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CHARACTER SKETCH1
OF ROMAN/ FICT:
AND THE DRAMA :
A f
VAK
ft"
M I)
'The 'Two Welters
Frederick Barnard, Artist
MUELLER and bis father meet after a long separation. Sam
inquires,
"How's mother-in-law ? ' '
"Why, I'll tell you what, Sammy," said Mr. Wellcr. senior, with much
solemnity in bis manner. "There never was a nicer woman as a icidder
than that ere second wentur of mine a sweet cretur she was, Sammy ; all I
can say on her now is, that as she was such an uncommon pleasant Bidder,
it's a great pity she ever changed her condition. She don't ail as a -uife,
Sammy ! ' '
"Don't she, though?" inquired Mr. Wellcr, junior.
The elder Mr. Welter shook " with a sigh, "I've done
it once too often, Sammy, I've done it once too often! Take example by
your father, my boy, and be werry careful o' widders all your life, specially
if they've kept a public-house, Sammy,"
Uickens's "Pickwick Papers."
XVTI
~7 ^^
?
HARACTER SKETCHES
OF ROMANCE, FICTION
L AND THE DRAMA : : : :
A REVISED AMERICAN EDITION
OF THE READER'S HANDBOOK
BY
THE REV. E^COBHAM BREWER, LL.D.
in
EDITED BY
MARION HARLAND
VOLUME VIII
NEW YORK
SELMAR HESS
PUBLISHER
MDCCCXCVI
43
67
Copyright by
SELMAR HKSS.
PHOTOGRAVURES PRINTED ON THE
HESS PRESS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOLUME VIII.
PHOTOGRAVURES AND ETCHINGS.
Illustration Artist To face
page
WELLERS (THE TWO) - ... FREDERICK BARNARD Frontispiece
WOTAN TAKES LEAVE OF BRUNHILD - K. DIELITZ 264
WOOD ENGRAVINGS AND TYPOGRAVURES.
TULLIA .... - ERNST HILDEBRAND 156
ULYSSES AND TELEMACHUS (THE MEETING BE-
TWEEN) - 170
UNDINE - .... MULLER 172
URSUS AND HOMO - - G. ROCHEGROSSE 176
VALJEAN (JEAN) -' " - - - EMILE BAYARD 180
VALKYRIE (THE) 182
VALLIERE AT THE CONVENT (LOUISE DE LA) - EMMANUEL VAN DEN BUSSCHE 184
VAN WINKLE (JEFFERSON AS RIP) .... 186
VASHTI - . EENST NORMAND 188
VOL. VIII., 8 VOL. ED. ill
IV
Illustration
VILLAGE (THE PRIDE OF THE) - - J- CALLCOTT HORSLEY
VIMPANY (MISS HENLEY AND MRS.) A. FORESTIER
VIOLA AND OLIVIA - CARL BECKER
VIRGIL (DANTE AND) CROSSING THE STYX - - EUGENE DELACROIX
VIRGINIA (ALTERCATION BETWEEN GERVAISE AND) ADRIEN MARIE
VIRGINIA (THE DEATH OF) - A. ZICK
VOSS (MILLER) AND THE CHASSEUR - CONRAD BECKMANN
WALLENSTEIN (DEATH OF) - - CARL VON PILOTY
WAVERLEY AND ROSE BRADWARDINE - - ROB. HERDMAN
WEDDING (PETRUCHIO'S) -
WELCOME, SIR OLUF - - - W. KRAY
WERNER AND JOSEPHINE
WERNER THE TRUMPETER AND MARGARET VON
SACKINGEN - E. LIMMER
WERTHER AND CHARLOTTE
WITCH (FLORIMEL AND THE) - - F. R. PICKERSGILL,
WOFFINGTON (PEG) AND RICH - - F. SMALLFIELD
WOHLFART (ANTON) AND LENORE - - WISNIESKI
WRESTLER (ORLANDO AND THE) - - D. MACLISE
YORICK AND THE CHAISE- VAMPER'S WIFE - - CHAS. R. LESLIE
YVETOT (THE KING OF) - - EMILE BAYARD
To face
page
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
224
226
230
232
234
236
254
256
258
266
270
272
VOL. VIII., 8 VOL. ED.
CHARACTER SKETCHES OE ROMANCE,
EICTIOJST, AND THE DRAMA.
j)RUE THOMAS, Thomas the
Ehymer. So called from his
prophecies, the most noted of
which was his prediction of
the death of Alexander III.
of Scotland, made to the earl of March. It
is recorded in the Scotichrontcon of Fordun
(1430).
Tmeworth, brother of Lydia, and friend
of Sir William Fondlove. S. Knowles, The
Love-Chase (1837).
Trull (Dolly). Captain Macheath says
of her, " She is always so taken up with
stealing hearts, that she does not allow
herself time to steal anything else " (act ii.
1). Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727).
Trulliber (Parson), a fat clergyman;
ignorant, selfish, and slothful. Fielding,
The Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742).
Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, Sir Wil-
ful Witwould, Sir Francis Wronghead, Squire
Western, Squire Sullen ; such were the people
who composed the main strength of the Tory
party for sixty years after the Revolution.
Macaulay.
%* " Sir Wilful Witwould," in The Way
of the World, by Congreve ; " Sir Francis
Wronghead," in The Provoked Husband,
by C. Gibber ; " Squire Western," in Tom
Jones, by Fielding ; " Squire Sullen," in
The Beaux 1 Stratagem, by Farquhar.
Trunnion (Commodore Hawser), a one-
eyed naval veteran, who has retired from
the service in consequence of injuries re-
ceived in engagements ; but he still keeps
garrison in his own house, which is de-
fended with drawbridge and ditch. He
sleeps in a hammock, and makes his ser-
vants sleep in hammocks, as on board ship,
takes his turn on watch, and indulges his
naval tastes in various other ways. Lieu-
tenant Jack Hatchway is his companion.
When he went -to be married, he rode on
a hunter which he steered like a ship,
according to the compass, tacking about,
that he might not " go right in the wind's
eye." T. Smollett, The Adventures of Per-
egrine Pickle (1750).
It is vain to criticize the manoeuvre of Trun-
nion, tacking his way to church on his wedding
day, in consequence of a head wind. Encyc.
Brit., Art. " Romance."
Truscott (Jack), officer in U. S. Army,
and, according to his wife, " gallant, noble,
gentle, tender, true, faithful and um
sweet!" Truscott's character, said to
VOL. VIII. OP 8 VOL. ED.
153
TEUSCOTT
154
TUCK
be drawn from life, is one of the finest in
Captain Charles King's series of military
novels. Truscott leads the rescuing party
to the cottonwood copse where a handful
of U. S. soldiers are penned in by Indians.
" More shots and yells, a trumpet-blare, and
then then, ringing like clarion over the tur-
moil of the fight, echoing far across the still
valley, the sound of a glorious voice shouting
the well-known words of command, Left
front into line gallop." And Dana can hold
in no longer. Almost sobbing, he cries aloud
" Jack Truscott, by all that is glorious ! I'd
know the voice among a million ! Who in
the th would not t Who in the old regi-
ment had not leaped at its summons, time and
again? Charles King, Marion's Faith (1886).
Trusty (Mrs.), landlady of the Queen's
Arms, Eomford. Motherly, most kind-
hearted, a capital caterer, whose ale was
noted. Bess, " the beggar's daughter," took
refuge with her, and was most kindly
treated. Mrs. Trusty wished her son,
Ralph, to take Bess to wife, but Bess had
given her heart to Wilford, the son of
Lord Woodville, her cousin. S. Knowles,
The Beggar ofBethnal Green (1834).
Tryamour (Sir), the hero of an old
metrical novel, and the model of all
knightly virtues.
Try'anon, daughter of the fairy king
who lived on the island of Ole'ron. " She
was as white as a lily in May, or snow
that snoweth on a winter's day," and her
" haire shone as golde wire." This para-
gon of beauty married Sir Launfal, King
Arthur's steward, whom she carried off
to " Oliroun, her jolif isle." Thomas
Chestre, Sir Launfal (fifteenth century).
Trygon, a poisonous fish. Ulysses was
accidentally killed by his son Telegftnos
with an arrow pointed with trygon-bone.
The lord of Ithaca,
Struck by the poisonous trygon's bone expired.
West, Triumphs of the Gout (" Lucian'" 1750).
Tryphon, the sea-god's physician.
They send in haste for Tryphon, to apply
Salves to his wounds, and medicines of might ;
For Tryphon of sea-god's the sovereign leech is
hight.
Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 4 (1590).
Tubal, a wealthy Jew, the friend of
Shylock. Shakespeare, The Merchant of
Venice (a drama, 1598).
Tuck, a long, narrow sword (Gaelic
tuca, Welsh twca, Italian stocco, French
estoc. In Hamlet the word " tuck " is er-
roneously printed stuck in Malone's edi-
tion.
If he by chance escape your venomed tuck,
Our purpose may hold there.
Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iv. sc. 7.
Tuck (Friar), the " curtal friar of Foun-
tain's Abbey," was the father confessor of
Eobin Hood. He is represented as a sleek-
headed, pudgy, paunchy, pugnacious cleri-
cal Falstaff, very fat and self-indulgent,
very humorous, and somewhat coarse.
His dress was a russet habit of the Fran-
ciscan order, a red corded girdle with
gold tassel, red stockings, and a wallet.
Sir Walter Scott, in his Ivanhoe, calls
him the holy clerk of Copmanhurst, and
describes him as a "large, strong-built
man in a sackcloth gown and hood, girt
with a rope of rushes." He had a round,
bullet head, and his close-shaven crown
was edged with thick, stiff, curly black
hair. His countenance was bluff and
jovial, eyebrows black and bushy, fore-
head well-turned, cheeks round and ruddy,
beard long, curly and black, form brawny
(ch. xv.).
In the May-day morris-dance the friar
TUCK
155
TULLY
is introduced in full clerical tonsure, with
the chaplet of white and red beads in his
right hand, a corded girdle about his waist,
and a russet robe of the Franciscan order.
His stockings red, his girdle red, orna-
mented with gold twist and a golden tassel.
At his girdle hung a wallet for the recep-
tion of provisions, for "Walleteers" had
no other food but what they received from
begging. Friar Tuck was chaplain to
Robin Hood, the May-king. (See MORKIS-
DANCE.)
In this our spacious isle, I think there is not one
But he hath heard some talk of Hood and Little
John;
Of Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon
made,
In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws and their
trade.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622).
Tud (Morgan), chief physician of King
Arthur. The Mabinogion (" Geraint,"
twelfth century).
Tug (Tom), the waterman, a straight-
forward, honest young man, who loved
Wilhelmi'na, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Bundle, and, when he won the waterman's
badge in rowing, he won the consent of
" the gardener's daughter " to become his
loving and faithful wife. C. Dibdin, The
Waterman (1774).
Tukely, the lover of Sophia. As So-
phia has a partiality for the Hon.*Mr. Daf-
fodil, " the male coquette," Tukely dresses
in woman's clothes, makes an appoint-
ment with Daffodil, and gets him to slander
Sophia and other ladies, concealed among
the trees. They thus hear his slanders,
and, presenting themselves before him,
laugh him to scorn. Garrick, The Male
Coquette (1758).
Tulk'inghorn (Mr.), attorney-at-law
and legal adviser of the Dedlocks. Very
silent and perfectly self-contained, but,
knowing Lady Dedlock's secret, he is like
the sword of Dam'ocles over her head, and
she lives in ceaseless dread of him. C.
Dickens, Bleak House (1852).
Tullia, wicked daughter of Servius
Tullius, king of Rome. She conspired
with her paramour to compass her father's
death, and drove over his dead body on
her way to greet her accomplice as king.
Tulliver (Mr.), honest, irascible miller,
whose love for " the little wench," his
daughter, is the gentlest feeling of his
nature. His pride is hurt by financial
disaster; he becomes a hireling of the
man he hates ; his fortunes are redeemed
by his son, but he dies soon afterward.
Tulliver (Mrs.), a weak, garrulous wo-
man, vain of her " Dodson blood."
Tulliver (Maggie), fine, upright, imagi-
native, affectionate girl, understood by
few, and passionately loved by two men.
She resists her love for her cousin's al-
most betrothed, and suffers the loss of
reputation patiently. Tom Tulliver, her
brother, is the sternest of her censors.
The two are drowned together in a river-
flood. George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss.
Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the great
Roman orator (B.C. 106-43). He was pro-
scribed by Antony, one of the triumvirate,
and his head and hands, being cut off,
were nailed, by the orders of Antony, to
the Rostra of Rome.
Ye fond adorers of departed fame,
Who warm at Scipio's worth or Tully's name.
Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799).
The Judas who betrayed Tully to the
IV
TULLY
156
TURKOMANS
sicarii was a cobbler. The man who mur-
dered him was named Herennius.
Tungay, the one-legged man at Salem
House.
He generally acted, with his strong voice, as
Mr. Creakle's interpreter to the boys. C. Dick-
ens, David Copperfield, ii. (1849).
Tunstall (Frank), one of the appren-
tices of David Ramsay, the watchmaker.
Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel
(time, James I.).
Tupman (Tracy), M.P.C., a sleek, fat
young man, of very amorous disposition.
He falls in love with every pretty girl he
sees, and is, consequently, always getting
into trouble. C. Dickens, The Pickwick
Papers (1836).
Turbulent School of Fiction (The),
a school of German romance writers, who
returned to the feudal ages, and wrote be-
tween 1780 and 1800, in the style of Mrs.
Radcliffe. The best known are Cramer,
Spiers, Schlenkert, and Veit Weber.
Turcaret, a comedy by Lesage (1708),
in which the farmers-general of France
are gibbeted unmercifully. He is a coarse,
illiterate man, who has grown rich by his
trade. Any one who has risen from noth-
ing to great wealth, and has no merit be-
yond money-making, is called a Turcaret.
Turcos, native Algerian infantry, offi-
cered by Frenchmen. The cavalry are
called Spahis.
Turell (Jane), a fair Puritan, whose
early precocity and mature accomplish-
ments are related by her husband. Be-
fore she was four years old she "could say
the Assembly's Catechism, many of the
Psalms, some hundred lines of the best
poetry, read distinctly, and make perti-
nent remarks on many things she read."
In later years she fulfilled the promise
thus given of intellectual acquirements,
while " her innocence, modesty, ingenuity
and devotion charmed all into admiration
of her." Ebenezer Turell, Memoirs of the
Pious and Ing.enious Mrs. Jane Turell
(1735).
Turk Gregory, Gregory VII. (Hilde-
brand) ; so called for his furious raid upon
royal prerogatives, especially his contest
with the emperor [of Germany] on the
subject of investiture. In 1075, he sum-
moned the emperor Henry IV. to Rome ;
the emperor refused to obey the summons,
the pope excommunicated him, and ab-
solved all his subjects from their allegi-
ance ; he next declared Henry dethroned,
and elected a new kaiser, but Henry, find-
ing resistance in vain, begged to be recon-
ciled to the pope. He was now com-
manded, in the midst of a severe winter,
to present himself, with Bertha, his wife,
and their infant son, at the castle of Ca-
nossa, in Lombardy ; and here they had to
stand three days in the piercing cold, be-
fore the pope would condescend to see
him, but at last the proud prelate removed
the excommunication, and Henry was re-
stored to his throne.
Turkish Spy (Tfie). A once popular
romance relating the adventures of Mah-
mut, a Turk who lived forty-five years
undiscovered in Paris, unfolding the in-
trigues of the Christian courts, between
1637 and 1682. The author of this ro-
mance is Giovanni Paolo Mara'na, and he
makes it the medium of an historical
novel of the period (1684).
Turkomans, a corruption of Turk-
Tullia
Ernst Hildcbrand, Artist KrBntr, Engravtt
rULLIA, the cruel daughter of Servius Tullius, tbe sixth king of Rome,
having cleared the way for her ambition by murder after murder,
dispossessed her father and seized the crown. In the struggle Servius
Tullius was killed, and 'Tullia, on her triumphant progress through Rome to
greet her husband, drove over her father's dead body, as it lay unburied in
the street. The story goes that the charioteer hesitated at sight of the corpse of
the old nun. .tnJ would have turned his steeds, whereupon Tullia bade him
" Drive on 1 " The blood of her murdered parent stained her chariot-wheels.
TULLIA.
TURKOMANS
157
TURPIN
imams (" Turks of the true faith "). The
first chief of the Turks who embraced Is-
lam, called his people so to distinguish
them from the Turks who had not em-
braced that faith.
Turiibull (Michael), the Douglas's dark
huntsman. Sir W. Scott, Castle Danger-
ous (time, Henry I.).
Turnbull (Mr. Thomas), also called "Tom
Turnpenny," a canting smuggler and
school-master. Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet
time, George III.).
Turnip-Hoer, George I. So called be-
cause, when he first came over to England,
he proposed planting St. James's Park
with turnips (1660, 1714-1727).
Turnpenny (Mr.),
thorn. Sir W. Scott,
(time, George III.).
banker at March-
St. Eonan's Well
Turnpenny (Tom), also called " Thomas
Turnbull," a canting smuggler and school-
master. Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time,
George III.).
Tumtippit (Old lord), one of the privy
council in the reign of William III. Sir
W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (1819).
Turon, the son of Brute's sister, slew
600 Aquitanians with his own hand in one
single fight.
Where Turon, . . . Brute's sister's valiant son . . .
Six hundred slew outright thro' his peculiar
strength ;
By multitudes of men, yet overpressed at length.
His noble uncle there, to his immortal name
The city Turon [Tours] built, and well endowed
the same.
Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 1612).
Turpin, a churlish knight, who re-
fuses hospitality to Sir Calepine and
Serena, although solicited to do so by his
wife, Blanlda (bk. vi. 3). Serena told
Prince Arthur of this discourtesy, and the
prince, after chastising Turpin, unknight-
ed him, and prohibited him from bearing
arms ever after (bk. vi. 7). The disgraced
churl now vowed revenge ; so off he starts,
and seeing two knights, complains to them
of the wrongs done to himself and his
dame by " a recreant knight," whom he
points out to them. The two champions
instantly challenge the prince " as a foul
woman-wronger," and defy him to com-
bat. One of the two champions is soon
slain and the other overthrown, but is
spared on craving his life. The survivor
now returns to Turpin, to relate his mis-
adventure, and when they reach the dead
body see Arthur asleep. Turpin proposes
to kill him, but Arthur starts up and
hangs the rascal on a tree (bk. vi. 7).
Spenser, Faery Queen (1596).
Turpin, "archbishop of Eheims," the
hypothetical author of a Chronicle, pur-
porting to be a history of Charlemagne's
Spanish adventures in 777, by a con-
temporary. This fiction was declared au-
thentic and genuine by Pope Calixtus II.
in 1122, but it is now generally attributed
to a canon of Barcelona in the eleventh
century.
The tale says that Charlemagne went to
Spain in 777 to defend one of his allies
from the aggressions of a neighboring
prince. Having conquered Navarre and
Aragon he returned to France. He then
crossed the Pyrenees, and invested Pam-
peluna for three months, but without suc-
cess. He tried the effect of prayer, and
the walls, like those of Jericho, fell down
of their own accord. Those Saracens who
consented to be baptized he spared, but
the rest were put to the sword. Being
IV
TUEPIN
158
TWEEDLEDUM
master of Pampeluna, the hero visited the
sarcophagus of James ; and Turpin, who
accompanied him, baptized most of the
neighborhood. Charlemagne then led back
his army over the Pyrenees, the rear being
under the command of Roland. The main
army reached France in safety, but 50,000
Saracens fell on the rear, and none escaped.
Turpin (Dick), a noted highwayman, ex-
ecuted at York (1739).
Ainsworth has introduced into Book-
wood Turpin's famous ride to York on his
steed, Black Bess. It is said that Maginn
really wrote this powerful description
(1834).
Turpin (The French Dick) is Cartouche,
an eighteenth century highwayman. W.
H. Ainsworth made him the hero of a ro-
mance (1841).
Tur'quine (Sir) had sixty-four of King
Arthur's knights in prison, all of whom he
had vanquished by his own hand. He
hated Sir Launcelot, because he had slain
his brother, Sir Car' ados, at the Dolorous
Tower. Sir Launcelot challenged Sir
Turquine to a trial of strength, and slew
him, after which he liberated the captive
knights. Sir T. Malory, History of Prince
Arthur, i. 108-110 (1470).
Turquoise (2 syl.), a blue material
found in Persia, the exact nature of which
is not known. Sundry virtues are at-
tached to it : (1) It indicates by its hue the
state of the wearer's health; (2) it indi-
cates by its change of lustre if any peril
awaits the wearer ; (3) it removes animos-
ity between the giver and the receiver;
(4) it is a potent love-charm, and hence
Leah gave a turquoise ring to Shylock
"when he was a bachelor," in order to
make him propose to her.
Tur'veydrop (Mr.), a selfish, self-in-
dulgent, conceited dancing-master, who
imposes on the world by his majestic ap-
pearance and elaborate toilette. He lives
on the earnings of his son (named Prince,
after the prince regent), who reveres him
as a perfect model of "deportment." C.
Dickens, Bleak House (1852).
Tuscan Poet (The), Ludovico Ariosto,
born at Reggio, in Modena (14741533).
Noted for his poem entitled Orlando
Furioso.
The Tuscan poet doth advance
The frantic paladin of France.
Drayton, NympUdia (1563-1631).
Tutivillus, the demon who collects all
the fragments of words omitted, muti-
lated, or mispronounced by priests in the
performance of religious services, and
stores them up in that "bottomless" pit
which is " paved with good intentions."
Langland, Visions of Piers Plowman, 547
(1362); and the Townley Mysteries, 310,
319, etc.
Twangdillo, the fiddler, in Somerville's
Hobbinol, a burlesque poem in three can-
tos. Twangdillo had lost one leg and one
eye by a stroke of lightning on the banks
of the Ister, but was still merry-hearted.
He tickles every string to every note ;
He bends his pliant neck, his single eye
Twinkles with joy, his active stump beats time.
Hobbinol, or The Rural Games, i. (1740).
Tweedledum and Tweedledee. In
the time of George III. the musical world
was divided between the parties holding
by the German Handel and the Italian
Bouoncini. The prince of Wales sup-
ported Handel, the duke of Marlborough
stood for Bononcini.
TWEEDLEDUM
159
TWELVE KNIGHTS
Some say, compared to Bononcini,
That mynherr Handel's but a ninny ;
Others aver that he to Handel
Is scarcely fit to hold a candle ;
Strange all this difference should be
'Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee.
J. Byrom (1691-1763).
Twelfth Night, a drama by Shake-
speare. The story came originally from
a novellette by Bandello (who died 1555),
reproduced by Belleforest in his Histoires
Tragiques, from which Shakespeare ob-
tained his story. The tale is this : Viola
and Sebastian were twins, and exactly
alike. When grown up, they were ship-
wrecked off the coast of Illyria, and both
were saved. Viola, being separated from
her brother, in order to obtain a liveli-
hood, dressed like her brother, and took
the situation of page under the duke Or-
slno. The duke, at the time, happened
to be in love with Olivia, and as the lady
looked coldly on his suit, he sent Viola to
advance it, but the willful Olivia, instead
of melting towards the duke, fell in love
with his beautiful page. One day Sebas-
tian, the twin-brother of Viola, being at-
tacked in a street brawl, before Olivia's
house, the lady, thinking him to be the
page, invited him in, and they soon grew
to such familiar terms that they agreed to
become man and wife. About the same
time, the duke discovered his page to be
a beautiful woman, and as he could not
marry his first love, he made Viola his
wife, and the duchess of Illyria.
Twelve Apostles of Ireland (The),
twelve Irish prelates of the sixth century,
disciples of St. Finnian of Clonard.
1. CIAEAN or KEIRAN, bishop and abbot
of Saighir (now Seir-Keiran, King's
County).
2. CIARAN or KEIRAN, abbot of Clom-
nacnois.
3. COLUMCILLE of Hy (now lona). This
prelate is also called St. Columba.
4. BRENDAN, bishop and abbot of Clon-
fert.
5. BRENDAN, bishop and abbot of Birr
(now Parsonstown, King's County).
6. COLDMBA, abbot of Tirdaglas.
7. MOLAISE or LAISRE, abbot of Dam-
hiris (now Devenish Island, in lough Erne).
8. CAINNECH, abbot of Aichadhbo, in
Queen's County.
9. EUADAN or RODAN, abbot of Lorrha,
in Tipperary County.
10. MOBI CLATRENECH (i.e., " the flat-
faced"), abbot of Glasnooidhan (now
Glasnevin, near Dublin).
11. SENELL, abbot of Cluain-inis, in
lough Erne.
12. NANNATH or NENNITH, bishop and
abbot of Inismuige-Samh (now Inismac-
Saint, in lough Erne).
Twelve Knights of the Round Table.
Dry den says there were twelve paladins,
and twelve knights of the Kound Table.
The table was made for 150, but as twelve
is the orthodox number, the following
names hold the most conspicuous places :
(1) LAUNCELOT, (2) TRISTRAM, and (3)
LAMORACKE, the three bravest; (4) TOR,
the first made ; (5) GALAHAD, the chaste ;
(6) GAW'AIN, the courteous; (7) GARETH,
the big-handed ; (8) PALOMIDES, the Sara-
cen, or unbaptized ; (9) KAY, the rude and
boastful; (10) MARK, the dastard; (11)
MORDRED, the traitor ; and the twelfth, as
in the case of the paladins, must be se-
lected from one af the following names,
all of which are seated with the prince in
the frontispiece attached to the History of
Prince Arthur, compiled by Sir T. Malory
in 1470 ; Sirs Acolon, Ballamore, Beleo-
bus, Belvoure, Bersunt, Bors, Ector de
Maris, Ewain, Floll, Gaheris, Galohalt,
Grislet, Lionell, Marhaus, Paginet, Pelleas,
IV
TWELVE KNIGHTS
160
TWELVE PALADINS
Percival, Sagris, Superabilis, and Tur-
quine.
Or we may take from the Mabinogion
the three "battle knights," Cad wr, Lauuce-
lot, and Owain ; the three " counselling
knights," Kynon, Aron, and Llywarch
Hen ; the three " diademed knights," Kai,
Trystan, and Gwevyl; and the three
" golden-tongued," Gwalchmai, Drudwas
and Eliwlod, many of which are unknown
in modern story.
Sir Walter Scott names sixteen of re-
nown, seated round the king :
There Galahad sat with manly grace,
Yet maiden meekness in his face ;
There Morolt of the iron mace ;
And lovelorn Tristrem there ;
And Dinadam, with lively glance ;
And Lanval, with the fairy lance ;
And Mordred, with his looks askance ;
Brunor and Belvidere.
Why should I tell of numbers more f
Sir Cay, Sir Banier, and Sir Bore,
Sir Caradoc, the keen,
And gentle Gawain's courteous lore,
Hector de Mares, and Pellinore,
And Lancelot, that evermore
Looked stol'n-wise on the queen.
Bridal of Triermain, ii. 13 (1813).
Twelve Paladins (The), twelve famous
warriors in Charlemagne's court.
1. ASTOLPHO, cousin of Eoland, de-
scended from Charles Martel. A great
boaster, fool-hardy, and singularly hand-
some. It was Astolpho who went to the
moon to fetch back Orlando's (Roland's)
brains when mad.
2. FERUMBRAS or FIERABRAS, a Saracen,
afterwards converted and baptized.
3. FLOEISMART, the fidus Achates of Eo-
land or Orlando.
4. GANELON, the traitor, count of May-
ence. Placed by Dante in the Inferno.
5. MAUGEIS, in Italian MALAGIGI, cousin
to Rinaldo, and son of Beuves of Aygre-
mont. He was brought up by Oriande
the fairy, and became a great enchanter.
6. NAMO or NAYME de Baviere.
7. OGIEE, the DANE, thought to be Hol-
ger, the hero of Denmark, but some affirm
that "Dane" is a corruption of Damne ;
so called because he was not baptized.
8. OLIVEE, son of Begnier, corute de
Gennes, the rival of Eoland in all feats of
arms.
9. OTUEL, a Saracen, nephew to Ferra-
gus or Ferracute. He was converted, and
married a daughter of King Charlemagne.
10. BINALDO, son of Duke Aymon, and
cousin to Eoland. Angelica fell in love
with him, but he requited not her affec-
tion.
11. EOLAND, called ORLANDO in Italian,
comte de Cenouta. He was Charle-
magne's nephew, his mother being Berthe,
the king's sister, and his father Millon.
12. One of the following names, all of
which are called paladins, and probably
supplied vacancies caused by death:
Basin de Genevois, Geoffrey de Frises,
Guerin, due de Lorraine, Guillaume de
1'Estoc, Guy de Bourgogne, Hoel comte
de Nantes, Lambert, prince of Bruxelles,
Eichard, due de Normandy, Eiol du Mans,
Samson, due de Bourgogne, and Thiery.
** There is considerable resemblance
between the twelve selected paladins and
the twelve selected Table knights. In
each case there were three pre-eminent for
bravery: Oliver, Eoland and Einaldo
(paladins) ; Launcelot, Tristram, and Lam-
oracke (Table knights). In each case
was a Saracen : Ferumbras (the paladin) ;
Palomides (the Table knight). In each was
a traitor : Ganelon (the paladin) ; Mordred
(the Table Knight), like Judas Iscariot in
the apostolic twelve.
Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's
reign.
Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charle-
main.
Dryden, The Flower and the Leaf.
TWELVE WISE MASTERS 161
TWINEALL
Twelve Wise Masters (The), the origi-
nal corporation of the mastersingers.
Hans Sachs, the cobbler of Niirnberg,
was the most renowned and the most vo-
luminous of the mastersingers, but he
was not one of the original twelve. He
lived 1494-1576, and left behind him
thirty-four folio vols. of MS., containing
208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 450
lyric poems.
Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of
the gentle craft,
Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge
folios sang and danced.
Longfellow, Nuremberg.
*#* The original corporation consisted
of Heinrik von Mueglen, Konrad Harder,
Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regen-
bogen (blacksmith), Master Muscabliit
(tailor), Hans Blotz (barber), Hans Rosen-
brut (armorial painter), Sebastian Brandt
(jurist), Thomas Murner, Hans Folz (sur-
geon), Wilhelm Weber, and Hans Sachs
(cobbler). This last, though not one of
the founders, was so superior to them all
that he is always reckoned among the
wise mastersingers.
Twemlow (Mr.), first cousin to Lord
Snigsworth ; " an innocent piece of din-
ner-furniture," in frequent requisition by
Mr. and Mrs. Veneering. He is described
as " grey, diy, polite, and susceptible to
east wind ; " he wears " first-geutleman-
in-Europe collar and cravat ; " " his
cheeks are drawn in as if he had made a
great effort to retire into himself some
years ago, and had got so far, but never
any further." His great mystery is who
is Mr. Veneering's oldest friend; is he
himself his oldest or his newest acquaint-
ance? He couldn't tell. C. Dickens, Our
Mutual Friend (1864).
Twenty Bold Mariners.
" Twenty bold mariners went to the wave,
Twenty sweet breezes blew over the main ;
All were so hearty, so free and so brave
But they never came back again."
*******
Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, Along the Shore
(1888).
Twice-told Tales. Some of Nathan-
iel Hawthorne's most charming tales and
sketches are collected under this caption
(1851).
Twickenham (The Bard of), Alexan-
der Pope, who lived for thirty years at
Twickenham (1688-1744).
Twigtythe (The Rev. Mr.), clergyman
at Fasthwaite Farm, held by Farmer Wil-
liams. Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time,
George II.).
Twin Brethren (The Great), Castor
and Pollux.
Back comes the chief in triumph
Who, in the hour of fight,
Hath seen the Great Twin Brethren
In harness on his right.
Safe comes the ship to haven,
Thro' billows and thro' gales,
If once the great Twin Brethren
Sit shining on the sails.
Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (" Battle
of Lake Regillus," xl. 1842).
Twineall (The Hon. Mr.), a young
man who goes to India, intending to work
himself into place by flattery; but,
wholly mistaking character, he gets thrown
into prison for treason. Twineall talks to
Sir Luke Tremor (who ran away from the
field of battle) of his glorious deeds of
fight ; to Lady Tremor (a grocer's daugh-
ter) of high birth, supposing her to be a
descendant of the kings of Scotland; to
Lord Flint (the sultan's chief minister) of
IV
TWINEALL
162 TWO KINGS OF BRENTFOED
the sultan's dubious right to the throne,
and so on. Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things
Are (1786).
Twist (Oliver), the son of Mr. Brown-
low's oldest friend and Agnes Fleming;
half -brother to "Manks." He was born
and brought up in a workhouse, starved,
and ill-treated; but was always gentle,
amiable, and pure-minded. His asking for
more gruel at the workhouse because he
was so hungry, and the astonishment of
the officials at such daring impudence, is
capitally told. Charles Dickens, Oliver
Twist (1837).
Twitcher (Harry). Henry, Lord
Brougham [Broom} was so called, from his
habit of twitching his neck (1778-1868).
Don't you recollect, North, some years ago
that Murray's name was on our title-page ; and
that, being alarmed for Subscription Jamie [Sir
James Mackintosh] and Harry Twitcher, he ...
scratched his name out ? Wilson, Nodes Am-
brosiance (1822-36).
Twitcher (Jemmy), a cunning and treach-
erous highwayman in Macheath's gang.
Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727).
Tivitcher (Jemmy), the nickname of John,
Lord Sandwich, noted for his liaison with
Miss Bay (1718-1792).
When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smugged up his
face
With a lick of court whitewash and pious grim-
ace,
Avowing he went where three sisters of old,
In harmless society, guttle and scold.
Gay, (1716-1771).
Two Drovers (The), a tale in two chap-
ters, laid in the reign of George III., writ-
ten by Sir Walter Scott (1827). It is one
of the " Chronicles of the Canongate "
supposed to be told by Mr. Croftangry.
Robin Oig M'Combich, a Highland drover,
revengeful and proud, meets with Harry
Wakefield, a jovial English drover, and
quarrels with him about a pasture-field.
They fight in Heskett's ale-house, but are
separated. Oig goes on his way to get a
dagger, with which he returns to the ale-
house, and stabs Harry who is three parts
drunk. Being tried for murder, he is con-
demned and executed.
Two Gentlemen of Vero'na, a drama
by Shakespeare, the story of which is
taken from the Diana of Montemayor
(sixteenth century). The tale is this:
Protheus and Valentine were two friends,
and Protheus was in love with a lady of
Verona, named Julia. Valentine went to
sojourn in Milan, and there fell in love
with Silvia, the duke's daughter, who was
promised in marriage to Thurio. Pro-
theus, being sent by his father to Milan,
forgot Julia, fell in love with Silvia, and,
in order to carry his point, induced the
duke to banish Valentine, who became
the captain of banditti, into whose hands
Silvia fell. Julia, unable to bear the ab-
sence of her lover, dressed in boy's clothes,
and, going to Milan, hired herself as a
page to Protheus, and when Silvia was
lost, the duke, with Thurio, Protheus and
his page, went in quest of her. She was
soon discovered, but when Thurio at-
tempted to take possession of her, Valen-
tine said to him, "I dare you to touch
her;" and Thurio replied, "None but a
fool would fight for a girl." The duke,
disgusted, gave Silvia to Valentine; and
Protheus, ashamed of his conduct, begged
pardon of Valentine, discovered his page
to be Julia, and married her (1595).
Two Kings of Brentford (The). In
the duke of Buckingham's farce called
The Rehearsal (1671), the two kings enter
hand-in-hand, dance together, sing to-
TWO KINGS OF BEENTFOED 163
TYBUEN TEEE
gether, walk arm-in-arm, and, to heighten
the absurdity, they are made to smell of
the same nosegay (act ii. 2.).
Two-Legged Mare (The), a gallows.
Vice says to Tyburn :
I will help to bridle the two-legged mare.
Like Witt to Like, etc. (1587).
Two-Shoes (Goody), a nursery tale by
Oliver Goldsmith (1765). Goody Two-
shoes was a very poor child, whose delight
at having a pair of shoes was so un-
bounded that she could not forbear telling
every one she met that she had "two
shoes," whence her name. She acquired
knowledge and became wealthy. The
title-page states that the tale is for the
benefit of those
Who from a state of rags and care,
And having shoes but half a pair,
Their fortune and their fame should fix,
And gallop in a coach and six.
Two Strings to Your Bow, a farce by
Jephson (1792). Lazarillo, wanting a
master, enters the service of Don Felix
and also of Octavio at the same time. He
makes perpetual blunders, such as giving
letters and money to the wrong master;
but it turns out that Don Felix is Donna
Clara, the betrothed of Octavio. The
lovers meet at the Eagle hotel, recognize
each other, and become man and wife.
Two "Unlucky. In our dynasties two
has been an unlucky number ; thus : Ethel-
red II. was forced to abdicate ; Harold II.
was slain at Hastings ; William II. was
shot in the New Forest ; Henry II. had to
fight for his crown, which was usurped by
Stephen ; Edward II. was murdered at
Berkeley Castle ; Eichard II. was deposed ;
Charles II. was driven into exile; James
II. was obliged to abdicate; George II.
was worsted at Fontenoy and Lawfeld,
was disgraced by General Braddock and
Admiral Byng, and was troubled by Charles
Edward, the Young Pretender.
Tyb'alt, a fiery young nobleman of
Verona, nephew to Lady Capulet, and
cousin to Juliet. He is slain in combat
by Eo'meo. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
(1595).
The name is given to the cat in the
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence
Mercutio calls him " rat-catcher " (act iii.
sc. 1), and when Tybalt demands of him,
"What wouldst thou have with me?"
Mercutio replies, "Good king of cats,
nothing but one of your nine lives " (act
iii. sc. 1).
Tybalt, a Lombard officer, in love with
Laura, niece of Duke Gondibert. The
story of Gondibert being unfinished, no
sequel of this attachment is given. Sir
W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668).
Tybalt or Tibert, the cat in the beast-
epic of Reynard the Fox (1498).
Tyburn (Kings of), hangmen.
Tyburn Tree (The), a gallows ; so called
because criminals at one time hung on the
elm trees which grew on the banks of the
Tyburn. The " Holy Maid of Kent," Mrs.
Turner, the poisoner, Felton, the assassin
of the duke of Buckingham, Jack Shep-
pard, Jonathan Wild, Lord Ferrers, who
murdered his steward, Dr. Dodd and
Mother Brownrigg, "all died in their
shoes " on the Tyburn tree.
Since laws were made for every degree,
To curb vice in others as well as in me [Mac-
heath],
I wonder we ha'nt better company
'Neath Tyburn tree.
Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727).
IV
TYCHO
164
TYLL OWLYGLASS
Tycho, a vassal of the bishop of Treves,
in the reign of Kaiser Henry IV. He
promised to avenge his lord and master,
who had been plundered by Count Adal-
bert, a leader of bandits. So, going to
the count's castle, he craved a draught of
water. The porter brought him a cup of
wine, and Tycho said, "Thank thy lord
for his charity, and tell him he shall meet
with his reward." Then, returning home,
he procured thirty large wine-barrels, in
each of which he concealed an armed re-
tainer and weapons for two others. Each
cask was then carried by two men to the
count's castle, and when the door was
opened Tycho said to the porter, " I am
come to recompense thy lord and master,"
and the sixty men carried in the thirty
barrels. When Count Adalbert went to
look at the present, at a signal given by
Tyeho the tops of the casks flew off, and
the ninety armed men slew the count and
his brigands, and then burnt the castle to
the ground.
The reader may perceive a certain re-
semblance between this tale and that of
"Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves" (Arab-
ian Nights' 1 Entertainments).
Tyler ( Wat), a frugal, honest, industri-
ous, skillful blacksmith of Essex; with
one daughter, Alice, pretty, joyous, inno-
cent, and modest. With all his frugality
and industry, Wat found it very hard to
earn enough for daily bread, and the tax-
collectors came for the poll-tax, three
groats a head, for a war to maintain our
conquests in France. Wat had saved up
the money, and proffered six groats for
himself and wife. The collectors demand-
ed three groats for Alice also, but Tyler
said she was under 15 years of age, where-
upon, one of the collectors having "insulted
her virgin modesty," Tyler felled him to
the ground with his sledge-hammer. The
people gathered round the smith, and a
general uprising ensued. Richard II.,
sent a herald to Tyler, to request a parley,
and pledging his royal word for his safe
conduct. The sturdy smith appointed
Srnithneld for the rendezvous, and there
Tyler told the king the people's griev-
ances; but while he was speaking, Wil-
liam Walworth, the lord mayor, stabbed
him from behind and killed him. The
king, to pacify the people, promised the
poll-tax should be taken off and their
grievances redressed, but no sooner had
the mob dispersed than the rebels were cut
down wholesale, and many being subjected
to a mockery of a trial, were infamously
executed. Southey, Wat Tyler (1794, pub-
lished, 1817).
Tyll Owlyglass or TYLL OWLEGLASS,
by Thomas Murner, a Franciscan monk,
of Strasbourg (1475-1536); the English
name of the German " Tyll Eulenspiegel."
Tyll is a mechanic of Brunswick, who runs
from pillar to post as charlatan, physician,
lansquenet, fool, valet, and Jack-of-all-
trades. He undertakes anything and
everything, but invariably " spoils the
Egyptians " who trust in him. He pro-
duces popular proverbs, is brimfull of
merry mischief, droll as Sam Slick, indif-
ferent honest as Gil Bias, light-hearted as
Andrew Bode, as full of tricks as Scapin,
and as popular as Eobin Hood. The book
is crammed with observations, anecdotes,
fables, ban mots, facetiae, and shows forth
the omnipotence of common sense. There
are two good English versions of this
popular picaresco romance one printed
by William Copland, and entitled The
Merry e Jeste of a Man called Hoivleglass
and the many Marvellous Thh/f/csandJestes
which he did in his Lyfe in Eastland ; and
the other published in 1860, translated by
K. R. H. Mackenzie, and illustrated by
TYLL OWLYGLASS
165
TYET^EOS
Alfred Crowquill. In 1720 was brought
out a modified and abridged edition of the
German story.
To few mortals has it been granted to earn
such a place in universal history as Tyll Eulen-
spiegel [U'len-spee'.g'l\. Now, after five cen-
turies, Tyll's native village is pointed out with
pride to the traveller, and his tombstone . .
still stands ... at Mollen, near Lubeck, where
since ] 350 [sic] his once nimble bones have been
at rest. Carlyle.
Tylwyth Teg, or the "Family of
Beauty," elves who " dance in the moon-
light on the velvet sward," in their airy
and 'flowing robes of blue and green, white
and scarlet. These beautiful fays delight
in showering benefits on the human race.
The Mabinogion.
Tyneman (2 syl), Archibald IV., earl of .
Douglas. So called because he was always
on the losing side.
Tyre, in Dry den's satire of Absalom and
Achitophel, means Holland. "Egypt," in
the same satire, means France.
I mourn my countrymen, your lost estate . . .
Now all your liberties a spoil are made,
Egypt and Tyrus intercept your trade.
Pt. i. (1681).
Tyre (Archbishop of), with the cru-
saders. Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time,
Eichard I.).
Tyrian Cyn'osure (3 syl.), Ursa Minor.
Ursa Major is called by Milton " The Star
of Arcady, w from Calisto, daughter of
Lyca'on, the first king of Arcadia, who
was changed into this constellation. Her
son, Areas or Cynosura, was made the
Lesser Bear. Pausanias, Itinerary of
Greece, viii. 4.
And thou shalt be our star of Arcady,
Or Tyrian Cynosure.
Milton, Comus, 343 (1634).
Tyrie, one of the archers in the Scot-
tish guard of Louis XL Sir W. Scott,
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).
Tyrie (The Rev. Michael), minister of
Glenorquhy. Sir W. Scott, The Highland
Widow (time, George II.).
Tyrog'lyphus ("the cheese-scooper"), one
of the mouse princes slain in the battle of
the frogs and mice by Lymnisius (" the
laker ").
Lymnisius good Tyroglyphus assails,
Prince of the mice that haunt the flowery vales ;
Lost to the milky fares and rural seat,
He came to perish on the bank of fate.
Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about
1712).
Tyrrel (Francis), the nephew of Mr.
Mortimer. He loves Miss Aubrey " with
an ardent, firm disinterested love." On
one occasion Miss Aubrey was insulted
by lord Courtland, with whom Tyrrel
fought a duel, and was for a time in hid-
ing ; but when Courtland recovered from
his wounds, Tyrrel re-appeared, and ulti-
mately married the lady of his affection.
Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover (1780).
Tyrrel (Frank), or Martigny, earl of
Etherington, son of the late earl, and la
comtesse de Martigny, his wife. He is
supposed to be illegitimate. Frank is in
love with Clara Mowbray, daughter of
Mr. Mowbray, of St. Eonan's. Sir W.
Scott, St. Bonan's Well (time, George III).
Tyrtseos, selected by the Spartans as
their leader, because his lays inspired the
soldiers to deeds of daring. The following
is a translation of one of his martial
songs ;
Oh, how joyous to fall in the face of the foe,
For country and altar to die !
IV
TYRT^EOS
166
UDE
But a lot more ignoble no mortal can know,
Than with children and parents heart-broken
with woe,
From home as an exile to fly.
Unrecompensed labor, starvation, and scorn,
The feet of the captive attend ;
Dishonored his race, by rude foes overborne ;
From altar, from country, from kith and kin
torn;
No brother, no sister, no friend.
To the field, then ! Be strong, and acquit ye
like men !
Who shall fear for his country to fall ?
Ye younger, in ranks firmly serried remain ;
Ye elders, though weak, look on flight with dis-
dain,
And honor your fatherland's call !
Tyrtceos (The Spanish), Manuel Jose
Quiutana, whose odes stimulated the Span-
iards to vindicate their liberty, at the out-
break of the War of Independence (1772-
1837).
** Who can tell the influence of such
odes as the Marseillaise, or some of the
Jacobite songs, on the spirit of a people ?
Even the music-hall song, " We don't want
to fight," almost roused the English na-
tion into a war with Russia in 1878.
Tyson (Kate), a romantic youi,g lady,
who marries Frank Cheeney. Wybert
Reeve, Parted.
[BALDO, one of the crusaders,
mature in age. He had vis-
ited many regions, " from
polar cold to Libya's burn-
ing soil." He and Charles,
the Dane, went to bring
back Rinaldo from the enchanted castle.
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).
TJbaldo and Ricardo, two men sent by
Honoria, queen of Hungary, to tempt the
fidelity of Sophia, because the queen was
in love with her husband, Mathias. Im-
mediately Sophia understood the object of
their visit, she had the two men confined
in separate rooms, where they were made
to earn their food by spinning. Mas-
singer, The Picture (1629).
Ube'da (Orbaneia of), a painter who
drew a cock so preposterously that he was
obliged to write under it " This is a cock,"
in order that the spectator might know
what was intended to be represented.
Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615).
TJberti (Farinata Degli), a noble Flor-
entine, leader of the Ghibelline faction.
Dante represents him in his Inferno, as
lying in a fiery tomb, yet open and not to
be closed till the last judgment.
Uberto, Count d'Este, etc. Ariosto,
Orlando Furioso (1516).
Udaller, one who holds land by allodial
tenure. Magnus Troil, in Sir W. Scott's
Pirate, was a udaller.
Ude, the most learned of cooks, author
of La Science de Gueule. He says, " Coquus
nascitur non fit." That " music, dancing,
fencing, painting, and mechanics possess
professors under 20 years of age, but pre-
eminence in cooking is never attained
under 30." He was premier artiste to Louis
XVI., then to Lord Sefton, then to the
duke of York, then chefde cuisine at Crock-
ford's. It is said that he quitted the earl
of Sefton, because one of his lordship's
TIDE
167
ULIN
guests added pepper to his soup. He was
succeeded by Frascatelli.
** Vatel, we are told, committed sui-
cide (1677), during a banquet given by the
Prince de Conde, because the lobsters for
the turbot sauce did not arrive in time.
Udolpho ( The Mysteries of), a romance
by Mrs. Radcliffe (1790).
Ugo, natural son of Niccolo III. of Fer-
rara. His father had for his second wife
Parisi'na Malatesta, between whom and
Ugo a criminal attachment arose. When
Niccolo was informed thereof, he had both
brought to open trial, and both were con-
demned to suffer death by the common
headsman. Frizzi, History of Ferrara.
TJgoli'no, count of Gheradesca, a leader
of the Guelphi in Pisa. He was raised to
the highest honors, but the Archbishop
Euggie'ri incited the Pisans against him,
his castle was attacked, two of his grand-
sons fell in the assault, and the count him-
self, with his two sons and two surviving
grandsons, were imprisoned in the tower
of the Gualandi, on the Piazza of the An-
ziani. Being locked in, the dungeon key
was flung into the Arno, and all food was
withheld from them. On the fourth day
his son, Gaddo, died, and by the sixth day
little Anselm, with the two grandchildren,
" fell one by one." Last of all the count
died also (1288), and the dungeon was
ever after called " The Tower of Famine."
Dante has introduced this story in his
Inferno, and represents Ugolino as devour-
ing most voraciously the head of Ruggieri,
while frozen in the lake of ice.
Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, makes
the monk briefly tell this sad story, and
calls the count " Hugeline of Pise."
Oh, them Pisa, shame ! . . . What if fame
Reported that thy castles were betrayed
By Ugolino, yet no right hadst thou
To stretch his children on the rack . . .
Their tender years . . . uncapable of guilt.
Dante, Hell, xxxiii. (1300).
Remember Ugolino condescends
To eat the head of his arcli-euerny
The moment after he politely ends
His tale.
Byron, Dm Juan, ii. 83 (1819).
TJlalume, the lost love, to the door of
whose tomb the poet strays with "Psyche,
his soul."
And we pass to the end of the vista,
But were stopped by the door of a tomb,
By the door of a legended tomb ;
And I said, " What is written, sweet sister,
On the door of this legended tomb ? "
She replied, " Ulalume ! Ulalume !
'Tis the vault of thy lost Ulalume ! "
Edgar Allan Poe, Poems (1850).
Ula'nia, queen of Islanda. She sent a
golden shield to Charlemagne, to be given
as a prize to his bravest knight, and who-
ever won it might claim the donor in mar-
riage. Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xv. (1516).
Ulfin, the page of Gondibert's grandsire,
and the faithful Achates of Gondibert's
father. He cured Gondibert by a cordial
kept in his sword hilt. Sir W. Davenant,
Gondibert (died 1668).
TJlf, Celtic husband, who, surprising his
wife with her lover, follows and slays him,
then tells her what he has seen, and how
avenged his injured honor, and kills her.
Charles de Kay, Hesperus and other
Poems (1880).
TJlien's Son, Rodomont. Ariosto, Or-
lando Furioso (1516).
Ulin, an enchantress who had no power
over those who remained faithful to Allah
and their duty ; but if any fell into error
or sin she had full power to do as she
IV
ULIN
168
.ULVFAGRE
liked. Thus, when Misnar (sultan of
India) mistrusted the protection of Allah,
she transformed him into a toad. When
the Vizier Horam believed a false report,
obviously untrue, she transformed him
also into a toad. And when the Princess
Hemjunah, to avoid a marriage projected
by her father, ran a,way with a stranger,
her indiscretion placed her in the power
of the enchantress, who transformed her
likewise into a toad. Ulin was ultimately
killed by Misnar, sultan of Delhi, who
felled her to the ground with a blow. Sir
C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii,
vi., viii. (1751).
TJllin, Fingal's aged bard, called "the
sweet voice of resounding Cona."
Ullin, the Irish name for Ulster.
He pursued the chase ou Ullin, on the moss-
covered top of Drumardo. Ossian, Temora, ii.
Ullin's Daughter (Lord), a young lady
who eloped with the chief of Ulva's Isle,
and induced a boatman to row them over
Lochgyle during a storm. The boat was
capsized just as Lord Ullin and his retinue
reached the shore. He saw the peril, he
cried in agony, " Come back, come back !
and I'll forgive your Highland chief ; " but
it was too late, the " waters wild rolled
o'er his child, and he was left lamenting."
Campbell, Lord Ullin's Daughter (a bal-
lad).
Ulric, son of Werner (i.e., count of
Siegendorf). With the help of Gabor, he
saved the count of Stral'enheim from the
Oder; but murdered him afterwards for
the wrongs he had done his father and
himself, especially in seeking to oust them
from the princely inheritance of Siegendorf.
Byron, Werner (1822).
Ulri'ca, in Charles XII., by J. R. Plancb.6
(1826).
Ulrica, a girl of great beauty and noble
determination of character, natural daugh-
ter of Ernest de Fridberg. Dressed in the
clothes of Herman (the deaf and dumb
jailer-lad), she gets access to the dungeon
where her father is confined as a "pri-
soner of State," and contrives his escape,
but he is recaptured. Whereupon Chris-
tine (a young woman in the service of the
Countess Marie) goes direct to Frederick
II., and obtains his pardon. E. Stirling,
The Prisoner of State (1847).
Ulrica, alias MAKTHA, mother of Bertha,
the betrothed of Hereward (3 syl.). Sir
W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time,
Rufus).
Ulrica, daughter of the late thane of
Torquilstone ; alias Dame Urfried, an old
sibyl at Torquilstone Castle. Sir W. Scott,
Ivanhoe (time Richard I.).
Ulster (The kings of). The kings of Ul-
ster were called O'Neil ; those of Munster,
O'Brien ; of Connaught, O'Connor ; of
Leinster, MacMorrough; and of Meath,
O'Melaghlin.
Ultimus Romaiio'rum, Horace Wai-
pole (1717-1797).
TJlvfagre, the fierce Dane, who mas-
sacred the Culdees of lo'na, and having
bound Aodh in iron, carried him to the
church, demanding of him where he had
concealed the church treasures. At that
moment a mysterious gigantic figure in
white appeared, and, taking Ulvfagre by
the arm, led him to the statue of St.
Columb, which instantly fell on him and
killed him.
ULVFAGEE
169 ULYSSES AND POLYPHEMOS
The tottering image was dashed
Down from its lofty pedestal ;
On Ulvfagre's helm it crashed.
Helmet, and skull, and flesh, and brain,
It crushed as millstones crush the grain.
Campbell, Reullura.
Ulysses, a corrupt form of Odusseus
[0. dus'.suce], the king of Ithaca. He is
one of the chief heroes in Homer's Iliad,
and the chief hero of the Odyssey. Homer
represents him as being craftily wise and
full of devices. Virgil ascribes to him the
invention of the Wooden Horse.
Ulysses was very unwilling to join the
expedition to Troy, and pretended to be
mad. Thus, when Palamedes came to
summon him to the war, he was plowing
the sand of the seashore and sowing it
with salt.
Ulysses's bow. Only Ulysses could
draw this bow, and he could shoot an
arrow from it through twelve rings.
William the Conqueror had a bow which
no arm but his own could bend.
Eobin Hood's bow could be bent by no
hand but his own.
*# Statius says that no one but Ka-
paneus [Kap 1 .a.nuce] could poise his spear.
His cypress spear with steel encircled shone,
Not to be poised but by his hand alone.
Thebaid, v.
Ulysses's Dog, Argus, which recognized
his master after an absence of twelve
years. (See THERON, King Roderick's
dog.)
Ulysses and Polyphemos.
Ulysses and his crew, having reached
the island of Sicily, strayed into the cave
of Polyphemos, the giant Cyclops. Soon
as the monster returned and saw the
strangers, he seized two of them, and, hav-
ing dashed out their brains, made his sup-
per off them, " nor entrails left, nor yet
their marrowy bones ; " then stretched he
his huge carcass on the floor, and went to
sleep. Next morning he caught up two
others, devoured them for his breakfast,
then stalked forth into the open air, driv-
ing his flocks before him. At sun-down
he returned, seized other two for his sup-
per and after quaffing three bowls of wine,
fell asleep. .Then it was that Ulysses
bored out the giant's eye with a green
olive stake heated in the fire. The mon-
ster roared with pain, and after searching
in vain to seize some of his tormentors, re-
moved the rock from the mouth of the cave
to let out his goats and sheep. Ulysses
and his companions escaped at the same
time by attaching themselves to the bellies
of the sheep, and made for their ship.
Polyphemos hurled rocks at the vessel,
and nearly succeeded in sinking it, but the
fugitives made good their flight, and the
blinded monster was left lamenting.
Homer, Odyssey, ix.
** An extraordinary parallel to this tale
is told in the third voyage of Sindbad, the
sailor. Sindbad's vessel was driven by a
tempest to an island of pygmies, and ad-
vancing into the interior, the crew came
to a " high palace," into which they en-
tered. At sundown came home the giant,
" tall as a palm tree ; and in the middle of
his forehead was one eye, red and fiery as
a burning coal." Soon as he saw the in-
truders, he caught up the fattest of them
and roasted him for his supper, then lay
down to sleep, and " snored louder than
thunder." At daybreak he left the palace,
but at night returned, and made his meal
off another of the crew. This was re-
peated a third night, but while the mon-
ster slept, Sindbad, with a red-hot spit,
scooped out his eye. " The pain he suf-
fered made him groan hideously," and he
fumbled about the palace to catch some of
his tormentors " on whom to glut his
rage; " but not succeeding in this, -he left
IV
ULYSSES AND POLYPHEMOS 170
UNA
the palace, " bellowing with pain." Sind-
bad and the rest lost no time in making
for the sea ; but scarcely had they pushed
off their rafts when the giant approached
with many others, and hurled huge stones
at the fugitives. Some of them even ven-
tured into the sea up to their waists, and
every raft was sunk except the one on
which Sindbad and two of his companions
made their escape. Arabian Nights ("Sind-
bad, the Sailor," third voyage).
Another similar tale occurs in the
Basque legends, in which the giant's name
is Tartaro, and his eye was bored out with
spits made red hot. As in the previous
instances, some seamen had inadvertently
wandered into the giant's dwelling, and
Tartaro had banqueted on three of them,
when his eye was scooped out by the
leader. This man, like Ulysses, made his
escape by means of a ram, but, instead of
clinging to the ram's belly, he fastened
round his neck the rani's bell, and
threw over his back a sheep-skin. When
Tartaro laid his hand on the skin, the
man left it behind and made good his
escape.
That all these tales are borrowed from
one source none can doubt. The Iliad of
Homer had been translated into Syriac by
Theophilus Edessenes, a Christian Ma-
ronite monk of Mount Libanus, during
the caliphate of Harun-ur-Bashid (A.D.
786-809). See Notes and Queries, April 19,
1879.
Ulysses of Brandenburg (The), Albert
III., elector of Brandenburg, also called
"The German Achilles" (1414-1486).
Ulysses of the Highlands (The), Sir
Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel [Lok.keel 1 ],
and surnamed " The Black " (died 1719).
*** It was the son of Sir Evan who was
called " The Gentle Lochiel."
Umbra (Obsequious), in Garth's Dispen-
sary, is meant for Dr. Gould (1699).
Umbriel' (2 syl.), the tutelar angel of
Thomas, the apostle, once a Sadducee, and
always hard of conviction. Klopstock,
The Messiah, iii. 1748).
Umbriel [Um.breel 1 ], a sprite whom
Spleen supplies with a bagful of " sighs,
sobs, and cross words," and a vialful of
" soft sorrows, melting grief, and flowing
tears." When the baron cuts off Belinda's
lock of hair, Umbriel breaks the vial over
her, and Belinda instantly begins sighing
and sobbing, chiding, weeping, and pout-
ing. Pope, Rape of the Lock (1712).
Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite
As ever sullied the fair face of light,
Down to the central earth, his proper scene,
Repaired, to search the gloomy cave of Spleen.
Canto iv. 13, etc.
U'na, truth ; so called because truth is
one. She goes, leading a lamb and riding
on a white ass, to the court of Gloriana, to
crave that one of her knights might un-
dertake to slay the dragon which kept her
father and mother prisoners. The ad-
venture is accorded to the Eed Cross
Knight, and the two start forth together.
A storm compels them to seek shelter in a
forest, and when the storm abates they
get into Wandering Wood, where they are
induced by Archimago to sleep in his cell.
A vision is sent to the knight, which
causes him to quit the cell, and Una, not
a little surprised at this discourtesy, goes
in search of him. In her wanderings she
is caressed by a lion, who becomes her at-
tendant. After many adventures, she
finds St. George, "The Bed Cross Knight ;"
who is held captive by Ugoglio, pride.
Prince Arthur slays Ugoglio and frees the
knight, who is then taken by Una to the
The Meeting between Ulysses and
Telemachus
Charles Baude, Engraver
"1\ /TlNERVA having spoken, struck Ulysses with a golden rod, and
JLVJL * rags -were changed into clean garments, and Us manly
beauty was renewed. Then he went to his lodge, and his son
Telemachus was astonished at seeing him, and believed him to be a god.
But Ulysses said, ' I am no god, but I am thy father -who has suffered
ills, and has come back, after twenty years of wandering, to his paternal
home.' Then he sat down, and Telemacbus threw himself on his good
father's neck and wept,"
Homer's Odyssey, Book XVI.
. V
THE MEETING OF ULYSSES AND TELEMACHUS.
UNA
171
UNDINE
house of Holiness to prepare for his battle
with the dragon, which he finally defeats
after a terrific three-days contest. Spen-
ser, Faery Queen, i. (1590).
Una, one of Flora M'lvor's attendants.
Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George
IL).
Uncas, son of Chingachgook, surnamed
"Deer-foot." The courage, dignity, and
loyalty of this young chieftain, combine
with his personal graces to make him one
of the most interesting creations of the
novelist's imagination. He dies in the
effort to rescue the palefaced girl he loves,
from the cruel Magua, and is buried by
his tribe with all the honors due the brav-
est and purest of the tribe.
" Who that saw thee in battle, would believe
that thou couldst die? Who before thee has
ever shown Uttawa the way into the fight 1 Thy
feet were like the wings of eagles ; thine arm
heavier than falling branches from the pine,
and thy voice like the Manitou when he speaks
in the clouds." James Fenimore Cooper, The
Last of the Mohicans.
Unborn Doctor (The), of Moorfields.
Not being born a doctor, he called himself
" The Un-born Doctor."
Uncle Larry, genial man of the woi'ld,
kindly in thought, and sagacious in speech,
who appears in The Last Meeting, The
Rival Ghosts and other tales by Brander
Matthews.
Uncle Toby, a captain who had been
wounded at the siege of Namur, and had
been dismissed the service on half-pay.
Most kind and benevolent, modest, and
simple-minded, but brave and firm in his
own opinions. His gallantry towards
Widow Wadman, is exquisite for its mod-
esty and chivalry. Uncle Toby retains
his military tastes and camp habits to the
last. Sterne, The Life and Opinions of
Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (1729).
But what shall I say to thee, thou quintessence
of the milk of human kindness, . . . thou mas-
ter of the best of corporals, . . . thou high and
only final Christian gentleman, . . . divine
Uncle Toby? ... He who created thee was the
wisest man since the days of Shakespeare
himself. Leigh Hunt.
