pollution. Asserts the need
to understand source, air movement and air exchange relationships. The article outlines the U. S.
EPA's 3-phase approach consisting of: 1) creation and analysis of environmental chambers, 2) the
Indoor Air Quality (LAQ) Model, a software program that predicts pollution concentrations, and
3) a test house.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1988, The Inside Story, A
Guide to Indoor Air Quality: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 400/1-
88/004, 32 p.

Indoor air quality has become a "hot environmental issue" in recent years. This booklet helps the
consumer decide whether or not to take action in their home to reduce the levels of indoor air
pollution. Health risks from indoor air pollution can be serious and cumulative in nature. This
booklet also contains a section on causes of poor air quality in offices and a section on places to
obtain additional information concerning indoor air pollution.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1991, Indoor Air--Assessment: A
Review of Indoor Air Quality Risk Characterization Studies: United States, 1989-1990: U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., 106 p.

Radon

Bailey, J. P., D. G. Mose, and G. W. Mushrush, 1989, Soil to Indoor Radon Ratios and the Prediction of Indoor
Radon: Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section 38th Annual Meeting,
Atlanta, Georgia, April 6-7, 1989, v. 21, no. 2, p. 3.

104

Chrosniak, C. E., D. G. Mose, G. W. Mushrush, and I. Zietz, 1989, Development of Radon Potential Maps on a
Regional Scale: Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section 38th Annual
Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, April 6-7, 1989, v. 21, no. 3, p. 8.

Presents a cost-efficient alternative to radon potential mapping via free monitors to a random or
grid set of homes. The method involves obtaining zip code-organized data from companies that
supply radon monitoring kits. Aeroradioactivity maps, when incorporated, increase the accuracy
of these radon potential maps. Studies have shown this alternative to be both cost-efficient and
acceptably accurate.

Cohen, B. L., 1988, Correlation Between Mean Radon Levels and Lung Cancer Rates in U. S. Counties: A Test of
the Linear-No Threshold Theory: Proceedings, 1988 Symposium on Radon and Radon reduction
Technology, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO.

Congressional Record, 1988, Radon Pollution Control Act of 1988 H. R. 2837, Congressional Record/House October
5, 1988, H9634-H9645.

Flood, J. R., T. B. Thomas, N. H. Suneson, and K. V. Luza, 1990, Geologic Assessment of Radon-222 Potential in
Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, OK, MSP GM-32 Radon Potential Map, 28 p.

Gilkeson, R. H., Cahill, R. A., and Gendron, C. R., 1988, Natural Background Radiation in the Proposed Illinois SSC
Siting Area: Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes, no. 127.

Gunderson, L., 1992, DOE, EPA Begin Search for High-Radon Homes: Radon Research Notes, U. S. Department
of Energy, December, 1992, no. 9.

Hallenbeck, W. H., 1987, Risk Assessment of Exposure to Waterborne and Airborne Radon-222 in Illinois: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, Document no. ILENR/RE-AQ-87/21,
68 p.

Assessment of radon-induced cancer based on epidemiological and experimental animal studies.
Determined exposure-response relationships for waterborne and airborne exposure. Discussed data
availability and quality-included Illinois water radon concentration data (Horton, 1985) and indoor
radon data (Couch, G., Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety, 1987). Results strongly indicated that
airborne exposure presented the greatest lifetime cancer mortality risk. The number of radon-
induced fatal cancer cases due to airborne exposure was estimated at 784, waterborne exposure was
found to cause an estimated six fatal cases of cancer per year in Illinois.

Harley, J. H., 1990, Radon Bibliography, Revised from REF11 Output by Keith Newport, ORAU, Radon Research
Program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 120 p.

Hasenmueller, N. R., 1988, Preliminary Geologic Characterization of Indiana for Indoor-Radon Survey: Indiana
Geological Survey, Bloomington, IN, Report of Progress 32.

Hess, C. T., M. A. Vietti, and D. T. Mage, 1987, Radon from drinking water-evaluation of water-borne transfer into
house air: Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v. 9, no. 3-4, p. 68-73.

Outlines a case study of nine houses in Maine to determine the extent of "water-borne radon
transfer into house air. "

Hopke, P. K., 1987, The Indoor Radon Problem Explained for the Layman, in Hopke, P. K. (editor), Radon and Its
Decay Products: American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., Symposium Series no. 331.

105

Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety, 1986, Radon in Dlinois: A Report to Governor James R. Thompson from the
Governor’s Radon Task Force, Springfield, IL, 51 p.

Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety, 1988, Radon in Illinois: A Status Report: Illinois Department of Nuclear
Safety, Springfield, IL, 50 p.

Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety, 1991, U. S. EPA Radon Screening Results Differ from Findings of IDNS
Study: Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety Update, v. 9, no. 2, 5 p.

Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety, 1992, Radon in Illinois; A Status Report, 1992 Update: Illinois Department
of Nuclear Safety, Springfield, IL, 62 p.

Kay, J. G., G. E. Keller, and J. F. Miller, 1991, Indoor Air Pollution: Radon, Bioaerosols, and VOCs: Lewis
Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, Inc., 259 p.

Contains a basic overview of radon and a chapter on the atmospheric behavior of radon progeny.
Also addresses indoor biological pollution and indoor ozone levels due to the infiltration of outdoor
_ ozone.

Lilley, W. D., 1986, Indoor radon is a geologic hazard: Geotimes, v. 31, no. 4, April, p. 5-7.
Michel, J., 1987, Sources, in C. R. Cothern, Environmental Radon: Plenum Press, New York, NY, p. 81-130.

National Research Council, Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR), Board on Radiation
Effects Research, Commission on Life Sciences (editors), 1988, Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally
Deposited Alpha-Emitters. For complete reference, see Environmental Health Assessments and Concerns,
p. 22.

Nazaroff, N. W., and Sextro, R. G., 1989, Technique for Measuring the Indoor Rn Source Potential of Soil:
Environmental Science and Technology, v. 23, p. 451-458.

Nazaroff, W. W., and A. V. Nero, Jr. (editors), 1988, Radon and Its Decay Products in Indoor Air: John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 578 p.

An expansive overview of radon and radon progeny in indoor air. Analyzes health risks from a
source-transport-receptor perspective. Significant sources of indoor radon include soil, building
materials, and potable water. Also outlines various control strategies.

Nazaroff, W. W., and K. Teichman, 1990, Indoor Radon, Exploring U. S. Federal Policy for Controlling Human
Exposures: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 24, p. 774-782.

Nero, A., 1989, Earth, Air, Radon and Home: Physics Today, v. 42, p. 32-39.

Odum, L. A., and D. G. Mose, 1989, Radon Potential Risk Maps for Florida, Georgia and Alabama: Abstracts with
Programs, Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, 38th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia,
April 6-7, 1989, v. 21, no. 3, p. 53.

Radon potential risk maps were produced for the Florida, Georgia, Alabama tri-state area by
combining geological information, such as bedrock composition and soil characteristics, with data
from aeroradioactivity surveys.

106

Otton, J. K., 1992, The Geology of Radon: General Interest Series, U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Government
Printing Office, 1992-0-326-248, 29 p.

Rush, S. M., 1987, Preparation of National Maps of Geological Factors Influencing Natural Radon Concentrations:
Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section 36th Annual Meeting, March
25-27, 1987, v. 19, no. 2. p. 127.

Discusses a U. S. EPA-funded project designed to target areas of high potential for natural radon.
The project produced national maps of rock types with high uranium levels, a primary source of
radon problems.

Schumann, R. R., 1992, Geologic Potential of the Glaciated Upper Midwest: Proceedings, 1992 Symposium on
Radon and Radon reduction Technology, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Minneapolis, MN, VII-3.

Spencer, J. E., 1985, Radon gas: A geologic hazard: Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology,
Fieldnotes, v. 16, no. 4, Spring, p. 1-6.

Discusses the geologic origin of radon. Also addresses the transport of radon and radon daughters,
detection of radon, risk assessment and risk reduction.

Sprinkel, D. A., and B. J. Solomon, 1990, Radon Hazards in Utah: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Circular,
no. 81, 24 p.

Stein, L., 1987, Chemical Properties of Radon, in Hopkea, P. K. (editor), Radon and Its Decay Products: American
Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., Symposium Series, no. 331.

Tanner, A. B., 1992, Bibliography of radon in the outdoor environment and selected references on gas mobility in
the ground: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 92-351, 399 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, A Citizen’s Guide to Radon: What it is and what to do about it, OPA-
86-004.

Global Climate Change Issues

Ausubel, J., 1991, A Second Look at the Impacts of Climate Change: American Scientist, 210-221.

Blaustein, A. R., and D. B. Wake, 1990, Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon?: Trends Ecol.
Evol., v. 5, p. 203-204.

Boden, T. A., P. Kanciruk, and M. P. Farrell, 1990, Trends 90: A Compendium of Data on Global Change: Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U. S. Department of Energy, 257 p.

A document of global change data. Includes estimates for global and national CO, emissions,
historical and modern records of atmospheric CO, and methane concentrations, and long-term
temperature records.

Changnon, S. A., Jr., 1983, Trends in floods and related climate conditions in Illinois. For complete reference, see
Tornados/Floods, p. 112.

107

Davis, M. B., 1988, Ecological systems dynamics, in Toward an understanding of global change: initial priorities
for U. S. contributions to the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program: National Academy Press,
Washington, D. C., p. 69-106.

Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology, Committee on Earth Science, 1989, Our
Changing Planet: A U. S. Strategy for Global Change Research: A Report: The U. S. Global Change
Research Program, Washington, D. C.

Grimm, E. C., and G. L. Jacobson, Jr., 1991, Fossil-pollen evidence for abrupt climate changes during the past
18,000 years in eastern North America: Climate Dynamics, v. 6, no. 7, August 19, p. 1-6.

A quantitative measure of the rate at which fossil-pollen abundances changed over the last 18,000
years at 18 sites spread across eastern North America distinguishes local from regionally
synchronous changes.

Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins and J. J. Ephraums, 1990, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment:
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 365 p.

Husar, R. B., and W. E. Wilson, Jr., 1985, Climatic Trends over North America: Potential Role of Aerosols: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., NTIS PB86-129553, EPA/600/D-85/282, 15 p.
(microfiche).

Illinois State Water Survey, Global Climate Change Program, 1991, Global Climate Change and Illinois: Illinois
State Water Survey, Miscellaneous Publication, no. 131, 7 p.

Overview of the potential impact of global warming on Illinois in eight key areas: climate, water
resources, agriculture, energy, transportation, natural resources, society, and business and industry.
Introduces the Water Survey's Global Climate Change Program, emphasizing the value of their
historic climate database.

Karl, T., R. Heim, and R. Quayle, 1991, The Greenhouse Effect in Central North America: If not Now, When?:
Science, p. 1058-1061.

King, A. W., W. R. Emanuel, and W. M. Post, 1992, Projecting future concentrations of atmospheric CO, with
global carbon cycle models: The importance of simulating historical changes: Environmental Management,
v. 16, no. 1, January/February, p. 91-108.

The authors advise caution in interpreting atmospheric CO, projections based on land-use
reconstruction of historical CO, emissions, as these estimates involve several unresolved
inconsistencies.

Knapp, H. V., and A. Durgunoglu, 1993, Evaluating Impacts of Climate Change on Midwestern Watersheds: Paper
presented at the Hydroclimatology Conference of the American Meteorological Society 1993 Annual
Meeting, Anaheim, CA.

Koellner, W., 1988, Climate Variability and the Mississippi River, in Glantz, M. H. (editor), Societal Responses to
Regional Climate Change, Forecasting by Analogy: Westview Press.

Lamb, H. H., 1966, The Changing Climate: Methane & Co.

108

Lee, R., 1991, Long Run Global Population Forecasts: A Critical Appraisal, in Davis, K., and B. Makhail (editors),
Resources, Environment and Population: Present Knowledge, Future Options: Population Council, Oxford
University Press, NY, p. 45-71.

Long, S. P., and P. R. Hutchin, 1991, Primary production in grasslands and coniferous forests in relation to climate
change: an overview of information available for modelling change in this process: Ecological Applications,
v. 1, p. 139-156.

Machado, Sheila, 1988, Reducing the Rate of Global Warming: The States’ Role: Renew America, Washington, D.
Cy33,p:

Melillo, J. M., T. V. Callaghan, F. I. Woodward, E. Salatki, S. K. Sinha, 1990, Effects on ecosystems, in Houghton,
J. T, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums (editors), Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment:
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 283-310.

Mooney, H. A., B. G. Drake, R. J. Luxmoore, W. C. Oechel, and L. F. Pitelka, 1991, How will terrestrial
ecosystems interact with changing CO, concentration of the atmosphere and anticipated climate change?:
Bioscience, v. 41, p. 96-104.

Mungall, C., and D. J. MacLaren (editors), 1990, Planet Under Stress: The Challenge of Global Change: Oxford
University Press, Toronto, 344 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, W. H. Hooke, J. M. Bishop, J. L. Wickham, and I. C. Sheifer, 1990,
For complete reference, see Environmental Quality and Environmental Trends, General References, p.
a:

Oechel, W. C., and G. H. Riechers, 1986, Impacts of increasing CO, on natural vegetation, particularly tundra, in
Rosenzweig, C., and R. Dickinson (editors), Climate-Vegetation Interactions, Boulder, Colorado, OIES-
UCAR Report, OIES-2.

Overpeck, J. T., P. J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III, 1991, Potential magnitude of future vegetation change in eastern
North America: comparisons with the past: Science, v. 254, 1 November, p. 692-695.

Robde, H., 1990, A Comparison of the Contributon of Various Gases to the Greenhouse Effect: Science, v. 248, p.
1217-1219.

Rosenfeld, A., and D. Botkin, 1990, Trees can Sequester Carbon, or Die and Amplify Global Warming: Possible
Positive Feedback between rising Temperature, Stressed Forests, and C02: Physics and Society, p. 5-8.

Rosenberg, N. J., 1986, A Primer on Climatic Change: Mechanisms, Trends and Projections: Resources for the
Future, Washington, D. C., 67 p.

Presents an introduction/overview to climate and the human-induced climatic changes likely to
occur within the next century.

Schwartz, M. W., 1992, Potential effects of global climate change on the biodiversity of plants: Forestry Chronicle,
v. 68, p. 462-471.

Singh, K. P., and G. S. Ramamurthy, 1990, Climate Change and Resulting Hydrologic Response: Illinois River
Basin, in Watershed Planning and Action, Symposium Proceedings of the Conference on Watershed
Management, ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Division.

109

Slack, J. R., and J. M. Landwehr, 1992, Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN): A U. S. Geological Survey
Streamflow Data Set for the United States for the Study of Climate Variations, 1874-1988: U. S. Geological
Survey Open-File Report 92-129, Reston, VA.

Smith, J. B., and D. A. Tirpak (editors), 1988, The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States,
Office of Research and Development, Washingtion, D. C.

Swart, R., R. Maas, and H. deVries, 1990, From Global to National Climate Policy: The World Bank, Washington,
DEC:

Szentimrey, T., T. Farago, and S. Szalai, 1992, Window technique for climate trend analysis. For complete reference,
see Trends Analysis, p. 51.

U. S. Department of Energy, 1990, Global Climate Trends and Greenhouse Gas Data: Federal Activities in Data
Collection, Archiving, and Dissemination: Office of Environmental Analysis, Department of Energy, Report
to the U. S. Congress of the United States, Washington, D. C., Document no. DOE/PE-0094P, various

pagings.

U. S. Government, 1988, Global Climate Changes: Greenhouse Effect: U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C.

U. S. Government, 1989, Policy Options for Stablizing Global Climate: U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C.

Watson, J. J., J. A. Probert, and S. D. Piccot, 1991, Global Inventory of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from
Anthropogenic Sources (Project Summary). For complete reference, see Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs), p. 102.

White, R. M., 1990, The Great Climate Debate: Scientific American, v. 1, p. 36-43.
Wigley, T. M. I., and T. P. Barnett, 1990, Detection of the Greenhouse Effect in the Observations, in Houghton, T.

J., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums (editors), Climate Change, the IPCC Scientific Assessment: Meteor.
Office, Bracknell, U. K., p. 239-255.

Natural/Geologic Hazards

General References

Bolt, B. A., W. L. Horn, G. A. MacDonald, and R. F. Scott, 1975, Geological Hazards: Earthquakes-Tsunamis-
Volcanoes-A valanches-Landslides-Floods" Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 328 p.

Contains chapters overviewing earthquakes, landslides, ground subsidence, and floods. Emphasis
on hazard mitigation and control.

Coates, D. R., 1985, Geology and Society: Chapman & Hall, New York, 406 p.

An introductory text discussing the role of the geoscientist as related to the environment, and
environmental law and environmental management as related to the geologist. Explains
environmental geology and discusses geoscience disciplines that have become heavily engaged in
the environmental field. The author gives an overview of naturally-occurring geologic events.

110

Culshaw, M. G., and A. C. Waltham, 1987, Natural and artificial cavities as ground engineering hazards: The
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, v. 20, p. 139-150.

Haimes, Y. Y., and E. Z. Stakhiv (editors), 1989, Risk Analysis and Management of Natural and Man-Made
Hazards: Proceedings, Conference of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Santa Barbara, California,
November 8-13, 1987, New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, 355 p.

Hearns, G. J., and A. Fulton, 1986, Hazard Assessment Techniques for Planning Purposes, Planning and Engineering
Geology, in M. G. Culshaw, M. G. (editor), Proceedings, 22nd Annual Conference of the Engineering Group
of the Geological Society: Plymouth Polytechnic, London, September 8-12, 1986, Engineering Group,
Geological Society of London, p. 351-356.

Petak, W. J., and A. A. Atkisson, 1982, Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy: Anticipating the
Unexpected: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 489 p.

This book contains detailed descriptions of natural hazards/processes, including earthquakes,
landslides, expansive soil, riverine flooding, storm surges, tsunamis, tornadoes, hurricanes, and
severe winds. In-depth study of methodologies for natural hazard analysis. Goes into mitigation
strategies along with mitigation cost analysis. Analysis of social impacts of natural hazards.
Forecasting of loss analysis for the year 2000. Discusses public policy approaches to natural
hazards.

Petak, W. J., 1984, Geologic hazard reduction: The professional’s responsibility: Bulletin of the Association of
Engineering Geologists, v. 21, no. 4, p. 449-458.

As increased demand is placed on land and resource development, so is the increased demand for
geologic investigation increased. Improved geotechnical investigations will result from higher
standards for the professionals doing the investigations. Geoprofessionals have an obligation to
fully disclose all data, knowledge and information pertaining to the study area and to give full
consideration to all mitigation alternatives including the "no development" alternative. Keeping the
public and decision-making bodies informed is the responsibility of the geoscientist to help reduce
geologic hazards.

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Tank, R. W., 1983, Environmental Geology: Oxford University Press, New York, 549 p.

Seismic Risk

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Discusses a geotechnical risk assessment performed at a refinery that was subject to ground
shaking hazard. The approach, based on a combination of detailed engineering studies, in-depth risk

111

assessment, and economic analysis,was found to be applicable to a range of industrial problems.
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The authors assess the possibility of an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or greater occurring in the
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Industrial Facilities Conference, San Francisco, CA, May 11-13, 1983, Lawrence Livermore National
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Tornados/Floods

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Landslides

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Man-Made Hazards

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Brown, R. G., and J. R. Stark, 1989, Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of a wetland receiving wastewater
effluent in St. Joseph, Minnesota. For complete reference, see Wetlands, p. 161.

Coleman, W. B., and D. A. Crandall, 1981, Illinois Oil Field Brine Disposal Assessment-Phase II report: Illinois
Environment Protection Agency, 47 p.

Dyer, L. H., 1973, Water Quality Management Program, Appendix F: Liquid Waste Emission Factors: Illinois
Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document 74-22, 74p.

Environmental Planning and Economics, Inc., 1992, Use and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge in Illinois: Office of
Research and Planning, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, Final Report,
ILENR/RE-EA-92/02, 214 p.

Ewing, B. B., G. Provenzano, and K. Reinbold, 1980, Economic Impact of Proposed Change in Lead Effluent
Standards: Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document 80/20.

FitzPatrick, M. S., D. R. Ericson, J. S. Willson, D. T. Wood, and G. Fax, 1977, Manual for Evaluating Secondary
Impacts of Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Office of Air, Land and Water Use, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 600/5-78-003, 175 p.

Gerba, C. P., D. K. Powelson, M. T. Yahya, L. G. Wilson, and G. L. Amy, 1991, Fate of Viruses in Treated Sewage
Effluent During Soil Aquifer Treatment Designed For Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse: Water Science
and Technology, v. 24, no. 9, p. 95-102.

121

Goodman, B. L., 1971, Design Handbook of Wastewater Systems: Domestic, Industrial, Commercial: Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, Conn.

Hensel, B. R., and D. P. McKenna (editors), 1989, Environmental Impacts of Oil Field Brines in Southeastern Clay
County, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Open File Report 1989-3, 305 p.

Huff, L. L., 1978, Economic Impact of Proposed Amendments to Chromium Effluent Standards in Illinois (R76-21):
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document No 78/08, 57p.

Huff, L. L., 1978, The Economic Impact Analysis of Effluent Standards for Total Dissolved Solids: : Illinois Institute
for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document 78/12.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, Illinois Advisory Committee on Sludge and Wastewater Utilization
on Agriculture Land, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1978, Illinois Oil Field Brine Disposal Assessment: IEPA Staff Report,
Planning Section, Division of Water Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
Springfield, IL, 114 p.

Kadlec, R. H., and F. B. Bevis, 1990, Wetlands and wastewater: Kinross, Michigan. For complete reference, see
Wetlands, p. 164.

Moe, K., 1984, Oil Field Brine Versus Illinois Cropland: Assessment of Policy and Technique: Professional Report
for University of California, Berkeley, California.

Muchmore, C. B., 1978, Economic Impact of Proposed Regulation Deleting the Dissolved Iron Standard, R76-21:
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document 78/02.

Olsson, G., B. Andersson, B. G. Hellstrom, H. Holmstrom, L. D. Reinius, and P. Vopatek, 1989, Measurements, data
analysis and control methods in wastewater treatment plants--state of the art and future trends: Water
Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 13, p. 1333.

Equipment and methods available to measure, present, and analyze data and control wastewater
treatment plants are reviewed.

Reed, P. C., K. Cartwright, and D. Osby, 1981, Electrical earth resistivity surveys near brine holding ponds in
Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes, no. 95, 30 p.

Shuster, K. A., 1976, Leachate Damage Assessment, A Case Study of the Fox Valley Solid Waste Disposal Site in
Aurora, Illinois: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/530/SW-514, 34 p.

Shuster, K. A., 1976, Leachate Damage Assessment, A Case Study of the Peoples Avenue Solid Waste Disposal Site
in Rockford, Illinois: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/S30/SW-517, 25p.

Sours, D. F., J. Kulfinski, J. Dewitt, 1985, Status of the Brine Problem in Illinois: Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, 45 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, 1986, Development of a Qualitative Pathogen
Risk Assessment Methodology for Municipal Sludge Landfilling: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/6-88/006, 134 p.

122

Presents models for predicting microbial die-off. These predictions are a necessary part of
performing risk assessments of municipal sludge landfilling.

Vancil, M. A., C. R. Parrish, and M. A. Palazzolo, 1991, Emissions of Metals and Organics from Municipal

Wastewater Sludge Incinerators (Project Summary): Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/600/S2-91/007, 3 p.
Emissions of metals and organics from a series of four wastewater sludge incinerators were
measured to provide data for a sludge regulations development effort. Complete report entitled
"Emissions of metals and organics from municipal wastewater sludge incinerators." NTIS
PB91-151472.

Zogoski, J. S., S. F. Blanchard, R. D. Romack, and F. A. Fitzpatrick, 1990, Availability and Suitability of Municipal
Wastewater Information For Use In A National Water-Quality Assessment: A Case Study of the Upper

Illinois River Basin In Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: U. S. Geological Survey, Urbana Illinois, Open-File
Report 90-375.

Electricity Generation/Coal and Nuclear Power Plants/Radiation Hazards
Annual Coal Oil and Gas Report, 1934-1991, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals.

Bernreuter, D. L., et al., 1989, Seismic Hazard Characterizations of 69 Nuclear Power Plants East of the Rocky
Mountains. For complete reference, see Seismic Risk, p. 111.

Bignoli, G., and E. Sabbioni, 1984, Environmental assessment of arsenic released from potential pollution sources:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 4, p. 53-65.

Overviews a study of a coal-fired power plant to predict arsenic migration. The researchers
employed environmental pathway analysis and a time-dependent forecasting model.

Brakat, M., and M. Chamberlain, 1989, Intergrating Environmental Issues into Electric Utility Planning: Oceana
Publications.

Central Illinois Light Company, 1991, Annual Report of Electric Utilities to the Illinois Commerce Commission,
FERC Form 21.

Central Illinois Light Company, 1989-1991, Steam Electric Plant Operations and Design Report, Form EIA-767.
Central Illinois Public Service, 1989-1991, Steam Electric Plant Operation and Design Report, Form EIA-767.
Central Illinois Public Service, 1992, Annual Report.

Coal Distribution, 1992, U. S. Department of Energy, DOE/EIA-0125(14Q).

Coal Production, 1992, U. S. Department of Energy, DOE/EIA-0118(91).

Commonwealth Edison, 1992, Annual Report.

Commonwealth Edison, 1991, Annual Report of Electric Utilities to the Illinois Commerce Commission, FERC Form
21°

123

Commonwealth Edison, 1989-1991, Steam Electric Plant Operations and Design Report, Form EIA-767.
Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants, 1991, U. S. Department of Energy, DOE/EIA-0191.
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois Energy Consumption Trends, ILLDOE 81/29.
Edison Electric Institute, 1970-1990, Statistical Yearbook of the Electric Utility Industry, New York, NY.
Hafele, W., 1990, "Energy from Nuclear Power": Scientific American, September.
Hopke, P. K., N. Johnson, and D. Staske, 1988, Statistical Analysis of the Background Air Quality Data Obtained

for Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. For complete reference, see Statistical Analyses of Environmental Data,

General References, p. 43.

Illinois Commerce Commission, 1991, Report to the General Assembly on the Status of Illinois Utility Compliance
with Section 8-402.1 of the Public Utility Act.

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois Energy Consumption Trends, ILLDOE 81/29.

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Overview of Trends in the Illinois Electric Utility Industry,
ILDOE 82/04.

Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety, 1991, Annual Survey Report.

Illinois Economic Summary, 1992, Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs, Office of Policy
Development, Planning and Research, Dec. 1991-Jan. 1992.

Illinois Electric Utilities, 1970-1991, A Comparative Study of Electric Sales Statistics.

Illinois Energy Data Review, 1990-1992, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources.

Illinois Gross State Product, 1991, Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs, Fourth Quarter Report.
Illinois Power Company, 1989-1991, Steam Electric Plant Operation and Design Report, Form EIA-767.

Illinois Power Company, 1991, Annual Report of Electric Utilities to the Illinois Commerce Commission, FERC
Form 21.

Illinois Power Company, 1992, Annual Report.

J. C. Consultancy, Ltd., 1986, Risk Assessment for Hazardous Installations: Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York,
279 p.

Discusses risk assessment in European nuclear power industries. Includes an overview of risk
assessment methodologies from the perspective of on-site nuclear accidents. Methodologies could
be generally applicable to any risk assessment project, thus the overview could be useful for
CTAP.

Leonard, S. Hyman, 1983, American Electric Utilities Past, Present and the Future: Public Utilities Report Inc.,
Arlington, Virginia, p. 15.

124

Moore, Taylor, 1990, "The Hard Road to Nuclear Waste Disposal": EPRI Journal, July/August.
Phillips, Charles F., Jr., 1988, The Regulation of Public Utilities: Public Utilities Report, Arlington Virginia, June.

The Plant Siting Task Force, 1970, Major Electric Power Facilities and the Environment: Edison Electric Institute
Committee on Environment, New York, 31 p.

Ramsay, W., 1979, Unpaid Costs of Electrical Energy-Health and Environmental Impacts from Coal and Nuclear
Power: Published for Resources for the Future by the Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland,
180 p.

Provides data and analyses that illuminate the nature of the energy choices that are open for the
future and the trade-offs among them. A comparison of coal vs. nuclear power electricity
technologies, especially their public health and environmental quality impacts. Problems with data
uncertainty and comparison between the two fields. Author measures impacts by a "value
orientation" process. Suggests three-step strategy for nation: 1) continue a coal-nuclear mix in new
plant construction; 2) increase research efforts to advance knowledge of true magnitude of impacts
from both sources; 3) introduce control technologies that will mitigate most serious impacts.

Rao, K. S., and L. Satterfield, 1983, A Study of the Probable Environmental Impact of Fugitive Coal Dust Emissions
at the Ravenswood Power Plant, New York: Air Resources Laboratory,Environmental Research
Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Rockville,
Maryland, 83 p.

Reinhold, T. A., B. Ellingwood, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1982, Tornado Damage, Risk Assessment.
For complete reference, see Tornados/Floods, p. 112.

Slater, E. John, 1989 and 1992, Electric World: A Directory of Electric Utilities.
State Energy Data Report, 1992, U. S. Department of Energy DOE/EIA-0214(90).
Steam Electric Plant Factors, 1992, National Coal Association.

United States Department of Energy, 1980-1990, Petroleum Facts and Figures, American Petroleum Institute,
Washington, D. C.

United States Department of Energy, 1988, Electric Plant Cost and Production Expenses, Washington, D. C., EIA-
0455.

United States Department of Energy, 1990, Inventory of Power Plants in the United States, Washington D. C., EIA-
0095.

Woodhead, A. D., C. J. Shellabarger, V. Pond, and A. Hollaender (editors), 1985, Assessment of Risk from Low-
Level Exposure to Radiation and Chemicals: A Critical Overview: Proceedings of a Meeting on Assessment
of Risk from Low-Level Exposure to Radiation and Chemicals: A Critical Overview, held at Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York, May 20-23, 1984, in Basic Life Sciences (Series), Plenum Press,
New York, v. 33, 529 p.

Focuses on exposure-response relationships involved in low-level exposure to radiation and
chemicals. Compares/contrasts radiation and chemical exposures. Considers biological and
methodological aspects of risk assessment.

125

Zimmermann, R. M., T. F. Kempe, and K. J. Donnelly, 1986, PATHWAY-II: A Computer Code for Radiological
Environmental Pathways Analysis: Proceedings, Second International Conference on Radioactive Waste
Management, Sponsored by the Canadian Nuclear Society, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, September 7-11,
1986, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Nuclear Society, p. 689-693.

Describes PATHWAY-II, a computer code that can be used to calculate radiation doses following
releases from a nuclear facility.

Waste Disposal Issues

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988, Hazardous Waste Incineration: A Resource Document: sponsored
by ASME Research Committee on Industrial and Municipal Wastes, Air Pollution Control Association,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Americal Society
of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 166 p.

Anonymous, Bacterial Emissions From Incineration of Hospital Waste: School of Public Health, University of Illinois
at Chicago, P. O. Box 6998, Chicago, Illinois.

Anonymous, 1992, Change With the Market or Die: Fortune, January 13, v. 125, p. 62-3.

Anonymous, 1992, Federal Public Health Studies Misleading, Citizens Endangered By Toxic Waste, Group Says:
Environment Reporter, 3 (July), p. 721-2.

Anonymous, 1987, Finding New Life For and Old Landfill: The Management of World Wastes: December, v. 30,
p. 30.

Anonymous, 1988, States Take Action On Financing UST Regulatory Programs: L.U.S.T. Line, New England
Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission Bulletin, v. 8, May, 12 p.

Anonymous, 1990, The LUST Trust Beat: L.U.S.T. Line, New England Interstate Water Pollution Control
Commission Bulletin, v. 12, February, 16 p.

Anonymous, 1992, When Necessity is the Mother of Invention: L.U.S.T. Line, New England Interstate Water
Pollution Control Commission Bulletin, v. 17, October, 24 p.

Andelman, J. B., and D. W. Underhill (editors), 1987, Health Effects From Hazardous Waste Sites: Lewis Publishers,
Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, 294 p.

ASTSWMO, 1989, Position paper National Superfund Program Strategy--Getting More Done With Limited Public
Funds: Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials, Washington, D. C., April
28 (Quoted in OTA (1989), p. 40).

