Chaucer's pronunciation and the spelling of the Ellesmere ms

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El^LiBS/VlERE M3, by D^ G^"
. ^^eiUpl the }u n iorProf essor of

, English In ^he V^i^iuersity of Mich'ff^"
Published by 0 t H^iah &'c '' aft/S'Som
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& iO KJauist^ckSt Cp^enj:(iaraen London.

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the Angws"P<"^ss
. ^DCCCXCIII

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

FROM THE LIBRARY
OF

ELI SOBEL

"^y 4t" \ y^^ ^^

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2008 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/chaucerspronunciOOhemp

CHAUCER'S

PRONUNCIATION

AND THE SPELLING OF THE

ELLESMERE MS

BY

GEORGE HEMPL PhD

PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

gov oxtt of olbc fclbpa aa ^ucxi eeijtli

©ontftlj ai tlji* nctue corn front xjere to ycrc

3ln& ottt of olbc boUca in o*J«'^ f^Htli

(Hcnxetlj al tl)ta ncwc acimtcc tljat ntsn Icre

Paiicmciit of Fowles

BOSTON
D C HEATH & CO

1893

copYRiGnr
S" ® ©crttl; & (So

ANN ARBOR MICHIGAN

PEEFACE.

There are various ways of reading Chaucer. Not a few
attempt to read the works of the Middle-English poet as
though they were written in the speech of to-day, and suc-
ceed in getting a disjointed jargon that is neither poetry nor
prose. Others pronounce the vowels approximately as in
German, and, slipping in or leaving out enough e's to give a
passable rhythm, revel in the glamour of a bogus antiquity.
Still others, and they mostly foreigners, strive, with more or
less success, to attain a scientific reproduction of the speech
of the poet. It is my pleasant duty each year to introduce
a hundred odd students to the study of Chaucer; and, niucli
as I despise the naive and the capricious methods of reading
the poet's works, I shrink from imposing a minute study of
Middle-English phonology upon a class of undergraduate
students, lest at the end of the brief time allotted the sub-
ject they find they have the shell but not the kernel.

Still, in these matters one is largely limited by the books in
the market. The Prolog and The Kniglifs Talc doubtless
form the most acceptable pieces for undergraduate students,
though the Talc does get rather long before it ends; and
the Morris-Skeat edition, in spite of its weaknesses, is the
best text with a glossary. But the student is there referred to
Skeat's edition of another poem for a treatment of the sub-
ject of pronunciation, and this is found to be based ujjon
the idiosyncrasies of an inferior MS and to require the
gentle correction of Prof. Skeat. I use the Morris-Skeat

3

4 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

book, but I have found that the introduction to the subject
is made at a much more rapid pace and in a far more satis-
factory manner by the aid of the marked texts in Sweet's
Second Middle-English Primer. Sweet's excellent treatment
of the pronunciation offers, however, unnecessary difficulties
to non-philological students; while the choppy and inade-
quate presentation of the subject in Skeat's echo* of
Sweet's Primer is quite unsatisfactory. I have therefore
tried to meet the needs of my students in this little book,
and shall use along with it Sweet's Primer, to be followed
by the Morris-Skeat book.

My aim at first was to print but half a dozen pages; as it is,
I have not put in anything that I do not try to have my young
people master. Others may find it advisable to omit or
postpone some sections. Still others may deem it necessary
to neglect some of the distinctions 1 have made: to sound tj
like e or even ay like ey, and to pronounce the vvords in
§ 'ii'ii '■> ^"^^ perhaps even those containing eu and ii as in
M"E. Surely the failure to prolong double consonants (§ 39)
need not be considered a serious matter in the case of the
ordinary student. But I should think it folly to ignore the
difference between q and o, which has its counterpart in
M°E. The section treating of the Relation of ME Vowels
to M"E Vowels is meant to be of practical use in acquiring
the right pronunciation of the ME vowels, especially when
the student uses an unmarked text.

I have taken pains to cite instances of nearly every word
mentioned, if possible, in the Prolog or The Knighfs Tale.
The spelling is, with rare exceptions, that of the Ellesmere
MS; the numbers refer to the lines in the Six-Text Edition,
which for the Prolog accord with the numbering in Sweet
and Skeat, and for TIte Knighfs Tale will be found in brack-
ets in Skeat's edition.

* School Edition of Cliaucer's Prologue, Oxford, 1891.

PREFACE. 5

I have stuck closely to the matter of spelling and pronun-
ciation; but, should my treatment of the subject prove to be
of use to others, I hope to find time to prepare an Introduc-
tion to the Study of Chaucer that will aim to meet the wants

of American students.

George Hempl.
Ann Arbor, October 1, 1893.

CONTENTS.

§1. Terms, AbI)reviations, Signs, (S:c.

^2. General Remarks on ME Spelling, &c.

a) The Values of the Spelling ou ow.

b) " " " " " u.

c) The Use of y and o for i and u.

d) " " " y for initial i.

e) " " " y and w for i and u.

f) " " " V and u.

g) " " " I, J, andi.

h) The Differentiation of ^ Q and S 0.

i) The Pronunciation of g and j in French words.

k) " " " ch.

I) Nasal vowels.
§ 3. The Pronunciation of the Vowels.
§3. a, a; ai or ay; au or aw.
§4. e, e, ei, ei or ey, q\, ie, ye; q; qu, d.
§ 5. i or y, T or y.

§6. o, u, ou, Ou or uw, ou; q; oi or oy.
§7. u or w, o; ou or ow = u.
§ 8. ii, u or ui = u.
§9. Imperfect Rimes, &C.
§ 10. The Quantity of Vowels.