Uncle Tom, a negro slave, of unaffected
piety, and most faithful in the discharge
of all his duties. His master, a humane
man, becomes embarrassed in his affairs,
and sells him to a slave-dealer. After
passing through various hands, and suffer-
ing intolerable cruelties, he dies. Harriet
Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).
*** The original of this character was the
negro slave subsequently ordained and
called " the Eev. J. Henson." He was in
London, 1876, 1877, took part in several
religious services, and was even presented
to her majesty, Queen Victoria.
Undine [Oon-deen], a water-sylph, who
was in early childhood changed for the
young child of a fisherman living on a
peninsula, near an enchanted forest. One
day Sir Huldbrand took shelter in the
fisherman's hut, fell in love with Undine,
and married her. Being thus united to a
man, the sylph received a soul. Not long
after the wedding Sir Huldbrand re-
turned homeward, but stopped awhile in
the city, which lay on the other side of the
forest, and met there Bertalda, a beautiful
but haughty lady, whom they invited to
go with them to their home, the Castle
Rlngstettin. For a time, the knight was
troubled with visions, but Undine had the
mouth of a well closed up, and thus pre-
vented the water-sprites from getting into
the castle. In time the knight neglected
his wife, and became attached to Bertalda,
who was in reality the changeling. One
IV
UNDINE
172
URANIA
day, sailing on the Danube, the knight re-
buked Undine in his anger, and immedi-
ately she was snatched away by sister
sylphs to her water home. Not long after
the knight proposed to Bertalda, and the
w.edding day arrived. Bertalda requested
her maid to bring her some water from
the well ; so the cover was removed, Un-
dine rose from the upheaving water, went
to the chamber of Sir Huldbrand, kissed
him, and he died. They buried him, and
a silver stream bubbled round his grave ;
it was Undine who thus embraced him,
true in life, and faithful in death. De la
Motte Fouque, Undine (1807).
*#* This romance is founded on a tale
by Theophrastus Paracelsus, in his Trea-
tise on Elemental Sprites.
Ungrateful Guest (The), a soldier in
the army of Philip of Macgdon, who had
been hospitably entertained by a villager.
Being asked by the king what he could
give him in reward of his services, the
fellow requested he might have the farm
and cottage of his late host. Philip, dis-
gusted at such baseness, had him branded
with the words, THE UNGRATEFUL GUEST.
Unique (The), Jean Paul Eichter, whose
romances are quite unique, "and belong
to no school (1763-1825).
Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille
(1114-1203).
*** Sometimes Thomas Aquinas is also
called Doctor Universalis (1224-1274).
Unknown (The Great), Sir Walter
Scott, who published the Waverley novels
anonymously (1771-3832).
Unlearned Parliament (The). The
parliament convened by Henry IV., at
Coventry, in "Warwickshire (1404), was so
called because lawyers were excluded from
it.
Unlucky Possessions, the gold of
Nibelungen and the gold of Tolosa, Gray-
steel, Harmonia's necklace, Sherborne, in
Dorsetshire, etc.
Unready (The), Ethelred II. (*, 978-
1016).
*#* " Unready " does not mean " never
ready or prepared," but lacking rede, i.e.,
" wisdom, judgment or kingcraft."
Unreason (The abbot of), or FATHER
HOWLEGLAS, one of the masquers at Ken-
naquhair. Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time,
Elizabeth).
Unwashed (The Great), the common
people. It was Burke who first applied
this term to the artizan class.
Upholsterer (The), a farce by Murphy
(1758). Abraham Quidnunc, upholsterer,
in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, being crazed
with politics, so neglects his business for
the affairs of Europe that he becomes a
bankrupt ; but, at this crisis, his son, John,
who had married the widow of a rich
planter, returns from the West Indies,
pays off his father's debts, and places him
in a position where he may indulge his
love for politics without hampering him-
self with business.
Ura'nia, sister of Astrophel (Sir Philip
Sidney), is the countess of Pembroke.
Urania, sister unto Astrophel,
In whose brave mind, as in a golden coffer,
All heavenly gifts and riches locked are,
More rich than pearls of Ind.
Spenser, Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595).
Undine
Muller, Artist
rHE seas, the rivers and brooks contain the numberless tribes of
Water-Sprites. ********
Those that dwell there below are noble and lovely to behold, far more so (ban
mankind. Many a fisherman has had a passing glimpse of some fair u ater-
nympb, rising out of the sea with her song; be would then spread the report
of her apparition, and these wonderful beings came to be called Undines.
And you now see before you, my love, an Undine,
La Motte Fouque's "Undine. "
UNDINE.
URANIA
173
URIM
Urania, daughter of the king of Sicily,
who fell in love with Sir Guy (eldest son
of St. George, the patron saint of Eng-
land). R. Johnson, The Seven Champions,
etc., iii. 2 (1617).
Ura'iiian Venus, i.e., " Celestial Venus,"
the patroness of chaste and pure love.
Venus pandemos or popularis is the
Venus of the animal passion called "love."
Venus etaira or arnica is the Venus of
criminal sensuality.
The seal was Cupid bent above a scroll,
And o'er his head Uranian Venus hung
And raised the blinding bandage from his eyes.
Tennyson, The Princess, i. (1830).
Urban (Sylvanus), the hypothetical
editor of The Gentleman's Magazine.
Urbane^ hero of a religious story bear-
ing the title of Urbane and His Friends, by
Elizabeth Payson Prentiss (1863).
Urchin, a hedgehog, a mischievous little
fellow, a dwarf, an imp.
We'll dress like urchins.
Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act iv.
so. 4 (1596).
Ureus, the Egyptian snake, crowned
with a mitre, and typical of heaven.
Urfried (Dame), an old sibyl at Torquil-
stone Castle ; alias Ulrica, daughter of the
late thane of Torquilstone. Sir W. Scott,
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).
Urgan, a human child stolen by the
king of the fairies, and brought up in elf-
land. He was sent to lay on Lord Rich-
ard the "curse of the sleepless eye," for
killing his wife's brother. Then said the
dwarf to Alice Brand (the wife of Lord
Richard), "if any woman will sign my
brow thrice with a cross, I shall resume
my proper form." Alice signed him thrice,
and Urgan became at once " the fairest
knight in all Scotland," and Alice recog-
nized in him her own brother, Ethert.
Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, iv. 12
(1810).
Urganda, a potent fairy in the Am&dis
de Gaul and other romances of the Carlo-
vingian cycle.
This Urganda seemed to be aware of her own
importance. Smollett.
Ur'gel, one of Charlemagne's paladins,
famous for his enormous strength.
U'riel (3 syl), or Israfil, the angel who
is to sound the resurrection trumpet. Al
Koran.
Uriel, one of the seven great spirits,
whose station was in the sun. The word
means " God's light " (see 2 Esdras iv., v.,
x. 28).
The archangel Uriel, one of the seven
Who, in God's presence, nearest to his throne,
Stand ready at command.
Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 648, etc. (1665).
*** Longfellow calls him " the minister
of Mars," and says that he inspires man
with " fortitude to bear the brunt and suf-
fering of life." The Golden Legend, iii.
(1851).
U'rien, the foster-father of Prince Ma-
doc. He followed the prince to his settle-
ment in North America, south of the Mis-
souri (twelfth century). Southey, Madoc
1805).
Urim, in Garth's Dispensary, is designed
for Dr. Atterbury.
Urim was civil and not void of sense,
Had humor and courteous confidence, . . .
tv
URIM 174
URSULA
Constant at feasts, and each decorum knew,
And soon as the dessert appeared, withdrew.
The Dispensary, i. (1699).
Urra'ca, sister of Sancho II. of Castile,
and queen of Zamora. Poema del Cid
Campeador (1128).
Urre (Sir), one of the knights of the
Round Table. Being wounded, the king
and his chief knights tried on him the ef-
fect of "handling the wounds" (i.e., touch-
ing them to heal them), but failed. At
last, Sir Launcelot was invited to try, and
as he touched the wounds they severally
healed. Arthurian Romance,
Urrie (Sir John), a parliamentary leader.
Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time,
Charles I.).
Ursa Major, Calisto, daughter of Ly-
caon, violated by Jupiter, and converted
by Juno into a bear ; whereupon the king
of gods and man placed her in the Zodiac
as a constellation. The Great Bear is also
called " Hellice."
Ursa Major. Dr. Johnson was so called
by BoswelPs father (1709-1784).
My father's opinion of Dr. Johnson may be
conjectured from the name he afterwards gave
him, which was " Ursa Major ; " but it is not
true, as has been reported, that it was in conse-
quence of my saying that he was a constellation
of genius and literature. Boswell (1791).
Ursel (Zedekias), the imprisoned rival
of the Emperor Alexius Comnenus of
Greece. Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of
Paris (time, Rufus).
Ur'sula, mother of Elsie, and wife of
Gottlieb [Got.leeb], a cottage farmer, of
Bavaria. Hartmann von der Aue, Poor
Henry ( twelfth century ) ; Longfellow
Golden Legend (1851).
Ursula, a gentlewoman, attending on
Hero. Shakespeare, Much Ado about Noth-
ing (1600).
Ursula, a silly old duenna, vain of her
saraband dancing ; though not fair yet fat
and fully forty. Don Diego leaves Leo-
nora under her charge, but Leander soon
finds that a little flattery and a few gold
pieces will put the dragon to sleep, and
leave him free of the garden of his
Hesperides. I. Bickerstaff, The Padlock
(1768).
Ursula (Sister), a disguise assumed at
St. Bride's, by the Lady Margaret cle Haut-
lieu. Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time,
Henry I.).
Ursula (Saint), daughter of Dianotus,
king of Cornwall (brother and successor
of Caradoc, king of Cornwall). She was
asked in marriage by Conan [Meriadoc] of
Armorica, or Little Britain. Going to
France with her maidens, the princess was
driven by adverse winds to Cologne, where
she and "her 11,000 virgins" were mar-
tyred by the Huns and Picts (October 21,
237). Visitors to Cologne are still shown
piles of skulls and bones heaped in the
wall, faced with glass, which the verger
asserts to be the relics of the martyred
virgins; but, like Iphis, they must have
changed their sex since death for most
undoubtedly many of the bones are those
of men and boys. See Geoffrey, British
History, v. 15, 16.
A calendar in the Freisingen Codex no-
tices them as " SS. XL M. VIKGINTJM "
i.e., "eleven holy virgin martyrs ; " but, by
making the "M" into a Roman figure
URSULA
175
USNACH OR USNA
equal 1000, we have XIM=11,000; so
iiic=300.
Ursula is the Swabian ursul or horsel
(" the moon "), and, if this solution is ac-
cepted, then the "virgins who bore her
company " are the stars. Ursul is the
Scandinavian Hulda.
Those who assert the legend to be based
on a fact, have supplied the following
names as the most noted of the virgins,
and, as there are but eleven given, it fav-
ors the Freisingeu Codex : (1) Ursula, (2)
Sencia or Sentia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pin-
nosa, (5) Mardia, (6) Saula, (7) Brittola,
(8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia, Sabatia, or
Sambatia, (10) Saturia or Saturnia, and
(11) Palladia.
In 1837 was celebrated with great splen-
dor the sixteenth centenary "jubilee of
their passion."
Bright Ursula the third, who undertook to guide
The eleven thousand maids to Little Britain
sent,
By seas and bloody men devoured as they went ;
Of which we find these four have been for saints
preferred.
And with their leader still do live encalendered :
St. Agnes, Cor'dula, Odillia, Florence, which
With wondrous sumptuous shrines those ages did
enrich
At Cullen.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622).
Ursus, humane, tender-hearted pessi-
mist, posing as a misogynist and philan-
thropist. His favorite comrade is the
tame wolf, Homo. Victor Hugo, DHomme
qui rit.
Use of Pests. David once said he
could not image why a wise deity should
have created such things as spiders, idiots,
and mosquitoes ; but his life showed they
were all useful to him at any rate. Thus,
when he fled from Saul, a spider spun its
web at the mouth of the cave, and Saul,
feeling assured that the fugitive could not
have entered the cave without breaking
the web, passed on without further search.
Again, when he was taken captive before
the king of Gath, he feigned idiocy, and
the king dismissed him, for he could not
believe such a driveller could be the great
champion who had slain Goliath. Once
more, when he entered into the tent of
Saul, as he was crawling along, Abner, in
his sleep, tossed his legs over him. David
could not stir, but a mosquito happened
to bite the leg of the sleeper, and, Abner
shifting it, enabled David to effect his es-
cape. The Talmud. (See VIKGIL'S GNAT.)
Used Up, an English version of
DHomme Blase, of Felix Auguste Duvert,
in conjunction with Auguste Theodore de
Lauzanne. Charles Mathews made this
dramatic trifle popular in England.
Boucicault, Used Up (1845).
Useless Parliament (The), the first
parliament held in the reign of Charles I.
(June 18, 1625). It was adjourned to Ox-
ford in August, and dissolved twelve days
afterwards.
Usher (The House of), a doomed family,
the last scions of which are twins a brother
and sister. The brother is the victim
of melancholia, the sister seems to die and
is buried prematurely. She bursts the coffin
and appears in the door of her brother's
room. " For a moment she remained
trembling and reeling to and fro upon the
threshold then, with a low, moaning cry,
fell heavily inward upon the person of her
brother, and, in her violent and now final
death agonies, bore him to the floor a
corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had
anticipated." Edgar Allan Poe, Tales of
the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840).
Usnach or Usna. Conor, king of Ulster
IV
USNACH OE USNA
176
UTOPIA
put to death by treachery, the three sons
of Usnach. This led to the desolating war
against Ulster, which terminated in the
total destruction of Eman. This is one of
the three tragic stories of the ancient Irish.
The other two are The Death of the Chil-
dren of Touran and The Death of the Chil-
dren of Lir.
Avenging and bright falls the swift sword of
Erin
On him who the brave sons of Usna be-
trayed ! . . .
By the red cloud that hung over Conor's dark
dwelling
When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in
gore . . .
We swear to avenge them.
T. Moore, Irish Melodies iv. (" Avenging and
Bright ..." 1814).
Uta, queen of Burgundy, mother of
Kriemhild and Giinther. The Nibelungen
Lied (twelfth century).
TItha, the " white-bosomed daughter of
Herman." She dwelt " by Thano's stream,"
and was beloved by Frothal. When Fin-
gal was about to slay Frothal, she inter-
posed and saved his life. Ossian, Carric-
Thura.
Uthal, son of Larthmor, petty king of
Berrathon (a Scandinavian island). He
dethroned his father, and, being very
handsome, was beloved by Mna-Tho'ma
(daughter of a neighboring prince), who
eloped with him. Uthal proved incon-
stant, and, confining Nina-Thoma in a
desert island, fixed his affections on an-
other. In the mean time Ossian and Tos-
car arrived at Berrothan. A fight ensued,
in which Uthal was slain in single combat,
and Larthmor restored to his throne.
Nina-Thoma was also released, but all her
ill treatment could not lessen her deep
love, and when she heard of' the death of
Uthal she languished and died. Ossian,
Berrathon.
Uther or UTEE, pendragon or war-chief
of the Britons. He married Igerna,
widow of Gorlo'is, and was by her the
father of Arthur and Anne. This Arthur
was the famous hero who instituted the
knights of the Eound Table. Geoffrey,
History of Britain, viii. 20 (1142).
Uthorno, a bay of Denmark, into which
Fingal was driven by stress of weather.
It was near the residence of Starno, king of
Lochlin (Denmark). Ossian, Cath-Loda, i.
TJto'pia, a political romance by Sir
Thomas More.
The word means " nowhere " (Greek,
ou-topos). It is an imaginary island, where
everything is perfect the laws, the poli-
tics, the morals, the institutions, etc. The
author, by contrast, shows the evils of
existing laws. Carlyle, in his Sartor Re-
sartus, has a place called " Weissnichtwo "
[ Vice-neckt-vo, "I know not where"]. The
Scotch " Kennaquhair " means the same
thing (1524).
Adoam describes to Telemachus the
country of Betique (in Spain) as a Utopia.
Fenelon, Telemaque, viii.
Utopia, the kingdom of Grangousier.
"Parting from Me'damoth, Pantag'ruel
sailed with a northerly wind, and passed
Me'dam, Gel'asem, and the Fairy Isles;
then keeping Uti to the left, and Uden
to the right, he ran into the port of Uto-
pia, distant about 3 leagues from the city
of the Amaurots."
*** Parting from Medamoth (" from no
place"), he passed Medam ("nowhere"),
Gelasem (" hidden land "), etc. ; keeping to
Ursus and Homo
C. Rochigroiti, Artiit
~7~ T'RSUS and Homo -were bound together by a close friendship. Ursus
(_x was a man, Homo was a wolf. Their dispositions agreed well.
The man had christened the wolf. Probably he had chosen his own
name; having found Ursus appropriate to himself, he had considered Homo
suitable for the beast. The association of the man and the wolf proved
profitable at fairs, at parish festivities, at the street-corners where passers-by
congregated, and appealed to the need felt by people everywhere to listen to
nonsense, and to part with their money to mountebanks.
Victor Hugo 's " L'bomme qui rit. "
URSUS AND HOMO.
UTOPIA
177
VALDES
the left Uti ("nothing at all") and to
the right Uden ("nothing"), he entered
the port of Utopia ("no place"), dis-
tant 3 leagues from Amauros ("the
vanishing point "). See Maps for the
(These maps were engraved by Outis
and Son, and are very rare.)
TJzziel
to Gabriel.
jeeel], the next in command
The word means "God's
Blind, published by Nemo and Co., of strength." Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 782
Weissnichtwo.
(1665).
ADIUS, a grave and heavy
pedant. Moliere, Les Fem-
mes Savantes (1672).
** The model of this char-
acter was Menage, an eccle-
siastic, noted for his wit and
learning. Vadius, although a caricature,
was at once recognized by Moliere's. readers.
Vafri'no, Tancred's squire, practiced in
all disguises, and learned in all the Eastern
languages. He was sent as a spy to the
Egyptian camp. Tasso, Jerusalem De-
livered (1575).
Vagabonds (The).
"We are two travellers, Roger and I.
Roger's my dog ; come here, you scamp !
Jump for the gentleman, mind your eye !
Over the table look out for the lamp !
The rogue is growing a little old ;
Five years we've tramped through wind and
weather.
And slept out-doors when nights were cold,
And ate and drank and starved together."
*******
J. T. Trowbridge, The Vagabonds (1869).
Vagabond (The Bishop's), "Cracker,"
who imposes in countless ways upon the
credulity and takes advantage of the hu-
manity of a benevolent man. In the end
he saves the bishop's life at the cost of his
own, and, as the good man offers to pray
by his dying bed, tries to wave his hand
in the old airv stvle. "I reckon God
a'mighty knows I'd be the same old Dem-
miiig ef I could get up, an' I don' mean to
make no purtenses. But mabbe it'll cheer
up th' ole 'ooman a bit ; so you begin, an'
I'll bring in an 'Amen' whenever it's
wanted." When the prayer ended there
was no "Amen." Demming was gone
where prayer may only faintly follow.
Octave Thanet, Knitters in the Sun (1887).
Vain'love, a gay young man about
town. Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1693).
Valantia (Count), betrothed to the Mar-
chioness Merfda, whom he " loved to dis-
traction till he found that she doted on
him, and this discovery cloyed his pas-
sion." He is light, inconsiderate, unprin-
cipled and vain. For a time he intrigues
with Amantis, " the child of Nature," but
when Amantis marries the Marquis Al-
manza, the count- says to Merida she shall
be his wife if she will promise not to love
him. Mrs. Inchbald, Child of Nature.
(See THENOT.)
Valclusa ( Vaucluse), the famous retreat
of Petrarch (father of Italian poetry) and
his mistress, Laura, a lady of Avignon.
At last the Muses rose . . . from fair Valclusa's
bowers.
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744).
Valdes (2 syl.) and Cornelius, friends
of Dr. Faustus, who instruct him in magic,
IV
VALDES
178
VALENTINE AND OESON
and induce him to sell his soul, that he
may have a " spirit " to wait on him for
twenty-four years. C. Marlowe, Dr.
Faustus (1589).
Valence (Sir Aymer de), lieutenant of
Sir John de Walton, governor of Douglas
Castle. Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous
(time, Henry I.).
Valenti'na, daughter of the conte di
San Bris, governor of the Louvre. She
was betrothed to the conte di Nevers, but
loved Eaoul [di Nangis], a Huguenot, by
whom she was beloved in return. When
Eaoul was offered her hand by the Prin-
cess Margheri'ta di Valois, the bride of
Henri le Bernais (Henri IV.), he rejected
it, out of jealousy ; and Valentina, out of
pique, married Nevers. In the Bartholo-
mew slaughter which ensued, Nevers fell,
and Valentina married her first love,
Eaoul, but both were shot by a party of
musketeers under the command of her
father, the conte di San Bris. Meyerbeer,
Les Huguenots (1836).
Valentine, one of the " two gentlemen
of Verona ; " the other " gentleman " was
Protheus. Their two serving-men were
Speed and Launce. Valentine married
Silvia, daughter of the duke of Milan, and
Protheus married Julia. The rival of
Valentine was Thurio. Shakespeare, The
Two Gentlemen of Verona (1595).
Valentine, a gentleman in attendance on
the duke of Illyria. Shakespeare, Tivelfth
Night (1602).
Valentine (3 syl.), a gentleman just re-
turned from his travels. In love with
Cellide (2 syl.), but Cellide is in love with
Francisco (Valentine's son). Beaumont
and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (a comedy,
before 1620).
Valentine (3 syl.), a gallant that will not
be persuaded to keep his estate. Beau-
mont and Fletcher, Wit without Money
(1639).
Valentine, brother of Margaret. Mad-
dened by the seduction of his sister, he
attacks Faust during a serenade, and is
stabbed by Mephistopheles. Valentine
dies reproaching his sister, Margaret.
Goethe, Faust (1798). -
Valentine [LEGEND], eldest son of Sir
Sampson Legend. He has a tendre for
Angelica, an heiress, whom he eventually
marries. To prevent the signing away of
his real property for the advance of 4000
in cash to clear his debts, he feigns to be
mad for a time. Angelica gets the bond,
and tears it before it is duly signed.
Congreve, Love for Love (1695).
*** This was Betterton's great part.
Valentine (Saint), a Eomish priest, who
befriended the martyrs in the persecution
of Claudius II., and was, in consequence,
arrested, beaten with clubs, and finally
beheaded (February 14, 270). Pope Julius
built a church in his honor, near Ponte
Mole, which gave its name to the gate
Porta St. Valentini, now called " Porta del
Popolo," and by the ancient Eomans
" Porta Flaminia."
*#* The 15th February was the festival
of Februta Juno (Juno, the fructifyer), and
the Eoman Catholic clergy substituted St
Valentine for the heathen goddess.
Valentine and Orson, twin sons of
Bellisant and Alexander (emperor of Con-
stantinople). They were born in a forest
near Orleans. While the mother was
VALENTINE AND ORSON
179
VALERE
gone to hunt for Orson, who had been
carried off by a bear, Valentine was carried
off by King Pepin (his uncle). In due
time Valentine married Clerimond, the
Green Knight's sister. Valentineand Orson
(fifteenth century).
Valentine Mortimer, scatter-brained
youth, who accepts against his conscience
ill-gotten possessions, and is forced by con-
science to renounce them, just before his
early death. Jean Ingelow, Fated to be
Free (1875).
Valentine and Violet, two girls who
are made the subject of the curious social
experiment described in The Children of
Gibeon, by Walter Besant (1890).
Valentine de Grey (Sir), an English-
man and knight of France. He had " an
ample span of forehead, full and liquid
eyes, free nostrils, crimson lips, well-
bearded chin, and yet his wishes were in-
nocent as thought of babes." Sir Valen-
tine loved Hero, niece of Sir William Sut-
ton, and in the end married her. S.
Knowles, Woman's Wit, etc. (1838).
Valentin'ian [III.], emperor of Rome
(419, 425455). During his reign the em-
pire was exposed to the invasions of the
barbarians, and was saved from ruin only
by the military talents of Aet'ius, whom
the faithless emperor murdered. In the
year following Valentinian was himself
"poisoned" by [Petronius] Maxlmus,
whose wife he had violated. He was a
feeble and contemptible prince, without
even the merit of brute courage. His
wife's name was Eudoxia. Beaumont and
Fletcher, Valentinian (1617).
Valenti'no, Margheri'ta's brother, in
the opera of Faust e Margherita, by
Gounod (1859).
Valentino, familiar name of Duke Caesar
Borgia. Daring, unscrupulous noble, whose
amours are as audacious as the measures
he devises for ridding himself of his rivals
and enemies. His relationship to Pope
Alexander VI. gives him peculiar ad-
vantages for prosecuting his evil designs.
He is poisoned at a banquet, together with
his father, who dies. Valentino procures
an antidote in time to save his life, but
remains an invalid for long. Recovering
partially, he sets sail for France, is seized
by the Spaniards and imprisoned for two
years in Seville. Escaping, he takes ser-
vice under the king 'of Navarre and is
killed in a skirmish with the soldiers of
the constable of Lerina, at the early age
of thirty-one. William Waldorf Astor,
Valentino, An Historical Romance (1885).
Valere (2 syl), son of Anselme (2 syl),
who turns out to be Don Thomas d'Al-
burci, a nobleman of Naples. During an
insurrection the family was exiled and
suffered shipwreck. Valere, being at the
time only seven years old, was picked up
by a Spanish captain, who adopted him,
and with whom he lived for sixteen years,
when he went to Paris and fell in love
with Elise, the daughter of Har'pagon, the
miser. Here also Anselme, after wandering
about the world for ten years, had settled
down, and Harpagon wished him to marry
Elise ; but the truth being made clear to
him that Valere was his own son, and
Elise in love with him, matters were soon
adjusted. Moliere, DAvare (1667).
Valere (2 syl.), the "gamester." Ange-
lica gives him a picture, and enjoins him
not to lose it on pain of forfeiting her
hand. He loses the picture in play, and
IV
VALEEE
180
VALKYRIOR
Angelica, in disguise, is the winner of it.
After a time Valere is cured of his vice
and happily united to Angelica. Mrs.
Centlivre, The Gamester (1709).
Vale'ria, sister of Valerius, and friend
of Horatia. Whitehead, The Roman Father
(1741).
Valeria, a blue-stocking, who delights
in vivisection, entomology, women's rights,
and natural philosophy. Mrs. Centlivre,
The Basset Table (1706).
Valerian, husband of St. Cecilia. Ce-
cilia told him she was beloved by an angel,
who constantly visited her ; and Valerian
requested to see this visitant. Cecilia re-
plied that he should do so, if he went to
Pope Urban to be baptized. This he did,
and on returning home, the angel gave
him a crown of lilies, and to Cecilia, a
crown of roses, both from the garden of
paradise. Valerian, being brought before
the Prefect Almachius for heresy, was
executed. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales
(" The Second Nun's Tale," 1388).
Vale'rio, a noble young Neapolitan
lord, husband of Evanthe (3 syl). This
chaste young wife was parted from her
husband by Frederick, the licentious
brother of Alphonso, king of Naples, who
tried in vain to seduce her, and then of-
fered to make her any one's wife for a
month, at the end of which time the liber-
tine should suffer death. No one would
accept the offer, and ultimately the lady
was restored to her husband. Beaumont
and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624).
Valerius, the hero and title of a novel
by J. d Lockhart (1821). Valerius is the
son of a Roman commander, settled in
Britain. After the death of his father, he
is summoned to Rome, to take possession
of an estate to which he is the heir. At
the villa of Caplto he meets with Athan-
asia, a lady who unites the Roman grace
with the elevation of the Christian. Vale-
rius becomes a Christian also, and brings
Athanasia to Britain. The display at the
Flavian amphitheatre is admirably des-
cribed. A Christian prisoner is brought
forward, either to renounce his faith or
die in the arena ; of course the latter is
his lot.
This is one of the best Roman stories in
the language.
Valerius, the brother of Valeria. He
is in love with Horatia, but Horatia is
betrothed to Caius Curiatius. Whitehead,
The Roman Father (1741).
Valiant (The), Jean IV. of Brittany
(1338, 1364-1399).
Valiant-for-Truth, a brave Christian,
who fought three foes at once. His sword
was " a right Jerusalem blade," so he pre-
vailed, but was wounded in the encounter.
He joined Christiana's party in their jour-
ney to the Celestial City. Bunyan, Pil-
grim 's Progress, ii (1684).
Valjean (Jean), ex-convict, whose efforts
at re-habilitation meet with rebuff and
misconstruction. The best qualities of a
really noble nature appear in his care for
his adopted child, the daughter of poor
Fantine. Victor Hugo, Les Miseralles.
Valkyrior or Valkyrs, stern, beautiful
maidens, who hover over battle-fields to
bear away to Valhalla the souls of slain
heroes. They also wait at table in the
halls of Valhalla. Scandinavian Mytho-
logy.
Jean F'aljean
E. Bayard, Artist Bellenger, Engraver
/T was indeed he. The lamp of the jailor illumined his face.
He held bis hat in his hand, there was no disorder about his cloth-
ing, his OTercoat was carefully buttoned. He was very pale and trem-
bled slightly. His hair, only grey -when he arrived in Arras, was now
entirely -white. It had blanched during the hour he had been there.
All heads -were lifted. The sensation was indescribable. There
was an instant's hesitation perceptible in the audience. The voice had
been so piercing, the man appeared so calm, that at the moment no one
seemed to understand. They wondered who had Spoken. They could
hot believe that this quiet man had uttered that terrible cry. The inde-
cision only lasted a moment. M. Madelaine turned towards the jurors
and towards the Court and said in a calm voice, " Gentlemen, order
that the accused be released. Mr. President, have me arrested. The
man whom you seek is not he, it is I. I am Jean l/aljean 1 "
Victor Hugo's " Les Miserable*."
AN.
ft
".zv
JEAN VALJEAN.
VALLADOLID
181
VAN
Valladolid' (The doctor of), Sangrado,
who applied depletion for every disease,
and thought the best diet consisted of
roast apples and warm water.
I condemned a variety of dishes, and arguing
like the doctor of Valladolid, " Unhappy are
those who reqiiire to be always on the watch,
for fear of overloading their stomachs ! " Le-
sage, Gil Bias, vii. 5 (1735).
Valley of Humiliation, the place
where Christian encountered Apollyon,
and put him to flight. Bunyan, Pilgrim's
Progress, i. (1678).
Valley of the Shadow of Death, a
" wilderness, a land of deserts, and of pits,
a land of drought, and of the shadow of
death" (Jer. ii. 6). "The light there is
darkness, and the way full of traps . . .
to catch the unwary." Christian had to
pass through it, after his encounter with
Apollyon. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i.
(1678).
Though I walk through the valley of the
shadow of death, I will fear no evil : for Thou
art with me ; Thy rod and Thy staff they com-
fort me. Psalm xxiii. 4.
Valunder, the Vulcan of Scandinavian
mythology, noted for a golden arm-ring,
on which was wrought all the heathen
deities, with their attributes. It was once
stolen by Sote, but being recovered by
Thorsten, became an heirloom, and of
course descended to Frithjof, as one of his
three inheritances, the other two being
the sword Angurva'del, and the self-acting
ship, Elllda. Tegner, Frithjof Saga, iii.
(1525).
Farewell, and take in memory of our love
My arm-ring here, Valunder's beauteous work,
With heavenly wonders graven on the gold.
viii v
Valver'de (3 syl.), a Spaniard, in love
with Elvi'ra. He is the secretary of
Pizarro, and at the end preserves the life
of Elvira. Sheridan, Pizarro (altered from
Kotzebue, 1799).
Vamen, a dwarf, who asked Baly, the
giant monarch of India, to permit him to
measure out three paces to build a hut
upon. The kind monarch smiled at the
request, and bade the dwarf measure out
what he required. The first pace com-
passed the whole earth, the second the
whole heavens, and the third all pandalon
or hell. Baly now saw that the dwarf was
no other than Vishnu, and he adored the
present deity. Hindu Mythology.
*#* There is a Basque tale the exact
counterpart of this.
Vamp, bookseller and publisher. His
opinion of books was that the get-up and
binding were of more value than the mat-
ter. " Books are like women ; to strike,
they must be well dressed. Fine feathers
make fine birds. A good paper, an ele-
gant type, a handsome motto, and a catch-
ing title, have driven many a dull treatise
through three editions." Foote, The
Author (1757).
Van (The Spirit of the), the fairy spirit
of the Van Pools, in Carmarthen. She
married a young Welsh farmer, but told
him that if he struck her thrice, she would
quit him forever. They went to a chris-
tening, and she burst into tears, where-
upon her husband struck her as a mar-
joy ; but she said, " I weep to see a child
brought into this vale of tears." They
next went to the child's funeral, and she
laughed, whereupon her husband struck
her again ; but she said, " I truly laugh to
think what a joy it is to change this vale
of tears for that better land, where there
is no more sorrow, but pleasures for ever-
IV
VAN
182
VANITY
more." Their next visit was to a wedding,
where the bride was young, and the man
old, and she said aloud, " It is the devil's
compact. The bride has sold herself for
gold." The farmer again struck her, and
bade her hold her peace ; but she vanished
away, and never again returned. Welsh
Mythology.
Vaiibeest Brown (Captain) alias Daw-
son, alias Dudley, alias Harry Bertram,
son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram, laird of
Ellangowan.
Vanbeest Brown, lieutenant of Dirk Hat-
teraick. Sir "W. Scott, Guy Mannering
(time, George II.).
Vaiiberg (Major), in Charles XIL, by
J. R. Blanche (1826).
Vanda, wife of Baldric. She is the
spirit with the red hand, who appears in
the haunted chamber to the Lady Eveline
Berenger, " the betrothed." Sir W. Scott,
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).
Van'dunke (2 syl), burgomaster of
Bruges, a drunken merchant, friendly to
Gerrard, king of the beggars, and falsely
considered to be the father of Bertha.
His wife's name is Margaret. (Bertha is
in reality the daughter of the duke of Bra-
bant.) Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beg-
gars> Bush (1622).
Vandyck (The English), William Dob-
son, painter (1610-1647).
Vandyck in Little, Samuel Cooper.
In his epitaph in old St. Pancras Church
he is caUed " the Apelles of his age " (1609-
1672).
Vandyck of France, Hyacinth Kigaud
y Eos (1659-1743).
Vandyck of Sculpture, Antoine Coy-
sevox (1640-1720).
Vane (Ellery), a coquettish girl, who
has method in her coquetry, beguiles Ellery
Vane to the loss of his heart by tying on
her hat .in his presence.
" Ah ! Ellery Vane, you little thought,
An hour ago, when you besought
This country lass to walk with ypu,
After the sun had dried the dew,
What perilous danger you'd be in
As she tied her bonnet under her chin ! "
Nora Perry, After the Ball and Other Poems
(1875).
Vane (Henry), a man who begins life as
a flippant young fellow with a French ed-
ucation; settles down into an astute
money-maker ; falls in love seriously when
he meant to flirt, and, finding that the
girl with whom he is enamored has played
a sharper game than he, and is engaged to
another man, blows out his own brains.
Frederic Jesup Stinison, The Crime of
Henry Vane.
Vanessa, Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a
young lady who proposed marriage to Dean
Swift. The dean declined the proposal in
a poetical trifle called Cadenus and Vanessa.
Essa, i.e., Esther, and Van, the pet form
of Vanhomrigh ; hence Van-essa.
Vanity, the usher of Queen Lucife'ra.
Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 4 (1590).
Vanity, a town through which Christian
and Faithful had to pass on their way to
the Celestial City.
Almost five thousand years agone, there were
pilgrims walking to the Celestial City, . . . and
Beelzebub, Apollyon, and Legion . . . perceived,
rHE Valkyrie are the maidens in the Northern mythology who carry the souls
of warriors slain in battle to the Walhalla, the Scandinavian Olympus or Home
of the Gods. "The Valkyrie" or"Walhyrie" is one of the dramas in Wagner's
Nibelungen trilogy. In the dramatis persona; there are eight of these maidens: their
names are Waltrante, Helmwige, Scbwertleide, Gerhilde, Ortlinde, Siegrune, Grimgerde,
Rosswei&se.
Waltraute
Who hangs at thy saddle ?
Helmwige
Sintolt the Hegeling I
Schwertleide
Forth with the bay- steed
And bind him afar I
Wagner's " Tbe Valkyrie."
-I
Yi iA\ K- <t ^4\ s^t M-AvWtjM 'aU* % ^
\
^ \0
THE VALKYRIE.
VANITY
183
VANOC
by the path that the pilgrims made, that their
way to the city lay through this town of Vanity.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678).
Vanity Fair, a fair established by Be-
elzebub, Apollyon and Legion, for the sale
of earthly "vanities," creature comforts,
honors, decorations and carnal delights.
It was held in Vanity town, and lasted all
the year round. Christian and Faithful
had to pass through the fair, which they
denounced, and were consequently ar-
rested, beaten and put into a cage. Next
day, being taken before Justice Hate-good,
Faithful was condemned to be burnt alive.
Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678).
** A looking-glass is called Vanity
Fair.
Vanity Fair is the name of a periodical
noted for its caricatures signed "Ape,"
and set on foot by Signor Pellegrini.
Vanity Fair, a novel by W. M. Thacke-
ray (1848). Becky (Eebecca) Sharp, the
daughter of a poor painter, dashing, selfish,
unprincipled, and very clever, contrives
to marry Rawdon Crawley, afterwards his
excellency Colonel Crawley, C.B., gov-
ernor of Coventry Island. Rawdon ex-
pected to have a large fortune left him by
his aunt, Miss Crawley, but was disin-
herited on account of his marriage with
Becky, then a poor governess. Becky
contrives to li ve in splendor on " nothing
a year," gets introduced at court, and is
patronized by Lord Steyne, earl of Gaunt ;
but, this intimacy giving birth to a great
scandal, Becky breaks up her establish-
ment, and is reduced to the lowest Bohe-
mian life. Afterwards she becomes the
" female companion " of Joseph Sedley, a
wealthy " collector," of Boggley Wollah, in
India. Having insured his life and lost
his money, he dies suddenly under very
suspicious circumstances, and Becky lives
for a time in splendor on the Continent.
Subsequently she retires to Bath, where
she assumes the character of a pious, char-
itable Lady Bountiful, given to all good
works. The other part of the story is
connected with Amelia Sedley, daughter
of a wealthy London stock-broker, who
fails, and is reduced to indigence. Cap-
tain George Osborne, the son of a London
merchant, marries Amelia, and old Os-
borne disinherits him. The young people
live for a time together, when George is
killed in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia
is reduced to great poverty, but is be-
friended by Captain Dobbin, who loves
her to idolatry, and after many years of
patience and great devotion, she consents
to marry him. Becky Sharp rises from
nothing to splendor, and then falls ; Ame-
lia falls from wealth to indigence, and
then rises.
Vanhorne (Miss), " an old woman with
black eyes, a black wig, shining false
teeth, a Roman nose and a high color,"
who munches aromatic seeds coated with
sugar, and tries to make or mar the for-
tunes of everybody she knows. Lonely,
crabbed and rich. Constance Fenimore
Woolson, Anne (1882).
Van Ness (Aunt), sentimental, worldly
old woman, who succeeds in marrying her
niece, Constance Varley, to the man she
does not want to accept. Julia Constance
Fletcher, Mirage (1878).
Vanoc, son of Merlin, one of the knights
of the Round Table.
Young Vanoc, of the beardless face
(Fame spoke the youth of Merlin's race),
CKerpowered, at Gyneth's footstool bled,
His heart's blood dyed her sandals red.
Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain, ii. 25 (1813).
IV
VANTOM
18-1
VASA
Vantom (Mr.). Sir John Sinclair tells
us that Mr. Vantom drank in twenty-three
years 36,688 bottles (i.e., 59 pipes) of wine.
Code of Health and Longevity (1807).
%* Between four and five bottles a day.
Vanwelt (Ian), the supposed suitor of
Eose Flammoek. Sir W. Scott, The Be-
trothed (time, Henry II.).
Vapiaiis (The), a people of Utopia, who
passed the equinoctial of Queubus, " a
torrid zone lying somewhere beyond three
o'clock in the morning."
In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling
last night, when thou spokest ... of the Vapi-
ans passing the equinoctial of Queubus.
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1602).
Vapid, the chief character in The Drama-
tist, by F. Eeynolds, and said to be meant
for the author himself. He goes to Bath
" to pick up characters."
Varbel, "the lowly but faithful squire"
of Floreski, a Polish count. He is a
quaint fellow, always hungry. J. P. Kem-
ble, Lodoiska (1719).
Vardeii (Gabriel), locksmith, Clerken-
well; a round, red-faced, sturdy yeoman,
with a double chin, and a voice husky
with good living, good sleeping, good
humor and good health. He was past the
prime of life, but his heart and spirits
were in full vigor. During the Gordon
riots Gabriel refused to pick the lock of
Newgate prison, though at the imminent
risk of his life.
Mrs. Varden [Martha], the locksmith's
wife and mother of Dolly, a woman of
"uncertain temper" and a self -martyr.
When too ill-disposed to rise, especially
from that domestic sickness, ill temper,
Mrs. Varden would order up "the little
black teapot of strong mixed tea, a- couple
of rounds of hot buttered toast, a dish of
beef and ham cut thin without skin, and
the Protestant Manual in two octavo vol-
umes. Whenever Mrs. Varden was most
devout, she was always the most ill-tem-
pered." When others were merry, Mrs.
Varden was dull ; and when others were
sad, Mrs. Varden was cheerful. She was,
however, plump and buxom, her hand-
maiden and "comforter" being Miss Miggs.
Mrs. Varden was cured of her folly by the
Gordon riots, dismissed Miggs, and lived
more happily and cheerfully ever after.
Dolly Varden, the locksmith's daughter ;
a pretty, laughing girl, with a roguish
face, lighted up by the lovliest pair of
sparkling eyes, the very impersonation of
good humor and blooming beauty. She
married Joe Willet, and conducted with
him the Maypole inn, as never country
inn was conducted before. They greatly
prospered, and had a large and happy
family. Dolly dressed in the Watteau
style ; and modern Watteau costume and
hats were, in 1875-6, called "Dolly Var-
dens." C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge (1841).
Vari'na, Miss Jane Waryng, to whom
Dean Swift had a penchant when he was
a young man. Varina is a Latinized form
of "Waryng."
Varney (Richard, afterwards Sir Rich-
ard), master of the horse to the earl of
Leicester. Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time,
Elizabeth).
Varro (The British). Thomas Tusser,
of Essex, is so called by Warton (1515-
1580).
Vasa (Gustavus), a drama, by H. Brooke
(1730). Gustavus, having effected his es-
cape from Denmark, worked for a time as
Louise de la Valliere at the Convent
Emmanuel Van den Bussche, Artist
ZOUISE DE LA VALLIERE, born in Touraine in 1644, was maid-
of-bonor to the Dncbess of Orleans and afterwards became the mis-
tress of Louis XIV. At the instigation of the queen-mother she was
requested to quit the court. She took refuge with the nuns at the Carmelite
nunnery at Chaillot, intending to become a nun. She was followed tbitber by
the king, however, who found her kneeling before the crucifix and after
many persuasions succeeded in inducing her to return to tbe court. She
became tbe mother of four of his children. Later, he tired of her, and she
retreated finally to a convent in 1674. She died in 1710.
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VASA
185
VEAL
a common laborer in the copper mines of
Dalecarlia [Dah'.le.karl'.ya]; but the tyr-
anny of Christian II. of Denmark having
driven the Dalecarlians into revolt, Gus-
tavus was chosen their leader. The re-
volters made themselves masters of Stock-
holm; Christian abdicated; and Sweden
became an independent kingdom (sixteenth
century).
Vashti. When the heart of the king
[Ahasuerus] was merry with wine, he
commanded his chamberlains to bring
Vashti, the queen, into the banquet hall, to
show the guests her beauty ; but she re-
fused to obey the insulting order, and the
king, being wroth, divorced her. Esther
i. 10, 19.
O Vashti, noble Vashti ! Summoned out
She kept her state, and left the drunken king
To brawl at Shushan underneath the palms.
Tennyson. The Princess, iii. (1830).
Vatel, the cook who killed himself, be-
cause the lobster for his turbot sauce did
not arrive in time to be served up at the
banquet at Chantilly, given by the Prince
de Conde to the king.
Vath'ek, the ninth caliph of the race of
the Abassides, son of Motassem, and grand-
son of Haroun-al-Easchid. When angry,
" one of his eyes became so terrible that
whoever looked at it either swooned or
died." Vathek was induced by a malig-
nant genius to commit all sorts of crimes.
He abjured his faith, and bound himself to
Eblis, under the hope of obtaining the
throne of the pre- Adamite sultans. This
throne eventually turned out to be a vast
chamber in the abyss of Eblis, where
Vathek found himself a prisoner without
hope. His wife was Nouron'ihar, daugh-
ter of the Emir Fakreddin, and his mother's
name was Catharis W. Beckford, Vathek
(1784).
Vathek's Draught, a red-and-yellow
mixture given him by an emissary of Eb-
lis, which instantaneously restored the
exhausted body, and filled it with unspeak-
able delight. W. Beckford, Vathek (1784).
Vato, the wind-spirit.
Even Zoroaster imagined there was an evil
spirit called Vato, that could excite violent
storms of wind. T. Rowe [i.e., Dr. PeggeJ,
Gentleman's Magazine, January, 1763.
Vaudeville (Father of The), Oliver
Basselin (fifteenth century).
Vaughan, the bogie of Bromyard exor-
cised by nine priests. Nine candles were
lighted in the ceremony, and all but one
burnt out. The priests consigned Nicho-
las Vaughan to the Red Sea ; and casting
the remaining candle into the river Frome,
threw a huge stone over it, and forbade
the bogie to leave the Eed Sea till that
candle re-appeared to human sight. The
stone is still called " Vaughan's Stone."
Vaugirard (The deputies of). The
usher announced to Charles VIII. of
France, "The deputies of Vaugirard."
"How many?" asked the king. "Only
one, may it please your highness."
V. D. M. I. M., Verlum Dei manet in
teternum (" the Word of God endureth for
ever"). This was the inscription of the
Lutheran bishops, in the diet of Spires.
Philip of Hessen said the initials stood for
Verbum diaboli manet in episcopis ("the
word of the devil abide th in the [Lutheran]
bishops ").
Veal (Mrs.), an imaginary person, whom
IV
VEAL
186
VEILCHEN
Defoe feigned to have appeared, the day
after her death, to Mrs. Bargrave, of Can-
terbury, on September 8, 1705).
Defoe's conduct in regard to the well-known
imposture, Mrs. Veal's ghost, would justify us in
believing him to be, like Gil Bias, " tant soi peu
fripon." Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance."
Veal's Apparition (Mrs.). It is said
that Mrs. Veal, the day after her death,
appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at Canterbury,
September 8, 1705. This cock-and-bull
story was affixed by Daniel Defoe to Dre-
lincourt's book of Consolations against the
Fears of Death, and such is the matter-of-
fact style of the narrative that most read-
ers thought the fiction was a fact.
Vec'chio (Peter), a teacher of music
and Latin; reputed to be a wizard.
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances
(1620).
Veck (Toby), nicknamed "Trotty;" a
ticket-porter, who ran on errands. One
New Year's Eve he ate tripe for dinner,
and had a nightmare, in which he fancied
he had mounted up to the steeple of a
neighboring church, and that goblins is-
sued out of the bells, giving reality to his
hopes and fears. He was roused from his
sleep by the sound of the bells ringing in
the new year. (See MEG.) C. Dickens,
The Chimes (1844).
Vedder (Jan), a fisherman whose mis-
taken marriage leads to every evil he does
or suffers. One who would become a
good man but for his perverse, wrong-
headed wife. He is desperately wounded
in a quarrel, and his condition, working
upon all that is best in his wife, changes
her temper and behavior to him. Amelia
E. Barr, Jan Vedder's Wife (1885).
Vegliantino ( Val.yan.tee' no], Orlando's
horse. Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).
Also called Veillantif .
Vehmgericht, or THE HOLY VEHME, a
secret tribunal of Westphalia, the principal
seat of which was in Dortmund. The
members were called "Free Judges." It
took cognizance of all crimes in the law-
less period of the Middle Ages, and those
condemned by the tribunal were made
away with by some secret means, but no
one knew by what hand. Being de-
spatched, the dead body was hung on a
tree to advertise the fact and deter others.
The tribunal existed at the time of Charle-
magne, but was at its zenith of power in
the twelfth century. Sir W. Scott has in-
troduced it in his Anne of Geierstein (time,
Edward IV.).
Was Rebecca guilty or not? The Vehmge-
richt of the servant's hall pronounced against
her. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xliv. (1848).
Vehmique Tribunal (The), or the Se-
cret Tribunal, or the court of the Holy
Vehme, said to have been founded by
Charlemagne. Sir W. Scott, Anne of
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).
Veil of St. Agatha, a miraculous veil
belonging to St. Agatha, and deposited in
the church of the city of Catania, in Sicily,
where the saint suffered martyrdom. "It
is a sure defence against the eruptions of
Mount Etna." It is very true that the
church itself was overwhelmed with lava
in 1693, and some 20,000 of the inhabi-
tants perished ; but that was no fault of
the veil, which would have prevented it if
it could. Happily, the veil was recovered,
and is still believed in "by the people.
Veilclien (Annette), attendant of Anne
yeffenon as Rip Van Winkle
/N Irving' s story, Rip I/an Winkle aivakens after his twenty years'
sleep and makes his way back to his old home.
"As he approached the -village, he met a number of people, but none
whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, as lie had thought himself
acquainted with everyone in the country round. Their dress, too, was of
a different fashion from that to which he was accustomed. They all stared
at him with equal marks of surprise, and whenever they cast their eyes upon
him, invariably stroked their chins. The constant recurrence of this gesture
induced Rip, involuntarily, to do the same, when to his astonishment, he
found his beard had grown a foot long.
He had now entered the skirts of the village. . . . The very village
was altered ; it was larger and more populous. There were rows of houses
which he had never seen before, and those which had been his familiar
haunts had disappeared. Strange names were over the doors, strange faces
at the windows, everything was strange. ' '
Washington Irving' s "Rip Van Winkle."
JEFr VAN Wl.'.
JEFFERSON AS RIP VAN WINKLE
VEILCHEN
187
VENEERING
of Geierstein. Sir W. Scott, Anne of
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).
Veiled Prophet of Khorassan (The),
Hakim ben Allah, surnaraed Mokanna, or
" The Veiled," founder of an Arabic sect,
in the eighth century. He wore a veil to
conceal his face, which had been greatly
disfigured in battle. He gave out that
he had been Adam, Noah, Abraham,
and Moses. When the Sultan Mahadi
marched against him, he poisoned all his
followers at a banquet, and then threw
himself into a cask containing a burning
acid, which entirely destroyed his body.
** Thomas Moore has made this the
subject of a poetical tale, in his Lalla
Eookh ("The Veiled Prophet of Kho-
rassan," 1817).
There, on that throne, . . . sat the prophet-chief,
The great Mokanna. O'er his features hung
The veil, the silver veil, which he had flung
In mercy there, to hide from mortal sight
His dazzling brow, till man could bear its light.
*******
" 'Tis time these features were uncurtained,
This brow whose light oh, rare celestial light !
Hath been reserved to bless thy favored sight . . .
Turn now and look ; then wonder, if thou wilt,
That I should hate, should take revenge by guilt,
Upon the hand whose mischief or whose mirth
Sent me thus maimed and monstrous upon
earth . . .
Here judge if hell, with all its power to damn,
Can add one curse to the foul thing I am ! "
He raised the veil ; the maid turned slowly
round,
Looked at him, shrieked, and sunk upon the
ground.
The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan.
Velasquez, the Spanish governor of
Portugal in 1640, when the people, led by
Don Juan, duke of Braganza, rose in re-
bellion, shook off the Spanish yoke, and
established the duke on the throne, under
the name and title of Juan or John IV.
The same dynasty still continues. Velas-
quez was torn to pieces by the mob. The
duchess calls him a
Discerning villain,
Subtle, insidious, false, and plausible ;
He can with ease assume all outward forms . . .
While with the lynx's beam he penetrates
The deep reserve of every other breast.
It. Jephson, Braganza, ii. 2 (1785).
Velinspeck, a country manager, to
whom Matthew Stuffy makes application
for the post of prompter. Charles Ma-
thews, At Home (1818).
Vellum, in Addison's comedy, The
Drummer (1715).
Velvet (The Rev. Morphine), a popular
preacher, who feeds his flock on eau sucree
and wild honey. He assures his hearers
that the way to heaven might once be
thorny and steep, but now " every hill is
brought low, every valley is filled up, the
crooked ways are made straight, and even
in the valley of the shadow of death, they
need fear no evil, for One will be with
them to support and comfort them."
Veneering (Mr.), a new man, "forty,
wavy-haired, dark, tending to corpulence,
sly, mysterious, filmy; a kind of well-
looking veiled prophet, not prophesying."
He was a drug merchant of the firm of
Chicksey, Stobbles and Veneering. The
two former were his quondam masters,
but their names had " become absorbed in
Veneering, once their traveller or com-
mission agent."
Mrs. Veneering, a new woman, "fair,
aquiline-nosed and fingered, not so much
light hair as she might have, gorgeous in
raiment and jewels, enthusiastic, propitia-
tory, conscious that a corner of her hus-
band's veil is over herself.' 1
Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new peo-
ple, in a bran new house, in a bran-new quarter
IV
VENEERING
188
VENICE PRESERVED
of London. Everything about the Veneerings
was spick and span new. All their furniture
was new, all their friends were new, all their
servants were new, their plate was new, their
carriage was new, their harness was new, their
horses were new, their pictures were new, they
themselves were new, they were as newly mar-
ried as was lawfully compatible with their hav-
ing a bran-new baby.
In the Veneering establishment, from the hall
chairs, with the new coat of arms, to the grand
pianoforte with the new action, and upstairs
again to the new fire-escape, all things were in a
state of high varnish and polish. C* Dickens,
Our Mutual Friend, ii. (1864).
Veneerings of Society (The), flashy,
rich merchants, who delight to overpower
their guests with the splendor of their
furniture, the provisions of their tables
and the jewels of their wives and daugh-
ters.
Venerable Bede (The). Two accounts
are given respecting the word venerable
attached to the name of this "wise Saxon."
One is this: When blind, he preached
once to a heap of stones, thinking himself
in a church, and the stones were so affected
by his eloquence that they exclaimed,
" Amen, venerable Bede ! " This, of course,
is based on the verse, Luke xix. 40.
The other is that his scholars, wishing
to honor his name, wrote for epitaph :
Hsec sunt in fossa,
Bedse presbyter! ossa ;
but an angel changed the second line into
" BedaB venerabilis ossa " (672-735).
** The chair in which he sat is still
preserved at Jarrow. Some years ago a
sailor used to show it, and always called
it the chair of the " Great Admiral Bede."
Venerable Doctor (The), William de
Champeaux (*-1121).
Venerable Initiator (Tlie), William of
Occam (1276-1347).
Venetian Glass, an antique goblet with
a tragic history, bought in Venice of a
vertu dealer, by John Manning, to whose
remote ancestor it had belonged. Man-
ning goes into the army, is wounded at
Gettysburg, and nursed back to life by a
beautiful woman. He marries her, and
falls into a lingering decline. One day
the Venetian goblet arrives from Italy,
and his wife, in a freak, pours his medi-
cine into it. In passing it to her husband
the glass drops, and is shivered, "as its
fellow had been shivered three centuries
ago," and more. She still stared steadily
before her ; then her lips parted, and she
said, " The glass broke ! The glass broke !
then the tale is true ! " Then, with one
hysterical shriek, she fell forward amid
the fragments of the Venetian goblet, un-
conscious thereafter of all things. Brander
Matthews, Venetian Glass (1884).
Venery. Sir Tristram was the in-
ventor of the laws and terms of venery.
Hence a book of venery was called A Book
of Tristram.
Of Sir Tristram came all the good terms of
venery and of hunting ; and the sizes and mea-
sures of blowing of an horn. And of him we
had first all the terms of hawking ; and which
were beasts of chase and beasts of venery, and
which were vermin ; and all the blasts that be-
long to all manner of games. First to the un-
coupling, to the seeking, to the rechase, to the
flight, to the death and to the strake ; and many
other blasts and terms shall all manner of gen-
tlemen have cause to the world's end to praise
Sir Tristram, and to pray for his soul. Sir T.
Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 138 (1470).
Venice Preserved, a tragedy by T.
Otway (1682). A conspiracy was formed
by Renault, a Frenchman, Elliot, an Eng-
lishman, Bedamar, Pierre and others, to
murder the Venetian senate. Jaffier was
induced by his friend, Pierre, to join the
conspirators, and give his wife as hostage
FasKti
Ernst Normand, Artist
the seventh day, -when the heart of the king was merry with
u'ine he commanded the seven chamberlains that served in the
presence of Ahamerus the king,
To bring Vasliti the queen before the king with the crown royal, to
show the people and the princes her beauty for she was fair to look upon.
But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king's command by hit
chamberlains: therefore was the king very -wroth and his anger burned in
him. Esther i, 10-19
"O yashti! noble Vashti! Summoned out,
She kept her state and left the drunken king
To brawl at Shu&han underneath the palms. '
Tennyson's "The Princess."
I
en
VENICE PRESERVED
189
VENUS
of his good faith. As Renault most
grossly insulted the lady, Jaffier took her
away, when she persuaded her husband to
reveal the plot to her father, Priuli, under
the promise of a general amnesty. The
senate violated the promise made by
Priuli, and commanded all the conspira-
tors except Jaffier to be broken on the
wheel. Jaffier, to save his friend, Pierre,
from the torture, stabbed him, and then
himself. Belvidera went mad and died.
Ve liner (Dudley), sad and studious
father of Elsie Venner, in 0. W. Holmes's
novel of that name (1863).
Ventid'ius, an Athenian imprisoned
for debt. Timon paid his debt, and set
him free. Not long after, the father of
Ventidius died, leaving a large fortune,
and the young man offered to refund the
loan, but Timon declined to take it, say-
ing that the money was a free gift. When
Timon got into difficulties he applied to
Ventidius for aid ; but Ventidius, like the
rest, was " found base metal," and " denied
him." Shakespeare, Timon of Athens
(1609).
Ventidius, the general of Marc Antony.
** The master scene between Ventidius
and Antony in this tragedy is copied from
The Maid's Tragedy (by Beaumont and
Fletcher), Ventidius being the "Melan-
tius " of Beaumont and Fletcher's drama.
Dryden, All for Love, or the World Well
Lost (1678).
Ventriloquist. The best that ever
lived was Brabant, the engastrimisth of
Francois I. of France.
Venus (Paintings of). VENUS ANA-
DYOM'ENE, or Venus rising from the sea
and wringing her golden tresses, by Apel-
les. Apelles also put his name to a
"Sleeping Venus." Tradition says that
Campaspe (afterwards his wife) was the
model of his Venus.
THE RHODIAN VENUS, referred to by
Campbell, in his Pleasures of Hope, ii., is
the Venus spoken of by Pliny, xxxv. 10,
from which Shakespeare has drawn his
pictm-e of Cleopatra in her barge (Antony
and Cleopatra, act ii. sc. 2). The Rhodian
was Protog'enes.
When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed
The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade,
The happy master mingled in his piece
Each look that charmed him in the fair of
Greece . . .
Love on the picture smiled. Expression poured
Her mingling spirit there, and Greece adored.
Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799).
Venus (Statues of). THE CNIDIAN VENUS,
a nude statue, bought by the CNIDIANS.
By Praxiteles.
THE COAN VENUS, a draped statue, bought
by the Coans. By Praxiteles.
THE VENUS DE' MEDICI, a statue dug up
in several pieces at Hadrian's villa, near
Tiv'oli (seventeenth century), and placed
for a time at the Medici palace at Rome,
whence its name. It was the work of
Cleom'enes, the Athenian. All one arm
and part of the other were restored by
Bandinelli. In 1680 this statue was re-
moved to the Uffizi gallery at Florence. It
was removed to Paris by Napoleon, but
was afterwards restored.
THE VENUS OF ARLES, with a mirror in
the right hand and an apple in the left.
This statue is ancient, but the mirror and
apple are by Girardin.
THE VENUS OF MILO. The " Venus Vic-
torious" is called the "Venus of Milo," be-
cause it was brought from the island of
Milo, in the ^Egean Sea, by Admiral Du-
mont d'Urville, in 1820. It is one of the
chefs tfwuvre of antiquity, and is now in
the Louvre of Paris.
IV
VENUS
190
VEEDUGO
THE PAULINE VENUS, by Canova. Mod-
elled from Pauline Bonaparte, Princess
Borghese.
I went by chance into the room of the Pauline
Venus; my mouth will taste bitter all day.
How venial ! how gaudy and vile she is with her
gilded upholstery ! It is the most hateful thing
that ever wasted marble. Ouida, Ariadn$, i. 1.
THE VENUS PANDEMOS, the sensual and
vulgar Venus (Greek, pan-demos, for the
vulgar or populace generally) ; as opposed
to the " Uranian Venus," the beau-ideal of
beauty and loveliness.
Amongst the deities from the upper chamber
a mortal came, the light, lewd woman, who had
bared her charms to live for ever here in mar-
ble, in counterfeit of the Venus Pandemos.
Ouida, AriadnS, i. 1.
GIBSON'S VENUS, slightly tinted, was
shown in the International Exhibition of
1862.
Venus, the highest throw with the four
tali or three tesserae. The best cast of the
tali (or four-sided dice) was four different
numbers ; but the best cast of the tesserae
(or ordinary dice) was three sixes. The
worst throw was called canis three aces
in tesserae and four aces in tali.
Venus (The Isle of), a paradise created
by " Divine Love " for the Lusian heroes.
Here Uranian Venus gave Vasco de Gama
the empire of the sea. This isle is not far
from the mountains of Imaus, whence the
Ganges and Indus derive their source.
Camoens, Lusiad, ix. (1572).
*** Similar descriptions of paradise are :
" the gardens of AlcinSus " (Odyssey, vii.) ;
"the island of Circe" (Odyssey, x.) ; Vir-
gil's " Elysium " ^Eneid, vi.) ; " the island
and palace of Alci'na" (Orlando Furioso,
vi., vii.) ; " the country of Logistilla" (Or-
lando Furioso, x.) ; " Paradise," visited by
Astolpho (Orlando Furioso, xxxiv.) ; " the
island of Armi'da " (Jerusalem Delivered) ;
"the bower of Acrasia" (Faery Queen);
" the palace with its forty doors " (Arabian
Nights, " Third Calendar"), etc.
Venus (Ura'nian), the impersonation of
divine love ; the presiding deity of the
Lusians. Camoens, Lusiad (1572).
Venus and Adonis. Adonis, a most
beautiful boy, was greatly beloved by
Venus and Proserpine. Jupiter decided
that he should live four months with one
and four months with the other goddess,
and the rest of the year he might do what
he liked. One day he was killed by a
wild boar during a chase, and Venus was
so inconsolable at the loss that the infernal
gods allowed the boy to spend six months
of the year with Venus on the earth, but
the other six he was to spend in hell. Of
course, this is an allegory of the sun,
which is six months above and six months
below the equator.