Bamberg, S., and D. van Zyl, 1986, Probabilistic Risk Analysis in Waste Disposal: An Integrated Approach, in Abt,
S. R., J. D. Nelson, T. A. Shepherd, R. E. Wardwell, D. Van Zyl (editors), Proceedings, 8th Annual
Symposium on Geotechnical and Geohydrological Aspects of Waste Management, Fort Collins, Colorado,
February 5-7, 1986: A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, p. 399-406.

Barlaz, M. A., D. M. Schaefer, and R. K. Ham, 1989, Effects of Prechilling and Sequential Washing on Enumeration
of Microorganisms from Refuse: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for
Microbiology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 50-54.

126

Barlaz, M. A., D. M. Schaefer, and R. K. Ham, 1989, Bacterial Population Development and Chemical
Characteristics of Refuse Composition in a Simulated Sanitary Landfill: Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 55-65.

Barlaz, M. A., D. M. Schaefer, and R. K. Ham, 1989, Mass-Balance Analysis of Anaerobically Decomposed Refuse:
Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE, v. 115, no. 6, p. 1088-1102.

Beasley, V. R., and D. J. Schaeffer, 1989, Ecosystem Health. IV. The national animal poison information network
database as a tool for ecological risk assessment: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, v. 10, p. 63-73.

Berg, R. C., J. P. Kempton, and K. Cartwright, 1984, Potential For Contamination of Shallow Aquifers in Illinois:
Illinois State Geological Survey Circular, no. 532, 30 p.

Berny, P. J., L. M. Cété, and W. B. Buck, 1992, Household pets as monitors of environmental lead exposure to
humans: Toxicology Letters (Supplement), Abstract P32/P2, p. 294.

Bohn, H. L., and R. K. Bohn, 1987, Renovating Landfills By Air Extraction and Treatment: Journal of
Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering, Marcel Dekker. New
York, NY, v. 22, no. 4, p. 293-303.

Brice, D. A., J. A. Archer, and J. K. Greer, 1990, Establishment of alternate clean up goals for a RCRA facility
utilizing numerical analysis of transport pathways to evaluate risk to human and environmental receptors:
Ground Water Management, no. 2, p. 919-934.

Case study of a waste-management area located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, used as a model to
establish alternate concentration limits (ACLs) that can be used as a "yardstick" against which
engineering evaluations of remedial alternatives can be measured. A detailed geologic analysis was
done of the area, which was found to be typified by steeply dipping sedimentary strata of diverse
lithology and hydraulic properties. Groundwater was identified as the primary transport pathway
and exposure scenarios were developed based upon the then current conditions for both human and
environmental receptors.

Brower, R. D., A. P. Visocky, I. Krapac, B. Hensel, G. Peyton, J. Nealon, and M. Guthrie, 1989, Evaluation of
Underground Injection of Industrial Waste in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois Scientific
Surveys Joint Report 2, 150 p.

Brown, K. W., and K. C. Donnelly, 1988, An Estimation of the Risk Associated with the Organic Constituents of
Hazardous and Municipal Waste Landfill Leachates: Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, Mary Ann
Liebert, Inc., Publishers, v. 5, no. 1, p. 1-30.

Brunner, D. R., and D. J. Keller, 1972, Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation: U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington D. C., SW-6Sts.

Burch, S. L., B. Hensel, J, Nealon, and E. Smith, 1987, An Assessment of Class V Underground Injection in Illinois:
Prepared for IEPA, Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois State Water Survey, 99 p.

Camp, Dresser and McKee, Inc., 1990, Economic Impact Study of Landfill Regulations (R88-7) Final Report: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILENR/RE-EA-90/02, 481 p.

Canter, L. W., 1978, Solid Waste Systems Planning: School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.

127

Canter, L. W., 1980, Proceedings of Seminar on Ground Water Quality: National Center For Ground Water
Research, Norman, OK.

Canter, L. W., 1982, Site Selection For Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities, presented at the Conference on Ground
Water Management: Quantity and Quality: Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, April 20-22.

Central Midwest Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste Commission, 1988, Regional Management Plan.

Chillingworth, M., 1980, Industrial Waste Management Alternatives Assessment for the State of Illinois, Volume
I: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, final report.

Chillingworth, M., 1980, Industrial Waste Management Alternatives Assessment for the State of Illinois, Volume
II. Investigation and Classification of Waste Types By SIC Codes: Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, Springfield, IL.

Chillingworth, M., 1980, Industrial Waste Management Alternatives Assessment for the State of Illinois, Volume
III. Industrial Waste Management Alternatives and Their Associated Technologies/Processes: Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL.

Chillingworth, M., 1980, Industrial Waste Management Alternatives Assessment for the State of Illinois, Volume
IV. Industrial Waste Management Alternatives and Their Associated Technologies/Processes: Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL.

Clean Sites, 1990, Hazardous Waste Sites and The Rural Poor: A Preliminary Assessment: Clean Sites, Alexandria,
VA.

Cohen, B. L., 1983, Probabilistic risk assessment of wastes buried in the ground: Risk Analysis, v. 3, no. 4, p.
237-243.

Collins, C. H., and D. A. Kennedy, 1992, The Microbiological Hazards of Municipal and Clinical Wastes: Journal
of Applied Bacteriology, v. 73, no. 1, p. 1-6.

Colten, C. E, 1985, Industrial Wastes in the Calumet Area, 1869-1970: An historical Geography: Hazardous Waste
Research and Information Center, Champaign, IL, HWRIC RR-001, 124 p.

Cosper, S. D., W. H. Hallenbeck, and G. R. Brenniman, 1993, Construction and Demolition Waste: Generation,
Regulation, Practices, Processing and Policies: Office of Solid Waste Management, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, IL, OSWM-12, 101 p.

Delaware Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator Project, 1986, Delaware Small Quantity Hazardous Waste
Generator Survey Report, GHW-S, Participating Organizations: Deleware Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control, Delaware Solid Waste Authority, Governmental Refuse Collection and Disposal
Association: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, GRCDA, Silver Spring, MD, 73 p.

Dickinson, R. A., and R. O. Goff, 1991, Former Landfill Becomes Site of Center for Senior Citizens: Water
Environment and Technology, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA, v. 3, p. 30.

Dorfman, M. H., W. R. Muir, and C. G. Miller, 1992, Environmental Dividends: Cutting More Chemical Wastes:
Inform, Inc., New York, 271 p.

128

Ecology and Environment, Inc., 1988, Waste Audit Study: General Medical and Surgical Hospitals, prepared For
Alternative Technology Section, Toxic Substances Control Division, California Department of Health
Services: Ralph Stone and Co., Los Angeles, CA, 82 p.

Eisenbeis, J. J., R. H. Montgomery, and T. G. Sanders, 1986, A Risk Assessment Methodology for Hazardous Waste
Landfill, in Abt, S. R., J. D. Nelson, T. A. Shepherd, R. E. Wardwell, D. Van Zyl (editors), Proceedings,
8th Annual Symposium on Geotechnical and Geohydrological Aspects of Waste Management, Fort Collins,
Colorado, February 5-7, 1986: A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, p. 417-426.

Eldredge Engineering Associates, Inc., 1989, Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Volume 2-Technical Issues: Office
of Technology Transfer, University of Illinois Center for Solid Waste Management and Research, OTT-3.

Eldredge Engineering Associates, Inc., 1989, Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Volume 1-General Issues: Office of
Technology Transfer, University of Illinois Center for Solid Waste Management and Research, OTT-3.

Envirodyne Engineers, 1989, Municipal Solid Waste Management Options: Landfills Volume II: Office of Solid
Waste and Renewable Resources, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL,
ILENR/RR-89/06 (2).

Environmental Planning and Economics, Inc., 1992, Use and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge in Illinois: Office of
Research and Planning, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, Final Report,
ILENR/RE-EA-92/02, 214 p.

Environmental Resources Management Inc., 1985, Analysis of Hazardous Waste Generation and Management by
Small Generators and Households in the State of Missouri: State Environmental Improvement and Energy
Resources Authority.

Environmental Resources Management Inc., 1985, Statewide Hazardous Waste Generation Study: Hazardous Waste
Research and Information Center, Champaign, IL, Final Report, HWRIC RR-002.

Environmental Resources Management Inc., 1985, Statewide Hazardous Waste Generation Study-Appendix D
(Volume 2): Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center, Champaign, IL, HWRIC RR-002, App.
Diivn2t

Epstein, S., J. Swartz, and J. Melius, 1979, Geographic Distribution of Cancer in Illinois: Illinois Institute of Natural
Resources, Chicago, IL, Doc. no. 79/40.

Fairchild, D. M., and L. W. Canter, 1984, Empirical Assessment Methodologies For Groundwater Pollution Sources:
Environmental and Ground Water Institute, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

Farquhar, G. J., 1989, Leachate-Production and Characterization: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 16, no.
3, p. 17-325.

Felsot, A., E. K. Dzantor, L. Case, and R. Liebl, 1990, Assessment of Problems Associated with Landflling or Land
Application of Pesticide Waste and Feasibility of Cleanup by Microbiological Degradation: Hazardous Waste
Research and Information Center, Champaign, IL, HWRIC RR-0S53.

Fenn, D. G., K. J. Hanley, and T. V. DeGeare, 1975, Use of the Water Balance Method For Predicting Leachate
Generation From Solid Waste Disposal Sites: Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., SW-168.

129

Fisher, E. L., and G. T. Griffith, 1989, Design Consideration For a Wisconsin Paper Mill Landfill: Proceedings, 43rd
Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, v. 43, p. 123-136.

Fisher, J. E., N. D. Cox, and C. L. Atwood, 1984, BURYIT/ANALYZ, a Computer Package for Assessment of
Radiological Risk of Low-level Radioactive Waste Land Disposal. For complete reference, see Applications
of Environmental Software Programs and Databases, p. 31.

Ford, M., R. Piskin, M. Hagele, R. Strom, J. Dickman, 1981, Inventory and Preliminary Assessment of Class I and
II Injection Wells in Illinois: Division of Land/noise Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, Springfield, IL, 111 p.

Fordham, C. L., and D. P. Reagan, 1991, Pathways analysis method for estimating water and sediment criteria at
hazardous waste sites: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, p. 949-960.

Presents a model developed to determine surface water and sediment criteria at hazardous waste
sites. Methodologies employed were exposure-pathways analysis and a bioaccumulation model.

Franklin Associates, Limited, 1986, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States 1960-2000:
Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prairie Village, KS, PB87-
178323.

Franklin Associates, Limited, 1988, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States 1960-2000
(Update 1988): Prairie Village, KS.

General Accounting Office, 1980, Hazardous Waste Disposal Methods: Major Problems With Their Use: Comptroller
General of the United States, U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington D. C., CED-81-21.

General Accounting Office, 1987, Superfund: Extent of Nation’s Potential Hazardous Waste Problem Still Unknown:
U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington D. C., GAO/RCED-88-44.

General Accounting Office, 1989, Nonhazadous Waste: State Management of Municipal Landfills and Landfill
Expansions: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington D. C., GAO/RCED/89-165BR.

General Accounting Office, 1989, Hazardous Waste Sites: State Cleanup Status and Its Implications for Federal
Policy: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington D. C., GAO/RCED-89-164.

General Accounting Office, 1990, Hazardous Waste: EPA’s Generation and Management Data Need Further
Improvement: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C., GAO/PEMD-90-3, 114 p.

General Accounting Office, 1990, Nonhazardous Waste: Environmental Safeguards for Industrial Facilities Need to
be Developed: Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials,
Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, U. S. General Accounting Office,
Washington, D. C., GAO/RCED-90-92.

General Accounting Office, 1990, Underground Petroleum Tanks. Owners’ Ability to Comply With EPA’s Financial
Responsibility Requirements: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C., GAO/RCED-90-167FS,
35 p.

General Accounting Office, 1991, Hazardous Waste. Limited Progress in Closing and Cleaning Up Contaminated
Facilities: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C., GAO/RCED-91-79.

130

General Accounting Office, 1992, Hazardous Materials. Upgrading of Underground Storage Tanks Can Be Improved
to Avoid Costly Cleanups: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C., GAO/NSIAD-92-117, 40

p.-

General Accounting Office, 1992, Hazardous Waste. Impediments Have Delayed the Closing and Cleanup of Land
Disposal Facilities: U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C., GAO/T-RCED-92-64.

General Accounting Office, 1992, Hazardous Waste. Impediments Delay Timely Closing and Cleanup of Facilities:
U. S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D. C., GAO/RCED/92-84.

Gerba, C. P., D. K. Powelson, M. T. Yahya, L. G. Wilson, and G. L. Amy, 1991, Fate of Viruses in Treated Sewage
Effluent During Soil Aquifer Treatment Designed For Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse: Water Science
and Technology, v. 24, no. 9, p. 95-102.

Geschwind, S. A., 1992, Should pregnant women move? Linking risks for birth defects with proximity to toxic waste
sites: Chance, v. 5, no. 3-4, p. 40-45, 86.

Geschwind, S. A., J. A. J. Stolwijk, M. Bracken, E. Fitzgerald, A. Stark, C. Olsen, and J. Melius, 1992, Risk of
congenital malformations associated with proximity to hazardous waste sites: American Journal of
Epidemiology, v. 135, p. 1197-1207.

Gibb, J. P., M. J. Barelona, S. C. Schock, and M. W. Hampton, 1983, Hazardous Waste in Ogle and Winnebago
Counties: Potential Risk Via Groundwater Due to Past and Present Activities: Illinois State Water Survey,
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, ENR 83-26.

Gilkeson, R. H., T. H. Larson, and P. C. Heigold, 1984, Definition of Contaminant Pathways; An Integrated
Geophysical and Geological Study: Illinois State Geological Survey, Reprint 1985-G, 15 p.

Outlines a study performed by the Tritium Steering Committee to determine pathways of the
contaminant tritium from a low-level radioactive waste disposal site. The study combined
geophysical and hydrogeological methodologies to successfully define significant contaminant
pathways.

Goidel, E., and J. Craig, 1993, Changes in Reported TRI Releases and Transfers: Pollution Engineering, v. |
(March), p. 45-47.

Goldstein, N., 1984, New Jersey Acts to Avoid Landfill Crisis: Biocycle, J. G. Press, Emmaus, PA, v. 25, no. 8, p.
20-24.

Gourdon, R., C. Comel, P. Vermande, and J. Veron, 1989, Kinetics of Acetate, Propionate and Butyrate Removal
in the Treatment of a Semi-Synthetic Landfill Leachate on Anaerobic Filter: Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., v. 33, p. 1167-1181.

Greene, K, 1989, Solid Waste and Pollution Control Report: Illinois Environmental Council Bulletin, v. 10 (July).

Ground Water Monitor, 1992, States Say LUSTs and Nitrates Remain Major Ground Water Problems to Solve, v.
8, no. 6.

Haitjema, H. M, 1991, Ground Water Hydraulics Considerations Regarding Landfills: Water Resources Bulletin.
American Water Resources Association, v. 27, no. 5, p. 791-796.

131

Hall, G. W., J. C. Moore III and T. S. Skuse, 1985, The Chicago Experience in Large-Scale Land Application:
BioCycle, J. G. Press, Emmaus, PA, v. 26, no. 1, p. 38-40,42-45.

Herzog, B. L, B. R. Hensel, E. Mehnert, J. R. Miller and T. M. Johnson, 1988, Evaluation of Groundwater
Monitoring Programs at Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey,
Environmental Geology Notes, no. 129, 86 p.

Heavisides, T. K., R. LaScala, K. R. Reddy, T. J. Warren, and W. Zyznieuski, 1983, Hazardous Wastes in Illinois:
An Overview: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, Document no. 83/17,
310 p.

Hensel, B. R., R. C. Berg, and R. A. Griffin, 1990, Numerical Estimates of Potential For Groundwater
Contamination From Land Burial of Municipal Wastes in Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey and
Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center, HWRIC RR 035, 84 p.

Himmelberger, J. J., S. J. Ratick, A. L. White, 1991, Compensation for Risks: Host Community Benefits in Siting
Locally Unwanted Facilities: Environmental Management, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, v. 15, no. 5,
p. 647-658.

Houghton, M. J, 1989, Volume IV: Siting New Treatment and Disposal Facilities: National Governors’ Association,
Washington, D. C.

Hulse, A. E., M. E. Levine, 1987, Analysis of Illinois Hazardous Waste System: Data Analysis and Applications of
a Waste Planning Model: Illinois Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center, Champaign, IL,
HWRIC RR-O16.

Humphrey, C. M, 1984, Alternatives to Landfills in Rural Areas: Biocycle, J. G. Press, Emmaus, PA, v. 25 (Oct.
7), p. 48-50.

ICF Consulting Associates Incorporated, 1985, Economic Incentives For the Reduction of Hazardous Wastes: Final
Report, Prepared for Alternative Technology and Policy Development Section, Toxic Substances Control
Division, California Department of Health Services: ICF Consulting Associates, Inc., Los Angeles, CA.

ICF Consulting Associates Incorporated, 1985, Economic Incentives For the Reduction of Hazardous Waste:
Appendicies to Final Report, Prepared for Alternative Technology and Policy Development Section, Toxic
Substances Control Division, California Department of Health Services, ICF Consulting Associates, Inc.,
Los Angeles, CA.

Illinois Association of Recycling Centers, 1988, Recycling Grants in Illinois: A Two Year Review: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Office of Research and Planning, Springfield, IL.,
ILENR/RE-EA-89/14, 120 p.

Illinois Association of Recycling Centers Policy, 1987, Recycling in Illinois: Survey Results and Analysis: Energy
and Environmental Affairs Division, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL,
ILENR/RE-EA-87/07, 84 p.

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1983, Hazardous Waste in Ogle and Winnebago Counties:
Potential Risk Via Groundwater Due to Past and Present Activities: Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources, Springfield, Document no. 83/26, IL, 73 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, Illinois Advisory Committee on Sludge and Wastewater Utilization
on Agriculture Land, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL.

132

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, Illinois Industrial Waste Survey: Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1984, Annual Report on Hazardous Waste: Generation, Treatment, Storage
and Disposal: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield,
IL, IEPA/LPC/84-009, 31 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Companies That Generate Hazardous Waste and Ship it Off-Site,
1985 Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
Springfield, IL, IEPA/LPC/87-005, 294 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Companies That Treat, Store and Dispose of Hazardous Waste, 1985
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/87-006, 108 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, Summary of Annual Reports on Hazardous Waste for 1982 through
1985: Generation, Treatment, Storage and Disposal: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/LPC/87-004, 63 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Available Disposal Capacity for Solid Waste in Illinois: Division
of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, IEPA/LPC/87-016, 126 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Companies That Generate Hazardous Waste and Ship it Off-Site,
1986 Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/87-020, 307 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Companies That Treat, Store and Dispose of Hazardous Waste 1986,
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/87-021, 76 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Summary of Annual Reports on Hazardous Waste for 1983 through
1986: Generation, Treatment, Storage and Disposal: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/LPC/87-019, 63 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Available Disposal Capacity for Solid Waste in Illinois Sixth
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/88-036, 65 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Cleaning Illinois. Status of the State’s Hazardous Waste Cleanup
Programs: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL,
IEPA/GCL/88-027.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, A Primer Regarding Certain Provisions of the Illinois Groundwater
Protection Act: Division of Public Water Supplies, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Regional Pollution Control Facility Siting in Illinois: From
November 12, 1981 through April 30, 1988: Government and Community Affairs, Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Available Disposal Capacity for Solid Waste in Illinois, Third
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/89-902, 62 p.

133

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Capacity Assurance Plan: State of Illinois: Division of Land
Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 17 (October).

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Cleaning Illinois. Status of the State’s Hazardous Waste Cleanup
Programs: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL,
IEPA/LPC/89-200.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Companies That Generate Hazardous Waste and Ship it Off-Site,
1987 Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
TEPA/LPC/89-009, 320 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Companies That Treat, Store and Dispose of Hazardous Waste, 1987
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/89-010, 66 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, First Annual Toxic Chemical Report: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/ENV/89-012, 159 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Region 2 Preliminary Assessment of LUST Facilities: Leaking
Underground Storage Tank Program, Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Available Disposal Capacity for Solid Waste in Illinois, Fourth
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/90-173, 110 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Cleaning Illinois. The Challenge Facing Illinois’ Hazardous Waste
Cleanup Efforts: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield,
IL, IEPA/GCA/90- 163.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Companies That Generate Hazardous Waste and Ship it Off-Site,
1988 Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/90- 103, 308 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Companies That Treat, Store and Dispose of Hazardous Waste 1988,
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/90-102, 66 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Second Annual Toxic Chemical Report: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/ENV/90-48, 109 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Summary of Annual Reports on Hazardous Waste for 1985 through
1988: Generation, Treatment, Storage and Disposal: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/LPC/90-104, 70 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Available Disposal Capacity for Solid Waste in Illinois, Sixth
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/91-59, 108 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Companies that Generate, Treat, Dispose or Recover Hazardous
Waste, 1989 Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/9 1-54, 326 p.

134

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Pollution Control Facility Siting in Illinois: Government and
Community Affairs, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/GCA/91-60.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Summary of Annual Reports on Hazardous Waste Generation,
Treatment, Storage, Disposal & Recovery for 1987 through 1989: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
Springfield, Illinois, IEPA/LPC/91-55, 60 p.

Defines hazardous waste and waste types. Summarizes data from "Hazardous Waste Generator
Annual Reports" and "Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal and Recovery Facility
Annual Reports", including quantities and types of hazardous wastes generated, managed, and
exported/imported in Illinois in 1989.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Third Annual Toxic Chemical Report: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/ENV/91-201, 129 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Companies that Generate, Treat, Dispose or Recover Hazardous
Waste 1990, Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/92-051, 344 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, Companies That Generate Hazardous Waste and Ship it Off-Site
1986, Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/87-020.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Companies that Generate, Treat, Dispose or Recover Hazardous
Waste, 1989 Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/9 1-54.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Fourth Annual Toxic Chemical Report: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/ENV/92-112, 147 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Summary of Annual Reports on Hazardous Waste 1990: Generation,
Treatment, Storage, Disposal & Recovery: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/LPC/92-052.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, Available Disposal Capacity for Solid Waste in Illinois, Sixth
Annual Report: Division of Land Pollution Control, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
IEPA/LPC/92-219, 116 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, Fifth Annual Toxic Chemical Report: Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, IL, IEPA/ENV/93-005, 156 p.

Illinois Hazardous Waste Advisory Council, 1986, Annual Report to Governor James R. Thompson and the 84th
General Assembly.

Illinois Hazardous Waste Advisory Council, 1987, Annual Report to Governor James R. Thompson and the 85th
General Assembly.

INFORM, 1991, Toxic Clusters: Patterns of Pollution in the Midwest, An INFORM Special Report: INFORM, New
York.

Inman, R. L., W. J. Conover, and J. E. Campbell, 1980, Risk Methodology for Geologic Disposal of Radioactive
Waste: Small Sample Sensitivity Analysis Techniques for Computer Models, with an Application to Risk

135

Assessment: U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D. C., Document no. NUREG/CR-1397,
117 p.

Presents Latin hypercube sampling techniques to be used in risk assessments of nuclear waste
disposal.

Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 1986, An Environmental Review of Incineration Technologies, October.

Jenkins, A. C., 1987, Evaluation Test on a Hospital Refuse Incinerator at Saint Agnes Medical Center: Stationary
Source Division, California Air Resource Board, Fresno, CA.

John, S. F., D. N. Kane, and T. D. Hinesly, 1992, Use and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge in Illinois: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILKENR/RE-EA-92/02, 214 p.

Kelly, R. W., 1990, More Precious than Gold: Mining Old Landfills: World Wastes, v. 33, p. 44-5.

Kent, R. T., and M. E. Bentley, 1985, Risk Assessment of Deep-Well Injection Systems, in Hitchon, B., and M. R.
Trudell, Proceedings, Second Canadian/American Conference on Hydrogeology; Hazardous Wastes in
Ground Water; A Soluble Dilemma, Banff, Alberta, Canada, June 25-29, 1985: National Water Well
Association, Dublin, Ohio, p. 233-242.

Describes injection wells used to dispose of liquid wastes; uses case studies to reevaluate the
viability of injection wells by reassessing past failures to determine the adequacy of current
technology and regulation to prevent recurrence. Examples of five primary types of failures are
detailed. The failures that have not led to contamination are evaluated also. The objective of this
study is to develop safer siting, design, and operating programs for injection wells.

Kerkhof, W. A. M., H. J. Oldenziel, and A. P. Bot, 1987, Computerized Evaluation of Waste Disposal Sites: Effects
on the Environment, in Proceedings, Vulnerability of Soil and Groundwater to Pollutants, International
Conference, Noordwijk aanZee, March 30-April 3, 1987, p. 1027-1035.

Discusses the feasibility, cost-benefits and accuracy of computerized evaluation of the
environmental effects of waste-disposal sites.

Lee, F. G., A. Jones, and R. Chittaranjan, 1986, Sanitary Landfill Leachate Recycle: BioCycle, J. G. Press, Emmaus,
PA, v. 27, no. 1, p. 36-38.

Lester, S. U., B. Sullivan, 1986, Land Disposal. The Dinosaur of Disposal Methods: Citizens Clearinghouse For
Hazardous Wastes, Arlington, VA.

Lisk, D. J., 1991, Environmental Effects of Landfills. The Science of the Total Environment: Elsevier Science
Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, v. 100, p. 415-468.

Long, F. A., and G. E. Schweitzer (editors), 1982, Risk Assessment at Hazardous Waste Sites: American Chemical
Society Committee on Environmental Improvement Symposium at the 183rd Meeting of the ACS, Las
Vegas, Nevada, March-April 1982, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 128 p.

Lyons, J., 1990, The Garbage War Between the States: Forbes, 15 (Oct), p. 92.

Mallin, K., 1990, Investigation of a bladder cancer cluster in northwestern Illinois: American Journal of
Epidemiology, v. 132, p. S96-S106.

136

Members of the Hazardous Waste Dialogue Group, 1983, Siting Hazardous Waste Management Facilities: The
Conservation Foundation.

Monti, G. D., 1990, All Politics Is Local: Integrating Local Concerns Into Facility Site Selection: presented at the
Social Aspects of Facility Planning and Management: An International Symposium, September 30-October
3, 1990,

Neal, H. A., and J. R. Schubel, 1987, Chapter 4: Environmental Impacts of Landfilling Solid Waste, in Solid Waste
Management and The Environment: The Mounting Garbage and Trash Crisis: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, p. 37-62.

Ney, R. E., Jr., 1988, Land Disposal Of Pesticide Rinsate. Pesticide Waste Disposal Technology: National Workshop
on Pesticide Waste Disposal, Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, NJ, Jan. 1985, Denver CO, p. 87.

National Governors’ Association, 1992, Restrictions Imposed on Contaminated Sites, A Status of State Actions:
National Governors’ Association, Washington, D. C.

National Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Program, 1988, The 1987 State-by-State Assessment of Low-
level Radioactive Wastes Received at Commercial Disposal Sites: National Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Management Program, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D. C., Document no. DOE/LLW-69T.

National Research Council, 1991, Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1. Public Health and Hazardous Wastes:
National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington, D. C.

Office of Management and Budget, 1972, Standard Industrial Classification Manual.
Office of Management and Budget, 1987, Standard Industrial Classification Manual.

Office of Research and Planning, 1989, Post-Consumer Waste Reduction: State Policy Options: Illinois Department
of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, P.A.85-1196 (unpublished study).

Office of Technology Assessment, 1984, Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination: Volume II:
Office of Technology Assessment, U. S. Congress, Washington, D. C., OTA-O-276.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1984, Protecting the Nation’s Groundwater From Contamination: Volume I:
Office of Technology Assessment, U. S. Congress, Washington D. C.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1986, Serious Reduction of Hazardous Waste: Summary: Office of Technology
Assessment, U. S. Congress, Washington D. C., OTA-ITE-318, 60 p.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1988, Are We Cleaning Up? 10 Superfund Case Studies-Special Report: Office
of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington, D. C. (Government Printing Office
#052-003-01122-1), OTA-ITE-362, 76 p.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1989, Facing America’s Trash: What Next for Municipal Solid Waste? Interim
Summary: Oceans and Environment Program, Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United
States, 47 p.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1989, Coming Clean. Superfund Problems Can Be Solved: Office of Technology
Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington, D. C. (Government Printing Office #052-003-
01166-2), OTA-ITE-433, 224 p.

137

Office of Technology Assessment, 1989, Facing America’s Trash: What Next For Municipal Solid Waste? Interim
Summary: Oceans and Environment Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U. S. Congress,
Washington D. C., 47 p.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1992, Managing Industrial Solid Wastes From Manufacturing, Mining, Oil and
Gas Production, and Utility Coal Combustion-Background Paper: Office of Technology Assessment,
Congress of the United States, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., OTA-BP-O-82.

Office of Technology Assessment, Issues in Medical Waste Management, Background Paper: Office of Technology
Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington, D. C.

Patrick, R., E. Ford, and J. Quarles (editors), 1987, Groundwater Contamination in the United States: University of
Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA.

Patterson Associates, Inc., 1979, Hazardous Wastes Management in Illinois: State of Illinois Institute of Natural
Resources, 79/32.

Perry, L. G, 1989, Composition of Non-hazardous Special Waste Streams Generated by Illinois Manufacturers:
Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center, Champaign, IL.

Powelson, D. K., J. R. Simpson, and C. P. Gerba, 1990, Virus Transport and Survival in Saturated and Unsaturated
Flow Through Soil Columns: Journal of Environmental Quality, v, 19, no. 3, p. 396-401.

Putnam, Hayes, and Bartlett, Inc., 1986, Cost Implications of Changes in Superfund Cleanup Standards: Study
Conducted for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. (cited in Hellman and Hawkins,
1988).

Quarles, J., 1990, In search of a waste management strategy: Natural Resources & Environment (American Bar
Association), v. 5, no. 1, p. 3-5, 46-48.

Ralph Stone and Co., Inc., 1988, Waste Audit Study: Research and Educational Institutions, prepared For Alternative
Technology Section, Toxic Substances Control Division, California Department of Health Services: Ralph
Stone and Co., Los Angeles, CA. 82 p.

Rathje, W. L., W. W. Hughes, D. C. Wilson, M. K. Tani, G. H. Archer, R. G. Hunt, and T. W. Jones, 1992, The
Archaeology of Contemporary Landfills: American Antiquity, Society for American Archaeology, v. 57, no.
3, p. 437-447.

Reddy, K. R., 1985, Special Waste Categorization Study Volume I: Hazardous Waste Research and Information
Center, State Water Survey Division. Energy and Environmental Affairs Division, Department of Energy
and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, HWRIC RR-005, v. 1.

Reddy, K. R., 1985, Special Waste Categorization Study Volume II: Hazardous Waste Research and Information
Center, State Water Survey Division. Energy and Environmental Affairs Division, Department of Energy
and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, HWRIC RR-005, v. 2.

Rodricks, J. V., 1992, Calculated Risks: Cambridge University Press, New York.

Rood, M. J., 1988, Technological and Economic Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: Office of
Technology Transfer, University of Illinois Center for Solid Waste Management, Chicago, IL, OTT-2, 93

p.

138

Salcedo, R. N., F. L. Cross, Jr., R. L. Chrismon, 1989, Environmental Impacts of Hazardous Waste Treatment
Storage and Disposal Facilities: Technomic Publishing Co, Lancaster, PA.

Savage, G. M., L. F. Diaz, and C. G. Golueke, 1985. Solid Waste Characterization: BioCycle, J. G. Press, Emmaus,
PA, v. 26, no. 8, p. 35-37.

Savitz, J. D., 1993, Toxics Reductions Overstated By TRI Data: Bay Journal, January-February.

Schaeffer, D. J., and E. W. Novak, 1988, Integrating epidemiology and epizootiology information in ecotoxicology
studies. Ecosystem Health. III: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, v. 16, p. 232-241.

Schaeffer, D. J., and V. R. Beasley, 1989, Ecosystem Health. II. Quantifying and predicting ecosystem effects of
toxic chemicals: Can mammalian testing be used for lab-to-field and field-to-lab extrapolations?: Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology, v. 9, p. 296-311.

Schroeder, K. R., E. Clickner, and E. Miller, 1987, Draft Final Report-Screening Study of Industrial Subtitle D
Establishments, submitted to Office of Solid Waste, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D. C.: Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD.

Schwartz, F. W., and F. A. Donath, 1980, Scenario Development and Evaluation Related to the Risk Assessment
of High Level Radioactive Waste Repositories: CGS, Inc., Urbana, Illinois, 86 p.