I) Lengthening in Open Syllables.

Note I. The High Vowels not Lengthened.

7

8 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

Note 2. a) Words with Open and Closed Syllables.

b) Monosyllables of this kind.

c) Words ending in 1, n, r, y.

d) Similar Shortening of Long Vowels.
2) Shortening of Vowel before More Consonants.

§ I I. The Relation of ME Vowels to MnE Vowels.

§12. General Changes.

§ 13. Short V'owels.

§ 14. Long Vowels.

!^ 15. Diphthongs.

§ 16. Specific Changes.

§17. Shortening in Closed Syllables.
§ 18. Slurred Forms and Full Forms.
§ 19. Effect of R on Preceding Vowels.
§20. Effect of L and JV on Neighboring Vowels.
§ 21. Dialectic and other Variants.
§ 22. The Loss of Vowels.
§ 23. Loss of Weak e.

i) When Adjoining Syllables Contain Weak e.

2) After an Unstressed Syllable.

3) In Words Having Little Stress.

4) Finally after Short High Vowels.

5) Finally in French Words in Stressed -ye, &c.

6) In the Ending -en.

7) Medially.

8) For Metrical Reasons.

9) Before a Word Beginning with a Vowel.
§ 24. Other Cases of Loss of Vowel.

i) In the Words: the, ne, to, &c.

2) In the Words: is, it, See.

3) Between Similar Consonants, &c.
§ 25. The Pronunciation of the Consonants.

§ 26. c.
§ 27. ch.

CONTENTS.

§28. g.

§ 29. gh.

§30. j-

§ 31- h.

§32. Consonantal i and u.

§ 33. The Fricatives, f, s, th.
i) In Ordinary Words.
2) In Words often Unstressed,

Note I. The Rune )>, and ''ye" = the.
Note 2. M°E -ther for ME -der.

§34, sh.

§35- r.
§36. wh.

§37- z-
§ 38. Silent Letters.
§ 39, Double Consonants.

TERMS, ABBKKVIATIONS, SIGNS, S:e.

§1. i) A voiced, consonant is one made while the vocal
chords are vibrating: h, /, w^g, &c.

A voiceless consonant is one made while the glottis is wide
open and the vocal chords silent: /, ^in so, t,f, &c.

A 7ci/iispered consonant is one made while the vocal chords
are contracted but not put into vibration, like M° E is, his,
with, of, &c. at the end of a sentence, cf. %2)Z^ '^ ■

If the tongue is pressed forward during the formation of a
vowel, it is called a front vo'ivel: e, i or y, ii; if drawn back,
a back vowel: a, o, Q, u.

A vowel is said to be low, mid, or high, according as the
tongue is lowered a good deal, but moderately, or very little:
i, ii, and u are high vowels; ^ and Q are low vowels; the rest
are mid vowels. ^ and Q are also called open vowels when
compared with the close mid vowels e and 0.

2) OE Old English (= "Anglo-Saxon").
ME Middle English.
M" E Modern English.

The transition from OE to ME was in the i2th Century,
that from ME to M" E in the 15th century.
OF Old French.
MD F Modern French.
E Ms The Ellesmere manuscript.
C The Complaint to Pity.

FA The Former Age.
P The Pardoner's Tale.

11

12 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

All other references are to the Prolog or The Knighfs
Tale, the numbers being those of the lines in the Six-Text
Edition (also given in Sweet and Skeat).

3) Letters in italics are almost invariably phonetic signs;
the following may need explanation:
y the sound of sh in she.

t/'^

( <

< (

ch

' church.

0 i(
0

( I

i I

S

" pleasure.

dj''

It

1 <

J

and g in joy, gin

(B "

( (

i i

a

in

hat.

a "

( i

< (

a

in

artistic.

a "

t i

( i

a

< (

art.

au''

e e

< (

ow in «^ze/.

at ''

( c

( <

ai

in

aisle.

u "

ii

< i

u

in

full.

w *'

((

< <

u

in

rude.

iu "

(<

<(

u

in

use.

e "

((

it

e

in

met.

« "

<(

tt

e

in

there.

p "

(<

tt

a

in

idea, §4 Note

-^ "

a

1 1

e

in

her.

V "

ii

tt

u

in

hut.

:> "

11

( I

0

in

wJiat.

0. "

ic

I c

0

in

or.

For e or ei and o or ou cf. § 14 Note i, also p. 17 ft. nt. and
p. 18 ft. nt. For the ME letters with diacritical marks see
§§3-8,28,1.

> is a sign meaning "becomes" or "became."

GENERAL REMARKS ON ME. SPELLING, &c.

§ 2. In considering the spelling and pronunciation of
Middle English we must remember that the language con-
tained French elements incorporated with the native English;
that the English of that time was in some respects like Old
English and in others more like Modern English, while the
French elements had come into the language from Old
French and consequently were more like that than like Mod-
ern French; and, furthermore, that in Middle-English times
the Old-French system of spelling was in vogue in England.
Old French was, of course, derived from Latin, but essential
changes had taken place in the pronunciation, and students
who have learned Latin according to the Roman method of
pronunciation will have to be very careful not to introduce
this into Middle English. On the other hand, those that
are familiar with Modern French pronunciation must guard
against using this in Middle English.