** Shakespeare has a poem called Venus
and Adonis (1593), in which Adonis is
made cold and passionless, but Venus
ardent and sensual.
Venus of Cleoin'enes (4 syl.), now
called the "Venus de' Medici" or "Venus
de Medicis."
Venusberg, the mountain of fatal de-
lights. Here Tannhauser tarried, and
when Pope Urban refused to grant him
absolution, he returned thither, to be never
more seen. German Legend.
Ver'done (2 syl), nephew to Champer-
nal, the husband of Lami'ra. Beaumont
and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer
(1647).
Verdugo, captain under the governor
VERDUGO
191
VEROLAME
of Segovia. Beaumont and Fletcher, The
Pilgrim (1621).
Vere (Mr. Richard), laird of Ellieslaw,
a Jacobite conspirator.
Miss Isabella Vere, the laird's daughter.
She marries young Patrick Earnscliffe,
laird of Earnscliffe. Sir W. Scott, The
Slack Dwarf (time, Anne).
Vere (Sir Arthur de), son of the earl of
Oxford. He first appears under the as-
sumed name of Arthur Philipson. Sir W.
Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward
IV.).
Verges (2 syl.), an old-fashioned con-
stable and night-watch, noted for his blun-
dering simplicity. Shakespeare, Much Ado
about Nothing (1600).
Vergob'retus, a dictator, selected by
the druids, and possessed of unlimited
power, both in war and state, during times
of great danger.
This temporary king or vergobretus, laid
down his office at the end of the war. Disserta-
tion on the Era of Ossian.
Verinder (Rachel), pretty, strong-willed,
imperious, warm-hearted young English-
woman, the legatee of a diamond of im-
mense value. She receives it upon her
twenty-first birthday, wears it all the even-
ing and insists upon keeping it in her
room that night. She sees from the ad-
joining apartment, her lover, Franklin
Blake, purloin the gem, and hides the
name of the thief, while discarding him.
Wilkie Collins, The Moonstone.
Verisopht (Lord Frederick), weak and
silly, but far less vicious than his bear-
leader, Sir Mulberry Hawk. He drawled
in his speech, aud was altogether " very
soft." Ralph Nickleby introduced his
niece, Kate, to the young nobleman at a
bachelor's dinner-party, hoping to make
of the introduction a profitable invest-
ment, but Kate was far too modest and
virtuous to aid him in his scheme. C.
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838).
Veriion (Diana), niece of Sir Hilde-
brand Osbaldistone. She has great beauty,
sparkling talents, an excellent disposition,
high birth, and is an enthusiastic adher-
ent of an exiled king. Diana Vernon mar-
ries Frank Osbaldistone.
Sir Frederick Vernon, father of Diana,
a political intriguer called " his excellency
the earl of Beauchamp." He first appears
as Father Vaughan [ Vawn]. Sir W. Scott,
Rob Roy (time, George I.).
Vernon (Elinor), " a student, enthusias-
tic and devoted, and one of rare attain-
ments, both in character and degree." She
becomes an author of note. Her betrothed,
Walter Mayward, would wean her from
devotion to letters, and loses her thereby.
Frederic St. Clair appreciates the glory of
her perfected womanhood, loves and mar-
ries her, and her " poetry finds in his love
its triumph, its crowning, its glorious
apotheosis." Grace Greenwood, Heart His-
tories (1850).
Ver'olame (3 syl) or VEEULAM, "a
stately nymph " of Isis. Seeing her
stream besmeared with the blood of St.
Alban, she prayed that it might be di-
verted into another channel, and her
prayer was granted. The place where St.
Alban was executed was at that time
called Holmhurst. Robert of Gloucester.
Chronicle (in verse), 57 (thirteenth cen-
tury).
** A poetical account of this legend is
IV
VEEOLAME
192
VETUS
also given by W. Browne in his Britannia's
Pastorals, iv (1613).
Veron'ica, the maiden who handed her
handkerchief to Jesus on His way to Cal-
vary. The " Man of Sorrows " wiped His
face with it, returned it to the maiden, and
it ever after had a perfect likeness of the
Saviour photographed on it. The hand-
kerchief and the maiden were both called
Veronica (i.e., vera iconica, "the true like-
ness ").
*#* One of these handkerchiefs is pre-
served in St. Peter's of Rome, and another
in Milan Cathedral.
Verriiia, the republican who murders
Fiesco. Schiller, Fiesco (1783).
Versatile (Sir George), a scholar, pleas-
ing in manners, warm-hearted, generous,
with the seeds of virtue and the soul of
honor, but being deficient in stability, he
takes his color, like the chameleon, from
the objects at hand. Thus, with Maria Del-
aval, he is manly, frank, affectionate, and
noble ; with Lord Vibrate, hesitating, un-
decided, and tossed with doubts; with
Lady Vibrate, boisterously gay, extrava-
gant, and light-hearted. Sir George is be-
trothed to Maria Delaval, but the death of
his father delays the marriage. He travels,
and gives a fling to youthful indulgences.
After a time, he meets Maria Delaval by
accident, his better nature prevails, and
he offers her his hand, his heart, his title,
and his fortune. Holcroft, He's Much to
Blame (1790).
Vertaigne (2 or 3 syl.), a nobleman and
judge, father of Lamira and Beaupre.
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little French
Lawyer (1647).
Vesey (Sir John), a baronet, most worldly
wise, and, being poor, gives himself
the nickname of " Stingy Jack," that he
may be thought rich. Forthwith his
10,000 was exaggerated into 40,000.
Sir John wanted his daughter to marry
Alfred Evelyn, but feeling very uncertain
about the stability of the young man's
money, shilly-shallied about it ; and in the
mean time, Georgina married Sir Fred-
erick Blount, and Evelyn was left free to
marry Clara Douglas, whom he greatly
loved. Lord L. Bulwer Lytton, Money
(1840).
Vestris, called " The God of Dancing,"
used to say, " Europe contains only three
truly great men myself, Voliaire, and
Frederick of Prussia" (1729-1808).
Vesuvian Bay :
" My soul to-day
Is far away,
Sailing the Vesuvian Bay ;
My winged boat,
A bird afloat,
Swims 'round the purple peaks remote."
The English language does not contain
a more exquisite bit of word-painting than
the poem embodying the above-quoted
lines. Thomas Buchanan Eead, Drifting
(1867).
Veto (Monsieur and Madame), Louis
XVI. and Marie Antoinette. The king
had the power of putting his veto on any
decree of the National Assembly (1791),
in consequence of which he was nick-
named " Capet Veto."
*#* The name occurs in the celebrated
song called La Carmagnole, which was
sung to a dance of the same name.
Vetus, in the Times newspaper, is the
nom de plume of Edward Sterling (1773-
1847), " The Thunderer" (1812-13).
VEXHALIA
193
VICAE OF BRAY
Vexhalia, wife of Osmond, an old Va-
rangian guard. Sir W. Scott, Count Rob-
ert of Paris (time, Rufus).
Vholes (1 syl.), a lawyer who draws
Richard Carstone into his toils. He is
always closely buttoned up, and speaks
in a lifeless manner, but is pre-eminently
a "most respectable man." C. Dickens,
Bleak House (1852).
Vibrate (Lord), a man who can never
make up his mind to anything, and, " like
a man on double business bent, he stands
in pause, which he shall first begin, and
both neglects." Thus, he would say to his
valet, "Order the coachman at eleven.
No; order him at one. Come back! or-
der him in ten minutes. Stay! don't
order him at all. Why don't you go and
do as I bid you?" or, "Tell Harry to ad-
mit the doctor. No, not just yet ; in five
minutes. I don't know when. Was ever
man so tormented?" So with everything.
Lady Vibrate, wife of the above. Ex-
travagant, contradictious, fond of gaiety,
hurry, noise, embarrassment, confusion,
disorder, uproar, and a whirl of excite-
ment. She says to his lordship :
I am all gaiety and good humor ; you are all
turmoil and lamentation. I sing, laugh, and wel-
come pleasure wherever I find it ; you take your
lantern to look for misery, which the sun itself
cannot discover. You may think proper to be
as miserable as Job ; but don't expect me to be
a Job's wife. Act. ii. 1.
Lady Jane Vibrate, daughter of Lord
and Lady Vibrate. An amiable young
lady, attached to Delaval, whom she mar-
ries. Holcroft, He's Much to Blame (1790).
Vicar of Bray (The). Mr. Brome says
the noted vicar was Simon Alleyn, vicar
of Bray, in Berkshire, for fifty years. In
the reign of Henry VIII. he was catholic
till the Reformation; in the reign of
Edward VI. he was calvanist; in the reign
of Mary he was papist; in the reign of
Elizabeth he was protestant. No matter
who was king, he resolved to die the vicar
of Bray. D'Israeli, Curiosities of Litera-
ture.
Another statement gives the name of
Pen die ton as the true vicar. He was
afterwards rector of St. Stephen's, Wai-
brook (Edward VI. to Elizabeth).
Hadyn says the vicar referred to in the
song was Simon Symonds, who lived in
the Commonwealth, and continued vicar
till the reign of William and Mary. He
was independent in the protectorate, episco-
palian under Charles II., papist under
James II., moderate protestant under Wil-
liam and Mary.
*#* The song called The Vicar of Bray
was written in the reign of George I.., by
Colonel Fuller, or an officer in Fuller's reg-
iment, and does not refer to Alleyn, Pen-
dleton, or Symonds, but to some real or
imaginary person, who was vicar of Bray,
from Charles II. to George I. The first
verse begins: "In good King Charles's
golden days " I was a zealous high-church-
man. Ver. 2: "When royal James ob-
tained the crown," I found the Church of
Rome would fit my constitution. Ver. 3 :
" When William was our king declared,"
I swore to him allegiance. Ver. 4: "When
gracious Anne became our queen," I be-
came a tory. Ver. 5 : " When George, in
pudding-time came o'er," I became a whig.
And " George my lawful king shall be
until the times do alter."
I have had a long chase after the vicar of
Bray, on whom the proverb . . . Mr. Fuller, in
his Worthies . . . takes no notice of him. . . .
I am informed it is Simon Alleyn or Allen who
was vicar of Bray about 1540, and died, 1588.
Brome to Rawlins, June 14, 1735. (See Letters
from the Bodleian, II. i. 100.)
IV
VICAE OF WAKEFIELD
194
VICTOBIOUS
Vicar of Wakefleld (The), Dr. Prim-
rose, a simple-minded, pious clergyman,
with six children. He begins life with a
good fortune, a handsome house, and
wealthy friends, but is reduced to utter
poverty without any fault of his own, and,
being reduced like Job, like Job he is re-
stored. First, he loses his fortune through
the rascality of the merchant who held it.
His next great sorrow was the elopement
of his eldest daughter, Olivia, with Squire
Thornhill. His third was the entire de-
struction by fire of his house, furniture
and books, together with the savings which
he had laid by for his daughters' marriage
portions. His fourth was being incarce-
rated in the county jail by Squire Thorn-
hill for rent, his wife and family being
driven out of house and home. His fifth
was the announcement that his daughter,
Olivia, " was dead," and that his daughter,
Sophia, had been abducted. His sixth
was the imprisonment of his eldest son,
George, for sending a challenge to Squire
Thornhill. His cup of sorrow was now
full, and comfort was at hand : (1) Olivia
was not really dead, but was said to be so
in order to get the vicar to submit to the
squire, and thus obtain his release. (2) His
daughter, Sophia, had been rescued by
Mr. Burchell (Sir William Thornhill), who
asked her hand in marriage. (3) His son,
George, was liberated from prison, and
married Miss Wilmot, an heiress. (4)
Olivia's marriage to the squire, which was
said to have been informal, was shown to
be legal and binding. (5) The old vicar
was released, re-established in his vicar-
age, and recovered a part of his fortune.
Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield (1766).
** This novel has been dramatized sev-
eral times: In 1819 it was performed in
the Surrey Theatre ; in 1823 it was turned
into an opera ; in 1850 Tom Taylor drama-
tized it ; in 1878 W. G. Wills converted
it into a drama of four acts, entitled
Olivia.
The real interest of the story lies in the de-
velopment of the character of the amiable vicar,
so rich in heavenly, so poor in earthly wisdom ;
possessing little for himself, yet ready to make
that little less, whenever misery appeals to his
compassion. With enough of worldly vanity
about him to show that he shares the weakness
of our nature; ready to be imposed upon by
cosmogonies and fictitious bills of exchange, and
yet commanding, by the simple and serene dig-
nity of goodness, the respect even of the profli-
gate. Encyc. Brit., Art. " Romance."
Victor Amade'us (4 syl.), king of Sar-
dinia (1665, 1675-1732), noted for his tor-
tuous policy. He was fierce, audacious,
unscrupulous and selfish, profound in dis-
simulation, prolific in resources, and a
" breaker of vows both to God and man."
In 1730 he abdicated, but a few months
later wanted to regain the throne, which
his son, Charles Emmanuel, refused to re
sign. On again plotting to recover the
crown, he was arrested by D'Ormea, the
prime minister, and died. R. Browning,
King Victor and King Charles Emmanuel.
Victoria (Donna), the young wife of
Don Carlos. Don Carlos had given to
Donna Laura (a courtezan) the deeds of
his wife's estate ; and Victoria, to get them
back, dressed in man's apparel, assumed
the name of Florio, and made love to
Laura. Having secured a footing, she
introduced Gasper as the rich uncle of
Victoria, and Gasper persuaded Laura
that the deeds were wholly worthless,
whereupon Laura tore them to pieces.
By this manoeuvre the estate was saved,
and Don Carlos rescued from ruin. Mrs.
Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782).
Victorious (The). Almanzor means
"victorious." The Caliph Almanzor was
the founder of Bagdad.
VICTOKIOUS
195
VINCENT DE LA ROSA
Thou, too, art fallen, Bagdad, city of peace !
Thou, too, hast had thy day ! . . .
Thy founder The Victorious.
Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer, v. 6 (1797).
Victory (The), Nelson's ship.
At the head of the line goes the Victory,
With Nelson on the deck,
And on his breast the orders shine
Like the stars on a shattered wreck.
Lord Lytton, Ode, iii. 9 (1839).
Vidar, the god of wisdom, noted for his
thick shoes, and not ^infrequently called
" The god with the thick shoes." Scandi-
navian Mythology.
Vieniie (The archbishop of), chancel-
lor of Burgundy. Sir W. Scott, Anne of
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).
Vifell, father of Viking, famous for
being the possessor of Angurva'del, the
celebrated sword made in the East by
dwarfs. Vifell won it from Bjorn Bloe-
tand, and killed with it the giant lernhos,
whom he cleft from head to waist with a
single stroke. Vifell left it to Viking, Vi-
king to Thorsten, and Thorsten to his son,
Frithjof. The hilt .of the sword was gold,
and the blade written with runes, which
were dull in times of peace, but in war
glittered " red as the crest of a cock when
he fighteth." Tegne"r, Frithjof Saga, iii.
(1825).
Villalpando (Gaspar Cardillos de), a
Spanish theologian, controversialist and
commentator (1505-1570).
"Truly," replied the canon, "I am better ac-
quainted with books of chivalry than with Vil-
lalpando's divinity." Cervantes, Don Quixote, I.
iv. 17 (1605).
Ville'rius, in Davenant's Siege of Rhodes
(1656).
. . . pale with envy, Singleton foreswore
The lute and sword, which he in triumph bore,
And vowed he ne'er would act Villerius more.
Dryden, MacFlecknoe (1682).
*** This was a favorite part of Single-
ton.
Villers (Mr.), a gentleman who pro-
fessed a supreme contempt for women,
and declared, if he ever married, he should
prefer Widow Racket to be his executioner.
Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem (1780).
Villiard, a villain from whose hands
Charles Belmont rescued Fidelia. E.
Moore, The Foundling (1748).
Vincent (Jenkiri), or " Jin Vin," one of
old Ramsay's apprentices, in love with
Margaret Ramsay. Sir W. Scott, For-
tunes of Nigel (time, James I.).
Vincent de la Rosa, a boastful, vain,
heartless adventurer, son of a poor laborer,
who had served in the Italian wars. Com-
ing to the village in which Leandra lived,
he induced her to elope with him, and,
having spoiled her of her jewels, money
and other valuables, deserted her, and she
was sent to a convent till the affair had
blown over.
He wore a gay uniform, bedecked with glase
buttons and steel ornaments; to-day he dressed
himself in one piece of finery, and to-morrow in
another. He would seat himself upon a bench
under a large poplar, and entertain the villagers
with his travels and exploits, assuring them there
was not a country in the whole world he had
not seen, nor a battle in which he had not taken
part. He had slain more Moors than ever Tunis
or Morocco produced ; and as to duels, he had
fought more than ever Gante had, or Luna,
Diego Garcia de Paredez, or any other cham-
pion, always coming off victorious, and without
losing one drop of blood. Cervantes, Don
Quixote, I. iv. 20 ("The Goat-herd's Story,"
1605).
iv
VINCENTIO
196
VIOLANTE
Vincen'tio, duke of Vienna. He dele-
gates his office to Angelo, and leaves
Vienna for a time, under the pretence of
going on a distant journey; but, by as-
suming a monk's hood, he observes, incog-
nito, the conduct of his different officers.
Angelo tries to dishonor Isabella, but the
duke re-appears in due time and rescues
her, while Angelo is made to marry Mari-
ana, to whom he was already betrothed.
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603).
*** Mariana was Angelo's wife by civil
contract, or, as the duke says to her, " He
is thy husband by pre-contract," though
the Church had not yet sanctified the
union and blessed it. Still, the duke says
that it would be " no sin " in her to account
herself his wife, and to perform towards
him the duties of a wife. Angelo's neglect
of her was " a civil divorce," which woiild
have been a " sin " if the Church had sanc-
tified the union, but which, till then, was
only a moral or civil offence. Mariana
also considered herself Angelo's " wife,"
and calls him " her husband." This is an
interesting illustration of the "civil con-
tract " of matrimony long before " The
Marriage Registration Act," in 1837.
Vincentio, an old gentleman of Pisa, in
Shakespeare's comedy called The Taming
of the Shrew (1593).
Vincentio, the troth-plight of Evadne,
sister of the marquis of Colonna. Being
himself without guile, he is unsuspicious,
and when Ludovico, the traitor, tells him
that Evadne is the king's wanton, he be-
lieves it and casts her off. This brings
about a duel between him and Evadne's
brother, in which Vincentio falls. He is
not, however, killed; and when the vil-
lainy of Ludovico is brought to light, he
re-appears and marries Evadne. Sheil,
Evadne, or The Statue (1820).
Vincentio (Don), a young man who was
music mad,and said that the summiim lonum
of life is to get talked about. Like Queen
Elizabeth, he loved a " crash " in music,
plenty of noise and fury. Olivia de Zu-
niga disgusted him by maintaining the
jew's-harp to be the prince of musical in-
struments. Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke
for a Husband (1782).
Vi'ola, sister of Sebastian; a young
lady of Messaline. They were twins, and
so much alike that they could be distin-
guished only by their dress. Viola and
her brother were shipwrecked off the
coast of Illyria, Viola was brought to
shore by the captain, but her brother was
left to shift for himself. Being a stranger
in a strange land, Viola dressed as a page,
and, under the name of Cesario, entered
the service of Orsino, duke of Illyria.
The duke greatly liked his beautiful page,
and, when he discovered her true sex,
married her. Skakespeare, Twelfth Night
(1602).
Vi'ola and Hono'ra, daughter of Gen-
eral Archas, "the loyal subject" of the
great-duke of Muscovia. Beaumont and
Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618).
Violan'te (4 syl.}, the supposed wife of
Don Henrique (2 syl.), an uxorious Spanish
nobleman. Beaumont and Fletcher, The
Spanish Curate (1622).
Violante, the betrothed of Don Alonzo,
of Alcazar, but given in marriage by King
Sebastian to Henri'quez. This caused
Alonzo to desert and join the emperor of
Barbary. As renegade, he took the name
of Dorax, and assumed the Moorish cos-
tume. In the war which followed, he
saved Sebastian's life, was told that Henri-
quez had died in battle, and that Violante,
The Pride of the Village
C. Horsley, Artist G. A. Periam, Engraver
" C I *HE Pride of the Village loves a man who is unworthy of her,
4. and when he leaves her she pines to death.
"She was seated between her father and mother one Sunday
afternoon. Her father had just been reading a chapter in the Bible ; it Spoke
of the vanity of worldly things and of the joys of heaven ; it seemed to have
diffused comfort and serenity through her bosom. Her eye was fixed on the
distant village church ; everything had sunk into that hallowed stillness pecu-
liar to the day of rest. Her parents were gating on her with yearning hearts.
Sickness and sorrow, which pass so roughly over some faces, had given to hers
the expression of a seraph's. A tear trembled in her soft, blue eye. Was
she thinking of her faithless lover } or were her thoughts wandering to that
distant churchyard into whose depths she might soon be gathered?"
Washington Irving' s " The Pride of the tillage."
,
THE PRIDE OF THE VILLAGE.
VIOLANTE
197 VIOLET-CROWNED CITY
who never swerved from his love, being a
young widow, was free and willing to be
his wife. Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690).
Violante, an attendant on the Princess
Anna Comneua, the historian. Sir W.
Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).'
Violante, (4 syl), wife of Pietro (2 syl.),
and putative mother of Pompilia. Violante
provided this suppositions child partly
to please old Pietro, and partly to cheat
the rightful heirs. R. Browning, The Pang
and the Book, ii.
Violante (Donna), daughter of Don Pedro,
a Portuguese nobleman, who intends to
make her a nun ; but she falls in love with
Don Felix, the son of Don Lopez. Isa-
bella (sister of Don Felix), in order to es-
cape a hateful marriage, takes refuge with
Donna Violante (4 syl), who "keeps the
secret" close, even at the risk of losing
her sweetheart, for Felix discovers that a
Colonel Briton calls at the house, and
supposes Violante to be the object of his
visits. Ultimately the mystery is cleared
up, and a double marriage takes place.
Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder (1714).
Mrs. Yates (in the last act), with Garrick as
Don Felix," was admirable. Felix, thinking
he has gone too far, applies himself to soothe his
Violante. She turns from him and draws away
her chair; he follows, and she draws further
away. At length, by his winning, entreating,
and cajoling, she is gradually induced to melt,
and finally makes it up with him. Her conde-
scension . . . was admirable; her dignity was
great and lofty, . . . and when by degrees she
laid aside her frown, and her lips relaxed into a
smile, . . . nothing could be more lovely and
irresistible. ... It laid the whole audience, as
well as the lover, at her feet. William Good-
win.
Violen'ta, any young lady nonentity;
one who contributes nothing to the amuse-
ment or conversation of a party. Violenta
is one of the dramatis persona of Shakes-
peare's Alts Well that Ends Well, but she
only enters once, and then she neither
speaks nor is spoken to (1598). (See
ROGEBO.)
Violenta, the -fairy mother, who brought
up the young princess, who was metamor-
phosed into a white cat for refusing to
marry Migonnet (a hideously misshapen
fairy). Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales
(" The White Cat," 1682).
Violet, the ward of Lady Arundel. She
is in love with Norman, the " sea-captain,"
who turns out to be the son of Lady
Arundel by her first husband, and heir to
the title and estates. Lord Lytton, The
Sea-Captain (1839).
Violet (Father), a sobriquet of Na-
poleon L; also called "Corporal Violet"
1769, 1804-1815, died, 1821).
*** Violets were the flowers of the em-
pire, and when, in 1879, the ex-empress
Eugenie was visited at Chislehurst by
those who sympathized with her in the
death of her son, " the prince imperial,"
they were worn as symbols of attachment
to the imperial family of France. The
name was given to Napoleon on his ban-
ishment to Elba (1815), and implied that
"he would return to France with the
violets."
Violet-Crowned City (The). Athens
is so called by Aristophanes, (wartyavos)
(see Equites, 1323 and 1329 ; and Achar-
nians, 637). Macaulay refers to Athens as
"the violet-crowned city." Ion (a violet)
was a representative king of Athens,
whose four sons gave names to the four
Athenian classes; and Greece, in Asia
Minor, was called Ionia. Athens was the
IV
VIOLET-CROWNED CITY
198
VIRGIL
city of " Ion crowned its king," and hence
was the "Ion crowned" or King Ion's
city. Translating the word Ion into Eng-
lish, Athens was the " Violet-crowned " or
King Violet's city. Of course, the pun is
the chief point, and was quite legitimate
in comedy.
Similarly, Paris is called the " city of
lillies," by a pun between Louis and lys
(the flower-de-luce), and France is Pempire
des lys or f empire des Louis.
By a similar pun, London might be
called "the noisy town," from Mud,
" noisy."
Violetta, a Portuguese, married to Bel-
field, the elder brother, but deserted by
him. The faithless husband gets betrothed
to Sophia (daughter of Sir Benjamin
Dove), who loves the younger brother.
Both Violetta and the younger brother
are shipwrecked and cast on the coast of
Cornwall, in the vicinity of Squire Bel-
field's estate ; and Sophia is informed that
her " betrothed " is a married man. She
is therefore free from her betrothal, and
marries the younger brother, the man of
her choice ; while the elder brother takes
back his wife, to whom he becomes recon-
ciled. E. Cumberland, The Brothers (1769).
Violin ( The Angel with the). Rubens's
" Harmony " is an angel of the male sex
playing a bass-viol.
The angel with the violin,
Painted by Raphael, ( ?) he seemed.
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (1863).
Violin-Makers (The best) : Gasparo di
Salo (1560-1610) ; Nicholas Amati (1596-
1684); Antonio Stradivari (1670-1728);
Joseph A. Guarneri (1683-1745).
** Of these, Stradivari was the best,
and Nicholas Amati the next best.
The following are eminent, but not equal
to the names given above : Joseph Steiner
(1620-1667); Matthias Klotz (1650-1696).
(See Otto, On the Violin.)
Vipont (Sir Ralph de), a knight of St.
John. He is one of the knights challengers.
Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard L).
Virgil, in the Gesta Bomanorum, is
represented as a mighty but benevolent
enchanter, and this is the character that
Italian romances give him.
Similarly, Sir Walter Scott is called
" The Great Wizard of the North."
Virgil, in Dante, is the personification
of human wisdom, Beatrice of the wisdom
which comes of faith, and St. Bernard of
spiritual wisdom. Virgil conducts Dante
through the Inferno and through Purga-
tory too, till the seven P's (peccata " sins")
are obliterated from his brow, when Bea-
trice becomes his guide. St. Bernard is
his guide through a part of Paradise. Vir-
gil says to Dante 1 :
What reason here discovers, I have power
To show thee ; that which lies beyond, expect
From Beatrice faith not reason's task.
DantS, Purgatory, xviii. (1308).
Virgil. The inscription on his tomb
(said to have been written by himself)
was:
Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nuno
Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces.
In Mantua was I born ; Calabria saw me die ;
Of sheep, fields, wars I sung ; and now in Naples
lie.
Virgil (The Christian), Giacomo San-
nazaro (1458-1530).
Marco Girolamo Vida, author of Christ-
las (in six books), is also called "The
Christian Virgil " (1490-1566)
Miss Henley and Mrs. F'impany
Fortttier, Artut R. Taylor, Engravtr
/R/S HENLEY finds tbat Mrs. Vimpany baa deceived ber. She bears
the voice of Lord Harry in the Hall of Mrs. Vimpany' 's b,
" Her first impression of Mrs. Vimpany, so sincerely repented, so
eagerly atoned for, bad been the right one after all. Younger, quicker and
lighter than the doctor's wife, Iris reached the door first and laid ber band
upon the loch.
" ' Wait a minute,' she said.
"Mrs. Vimpany hesitated. For the first time in her life at a loss ichat to
say, she could o~nly sign to Iris to stand bach, In's refused to nurcc. She. put
her terrible question in the plainest u-ords :
" ' Hmc does Lord Harry kmne I am in this boil
" In the -eery face of detection, the skilled deceiver kept up the mockery
of deceit.
" 'My dear,' she said, ' --chat /.us come to you ? Wby u'on'f you let me
go to my room ? *
" Iris eyed her ivitb a look of scornful surprise.
'"What nexts ' she said, ' are yon impudent enough to pretend that I
bane not found you out, yet? '
Wilhie Collins' s "Blind Love."
MISS HENLEY AND MRS. VIMPANY.
VIEGIL
199
VIBGIN MAKY
%* Aurelius Clemens Prudentius, of
Spain, is called by Bentley " The Virgil
and Horace of Christians" (348-*).
Virgil of our Dramatic Poets (The).
Ben Jouson is so called by Dryden (1574-
1637).
Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our
dramatic poets ; Jonson was the Virgil, and pat-
tern of elaborate writing. I admire rare Ben,
but I love Shakespeare. Dryden.
Virgil of the French Drama (The).
Jean Eacine is so called by Sir Walter
Scott (1639-1699).
Virgil's Courtship. Godfrey Gobi-
lyve told Graunde Amoure that Virgil, the
poet, once made proposals to a lady of
high rank in the Eoman court, who re-
solved to punish him for his presumption.
She told him that if he would appear on
a given night before her window, he
should be drawn up in a basket. Accord-
ingly he kept his appointment, got into
the basket, and, being drawn some twenty
feet from the ground, was left there dang-
ling till noon the next day, the laugh and
butt of the court and city. Stephen
Hawes, The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxix.
(1515).
Virgil's Gnat (the Culex, ascribed to
Virgil). A shepherd, having fallen asleep
in the open air, was on the point of be-
coming the prey of a serpent, when a gnat
stung him on the eyelid. The shepherd
crushed the gnat, but at the same time
alarmed the serpent, which the shepherd
saw and beat to death. Next night the
gnat appeared to the shepherd in a dream,
and reproached him for ingratitude, where-
upon he raised a monument in honor of
his deliverer. Spenser has a free transla-
tion of this story, which he calls Virgil's
Gnat (1580). (See USE OF PESTS.)
Virgile du Rabut (Le), "The Virgil of
the Plane," Adam Bellaut, the joiner-poet,
who died, 1662. He was pensioned by
Eichelieu, patronized by the' "Great
Conde," and praised by Pierre Corneille.
Virgil'ia is made by Shakespeare the
wife of Coriolanus, and Volumnia hia
mother; but historically Volumnia was
his wife, and Vetu'ria his mother. Corio-
lanus (1610).
The old man's merriment in Meneiiius; the
lofty lady's dignity in Volumnia; the bridal
modesty in Virgilia ; the patrician and military
haughtiness in Coriolanus ; the plebeian malig-
nity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus and
Sicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting
variety. Dr. Johnson, On Coriolanus.
Virgil'ius, Feargil, bishop of Saltzburg,
an Irishman. He was denounced as a
heretic for asserting the existence of anti-
podes (*-784). (See HEEESY.)
*** Metz, in France, was so called in the
Franco-Prussian war (1870-1).
Virgin Martyr (The), a tragedy by
Philip Massinger (1622).
Virgin Mary (The), is addressed by the
following titles: "Empress and Queen
of Heaven;" "Empress and Queen of
Angels;" "Empress and Queen of the
Earth ; " " Lady of the Universe or of the
World;" "Mistress of the World;" "Pa-
troness of all Men ; " " Advocate for Sin-
ners ; " " Mediatrix ; " " Gate of Paradise ;"
" Mother of Mercies and of Divine Grace ;
" Goddess ; " " The only Hope of Sinners,"
etc., etc.
It is said that Peter Fullo, in 480, was
the first to introduce invocations to the
Virgin.
IV
VIRGIN MODESTY
200
VIRGINIA
Virgin Modesty. John "Wilmot, earl
of Rochester, was so called by Charles II.,
because of his propensity to blushing
<1647-1680).
Virgin Queen (The), Elizabeth (1533,
1558-1603).
Virgin Unmasked (The), a farce by H.
Fielding. Goodwill had acquired by trade
10,000, and resolved to give his daughter
Lucy to one of his relations, in order to
keep the money in the family. He sent
for her bachelor relations, and told them
his intention ; they were Blister (the
apothecary), Coupee (the dancing-master),
and Quaver (the singing-master). They
all preferred their professions to the young
lady, and while they were quarrelling
about the superiority of their respective
callings, Lucy married -Thomas, the foot-
man. Old Goodwill says, '' I don't know
but that my daughter has made a better
choice than if she had married one of these
booby relations."
Virginians (The), a sequel to Henry
Esmond. It gives the story of Colonel
Esmond's twin grandsons, George and
Harry Warrington, born and brought up
in Virginia. George joins Braddock's ex-
pedition, and is reported killed, Harry
goes to England. George, escaping from
Indian captivity, joins his brother, whom
everybody had supposed the head of the
family. Harry enters the army and
George marries. One of the characters
introduced in the book is George "Wash-
ington, whom the twins believe to be in
love with their widowed mother. W. M.
Thackeray, The Virginians.
Virgins (The Eleven Thousand). Ursul
or Horsel in Swabia, like Hulda in Scan-
dinavia, means " the moon," and her eleven
thousand virgins are the stars. The bones
shown in Cologne, as those of the eleven
thousand virgins are those of males and
females of all ages, and were taken from
an old Roman cemetery across which the
wall of Cologne ran (1106).
Virginia, a young Roman plebeian of
great beauty, coveted by Appius Claudius,
one of the decemvirs, and claimed as
his slave. Her father, Virginius, being
told of it, hastened to the forum, and ar-
rived at the moment when Virginia was
about to be delivered up to Appius. He
seized a butcher's knife, stabbed his
daughter to the heart, rushed from the
forum, and raised a revolt.
This has been the subject of a host of
tragedies. In French, by Mairet (1628),
by Leclerc (1645), by Campistron (1683),
by La Beaumelle (1760), by Chabanon
(1769), by Laharpe (1786), by Leblanc du
Quillet (1786), by Guiraud (1827), by
Latour St. Ybars (1845), etc. In Italian,
by Alfieri (1783). In German, by Gott
hold Lessing (eighteenth century). In
English, by John Webster, entitled Appius
and Virginia (1654) ; by Miss Brooke
(1760) ; j. S. Knowles (1820), Virginius.
It is one of Lord Macaulay's lays (1842),
supposed to be sung in the forum on the
day when Sextus and Licinius were elected
tribunes for the fifth time.
Virginia, the daughter of Mde. de la
Tour. Madame was of a good family in
Normandy, but, having married beneath
her social position, was tabooed by her
family. Her husband died before the
birth of his first child, and the widow went
to live at Port Louis, in the Mauritius,
where Virginia was born. Their only
neighbor was Margaret, with her love-
child, Paul, an infant. The two children
grew up together, and became strongly at-
Fiola and Olivia
Viola
OOD Madam, let me see your face."
Olivia
" Have you any commission from your lord, to negotiate with my
face ? You are now out of your text : but we will draw tbe curtain and
shew you tbe picture. (Unveiling) Look you, sir, such a one as I was tbis
presents. Is 7 not well done ? ' '
Shakespeare's "Tu-elftb Night."
acts
.
u
VIOLA AND OLIVIA.
VIRGINIA
201
VITIZA OR WITIZA
tached; but when Virginia was 15 years
old, her wealthy great-aunt adopted her
and requested that she might be sent im-
mediately to France to finish her educa-
tion. The aunt wanted her to marry a
French count, and as Virginia refused to
do so, disinherited her and sent her back
to the Mauritius. When within a cable's
length of the island, a hurricane dashed
the ship to pieces, and the corpse of Vir-
ginia was cast on the shore. Paul drooped,
and died within two months. Bernardin
de St. Pierre, Paul and Virginia (1788).
*** In Cobb's dramatic version of this
story, Virginia's mother is of Spanish
origin, and dies committing Virginia to
the charge of Dominique, a faithful old
negro servant. The aunt is Donna Leo-
nora de Guzman, who sends Don Antonio
de Guardes to bring Virginia to Spain, and
there to make her his bride. She is car-
ried to the ship by force ; but scarcely is
she set on board when a hurricane dashes
the vessel to pieces. Antonio is drowned,
but Virginia is rescued by Alhambra, a
runaway slave, whom she has befriended.
The drama ends with the marriage be-
tween Virginia and Paul (1756-1818).
Virgiiiius, father of the Roman Vir-
ginia, the title of a tragedy by S. Knowles
(1820). (For the tale, see VIRGINIA.)
Macready (1793-1873) made the part of
"Virginias" in Knowles's drama so called,
but the first to act it was John Cooper, in
Glasgow (1820).
Visin, a Russian who had the power
of blunting weapons by a look. Star-
chat' eras, the Swede, when he went against
him, covered his sword with thin leather,
and by this means obtained an easy vic-
tory.
Vision of Judgment (The), a poem in
twelve parts, by Southey, written in hexa-
meter verse (1820). The laureate sup-
poses that he has a vision of George III.,
just dead, tried at the bar of heaven.
Wilkes is his chief accuser, and Washing-
ton his chief defender. Judgment is given
by acclamation in favor of the king, and
in heaven he is welcomed by Alfred, Rich-
ard Coeur de Lion, Edward III., Queen
Elizabeth, Charles I. and William III.,
Bede, Friar Bacon, Chaucer, Spenser, the
duke of Marlborough and Berkeley the
sceptic, Hogarth, Burke the infidel, Chat-
terton, who made away with himself, Can-
ning, Nelson and all the royal family who
were then dead.
*#* Of all the literary productions ever
issued from the press, never was one
printed of worse taste than this. Byron
wrote a quiz on it called The Vision of
Judgment, in 106 stanzas of eight lines
each (1820).
Visines, De (The). The uncle, an emi-
grant abbe who teaches French in Philadel-
phia, to private pupils. One of these is
Marguerite Howard, with whom the nephew,
Henri De Visines, speedily falls in love.
The girl, in skating, finds herself upon a>
floating cake of ice from which she is res-
cued by Henri De Visines. A series of
revelations brings about the truth that
Marguerite is of the De Visine blood, and
in due time she marries her newly-found
cousin. S. Weir Mitchell, Hephzibah Guin-
ness (1880).
Vitalis, the pseudonym of Eric Sjo-
berg, a Swedish poet. (Latin, vita Us,
"life is a strife.")
Viti'za or Witi'za, king of the Visi-
goths, who put out the eyes of Cord5va,
the father of Roderick. He was himself
dethroned and blinded by Roderick.
IV
VITIZA OR WITIZA
202
VOADINE
Southey, Roderick, the Last of the Goths
(1814).
Vitruvius (The English), Inigo Jones
(1572-1652).
Vivian, brother of Maugis d'Agremont,
and son of Duke Bevis of Agremont. He
was stolen in infancy by Tapinel, and
sold to the wife of Sorgalant. Roman de
Maugis $ Agremont et de Vivian son Frere.
Vivian, son of Buovo (2 syl), of the
louse of Clarmont, and brother of Aldiger
and Malagigi. Ariosto, Orlando Furioso
Viviane (3 syl), daughter of Dyonas, a
vavasour of high lineage, and generally
called the " Lady of the Lake." Merlin,
in his dotage, fell in love with her, and
she imprisoned him in the forest of Bre-
celiande, in Brittany. Viviane induced
Merlin to show her how a person could be
imprisoned by enchantment without walls,
towers, or chains, and after he had done
so, she [fondled him into a sleep under a
whitethorn laden with flowers. While
thus he slept, she made a ring with her
wimple round the bush, and performed
the other needful ceremonies, whereupon
he found himself enclosed in a prison
stronger than the strongest tower, and
from that imprisonment was never again
released. Merlin (a romance).
*#* See the next article.
better, for, being pestered with her impor-
tunity, he told her the secret of his power,
as Samson told Delilah the secret of his
strength. Having learnt this, Vivien en-
closed the magician in a hollow oak, where
he was confined as one dead, "lost to life,
and use, and name, and fame." Tennyson,
Idylls of the King ("Vivien," 1858-9). (See
VIVIANE.)
*#* In Malory's History of Prince Arthur,
i. 60, Nimue ( ? Ninive) is the fee who in-
veigled Merlin out of his secret :
And so upon a time it happened that Merlin
shewed to her [Nimue] in a rock, whereas was a
great wonder, and wrought by enchantment,
which went under a stone. So by her subtle
craft and working, she made Merlin to go under
that stone, to let her wit of the marvels there ;
but she wrought so there for him that he came
never out, for all his craft. And so she departed
and left him there.
Voadic'ia or Boadice'a, queen of the
British Iceni. Enraged against the Ro-
mans, who had defiled her two daughters,
she excited an insurrection against them,
and while Suetonius Paulmus, the Roman
governor, was in Mona (Anglesea), she
took Colchester and London, and slew
70,000 Romans. Being at length de-
feated by Suetonius Paulinus, she put an
end to her life by poison (A.D. 61).
Cowper has an ode on Boadicea (1790).
Brave Voadicla made with her resolvedest men
To Virolam f St. Allan's], whose siege with fire and
sword she plyed
Till levelled with the earth . . . etc.
Drayton, Polyolbion, viii. (1612).
Viv'ien or Vivian, the personification
of shameless harlotry, or the crowning
result to be expected from the infidelity of
Queen Guin'evere. This wily wanton in
Arthur's court hated all the knights, and
tried without success to seduce "the blame-
less king." With Merlin, she succeeded
Voadine (2 syl.), bishop of London,
who reproved Vortiger[n] for loving an-
other man's wife and neglecting his own
queen, for which reproof the good bishop
was murdered.
. . . good Voadine, who reproved
Proud Vortiger, his king, unlawfully that loved
Dante and Virgil Crossing the Styx
Eugene Delacroix, Artist
C~7~*HIS Dreary streamlet makes a Marsb, that is named Styx, when
j[ it has descended to the foot of the grey malignant shores. And
I, who stood intent on looking, saw muddy people in that bog, all
naked and with a look of anger. They were smiting each offer, not with
hands only, but with head, and -with chest, and -with feet; maiming one
another uitb their teeth, piece by piece.
The kind Master said : " Son, now see the souls of those whom anger
overcame.
************
My Guide descended into the skiff, and then made me enter after him ;
and not fill I was in did it seem laden. Soon as my Guide and I were
in the boat, its ancient prow went on, cutting more of the water than it is
wont with others.
John Carlyle's translation of Dante's "Inferno."
From the " Magazine of Art."
VOADINE
203
VOLKSMAHRCHEN
Another's wanton wife, and wronged his nup-
tial bed,
For which by that stern prince unjustly mur-
dered.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622).
%* This is very like the story of John
the Baptist and Herod.
Voice (Human). The following ani-
mals possessed both human voice and
articulate speech, speaking in the lan-
guage of their masters :
AL BORAK, the animal which conveyed
Mahomet to the seventh heaven. He not
only spoke good Arabic, but had also a
human face.
AKION, the wonderful horse which Her-
cules gave to Adrastos. It not only spoke
good Greek, but both his near feet were
those of a man.
BALAAM'S Ass spoke Hebrew to Balaam
on one occasion. Numb. xxii.
The BLACK PIGEONS, one of which gave
the responses in the temple of Ammon,
and the other in Dodona. Classic Story.
The BULBUL-HEZAR, which had not only
human speech, but was oracular also.
Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters").
COMRADE, Fortunio's horse, spoke with
the voice of a man. Comtesse D'Aunoy,
Fairy Tales ("Fortunio").
The little GREEN BIRD which Fairstar
obtained possession of, not only answered
in words any questions asked it, but was
also prophetic and oracular. Comtesse
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Cherry and Fair-
star ").
KATM!R, the dog of the Seven Sleepers,
spoke Greek. Al Koran, xviii.
SA*LEH'S CAMEL used to go about crying,
in good Arabic, "Ho! every one that
wanteth milk, let him come, and I will
give it him." Sale, Al Koran, vii. (notes).
The SERPENT which tempted Eve to eat
of the forbidden fruit. Gen. iii.
TEMLIHA, the king of serpents, had the
gift of human speech. Comte de Caylus,
Oriental Tales (" History of Aboutaleb ").
XANTHOS, one of the horses of Achilles,
announced to the hero, in good Greek, his
approaching death. Classic Fable.
Voiture (2 syl.), a French poet, idolized
by his contemporaries in the reign of
Louis XIV., but now only known by name
(1598-1648).
E'en rival wits did Voiture's death deplore,
And the gay mourned, who never mourned be-
fore;
The truest hearts for Voiture heaved with sighs,
Voiture was wept by all the brightest eyes.
Pope, Epistle to Miss Blount (1715).
Voland (Squire), the devil. (German,
Junker Voland.)
Volan'te (3 syl.), one of the three
daughters of Balthazar. Lively, witty,
sharp as a needle and high-spirited. She
loves the Count Montalban ; but when the
count disguises himself as a father confes-
sor, in order to sound her love for him,
she sees the trick in a moment, and says
to him, " Come, count, pull off your lion's
hide, and confess yourself an ass." Sub-
sequently, all ends happily and well. J.
Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804).
Volet'ta, Free-will personified.
Voletta,
Whom neither man, nor fiend, nor God con
strains.
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vi. (1633).
Volksmahrchen ("popular tales'"), in
German, the best exponents being Ludwig
Tieck (1773-1853), Musiius (1735-1787),
De la Motte Fouque (see UNDINE), Chamis-
so (see SCHLEMIHL, PETER), Wilhelm Hauff
(1802-1827), Achim von Arnim (1781-
1831), Clemens Brentano (1777-1842),
IV
VOLKSMA"HRCHEN
204
VOETIGEEN
Zschokke (1771-1848), Hoffmann (1776-
1822), Gustav Freytag, "The German
Dickens" (1816-1878), and the brothers
Grimm.
Vol'pone (2 syl), or THE Fox, a comedy
by Ben Jonson (1605). Volpone, a rich
Venetian nobleman, without children,
feigns to be dying, in order to draw gifts
from those who pay court to him under
the expectation of becoming his heirs.
Mosca, his knavish confederate, persuades
each in turn that he is named for the in-
heritance, and by this means exacts many
a costly present. At the end, Volpone is
betrayed, his property forfeited, and he is
sentenced to lie in the worst hospital in
all Venice.
Jonson has three great comedies : Volpone^ or
The Fox, Epicene, or The Silent Woman, and The
Alchemist. R. Chambers, English Literature, i.
192.
Volscius (Prince), a military hero, who
falls in love with the fair Parthen5pe, and
disputes with Prince Prettyman upon the
superiority of his sweetheart to Cloris,
whom Prince Prettyman sighs for. Duke
of Buckingham, The Rehearsal (1671).
Why, this is worse than Prince Volscius in
love ! Sir W. Scott.
Oh, be merry, by all means. Prince Volscius
in love ! Ha, ha, ha ! W. Congreve, The Double
Dealer (1694).
Volsunga Saga (The), a collection of
tales in verse about the early Teutonic
heroes, compiled by Ssemund Sigfusson
in the eleventh century. A prose version
was made some 200 years later by Snorro
Sturleson. This saga forms a part of the
Rythmical, or Elder Edda, and of the
Prose, or Younger Edda.
Voltaire (The German), Johann Wolf-
gang von Goethe (1749-1838).
Christoph Martin Wieland is also called
"The German Voltaire" (1733-1813).
Voltaire (The Polish), Ignatius Krasicki
(1774-1801).
Voltaire (The Russian), Alex P. Sumo-
rokof (1727-1777).
Vol'timand, a courtier in the court of
Claudius, king of Denmark. Shakespeare,
Hamlet (1596).
Volumnia was the wife of Coriolanus,
and Vetu'ria his mother ; but Shakespeare
makes Virgilia the wife, and Volumnia
the mother. Coriolanus (1610).
The old man's merriment in Menenius; the
lofty lady's dignity in Volumnia; the bridal
modesty in Virgilia ; the patrician and military
haughtiness in Coriolanus ; the plebeian malig-
nity and tribunitian insolence in Brutus and
Sicinius, make a very pleasing and interesting
variety. Dr. Johnson.
Voluspa Saga (The), the prophecy of
Vola. It contains between 200 and 300
verses, and resembles the Sibylline books
of ancient Rome. The Voluspa Saga
gives, in verse, a description of chaos, the
formation of the world, the creation of all
animals (including dwarfs and giants,
genii and devils, fairies and goblins), the
final conflagration of the world and its re-
newal, when it will appear in celestial
beauty, like the new Jerusalem described
in the book of the Revelation.
Vorst (PeterJcin), the sleeping sentinel
at Powys Castle. Sir W. Scott, The Be-
trothed (time, Henry II.).
Vortigern, counsel of the Gewisseans,
who crowned Constans, king of Britain,
although he was a monk, but treacher-
ously contrived to get him assassinated
Altercation Between Gervaise and Virginia
Adrien Marie, Artist Gillot, Engraver
L
AUTIER, the husband of Gervaise, deserts her and she learns the news
while at the wash-house. Virginia, the sister of the girl -with whom
Lautier has eloped, laughs at the grief of the wife.
" Gervaise took away her bands and looked, when she perceived Virginia
in front of her among two or three women, talking low and eyeing her. She
was seized with a mad frenzy. With her arms extended, searching the floor
and turning herself about with a quivering of all her members, she walked a
few steps, encountered a filled water-bucket, seized it with both hands and
threw it with all her strength.
" ' Oh, the hussy ! ' cried the big Virginia. She jumped backwards, her
shoes alone getting wet. The women of the wash-house, whom the tears of
Gervaise had upset, for a time crowded to see the fight. The washers who
had finished their bread mounted the tubs ; others ran forward with soapy
hands, and a ring was formed."
Zola's "L'Assommoir."
\Vv
ALTERCATION BETWEEN GERVAISE AND VIRGINIA.
VORTIGERN
205
VRAN
afterwards, and then usurped the crown.
He married Rowen'a, daughter of Hengist,
and was burnt to death in a tower set on
fire during a siege by Ambrosius. Geof-
frey, British History, vi. 6 ; viii. 1 (1142).
Vortigern, a drama put forward by
Henry W. Ireland (1796) as a newly dis-
covered play by Shakespeare. It was
brought out at Drury Lane Theatre, by
John Kemble. Dr. Parr declared it to be
his opinion that the play was genuine.
Vortigern and Hengist. The account
of the massacre of the Long-Knives, given
by Geoffrey, in his British History, vi. 15,
differs greatly from that of the Welsh
Triads (See STONEHENGE, A TROPHY).
Geoffrey says that Hengist came over with
a large army, at which King Vortigern
was alarmed. To allay this suspicion,
Hengist promised to send back all the men
that the king did not require, and begged
Vortigern to meet him in conference at
Ambrius (Ambresbury), on May-day. Hen-
gist, in the meantime, secretly armed a
number of his soldiers with " long-knives,"
and told them to fall on the Britons dur-
ing the conference, when he uttered the
words, "Nemet oure Saxas." This they
did, and 460 "barons and consuls" fell.
It does not appear from this narrative that
the slaughter was due " to the treachery
of Vortigern," but was wholly the work
of Hengist. Geoffrey calls the earl of
Gloucester " Eldol," and not "Eidiol."
up by the earth during the night. Geof-
frey, British History, vi. 17 (1142).
Vos non Vobis. The tale is that Vir-
gil wrote an epigram on Augustus Caesar,
which so much pleased the emperor that
he desired to know who was the author.
As Virgil did not claim the lines, one
Bathyllus declared they were his. This
displeased Virgil, and he wrote these four
words, Sic vos non vobis . . . four times as
the commencement of four lines, and
Bathyllus was requested to finish them.
This he could not do, but Virgil completed
the lines thus :
Sic vos non vobis nidiflcatis aves ;
Sic vos non vobis villera f ertis oves ;
Sic vos non vobis melliflcatis apes ;
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves.
Not for yourselves your nests ye song-birds
build ;
Not for yourselves ye sheep your fleeces bear ;
Not for yourselves your hives ye bees have
filled;
Not for yourselves ye oxen draw the share.
Vox et prseterea Mhil. A Spartan,
pulling a nightingale, and finding only a
very small body, exclaimed, <puva TV ? tool,
KOI ovd&v aAAo ("Voice art thou, and noth-
ing more "). Plutarch, ApopUhegmata
Laconica.
Vox (Valentine), enterprising ventrilo-
quist, who figures in the novel called by
his name. Henry Cochton (1840).
Vortigern's Tower, like Penelope's
web, is a work ever beginning, and never
ending. Vortigern was told by his magi-
cians to build a strong tower for his own
security ; so he commanded his workmen
to build one on Mount Erir, but whatever
they built one day, was wholly swallowed
Vran (Bendigeid, i.e., "Blessed "), king of
Britain, and father of Caradawc (Caracta-
cus). He was called "Blessed," because
he introduced Christianity into this island.
Vran had shared the captivity of his son,
and had learned the Christian faith during
his seven years' detention in Rome.
rv
VRAN
206
VULTURE
" Vran or Bran the Blessed, son of Llyr, first
brought the faith of Christ to the nation of the
Cymry, from Rome, where he was seven years a
hostage for his son, Caradawc, whom the Bo-
mans made prisoner, through craft and the
treachery of Aregwedd Foeddawg [Cartisman-
dua\Welsh Triads, xxxv.
Vran's Caldron restored to life who-
ever was put therein, but the revivified
never recovered speech. (See MEDEA'S
KETTLE.)
" I will give thee," said Bendigeid Vran, " a
caldron, the property of which is that if one of
thy men be slain to-day, and be cast therein to-
morrow, he will be as well as he was at the best,
except that he will not regain his speech." The
Mabinogion (" Branwen," etc., twelfth century).
Vrieiice (King), one of the knights of
the Round Table. He married Morgan le
Fay, half-sister of King Arthur. Sir T.
Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).
Vulcan was the lawful offspring of
Jupiter and Juno, but the former, upon
beholding his homely son, kicked him out
of heaven.
" From morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
A summer's day, and with the setting sun
Drop't from the zenith like a falling star
On Lemnos, the ^Egean isle."
Milton, Paradise Lost, I.
His leg was broken, and he remained
lame forever after. He was a blacksmith,
and employed by the Cyclops to forge their
thunderbolts.
Vulcan's Badge, the badge of cuckold-
om. Vulcan was the husband of Venus,
with whom Mars intrigued.
We know
Better than he have worn Vulcan's badge.
Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, act ii. sc. 1
(1593).
Vulnerable Parts.
ACHILLES was vulnerable only in the
heel. When his mother, Thetis, dipped
him in the river Styx, she held him by the
heel, and the water did not touch this
part. A Post-Homeric Story.
AJAX, son of Telamon, could be wounded
only behind the neck ; some say only in
one spot of the breast. As soon as he
was born Alcides covered him with a
lion's skin, which rendered the whole
body invulnerable, except in a part where
the skin had been pierced by Hercules.
ANT^OS was wholly charmed against
death so long as he touched the earth.
Lucan, Pharsalia, iv.
FERKACUTE (3 syl.) was only vulnerable
in the navel. Turpin, Chronicle of Charle-
magne.
He is called Ferrau, son of Landfusa, by
Ariosto, in his Orlando Furioso.
MEGISSOGWON was only vulnerable at
one tuft of hair on his head. A wood-
pecker revealed the secret to Hiawatha,
who struck him there and killed him.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, ix.
OEILLO was impervious to death unless
one particular hair was cut off ; wherefore
Astolpho, when he encountered the robber,
only sought to cut off this magic hair.
Ariosto, Orlando Furioso.
ORLANDO was invulnerable except in the
sole of his foot, and even there nothing
could injure him except the prick of a pin.
Italian Classic Fable.
SIEGFRIED was invulnerable except in
one spot between the shoulders, on which
a leaf stuck when he dipped his body in
the dragon's blood. The Nibelungen Lied.
*** The Promethean unguent rendered
the body proof against fire and wounds of
any sort. Medea gave Jason some of this
unguent. Classic Story.
Vulture (The Black), emblem of the
ancient Turk, as the crescent is of the
modern Ottoman empire.
The Death of Virginia
A. Zick, Artist
R. JSonp, Engraver
FTER the decision had been given that Virginia was the slave of Marcus,
and therefore subjett to the will of her master, yirginius, her father, drew her
to one side of the Forum and took her in his arms.
"And then bis eyes grew very dim.
And his throat began to- swell,
And in a hoarse, changed voice he spake,
'Farewell, sweet child ! Farewell !
* * * In- this hand
I clutch what still can save
Thy gentle youth from taunts and blows,
The portion of the slave;
" ' Then clasp me round the neck once
more,
And give me one more hiss;
And now, mine own dear little girl,
There is no way but this. '
With that he lifted high the steel,
And smote her in the side,
And in her blood she sank to earth,
And with one sob she died. ' '
Macaulay's "Lays of Ahdent Rome."
THE DEATH OF VIRGINIA.
VULTURE
207
WADDELL
And that black vulture, which with dreadful
wing
O'ershadows half the earth, whose dismal
sight
Frightened the Muses from their native spring,
Already stoops, and flags with weary wing.
Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633).
Vulture Hopkins. John Hopkins
was so called from his rapacious mode of
acquiring money. He was the architect
of his own fortune, and died worth
300,000 (in 1732).
** Pope refers to John Hopkins in the
lines:
When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend
The wretch who, living, saved a candle end.
ABSTEB (Michael), a citizen
of Perth Sir W. Scott,
Fair Maid of Perth (time,
Henry IV.).
Wabun, son of Mudje-
keewis; the Indian Apollo. He chases
darkness over hill and dale with his ar-
rows, wakes man, and brings the morning.
He married Wabun-Annung, who was
taken to heaven at death, and became the
morning star. Longfellow, Hiawatha
(1855).
Wabun-Annung, the morning star,
a country maiden who married Wabun,
the Indian Apollo. Longfellow, Hiawatha
(1855).
Wackbairn (Mr.), the schoolmaster at
Libberton. Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlo-
thian (time, George II.)
Wackles (Mrs. and the Misses), of
Chelsea, keepers of a " Ladies' Seminary."
English grammar, composition, geography,
and the use of dumb-bells, by Miss Melissa
Wackles; writing, arithmetic, dancing,
music, and general fascination, by Miss
Sophy "Wackles; needlework, marking,
and samplery, by Miss Jane Wackles;
corporal punishment and domestic duties,
by Mrs. Wackles. Miss Sophy was a
fresh, good-natured, buxom girl of 20, who
owned to a soft impeachment for Mr.
Swiveller, but as he held back, she mar-
ried Mr. Cheggs, a well-to-do market gar-
dener. C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop,.
viii. (1840).
Wade (Miss), a handsome young wo-
man, brought up by her grandmother, witft
a small independence. She looked at every
act of kindness, benevolence, and charity
with a jaundiced eye, and attributed it to
a vile motive. Her manner was suspicious,
self-secluded, and repellant; her temper
proud, fiery, and unsympathetic. Twice
she loved in one case she jilted her lover,
in the other she was herself jilted. The
latter was Henry Gowan, who married
Pet, the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and in
consequence of this marriage Miss Wade
hated Gowan, his wife, the Meagleses, and
all their friends. She enticed Tattycoram
away from Mr. Meagles, and the two
beautiful young women lived together for
a time, nursing their hatred of man to
keep it warm. C. Dickens, Little Dorrit,
ii. 21 (1857).
Waddell (James), the Blind Preacher,
as he was familiarly called, was a marked
character in the central counties of Virginia
in the latter part of the eighteenth cen-
tury. He performed all the offices of a
IV
WADDELL
208
WALDECK
clergyman up to the time of his death,
preaching with power and unction every
week. " I have never," says William Wirt,
" seen in any other orator such a union of
simplicity and majesty. He has not a
gesture, an attitude or an accent, to which
he does not seem forced by the sentiment
which he is expressing. . . . He is not
only a very polite scholar, but a man of
extensive and profound erudition." Wil-
liam Wirt, The British Spy (1803).
Wadman (Widow), a comely widow,
who would full fain secure Uncle Toby for
her second husband. Amongst other
wiles, she pretends to have something in
her eye, and gets Uncle Toby to look for
it. As the kind-hearted hero of Namur
does so, the gentle widow gradually places
her face nearer and nearer the captain's
mouth, under the hope that he will kiss
and propose. Sterne, The Life and Opin-
^ons of Tristram Shandy (1759).
Wagner, the faithful servant and con-
stant companion of Faust, in Marlowe's
drama called The Life and Death of Dr.
Faustus (1589) ; in Goethe's Faust (Ger-
man, 1798) ; and in Gounod's opera of
Faust (1859).
Wagner is a type of the pedant. He sacri-
fices himself to books as Faust does to knowl-
edge . . . the dust of folios is his element,
parchment the source of his inspiration. . . .
He is one of those who, in the presence of Niag-
ara, would vex you with questions about arrow-
headed inscriptions ... or the origin of the
Pelasgi. Lewes.
Wa'hela, Lot's wife, who was confeder-
ate with the men of Sodom, and gave
them notice when a stranger came to visit
her husband. Her sign was smoke by day
and fire by night. Wahela was turned
into a pillar of salt. Jallalo'ddin, Al
Zamakh.
Wa'ila (3 syl), wife of Noah, who told
the people her husband was distraught.
The wife of Noah [ Wdila] and the wife of Lot
\Wdhela] were both unbelievers, . . . and it
shall be said unto them at the last day, " Enter
ye into hell fire, with those who enter therein."
Al Kordn, Ixvi.
Wainamoi'nen, the Orpheus of Fin-
nish mythology. His magic harp per-
formed similar wonders to that of Orpheus
(2 syl.). It was made of the bones of a
pike ; that of Orpheus was of tortoiseshell.
The " beloved " of Wainamoinen was a
treasure called Sampo, which was lost as
the poet reached the verge of the realms
of darkness; the "beloved" of Orpheus
was Eurydi'ce, who was lost just as the
poet reached the confines of earth, after
his descent into hell.
** See Kalewala, Rune, xxii. It is very
beautiful. An extract is given in Baring
Gould's Myths of the Middle Ages, 440-
444.
Waitwell, the lackey of Edward Mira-
bell, and husband of Foible, governante of
the household of Lady Wishfort. By his
master's request, Waitwell personates Sir
Roland, and makes love to Lady Wishfort,
but the trick is discovered before much
mischief is done. W. Congreve, The Way
of the World (1700).
Wakefleld (Harry), the English drover
killed by Robin Oig. Sir W. Scott, The
Two Drovers (time, George III.).
Wakeman (Sir George), physician to
Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. Sir
W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles
II.).
Waldeek (Martin), the miner, and hero
of a story read by Lovel to a picnic party
Miller Voss and the Chasseur
Conrad Beckmann, Artist
rHE French, under Napoleon, are in Germany, and in the village of Staven-
bagen six chasseurs are quartered on Mayor Weber, with requisitions for
food and drink, and especially for wine. Remonstrance is -vain; there
no help but to give the enemy vine enough, drink him under the table, and stop bis
drinking for the time ! Alas, drink as they will, the Frenchman comes up, fresh at
every encounter, and they are in despair when enters Miller Voss, the hardest drinker
in tbe town. Miller Voss sits down at table with the Captain of the Chasseurs, but
bottle after bottle is emptied and neither of the men show signs of weakening. The
more they drink, the better friends they become. The Miller Speaks French, after his
hind; the Chasseur responds in German, such as it is. The Miller says "A With!"