Discusses the effects of fault zones and fractures on the confinement capability of geologic
repository systems containing high-level nuclear waste. Utilizes a deterministic-probabilistic
contaminant transport model to simulate groundwater flow.

Schwartz, S. I., and W. B. Pratt, 1990, Hazardous Waste From Small Quantity Generators: Strategies and Solutions
For Business and Government: Island Press, Washington, D. C.

Shafer, J. M. (editor), 1985, An Assessment of Ground-Water Quality and Hazardous Substance Activities in Illinois
With Recommendations For a Statewide Monitoring Strategy: Illinois State Water Survey, Contract Report
no. 367, 117 pages.

Shechterm, M., 1985, An Anatomy of a Groundwater Contamination Episode: Journal of Environmental Economics
and Management, Academic Press, New York, NY, v. 12, no. 1, p. 72-88.

Siegel, M. R, 1990, Integrating public health into Superfund: What has been the impact of the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry?: Environmental Law Reporter, v. 20, p. 10013-10020.

Sims, R. C., W. J. Doucette, J. E. McLean, W. J. Grenney, and R. R. Dupont, 1988, Treatment Potential for 56 EPA
Listed Hazardous Chemicals in Soil: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, OK, EPA/600/S6-88/001.

Skelton, L. W., T. D. Hinesly, and S. F. John, 1990, Guide to Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Illinois:
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL.

Smart, T., 1987, Love Canal: a new cleanup plan stirs old fears: Business Week, 31 (Aug), p. 30.
Soares, A. C., I. L. Pepper, and C. P. Gerba, 1992, Recovery of Poliovirus From Sludge-Amended Soils: Journal

of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
v. A27, no. 4, p. 990-1005.

139

Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 1986, Utilization, Treatment, and Disposal of Waste on Land, Proceedings,
Workshop Held in Chicago, IL, 6-7 December 1985: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI.

Suflita, J. M., C. P. Gerba, R. K. Ham, A. C. Palmisano, W. L. Rathje, J. A. Robinson, 1992, The World’s Largest
Landfill: A multidisciplinary Investigation: Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical
Society, v. 26, no. 8, p. 1486-1494.

Suter, G. W., and J. M. Loar, 1992, Weighing the ecological risk of hazardous waste sites: the Oak Ridge case:
Environmental Science and Technology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 432-438.

Overview of ecological risk assessment methodology being developed at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory.

Swager, R., S. Al-Basha, R. Kraft, Recommendations For a Used Oil Recovery Program in Illinois: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources (Need Date of Publication).

The Conservation Foundation, 1987, Groundwater Protection-A Guide to Groundwater Pollution: Problems, Causes
and Government Responses: The Conservation Foundation, Washington D. C.

The Department of Health Services Toxic Substances Control Division Alternative Technology Section, 1988,
Economic Implications of Waste Reduction, Recycling, Treatment and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes: The
Fourth Biennial Report, California Department of Health Services.

Thomas, D. L., L. Carlson, W. Mikucki, R. Baker, J. Warren, D. Maxeiner, E. Zimmerman, and C. Washburn, 1990,
Industrial Waste Reduction: State Policy Options: Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center,
Champaign, IL, HWRIC RR-044, 254 p.

Turner, R. J., 1991, Development of BDAT Standards for RCRA Wastes: 84th Annual Meeting and Exhibition of
the Air and Waste Management Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 16-21, 1991.

Underground Injection Practices Council (UIPC), 1987, Shallow Injection Well Practices: Class V Well Facts:
Brochure from the Underground Injection Practices Council, Oklahoma City, OK.

Upton, A. C., T. Kneip, P. Toniolo, 1989, Public Health Aspects of Toxic Chemical Disposal Sites: Annual Review
of Public Health, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, v. 10, p. 1-25.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Report To Congress: Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, U. S. Government Printing Office, SW-115, 110 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974, Resource Recovery and Source Reduction: First Report to Congress:
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
SW-118.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979, Available Information Material on Solid Waste Management: Total
Listing, 1966-1979: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980, Technology, Prevalence and Economics of Landfill Disposal of Solid
Waste: Office of Water and Waste Management, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.
C., SW-754, 97 p.

140

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984, National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment,
Storage and Disposal Facilities Regulated Under RCRA in 1981: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 530/SW-84-005, 232 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, Handbook. Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (revised): Office
of Emergency and Remedial Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
EPA/625/6-85/006.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, Liner Materials Exposed to Hazardous and Toxic Wastes: Hazardous
Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,
EPA/600/2-84/169.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, National Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator Survey, prepared
by Ruder, E., R. Wells, M. Battaglia, R. Anderson, and Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, MA: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA/530-SW-85-004, 170 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, Report to Congress on Injection of Hazardous Waste: Office of
Drinking Water, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 570/9-85-003.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986, EPA Guide for Infectious Waste Management: Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/S530-SW-86-014.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, A Compendium of Technologies Used in the Treatment of Hazardous
Wastes: Center for Environmental Research Information, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinna-
ti, OH, EPA/625/8-87/014, 49 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987, The Hazardous Waste System: U. S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 1960
to 2000 (Update 1988): Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington D. C., EPA/530-SW-88-033, 43 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, EPA Report to Congress: Solid Waste Disposal in the United States
Volume 1: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington D. C., EPA/530-SW-88-011, 55 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, EPA Report to Congress: Solid Waste Disposal in the United States
Volume 2: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington D. C., EPA/530-SW-88-011B.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Experience in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation:
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Center for Environmental Research Information, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, EPA/625/9-88/008, 25 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Hospital Waste Combustion Study: Data Gathering Phase: Office of
Air Quality, Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-450/3-88-017.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Land Disposal, Remedial Action, Incineration and Treatment of
Hazardous Waste:Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Research Symposium, Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, U. S. Enviroanmental Agency, Cincinnati, OH, EPA/600/9-88/021.

141

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Musts for USTs: Office of Underground Storage Tanks, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/530/UST-88/008.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988, Production and Management of Small-Quantity-Generator Hazardous-
Waste in Florida, prepared by Center fo Biomedical & Toxicological Research and Hazardous Waste
Management, Florida State University: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada; and Office of Acid
Deposition, Environmental Monitoring and Quality Assurance, Office of Research and Development, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA/600/4-88/038, 36 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Bibliography of Municipal Solid Waste Management Alternatives:
Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.,
EPA/530-SW-89-055.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Corrective Action: Technologies and Applications: Center for
Environmental Research Information, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, EPA/625/4-
89/020.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF)-
Air Emission Models (Review Draft): Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, Is Your Drinking Water Safe?: Office of Water, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington D. C., EPA 570/9-89-005.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda For Action: Municipal Solid
Waste Task Force, Office of Solid Waste, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D. C.,
EPA/530-SW-89-019, February, 1989, 70 pages.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, The Toxics-Release Inventory: A National Perspective, 1987:
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 560/4-
89-005, June, 1989, 340 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1990
Update: Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D. C.,
EPA/530-SW-90-042, 130 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1990
Update Executive Summary: Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington D. C., EPA/530-SW-90-042A, 15 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Medical Waste Management in the United States: Second Interim
Report to Congress, EPA/530-SW-90-087A.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Medical Waste Management in the United States: First Interim Report
to Congress, EPA/530-sw-90-051A.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Toxics in the Community: 1988 National and Local Perspectives:
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 560/4-
90-017, September, 1990, 364 p.

142

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, Treatment Technology Background Document: Office of Solid
Wastes, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Achievements in Source Reduction and Recycling for Ten Industries
in the United States: Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D. C., EPA/600/2-91/051, 60 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment,
Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities in 1986: Hazardous Waste Management in RCRA TSDR Units:
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/530-SW-91-
060.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Toxics in the Community: National and Local Perspectives-The 1989
Toxics Release Inventory National Report: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA
560/4-91-014, 374 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, 1990 Toxics Release Inventory: Public Data Release: Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 700-S-
92-003, May 1992.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1992
Update: Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/530-R-92-019
(NTIS #PB92-207 166).

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, Report to the Senate Committee on Appropriations Regarding
Underground Storage Tank Financial Responsibility and Related Issues: Office of Underground Storage
Tanks, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, 1991 Toxics Release Inventory: Public Data Release: Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C., EPA 745-R-
93-003, May 1993, 364 p.

van Straalen, N. M., and C. A. J. Denneman, 1989, Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria: Ecotoxicology
and Environmental Safety 18, p. 241-251.

Vining, J., R. J. Burdge, and M. Robertson, 1989, Understanding the Public Response to Solid Waste Management
Issues: A Comparison of Four Illinois Communities: Office of Solid Waste Research, Institute for
Environmental Studies, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, 160 p.

Warren, J. L., S. Curtis-Powell, C. D. Ellestad, R. E. Baker, 1992, Generation and Management of Hazardous Waste
in Illinois During 1986: Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center. Champaign, IL, HWRIC RR-
059, 123 p.

Weber, W. J., Jr., 1986, Organic Contamination: Whistling Past the Graveyard: Journal of Water Pollution Control
Federation, v. 58, no. 1, p. 12-17.

Wenner, L. M., 1987, Commercial Landfilling Hazardous Wastes in Illinois: Institute of Government and Public
Affairs, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 47 p.

Wentz, C. A., 1989, Hazardous Waste Management: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.

143

Whalen, S. C., W. S. Reeburgh, and K. A. Sandbeck, 1990, Rapid Methane Oxidation in a Landfill Cover Soil:
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, v. 56, no. 11, p. 3405-3411.

Whelan, G., and B. L. Steelman, 1985, Development of Improved Risk Assessment Tools for Prioritizing Hazardous
Waste Disposal Sites, in Proceedings, 31st Annual Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting, Corvallis, Oregon,
September 7-8, 1984: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Pacific Northwest Lab, Richland,
Washington, v. 66, no. 3, p. 25.

Zimmermann, E., 1988, Solid Waste Management Alternatives: Review of Policy Options to Encourage Waste
Reduction: Energy and Environmental Affairs Division, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources, Springfield, IL, ILENR/RE-PA-88/03, 70 p.

Zimmermann, E., B. E. Meyer, R. Fiddyment, and K. Reichenbach, 1989, Post-Consumer Waste Reduction: State

Policy Options: Office of Research and Planning, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
Springfield, IL, PA85-1196, 230 p. (unpublished study).

Urban Issues

Urban Dynamics
Bierma, T. J., J. O'Neill, M. R. Anderson, and J. Langhorn, 1991, A Guide to Indoor Air Quality for Home
Weatherization Practitioners: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL,

ILENR/RE-ER-91/04, 108 p.

Clayton, J., 1970, The Illinois Fact Book and Historical Almanac 1673-1968: Southern Illinois University Press,
Carbondale, IL, 568 p.

Howard, R. P., 1972, Illinois: A History of the Prairie State: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids,
MI, 626 p.

Illinois Bureau of the Budget, 1973, 1980, 1981 and 1992, State of Illinois Statistical Abstract.
Illinois Economic Summary, 1993, First Quarter.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1992, Illinois State Implementation Plan: 1990 Ozone
Precursors Emissions Inventory for the Metro-East St. Louis Area, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1992, Illinois State Implementation Plan: 1990 Ozone
Precursors Emissions Inventory for the Chicago Area, Springfield, IL.

Kuhaneck, D. P., C. A. Licht, and T. J. Marciniak, 1990, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Recovery and Source
Reduction Study: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, ILENR/RE-AQ-90/14, Springfield,
IL, 265 p.

Mariner, R., 1988, Toward Development of Stream Protection Strategies for Northeastern Illinois: Illinois Department
of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, ILENR/RE-WR-88/07, 57 p.

Murphy, D. D., 1988, Challenges to Biodiversity in Urban Areas, in Biodiversity: National Academy Press,
Washington, D. C., p. 71-76.

Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, 1991, Annual Report, Chicago, IL.

Riggle, J. D., 1992, Suburban Sprawl in the Heartland: American Farmland, Summer 1992, p. 12-13.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1967, Conservation Needs Inventory.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982, National Resources Inventory Basic Statistics.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1987, National Resources Inventory.

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990, Census of Housing.

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990, Census of Population.

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990, Census of Population and Housing, Illinois, 1990
CPH-5-15.

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982 1987, and 1989, County Business
Patterns.

U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1992, State Energy Data Report, Consumption
Estimates, 1960-1990, DOE/EIA-0214(90).

U. S. Department of Energy, 1987, Housing Characteristics, DOE/EIA-0314(87).

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1988, The Inside Story:
A Guide to Indoor Air Quality, EPA/400/1-88/004, 32 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 2nd edition, AP-42.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, 1992, Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste
in the United States, 1992 Update, EPA/530-F-92-019.

Werries, L. R., 1982, The Illinois Department of Agriculture’s Role in Protecting Farmland: Proceedings, Second
Governor’s Conference on the Protection of Illinois Farmland, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources, Springfield, IL, 83/01, p. 9-11.

Transportation

Davis, et al., 1991, Oak Ridge National Library, Transportation Energy Data Book, 11th ed.

Hooker, Rose, and Green, 1980, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, End Use Energy Consumption Data Base:
Transportation Sector, U. S. Department of Energy.

Illinois Department of Conservation, 1986-1992, Total Valid Watercraft Certificates.
Illinois Department of Revenue, 1991, Motor Fuel Tax Gallonage.

Illinois Department of Revenue, 1973, 1982 and 1991, Certification of Assessment of Railroad Properties.

145

Illinois Department of Transportation, 1978, Illinois Transportation Plan, Forecast of Highway User
Characteristics/Revenues 1980-2000.

Illinois Department of Transportation, Office of Planning and Programming, 1973, 1982, 1990 and 1991, Traffic
Characteristics on Illinois Highways, Springfield, IL.

Illinois Department of Transportation, 1990-1991, Illinois Airport Directory.

Illinois Department of Transportation, 1992, Illinois Airport Inventory Report.

Illinois Department of Transportation, 1982, Directory of Lake and River Terminals in Illinois, June.

Illinois Department of Transportation, 1983, 1987, 1991, Illinois Travel Statistics.

Illinois Department of Transportation, 1991, Illinois Waterborne Shipping Database.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, An Analysis of the Low Emission Vehicle Program in Illinois, July.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, 1990 Ozone Prescursors Emissions Inventory for the Chicago Area,
Illinois Ozone State Implementation Plan, October.

Illinois Natural History Survey, 1987, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, The Natural Resources
of Illinois.

Illinois Secretary of State, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1991, County Statistical Report for Motor Vehicle License Units
and Transactions.

Stedman, 1991, On-road Carbon Monoxide and Hydro Carbon Remote Sensing in the Chicago Area, Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, ILENR/RE-AQ-90/05, October, 174 p.

Stedman and Bishop, 1990, An Analysis of On-road Remote Sensing as a Tool for Automobile Emissions Control:
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resource, March.

U. S. Department of Commerce, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, Census of Transportation.
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1990 and 1991, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales.

U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1973, 1982 and 1991, Petroleum Marketing
Annual.

U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1960-1990, State Energy Data Report.
U. S. Department of Transportation, 1990 and 1991, Highway Statistics.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992, State Workbook: Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse Gas
Emissions, November.

Manufacturing

Baxter and Woodman, Inc., J. W. Patterson, and Gurnham and Associates, Inc., 1972, Lake Michigan Discharge
Studies: Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document No 73-4, 144 p.

146

Brigham, A. R., and M. Wetzel, 1979, Economic Impact of Changing the Copper Effluent Standard, R76-12: Illinois
Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 79/12.

Costner, P., and J. Thornton, 1989, We All Live Downstream: The Mississippi River and the National Toxics Crisis:
Greenpeace USA, Washington D. C., 180 p.

Council on Environmental Quality, 1980. The Eleventh Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, U.
S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C.

D’Elia, C., F., J. G. Sanders, and D. G. Capone, 1989, Analytical Chemistry for Environmental Sciences. A Question
of Confidence: Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, Washington D. C.,
p. 768-774.

Dyer, L., H., Water Quality Management Program, Appendix F: Liquid Waste Emission Factors, 1973, Illinois
Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document 74-22, 74p.

Ewing, B. B., G. Provenzano, and K. Reinbold, 1980, Economic Impact of Proposed Change in Lead Effluent
Standards: Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 80/20.

Goodman, B. L., 1971, Design Handbook of Wastewater Systems: Domestic, Industrial, Commercial: Technomic
Publishing Co., Inc., Westport, Conn.

Huff, L. L., 1978, Economic Impact of Proposed Amendments to Chromium Effluent Standards in Illinois (R76-21):
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 78/08, 57p.

Huff, L., L., 1978. The Economic Impact Analysis of Effluent Standards for Total Dissolved Solids: Illinois Institute
for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 78/12.

Illinois Data Catalogue (Preliminary Print), 1972, Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ
Document no. DB-1.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, Phase I of the Water Quality Management Basin Plan for the Des
Plaines/Lake Michigan Basin: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois, 820 p.

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, Phase I of the Water Quality Management Basin Plan for the
Mississippi South Central River Basin: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois, 350

p.
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Permit Compliance System Database.
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Total Air System Database.

Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources, 1967, Water for Illinois A Plan for Action: State of
Illinois, Springfield, Illinois.

Muchmore, C. B., 1978, Economic Impact of Proposed Regulation Deleting the Dissolved Iron Standard, R76-21:
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 78/02.

Office of Technology Assessment, 1992, Managing Industrial Solid Waste from manufacturing, mining, oil and gas
production, and utility coal combustion-Background Paper: Congress of the United States Office of
Technology Assessment, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC., OTA-BP-O-82, 130 p.

147

Patterson, J. W., Technology and Economics of Industrial Pollution Abatement: Illinois Institute for Environmental
Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document no. 76/22.

Sparks, R. E., and P. E. Ross, 1992, Identification of Toxic Substances in the Upper Illinois River Basin: Illinois
Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, ILENR/RE-WR-92/07, 59 p.

Travis, C. C., and M. L. Land, 1990, Estimating the Mean of Data Sets With Nondetectable Values: American
Chemical Society, Environmental Science and Technology, Washington D. C., p. 961-962.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support Document for Water Quality-based Toxics
Control, 1985, Washington D. C., EPA-44014-85-032, 99 p.

Zogoski, J. S., S. F. Blanchard, R. D. Romack, and F. A. Fitzpatrick, 1990, Availability and Suitability of Municipal
Wastewater Information For Use In A National Water-Quality Assessment: A Case Study of the Upper
Illinois River Basin In Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: U. S. Geological Survey, Urbana Illinois, Open-File
Report 90-375.

Ecosystems of Illinois

Ecosystem Degradation and Resource Depletion

Association of Bay Area Governments, 1976, Areas of Critical Environmental Concern: Report to the Regional
Planning Committee by the Regional Open Space Task Force: Association of Bay Area Governments,
Berkeley, California.

Bazzaz, F. A., and R. W. Carlson, 1984, The response of plants to elevated CO,. I. Competition among an
assemblage of annuals at different levels of soil moisture: Oecologia, v. 62, p. 196-198.

Emanuel, W. R., H. H. Shugart, and M. P. Stevensohn, 1985, Climate change and the broad-scale distribution of
terrestrial ecosystem complexes: Climatic Change, v. 7, p. 29-43.

Gilpin, M. E., and M. E. Soule, 1986, Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinction, in Soule, M.
E. (editor), Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity: Sinauer Assoc. Inc., Sunderland,
MA, p. 19-34.

Harris, L. D., 1984, The fragmented forest. Island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity:
University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 211 p.

Harty, F. M., 1986, Exotics and their ecological ramifications: Natural Areas Journal, v. 6, p. 20-26.
Holeridge, L. R., 1964, Life Zone Ecology: Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica.

Iverson, L. R., 1988, Land-use changes in Illinois USA: the influence of landscape attributes on current and historic
landuse: Landscape Ecology, v. 2, p. 45-61.

Iverson, L. R., 1992, Illinois Plant Information Network (ILPIN). A data base on the ecology, biology, distribution,
taxonomy, and literature of the 3,200 plam species found in Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey,
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148

Iverson, L. R., and P. G. Risser, 1987, Analyzing long-term changes in vegetation with geographic information
system and remotely sensed data: Advances in Space Research, v. 7, p. 183-194.

Martin, T. E., 1981, Limitation in small habitat islands: chance or competition?: Auk, v. 98, p. 715-733.

Menges, E. S., 1992, Stochastic modeling of extinction in plant populations, in Fiedler, P. L., and S. K. Jain
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Odum, E. P., 1989, Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland,
Massachusetts, 283 p.

An introductory textbook on ecology that is also intended to review the principles of ecology for
environmental scientists, policy-makers, and the like.

Rapport, D. J., H. A. Reiger, and T. C. Hutchinson, 1985, Ecosystem behavior under stress: American Naturalist,
v. 125, p. 617-640.

Ravera, O. (editor), 1989, Ecological Assessment of Environmental Degradation, Pollution and Recovery, Lectures
of a course held at the Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, October 12-16, 1987: Elsevier Science Publishing
Company, B. V., The Netherlands, 369 p.

Discusses ecosystem degradation due to natural and anthropogenic causes/stresses, and subsequent
recovery/restoration mechanisms. Focuses on assessment of condition of both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems. Distinguishes between environmental degradation and ecosystem evolution. Looks at
patterns of degradation and recovery of lakes and rivers, soil contamination with heavy metals,
effects of air pollution on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, effects of mining on ecosystems,
and heavy metal pollution of freshwater bodies.

Schaeffer, D. J., E. E. Herricks, and H. W. Kerster, 1988, Ecosystem health. I. Measuring ecosystem health:
Environmental Management, v. 12, no. 4, p. 445-455.

This article describes a form of ecosystem analysis based on the identification and quantification
of ecosystem health indicators. This method can be seen as analogous to human and nonhuman
animal health assessment in which, for example, blood pressure is a health indicator.

Schaeffer, D. J., T. R. Seastedt, D. J. Gibson, D. C. Hartnett, B. A. D. Hetrick, S. W. James, D. W. Kaufman, A.
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test systems to evaluate military training lands in tallgrass prairie: Environmental Management, v. 14, no.
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Ecosystems under repeated stress offer ideal test systems for ecosystem response evaluation. This
paper presents the results of preliminary field bioassessments conducted at six military training

sites for the selection of ecological test systems.

Schwartz, M. W., 1992, Potential effects of global climate change on the biodiversity of plants: Forestry Chronicle,
v. 68, p. 462-471.

Shaffer, M. L., 1981, Minimum population sizes for species conservation: Bioscience, v. 31, p. 131-134.

Shaffer, M. L., 1987, Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty, in Soule, M. E. (editor), Viable
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Soule, M. E., 1987, Viable Populations for Conservation: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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Tivey, J., and G. O’Hare, 1981, Human Impact on the Ecosystem: Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 243 p.

Treshow, M., and F. K. Anderson, 1989, Plant Stress from Air Pollution. For complete reference, see Air Quality,
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Ward, J. V., and J. A. Stanford, 1983, The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems, in Fontaine, T. D., and
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p. 29-42.

White, J., 1978, Illinois natural areas inventory technical report: Survey methods and results: Illinois Natural Areas
Survey, Urbana, v. 1, 426 p.

Forest Ecosystems

Albaugh, G. P., W. H. Mitchell, and J. C. Graham, 1977, Evaluation of glyphosphate for multiflora rose control:
Proceedings, Northeastern Weed Science Society, v. 31, p. 283-291.

Alig, R. J., 1986, Econometric analysis of the factors influencing forest acreage trends in the Southeast: Forest
Science, v. 32, no. 1, March, p. 119.

Alverson, W. S., D. M. Waller, and S. L. Solheim, 1988, Forest too deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin:
Conservation Biology, v. 2, p. 348-358.

Ambuel, B., and S. A. Temple, 1983, Area-dependent changes in the bird communities and vegetation of southern
Wisconsin forests: Ecology, v. 64, p. 1057-1068.

Anderson, R. C., 1991, Presettlement forests of Illinois, in Burger, G. V., J. E. Ebinger, G. S. Wilhelm (editors),
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Anderson, R. C., and O. L Loucks, 1979, White-tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) influence on structure and
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Anderson, R. C., and A. J. Katz, 1993, Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tailed
deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman browsing pressure: Biological Conservation, v. 63, p. 203-208.

Barnard, J. E., A. A. Lucier, R. T. Brooks, P. H. Dunn, A. H. Johnson, and D. F. Karnosky, 1990, Changes in Forest
Health and Productivity in the United States and Canada: National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program,
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Barrett, S. C. H., and J. R. Kohn, 1991, Genetic and evolutionary consequences of small population size in plants:
implications for conservation, in Falk, D. A., and K. E. Holsinger (editors), Genetics and Conservation of
Rare Plants: Oxford University Press, New York, p. 3-30.

Bazzaz, F. A., and R. W. Carlson, 1984, The response of plants to elevated CO,. I. Competition among an
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Bechtold, W. A., W. H. Hoffard, and R. L. Anderson, 1992, Summary report: forest health monitoring in the south,
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Benyus, J. M., 1989, Northwoods wildlife: a watchers guide to habitats: Northword Press, Minoqua, WI, 453 p.

Blake, J. G., 1991, Nested subsets and the distribution of birds on isolated woodlots: Conservation Biology, v. 5, p.
58-66.

Blake, J. G., and J. R. Karr, 1987, Breeding birds of isolated woodlots: area and habitat relationships: Ecology, v.
68, p. 1724-1734.

Bowles, M. L., J. B. Taft, E. F. Ulaszek, M. K. Solecki, D. M. Ketzner, L. R. Phillippe, A. Dennis, P. J. Burton,
and K. R. Robertson, 1991, Rarely seen endangered plants, rediscoveries, and species new to Illinois:
Erigenia, v. 11, p. 27-51.

Brothers, T. S., and A. Spingarn, 1992, Forest fragmentation and alien plant invasion of central Indiana old-growth
forests: Conservation Biology, v. 6, p. 91-100.

Conkling, B. L., and G. E. Byers (editors), 1992, Forest Health Monitoring Field Methods Guide: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV, Internal Report.

Davis, M. B., 1989, Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming: Climate Change, v. 15, p. 75-82.
Davis, M. B., and C. Zabinski, 1992, Changes in geographical range resulting from greenhouse warming: effects on
biodiversity in forests, in Peters, R. L., (editor), Consequences of greenhouse warming to biodiversity: Yale

University Press, New Haven, p. 297-308.

Delcourt, H. R., and W. F. Harris, 1980, Carbon budget of the southeastern U. S. biota: analysis of historical change
in trend from source to sink. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 45.

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U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1986, Use of lead shot for hunting migratory birds in the United States: Final
Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Dep. of Interior, Washington, D. C., 256 p.

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990, Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of plant taxa for listing
as endangered or threatened species; notice of review: 50 CFR Part 17. p. 6184-6229.

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1991, Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate review for
listing as endangered or threatened species: 21 November 50 CFR Part 17, Federal Register 56(225), p.
58804-58836.

Wake, D. B., 1991, Declining amphibian populations: Science, v. 253, p. 860.

Ward, J. V., 1984, Ecological perspectives in the management of aquatic insect habitat, in Resh, V. H., and D. M.
Rosenberg (editors), The ecology of aquatic insects: Prauger Publishers, New York, p. 558-577.

Warner, R. E., S. P. Havera, and L. M. David, 1985, Effects of autumn tillage systems on corn and soybean harvest
residues in Illinois: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 49, p. 185-190.

Warren, M. L., Jr., and B. M. Burr, 1989, Distribution, abundance, and status of the cypress minnow, Hybognathus
hayi, an endangered Illinois species: Natural Areas Journal, v. 9, p. 163-168.

169

Wetlands Research, Inc., 1992, Research opportunities in a rehabilitated ecosystem: Wetlands Research, Inc.,
Chicago, IL, 7 p.

Whitaker, J. O., Jr., and B. Arbell, 1986, The swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus in Indiana: Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.,
v. 95, p. 563-570.

White, J., 1978, Illinois natural areas inventory technical report. Vol. 1: Survey methods and results: Illinois Natural
Areas Inventory, Urbana, 426 p.

Whitehead, J. C., 1990, Measuring willingness-to-pay for wetlands preservation with the contingent valuation
method: Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists, v. 10, no. 2, December, p. 187-201.

Wieder, R. K., 1989, A survey of constructed wetlands for acid coal mine drainage treatment in the eastern United
States, Wetlands, v. 9, no. 2, December, p. 299-316.

Wilen, B. O., 1990, The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s National Wetlands Inventory, in Kiraly, S. J., F. A. Cross,
and J. D. Buffington (editors), Federal coastal wetland mapping programs: a report by the National Ocean
Pollution Policy Board’s Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group: U. S. Dep. Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Services Biol. Rep. 90, no. 18, p. 9-20.

Wilen, B. O., and W. E. Frayer, 1990, Status and trends of U. S. wetlands and deepwater habitats: Forest Ecol. and
Management, v. 33/34, p. 181-192.

Wilhelm, G., and L. Wetstein, 1992, Productivity and vegetation: potential plant communities. The Des Plaines River
Wetlands Demonstration Project: Wetlands Research Inc., Chicago, IL.

Wilhelm, G., 1992, Vegetational monitoring of a wetland restoration in northern Illinois: Proceedings, Society of
Wetland Scientists Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana. (In press)

Willman, H. B., 1971, Summary of the geology of the Chicago area: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circ. 460.

Willman, H. B., and J. C. Frye, 1970, Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin
94.

Winterringer, G. S., and R. A. Evers, 1960, New records for Illinois vascular plants: Illinois State Museum, Scientific
Papers Series, v. XI, Springfield, 135 p.

Wolfe, J. L., 1982, Oryzomys palustris: Mammalian Species, v. 176, p. 1-5.

Woolf, S. W., and J. E. Kundell, 1985, Analysis of Wetland Trends and Management Alternatives for Georgia:
Document no. ERC-01-85, USGS/G-900-05. Atlanta, Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology
Environmental Resources Center, 166 p.

Wetland acreage, distribution, types, and trends were identified for Georgia. A review of case law
and statutory law was conducted and wetland management activities of federal, state, and local

governments were determined. Alternative management strategies were identified for Georgia.

Wright, J. O., 1907, Swamp and overflowed lands in the United States: ownership and reclamation: U. S. Dep.
Agric., Off. of Exp. Stations, Circ. 76, Washington, D. C.

Wyman, R. L., 1990, What’s happening to the amphibians?: Conserv. Biol., v. 4, p. 350-352.

170

Yocom, T. G., R. A. Leidy, and C. A. Morris, 1989, Wetlands protection through impact avoidance: a discussion
of the 404(b)(1) alternatives analysis: Wetlands, v. 9, no. 2, December, p. 283-298.

Agricultural Land

Bogue, A. G., 1968, From prairie to cornbelt. Farming on the Illinois and Iowa prairies in the nineteenth century:
University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 310 p.

Brady, N. C. (editor), 1966, Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment: Proceedings, 133rd Meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, December, 1966, American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C., 460 p.

Edwards, W. R., 1984, Early ACP and pheasant boom and bust!--A historic perspective with rationale, in Dumke,
R. T., R. B. Stiehl, and R. B. Kahl (editors), Perdix III: Gray partridge and ring-necked pheasant workshop:
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, p. 71-83.

Illinois Department of Agriculture Bulletin 90-2 (1990), Springfield, Illinois.

Annual trends in livestock production are published in reports such as; Illinois agricultural
statistics: livestock and poultry by counties 1975-1988. Illinois Department of Agriculture Bulletin
90-3 (1990), Springfield, Illinois.

Kuhlman, D. E., E. L. Knake, M. E. Gray, and H. W. Kirby, 1989, IPM: a systems approach to sustainability:
Illinois Research, v. 31, p. 15-18.

Pike, D. R., K. D. Glover, E. L. Knake, and D. E. Kuhlman, 1991, Pesticide Use in Illinois: Results of a 1990
Survey of Major Crops: University of Illinois, Cooperative Extension Service, DP-91-1.

Unger, S. G., 1979, Environmental Implications of Trends in Agriculture and Silviculture, Volume III, Regional Crop
Production Trends: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens,
Georgia, EPA 600/3-79-047, 180 p.

Discussion of the environmental implications of current agricultural trends. Concludes that, with
improved crop production inputs, and effective management practices, agricultural growth and
increases in environmental quality can occur simultaneously. Emphasizes the need for future
research and development.

Warner, R. E., 1990, Illinois farm programs: Long-term impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and wildlife-related
recreation, tourism, and economic development: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources,
Springfield, Final Report.