{a) Thus the OE word Qt was pronounced just the same
in ME as in OE, but as the sound of long u (M" E "oo" in
"spool") was represented by "ou" in French, the word was
spelled "out" in ME, which spelling has been retained in M'lE
though the long u has become the diphthong au. While
ow was often used for ou (§ 2 <?), the sound was just the
same. But there was a diphthong in native words which too
was spelled ou or ow; this may be distinguished from the
long vowel by the fact that while the vowel has now become
au (thou, how), the diphthong ou or ow is still pronounced

13

14 CHAUCER'S PRONTTNCIATTON.

with an 0 or Q sound (though 68, sowed 685, thoughte 385).
Dr Sweet's text also helps the learner by leaving the long
vowel ou unmarked (thou) and jjrinting the diphthong with
an o before gh (thogh) and with a diacritical mark over or
under the o in other situations (growen, sgule).

NoTic. {(i) lii'forc i,^1i, (1) t lie vowel u is idmost uiii rurinly
written ou (ynou^'li <S88) 4^:57; and {'i) u is written o (drof^iite
3) iJTiind J52c; but (3) the dipiithong ou iswrittRU not only ou
(thouichte ."{So), but frecpieutly o (o<^hte 6(i()), and tiiis spi^lliiij;-
is uniformly employed by Sweet to avoid confusion witii (!)
al)ove; ^(i o. (b) Before n the u of ou = li is often omitted
(s(;son 10, nacions o.'i), or indicated only by a mark over the
n (rt^soiT Condi eiofi ;{?).

(/)) The letter u (initially v, § 2 f) was, in accordance with
French usage, often retained for short //, especially in closed
syllables: ful 22, but 74, vnto 71, lusty (cf. however^ below);
but it was also used for the sound of "u" in French "just",
"nature," &c., and is printed by Sweet ii (in imitation of Ger-
man it) when short, il (il would have been better) when long,
and 11 when it had acquired the sound of eu, § 4 N\

(r) As i (vvliich was generally not dotted) and u might
easily cause confusion when written next other letters made
of similar short straight lines (for ex., n, m, w, u = v), the
French usage of writing o for u and y for i in such (and some
other) situations was adopted (Sweet prints such an o with
a curl above it, o, to suggest a u) : yonge sonne 7, worthy 43,
loued 45, somtyme 65, bismotered 76, observe louyere 80
but lusty in the same line; also coraji-es it, coppe 134, cosyn
1234, s6per34S; veyne 3, nyght 10, nyne 24, wyde 28, tyme 35,
but usually, "w^" (=with) 31, "in" 6. Similarly, I is some-
times used for i next nn: Inne 1618, w*' Inne 'within' 1669.
(d) The letter y was also used for i initially (i) as a capi-
tal in proper names: ypocras 431, ypres 448, ypolita 1685,
and (2) in participles: yronne 8, ywroght 196, ybore 378. (e)
The letters y and w were often used for i and u, especially

GENERAL REMARKS ON ME. SPELLING, .tc. 15

finally and next other vowels: ^uery 3, melodye 9, day 19,
felaweshipe 26, yow 38, vnknovve 126, trowe 155; also next
n, m, w, u = V, &c.: veyne 3, Lyeys 58, slayn 63, knyght
43, wyped 133, ferthyng 134, pleyynge 1061, lyuen 335; and
elsewhere: bawdryk 116, tretys 152.

(/) The letter v was used initially for v and the vowel u:
veyne 3, verray 338, venerie 166, Venus 1918, vertrt 4, vil-
eynye 70, victorie 872, vnder 106, vs 411, vnto 225, vpon
1036, &c.; while u was used medially for both sounds:
Query 3, deuout 22, deuyse 34, hane 35, reuerence 305,
lyuen 335, &c. Medial v is rare in the E Ms: fiventure 25,
QverychQn 31, avarice 246, envjned 342, &c. Cf. note to
k below, (yg) The letter I was used not only as a capital
i: I 34, It 155, &c., (cf. also c end); but also for the con-
sonant j, both small and capital: liilifin 34, luste 96, lerusa-
l^m 463, langlere 560, lalous 1329, Ifipes 705, &c. J and i
for j are rare in the E Ms: Juno 1329, iaped 1729.

Note. — The fact that j occurred only initially and that

initial v was in fact much more frccjucntly a consonant than

a vowel (see the examples above) led to their coniiiiele ditfer-

entiation ('"v" and "j" consonants, "u" and "i"' vowels);

this ditferentiation is also made by Sweet in his Second

Mi(Mh-E}i(iUsh Primer and generally by Skeat.

(//) To distinguish the open long e and o from the close,

it is customary to print the former (j and o and the latter e

and 0. It will, thus, be observed that not only a straight

mark above a vowel, but also a hook under it, indicates a

long vowel, but the hook also shows that the vowel is open.

If, as is often the case, a long vowel is doubled in the Ms,

there is no need of a long mark over it: degree 40, to doon

78; but the hook is necessary if the vowel is open: brtj^th 5,

gQQn 12. In the MSS and an unmarked text like Skeat's,

both o and 00 may stand for o or q, the doubling showing

only that the vowel is long, and being only occasionally used.

(/) In OF "g" was pronounced dj before front vowels (e,

i6 CHAUCER'S PIKWUNCIATION.

i or y), and this pronunciation was taken up into ME and is
still retained; the learner must not be misled into using in
ME the changed pronunciation of M"F. The letter j had
the same pronunciation. (/-) Similarly, "ch" had in OF, as
well as in ME and M"E, the sound of //, and lost the / only
in M"F. M"E has more or less generally changed the pro-
nunciation of a few of these words under the influence of
M"F usage, for ex., chivalry; but the student of ME must
take particular pains to preserve ch as in English chip. (/)
He must also avoid bringing into ME the French nasal vow-
els for vowel -f- n or m; the most successful ME attempt at im-
itating what there was of this in OF seems to have been the
au for nasal a in straunge 13, acordaunt 37, Alisaundre 51,
daunce 96, dx.