(a Vous). "No, Nu!" says the Frenchman. "Servitor" (your servant!) cries the
Chasseur. "Sett em vor de Dor," " Sho 'm the door.'" echoes Voss. The friendship
grows apace, until nothing will serve, but the Frenchman must borrow the Miller's
night-cap, and the Miller put on the Chasseur's helmet and sabre, and each give the
other the kiss of brotherhood I
MILLER VOSS AND THE CHASSEUR.
WALDECK
209
WALKING STEWAET
at the ruins of St. Euth's Priory. Sir W.
Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.).
Walde'grave (2 syl.), leader of the
British forces which joined the Hurons
in extirpating the Snake Indians, but he
fell in the fray (pt. i. 18).
Julia Waldegrave, wife of the above.
She was bound to a tree with her child
by some of the Indians during the attack.
Outalissi, a Snake Indian, unbound them,
took them home, and took care of them ;
but the mother died. Her last request
was that Outalissi would carry her child
to Albert of Wy'oming, her friend, and
beg him to take charge of it.
Henry Waldegrave, the boy brought by
Outalissi to Albert. After staying at
Wyoming for three years, his English
friends sent for him (he was then 12 years
old). When grown to manhood, he re-
turned to Wyoming, and was married to
Gertrude ; but three months afterwards
Outalissi appeared, and told them that
Brandt was coming with his English sol-
diers to destroy the village. Both Albert
and Gertrude were shot in the attack ; and
Henry joined the army of Washington.
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming (1809).
Waldemar Fitzurse (Lord), a baron
following Prince John of Anjou (brother
of Kichard Coaur de Lion). Sir W. Scott,
Ivanhoe (time, Richard L).
Waldstetten (The countess of), a rela-
tive of the baron. He is one of the char-
acters in Donnerhugel's narrative. Sir W.
Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward
IV.).
Walk (Knave) is meant for colonel
Hewson, generally called "Walk, Knave,
Walk," from a tract written by Edmund
Gayton, to satirize the party, and entitled
Walk, Knaves, Walk. S. Butler, Hudibras
(1663-78).
Walker (Dr.), one of the three great
quacks of the eighteenth century, the
others being Dr. Eock and Dr. Timothy
Franks. Goldsmith, in his Citizen of the
World, has a letter (Ixviii.) wholly upon
these three worthies (1759).
Walker (Helen), the prototype of Jeanie
Deans. Sir W. Scott caused a tombstone
to be erected over her grave in Irongray
churchyard, Kirkcudbright [Ke.koo 1 .bry~\.
Walker (Hookey), John Walker, outdoor
clerk to Longman, dementi and Co.,
Cheapside. He was noted for his hooked
nose, and disliked for his official duties,
which were to see that the men came and
left at the proper hour, and that they
worked during the hours of work. Of
course, the men conspired to throw dis-
credit on his reports ; and hence when any
one draws the " long-bow," the hearer ex-
claims, " Hookey Walker ! " as much as to
say, " I don't believe it."
Walking Gentleman (A). Thomas
Colley Grattan published his Highways
and Byeways under this signature (1825).
Walking Stewart, John Stewart, an
English traveller, who walked through
Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, Abyssinia, the
Arabian Desert, Europe, and the North
American states; "crazy beyond the reach
of hellebore, yet sublime and divinely be-
nignant. . . . He had seen more of the
earth's surface, and had communicated
more with the children of the earth, than
any man before or since." De Quincey,
(1856).
IV
WALKING-STICK
210
WALSINGHAM
Walking-Stick (Henry F/JJ.'s), the
great Danish club shown in the armory of
the Tower.
f
Walkingshaw (Miss), mistress of the
chevalier Charles Edward, the Young Pre-
tender. Sir W. Scott, Medgauntlet (time,
George III.).
Wallace's Larder, the dungeon of
Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, where Wallace
had the dead bodies thrown when the gar-
rison was surprised by him in the reign of
Edward I.
"Douglas's Larder" is a similar phrase,
meaning that horrible compound of dead
bodies, barrels of flour, meal, wheat, malt,
wine, ale, and beer, all mixed together in
Douglas Castle, by the order of Lord
James Douglas, when, in 1306, the garri-
son was surprised by him.
Wallenrode (The earl of), an Hunga-
rian crusader. Sir W. Scott, The Talisman
(time, Richard I.).
Walleiistein (Max), German baron
and general, eminent in the Thirty Years'
War. He was assassinated in 1634 by
order of Ferdinand II. of Germany.
Schiller, Wallenstein (1799).
Waller, in love with Lydia, lady's-maid
to Widow Green. His love at first was
not honorable, because his aristocratic
pride revolted at the inferior social posi-
tion of Lydia ; but when he knew her real
worth, he loved her, proposed marriage,
and found that she was the sister of True-
worth, who had taken service to avoid an
obnoxious marriage. S. Knowles, The
Love-Chase (1837).
Waller's Plot, a plot organized in
1643 by Waller, the poet, against the par-
liamentary party. The object was to
secure the king's children, to seize the
most eminent of the parliamentarians, to
capture the Tower, and resist all taxes
imposed for the support of the parliament-
ary army.
Walley (Richard), the regicide, whose
story is told by Major Bridgenorth (a
roundhead) at his dinner-table. Sir W.
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles
II.).
Walnut Web. When the three princes
of a certain king were sent to find out " a
web of cloth which would pass through
the eye of a fine needle," the White Cat
furnished the youngest of the three with
one spun by the cats of her palace.
The prince . . . took out of his box a walnut,
which he cracked . . . and saw a small hazel
nut, which he cracked also . . . and found there-
in a kernel of wax. ... In this kernel of wax
was hidden a single grain of wheat, and in the
grain a small millet seed. ... On opening the
millet, he drew out a web of cloth 400 yards long,
and in it was woven all sorts of birds, beasts,
and fishes ; fruits and flowers ; the sun, moon,
and stars ; the portraits of kings and queens,
and many other wonderful designs. Comtesse
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The White Cat," 1682).
Walpurgis, saint who converted the
Saxons to Christianity.
Walpurgis Night. May 1, when
witches dance upon the Brocken in the
Hartz Mountains.
Walsingham, the affianced of Helen
Mowbray. Deceived by appearances, he
believed that Helen was the mistress of
Lord Athunree, and abandoned her; but
when he discovered his mistake he mar-
ried her. S. Knowles, Woman's Wit, etc.
(1838).
Death of Wallenstein
Piloty, Artist
rHE subject of our picture is drawn rather from legend it/an from
actual history. Albrecht, Count of Wallenstein, a celebrated Ger-.
man general of the sixteenth century, joined the Imperial Army and
won many victories for bis master, but he was undermined by enemies,, and
assassinated in his palace at Eger. He is said to bare shared in the super-
stitious belief in astrology so common in his time, and had been -warned by
Sent, an adept in that art in his employ, that his life was in danger. He
defied the omen, and the artist imagines the astrologer entering the death-
chamber and looking pitifully on the body of the man he had tried to save.
I
Walnut A
^*>. i
T"^
\
WALSINGHAM
211
WAMPUM
Walsingham (Lord), of Queen Elizabeth's
court. Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time,
Elizabeth).
Walter, marquis of Saluzzo, in Italy,
and husband of Grisilda, the peasant's
daughter (q.v.). Chaucer, Canterbury
Tales (" The Clerk's Tale," 1388).
*#* This tale, of course, is allegorical;
Lord Walter takes the place of deity, and
Grisilda typifies the true Christian. In
all her privations, in all her sorrows, in all
her trials, she says to her lord and master,
" Thy will be done."
Walter ( Master ), " the hunchback,"
guardian of Julia. A worthy man, liberal
and charitable, frank and honest, who
turns out to be the earl of Eochdale and
father of Julia. S. Knowles, The Hunch-
lack (1831).
Walter Debree, a Protestant clergy-
man, who, driven as he imagines, by con-
science, takes orders in the Roman Catho-
lic Church. His wife seeks him out and
makes an eloquent appeal to him in the
name of their former love, their dead
child, and their once common faith. His
heart and conscience thus aroused, com-
bine to urge reconsideration of his belief.
He resolves to return to the Mother
Church, and makes his plans to take the
Lord's Supper with his wife on a certain
Sabbath. On his way to church, he is
overtaken by a fierce snow-storm and
buried in the drifts. It is his lifeless body
which is taken to the waiting wife. " Is
this all, Walter ! " she sobbed. " Is this
the end? Yes, and it is a good end. . . .
I did not seek you for myself. It never
was for myself!" The effort to subdue
the human love to the Divine triumphed
in the midst of tears. Eobert Lowell, The
New Priest of Conception Bay (1858).
Walter [Furst], father-in-law of Tell.
Rossini, Guglielmo Tell (opera, 1829).
Walter Hartwright, drawing-teacher
and lover of Laura Fairlie. When the
report of her death has been circulated by
her husband, Sir Percival Glyde, Walter
unravels the plot, restores Laura to her
rightful place, and after the baronet's
death, marries her. Wilkie Collins, The
Woman in White.
Walter von der Vogelweide, one of
the German minnesingers, flourished in
1206.
Waltheof (The allot), abbot of St.
Withold's Priory. Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe
(time, Richard I.).
Waltheof (Father), a grey friar, confes-
sor to the duchess of Rothesay. Sir W.
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry
IV.).
Walton (Lord), father of Elvi'ra, who
promised his daughter in marriage to Sir
Richard Forth, a puritan officer; but
Elvira had already plighted her love to
Lord Arthur Talbot, a cavalier. The
betrothal was set aside, and Elvira mar-
ried Arthur Talbot at last. Bellini, U
Puritani (opera, 1834).
Walton (Sir John de), governor of Doug-
las Castle. Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous
(time, Henry I.).
Wamba, " the son of Witless," the jester
of Cedric, the Saxon, of Rotherwood.
Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).
Wampum, a string or belt of whelk-
shells, current with the North American
Indians as a medium of exchange, and
IV
WAMPUM
212
WANDEKING KNIGHT
always sent as a present to those with
whom an alliance or treaty is made.
Peace be to thee ! my words this belt approve.
Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 14 (1809).
Our wampum league thy brethren did embrace.
Ibid, i. 15.
Wanda, proud, high-bred German
beauty, who loves and weds a man, believ-
ing him to be of noble birth. Accident
reveals the mistake, and she drives him
from her in anger. After long separa-
tion, he rescues their child from death,
and dies in the arms of his remorseful
wife. Ouida, Wanda.
Wanderers. It is said that gypsies
are doomed to be wanderers on the face
of the earth, because they refused hospi-
tality to the Virgin and Child, when the
holy family fled into Egypt. (See WILD
HUNTSMAN.) Aventinus, Annalium Boi-
orum, libri septem (1554).
Wandering Jew (The), Kartaph'ilos
(in Latin, Cartaphilus), the door-keeper of
the judgment hall, in the service of Pon-
tius Pilate. The tradition is that this
porter, while haling Jesus before Pilate,
struck Him, saying, " Get on faster ! "
whereupon Jesus replied, " I am going
fast enough; but thou shalt tarry till I
come again."
*** The earliest account of this tradition
is in the Book of the Chronicles of the
Abbey of St. Allan's, copied and continued
by Matthew Paris (1228). In 1242 Philip
Mouskes, afterwards bishop of Tournay,
wrote the " rhymed chronicle."
Kartaphilos, we are told, was baptized
by Ananias, who baptized Paul, and re-
ceived the name of Joseph. See Book of
the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Allan's.
Another tradition says the Jew was
Ahasue'rus, a cobbler, and gives the story
thus: Jesus, overcome by the weight of
the cross, stopped at the door of Ahasue-
rus, when the man pushed Him away,
saying, " be off with you ! " Jesus replied,
"I am going off truly, as it is written;
but thou shalt tarry till I come again."
%* This legend is given by Paul von
Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547.
See Greve, Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen,
Hamburgh (1744).
In Germany, the Wandering Jew is
associated with John Buttadaeus, who was
seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth, fif-
teenth, and sixteenth centuries, and at
Brussels in 1774.
** Leonard Doldius of Niirnberg, in his
Praxis Alchymife (1604), says the Jew
Ahasuerus is sometimes called Buttadaeus.
In France, the name given to the Jew is
Isaac Laquedem, or Lakedion.
*#* See Mitternacht, Dissertatio in Johan.,
xxi. 19.
Salathiel ben Sadi is the name of the
Wandering Jew, in Croly's novel entitled
Salathiel (1827).
Eugene Sue introduces a Wandering
Jew in his novel called Le Juif Errant
(1845). Gait has also a novel called The
Wandering Jew.
Poetical versions of the legend have
been made by A. W. von Schlegal, Die
Warnung ; by Schubert, Ahasuer; by
Goethe, Aus Meinem Leben, all in German.
By Mrs. Norton, The Undying One, in
English, etc. The legend is based on St.
John's Gospel xxi. 22. " If I will that he
tarry till I come, what is that to thee ? "
The apostles thought the words meant
that John would not die, but tradition
has applied them to some one else.
Wandering Knight (The), El Donzel
del Febo (" the Knight of the Sun "), is so
called in the Spanish romance entitled
The Mirror of Knighthood.
WANDERING KNIGHT
213
WARD
Eumen'edes is so called in Peele's Old
Wives' Tale (1590).
Wandering Willie, the blind fiddler,
who tells the tale about Sir Robert Red-
gauntlet, and his son, Sir John. Sir W.
Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).
Wandering Wood which contained
the den of Error. Error was a monster,
like a woman upwards, but ending in a
huge dragon's tail with a venomous sting.
The first encounter of the Red Cross
Knight was with this monster whom he
slew. Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 1 (1590).
** When piety (the Bed Cross Knight)
once forsakes the oneness of truth ( Una),
it is sure to get into " Wandering Wood,"
where it will be attacked by " Error."
Wantley (Dragon of), a monster slain
by More of More Hall, who procured a
suit of armor studded with spikes, and,
proceeding to the lair, kicked the dragon
in its mouth, where alone it was vulner-
able. Percy, Beliques of Ancient Poetry.
One of Carey's farces is entitled The
Dragon of Wantley.
War of Wartburg, a poetic contest at
Wartburg's Castle, in which Vogelweid
triumphed over Heinrich von Ofterdin-
gen.
They renewed the war of Wartburg,
Which the bard had fought before.
Longfellow, Walter von der Vogelweid.
Warbeck (Perkin) assumed himself to
be Richard, duke of York, the younger son
of Edward IV., supposed to be murdered
by order of Richard III., in the Tower.
Parallel Instances. The youngest son
of Ivan IV. of Russia was named Dimitri,
i.e., Demetrius. He was born in 1581, and
was mysteriously assassinated in 1591,
some say by Godounov, the successor to
the throne. Several impostors assumed
to be Dimitri, the most remarkable ap-
peared in Poland in 1603, was recognized
as Czar in 1605, but perished the year fol-
lowing.
Martin Guerre, in the sixteenth century,
left his wife, to whom he had been mar-
ried ten years, to join the army in Spain.
In the eighth year of his absence one Ar-
naud du Tilh assumed to be Martin Guerre,
and was received by the wife as her hus-
band. For three years he lived with her,
recognized by all her friends and relations,
but the return of Martin himself dispelled
the illusion, and Arnaud was put to death.
The great Tichborne case was a similar
imposition. One Orton assumed to be Sir
Roger Tichborne, and was even acknowl-
edged to be so by Sir Roger's mother;
but after a long and patient trial it was
proved that the claimant of the Tichborne
estates was no other than one Orton, of
Wapping.
In German history, Jakob Rehback, a
miller's man, assumed, in 1345, to be Wal-
demar, an Ascanier margraf. Jakob was
a menial in the service of the margraf .
Warburton (Lord), handsome, well-
bred and commonplace young nobleman,
in love with Isabel Archer. Henry James,
Jr., Portrait of a Lady (1881).
Ward (Art&mus), Charles F. Browne, of
America, author of His Book of Goaks
(1865). He died in London in 1867.
Ward (Dr.), a footman, famous for his
"friars' balsam." He was called to pre-
scribe for George II., and died, 1761. Dr.
Ward had a claret stain on his left cheek,
and in Hogarth's famous picture, " The
Undertakers' Arms," the cheek is marked
gules. He forms one of the three figures
IV
WARD
214
WARMAN
at the top, and occupies the right hand
side of the spectator. The other two fig-
ures are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. Taylor.
Warden (Henry), alias HENKY WELL-
WOOD, the Protestant preacher. In the
Abbot he is chaplain of the Lady Maiy at
Avenel Castle. Sir W. Scott, The Monas-
tery (time, Elizabeth).
Warden (Michael), a young man of
about 30, well-made and good-looking,
light-hearted, capricious, and without
ballast. He had been so wild and ex-
travagant, that Snitchey and Craggs told
him it would take six years to nurse his
property into a healthy state. Michael
Warden told them he was in love with
Marion Jeddler, and her, in due time, he
married. C. Dickens, The Battle of Life
<1846).
Wardlaw, land-steward at Osbaldi-
stone Hall. Sir W. Scott, Eob Roy (time,
George I.).
Wardlaw (Henry of), archbishop of St.
Andrew's. Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of
Perth (time, Henry IV.).
Wardle (Mr.), an old country gentle-
man, who had attended some of the meet-
ings of " The Pickwick Club," and felt a
liking for Mr. Pickwick and his three
friends, whom he occasionally entertained
at his house.
Miss [Isabella] Wardle, daughter of Mr.
Wardle. She marries Augustus Snod-
grass, M.P.C.
Miss Emily Wardle, daughter of Mr.
Wardle. She marries Mr. Trundle. C.
Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).
Wardour (Sir Arthur), of Knockwin-
nock Castle.
Isabella Wardour, daughter of Sir Ar-
thur. She marries Lord Geraldin.
Captain Reginald Wardour, son of Sir
Arthur. He is in the army.
Sir Richard Wardour or " Richard with
the Red Hand," an ancestor of Sir Arthur.
Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time,
George III.).
Ware (Bed of), a great bed, twelve feet
square, assigned by tradition to the earl
of Warwick, the " king maker."
A mighty large bed [the bed of honor], bigger
by half than the great bed of Ware ; ten thou-
sand people may lie in it together and never
feel one another. G. Farquhar, The Recruiting
Officer (1707).
The bed of Off, king of Bashan, which
was fourteen feet long, and a little more
than six feet wide, was considerably smaller
than the great bed of Ware.
His bedstead was a bedstead of iron . . . nine
cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits
the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.
Deut. iii. 11.
Waring (Sir Walter), a justice of the
peace, whose knowledge of the law was
derived from Matthew Medley, his facto-
tum. His sentences were justices' justice,
influenced by prejudice and personal feel-
ing. An ugly old hag would have found
from him but scant mercy, while a pretty
girl could hardly do wrong in Sir Walter's
code of law. Sir H. B. Dudley, The Wood-
man (1771).
Warman, steward of Robin Hood,while
earl of Huntingdon. He betrayed his
master into the hands of Gilbert Hoode
(or Hood), a prior, Robin's uncle. King
John rewarded Warman for this treachery
by appointing him high sheriff of Notting-
ham.
The ill-fac'd miser, bribed on either hand,
Is Warman, one the steward of his house,
WARMAN
215
WARNING-GIVERS
Who, Judas-like, betraies his liberall lord
Into the hands of that relentlesse prior
Calde Gilbert Hoode, uncle of Huntington.
Skelton, Downfall of Robert, earl of Huntington
<Henry VIII.).
Warming-Pan Hero (The), James
Francis Edward Stuart (the first Pre-
tender). According to the absurd story
set afloat by the disaffected at the time of
his birth, he was not the son of Mary
d'Este, the wife of James II., but a natural
child of that monarch by Mary Beatrice, of
Modena, and he had been conveyed to the
royal bed in a warming-pan, with the in-
tention of palming him off upon the
British people as the legitimate heir to the
throne.
Warner, the old steward of Sir Charles
Cropland, who grieves to see the timber
of the estate cut down to supply the ex-
travagance of his young master. G. Col-
man, The Poor Gentleman (1802).
Warning- Givers.
ALASNAM'S MIBKOE. This mirror re-
mained unsullied when it reflected a chaste
and pure-minded woman, but became dim
when the woman reflected by it was faith-
less, wanton, or light. Arabian Nights
(" Prince Zeyn Alasnam ").
ANTS. Alexander Ross says that the
" cruel battle between the Venetians and
Insubrians, and also that between the
Liegeois and the Burgundians, in which
30,000 men were slain, were both presig-
nified by combats between two swarms of
ants." Arcana Microcosmi.
BAHMAN'S KNIFE (Prince). When Prince
Bahman started on his exploits, he gave
his sister, Parizade, a knife which, he told
her, would remain bright and clean so long
as he was safe and well, but, immediately
he was in danger, or dead, would become
dull or drop gouts of blood. Arabian
Nights ("The Two Sisters").
BAY TEEES. The withering of bay trees
prognosticates a death.
'Tis thought the king is dead . . .
The bay trees in our country are all withered.
Shakespeare, Richard II. (1597).
N.B. The bay was called by the Romans
"the plant of the good angel," because
"neyther falling sicknes, neyther devyll,
wyll infest or hurt one in that place
whereas a bay tree is." Thomas Lupton,
Syxt Book of Notable Thinges (1660).
BEE. The buzzing of a bee in a room
indicates that a stranger is about to pay
the house a visit.
BmTHA's EMEEALD RING. The Duke
Gondibert gave Birtha an emerald ring
which, he said, would preserve its lustre so
long as he remained faithful and true, but
would become dull and pale if he proved
false to her. Wm. Davenant, Gondibert.
BBAWN'S HEAD (The). A boy brought
to King Arthur's court a brawn's head,
over which he drew his wand thrice, and
said, " There's never a traitor or a cuckold
who can carve that head of brawn."
Percy, Reliques (" The Boy and the Man-
tle").
CANACE'S MIEEOK indicated, by its lustre,
if the person whom the inspector loved
was true or false. Chaucer, Canterbury
Tales (" The Squire's Tale ").
CANDLES. The shooting forth of a par-
cel of tallow, called a winding-sheet, from
the top of a lighted candle, gives warning
to the house of an approaching death ; but
a bright spark upon the burning wick is
the promise of a letter.
CATS on the deck of a ship are said to
" carry a gale of wind in their tail," or to
presage a coming storm. When cats are
veiy assidious in cleaning their ears and
head, it prognosticates rain.
IV
WARNING-GIVERS
216
WAENING-GIVEES
CATTLE give warning of an earthquake
by their uneasiness.
CHILDREN PLAYING SOLDIERS on a road
is said to forebode approaching war.
COALS. A cinder bounding from the
fire is either a purse or a coffin. Those
which rattle when held to the ear are
tokens of wealth; those which are mute
and solid indicate sickness or death.
CORPSE CANDLES. The ignis fatuus,
called by the Welsh canhwyll cyrph, or
" corpse candle," prognosticates death. If
small and of pale blue, it denotes the death
of an infant; if large and yellow, the
death of one of full age.
Captain Leather, chief magistrate of Belfast,
in 1690, being shipwrecked on the Isle of Man,
was told that thirteen of his crew were lost, for
thirteen corpse candles had been seen moving
towards the churchyard. It is a fact that thir-
teen of the men were drowned in this wreck.
Sacheverell, Isle of Man, 15.
CRADLE. It forebodes evil to the child
if any one rocks its cradle when empty.
American Superstition.
CRICKETS. Crickets in a house are a
sign of good luck, but if they suddenly
leave, it is a warning of death.
CROW (A). A crow appearing to one on
the left hand side indicates some impend-
ing evil to the person ; and flying over a
house, foretells evil at hand to some of the
inmates. (See " Raven.")
Ssepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice cornex.
Virgil, Eclogue, i.
CROWING OF A COCK. Themistocles was
assured of his victory over Xerxes by the
crowing of a cock, on his way to Artemi-
sium the day before the battle. Lloyd,
Stratagems of Jerusalem, 285.
Crowing of a hen indicates approaching
disaster.
DEATH-WARNINGS IN PRIVATE FAMILIES.
1. In Germany. Several princes of Ger-
many have their special warning-givers of
death. In some it is the roaring of a lion,
in others the howling of a dog. In some
it is the tolling of a bell or striking of a
clock at an unusual time, in others it is a
bustling noise about the castle. The Liv-
ing Library, 284 (1621).
2. In Berlin. A White Lady appears
to some one of the household or guard, to
announce the death of a prince of Hohen-
zollern. She was duly seen on the eve of
Prince Waldemar's death in 1879.
3. In Bohemia. " Spectrum foeminium
vestitu lugubri apparere solet in arce
quadam illustris familise, antequam una
ex conjugibus dominorum illorum e vita
decebat." Debrio, Disquisitiones Magicce,
592).
4. In Great Britain. In Wales the corpse
candle appears to warn a family of im-
pending death. In Carmarthen scarcely
any person dies but some one sees his
light or candle.
In Northumberland the warning light is
called the person's waff, in Cumberland
a swarth, in Ross a task, in some parts of
Scotland afye-token.
King James tells us that the wraith of
a person newly dead, or about to die, ap-
pears to his friends. Demonology, 125.
Edgewell Oak indicates the coming
death of an inmate of Castle Dalhousie by
the fall of one of its branches.
5. In Scotland. The family of Roth-
murchas have the Bodachau Dun, or the
Ghost of the Hill.
The Kinchardines have the Spectre of
the Bloody Hand.
Gartinbeg House used to be haunted by
Bodach Gartin.
The house of Tulloch Gorms used to be
haunted by Maug Monlach, or the Girl
with the Hairy Left Hand.
DEATH-WATCH (The). The tapping made
by a small beetle called the death-watch
is said to be a warning of death.
WARNING-GIVERS
217
WARNING-GIVERS
The chambermaids christen this worm- a " Death-
watch,"
Because, like a watch, it always cries " click ; "
Then woe be to those in the house who are sick,
For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost,
If the maggot cries " click " when it scratches a
post.
Swift.
DIVINING-ROD (The). A forked hazel
rod, suspended between the balls of the
thumbs, was at one time supposed to indi-
cate the presence of water-springs and
precious metals by inclining towards the
earth beneath which these things might
be found. Dousterswivel obtained money
by professing to indicate the spot of
buried wealth by a divining-rod. Sir W.
Scott, The Antiquary.
DOGS. The howling of a dog at night
forebodes death.
A cane preeviso funere disce mori.
R. Keuchen, Crepundia, 113 (1662).
*
Capitollnus tells us that the death of
Maximlnus was presaged by the howling
of dogs. Pausanias (in his Messeriia) says
the dogs brake into a fierce howl just
before the overthrow of the Messenians.
Fincelius says the dogs in Mysinia flocked
together and howled just before the over-
throw of the Saxons in 1553. Virgil says
the same thing occurred just previous to
the battle of Pharsalia.
Dogs give warning of death by scratch-
ing on the floor of a house.
DOTTERELS.
When dotterels do first appear,
It shows that frost is very near ;
But when that dotterels do go,
Then you may look for heavy snow.
Salisbury Saying.
DREAMS. It will be remembered that
Joseph, the husband of Mary, was warned
by a dream to flee from Judaea, and when
Herod was dead he was again warned by
a dream to " turn aside into the parts of
Galilee." Matt. ii. 13, 19, 22.
In the Old Testament, Pharaoh had a
warning dream of a famine which he was
enabled to provide against. Gen. xli. 15-
36.
Pharaoh's butler and baker had warning
dreams, one being prevised thereby of his
restoration to favor, and the other warned
of his execution. Gen. xl. 5-23.
Nebuchadnezzar had an historic dream r
which Daniel explained. Dan. ii. 1, 31-45.
Abimelech, king of Egypt was warned
by a dream that Sarah was Abraham's
wife and not his sister. Gen. xx. 3-16.
Jacob had an historic dream on his way
to Haran. Gen. xxviii. 12-15.
Joseph, son of Jacob, had an historic
dream, revealing to him his future great-
ness. Gen. xxxvii. 5-10.
Daniel had an historic dream about
four beasts which indicated four king-
doms (Dan. vii.). Whether his " visions "
were also dreams is uncei-tain (see chs.
viii. x.).
It would require many pages to do
justice to this subject. Bland, in his
Popular Antiquities, iii. 134, gives " A Dic-
tionary of Dreams " in alphabetic order,
extracted from The Royal Dream-Book.
DRINKING-HORNS. King Arthur had a
horn from which no one could drink who
was either unchaste or unfaithful. The
cuckold's horn, brought to King Arthur's
court by a mysterious boy, gave warning
of infidelity, inasmuch as no one unfaith-
ful in love or unleal to his liege lord could
drink therefrom without spilling the
liquor. The coupe enchantee possessed a
similar property.
EAGLE. Tarquinius Priscus was assured
that he would be king of Rome by an
eagle, which stooped upon him, took off
his cap, rose in the air, and let the cap fall
again upon his head.
Aristander assured Alexander of his
victory over Darius at the battle of Arbela,
IV
WARNING-GIVERS
218
WARNING-GIVERS
by the flight of an eagle. Lloyd, Strata-
gems of Jerusalem, 290.
EAR (The). If the left ear tingles or
burns, it indicates that some one is talk-
ing evil of you; if the right ear, some
one is praising you. The foreboded evil
may be averted by biting the little finger
of the left hand.
Laudor et adverse, sonat auris, laedor ab ore ;
Dextra bono tinnit murinure, Iseva malo.
R. Keuchen, Crepundia, 113 (1662).
EPITAPHS (Reading). If you would pre-
serve your memory, be warned against
reading epitaphs. In this instance the
American superstition is the warning-
giver, and not the act referred to.
Fm TREES. " If a firr tree be touched,
withered, or burned with lighting, it is a
warning to the house that the master or
mistress thereof shall shortly dye."
Thomas Lupton, Syxt Book of Notable
Thinges, iii. (1660).
FIRE. The noise occasioned when the
enclosed gas in a piece of burning coal
catches fire, is a sure indication of a quar-
rel between the inmates of the house.
FLORIMEL'S GIRDLE would loosen or tear
asunder if any woman unfaithful or un-
chaste attempted to put it on. Spenser,
Faery Queen.
GATES OF GUNDOF'ORUS (The). No one
carrying poison could pass these gates.
They were made of the horn of the homed
snake, by the apostle Thomas, who built
a palace of sethym wood for this Indian
king, and set up the gates.
GROTTO OF EPHESUS (The) contained a
reed, which gave forth musical sounds
when the chaste and faithful entered it,
but denounced others by giving forth
harsh and discordant noises. Lord Lyt-
ton, Tales of Miletus, iii.
HARE CROSSING THE ROAD (A). It was
thought by the ancient Romans that if a
hare ran across the road on which a per-
son was travelling, it was a certain omen
of ill luck.
Lepus quoque occurrens in via, infortunattun
iter prsesagit et ominosum. Alexander ab Alex-
andra, Genialium Dierum, libri VI. v. 13 p. 685.
Nor did we meet, with nimble feet,
One little fearful lepus,
That certain sign, as some divine,
Of fortune bad to keep us.
Ellison, Trip to Benwell, Ix.
HOOPOE (The). The country people of
Sweden consider the appearance of the
hoopoe as a presage of war. Pennant,
Zoology, i. 258.
LIZARDS warn men of the approach of a
serpent.
LOOKING-GLASSES. If a looking-glass is
broken, it is a warning that some one in
the house will ere long lose a friend. Grose
says it " betokens a mortality in the fam-
ily, commonly the master."
To break a looking-glass is prophetic
that the person will never get married;
or, if married, will lose the person wedded.
MAGPIES are prophetic birds. A com-
mon Lincolnshire proverb is, "One for
sorrow, two for mirth, three for a wed-
ding, four for death ; " or thus : " One for
sorrow, two for mirth, three a wedding,
four a birth."
Augurs and understood relations have,
By magotpies and choughs and rooks, brought
forth
The secret'st man of blood.
Shakespeare, Macbeth (1606).
Alexander Ross tells us that the battle
between the British and French, in which
the former were overthrown in the reign
of Charles VIII., was foretold by a skir-
mish between magpies and jackdaws. Ar-
cana Microcosmi.
MANTLE (The Test). A boy brought to
King Arthur's court a mantle which no
one could wear who was unfaithful in
love, false in domestic life, or traitorous
to the king. If any such attempted to
WARNING-GIVERS
219
WARNING-GIVERS
put it on, it puckered up, or hung slouch-
ingly, or tumbled to pieces. Percy, Re-
liques ("The Boy and the Mantle").
METEORS. Falling stars, eclipses, comets,
and other signs in the heavens, portend
the death or fall of .princes.
Meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven ;
The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth . . .
These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.
Shakespeare, Richard II., act ii. sc. 4 (1597).
Consult Matt. xxiv. 29 ; Luke xxi. 25.
MICE AND RATS. If a rat or mouse, dur-
ing the night, gnaw our clothes, it is in-
dicative of some impending evil, perhaps
even death.
Nos autem ita leves, atque inconsiderati sumus,
ut si mures corroserint aliquid quorum est opus
hoc unum, monstrum putemus? Ante vero
Marsicum bellum quod Clypeos Lanuvii mures
rosissent, maxumum id port en turn haruspices
esse dixerunt. Quasi vero quicquam intersit,
mures diem noctem aliquid rodentes, scuta an
cribra corroserint . . . cum vestis a soricibus
roditur, plus timere suspicionem futuri mali,.
quam praesens damnum dolere. Unde illud ele-
ganter dictum est Catonis, qui ciim esset con-
sultus a quodam, qui sibi erosas esse Caligas
diceret a soricibus, respondit; non esset illud
monstrum ; sed vere monstrum habendum fuisse,
si sorices a Caligis roderentur. Cicero, Divina-
tio, ii. 27.
MOLE-SPOTS. A mole-spot on the arm-
pit promises wealth and honor; on the
ankle bespeaks modesty in men, courage
in women ; on the right breast is a sign of
honesty, on the left forebodes poverty;
on the chin promises wealth ; on the right
ear, respect ; on the left forebodes dis-
honor; on the centre of the forehead be-
speaks treachery, sullenness and untidi-
ness; on the right temple foreshows that
you will enjoy the friendship of the great ;
on the left temple forebodes distress; on
the right foot bespeaks wisdom, on the
left, rashness; on the right side of the
heart denotes virtue, on the left side,
wickedness ; on the knee of a man denotes
that he will have a rich wife, if on the left
knee of a woman she may expect a large
family ; on the lip is a sign of gluttony
and talkativeness; on the neck promises
wealth ; on the nose indicates that a man
will be a great traveller ; on the thigh fore-
bodes poverty and sorrow ; on the throat,
wealth and health ; on the wrist, ingenuity.
MOON (The). When the "mone lies sair
on her back, or when her horns are pointed
towards the zenith, be warned in time, for
foul weather is nigh at hand." Dr. Jamie-
son.
Foul weather may also be expected
"when the new moon appears with the
old one in her arms."
Late, late yestreen I saw the new moone
Wi' the auld moone in her arme,
And I feir, I feir, my deir master,
That we will come to harme.
The Ballad of Sir Patrick Spens.
To see a new moon for the first time on
the right hand, and direct before you, is
lucky ; but to see it on the left hand or
to turn round and see it behind you, is
the contrary.
If you first see a new moon through
glass, your wish will come to pass.
NAILS. A white spot on the thumb
promises a present ; on the index finger de-
notes a friend ; on the long finger, a foe ;
on the third finger, a letter or sweetheart ;
on the little finger, a journey to go.
In America, white spots on the nails are
considered lucky.
NOUKGEHAN'S BRACELET gave warning
of poison by a tremulous motion of the
stones, which increased as the poison ap-
proached nearer and nearer. Comte de
Caylus, Oriental Tales ("The Four Talis-
mans ").
OPAL turns pale at the approach of poi-
son.
OWLS. The screeching of an owl fore-
bodes calamity, sickness, or death. On
IV
WARNING-GIVERS
220
WARNING-GIVERS
one occasion an owl strayed into the Capi-
tol, and the Romans, to avert the evil,
underwent a formal lustration.
The Roman senate, when within
The city walls an owl was seen,
Did cause their clergy with lustrations . . .
The round-faced prodigy t' avert.
Butler, Hudibras, II. in. lQ7 (1664).
The death of Augustus was presaged by
an owl singing [screeching] upon the top
of the Curia. Xiphilinus, Abridgment 0}
Dion Cassius.
The death of CommSdus Antonius, the
emperor, was forboded by an owl sitting
on the top of his chamber, at Lanuvium.
Julius Obsequens, Prodigies, 85.
The murder of Julius Caesar was pi-e-
saged by the screeching of owls.
The bird of night did sit,
Even at noonday, upon the market-place,
Hooting and shrieking.
Shakespeare, Julius Ccesar, act i. sc. 3 (1607).
The death of Valentinian was presaged
by an owl, which perched on the top of a
house where he used to bathe. Alexander
Ross, Arcana Microcosmi.
Antony was warned of his defeat in the
battle of Actium by an owl flying into the
temple of Concord. Xiphilinus, Abridg-
ment of Dion Cassius.
The great plague of Wiirtzburg, in
Franconia, in 1542, was foreboded by the
screeching of an owl.
Alexander Ross says: "About twenty
years ago I did observe that, in the house"
where I lodged, an owl groaning in the
window presaged the death of two emi-
nent persons, who died there shortly
after." Arcana Microcosmi.
PEACOCKS give warning of poison by
ruffling their feathers.
PERVIZ'S STRING or PEARLS (Prince).
When Prince Perviz went on his exploit,
he gave his sister, Parizade, a string of
pearls, saying, " So long as these pearls
move readily on the string, you may feel
assured that I am alive and well ; but if
they stick fast, they will indicate to you
that I am dead." Arabian Nights (" The
Two Sisters").
PIGEONS. It is considered by many a
sure sign of death in a house if a white
pigeon perches on the chimney.
PIGS running about with straws in their
mouths give warning of approaching rain.
RATS forsaking a ship forebode its wreck,
and forsaking a house indicate that it is
on the point of falling down. (See "Mice.")
RAVENS. The raven is said to be the
most prophetic of "inspired birds." It
bodes both private and public calamities.
" To have the foresight of a raven " is a
proverbial expression.
The great battle fought between Bene-
ventum and Apicium, was portended by a
skirmish between ravens'and kites on the
same spot. Jovianus Pontanus.
An irruption of the Scythians into
Thrace was presaged by a skirmish be-
tween crows and ravens. Nicetas.
Cicero was warned of his approaching
death by some ravens fluttering about him
just before he was murdered by Popilius
Csenas. Macaulay, History of St. Kilda,
176.
Alexander Ross says: "Mr. Draper, a
young gentleman, and my intimate friend,
about four or five years ago had one or
two ravens, which had been quarrelling
on the chimney, fly into his chamber, and
he died shortly after." Arcana Micro-
cosmi.
RHINOCEROS'S HORNS. Cups made of
this material will give warning of poison
in a liquid by causing it to effervesce.
SALT spilt towards a person indicates
contention, but the evil may be averted
by throwing a part of the spilt salt over
the left shoulder.
WARNING-GIVERS 221
WARNING-GIVERS
Prodige, subverso casu leviore salino,
Si mal venturum conjicis omen ; adesfc.
K. Keuchen, Crepuitdia, 215 (1662).
SHEARS AND SIEVE (The), ordeals by fire,
water, etc., single combats, the corsned or
cursed morsel, the Urim and Thummim,
the casting of lots, were all employed as
tests of innocence or guilt in olden times,
under the notion that God would direct
the lot aright. (See JONAH, i. 7.)
SHOES. It was thought by the Romans
a bad omen to put a shoe on the wrong
foot.
Augustus, having b' oversight,
Put on his left shoe for his right,
Had like to have been slain that day
By soldiers mutin'ing for pay.
Butler, Hudibras.
Auguste . . . restoit immobile et consterne
lorsqu'il lui arrivoit par niegarde de mettre le
soulier droit au pied gauche. St. Foix, Essais
sur Paris, v. 145.
SHOOTING PAINS. All sudden pains are
warnings of evil at hand.
Timeo quod rerum gesserim hie, ita dorsus
totus prurit. Plautus, Miles Gloriosus.
By the pricking of my thumbs,
Something wicked this way comes.
Shakespeare, Macbeth (1606).
SNEEZING. Once, a wish, twice, a kiss,
thrice, a letter, and oftener than thrice,
something better.
Sneezing "before "breakfast is a forecast
that a stranger or a present is coming.
Sneezing at night-time. To sneeze twice
for three successive nights denotes a death,
a loss, or a great gain.
Si duae sternutationes fiant omni nocte ab
aliquo, et illud continuitur per tres noctes, signo
est quod aliquis vel aliqua de domo morietur
vel aliud damnum domui continget, vel maxi-
mum lucrum. Hornmannus, De Miraculis Mor-
tuortim, 163.
Eustathius says that sneezing to the
left is unlucky, but to the right lucky.
Hence, when Themistocles was offering
sacrifice before his engagement with Xer-
xes, and one of the soldiers on his right
hand sneezed, Euphrantldes, the sooth-
sayer, declared the Greeks would surely
gain the victory. Plutarch, Lives (" The-
mistocles ").
SOOT ON BARS. Flakes of sheeted soot
hanging from the bars of a grate foretell
the introduction of a stranger.
Nor less amused have I quiescent watched
The sooty films that play upon the bars
Pendulous, and foreboding . . . some stranger's
near approach.
Cowper, Winter Evening.
SOPHIA'S PICTURE, given to Mathias,
turned yellow if the giver was in danger
or in temptation ; and black if she could
not escape from the danger, or if she
yielded to the temptation. Massinger, The
Picture (1629).
SPIDERS indicate to gold-searchers where
it is to be found.
STAG'S HORN is considered in Spain to
give warning of an evil eye, and to be a
safeguard against its malignant influences.
STONE. To find a perforated stone is a
presage of good luck.
SWALLOWS forecast bad weather by
flying low, and the fine weather by flying
high.
TEETH WIDE APART warn a person to
seek his fortune away from his native
place.
THUNDER. Thunder on Sunday por-
tends the death of some learned man,
judge, or author ; on Monday, the death
of women ; on Tuesday, plenty of grain ;
on Wednesday, the death of harlots, or
bloodshed ; on Thursday, plenty of sheep,
cattle, and corn ; on Friday, the death of
some great man, murder, or battle; on
Saturday it forebodes pestilence or sick-
ness. Leonard Digges, A Prognostica-
tion Everlasting of Ryght Good Effecte
(1556).
IV
WAKNING-GIVEKS
222
WASKY
TOLLING BELL. You will be sure of
tooth-ache if you eat while a funeral bell
is tolling. Be warned in time by this
American superstition, or take the conse-
quences.
VETPSEY, a spring in Yorkshire, called
" prophetic," gives due warning of a dearth
by rising to an unusual height.
VENETIAN GLASS. If poison is put into
liquor contained in a vessel made of Ve-
netian glass, the vessel will crack and fall
to pieces.
WAKNING STONES. Bakers in "Wiltshire
and in some other counties used to put a
certain kind of pebble in their ovens, to
give notice when the oven Was hot enough
for baking. "When the stone turned white,
the oven was fit for use.
WATER OP JEALOUSY (The). This was a
beverage which the Jews used to assert no
adulteress could drink without bursting.
Five Philosophical Questions Answered
(1653).
WHITE EOSE (The). A white rose gave
assurance to a twin-brother of the safety
or danger of his brother during his ab-
sence. So long as it flourished and re-
mained in its pride of beauty, it indi-
cated that all went well, but as it drooped,
faded, or died, it was a warning of danger,
sickness, or death. The Twin-Brothers.
WITCH HAZEL. A forked twig of witch
hazel, made into a divining-rod, was sup-
posed, in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and
seventeenth centuries, to give warning of
witches, and to be efficacious in discover-
ing them.
"WoKMS. If, on your way to a sick per-
son, you pick up a stone and find no living
thing under it, it tells you that the sick
person will die, but if you find there an ant
or worm, it presages the patient's recovery.
Si visitans egrnm,lapidem inventum per viam
attollat, et sub lapide inveniatur vermis se
movens, aut formica vivens, f austum omen est,
et indicium fore ut eeger convalescat, si nihil in-
venitur res est conclamata et certa mors.
Buchardus, Drecretorum, lib. xix.
Warren (Widow), "twice married and
twice a widow." A coquette of 40, aping
the airs of a girl; vain, weak, and de-
testable. Harry Dornton, the banker's son,
is in love with her daughter, Sophia Free-
love; but the widow tries to win the
young man for herself, by advancing
money to pay off his friend's debts. When
the father hears of this he comes to the
rescue, returns the money advanced, and
enables the son to follow his natural in-
clinations by marrying the daughter in-
stead of the designing mother.
A girlish, old coquette, who would rob her
daughter, and leave her husband's son to rot in
a dungeon, that she might marry the first fool
she could find. Holcroft, The Road to Ruin, v.
2, (1792).
Wart (Thomas), a poor, feeble, ragged
creature, one of the recruits in the army
of Sir John Falstaff. Shakespeare, 2
Hennj IV., act iii. sc. 2 (1598).
Warwick (The earl of), a tragedy by Dr.
T. Franklin. The theme is the last days
and death of the " king maker" (1767).
Washington of Africa ( The). William
Wilberforce is so called by Lord Byron.
As Washington was the chief instrument
in liberating America, so Wilberforce was
the chief instigator of slave emancipation.
Thou moral Washington of Africa.
T>on Juan, xiv. 82 (1824).
Washington of Colombia, Simon
Bolivar (1785-1831).
Wasky, Sir Iring's sword.
Rieht through the head-piece straight
The knight Sir Hagan paid,
WASKY 223
WASTLE
With his resistless Wasky,
That sharp and peerless blade.
Nibelungen Lied, 35 (1210).
Wasp, in the drama called Bartholomew
Fair, by Ben Jonson (1574-1637).
Benjamin Johnson, an actor [1665-1742], com-
monly called Ben Johnson, . . . seemed to be
proud to wear the poet's name, being particularly
great iu all that author's plays that were usually
performed, viz., "Wasp," " Corbaccio," " Morose,"
and "Ananias." Chetwood, History of the
SStaye.
V "Corbaccio," in The Fox; "Morose,''
in The Silent Woman ; and " Ananias," in
The Alchemist.
Waste Time Utilized.
BAXTER wrote his Saints' Everlasting
Rest on a bed of sickness (1615-1691).
BLOOMFIELD composed The Farmer's Boy
in the intervals of shoemaking (1766-1823).
BRAMAH (Joseph), a peasant's son, occu-
pied his spare time when a mere boy in
making musical instruments, aided by the
village blacksmith. At the age of 16 he
hurt his ankle while p!6ughing, and em-
ployed his time while confined to the
house in carving and making woodwares.
In another forced leisure from a severe
fall, he employed his time in contriving
and making useful inventions, which
ultimately led him to fame and fortune
(1749-1814).
BTJNYAN wrote his Pilgrim's Progress
while confined in Bedford jail (1628-1688).
BuKRnr(.E'^w)made himself acquainted
with ten languages while plying his trade
as a village blacksmith (Hebrew, Greek,
Syriac, Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, Dan-
ish, Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopic). His
father was a village cobbler, and Elihu
had only six months' education, and that
at the school of his brother (1811-1879).
CARET, the missionary and Oriental
translator, learnt the rudiments of Eastern
languages while employed in making and
mending shoes (1761-1834).
CLEMENT (Joseph), son of a poor weaver,
was brought up as a thatcher, but, by util-
izing his waste moments in self-education
and works of skill, raised himself to a po-
sition of great note, giving employment to
thirty workmen (1779-1844).
COBBETT learnt grammar in the waste
time of his service as a common soldier
(1762-1835).
D'AGUESSEAU, the great French chan-
cellor, observing that Mde. D'Aguesseau
always delayed ten or twelve minutes be-
fore she came down to dinner, began and
completed a learned book of three vol-
umes (large quarto), solely during these
"waste minutes." This work went through
several editions (1668-1751).
ETTY utilized indefatigably every spare-
moment he could pick up when a journey-
man printer (1787-1849).
FERGUSON taught himself astronomy
while tending sheep in the service of a
Scotch farmer (1710-1776).
FRANKLIN, while working as a journey-
man printer, produced his Dissertation on
Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
(1706-1790).
MILLER (Hugh) taught himself geology
while working as a mason (1802-1856).
PAUL worked as a tentmaker in intervals
of travel and preaching.
*#* This brief list must be considered
only as a hint and heading for enlarge-
ment. Henry Cort, William Fairbairn, Fox
of Derby, H. Maudslay, David Mushet,
Murray of Leeds, J. Nasmyth, J. B. Neil-
son, Roberts of Manchester, Whitworth,
and scores of others will occur to every
reader. Indeed, genius for the most part
owes its success to the utilization of waste
time.
Wastle (William), pseudonym of John.
IV
WASTLE
224
WAX
Gibson Lockhart, in Blackwootfs Magazine
(1794-1854).
Wat Dreary, alias BROWN WILL, a
highwayman, in Captain Macheath's gang.
Peachum says, "he has an underhand
way of disposing of the goods he stole,"
and 'therefore he should allow him to re-
main a little longer " upon his good be-
havior." Gay, The Beggar's Opera, i.
(1727).
Water-Poet (The), John Taylor, a
Thames waterman (1580-1654).
Water- Wraith, the evil spirit of the
waters.
By this the storm grew loud apace,
The water-wraith was shrieking.
Campbell, Lord Ullin's Daughter.
Waterman (The), Tom Tug. It is the
title of a ballad opera by Charles Dibdin
(1774). (For the plot, see WILELMINA
BUNDLE.)
Watkins ( William), the English attend-
ant on the prince of Scotland. Sir W.
Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry
IV.).
Watts (Dr. Isaac). It is said that Isaac
Watts, being beaten by his father for
wasting his time in writing verses, ex-
claimed :
O, father, pity on me take,
And I will no more verses make.
A similar anecdote is told of Ovid, the
Latin poet :
Parce, precor, genitor, posthac non versificabo.
Wauch (Mansie), fictitious name of D.
M. Moir, author of The Life of Mansie
Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith, written by him-
self (1828).
Waverley, the first of Scott's historical
novels, published in 1814. The materials
are Highland feudalism, military bravery,
and description of natural scenery. There
is a fine vein of humor, and a union of
fiction with history. The chief characters
are Charles Edward, the Chevalier, the
noble old baron of Bradwardine, the sim-
ple, faithful clansman, Evan Dhu, and the
poor fool, Davie Gellatley, with his frag-
ments of song and scattered gleams of
fancy.
Scott did not prefix his name to Waverley,
being afraid that it might compromise his poeti-
cal reputation. Chambers, English Literature,
ii. 586.
Waverley (Captain Edward), of Waver-
ley Honor, and hero of the novel called
by his name. Being gored by a stag, he
resigned his commission, and proposed
marriage to Flora M'lvor, but was not ac-
cepted. Fergus M'lvor (Flora's brother)
introduced him to Prince Charles Edward.
He entered the service of the Young Chev-
alier, and in the battle of Preston Pans
saved the life of Colonel Talbot. The colo-
nel, out of gratitude, obtained the pardon
of young Waverley, who then married
Eose Bradwardine, and settled down
quietly in Waverley Honor.
Mr. Richard Waverley, the captain's
father, of Waverley Honor.
Sir Everard Waverley, the captain's
uncle.
Mistress Eachel Waverley, sister of Sir
Everard. Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time,
George II.).
Wax (A lad o'), a spruce young man,
like a model in wax. Lucretius speaks of
persona cerea, and Horace of the waxen
arms of TelSphus, meaning beautiful in
shape and color.
.
Waverley and Rose Bradwardine
Rob. Herdman, Artist Francis Holl, Engravtr
fj^ DWARD found an agreeable variety in the conversation of Miss
. J Rr ad-sardine, who listened with eagerness to bis remarks upon
literature and showed great justness of taste in ber answers.
* * * W. itb all the simplicity and curiosity of a recluse, she
attached herself to the opportunity of increasing her store of literature wbicb
Edward's visit afforded her. He sent for some of bis books from bis
quarters, and they opened to ber sources of delight of wbicb she bad hith-
erto bad no idea."
Scott's "Waverley."
.
.-oYv,
WAVERLEY AND ROSE BRADWARDINE'.
WAX
225
WEALTHY
A man, young lady ! Lady, such a man
As all the world Why, he's a man d wax !
bhakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1595).
Way of the World (The}, a comedy by
W. Congreve (1700). The "way of the
world " is to tie up settlements to wives,
to prevent their husbands squandering
their wives' fortunes. Thus, Fainall
wanted to get into his power the fortune
of his wife, whom he hated, but found it
was "in trust to Edward Mirabell," and
consequently could not be tampered with.
Way to Keep Him (The), a comedy
by A. Murphy (1760). The object of this
drama is to show that women, after mar-
riage, should not wholly neglect their hus-
bands, but should try to please them, and
make home agreeable and attractive. The
chief persons are Mr. and Mrs. Lovemore.
Mr. Lovemore has a virtuous and excel-
lent wife, whom he esteems and loves;
but, finding his home insufferably dull, he
seeks amusement abroad ; and those pas-
sions which have no play at home lead
him to intrigue and card-playing, routes
and dubious society. The under-plot is
this : Sir Bashful Constant is a mere imi-
tator of Mr. Lovemore, and Lady Constant
suffers neglect from her husband and in-
sult from his friends, because he foolishly
thinks it is not comme ilfaut to love after
he has married the woman of his choice.
Snolts, a stumpy, "gummy" nobleman of
nve and forty; and, to avoid this hateful
match, she and her sister agree to elope at
night with the two young guests. It so
happens that a series of blunders in the
dark occur, and Sir David himself becomes
privy to the whole plot, but, to prevent
scandal, he agrees to the two marriages,
and discovers that the young men, both
in family and fortune, are quite suitable
to be his sons-in-law.
^ Waylaiid (Launcelot), or WAYLAND
( SMITH, farrier in the vale of Whitehorse.
Afterwards disguised as a pedlar at Cuni-
nor Place. Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time
Elizabeth).
Wealtheow (2 syl), wife of Hrothgar,
king of Denmark.
Wealtheow went forth; mindful of their
races she ... greeted the men in the hall
Ihe freeborn lady first handed the cup to the
prince of the East Danes. . . The lady of the
llelmings then went about every part . she
gave treasure-vessels, until the opportunity oc-
curred that she (a queen hung round with rings)
. . . bore forth the mead-cup to Beowolf
and thanked God that her will was accomplished'
that an earl of Denmark was a guarantee against
crime. Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth cen-
tury).
Ways and Means, a comedy by Col-
man, the younger (1788). Random and
Scruple meet at Calais two young ladies,
Harriet and Kitty, daughters of Sir David
Dunder, and fall in love with them. They
come to Dover, and accidentally meet Sir
David, who invites them over to Duuder
Hall, where they are introduced to the
two young ladies. Harriet is to be mar-
ried next day, against her will, to Lord
Wealthy Hoogs. Yankee housewife,
"hungry for books, full of keen thought,
energetic to preeminence even among
Yankee notables ""she lived here, sim-
ply where she had been put, made and
packed her butter, wove her homespun,
and loved faithfully and forbearingly,
for the most part (were it praise worth
a woman's having to say more?) the man
whose name and home she shared." A.
D. T. Whitney, The Gayworthys (1865;.
Wealthy (Sir William), a retired City
IV
WEALTHY
226
WEIR
merchant, with one son of prodigal pro-
pensities. In order to save the young
man from ruin, the father pretends to be
dead, disguises himself as a German baron,
and, with the aid of coadjutors, becomes
the chief creditor of the young scape-
grace.
Sir George Wealthy, the son of Sir
William. After having run out his money,
Lucy is brought to him as a courtezan ;
but the young man is so moved with her
manifest innocence and tale of sorrow
that he places her in an asylum where
here distresses would be sacred, " and her
indigent beauty woiild be guarded from
temptation." Afterwards she becomes
his wife.
Mr. Richard Wealthy, merchant, the
brother of Sir William ; choleric, straight-
forward, and tyrannical. He thinks obedi-
ence is both law and gospel.
Lucy Wealthy, daughter of Richard.
Her father wants her to marry a rich
tradesman, and, as she refuses to do so
turns her out of doors. She is brought to
Sir George Wealthy as a fille de joie ; but
the young man, discerning her innocence
and modesty, places her in safe-keeping.
He ultimately finds out that she is his
coiisiu, and the two parents rejoice in con-
summating a union so entirely in accord-
ance with both their wishes. Foote, The
Minor (1760).
"Weary-all Hill, above Glastonbury, to
the left of Tor Hill. This spot is the tradi-
tional landing-place of Joseph of Arima-
thea ; and here is the site (marked by a
stone bearing the letters A. I. A.D. xxxi.) of
the holy thorn.
When the saint arrived at Glastonbury,
weary with his long journey, he struck his
staff into the ground, and the staff became
the famous thorn, the site being called
"Weary-all Hill."
Weatherport (Captain), a naval officer.
Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William
III.).
Weaver-Poet of Iiiverary (TJie),
William Thorn (1799-1850).
Wea'zel (Timothy), attorney- at-law at
Lestwithiel, employed as the agent of Pen-
ruddock. Cumberland, The Wheel of For-
tune (1778).
Wedding Day (The), a comedy by Mrs.
Inchbald (1790). The plot is this: Sir
Adam Contest lost his first wife by ship-
wreck, and "twelve or fourteen years"
afterwards he led to the altar a young girl
of 18, to whom he was always singing the
praises of his first wife a phoenix, a par-
agon, the ne plus ultra of wives and
women. She did everything to make
him happy. She loved him, obeyed him ;
ah ! " he would never look upon her like
again." On the wedding clay this pink
of wives and women made her appear-
ance, and told how she had been rescued,
and Sir Adam was dumfounded. " He
was happy to bewail her loss," but to re-
joice in her restoration was quite another
matter.
Weeping Philosopher (The), Herac-
litos, who looked at the folly of man with
grief (fl. B.C. 500). (See JEDDLEK).
Wegg (Silas), wooden-legged ballad-
monger and humbug, who "reads" for
the confiding Boffins, and does his best to
ruin them. Charles Dickens, Our Mutual
Friend.
Weir (Major), the favorite baboon of
Sir Robert Redgauntlet. In the tale of
" Wandering Willie," Sir Robert's piper
went to the infernal regions to obtain the
Petruchi(?s Wedding
A
FTER Petrucbio s marriage to Kate, be insists that they shall start
for home fortbu-ilb, and pays no regard to the protestations of bis
wife or ber hinspeople -who have prepared the marriage -feast.
Katharine. " Gentlemen, forward to the bridal dinner :
I sec, a Ionian mav be made a fool,
If she bad not the spirit to resist. ' '
Petnicbio. " They sball go forward, Kate, at thy command :
Obey the bride, you that attend on her :
Go to the feast, revel and domineer,
Carouse full measure.
Be mad and merry, or go bang yourselves ;
But for my bonnie Kate, she must with me. ''
Shakespeare's " Taming of the Shrew. "
WEIR
227
WELLBORN
knight's receipt of rent, which had been
paid ; but no receipt could be found, be-
cause the monkey had carried it to the
castle turret. Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet
(time, George III.),
Weird Sisters. The three witches in
Shakespeare's play Macbeth.
Weissiiichtwo [ Vice-neckt-vo], no-
where. The word is German for " I know-
not where," and was coined by Carlyle
(Sartor Resartus, 1833). Sir W. Scott has
a similar Scotch compound, " Kennaqu-
hair" ("I know not where"). Cervantes
has the "island of Trapoban" (i.e., of "dish-
clouts," from trapos, the Spanish for "a
dish-clout "). Sir Thomas More has " Uto-
pia" (Greek, ou topos, "no place"). We
might add the " island of Medama " (Greek,
<l nowhere "), " the peninsular of Uda-
moges " (Greek, " nowhere on earth "), the
country of " Kennahtwhar," etc., and place
them in the great " Nullibian " ocean (" no-
where "), in any degree beyond 180 long.
and 90 lat.
Wel'ford, one of the suitors of "the
Scornful Lady " (no name is given to the
lady). Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scorn-
ful Lady (1616).
Well. Three of the most prominent
Bible characters met their wives for the
first time by wells of water, viz., Isaac,
Jacob, and Moses.
Eliezer met Rebekah by a well, and ar-
ranged with Bethuel for her to become
Isaac's wife. Gen. xxiv.
Jacob met Rachel by the well of Haran.
Gen. xxix.
When Moses fled from Egypt into the
land of Midian, he " sat down by a well,"
and the seven daughters of Jethro came
there to draw water, one of whom, named
Zipporah, became his wife. Exod. ii. 15-
21.
The Princess NausicSa, daughter of Al-
cinSos, king of the Pheeacians, was with
her maidens washing the household linen
on the seashore when she first encountered
Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, vi.
Well of English Undented. So Spen-
ser calls Chaucer.
Dan Chaucer, well of English undefiled,
On Fame's eternal bead-roll worthy to be filed.
Spenser, Fa'vry Queen, iv. 2 (1596).
Well-Beloved (The), Charles IV. of
France, Le Bien-Aime (1368, 1380-1422).
Louis XV. of France, Le Bien-Aim6
(1710, 1715-1774).
Well-Founded Doctor (The), .^Egidius
deColonna; also called "The Most Pro-
found Doctor" (Doctor Fundatissimtts et
Theolorjorum Princeps) ; sometimes sur-
named "Romanus," because he was born
in the Campagna di Roma, but more gen-
erally " Colonua," from a town in the
Campagna (1247-1316).
Wellborn (Francis, usually called Frank),
nephew of Sir Giles Overreach, and son of
Sir John Wellborn, who " bore the whole
sway " of Northamptonshire, kept a large
estate, and was highly honored. Frank
squandered away the property, and got
greatly into debt, but induced Lady All-
worth to give him her countenance out of
gratitude and respect to his father. Sir
Giles fancies that the rich dowager is
about to marry his nephew, and, in order to
bring about this desirable consummation,
not only pays all his debts, but supplies
him liberally with ready money. Being
thus freed from debt, and having sown his
wild oats, young Wellborn reforms, and
IV
WELLBORN
228
WENONAH
Lord Lovell gives him a "company."
Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old DeUs
(1625).
Weller (Samuel), boots at the White
Hart, and afterwards servant to Mr. Pick-
wick, to whom he becomes devotedly at-,
taclied. Rather than leave his master
when he is sent to the Fleet, Sam Weller
gets his father to arrest him for debt.
His fun, his shrewdness, his comparisons,
his archness, and his cunning on behalf
of his master are unparalleled.
Tony Weller, father of Sam; a coach-
man of the old school, who drives a coach
between London and Dorking. Naturally
portly in size, he becomes far more so in
his great-coat of many capes. Tony wears
top-boots, and his hat has a low crown
and broad brim. On the stage-box he is a
king, elsewhere he is a mere greenhorn.
He marries a widow, landlady of the " Mar-
quis of Granby inn," and his constant
advice to his son is, " Sam, beware of the
vidders." C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers
(1836).