Lakes and Ponds

Anderson, E. L., and C. J. Henry, 1988, Risk assessment/risk management as a toxic control strategy, Toxic
Contamination in Large Lakes: Sources, Fate and Controls of Toxic Contaminants. For complete reference,
see Aquatic Toxicology, p. 61.

Baldwin, N. S., R. W. Saalfeld, M. A. Ross and H. J. Buettner, 1979, Commercial fish production in the Great Lakes
1867-1977: Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Technical Report no. 3, Ann Arbor, MI, 187 p.

171

Baumgartner, D. L., S. P. Havera, F. L. Paveglio, Jr., and D. W. Steffeck, 1983, The fate of lakes in the Illinois
River valley: Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes, no. 119, 27 p.

Baxter and Woodman, Inc., James W. Patterson, and Gurnham and Associates, Inc., 1972, Lake Michigan Discharge
Studies: Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago, Illinois, IEQ Document No 73-4, 144 p.

Becker, G. C., 1983, Fishes of Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1052 p.

Born, S., and D. A. Yanggen, 1972, Understanding Lakes and Lake Problems, in Folstad, J. W., Upper Great Lakes
Regional Commission, Madison, Wisconsin, 40 p.

Born, S. M., S. A. Smith, and D. A. Stephenson, 1974, The Hydrogeologic Regime of Glacial-Terrain Lakes, with
Management and Planning Applications: Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission, Madison, Wisconsin,
73 p.

Overview of planning and management of lake resources using hydrogeologic information. Presents
a lake classification system based on hydrogeologic characteristics.

Charles, D. F., R. W. Battarbee, I. Renberg, H. van Dam, and J. P. Smol, 1989, Paleoecological Analysis of Lake
Acidification Trends in North America and Europe Using Diatoms and Chrysophytes: Corvallis
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, EPA/600/D-89/106, 113 p.

Analysis of sediment diatom and chrysophyte assemblages is the best technique currently available
for inferring past lakewater pH trends. Sediment core inferred pH data exist for at least 100 lakes
in both North America and Europe. Paleoecological studies indicate that recent acidification has
been caused by acidic deposition. Final draft report. Also published in Acid Precipitation, v. 2, p.
49-70.

Colborn, T. E., A. Davidson, S. N. Green, R. A. Hodge, C. I. Jackson, and R. A. Liroff, 1990, Great Lakes, Great
Legacy: The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Coshun, M., 1991, Wisconsin’s Lake Michigan planting program summary: Lake Michigan Committee, 1991 Annual
Meeting, Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, p. 201.

Davenport, T. E., and M. H. Kelly, 1982-1986, Water Resource Data and Preliminary Trend Analysis for the
Highland Silver Lake Monitoring and Evaluation Project, Madison County, Illinois. Phase I (1982,
IEPA/WPC/82-010), Phase II (1983, IEPA/WPC/83-013), Phase III (1984, IEPA/WPC/84-030), and Phase
IV, (1986, IEPA/WPC/86-001). For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 45.

Ebener, M. P., 1991, Status of lake whitefish, round whitefish and lake herring in Lake Michigan 1990: Lake
Michigan Committee, 1991 Annual Meeting, Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, p. 149-164.

Eck, G. W., and E. H. Brown, 1991, Status of forage fish stocks in Lake Michigan 1990: Lake Michigan Committee,
1991 Annual Meeting, Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, p. 142-148.

Flower, R. J., R. W. Battarbee, and P. G. Appleby, 1987, The recent paleolimnology of acid lakes in Galloway,
south-west Scotland: diatom analysis, pH trends, and the role of afforestation: Journal of Ecology, v. 75,
no. 3, September, p. 797.

Gilbertson, M. (editor), 1989, Proceedings of Workshop on Cause-Effect Linkages. For complete reference, see Risk
Assessment and Risk Management: Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 12.

172

Henderson, S. E., and M. A. Lopez, 1989, Trend Analysis of Lake Parker Stage and Relation to Various Hydrologic
Factors, 1950-86, Lakeland, Florida. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 46.

Hess, R. J., 1991, Fisheries research and management report for the Illinois waters of Lake Michigan 1990: Lake
Michigan Committee, 1991 Annual Meeting, Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, p. 69-89.

Hodge, W. T., 1978, International Field Year for the Great Lakes Data Catalog: United States Data Archive: U. S.
Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data and
Information Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, NOAA Technical Memorandum
EDIS NCC-3, 203 p.

Holm, N. P., and B. McArdle Morgan, 1989, Lake Michigan Bibliography. Volume 1: 1960-1976; Volume 2: 1977-
1986:, Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Note, no. 132, 984 p.

Horns, W. H., and W. A. Brofka, 1992, A survey of sport fishing in the Illinois portion of Lake Michigan April 1991
through September 1991: Illinois Natural History Survey, Aquatic Ecology Technical Report 92/4, 32 p.

Johnson, J. E., 1987, Protected Fishes of the United States and Canada: American Fisheries Society, Bethesda,
Maryland, 42 p.

Keller, M., 1991, State of the lake: Lake Michigan Committee 1991 Annual Meeting, Great Lakes Fisheries
Commission, p. 135-140.

Leach, J. H., 1993, Population dynamics and ecological impacts of zebra mussels in western Lake Erie: Presented
at the Third International Zebra Mussel Conference, Toronto Ontario, Canada, Feb. 23-26, 1993.

Meyers, P. A., and B. J. Eadie, 1982, Sources and fluxes of organic matter to Lake Michigan sediments:
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Proceedings, AGU/ASLO Joint Meeting, San Antonio,
Texas, February 16-19, 1982.

A study of sinking and suspended particles in Lake Michigan was undertaken to reveal information
about the accumulation of organic matter in Lake Michigan sediments. The researchers were able
to determine the source (land or lake) of the organic matter. As distance from the shore increased,
changes in the character of organic matter present were noted. According to the abstract, "this
study provides indications of sources and fluxes of organic compounds to Lake Michigan sediments
and of processes occurring in the water column which influence organic matter accumulation. "

Mills, E. L., J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton and C. L. Secor, 1991, Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic
crises and anthropogenic introductions: Great Lakes Fishery Commission Research Completion Report, 117

p.

Nelson, S., 1992, A pound of cure for a ton of mussels: Aquaticus Journal of the Shedd Aquarium, v. 23, no. 2, p.
28-29.

Roberts, W. J., and J. B. Stall, 1967, Lake Evaporation in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey Report of
Investigations, v. 57, 44 p.

Rodgers, P. W., and W. R. Swain, 1983, Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) loading trends in Lake
Michigan. For complete reference, see Aquatic Toxicology, p. 62.

173

Scavia, D., G. L. Fahnenstiel, M. S. Evans, D. J. Jude, and J. T. Lehman, 1986, Influence of salmon predation and
weather on long-term water quality trends in Lake Michigan: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences, v. 43, no. 2, p. 435-443.

Suloway, L., J. J. Suloway and E. E. Herricks, 1981, Changes in the freshwater mussel (Mollusca: Pelecypoda:
Unionidae) fauna of the Kaskaskia River, Illinois, with emphasis on the effects of impoundment:
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 74, p. 79-90.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989, U. S. Progress in Implementing the Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement. For complete reference, see Surface Water Quality, General References, p. 60.

Ward, J. V., 1984, Ecological perspectives in the management of aquatic insect habitat, in Resh, V. H., and D. M.
Rosenberg (editors), The ecology of aquatic insects: Prauger Publishers, New York, p. 558-577.

Wells, L., and A. L. McLain, 1973, Lake Michigan -- man’s effects on native fish stocks and other biota: Great
Lakes Fisheries Commission, Technical Report no. 20, Ann Arbor, MI, 55 p.

Rivers, Streams, and Creeks

Alexander, R. B., and R. A. Smith, 1988, Trends in lead concentrations in major U. S. rivers and their relation to
historical changes in gasoline-lead consumption. For complete reference, see Surface Water Quality and
Availability, p. 58.

Baxter, R. M., 1977, Environmental effects of dams and impoundments: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,
v. 8, p. 255-283.

Bertrand, B., E. E. Herricks, S. L. Kohler, and L. L. Osborne, 1991, Environmental Considerations in Instream Flow
Analysis: Issues of Habitat, Habitat Assessment, Ecology, and Fisheries Protection: Report of the Illinois
Instream Flow Protection Committee, Springfield, IL.

Broeren, S. M., T. A. Butts, and K. P. Singh, 1991, Incorporation of Dissolved Oxygen in Aquatic Habitat
Assessment for the Upper Sangamon River: Illinois State Water Survey, SWS Contract Report 513,
Champaign, Illinois.

Bognér, S., 1989, Quasi-2D Transport and Morphological Forecasting in Large River Systems. For complete
reference, see Environmental Models, p. 28.

Costner, P., and J. Thornton, We All Live Downstream: The Mississippi River and the National Toxics Crisis 1989:
Greenpeace USA, Washington D. C., 180 p.

Davenport, T. E., 1982, Water Resources Data and Preliminary Trend Analysis for the Blue Creek Watershed
Project, Pike County, Illinois, Phase I (IEPA/WPC/82-008), and Phase II (IEPA/WPC/82-008). For complete

reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 44.

Demissie, M., and A. Khan, 1993, Influence of Wetlands on Streamflow in Illinois: Illinois State Water Survey
Contract Report, in preparation.

Douglass, J. E., and W. T. Swank, 1972, Streamflow Modification through Management of Eastern Forests:
Southeastern Forest Experimental Station, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Asheville, NC, Forest Service
Research Paper SE-94.

174

Freeman Ward, O., A. R. Schmidt, and R. D. McFarlane, 1989, Storm Runoff and its Effects on the Water Quality
and Bottom-Material Quality of Cedar Creek, West-Central Illinois, 1985-86. For complete reference, see
Surface Water Quality and Availability, General References, p. 58.

Havera, S. P., and F. C. Bellrose, 1985, The Illinois River: a lesson to be learned: Wetlands, v. 4, p. 29-41.

Henegar, D. L., and K. W. Harmon, 1973, A review of references to channelization and its environmental impact
in Schneberger, E., and J. L. Funk (editors), Stream channelization: a symposium: North Central Division
of the American Fisheries Society, Special Publication, no. 2., p. 79-83.

Hite, R. L., and B. A. Bertrand, 1989, Biological stream characterization (BSC): a biological assessment of Illinois
stream quality: Illinois State Water Plan Task Force, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield,
Special Report 13.

Hortle, K. G., and P. S. Lake, 1982, Macroinvertebrate assemblages in channelized and unchannelized sections of
the Bunyip River, Victoria: Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 33, p. 1071-1082.

Hunter, R. D., and J. F. Bailey, 1992, Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel): Colonization of soft substrata and some
effects on unionid bivalves: The Nautilus, v. 106, no. 2, p. 60-67.

Illinois Department of Conservation, 1992, Corridor management plan for the middle fork of the Vermilion River,
state and national scenic river: Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois, April, 1992.

Karr, J. R., K. D. Fausch, P. L. Angermeier, P. R. Yant, and I. J. Schlosser, 1986, Assessing biological integrity in
running waters: a methods and its rationale: Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Special Publication,
no. 5.

Kitson, T. (editor), 1984, Regulated River Basins: A Review of Hydrological Aspects for Operational Management:
UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Technical Documents in Hydrology.

Knapp, H. V., 1988, Fox River Basin Streamflow Assessment Model: Hydrologic Analysis: Illinois State Water
Survey, Contract Report 454.

Knapp, H. V., 1992, Kankakee River Basin Streamflow Assessment Model: Hydrologic Analysis: Illinois State Water
Survey, Contract Report 541.

Lettenmaier, D. P., 1977, Detection of Trends in Stream Quality: Monitoring Network Design and Data Analysis.
For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 47.

Lettenmaier, D. P., E. R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K. B. Faris, 1991, Trends in stream quality in the continental
United States, 1978-1987. For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 48.

Lopinot, A. C., 1972, Channelized Streams and Ditches of Illinois: IDOC Division of Fisheries, Special Fisheries
Report #35.

Moklyak, V. I., G. B. Kubyshkin, and G. N. Karkutsiev, 1972, The Effects of Drainage Works on Streamflow.
Hydrology of Marsh-Ridden Areas: UNESCO Press, Paris, France, p. 439-446.

Morris, M. A., R. S. Funk and P. W. Smith, 1983, An annotated bibliography of the Illinois herpetological literature
1960-1980, and an updated checklist of species of the state: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 33,
p. 123-137.

175

O’Brien, W. P., M. Y. Rathburn, P. O’Bannon, C. Whitacre (editors), 1992, Gateways to Commerce: National Park
Service, Denver, 238 p.

Page, L. M., 1991, Streams of Illinois, in Page, L. M., and M. R. Jeffords (editors), Our living heritage: the
biological resources of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 34, no. 4, p. 439-446.

Page, L. M., K. S. Cummings, C. A. Mayer, S. L. Post, and M. E. Retzer, 1992, Biologically significant Illinois
streams: an evaluation of the streams of Illinois based on aquatic biodiversity. Illinois Natural History
Survey, Center For Biodiversity, Technical Report 1992, no. 1, Champaign.

Porcella, D. B., and D. L. Sorensen, 1980, Characteristics of Nonpoint Source Urban Runoff and Its Effects on
Stream Ecosystems: Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon, 100 p.

The authors conducted a literature search to determine the effect of urban nonpoint source runoff
on stream ecosystems. Literature specific to urban nonpoint sources was scarce. The authors argue
that this knowledge is important to policy decision-making regarding nonpoint source pollution and
propose a stochastic approach to determining the magnitude of stream ecosystem impact.

Roseboom, D. P., T. E. Hill, J. D. Beardsley, J. A. Rodsater, L. T. Duong, R. B. Hilsabeck, R. P. Stowe, R. W.
Sauer, D. M. Day, J. A. Lesnak, 1992, Value of instream habitat structures to small mouth bass: Illinois
Deparatment of Conservation, Aledo, Illinois.

Smith, P. W., 1971, Illinois streams: A classification based on their fishes and an analysis of factors responsible for
disappearance of native species. For complete reference, see Fish, p. 182.

Smith, R. A., 1982, Analysis and Interpretation of Water Quality Trends in Major U. S. Rivers, 1974-81. For
complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 50.

Sparks, R. E., 1982, The role of contaminants in the decline of the Illinois River: Implications for the Upper
Mississippi, in Wiener, J. G. et al., Contaminants in the Upper Mississippi River: Butterworth Publ.,
Stoneham, MA.

Starrett, W. C., 1972, Man and the Illinois River, in Oglesby, et al., River Ecology and Man: Academic Press, N.
Y.

Stockton, C. W., and G. C. Jacoby, Jr., 1976, Long-Term Surface-Water Supply and Streamflow Trends in the Upper
Colorado River Basin Based on Tree-Ring Analyses: Research Applied to National Needs, National Science
Foundation, Washington, D. C., BULL-18, NSF/RA-760410, 80 p.

Long-term annual runoff was reconstructed for 12 selected stream gage stations within the Upper
Colorado River Basin. Three long-term reconstructed hydrographs for the total annual flow at the
Colorado River Compact point were calculated and compared.

Suloway, L., J. J. Suloway and E. E. Herricks, 1981, Changes in the freshwater mussel (Mollusca: Pelecypoda:
Unionidae) fauna of the Kaskaskia River, Illinois, with emphasis on the effects of impoundment:
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 74, p. 79-90.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 1973, Summary Report on the Upper Bear Creek Experimental Project:
Hydraulic Branch Unit, Tennessee Valley Authority Division of Water Control.

176

Ward, J. V., 1984, Ecological perspectives in the management of aquatic insect habitat, in Resh, V. H., and D. M.
Rosenberg (editors), The ecology of aquatic insects: Prauger Publishers, New York, p. 558-577.

Ward, J. V., and J. A. Stanford (editors), 1979, The ecology of regulated streams: Plenum Press, New York.
Wells, F. C., and T. L. Schertz, 1983, Statistical Summary of Daily Values and Trends Analysis of Dissolved-Solids
Data at National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) Stations. For complete reference, see

Trends Analysis, p. 51.

White, G. F. (editor), 1977, Environmental Effects of Complex River Development: International Experience:
Westview Pressa, Boulder, Colorado, 172 p.

Fauna of Illinois

General References

Hortle, K. G., and P. S. Lake, 1982, Macroinvertebrate assemblages in channelized and unchannelized sections of
the Bunyip River, Victoria: Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 33, p. 1071-1082.

Herkert, J. R. (editor), 1991, Endangered and threatened species of Illinois: status and distribution, Volume
1—Plants: Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield, Illinois, 159 p.

Illinois, State of, 1982, Illinois list of endangered and threatened vertebrate species in accordance with provisions
of section 7 of the Illinois Endangered Species Protection Act: Illinois Administrative Code, January 1,
1982, Title 17, Chapter I, Subchapter C, Part 1010, 3 p.

Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, 1990, Checklist of endangered and threatened animals and plants of
Illinois, Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board, Springfield, 26 p.

Page, L. M., 1991, Streams of Illinois, in Page, L. M., and M. R. Jeffords (editors), Our living heritage: the
biological resources of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 34, no. 4, p. 439-446.

Mollusks

Baker, F. C., 1906, A catalogue of the Mollusca of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, vy. 7, no. 6, p.
50-136.

Baker, F. C., 1922, The molluscan fauna of the Big Vermilion River with special reference to its modification as
a result of pollution by sewage and manufacturing wastes: Illinois Biological Monographs, v. 7, no. 2, p.
1-126.

Call, R. E., 1885, A geographic catalog of the Unionidae of the Mississippi Valley: Des Moines Academy of Science
Bulletin, v. 1, no. 1, p. 5-57.

Coker, R. E., 1919, Fresh-water mussels and mussel industries of the United States: Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin,
v. 36, p. 13-89.

Cummings, K. S., 1991, The aquatic mollusca of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 34, no. 4, p.
429-439.

177

Danglade, E., 1914, The mussel resources of the Illinois River: U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Document no. 804,
Appendix 6, 8 p.

Fritz, A. W., 1990, A strategic plan for the management of the freshwater mussel resources of the Upper Mississippi
River: Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois, 17 p.

Fuller, S. L. H., 1980, Freshwater Mussels of the Upper Mississippi River, Observations within the 9-foot Navigation
Channel Project for the St. Paul District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977-1979, Philadelphia:
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, two volumes, v. 1, 175 p.; v. 2, 441 p.

Hunter, R. D., and J. F. Bailey, 1992, Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel): Colonization of soft substrata and some
effects on unionid bivalves: The Nautilus, v. 106, no. 2, p. 60-67.

Makela, T. P., and A. O. J. Oikari, 1990, Uptake and body distribution of chlorinated phenolics in the freshwater
mussel (Anodonta anatina L.): Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 20, no. 3, p. 354-362.

Nelson, D. A., and T. M. Freitag, 1980, Ecology, identification and recent discoveries of Higgin’s eye (Lampsilis
Higginsii), spectacle case (Cumberlandia monodonta), and fat pocketbook (Potamilus Capax) mussels in the
Upper Mississippi River, in Rasmussen, J. L. (editor), Proceedings, Symposium on Upper Mississippi River
Bivalve Mollusks: Upper Mississippi River Conservation Commission, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Rock Island, Illinois.

O’Hara, M. G., 1980, The founding and early history of the pearl button industry, in Rasmussen, J. L. (editor),
Proceedings of symposium on Upper Mississippi River bivalve mollusks: Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Commission, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rock Island, Illinois, p. 3-10.

Page, L. M., and R. L. Smith, 1970, Recent range adjustments and hybridization of Notropis lutrensis and Notropis
spilopterus in Illinois: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 63, p. 264-272.

Parmalee, P. W., 1967, The Fresh-water Mussels of Illinois: Illinois State Museum Popular Science Series, v. 8, 108
p.

Smith, H. M., 1899, The mussel fishery and pearl button industry of the Mississippi River: U. S. Fish Commission
Bulletin, v. 18, p. 289-314.

Starrett, W. C., 1971, A survey of the mussels (Unionidae) of the Illinois River: A polluted stream: Illinois Natural
History Survey Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5, p. 267-403.

Suloway, L., 1981, The Unionid (Mollusca: Bivalvia) fauna of the Kankakee River in Illinois: American Midlands
Naturalist, v. 105, no. 2, p. 233-239.

Suloway, L., J. J. Suloway, and E. E. Herricks, 1981, Changes in the freshwater mussel (Mollusca: Pelecypoda:
Unionidae) fauna of the Kaskaskia River, Illinois, with emphasis on the effect of impoundment: Transactions
of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 74, no. 1-2, p. 79-90.

Waters, S. J., 1980, The evolution of mussel harvest regulations on the Upper Mississippi River, in Rasmussen, J.
L. (editor), Proceedings, Symposium on Upper Mississippi River bivalve mollusks: Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Committee, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Rock Island, Illinois, p. 191-201.

Crustaceans

178

Brkovic-Popovic, I., 1990, Effect of mercury on the survival of daphnia magna: Water Science and Technology, v.
22, no. 5, p. 241-246.

Brown, P. L., 1959, Comparison of habitats of two crayfishes of the genus Procambarus in Illinois and Louisiana:
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 52, p. 104-108.

Forbes, S. A., 1876, List of Illinois Crustacea, with descriptions of new species: Illinois Natural History Survey
Bulletin, v. 1, no. 1, p. 3-25.

Lewis, J. J., and T. E. Bowman, 1981, The Subterranean Asellids (Caecidotea) of Illinois (Crustacea: Isopoda:
Asellidae): Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 335, 66 p.

Page, L. M., 1974, Aquatic Malacostraca recorded for Illinois, with notes on their distributions and habitats within
the state: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 67, no. 1, p. 89-104.

Page, L. M., 1985, The crayfishes and shrimps (Decapoda) of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v.
33, no. 4, p. 335-448.

Insects
Bick, G. H., 1983, Odonata at risk in conterminous U. S. and Canada: Odonatologica, v. 12, no. 3, p. 209-226.

Brigham, W. U., 1979, Anax longipes Hagen and Neurocordulia xanthosoma (Williamson), two dragonflies new to
Illinois (Odonata: Aeshnidae, Corduliinae): Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 72,
no. 2, p. 91-92.

Brown, A. F., and D. Pascoe, 1988, Studies on the acute toxicity of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates, 5.
The acute toxicity of cadmium to twelve species of predatory macroinvertebrates. For complete reference,
see Aquatic Toxicology, p. 61.

Burks, B. D., 1953, The mayflies or Ephemeroptera of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 26, p.
1-216.

Calabrese, E. J., C. C. Chamberlain, R. Coler, and M. Young, 1987, The effects of trichloroacetic acid, a widespread
product of chlorine disinfection, on the dragonfly nymph respiration: Journal of Environmental Science and
Health (A), v. 22, no. 4, p. 343-355.

Cashatt, E. D., B. G. Sims, and J. R. Wiker, 1991, Survey for the Hine's Emerald Dragonfly along the FAP-340
Corridor near the Des Plaines River at the Will/Cook County Border: Illinois Department of Transportation,
Springfield, Illinois, 8 p.

Cashatt, E. D., T. E. Vogt, H. D. Bohlen, and W. J. Webb, 1987, New state records, range extensions and confirmed
records of Odonata from Illinois, United States: Notulae Odonatologicae, v. 2, no. 9, p. 152-153.

Downey, C., 1966, Distribution of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) in Illinois: Illinois State Academy of Science
Transactions, v. 59, p. 163-168.

French, G. H., 1878, Economic entomology of Illinois, Part II. Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, and their larva,
or caterpillars, Seventh Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State
of Illinois, p. 133-273.

179

Frison, T. H., 1919, The occurrence of Eurema mexicana Boisd. in Illinois (Lepid.): Entomological News, v. 30, p.
228-229.

Frison, T. H., 1935, The stonefiles, or Plecoptera, of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 20, no. 4,
p. 281-471.

Frison, T. H., 1942, Studies of North American Plecoptera with special reference to the fauna of Illinois: Illinois
Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 22, no. 2, p. 235-255.

Garman, P., 1917, The Zygoptera, or damsel-flies, of Illinois: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History Bulletin,
v. 12, no. 4, p. 411-587.

Godfrey, G. L., E. D. Cashatt, and M. O. Glenn, 1987, Microlepidoptera from the Sandy Creek and Illinois River
Region: An Annotated Checklist of Suborders Dacnonypha, Monotrysia and Ditrysia (in part) (Insecta):
Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication, v. 7. 44 p.

Gregg, R. E., 1944, The ants of the Chicago region: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, v. 37, p.
447-480.

Hart, C. A., 1903, Synopsis of insect collections for distribution to Illinois high schools, Lepidoptera (butterflies and
moths): Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 64 p.

Hebard, M., 1934, The Dermoptera and Orthoptera of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 20, no.
3, p. 125-279.

Henrikson, B. I., 1988, The absense of antipredator behavior in larvae of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) and the
consequences to their distribution: Oikos, v. 51, no. 2, p. 179-183.

Hottes, F. C., 1931, The plant lice or Aphiidae of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 19, no. 3, p.
121-447.

Irwin, R. R., and J. C. Downey, 1973, Annotated Checklist of the Butterflies of Illinois, Illinois Natural History
Survey Biological Notes, v. 81, 60 p.

Knight, H. H., 1941, The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 22, no. 1,
234 p.

Lyon, M. B., 1915, The ecology of the dragonfly nymphs of Cascadilla Creek, Entomological News, v. 26, p. 1-15.

McPheron, B. A., and N. M. Schiff, 1988, New distribution records for three dragonfly species (Odonata:
Anisoptera) in Illinois USA: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, v. 61, p. 494-495.

Meyer, W., G. Harisch, and A. N. Sagredost, 1986, Biochemical aspects of lead exposure in dragonfly larvae
(Odonata: Anisoptera): Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 11, p. 308-319.

Miura, T., and R. M. Takahashi, 1987, Impact of fenoxycarb, a carbamate insect growth regulator, on some aquatic
invertebrates abundant in mosquito breeding habitats: Journal of American Mosquito Control Association,
v. 3, no. 3, p. 476-480.

Montgomery, B. E., 1967, Geographical distribution of the Odonata of the north central states, Proceedings, North
Central Branch Entomology Society of America, v. 22, p. 121-129.

180

Needham, J. G., and C. A. Hart, 1901, The dragon-flies (Odonata) of Illinois, with descriptions of the immature
stages: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 6, no. 1, p. 1-94.

Needham, J. G., 1929, A Handbook of Dragonflies of North America: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield,
Illinois, 378 p.

Needham, J. G., 1955, A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera) including the Greater Antilles
and the Provinces of the Mexican Border: University of California Press, Berkeley, 615 p.

Pechuman, L. L., D. W. Webb and H. F. Teskey, 1983, The Diptera, or true flies, of Illinois, I. Tabanidae: Illinois
Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 33, no. 1, p. 1-122.

Ries, M. D., 1966, New records for Anax longipes Hagen (Odonata): Entomological News, v. 77, p. 187-188.

Roback, S. S., 1967, New records of Odonata nymphs from the U. S and Canada with water quality data:
Transactions of the American Entomology Society, v. 93, p. 191-224.

Ross, H. H., 1944, The caddis flies, or Tricoptera, of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 23, no. 1,
p. 1-326.

Ross, H. H., and W. R. Horsfall, 1965, A synopsis of the mosquitos of Illinois (Diptera, Culcidae): Illinois Natural
History Survey Biological Notes, no. 52, 50 p.

Ross, H. H., G. L. Rotramel, and W. E. Laberge, 1971, A Synopsis of Common and Economic Illinois Ants, with
Keys to the Genera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes, no. 71,
22 p.

Schultz-Benker, P., and B. J. Mathis, 1985, Macroinvertebrate populations in a thermally impacted reservoir:
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 67-80.

Shepard, R. B., 1982, Benthic insect colonization of introduced substrates in the Sangamon River Illinois USA:
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 15-28.

Szczytko, S. W., and K. W. Stewart, 1977, The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Texas: Transactions of the American
Entomological Society, v. 103, p. 327-378.

Vogt, T. E., 1986, A list of the Odonata of the La Rue-Pine Hills Ecological Area: The Great Lakes Entomologist,
v. 19, p. 1-5.

Vogt, T. E., and J. E. McPherson, 1985, State records and confirmations of Odonata from Illinois and Missouri: The
Great Lakes Entomologist, v. 18, no. 1, p. 7-13.

Vogt, T. E., J. E. McPherson, and W. T. McDowell, 1986, Odonata at a small woodland pond in southern Illinois:
The Great Lakes Entomologist, v. 19, p. 235-237.

Walker, E. M., 1953, The Odonata of Canada and Alaska, Volume I, in Part I: General; Part II: The Zygoptera-
Damselflies: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 292 p.

Ward, J. V., 1984, Ecological perspectives in the management of aquatic insect habitat. p. 558-577, in Resh, V. H.,
and D. M. Rosenberg (editors), The ecology of aquatic insects: Prauger Publishers, New York.

181

Webb, W. J., E. D. Cashatt, and H. D. Bohlen, 1986, Four new dragonfly records in Illinois: Cordulegaster diastatops
(Selys), Erythrodiplax connata minuscla (Rambur), Celithemis verna Pritchard, Celithemis monomelaena
Williamson (Odonata: Cordulegastridae, Libellulidae): Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science,
v. 79, no. 3-4, p. 189-191.

Webb, D. W., N. D. Penny, and J. C. Marlin, 1975, The Mecoptera, or scorpion flies of Illinois: Illinois Natural
History Survey Bulletin, v. 31, no. 7, p. 250-316.

Winner, R. W., M. W. Boesel, and M. P. Farrell, 1980, Insect community structure as an index of heavy metal
pollution in lotic ecosystems: Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences, v. 37, no. 4, p. 647-655.

Fish

Bailey, R. M., and H. W. Robison, 1978, Notropis hubbsi, a new cyprinid fish from the Mississippi River Basin,
with comments on Notropis welaka: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Occasional Paper, no. 683,
21 p.

Becker, G. C., 1983, Fishes of Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 1052 p.

Burr, B. M., 1991, Fishes of Illinois: an overview of a dynamic fauna. p. 417-427, in Page, L. M., and M. R.
Jeffords (editors), Our living heritage: the biological resources of Illinois, Illinois Natural History Survey
Bulletin, v. 34, no. 4.

Burr, B. M., and R. L. Mayden, 1982, Status of the cypress minnow, Hybognathus hayi jordan, in Illinois: Illinois
Natural History Survey Miscellanea, no. 215.

Burr, B. M., and M. L. Warren, Jr., 1986, Status of the bluehead shiner (Notropis hubbsi), Transactions of the
Illinois Academy of Science, v. 79, p. 129-136.

Coker, R. E., 1930, Studies of the common fishes of the Mississippi River at Keokuk: Bureau of Fisheries, U. S.
Dept. of Commerce, Document no. 1072, p. 141-225.

Fogarty, M. J., A. A. Rosenberg, and M. P. Sissenwine, 1992, Fisheries risk assessment, Sources of uncertainty--A
case study of Georges Bank Haddock. For complete reference, see Risk Assessment and Risk Management:
Methodologies and Case Studies, p. 11.

Forbes, S. A., 1884, A catalogue of the native fishes of Illinois: Report of the Illinois State Fish Commissioner for
1884, p. 60-89.

Forbes, S. A., and R. E. Richardson, 1884, The Fishes of Illinois, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign,
Illinois, 493 p.

Forbes, S. A., and R. E. Richardson, 1908, The fishes of Illinois: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
Urbana, 357 p. (+ separate atlas containing 103 maps).
Heidinger, R. C., 1974, First record of the northern studfish, Fundulus catenatus (Cyprinodontidae, Pisces), in

Illinois: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 67, no. 3, p. 364-365.

Jensen, A., and Z. Cheng, 1987, Statistical analysis of trend monitoring data of heavy metals in flounder (Platichthys
flesus). For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 46.

182

Johnson, J. E., 1987, Protected Fishes of the United States and Canada: American Fisheries Society, Bethesda,
Maryland, 42 p.

Large, T., 1903, A list of the native fishes of Illinois, with keys: Report to the State Board of Fish Commissioners,
Sept. 30, 1900 to Oct. 1, 1902, Appendix, 30 p.

Mills, E. L., J. H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, and C. L. Secor, 1991, Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic
crises and anthropogenic introductions: Great Lakes Fishery Commission Research Completion Report, 117

p.-

Misra, R. K., and J. F. Uthe, 1987, Methods of time trends analysis applied to contaminant levels in Canadian
Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua). For complete reference, see Trends Analysis, p. 49.