THE PKONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS.

§3. a was as in artistic: Whan that Aprille i.
a was as in art: bathed 3, smale 9.
ai or ay was as in aisle: day 19, c5mpaignye 24.
au or aw was as in sauerkraut: straunge 13, lawe 309.

§4. e was as in men: yet 70, twenty 82.

Note 1. Unstressed e was pronounced as in German, or
nearly like final a in M" E (for ex., in idea) but weaker:
soote 1, perced 2, engendred 4. The sound is printed d in
books on phonetics. It was. in fact, so weak already in ME
times that it g'enerally became quite silent in certain situ-
ations, cf. i^"3:l.

e was as in ///n'*: swGte 5, slepen.

Note 2. — So too e, C, or <; preceded or followed by i or y
(ie*, ye, 5i, ey, ^i, &c.): chief 1057, they IS, curteisle 4(5.
But ie often = i -f a, or i., when final in French words, § 18,5; it
= i + e in science 31(5, pacient 415, &c.; and consonantal % -(-
a in other cases, cf. ^^5 27.
^ was as in there: br^ijth 5, w^^ren ^sed 29.

* Really P, ie, or yi! were the lonj;-. close e-vowel, whilr ei, Gi, Qi
were diphthongs ending in i. In M^ E all are pronounced as a diph-
thong ( most distinctly so in southern England, about Philadelphia,
&c.) or all are pronounc(-(l a puree-vowel (so in Scotland and the larger
part of the U. S., at least when not over-long, § 14 Note 1); and it is
hardly practicable to make general students distinguish the vowel
from the diphthong in reading ME.

2 17

1 8 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

Note 3. — This sound occurs only before r in M" E and will
require attention in other positions in ME. It is practically
the sound of "e" in met prolonged. Cf. §2/1. The poet
sometimes rimes it with P, cf. §0.
ei, ey, &c., Note 2.

Su or ^u = <? -f- ^> now common for a -\- u a.s a. dialectic
pronunciation of "ow" in c(77if &c.: r5ule 173, f5we 639,
sh(jwe C 55.

Note 4. — Care must be taken not to substitute iu or u for
this sound, as in M^E. It is most readily acquired by put-
ting one's self in the mood of mocking one who uses the
dialectic pronunciation mentioned above; the standard aw in
cow is not the sound.

Note 5. — The same sound is to be given to u (also written
eu, and printed u by Sweet, %2 b) in an open syllable in
French words: vertu 4, vertuous 251, letiiaries 420, Ih^sii
689.

§5.1 or y was as in pin: Aprille with hise i.

I or y was as in tnachitu: inspired 6, I 20, my 21.

Note. — Skeat generally prints y for the long vowel and i
for the short, except in diphthongs.

For ie, &c., cf. § 4, Note 2. For unstressed i or y before
a vowel cf. § 37.

§6. o was as in the New England dialectic pronunciation of
boat, road, stone, &c., or like 5 in German, French, &c. ,
not like M^E "short o": of 2, holt 6, croppes 7.
For o(gh) cf. 0; for 6 cf, ^ 7.
0 was as in ;/<?*: another 66, tO doon 78. So too o
or ou before gh (§ 2 « Note), and 0 or q with following u
or w*: though 68, dQugh, cough, trough, noght 768, and

* Really 5 was the long close o-vowel; while o(u) before gh and Ou
and Qu were diphthongs ending in u. MnE has the long o-vowel or
the diphthong for both (cf. § 14, Note 1), and it is hardly practicable
to try to distinguish the ME vowel from the diphthong in ordinary
classes.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS. 19

verbs like foughten 62, thoughte 385, oghte 660, (a)boght
wroght 3099; iQwely 99, sOwed 685.

Q was as in broad: spQken ^verychQn 31, mo sqq 102.
Cf. § 2 h.

oi or oy was as in boy: point 114, coy 119.
<5u, Qw, &c., cf. 0. For ou = long u, cf. below.
§7. u or w, also 5 (§ 2 c^, was as in put: ful 22, duseyne 578,
yelw, y5nge s6nne 7, drQghte 2, dSghty, but cf. \ 2a Note.
For li cf, J; 4, Note 5.

ouorow was as in soup: houndes 146, sownynge 275,
Plowman 529; before gh (§ 2 a Note) in ynough 888, Plough
887, bough 1980, swough 1979, slough, tough.
For Ou Qr cf. ^ G 5.

§8. ii was as in German piuUcr*, or short French "u":
briistles 556, liistice 314, siister 1820.

u or ui was as in German grittt*, or long French "u":
natflre 11, entuned 123, cilrious 196, iQian 340,

y = i, § 5-

Note. — It may be well to point out the chief difticulties
that the student will meet in pronouncing the ME vowels:
(a) Short 0 may be to him a new and difficult sound (§6),
and he will have to remember that Sweet's symbol 6 = short
u and not short 0 (§7). The vowel U, too, is often found dif-
ficult to master (§ 8 and ft. nt.). (b) After learning the values
of the ME vowels, he will still be prone to admit certain
M^E modifications, for ex., to round the vowel a next 1 or w
{t^20), and to sound e, i, and u, before r as in M^E (§19 6).
(c) He will want to sound eu as to-day, or substitute au (as
in cow;) for ew (g4 N* and Preface p. 4). (d) After learning
the correct pronunciation of long a, e, i, he will be apt to use
it for short a, e, i, though thus departing from both ME and

* Ger. oriitt and ^UtUcv are like Eng. green and miller, but the lips
are nearly closed— or "rounded" — during the formation of the vowel.

CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

M"E usage, (e) He will be apt to confound ai ay with ei
ey (§15 N and Preface p. 4), and o with o (§6, 2h, and Pre-
face p. 4). (/) One is most apt l,o be careless with un-
stressed syllables, for example, to say tu do for to do.

IMPEKFJ^XT RIMES, &c.

§ 9. Chaucer was a careful rimer but allowed himself cer-
tain liberties.

1) The open sounds occasionally rimed with the close,
and the spelling was usually changed to suit: yeer soper 347,
weel def^l 367, l^ne ysene &c. 591, 660, twQ du 1039"^, mq
to 2725, anon ydOn 1025, S^e be 60, speche t^che 307, dog-
gere sp^re 113. Similarly, ai and ei are occasionally rimed,
and ai had doubtless begun to approach ei in popular pro-
nunciation (the spelling generally rimes too): way (for wey)
day i4i'3, 1481, &c., agayn playn (for pleyn) 1092, pleyn
ageyn (for agayn) 1488, but agayn slayn 1741. And there
are other impure rimes: al sendal 440, wel catel 540, moneye
tw5ye 703, fynde Inde P. 75. Different consonants are rarely
joined in rime: sSuith SignificSuit 662.

2) The pronunciation, and usually the orthography, of
foreign names was fearlessly twisted to make it rime with
native words or suit the metre: thus, usually Palamoun 1070,
1341, &c., but often Palamgn 1014, 21 18, &c.; Emely^e 871,
but EmeTya 1078; A^th5n(e)s 873, Athe'n(e)s 1194, A^thgnes
973; Perothe'us 1202, but P(e)r0^theus 1205 'Pirithous'.

3) Diversity of usage in pronunciation was put to use for
the same purpose: usually y^ue 223, but in rime yiue 225,

* "Two" must still have had q : iu the Knight's Tale "two" rimes
with o not more than twice (1039 and perhaps 1705) but with q at
least 13 times. Thus 1039 and (?) 1705 are impure rimes like dO SQ
1195, doon ^chqn, anQn, gQQn 2C55, 1025, 2675, 2963, tO mq 2725.

21

22 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

505; usually koude 130, but in rime kouthe 390; usually
grQue 1478, 1481, 1505, (!s:c., in rime gr^ue 1495, '5°7> "S:c.;
there being a dearth of rimes for "live", "grove", &c. Reg-
ularly ngnes but ncjnys to rime with non is 523.

THE QUANTITY OF VOWELS.

§ lo. The quantity of the OE vowels remained the same
in ME except that —

i) Vowels in stressed open* syllables became long: mil-
ken 9, Qpen lo, hare 191, m^te 127, sp^ke 462.

Note 1. — The high vowels i and u (§1) generally remain
short: c5me 23, w6ne s6ne 335, pp. write 161 (the infinitive
had original I, 96) riden 48, c6men 671, prikyng 191, 16uede
444, lyue 583. As final -e in these cases was silent (§23,4),
the i, u, was in a closed syllable.

Note 2. — (a) Often the inflection or use of a word presents
some open* and some closed syllables and consequently both
long and short vowels: smSle 9, smal 153. (6) If the closed
syllable constitutes a monosyllable, it sometimes prevails,
that is, the vowel remains short throughout and the
following consonant is doubled before another vowel: god
1665, goddess 1800, goddesse 1904. (c) If the closed syl-
lable is in a word of more than one syllable (particularly
words ending in 1, n, r, and i or y), the closed syllable or the
open prevails according as the one or the other happened to
be most in use in each particular case; usually it was the
closed syllable that prevailed: many QQn 317 but, with con-
sonantal y, many a 60, 212, &c., so bisy a 321, bisier 322,
studie 303, 438, berye merye 208, bod^yes 942, 944, but
body^es 997. But the open syllable and long vowel prevailed
in Qpen 10, ^vene 83, &c. (d) Occasional!}' a long vowel is
shortened under the same circumstances: crIst 698, but
cristen 55.

* A syllable that ends in a vowel is called an Opeji Syllable; one
that ends in a consonant, a Closed Syllable. A single consonant be-
longs to the following syllable. Open syllables: tO the roo-te (but the
and -te are unstressed); closed syllables: of March hath per-ced.

23

24 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

2) A long vowel in a closed* syllable usually became short
if another consonant was added: wys 68, but wysdom 865,
cltjne i_:;3, but dense 631; still mental association could
nullify this rule: citjnnesse 506.

*cr. It. III. p. -jn.

RELATION OF ME. A OWELS TO M"E. VOWELS.

§11. English has always shown a greater tendency to
change the sound of its vowels than to change that of its con-
sonants; consequently the pronunciation of the ME vowels
differs more than that of ME consonants does from M"E

GENERAL CHANGES.

§12. The general changes that have taken place in the
pronunciation of English vowels since ME times may be
briefly stated as follows. Observe that the ME spelling is
often retained in M°E.

Short Yowels.
§ 13. a > ce: man 43, bigan 44.

e remains e: yet 70; wente 78.
/ " / : in 19, riden 48.

u > v. Caunterbilry 27, silbtilly 610.
u usually > v. Vnder 105, l5ued 45, ffustiJln 75;
but often remains u between a labial consonant and 1: ful 22
wolf 513.

o > y or a: on 21, of 54, for 13, God 533.

Long Vowels.

§ 14. iX > (■ or c/ (spelled "a"): bathed 3, pale 205.

(^ & ^ > /or />• (spelled "e", "ee", or "ea"): m6
^ch 39, slSues 93.

i > a/ (spelled "i" or "y"): riden 45, thy 1283.
il (printed n by Sweet when not written ui or uy) >

tu or mw : Itlce 350, suyte 2873.