Wellington of Gamblers (The). Lord
Rivers was called in Paris Le Wellington
des Joueurs.
Wellington's Horse, Copenhagen.
died at the age of 27.
It
Welloii (Mr.), rector of English church
at Conception Bay, and Mrs. Barre's
(Debree's) firm friend. He performs the
service over her husband's grave. Robert
Lowell, The New Priest of Conception Bay
(1858).
Wemmick, clerk of Mr. Jaggers, the
lawyer. He lived at Walworth. Wem-
mick was a dry man, rather short in stat-
ure, with square, wooden face. " There
were some marks in the face which might
have been dimples if the material had
been softer." His linen was frayed; he
wore four mourning rings, and a brooch
representing a lady, a weeping willow and
a cinerary urn. His eyes were small and
glittering; his lips small, thin and mot-
tled; his age was between 40 and 50
years. Mr. Wemmick wore his hat on the
back of his head, and looked straight
before him, as if nothing was worth look-
ing at. Mr. Wemmick at home and Mr.
Wemmick in his office were two distinct
beings. At home he was his " own engi-
neer, his own carpenter, his own plumber,
his own gardener, his own Jack-of-all-
trades," and had fortified his little wooden
house like Commodore Trunnion (q.v.)
His father lived with him, and he called
him " The Aged." The old man was very
deaf, but heated the poker with delight to
fire off the nine o'clock signal, and
chuckled with joy because he could hear
the bang. The house had a "real flag-
staff," and a plank which crossed the
ditch some four feet wide and two feet
deep was the drawbridge. At nine o'clock
P.M., Greenwich time, the gun (called " The
Stinger") was fired.
The piece of ordnance was mounted in a sepa-
rate fortress, constructed of lattice-work. It
was protected from the weather by an ingenious
little tarpaulin contrivance in the nature of an
umbrella. C. Dickens, Great Expectations, xxv.
(I860).'
Weiilock (Wild Wenlock), kinsman of
Sir Hugo de Lacy, constable of Chester.
His head is cut off by the insurgents.
Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time Henry
II.).
Weno'nah, mother of Hiawatha and
daughter of Noko'mis. Nokomis was
swinging in the moon, when some of her
companions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes,
WENONAH
229
WKUTHKR
and she fell to the earth " like a falling
star." That night was born her first child,
a daughter, whom she named Wenonah.
In due time, this lovely daughter was
wooed and won by Mudjekee'wis (the
west wind), and became the mother of
Hiawatha. The false West Wind deserted
her, and the young mother died.
Fair Nokomis bore a daughter,
And she called her name Wenonah.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, iii. (1855).
Wentworth (Eva), the beau-ideal of
female purity. She was educated in strict
seclusion. De Courcy fell in love with
her, but deceived her; whereupon she
died calmly and tranquilly, elevated by
religious hope. (See ZAIRA). Eev .0. R.
Maturin, Women (a romance, 1822).
Werburg 1 (St.), born a princess. By
her prayer, she drove the wild geese from
Weedon.
She falleth in her way with Weedon, where, 'tis
said,
St. Werburg, princely born a most religious
maid
From those peculiar fields, by prayer the wild
geese drove.
Drayton, PolyoTbion, xxiii. (1622).
Were-wolf (2 syl.), a man-wolf, a man
transformed into a wolf temporarily or
otherwise.
Oft through the forest dark,
Followed the weir- wolf's bark.
Longfellow, The Skeleton in Armor.
Werner, the boy said to have been
crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine, by
the Jews. (See HUGH OF LINCOLN.)
The innocent boy who, some years back,
Was taken and crucified by the Jews
In that ancient town of Bacharach.
Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851).
Werner or Kruitzner (Count of Sieg-
endorf), father of Ulric. Being driven
from the dominions of his father, he wan-
dered about for twelve years as a beggar,
hunted from place to place by Count Stral'-
enheim. At length, Stralenheim, travel-
ling through Silesia, was rescued from
the Oder by Gabor (alias Ulric), and was
lodged in an old tumble-down palace,
where Werner had been lodging for some
few days. Here Werner robbed the count
of a rouleau of gold, the next day the
count was murdered by Ulric (without the
connivance or even knowledge of Wer-
ner). When Werner succeeded to the
rank and wealth of Count Siegendorf, he
became aware that his son, Ulric, was the
murderer, and denounced him. Ulric de-
parted, and Werner said, "The race of
Siegendorf is past." Byron, Werner (1821).
(This drama is borrowed from "Kruitz-
ner, or The German's Tale," in Miss H.
Lee's Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805).
Werner.
INGEN.)
(See TRUMPETER OF SACK-
Werther, a young German student, of
poetic fancy and very sensitive disposition,
who falls in love with Lotte (2 syl.), the
betrothed and afterwards the wife of Al-
bert. Werther becomes acquainted with
Lotte's husband, who invites him to stay
with him as a guest. In this visit his love
blazes out into a terrible passion, and
after vainly striving to fight it down, he
puts an end to his misery by shooting
himself. Goetha, The Sorrows of Young
Werther (1774).
*** Goethe represents himself, or rather
one of the moods of his mind, in the char-
acter of Werther. The catastrophe, how-
ever, is borrowed from the fate of a
schoolfellow of his named Jerusalem, who
shot himself on account of a hopeless pas-
IV
WERTHER
230
WESTLOCK
sion for a married woman. " Albert " and
"Lotte" were sketched from his friends
Albert and Charlotte Kestner, a young
couple with whom he had relations not
unlike those of Werther in the early part
of the story with the fictitious characters.
Werther of Politics. The marquis
of Londonderry is so called by Lord
Byron. Werther, the personification of
maudlin sentimentality, is the hero of
Goethe's romance entitled The Sorrows of
Young Werther (1774).
It is the first time since the Normans that
England has been insulted by a minister who
could not speak English, and that parliament
permitted itself to be dictated to in the language
of Mrs. Malaprop. . . . Let us hear no more of
this man, and let Ireland remove the ashes of
her Grattan from the sanctuary of Westminster.
Shall the Patriot of Humanity repose by the
Werther of Politics ? Byron, Don Juan (preface
to canto vi., etc., 1824).
Wessel (Peder), a tailor's apprentice,
who rose to the rank of vice-admiral of
Denmark, in the reign of Christian V.
He was called Tor'denskiold (3 syl.), cor-
rupted into Tordenskiol (the " Thunder
Shield "), and was killed in a duel.
North Sea ! a glimpse of Wessel rent
Thy murky sky . . .
From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol ;
Let each to heaven commend his soul,
And fly.
Longfellow, King Christian [ V,\.
West Indian (The), a comedy by R.
Cumberland (1771). Mr. Belcour, the
adopted son of a wealthy Jamaica mer-
chant, on the death of his adopted father
came to London, to the house of Mr. Stock-
well, once the clerk of Mr. Belcour, senior.
This clerk had secretly married Belcour's
daughter, and when her boy was born it
was "laid as a foundling at her father's
door." Old Belcour brought the child up
as his own son, and at death " bequeathed
to him his whole estate." The young man
then came to London as the guest of Mr.
Stockwell, the rich merchant, and acci-
dentally encountered in the street Miss
Louisa Dudley, with whom he fell in love.
Louisa, with her father, Captain Dudley,
and her brother, Charles, all in the great-
est poverty, were lodging with a Mr. Ful-
mer, a small bookseller. Belcour geta
introduced, and, after the usual mistakes
and hairbreadth escapes, makes her his
wife.
Western (Squire), a jovial, fox-hunting
country gentleman, supremely ignorant
of book-learning, very prejudiced, selfish,
irascible and countrified; but shrewd,
good-natured, and very fond of his daugh-
ter, Sophia.
Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery,
was in character a Squire Western, choleric,
boisterous, illiterate, selfish, absurd and cowardly.
Osborue, Secret History, i. 218.
Squire Western stands alone ; imitated from
no prototype, and in himself an inimitable pic-
ture of ignorance, prejudice, irascibility and
rusticity, united with natural shrewdness, con-
stitutional good humor, and an instinctive af-
fection for his daughter. Encyc. Brit, Art.
" Fielding."
Sophia Western, daughter of Squire
Western. She becomes engaged to Tom
Jones, the foundling. Fielding, Tom Jones
(1749).
There now are no Squire Westerns, as of old;
And onr Sophias are not so emphatic,
But fair as them or fairer to behold.
Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 110 (1824).
Westlock (John), a quondam pupil of
Mr. Pecksniff ("architect and land sur-
veyor"). John Westlock marries Ruth,
the sister of Tom Pinch. C. Dickens,
Martin Chuzzlewit (1843).
"H^e/come, Sir O/u//"
If. Kray, Artitt
old ballad sings of Sir Oluf, who, latf in the gloaming, rode out
to bid tbe guests to bis bridal. All through the ballad the refrain
is beard: "But merrily goetb tbe dance in tbe wild-wood." As
Sir Oluf rides, be seems to bear all about bim unearthly but delicious
melodies, and in the pauses, titterings and whisperings as from a bevy of
mischievous maidens. And, as be rides, he sees in the eerie light, first, four
beautiful maidens, then five, then more and more, and, at last, tbe Erlking's
daughter herself comes near, and tries to take bim by tbe band. Softly I -
wooing, she entreats him to come into tbe circle of maidens, and to dance
with her. But Sir Oluf will not dance, and be excuses himself, saying " To-
I "^
morrow is my -wedding-day. " Then they bring him beautiful gifts, hoping to I ^
win him. But, not even the boots of finest ram's-leatber, fitting so close to
tbe leg; nor the golden spurs, clasping the foot so tightly ; nor tbe shirt of
snow-white silk, which the Elfin queen berself had bleached in tbe magic light
of the moon ; nor yet the silver-woven scarf, which they praise as so costly
none of all these wondrous gifts can persuade Sir Oluf to enter tbe Elfin ring
and join in the dance. Still be replies : " To-morrow is my wedding-day."
Then tbe Elfin-maidens lose their patience. They give him a blow on tbe
beart ; so sore a blow be bad never felt ; and they drag the fainting knight
from bis borse and they mock bim, saying, " Then ride away borne to thy
bride."
But, ah ! wben be returned to bis castle, pale were bis cheeks, and sick
was his body, and wben with the early light, the bride, with tbe troop of
wedding-guests, came to seek bim, with songs and music, there lay Sir Oluf
all still; for be lay dead under the blood-red pall. But far away in tbe
wood, ever merrily goetb tbe dance,
Heinricb Heing in "Elementargeister."
'' .
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;w\\ vU
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WESTMORELAND
231
WHAT NEXT
Westmoreland, according to fable, is
West-Mar-land. Mar or Marius, sou of
Arviragus, was king of the British, and
overthrew Rodric, the Scythian, in the
north-west of England, where he set up a
stone with an inscription of this victory,
" both of which remain to this day."
Geoffrey, British History, iv. 17 (1142).
Westward Hoe, a comedy by Thomas
Dekker (1607). The Rev. Charles Kingsley
published a novel in 1854, entitled West-
^vard Ho ! or The Voyages and Adventures
of Sir Amy as Leigh in the Reign of Queen
Elizabeth. (See EASTWAKD HOE.)
Wetheral (Stephen), surnamed " Stephen
Steelheart," in the troop of Lord Walde-
mar Fitzurse (a baron following Prince
John). Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Rich-
ard I.).
Wetherell (Elizabeth), Miss Susan
Warner, authoress of The Wide, Wide
World (1852), Queechy (1853), etc.
Wetz wetter (Tid), or Le Glorieux, the
court jester of Charles, " The Bold," duke
of Burgundy. Sir W. Scott, Quentin Dur-
tvard (time, Edward IV.).
Whachum, journeyman to Sidrophel.
He was Richard Green, who published a
pamphlet of base ribaldry, called Hudibras
in a Snare (1667).
A paltry wretch he had, half-starved,
That him in place of zany served,
Hight Whachum.
S. Butler, Hudibras, ii. 3 (1664).
Whang, an avaricious Chinese miller,
who, by great thrift, was pretty well off,
but, one day, being told that a neighbor
had found a pot of money which he had
dreamt of, began to be dissatisfied with
his slow gains, and longed for a dream
also. At length the dream came. He
dreamt there was a huge pot of gold con-
cealed under his mill, and set to work to
find it. The vst omen of success was a
broken mug, then* a house-tile, and at
length, after much digging, he came to a
stone so large that he could not lift it. He
ran to tell his luck to his wife, and the two
tugged at the stone, but, as they removed
it, down fell the mill in utter ruins.
Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World, Ixx.
(1759).
Wharton (Eliza), heroine of one of the
first novels published in the United States,
under the title of The Coquette, or The
History of Eliza Wharton, by Hannah
Webster Foster (1797).
Whartoiis (The). Henry Wharton,
young royalist captain, arrested as a spy
while visiting his father's house, which is
within the American lines. He is assisted
to escape by Harvey Birch.
Sarah Wharton, the elder daughter, has
royalist proclivities; Frances is loyal to
the colonial cause, and betrothed to Major
Dunwoodie.
Mr. Wharton (pere), fine specimen of
the old English gentleman. James Feni-
more Cooper, The Spy (1821).
What Next? A farce by T. Dibdin.
Colonel Clifford meets at Brighton two
cousins, Sophia and Clarissa Touchwood,
and falls in love with the latter, who is
the sister of Major Touchwood, but thinks
her Christian name is Sophia, and so is
accepted by Sophia's father, who is Colonel
Touchwood. Now, it so happens that
Major Touchwood is in love with his
cousin, Sophia, and looks on Colonel Clif-
ford as his rival. The major tries to out-
wit his supposed rival, but finds they are
iv
WHAT NEXT
232
WHISTLE
both in error, that it is Clarissa whom the
colonel wishes to many, and that Sophia
is quite free to follow the bent of her own
and the major's choice.
Wheel of Fortune (The), a comedy by
R. Cumberland (1779).
** For the plot and tale, see PENRUD-
DOCK.
Whetstone Cut by a Razor. Accius
Navius, the augur, cut a whetstone with a
razor in the presence of Tarquin, the
elder.
In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or in place,
sir,
To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a
razor.
Goldsmith, Retaliation (" Burke " is referred
to, 1774).
Whims (Queen), the monarch of Whim-
doin, or country of whims, fancies, and
literary speculations. Her subjects were
alchemists, astrologers, fortune-tellers,
rhymers, projectors, schoolmen, and so
forth. The best way of reaching this em-
pire is "to trust to the whirlwind and the
current." When Pantagruel's ship ran
aground, it was towed off by 7,000,000
drums quite easily. These drums are
the vain imaginings of whimsyists.
Whenever a person is perplexed at any
knotty point of science or doctrine, some
drum will serve for a nostrum to pull him
through. Rabelais, Pantagruel, v. 18, etc.
(1545).
Whim'sey, a whimsical, kind-hearted
old man, father to Charlotte and "young"
Whimsey.
As suspicious of everybody above him, as if
he had been bred a rogue himself. Act i. 1.
Charlotte Whimsey, the pretty daughter
of old Whimsey ; in love with Monford.
James Cobb, The First Floor.
Whip with Six Lashes, the "Six
Articles" of Henry VIII. (1539).
Whipping Boy. A boy kept to be
whipped when a prince deserved chastise-
ment.
BARNABY FITZPATEICK stood for Edward
VI.
D'OssAT and DuPERRON, afterwards car-
dinals, were whipped by Clement VIII.
for Henry IV. of France. Fuller, Church
History, ii. 342 (1655).
MUNGO MURRAY stood for Charles I.
RAPHAEL was flogged for the son of the
marquis de Leganez, but, not seeing the
justice of this arrangement, he ran away.
Lesage, Gil Bias, v. 1 (1724>
Whisker, the pony of Mr. Garland,
Abel Cottage, Finchley.
There approached towards him a little, clat-
tering, jingling, four-wheeled chaise, drawn by a
little obstinate-looking, rough-coated pony, and
driven by a little, fat, placid-faced old gentleman.
Beside the little old gentleman sat a little old
lady, plump and placid like himself, and the
pony was coming along at his own pace, and do-
ing exactly as he pleased with the whole concern.
If the old gentleman remonstrated by shaking
the reins, the pony replied by shaking his head.
It was plain that the utmost the pony would
consent to do was to go in his own way. . . .
after his own fashion, or not at all. C. Dickens,
The Old Curiosity Shop, xiv. (1840).
Whiskeranclos (Don Fcro'lo),ihe senti-
mental lover of Tilburina. Sheridan, The
Critic, ii. 1 (1779).
Whist (Father of the game of), Edmond
Hoyle (1672-1769).
Whistle (The). In the train of Anne
of Denmark, when she went to Scotland
with James VI., was a gigantic Dane of
matchless drinking capacity. He had an
ebony whistle, which, at the beginning of
Werner and Josephine
ERNER and Josephine, his wife (in the ball of a decayed palace).
Josephine
My love, be calmer !
Werner
I am calm /**********
' Tis chill, the tapestry lets through
The wind to which it waves; my blood is frozen.
***********
Let it flow,
Until 'tis Spilt or checked, how soon I care not.
Josephine
And I am nothing to thy heart ?
Werner
All all !
Byron's "Werner."
WERNER AND JOSEPHINE.
WHISTLE
233
WHITE CLERGY
a drinking bout, he would lay on the table,
and whoever was last able to blow it, was
to be considered the "Champion of the
Whistle." In Scotland the Dane was de-
feated by Sir Robert Laurie, of Maxwel-
tou, who, after three days' and three
nights' hard drinking, left the Dane under
the table, and " blew on the whistle his
requiem shrill." The whistle remained in
the family several years, when it was won
by Sir Walter Laurie, son of Sir Robert ;
and then by Walter Riddel, of Glenriddel,
brother-in-law of Sir Walter Laurie. The
last person who carried it off was Alex-
ander Ferguson of Craigdarroch, son of
" Annie Laurie " so well known.
%* Burns has a ballad on the subject,
called The Whistle.
Whistle. The blackbird, says Drayton,
is the only bird that whistles.
Upon liis dulcet pipe the merle doth only play.
PolyolUon, xiii. (1613).
Whistler (The), a young thief, natural
' son of Sir G. Staunton, whom he shot
after his marriage with Effie Deans. Sir
W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George
IL).
Whistling. Mr. Townley, of Hull,
says, in Notes and Queries, August 2, 1879,
that a Roman Catholic checked his wife,
who was whistling for a dog : " If you
please, ma'am, don't whistle. Every time
a woman whistles, the heart of the blessed
Virgin bleeds."
Une poule qui chante, le coq et une fille qui
Baffle, portent malheur dans la maison.
La poule ne doit point chanter devant le coq.
A whistling woman and a crowing hen
Are neither good for God or men.
Whitaker (Richard), the old steward of
Sir Geoffrey Peveril. Sir W. Scott, Pev-
eril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).
Whitchurch, in Middlesex (or Little
Stanmore), is the parish, and William
Powell was the blacksmith, made cele-
brated by Handel's Harmonious Slack-
smith. Powell died in 1780.
White Cat (The). A certain queen,
desirous of obtaining some fairy fruit,
was told she might gather as much as she
would if she would give to them the child
about to be born. The queen agreed, and
the new-born child was carried to the
fairies. When of marriageable age, the
fairies wanted her to marry Migonnet, a
fairy-dwarf, and, as she refused to do so,
changed her into a white cat. Now comes
the second part. An old king had three
sons, and promised to resign the kingdom
to that son who brought him the smallest
dog. The youngest son wandered to a
palace, where he saw a white cat endowed
with human speech, who gave him a dog
so tiny that the prince carried it in an acorn
shell. The father then said he would re-
sign his crown to that son who brought
him home a web, 400 yards long, which
would pass through the eye of a needle.
The White Cat gave the prince a web 400
yards long packed in the shale of a millet
grain. The king then told his sons he
would resign his throne to that son who
brought home the handsomest bride. The
White Cat told the prince to cut off its
head and tail. On doing so, the creature
resumed her human form, and was ac-
knowledged to be the most beautiful woman
on earth.
Her eyes committed theft upon all hearts, and
her sweetness kept them captive. Her shape
was majestic, her air noble and modest, her wit
flowing, her manners engaging. In a word, she
was beyond everything that was 'lovely. Com-
tesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" The White Cat,"
1682).
White Clergy (The), the parish priests,
IV
WHITE CLERGY
234 WHITE HOESE OF WANTAGE
in contradistinction to The Black Clergy
or monks, in Russia.
White Cross Knights, the Knights
Hospitallers. The Knights Templar wore
a red cross.
The White Cross Knights of the adjacent isle.
Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses, i.
White Devil of Wallaclua. George
Castriota, known as " Scanderbeg," was
called by the Turks " The White Devil of
Wallachia" (1404-1467).
White Elephant (King of the) a title
of the kings of Ava and Siam.
White Friars (The), the Carmelites,
who dress in white.
*#* There is a novel by Miss Eobiuson
called White Friars.
White Heron. Maurice Thompson
thus describes the shooting of a white
heron :
" Like twenty serpents bound together,
Hissed the flying arrow's feather.
A thud, a puff, a feathery ring,
A quick collapse, a quivering
A whirl, a headlong downward dash,
A heavy fall, a sullen plash.
And, like white foam, or giant flake
Of snow, he lay upon the lake ! "
Maurice Thompson, The Death of the White
Heron, Songs of Fair Weather (1883).
White Hoods (or Chaperons Blancs) ;
the insurgents of Ghent, led by Jean
Lyons, noted for their fight at Minnewater
to prevent the digging of a canal which
they fancied would be injurious to trade.
Saw the fight at Minnewater, saw the " White
Hoods " moving west.
Longfellow, The Belfry of Bruges.
White Horse (Lords of TJie), the old
Saxon chiefs, whose standard was a white
horse.
And tampered with the lords of the White
Horse.
Tennyson, Guinevere.
White Horse of the Peppers, a
sprat to catch a mackerel. After the bat-
tle of the Boyne, the estates of many of
the Jacobites were confiscated, and given
to the adherents of William III. Amongst
others, the estate of the Peppers was for-
feited, and the Orangeman to whom it
was awarded went to take possession.
"Where was it, and what was its extent 1 ?"
These were all-important questions; and
the Orangeman was led up and down,
hither and thither, for several days, under
pretence of showing him the land. He had
to join the army by a certain day, but was
led so far afield that he agreed to forego
his claim if supplied with means of reach-
ing his regiment within the given time.
Accordingly, the "white horse," the pride
of the family, and the fastest animal in the
land, was placed at his disposal, the king's
grant was revoked, and the estate remained
in the possession of the original owner.
S. Lovei', Stories and Legends of Ireland
(1832-34).
White Horse of Wantage (Berk-
shire), cut in the chalk hills. The horse is
374 feet long, and may be seen at the dis-
tance of fifteen miles. It commemorates
a great victory obtained by Alfred, over
the Danes, called the battle of ^Escesdun
(Ashdotcn), during the reign of his brother
Ethelred in 871. (See RED HORSE.)
In this battle all the flower of the barbarian
youth was there slain, so that neither before nor
since was ever such a destruction known since
the Saxons first gained Britain by their arms.
Ethelwerd, Chronicle, ii. A. 871. (See also Asser,
Lift, of Alfred, year 871.)
tt^erner the "Trumpeter and Margaret von
Sackingen
E. Limmer, Artist
TJ'^ ERNER, the Trumpeter of Sackingen, is heard sounding fanfares when the
A A guests are at a feast in honor of the festival of St. Fridolin. Delighted
with the music, the Baron sends for him. Werner and the Baron's
daughter, Margaret, fall in love at sight. The Sheriff introduces Werner.
" Here's his Grace, our noble Baron ;
You have quickly -won his favor. ,
Of your skill he'd have an instance.
Blow, and be your blast successful.
Baron
My young lad, I heard your playing,
Listen now to my suggestion ;
Do not leave these our dominions,
Make your house among my people,
Let the magic of your trumpet
Waken anew our love for music.
To my castle go -with me,
Will you ? Come, give me your hand.
(Margaret approaches Werner.)
Worthy sir ! Pray give my father
But this pleasure please consent !
(Werner ga^es a moment intently
Margaret.)
Margaret
Within my heart, how marvellous,
I feel la's image dear.
Like living fire perceive this glance,
Yet like an angel mild.
My soul leaps in its joyousness,
And every smart
Forgets my heart,
With every throb it asks,
If this indeed be love ? ' '
on
Victor Nes^ler's " Trumpeter of Sackingen.
\JV \
WERNER THE TRUMPETER AND MARGARET VON SACKINGEN.
WHITE KING
235
WHITE MOON
White King, the title of the emperor
of Muscovy, from the white robes which
these kings were accustomed to use.
Sunt qui priucipem Moscoviaa Album Regem
noncupaut. Ego quidem causam diligenter
quaerebam, cur regis albi nomine appellaretur
cum nemo principum Moscoviaa eo titulo antea
[Basiliiis Ivanwich] esset usus. . . . Credo autern
ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegumenta capitis
" Kissilpassa " (i. e,, rubeum caput) vocant ; ita
reges Moscovise propter alba tegumenta " Albos
Reges " appellari. Sigismund.
*** Perhaps it may be explained thus:
Muscovy is always called " Russia Alba,"
as Poland is called " Black Russia.''
White King. So Charles I. is called by
Herbert. His robe of state was white
instead of purple. At his funeral the
snow fell so thick upon the pall that it
was quite white. Herbert, Memoirs (1764).
White Lady (The), "La Dame
d'Aprigny," a Norman fee, who used to
occupy the site of the present Rue de St.
Quentin, at Bayeux.
La Dame Abonde, also a Norman fee.
Vocant dominam Abundiam pro eo quod
domibus quas frequentant, abundantiam bono-
rum temporalium prsestare, putantur non aliter
tibi sentiendum est neque aliter quam queniad-
modum de illis audivisti. William of Auvergne
(1248).
White Lady (The), a ghost seen in differ-
ent castles and palaces belonging to the
royal family of Prussia, and supposed to
forebode the death of some of the royal
family, especially one of the children.
The last appearance was in 1879, just prior
to the death of Prince Waldemar. Twice
she has been heard to speak, e.g. : In
December, 1628, she appeared in the pal-
ace at Berlin, and said in Latin, " I wait
for judgment ; " and once at the castle of
Neuhaus, in Bohemia, when she said to
the princess, in German, "It is ten o'clock;"
and the lady addressed died in a few
weeks.
There are two white ladies, in fact one
the Countess Agnes, of Orlamunde, and
the other the Princess Bertha von Rosen-
berg, who lived in the fifteenth century.
The former was buried alive in a vault in
the palace. She was the mistress of a
margrave of Brandenburgh, by whom she
had two sons. When the prince became a
widower, Agnes thought he would marry
her, but he made the sons an objection,
and she poisoned them, for which crime
she was buried alive. Another version
is that she fell in love with the prince of
Parma, and made away with her two
daughters, who were an obstacle to her
marriage, for which crime she was doomed
to " walk the earth " as an apparition.
The Princess Bertha is troubled because
an annual gift, which she left to the poor,
has been discontinued. She appears
dressed in white, and carrying at her side
a bunch of keys.
It may intei'est those who happen to be learned
in Berlin legends, to know that the White
Lady, whose visits always precede the death
of some member of the royal family, was seen
on the eve of Prince Waldemar's death. A
soldier on guard at the old castle was the witness
of the apparition, and in his fright fled to the
guard-room, where he was at once arrested for
deserting his post. Brief, April 4, 1879.
White Lady of Aveiiel (2 syl\ a
tutelary spirit. Sir W. Scott, The Monas-
tery (time, Elizabeth).
White Lady of Ireland (The], the
banshee or domestic spirit of a family,
who takes an interest in its condition, and
intimates approaching death by wailing or
shrieks.
White Moon (Knight of the), Samson
Carrasco. He assumed this cognizance
IV
WHITE MOON
236
WHITES
when lie went as a knight-errant to en-
counter Don Quixote. His object was to
overthrow the don in combat, and then
impose on him the condition of returning
home, and abandoning the profession of
chivalry for twelve months. By this
means he hoped to cure the don of his
craze. It all happened as the barber ex-
pected ; the don was overthrown, and re-
turned to his home, but soon died. Cer-
vantes, Don Quixote, II. iv. 12, etc. (1615).
White Queen (The), Mary Queen of
Scots (La Seine Blanche) ; so called by
the French, because she dressed in white,
in mourning for her husband.
White Rose (The), the house of York,
whose badge it was. The badge of the
house of Lancaster was the Red Eose.
Richard de la Pole is often called " The
White Rose."
White Rose of England (The). Per-
kiu Warbeck was so called by Margaret
of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV. (*-
1499).
White Rose of Raby (The), Cecily,
wife of Richard, duke of York, and mother
of Edward IV. and Richard III. She was
the youngest of twenty-one children.
*#* A novel entitled The White Rose of
Italy was published in 1794.
White Rose of Scotland (The), Lady
Katherine Gordon, the [ ? fifth] daughter
of George, second earl of Huntly, by his
second wife, Princess Annabella Stuart,
youngest daughter of James I. of Scot-
land. She married Perkin Warbeck, the
pretender, self-styled Richard, duke of
York. (See WAEBECK.) She had three
husbands after the death of Warbeck.
As Margaret of York, duchess of Bur-
gundy, who out of jealousy of the Lancas-
trian Henry VII., adopted the cause of
Perkin Warbeck, always called him " The
White Rose of York;" his wife, Lady
Katharine Gordon, was called The White
Rose of Scotland.
White Rose of York (The), Edward
Courtney, earl of Devon, son of the mar-
quis of Exeter. He died at Padua, in
Queen Mary's reign (1553).
White Surrey, the favorite charger of
Richard III.
Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow.
Shakespeare, Richard III. act v. sc. 3 (1597).
White Tsar of His People. The em-
peror of Russia is so called, and claims
the empire of seventeen crowns.
White Widow (The), the duchess of
Tyrconnel, wife of Richard Talbot, lord
deputy of Ireland under James II. After
the death of her husband she supported
herself by her needle. She wore a white
mask, and dressed in white. Pennant,
Account of London, 147 (1790).
White Witch (A), a "witch" who em-
ploys her power and skill for the benefit
and not the harm of her fellow-mortals.
Whites (The), an Italian faction of the
fourteenth century. The Guelphs of Flor-
ence were divided into the Blacks, who
wished to open their gates to Charles de
Valois, and the Whites, who opposed him.
The poet Dante, was a " White," and when
the " Blacks," in 1302, got the upper hand,
he was exiled. During his exile he com-
posed his immortal epic, the Divina Corn-
media.
Werther and Charlotte
A, R. Brendamour, Engraver
T^/jT^ ERTHER, a young German student, falls in lave with Charlotte, the
r r betrothed of Albert, and after-wards bis wife. Werther becomes
acquainted -with Charlotte's husband, -who invites him to stay with him
a*, a guest. In this visit his love blades out into a terrible passion, and after vainly
striving to fight it down, be puts an end fo bis misery by shooting himself.
"Full of despair, Wertber threw himself at Charlotte' s feet, seized her hands,
and pressed them to his eyes and to bis forehead. Her senses were bewildered, she
held bis hands, pressed them to her bosom; and leaning towards him, with
emotions of the tendered pity, her warm cheek touched his. They lost sight of
everything. The world disappeared from their eyes. He clafped her in bis arms,
strained her to his bosom, and covered her trembling lips with passionate kisses.
'Wertber,' she cried, with a faint voice, turning herself away 'Wertber!'
and with a feeble band she pushed him from her. At length, with the firm voice
of virtue, she exclaimed, ' Werther t ' "
Goethe's "Sorrows of Werther."
WERTHER AND CHARLOTTE.
WH1TECBAFT
237
WHITTLE
Whitecraft (John), innkeeper and miller
at Altringham.
Dame Whitecraft, the pretty wife of the
above. Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak
(time, Charles II.).
Wliitfleltl of the Stage (The). Quin
was so called by Garrick (1716-1779).
Garrick himself is sometimes so denomi-
nated also.
Whitney (James), the Claude Duval of
English highwaymen. He prided himself
on being "the glass of fashion and the
mould of form." Executed at Porter's
Block, near Smithfield (1660-1694).
Whittiiigtoii (Dick), a poor orphan
country lad, who heard that London was
" paved with gold," and went there to get
a living. When reduced to starving point
a kind merchant gave him employment in
his family to help the cook, but the cook
so ill treated him that he ran away. Sit-
ting to rest himself on the roadside, he
heard Bow bells, and they seemed to him
to say, " Turn again, Whittington, thrice
lord mayor of London ; " so he returned to
his master. By-and-by the master allowed
him, with the other servants, to put in an
adventure in a ship bound for Morocco.
Richard had nothing but a cat, which,
however, he sent. Now it happened that
the king of Morocco was troubled by mice,
which Whittington's cat destroyed; and
this so pleased his highness that he bought
the mouser at a fabulous price. Dick
commenced business with this money, soon
rose to great wealth, married his master's
daughter, was knighted, and thrice elected
lord mayor of London in 1398, 1406 and
1419.
**A cat is a brig built on the Nor- _
wegian model, with narrow stern, project-
ing quarters and deep waist.
Another solution is the word achat,
" barter."
KEIS, the son of a poor widow of Siraf,
embarked for India with his sole property,
a cat. He arrived at a time when the ,
palace was so infested by mice and rats ,
that they actually seized the king's food.
This cat cleared the palace of its ver-
min, and was purchased for a large sum
of money, which enriched the widow's
sou. Sir William Ouseley (a Persian
story).
ALPHONSO, a Portuguese, being wrecked
on the coast of Guinea, had a cat, which
the king bought for its weight in gold.
With this money Alphonso traded, and in
five years made 6000, returned to Portu-
gal, and became in fifteen years the third
magnate of the kingdom. Description of
Guinea.
*** See Keightley, Tales and Popular
Fictions, 241-266.
Whittle (Thomas), an old man of 63,
who wants to cajole his nephew out of his
lady-love, the WMow Brady, only 23 years
of age. To this end he assumes the airs,
the dress, the manners, and the walk of a
beau. For his thick flannels he puts on a
cambric shirt, open waist-coat, and ruffles ;
for his Welsh wig he wears a pigtail and
chapeau bras ; for his thick cork soles he
trips like a dandy in pumps. He smirks,
he titters, he tries to be quite killing. He
discards history and solid reading for the
Amorous Eepository, Cupid's Revels, Hy-
metfs Delight, and Ovid's Art of Love. In
order to get rid of him, the gay young
widow assumes to be a boisterous, rollick-
ing, extravagant, low Irishwoman, deeply
in debt, and utterly reckless. Old Whittle
is thoroughly alarmed, induces his nephew
to take the widow off his hands, and gives
him 5000 for doing so. Garrick, The
Irish Widow (1757).
WHO'S THE DUPE
238
WIDOW
Who's The Dupe? Abraham Doiley is
a retired slop-seller, with 80,000 or more.
Being himself wholly uneducated, he is a
great admirer of " laming," and resolves
that his daughter Elizabeth shall marry a
great scholar. Elizabeth is in love with
Captain Gi-anger, but the old slop-seller
has fixed his heart on a Mr. Gradus, an
Oxford pedant. The question is how to
bring the old man round. Gradus is per-
suaded to change his style of dress to please
the lady, and Granger is introduced as a
learned pundit. The old man resolves to
pit together the two aspirants, and give
Elizabeth to the best scholar. Gradus
quotes two lines of Greek, in which the
word panto, occurs four times; Granger
gives some three or four lines of English
fustian. Gradus tells the old man that
what Granger said was mere English ; but
Doiley, in the utmost indignation, replies,
"Do you think I don't know my own
mother tongue? Off with your pantry,
which you call Greek ! t'other is the man
for my money ; " and he gives his daughter
to the captain. Mrs. Cowley, Who's the
Dupe ?
Whole Duty of Man (The). Sir
James Wellwood Moncrieff, bart., was so
called by Jeffrey (1776-1851).
Wickfleltl (Mr.), a lawyer, father of
Agnes. The " 'umble " Uriah Heep was
his clerk.
Agnes WicJcfield, daughter of Mr. Wick-
field ; a young lady of sound sense and
domestic habits, lady-like and affection-
ate. She is the second wife of David
Copperfield. C. Dickens, David Copper-
field (1849).
Wickam (Mrs.), a waiter's wife. Mrs.
Wickam was a meek, drooping woman,
always ready to pity herself or to be pitied,
and with a depressing habit of prognosti-
cating evil. She succeeded Polly Toodlea
as nurse to Paul Dombey. C. Dickens,
Dombcy and Son (1846).
Wicliffe, called " The Morning Star of
the Eeformation" (1324-1384).
Widdriugton (Bofjer), a gallant squire,
mentioned in the ballad of Chevy Chase.
He fought "upon his stumps," after he
lost his legs. (See BENBOW.)
Wideiiostrils (in French Bringue-
iiarillcs), a huge giant, who had swal-
lowed every pan, skillet, kettle, frying-
pan, dripping-pan, saucepan and caldron in
the land, for want of windmills, his usual
food. He was ultimately killed by eat-
ing a lump of fresh butter at the mouth
of a hot oven, by the advice of his physi-
cian. Rabelais, Pantagntel, iv. 17 (1545).
Widerolf, bishop of Strasbourg (997),
was devom-ed by mice in the seventeenth
year of his episcopate, because he sup-
pressed the convent of Seitzen on the
Rhine. (See HATTO.)
Widow, in the Deserted Village (Gold-
smith). "All the bloomy flush of life is
fled " from Auburn :
All but yon widowed, solitary thing,
That feebly bends beside the plashy spring ;
She, wretched matron, forced in age, for bread,
To strip the brook, with mantling: cresses spread,
To pick her wintry faggot from the thorn,
To seek her nightly shed, and weep till rnorn ;
She only left of all the harmless train,
The sad historian of the pensive plain.
Her name was Catherine Geraghty.
Widow (TJie), courted by Sir Hudibras,
was the relict of Amminadab Wilmer or
Willmot, an independent, slain at Edge-
hill. She was left with a fortune of 200
WIDOW
239
WIFE OF BATH'S TALE
a year. The knight's "Epistle to the
Lady" and the " Lady's Eeply," in which
she declines his offer, are usually ap-
pended to the poem entitled Hudibras.
Widow Bedott, relict of Hezekiah,
and willing to be consoled. Garrulous,
silly and full of sentimental affectations.
Francis M. Whitcher (1856).
Widow Blackacre, a perverse, bust-
ling, masculine, pettifogging, litigious
woman. Wycherly, The Plain Dealer
(1677).
Widow Flockhart, landlady at
Waveiiey's lodgings in the Canongate.
Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George
II.).
Wieland's Sword, Balmung. It was
so sharp that it cleft Amilias in twain
without his knowing it ; when, however,
he attempted to stir, ho fell into two pieces.
Scandinavian Mythology.
Wiever (01(1), a preacher and old con-
spirator. Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak
(time, Charles II.).
Wife (The), a drama by S. Knowles
(1833). Mariana, daughter of a Swiss
burgher, nursed Leonardo in a dangerous
sickness an avalanche had fallen on him,
and his life was despaired of, but he re-
covered, and fell in love with his young
and beautiful nurse. Leonardo intended
to return to Mantua, but was kept a pris-
oner by a gang of thieves, and Mariana
followed him, for she found life intoler-
able without him. Here Count Florio fell
in love with her, and obtained her guar-
dian's consent to many her ; but Mariana
refused to do so, and was arraigned before
the duke (Ferrardo), who gave judgment
against her. Leonardo was at the trial
disguised, but, throwing off his mask, was
found to be the real duke supposed to be
dead. He assumed his rank, and married
Mariana; but, being called to the wars,
left Ferrardo regent. Ferrardo, being a
villain, hatched up a plot against the
bride, of infidelity to her lord, but Leon-
ardo would give no credit to it, and the
whole scheme of villainy was fully ex-
posed.
*** Shakespeare's Measure for Measure
probably gave Knowles some hints for his
plot.
Wife for a Month (A), a drama by
Beaumont and Fletcher (1624). The
" wife " is Evanthe (3 syl.), the chaste wife
of Valerio, pursued by Frederick, the licen-
tious brother of Alphonso, king of Naples.
She repels his base advances, and, to pun-
ish her, he offers to give her to any one
for one month, at the end of which time
whoever accepts her is to die. No one
appears, and the lady is restored to her
husband.
Wife of Bath, one of the pilgrims to
the shrine of Thomas a Becket. Chaucer,
Canterbury Tales (1388).
Wife of Bath's Tale. One of King
Arthur's knight's was condemned to death
for ill-using a lady, but Guinever inter-
ceded for him, and the king gave him over
to her to do what she liked. The queen
said she would spare his life, if, by that
day twelve months, he would tell her
" What is that which woman loves best t "
The knight seeks far and wide for a solu-
tion, but in his despair he meets a hideous
old woman who promises to give him the
answer if he will grant her one request,
which is, to marry her. The knight could
not bring himself to embrace so gruesome
IV
WIFE OF BATH'S TALE
240
WILD HORSES
a bride, but she persuaded him that it was
better to have a faithful wife even if she
were old and ugly, than one young and
beautiful, but untrue. The knight yields,
and in the morning he wakes to find a
lovely woman by his side, who tells him
that what a woman likes best is to have
her own way. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales
(" The Wife of Bath's Tale," 1388).
** This tale is a very old one, and ap-
pears in various languages ; European and
Oriental. It is one of those told by
Gower in his Confessio Amantis, where
Florent promises to marry a deformed old
hag, who in reward for his complaisance
helps him to the solution of a riddle.
Wigged Prince (The Best). The guar-
dian, uncle-in-law and first cousin of the
duke of Brunswick was called " The Best
Wigged Prince in Christendom."
Wild (Jonathan), a cool, calculating,
heartless villain, with the voice of a
Stentor. He was born at Wolverhampton,
in Staffordshire, and, like Jack Sheppard,
was the son of a carpenter.
He had ten maxims : (1) Never do more
mischief than is absolutely necessary for
success ; (2) Know no distinction, but let
self-interest be the one principle of action ;
(3) Let not your shirt know the thoughts
of your heart; (4) Never forgive an
enemy; (5) Shun poverty and distress;
(6) Foment jealousies in your gang; (7)
A good name, like money, must be risked
in speculation ; (8) Counterfeit virtues are
as good as real ones, for few know paste
from diamonds; (9) Be your own trum-
peter, and don't be afraid of blowing loud ;
(10) Keep hatred concealed in the heart,
but wear the face of a friend.
Jonathan Wild married six wives. Be-
ing employed for a time as a detective, he
brought to the gallows thirty-five high-
waymen, twenty-two burglars and ten re-
turned convicts. He was himself executed
at last at Tyburn for house-breaking
(1682-1725).
Daniel Defoe has made Jonathan Wild
the hero of a romance (1725). Fielding
did the same in 1743. The hero in these
romances is a coward, traitor, hypocrite
and tyrant, unrelieved by human feeling,
and never betrayed into a kind or good
action. The character is historic, but the
adventures are in a measure fictitious.
Wild Boar of Ardennes, William de
la Marck. Sir W. Scott, Qmntin Duncard
(time, Edward IV.).
*#* The Count de la Marck was third son
of John, count de la Marck and Aremberg.
He was arrested at Utrecht, and beheaded
by order of Maximilian, emperor of Aus-
tria, in 1485.
Wild Boy of Hamelii, a human being
found in the forest of Hertswold, in Han-
over. He walked on all fours, climbed
trees like a monkey, fed on grass and
leaves, and could never be taught to ar-
ticulate a single word. He was discovered
in 1725, was called " Peter, the Wild Boy,"
and died at Broadway Farm, near Berk-
hampstead, in 1785.
*#* Mdlle. Lablanc was a wild girl found
by the villagers of Soigny, near Chalons,
in 1731. She died in Paris in 1780.
Wild Goose Chase (Tlie), a comedy by
Beaumont and Fletcher (1652). The "wild
goose " is Mirabel, who is " chased " and
caught by Oriana, whom he once despised.
Wild Horses (Death by). The hands
and feet of the victim were fastened to two
or four wild horses, and the horses, being
urged forward, ran in different directions,
tearing the victim limb from limb.
WILD HORSES
241
WILDE
METTIUS SUFFETIUS was fastened to two
chariots, which were driven in opposite
directions. This was for deserting the
Roman standard (B.C. 669). Livy, Annals,
i. 28.
SALCEDE, a Spaniard, employed by Henri
III. to assassinate Henri de Guise, failed
in his attempt, and was torn limb from
limb by four wild horses.
NICHOLAS DE SALVADO was torn to pieces
by wild horses for attempting the life of
William, prince of Orange.
BALTHAZAR DE GERRARD was similarly
punished for assassinating the same prince
(1584).
JOHN CHASTEL was torn to pieces by
wild horses for attempting the life of
Henri IV. of France (1594).
FRANCOIS RAVAILLAC suffered a similar
death for assassinating the same prince
(1610).
Wild Huntsman (The), a spectral
hunter with dogs, who frequents the Black
Forest to chase wild animals. Sir W.
Scott, Wild Huntsman (from Burger's
ballad).
*#* The legend is that this huntsman
was a Jew, who would not suffer Jesus to
drink from a horse-trough, but pointed to
some water collected in a hoof-print, and
bade Him go there and drink. Kuhn von
Schwarz, Nordd. Sagen, 499.
The French story of Le Grand Veneur
is laid in Foutainbleau Forest, and is sup-
posed to refer to St. Hubert. Father
Matthieu.
The English name is " Herne, the
Hunter," once a keeper in Windsor For-
est. Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Wind-
sor^ act iv. sc. 4.
The Scotch poem called Albania con-
tains a full description of the wild hunts-
man.
*v>*The subject has been made into a
ballad by Biirger, entitled Der Wilde
Jdger.
Wild Man of the Forest, Orson,
brother of Valentine, and nephew of King
Pepin. Valentine and Orson (fifteenth
century).
Wild Oats, a drama by John O'Keefe
(1798).
Wild Wenlock, kinsman of Sir Hugo
de Lacy, besieged by insurgents, who cut
off his head. Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed
(time, Henry II.).
Wildair (Sir Harry), the hero of. a com-
edy so called by Farquhar (1701). The
same character had been introduced in the
Constant Couple (1700), by the same au-
thor. Sir Harry is a gay profligate, not
altogether selfish and abandoned, but very
free and of easy morals. This was Wilks's
and Peg Woffington's great part.
Their Wildairs, Sir John Brutes, Lady Touch-
woods and Mrs. Frails are conventional repro-
ductions of those wild gallants and demireps
which figure in the licentious dramas of Dryden
and Shadwell. Sir W. Scott.
*#* " Sir John Brute," in The Provoked
Wife (Vanbrugh) ; " Lady Touchwood,"
in The Belle's Stratagem (Mrs. Cowley) ;
"Mrs. Frail," in Congreve's Love for Love.
Wildblood of the Vale (Young Dick),
a friend of Sir Geoffrey Peveril. Sir W.
Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles
II.).
Wilde (Johnny), a small farmer of Ro-
denkirchen, in the isle of Riigen. One
day he found a little glass slipper belong-
ing to one of the hill-folk. Next day a
little brownie, in the character of a mer-
chant, came to redeem it, and Johnny
Wilde demanded as the price "that he
IV
WILDE
242
WILDRAKE
should find a gold ducat in every furrow-
he ploughed." The bargain was con-
cluded, but before the year was over he
had worked himself to death looking for
ducats in the furrows which he ploughed.
Elifjen Tradition.
Wildeiihaim (Baron], father of Amelia.
In his youth he seduced Agatha Friburg,
whom he deserted. Agatha bore a son,
Frederick, who in due time became a
soldier. Coming home on furlough, he
found his mother on the point of starva-
tion, and, going to beg alms, met the
baron with his gun, asked alms of him,
and received a shilling. He demanded,
more money, and, being refused, collared
the baron, but was soon seized by the
keepers, and shut up in the castle dungeon.
Here he was visited by the chaplain, and
it came out that the baron was his father.
As the baron was a widower, he married
Agatha, and Frederick became his heir.
Amelia Wildenhaim, daughter of the
baron. A proposal was made to marry
her to Count Cassel, but, as the count was
a conceited puppy, without " brains in his
head or a heart in his bosom," she would
have nothing to say to him. She showed
her love to Anhalt, a young clergyman,
and her father gave his consent to the
match. Mrs. Inchbald, Lovers' Vows (al-
tered from Kotzebue, 1800).
Wildfire (Madge), the insane daughter
of old Meg Murdochson, the gypsy thief.
Madge had been seduced when a girl, and
this, with the murder of her infant, had
turned her bi'ain. Sir "W. Scott, Heart of
Midlothian (time, George II.).
Wilding (Jack), a young gentleman
fresh from Oxford, who fabricates the most
ridiculous tales, which he tries to pass off
for facts; speaks of his adventures in
America, which he has never seen ; of his
being entrapped into marriage with a Miss
Sibthorpe, a pure invention. Accidentally
meeting a Miss Grantam, he sends his man
to learn her name, and is told it is Miss
Godfrey, an heiress. On this incident the
humor of the drama hinges. When Miss
Godfrey is presented to him he does not
know her, and a person rushes in who de-
clares she is his wife, and that her maiden
name was Sibthorpe It is now Wild-
ing's turn to be dumbfounded, and, wholly
unable to unravel the mystery, he rushes
forth, believing the world is a Bedlam let
loose. S. Foote, The Liar (1761).
Wilding (Sir Jasper), an ignorant but
wealthy country gentleman, fond of fox-
hunting. He dresses in London like a
foxhunter, and speaks with a " Hoic !
tally-ho ! "
Young Wilding, son of Sir Jasper, about
to marry the daughter of old Philpot for
the dot she will bring him.
Maria Wilding, the lively, witty, high-
spirited daughter of Sir Jasper, in love
with Charles Beaufort. Her father wants
her to marry George Philpot, but she
frightens the booby out of his wits by
her knowledge of books and assumed ec-
centricities. Murphy, The Citizen, (1757
or 1761).
Wildrake, a country squire, delighting
in horses, dogs, and field sports. He was
in love with " neighbor Constance," daugh-
ter of Sir William Fondlove, with whom
he used to romp and quarrel in childhood.
He learned to love Constance ; and Con-
stance loved the squire, but knew it not till
she feared he was going to marry another.
When they each discovered the state of
their hearts, they agreed to become man
and wife. S. Knowles, The Love-Chase
(1837).
WILDRAKE
243
WILFORD
Wildrake (Roger), a dissipated royalist.
Sir "W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Common-
wealth).
Wilhelmi'na [BUNDLE], daughter of
Bundle, the gardener. Tom Tug, the wa-
terman, and Robin, the gardener, sought
her in marriage. The father preferred hon-
est Tom Tug, but the mother liked better
the sentimental and fine-phrased Robin.
Wilhelmina said he who first did any act
to deserve her love should have it. Tom
Tug, by winning the waterman's badge,
carried off the bride. C. Dibdin, The
Waterman (1774).
Wilfer (Reginald), called by his wife
R. W., and by his fellow clerks Rumty.
He was clerk in the drug-house of Chick-
sey, Stobbles and Veneering. In person
Mr. "Wilfer resembled an overgrown
cherub; in manner he was shy and re-
tiring.
Mr. Reginald Wilfer was a poor clerk, so poor
indeed that he had never yet attained the mod-
est object of his ambition, which was to wear
a complete new suit of clothes, hat and boots
included, at one time. His black hat was brown
before he could afford a coat ; his pantaloons
were white at the seams and knees before he
could buy a pair of boots ; his boots had worn
out before he could treat himself to new panta-
loons ; and by the time he worked round to the
hat again, that shining modern article roofed in
an ancient ruin of various periods. Ch. iv.
Mrs. Wilfer, wife of Mr. Reginald. A
most majestic woman, tall and angular.
She wore gloves, and a pocket-handker-
chief tied under her chin. A patronizing,
condescending woman was Mrs. Wilfer,
with a mighty idea of her own importance.
" Viper ! " " Ingrate ! " and such like epi-
thets were household words with her.
Bella Wilfer, daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Wilfer. A wayward, playful, affectionate,
spoilt beauty, " giddy from the want of
eome sustaining purpose, and capricious
because she was always fluttering among
little things." Bella was so pretty, so
womanly, and yet so childish that she was
always captivating. She spoke of her-
self as " the lovely woman," and delighted
in " doing the hair of the family." Bella
Wilfer married John Harmon (John Roke-
smith), the secretary of Mr. Boffin, " the
golden dustman."
Lavinia Wilfer, youngest sister of Bella,
and called " The Irrepressible." Lavinia
was a tart, pert girl, but succeeded in
catching George Samson in the toils of
wedlock. C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend
(1864).
Wilford, in love with Emily, the com-
panion of his sister, Miss Wilford. This
attachment coming to the knowledge of
Wilford's uncle and guardian, was disap-
proved of by him ; so he sent the young
man to the Continent, and dismissed the
young lady. Emily went to live with
Goodman Fairlop, the woodman, and there
Wilford discovered her in an archery
match. The engagement was renewed,
and ended in marriage. Sir H. B. Dudley,
The Woodman (1771).
Wilford, secretary of Sir Edward Mor-
timer, and the suitor of Barbara Rawbold
(daughter of a poacher). Curious to know
what weighed on his master's mind, he
pried into an iron chest in Sir Edward's
library; but while so engaged, Sir Ed-
ward entered and threatened to shoot him.
He relented, however, and having sworn
Wilford to secrecy, told him how and why
he had committed murder. Wilford, un-
able to endure the watchful and jealous
eye of his master, ran away ; but Sir Ed-
ward dogged him from place to place, and at
length arrested him on the charge of theft.
Of course, the charge broke down, Wil-
ford was acquitted, Sir Edward confessed
JV
WILFORD
244
WILKINS
himself a murderer, and died. (See WIL-
LIAMS, CALEB.) Q-. Colman, The Iron Chest
(1796).
*#* This is a dramatic version of God-
win's novel called Caleb Williams (1794).
Wilford is "Caleb Williams," and Sir
Edward Mortimer is " Falkland."
Wilford, supposed to be earl of Roch-
dale. Three things he had a passion for :
" the finest hound, the finest horse, and
the finest wife in the three kingdoms." It
turned out that Master Walter, " the
hunchback," was the earl of Rochdale, and
Wilford was no one. S. Knowles, The
Hunchback (1831).
Wilford (Lord), the truant son of Lord
Woodville, who fell in love with Bess, the
daughter of the " blind beggar of Bethnal
Green." He saw her by accident in Lon-
don, lost sight of her, but resolved not to
rest night or day till he found her ; and,
said he, " If I find her not, I'm tenant of
the house the sexton builds." Bess was
discovered in the Queen's Arms inn, Rom-
ford, and turned out to be his cousin. S.
Knowles, The Beggar of Bethnal Green
(1834).
Wilfred, "the fool," one of the sons of
Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, of Osbaldi-
stone Hall. Sir W. Scott, Rob Boy (time,
George I.).
Wilfrid, son of Oswald Wycliffe; in
love with Matilda, heiress of Rokeby's
knight. After various villainies, Oswald
forced from Matilda a promise to marry
Wilfrid. Wilfrid thanked her for the
promise, and fell dead at her feet. Sir
W. Scott, Rokeby (1813).
Wilfrid or Wilfrith (St.). In 681, the
Bishop Wilfrith, who had been bishop of
York, being deprived of his see, came to
Sussex, and did much to civilize the peo-
ple. He taught them how to catch fish
generally, for before they only knew how
to catch eels. He founded the bishopric
of the South Saxons at Selsey, afterwards
removed to Chichester, founded the monas-
tery of Ripon, built several ecclesiastical
edifices, and died in 709.
St. Wilfrid, sent from York into the realms re-
ceived
(Whom the Northumbrian folk had of his see
bereaved),
And on the south of Thames a seat did him af-
ford,
By whom the people first received the saving
word.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613).
Wilhelm Meister [Mice.ter], the hero
and title of a philosophic novel by Goethe.
This is considered to be the first true Ger-
man novel. It consists of two parts pub-
lished under two titles, viz., The Appren-
ticeship of Wilhelm Meister (1794-96), and
The Travels of Wilhelm Meister (1821).
Wilkins (Peter), Robert Pultock, of
Clement's inn, author of The Life and Ad-
ventures of Peter Wilkins, a Cornish Man
(1750).
The tale is this: Peter Wilkins is a
mariner, thrown on a desert shore. In
time he furnishes himself from the wreck
with many necessaries, and discovers that
the country is frequented by a beautiful
winged race called glumms and gawreys,
whose wings when folded, serve them for
dress, and when spread, are used for flight.
Peter marries a gawrey, by name You-
warkee, and accompanies her to Nosmnb-
dsgrsutt, a land of semi-darkness, where
he remains many years.
Peter Wilkins is a work of uncommon beauty.
Coleridge, Table Talk (1835).
WILKINSON
245
WILLIAM
Wilkinson (James), servant to Mr. Fair-
ford, the lawyer. Sir W. Scott, Eedgaunt-
let (time, George III.).
Will (Belted), William, Lord Howard,
warden of the western marches (1563-
1640).
His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt,
Hung in a broad and studded belt ;
Hence, in rude phrase, the Borderers still
Called noble Howard " Belted Will."
Sir W. Scott, Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805).
Will Laud, a smuggler, with whom
Margaret Catchpole (q.v.) falls in love.
He persuades her to escape from Ipswich
jail, and supplies her with a seaman's
dress. The two are overtaken, and Laud
is shot in attempting to prevent the re-
capture of Margaret.Rev. E. Cobbold,
Margaret Catclipole.
Will and Jean, a poetic story by
Hector Macneill (1789). Willie Gairlace
was once the glory of the town, and he
married Jeanie Miller. Just about this
time Maggie Howe opened a spirit shop in
the village, and Willie fell to drinking.
Having reduced himself to beggary, he en-
listed as a soldier, and Jeanie had " to beg
her bread." Willie, having lost his leg in
battle, was put on the Chelsea "bounty
list ; " and Jeanie was placed, by the*
duchess of Buccleuch, in an alms-cottage.
Willie contrived to reach the cottage and
Jean ance mair, in fond affection,
Clasped her Willie to her breast.
Willet (John), landlord of the Maypole
inn. A burly man, large-headed, with a
flat face, betokening profound obstinacy
and slowness of apprehension, combined
with a strong reliance on his own merits.
John Willet was one of the most dogged
and positive fellows in existence, always
sure that he was right, and that every one
who differed from him was wrong. He
ultimately resigned the Maypole to his
son, Joe, and retired to a cottage in Chig-
well, with a small garden, in which Joe
had a Maypole erected for the delectation
of his aged father. Here at dayfall as-
sembled his old chums, to smoke, and
prose, and doze, and drink the evenings
away; and here the old man played the
landlord, scoring up huge debits in chalk
to his heart's delight. He lived in the
cottage a sleepy life for seven years, and
then slept the sleep which knows no
waking.
Joe Willet, son of the landlord, a broad-
shouldered, strapping young fellow of 20.
Being bullied and brow-beaten by his
father, he ran away and enlisted for a
soldier, lost his right arm in America, and
was dismissed the service. He returned
to England, married Dolly Varden, and
became landlord of the Maypole, where he
prospered and had a large family. C.
Dickens, Barnaby JRudge (1841).
William, archbishop of Orange, an
ecclesiastic who besought Pope Urban. on
his knees to permit him to join the
crusaders, and, having obtained permis-
sion, led 400 men to the siege of Jerusa-
lem. Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).
William, youngest son of William
Eufus. He was the leader of a large army
of British bowmen and Irish volunteers in
the crusading army. Tasso, Jerusalem De-
livered, iii. (1575).
*#* William Rufus was never married.
William, footman to Lovemore, sweet
upon Muslin, the lady's maid. He is fond
of cards, and is a below-stairs imitation of
the high-life vices of the latter half of the
IV
WILLIAM
246
WILLIAM
eighteenth century. A. Murphy, The Way
to Keep Rim (1760).
William, a serving-lad at Arnheim Cas-
tle. Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein
(time, Edward IV.).
William (Lord), master of Erlingford.
His elder brother, at death, committed to
his charge Edmund, the rightful heir, a
mere child; but William cast the child
into the Severn, and seized the inheritance.
One anniversary, the Severn overflowed
its banks, and the castle was surrounded ;
a boat came by, and Lord William entered.
The boatman thought he heard the voice
of a child nay, he felt sure he saw a
child in the water, and bade Lord William
stretch out his hand to take it in. Lord
Willaim seized the child's hand; it was
lifeless and clammy, hfiavy and inert. It
pulled the boat under water, and Lord
William was drowned, but no one heard
his piercing cry of agony. E. Southey,
Lord William (a ballad, 1804).
William and Margaret, a ballad by
Mallet. William promised marriage to
Margaret, deserted her, and she died "con-
sumed^ in early prime." Her ghost re-
proved the faithless swain, who " quaked
in every limb," and, raving,
He hy'd him to the fatal place,
Where Margaret's body lay ;
And stretch'd him on the grass-green turf
That wrapt her breathless clay.
And thrice he call'd on Margaret's name,
And thrice he wept full sore ;
Then laid his cheek to her cold grave,
And word spake never more.
William, king of Scotland, intro-
duced by Sir W. Scott in The Talisman
(1825).
William of Cloudesley (3 syl), a
north country outlaw, associated with
Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough
(Clement of the Cliff). He lived in Engle-
wood Forest, near Carlisle. Adam Bell
and Clym of the Clough were single men,
but William had a wife named Alyce, and
" children three," living at Carlisle. The
three outlaws went to London to ask par-
don of the king, and the king, at the
queen's intercession, granted it. He then
took them to a field to see them shoot.
William first cleft in two a hazel wand
at a distance of 200 feet; after this he
bound his eldest son to a stake, put an
apple on his head, and, at a distance of
" six score paces," cleft the apple in two
without touching the boy. The king was
so delighted that he made William "a
gentlemen of fe," made his son a royal
butler, the queen took Alyce for her
"chief gentlewoman," and the two com-
panions were appointed yeoman of the
bed-chamber. Percy, Eeliques (" Adam
Bell," etc.), I. ii. 1.
William of Goldsbrough, one of the
companions of Robin Hood, mentioned in
Grafton's Olde and Auncient Pamphlet (six-
teenth century).
William of Norwich (Saint), a child
'said to have been crucified by the Jews in
1137. (See HUGH OF LINCOLN and WEB-
NEE.)
Two boys of tender age, those saints ensue,
Of Norwich, William was, of Lincoln, Hugh.
Whom th' unbelieving Jews (rebellious that
abide),
In mockery of our Christ, at Easter crucified.
Drayton, Polyollnon, xxiv. (1622).
William-with-the-Loiig-Sword, the
earl of Salisbury. He was the natural
brother of Richard Coeur de Lion. Sir
W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard L).