Page, L. M., 1975, The life history of the stripetail darter Etheostoma kennicotti in Big Creek, Illinois: Illinois
Natural History Survey Biological Notes, no. 93. 15 p.

Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr, 1991, A field guide to freshwater fishes (North America north of Mexico): Houghton
Miflin Co., Boston, 432 p.

Price, R. L., and J. K. Buttner, 1980, First reported occurrence of Argulus mississippiensis (Crustacea: Branchiura)
from Illinois: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 72, no. 3, p. 8.

Roseboom, D. P., T. E. Hill, J. D. Beardsley, J. A. Rodsater, L. T. Duong, R. B. Hilsabeck, R. P. Stowe, R. W.
Sauer, D. M. Day, and J. A. Lesnak, 1992, Value of instream habitat structures to small mouth bass: Illinois
Department of Conservation, Aledo, Illinois.

Report of the Illinois State Fish Commissioner from October 1, 1896, to September 30, 1898, 1899, Phillips Bros.,
State Printers, Springfield, Illinois, 85 p.

Richardson, R. E., 1913, Observations of the breeding habits of fishes at Havana, Illinois, 1910 and 1911: Illinois
Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 9, no. 8, p. 405-416.

Smith, P. W., 1965, A preliminary annotated list of the lampreys and fishes of Illinois: Illinois Natural History
Survey Biological Notes, no. 54.

Smith, P. W., 1971, Illinois streams: A classification based on their fishes and an analysis of factors responsible for
disappearance of native species: Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes, no. 76, 14 p.

Smith, P. W., 1979, The Fishes of Illinois: University of Illinois Press, Champaign, Illinois, 314 p.

Starrett, W. C., W. J. Hath, and P. W. Smith, 1960, Parasitic lampreys of the genus Ichthyomyzon in the rivers of
Illinois: Copeia, v. 1960, p. 337-346.

Thompson, D. H., 1933, The migration of Illinois fishes: Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes, no. 1.
Amphibians

Brandon, R. A., and J. E. Huheey, 1979, Distribution of the dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus (Green), in
Illinois: Chicago Academy of Sciences, Natural History Miscellanea, no. 205, p. 1-7.

183

Brown, L. E., and J. R. Brown, 1972, Mating calls and distributional records of treefrogs of the Hyla Versicolor
complex in Illinois: Journal of Herpetology, v. 6, p. 233-234.

Brown, L. E., and G. B. Rose, 1988, Distribution, habitat, and calling season of the Illinois chorus frog (Pseudacris
streckeri illinoensis) along the lower Illinois River: Illinois Natural History Suvery Biological Notes, no.
132,13ip.

Cagle, F. R., 1941, A key to the reptiles and amphibians of Illinois: Museum of Natural and Social Sciences,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 32 p.

Conant, R., and J. T. Collins, 1991, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians (eastern and central North America),
Houghton Miflin Co., Boston, third edition, 450 p.

Davis, N. S., Jr., and F. L. Rice, 1883, List of batrichia and reptilia of Illinois: Chicago Academy of Science
Bulletin, v. 1, p. 25-32.

Garman, H., 1892, A synopsis of the reptiles and amphibians of Illinois: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
Urbana, v. 3, no. 13, p. 215-388.

Holman, J. A., H. O. Jackson, and W. H. Hill, 1964, Pseudacris streckeri illinoiensis Smith from extreme southern
Illinois: Herpetologica, v. 20, p. 205.

Klimstra, W. D., and M. Hutchison, 1965, A collection of amphibians and reptiles in southern Illinois: Transactions
of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 58, p. 151-156.

Minton, S. A., Jr., 1972, Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana: Indiana Academy of Siences Monograph, no. 3., 346
p.

Morris, M. A., 1974, An Illinois record for a triploid species of the Mabystoma Jeffersonianum complex: Journal
of Herpetology, v. 8, p. 255-256.

Morris, M. A., 1981, Taxonomic Status, Reproductive Biology, and Larval Life History of Two Unisexual Forms
of Ambystoma from Vermilion County, Illinois, Master’s thesis, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
Illinois, 88 p.

Smith, P. W., 1961, The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 28, no. 1,
298 p.

Walley, H. D., 1977, Range extensions and new county records of some Illinois amphibians and reptiles:
Herpetological Review, v. 8, p. 125.

Reptiles
Anderson, D. R., D. W. Duszynski, and W. C. Marquardt, 1968, Three new Coccidia (Protozoa: Telosporea) from
kingsnakes, Lampropeltis Spp. in Illinois, with a redescription of Eimeria zamensis phisalix: Journal of

Parasitology, v. 54, p. 577-581.

Bushey, C. L., 1980, A survey of the herpetofauna of the upper Des Plaines River valley, Lake County, Illinois:
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 58, p. 151-156.

184

Cagle, F. R., 1941, A key to the reptiles and amphibians of Illinois: Museum of Natural and Social Sciences,
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 32 p.

Cagle, F. R., 1942, Herpetological fauna of Jackson and Union counties, Illinois: American Midlands Naturalist, v.
28, p. 164-200.

Conant, R., and J. T. Collins, 1991, A field guide to reptiles and amphibians (eastern and central North America):
Houghton Miflin Co., Boston, third edition, 450 p.

Garman, H. 1892, A synopsis of the reptiles and amphibians of Illinois: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
Bulletin, v. 3, no. 13. p. 215-388.

Gloyd, H. K., and R. Conant, 1938, The subspecies of the copperhead, Agkistrodon mokasen beauvois: Chicago
Academy of Sciences Bulletin, v. 5, p. 163-166.

Klimstra, W. D., and M. Hutchison, 1965, A collection of amphibians and reptiles in southern Illinois. For complete
reference, see Amphibians, p. 183.

Minton, S. A., Jr., 1972, Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana: Indiana Academy of Sciences Monograph, no. 3, 346
p.

Moll, E. O., 1962, Recent herpetological records for Illinois: Herpetologica, v. 18, p. 207-209.

Moll, D., G. L. Paukstis, and J. K. Tucker, 1977, Herpetological records from Illinois: Herpetological Review, v.
8, p. 85.

Munyer, E. A., and P. W. Parmalee, 1967, Additional herpetological records from Sangamon, Macoupin, and Menard
Counties, Illinois: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences, v. 60, p. 200-202.

Smith, P. W., 1961, The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. For complete reference, see Amphibians, p. 183.

Smith, P. W., and H. M. Smith, 1962, The Systematic and Biogeographic Status of Two Illinois Snakes: C. C.
Adams Center for Ecological Studies, Occasional Paper, no. 5, 10 p.

Walley, H. D., 1977, Range extensions and new county records of some Illinois amphibians and reptiles. For
complete reference, see Amphibians, p. 183.

Birds

Abbott, G. A., 1911, Le Conte’s sparrow at home near Chicago: Wilson Bulletin, v. 23, p. 53-54.

Aldrich, J. W., 1958, Distribution and migration of races of the mourning dove: Condor, v. 60, p. 108-128.
Ammann, G. A., 1939, Swainson’s warbler in Illinois: Wilson Bulletin, v. 51, p. 185-186.

Anderson, H. G., 1959, Food habits of migratory ducks in Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 27,
no. 4, p. 289-344.

Anderson, R. A., 1964, Observations from southern Illinois: Audubon Bulletin, v. 129, p. 18.

185

Anderson, W. L., 1975, Lead poisoning in waterfowl at Rice Lake, Illinois: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39,
p. 264-270.

Baker, F. C., 1937, An Illinois record for the little brown crane: Auk, v. 54, p. 388.

Balch, L. G., H. D. Bohlen, and G. B. Rosenbrand, 1979, The Illinois Ross’ gull: American Birds, v. 33, p. 140-142.
Balding, T., 1964, Ancient murrelet taken in Illinois: Auk, v. 81, p. 443.

Barnes, R. M., 1909, They are gone: Oologist, v. 15, no. 8, p. 113-116.

Bartel, K. E., 1978, A yellow-rail at Gensburg-Markham Prairie: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 186, p. 23-26.
Bartel, K. E., and F. A. Pitelka, 1939, Western sandpiper in Illinois: Auk, v. 56, p. 334-335.

Bartel, K. E., and A. Reuss, 1932, Birds of Blue Island, Cook County, Illinois: Oologist, v. 49, p. 112-113.
Bartsch, P., 1922, An inland record for the Man-O'-War bird: Auk, v. 39, p. 249-250.

Baum, M. J., 1987, Illinois’ black-shouldered kite: Illinois Birds and Birding, v. 3, p. 60-61.

Bellrose, F. C., 1938, Glaucous gull in Illinois: Auk, v. 55, p. 277.

Bellrose, F. C., 1939, American egret nesting along the Illinois River: Auk, v. 56.

Bellrose, F. C., 1944, Bald eagles nesting Illinois: Auk, v. 61, p. 467-468.

Bennett, E., 1952, Checklist of Birds of Southern Illinois: Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.

Bennett, E., 1957, Nesting birds of the shoreline and islands of Crab Orchard Lake, Illinois: Transactions of the
Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 50, p. 259-264.

Birkenholz, D. E., 1958, Notes on a wintering flock of long-eared owls: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy
of Science, v. 51, p. 83-86.

Birkenholz, D. E., and R. D. Weigel, 1972, First Illinois specimen of the rock wren: Transactions of the Illinois State
Academy of Science, v. 65, p. 77.

Birkenholz, D. E., 1973, Pintails, green-winged teal nest at Goose Lake: Audubon Bulletin, v. 166, p. 32.

Birkenholz, D. E., 1975, The summer birds of Goose Lake Prairie Nature Preserve, 1970-1973: Chicago Academy
of Sciences, Natural History Miscellanea, v. 93.

Bjorklund, R. G., 1979-80, Nesting solitary vireo in central Illinois: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 191, p. 21-23.

Bjorklund, R. G., and E. R. Bjorklund, 1983, Abundance of whip-poor-wills, Caprimulgus vociferous, in the Sand
Ridge State Forest: Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, v. 76, p. 271-276.

Black, C. T., 1937, Additional Illinois golden eagle records: Auk, v. 54, p. 385-388.

Bohlen, H. D., 1971, First record in Illinois of Audubon warbler: Audubon Bulletin, v. 158, p. 26.

186

Bohlen, H. D., 1974, An apparent differential migration of cedar waxwings in west-central Illinois: Audubon
Bulletin, v. 170, p. 13.

Bohlen, H. D., 1975, Ash-throated flycatcher in Illinois: Summary of records east of the Mississippi River: Auk, v.
92, p. 165-166.

Bohlen, H. D., 1976, Black-throated gray warbler in Illinois: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 176, p. 27.
Bohlen, H. D., 1976, A great-tailed grackle from Illinois: American Birds, v. 30, p. 917.
Bohlen, H. D., 1977, Western grebes display on Lake Springfield: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 182, p. 36-37.

Bohlen, H. D., 1978, An Annotated Check-List of the Birds of Illinois: Illinois State Museum Popular Science Series,
Springfield, Illinois, v. 9, 156 p.

Bohlen, H. D., 1980, Chestnut-collared longspur in Sangamon County, Illinois: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 194,
p. 20-21.

Bohlen, H. D., 1982, Mountain bluebird in Illinois: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 202, p. 24-25.

Bohlen, H. D., 1983, Western wood-pewee in Sangamon County, Illinois: Illinois Audubon Bulletin, v. 205, p. 39.
Bohlen, H. D., 1986, House finches in Illinois, Living Museum, v. 48, p. 4-7.

Bohlen, H. D., 1986, Snowy plover in Illinois: Illinois Birds and Birding, v. 2, p. 39.

Bohlen, H. D., 1986, The status of the ferruginous hawk in Illinois: Illinois Birds and Birding, v. 2, p. 40-41.
Bohlen, H. D., 1989, The Birds of Illinois: Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 221 p.

Bohlen, H. D., and J. Funk, 1974, A winter record of the least flycatcher in central Illinois: Audubon Bulletin, v.
169, p. 14.

Bohlen, H. D., and V. M. Kleen, 1973-74, The first black-headed gull for Illinois: Audubon Bulletin, v. 167, p.
18-20.

Bohlen, H. D., and R. Sandburg, 1975, Sight record of the sharp-tailed sandpiper in Illinois: Illinois Audubon
Bulletin, v. 172, p. 4-5.

Bohlen, H. D., and W. Zimmerman, 1989, The birds of Illinois: Indiana University Press, Bloomington and
Indianapolis, 221 p.

Bowles, M., K. Kerr, R. Thom, and D. Birkenholz, 1980, Threatened, endangered and exirpated birds of Illinois:
Audubon Bulletin, v. 193, p. 2-12.

Brewer, R., 1954, Nesting of the least tern in Illinois: Wilson Bulletin, v. 66, no. 3, p. 223.

Brewer, R., 1958, Some corrections to "A distributional checklist of the birds of Illinois": Audubon Bulletin, v. 106,
p. 9.

Bujak, B. J., 1935, A recent record of the Hudsonian curlew in the Chicago, Illinois region: Wilson Bulletin, v. 47,
p. 294.

Ee

187

Burr, B. M., and D. M. Current, 1974, The 1972-1973 goshawk invasion in Illinois: Transactions of the Illinois State
Academy of Science, v. 67, p. 175-179.

Burr, B. M., and D. M. Current, 1975, Status of the gyrfalcon in Illinois: Wilson Bulletin, v. 87, p. 280-281.
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200

Author Index

AbbottsGs Ae WOT cys: zie ses Sato loves, sheet. ds suena a vehtetene ene tenee tas ke ree sone eaeemene oie eee eae ee 184
Ad Hoc Study Group of the Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee, Science Advisory Board, U. S.
Environmental;Protection"Agency 19751 f. «tr. cne ren cmere etre ete enc chet ole = (elses te aaron 19
Ad Hoc Study Group of the Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee, Science Advisory Board, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agencys) I975iin er oe eleeimre rte + eect net ee torah ote wets hate tatt te a) at arene Nema 72
AgarwalVAs,;and'S.) Narain) (€ditors), 19850 river. a atonatete onloretes ound aie teNatla alatte\iel <elcNct=nen eta cn <s Mal oso ae eaeneee 6
AkanbitAwAsand MiDemissterlGO3Nr i. HART saat es ttee ee es cette ee eo lte chee eee aurtelerema 63
Akanbis A: A.;iand'M:: DemissiesaI993 0%. 2 S)stOAG ys Vea ee re eee ar eae ae Leet oechions see ear emen tiara 77
Ak land!’ G (Gr 197 Gi eee ee i Mea hen Pees secs Moe Se BE a SESS, SRS: Se Sipe ae 88
AlbaushwiGsP: we HeMutchellwandoy7@ 5 Graham; 1977, ieee oie © one ieee ie = eters «1 aia le ee 149
Aldrich SUEW 1958. io? sia ale cleneseeeus/eoire a gis ostsenin vd loieste leslie te "arerwusger cee rene edete locke tai ee nae ann eee eee 184
Alexander: RBS and’ Rs ASmith; 1988). ee ees wed oe OU RIS IS ns Ss. ee ee 58
Alexander? RAB andb Aer Omit OSS 1. po ca ance: ep cw iorcg b Cacelleiea ute ng. a) ale ane ayehe ee ls aly oeuel Bal ane ameneneme 173
Alfsen, K. H., K. A. Brekke, F. Brunvoll, H. Luras, K. Nyborg, and V. Saebo, 1992 ................. 1
Alfsens Ke, -TaBye; angels eorentsemy 987 iss «2 a a cc) tees re ode coal e) cPemE Per eettte. hot eNen enone the i ae nani 34
Alfsen, K. H., K. A. Brekke, F. Brunvoll, H. Luras, K. Nyborg, and V. Saebo, 1992 ................. 34
ATED eM TGS a sts twin Secah ne ocean des tiis sah ehian'tn airs, \ cuathoghelval eile, Sb akecel wae AMCaU phises CcURMe BORG, aelt at acon eemee 25
Aliers JoMevandvk, Sehlupmiannt 1987/27.) me. sores st orerteraiic, oats. sh eitetzs forsalve Uollottciia telat. ol Matai cheno eel 7a Saenenem 38
Aligs RAE a9 SGme eee rciseteeiten GPa erate me tev at are katcties star ctts MRE EM eRe ne: les's1 6 <8 6) 6)sSnlos aro) ayia ternal Teagan el neve eae 149
Allan, R. J., A. J. Ball, V. W. Cairns, G. A. Fox, A. P. Gilman, D. B. Peakall, D. A. Piekarz, J. C. Van
Oostdam;/DFGyVilleneuves and-D}d-- Williams; 199i) Sake sisters ss eectate ate ee checcnct eve Reteaneta mene 61
Allen, BY CrrettaleeliGS8i,Sreneten ie, rotate ttes cetera te, otra tcke oar, cceciera ca 2S lav epaye) Salts ol a) Bleu sh a ntay = naan a Reaeeee 19
Ales DG OD Perc Petpet, Sy tren: eatin ar ofeeeurgye teres elalaes anaclsl ah curecobe Fema ianns ok Slates vanes Serio ces Sy, Cen A ea one 160
Alen eA 87 Gis, Me 5 Se er as Ne TET OSS, GALE GS, gates Le ATL es. A rea es 193
AMEN DAML SO Seder Varese sh «. cesiscwretseiaierict wiaageliatra ertene Wier elee eimtiauat ave olen eee ca- WONT. e GEES sais SRE Seen ame 193
Alene TS WAR ORG. Stile arhtse aes ik avons cemere sete Gru geile tokolnetorey eset alrake Merteye Gl ate, RUT ep eS eee es nett ee ane 193
AIG S Gas ES 6 Wee ee cc I ar ee yk oe re ner ames aa a ZR 193
AltermansR andi D! MacRaesiing 1983 tents as ea re amon cto tals [REE Aare ets eles a Weiel eom eats MPs Rem 25
AltshullerstAryP MO SO aes hyo etc tete cavers. Suey ai ieehiones ehamevase (os Gua criebiet cfs acuta bau nyroto etna Sas nd pol oy ete Sed ane 94
Alverson}. W.7S:5 DaiMs Waller: and!'S)E. Solheim i988) <)) oss astae cxece, os cretetobee Gee io eiietie roe ne ane 149
Alvord): Ws and\G2' BY Burdick 1919, Seed SPS Pe ee ee TAI TORR Coteerrc et ects 58
Ambroses#RYB} and! i O8 Barnwell Pree l989 a, Gi. Flas or erens coe ue. Micros) ap site otousn ens) vss oraace rete te Lome Ree Oneal 31
AmbuelsBeiandS:cAc Remiples (983i a tic ccoce. aise ole teeta er atteuaun eta olnaaeinenctie: orci eiraitowone) ve dic deiet ene Cren sana 149
American: Petrolevmlnstitate iO S4 7 ee aie eae tees ss vce che oP GnCu a) CU RMC MU CICS oe) acron eee ome y ctv 114
American -Petroleamrlnstituter (989s 5. S888 ss gave. dria era aed sherm isd Mere water et Foe G aus Pe neton one dene pire act 114
American’ Petroleum Institute; VOR Tt oso. sicue: Sic} about vos ay Syemnter ns eae noe ye tesisysy epomememe eter seis ese eee aie ie e Rene eae 114
Aimerican*Society“of*MechanicallEngineers; 1988s, Sree). Sit winks cone. wre Maeve en te ide. eRe n Cree 125
Ammann GRARM9SO Seek ey, SE RI Hs SN. totes Bhi ate eral eye Sue Uienegtne Se mialors Wiens era aane 184
AndelmanyJ.)B.,- and) Di W. Underhill (editors)< 1987) erence. cueiistet ovo) stteee cis nctrcree nic atts ta cree mre me Neroneens eee 125
Andersons E“L;,and’G.. Je Henrys 1988) \eapeest. oe PAP Pe OP CER eR USER I Si CPR Ceo Ee 10
Anderson}, EV Ie} and) GC. JHE nry e198 Bis Seek Ps, Sill CEPT, BE eA chen cme mcaote et Nek Unnen sOeTn oe StkmisAete 61
Anderson) HW... Mo DsHoover; ‘and’K. GaReinharts 19761). Serer Ce eee Co et ee eee es 63
Anderson; H.) W., M.’D: Hoover; and) K.G? Reinhart, 1976) ox occ. Siete sc wie. eles ots ieee enna a reat 72
Anderson}! W.,.M/D: Hoover; and) Ke“ GaReinhiart; 1976.05 io Aree Ce ieee REET Se teereral tere See 112
Anderson), RG. tand! Os Le Boucks 1979" 25, CS si, RT BP A BERR RE chi rs ecteetve ce beeen ek 149
Anderson? R# ©) andVAWJeKate SLOSS Ea, a io gam cts. nial elope cere setae wikis a) Sokal e een elvis eters tameme lene 149
AnGersons Rein WOO he agi Sek eae areal ay fs ter asa lela haces dea Utne) eNO ER EI TOL StS Ee Rel CURE PERC IS Renn eEanS 149
‘Anderson ROG, 199 Wo Se ie SPE Le, A 8, Tee RE, ES Res ee cece 154
Anderson; Ri‘ Gip'1972 800 6 ob IS ARES. DORI ADRE RSS ORT Freie ett SOR nCne aces 154

Anderson RA CHM OSD BinHe ee bnce are wry Seleiee eee Bower aeneNee e sOU SUE PRR liv’, tes Shieh wine EI pnetian ere tere einen 154

PERTAIN ER Ae) 1) hs erat ater ned et chee eh skaray clay oietcrcnars @ eebe aaem rome eo A) bears sande 5 th ed. 154
Pea CA TVA OMI COME LOD La yee AP Sesyeayia, iat WSN cay St Ghidy suchiceah abdechec dis dead duals ciel Sedberae sac waa ads 6 bem! S oko fe 160
Bremen ale rang. ©. J.henry, 1988553. Maes aeateente: os.oe tee set oA biting Wo 2 Ste 170
PME Arr And tA ev OOll, IOSAL saat occa O NAR has Aa AAAS eda je APR EC Re 2 160
PMMEEMPTESTEY OD LOO Hdd dees suse ce Gh Sudy Av ty Se Sav edhe Dee CEE ae eee MOOR we sere Lok yeaa. Ab ee on 185
ERASER ER SAN Ul DOG Be aPeBA TN Stats orse cs nEA oh avec ee ce tl orer al ov el sear bv chenss Sedyanal duaysnavs. SOG E tah meee 26). bate <4 sees 184
Cb MESO TE, LBT 9 a cee cd ee e 194
AMUerson, -k,, .,W. Duszynski, and W..'C. Marquardt, 19680! .2ath 3. 2 oes gewtadn tot. 183
aa STATI E AS COPE LODO, she, Bo cpay Sr anSetv nin Seay seed ace dues dy Se Secale COD Ae Me bem AgkosdaR PA. cA c% 2 184
PaO ME AS ANG VAs WOOlTs, POSih sy ractic ara tes d seed oo eus Ae es ae oe Bae nebisdod AA Aleck, BG 193
PEST SSPEC NMG or OTOES, &. 3 Schur dyce te tve> dh Sede Se suas co sparaiende ce OMeets hee Jb AD dine stewdewobe. dsc os Jes 25
EMTALA Nor eet BEETS A cut eds (SERN. APRESS, abv dhe Sunes, Me Shs eho Ts Mast) cA Ae a he Bs 17
TOES ENGIN. SEM O ERS Re Sot See ee eM, Rel ANe, cue PE MT aos Fs He aad oA sche oid ots de 10
PaNON ES ISIN ERIVI POD 9 3, 1.2 cv'd Sy aner Sev erdesbtesy duckie casted Aan AAA AAA a Re aa Sug WOOL J4095,2 38
PUnneeonlMenirand Gas Reports 1934-199 Nos, o.csi cs Syiavsy apien seat auch yes at eh ep crict ch st dedh dh oh oy arch oi oy a) MON oy Pel ables 114
mnnvaneoale@rrand Gas Reports, 1934-1991) scys; dave, sicvencuseesichd Aveeno ol ad can oo AeA AR Eg 122
PESMNES NN AUNCHBLS SPM O57, ars diag nya ai Zs Sy Sh aVGs SV cece Sp Bh ov Ch Sa Su se span ced Sed addy A AT Gj EN AN OS. 3 BO A Sos 125
MMAR PINMNER CSL SMS) OES, oN SP 21 oy Zkiny Serse ap al Suck ok ahava ue sASee A ARCA ca ee eye Such Stee ATO Seat EES RA AD Rae Bs? 125
EMATCATENITELGOPIS MLD TON gh cs 5 Sy Sy cv Sc Sich se Cy ceisn ech ou de Goch cs CxS Se anersv eve Seer Gy dyer encva, erees APS RM Me oh Bie. oH Ie 2.2 125
ERIREAERGNTACALISS LIF Marcslsy airstictics SWPA cre L MeN sh cd Re Noriaver es ou 3h eo ayah'es oye cua oe dee ae AME ONS, Me ei cA Daa 125
PIPED VNALENLUS = MLD 9 2 apie eyes: Sthetiey chy alice eftes Ver ttlos sue beetes se oy awe Sudesh av dues dyeysy aka o eee RO oA Beth ob Fs 125
PRNINTERELUDTES OMNIS 20 Wag cthg sj 5) 50 2.15, Giltyicl ou dy BL eV A shoe Het an Su Dy hdh Se Semen ey a av Leedy ia ce CEMA HOLM oA Abstiets, de Ag 125
PO NEUIIOUSP ANU E Ta sy A asec eA A eh SR ey POA A I AS RO AMAR Ee was AA oe ME ee Oe 125
AM SIAGNALONIS LIND AUaP OCs c/o ct ol erat sl eee spo otec PAPA eet y Teich al a. citi of Mie eebe haa ofetel areca a aye PEM fe oS Le 160
ANA OPENS AC WL Cl EVD BML yay cite cy PS si fons os Svicucoul tu Sv ak Saserss St Zp ob Bea SeTuler’ah By A wv ensuite Sea SLOAN OD ere Breyer ds) ahd, ene ee Pe 194
RTARTA ore T SPO), yrak ci ace ou by Se\es i Suds 30 dash bu Se 'dh don Sd s Hrl deel daar 8 Beare Rohe Se ME bere BM 194
PMA es Kei: SANGeiGa ot PIAIRISS LOB 205 spe oo Sater ete ss Meee te ths ALS dos, vel acwsi ht. £8 katte 194
MEAN R Exe ean] OMAGH MUCTIE ES 2 ECILOTS) 5 1 Osh scree 20 one Sul sven cu Su eu sueU a Sy Ay anon Syd. Sud eR ALTO ay 6) ayes Son SOMES os Be 114
PROMI AME Tay bey SCH ANC HlverA WV AGCEM Ml G89). Fay hevacs, seceavss os dvd: cs 6 cues qudverdndnaran cha, Sidra) } ANOS Hate he 100
etic eV NS eT a ED G1 bt Ue oe ci en 33)
BeiZnine Seana ow VavMiller, 1985 EPAs aerate «Me, ha aets k, eltesen't of 2 cmaswelt,. Ash 65 «ens 88
Association OfAbandoned Mine Land Programs, 1992), 3 3.2.2.2. 3% ssa eee wh noche whe od cabs thie 114
PINSOCIAUON OF HAVPATCS, GOVEINMENtS,, 1976) 0 clk, faves cr crates boon ee cois te gusvds dO hehe AMM Peako he S208 2.8 a We le 147
FEMS RV RAC ORION Ararat nrcr ap tete Rete Oh oo cloreeL es. tae an Stevatoo os Wie tas Here TBs Hee SRE SLR de 125
ERUCS DIOL ROUGE g aPaP ays) ai at te oy Sh Sucdulonl Su dy av ok Gy ohn Sy sp Guth ou Sy Saude de suds Uadues Snes Sr evievgce SeeeLs UMMM She Me. ders 2 ds Ws de 106
EVAL AES Ee ANG (pL: MVAIETS a 19 le. pa section, 5 icra, Senthare, cls Meret tele eae aes 4. ME ona. 23M Ae 44
AVAL AQ EDIE: HANG Esse De NATCE SS pL Ly scat seat tes et tn a oi eihaaeb vn sess PENS. Ai ch ol ala tehes Water aves oy aPade sy PRES. he ER 81
PESEMOGS IE) Abe LOSS a sre, cso 2 oe eh nies « Cee Rie eMereN. ee. Areas oe: As oat canaries bas 3 154
FomelvikeW.,and\N. Haskell107 7-2 Seite, Gk Seder esk Bid cess A cot tli id oe 160
EMM WA MNESSYE OM PIE oy salty cp By 5i Ss Su du Fy.cr to tw coieusn ORs) ts pete Shay Sy Tso breves HAsLevevAWvat dane ond vas Swebsalts Ae 2 31
HaueTy hors alld D; Lechtene1O59, \seerReso an CLR bre eine OW, Sint. snwnten bas; 194
EER MCN AOA ES PML SD Buy Bo aylce 5p sp SHB 8 3b 2A ce cds By Sucduiby av baa Su/on.do dc cute once rv avdnoy tvs ENR AI We He a cA Bad 110
Baney eb Am ©. Paiiccl, cand: Ge Wihelany MOSG4 are adie ate es OEE, creo 2 WM oa oA. Bas 19
BHMCUME)..AS bora icciwand: OMWiiolany 1986: seu siertys, tactelecv'y or sedy seb: seid opcr dy Savers Mele a Whe ako Me 68
Bae y, vor), GieMose, andiGy we Mushrush, 1989) 5.6.5.5.6. vive. tetas are dte Acie dine ONL o Wl. As vote 103
ENNIO NV seh oA WM ee oa'GAD Facer bush tycbu Ss te situ duu Su bs Phin ou ev dV sy bv du be thba bh. Gi Test eedes. dM eds cla eaitbee ew AS Se. «Fis We ove 194
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RARE Tab SOLU oP eteW ctor 5u'A Suds bn'by Bitar oy beep os au ss oven dud: or Othe MOOI 5h Me lentils SYR TRCRRS OA othe eS felle 176
Eo eicehrpt Li ss Mele Decne PRT ay APR ed ey Ba doc fs Tats Ue kab ba Bee tiaeee BVT. Ge ds He by Sede de Ordcdrdeertids a teie d AES Aoehtey 2 oh 176
ERT EA ee OT Woe hth TRA OT A, MET bu hisd Sn bud on Cath es tn ds Sa dvese B/G sya Re avd Ae dehitia va disns +s CAB ade Dis 185
ERED Ge Lee asl Oo I ms SRC es RUT LCT P IT Tic stn Bubs Gata be duse$i Bee dedvEhd sas ceive Voie UeSe de boa du dade aver dean de arden a, 018) 2m MAG ional ebay’ 194

EFT Eee ML RSENS h in GAH URL OEE Rees A Svee'cd Fr Su Sd ivy Gi Ged wd nes Bids 30dv dein Gs Gy br Svbnenenduds craved sro d BMS we wee, 194

Balch; L:G:,:H.D; Bohlen; and'G. B;-Rosenbrands sl979 Voplice., occe dence. occu oney sles) overs « ele tele) oxeP see ee 185
Eval i goss jy USGA ay chien ce ch cave sae sh cnla) ob da esiab nfiet obGL a yar ep obayienionsee eV eirelcahsat Aes oy Mer'ohafiel apeutearek oxo of at Nee ga ee 185
Baldwin, N. S., R. W. Saalfeld, M. A. Ross and H. J. Buettner, 1979 ............... 00 cece eee ees 170
Baldy sy: Sn lOOWtcrrad.0t Wate WA tact Sense ah DR A Ie eats fi RY Mol eres vhs alle 44
Ballestray:S;.DsVas}9..JiLopez;,ExHolm; and)P:. Parsi; 1988) 2, saciey criss pencychopenns clone) ono te Neto ake = ee 33
BarmibergSeandDiivani Zyl 1986 ikit is rand tot vaten eee LPR Pol Mena aloe sadOngtat en . WORE eke | aaa 125
Barbour, (Rs W 4 ands W PHY Davis; DOGO, Me aia ciss sda chambntewouenishe/omete) of'shatishareus! er cheteyelle ehaneee apaeees ae 194
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Barnard, J. E., A. A. Lucier, R. T. Brooks, P. H. Dunn, A. H. Johnson, and D. F. Karnosky, 1990 ....... 94
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Baumgartner, D. L., S. P. Havera, F. L. Paveglio, Jr., and D. W. Steffeck, 1983 ................245- 171
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Baxter and Woodman, Inc., J. W. Patterson, and Gurnham and Associates, Inc., 1972 ..............-5- 120
Baxter and Woodman, Inc., J. W. Patterson, and Gurnham and Associates, Inc., 1972 ............... 145
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Baxter and Woodman, Inc., James W. Patterson, and Gurnham and Associates, Inc., 1972 ............. 171
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Berk, P. D., F. L. Rodkey, T. F. Blaschke, H. A. Collision, and J. G. Waggoner, 1974 ............... 81
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Bernstein, E.'H: (editor), and Attorneys of Sidley and Austin, 1992). 23. 2.046 c:6 ole bo ses 2 eho » sleldlel secs pil 113
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BerandsB.) Es E) Hericks,,S..L., Kohler, and. L..L./Osborne, 1991. .A0@)..aevinnsus? 8... On Gem. 8 wide 173
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Bhowmik, N. G., M. Demissie, D. T. Soong, A. Klock, N. R. Black, D. L. Gross, T. W. Sipe, and P. G.