25

26 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

tl (spelled on or ow) > air. out 45, oure 62, gowne 93,
how 284.

o (§ 2h end) > ir. bootes 203, to do 942.

^ (§ 2h end) > o or ou: Qpen 10, SQ 11, shQQn 198.

Note 1 — In other words, there is little chanp:e in the short
vowels, while all the long vowels have changed and tend to
become diphthongs, especially in England, the long vowels
(particularly I and u, not so generally 5 and 0) still being
common in Scotland and the United States. Cf. p. 17 ft.
nt., p. 18 ft. nt.

Note 2. — Observe particularly that ME 0 > MnE n
(though still spelled "o" or "00"), and ME (^ > MnE o
(spelled "oa" or "o-e"). The word q or Qn 'one' and all its
derivatives have the vowel q, though their M^E equivalents
show various irregularities: q 304, qqn 317, uQQn 210, anQn
32, allQne 1633, QQnly 1373.

Diphthong-s.

§15 «;/ and ei > e or ei: mayde 69, gay 74, grSye 152,
deyntee 168, seint 173.

<?/ remains oi: point 114, oystre 182.

au > q,: ytaught 127, sauce 129, drawe 396.

eu (or il) and ii > iti or itnu: newe, i76,rSule 173, Mti-
we 349, vertnous 515, statnre 83, Jtllian 340.

oil > 0 or ou: though 68, bQwe 108, grOwe 156,

Note. — Observe that ai and ei, though now pronounced
alike, were distinguished in ME; in fact, we now sometimes
write "ai" or "ay" for "ei": feith 02, seint 173, streit 174.
Observe also that ME au was a phonetic spelling, as in Latin
and German, and had not yet gotten the vowel sound it has
in MnE.

For e, 0, iu, or ei, on, iuio, see §14 Note 1.

SPECIFIC CHANGES.

§ 16. There are many less general changes, that is, such
as effect only a number of the words containing a certain
vowel; but it would be out of place here to point out more
than three or four of the most important.

RELATION OF ME. VOWELS TO U^E. VOWELS. 27

§ 17. Vowels in closed* syllables (and, by analogy, in re-
lated open ones), are sometimes shortened, particularly be-
fore dentals, that is, consonants made with the tip of the
tongue (d, t, th, n): br^^d d^^d 147, st^de 231, r^^de 90, hood
103, wood good 183, blood 635; br^^th 5, d^^th but h^^th
605, seith 178, seyde 219, dooth 171; hQQte 97, leet 128;
MOnthe 92, wjnd 170, after r in fr^^nd 299 but not f^^nd;
heeld 176; book 185, look 289, took 303. Observe the
shortening of 0 before -ther: another 66, brother 529; and
of Q before -ng: iQnge 93, strqng 239.

§ 18. Lack of stress gives rise to slurred forms by the side
of the full ones: my 21 now strong »mi and weak mi or ma;
sometimes one (often the weak) form prevails: been 85, strong
din in England, weak din in America: sayde 70, generally
weak sed; you 34, the strong ju > jau in early M°E as thou
> thau §14, but weak you C 108 (=y«/;) supplanted strong
jau, and when it was stressed it got a long vowel ju (now
often ill), that is, "the very pronunciation the ME strong form
had; in koude 94 the weak u has prevailed; observe weak
have with ce, but stressed behave with ?; any and many now
have e but stressed manifold has the regular ce.

Note. — If a syllable that was or might be stressed in ME
is now unstressed, its vowel is not what would be expected
by §§ 13-15, but usually the obscure vowel a: licour 3, men-
cioun 893, fr5dOm 4G, SquIGr 97, licenciSt 220, visage 109.

§ 19. The sound r has always much affected preceding
vowels; the chief cases are: —

(rt) Before r and another consonant, e > a, later a (cf. b
below): sterue 1144, darknesse 1451, hertely 762, ferther 36,
ferthyng 255, sterres 268, yerde smerte 268, Dertemouthe
389, werre 47, see 2 and {e).

*Cf. ft. nt. p. 33.

28 RELATION OF ME. VOWELS TO M"E, VOWELS.

Note. — In most classical words the e was retained or re-
stored, and later (according to b bf^low) changed to 5: seruod
187, certe\-n 375, mercy, 950, sennvnts 101. But evfii in
these cases the rule (e > a) prevailed among the uneducated;
and in a few usage varies, so Sergeant 3C9, Clerk 285, &c.,
while we distinguish between "parson" (person '178) and "per-
son" (persQne 521).

(d). Before r (but see note above) —

a > a: Arm 393, barre 1075, and those in (a).

at, ei (and sometimes ^) > (^r faire 94, preyeres 231,

tli<jr 34, er 255.

c, i, II, il > i : serued 187 (cf. note above), first 44, cur-

teisle 46, purchas 256, worthy 47, world 176, Silrgerye 413.

Note. — But if there is no consonant other than y before a
following vowel, the a regularly (§ 13) becomes oe: carie 130,
mariSge 212: and e remains e: berye merye 207.

[c) Observe the abnormal M»E vowel after r in brggd
^55- gr^^t 203.

§ 20. A following / and a preceding w have in many cases
rounded the vowel a ox a \o j ox <?: smale 9, al 10, yfalle 25,
palfrey 207, was 43, what 40, werre 47 [e had become a by
(a) above), so were 555. Be very careful not to introduce
this pronunciation into ME.