WILLIAMS
247
WILMOT
Williams (Caleb), a lad in the service
of Falkland. Falkland, irritated by cruelty
and insult, commits a murder, which is
attributed to another. Williams, by acci-
dent, obtains a clue to the real facts ; and
Falkland, knowing it, extorts from him an
oath of secrecy, and then tells him the
whole story. The lad, finding life in Falk-
land's house insupportable, from the cease-
less suspicion to which he is exposed,
makes his escape, and is pursued by Falk-
land with relentless persecution. At last
Williams is accused by Falkland of rob-
bery, and, the facts of the case being dis-
closed, Falkland dies of shame and a broken
spirit. (See WILFOBD.) W. Godwin, Caleb
Williams (1794).
** The novel was dramatized by Q-.
Colman, under the title of The Iron Chest
(1796). Caleb Williams is called "Wil-
ford," and Falkland is " Sir Edward Mor-
timer."
Williams (Ned), the sweetheart of Cicely
Jopson, farmer, near Clifton.
Farmer Williams, Ned's father. Sir W.
Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).
Willie, clerk to Andrew Skurliewhit-
ter, the scrivener. Sir W. Scott, Fortunes
of Nigel (time, James I.).
Willieson (William), a brig-owner, one
of the Jacobite conspirators under the laird
of Ellieslaw Sir W. Scott, The Black
Dwarf (time, Anne).
WilliewaM of Geierstein (Count),
father of Count Arnold of Geierstein, alias
Arnold Biederman (landamman of Unter-
walden). Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein
(time, Edward IV.).
men near Charlie's Hope farm. Sir W.
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).
Willoughby (Lord), of Queen Eliza-
beth's court. Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth
(time, Elizabeth).
Willy, a shepherd to whom Thomalin
tells the tale of his battle with Cupid (Eel.
iii). (See THOMALTN.) In Eel. viii. he is
introduced again, contending with Perigot
for the prize of poetry, Cuddy being chosen
umpire. Cuddy declares himself quite un-
able to decide the contest, for both deserve
the prize. Spenser, The Shepheardes Cal-
endar (1579).
Wilmot. There are three of the name
in Fatal Curiosity (1736), by George Lillo,
viz., old Wilmot, his wife, Agnes, and
their son, young Wilmot, supposed to have
perished at sea. The young man, how-
ever, is not drowned, but goes to India,
makes his fortune, and returns, unknown
to any one of his friends. He goes in dis-
guise to his parents, and deposits with
them a casket. Curiosity induces Agnes
to open it, and when she sees that it con-
tains jewels, she and her husband resolve
to murder the owner and appropriate the
contents of the casket. No sooner have
they committed the fatal deed than they
discover it is their own son whom they
have killed ; whereupon the old man stabs
first his wife and then himself.
The harrowing details of this tragedy are
powerfully depicted ; and the agonies of old
Wilmot constitute one of the most appalling and
affecting incidents in the drama. R. Chambers,
English Literature, i. 592.
Old Wilmot's character, as the needy man who
had known better days, exhibits a mind natur-
ally good, but prepared for acting evil. Sir W.
Scott, The Drama.
Will-o'-the-Flat, one of the hunts- Wilmot (Miss Arabella), a clergyman's
IV
WILMOT
248
WIND SOLD
daughter, beloved by George Primrose,
eldest son of the vicar of Wakefield, whom
ultimately she marries. Goldsmith, Vicar
of Wakefield (1766).
Wilmot (Lord), earl of Rochester, of the
court of Charles II. Sir W. Scott, Wood-
stock (time, Commonwealth).
Wilsa, the mulatto girl of Dame Ursley
Suddlechop, the barber's wife. Sir "W.
Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).
Wilson (Alison), the old housekeeper of
Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood. Sir
W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).
Wilson (Andrew), smuggler; the com-
rade of Geordie Robertson. He was hanged.
Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time,
George II.).
Wilson (Bob), groom of Sir William
Ashton, the lord keeper of Scotland. Sir
W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time,
William III.).
Wilson (Christie), a character in the
introduction of the Black Dwarf, by Sir
W. Scott.
Wilson (John), groom of Mr. Godfrey
Bertram, laird of Ellangowan. Sir W.
Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).
Wilton (Ralph de), the accepted suitor
of Lady Clare, daughter of the earl of
Gloucester. When Lord Marmion over-
came Ralph de Wilton in the ordeal of
battle, and left him for dead on the field,
Lady Clare took refuge in Whitby Con-
vent. By Marmion's desire she was re-
moved from the convent to Tantallon Hall,
where she met Ralph, who had been cured
of his wounds. Ralph, being knighted by
Douglas, married the Lady Clare. Sir W.
Scott, Marmion (1808).
Wimble (Will), a character in Addi-
son's Spectator, simple, good-natured, and
officious.
*#* Will Wimble in the flesh was Thomas
Morecroft, of Dublin (*-1741).
Wimbledon (The Philosopher of), John
Home Tooke, who lived at Wimbledon,
near London (1736-1812).
Winchester (The Ushop of), Lancelot
Andrews. The name is not given in the
novel, but the date of the novel is 1620,
and Dr. Andrews was translated from Ely
to Winchester in February, 1618-19 ; and
died in 1626. Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of
Nigel (time, James I.).
Wind Sold. At one time the Fin-
landers and Laplanders drove a profitable
trade by the sale of winds. After being
paid they knitted three magical knots,
and told the buyer that when he untied
the first he would have a good gale;
when the second, a strong wind; and.
when the third, a severe tempest. Olaus
Magnus, History of the Goths, etc., 47
(1658).
King Eric of Sweden was quite a po-
tentate of these elements, and could change
them at pleasure by merely shifting his
cap.
Bessie Millie, of Pomo'na, in the Ork-
ney Islands, helped to eke out her living
(even so late as 1814) by selling favorable
winds to mariners, for the small sum of
sixpence per vessel.
Winds were also at one time sold at
Mont St. Michel, in Normandy, by nine
druidesses, who likewise sold arrows to
charm away storms. These arrows were
WIND SOLD
249
WINDSOR BEAUTIES
to be shot off by a young man 25 years of
age.
%* Witches generally were supposed to
sell wind.
'Oons ! I'll marry a Lapland witch as soon,
and live upon selling contrary winds and
wrecked vessels. W. Congreve, Love for Love.
iii. (1695).
In Ireland and in Denmark both,
Witches for gold will sell a man a wind,
Which, in the corner of a napkin wrapped,
Shall blow him safe unto what coast he wilL
Summer, Last Will and Test. (1600).
** See note to the Pirate : " Sale of
Winds " ( Waverley Novels, xxiv. 136).
When Ulysses left the island of
whom Jupiter had made keeper of the
winds, jEolus bound the storm-winds in
an ox's bladder, and tied it in the ship
that not even a little breath might escape.
Then he sent the west wind to waft the
ship onward. While Ulysses was asleep
his companions, thinking a treasure was
concealed in the bladder, loosed the skin,
and all the winds rushed out. The ship
was driven back to the island of .^Eolus,
who refused to let them land, believing
that they must be hated by the gods.
Winds (The), according to Hesiod, were
the sons of Astrseus and Aurora.
You nymphs, the winged offspring which of old
Aurora to divine Astraeus bore.
Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767).
Winds and Tides. Nicholas of Lyn,
an Oxford scholar and friar, was a great
navigator. He " took the height of
mountains with his astrolobe," and taught
that there were four whirlpools like the
Maelstrom of Norway one in each quarter
of the globe, from which the four winds
issue, and which are the cause of the
tides.
One Nicholas of Lyn
The whirlpools of the seas did come to under-
stand, . . .
For such unmeasured pools, philosophers agree,
I' the four parts of the world undoubtedly there
be,
From which they have supposed nature the
winds doth raise,
And from them too proceed the flowing of the
seas.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622).
Windmill With a Weather-Cock
Atop (The). Goodwyn, a puritan divine,
of St. Margaret's, London, was so called
(1593-1651).
Windmills. Don Quixote, seeing some
thirty or forty windmills, insisted that
they were giants, and, running a tilt at one
of them, thrust his spear into the sails ;
whereupon the sail raised both man and
horse into the air, and shivered the knight's
lance into splinters. When Don Quixote
was thrown to the ground, he persisted in
saying that his enemy, Freston, had trans-
formed the giants into windmills merely
to rob him of his honor, but notwithstand-
ing, the windmills were in reality giants in
disguise. This is the first adventure of the
knight. Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 8
(1605).
Windmills. The giant Widenostrils
lived on windmills. (See WIDENOSTIULS.)
Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 17 (1545).
Windsor (The Eev. Mr.), a friend of
Master George Heriot, the king's gold-
smith. Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel
(time, James I.).
Windsor Beauties (The), Anne Hyde,
duchess of York, and her twelve ladies in
the court of Charles II., painted by Sir
Peter Lely, at the request of Anne Hyde.
Conspicuous in her train of Hebes was
IV
WINDSOR BEAUTIES
250
WINTER
Frances Jennings, eldest daughter of
Richard Jennings of Standridge, near St.
Alban's.
Windsor Sentinel (The), who heard
St. Paul's clock strike thirteen, was John
Hatfleld, who died at his house in Glass-
house Yard, Aldersgate, June 18, 1770,
aged 102.
Wingate (Master Jasper), the steward
at Avenel Castle. SirW. Scott, The Abbot
(time, Elizabeth).
Wingfield, a citizen of Perth, whose
trade was f eather-dressing. Sir W. Scott,
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).
Wingfield (Ambrose), employed at Os-
baldistone Hall.
Lancie Wingfield, one of the men em-
ployed at Osbaldistone Hall. Sir W. Scott,
Rob Eoy (time, George I.).
Wing-the-Wind (Michael), a servant
at Holyrood Palace, and the friend of
Adam Woodcock. Sir W. Scott, The
Abbot (time, Elizabeth).
Winifred, heroine of The Last Meet-
ing, by Brander Matthews. In defiance of
all innuendoes and arguments, she re-
mains true to her lover throughout the
period of his mysterious absence.
Winifrid (St.), patron saint of virgins ;
beheaded by Caradoc, for refusing to
marry him. The tears she shed became
the fountain called " St. Winifrid's Well,"
the waters of which not only cure all sorts of
diseases, but are so buoyant that nothing
sinks to the bottom. St. Winifrid's blood
stained the gravel in the neighborhood
red, and her hair became moss. Drayton
has given this legend in verse in his Poly-
olbion, x. (1612).
Winkle (Nathaniel), M.P.C., a young
cockney sportsman, considered by his
companions to be a dead shot, a hunter,
skater, etc. All these acquirements are,
however, wholly imaginary. He marries
Arabella Allen. C. Dickens, The Pick-
wick Papers (1836).
Winkle (Rip Van), a Dutch colonist of
New York, who met a strange man in a
ravine of the Catskill Mountains. Rip
helped the stranger to carry a keg to a
wild retreat among rocks, where he saw
a host of strange personages playing skit-
tles in mysterious silence. Rip took the
first opportunity of tasting the keg, fell
into a stupor, and slept for twenty years.
On waking, he found that his wife was
dead and buried, his daughter married,
his village remodelled, and America had
become independent. Washington Ir-
ving, Sketch-Book (1820).
The tales of Epimenides, of Peter Klaus,
of the Sleeping Beauty, the Seven Sleep-
ers, etc., are somewhat similar. (See
SLEEPER.)
Winklebred or Winklebrand (Louis),
lieutenant of Sir Maurice de Bracy, a fol-
lower of Prince John. Sir W. Scott,
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).
Winnie, (Annie), an old sibyl, who
makes her appearance at the death of
Alice Gray. Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lam-
mermoor (time, William III.).
Winter, the head servant of General
Witherington, alias Richard Tresham.
Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter
(time, George II.).
WINTER
251
WINTHROP
Winter. (See SEASONS.)
Winterbourne, travelling American
who makes a " study " of Daisy Miller.
Henry James, Jr., Daisy Miller (1878).
Winter King (The), Frederick V., the
rival of Ferdinand II. of Germany. He
married Elizabeth, 'daughter of James I.
of England, and was king of Bohemia for
just one winter, the end of 1619 and the
beginning of 1620 (1596-1632). (See SNOW
KING.)
Winter Queen (The), Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of James I. of England, and wife of
Frederick V. "The Winter King." (See
SNOW QUEEN.)
Winter's Tale (The), by Shakespeare
(1604). Leontes, king of Sicily, invites his
friend Polixenes to visit him. During
this visit the king becomes jealous of him,
and commands Camillo to poison him;
but Camillo only warns Polixenes of the
danger, and flees with him to Bohemia.
When Leontes hears thereof, his rage is
unbounded ; and he casts his queen, Her-
mi'one, into prison, where she gives birth
to a daughter, which Leontes gives direc-
tion shall be placed on a desert shore
to perish. In the mean time, he is told
that Hermione, the queen, is dead. The
vessel containing the infant daughter being
storm-driven to Bohemia, the child is left
there, and is brought up by a shepherd,
who calls it Perdita. One day, in a hunt,
Prince Florizel sees Perdita and falls in
love with her ; but Polixenes, his father,
tells her that she and the shepherd shall
be put to death if she . encourages the
foolish suit. Florizel and Perdita now
flee to Sicily, and being introduced to
Leontes, it is soon discovered that Perdita
is his lost daughter. Polixenes tracks his
son to Sicily, and being told of the dis-
covery, gladly consents to the union he
had before forbidden. Pauli'na now in-
vites the royal party to inspect a statue of
Hermione in her house, and the statue
turns out to be the living queen.
The plot of this drama is borrowed
from the tale of Pandosto, or The Triumph
of Time, by Robert Greene (1583).
We should have him back
Who told the Winter's Tale to do it for us.
Tennyson, Prologue of The Princess.
Winterblossom (Mr. Philip), "the man
of taste," on the managing committee at
the Spa Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well
(time, George III.).
Wintersen (The count), brother of
Baron Steinfort, lord of the place, and
greatly beloved.
The Countess Wintersen, wife of the
above. She is a kind friend to Mrs.
Haller, and confidante of her brother, the
Baron Steinfort. Benjamin Thompson,
The Stranger (1797).
Winterton (Adam), the garrulous old
steward of Sir Edward Mortimer, in
whose service he had been for forty-nine
years. He was fond of his little jokes,
and not less so of his little nips, but he
loved his master and almost idolized him.
G. Colman, The Iron Chest (1796).
Win-the-Fight (Joachin), the attorney
employed by Major Bridgenorth, the
roundhead. Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the
Peak (time, Charles II.).
Winthrop (Madam). One of the oddest
chapters in a bona fide courtship is found
in the diary of Judge Samuel Sewall,
wherein he sets down in order the several
IV
WINTHROP
252
WISDOM PERSECUTED
w
stages of his wooing of Madame Win-
throp. One extract must suffice.
"I think I repeated again that I would go
home and bewail my rashness in making more
haste than good speed. I would endeavor to
contain myself and not go on to solicit her to do
that which she could not consent to. Took
leave of her. As came down the steps, she bid
me have a care. Treated me courteously. Told
her she had entered the fourth year of her
widowhood. I had given her the newsletter
before. 1 did not bid her draw off her glove as
sometime I had done. Her dress was not so
clean as sometime it had been. Jehovah jireh !
Bewail Papers (173 ).
Wisdom (Honor paid to).
ANACHARSIS went from Scythia to Athens
to see Solon. ./Elian, De Varia Historia, v.
APOLLONIOS TYAN^US (Cappadocia) trav-
elled through. Scythia and into India as
far as the river Phison to see Hierarchus.
Philostratos, Life ofApollonios.
BEN JONSON, in 1619, travelled on foot
from London to Scotland merely to see
W. Drummond, the Scotch poet, whose
genius he admired.
LIVY went from the confines of Spain
to Rome to hold converse with the learned
men of that city. Pliny the Younger,
Epistle, iii. 2.
PLATO travelled from Athens to Egypt
to see the wise men or magi, and to visit
Archytas of Tarentum, inventor of several
automatons, as the flying pigeon, and of
numerous mechanical instruments, as the
screw and crane.
PYTHAGOKAS went from Italy to Egypt
to visit the vaticinators of Memphis.
Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras.
SHEBA (The queen of) went from "the
uttermost parts of the earth" to hear and
see Solomon, whose wisdom and greatness
had reached her ear.
Wisdom Persecuted.
ANAXAGORAS of Clazomenee held opinions
in natural science so far in advance of
his age that he was accused of impiety,
cast into prison, and condemned to death.
It was with great difficulty that Pericles
got the sentence commuted to fine and
banishment.
AVERROIS, the Arabian philosopher, was
denounced as a heretic, and degraded, in
the twelfth Christian century (died 1226).
BACON (Friar) was excommunicated and
imprisoned for diabolical knowledge, chief-
ly on account of his chemical researches
(1214-1294).
BRUNO (Giordano) was burnt alive for
maintaining that matter is the mother of
all things (1550-1600).
CEOSSE (Andrew), electrician, was
shunned as a profane man, because he
asserted that certain minute animals of
the genus Acams had been developed by
him out of inorganic elements (1784-
1855).
DEE (Dr. John) had his house broken
into by a mob, and all his valuable library,
museum, and mathematical instruments
destroyed, because he was so wise that
" he must have been allied with the devil"
(1527-1608).
FEAEGIL. (See " Virgilius.")
GALILEO was imprisoned by the Inquisi-
tion for daring to believe that the earth
moved round the sun and not the sun
round the earth. In order to get his lib-
erty, he was obliged to " abjure the her-
esy ; " but as the door closed he muttered,
E pur si muove ("But it does move,
though"), 1564-1642).
GERBERT, who introduced algebra into
Christendom, was accused of dealing in
the black arts, and was shunned as a " son
of Belial."
GROSTED or GROSSETESTE, bishop of
Lincoln, author of some two hundred
works, was accused of dealing in the black
arts, and the pope wrote a letter to Henry
WISDOM PERSECUTED
253
WISHEART
los of Lindos, (6) Pitt&cos of Mitylene,
(7) Periander of Corinth, or, according to
Plato, Myson of Chenae. All flourished in
the sixth century B.C.
First SOLON, who mad the Athenian laws ;
While CHTLO, in Sparta, was famed for his saws;
In Miletos did THALES astronomy teach ;
BIAS used in Prien his morals to preach ;
CLEOBULOS, of Lindos, was handsome and wise ;
Mitylene 'gainst thraldom saw PITTACOS rise ; _
PERIANDER is said to have gained, thro' his
court,
The title that MYSON, the Chenian, ought.
One of the chapters in Plutarch's Moral-
ia is entitled, "The Banquet of the Seven
Wise Men," in which Periander is made to
give an account of a contest at Chalcis
between Homer and Hesiod. The latter
won the prize, and caused this inscription
to be engraved on the tripod presented to
him:
This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine,
In Chalcis won from Homer the divine.
Wise Men of the East. Klopstock,
in The Messiah, v., says there were six
" Wise Men of the East," who, guided by
the star, brought their gifts to Jesus, '| the
heavenly babe," viz., Ha'dad, Selima,
Zimri, Mirja, Be'led and Sun'ith. (See
COLOGNE, THREE KINGS OF.)
Wisest Man. So the Delphic oracle
pronounced Soc'rates to be. Socrates
modestly made answer, 'Twas because he
alone had learnt this first element of truth,
that he knew nothing.
Not those seven sages might him parallel ;
Nor he whom Pythian maid did whilome tell
To be the wisest man that then on earth did dwell.
Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vi. (1633).
III., enjoining him to disinter the bones of
the too-wise bishop, as they polluted the
very dust of God's acre (died 1253).
FAUST (Dr.), the German philosopher,
was accused of diabolism for his wisdom
so far in advance of the age.
PEYRERE was imprisoned in Brussels for
attempting to prove that man existed be-
fore Adam (seventeenth century).
PROTAGORAS, the philosopher, was ban-
ished from Athens, for his book On the
Gods.
SOCRATES was condemned to death as an
atheist, because his wisdom was not in
accordance with that of the age.
VIRGILIUS, bishop of Saltzburg, was com-
pelled by Pope Zachary to retract his as-
sertion that there are other "worlds"
besides our earth, and other suns and
moons besides those which belong to our
system (died 784).
Geologists had the same battle to fight,
and so had Colenso, bishop of Natal.
Wise (The).
Albert II., duke of Austria, " The Lame
and Wise "(1289, 1330-1358).
Alfonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203,
1252-1284).
Charles V. of France, Le Sage (1337,
1364-1380).
Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295).
Comte de las Casas, Le Sage (1766-
1842).
Frederick, elector of Saxony (1463,
1544-1554).
James I., the "Solomon" of England
(1566, 1603-1625).
John V., duke of Brittany, " The Good
and Wise" (1389, 1399-1442).
Wise Men (The Seven): (1) Solon of Wisheart (The Eev.
Athens, (2) Chil'o of Sparta, (3) Thales of the earl of Montrose.- -Sir W. Scott, Le-
Miletos (4) Bias of Priene, (5) Cleobu- gend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).
IV
WISHFORT
254
WITCH'S BLOOD
Wishfort (Lady), widow of Sir Jona-
than Wishfort; an irritable, impatient,
decayed beauty, who painted and en-
amelled her face to make herself look
blooming, and was afraid to frown lest
the enamel might crack. She pretended
to be coy, and assumed, at the age of 60,
the airs of a girl of 16. A trick was played
upon her by Edward Mirabell, who in-
duced his lackey, Waitwell, to personate
Sir Rowland, and make love to her; but
the deceit was discovered before much
mischief was done. Her pet expression
was, " As I'm .a person." W. Congreve,
The Way of the World (1700).
Wishiiig-Cap (The), a cap given to
Fortunatus. He had only to put the cap
on and wish, and whatever he wished he
instantly obtained. Straparola, Fortu-
natus.
Wishing-Rod (The), a rod of pure
gold, belonging to the Nibelungs. Who-
ever possessed it could have anything
he desired to have, and hold the whole
world in subjection. The Nibelungen Lied,
1160 (1210).
Wishing-Sack (The), a sack given by
our Lord to a man named " Fourteen,"
because he was as strong as fourteen men.
Whatever he wished to have he had only
to say, "Come into my sack," and it
came in.
** This is a Basque legend. In Gas-
coigne it is called Le Sac de la Eamee
("Ramee's Sack").
Wit Simplicity. It was said of John
Gay that he was
In wit a man, simplicity a child.
** The line is often flung at Oliver
Goldsmith, to whom, indeed, it equally
applies.
Witch. The last person prosecuted be-
fore the lords or justiciary (in Scotland)
for witchcraft was Elspeth Rule. She
was tried May 3, 1709, before Lord An-
struther, and condemned to be burned on
the cheek, and banished from Scotland for
life. Arnot, History of Edinburgh, 366,
367.
Witch-Finder, Matthew Hopkins
(seventeenth century). In 1645 he hanged
sixty witches in his own county (Essex)
alone, and received 20s. a head for every
witch he could discover.
Has not the present parliament
Mat Hopkins to the devil sent,
Fully empowered to treat about,
Finding revolted witches out 1
And has not he within a year
Hanged three score of them in one shire ?
S. Butler, Hudibras, ii. 3 (1664).
Witch of Atlas, the title and heroine
of one of Shelley's poems.
Witch of Balwer'y, Margaret Aikens,
a Scotchwoman (sixteenth century).
Witch of Edmonton (The), called
"Mother Sawyer." This is the true tra-
ditional witch ; no mystic hag, no weird
sister, but only a poor, deformed old
woman, the terror of villagers, and amen-
able to justice.
Why should the envious world
Throw all their scandalous malice upon me ?
Because I'm poor, deformed, and ignorant,
And, like a bow, buckled and bent together
By some more strong in mischiefs than myself.
The Witch of Edmonton, (by Rowley, Dekker
and Ford, 1658).
Witch's Blood. Whoever was suc-
cessful in drawing blood from a witch,
Florimel and the Witch
F. X. Pickersgill, Artist G. A. Periam, Engraver
rHIS wicked woman had a wicked sonne,
The comfort of her age and weary dayes,
A lacsy loord, for nothing good to donne, >
But stretched forth inydelnesse alwaycz;
Ne ever cast his mind to covet prayse,
Or ply himself to any honest trade;
But all the daye before the sunny rayes
He us'd to slug, or sleepe in slothful shade:
Such laesinesse both lewd and poore attonce him made.
"He, coming home at undertime, there found
The fayrcst creature that he ever saw
Sitting beside his mother on the ground ;
The sight -whereof did greatly him adaw.
And his base thought with terror and with awe
So inly smot, that, a& one which hath ga[ 'd
On the bright sunne unwares, doth soone withdraw
His feeble eye with too much brightness da% 'd,
So stared be on her and stood long while ama^ 'd."
Spenser's "Faery Queen."
UJ
i
o
z
UJ
s
cc
3
WITCH'S BLOOD
255 WIVES OF LITERAEY MEN
was free from her malignant power.
Hence Talbot, when he sees La Pucelle,
exclaims, " Blood will I draw from thee ;
thou art a witch ! "Shakespeare, 1 Henry
VI. act i. sc. 5 (1592).
Witheringtoii (General), alias Richard
Tresham, who first appears as Mr. Mat-
thew Middlemas.
Mrs. Wttherington, wife of the general,
alias Mrs. Middlemas (born Zelia de Mon-
c.ada). She appears first as Mrs. Middle-
mas Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daugh-
ter (time, George II.).
Wititterly (Mr. Henry), an important
gentleman, 38 years of age; of rather
plebeian countenance, and with very light
hair. He boasts everlastingly of his grand
friends. To shake hands with a lord was
a thing to talk of, but to entertain one
was to be in the seventh heaven.
Mrs. Wititterly [Julia],' wife of Mr.
Wititterly, of Cadbgan Place, Sloane Street,
London; a faded lady living in a faded
house. She calls her page Alphonse (2 syl.),
"although he has the face and figure of
Bill." Mrs. Wititterly toadies the aris-
tocracy, and, like her husband, boasts of
her grand connections and friends. C.
Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). (See
TIBBS).
Witling of Terror, Bertrand Barere ;
also called "The Anacreon of the Guil-
lotine " (1755-1841).
Wittenbold, a Dutch commandant in
the service of Charles II. Sir W. Scott,
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.) .
Witterington (Roger). (See Wn>-
DBINGTON.)
Wittol (Sir Joseph), an ignorant, foolish
simpleton, who says that Bully Buff "is
as brave a fellow as Cannibal." Cougreve,
The Old Bachelor (1693).
Witwould (Sir Wilful), of Shropshire,
half-brother of Anthony Witwould, and
nephew of Lady Wishfort. A mixture of
bashfulness and obstinacy, but when in
his cups as loving as the monster in the
Tempest. He is "a superannuated old
bachelor," who is willing to marry Milla-
mant; but as the young lady prefers
Edward Mirabell, he is equally willing to
resign her to him. His favorite phrase is,
"Wilful will do it."
Anthony Witwould, half-brother to Sir
Wilful. "He has good nature and does
not want wit." Having a good memory,
he has a store of other folks' wit, which
he brings out in conversation with good
effect. W. Congreve, The Way of the
World (1700).
Wives as they Were and Maids as
they Are, a comedy by Mrs. Inchbald
(1797). Lady Priory is the type of the
former, and Miss Dorrillon of the latter.
Lady Priory is discreet, domestic, and
submissive to her husband; but Miss
Dorrillon is gay, flighty, and fond of
pleasure. Lady Priory, under false pre-
tences, is allured from home by a Mr.
Bronzely, a man of no principle and a
rake; but her quiet, innocent conduct
quite disarms him, and he takes her back
to her husband, ashamed of himself, and
resolves to amend. Miss Dorrillon is so
involved in debt that she is arrested, but
her father from the Indies pays her debts.
She also repents, and becomes the wife of
Sir George Evelyn.
Wives of Literary Men. According
to popular rumor the following were un-
IV
WIVES OF LITERARY MEN 256 WOLF DUKE OF GASCONY
"happy in' their wives: Addison, Byron,
Dickens, Dryden, Albert Diirer, Hooker,
Ben Jonson, W. Lilly, Milton (first wife),
Moliere, More, Saadi, Scaliger, Shake-
speare, Shelley, Socrates, Wycherly, etc.
The following were happy in their choice :
Thomas Moore, Sir W. Scott, Words-
worth, William Howitt, Robert Browning,
S. C. Hall, Disraeli, Gladstone, etc., in
England, and in America a great majority
of literary men: Longfellow, Lowell,
Emerson, Hawthorne, to name only a few.
Wizard of the North, Sir Walter
Scott (1771-1832).
Wobbler (Mr.), of the Circumlocution
Office. When Mr. Clennam, by the direc-
tion of Mr. Barnacle, in another depart-
ment of the office, called on this gentle-
man, he was telling a brother clerk about
a rat-hunt, and kept Clennam waiting a
considerable time. When at length Mr.
Wobbler chose to attend, he politely said,
"Hallo, there! What's the matter?" Mr.
Clennam briefly stated his question ; and
Mr. Wobbler replied, " Can't inform you.
Never heard of it. Nothing at all to do
with it. Try Mr. Clive." When Clennam
left, Mr. Wobbler called out, "Mister!
Hallo, there ! Shut the door after you.
There's a devil of a draught ! " Charles
Dickens, Little Dorrit, x. (1857).
Woeful Countenance (Knight of the).
Don Quixote was so called by Sancho
Panza, but after his adventure with the
lions he called himself " The Knight of the
Lions." Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 5 ;
II. i. 17 (1605-15).
Wolf. The NEUKI, according to Herod-
tftus, had the power of assuming the shape
of wolves once a year.
One of the family of ANT.EUS, according
to Pliny, was chosen annually, by lot, to
be transformed into a wolf, in which shape
he continued for nine years.
LYCA'ON, king of Arcadia, was turned
into a wolf because he attempted to test
. the divinity of Jupiter by serving up to
him. " human flesh at table." Ovid.
VEEET'ICUS, king of Wales, was turned
by St. Patrick into a wolf.
Wolf. When Dante, in the first Canto
of the Divina Commedia, describes the
ascent of the hill (of fame?) he is met,
first by a panther (pleasure f) then by
a lion (amMtionP) then by a she-wolf
(avarice f)
A she- wolf , . . . who in her leanness seemed
Full of all wants,
O'erwhelmed me
I lost.
with such fear
. that of the height all hope
Dante, Inferno, i. (] 300).
Wolf (To cry), to give a false alarm.
YOW-WANG, emperor of China, was greatly
enamoured of a courtezan named Pao-tse,
whom he tried, by sundry expedients, to
make laugh. At length he hit upon the
following plan : He caused the tocsins to
be rung, the drums to be beaten, and the
signal-fires to be lighted, as if some in-
vader was at the gates. Pao-tse was de-
lighted, and laughed immoderately to see
the vassals and feudatory princes pouring
into the city, and all the people in con-
sternation. The emperor, pleased with
the success of his trick, amused his favor-
ite over and over again by repeating it.
At length an enemy really did come, but
when the alann was given no one heeded
it, and the emperor was slain (B.C. 770).
Wolf duke of Gascony, one of Char-
lemagne's paladins. He was the origina-
tor of the plan of tying wetted ropes round
the temples of his prisoners, to make their
Peg Woffington and Rich
F. Smallfidd, Artist G. C Finden, Engraver
*
" "WINTERING the room, she found the manager, John
* > Rich, lounging on a sofa, a book in one band, a
china cup, from which be occasionally sipped tea,
in the otter, whilst around him were seven and twenty cats,
engaged in the various occupations of staring at him, licking
his tea-cup, eating the toast from his mouth, -walking around
his shoulders and frisking about him with the freedom of
long-standing pets. ' '
Molloy's "Life of Peg Woffington."
o
oc
Q
Z
O
I
o
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0.
WOLF DUKE OF GASCONY 257
WOMAN'S. WIT
eye-balls start from their sockets. It was
he also who had men sewn up in freshly
stripped bulls' hides, and exposed to the
sun till the hides, in shrinking, crushed
their bones. L'Epine, Croquemitaine, iii.
Wolf of France (She-), Isabella la Belle,
wife of Edward II. She murdered her
royal husband " by tearing out his bowels
with her own hands."
She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs,
Thou tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate.
Gray, The Bard (1757).
Wol'fort, usurper of the earldom of
Flanders. Beaumont and Fletcher, The
Beggars' Bush (1622).
Wolfort Webber, Old Knickerbocker,
searcher for treasure buried by buccaneers.
Washington Irving, Tales of a Traveller.
Wolsey ( Cardinal), introduced by Shake-
speare in his historic play of Henry VIII.
(1601).
Woman Changed to a Man. Iphis,
daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa, of
Crete. The story is that the father gave
orders if the child about to be born proved
to be a girl, it was to be put to death ; and
that the mother, unwilling to lose her in-
fant, brought it up as a boy. In due time
the father betrothed his child to lanthe,
and the mother, in terror, prayed for help,
when Isis, on the day of marriage, changed
Iphis to a man. Ovid, Metaph. ix. 12 ; xiv,
699.
C^NEUS [Se.nuce], was born of the fe-
male sex, but Neptune changed her into a
man. ^Eneas, however, found her in the
infernal regions restored to her original
sex.
TIKE'SIAS, was converted into a woman
for killing one of two serpents he met in
a wood and was restored to his original
sex by killing the other serpent met again
after seven years.
D'EoN DE BEAUMONT, the Chevalier, was
believed to be a woman.
HEBMAPHKODITOS was of both sexes.
Woman killed with Kindness (A),
a tragedy by Thos. Heywood (1600). The
"woman" was Mrs. Frankford, who was
unfaithful to her marriage vow. Her hus-
band sent her to live on one of his estates,
and made her a liberal allowance; she
died, but on her death-bed her husband
came to see her, and forgave her.
Woman made of Flowers. Gwydion,
son of Don, "formed a woman out of
flowers," according to the Bard Taliesin.
Arianrod had said tnat Llew Llaw Gyffes
(i.e., " The Lion with the Steady Hand"),
should never have a wife of the human
race. So Math and Gwydion, two en-
chanters,
Took blossoms of oak, and blossoms of broom,
and blossoms of meadow-sweet, and produced
therefrom a maiden, the fairest and most grace-
ful ever seen, and baptized her Blodeuwedd, and
she became his bride. The Nabinogion (" Math,"
etc., twelfth century).
Woman's Wit, or Love's Disguises,
a drama by S. Knowles (1838). Hero Sut-
ton loved Sir Valentine de Grey, but of-
fended him by waltzing with Lord Athun-
ree. To win him back she assumed the
disguise of a Quakeress, called herself Ruth,
and pretended to be Hero's cousin. Sir
Valentine fell in love with Ruth, and then
found out that Ruth and Hero were one
and the same person. The secondary
plot is that of Helen and Walsingham,
lovers. Walsingham thought Helen had
played the wanton with Lord Athunree,
and he abandoned her. Whereupon Helen
IV
WOMAN'S WIT
258 WONDEE OF THE WORLD
assumed the garb of a young man named
Eustace, became friends with Walsingham,
said she was Helen's brother ; but in the
brother he discovers Helen herself, and
learnt that he had been wholly misled by
appearances.
Women (The Nine Worthy): (1) Min-
erva, (2) Semiramis, (3) Tomyris, (4) Jael,
(5) Deborah, (6) Judith, (7) Britomart,
(8) Elizabeth or Isabella of Aragon, (9)
Johanna of Naples.
By'r lady, maist story-man, I am well afraid
thou hast done with thy talke. I had rather
have herd something sayd of gentle and meeke
women, for it is euill examples to let them under-
stand of such studye manlye women as those
have been which ere while thou hast tolde of.
They are quicke enow, I warrant you, nowea-
days, to take hart-a-grace, and dare make warre
with their husbandes. I would not vor the price
o' my coate, that Jone, my wife had herd this
yeare ; she would haue carried away your tales of
the nine worthy women a dele zoner than our
minister's tales anent Sarah, Rebekah, Ruth, and
the ministering women, I warrant you. John
Feme, Dialogue on Heraldry (" Columel's reply
to Torquatus ").
*#* " Hart-a-grace," a hart permitted by
royal proclamation to run free and un-
harmed for ever, because it has been
hunted by a king or queen.
Women of Abandoned Morals.
BARBARA of Cilley, second wife of the
Emperor Sigismund, called " The Messa-
lina of Germany."
BERRI (Madame de), wife of the Due de
Berri (youngest grandson of Louis XIV.).
CATHEEINE II. of Russia, called "The
Modern Messalina" (1729-1796).
GIOVANNA or JEAN of Naples. Her first
love was James, count of March, who was
beheaded. Her second was Camicioli,
whom she put to death. Her next was
Alfonso of Aragon. Her fourth was
Louis d'Anjou, who died. Her fifth was
Rene, the brother of Louis.
ISABELLE of Bavaria, wife of Charles
VI., and mistress of the duke of Bur-
gundy.
ISABELLE of France, wife of Edward
II., and mistress of Mortimer.
JULIA, daughter of the Emperor Augus-
tus.
MAKOZIA, the daughter of Theodora, and
mother of Pope John XI. The infamous
daughter of an infamous mother (ninth
century.
MESSALI'NA, the wife of Claudius, the
Roman emperor.
Wonder (The), a comedy by Mrs. Cent-
livre; the second title being A Woman
Keeps a Secret (1714). The woman re-
ferred to is Violante, and the secret she
keeps is that Donna Isabella, the sister of
Don Felix, has taken refuge under her
roof. The danger she undergoes in keep-
ing the secret is this : Her lover, Felix,
who knows that Colonel Briton calls at
the house, is jealous, and fancies that he
calls to see Violante. The reason why
Donna Isabella has sought refuge with
Violante is to escape a marriage with a
Dutch gentleman whom she dislikes.
After a great deal of trouble and distress,
the secret is unravelled, and the comedy
ends with a double marriage, that of Vio-
lante with Don Felix, and that of Isabella
with Colonel Briton.
Wonder of the World (The).
GERBEKT, a man of prodigious learning.
When he was made pope, he took the name
of Sylvester II. (930, 999-1003).
OTTO III. of Germany, a pupil of Ger-
bert. What he did deserving to be called
Mirabilia Mundi nobody knows (980, 983-
1002).
FREDERICK II. of Germany (1194, 1215-
1250).
Anton W^olfart and Leonore
/fNTON went with elastic step along the broad walk hoping to find
^ -L a way of exit.
Soon he heard a horse's feet behind him and saw a young lady
come riding after him, mounted upon a black pony and using her parasol as
a whip. Now the ladies of Ostram were not in the habit of riding. He had,
indeed, once upon a time, beheld a professional equestrian ^'ith very red
cheeks and flawing garments, and bad unspeakably admired her, but no:.- the
same feeling was far more intense. He stood still and bowed reverentially.
The young girl acknowledged his homage by a gracious nod, pulled up her
horse, and asked whether he wished to Speak to her father.
"I crave your pardon," replied Anton, with the deepest rcspecl, "proba-
bly I am in a path not open to strangers. I came across the meadow and
saw no gate and no hedge."
Frevtag's " Debit and Credit-"
AND LENORC.
>V\ A \tf>\&v
<v
ANTON WOHLFART AND LENORE.
WONDEEFUL DOCTOR
259
WOODEN HORSE
Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon
(1214-1292).
Wood (Babes in the), a baby boy and
girl left by a gentleman of Norfolk on his
death-bed to the care of his brother. The
boy was to have 300 a year on coming
of age, and little Jane 500 as a wedding
portion. The uncle promised to take
care of the children, but scarcely had a
year gone by when he hired two ruffians
to make away with them. The hirelings
took the children on horseback to Way-
land Wood, where they were left to die of
cold and hunger. The children would
have been killed, but one of the fellows
relented, expostulated with his companion,
and finally slew him. The survivor com-
promised with his conscience by leaving
the babes alive in the wood. Everything
went ill with the uncle from that hour ;
his children died, his cattle died, his barns
were set on fire, and he himself died in
jail.
*#* The prettiest version of this stoiy
is one set to a Welsh tune ; but Percy has
a version in his Reliques of Ancient English
Poetry,
Woodcock (Adam), falconer of the
Lady Mary at Avenel Castle. In the
revels he takes the character of the " abbot
of Unreason." Sir W. Scott, The Abbot
(time, Elizabeth).
Woodcock (Justice), a gouty, rheumatic,
crusty, old country gentleman, who invari-
ably differed with his sister, Deb'orah, in
everything.. He was a bit of a Lothario
in his young days, and still retained a
somewhat licorous tooth. Justice Wood-
cock had one child, named Lucinda, a
merry girl, full of frolic and fun.
Deborah Woodcock, sister of the justice ;
a starch, prudish old maid, who kept the
house of her brother, and disagreed with
him in everything. Isaac Bickerstaff,
Love in a Village (1762).
Woodcocks (The). John Woodcock,
a rough, reckless colonist, who seems
harsh to his motherless girl while she is a
child, but subsequently betrays the depths
of fatherly affection when she is persecuted
by others.
Mary Woodcock, wild, wayward, pas-
sionate girl, in trouble from her youth up.
She marries a gentle-hearted fellow, Hugh
Parsons ; is tried for slandering a neigh-
bor, and, driven insane by ill-treatment,
murders her baby, believing it to be a
changeling. She is tried for witchcraft,
and acquitted ; for child-murder, and sen-
tenced to death, but dies before the sen-
tence is carried into execution. Her
father says over her lifeless body :
" If I didn't think the Lord would see just
how she's been a.bused and knocked round, and
would allow for the way she was brung up,
and would strike out all He's got agin her, ex-
cepting that that didn't come from bein' med-
dled with and insulted and plagued, I should
want to have her an' me an' everybody else I
care anything about, blown into a thousand
flinders, body and soul, and all the pieces lost."
I. G. Holland, The Bay Path (1857).
Woodcourt (Allan), a medical man, who
married Esther Summerson. His mother
was a Welsh woman, apt to prose on the
subject of Morgan-ap-Kerrig. C. Dickens,
Bleak House (1852).
Wooden Horse (The). Virgil tells us
that Ulysses had a monster wooden horse,
made by Epeos after the death of Hector,
and gave out that it was an offering to
the gods to secure a prosperous voyage
back to Greece. By the advice of Sinon,
the Trojans dragged the horse into Troy
for a palladium ; but at night the Grecian
IV
WOODEN HORSE
260
WOODMAN
soldiers concealed therein were released
by Sinon from their concealment, slew
the Trojan guards, opened the city gates,
and set fire to Troy. Arctlnos of Miletus,
in his poem called The Destruction of Troy,
furnished Virgil with the tale of "the
Wooden Horse " and " the burning of
Troy" (fl. B.C. 776).
A remarkable parallel occurred in Sara-
cenic history. Arrestan, in Syria, was
taken in the seventh century by Abu Obe-
idah by a similar stratagem. He obtained
leave of the governor to deposit in the
citadel some old lumber which impeded
his march. Twenty large boxes filled with
men were carried into the castle. Abu
marched off; and, while the Christians
were returning thanks for the departure
of the enemy, the soldiers removed the
sliding bottoms of the boxes and made
their way out, overpowered the sentries,
surprised the great church, opened the
city gates, and Abu, entering with his
army, took the city without further oppo-
sition. Ockley, History of the Saracens, i.
185 (1718).
The capture of Sark affords another
parallel. Sark was in the hands of the
French. A Netherlander, with one ship,
asked permission to bury one of his crew
in the chapel. The French consented,
provided the crew came on shore wholly
unarmed. This was agreed to, but the
coffin was full of arms, and the crew soon
equipped themselves, overpowered the
French, and took the island. Percy, An-
ecdotes, 249.
Swoln with hate and ire, their huge, unwieldy
force
Came clustering like the Greeks out of the wood-
en horse.
Drayton, PolyolUon, xii. (1613).
Wooden Horse (The), Clavileno, the
wooden horse on which Don Quixote and
Sancho Panza got astride to disenchant
Antonomas'ia and her husband, who were
shut up in the tomb of Queen Maguncia
of Candaya. Cervantes, Don Quixote, II.
iii. 4, 5 (1615).
Another wooden horse was the one given
by an Indian to the shah of Persia as a
New Year's gift. It had two pegs; by
turning one it rose into the air, and by
turning the other it descended wherever
the rider wished. Prince Firouz mounted
the horse, and it carried him instantane-
ously to Bengal. Arabian Nights ("The
Enchanted Horse ").
Reynard says that King Crampart made
for the daughter of King Marcadiges a
wooden horse which would go a hundred
miles an hour. His son, Clamades, mounted
it, and it flew out of the window of the
king's hall, to the terror of the young
prince. Alkman, Reynard the Fox (1498),
(See CAMBUSCAN.)
Wooden Walls, ships made of wood.
When Xerxes invaded Greece, the Greeks
sent to ask the Delphic oracle for advice,
and received the following answer (B.C.
480) :
Pallas hath urged, and Zeus, the sire of all,
Hath safety promised in a wooden wall ;
Seed-time and harvest, sires shall, weeping, tell
How thousands fought at Salamis, and fell.
Woodman (The), an opera by Sir H.
Bate Dudley (1771). Emily was the com-
panion of Miss Wilford, and made with
Miss Wilford's brother " a mutual vow of
inviolable affection ; " but Wilford's uncle
and guardian, greatly disapproving of such
an alliance, sent the young man to the
Continent, and dismissed the young lady
from his service. Emily went to live with
Goodman Fairlop, the woodman, and there
Wilford discovered her in an archery
WOODMAN
261
WORLD
match. The engagement was renewed,
and terminated in marriage. The wood-
man's daughter, Dolly, married Matthew
Medley, the factotum of Sir Walter War-
, ing.
Woodstal (Henry), in the guard of
Richard Coeur de Lion. Sir W. Scott,
The Talisman (time, Eichard I.).
Woodstock, a novel by Sir W. Scott
(1826). It was hastily put together, but
is not unworthy of the name it bears.
Woodville (Harry), the treacherous
friend of Penruddock, who ousted him of
the wife to whom he was betrothed. He
was wealthy, but reduced himself to des-
titution by gambling.
Mrs. Woodville (whose Christian name
was Arabella), wife of Harry Woodville,
but previously betrothed to Roderick Pen-
ruddock. When reduced to destitution
Penruddock restored to her the settlement
which her husband had lost in play.
Captain Henry Woodville, son of the
above; a noble soldier, brave and high-
minded, in love with Emily Tempest, but,
in the ruined condition of the family, un-
able to marry her. Penruddock makes
over to him all the deeds, bonds and obli-
gations which his father had lost in gam-
bling. Cumberland, The Wheel of For-
tune (1779).
Woodville (Lord), a friend of General
Brown. It was Lord Woodville's house
that was haunted by the "lady in the
Sacque." Sir W. Scott, The Tapestered
Chamber (time, George III.).
Woolen. It was Mrs. Oldfield, the
actress, who revolted at the idea of being
shrouded in woolen. She insisted on
being arrayed in chintz trimmed with
Brussels lace, and on being well rouged
to hide the pallor of death. Pope calls
her "Narcissa."
" Odious ! In woolen ! 'Twould a saint provoke ! "
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke.
'' No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace
Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face ;
One would not, sure, be frightful when one's
dead!
And, Betty, give this cheek a little red."
Pope, Moral Essays, i. (1731).
Wopsle (Mr.), parish clerk. He had a
Roman nose, a large, shining, bald fore-
head, and a deep voice, of which he was
very proud. "If the Church had been
thrown open," i.e., free to competition, Mr.
Wopsle would have chosen the pulpit.
As it was, he only punished the " Amens"
and gave out the psalms; but his face
always indicated the inward thought of
" Look at this and look at that," meaning
the gent in the reading-desk. He turned
actor in a small metropolitan theatre. C.
Dickens, Great Expectations (1860).
Work (Endless), Penelope's web ; Vor-
tigern's Tower; washing the blackamoor
white; etc.
Work-room (My).
" Yet the world is thy field, thy garden,
On earth art Thou still at home.
When thou bendest hither thy hallowing eye,
My narrow work-room seems vast and high,
Its dingy ceiling, a rainbow dome
Stand ever thus at my wide swung door,
And toil will be toil no more.'"
Lucy Larcom, Poetical Works (1885).
World (End of the). This ought to
have occurred, according to Cardinal
Nicolas de Cusa, in 1704. He demon-
strates it thus : The Deluge happened in
the thirty-fourth* jubilee of fifty years
from the Creation (A.M. 1700), and there-
IV
WRANGLE
264
WRONGHEAD
ed ; he jealous, she open and incautious.
Cumberland, First Love (1796).
Wrath's Hole (The), Cornwall. Bol-
ster, a gigantic wrath, wanted St. Agnes to
be his mistress. She told him she would
comply when he filled a small hole, which
she pointed out to him, with his blood.
The wrath agreed, not knowing that the
hole opened into the sea ; and thus the
saint cunningly bled the wrath to death,
and then pushed him over the cliff. The
hole is called "The Wrath's hole" to this
day, and the stones about it are colored
with blood-red streaks all over. Polwhele,
History of Cornwall, i. 176 (1813).
Wray (Enoch), "the village patriarch,"
blind, poor, and 100 years old ; but rever-
enced for his meekness, resignation, wis-
dom, piety, and experience. Crabbe, The
Village Patriarch (1783).
Wrayburn (Eugene), barrister-at-law ;
an indolent, idle, moody, whimsical young
man, who loves Lizzie Hexam. After he
is nearly killed by Bradley Headstone, he
reforms, and marries Lizzie, who saved
his life. C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend
(1864).
Wren (Jenny), whose real name was
Fanny Cleaver, a doll's dressmaker, and
the friend of Lizzie Hexam, who at one
time lodged with her. Jenny was a little,
deformed girl, with a sharp, shrewd face,
and beautiful golden hair. She supported
herself and her drunken father, whom she
reproved as a mother might reprove a
child. " Oh," she cried to him, pointing
her little finger, " you bad, old boy ! Oh,
you naughty, wicked creature ! What do
you mean by it ? " C. Dickens, Our Mutual
Friend (1864).
Wrong (All in the), a comedy by A.
Mui-phy (1761). The principal characters
are Sir John and Lady Restless, Sir Wil-
liam Bellmont and his son, George, Bever-
ley and his sister, Clarissa, Blandford and
his daughter, Belinda. Sir John and
Lady Restless were wrong in suspecting
each other of infidelity, but this misunder-
standing made their lives wretched. Bev-
erley was deeply in love with Belinda, and
was wrong in his jealousy of her, but Be-
linda was also wrong in not vindicating
herself. She knew that she was innocent,
and felt that Beverley ought to trust her,
but she gave herself and him needless tor-
ment by permitting a misconception to
remain which she might have most easily
removed. The old men were also wrong :
Blandford in promising his daughter in
marriage to Sir William Bellmont's son,
seeing she loved Beverley ; and Sir William,
in accepting the promise, seeing his son
was plighted to Clarissa. A still further
complication of wrong occurs. Sir John
wrongs Beverley in believing him to be
intriguing with his wife ; and Lady Rest-
less wrongs Belinda in supposing that she
coquets with her husband ; both were pure
mistakes, all were in the wrong, but all in
the end were set right.
Wronghead (Sir Francis), of Bumper
Hall, and M.P. for Guzzledown ; a countiy
squire, who comes to town for the season,
with his wife, son, and eldest daughter.
Sir Francis attends the House, but gives
his vote on the wrong side ; and he spends
his money on the hope of obtaining a place
under Government. His wife spends
about 100 a day on objects of no use. His
son is on the point of marrying the " cast
mistress " of a swindler, and his daughter
of marrying a forger ; but Manly interferes
to prevent these fatal steps, and Sir Francis
returns home to prevent utter ruin.
Wotan "Takes Leave of Brunhild
K. Dielits, Artist
*
OT<4N comes to take leave of Brunhild, and after long pleading with
him to remain, she sinks fainting at bis feet. Wotan regards her with
deep feeling, and lifts ber up-
Farewell, bold-bear ted,
Lordliest child !
Thou of my heart
The holiest pride !
Farewell! Farewell! Farewell/
Mmt I, then, shun thee ?
Must my loving greeting
Nevermore greet thee t
Shalt thou no longer
Ride by my side ?
No more, at the table,
The mead-beaker pass me ?
Mmt I then leave thee,
Thee, my belov 'd one
Thou joyful delight of mine eyes !
Wagner's "The Valkyrie."
XXX
\
XXX
WRONGHEAD
265
WYVILL
Lady Wronghead, wife of Sir Francis;
a country dame, who comes to London,
where she squanders money on worthless
objects, and expects to get into " society."
Happily, she is persuaded by Manly to
return home before the affairs of her hus-
band are wholly desperate.
Squire Richard [ Wronghead], eldest son
of Sir Francis, a country bumpkin.
Miss Jenny [ Wronghead], eldest daugh-
ter of Sir Francis ; a silly girl, who thinks
it would be a fine thing to be called a
"countess," and therefore becomes the
dupe of one Basset, a swindler, who calls
himself a " count." Vanbrugh and Gibber,
The Provoked Husband (1726).
Wyat. Henry Wyat was imprisoned
by Eichard III., and when almost starved
a cat appeared at the window-grating and
dropped a dove into his hand. This oc-
curred day after day, and Wyat induced
the warder to cook for him the doves thus
wonderfully obtained.
Elijah, the Tishbite, while he lay hidden
at the brook Cherith, was fed by ravens,
who brought "bread and flesh" every
morning and evening. 1 Kings xvii. 6.
Wylie (Andrew), ex-clerk of bailie Nicol
Jarvie. Sir W. Scott, Rob Eoy (time,
George I.).
Wylie (Joe), mate of the Proserpine,
hired by Arthur Wardlaw to scuttle that
vessel, that the insurance-money may be
used to conceal the fact of Wardlaw's de-
falcations. Charles Eeade, Foul Play.
W/nebgwrthucher, the shield of King
Arthur. The Mabinogion (" Kilhwch and
Olwen," twelfth century).
Wynkyn de Worde, the second printer
in London (from 1491-1534). The first
was Caxton (from 1476-1491). Wynkyn
de Worde assisted Caxton in the new art
of printing.
Wynken.
Wynken, Blynken and Nod one night,
Sailed off in a wooden shoe
Sailed on a river of misty light
Into a sea of dew.
" Where are you going, and what do you wish T *
The old moon asked the three.
" We have come to fish for the herring-fish
That live in this beautiful sea,
Nets of silver and gold have we,"
Said Wynken, Blynken and Nod.
Eugene Field, A Little Book of Western Verse.
(1889).
Wyo'ming, in Pennsylvania, purchased
by an American company from the Dela-
ware Indians. It was settled by an
American colony, but being subject to
constant attacks from the savages the
colony armed in self-defence. In 1778
most of the able-bodied men were called
to join the army of Washington, and in
the summer of that year an army of Brit-
ish and Indian allies, led by Colonel But-
ler, attacked the settlement, massacred
the inhabitants, and burnt their houses to
the ground.
*** Campbell has made this the subject
of a poem entitled Gertrude of Wyoming,
but he pronounces the name Wy'oming,
and makes Brant, instead of Butler, the
leader of the attack.
Wyvill (William de), a steward of the
field at the tournament. Sir W. Scott,
Ivanhoe (time, Eichard I.).
IV
XANADU
266
XAVIEE DE BELSUNCE
AN'ADU, a city mentioned
by Coleridge in his frag-
ment, Kubla Khan. The
idea of this poem is bor-
rowed from the Pilgrimage
by Purchas (1613), where
Xanadu is called "Xaindu." Coleridge
says that he composed the poem in a
dream, after reading Purchas' Pilgrimage.
Xanthos, the horse of Achilles. He
spoke with a human voice, like Balaam's
ass, Adrastos's horse (Arlon), Fortunio's
horse (Comrade), Mahomet's " horse " (Al
Borak), Saleh's camel, the dog of the
seven sleepers (Katmir), the black pigeons
of Dodona and Ammon, the king of ser-
pents (Temliha), the serpent which was
cursed for tempting Eve, the talking-bird
called bulbul-hezar, the little green bird of
Princess Fairstar, the White Cat cum
quibusdam aliis.
The mournful Xanthus (says the bard of old)
Of Peleus' warlike son the fortune told.
Peter Piudar [Dr. Wolcott], The Lousiad, v.
( (1809).
Xaiitippe (3 syl.), wife of Socr&tes;
proverbial for a scolding, nagging, peevish
wife. One day, after storming at the
philosopher, she emptied a vessel of dirty
water on his head, whereupon Socrates
simply remarked, " Aye, aye, we always
look for rain after thunder."
Xantippe (3 syl.), daughter of Cimo'nos.
She preserved the life of her old father in
prison by suckling him. The guard mar-
velled that the old man held out so long,
and, watching for the solution, discovered
the fact.
Euphra'sia, daughter of Evander, pre-
served her aged father while in prison
in a similar manner. (See GBECIAN
DAUGHTEB.)
Xavier (Francois), Florentine priest, son
of a cameo cutter, who finds on the shore
of Lake Superior an uncut onyx stone,
called by Black Beaver, the Indian owner,
" the devil-stone." Black Beaver will not
sell it, but his daughter, Marie, in love
with Xavier, persuades him to offer it to
the Virgin. Xavier engraves upon it an
exquisite representation of Venus rising
from the sea. Black Beaver, seeing his
daughter pining for love of Xavier, offers
her to the chief priest of the mission as
Xavier's wife, and learns that Eomish
priests cannot marry. He drinks heavily
all night, and the next day departs on a
journey " for stores." That evening Marie,
kneeling at prayer, sees that the cameo
has disappeared from the Virgin's breast.
Next day Francois Xavier is found dead
in the forest, an arrow in his heart. When
the shaft is withdrawn, the arrow-head
remains in his bosom. A century later,
within the skeleton of a man exhumed
near Starved Eock, Illinois, is found a
rarely beautiful cameo. " The uncanny
thing rattled within the white ribs."
Elizabeth W. Chainpney, The Heartbreak
Cameo.
Xavier de Belsuiice (H. Francois),
immortalized by his self-devotion in ad-
ministering to the plague-stricken at Mar-
seilles (1720-22).
** Other similar examples are Charles
Borro'meo, cardinal and archbishop of
Milan (1538-1584). St. Eoche, who died
in 1327 from the plague caught by him in
his indefatigable labors in ministering to
the plague-sti'icken at Piacenza. Mom-
pesson was equally devoted to the people
of Eyam. Sir John Lawrence, lord
mayor of London, is less known, but
ought to be held in equal honor, for sup-
porting 40,000 dismissed servants in the
great plague.
Orlando and the Wrestler
D. Macltst, Artitt
C. W. Sharpt, Engravtr
sy^f.
Rosalind
OUNG MAN, have you challenged Charles the Wrestler? "
Orlando
" No, fair Princess, be is the general challenger ; I come but in, as
others do, to try -with him the strength of my youth. "
Celia
" Young gentleman, your spirits are too bold for your years. You have
seen cruel proof of this man's strength ; if you saw your self with your eyes,
or knew your self with your judgement, the fear of your adventure would
counsel you to a more equal enterprise. We pray you, for your own sake, to
embrace your own safety, and give over this attempt. "
Rosalind
" Do, young sir, your reputation shall not be therefore misprised. We
will make it our suit to the Duke that the wrestling might not go forward. "
Orlando
" I beseech you, punish me not with your hard thoughts, wherein I confess
me much guilty to deny so fair and excellent ladies anything. But let your fair
eyes and gentle wishes go with me to my trial ; wherein if I he foiled there is
but one shamed that was never gracious; if hilled, but one dead that is
willing to be so. I shall do my friends no wrong, for I have none to lament
me ; the world no injury, for in it I have nothing; only in the world I fill up
a place which may be better supplied when I have made it empty. "
Rosalind
" The little strength I have I iMitld it were with you .' "
Cetia
" And mine to eke out hers ! '
Shakespeare's "As You Like It."
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^*
XENOCRATES
267
Xenoc'rates (4 syl), a Greek philoso-
The courtezan Lais made a heavy
bet that she would allure him from his
philosophy; but after she had tried all
her arts on him without success, she ex-
claimed, "I thought he had been a living
man, and not a mere stone."
Do you think I am Xenocrates, or like the
Sultan with marble legs? There you leave me
Ute-d-Ute with Mrs. Haller, as if my heart
> The
YAMA
Xerxes denounced. See Plutarch
Life of Themistocles, art. "Sea-Fights of
Artemisium and Salamis."
r>f A , ,, Minerva on the bounding prow
J Athens stood, and with the thunder's voice
Denounced her terrors on their impious heads
[the Persians].
And shook her burning asgis. Xerxes saw
^
the nw>nntain's height,
u n car ' he knew *e sign
, felt unrighteous hope forsake
*' aUd tUrned Ms face
Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767).
Xime'na, daughter of Count de Gor-
mez. The count was slain by the Cid for
insulting his father. Four times Ximena
demanded vengeance of the king; but the
king, perceiving that the Cid was in love
with her, delayed vengeance, and ulti-
mately she married him.
Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI.
Xury, a Moresco boy, servant to Robin-
son Crusoe. Defoe, Adventures of Eobin-
son Crusoe (1719).
^A'HOO, one of the human
brutes subject to the Houy-
hnhnms [Whin.hims], or
horses possessed of human
intelligence. In this tale
the horses and men change
places; the horses are the chief and ruling
race, and man the subject. Swift, Gulli-
ver's Travels (1726).
Yajfti and Majuj, the Arabian form of
Gog and Magog. Gog is a tribe of Turks
and Magog of the Gilan (the Geli or Gete
of Ptolemy and Strabo). Al Beidawi says
they were man-eaters. Dhu'lkarnein made
a rampart of red-hot metal to keep out
their incursions.
He said to the workmen, " Bring me iron in
Jarge pieces till it fill up the space between these
two mountains . . . [then] blow with your bel-
lows till it make the iron red hot." And he said
rther, 'Bring me molten brass that I may
nM , was ae Gog
and Magog could not scale it, neither could the?
dig through it. Al Kordn, xviii. J
Yakutsk, in Siberia, affords an exact
parallel to the story about Carthage.
Dido, having purchased in Africa as much
land as could be covered with a bull's
hide, ordered the hide to be cut into thin
slips, and thus enclosed land enough to
build Byrsa upon. This Byrsa ("bull's
hide ") was the citadel of Carthage, round
which the city grew.
So with Yakutsk. The settlers bought
as much land as they could encompass
with a cow-hide, but, by cutting the hide
into slips, they encompassed enough land
to build a city on.
Yama, a Hindu deity, represented by a
man with four arms, riding on a bull He
gave the horse to India.
IV
YAMA
268
YENADIZZE
Whether them didst first spring from the firma-
ment or from the water, thy great birth, horse,
is to be glorified, inasmuch as thou hast neighed,
thou hast the wings of the falcon, thou hast the
limbs of the deer. Trita harnessed the horse
which was given by Yama ; Indra first mounted
him ; Gandharba seized his reins. Vasus, you
fabricated the horse from the sun. Thou, O
horse, art Yama; thou art Aditya; thou art
Trita ; thou art Soma. The Big Veda, ii.
Ya'men, lord and potentate of Panda-
Ion (hell). Hindu Mythology.
What worse than this hath Yamen's hell in store t
Southey, Curse of Kehama, ii. (1809).
Yar'ico, a young Indian maiden with
whom Thomas Inkle fell in love. After
living with her as his wife, he despicably
sold her in Barbadoes as a slave.