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Bhowmik, N. G., J. R. Adams, A. P. Bonini, A. M. Klock, and M. Demissie, 1986 ................05 63
Bhowmik, N. G., M. Demissie, D. T. Soong, A. Klock, N. R. Black, D. L. Gross, T. W. Sipe, and P. G.

RSIGSGrr RAS AR Bh is A ERE fo va rs oso io wes iavepa's Saye eewro'd Geis Sg ate IO ot Wi teh 02. ER aie 63
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Bhowmik, N. G., G. R. Adams, A. P. Bonini, A. M. Klock, and M. Demissie, 1986 ..............0.55 77
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Black (Gest. 1939 ets cnnusive. 1s Bc Shetenaus Sis hs Sfawehaye she She Welcomes Meee. Se Rep ecedrae E eee ee 185
Blades, DiGW. GSO bv wcasccses Bien ehe, Qhensusliene Os ghey. ake SUR -ohSaevensame cups i EE dias guadyrenia (ee 38
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Bopgess, Wok, cand BAG Wixson (editors); W977: . <i .2 5 onsite, ne is) opin iol Nemes ocala inal = fads ett 79
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Bohlen, HADs.and WsZimmernianis 1989.8, eke ie otis stitric nthe iewonetinicc be Saeie Ne etait, ehe «cok te Sa 186
Bohlen; HuD.jand Re Sandburg,. 1975, ocx, «cnc os ce) 5: Se opm eye ee mi «os 8) (eee eee Rue os) a ee 186
Bohlen, .H..D:,,1986) tac. dace hd retin dd. eae, bh aes ie lah eats a Oke ie 186
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Cohen, S:;-J. Eto, ‘C.:Goldman; J. Beldock; and:G. ‘Crandall, 19900. 4.5 .1..).9.2.0cicrctorens eae em Pee Cnet. Heine 35

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Costner, P., and J. Thornton, We All Live Downstream: The Mississippi River and the National Toxics

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Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, 1989 ...... 0... 0000 e eee eee ]
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vai Seale VE ss UGS a5 asics se: ce nse ianwiv 6 senna cone so verse a hnyGo us we No ag 4S US ess gui so PONS eee SR a 177
Dsenayi TA); (Cdr); LE O92 256. o to se ve uy: ce as he, coisas ae sn yornoren canrheun ce he tote las ust tbeige ft/s eel eRe ets ie eee 1
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Davenport}: T:, E.,, and M._H.. Kelly, 1982*1986ias caress. ake bo net er iia eI henner St Ste te 45
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Davenport, TiE.,. and’ M./H., Kelly, 1[98221986jnaien. a te 25th Secor aell. eck Seni e 58
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Davenport, T:E:;, and. MaHoKelly},1982- 1986) Ch. ccsmslatl. CRE nw no RS RO Geeta esi tes 171

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MapANELEATE MOU MIC RHE TTAL oe LOTS, tees oe ce cere ea Shere chit Mia livountetetetaba sabe loliei's ore tu teats te efoto eke Racal 55
Delaware Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator Project, 1986 ............0 00 cece eee eee eee 127
Bre reeen rep ricene.s AN Wie. LAITIS:, 1980), + h.5.0c ts rare rais 0's olole rete *e eta le 7 ie elrs to" ot eiee he eh MOR Se OM NE ck 45
ICRU Eonar ANIC | Wis E8e TERAUTIS,, VIBO) 5.25 dio oe ols ene lelledetole aMevelefelesn aia telsMeteve "el elels o's ols Mte ts tlteobals 150
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Memissicw ir. andiN G/BhOwmiky 1987). Dee Ph ae RE Se A boner. Ae 63
emission Mon lLe Keeler, and sR. Xias, 1992) oo. occ crecere a Seatbee ovale (eh artase, oNe tb lotele a's MeMaTerets) PAD sscte ct ote 63
MATISSE IMAL, Wes Keeler, and R.-Xia;, 1992. 0. so. cia lores nes ete lo ene oR. Ok. tolls USANA.) SRE em 78
ME NSSloW Vite angus G: Bhowmiks 1986. o0. 0 teccie tonite telete ta sce twie tole tele tovebepesatedy olelstels MeMeh teeth fie 78
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eninge Ae FANG Dyes Eharry; 1988's tahs ts is fate fa.'s roe lots (ol elerrata to Nelo te SRDS of EVMEDUDE Soleo Ne SOUR | As cet 155
BE PHCUUE NOt ECOL Yen LOO Peis ta. 85 Shes Tele 1e ln falls Te fale: ‘oeileve Selloile fo" "o's Cle kee CATERERS A oe AIOE, JtMS eee RCM 1
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MP UUENIEN AON, A PTICUILUTE PA IOA et thee e o.2 3 ee. aku Paihe 0% fa ts Uokaforel¥alta fo 10'%e Youly fo ty 4a %oKo co tolle MUR Ohe 9 REE. ai 77
WepAtiinent Ob Nines and) MINerAISs 1992. % 1. (.r..%0: vel is fers Foire Tate's Fo lev'wiiosfo'n lets AME Dw ESESRS Da cny «ea distar'= Pe oPA 115
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Dexter, R. N., L. S. Goldstein, P. M. Chapman, and E. A. Quinlan, 1985, .......... 0.0.0 c ee eee eee |
Wester? Rh? IN:,-15...5, Goldstein, 'P.\M..Chapman, and'E.-A- Quinlan; 1985... ...%%5).%). INS: 8 58
Diamond, R. C., and D. T. Grinsrud, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Applied Science Division, 1984 ..... 103
NANO RET BOING ES: aS SLT TN Gree renee fy 078 fers to lestbie (aloe COR Mehe STEM okey AUT oN EMTS: wholes dhe pehe i'n BEM 55
WICKMSOM aca: and RR. ©..Goff; 1991) «5.2)..%.. .. ORME. NE Ce ee onion .1) 4.4 bared 127
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Oar 2 aK yh. >. acdale: (editors), 1972) . 65% 5a reco w% eels ble ns pw vile b's ete ee oR eee bee 18
DEV IBIOTU OLY WV ALCL WAVES LO 29 toy cit tra aha oie ets Cs Patna at a tek Ce sce Plated. oh. te bes ade ce 2 BAIS 58
Dixon, W..G),. Jri,. 1... Adams, ‘A, 1..Erdmann;. and. M.S. Summers}, 1990.3... 05.55.5804 5.5% 58% 11
ance De Anand DF. Gatz. O84. 65 eas ys 0 ete ooo © ins o VREND ern cele SR OR A er ae Re 82
Donipiall; A...) Ita, D.° Ws, Meer rand r,t, JOWISe, 1986: . 0... ss vietbis «Oia stand Wa Wt erenine Diels 20
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Dorfman M: H.,.W.-ReMuiryandC..G:: Miller, 1992s. o) rss d0s.< chess, 3) sp0iim 32 «1 oad, ic) =, eae pe lee pe 127
Douglas NI. 98ilweceonwre, chs: Mh) Miatiete arsiec ies oranda, Stee oipey's farce ceva A eet en eRe ea 78
Douglass JME sand: We MeiSwankal 972. oo. (ee; soho toe citouoos atch) ony aq eneneliohed cheneie olcy ajat Seam agen eae 173
Downey 6CF)\ 1966: diets Be J Rtn. ae Mc Reales, RRS Ss foirepey duet edad, sey) See eae 178
Trap un tI ol GBB ey Aine, es oie bE, SR fac ob con sigyrolrantes Aelahemy cnceuton sey seuloqsh egies Sel s\ a ke fell op a eee eae T1
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DuMont,!P: Ax, I9SSy evans ai AK ete I arate: wiley 5,0 do sh oy <0, 0:/a RROD ROO poe ga ae 188
Duneworth; Digetval®, USSR. Keaksdere de: Pedy ays) we « oyioussi si allsnenas 3) eps) ofG2 bien are. ianetioy ey st Spans “lish egies ae) 25 =) Sea en 21
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Dyer, L., H., Water Quality Management Program, Appendix F: Liquid Waste Emission Factors, 1973 .... 146
EavarC.SandiM: BiwAdams; U992 i 0 iii ye, PT Wire os apse are lov'e esas aint s, AUR RL STSRR Teh oh PO ON ghee: eee 150
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Eberiers: Miss Ben S9 Tes Be Aaa, «Rae. ax sina 8 apm cohieh- ade cand es 8) Subba») ovalro Rnb wg abs eyelets to ha eee a 171
Bbinger, 7B.) 1981. We Ree IE PIN o) soS kee Soren, eetels “ers, lie: sik g) aig Ae OP ROEN cial cetera ee 155
Bbinger.Ji EE vand: W.EMcClain, 1990 6 5 cc25 a. bisite cos tiaheho, a0) 55 ai = SoG «MGS Aa) ce Reverie ne 150
Ebinger,)J.-E.,fand. Es RaPhillippe; 1973 Rests. PRG. so Uh ae Re eee Mie eee 150
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EdgertonyiS: Aviand M..W. Holdren; W987)... oi ops cra)s 0% pene niciese ove ate che SRO ISR onc ket talaga Iie 82
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Edwards,,.Di wand. B.C., Coll), 1987. ss eg cites dine wince ialse eile am) «wes +19, oA ope MARLRR OD Uti URED olla Drea 45
Edwards}..WiRs 1984 planet PRL. ost oai a) a yatecene diel alare ocsa! we) SO Sater: rere hey eaereans 170
Eifrig, (Co W. GehlO is... ciel Seis Ee. Aes TRS hose che 0 aie wie alse © eee Rs Se ees ee ee ce 188
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BleHinnawi}.ESrand, MM; Hi; Hashmiy. 1987, 0:5). e755) ss. sates ein le vs 6.5 4. vial we toe ae Dea Re tee 7
EltSerafy}:S., and E. Lutz, 1989 6.6 s)cee arene cis, saree cassie «ee unto were wb eee eS ak ee ee ee 38
El?Serafiy,S.ft1 9895 APRA hic cin wee serve te te ie etioiie’ se tel elerialb be al « hla ehe gC ORM RRIE A, vaslca tc eM ce reer 38
El>Shaarawi,A. Hijiand-E. .Damsleth, 1988)... 325. 22) cet a0 ose os aie n nie sete ee oe ii 42
BldersW..B.61945«. 4, 4. Roky, WR ones, oe: 2 tenn. <5, A aes AR Si ete ee 195
Eldredge: Engineeriiig, Associates, Inc.,, 1989) we 4.5 6610 0 ou eins 0 ence ole ole <M gh Rieke AiR) Sua eI gets ace at 128
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Emanuel, W.R., H. H. Shugart; and'M. P. Stevensohn, 1985). 25.00 03 8 a ees 147
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PAueIsOne tl 1960S ee eae Pee fe ee es foe SO LE DOM EE BA a 188
nemyroc environmental Analysis; Inc: 1978! si ecceee icc a cee ooo eee oe OO 115
Brinod rere nemeers, 190m soho Aste toe Le PES ES SESE LE LEE ER ELE EEE Oo SE 128
Enuiminentalumpact Centering. 1973 ta ccc ccdra scree ttc chee ee ee se nese ee Pee ee 18
Pavonincntal: Quality Commission, 1992 rrr ties se eek reeks ae Ue OUEMLE oS AN EIPREE, ob nd gdh 7
Bavironmentali Resources Management Inc., 1985! 2 22s. Oe. ee COO a oe GG 128
Environmental Planning and Economics, Inc., 1992 ....... 0.0... cece eee tee e eee eens 128
Environmental Resources Management Inc., 1985 ....... 0.000 cscs ccc cece cect eeeeeee estas 128
pnvironmental: Planning and Economics, Inc:,-1992°2. 02. 6660666620000) SOT PNM 120
Environmental Resources Management Inc., 1985 ........ 0.000 cc eee ee eee teens 128
Envioninental/Protection Agency, 19870 6.225822 56 382 oo Fae oS COON I Ee OE RE oe 119
Environmental Defense Fund and World Wildlife Fund, 1992 .............0. 0000 ccc eee eee eee 162
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peecayb Le wand-D<A‘ Gansner, 1965! 2 26 6. MES EA Ft OE RS, ke RIES St ae eM 151
Eeropean COMMISSION, 1987! 6224 Fa 5 Se 2.2 FP PSS Ue OI, A ee SOS PTE ae Te FO 7
Evans, R. D., J. H. Harley, W. Jacobi, A. S. McLean, W. A. Mills, and C. G. Stewart, 1981 ........... 21
aus Gules. Cruzak rand’ J.B. Brazer,’ 1983" 2 4 ff SETAE eS YE PE oh AP ae 88
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Evans, R. D., J. H. Harley, W. Jacobi, A. S. McLean, W. A. Mills, and C. G. Stewart, 1981 ........... 115
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wine 16-12 G. Provenzano, and K.’Reinbold) 1980) ¢ 2.4 4.22420 4.6.) PN ee oP oN oe 120
Pwitie 7-3) Ce Provenzano; and K.‘Reinboldy 1980's 4 2s 2400 303 oad oe SE oe oo OOS 146
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ERLINA Teo LIOIe es SSA Aa ee AAS MEA AIA ORES Ae TIA EAL hota ie oe Seen 195
BANC ae We ripel and D: iM: Kilgour, 1988 (44224 2a a5 285 502 0 22 e oe ee ee eS ee. 28
BArOm Be ande: A.sManning:) LOST? F465. oi Le Asa ee SARS SES BEE SIO 45
BAOKOT ee Ess sand), AL MANNING, LOST 0 ok wal tvs dee cdl sie wate Pe ET Seles rele ete mee ae 82
Baier and: b.r. MeMullen; 1977 or) cc ee te dee hae ae he Ses eM se ake Cte a te 88
BEL DEr po ance mh. Costanza; 1987 x55 .6 0529) AER IAN tatters ee Se See Teens Stns Dt 162
REV SE GNOe pr ks theo AAAS TAA TA AAP MAMA COMME CENA A eee hha Se OR ge CO 155
IACATEYRAATEAU CVE cy SLIGO cco ae ct oh ae ot ce el ve har arial ol she Mca PTO NT nd Ere LUNE MMR 25, oh) el RT, 128
atnunary Gib, and ba Dr SNarkey,, 1982). bc 5 dee Aaa d PS CA Died bi kd hares OEE OS AD OP 151
argunaty G;, and T; Di Sharkey,) 1982: «1.4.4... SON 4 VOPR I Me rs SE PEI FFD ot EEO 155
SET e tN wl 8 Bye CUT Ue ie es ee On en a Pl ik a Ra hain Saat tk ae a RR Be ne Be hd da 188
ELIB ANE LE RIGOR cee te Daa A tolth al hk Maha shalatih Met ual shal tyeter iehele stele eu CAMRAIG seach Rene SS Tele hens 188
BaruduilAT Dy Button, ©. Sa00} ang Ks. Seiden} 1990) © 35.0506 ba) 04 eto) hth hot cll ob shel ct chat! ste we hetete Ne lt oan 52
PHMIKENDERTY Ot DD) and Ci Dk Crag, 1979 235 i ba Meh ht ltt tat sh clatelitieldl ul dalatotvrete le aeentew © ometees 45
PHUIKeNDeSTY © Gr Le ANG: Cs 'D) Crate GTO yo in hate ccctor o! tet eh ot el oiel lhe shel clcl ate over one tO 8 be oltre 92
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Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology, Committee on Earth Science,

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Fenhann, J., H. Larsen, G. A. MacKenzie, and B. Rasmussen (editors), 1990 ...............2+-00005 29
Renn; D: G., K. J.,Hanley; and: 7. V...DeGeare; 1975) oii ce 55 oe 2 oye) ca tne 4) so retnts «0s SED oe 128
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Fields, D. E., C. C. Travis, A. P. Watson, and L. M. McDowell-Boyer, 1980 ................+000-5 115
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Fitzpatrick, W. P.,.W. C. Bogner, and N. G. Bhowmik, 1985: 32)52 ih Soce Yne bate saaeleG Jameniies 63
Fitzpatrick, W. P., W. C. Bogner, and' N..G: Bhowmik, 1987 ©.» . «2. eis u's /atihel.. 2 diets sete rouse: os <i 63
FitzPatrick, M. S., D. R. Ericson, J. S. Willson, D. T. Wood, and G. Fax, 1977 ................---- 120
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Gardner, J. E., J. E. Hofmann, J. D. Garner, J. K. Krejca, and S. E. Robinson, 1992 ................. 195
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Gamer, W..1.5)R: C. Honeycutt, and)H>.N.«Nigg) Editors), 1986;(ti22 i). 21. A. tctmneetol, 18 2. L oediarel 70
Garrick, B. J., W. C. Gekler, C. Chess, R. E. Kasperson, and C. Travis (editors), 1989 ............... 11
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Gerba, C. P., D. K. Powelson, M. T. Yahya, L. G. Wilson, and G. L. Amy, 1991 ..............00055 130
Gerba, C. P., D. K. Powelson, M. T. Yahya, L. G. Wilson, and G. L. Amy, 1991 ...............00-- 120
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Geschwind, S. A., J. A. J. Stolwijk, M. Bracken, E. Fitzgerald, A. Stark, C. Olsen, and J. Melius, 1992 ... 130
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Goldemberg, J., T. B. Johansson, A. K. N. Reddy, and R. H. Williams, 1988 ...................0.. 36
Goldman} Ex~A S195 Oy iveczyensijc te che, Cebus Pate Sooke enets. aha Ps UES MSN, MOTORS cg alt dt Ra 195
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Hofmann, J. ES/JSE-.Gardner;and'M..J;-Mormis,, 19908 5365252045. 02 sree 6 Cee etek eee eee 196
Holcomb Research Institute, Butler University, for the Scientific Committee on Problems of the
Environment, “197608273 i055. BO Me hae aaae. Sie eas 4 dia ae Hie SPE Pe ave at Pe ee 29
Holenridge, (hs REW9G4 6 so cs kt oa te as aa eos fe Sie ceee Reale ad, ae Se a Me ee Pane eee ee, 147
HollingeiCsS 71992. cic sacle nese ee eee de Fee ARE MOPED SERIE OIE cok otter fate ane 36
Holme L: W:, 19ST ac eas 2 ei aie wa ee a eka ie wae s Sin SN Ne UE SN et ieee 116
Holm) N: ‘P.,;and.B: .McArdle;Morgans 1989.3 6.6 s soc 4's o ee Se LA chee a ees me oe 172
Holman;,JA.,; He O: Jackson;and W.-H. Hill, 1964). 2.05%. 5.4 235552 ea 6 tle as se 183
Holmes, .A‘.C4rand :.G.iG.;Sanderson,1965\ 00556 n2G2ee cd avaviws on Fs 5 Sees 2 ee Re, ee 196
olsen} TM.) KE: Noll} 'S. Liu;iandsW: Lee, 1991) y..2 .4i cee twas bees ees Hae oe eee eee 100
Honeycutt R. ©; G. Zweig:iandN7N: Ragsdale (editors); 1985) v2.9 0% oes sa sc eee ae ee ee eee 21
Hooker; Rosexand'Greenf 1980) 203 ac ee bs os ibe dre wae a aE Be we 3 4 De Cee ee 144
Hopke. PKs N: Johnson; and: D: ‘Staske,(1988. 21.. 2) 9% oo ae ea oe se oe es ER oe oe 43
Hopke; PKs, N.Johnson, ‘and Di. Staske;, 1988. . 6 ac cna eee dees Oa ween s Ae ORR ote eee 83
Hopke Bs 987 baa. Pg AIS 3 oa ae we & eves Ha Ce ORES HEME he wo eae Oe be ee 104
Hopke}/P:.K3)N:. Johnson;.and'D. Staske, 19880 .2.04 000 cc wat abe aee ves be se eos © tere See 123
Horberg,L;,, M..Suter and 1: E.(Larsony 1950. 6. ac ea ees o2 0 oe os ee ee ee ee 73
Horns}?\W.. Hi, and) We AeBrofkay 1992)" 2 20) say. oe ee alte Boe ns eel dnd ee ee ee 172
Hortle} .K:.G., and P.S. Bake; 198288) ane. 24.5 dt. aM oe a, 2 ee. ee cee 176
Hortle}.K..G., ‘and: Sz Wakes 19820 Fa ace 38 3 earn 384 oe VERA SOR or eR REA BUS NE WaiD epee 174
Fottes; Fis T98M Eo eis eons o ated aoe wee oF Std ke Soe) BS hg ON OE cr oR VMI CE See RNS NS 179
Houghton,J..1.;'G: J; Jenkins:and.J. J: Ephraums; 1990s 252253250056 oe0.ne oe ene eee 107
Houghton; Med 1989). seen et dale e ee Bae baa oe a RE I AT dD, MERI com See ee 131
Howard RP 972 oh Es Ds enw wes Ohm RH SOD HTS OH va RUNS ARIE Ome he eS Eee 143
Howell; J, Asvand¢w:.H. Blackwell, Jr; 1977. ..4ss8<5 ears Av oe ee o pe A Reh oe Te CURIE eee Oe ts Soe Oe 164
Hren, J., C. J. Oblinger Childress, J. M. Norris, T. H. Chaney, and D. N. Myers, 1990 ..............-. 59
Hubbard Ho My 1991... PoP Ose ors. SES) See Me, Ge, AA PR oe ine ee ee 40
Hudson, 'H.-E3} Jr,andewa. Roberts, 19SS0¢2. erento re 4, A RRM, ieicds Mc TION ood ocd areee ote oe 76
Hudson," H. /E.)or, and®wead., Roberts, M955 eas), 20k eRe 2 LE, REE CR ic ee 75
Huentieke, Li BSsl99 Wl). 2% Ps oa oan iain ae ook 21 A ees ES: cot i RON ce ects ieee ee 156
HoetingsR., 1989.2.) PAE erie cto ohn PRL, SRT Aaa a Rea CO De LeU: RK Kk eh een 40
Hueting: Ry, 1989. oso wes sos SOE a, 4. bee ae eR Ge ee 39
ueting; RP I99L vase ec dca a ain bh am tye Bai Be Hea a1 ST oot wo ane Rea oe RRR RT RS ORS aati 40
Huff A.fandiS:-AsChangnon) 1963) 4 33 3: seas asian 2h tyen. aiutretiia esd ia mine Ute ne oie) See eee 75
HuofivF: A.,vand’I. RAngel, 1989) 4's ax acre ya asi nier onc scalar ols oct lee Ble & SOD Bo ee eS RRO) So 83
BU fF Es Ls. 1978 As PE i BOG ON Sa ys a dele 5 RELY 5B BETES, Bat TI ee ence ee ae 121
AU FES ss Dei» NOB gy GAPE Ta be ee ae ar ak Ge ae ae ay avcarcay an aliay craks PRUNE ae lic SOC ETRE a en rr RT EE 121
RUF Tey Deis GES scat ae aes: i Sey ay cscav sn ite yr Gees dn Gevay ay vay, delay Qeitn ep ra Bh neta CA oh OL RUN UN LON CT Ge eT cL CSTE CLG MOREE RO 146
ROSELL, Le. SLO TBM a5, 5 a metas oo 6 as ay wy sto Brie oe Ste evan et erat Ge SAUER OMe ae. EES: RUEURTG Rc NoPE Son 146
Hughes, Ji.P and'S."P. Millard) (1988? (iscsese 5, swsise ve on sry $1 sictiuey by snveylonive tr oh oy HATERS GT ROO ooh RRC Rae RET 46
Hughes; Vi. Mi Pii"A.'L. (Podio}s and) .K.)Sepehrnooriy 1990) .\ ooo aces sites rete Se MORRU RO cen ARMS Mere Pee 46
Hughes, R:-E.,/WicA@Whitewand JR. Es Warren, 1989) 6s aise os cravat ae nav wet or ante at oy Geer Oh Si ny eee Oe Re 116
Hulse SANE; MPEMLEVines 1987.4... Picea het Ook ox evap en ay siive oven ed h'ey ehibw e\for die), O-RUNvioe HSL Se Oy Be TEE NNO OH tne 131
Hifi) CHE.) IGAD A, B45 idol Riiavan 8 SRM seas at an ey ab venncen'sh d+ op anor Gran avian fe Sorat an oh Ohy Sega WNT ONUT ERC RER a RNS nO 196
Hiimphire ys Cs My. HOSA oe soi dias cersy Wsiay-bnastsicas oh vcan ovat. vejas bh Golve d)ibv oy bu byte os Sy-RK eel yeh Greet ePIet RN Sy Oa aR 131
Fumphrey, S\R.,,AvR:. Richteryand) Js, By, Cope). 1997's. ssn ssintveenonss cevecsee seen es Gyan vee eee eC Ae Sa 164
Hunsaker;.C:.T.; andi Di ES Carpenter (Editors); 1990. sisiisiesscsecvevce dieses oe teams Onan Orel eeenu re Netra renee eats ROE 2
Hunt, W. F., Jr., T. C. Curran, N. Frank, R. Faoro, W. Cox, R. Neligan, and C. Mann, 1977 .........-.- 89
HuntiW. Bi, Je. (editor) GSS. ha Fw Sahin NF Bae ae te viac'c cok cn eyoas BS be av nee ned 89

Hunt? W. F., Je. (editor) SUQ8 7H ysis ids. Tes FRE Pai de ove oper ehArte cp GRE leat cure On cue 89

Re eaey ECan RANI Tiel DE AMC sph DD Dieses ISIS 5 aici x, 5,005. we 01, Pe. Pando, LNB Blah o are, Be, Sie bey sl wnapanlel ove 174
ACO ReaD ean cb Ney Ald euarss)s Pakcirerebe ets «0. 0-6, #5, 0) ep. 0:10, se abe) akol ered «opal Sabo: «Rois aytaibe"ai'—) otelisliel alle 177
ait era CCmmNReT PANICLE aps NACKTIS LOMO Missi shs9eha. 5.2, 6, «0. a/0s0, 0/5) a; 2) yeteln, oeRNEReAeND, BmCIt SAND: eve, afle, Bilas hrel’sihayiaal oie 164
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RRR ANCUNV AE AVVULSON (Ish OSD! LEG oo s:iece cog 0, 012, aim ae; aeleurahate, Seite, Bangi, Soe AthacnctencratGl na 107
Ea eee ERED Lo asda a ee arate Me Wend AIDEN 6 5, a/o, 6) oi nny, a, SNe, cA Pa eh dpeime, MRA, Wes Senevertet ota Gd ans 93
eee reee Es ean EP ALCTSON | LON fais, <lebaye? o's, 5.0, 61, on, , a: -0;'01 0, 0,0 ewe ah ey pasar, SMODareve’'y vile, Sheds ewepowl ite 93
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Pera C@onsultneyAsseciatesmncorporated, ORS). 56s. se ee sie ene c cena nls sas 05 ofOlelelaes 131
Tere onsultingyAssaciates Incorporated, JO8Siy fe", serge Seeseralak shel lee hiala ks, oar et eile. 6 ote oe del ona 131
Idso, S. B., B. A. Kimball, M. G. Anderson, and J. R. Mauney, 1987 ......... 0... c cece ee ence eee 151
Para enwronmental protection Agency; 1990) .).,3..).)<.00/0: 2 « acca ahehd ostebaleln, Mevewlels ois, Siarstalevarald ole 2
Minininrstateew Atenibiany Lask ONcessl OB) fase = 5is.0..5, oice:s 5,3) «; wisey-0;-«) ofebeoch onQetelele: SUeParedels, silo, Sila NaiURRC Sal oe 59
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MMB IRE Sate BOardaOn Peal thaaL OO I wareicss: Pe ttels (o:s,'er «, 6:.cised) js, «ofS Pete ies eet ene Mn, AMV ep ob eis ke MARU FSLne Rae oT ch Ka 59
MUNIN SIatesWaletsblan Laskyhorce: 1992, (ais, .. ., SNe f: N50) Pee NN Moke evo tNaleis, Mepepere Mele da, ue Detelictiausrshan its 59
unoisstateswalereuan, Taskrorce, 1992) - : ..,. SApE, ns De) emereiak, oven, ansneb olor). lecspeccreme nett apatite 59
BunBiRenvironmentaerotecnion Agency, 1990 05 a) 5 < scava. ima, «, spe abeeyeneledene, atepe) cialleile te lohasena¥eleioler ates ke 59
Mimois:EnvironmentalProtection Agency (IEPA), 1992... ... So). .yeveee step eh ame ore. [cfs wie eal oh ite 59
Iilinois, Environmental! Protection Agency (IEPA), 1990... ..... 05's |. ofersP etre, Sere eels ee lala eicle 6 cele oe 59
Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources (ITACWR), 1967 ...........20002eeeee 76
Nhnais| Environmental )Protection/Agency, 1980... ......2.5 5 3 Hise aVayeie eye cere ome. lester ste veiled ay t oid 83
Pansy Exvinonmentalserotection Agency, LOST 5%. .ia:6, ae. 0, 1's, $e =) oheMeaais, oleMehalellel eke, lesa veTer eiae! clion old 83
MOIST SISICENV ACTA SEVEN ILO 5 Die- yen yal Al Reis. Sic ledenaveNs ds; LN 2 OPA a la, wMoMMeee, IH BSNRMETT A, Waspeiterer enya Me 73
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Mincin statenWiaten bilan bask HOrce e084 Mute y. ce Mar. SOS... Jere s, Vr fpelerchee i. Bre, Siisbanetanews te 73
Minoeis) Environmental Protection; Agency, 19790. ou systevet ooteactetach on = lel aialiars) tlalal <cpatinhle Wile (SiePailetlatepate) ole 83
munois;EnvironmentaliProtection Agency; 1971), & j2<{-notereys Each |, cde Sha, snsiehere href Lane paratana apei el oe 83
PMCS SL ALCMNY AteEWEtAN ASKMMONCE C1 O92 EF 2.6 cies, 0: 0) 04) oe ayn a) 0) tat een SRY ee. eksemareiraleren Sate 67
Illinois State Geological Survey, Illinois State Water Survey, 1990 ......... 0.00 cece eee eee ees 70
Ming rolunonControlupoard, Gl9RISIG9S 37) iotat. Miler. 2) 0, 5.0 « 6 Rielepacvebelars SMP ach aed, MAbatatelia Me yolsPR).n) vile 67
Miinois EnvironmnentalebrotectionvA gency, 1992 5, «oo; 06.55 « «ashe. «, cfevaveye fe dteiataute lie he, fails ate Tayi Veuer sia «ire 67
Mlinois) Department of Energyand! Natural Resource, 1992. . . . . . dios i 2) .vevateys Sigpelorapere | tatbuetey siete 6) et 83
inom: Environmental Protection, Agency, 1990)... 2... «0, «+, «, 5 mila nieveholese, neyetenehione \s, lapaveieseyevailel Ola) «ita 67
Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources (ITACWR), 1967 ..........: 00 eee eeuee 73
iimois, watermnventony ‘eroprami(UWIP), L991). ose o. 05 2:0 ano 5 eho tale oFenehedAe Sade) ashe Wa, ave NePele fori ahh elle 73
Minos, Environmental: Protection Agency, 1990) 02. iste. 3.5 <5 AO Ne, afareloieils, Sia Aversa el. Wha blelniaeire Sia) one 84
Minois;: Environmental Protection ‘Agency; 1990 jy syed. nati). dea cey emacs) ae sik MS, Eyes Sle tee, al cite, Siie Pete eitelsy's ale 84
NG ENVIFONMental ErOrECHONPABENCY AIO Tain 6 aie; ee: n oa: ciisiin. uo 0, 0 She tahaisaila bd ladles) alley CIMENR No) alls 84
Hhnois Instream) Flow Protection: Committee, 1991 sie. a a ia feels Se ehar ee Sg helenae ot otal alle 65
Minos: Denartmention Acriculture (199s. a syeistctccatsatatsta a Dsvaates Rises aaNet Nal alle 64
MEN Oiay Denartment: Of Conservation yl ODM 1. [af ss 5,50) 5 yo, 3, 5 si nw tein, wife tVelgee, AMD el chia ial ee, GR SPRDMUSP fel tla! «le 65
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Nino, Environmental’ ProtectionsAgency 1988 oo cae e ais cn eo ER ale eneialare, seh epataPee he, Lua ete ranwre are F ape 84
Ninos: Environmental Protection Agency, 1983) oo... ooo con 0 0S 0 la wre Pey RUG s, STeyelea ere Ns Nandi Penaeus 05? ois 83
Ilinois: Environmental (ProtectionvAgency; 1982) e svscciecs aces 5 siole ‘shay Ste lalee alae Ol Slee Siw S oles Wiel ole 83
Hinois: Environmental Protection*Agencys 1984 oo. o oc 5 as 5 laf eee oA an SNRIN Law Sher diane Gee! 6 WINDS inns ns ole 83
Tlnois. Environmental Protection: Agency; U9BS, ow. «oie. 4 oo qlee, pease, AAPA aya) ope WLW TRIMI TS shah ote 83
Iilmois. Environmental’ Protection Agency; 1987)... 5 aa un ww tetas wleMPIGS a Tele 9) aN Wis (GIO levers) ab ote 84
Himois, EnvironmentalProtectionwAgencys 1986) ooo. oavk ae os UR a ae, Ste RPT A ida erat a er tha wits 84
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Himois: Department of Mines and. Minerals, 19880.) iiss). 00.6 a 2 Bes Ayaan ere aeet oia) s , Lndpenararve otal ots 116

Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 1980... ........ 0000 e eee eter ee eee ee eens 116
Mlinois:State:Geological, Survey; 1955-1988), 5.5). 2 6s. 2 cin ciate w= 5 = o50 wo) Renate ofeheleete ke Rona een oe aaa 117
Iilinois' Department of Mines and’ Minerals, 1993 . 0c... 5 os oisie oo oo we wee ele aiete ale wal welds oe ow 117
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 1991. 2... 5. eet tote ee we dee olen sale o oleleie ao ole 117
Illinois: Department; of Mines and) Minerals, 1990... . 2. « . . <2 << «10: « crelele wlohe, oialelinny viene, ate sits, srtheuelels 117
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 1989 ......... 0.60 cece eee eee ee ee eee eens 116
Iilinois: Department/of Nuclear Safety, 1986) «5c <5. csc «so ole elm = me let ouettltatela i atm ous ainsi «etalon 105
Illinois Department of Public Works and Buildings and the U. S. Department of Interior Geological Survey,

1946 ior 8 ic Folpet hes DR cp chetcss id PER iw: pice vaya s-ai sai eolsine'seafel igh ch Me ely REREAD IORS OT SI = ee 112
Illinois State Water Survey, Global Climate Change Program, 1991 .............0000 cece eeeeeeee 107
Hlinois)Department of Nuclear/Safety,, 1992 “12h. cveverceciet Sine SRN, ihe one pect. He nbeks SUeketalil> ode) = tcl again wie 105
Dlinois' Department of Nuclear, Safety, 1991)... 0/2 c)e.<.0.5 2. 5 ce kieters Movehelinls aisha ate lalt”~ subalvlalabellctigt el sets 105
Illinois; Department! of Nuclear/Safety,, 1988) <.)-u)c.ca55 = ak. « - sone) «ieee wiahialel celle» cbalete Wiehe fel stMiaNe, ofa 105
Iilinois‘GoaljAssociation; 1992) ..)..)05 ceive eneyrerecniie lige se!'s vice) > sjoyers as opteemalesehelehe bale &, 2Usielle eee Vel italiener ie 116
IMlinois, EnvironmentaliProtection) Agency; 199 2.5 ce 2 ee 21d sin wie ane shor» afenebalee siletellaty raha ae a 89
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1990 ............0 52-2 eee ee eee eee eee 98
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1990 ........... 0000 c eee eee ee eee 98
Illinois: Environmental.Protection Agency; 1992)... <0,...< <0 «2 sete l= Wolslctaila, Set ohatsli ad. usteiebetiate let atm Se 98
Hlinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1992... . 2. 0. ee 2 aie ele slelele slew atele cle eledlepale le 89
Hlinois: Environmental Protection Agency, 1986). < «<=. A205 ..cfetdiei) eedobouaiar olla raltcttehatls fe lovabedelniieteaet stil te 132
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1986 ........... 00. cece eee eee tee ee tenes 132
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1984 .......... 0. cee eee eee eee ee ee ee teens 132
Illinois, Environmental Protection Agency, 1987... . . ..... «= « «.. «esl wlsislalere «el alele'ls le bela sa) wiavalalsl =) =le 132
Iilinois: Environmental ProtectionAgency,, 1986)0.. nie oie weain % a eielets cow © onl opel le steel siete Rie oeintes =i 132
IilinoisyAssociationof Recycling} Centers Policy, 1O87) ; «5 5 « «s/s. c.teters syelelabe) custo fe}aliens ielaia tet clad al oe 131
HlinoisyAssociation/of Recycling Centers; 1988)... i5% ssa si = 6 cies oeftetel wilelibboh as stane iy Aabliolhc ISDEMS We tigieter atte 131
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1983 .......... 000 cece eect eee eee ees 131
Hlinois: Environmental Protection Agency, 1975S 4)..% siivayevais -nes std eted-: velebomets, elatetctaytte fe SalayenMOatevalet etal ate 131
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1980 ........ 0. cee eee eee ee et ete eens 132
Illinois, EnvironmentalProtection' Agency, 198818241. restate .tevebet. vane Ghose fal. ah ie ede, oseicgl se ahaa eee tee 132
Mlinois:EnvironmentaliProtectionyAgencys 199M. . o. cis, dis she ola’. Geen otedetels welaleene elleteltelat» ieexbeteneier ag 133
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1990 ........... cee eee ee ee tee ee eet tees 133
Hlinois:Environmental Protection Agency, 1991)... . . Ne)! Pea. (Semen let Wate ie See ota aes 133
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1987. ....: «<< s...0.. 2 « slim e olentieletn sdeletalislwtt . faucluvelelesaletstet ais 132
Illinois:Environmental Protection: Agency, ,1978' jie.s chisneaeiotene Saleh ee. he cPe SIRE oF GPA eee an Peat ae 121
Ilinois;Environmental Protection: Agency, 1990)... .-..s1..0.5:« sisie shovels ated stshy Sipeeghede?» GAMKMONDW ls ke tmtoie ye ot 133
Ilinois‘/Environmental Protection’Agency, 1990... .......:5 5 = . siktue te eheraleuaee syuitestolst', lobeietal silebelet cliet ie 133
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Illinois Energy Consumption Trends, ILLDOE 81/29.
Minois;Commerce, Commission, 1991. a... 6.208: chee 010) 516 0 js ees 0 nee ten eNel SRRPS ORGVERSNRIg te Fou SRE RES SNS ERE ome 123
Iilmois,Enyironmental,Protection' Agency, 1990)... ..<...:4 .\5'. eae wscteelen ta tctes! sftaemeenet (eM GleME jntNtielerite ore 133
Mlinois, Environmental Protection Agency; 1990 |... < .\.!<i0j.)= > cress 2 « Aue ey otelelele ile tats Sub ea ieielebelatel oe 133
Illinois, Environmental|:Protection ‘Agency, 1975 . . ... 5 ss 0 & .o.« score) scree tels ailePhieie IeMempin: © ele mileveleeewehatel ate 121
Illinois, Environmental! Protection Agency; 1991). 5 0c)... « «5 + Sete le sheliel cafe -aPePeRetlb vers MUeteMenentela! Ghat vi 134
Mlinois: Environmental'Protection Agency, 1993 Jj55 ....<.. .. » 0 » dae > ielelcleeer Sib talelinente ty lahore ie liigel Chet te 134
Ilinois'Environmental:Protection’ Agency, 1993). . ..... 05. ....0 « sels wleteleale, suORehcMelele fe WSTLIANG IW Gllyh plan otis 134
Illinois: Hazardous: Waste: Advisory Council, ;1986 02. 3.6.5 5.610 ie oo /0 oe le Were Slane, Sipeeleeaie nN LUStene iS ile sil 134
Illinois Hazardous Waste Advisory Council, 1987 ........ 2... eee eee ee ee eee eee eee 134
Hlinois;Environmental! ProtectionyAgency, 1992. .°. 1)... . ... . .. » sleeve sienelenete Jltpel oiibMel es ialivwalttWnely! sitet te 134
Iilinois}Environmental*Protection Agency,))1992 Wisi). «<0» « o/s: » deiele senelenees STPai pealcta SonageienMORUeRet Gish sna 134
Iilinois‘Environmental’ Protection Agency) 1991). \.). tise. Gls sver ela le: olipiitls eet ltehatgtaitells islet isinilelst SIA) vas 134
Iilinois\Environmental| Protection Agency, 1992 0.06. s:..5 05 0+ v0 0.0 ne oh 0) shaven tenis EhetayNeeal cuChalet shat oie 134

Tiinois/Environmental)Protection Agency, 1987)... i). «| susrs te sbetiels oMeleveleiels SYMME sHGPMEAWs inte GunnelMMenSist st is 134

BHBEIEPENVITONIMENtAlyELOrectiOnv AGENCY, 1992) tien. ore cone tek) chekeuans. SNSTEM RIE. Boda Mere date 134
Mlinois Denpartmentiof Energy and)Natural, Resources) (1. a. 6c se ece ewes oie eee oie cc 0 elles esis Slaw alee 123
Minos Environmental, Protection" Agency, 1991 5 is:1ev vs cece sate voice where iw so tone sMoNelcliellelial he de hbauetolavatee abba 134
MABISHENVITONMental sPrOteCtOn ARENCY, 1989 oo 6 ious éie scrim cow iwiw into wera wie se olbbre of@eletellstelen Seb deus 133
BHINGISENViTONMEeNtalETOtechON APENCY; LOBED oie sis ia ices send ae io henpia leseiie ve oT RNa oLe SMeyelelalel LB BUSMM. ately 133
PNIS EAVIFONMeNtal Protection APENCy,, LOBD cso soso cois.ve is ic seve so aoice otohehel 0 Sibi (Piatatte ls laliaveletatey els Heid 133
MONGISENvVironmentalseratectiOn "A GeNnCy;W19B9 P%. Meloni. Ks eccustwily folsllale ehsleilevese soso oyesecaie is alee obvi sew 133
MUNGIS Environmentally ProecnOnrABENCy, 1989 fy, hela; Soe oe latetateteteve res cheletlclloyaleTaReWel clo, 5 Bie nd ale alate 133
MEnoisAen vironmental, Protection Agency; 1989) ...06 .10 SES alSrtagerete kh Llane ere. t OE. od oR ote 132
Misuissenuironmnental Protection AGENCY, LORS oo jiccsivhs ios aioe whe wisoye a SES a ielevetorarenlerAeialee Bel elias 132
Beno Eavironmental Erotecnuon Avency, 1987 |... Sek sakhovlnnis fe SS MIO. Scie 132
Nanois EnvironmentaliProtectionvAgency, 1987 asrou . QPS. MNS Garena TaD, el eetaneys 132
MHHGIs Environmental: Protection APeNnCyypl IS8s). taies.-cietedonedate w hilat el etalencbalelepabalaNe ct avc! SteeTLNeEI Ee cas 132
MhnGis HenartmentiotNucleantSatetyw1991 way. Avera? . Bee .. Wea aks ec eieRaN I. Lares 123
MNGIS! Environmental PrOtectlOnPALENGYsPL ISD Or eitan. AVsisbeWed ake cds Mahe PORES 5) 51. SEM cP oiral oflaleMP MEU So 6 6 133
Monoissenvironmental, protection: Agency, 1988 <: .< ies feo coe soca, wos to lo 0 vite eet eM SMG ccede k DUMA a de wie all 132
MMHEINSL OWEN COMPANY. LISI DOU fa ois ca casa: sec so so salyorlaiae xo 6 te asia vaiveths ss sale wwe 1b as ualia se'se's vo lo aise se BOOM Ne suleh sicaay AMS 123
Minpiseeowen-Companys71992 1) :.a<inh. Patni. Sh ae TRE. NE oS TI Ro Rb aie 123
PUNINESISTCCHN OSS NEALE (ET OCLECES PLAID NI 555-5 iihd va toys oo xo ww Yo 45:08 Ve 2 AS des naw 15/6 DEE) NMOS 6 He Se CIE 9, Shovel, SHON 123
MINE METRY PALA N REVIEW UL ODO 19D 2) oo cis ac Gis iiss asid ie ts, Sw eS Aw is ileyye w NONE (6 ior” Gas Voreriele SNES. veh awake gl 123
MARRS ISP ECONOMIC HS ITTAITIEADY ODO LM ots ics coca xe ss sinc josne cele MD olla (> Go! Wikes 8 s8lyo WS v0 ke sels Wb 1a ve ve 124010 10 901 0e) SOO Outten c hey 123
PRP ELECHICAUEIMCIOS 3 1970-1 SOUNE i 6 so te so, copie eens Gls (ow s0310 vaya nile 16 10 voli WoC’ RMON Gud o Whete oi. She hoyle 123
MIME GWETECOMPAN yal ION 8. ate so cae Nahe ec sana Matle. AMONG caMtsncoMaNa es walla a Ho wens xe ueisb Ge Wo Gord vw ua. yd SOON Bacall aol PM 123
Illinois Technical Advisory Committee on Water Resources, 1967 ... 1... . 0.00 c eee eee eee eee eee 146
hingis:Asricultural Statistics Service 1988, L989. qs ioc seins co wo to cow te wwe we iw aise 0 Naiwaio a. weote We oi oie oho! cube opts 156
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1992 ....... 0... cee eee ee eee eee 143
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Air, 1992... 20... 0... eee eee 143
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Total Air System Database .............0000 00 eee eeeee 146
MMOS valine Pe TESELVES COMMISSION P19IO, 2, lens tote ih ee oe we ow we ew Re wire wa one BANG le wi uel ohne shear 156
MNDIS My Cle tab itat COMMISSION IIIS: hs wth he hele ete eae te i scene We oe OOS he RRM rc! vite IM oy oe) AON 151
Mhnompurealof the Budget, 1973,1980;/1981 and 1992) oo acc oe Sire Hee he eeeM rove Lede abe ei 143
HNMGIS ECOUOMICTOMIMATY P1995, Wael. avs GG aie oe em aw SNMP ONEla te Oe ve CHRO altllhate oe she wuekeceragh 143
Mhinois) Departinent of Transportation; 1978 « 2 <6 wi ws ss belitce sek BonaPaleds SNOUT Ee w 6 See cale Mh UM 145
Hineis/Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 » 5 <,o4.0 «iis ws uw olettte SONU eles awk Wee ble ous. ofbtell 145
Minibis Environmental Protection’ Agency, S992 UF lah ie x a.5 5.6% ©) 0 wo) 0 eo lliels MYR NOMlaile ote che BUSES wo she she alee 145
MINI SPIN BUNGIGEIBLOLY SUTVEY; LUSII sche tlc ow CRG eK Rm 6p meee 6 oe wie dw ose NOW N'scehevh oleae 145
MNIDISI SECICIALY: Ols State; 1972, 01977 1982, 1987) 19D, 6c aici mbm Ces ome nw ee Sew le wei und ofthis 145
mines: Denarmment.of Revenue, 1973; 1982;and: 1990. 6 oc ccs wise we ow ooh ws ee a elalete oye lel opal aferend 144
MNHGIB) Department Oly LratspOLtaciOny clo 1s nancies Hellen Meets kara te Ho shel Sie Wella hete! os % c's) wre wie ye saree svelece qhiltls 145
Himois, Department of Transportationy 1198301987, A991 ss. Lire an se wc ww isls es oe olelcinl wpere die slelene 145
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Permit Compliance System Database ............-0000005 146
Mingle, Pepartinent fal ransportniiOm, (1990s 19D Ne He ne SAPs! Sates a iin dane ie) ROC aide alle, ws 145
MIIGIN, PeTianinent Of sDransportatiOn, 1992 v5 ss es o5 bw ws Se 5 bee wwe Woe 60 5 0 oi eee whe ainda ale abe 145
Uno Wenarinent.Or Lranspostation, 1982): cic.c asics wes ae awe bine sR tele eMMlare pha nce miWlalerok ole 145
BMS Deane UOMREVENUG GOL Ck ah Gk ENA wR Beane aN RNA Ne Owe Aw vee waa eS wel Om ule 144
Illinois Department of Transportation, Office of Planning and Programming, 1973, 1982, 1990 and 1991 ... 145
Minow: Department of Conservation; AS8G21992). Cais. ise ws wa wwe ve wy slotre a SMe due id SUE eee aA whe 44
ilinom Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. 25 ow ee eh See verse ee wr vawee sas steuie sive te 146
MiniGis) ER ViITONmental PrOtectOn AGENCY). 1970). iw sir 05 oe ew tele oe ww aoe slbleie ents le olevelels 146
Miinois- Data. Catalogue (Preliminary Print) 19725 iv wi wg as eas ew oe vs Wik eo atte aw 6 ose sleudlels 146
Mince Denarunent Or COnservalOn; G92 «5 os wesw awe whee dsrnwie ven nn Peeh SOUS) Abe RN 174

Dlinois Department of Agriculture, Bulletin. 90-2 (1990)... 06. cc ce ots asic we claltle olelele Mle edie cls Bis 170

Llinois}Endangered| Species Protection’ Boards. 1990) .... .. <...\. 107. shesoh- Gece ele sioens te. Ieee en es 176
Mlinois;State oF 1982" ie. agasien diets) ER se ve vo se 18 te varne: io se (one SUSTAIN lets KS TC. TREE ee 176
Hlinois'Departmentiof Agriculture, 1992). 2.000..10:s<:10\ve:sese se: ce de fn vornn 2 ael's yaPolle tolpe = PiaHe leads ot LEAR ate hells ae ae 164
Hlinois: Tax: Commissions 1941) Bt ave Aree hcns a ese a to toys ese ve hae es BUSES I. Lee 164
Hlinois'Natural/Heritage Databases. (115.10 Voie vovieive «w seve tostsrte toile Merete sOpeMe elses SPOS loNEs Nek mene RENO le ernie eile Ta 164
Mlinois Departmentiof: Consenvation; (1993 77.027 is. xe ceive xo¥o yoine vaiteive Oe reMohs jel Manenols eiateman ans Nal Renctenatian ney ica ata 164
ENFOR MUGS DS, tbs5 Rec ia RRIaa cltaera8 5 Yo. se: 10 ta ato tel de Masts tava co fo SND be SONS PMD SOT he TET IE Po 134
Inman; R#Ly W. J. Conover, ‘and. JOE.Camipbell 1980) . .\2.. 1.2 Pe ee eee 12
Tnman;,R*L., .W. J..Conover,.and:J. E. Campbell, 1980) .......... .220 Geeer GoSRe. Beever ae 134
Institute:for Local ‘Self-Reliance; 1986) ii...0688%, nS DBR RIED. Aree. LAs eee 135
Interagency Coordinating Committee on Groundwater, 1990 ............. 20. ce eee eee eee eee eee 67
International Commission on Groundwater, Working Group on Groundwater Contamination Risk
Assessment: C. Cranor, R. Raucher, E. Reichard, and G. Zapponi, 1990 ................055 22
International Commission on Groundwater, Working Group on Groundwater Contamination Risk
Assessment: C. Cranor, R. Raucher, E. Reichard, and G. Zapponi, 1990 ................005 68
Irwin; R.R3fand J:iC/ Downey, 1973... oee ce otin oO. « «aoe Be ei eb 179
TVErsony WRG 1989) Peaks RE Bis SRI a AE se lets, we sie Meee ye ego ETE, RRS Iso ae 152
Iverson, L. R., R. L. Oliver, D. P. Tucker, P. G. Risser, C. D. Burnett, and R. G. Rayburn, 1989 ........ 152
IversonQiNR: and sD MirKetzner oes 202 ie.casco ue wb recurs. & we vw 4 (oe ose to vella eves Uo DUNN te ato eee ne 152
Iverson Re 992 Rea icine MRR ce hss wis Be CON OhiEm wh Roe SO ee Re GRE Sele aes 147
EVErSON GEE AREA OSS re es aie ER he seve a ites oe hn Ya var Doite vale aide We 1S eR ee OR UTICIRCR, SACe e e 147
Iversonv LAR andiP(GARisser; 1987 gi Po Mews anie wie Wa wwe w swale wT MO ale ete PRINS Cie Sees 148
BversonZwRi 1992) eee se ah OTe re FEN & weit Gre Wee iota ei Bw & wie le ie a As RS ens eee 164
ING. Consultancy pbtd.,oA98Gi. anne. ks TREE ooo ele es ee coli? ope Ceptrete aie 123
James Kes OW WH WOOD enstaciayeveltecl ial eke ics tale a se ava Weise eRe aR: AEE BS Ie DORE eS ee Gane 34
James AK On We, 1992 saree. one sake Deo. DO A We SAE. OR, eh ASE ios eae 89
Fanidel! OOD ised ete eae s nS. RR Se OA Bee es aE, Peed, oben. lnkagerecre ne aa 31
Jarrett;,R., Re Reuter, 'J.:Stratta, and) R./Jains21992'5 sensayci. a. Geen! eecueenk. ro oeden. nteceneraniees See 2
PEnKins FAVS. OS]. Heh See ws Sieh whi eww ww ]rars erases os ARIES a MORO ITS LD Queene Sree Re 135
Jensen wA,,pand! 22; Cheng OST ceva Mee iin 5 so ove ee folie selse ROR te: ASTRO URES PERE enoe: ae 46
Jensen, As iand)Zs\ Chengi1987 SARs «sce ssie sno in wheteed bbe. OOS ORR EAE angie! oth te ee ee 181
John;. SHES) DON: ‘Kanéyand' T.DiHinesly 71992. o.oo... wos nw ww wine ete OM SOUARUSIURE, OUR PEaRE Ce eee 135
Johnson;'B Band) Vi TD. Covello(editors) 1987... 6s oon aim oo etah POURING RL. RSI eee 27
Johnson;:D»s W2and I. JARemandez 1992 ee. ck ccc anes c 4 BSR en aoe. Meee ae 152
Johnson; 'D..\W.;;and: SEX Lindberg; 1992 0 oi. yo.c 5 ds acu wie oo See ie SPOR y, SHORING Note IS WTSI Pane a Siete 152
Jonnsons TEs LOST, Pe A ee ha week Sedans iw Be Rw woke he CARP OIE. RONEN Me eee 172
Idhnson; CrW., VOSS se PVE. OSG is 40 ae wins 66 TROL TREE SORE TL. SUCK eae 2 yee 2a 164
Tohnsony Wis Wi. LOGBiw eis sak nee Ea: dT ER Rehr RE, Le el aie ae 190
DOhNSON Tw Bs, LOS Tica eis AR og sees ww os even bole ise w W8 a OR eis ARERR RRSNE Lee RD REIS Ne chee 182
Forinston RwTeyy 1989 i 6 ee alin ch Sas ws acacain cs SRR CARE CRE, cetnenaexteeeenenel. Se Meer peta cance 2
Jones, KiyilOO2onind Pealnka, Speed Mabe eh aesthkievech Neneh yo. veoh, eeeaereae alee re 12
Jones, (Reeswl 989i, Pectocinsy Acts SPER bc sccs ese ae ow cow tS TS RE. ek cis eee 79
Tones, IRiLewTOOL ins Penis A Wal his, SI bis a esis nein wane wo fo Rees ARUP ORUNCENSIR I. Bak ORE RG GRetE 80
Jones, (RiLivandi TDi Hinesly, 1972.2 P23 w.sic ss as sina oe 0s so Giehte SHIMIAVERRSTS ets SUL RUGICIS RuRiatel eee 79
Jones; 'R: eel 986i ak Prikeeies Bees SIRE oe nb aww ws bbe ww wie See Gea, RE SSRs 79
Jones, (DMMP Agd G7 SBRP ECS de SSO has anioaat® Wo RK sole. Sees are 75
Jones, Go Njand GD, Buller LOSS 4.085 a vss vo o's on» SRR ERAT, SNOT Eh Ri a aa 164
Pones, Ex AIBSic Mel PPM, Cesta. SPR ss a eae ou nce ORO te CROMER, CRUIRes RB ICner EIFS Feroeat artes 190
Jorgerisen,\|SHEsiLO8G) iter, Qe SRR ons bss bs 25 we 5 SIU fe OHCARURIGAR SROHER OMEN Be aOR SDN Or tae 29
Jorgensen; SWE.<(editor), 1990 oy ind PE nw sew 6 claw woe EE, LRRCERTR ERPS cpetieeenetr on meter ates 29
Jorgensen,'SsEic(editor)} 1984". Hwee. OPE wie bes Sala 6 ww evan ORR, SIO VRIRIE Receptacle 29

Journaux;,Aw (editor), 19872e. Astew. SBE 1 ok. cos & AMOR DOF tiotiod aneeibu a Sh eee eee: 55

HOvniie. Ay McCormick, and G. D.V.. Williams, 1975), .s.s5cis.ececeieie sie, eco yep esol erepere. ee MRLs we ON 43
Pauneiniel. sea A. McGarnmnicksand! G.IDS V. Williams; 1975) oy..0.<.600.6.000.000uay 00.0) 05,5. 0,0) 010,8 SR Ble we Els 156
ecereraaee ESML DGS) Sane, EMS RESORT eg «oh Utes 5 oc co gillcha'gvaigbus ,»snuenvadsoes sedone reve suegvadioueebsduesavaceare COGls a Kees 84
artes eae oR EEE ATI Ch Ese ERENCES ALAIN. ok SE euty vse ususuevsysier sestaswrwepsievous eps jessie seve nyovesdcdiovens.s\e.0)0 RRR wo V oS 121
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Eee eRramtLeL Is ANN OUB VIE | LOO ore, oon syetencachsisusAarprucdonsuswsunvscoasunleveddehsaeveus colaieisueie Chey ¥ Oi 107
Karr, J. R., K. D. Fausch, P. L. Angermeier, P. R. Yant, and I. J. Schlosser, 1986...............0005 65
Karr,J. R., K. D: Fausch, P:.L. Angermeier; P. R. Yant, and I. J..Schlosser, 19862) 02 06. So. 3) eis 174
te ONY. SIT OM, Hah. Vasc uate ave aisa-( SUNT aku e dette ona cece ceusuaue Bethe AMAR. Ae Dae 52 Weare 13
Reale meee NY. UN T OM, feu. Nice, Sree SENSU: CONAIAUTE ALS, «fetNets vesngeseseussesane SOEs eeeralshaie th OS Hass. fk OM costes 4]
Reaver OMe. ellen andar Miller; 199i. SR cc. ceecsus couse Mle Tenerelakee . AA deere. EA. Ws eines 105
ree TANCE) eB) ML NV ICS SIO, 5 sessus.e alas ace pestuouadeysasgsvenese «Mee RIOR Ae ok heres, 2% ce tare 190
Keith, L. H., W. Crummett, J. Deegan, R. A. Libby, J. K. Taylor, and G. Wentler, 1983 .............. a9
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UN noes 1. wn, IW Ole yanduMs Ay Berman: 1984. x 5 csieceue va jous ys caae \euevaueneaeinyo'e'gscquelysys) otis eaete aps Ab. ole 98
Ree MBC BLOM 20) 2 cu ois got = Fs Geica Goitoia rie sp ue dsranngshcaigs WSs wh gelasiacide > Govas as Ae Poa jDads akranoUeaseeee abeyvas AIDE 4, Me Se eS 135
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mentulayMin E.; J.C. Sifneos, J. W..Good, M. Rylko,and.K. Kunz, 1992. 2.0.0.6 eseiose 0 0 eo She ale Bo ates 164
MermHonswe AeM.. H.. J. Oldenziel, and A.,P: Bots 198703 . bas .exdemannesstact! 8 ocete 2M. AD att 135
Mate ee POLO TPR oa (oxo co gains us so nage is wae gan oe 6 ED SEO oe dete, eodiethanerin «RB usgo oM..47 ete 27
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Kessler, C. J., T. H. Porter, D. Firth, T. W. Sager, and M. W. Hemphill, 1992 ........ 0.005. 4.0000 46
Kessler, C. J., T. H. Porter, D. Firth, T. W. Sager, and M. W. Hemphill, 1992 ........ 5000 .3.%.s00% 95
niall aM Atak. R. A. Rasmussen,.and,M..J. Shearer, 1989). ......«« « SEG). onwteee, 8... lve. oS aloes 47
Khalil; MiVA. K.,, R.A. Rasmussen,.and M.,J. Shearer, [98960 .03.03...T deve..cenaea® oY ull. J... atten 102
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NTT) ROBO ED. Settee. FL Ss wisi a eiciee pm ake ont inwnalens wine’ sR SION. fle wb sloevar 113
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Kirk, J. R., J. Jarboe, E. W. Sanderson, R. T. Sasman, and R. A. Sinclair, 1979 .............00 000 ee 76
Barks). K.,)k. Jn Hlinka,R:TsSasman and E, W. Sanderson; 1985es).. %. jen cownlalg. 4.8.7. Sekt 76
Miike Je Fe.) Ws pandersonwand. Ra lasasman; 1984). O00 distenks otet..b4 toate shorentalads § old oct Moicncans 76
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eolMaue wv Sy Aiswoolf,.and W..D. Klimstra, 1987.9}. Asienicovelela.o 00 Hives obthab dA oleh adhe 2B) senate 196
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Klimstrae ws Ds and) MisHutchisOn pen x: cscacc scorers revetere io lane)- sonctalea tare rdvevotoredsNeRehotcl ete ae ters ce teen 183
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KlimstrakWeDs. 1969. [424 sles, Ae ok. Sc Ea, oo. SEA A See 196
KlopateksJ! M.;/RJ=Olson}:C..J:sEmerson; J., Bagones,- 1979i...c |. 9. ait ovaveid oe chelerelctic a tote see 152
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Knapp, W. W., V. C. Bowersox, B. I. Chevone, S. V. Krupa, J. A. Lynch, and W. W. McFee, 1988 ...... 84
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Koehler, U., K. Wege, R. Hartmannsgruber, and H. Claude, 1988 ...............2 eee ee ee eee eee 98
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OSStner vy. Ji. 1942). oc. aiseds rove a ce R oh POM IMEs ce caylee MME ROR, foe cs aoe tae Be tars OP ee bo tC 197
Kohihase; R: Cyl9O875. 5s eae PR RE, REE, ERE a AN Oe we act 76
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Komeijiz.J.-K. Aoki Vs Koyama,.andiT. Okita,, 1990145... 220825, hs DIR I, ah ek a 47
Komeijis J5nK2 AokijiVa.Koyama;-andi T.. Okita; 1990) ...0.0.ciechdieatineh nets Krk thse ale sei etcneeee 84
ROpPpPRe J. 51992 FDR. ha cheat da Rae RM Fete ve re tee tere route ku ta seUS Et 6 LEE OMEN ECON Es AEC IS CR AS 41
Kopp) RJ. candhV.K. Smith el 989 cee io Se yee ee rate re fosters we aldose levee one Houvte Pek clei eha Fade Pole neiie eee 41
Kornreich} 24D s(editor) {US 72min. < CR Se reetelinw avsite to ery oer eve deles RR va hehe Rieke hin cs ores Aeterna 89
Korschgen,, €:. Ewl..oS. 'Georgejand WAL. Green, 1985S)... iiss ctins <a rate cteteiaete re tee cyanate aehe de enone 164
Korsog, -P. EB... arid'G. 1 ., Wolff, USS were. e 6 ve stoves rote ve cosre ve alas Wel tattonvat le code favs PR Rie fe du fe Yolk Re Rough eR ERC Oa 47
orsog, P..Ex.aridiG, T Wolfty 99 1 ox te core rosie mvereras ie fo fa ntota ta toilets Payee hie & Pode SI Model leas Ieee CNE ees 98
Norte PVA. Sand sy Ay Fredrickson 19777 osc va cove ov este teeters evs A tus ite IR vtoste fey tv oe le tous fale epee Re 165
Nostecki, P..T.; and BE. J..Calabrese*(editors)) 1989.4. 208. AOI chi Ia eo ot otic eee DE ct 80
Kostecki,‘P. T.,:E9J.:Calabrese, andiC..E. Belli(editors) 1991. 28. 2%, SR RR a te weiss revels eter tes 80
Kostecki, P“T.,. E. J..Calabrese, and .H..M. Horton; 1989) 255. Gee oS ccs. He eek to, ota Race 80
Kostecki,:P..T.,:E. J..Calabrese, and''G..E: Belli(editors) 1991s... ol SIR Rate ene 72
Kristoff, L..M:,D: T. Lordi,-and'C. Lue-Hing,- 1990: ncn ttn nn necks Rien ect ie aeons ener 73
full, 3...N., and WIS. Bryants, WOT Q) onto sce ve verevvire Nets teevee oh ore oe ete A cairke ele RRA OS tee eC 197
eruipnicks. Ad D3 11992 se ross cavars cack verses arson hres eee rok HA Aa KOH A CREA en RRA IS OTS RSS Des POPE 41
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Kuhanecky DP), Licht, ‘CAs, and!Marciniak, ‘T..J.,,-1990. > 35h Se PA rere terre tenet cere 84
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Kuhiman,.D. E., EL. .Knake, M.-E. Gray,.and H.W... Kirby,- 19893. ainthe, oc Miche cremate oda twn tele arate tetera 170
Kunkel, K. E., S. A. Changnon, C. G. Lonnquist, and J. R. Angel, 1990 ............... 0000 eee eee 85
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Kai Val). RAK ReC, Clawson, M.,L.-La Val,iand: W..Caire, 1977: in cde. Ais Al ele ce erent nner 165