§ 21. The standard form of to-day is not always the regu-
lar descendant of the form usual in Chaucer, but has been
changed for some special cause or is a dialectic variant; hence
the form shown by the modern word is not what would be
expected by §§ 13-15: g^te 291, snewed 345, trOuthe 46,
embrQuded 89, bar 105, gretteste 120, lenger 330, heng 160,
y^ue 223 (Chaucer uses yiue for a rime 225).

THE LOSS OF VOWELS.

§ 22. An unstressed vowel may be lost, particularly if next
another vowel or a weaklv stressed s viable. This is most apt
to happen to the unstressed vowel that is i)roduced with least
displacement of the tongue, namely .;, written e in ME as in
German, of. § 4 Note i.

Note. — Words that only occasionally lose final e, retain it.
at the end of a verse; the student vi'ill need to exercise special
caution in this matter.

Loss of Weak E.

§23. Unstressed e is generally silent under the following
circumstances: —

i) When two adjoining syllables contain weak e, one e
only is sounded: loaed(e) i66, semecKe) 39, bismot(e)red or
-er(e)d 76, feth(e)res 107, fyng[e]res 129, neufe)re or
neuer(e) 70, \vedded[e] 868 (cf. ten Brink top p. 140; th^r
has evidently been lost before the "the").

2) After an unstressed syllable that may bear the stress:
pilgrim(e)s 26, ma'ner[e] 71 but mane^re 140. (In bod'yes
942, 944, &c., i or y is consonantal and not syllabic, cf.
§ 32.) Similarly after secondary stress: shirreu(e) 359.

3) In words that ordinarily have little stress, for ex., pre-
positions, possessives, demonstratives, auxiliary verbs, &c. :
befor(e), th^r(e), h^r(e), his(e) i, our(e) 34, hir(e) 139, and
the other possessives, swich(e) (unless adjective plural) and
which(e) (unless adjective plural or after "'the") 40, 57S, and

2D

30 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

s6m{e) and this(e) 701, 2570; regularly w^r(e) 23, n^rfe) 875,
often liau(e) 35, <SS6, hadd(e) 64, 146 (but hadde 164, Sec),
koud(e) 130 (but koude 95).

4) When final in words having a short high vowel (i, u) fol-
lowed by a single consonant: son(e), w6n(e) 1040, often
l5u(e), and the past participles driu(e), writ(e), c5m(e) 77,
Ike. (but also driiien, comen 671, &c.); usually sounded in
infinitive c5me, yiue for yiuen, &c.

5) Usually in French words ending in stressed -ye, -aye,
-eye, &c.: vileynj(e) 70, curteisl(e) 132, remedi(e)s 475, but
fantasye FA 51, and probably not at the end of a verse: mel-
odye 9, scOleye 302, iVc. For unstressed -ye cf. § 27.

6) In the ending -en after a vowel or 1 or r: yshorn 589,
bgrn 87, woln, han, leyn, slayn 63, &c.

7) Occasionally medially: usually sGraely 123, 136, occa-
sionally seem(e)ly 751 and always seemliest, usually nathe-
Itj^s 35, 2472, and trewely 761, 1268, &c., but trgw(e)ly 481,
&c., also lyu(e)ree 363, sou(e)reyn 67, nam(e)ly 1268. The
medial <? is always silent in for(e}ward 829, eu(e)ry 3, 6, 15,
&c., and usually in ^u(e)rich 241.

8) Occasionally in other cases, where the metre requires
its silence, especially before a weak syllable followed by a
heavily stressed one: lou(e)d for l5ued(e) before weak pro-
nouns 206, 334, &c., bel6u(e)d and 215, l5u(e)st my 1581,
fall(e)th nat 1669, ngbUe) ensample 496, delyu(e)r(e) and 84,
pgpKe h)is apes 706, Qu(e)r al th^r 249, 547, ^u(e)r (h)g kan
588, 622; also gown(e) 93, tjm(e) 102, &c.

9) Before a word beginning with a vowel (a silent h is, of
course, not counted), final e is elided: see the examples in
lines 382-3, also morw{e) a 334, Aristotl(e) and 295, festn(e
h)is 195, ordr(e h)e 214, 220, Alisaundr(e h6) 51 (in tendre
herte 150 and the like, the h is stressed and not silent, and
the -e is therefore not elided), fith(e)l(e) or 296, ^u(e)r(e h)is
335» 343» &c.

THE LOSS OF VOWELS. 31

(a) The -e of ne 'not' (for ne 'neither' see § 24) was always
elided: N(e) I n(e) axe 2239, nys 901, I nam 1122, n(e h)ath
923, and with lost w: n^re 875, nas, n(e w)6lde 550. (^)
The -e of 'the' was almost always elided: th(e) Usage no,
thilke 182, thencr^fjs 275, &c.; the -e of the 'thee' occasion-
ally, cf. § 24.

Other Cases of Loss of VoweL

§ 24. i) Occasionally the final vowel of a weakly stressed
monosyllable was elided before another (especially an un-
stressed) vowel: m(e) awr^ke C 11, t((5) abyden 927, t(5
h)ave 2239. The S of ne 'neither' is usually retained: n6 of
estaat ne age 2592; but it may be elided.

2) The i of weak "is" was frequently dropped, especially
after "that" and "this", as in M^E: that (i)s 180, thi(s i)s
1091, pouerte (i)s C 35. Similarly, it = I it 829.

3) A weak vowel is apt to fall out, especially if preceded
and followed by the same consonant: in (a)nOther 1401,
th(e) thrQte 2458; par(i)sshe 491 (but parisshe 494), pos(i)-
tif 1167, the Latin Si(g)n(i)ficauit 662, usually ben(e)d(i)-
citee 2115 (but benedicite 1785), always Ier(u)sal^m 463.
Observe Caun^terb(ll)ry 16, 22, with silent ii and stress as in
present British English, but Caun''terbirry 27 with ii and
American stress.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS.