*#* The story is told by Sir Eichard
Steele in The Spectator, 11 ; and has been
dramatized by George Colman under the
title of Inkle and Yar'ico (1787).
Yarrow (The Flower of). Mary Scott
was so called.
Yathreb, the ancient name of Medina.
When a party of them said, "0, inhabitants of
Yathreb, there is no place of security for you
here, wherefore return home ; " a. part of them
asked leave of the prophet to depart. Al Kordn,
Yeardley (Lady), an Englishwoman,
living in the American colonies, receives
on Christmas Eve as a guest, an Indian,
who brings his four-year-old boy " to be
made like English children." The lady
takes her dark-skinned visitors to church
next day, and a tumult arises that the
Indian father is a spy. A rush is made
upon him, but Lady Yeardley shields the
chief, claiming him as her guest.
" They dropped, at her word, their weapons,
Half-shamed as the lady smiled,
And told them the red man's story,
And showed them the red man's child ;
And pledged them her broad plantations,
That never would such betray
The trust that a Christian woman
Had shown on a Christmas-Day."
Margaret Junkin Preston, Lady Yeardley's
Guest (1887).
Yellow Dwarf (The), a malignant,
ugly imp, who claimed the Princess All-
fair as his bride ; and carried her off to
Steel Castle on his Spanish cat, the very
day she was about to be married to the
beautiful king of the Gold-Mines. The
king of the Gold-Mines tried to rescue her,
and was armed by a good siren with a
diamond sword of magic power, by which
he made his way through every difficulty
to the princess. Delighted at seeing his
betrothed, he ran to embrace her, and
dropped his sword. Yellow Dwarf, picking
it up, demanded that Gold-Mine should
resign the lady, and, on his refusing to do
so, slew him with the magic sword. The
princess, rushing forward to avert the
blow, fell dead on the body of her dying
lover.
Yellow Dwarf was so called from his com-
plexion and the orange tree he lived in. . . '. He
wore wooden shoes, a coarse, yellow stuff jacket,
and had no hair to hide his large ears. Comtesse
D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow Dwarf,"
1682). '
Yellowley (Mr. Triptolemus), the factor,
an experimental agriculturist of Stour-
burgh or Harfra.
Mistress Baby or Barbary Yellowley,
sister and housekeeper of Triptolemus.
Old Jasper Yellowley, father of Tripto-
lemus and Barbary. Sir W. Scott, The
Pirate (time, "William III.).
Yenadiz'ze, an idler, a gambler; also
an Indian fop.
With my nets you never help me ;
At the door my nets are hanging
YENADIZZE
269
YONE
Go and wring them, Yenadizze.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi. (1855).
Yendys (Sydney), the worn de plume of
Sydney Dobell (1824-1874).
%* " Yendys * is merely the word Sydney
reversed.
Yeru'ti, son of Quiara and Monne'ma.
His father and mother were of the Guarani
race, and the only ones who escaped a
small-pox plague which infested that part
of Paraguay. Yeruti was born after his
parents migrated to the Mondai woods,
but his father was killed by a jaguar just
before the birth of Mooma (his sister).
When grown to youthful age a Jesuit
pastor induced the three to come and live
at St. Joachin, where was a primitive col-
ony of some 2000 souls. Here the mother
soon died from the confinement of city life.
Mooma followed her ere long to the grave.
Yeruti now requested to be baptized, and
no sooner was the rite over, than he cried,
" Ye are come for me ! I am quite ready ! "
and instantly expired. Southey, A Tale
of Paraguay (1814).
Yezad or Yezdam, called by the
Greeks Oroma'zes (4 syl.), the principle of
good in Persian mythology, opposed to
Ahriman or Arimannis, the principle of
evil. Yezad created twenty-four good
spirits, and, to keep them from the power
of the evil one, enclosed them in an egg ;
but Ahriman pierced the shell, and hence
there is no good without some admixture
of evil.
Ygerne [E-gern 1 ], wife of Gorlo'is, lord
of Tintag'il Castle, in Cornwall. King
Uther tried to seduce her, but Ygerne re-
sented the insult; whereupon Uther and
Gorlois fought, and the latter was slain.
Uther then besieged Tintagil Castle, took
it, and compelled Ygerne to become his
wife. Nine months afterwards Uther
died, and on the same day was Arthur
born.
Then Uther, in his wrath and heat, besieged
Ygerne within Tintagil . . . and entered in ...
Enforced she was to wed him in her tears,
And with a shameful swiftness.
Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.
Yguerne. (See YGEKNE.)
Yn'iol, an earl of decayed fortune,
father of Enid. He was ousted from his
earldom by his nephew, Ed'yrn (son of
Nudd), called " The Sparrow -Hawk."
When Edyrn was overthrown by Prince
Geraint, in single combat, he was compelled
to restore the earldom to his uncle. He is
described in the Mabinogion as " a hoary-
headed man, clad in tattered garments."
Tennyson, Idylls of the King ("Enid").
He says to Geraint : "I lost a great earldom
as well as a city and castle, and this is how I
lost them : I had a nephew, . . . and when he
came to his strength he demanded of me his
property, but I withheld it from him. So he
made war upon me, and wrested from me all that
I possessed," Mabinogion (" Geraint, the Son of
Erbin," twelfth century).
Yoglan (Zacharias), the old Jew
chemist, in London. Sir W. Scott, Kenil-
worth (time, Elizabeth).
Yohak, the giant guardian of the caves
of Babylon. Southey, Thalaba, the De-
stroyer, v. (1797).
Yoiie, bewitching heroine of Edward
H. House's story, "A Child of Japan"
(1888).
Tone, diminutive of Giorgione Wil-
loughby, a self-willed, selfish, fascinating
woman, who deliberately allures her cous-
in's lover away from her, and finds when
IV
YONE
270
YOUNG-AND-HANDSOME
he has married her (Yone) that she has daz-
zled his fancy, not won his heart. Harriet
Prescott Spofford, The Amber Gods (1863).
Yorlck, the king of Denmark's jester;
"a fellow of infinite jest, of most excel-
lent fancy." Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince
of Denmark (1596).
Yorick (Mr.) is the name used by the Eev.
Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768, in A Senti-
mental Journey through France and Italy
(1768) as that of the author. In his other
book, The Life and Opinions of Mr. Tris-
tram Shandy (1759), where the Sentimental
Journey appears, as it were, in embryo,
Yorick is the name of one of the principal
characters, and, as Sir Walter Scott
remarks, "Yorick, the lively, witty, sensible
and heedless parson is Sterne himself."
The name was borrowed by Sterne from
the Yorick of Shakespeare's Hamlet.
York (Geoffrey, archbishop of), one of
the high justiciaries of England in the
absence of Richard Coeur de Lion. Sir
W. Scott, The Talisman (time Richard I.).
York (James, duke of), introduced by
Sir W. Scott, in Woodstock and in Peveril
of the Peak.
Yorke (Oliver), pseudonym of Francis
Sylvester Mahoiiy, editor of Fraser's
Magazine. It is still edited under the
same name.
Yorkshire Tragedy (The), author un-
known (1604), was at one time printed
with the name of Shakespeare.
Young America. J. G. Holland says :
" What we call Young America is made up
of about equal parts of irreverence, con-
ceit, and that popular moral quality famil-
iarly known as brass. 11
Young Chevalier (The), Charles Ed-
ward Stuart, grandson of James II. He
was the second pretender (1720-1788).
Young England, a set of young aris-
tocrats, who tried to revive the courtly
manners of the Chesterfield school. They
wore white waistcoats, patronized the pet
poor, looked down upon shopkeepers, and
were imitators of the period of Louis XIV.
Disraeli has immortalized their ways and
manners.
Young Germany, a literary school,
headed by Heinrich Heine- [Hi.ny], whose
aim was to liberate politics, religion, and
manners from the old conventional tram-
mels.
Young Ireland, followers of Daniel
O'Connell in politics, but wholly opposed
to his abstention from war and insur-
rection in vindication of " their country's
rights."
Young Italy, certain Italian refugees,
who associated themselves with the French
republican party, called the Carbonnerie
Democratique. The society was first or-
ganized at Marseilles by Mazzini, and its
chief object was to diffuse republican prin-
ciples.
Young Roscius, William Henry West
Betty. When only 12 years old he made
34,000 in fifty-six nights. He appeared
in 1803, and very wisely retired from the
stage in 1807 (1791-1874).
Young-and-Handsome, a beautiful
fairy, who fell in love with Alidorus, " the
lovely shepherd." Mordicant, an ugly
fairy, also loved him, and confined him in
a dungeon. Zephyrus loved Young-and-
Handsome, but when he found no reci-
Yorick and the Chaise- hamper* s W^ife
Charles R. Leslie, Artist w. H. Watt, Engraver
I
T then presently occurred to me that / bad left my remarks in the pocket of
the chaise: and that in selling my chaise I had sold my remarks along with
it, to the chaise-vamper.
The wife of the cbaise-vamper slipped in, as I told you, to take the papilliotes from off
her hair.-^-the toilet stands still for no man, 50 she jerked off her cap, to begin with
them, as she opened the door ; in doing which, one of them fell upon the ground: I in-
stantly saw it was my own writing.
O Seigneur ! cried I you have got all my remarks upon your head, Madam I
**************
Tene^, said she ; so without any idea of the nature of my suffering, she look them
from her curls, and put them gravely, one by one, into my hat; 'one was twisted this
way, another twisted that."
Sterne's "Tristram Shandy."
YORICK AND THE CHAISE-VAMPER'S WIFE.
YOUNG-AND-HANDSOME
271
YVETOT
procity he asked the fairy how he could
best please her. " By liberating the lovely
shepherd," she replied. "Fairies, you
know, have uo power over fairies, but you,
being a god, have full power over the
whole race." Zephyrus complied with this
request, and restored Alidorus to the Cas-
tle of Flowers, when Youug-and-Hand-
some bestowed on him perpetual youth,
and married him. Comtesse D'Aunoy,
Fairy Tales ("Young -and -Handsome,"
1682).
Youwarkee, the name of the gawrey
that Peter Wilkins married. She intro-
duced the seaman to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, the
land of flying men and women. E. Pul-
tock, Peter Wilkins (1750).
Ysaie le Triste [E.say 1 It, Treest], son
of Tristram and Ysolde (wife of King
Mark of Cornwall). The adventures of
this young knight form the subject of
a French romance called Isaie le Triste
(1522).
I did not think it necessary to contemplate the
exploits . . . with the gravity of Isaie le Triste.
Dunlop.
Ysolde or Ysoncle (2 syl.), surnamed
" The Fair," daughter of the king of Ire-
land. When Sir Tristram was wounded
in fighting for his uncle, Mark, he went to
Ireland, and was cured by the Fair Ysolde.
On his return to Cornwall he gave his
uncle such a glowing account of the
young princess that he was sent to pro-
pose offers of marriage, and to conduct
the lady to Cornwall. The brave young
knight and the fair damsel fell in love
with each other on their voyage, and, al-
though Ysolde married King Mark, she
retained to the end her love for Sir Tris-
tram. King Mark, jealous of his nephew,
banished him from Cornwall, and he went
to Wales, where he performed prodigies
of valor. In time his uncle invited him
back to Cornwall, but, the guilty inter-
course being renewed, he was banished a
second time. Sir Tristram now wandered
over Spain, Ermonie, and Brittany, win-
ning golden opinions by his exploits. In
Brittany he married the king's daughter,
Ysolde or Ysonde of the White Hand, but
neither loved her nor lived with her. The
rest of the tale is differently told by dif-
ferent authors. Some say he returned to
Cornwall, renewed his love with Ysolde
the Fair, and was treacherously stabbed
by his uncle Mark. Others say he was
severely wounded in Brittany, and sent
for his aunt, but died before her arrival.
When Ysolde the Fair heard of his death,
she died of a broken heart, and King
Mark buried them both in one grave,
over which he planted a rose bush and a
vine.
Ysolde or Ysonde or Ysolt of the White
Hand, daughter of the king of Brittany.
Sir Tristram married her for her name's
sake, but never loved her nor lived with
her, because he loved his aunt, Ysolde the
Fair (the young wife of King Mark), and
it was a point of chivalry for a knight
to love only one woman, whether widow,
wife, or maid.
Yuhid'thiton, chief of the Az'tecas,
the mightiest in battle and wisest in coun-
cil. He succeeded Co'anocot'ziu (5 syl.),
as king of the tribe, and led the people
from the south of the Missouri to Mexico.
Southey, Madoc (1805).
Yvetot [Eve.toe], a town in Normandy ;
the lord of the town was called le roi
d 1 Yvetot. The tale is that Clotaire, son of
Clovis, having slain the lord of Yvetot be-
fore the high altar of Soissons, made
IV
YVETOT
272
ZACCOCIA
atonement to the heirs by conferring on
them the title of king. In the sixteenth
century the title was exchanged for that
of prince souverain, and the whole fiction
was dropped not long after. Beranger has
a poem called " Le Roi d'Yvetot," which is
understood to be a satirical fling at the
great Napoleon. The following is the first
stanza :
II etait un roi d'Yvetot
Pen eonnu dans 1'histoire ;
Se levant tard, se couchant t6t,
Dormant, fort bien sans gloire,
Et couronne par Jeanneton
D'un simple bonnet de coton. ,
Dit on :
Oh ! oh ! oh ! oh ! Ah ! ah ! ah ! ah !
Quel bon petit roi c'etait ; la ! la ! la !
B6ranger.
It was a King of Yvetot
Whom few historians name ;
A sleeper sound, a waker slow,
No dreams had he of fame.
By Betty's hand with nightcap crown'd,
He snored in state the whole clock round
Profound.
Ha! ha! ha! ha! Ho! ho! ho! ho!
A Kingdom match for Yvetot !
Ho! ho!
Ywaine and Gawin, the English ver-
sion of " Owain and the Lady of the
Fountain." The English version was
taken from the French of Chrestien de
Troyes (twelfth century), and was pub-
lished by Eitson. The Welsh tale is in
the Mabinogion. There is also a German
version by Hartman von der Aue, a min-
nesinger (begining of thirteenth century).
There are also Bavarian and Danish ver-
sions.
ABAKELli, a learned Italian
commentator on works con-
nected with the Aristote-
lian system of philosophy
(1523-1589).
And still I held converse with
Zabarell . . .
Stuff t noting- books ; and still my spaniel slept.
At length he waked and yawned ; and by yon sky
For aught I know, he knew as much as I.
Marston (died 1634).
Zabidius, the name in Martial for
which " Dr. Fell " was substituted by Tom
Brown, when sent by the dean of Christ
Church to translate the lines ;
Non amo te, Zabidi, nee possum dicere quare,
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.
I love thee not, Zabidius
Yet cannot tell thee why ;
But this I may most truly say,
I love thee not, not I.
Imitated thus :
I do not like thee, Dr. Fell
The reason why, I cannot tell ;
But this I know, and know full well,
I do not like thee, Dr. FeU.
Tom Brown (author of Dialogues of the Dead).
Zab'ulon, a Jew, the servant of Hip-
polyta, a rich lady wantonly in love with
Arnoldo. Arnoldo is contracted to the
chaste Zeno'cia, who, in turn, is basely
pursued by the governor, Count Clo'dio.
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of
the Country (1647).
Zab'ulus, same as Diabolus.
Gay sport have we had to-night with Zabulus.
Lord Lytton, Harold, viii. (1850).
Zaccoc'ia, king of Mozambique, who
received Vasco da Gama and his crew
with great hospitality, believing them to
The King of Tvetot
Entile Bayard, Artist S. Regnier, Engraver
/T was a King of Yvetot
Whom few historians name;
A sleeper sound, a waher slow,
No dreams bad be of fame.
By Betty's band witb nigbtcap crown' d,
He snored in state the whole clock round
Profound.
Ha ! ba ! ha ! ba ! Ho ! ho ! ho ! ho !
A Kingdom match for Yvetot !
Ho! ho!
Four goodly meals a day, within
His palace-walls of mud,
He stow'd beneath his royal skin,
And on an ass bis stud
In triumph through his realm would jog.
His guard, with vigilance agog,
A dog!
Ha! ba! ba! ha! Ho! ho! ho! ho!
A Kingdom match for Y-vetot !
Ho! ho!
Ber anger's "Rot d' Yvetot" (Brougb's Translation),
f
THE KING OF YVETOT.
ZACCOCIA
273
ZAMORA
be Mahommedans; but when he ascer-
tained that they were Christians he tried
to destroy them. Camoens, Lusiad, i., ii.
(1569).
Zacharia, one of the three anabaptists
who induced John of Ley den to join the
revolt of Westphalia and Holland. On the
arrival of the emperor, the anabaptists be-
trayed their dupe but perished with him
in the flames of the burning palace.
Meyerbeer, Le Prophete (1849).
Zadig, the hero and title of a novel by
Voltaire. Zadig is a wealthy young Baby-
lonian, and the object of the novel is to
show that the events of life are beyond
human control.
Zad'kiel (3 syl), angel of the planet
Jupiter. Jewish Mythology.
Zadkiel, the pseudonym of Lieutenant
Richard James Morrison, author of Pro-
phetic Almanac, Handbook of Astrology, etc.
Zadoc, in Dryden's satire of Absalom
and Achitophel, is Bancroft, archbishop of
Canterbury.
Zadoc, the priest whom, shunning power and
place,
His lowly mind advanced to David's grace.
Pt. i. (1681).
Zadoc Pine, man who makes a good
living by attending to his own business
and disregarding the admonitions of
" Trades Unions " and officious wiseacres.
" Man must earn his bread in the sweat of
his brow ; but some men sweat inside o'
their heads, an' some outside. I'm work-
in' my brain." H. C. Bunner, Zadoc Pine
(1891).
/aide (2 syl.), a young slave who pre-
tends to have been ill-treated by Adraste
(2 syl.), and runs to Don Pedre for protec-
tion. Don Pedre sends her into the house
while he expostulates with Adraste " for
his brutality." Now, Adraste is in love
with Isidore, a Greek slave kept by Don
Pedre, and when Zaiide is called forth,
Isidore appears, dressed in Zaide's clothes.
" There," says Don Pedre, " take her home
and use her well." " I will," says Adraste,
and leads off Isidore. Moliere, Le Sicilien
ou L' Amour Peintre (1667).
Zaira, the mother of Eva "Wentworth.
She is a brilliant Italian, courted by de
Courcy. When deceived by him she med-
itates suicide, but forbears, and sees Eva
die tranquilly, and the faithless de Courcy
perish of remorse.; Rev. C. R. Maturin,
Women (a novel, 1822).
Zamtmllo (Don Cleophas Leandro Perez),
the person carried through the air by
Asmodeus to the steeple of St. Salvador,
and shown, in a moment of time, the in-
terior of every private dwelling around.
Lesage, The Devil on Two Sticks (1707).
Cleaving the air at a greater rate than Don
Cleophas Leandro Perez Zambullo and his fa-
miliar. C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop
(1840).
Zam'ora, youngest of the three daugh-
ters of Balthazar. She is in love with
Rolando, a young soldier, who fancies
himself a woman-hater, and, in order to
win him she dresses in boy's clothes and
becomes his page, under the name of Eu-
genio. In this character Zamora wins the
heart of the young soldier by her fidelity,
tenderness and affection. When the proper
moment arrives she assumes her female
attire, and Rolando, declaring she is no
woman, but an angel, marries her. J.
Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804).
IV
ZAMTI
274
ZARA
Zamti, the Chinese mandarin. His
wife was Mandane, and his son Hamet.
The emperor of China, when he was about
to be put to death by Ti'murkan', the
Tartar, committed to Zamti's charge his
infant son, Zaphimri, and Zamti brought
up this " orphan of China " as his own
son, under the name of Etan. Twenty
years afterwards Zamti was put to the
rack by Tirnurkan, and died soon after-
wards. Murphy, The Orphan of China
(1761).
Zanga, the revengeful Moor, the ser-
vant of Don Alonzo. The Moor hates
Alonzo for two reasons: (1) because he
killed his father, and (2) because he struck
him on the cheek; and, although Alonzo
has used every endeavor to conciliate
Zanga, the revengeful Moor nurses his
hate and keeps it warm. The revenge he
wreaks is: (1) to poison the friendship
which existed between Alouzo and Don
Carlos by accusations against the don,
and (2) to embitter the love of Alonzo for
Leonora, his wife. Alonzo, out of jealousy,
has his friend killed, and Leonora makes
away with herself. Having thus lost his
best beloved, Zanga tells his dupe he has
been imposed upon, and Alonzo, mad with
grief, stabs himself. Zanga, content with
the mischief he has done, is taken away
to execution. Edward Young, The Re-
venge (1721).
% *** " Zanga " was the great character of
Henry Mossop (1729-1773). It was also
a favorite part with J. Kemble (1757-
1823).
Zaiione', Jepththa's daughter, doomed
by her father's rash vow, to perpetual cel-
ibacy. Margaret J. Preston, Old Song and
New (1870).
Zano'ni, hero and title of a novel by
Lord Bulwer Lytton. Zanoni is supposed
to possess the power of communicating
with - spirits, prolonging life, and pro-
ducing gold,, silver, and precious stones
(1842).
Zany of Debate. George Canning
was so called by Charles Lamb in a son-
net printed in The Champion newspaper.
Posterity has not endorsed the judgment
or wit of this ill-natured satire (1770-
1827).
Zaphimri, the "orphan of China,"
brought up by Zamti, under the name of
Etan.
Ere yet the foe burst in,
" Zamti," said he, " preserve my cradled infant ;
Save him from ruffians; train his youth to
virtue ..."
He could no more; the cruel spoiler seized
him,
And dragged my king, from yonder altar
dragged him,
Here on the blood-stained pavement ; while the
queen
And her dear fondlings, in one mangled heap,
Died in each other's arms.
Murphy, The Orphan of China, iii. 1 (1761).
Zaphna, son of Alcanor, chief of
Mecca. He and his sister, Palmira, being
taken ' captives in infancy, were brought
up by Mahomet, and Zaphna, not know-
ing Palmira was his sister, fell in love
with her, and was in turn beloved. "When
Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, he employed
Zaphna to assassinate Alcanor, and when
he had committed the deed discovered
that it was his own father he had killed.
Zaphna would have revenged the deed on
Mahomet, but died of poison. James
Miller, Mahomet the Impostor (1740).
Zara, an African queen, widow of Al-
buca'cim, and taken captive by Manuel,
king of Grana'da, who fell in love with
ZAEA
275
ZEGRIS
her. Zara, however, was intensely in love
with Osmyn (alias Prince Alphonso of
Valentia), also a captive. Alphonso, be-
ing privately married to Alme'ria, could
not return her love. She designs to lib-
erate Osmyn ; but, seeing a dead body in
the prison, fancies it to be that of Osmyn,
and kills herself by poison. "W. Congreve,
The Mourning Bride (1697).
%* " Zara " was one of the great char-
acters of Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831).
Zara (in French Zaire), the heroine and
title of a tragedy by Voltaire (1733),
adapted for the English stage by Aaron
Hill (1735). Zara is the daughter of Lu-
signan d'Outremer (king of Jerusalem) and
sister of Nei-estan. Twenty years ago
Lusiguan and his two children had been
taken captives. Nerestan was four years
old at the time ; and Zara, a mere infant,
was brought up in the seraglio. Osman
the sultan fell in love with her, and prom-
ised to make her his sultana ; and as Zara
loved him for himself, her happiness
seemed complete. Nerestan, having been
sent to France to obtain ransoms, returned
at this crisis, and Osman fancied that he
observed a familiarity between Zara and
Nerestan, which roused his suspicions.
Several things occurred to confirm them,
and at last a letter was intercepted, ap-
pointing a rendezvous between them in a
" secret passage " of the seraglio. Osman
met Zara in the passage, and stabbed her
to the heart. Nerestan was soon seized,
and being brought before the sxiltan, told
him he had slain his sister, and the sole
object of his interview was to inform her
of her father's death, and to bring her his
dying blessing. Osman now saw his error,
commanded all the Christian captives to
be set at liberty, and stabbed himself.
Zaraniilla, wife of Tinacrio, king of
Micomicon, in Egypt. He was told that
his daughter would succeed him, that she
would be dethroned by the giant Panda-
filando, but that she would find in Spain
the gallant knight of La Mancha, who
would redress her wrongs, and restore her
to her throne. Cervantes, Don Quixote, I.
iv. 3 (1605).
Zaraph, the angel who loved Nama.
It was Nama's desire to love intensely
and to love holily, but as she fixed her
love on an angel and not on God, she was
doomed to abide on earth till the day of
consummation ; then both Nama and
Zaraph will be received in the realms of
everlasting love. T. Moore, Loves of the
Angels (1822).
Zauberflote (Die), a magic flute, which
had the power of inspiring love. When
bestowed by the powers of darkness, the
love it inspired was sensual love; but
when by the powers of light, it became
subservient to the very highest and holiest
purposes. It guided Tami'no and Pami'na
through all worldly dangers to the know-
ledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of
Isis). Mozart, Die Zauberflote (1791).
Zayde, the chief character in a French
romance by Mde. Lafayette (seventeenth
century).
Zeal (Arabella), in Shadwell's comedy
The Fair Quaker of Deal (1617).
This comedy was altered by E. Thomp-
son in 1720.
Zedekiah, one of General Harrison's
servants. Sir "W. Scott, Woodstock (time,
Commonwealth) .
Ze'gris and the Abeneerra'ges
[A .ven.ce.rah' .ke], an historical romance,
IV
ZEGEIS
276
ZEMZEM
professing to be history, and printed at
Alca'la in 1604. It was extremely popu-
lar, and had a host of imitations.
Z e i d, Mahomet's freedman. " The
prophet" adopted him as his son, and
gave him Zeinab (or Zenobia) for a wife ;
but falling in love with her himself, Zeid
gave her up to the prophet. She was
Mahomet's cousin, and within the pro-
hibited degrees, according to the Koran.
Zeinab or ZENOBIA, wife of Zeid,
Mahomet's freedman and adopted son. As
Mahomet wished to have her, Zeid re-
signed her to the prophet. Zeinab was
the daughter of Amima, Mahomet's aunt.
Zei'nab (2 syl.), wife of Hodei'rah (3 syl.),
an Arab. She lost her husband and all
her children, except one, a boy named
Thai' aba. Weary of life, the angel of
death took her, while Thalaba was yet a
youth. Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer
(1797).
Zeleu'cus or Zaleucus, a Locrensian
lawgiver, who enacted that adulterers
should be deprived of their eyes. His
own son being proved guilty, Zeleucus
pulled out one of his own eyes, and one
of his son's eyes, that " two eyes might be
paid to the law." Valerius Maximus, Be
Factis Dictisque, v. 5, exl. 3.
How many now will tread Zeleucus' steps ?
G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577).
Zeli'ca, the betrothed of Azim. When
it was rumored that he had been slain in
battle, ZeUca joined the harem of the
Veiled Prophet as "one of the elect of
paradise." Azim returned from the wars,
discovered her retreat, and advised her to
flee with him, but she told him that she
was now the prophet's bride. After the
death of the prophet Zelica assumed his
veil, and Azim, thinking the veiled figure
to be the prophet, rushed on her and
killed her. T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (" The
Veiled Prophet," etc., 1817).
Zelis, the daughter of a Persian officer.
She was engaged to a man in the middle
age of life, but just prior to the wedding
he forsook her for a richer bride. The
father of Zelis challenged him, but was
killed. Zelis now took lodging with a
courtezan, and went with her to Italy;
but when she discovered the evil courses
of her companion she determined to be-
come a nun, and started by water for
Rome. She was taken captive by cor-
sairs, and sold from master to master, till
at length Hingpo rescued her, and made
her his wife. Goldsmith, A Citizen of the
World (1759).
Zelma'ne (3 syl.), the assumed name of
Pyr'ocles, when he put on female attire.
Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1590).
Sir Philip has preserved such a matchless
decorum that Pyrocles' manhood suffers no
stain for the effeminacy of Zelmane. C. Lamb.
Zelu'co, the only son of a noble
Sicilian family, accomplished and fasci-
nating, but spoilt by maternal indulgence,
and at length rioting in dissipation. In
spite of his gayety of manner, he is a
standing testimony that misery accom-
panies vice. Dr. John Moore, Zeluco (a
novel, 1786).
Ze'mia, one of the four who, next in
authority to U'riel, preside over our earth.
Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).
Zemzem, a fountain at Mecca. The
Mohammedans say it is the very spring
which God made to slake the thirst of
ZEMZEM
277
ZERBINETTE
Ishmael, when Hagar was driven into the
wilderness by Abraham. A bottle of this
water is considered a very valuable pres-
ent, even by princes.
There were also a great many bottles of water
from the fountain of Zemzem, at Mecca.
Arabian Nights (" The Purveyor's Story ").
Zenel'ophon, the beggar-girl who mar-
ried King Cophet'ua of Africa. She is
more generally called Penel'ophon.
Tennyson, King Cophetua and the Beggar-
maid.
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed
the title of "Queen of the East." She
was defeated by Aurelian and taken pris-
oner in A.D. 273.
Zenobia, brillant and beautiful woman,
the most striking figure in the group of
remarkable people who compose the
Blithedale Farm household. She has a
dark history which she would forget in a
later love. This fails her and she drowns
herself. " Being the woman that she was,
could Zenobia have forseen all these ugly
circumstances of death, how ill it would
become her . . . she would no more have
committed the dreadful act than have ex-
hibited herself to a public assembly in a
badly-fitting garment. . . . She was not
quite simple in her death." Nathaniel
Hawthorne, The Blithedale Romance (1850).
Zeno'cia, daughter of Chari'no, and
the chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo.
While Arnoldo is wantonly loved by the
rich Hippol'yta, Zenocia is dishonorably
pursued by the governor, Count Clo'dio.
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of
the Country (1647).
Zephalinda, a young lady who has
tasted the delights of a London season,
but is taken back to her home in the
country, to find enjoyment in needlework,
dull aunts, and rooks.
She went from opera, park, assembly, play,
To morning walk, and prayers three hours a
day;
To part her time 'twixt reading and Bohea,
To muse, and spill her solitary tea,
O'er her cold coffee trifle with her spoon,
Count the slow clock and dine exact at noon.
Pope, Epistle to Miss Blount (1715).
Zeph'on, a cherub who detected Satan
squatting in the garden, and brought him
before Gabriel, the archangel. The word
means " searcher of secrets." Milton
makes him " the guardian angel of para-
dise."
Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed
Search thro' this garden, leave unsearched no
nook;
But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge,
Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm.
Milton, Paradise Lost (1665).
Zephyr. (See MOEGANE.)
Zerbiiiette (3 syl.), the daughter of
Argante (2 syl.), stolen from her parents
by gypsies when four years old, and
brought up by them. Leandre, the son of
Seigneur Geronte fell in love with her, and
married her; but the gypsies would not
give her up without being paid 1500.
Scapin wrung this money from Geronte,
pretending it was to ransom Leandre, who
had been made a prisoner by some Turks
who intended to sell him in Algiers for a
slave unless his ransom was brought with-
in two hours. The old man gave Scapin
the money grudgingly, and Scapin passed
it over to the gypsies, when a bracelet led
to the discovery that Zerbinette was the
daughter of Seigneur Argante, a friend of
Leandre's father, and all parties were de-
lighted at the different revelations. Mo-
liere, Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671).
IV
ZERBINETTE
278 ZEUXIS AND PARRIIASIOS
** In the English version, called The
Cheats of Scapin, by Thomas Otway, Zer-
binette is called " Lucia," her father, Ar-
gante, is called "Thrifty," Leandre is
Anglicized into "Leander," Geronte be-
comes " Gripe " and the sum of money is
200.
Zerbi'no, son of the king of Scotland,
and intimate friend of Orlando. Ariosto,
Orlando Furioso (1516).
Zerli'na, a rustic beauty, about to be
married to Massetto, when Don Giovanni
allures her away under the promise of
making her a fine lady. Mozart, Don
Giovanni (opera, 1787).
Zerlina, in Auber's opera of Fra Diavolo
(1830).
Zesfoet, daughter of the sage Oucha, of
Jerusalem. She had four husbands at
the same time, viz., Abdal Motallab (the
sage), Yaarab (the judge), Abou'teleb (a
doctor of law), and Temimdari (a soldier).
Zesbet was the mother of the Prophet
Mahomet. Mahomet appeared to her be-
fore his birth, in the form of a venerable
old man, and said to her:
" You have found favor before Allah. Look
upon me ; I am Mahomet, the great frieud of
God, he who is to enlighten the earth. Thy vir-
tues, Zesbet, and thy beauty have made me pre-
fer thee to all the daughters of Mecca. Thou
shalt for the future be named Aminta [sic]."
Then, turning to the husbands, he said, "Yon
have seen me ; she is yours, and you are hers.
Labor then with a holy zeal to bring me into the
world to enlighten it. All men who shall fol-
low the law which I shall preach may have four
wives ; but Zesbet shall be the only woman who
shall be lawfully the wife of four husbands at
once. It is the least privilege I can grant the
woman of whom I choose to be born." Comte
Caylus, Oriental Tales (" History of the Birth of
Mahomet," 1743).
(The mother of Mahomet is generally
called Amina, not Aminta.)
, son of Jupiter and Antiope.
Zeus (1 syl.), the Greek Jupiter. The
word was once applied to the blue firma-
ment, the upper sky, the arch of light;
but in Homeric mythology Zeus is king
of gods and men ; the conscious embodi-
ment of the central authority and admin-
istrative intelligence which holds states
together ; the supreme ruler ; the sovereign
source of law and order ; the fountain of
justice, and final arbiter of disputes.
Zeuxis and Parrhas'ios. In a con-
test of skill Zeuxis painted some grapes
so naturally that birds pecked at them.
Confident of success, Zeuxis said to his
rival, "Now let Parrhasios draw aside his
curtain, and show us his production."
" You behold it already," replied Parrha-
sios, " the curtain is the picture." Where-
upon, the prize was awarded to him, for
Zeuxis had deceived the birds, but Par-
rhasios had deceived Zeuxis.
MYEON'S statue of a cow was mis-
taken by a herd of bulls for a living
animal; and Apelles's painting of the
horse Bucephalos deceived several mares,
who ran about it neighing.
QUINTIN MATSYS, of Antwerp, fell in
love with Lisa, daughter of Johann Man-
dyn; but Mandyn vowed his daughter
should marry only an artist. Matsys
studied painting, and brought his first
picture to show Lisa. Mandyn was not
at home, but had left a picture of his
favorite pupil, Frans Floris, representing
the " fallen angels," on the easel. Quintin
painted a bee on an outstretched leg,
and when Mandyn returned he tried to
brush it off, whereupon the deception was
ZEUXIS AND PARRHASIOS 279
ZISKA OR ZIZKA
discovered. The old man's heart was
moved, and he gave Quintin his daughter
in marriage, saying, " You are a true
artist, greater than Johann Mandyn."
The painting is in Antwerp Cathedral.
VELASQUEZ painted a Spanish admiral
so true to life that King Philip IV., en-
tering the studio, thought the painting
was the admiral, and spoke to it as such,
reproving the supposed officer for being
in the studio wasting his time, when he
ought to have been with the fleet.
Zillah, beloved by Hamuel, a brutish
sot. Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel
vowed vengeance. Accordingly, he gave
out that Zillah had intercourse with the
devil, and she was condemned to be burnt
alive. God averted the flames, which con-
sumed Hamuel, but Zillah stood unharmed,
and the stake to which she was bound
threw forth white roses, " the first
over
seen on earth since paradise was lost."
Southey. (See ROSE.)
Zimmerman (Adam), the old burgher
of Soleure, one of the Swiss deputies to
Charles "the Bold" of Burgundy. Sir
"W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward
IV.).
Zim'ri, one of the six "Wise Men of the
East led by the guiding star to Jesus.
Zimri taught the people, but they treated him
with contempt; yet, when dying, he prevailed
on one of them, and then expired. Klopstock,
The Messiah, v. (1771).
Zimri, in Dryden's satire of Absalom
and Achitophcl, is the second duke of
Buckingham. As Zimri conspired against
Asa, king of Judah, 1 Kings, xvi. 9, so
the duke of Buckingham " formed parties
and joined factions."
Some of the chiefs were princes in the land :
In the first rank of these did Zimri stand
A man so various that he seemed to be
Not one, but all mankind's epitome ;
Stiff in opinion, always in the wrong,
Was everything by turns, and nothing long.
Pt. i. (1681).
ZineT>i (Mohammed), king of Syria,
tributary to the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ;
of very humane disposition. Arabian
Nights (" Ganem, the Slave of Love ").
Ziiieu'ra, in Boccaccio's Decameron
(day 11, Nov. 9), is the "Imogen" of
Shakespeare's Cymbeline. She assumed
male attire with the nan*B of Sicurano da
Finale (Imogen assumed male attire and
the name Fidele) ; Zineura's husband was
Bernard Lomellin, and the villain was
Ambrose (Imogen's husband was Posthu-
mus Leonatus, and the villain lachirno).
In Shakespeare, the British king Cym-
beline takes the place assigned by Boccac-
cio to the sultan.
Ziska or Zizka, John of Trocznov, a
Bohemian nobleman, leader of the Hus-
sites. He fought under Henry V. at
Agincourt. His sister had been seduced
by a monk ; and whenever he heard the
shriek of a Catholic at the stake, he called
it "his sister's bridal song." The story
goes that he ordered his skin at death to
be made into a drum-head (1360-1427).
*** Some say that John of Trocznov
was called " Ziska " because he was " one-
eyed ; " but that is a mistake Ziska was a
family name, and does not mean "one-
eyed," either in the Polish or Bohemian
language.
For every page of paper shall a hide
Of yours be stretched as parchment on a drum
Like Ziska's skin, to beat alarm to all
Refractory vassals.
Byron, Werner, i. (1822),
IV
ZISKA OE ZIZKA
280
ZOPHIEL
But be it as it is, the time may come
His name [Napoleon's] shall beat th' alarm like
Ziska's drum.
Byron, Age of Bronze, iv. (1819).
Zobeide [Zo-bay'de], half-sister of
Amine. She had two sisters, who were
turned into little black dogs by way of
punishment for casting Zobeide and the
prince from the petrified city into the
sea. Zobeide was rescued by the fairy
serpent, who had metamorphosed the two
sisters, and Zobeide was enjoined to give
the two dogs a hundred lashes every day.
Ultimately, the two dogs were restored to
their proper forms, and married two cal-
enders, sons of '-kings; Zobeide married
the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ; and Amine
was restored to Amin, the caliph's son, to
whom she was already married. Arabian
Nights (" History of Zobeide ").
While the caliph was absent from Bag-
dad, Zobeide caused his favorite (named
Fetnab) to be buried alive, for which she
was divorced. Arabian Nights ("Ganem,
the Slave of Love ").
Zohak, the giant who keeps the "mouth
of hell." He was the fifth of the Pisch-
dadian dynasty, and was a lineal de-
scendant of Shedad, king of Ad. He
murdered his predecessor, and invented
both flaying men alive and killing them
by crucifixion. The devil kissed him on
the shoulders, and immediately two ser-
pents grew out of his back and fed con-
stantly upon him. He was dethroned by
the famous blacksmith of Ispahan', and
appointed by the devil to keep hell-gate.
D'Herbelot, Bibliotheque Orientale (1697).
Zohara, the queen of love, and mother
of mischief. When Harut and Marat
were selected by the host of heaven to be
judges on earth, they judged righteous
judgment till Zohara, in the shape of a
lovely woman, appeared before them with
her complaint. They then both fell in
love with her and tried to corrupt her,
but she flew from them to heaven ; and
the two angel-judges were for ever shut
out.
The Persian Magi have a somewhat
similar tradition of these two angels, but
add that after their " fall," they were sus-
pended by the feet, head downwards, in
the territory of Babel.
The Jews tell us that Shamhozai, " the
judge of all earth," debauched himself
with women, repented, and by way of
penance was suspended by the feet, head
downwards, between heaven and earth.
Bereshit rabbi (in Gen. vi. 2).
Zohauk, the Nubiac slave ; a disguise
assumed by Sir Kenneih. - Sir W. Scott,
The Talisman (time, Rienttrd I.).
Zoilos (in Latin Zoiliis), a grammarian,
witty, shrewd and spiteful. He was
nicknamed "Homer's Scourge" (Homero-
mastix), because he assailed the Iliad and
Odyssey with merciless severity. He also
flew at Plato, Isoc'rates, and other high
game.
The Sword of Zo'ilos, the pen of a critic.
/oilus. J. Dennis, the critic whose
attack on Pope produced The Dunciad,
was so called (1657-1733).
Zoleikha (3 syl.), Potiphar's wife.
Sale, Al Koran, xii. (note).
Zophiel [Zo.fel], "of cherubim the
swiftest wing." The word means " God's
spy." Zophiel brings word to the heaven-
ly host that the rebel crew are preparing
a second and fiercer attack.
ZOPHIEL 281
ZULZUL
Zophiel, of cherubim the swiftest wing,
Came flying, and in mid-air aloud thus cried :
. " Arm, warriors, arm for fight."
Milton, Paradise Lost (1665).
Zorai'da (3 syl), a Moorish lady,
daughter of Agimora'to, the richest man
in Barbary. On being baptized she had
received the name of Maria ; and, eloping
with a Christian captive, came to Anda-
lusi'a. Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 9-11
("The Captive," 1605).
Zorphee (2 syl), a fairy in the ro-
mance of Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth
century).
Zosimus, the patriarch of the Greek
Church. Sir W. Scott, Count Eobert of
Paris (time, Kufus).
J
Zuleika ; r ?\'.Jee'.kah], daughter of
Giaffer [Djaf'Jir], pacha of Aby'dos.
Falling in love with Selim, her cousin,
she flees with him, and promises to be his
bride ; but the father tracks the fugitives
and shoots Selim, whereupon Zuleika
dies of a broken heart. Byron, Bride of
Abydos (1813).
Never was a faultless character more delicately
or more justly delineated than that of Lord
Byron's ' Zuleika." Her piety, her intelligence
her strict sense of duty, and her undeviating
love of truth, appear to have been originally
blended in her mind, rather than inculcated by
education. She is always natural, always at-
tractive, always affectionate; and it must be
admitted that her affections are not unworthily
bestowed. George Ellis.
Zulichium (The enchanted princess of),
in the story told by Agelastes, the cynic,
to Count Robert Sir W. Scott, Count
Robert of Paris (time, Eufus).
Zulzul, the sage whose life was saved
in the form of a rat by Gedy, the youngest
of the four sons of Corcud. Zulzul gave
him, in gratitude, two poniards, by the
help of which he could climb the highest
tree or most inaccessible castle. Gueu-
lette, Chinese Tales ("Corcud and His
Four Sons," 1723
IV
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX I.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Abbott (Edwin Abbott), London, 1838-
Bible Lessons, 1872.
Cambridge Sermons, 1875.
Coneordance to Pope, 1875.
Parables for Children, 1880.
Shakesperian Grammar (A), 1870
Through Nature to Christ, 1877.
Abbott (Jacob), born at Hallowel, Maine, 1803-
1879.
Corner Stone (The), 1826.
Way to do good (The), 1836.
Young Christian (The), 1825.
Abbott (Rev. John S. C.), brother of Jacob
Abbott, 1806-1877.
Kings and Queens, or Life in a Palace, 1839.
Life of Napoleon, 1855.
Mother at Home (The), 1845.
Abercrombie (John), Aberdeen, 1781-1844.
Inquiry Concerning the Intellectual Powers,
1830, 1833.
Philosophy of Moral Feeling, 1833.
Researches on Diseases of the Brain, etc.,
.
Addison (Joseph), born at Milston, in Wilt-
shire, 1672-1719.
Freeholder (The), 1715-16.
Guardian (The), 1713.
Spectator (The), 1711-12. 1714
Tatler(The) 1709-11.
Cato (a tragedy 1713.
Divine Poems, 1728.
Evidences of the Christian Religion, 1807.
Poems, 1712, 1719.
Agassiz (Louis), born at Orbe, in Switzerland.
1807-1873
Elements of Zoology, 1854.
Essay on Classification, 1859.
Fossil Fish, 1833-42.
Lake Superior ; its Physical character, Vege-
tables and Animals, 1850.
Salmonidae, 1839.
Studies on Glaciers, 1840.
285
System of Glaciers, or Researches on Glaciers
1847.
Zoological Bibliography, 1848-50.
Amsworth (William Harrison). Manchester,
1805-1882.
Auriol and other Tales, 1880.
Beatrice Tyldesley, 1878.
Beau Nash, 1880.
Boscobel, or the Royal Oak, 1872.
Cardinal Pole, 1863.
Chetwynd Calverley, 1876.
Constable de Bourbon, 1866.
Constable of the Tower, 1861.
Crichton, 1837.
Fall of Somerset, 1877.
Flitch of Bacon (The), 1854.
Goldsmith's Wife (The), 1875.
Good Old Times (The), 1873.
Guy Fawkes, 1841.
Hilary St. Ives, 1869.
Jack Sheppard, 1839.
John Law, the Projector, 1864.
Lancashire Witches, 1848.
Leaguer of Lathom (The), 1876.
Lord Mayor of London (The), 1862.
Manchester Rebels (The), 1873.
Merry England, 1874.
Mervyn Clitheroe, 1857.
Miser's Daughter (The), 1842.
Myddleton Pomfret, 1865.
Old Court (The), 1867.
Old St. Paul's, 1841-43.
Ovingdean Grange, 1850.
Preston Fight (The), 1875.
Rookwood, 1834.
St. James's, or Court of Queen Anne, 1844
Sir John Chiverton, 1825.
South Sea Bubble, 1868.
Spanish Match (The), 1865.
Spendthrift (The), 1856.
Stanley Brereton, 1881.
Star Chamber (The), 1854.
IV
286
APPENDIX I.
Talbot Harland, 1870.
Tale of the Plague, 1841.
Tower Hill, 1871.
Tower of London, 1843.
Windsor Castle, 1843.
Akenside (Mark), born at Newcastle-on-Tyne,
1721-1770.
British Philippic, 1738.
Epistle to Curio, 1744.
Naiades (Hymn to the), 1746.
Odes, 1740.
Pleasures of the Imagination, 1744.
Aldrich (Thomas Bailey), born at Portsmouth,
New Hampshire, 1836.
Ballad of Baby Bell, and other Poems, 1856.
Cloth of Gold, and other Poems, 1874.
Marjorie Daw, 1873.
Prudence Palfrey, 1874.
Queen of Sheba, 1877.
Story of a Bad Boy, 1870.
Alford (Henry), dean of Canterbury, London,
1810-1371.
Chapters on the Poets of Greece, 1841.
Greek Testament edited, 1841-61.
New Testament for English Readers, 1863-69.
Queen's English (The), 1864.
Abbot of Muchelnage. and other Poems, 1841.
Poems and Poetical Fragments, 1831.
School of the Heart, and other Poems, 1835.
Alison (Sir Archibald), born at Kenley, in
Shropshire, 1792-1867.
Essays, 1850.
History of Europe during the French Revo-
lution, 1833-1842.
History of Europe from the fall of Napoleon,
1853-59.
Life of Marlborough, 1848.
Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir C. Stewart,
1861.
Alleine (Joseph), Devizes, 1633-1668.
Alarm to the Unconverted, 1672.
Allibone (Samuel Austen), born in Philadel-
phia, 1816-1889.
A Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and
British and American Authors, 1858-1875.
Allingham (William), Ballyshannon, 1824-1889.
Day and Night Songs, 1854-55.
Fifty Modern Poems, 1865.
Music-master (The), and other Poems, 1857.
Poems, 1850.
Songs, Ballads, and Stories, 1877.
(Editor of Frazer's Magazine, 1874.)
Argyll (George John Douglas Campbell, duke
of), 1823-
Primeval Man, 1869.
Reign of Law (The), 1867.
Arnold (Sir Edwin), 1832-
Feast of Belshazzar (Newdegate prize), 1852.
Griselda (a drama), 1856.
Poems, Narrative and Lyrical, 1853.
Indian Song of Songs, 1875; the Gita Go-
vinda.
Light of Asia, 1879.
Poets of Greece, 1869.
Arnold (Matthew), born at Laleham, Middlesex,
1822-1888.
New Poems, 1868.
Poems, 1854-1877.
Essays on Criticism, 1865.
God and the Bible, 1875.
Last Words on Translating Homer, 1863
Literature and Dogma, 1873.
Popular Education of France, 1864.
Schools and Universities on the Continent,
1868.
St. Paul and Protestantism, 1870.
Study of Celtic Literature, 1867.
Three Lectures on Translating Homer, 1861-
1862.
Arnold (Thomas), born at West Cowes, Isle of
Wight, 1795-1842.
Histoiy of Rome, 1838-42.
Lectures on Modern History, 1842.
Sermons.
Ascham (Roger), born at Kirby-Wiske, York-
shire, 1515-1568.
Scholemaster (The), 1570.
Audubon (John James), born in Louisiana,
1780-1851,
American Ornithological Biography, 1831-39.
Birds of America, 1830-39, 1844.
Quadrupeds of America (with Dr. Buchanan).
Austen (Jane), born at Steventon, Hampshire,
1775-1817.
Emma, 1816.
Mansfield Park, 1814.
Northanger Abbey, posthumous, 1818.
Persuasion, posthumous, 1818.
Pride and Prejudice, 1813.
Sense and Sensibility, 1811.
Austin (Alfred), born at Headingley, near Leeds,
1835- .
Golden Age (The), 1871.
Human Tragedy (The), 1862.
Interludes, 1872.
Leszko, the Bastard, 1877.
Madonna's Child, 1873.
My Satire and its Censors, 1861.
Randolf, 1858.
Rome or Death, 1873.
Season (The), 1861.
Tower of Babel (The), 1874.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
287
Artist's Proof (An), 1864.
Five Years of it, 1858.
Won by a Head, 1866.
England's Policy and Peril, 1877.
Note of Admiration, etc., 1861.
Poetry of the Period (The), 1870.
Russia before Europe, 1876.
Tory Horrors, 1876.
Vindication of Lord Byron, 1869.
Aytoun (William Edmonstoune), born in Edin-
burgh, 1813-1865.
Ballads of Scotland, 1858.
Bothwell, 1856.
Firmilian, 1854.
Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, and other
Poems, 1849.
Poland, and other Poems.
Glenmutchkin Railway.
How I became a Yeoman.
Life and Times of Richard I., 1840.
Norman Sinclair, 1861.
Bacon (Francis, Baron Verulam and Viscount
St. Albans), London, 1561-1626.
Advancement of Learning, 1605.
Essays (fifty-eight), 1597 ; enlarged, 1625.
Novum Organum, 1620.
Bacon (Roger), a friar, born at Ichester, in
Somersetshire, 1214-1292.
Opus Majus, 1267.
Bailey (Philip James), Nottingham, 1816-
Festus, 1839.
Baillie (Joanna), born at Bothwell, 1762-1851.
Plays of the Passions, 1st series, 1798; 2d
series, 1802 ; 3rd series, 1812.
Bain (Alexander), born at Aberdeen, 1818-
Emotions and the Will, 1859.
Senses and the Intellect (The), 1855.
Baird (Spenser Fullerton), born at Reading,
Pennsylvania, 1823-1887.
Birds of North America, 1860 (with J. Cassin).
Mammals of North America, 1861 (with J.
Cassin).
Review of American Birds, 1864 (with Dr. T.
M. Brewer).
Editor and Translator of the Iconographic
Encyclopaedia, 1851.
Baker, (Sir Samuel White), 1821-1880.
Albert N'yanza (The), Great Basin of the
Nile, and Exploration of the Nile Sources,
(2 vols.), 1866.
Cast Up by the Sea, 1869.
Eight Year's Wanderings in Ceylon, 1855.
Ismailia, 1874.
Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (The), 1867.
Rifle and Hound of Ceylon (The), 1854.
Bancroft (George), born at Worcester, Massa-
chusetts, 1800-1891.
History of the United States, vol. 1st, 1834 ;
3rd, 1840 ; 7th, 1858 ; 8th, 1860 ; 10th, 1874.
Plea for the Constitution of the United
States, 1886.
Martin Van Buren to the End of his Public
Career, 1889.
Banim (John), near Kilkenny, 1800-1842.
Tales of the O'Hara Family, 1825.
Barbauld (Mrs.), born at Kibworth-Harcourt,
in Leicestershire, 1743-1825.
Devotional pieces, 1775.
Early Lessons for Children, 1774.
Evenings at Home, 1792-95 (with Dr. Aikin).
Female Spectator (The), 1811.
Hymns in Prose, 1774.
Life of Samuel Richardson, 1805.
Miscellaneous Poems, 1773.
Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose, 1773.
Barham (Richard Harris), born at Canterbury.
1788-1845.
Ingoldsby Legends (in verse and prose), 1837.
Baring-Gould (Rev. Sabine), Exeter, 1834-
Book of Were Wolves (The), 1865.
Curiosities of the Olden Time, 1869.
Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, 1866-67.
Difficulties of the Faith (The), 1874.
Germany, Past and Present, 1879.
Golden Gate (The), 1869-70.
Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas, 1861.
In Exitu Israel, 1870.
Life of the Rev. R. S. Hawker, 1876,.
Lives of the Saints, 1872-77.
Lost and Hostile Gospels (The), (1874)1
Mystery of Suffering (The), 1877.
Origin and Development of Religious Belief
(The), 1869-70.
Path of the Just (The), 1854.
Post Mediaeval Preachers, 1865.
Silver Store (The), 1868.
Some Modern Difficulties, 1875.
Village Sermons for a Year, 1875.
Yorkshire Oddities, 1874.
Barlow (Joel), born at Reading, Connecticut,
1755-1812.
Vision of Columbus (The), a poem, 1787.
(Afterwards enlarged into The Colwmbiad,
1805.)
Barnes (Albert), New York, 1798-1870.
Notes on the New Testament, 1832-48.
Notes on the Old Testament, 1851.
Barnum (Phineas Taylor), born at Bethel, Con-
necticut, 1810-1891.
Humbugs of the World, 1865.
Struggles and Triumphs, 1869.
nr
288
APPENDIX I.
Barrow (Sir John), born near Ulverstone, iu
Lancashire, 1764-1848.
Mutiny of the Bounty, 1831.
Baxter (Richard), born at Rowton, in Shrop-
shire, 1615-1691.
Saints' Everlasting Rest (The), 1650.
Beattie (James), born at Laurencekirk, in
Scotland, 1735-1803.
Judgment of Paris, 1765.
Minstrel (The), in two parts. Part i. 1771 ;
part ii. 1774.
Poems and Translations, 1760.
Dissertations, 1783.
Elements of Moral Sciences (The), 1790-93.
Essay on Poetry and Music, 1778.
Essay on Truth, 1770.
Essays, 1776.
Evidences of Christianity, 1786.
Beckford (William), 1761-1844.
Vathek (an Eastern tale), 1786.
Bede (" The Venerable "), born at Jarrow, in
Durham, 672-735.
A Book on Metrical Art ; another on Orthog-
raphy ; lives of the abbots of Wearmouth ;
Commentaries on the Bible ; De Sex Mi&-
tibus Mundi. (All in Latin.)
Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, 734.
Homilies, Hymns, Epigrams, etc.
Martyrology.
Beecher (Catherine Esther), born at East
Hampton, New York, 1800-1878.
Common Sense applied to Religion, 1857.
Duty of American Women to their Country,
1845.
The True Remedy for the Wrongs of Women,
1851.
Beecher (Rev. Henry Ward), born at Litch-
fleld, Connecticut, 1813-1887.
Lectures to Young Men, 1850.
Life Thoughts, 1858.
Star Papers (The), 1858.
Beecher-Stowe (Mrs.), born at Litchfield,
Connecticut, 1812-
Agnes of Sorrento, 1862.
Chimney Corner (The), 1868.
Christian Slave (The), a drama, 1855.
Daisy's First Winter, and other Stories, 1867.
Dred, a Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp,
1856.
House and Home Papers, 1864.
Lady Byron's Vindication, 1870.
Little Foxes, 1865,
Little Pussy Willows, 1870.
Men of Our Times, 1868.
Minister's Wooing (The), 1859.
My Wife and I, 1872.
Old Town Folks, 1869.
Our Charley, and what to do with him, 1859.
Pearl of GIT'S Island (The), 1862.
Pink and White Tyranny, 1871.
Poganuc People, their Loves and Lives, 1878.
Queer Little People, 1867.
Ravages of a Carpet (The), 1864.
Religious Rhymes, 1865.
Stories about our Dogs, 1865.
Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands, 1854.
True Story of Lord Byron, 1869.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852.
Bellows (Rev. Henry Whitney), born at Bos-
ton, 1814-1882.
Defence of the Drama, 1857.
Old World in its New Face (The), 1868-69.
Benton (Thomas Hart), born in Orange county,
North Carolina, 1783-1858.
Thirty Years' Views, 1853.
Bickersteth, (Rev. Edward Henry), born at
Islington, 1825-
Yesterday, To-day, and For Ever, 1866.
Black (William), bora at Glasgow, 1841-
Daughter of Heth (A), 1871.
Green Pastures and Piccadilly, 1877.
In Silk Attire, 1869.
Kilmeny, 1870.
Lady Silverdale's Sweetheart, 1876.
Macleod of Dare, 1878.
Madcap Violet, 1876.
Maid of Killeena (The), and other Stories, 1874.
Monarch of Mincing Lane (The), 1871.
Princess of Thule (A), 1873.
Strange Adventures of a Phaeton, 1872.
Sunrise, 1881.
Three Feathers, 1875.
White Wings, 1880.
Life of Oliver Goldsmith, 1878.
Blackburn (Henry), 1830-
Art in the Mountains, 1870.
Artists and Arabs, 1868.
Harz Mountains, 1873.
Normandy Picturesque, 1869.
The Pyrenees, 1867.
Travelling in Spain, 1866.
Blackie (John Stuart), born at Glasgow, 1809-
Democracy, 1867.
Discourses on Beauty, 1858.
Four Phases of Morals, 1871.
Homer and the Iliad, 1866.
Hora3 Hellenics, 1874.
Lays and Legends of Ancient Greece, 1857.
Lays of the Highlands and Islands, 1872.
Lyrical Poems in English and Latin, 1860.
Natural History of Atheism, 1878.
Poems, chiefly Mythological, 1857, 1860.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Self-culture, 1873.
War-Songs of Germany, 1870.
Blackmore (Richard Doddridge), born at Long-
worth, in Berkshire, 1825-
Alice Lorraine, 1875.
ChristoweU, 1882.
Clara Vaughan, 1864.
Cradock Nowell, 1866.
Cripps, the Carrier, 1876.
Erema, or My Father's Sin, 1877.
Fate of Franklin (The), a poem, 1860.
Lorna Doone, 1869.
Maid of Sker, 1872.
Blackstone (Sir William), London, 1723-1780.
Commentaries on the Laws of England (4
vols.), 1765-69.
Blackwell, M.D. (Elizabeth), born at Bristol,
1821. The first woman that ever obtained
a medical diploma, 1849.
Laws of Life considered with reference to the
Physical Education of Girls, 1852.
Blair (Hugh), born at Edinburgh, 1718-
1800.
Lectures on Rhetoric, 1783.
Blake (William), "Pictor Ignotus" London,
1757-1827.
America (a prophecy), 1793.
Book of Ahania, 1795.
Book of Thiel, 1789.
Europe (a prophecy), 1794.
Gates of Paradise, 1793.
Jerusalem, 1804.
Marriage of Heaven and Hell. 1800.
Milton, 1804.
Poetical Sketches, 1783.
Songs of Experience, 1794.
Songs of Innocence, 1789.
Urizen, 1800.
Visions of the Daughters of Albion, 1793.
Blessington (Marguerite, countess of), born
near Clonmel, in Ireland, 1789-1849.
Conversations with Lord Byron, 1832
Desultory Thoughts, 1838.
Idler in France, 1841.
Idler in Italy, 1839.
Belle of the Season (The), 1840.
Confessions of an Elderly Gentleman, 1835.
Confessions of an Elderly Lady, 1836.
Country Quarters, 1850. '
Governess (The), 1841.
Repealers (The), 1833.
Two Friends (The), 1834.
Victims of Society, 1837.
Bloomfield (Robert), born at Honington, in
Suffolk, 1766-1823.
Farmer's Boy, 1798.
289
Borrow (George), born at East Dereham, in
Norfolk, 1803-1881.
Bible in Spain (The), 1843.
Lavengro, the Scholar, Gypsy and Priest,
1851.
Romany Rye (The), a sequel to Lavengro, 1857.
Boswell (James), born in Auchinleck, in Scot-
land, 1740-1795.
Journal of a tour to the Hebrides with Dr.
Johnson, 1785.
Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1791.
Boucicault (Dion), born in Dublin, 1820-1890.
Author of more than 150 dramatic pieces. (See
APPENDIX III., under the title of each.)
Bowditch (Nathaniel), born at Salem, Massa-
chusetts, 1773-1838.
Mechanique Celeste, 1829-38.
Practical Navigator, 1802.
Bowen (Francis), born at Charleston, 1814-
Cntical essays on the History and Present
Condition of Speculative Philosophy 1842
Braddon (Mary Elizabeth), London, 1837-
Aurora Floyd, 1864.
Barbara, etc., 1880.
Birds of Prey, 1870.
Captain of the Vulture (The), 1870.
Charlotte's Inheritance, 1871.
Cloven Foot (The), 1878.
Dead Men's Shoes, 1876.
Dead Sea Fruit, 1872.
Doctor's Wife (The), 1867.
Eleanor's Victory, 1865.
Fenton's Quest.
Henry Dunbar, 1865.
Hostages of Fortune, 1875.
John Marchmont's Legacy, 1866.
Joshua Haggard's Daughter, 1876.
Lady Audley's Secret, 1862.
Lady Lisle, 1869.
Lady's Mile (The), 1869.
Lost for Love, 1874.
LoveUs of Arden, 1871.
Lucius Davoren, 1873.
Milly Darrell, 1872.
Only a Clod, 1868.
Open Verdict (An), 1878.
Ralph the Bailiff.
Robert Ainsleigh, 1871.
Run to Earth, 1872.
Rupert Godwin, 1871.
Sir Jasper's Tenant, 1868.
Strange World (A), 1875.
Strangers and Pilgrims, 1873.
Taken at the Flood, 1874.
To the Bitter End, 1872.
Trail of the Serpent (The), 1868.
IV
290
APPENDIX I.
Weavers and Weft, 1877.
Vixen, 1879.
Garibaldi, and other Poems, 1861.
Griselda (a drama), 1873.
Loves of Arcadia (a comedietta), I860.
Bradford (William), born at Austerfield, in
Lancashire, 1588-1657.
History of Plymouth Colony, 1656.
Bradley (Rev. Edward), born at Kidderminster,
in Worcestershire, 1827-1889.
Adventures of Verdant Green (a tale),
1853.
Brande (William Thomas), born 1786-1866.
Dictionary of Materia Medica, 1839.
Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art,
1842.
Manual of Chemistry, 1819.
Bray (Mrs.), born in Surrey, 1791-1883.
Life of Thomas Stothard, E.A., 1851.