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Pee Mee andi: WM Mohlenbrock: 1983)! s .timteduclt «24 Dok tsb dk). beneiadl. } acddooid old. Rs 165
Pang 105-, institute, for Risk Research, 1988 8¢¢ scneils . M206 foe eames ooh) e,fecuminl. OS shale aed od 3. 13
Pern Cr cal nstitute: LOM RISK ORESEATCH 1988) eis a awe < a wg a anere7e 0.0 w 0 aim Saeed SUShTi bite elo dks daublle ote ee. 32
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MAGS Wand Ww. H., Wanuder SChalie, (editors), 1990). oc occas tte le ie ine oc so ann Ruelale pee aflallags 13
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Lave, L. B., V. T. Covello, A. Moghissi, and V. R. R. Uppuluri, (editors), 1987 ..............-5005- 34
PvE ae is and 4 Po. SOSKIN, L977, 6.6.65 wm Sais se ee a See wines se 6 wine RbNohs ate ls ole che Suen not 22
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Lave, L. B., V. T. Covello, A. Moghissi, and V. R. R. Uppuluri (editors), 1987 ..............2-008- 13
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MeebaG eA Jonesyand:R. Chittaranjan, 1986 .)0.56 << .s-0 «sein wraiaioe ws ce eeiied aie ca 0 0 okteetelole ke ai 135
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MRSA SES TATED) |S. SNAG WICK, LOO Il oo «jc,0 oie siaieaieers aie ine cvgrena al abate eh'e\ al scekecer @ Mmee ata, haa’ 98
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BEROV. io. Was) LeRoy, and J. W. Raese, 1977... ct: ciay Vanolailanase sit ute PANG oadtMensiphs wild. «Sh dirty lets 040 113
MEAS eran. bP MESRINA. ANGyke. bs: HONNET, J) 985 scarain a tears,» g.cpehels/ ale x aisle ialaig saat 9 oiier scam gals 113
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Eettenmaier,, D.P.,,E..R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K. B.Faris, 1991... 65 ces we ee ee EVEN a tle U8 oh 48
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Lettenmaier, D. P., E. R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K. B..Faris, 1991 ....... 2... ceeccec cece enassle 60
Lettenmaier, D. P., E. R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K. B. Faris, 1991.5). sine. a eae ee 174
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Levy SiH 3 1963 ys pascdaia.gd cdo eldae bag ale da nie aln ha media So esd dig So ae wa do ee ae anne een 190
Lewis, R., D. Nychka, G. Reinsel, G. C. Tiao, and M. N. Wang, 1981 .................0002 20000 48
Bewis; R.,,D? Nychka, G:Reinsel,.G.,C, Tiao, and M..N. Wang, 1981F2%5. steno: Hei. We enckeretes a le 98
Lewis; E.J:,pand.E: Weltman, 1992) 4 2.3 4:2:0:6 5.0 sve oo -aciais doa 5 Ae ete AEFI IR Delo We DEV REP ce are 113
Lewis, J:.J-tand¥lsE; Bowmany 1981. » 3:22 .4.a.a3 gino uecet Seay @ AB die, ea A, ole wie: = re Vhet ve CORPO Reece 178
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Diets 9.; HeSkovronek; and.M:., Drabbin,: 1990s ec a err ee oe ae ene So ey ee s eee 113
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Bins Bi, 1987)... teen eve acre male Ee ceeiiged Fo Re kitts, AO RT ae ee he 95
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Extehfield J. andiPs'Schwartz; 1988's. 52h 9 soe. lee came dda ee wees 2am Bae od eee aa 41
Lattlen Ss, andi: fAsSoanes, 967s «i 5 ec ee cea 5 4 ee I la ere ee SAO I Sas Reaes ieee 152
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Bogan JwA.5 1985154 Laveen ed O8 eae DS APE sso oo ede Coen OL SRE oe eee reel 48
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BongaS::Ps, and .P; RaHutchiny, O91 C3. 15. Rete eased. Mas a9 di cote, dee hee Oe ate eal oe 157
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MEV EISTE AL IIO an hehe has Sis eR Ol ee. Slal-arintn Meee POS MNT: MU IMEMS AEFI AES uct LL old Ol orate 135
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McAlister, R. A., E. Bowles, J. DeGarno, J. Rice, R. F. Jongleux, R. G. Merrill, and J. T. Bursey, 1991 ... 85
McAlister, R. A., E. Bowles, J. DeGarno, J. Rice, R. F. Jongleux, R. G. Merrill, and J. T. Bursey, 1991 ... 101
McAlister, R. A., W. H. Moore, J. Rice, D.-P. Dayton, R. F. Jongleux, P. L. O’Hara, R. G. Merrill, and J.

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McKenna, D. P., S. C. Schock, E. Mehnert, S. C. Mravik, and D. A. Keefer, 1989 ..............000- 70

McKenna; D: P., .and.D. A., Keefer, 1991». c28? .eR0d JA) Dae eI. SSE RE We Ae nts Se eee 70
McKenna;'D. Pi; etal. 19890. oe fae Pe hs RIS Hae? teeta ad Steel a Ate Rep eo 79
MeKinley D1 S780. I:hs ees ae De oratinaea ot a aletatha dt Ad didistondis alee arate see oie eye, kat eer One a aa 191
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Meadows, D. H., D. L. Meadows, and J. Randers, 1992 .. 1.0... 0. cee cece eee ee ee ee ee eee 3
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Melillo, J. M., T. V. Callaghan, F. I. Woodward, E. Salatki, S. K. Sinha, 1990 ..................45- 108
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Meyer, W.,'G.,Harisch;:and-A. N. Sagredost; 1986). .7.7..5)5 0s, «so oe scctote este eaict bs. she) eto hatelhe ye is be oem 179
Meyers? PSA. and Bs JeyE adie? 1982) viceroy) iaricitastertenssies op ovberies eplollelfat sh ck eUaycliet 01 i 0) Si ext al otha" eee = go ORG) ae are oe 64
Meyers, T. P., B. B. Hicks, R. P. Hosker, Jr., J. D. Womack, and L. C. Satterfield, 1991 .............. 96
Meyers PAs andyB: Jo Badies 1982) ysis asics, apts oily s1'oitetlerlattevey oytortev'e ov arle? st arian ob aust eRelior of ete eAtel ict diet CRENGRa eheaanene 172
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Minérals Year Books; 1932-1980) ois hr Bs 3 eo vos wilecouevlavter ol srron by'ol or'o> 0) envoyror'e eitthe be Seem RUSE ech en CREUS. 0 Sp pene 117
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Mitsch, W. J., M. Straskraba, and S. E. Jorgensen (editors), 1988 .............0 2. eee eee eee ees 30
Mitsch, W. J., M. Straskraba, and S. E. Jorgensen (editors), 1988 .............. 5c eee eee ee eee ees 165
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Mooney, H. A., B. G. Drake, R. J. Luxmoore, W. C. Oechel, and L. F. Pitelka, 1991 ................ 108
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Morris, M. A., R. S. Funk, and P. W. Smith, 1983 ...............4. DOP Neihart Ales bes 165
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, W. H. Hooke, J. M. Bishop, J. L. Wickham, and I. C.

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Necker), WL vand: DIM. THathield 194 1), «2... ccovee.cordse ee ecanste ve torenevotetencbere & SER peers De cathe ees 197
Needhami,J:, Gand .G. As Hart; 1901): 20.0.5. + 4ensveyehaverenetanemcivens Mee te Aarne ene be Raat Ss ane ane atte a 180
Neca): IHG. A1G29 i. xeseratavetansvon ons taharansteteheWebinareretekeneXetanewe teksls eyo dere ROR aS be ohms ae ae 180
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Nelson,’ D..W.,-et-al.i (editors); 1983 23.. eek Vrs A ne Seats «hrs oo. Gk EE SOREL. eRe ae 77
NEISORRB EW, 1 99D bi scinsicctia site seve ve vs ns vo%e toners ponsnakaterete sonciee RMN te, MH RR a nt aa eee Eo a RE 77
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Ney NR: BS Ir... WOSBizserdcelen,. stat a. Cs Lee SII BTS we ic teins deste testa bereits atte Rens ts 1a Meer eR T ERE 136
Nichols; RW. ,}198r asker]. 404-3.. E.. decpeniiad Se SER coro res 1. s01cbs tore regitotn red Ae AREER ROT 64
Nichols; Ré. W199) se; Sisal ERG es tdi ects wa scents selene ests Ho conan We vebodope to ge bums tc Rae 78
Nicholson, IA.j'1.'S. Batersonjand!F? Tz Last, 1980 13 circ cc soirsvesonc teva goveuetotedeve sete te datedonec deem atone ete 96
Nicholson,-1.Aj1'S. ‘Paterson; and F; T. Last; 1980 sir. sssevs reve rave (ous de tke lover pote totode te total atte Lee oe 153
Nieto}iS:' Ms O2 Seprerajand' J... Obartigi 1988, -f4.555. 280088. AL, ARORA AER, ee 55
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Nishenko, SvP:, and.G..A. Bollinger, 1990 ». 55.1.1. Are seveseuetecsvonsters ove Vidage relors, Atv oesSeeM PORTE, Pea Lae 53
Nishenkoj'S:-P5 and GAs Bollinger, 1990... c610.0cecs sive vassiravede toe root le fatto Aiea e MRA ROR ane ae Meee Re 111
NixonptS 0 Woy and V, We 1986) a. rasce:.. co cece cavers veertoitese rere te Sours ta re lo tesellone eke jodefolewe CHO CRRA aera aee 166
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Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1985 ................0222000% 8
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Peden, M. E., S. R. Bachman, J. Brennan, B. Demir, K. O. James, B. W. Kaiser, J. M. Lockard, J. E.
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Stout, G. E., K. McGregor, J. L. Spaeth, K. A. Reinbold, G. L. Wheeler, G. L. Rolfe, and D. Studtman,

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Surface-Mined Land Conservation and Reclamation Act, 1971 .......... ccc ccc ecvccceeevcceues 119

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Suter, M., R. E. Bergstrom, H. F. Smith, G. H. Emrich, W. C. Walton, and T. E. Larson, 1959 ......... 76
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Temipletons AN Re; LOOT: 5.5 ...dadeeersiats isn sh eetiches A stich wi tO See aE oP HO VAP SMSC as Met EME Id a ll 159
‘Tennessee’ Valley ‘Authority GVA); (1955 5 cs yeh sgexe 6) auch soisd evoiereset letelehale abel eMelebete hebeleh left] -f<0kis elie i 78
Tennessee! Valley“Authority: (UiVA); W973 jrget ot i cicet otoh ceo tokoerw ore ene tcbeueh oh els! cfeNeket>hetel Nak “fens eea toes SED ade 175
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The’ Plant’ Siting: Task:Force; (1970 5. pate ork a ycyoxevston oi hen sashahohopete’ oh eoeeey ole tONetolenen aka sel atkiree uetsal shales 124
The Department of Health Services Toxic Substances Control Division Alternative Technology Section,

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The Conservation Foundation, 1987 . 27, ..<; castets eens ceicieieyscehove ye teyovedobehebekuge) oheneilsustchebel et elie ied elahee sited <Laiate 139
‘Thomas, G:.A.;‘and’'T: ‘Ge Monger l9o0 cise) tenets co icdehetsyohel \ckemstotshebeshomevel cheketel hes= NSReNs oe sean ott 119
Thomas, D. L., L. Carlson, W. Mikucki, R. Baker, J. Warren, D. Maxeiner, E. Zimmerman, and C.

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Thompson, R: C;,'S..T.. McCreary, and\ A. Clipp;, 1991).y.45..5.. <5... a) Peters ope) sini elleneita! out ofa guna yee sha] ets 9
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Tiao, G. C., G. C. Reinsel, D. Xu, J. H. Pedrick, X. Zhu, A. J. Miller, J. J. DeLuisi, C. L. Mateer, and D.

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Tichenor, B. A., L. A. Sparks, J. B. White, and M. D. Jackson, 1990 2.2.1... cece eee eee ee ees 32
Tichenor, B. A., L. A. Sparks, J. B. White, and M. D. Jackson, 1990... 1... 0. cee eee eee eee eee 103

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sani-pazaca, E...A. McIntyre; J. Lester,.and RY Perry,1982)%), Sei. eye eS I) SSE 87
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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, 1991 .................. 32
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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1989 ...............5: )
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U. S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Science,

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Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, 1986 ..............-00e eee eee eee eee
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs, 1973 .............+-++++-
Army*Corps of Engineers, (USACOE); 1981. ioi.s. here tora ta oe 3 Pea epee one tp ero e troy uae ea
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Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1989 .............0 cece cere ec eee eees
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Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 1972 ..............00 eee ee eeee
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 1971 ..............0e eee eeeees
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, 1972 .............00 eee eee eees
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Branch; 1973573. ofa. yas etendbs oth atin tens oe nie RR TEINS, Oe © tei
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Division of Atmospheric: Surveillance, 1972... ../.hcrc;<1s, sys, e:cbuy oy o MeL «ane ere eae Revo lseanen Tne ne
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Division of Atmospheric Surveillance,
1972. vane bee, SU RRG he hb bikin! EPR Ea rari aed ect Deemibione eaten Gees
Environmental, ProtectionvAgencys 1973 n¢%. Avcs hierersmndh. ters eae. ai oyecenets Sila d tenets Gl ees EMIRMCNO Eisen s
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Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1991 ...............--
Environmental’ Protection Agency, 1974... 0:0, .ysrcyej ores sper ede tode tele AhaMt Ee ote Slat EEG CORI LENSNS ES Sista te?
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Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, 1986 ............

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U: S.. Environmental: Protection-A gency, ol 988) .5) h-x0»- royce nsec ce eusiea> lveemeie, sckersusietel tie tereiey eens 140
WS. Environmental: Protection, Agency, 1988: -)< - cee. ice 2 2 ete eso g soles » See RRA ReRER eReme: ole 140
Was: Environmental, Protection Agency, 1988)... o...0 <3» «1s 2 «cael a Walian ono) ateliall svelte o/ra tirana ate 140
U..S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989 i cvers arcilai coy wom, ohsh ages sists) <i\efettotie ays toMpliallotiayald Spotistotal forenviiehelp 141
US: Environmental Protection'Agency, 1989: .. 77ehs < terestanel a cies sien beh- setae Pokal -taroteyet tani, ese re 141
UES. Environmental Protection Agency; 1989)...5 5-12) -nerssehale elie ouevlel? ensteiciain <pemsleelayse, Sucimetterst etwas 141
WAS; Environmental Protection Agency; 1989). 35. 3... © «101 «1hopet sy <uomedsneh eeedone de SiMe eile eRoe 141
U.S. Environmental,Protection, Agency, 1988) oo9. <geraret teas) vei ote l eatha ve) s4oueall= ars) hepa /'s¥'ol ones ets anaaeeeae 141
US. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989) < ier. -sctsyayeteen se euscrricu-tiaunt- i eu 1s)=(edemeve helenae: feneae - = 141
US. Environmental (Protection Agency; 1989) 5 y-uccsncyets we oxene oy - i= votes ays stencil Gkeloneyerete) <iehrenssisreknedene 141
Wes. Environmental! Protection Agency; 1987 «sets ih, -potan-qeaenetretalcetece iit click, «| eetsiatees, evenirarta lame Tal. 140
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1990 and 1991 .................-- 145
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1972, )19775, 1982, LOBT, van. ce o)e) sen tor sehedags ine tulle isle ye) ~ilete=. “eke, yslen=aae © = 145
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1973, 1982 and 1991 ............... 145
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1960-1990 ..............++++-0-- 145
Uss. Environmental ProtectionrA gency, US75) aja erete ere ohcus is unu-tae cipelta) ole) elloiiaiails) oho ere Nedont Ne hey aaaeN EES sly 144
U;’S:, EnvironmentaliProtection-A gency, L985 20. rrcucls haus <vepe ob en-re te © veheMellohf> ike! sileyel Vel dah veieyenara rere 140
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, 1992 .............2 eee eee ee eeee 144
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1988 ......... 144
WES: Forest Service, W949 eyes cs coe eusks 6 wes usiecs oie so oe w ROS = okey pee: Sn iemnger eae 154
WES: Department of Agriculture, 1989)... cle ews oo oo se a ehe cap teyseal a omemteye Yee Skalis roheretoyeyetete 154
Wea S:- /Forest Service: (987 oi ccsce ep sures csheue is ls Bmsitvegis swanedes © = sens ace SHOUD ooh teh ees Melani sh. lelemeoyee 154
UES: Department,of Transportation, T990and 199Te Fo. cot. os coi nate oh eeemayslle he Peueeenetele teistetiees 145
WS. Environmental) Protection) Agency, 1992) ooo 2. ie ons oe nic «sw otemene = Sie voote «Nees ace aed = tater 145
U:'S! Environmental: Protection; Agency, (984° iii. cc-sys ianayel- my. arepete & bel iysem @, < rave erwaiioys) « lo inteualiieise aie - 140
UES: Environmental /ProtectionvApency, Wl OS5in a5. laven-ich<haltied -falateyceicrsbie(ele <iejareisicbersis i hatenensrene ieee = (= 140
US. Environmental) Protection Agency, W985. 5c. cic «is .0 «is ah serch 1 visi cts «) ©) =<) -) jean oye iial Stic ot nea 140
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1987... 1.0... 0c eee eee eee eee eee 144
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982... .. . wd < « wsecsiseisuese dle o eremetot eat 144
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 ................. 144
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1967 ......... 2... ee eee eee eee ees 144
WS; Department of Energy, 1987). oes ssins = os pisses oo ais sysndenel’ cloensye® oipreerohets snher iene ne 144
U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1992 ..........20000 cece eee eens j44
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982 1987, and 1989 ........ 144
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 ................. 144
USS. Department of, Commerce; Bureauof the Census, 1990). ~~; tarcrs ~scrciteney v1 -pouetcncieions sisdereiel arene isi 144
US. Department of Commerce; 1978. iisiet ss se o: coous, s.015) 5 ene) «i deteldl » Ieameyen che fololitnciehats sn tei Rehab enaae nnn 168
USS. Fish and: Wildlife’ Service, T9860" 5 o0 5. 6.65.5 16500 eins: mp aos a5 SENS oa as store gaeneS: dcchall ronmeenc areas 168
U3S.-Environmental Protection! Agency, 1989). .c5 isco.» « =, «ye opal edenia so natebialiayie) «fepeieinan tries Scene Roar Aree 173
U}S..Fish-and, Wildlife:Service, T990" oo. oss aysjcue = «ose ws oa 5 SMR he stottepencr sy fe RMN GuR ene nCuLeE 168
WaS; Fishtand Wildlife Service, W991 ecs.ccs. 5: 5 muna, nse, » ova: =< eh held -« orsme Wel oe ve pod aie Nea) isdn eee 168
UZS: Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey Staff, 1975 22... .. <tarete.<, creemieyah. Miseneyeets Sushenetsieiciliete 168
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1987 ... 2... 0... eee eee eee eee eee 168
U. S. Department of Agriculture--Soil Conservation Service, 1985... 2... 2... 2c eee ee eee eee eee 168
UWlanowicZ, R..E:, TOOT os sco 5 tos ws «poy 800 ee) ae oro ego le hie oR Gime Ramey Oh OC eae Snir Ren ans Bere 39
Underground Injection| Practices'‘Council (UIPC), I987 . 1... ... alee stexsusuep dhaustetvncubinle Gin peia isl eivtat iene 139
Unger, 'S. G97 no on otis qe eas meyers a) 6s 6 5) eNe 00) eie 0 y's oRetGhS 6 airapwuny dhe SON Cis esis (cla RinRsGs SMIetRC Ea 170
United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and World Health Organization
(editors), 1976-1991) oon ss eis case rs neo sieve oe 5 SPOIMNS » erapwnen ch « (oie Pees yaieNe SMa retina nets te 24
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), (editor), 1976 ........... 56
United, States Salinity Laboratory, 1969) 2 5.00... o s)s 5 x «hue «jo, «us! ont CIS or yrsirene) cho Kin isi nts lic eu Dynan tats fee 114

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1978 ...............-- 111

Maniodiniates Wepartmentomenersy, LOSB8eeis, .0,. 11. Meleueryal. die de es Maele ea acta lal 124
Pini siies Department of Bnerzy, 1980-1990). i. cnicresaye iota a taraie ie stole oid aa ibaha oie Sheeley ahh eral gle 124
MEMES AES LCHALMENtON, EMEFEY.5. LODO iiir, sve eters fe lelshsie tian fendie a's Me ere wave Pe HERNAN, Ciytelite 124
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support Document for Water Quality-based

SRSA CS COMMEND) LD oc ba a Hoste xs nol Ws fle tessa te vo fa Fe te lai¥o Jaan Guts I< parte en Tes do'te 1G) vice oa SHS he at RLE One MERGE MIM: Be 147
Parry rel CID) be LONIGIO;, LISD. sa seicax. chaet 2 eiecel eens OMe MOSS RO, GANS tatty ote 139
a LDL SOU Sia) a Oe ee en ae ane eee eres. 4 an ae Ae 16
Panistradion;N.Menand C.-A..J. Denneman;. 1989. 2 oni. cose ctv alie oI Hodes oie ER IMI, WA che abe Laces 142
Banciynt Ac, kee yearmish, and M.A, Palazzolo,,199]). 0... N22 Td eae IO, he ala le Dit 122
Wartanyan:G.)S., G: Ni) Kashkovsky, and M..P. Polkanov, 1989. ....... 0 ese ese ine ete dene vole wiley alete olels 120
ee eAEASAIMUNN ATE Roe BRT NICO CH A Ws, TORINLSO MM MOSSES ve ve ye vo te va te wo io voto Th devo veto ve tere vBua to up Weng ACME pel ckba rune 16
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Verly, G., M. David, A. G. Journel, and A. Marechal (editors), 1984 ........ 0.0.00. cee eee eee eee 43
PermontiArencysOl, Natural ReESOUTCES, 199). o. hcidse om Say ie we poche le Patece «ARMM SNS MORE G56 FMT erehoal 16
MEMO AENnCyOl NaturalResounces, 199] bo i.rie sc mw ek Fierce atNOEETS SEA wlohe au NT ek A le ale 9
MenmontApency) oF NaturaliResources, WOOT) i cco ie eserdvs aldol ant SOs lof, aie he LY She 9
ipa IE US 2 GSS Pe? a S Ped a ae ee ee a ae ee . 3 LA one Sey 193
VETTES, ESLER) Bp to ES 2 Se ee ee ee lke oR 198
ies pmE NM LSD NES Wo pow, Becidcrre to ee NH noise ko cee We Mateoike wo baits Weiteste te hse te el ain dS te Ee he AE, AIS 198
NNER CSAC TE RANMA IVA. SRIETIVOOG 5, LOB Ti ie estes 15 10 de og fe ee 00.10 Wey to ww ros'o'e in 0 te NE te MOUS AE oer Ao ey ale. oa tan 77
Raningre. is, Burdpe: Andi MaRobertson; 1989. on oc wc aw wee we feeb NAWNEI onde b SMUD zante cle uae 142
Man PAINE Ee Cnr, SAN VE Os CATMID LIBS) Gite ote ering lave ein’ se Geitaisslis te weve’ oo iw SRE LS gMA RE ernad s & RUB goliath wale 43
eA En Crs AN EET Seg) PL OOS 6 xo teense s bio Glow mur She ee pea op be owes owls oto eeele ee oie 93
ARGCRY PA. fELs AN PICSS LAE PE. A PAE om eA Cees wie eas eh eid ws Tee LIM 5b ATR ale ae 76
vt eee. WANG A ESPMICEMEPSON,, LOSS. 2.6 rc scirels. oo 15 owls itso wre ww lp LA MEU IEUMS on TN ait vale 180
GSE MI GRE PMLOSO Ancbelethcle td 1 OA. Sete ee tec Reais BRel. Bc ws Sen, genes. 2A A oes. deel 180
More ak 1.42. McPherson;andsw il. McDowell, 1986, ............ 080! sated oT dae 2a) elo Dee 180
ORO SVENA A gAcraniceL,, NOVY KN, 1986. 6 5 nie. 5.0 Bins oe eieeie ew Sb wine solo whe Mee ot oe NOMS 54
PROSUN ANY Al: O57. eee), SO Wee Ra APE oie ct se RRL MM ae AE Pe 2 Ee 120
Wadden, R. A., P. A. Scheff, J. Lin, H. Lee, C. B. Keil, J. Graf-Teterycz, D. Kenski, J.-Y. Yeng, M. Javor,

Mae aliiandel gHOMEH OUD can bin cite sip bic kn ns Goo toes Beh GE Soe Si wR rah od Pls 92
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PCIDANETS GME MAN aVS M04, Farce. SOE Wh 5 bots kbps serie n ee res boy 6 ao wie SE eb a Pet, Sele 193
Braker iE SMe GOSh tnt AE Ae Ra RR, AOR esos eae Seda eee se ene ewe FER) poh heehee 180
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PAC YAREL OLD ELON) ARO ee. Wis Sa PORE Aes Cis cee Sewn + se sao wehbe oie Mee polite al 183
DCU ME TEED UNN TT Kine at bien eka eS A WAUAlS NAb bw SAS ahaha he vie b's aac © wih SEY bevels obtener aloe 184
BANOS 5A ai Fi. OLANTONG, MOST. 616.5 5 coms 6 Gib. we wb othe wR OUR vitbe dh UR gala dhe ntiettale 149
EL OLS Se LN Se ERLE EE Re ee ee CE ke Ee eae 176
PcIEME RNIN; PLEIN S Arh REMC PNRS yn. Yo EUNGIL, NEVE aA.w DSA Leden, Ute igas Rite win ee PPO, cide Se PaO 173
eERanE EY ee KONE Ase SIMI CHET (ECULONS), 1909) oo. & ob o5 5 4 6 6.5 ow oh bw ob wes Oo DEED wraloise tatedie 176
ait) UoeN LO Nanas wins Lewin Mathes Ehrbomimnt Rogen Hues vhs 8.90 bas ..t. i. xa 168
WIM RN AN AE Ge Sh SELES ce eo 5G 6556S Lib > WS > os Fab SR Sy hip. oe Fw 2S Kose RAP Scope whF ole 180
Wan winiaS.maeimanowitz, and.M. Seager, 1990)... 552.500 0ne rs sere ap wh oe wether o wine lea Claws 97
WV ATTICR Av a4, TEES, EAL, ETESTON LITA, 0:0: ww wo wo Wie wre hota e ear arb he ithe WMI HMMS DS obi ws ale ale oo Sune 18
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yr re 2 2b OLE a a en ee ae ee ees. Cte a oe rk ee Sr 170
IWURIRICT SHEGIVES Su AON Ly 1s ATRIOS Haig Gre STeMN INTL A, cs aaa ths Bae Se ei eta sar ale ae win hy Viele wt sc WHE 193
WACK fn EeMENGAMig SANWVEITIOCKs I97S 4.656.556 555 w Wane eas a iele 8 Se Obs MON PWM y whe draamllalelly 198
Waren, J, L, Satortise-Powell)iC), Di Ellestad,. RE, Baker, 1992. ...6.. POV 5 edly hte albedo’ ste bieieS 142

VV EFIOIE AMAR cA NT AIICS Ese Ase SUIT LO tals ce Aw 54 ww ewe 08S poe Mts ae Ne orb rnd ote ene ey orb wane hae 168

Washington:Departmentiofi Ecology; yl 990) 9.5.6 15.05 johe'cs sone do0,soiseuousica tee 4 cae feteMons oho otewetanaieiete n> Redeieber ede 10
Washington: DepartnentiofiE cology; 990M, .-.1s so sce sores ve ue yo de udloneee foden ore im Op Relleba volte aketiata anes iene ane 10
Washington) Departmentiof Ecology; 989. <i so sclucheso.i0iyo 1osserne neue co uOkons lee aie ta ateuataieae tien ks Ieee Nene 9
Water Quality 2000, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1991 2.2... ... 06 cece eee eee ee eee 6
Water ResourcesiCenter gl O89. easicpeys AR ac vgs we tosud 0 uo sosqs a go es UO 4c. aolve le so lao nap nlhe bo ra eae vo AIRMEN od NEM a =o uert 61
Water Quality 2000, Water Pollution Control Federation, 1991 ...........2 2. eee e eee eee eee 61
Waters Sey 1 OSO Pirricstbicite ceteris cil MGR 5 sis Stas as tesco we yoy olan: fohys all ogo ue no! 1a EEN tes A cals oe Ie 177
WatsoniJ: JinJwA. Brobertand:S4D:,Piccot,, 1991), ...:..;. . “Chel. peer). «A. 22 Beh eG tees 109
WatsonJ.JedJeA. Proberts:andiSaD:, Piccot,, 1991, .......i)...0esekiee cia. Bt Sew see. SE SS eke ae ee 102
IWedthersbyaR ap W319 QO Mews, MeRmctie as co Forteton ous: screens 1a NOIR MRO. ek gabe, eRe ce Memelils PARERE Woo gMe 2a? ioi'ayioiia ene 57
Weathers bylaw. P1990) hens, Apeteie ieigs LI cys ss eiasis se uo ud ts ap va cisaeine sete MACRO no sa ten opal 0 Cie 68
Weaver Sista 954iepeie, Mantis. tokeisietiete. Aeriiatceies J S20 ant SL. 6 eel <cste« SEs A Ae 159
Weaver: JsiEisl 968 Von sete. S202, hes. 2OR4, ceitibes. hacksaw. fae faced 1D. AR ened. ee ae 159
Webbs Lstand JT ryensi(editors),, I9S4)rcmicuei. Auienctigie nied... 32 ROP peeve steh eet Aes So seer. Seems 6
Webbe Weds E.. D.Cashatt.andyH.jJDs Bohleny 1986) wince. J SR joer. loser Ac oeert. toon 181
Webbs DW NeDsPenny,nandinGs Marlin; 1975) ois eis sss oo sea bee a alte tah set Gh -LO RUA We oes chaning ete 181
Weber sy Wire Pl r R19 S Giesaetets eee ies te gs Ee so coco ice sdlabobe oye ose ve Ne we Se todo nes Nella Is Nossa co male ds OE a 142
WedinyD:vAe and) Dishilman, (1992, fife ccel. Meterate Eerie, BR veo eras gee asl ne ae nore ei belch Noe ae ae 159
Webhrmanti-HuvA: {1989 ue ed eens: ciel As A Kiwi. Sites Baty froceemet.,.. RARE Ee ae 75
Weider Re Atwand! SMP Byers; 1979 oc ous recesses a hice w ce sosse se i seine boctolioe yo eh NERD qASROR NEN ie NE tas east 193
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Whitcomb, R. F., C. S. Robbins, J. F. Lynch, B. L. Whitcomb, M. K. Klimkiewicz, and D. Bystrak,

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