Brewer (Rev. E. Cobham), 1810-
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1868.
Reader's Handbook (The), 1880.
Bronte (Charlotte), born at Thornton, in York-
shire, 1816-1855.
Jane Eyre, 1847.
Professor (The), 1856.
Shirley, 1849.
Villette, 1853.
Brooke (Henry), born in Ireland, 1706-1783.
Fool of Quality (The), a novel, 1767.
Brooke (Rev. Stopford Augustus), of Dublin,
1832-
Christ in Modern Life, 1881.
Life of Frederick W. Robertson, 1865.
Milton, 1879.
Primer of English Literature, 1878. '
Theology in the English Poets, 1874.
Brooks (Charles Shirley), born at Brill, in Ox-
fordshire, 1815-1874.
Aspen Court, 1855.
Gordian Knot (The), 1858.
Silver Cord (The), 1841.
Sooner or Later, 1869.
Creole (The), 1853.
Daughter of the Stars (The).
Honors and Tricks.
Our New Governess.
Naggletons (The).
Poems of Wit and Humor, 1875.
Brougham and Vaux (Henry, Lord), born in
Edinburgh, 1779-1868.
Works, 1855-57.
Brown (Charles Brockden), of Philadelphia,
1771-1810.
Arthur Mervyn, 1796.
Clara Howard, 1801.
Edgar Huntly, 1801.
Jane Talbot, 1804.
Ormond, 1799.
Wieland, 1798.
Brown, M.D. (John), born at Biggar, in Scot-
land, 1810-1882.
Horse Subsecivas, 1858.
Rab and his Friends, 1858-60.
Our Dogs.
Browne (Charles Farrar), pseudonym "ArtS-
mus Ward," born in Maine, 1834-1867.
Artemus Ward among the Fenians, 1866.
Artemus Ward among the Mormons, 1864.
Artemus Ward his Book, 1862.
Artemus Ward in London, 1868.
Artemus Ward's Complete Works, 1870.
Browne (Sir Thomas), London, 1605-1682.
Religio Medici, 1642.
Browning (Mrs. Elizabeth Barrett), 1809-186L
Aurora Leigh, 1856.
Battle of Marathon, 1822.
Casa Guidi Windows, 1851
Drama of Exile, 1840.
Essay on Mind, and other Poems, 1826.
Greek Christian Poets, 1863.
Lady Geraldine's Courtship, 1850.
Poems, 1844.
Poems before Congress, 1860.
Prometheus Bound, 1833.
Romaunt of the Page (The), 1839.
Seraphim, and other Poems (The), 1838.
Browning (Robert), London, 1812-1889.
Agamemnon of J^schylus, 1877.
Aristophanes' Apology, 1875.
Balaustion's Adventure, 1871.
Blot on the 'Scutcheon, 1843.
Christmas Eve, 1850.
Dramatic Idylls, 1879-80.
Dramatic Lyrics, 1881.
Dramatic Romances.
Dramatis Perscnae, 1864.
Fifiue at the Fair, 1872.
Inn Album (The), 1875.
King Victor and King Charles.
La Saisiaz, 1878.
Men and Women, 1855.
Pacchiarotto, 1876.
Paracelsus, 1836.
Pippa Passes, 1842.
Prince Hohensti'el-Schwangau, 1871.
Red-cotton Nightcap Country (The), 187a
Return of the Druses.
Ring and the Book (The), 1868.
Romances and Lyrics, 1845.
Sordello, 1839.
Soul's Tragedy (A), 1846.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
291
Strafford, 1837.
Two Poets of Croisic (The), 1878.
Bruce (James), born at Kinnaird, in Scotland,
1730-1794.
Travels to discover Sources of the Nile, 1790.
Bryant (William Cullen), born at Cummington,
1794-1878.
Ages (The), 1821.
Battle-field.
Embargo (The), 1807.
Fountain (The), and other Poems, 1842.
Hymn of the City.
Indian at the Burying-place of his Fathers.
Poems collected, 1832.
Thanatopsis, 1812.
Buchanan (Robert), born at CaverswaU, in
Staffordshire, 1841-
Balder the Beautiful, 1877.
Ballad Stories of the Affections, 1866.
Book of Orm, 1870.
Child of Nature, 1870, printed 1881.
David Gray, and other Essays, 1868.
Drama of Kings (The), 1871.
God and the Man, 1881.
Idyls and Legends of Inverburn, 1865.
Land of Lome (The), 1871.
London Poems, 1866 ; Poems, 1860.
Master Spirits, 1873.
Martyrdom of Madeline, 1882.
North Coast, and other Poems, 1867.
Poetical Works, 1874.
Shadow of the Sword, 1875.
White Rose and Red, 1873.
Undertones, 1860.
Madcap Prince (A), a comedy, 1874.
Witch-finder (The), a tragedy.
Buckle (Henry Thomas), 1822-1862.
History of Civilization in Europe, 1857-61.
Bunyan (John), born at Elstow, in Bedford-
shire, 1628-1688.
Barren Figtree (The), 1683.
Grace Abounding, 1666
Holy City (The), 1665.
Holy War, 1682.
Pilgrim's Progress, part i., 1678 ; part ii., 1684.
Burke (Edmund), of Dublin, 1730-1797.
Inquiry into our Ideas of the Sublime and
Beautiful, 1756.
Present State of the Nation (The), 1769.
Reflections on the French Revolution, 1790.
Speeches, posthumous, 1801.
Burnaby (Frederick), born at Bedford, 1842-
1885.
On Horseback through Asia Minor, 1877.
Ride to Khiva, 1873.
Burnet (Gilbert), bishop of Salisbury, born in
Edinburgh, 1643-1715.
History of his own Time, posthumous, 1723-34.
History of the Reformation, vol. i., 1679 ; voL
ii., 1681 ; vol. iii., 1714.
Burney (Frances), afterwards Mde. D'Arblay.
1752-1840.
Diary and Letters, posthumous, 1841-46.
Burns (Robert), born at Ayr, 1759-1796.
Auld Lang Syne, 1793.
Cotter's Saturday Night, 1787.
Death and Dr. Hornbook, 1787.
Duncan Gray, 1792.
For a' that an' a' that, 1796.
Green grow the Rashes 0, 1787.
Halloween, 1787.
Highland Mary, 1792.
Mary Morison, 1793.
Scots wha hae, 1793.
Tarn O'Sbanter, 1791.
To Mary in Heaven, 1788.
To a Mountain Daisy, 1786.
To a Mouse, 1785.
Twa Dogs, 1787.
Burritt (Elihu), of Connecticut, 1811-1879.
Chips from Many Blocks, 1878.
Olive Leaves, 1853.
Sparks from the Anvil, 1848.
Voice from the Forge (A).
Walk from John o' Groat's to Land's End,
1865.
Burton, (John Hill), of Aberdeen, 1809-
1881.
Book-hunter (The), 1862.
Burton (Richard Francis), born in Norfolk,
1821-1890.
Abeokuta, or the Cameroon Mountains, 1863.
Canoeing . . . from Sabara to the Sea, 1868.
City of the Saints (The), 1861.
Etruscan Bologna, 1876.
Falconry in the Valley of the Indus, 1852.
First Footsteps In East Africa, 1856.
Goa and the Blue Mountains, 1851.
Lake Regions of Central Africa, 1860.
Mission to Gelile, King of Dahomey, 1864.
Nile Basin (The), 1864.
Personal Narrative of a Pilgrim to ... Mecca,
1855.
Sind revisited, 1877.
Trips to Gorilla Land, 1875.
Ultima Thule, 1875.
Vikram and the Vampire (Hindu tales), 1369.
Zanzibar, 1872.
Burton (Robert), born at Lindley, in Leicester-
shire, 1576-1639.
Anatomy of Melancholy, 1621.
Butler (Joseph), bishop of Durham, born at
Wantage, in Berkshire, 1692-1752.
Analogy of Religion, 1736. iv
292
APPENDIX I.
Butler (Samuel), born at Strensham, in Worces-
tershire, 1612-1680.
Hudibras, part i., 1663 ; part ii., 1664 ; part
iii., 1678.
Byron (George Noel Gordon, lord), London,
1788-1824.
Beppo, 1818.
Bride of Abydos, 1813.
Cain, 1821.
Childe Harold, canto i., 1809 ; ii., 1810 ; iii.,
1816; iv., 1818.
Corsair (The), 1814.
Curse of Minerva, 1812.
Deformed Transformed (The), 1824.
Don Juan, cantos i., ii., 1819 ; iii.-v., 1821 ; vi.-
viii., 1823 ; ix.-xi., 1823 ; xii.-xiv., 1823 ; xv.,
xvi., 1824.
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 1809.
Giaour (The), 1813.
Heaven and Earth : a Mystery, 1822.
Hebrew Melodies, 1815.
Hours of Idleness, 1807.
Island (The), 1823.
Lament of Tasso, 1817.
Lara, 1814.
Manfred, 1817.
Marino Paliero, 1821.
Mazeppa, 1819.
Memoirs of my own Life, 1825.
Monody on Sheridan, 1817.
Morgante Maggiore, etc., 1823.
Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte, 1814.
Parisina, 1816.
Prisoner of Chillon, 1816.
Prophecy of Dante, 1821.
Sardanapahis, 1821.
Siege of Corinth, 1816.
Werner, 1822.
Letters and Journal, 1831.
Byron (Henry James), born at Manchester,
1835-1884.
American Lady (An), 1874.
Fra Diavolo, 1858.
Ill-treated II Trovatore, 1855.
Not such a Fool as he looks, 1869.
Old Sailors, 1874.
Our Boys, 1878.
War to the Knife, 1865.
Csedmon, first English poet, died at Whitby,
680.
Paraphrasis Poetica Geneseos, printed 1635.
Campbell (John, lord), bom near Cupar, in
Scotland, 1779-1861.
Lives of the Chief Justices, 1849.
Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1845-47.
Campbell (Thomas), of Glasgow, 1777-1844.
Battle of the Baltic, 1801.
Exile of Erin, 1801.
Gertrude of Wyoming, 1809.
Hoheulinden, 1801.
Pilgrim of Glencoe, and other Poems, 1842.
Pleasures of Hope, 1799.
Reullura, the Beautiful Star, 1817.
Theodoric, and other Poems, 1824.
Ye Mariners of England, 1801.
Carey (Henry), 1696-1743.
Sally in our Alley, 1737.
Carleton (William), of Ireland, 1798-1869.
Black Prophet (The), 1847.
Tales, 1841.
Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,
1830-32.
Valentine M'Clutchy, 1845.
Willie Reilly, 1855.
Carlyle (Thomas), of Dumfriesshire, in Scot-
land, 1795-1881.
Chartism, 1839.
French Revolution (The), 1837.
Friedrich II. the Great, vol. i., ii., 1858 ; iii.,
iv., 1862. ,
Heroes and Hero-worship, 1840.
Life of Schiller, 1823-24 ; recast 1825.
Life of John Sterling, 1851.
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,
1845.
Past and Present, 1843.
Reminiscences, 1881.
Sartor Resartus, 1833-34.
Gary (Rev. Henry Francis), born at Birming-
ham, 1772-1844.
Dante (translated), 1805-14.
Cass (Lewis), born at Exeter, in New Hamp-
shire, 1782-1866.
King, Court, and Government of France,
1840.
Cavendish (George), a pseudonym.
Life of Cardinal Wolsey, 1825.
Chalmers (Alexander), of Aberdeen, 1759-
1834.
British Essayist, 1803.
English Poets, 1810.
General Biographical Dictionary, 1812-17.
Chalmers (Thomas), born at Anstruther, in
Scotland, 1780-1847.
Adaptation of Nature to the Constitutions of
Man, 1833.
Chambers (Robert), born at Peebles, in Scot-
land, 1802-1871.
Book of Days (The), 1863-64.
Chambers (William), brother of the above,
1800-1883.
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293
Ailie Gilroy, 1872.
Book of Scotland, 1830.
Memoir of Robert Chambers, 1872.
The Two Brothers.
Cyclopaedia of English Literature, 1842-44.
Domestic Annals of Scotland, 1858.
Essays, 1866.
Edinburgh Journal, started 1832.
Information for the People, commenced 1834.
Gazetteer of Scotland, 1829-30.
Chamier (Frederic), London, 1796-1870.
Ben Brace, 1835.
Tom Bowline, 1839.
Channing (William Ellery), born at Boston,
1818-
Poems, 1843, 1847.
Wanderer (The), 1872.
Woodman (The), 1849.
Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist, 1873.
Chapman (Dr. George), born at Hitching Hill,
in Hertfordshire, 1557-1634.
Homer's Iliad, 1603.
Homer's Odyssey, 1614.
Chatterton (Thomas), of Bristol, 1752-1770.
Rowley Correspondence begins 1768.
Godwin, 1771. *
Miscellanies, 1778. Supplement, 1784.
Poems, 1771.
Rowley Pieces in a Collective Form, 1777.
Chaucer (Geoffrey), born in London, 1328-
1400.
Boke of Cupid, or the Cuckow and the Night-
ingale, 1364 ; first printed 1532.
Boke of Fame (The), printed by Caxton, no
date ; by Pynson, 1526.
Boke of the Duchesse (The), 1371; printed
1532.
Canterbury Tales (The), 1383; printed by
Caxton, 1475.
Compleynte of a Loveres Lyfe (The), 1362.
Compleynte of Chaucer to his Purse (The),
1377 ; first printed 1532.
Compleynte of Mars and Venus (The), 1364.
Flower and the Leaf (The), first printed 1598.
House of Fame (The), 1373 ; first printed 1532.
Jacke Upland, first printed 1602.
Parlement of Briddes, or Assembly of Fowles
(The), 1358 ; or Scipio's Dream, printed by
Wynkyn de Worde, 1530.
Ploughman's Tale (The), first printed 1542.
Praise of Women (A), 1366 ; first printed 1532.
Romaunt of the Rose (The), 1360; printed
1532.
Treatise on the Astrolabie, 1391-92.
Troylus and Creseyde, 1369; printed by Cax-
ton, no date ; Wynkyn de Worde, 1517.
Chavasse (Pye H.), 19th century.
Advice to a Mother on the Management of her
Children, 1849.
Advice to a wife on the Management of her
Own Health, 1850.
Chesterfield (Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of),
born in London, 1694-1773.
Letters to his Son, posthumous, 1774 ; supple-
ment, 1777.
Child (Mrs. Lydia Maria), born at Medford,
1802-1880.
Autumnal Leaves, 1860.
Fact and Fiction, 1846.
Flowers for Children, 1852.
Hobomok, a Story of the Pilgrims, 1824.
Isaac T. Hopper, a True Life, 1853.
Looking towards Sunset, 1860.
Philothea, a Greek Romance, 1836.
Progress of Religious Ideas, etc., 1855.
Rebels (The), 1825.
Romance of the Republic (A), 1867.
Church (Rev. Richard William), 1815-1890.
Beginning of the Middle Ages, 1877.
Civilization before and after Christianity,
1872.
Influences of Christianity upon National Char-
acter, 1873.
Sacred Poetry of Early Religions, 1874.
Gibber (Colley), of London, 1671-1757.
Apology for his own Life, 1740.
Works, 1721.
Clarendon (Henry Hyde, earl of), born at Din-
ton, in Wiltshire, 1638-1709.
History of the Rebellion and Civil War in
England, 1702^.
Clarke (Charles Cowden), born at Enfteld, in
Middlesex, 1787-1877.
Moliere Characters, 1865.
Shakespeare Characters, 1863.
Tales from Chaucer, 1833.
Clarke (Mrs. Cowden), 1809-
Complete Concordance to the Works of Shake-
speare (A), 1845.
Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines (The),
1850.
Clarke (James Freeman), born in Hanover,
1810-1888.
Christian Doctrine of Forgiveness (The), 1852.
Christian Doctrine of Prayer (The), 1854. _
.Essentials and Non-essentials in Religion,
1878.
Orthodoxy, 1866.
Steps of Belief, 1870.
Ten Great Religions (The), 1870.
Clemens ( Samuel Langhorne ), pseudonym
" Mark Twain," born in Florida, 1835-
IV
294
APPENDIX I.
An Idle Excursion, 1878.
Gilded Age (The), 1874.
Innocents Abroad (The), 1869.
Jumping Frog (The), 1867.
Prince and Pauper, 1881.
Roughing it, 1872.
Tom Sawyer, 1876.
Tramp Abroad, 1880.
Clough (Arthur Hugh), born in Liverpool,
1819-1861.
Poems and Essays, 1871.
Cobbe (Frances Power), born in the county of
Dublin, 1822-
Cities of the Past, 1864.
Criminals, Idiots, Women and Minors, 1869.
Dawning Lights, 1868.
Essays on the Pursuits of "Women, 1863.
Female Education, 1862.
Friendless Girls and How to Help Them,
1861.
Hours of "Work and Play, 1867.
Religious Duty, 1864.
Studies of Ethical and Social Subjects, 1865.
Thanksgiving, 1863.
Workhouse as an Hospital (The), 1861.
Cobbett (William), born at Farnham, in Surrey,
1762-1835.
Advice to Young Men, 1831.
Cottage Economy, 1822.
History of the Protestant Reformation in Eng-
land, etc., 1810.
Parliamentary History of England, 1803.
Political Registers, 1802-13.
Poor Man's Friend (The), 1826.
Works of Peter Porcupine, 1801.
Cobbold (Rev. Richard), 1797-1877.
Margaret Catchpole, 1845.
Cockburn (Henry Thomas, lord), Edinburgh,
1779-1854.
Life of Lord Jeffrey, 1852.
Coke (Sir Edward), born at Milenam, in Nor-
folk, 1551-1633.
Institutes, part i. (Coke upon Littleton),
1628 ; part ii. (Magna Charta), 1642 ; part
iii. (High Treason), 1644 ; part iv. (Juris-
diction of Courts), 1644.
Colenso (John William), 1814-1883.
Criticism on The Speaker's Commentary, 1871.
Epistle to the Romans (The), 1861.
Lectures on the Pentateuch, 1873.
Natal Sermons, 1866.
Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically ex-
amined (The), 1862-72.
Coleridge (Samuel Taylor), born at Ottery St.
Mary, in Devonshire, 1772-1834.
Ancient Mariner (in seven parts), 1798.
Christabel, part i., 1797 ; part ii., 1800 : pub-
lished 1816.
Kubla Khan (a vision), 1816.
Poems, 1796.
Translation of Wallenstein, 1800.
Aids to Reflection, 1825.
Biographia Literaria, 1817.
Essays on his own Times, 1850.
Friend (The), 27 numbers, 1809-10.
Lay Sermons, 1816-17.
Notes and Lectures on Shakespeare, etc.,
1849.
Table Talk, 1835.
Collier (Jeremy), born at Stow Quy, in Cam-
bridgeshire, 1650-1726.
Ecclesiastial History of Great Britain, 1708-
14.
Essays on Moral Subjects, 1697, 1705, 1709.
Collier (John Payne), London, 1789-1883.
Bibliographical Account of Rare Books, 1865.
History of English Dramatic Poetry, 1831.
Memoirs of Actors in the Plays of Shake-
speare, 1846.
New Facts regarding Shakespeare, 1835, 1836,
1839.
Notes and Emendations to the Text of Shake-
speare's Plays, 1852.
Poetical Decameron, 1820.
Poet's Pilgrimage (The), 1822.
Sculptor (The), 1878.
Collins (Mortimer), of Plymouth, in Hampshire,
1827-1876.
Blacksmith and Scholar, 1875.
Fight with Fortune (A), 1876.
Frances, 1874.
Idyls and Rhymes, 1855.
Ivory Gate (The), 1869.
Marquis and Merchant, 187L
Miranda, 1873.
Mr. Carington, 1873.
Princess Clarice, 1872.
Squire Silchester's Whim, 1873.
Summer Songs, 1860.
Sweet and Twenty, 1875.
Sweet Anne Page, 1868.
Transmigration, 1873.
Two Plunges for a Pearl, 1872.
Village Comedy (The), 1877.
Vivian Romance (The), 1870.
Who is the Heir? 1865.
Collins (William), of Chichester, 1720-1756.
Odes, 1745^6.
Ode to Evening, 1746.
Oriental Eclogues, 1742.
Passions (Ode on the), 1746.
Poems, 1765.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
295
Collins (William Wilkie), London, 1824-1889.
After Dark, and other Stories, 1856.
Antonina, or the Fall of Rome, 1850.
Armadale, 1866.
Basil, 1852.
Black Robe (The), 1881.
Dead Secret (The), 1857.
Fallen Leaves (The), 1880.
Frozen Deep (The), 1873.
Haunted Hotel (The), 1879.
Hide and Seek, 1854.
Law and the Lady (The), 1875.
Man and Wife, 1870.
Miss or Mrs. ? and other Stories, 1873.
Mr. Wray's Cash-box (a Christmas tale), 1852.
Moonstone (The), 1868.
My Miscellanies, 1863.
New Magdalen (The), 1873.
No Name, 1862.
Poor Miss Finch, 1872.
Queen of Hearts (The), 1859.
Rambles beyond Railways, 185L
Two Destinies, 1876.
Woman in White (The), 1860.
Black and White.
Frozen Deep (The), 1857.
Lighthouse (The), 1855.
Colman (George), 1762-1836.
Broad Grins, 1802.
Eccentricities for Edinburgh, 1820.
My Nightgown and Slippers, 1797.
Poetical Vagaries, 1812.
Random Records, 1830.
Vagaries vindicated, 1814.
%* For his plays, see APPENDIX HI.
Colton (Rev. Caleb C.), *-1832.
Lacon, or Many Things in Few Words, 1822.
Congreve (William), born at Stafford, 1670-
1729.
Poems, 1710.
%* For his plays, see APPENDIX III.
Conington (John), born at Boston, in Lincoln-
shire, 1825-1869.
Translations into English verse of the Mneld,
of Virgil, 1866 ; of the Agamemnon of
^Eschylus, 1848; of the Odes of Horace,
1863.
Cook (Eliza), 1812-1889.
Journal, 1849-54.
New Echoes, and other Poems, 1864.
Poems, 1840.
Cook (Captain James), born at Marton, in
Yorkshire, 1728-1779.
Three Voyages around the World, first pub-
lished in 1773; second in 1777; third in
1784.
Cooke (John Esten), born at Winchester, in
Virginia, 1830-1886.
Henry St. John, Gentleman, 1856.
Her Majesty the Queen, 1873.
Hilt to Hilt, 1869.
Leather Stockings and Silk, 1854.
Life of Robert E. Lee, 1871.
Life of Stonewall Jackson, 1866.
Mohun, or the Last Days of Lee and his
Paladins, 1868.
Virginia Comedians (The), 1855.
Cooley (Thomas Mclntyre), born at Attica, in
New York, 1824-
Constitutional Limitations ... of the Amer-
can Union, 1868, 1871.
Coombe (William), born at Bristol, 1741-1823.
Tour in Search of the Picturesque, 1812.
Tour in Search of Consolation, 1820.
Tour in Search of a Wife, 1821.
Tour of Dr. Syntax through London, 1810.
Cooper (James Fenimore), born at Burlington,
1789-1851.
Afloat and Ashore, 1844.
Bravo (The), 1831.
Chainbearer (The), 1845.
Deer-slayer (The), 1841.
Headsman of Berne, 1833.
Home as Found, 1838.
Homeward Bound, 1838.
Jack Tier, 1848.
Last of the Mohicans (The), 1826.
Lionel Lincoln, 1825.
Mercedes of Castile, 1840.
Miles Wallingford, 1844.
Ned Myers, 1843.
Oak Openings, 1848.
Outward Bound, 1836.
Pathfinder, 1840.
Pilot (The), 1823.
Pioneers (The), 1823.
Prairie (The), 1827.
Precaution, 1821.
Red Rover (The), 1827.
Red Skins (The), 1846.
Satanstoe, 1845.
Sea Lions, 1849.
The Spy, 1821.
Two Admirals (The), 1842.
Water Witch (The), 1830.
Ways of the Hour, 1850.
Wept of Wishton-Wish (The), 1829.
Wing and Wing, 1842.
Wyandotte, 1843.
Cotton (Charles), born at Beresford Hall, "in
Staffordshire, 1630-1687.
Complete Angler, 1676.
IV
296
APPENDIX I.
Coverdale (Miles), bishop of Exeter, born at
Coverham, in Yorkshire, 1487-1568.
Cranmer's (or the Great) Bible, 1539.
Translation of the Bible, 1535.
Cowper (William), born at Great Berkhamp-
stead, in Hertford, 1731-1800.
John Gilpin, 1782.
Miscellaneous Poems, 1793.
On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture,
1798.
Table Talk, 1781 ; published 1782.
Task (The), in six books, 1783-85.
Cox (Rev. Sir George William), 1827-
Crusades (The), 1874.
History of Greece (A), 1874.
Great Persian War (The), 1861.
Introduction to the Science of Comparative
Mythology and Polk Lore, 1881.
Mythology of the Aryan Nations (The), 1870.
Poems, Legendary and Historical, 1850.
Tales of Ancient Greece, 1868, 1877. .
Tales of Thebes and Argos, 1863.
Tales of the Gods and Heroes, 1862.
Cox (Samuel Sullivan), born at Zanesville,
Ohio, 1824-1889.
Buckeye Abroad (The), 1852.
Eight Years in Congress, 1865.
Search for Winter Sunbeams, 1870.
Coxe (Rev. Arthur Cleveland), born at Mend-
ham. New Jersey, 1818-.
Advent, a Mystery, 1837.
Athanasion, and other Poems, 1842.
Athwold, 1838. (Recast and reproduced under
the title of " The Ladye Chase.")
Christian Ballads, 1840.
Halloween, 1844.
Saul, a Mystery, 1845.
Craik (George Lillie), of Fifeshire, Scotland,
1799-1866.
Bacon, his Writings and Philosophy, 184617.
English of Shakespeare (The), 1857.
Histoiy of British Commerce, 1844.
Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties, 1831.
Romance of the Peerage, 1848-50.
Outlines of the History of the English Lan-
guage, 1855.
Sketches of the History of Literature and
Learning in England, 1844-45.
Spenser and his Poetry, 1845.
Craik (Mrs. Dinah Maria Mulock), born at Stoke-
upon-Trent, in Staffordshire, 1826-1887.
Agatha's Husband, 1852.
Avilion, and other Tales, 1854.
Christian's Mistake, 1865.
Hannah, 1871.
Head of the Family (The), 1851.
John Halifax, Gentleman, 1857.
Laurel Bush (The), 1877.
Legacy (A), 1878.
Life for a Life (A), 1859.
Mistress and Maid, 1863.
Noble Life (A), 1866.
Ogilvies (The), 1849.
Olive, 1850.
Poems, 1872.
Sermons out of Church, 1875.
Studies from Life, 1869.
Woman's Kingdom (The), 1870.
Creasy (Sir Edward Shepherd), born at Bexley,
in Kent, 1812-1878.
Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (The),
1851.
Croly (Rev. George), born at Dublin, 1780-
1860.
Salathiel, 1827.
Crosby (Howard), born in New York, 1826-
1890.
Lands of the Moslem, 1850.
Life of Christ, 1871.
Notes on the New Testament, 1861.
Crowe (Mrs.), born at Borough Green, in Kent,
1800-1876.
Night Side of Nature (ghost stories), 1848.
Crowe (Joseph Arthur), London, 1825-
Early Flemish Painters, 1857, 1872.
History of Painting in Italy, 1864.
History of Painting in North Italy, 1871.
Life of Titian, 1877.
Cruden (Alexander), of Aberdeen, 1700-1770.
Concordance of the Holy Scriptures, 1737.
Scripture Dictionary, 1770.
Gumming (Roualeyn George Gordon), born in
Scotland, 1820^1866.
Hunter's Life in South Africa (A), 1850.
Cunningham (Alexander), born at Ettrick, in
Scotland, 1654-1737.
History of Great Britain, etc., 1787.
Cunningham (Allan), born at Blackwood, in
Scotland, 1785-1842.
Lives of British Painters, Sculptors, and Ar-
chitects, 1829-33.
Curtis (George Ticknor), born at Watertown, in
Massachusetts, 1812-
History of the Origin, Formation, and Adop-
tion of the Constitution of the United
States, 1855-58.
Life of Daniel Webster, 1855-58.
Curtis (George William), born at Providence,
in Rhode Island, 1824-
Howadji in Syria, 1852.
Lotus Eaters, 1852.
Nile Notes of a Howadji, 1850.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
297
Potiphar Papers (The), 1853.
Prue and I, 1862.
Gushing (Caleb), born at Salisbury, in Massa-
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Review of the Three Days' Revolution in
France, 1833.
Dana (James Dwight), born at Utica, in New
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Corals and the Coral Islands, 1872.
Manual of Geology, 1862.
On Crustacea, 1852-54.
On the Geology of the Pacific, 1849.
On Zoophytes, 1846.
Text-book of Geology, 1864.
Dana (Richard Henry), born at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1815-1882.
To Cuba and Back, 1859.
Two Years before the Mast, 1869.
Darwin (Charles), born at Shrewsbury, 1809-
1882.
Cross and Self Fertilization, etc., 1876.
Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to
Sex (The), 1871.
Different Forms of Flowers in Plants of the
same Species, 1877.
Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants,
etc., 1867.
Effects of Cross-fertilization in Plants, 1876.
Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals
(The), 1872.
Fertilization of Orchids, 1862.
Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
Action of Worms, 1881.
Fossil Lepodidse of Great Britain (The), 1855.
Geological Observations on South America,
1846.
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Journal of Researches in Various Countries
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Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants,
1875.
Nutation of Plants, 1880.
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selec-
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Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle,
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Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, 1800.
Dawson (John William), born at Picton, in
Nova Scotia, 1820-
Archaia, or Studies on the Cosmogony, etc., of
the . . . Scriptures, 1858.
Story of the Earth and Man, 1872.
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History of Sandford and Merton, 1783-89.
Defoe (Daniel), London, 1661-1731.
Colonel Jack, 1721.
Jonathan Wild, 1725.
Journal of the Plague Year, 1722.
Memoirs of a Cavalier, 1724.
Moll Flanders, 1721.
Political History of the Devil (The), 1726.
Robinson Crusoe, 1719.
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born at Bury St. Edmunds, 1840-
Ariadne, 1877.
Cecil Castlemaine's Gage, 1867.
Chandos, 1866.
Dog of Flanders (A), 1872.
Folle Farine, 1871.
Friendship, 1878.
Held in Bondage, 1863.
In a Winter City, 1876.
Leaf in a Storm (A), 1873.
Moths, 1880.
Pascarel, 1873.
Pipistrello, and other Stories, 1880.
Puck, his Vicissitudes and Adventures, 1869.
Signa, 1875.
Strathmore, 1865.
Tricotrin, a Story of a Waif and Stray, 1860.
Two Little Wooden Shoes, 1874.
Under Two Flags, 1868.
Village Commune (A), 1881.
De Quincey (Thomas), Manchester, 1786-1859.
Confessions of an English Opium Eater, 1821.
Dewey (Orville), born at Sheffield, Massachu-
setts, 1794-
Old World and the New (The), 1836.
On the Education of the Human Race, 1855.
Dexter (Henry Martyn), born at Plympton.
1821-
Banishment of Roger Williams (The), 1876.
Church Policy of the Pilgrims, 1866.
History of King Philip's War (The), 1870.
History of the Plymouth Colony, 1877.
Dibdin (Charles), Southampton, 1745-1814.
Complete History of the English Stage (A),
1795.
Sea-songs, 1790.
Shepherd's Artifice (The), an opera, 1761.
Dicey (Edward), born at Claybrook Hall, in
Leicestershire, 1832-
Battlefields of 1866 (The), 1866.
IV
298
APPENDIX I.
Memoir of Cavour, 1859.
Month in Russia (A), 1867.
Morning Land (The), 1870.
Rome in 1860.
Schleswig-Holstein War (The), 1864.
Dick (Thomas), born at Dundee, in Scotland,
1774-1857.
Celestial Scenery, 1838.
Christian Philosopher (The), 1823.
Philosophy of Religion (The), 1825.
Philosophy of a Future State (The), 1828.
Practical Astronomer (The), 1845.
Dickens (Charles), born at Portsmouth, 1812-
1870.
Barnaby Rudge, 1841.
Battle of Life, 1846.
Bleak House, 1852.
Chimes (The), 1844.
Cricket on the Hearth (The), 1846.
Christmas Carol (A), 1843.
David Copper-field, 1849.
Dr. Marigold's Prescriptions, 1868.
Dombey and Son, 1846-47.
Great Expectations, 1860.
Hard Times, 1854.
Haunted House (The), 1859.
Haunted Man (The), 1848.
Holly-tree Inn (The), 1855.
Hunted Down, 1860.
Little Dorritt, 1857.
Martin Chuzzlewit, 1843.
Master Humphrey's Clock, 1840-41.
Message from the Sea (A), 1860.
Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings, 1863.
Mugby Junction, 1866.
Mystery of Edwin Drood, 1870.
Nicholas Nickleby, 1838.
No Thoroughfare, 1867.
Old Curiosity Shop (The), 1840.
Oliver Twist, 1837.
Our Mutual Friend, 1864.
Pickwick Papers (The), 1836.
Round of Stories (A), 1852.
Sketches by Boz, 1835.
Somebody's Luggage, 1862.
St. George and the Dragon, 1866.
Strange Gentleman (The), 1836.
Tale of Two Cities (A), 1859.
Tenants at Will, 1864.
Tom Tiddler's Ground, 1867.
Village Coquettes (The), 1836.
Uncommercial Traveller (The), 1860.
American Notes, 1842.
Child's History of England (The), 1851.
Sunday under Three Heads, 1836.
Dilke (Charles Wentworth), 1843-
Greater Britain, 1868.
Disraeli (Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield), 1805-
1881.
Alarcos, 1839.
Alroy (The Wondrous Tale of), 1833.
Coningsby, or the New Generation, 1844.
Contarini Fleming, 1832.
Endymion, 1881.
Henrietta Temple, 1837.
Ixion in Heaven, 1833.
Lothair, 187L
Revolutionary Epic (The), 1834.
Rise of Iskander (The), 1833.
Sybil, or the Two Nations, 1845.
Tancred, or the New Crusade, 1847.
Venetia, 1837.
Vivian Grey, 1826-27.
Voyage of Captain Popanilla (The), 1828.
Young Duke (The), 1831.
Disraeli (Isaac), born at Bradenham House, in
Buckinghamshire, 1766-1848.
Amenities of Literature, 1841.
Calamities of Authors, 1812.
Curiosities of Literature, 1791, 1793, 1823.
Defence of Poetry (A), 1790.
Dissertation on Anecdotes, 1793.
Miscellanies of Literature, 1812-22.
Quarrels of Authors (The), 1814.
Dixon (William Hepworth), born at Newton
Heath, in Yorkshire, 1821-1879.
British Cyprus, 1879.
Diana, Lady Lyle, 1877.
Free Russia, 1870.
Her Majesty's Tower, 1871.
Holy Land (The), 1865.
John Howard, 1849.
Life of Lord Bacon, 1860.
Life of Admiral Blake, 1852.
Life of William Penn (A), 1851.
New America, 1867.
Personal History of Lord Bacon (The),
1860.
Robert Blake, Admiral, etc., 1852.
Royal Windsor, 1878.
Ruby Grey, 1878.
Spiritual Wives, 1868.
Switzers (The), 1872.
Two Queens, 1873.
White Conquest, 1875.
Dobell (Sydney), London, 1824-1874.
England in time of War, 1856.
Poetical Works, 1875.
Dodd (Rev. William), born at Bourne, in Lin-
colnshire, 1729-1777.
Beauties of Shakespeare, 1752.
Doddridge (Philip), London, 1702-1751.
Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul,
1750.
ENGLISH AND AMEEICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
299
Doran (John), 1807-1878.
Monarchs Retired from Business, 1857.
Drake (Samuel), born at Pittsfield, New Hamp-
shire, 1798-1875.
Book of the Indians, 1833.
History of Boston, 1852.
Draper (John William), born at St. Helen's,
near Liverpool, 1811-1882.
Forces which Produce the Organization of
Plants (The), 1844.
History of the American Civil War, 1867-
70.
History of the Conflict between Religion and
Science, 1874.
History of the Intellectual Development of
Europe, 1862.
Thoughts on the Future Policy of America,
1865.
Drayton (Michael), born at Hartshill, in War-
wickshire, 1563-1631.
Barons' Wars (The), 1596.
Nymphidia, or the Court of Fairy, 1627.
Polyolbion, songs i.-ix., 1612 ; xi.-xviii., 1613 ;
xix-xxx., 1622.
Dryden (John), born at Aldwinkle, in North-
amptonshire, 1631-1701.
^Absalom and Achitophel, part i., 1681; part
Alexander's Feast, 1697.
Annus Mirabilis, 1667.
Astrasa Redux, 1660.
Britannia Rediviva, 1689.
Cromwell (Death of), an elegy, 1658.
Fables, 1698-1700.
Hind and the Panther (The), 1687.
Lord Hastings (An Elegy on).
MacFlecknoe, 1682.
Medal (The), 1681.
Ovid's Epistles translated, 1679.
Religio Laici, 1682.
Song of St. Cecilia, 1687.
Virgil translated, 1694-96.
Essay on Dramatic Poets, 1667.
Essay on Heroic Plays, 1672.
** For his 28 dramas, see APPENDIX III.
Duffy (Sir Charles Gavan), born in Monaghan,
Ireland, 1816-
BaUad Poetry of Ireland, 1870.
Dwight (Timothy), born in Massachusetts. 1752-
1817.
Conquest of Canaan, 1785.
Sermons, 1828.
Theology explained and defended (173 ser-
mons), 1819.
Travels in New England and New York,
1821.
Edgeworth (Maria), born at Hare-hatch, in
Berkshire, 1767-1849.
Belinda, 1803.
Castle Rackrent, 1801.
Early Lessons, 1801.
Essays on Practical Education, 1798.
Harrington and Ormond, 1817.
Helen, 1834.
Irish Bulls (An Essay on), 1801.
Leonora, 1806.
Moral Tales, 1806.
Popular Tales, 1804.
Practical Education, 1798.
Tales and Novels, 1812.
Tales of Fashionable Life, 1809, 1812.
Edwards (Mrs. Annie), *-*.
Archie Lovell, 1866.
Blue Stocking (The), 1877.
Creeds, 1859.
Jet, 1878.
Leah, 1875.
May Fair, 1858.
Miss Forrester, 1865.
Ordeal for Wives, 1865.
Ought we to Visit Her? 1871.
Point of Honor (A).
Steven Lawrence, 1868.
Susan Fielding, 1869.
Vagabond Heroine, 1873.
Vivian the Beauty, 1879.
World's Verdict (The), 1861.
Edwards (Amelia Blandford), 1831-1892.
Barbara's History, 1864.
Debenham's Vow, 1870.
Half a Million of Money, 1865.
Hand and Glove, 1859.
In the Days of my Youth, 1873.
Miss Carew (short tales), 1865.
Mons. Maurice, 1873.
My Brother's Wife, 1855.
Thousand Miles up the Nile (A), 1877.
Untrodden Peaks, etc., 1873.
Edwards (Edward), London, 1812-
Economy of the Fine Arts in England, 1840.
Life of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1868.
Edwards (Jonathan), born at Windsor, Con-
necticut, 1703-1758.
Doctrine of Original Sin, 1758.
Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will, 1754.
Treatise Concerning Religious Affections,
1740.
Works, including Sermons and Life (in 10
vols.), 1830.
Egan (Pierce), of Ireland, 1772-1849.
Anecdotes of the Turf, etc., 1827.
Book of Sports and Mirror of Life, 1832.
IV
300
APPENDIX I.
Life in London (Tom and Jerry), about
1824.
Life of an Actor, 1825.
Panorama of the Sporting World, 1827.
Pilgrims of the Rhine, 1828.
Pilgrims of the Thames, 1838.
Show Folks (The), 1831.
Trial of J. Thurtell, etc., 1824.
Walks in Bath, 1834.
Egan (Pierce), London, 1814-1880.
Adam Bell, 1842.
Black Prince (The).
Clifton Grey.
Paul Jones, 1842.
Quintin Matsys, 1839.
Robin Hood and Little John, 1840.
Wat Tyler, 1841.
Eliot (George). See EVANS (Marian).
Eliot (Samuel), born at Boston, 1821-
History of Liberty, 1849, 1853.
Manual of the United States between 1492
and 1850, published in 1856.
Ellicott (Charles John), bishop of Gloucester
and Bristol, born at Whitwell, near Stam-
ford, 1819-
Commentaries on the Pauline Epistles, 1854,
.. 1855, 1858.
History and Obligation of the Sabbath, 1844.
On the Life of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1860.
Sermons preached at St. Mary's, Cambridge,
1858.
Elliott (Charles Wyllys), born at Guildford,
Connecticut, 1817-1883.
Cottages and Cottage Life, 1848.
Mysteries, or Glimpses of the Supernatural,
1852.
New England History (The), from 986 to
1776, published in 1857.
St. Domingo, its Revolution and its Hero,
1855.
Remarkable Characters and Places in the
Holy Land, 1867.
Wind and Whirlwind (a novel), 1868.
Ellis (George Edward), born at Boston, 1814-
Half a Century of the Unitarian Controversy,
1857.
Memoir of Jared Sparks, 1869.
Memoirs of Count Rumford, 1871.
Ellis (Mrs.), 1812-
Daughters of England, 1842.
Hearts and Homes, 1848^49.
Mothers of Great Men (The), 1859.
Pictures of Private Life, 1845.
Social Distinction, 1854.
Wives of England, 1843.
Women of England, 1838.
Ellwood (Thomas), born at Crowell, in Oxford-
shire, 1639-1713.
Autobiography, 1714.
Emerson (Ralph Waldo), born at Boston, 1803-
1879.
Conduct of Life (The), 1860.
English Traits, 1856.
Essays, 1844, 1847.
Literary Ethics, 1838.
Man the Reformer, 1841.
May-day, and other Poems, 1867.
Nature and Man thinking, 1837.
Poems, 1846.
Representative Men, 1849.
'vans (Marian), nom deplume "George Eliot,"
1820-1880.
Adam Bede, 1859.
Agatha, 1869.
Daniel Deronda, 1876.
Felix Holt, the Radical, 1866.
Impressions of Theophrastus Such, 1879.
Legend of Jubal, and other Poems, 1874.
Middlemarch, 1871-72.
Mill on the Floss, 1860.
Romola, 1863.
Scenes of Clerical Life, 1858, 1861.
Silas Marner, the Weaver of Raveloe, 1861.
Spanish Gypsy (The), a poem, 1868.
Essence of Christianity, by Feuerbach, 1853.
Life of Jesus, by Strauss, 1846.
Evelyn (John), born at Wotton, in Surrey,
1620-1706.
Diary and Correspondence, posthumous, 1818.
Everett (Edward), born at Dorchester, 1794-
1865.
Defence of Christianity (A), 1814.
Orations and Speeches, 1825-50.
Fairfax (Edward), of Yorkshire, *-1632.
Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered translated into
English verse, 1600.
Fairholt (Frederick William), London, 1814-
1866.
Dictionary of Terms of Art, 1854.
England under the House of Hanover, 1848.
History of Costume in England-, 1846.
Up the Nile, 1861.
Faraday (Michael), London, 1791-1867.
Experimental Researches in Electricity, 1839,
1844, 1855.
Farrar (Frederick William), born in Bombay,
1831-
Chapters on Language, 1865.
Eternal Hope, 1878.
Families of Speech, 1870.
Life of Christ (The), 1874.
ENGLISH AND AMEEICAN BIBLIOGKAPHY.
301
Life and Work of St. Paul, 1879.
Origin of Language, 1860.
Saintly Workers, 1878.
Seekers after God, 1869.
Silence and Voices of God (The), 1873.
Witness of History to Christ (The), 1871.
Fawcett (Henry), of Salisbury, 1833-1884.
Economic Position of the British Laborer
(The), 1867.
Free Trade and Protection, 1878.
Manual of Political Economy (A), 1863.
Pauperism, its Causes and Remedies, 1871.
Ferrier (Susan Edmonston), of Edinburgh,
1782-1854.
Destiny, or the Chiefs Daughter, 1831.
Inheritance (The), 1824.
Marriage, 1818.
Works, 1841.
Fielding (Henry), born near Glastonbury, in
Somersetshire, 1707-1754.
Amelia, 1752.
Jonathan Wild (The History of), 1754.
Joseph Andrews (The Adventures of), 1742.
Journey from this World to the Next, 1743.
Tom Jones (The History of), 1750.
Filmer (Sir Robert), *-1647.
Patriarcha, 1680.
Fleetwood (John), *-*.
Christian Dictionary, 1773.
Life of Christ, about 1770, but the editions
are numerous.
Flint (Austin), born at Petersham, Massachu-
setts, 1812-1886.
Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the
Heart, 1859.
Practice of Medicine (The), 1856.
Flint (Austin), born at . Northampton, Massa-
chusetts, 1836-
Physiology of Man, 1866-74.
Sources of Muscular Power, 1878.
Forbes (James David), of Edinburgh, 1809-
1868.
Norway and its Glaciers, 1853.
Theory of Glaciers (The), 1859.
Tour of Mont Blanc, 1855.
Travels in the Alps of Savoy, 1843.
Forster (John), born at Newcastle, 1812-1876.
Arrest of the Five Members by Charles I., 1860.
Biographical and Historical Essays, 1859.
Life of Charles Dickens, 1872-74.
Life of Sir John Eliot, .1864.
Life of Oliver Goldsmith, 1848.
Life of Walter Savage Landor, 1868.
Life of Jonathan Swift, 1876.
Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England,
1831-34.
Foxe (John),, born at Boston, in Lincolnshire,
1517-1587.
Acts and Monuments (the Book of Martyrs),
part i., 1554 ; Complete Edition, 1563.
Franklin (Benjamin), born at Boston, 1706-
1790.
Poor Richard's Almanac, 1732-57.
Way to Wealth (The), 1795.
Works, 1836-40.
Franklin (Sir John), born at Spilsby, in Lin-
colnshire, 1786-1847.
Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the
Polar Sea, 1823.
Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Polar
Sea, 1828.
Freeman (Edward Augustus), born at Har-
borne, in Staffordshire, 1823-
Ancient Greece and Mediaeval Italy, 1858.
Architecture of Llandaff Cathedral, 1851.
Cathedral Church of Wells (The), 1870.
Church Restoration, 1846.
Comparative Politics, 1873.
Disestablishment and Disendowment, 1874.
Essay of Window Tracery, 1850.
General Sketch of European History, 1872.
Growth of the English Constitution, 1872.
Historical and Architectural Studies, 1876.
Historical Essays, 1872-73.
Historical Geography of Europe, 1881.
History and Antiquities of St. David, 1860.
History and Conquests of the Saracens, 1856.
History of Architecture, 1849.
History of Federal Government, 1863.
History of the Norman Conquest, 1867-76.
Old English History for Children, 1869.
Ottoman Power in Europe (The), 1877.
Unity of History (The). 1872.
Froude (James Anthony), born at Dartington,
in Devonshire, 1818-1894.
English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
(The), 1871-74.
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey
to the Death of Queen Elizabeth, 1856-70.
Life of Bunyan, 1880.
Life of Julius Csesar, 1876.
Lives of the English Saints, 1844.
Nemesis of Faith (The), 1848.
Shadows of the Clouds, 1847.
Short Studies on Great Subjects, 1867, 1872,
1877.
Fuller (Thomas), born at Aldwinkle, in North-
amptonshire, 1608-1661.
History of the Worthies of England (The),
1662.
Fullerton (Lady), Georgiana, 1814-1885.
Constance Sherwood, 1865.
IV
302
APPENDIX I.
Ellen Middleton, 1844.
Grantley Manor, 1846.
. Lady Bird, 1852.
La Comtesse de Bonneval, 1857.
Laurentia, 1861.
Life of Father Henry Young, 1874.
Life of Louisa de Carvajal, 1873.
Life of St. Prances of Rome, 1857.
Mrs. Gerald's Niece, 1869.
Rose Leblanc, 1860.
Stormy Life (A), 1867.
Too Strange not to be True (a novel), 1864.
Will and a Way (A), a novel, 1881.
Garrick (David) born at Hereford, 1716-1779.
Clandestine Marriage, 1796.
Guardian (The), 1759.
Irish Widow (The), 1757.
Lethe, 1743.
Lying Valet, 1740.
Miss in her Teens, 1747.
With about 30 other dramatic pieces, most of
them adaptations.
His Works were compiled and published
1785-1798.
Gascoigne (George), 1530-1577.
Complaynt of Philomene (The), 1576. '
Gaskell (Mrs.), born at Chelsea, 1810-1866.
Cranford, 1853.
Lizzie Leigh, 1857.
Mary Barton, 1848.
Moorland Cottage (The), 1850.
North and South, 1855.
Round the Sofa, 1859.
Ruth, 1853.
Sylvia's Lovers, 1860.
Wives and Daughters, 1866.
Life of Charlotte Bronte, 1857.
Gay (John), born at Barnstaple, in Devonshire.
1688-1732.
Ballads, 1725.
Beggar's Opera (The), 1727.
Black-eyed Susan, 1725.
Captives (The), 1724.
Dione.
Epistles, 1709-22.
Fables, 1727-38.
Fan (The), 1713.
Polly, 1729.
Rural Sports, 1711.
Shepherd's Week, 1714.
Three Hours after Marriage, 1715.
Trivia, 1712.
Wife of Bath (The), 1713.
Geikie (Archibald), Edinburgh, 1835-
Memoir of Sir Roderick I. Murchison, 1874.
Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland.
1863.
Life of Edward Forbes, 1861.
Sceneiy of Scotland, viewed in Connection
with its Physical Geography, 1865.
Story of a Boulder (The), 1858.
Student's Manual of Geology, 1871.
Gibbon (Charles).
A Heart's Problem, 1881.
Braes of Yarrow, 1881.
Dangerous Connections, 1873.
Dead Heart, 1874.
For Lack of Gold, 1875.
For the King, 1878.
In Honor Bound, 1877.
In Love and War, 1877.
In Pastures Green, 1880.
Queen of the Meadow, 1879.
Robin Gray, 1876.
What Will the World say? 1878.
Gibbon (Edward), born at Putney, in Surrey,
1737-1794.
Autobiography, 1799.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
1776-1788.
Gilbert (Sir Humphrey), of Devonshire, 1539-
1583.
Possibility of a North-west Passage, 1 576.
Gilbert (William Schwenck), London, 1836-
Bab Ballads (The).
Broken Hearts, 1876.
Charity, 1874.
Dulcamara, 1866.
H.M.S. Pinafore, 1873.
Ne'er-do-Weel (The), 1878.
On Bail,. 1877.
Palace of Truth, 1871.
Patience, 1881.
Pygmalion and Galatea, 1871.
Sweethearts, 1874.
Trial by Jury, 1875.
Wicked World (The), 1873.
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Chapter of Autobiography (A), 1868.
Church considered in relation with the State,
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Juventus Mundi, 1869.
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Vaticanism, 1875.
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Elegy on a Mad Dog, 1765.
Essays, 1758-65.
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Woman of the World (The), 1838.
Women as they are, 1830.
Her dramatic works : The Bond ; Lord Dacre
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King Erik, 1876.
Madrigals, Songs and Sonnets, 1870.
On Viol and Flute, 1873.
Unknown Lover (The), 1878.
Gower (John), 1327-1402.
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Grant (James), of Edinburgh, 1822-1887.
Adventures of an Aide-de-Camp, 1848.
Adventures of Rob Roy, 1863.
Arthur Blane, or the Hundred Cuirassiers,
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Bothwell, or the Days of Mary Queen of Scots,
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British Battles on Land and Sea, 1873.
British Heroes in Foreign Wars, 1873.
Captain of the Guard (The), 1862.
Cavaliers of Fortune (The), 1858.
Constable of France (The), 1866.
Dick Rodney, or the Adventures of an Eton
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Edinburgh Castle, 1850.
Fairer than a Fairy, 1874.
First Love and Last Love, 1868.
Frank Hilton, or the Queen's Own, 1855.
Girl he married (The), 1869. ,
Harry Ogilvie, or the Black Dragoon, 1856.
Highlanders in Belgium (The), 1847.
History of India, 1880-81.
Jack Manly, his Adventures, 1870.
Jane Seton, or the King's Advocate, 1853.
King's Own Borderers (The), 1865.
Lady Gwendonwyn, 1881.
Lady Wedderburn's Wish, 1870.
Laura Everingham, 1857.
Legends of the Black Watch, 1859.
Letty Hyde's Lovers, 1863.
Lucy Arden, 1859.
n
304
APPENDIX I.
Mary of Lorraine, 1860.
Memoirs of Kirkcaldy of Grange, 1849.
Memoirs of Morley Ashton, 1876.
Memoirs of Sir John Hepburn, etc., 1851.
Memoirs of the Marquis of Montrose, 1858.
Memorials of Edinburgh Castle, 1850.
Oliver Ellis, or the Fusiliers, 1861.
One of the Six Hundred, 1876.
Only an Ensign, 1871.
Phantom Regiment (The), 1856.
Philip Hollo, or the Scottish Musketeers, 1854.
Romance of War, or Highlanders in Spain,
. 1846.
Second to None, 1864.
Secret Despatch (The), 1868.
Shall I win her? 1874.
Six Years ago, 1877.
Yellow Frigate (The), 1855.
Under the Red Dragon, 1872.
Walter Fenton, or the Scottish Cavalier, 1850.
White Cockade, or Faith and Fortitude, 1867.
Gray (Asa), born at Paris, New York, 1810-
1888.
Botany of the United States, 1840.
Elements of Botany, 1836.
Flora of North America, begun 1838.
Manual of Botany for the Northern States,
1848.
Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain
Wilkes, 1854.
Gray (Thomas), London, 1716-1771.
Bard (The), 1757.
Elegy in a Country Churchyard, 1749.
Eton College, 1742.
Progress of Poesy, 1757.
Spring, 1751.
Greeley (Horace), born at Amherst, New Hamp-
shire, 1811-1872.
History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension,
etc., 1856.
Green (John Richard). *-*.
History of the English People, 1877-79.
Stray Studies from England and Italy, 1876.
Greene (George Washington), born in Rhode
Island, 1811-1883.
American Revolution (The), 1865.
Biographical Studies, 1860.
History and Geography of the Middle Ages,
1860.
Life of General Nathaniel Greene, 1867-68.
Greg (William Rathbone), of Manchester, 1809-
1881.
Creed of Christendom, 1851.
Enigmas of Life, 1872.
Griffin (Gerald), 1803-1840.
Collegians (The), 1828.
Gisipus, 1842.
HoUandtide, 1827.
Rivals (The), 1830.
Tales of the Five Senses, 1832.
Tales of the Muuster Festivals, 1827.
Tracy's Ambition, 1830.
Griswold, (Rufus Wilmot), New York, 1815-
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Curiosities of American Literature, 1851.
Female Poets of America, 1849.
Prose Writers of America (The), 1847.
Gross (Samuel D.), of Pennsylvania, 1805-
1884.
American Medical Biography, 1861.
Habberton (John), born at Brooklyn, 1842-
Canoeing in Kanuckia, 1878.
Helen's Babies, 1876.
Other People's Children, 1877.
Some Folks, 1877.
Hakluyt (Rev. Richard), of Herefordshire,
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Divers Voyages touching the Discoverie of
America . . . 1582.
Four Voyages to Florida, 1587.
Historic of the West Indies (in Latin), trans-
lated by Saunders, 1818.
Principal Navigations and Discoveries of the
English Nation, 1589 ; supplement com-
piled from his MSS., 1812.
Hale (Edward Everett), 1822-
Daily Bread, and other Stories, 1870.
Margaret Perceval in America, 1850.
Rosaiy (The), 1848.
Sketches of Christian History, 1850.
Hale (Sir Matthew), born at Alderley, in Glou-
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Analysis of the Law, 1739.
Contemplations, 1676.
Haliburton (Thomas Chandler), born at Wind-
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Attache (The), or Sam Slick in England,! 843-
1844.
English in America (The), 1851.
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Letter-bag of the Great Western, 1839.
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Old Judge (The), 1847.
Sam Slick, the Clockmaker, 1835, 1838-40.
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Hall (Captain Basil), born at Edinburgh,
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Fragments of Voyages and Travels, 1831-33.
Patchwork, or Travels in Stories, 1841.
Travels in North America, 1830.
Voyage of Discovery to the Western Coast of
Corea, etc., 1818.
Hall (Mrs. S. C.), born in Dublin, 1802-1881.
Buccaneers (The), 1832.
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Chronicles of a Schoolroom, 1830.
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Fight of Faith (The), 1868-69.
French Refugee (The), 1836.
Groves of Blarney, 1838.
Ireland, its Scenery, etc., 1840.
Lights and Shadows of Irish Character,
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Lucky Penny (The), 1864.
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Pilgrimages to English Shrines.
Playfellow (The), 1868.
Prince of the Fair Family, 1866.
Ronald's Reason, or the Little Cripple, 1865.
Sketches of Irish Character, 1828.
Stories of the Irish Peasantry, 1840.
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Uncle Horace, 1835.
Uncle Sam's Money-box.
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Halleck (Fitz-Greene), born at Guildford, 1795-
1867.
Poems, 1827, 1835.
Hamerton (Philip Gilbert), born at Laneside,
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Etchings and Etchers, 1868.
Harry Blount, 1875.
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Rome in 1849, 1849-50.
Round my House, 1876.
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Lectures on Metaphysics, 1859-1861.
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Military Hygiene, 1863.
Over Mental Work, etc., 1878.
Physics and Physiology of Sleep (The), 1870.
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Hannay (James), born at Dumfries, 1827-
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Hardy (Thomas), of Dorsetshire, 1840-
Laodicean (A), 1881.
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Hand of Ethelberta (The), 1876.
Pair of Blue Eyes (A), 1873.
Return of the Native, 1877.
Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872.
Hare (Augustus John Cuthbert), born at the
Villa Strozzi, in Rome, 1834-
Cities of Northern and Central Italy, 1875.
Days near Rome, 1874.
Epitaphs for Country Churchyards, 1856.
Memorials of a Quiet Life, 1872.
Walks in London, 1877.
Walks in Rome, 1870.
Wanderings in Spain, 1872.
Winter in Mentone (A), 1861.
Hare (Rev. Julius Charles), born at Hurstmon-
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Guesses at Truth, 1827.
Memoir of John Sterling, 1848.
Harrington (James), born at Upton, in North-
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Harrison (Frederic), London, 1831-
iv;
306
APPENDIX I.
Meaning of History (The), 1862.
Order and Progress, 1875.
Harte (Francis Bret), born at Albany, 1839
Condensed Novels, 1867.
East and West Poems, 1871.
Gabriel Conroy, 1879.
Heathen Chinee (The), 1869.
Heiress of Red Dog (An), 1879.
Jeff Briggs's Love Story," 1880.
Luck of Roaring Camp, and other Sketches,
1870.
Mrs. Skagg's Husbands, 1872.
Poems, 1870.
Poetical Works, 1871.
Story of a Mine, 1878.
Twins of Table Mountain, 1879.
Hatton (Joseph), born at Andover, in Hamp-
shire, 1839-
Against the Stream, 1866.
Bitter Sweets, 1865.
Christopher Kenriek, 1869.
Clyte, 1874.
Cruel London, 1878.
In the Lap of Fortune, 1872.
Queen of Bohemia (The), 1877-78.
Tallants of Barton (The), 1867.
Valley of Poppies (The), 1871.
Haweis (Rev. Hugh Reginald), born at Egham,
in Surrey, 1838-
Music and Morals, 1871.
Shakespeare and the Stage, 1878.
Hawks (Francis Lister), born at Newbern,
1798-1866.
Auricular Confession in the Protestant Church,
1850.
Commodore Perry's Expedition to the China
Sea and Japan, 1852-54.
Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of
the United States, 1836^0.
Egypt and its Monuments, 1849.
Hawthorne (Julian), born at Boston, Massa-
chusetts, 1846-
Bressant, 1873.
Garth, 1877.
Idolatry, 1874.
Mrs. Gainsborough's Diamonds, 1879.
Saxon Studies, 1875.
Sebastian Strome, 1880.
Septimus, 1871.
Hawthorne (Nathaniel), born at Salem, Massa-
chusetts, 1804-1864.
Blithedale Romance (The), 1852.
House of Seven Gables (The), 1851.
Life of President Pierce, 1852.
Mosses from an Old Manse, 1846.
Our Old Home, 1863.
Scarlet Letter (The), 1850.
Transformation, 1859.
Twice-told Tales, 1837.
Hayes (Isaac Israel), born in Chester County,
Penna., 1832-1881.
Arctic Boat Journey (An), 1860.
Cast away in the Cold, 1868.
Land of Desolation (The), k 187Q.
Open Polar Sea (The), 1862.
Hazlitt (William), born at Maidstone, 1778-
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Characteristics, 1823.
Characters of Shakespeare's Plays, 1817.
Conversations of James Northcote, 1830.
Dramatic Scorpion (The), 1818.
Essay on the Principles of Human Action,
1805.
Free Thoughts on Public Affairs, 1806.
Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the
Age of Elizabeth, 1821.
Lectures on the English Comic Writers, 1819.
Lectures on the English Poets, 1818.
Liber Amoris, or the New Pygmalion, 1823.
Life of Napoleon, 1828.
Life of Titian, 1830.
Memoirs of Holcroft, 1809.
Plain Speaker (The), etc., 1826.
Political Essays, with Sketches of Public
Characters, 1819.
Reply to Malthus, 1807.
Round Table (The), 1817.
Sketches of the Principal Picture Galleries of
England, 1824.
Spirit of the Age, 1825.
Table-Talk, 1821-22.
View of the English Stage (A), 1818.
Hazlitt (William Carew), 1834-
Bibliography of Old English Literature, 1867.
English Proverbs and Provincial Phrases,
1869.
History of the Venetian Republic, 1860.
Memoirs of W. Hazlitt, 1867.
Popular Antiquities of Great Britian, 1870.
Hecker (Rev. Isaac Thomas), of New York,
1819-1888.
Aspirations of Nature, 1857.
Catholicity in the United States, 1859.
Questions of the Soul, 1855.
Hedge (Rev. Frederick Henry), born in Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, 1805-
Prose Writers of Germany, 1848.
Helps (Sir Arthur), 1817-1875.
Brevia, or Short Essays and Aphorisms,
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Casimir Maremma, 1870.
Catherine Douglas, 1843.
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY.
307
Claims of Labor, 1845.
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Conquerors of the New World, 1848.
Conversations on War, etc., 1871.
Essays, 1841.
Friends in Council, 1847-49; second series,
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History of the Spanish Conquests of America,
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Ivan de Biron, 1874.
King Henry II., 1843.
Life of Cortez, 1871.
Life of Pizarro, 1869.
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Oulita, the Serf, 1858.
Realmah, 1869.
Social Pressure, 1874.
Spanish Conq 