§25. In general the consonants were pronounced in ME
as in M"E; it will be most necessary to observe the follow-
ing points in learning ME pronunciation.

c.

§ 26. As in M° E, c was back (or gutteral), = k, before
consonants and back vowels (a, o, q u): crulle 81, acordaunt
37, caas 585, curteisie 132; and front (or palatal), = s'^ , be-
fore front vowels (e, i or y) : space puce 36, Prtlce 53, cer-
tainly 235, Maunciple 567. For ci -f vowel, see § 32 Note.
So sc before a front vowel (probably also in sclendre 587)
was sounded s: science 316, conscience 142, cf. § 32 Note.

ch.

§ 27. Old-English c before old front vowels had also be-
come palatal and was sounded tf (similarly Latin c in some
cases); as this sound was written "ch" in French (chiualrie
45, Chapeleyne 164), it was also written ch in native E^nglish
words: ^verycliQn 31, whiche 40, swich 43. Double ch was
written cch: recchel^^s 179, wrecche 931.

ME cli must npvt-r bo. pronounced/, oi' like Eiii,^lish sh, as is dono
in M"F, cf. §2 k; nor like k.

*This s-sound of c occurs only in I'^i-fnch words; Latin c befon^
front vowels became palatal, tliis became i.s (as still in German) and
this became s (as in French and English).

32

THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 33

g-

§ 28. 1) ME, like M°E, g was regularly front (or pala-
tal), that is,=^tfj, as in gin, when before a front vowel
(e, i or y) in a word from the French: gentil 72, gypoun 75,
Age 82, barge 410, habergeoun 76 (in which the e is silent);
also in some native words; sengen, egge, FA 19, &c. This g
Sweet prints with a dot above it, to suggest j.

2) Elsewhere g was back (or guttural), like g in go —
French: glQrie 870, gCuernyng 599; English: God 533, gQQn
450, Syngynge 91, gesse 82, bigynne 428, gr^ce 135, drOgges
426, legges 591, daggere 392. The g from older gu in a few
French words is also guttural: gise 663, gy(d)e 1950, gyle
2596; also in ger- from gr-: gerner 593, Gernade 56.

Note 1. — Thus g was not yet silent in long, sing, &c., but
pronounced just as it still is in longer, finger, itc: y6nge 7,
iQngen 12, syngynge 01.

Note 2. — The g of gn was already silr'iit: digne 141, signe
226, cumpaignye 24. In a few cases the g has been restored
in MnE through classical influence: cUgidty from ME digni-
tee.

gh.

§29. ME gh was a back (or guttural) sound after back
vowels (a, o, u): ytaught 127, ynogh 373, thoughte 385; and
a front (or palatal) sound before front vowels I'e, i or y):
knyght 72, wight 280, heigh (or high) 1065. The sounds
and their use are just the same as those of German ^^r in
^uclj and in iclj. They may be heard and learned by whis-
pering koo and kee and dwelling on the sound following
the k.

Note 1. — ME gh is usually dropped belwcen vowels, a
preceding i or u being then Avritten y or w (§ 2 e): heigh 31G,
plural and adverb hye 2463, 271 (whence, by analog.y, singular
hy 306), hyer 399; ynogh 373, pi. ynowe; compare German
i)oci}, but ijoi)e and kjoljev M'ith silent i).

34 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

Note 2. — In M^E gh has become silent (igh becoming I and
and then ai: nyplit 10) or f: ynogh 373.

J-
§30. Latin j had in OF become dj , which sound it has
retained in English in words derived from the French (avoid
the M°F' sound j): Inlian 340, lolitee 680, Lipes 705. For
the spelling see § 2 g.

h.

§ 31. H was sounded as it is to-day. It was silent: —

i) In some words from the French-Latin: hostelrye 23,

honour 46, honeste 246; but sounded in French words from

Celtic, &c.: harneised 114.

2) After t in foreign words (cf. §333); also in Ih^sa 698,
lohn P106.

3) As to-day in unaffected speech, in unstressed words not
beginning a clause: he 45, 51, his(e) i, 5, 8, hym 102, hem
31, hath 18, hadde 64; and in cases like shuld(e)r (h)an-
gynge 2163, cf. the cases in § 32.

Note. — Silent h has been restored in MnE pronunciation
in Bome words, for ex., humble, humor, &c.

Consonantal i and u.
§ 32. i) Before unstressed e, unstressed i, or y, is usually
unsyllabic, u occasionally so — English: berye merye 207, bis-
ier 322, l5uyere 80, tarien 2820, ladyes 898, 991, 999, but la-
dy'es 996; Wylu(gh) Elm 2420, yel(o)w as 675; French:
Apothecaries 425, myscarie 513; perpetuelly 1024, and with
elided -e (§23): glQri(e) and 870, 917, victQri(e) and 872,
916, victQri(e) of 1235, solitari(e hje 1472, contrari(e) of
1667, 3057, studi(e h)e 1530, lili(e) vpon 1036, in: Yif me
the vic'tQrie I as'ke thee namQQre 2420, -ie I = conso-
nantal y; statti(e) of 2265, 975. In hostelrye 23, curteisie
46, &c., the i is stressed; in conscience 526, pacient 415,
&c., the e is often stressed.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 35

2) Before other vowels, i or y is most commonly syllabic,
the following vowel being capable of stress: nacions 53, cor-
dial 443, Religioun 477; still, specially 15, glgrious 1955,
with consonantal i.

Note — Avoid giving to i in this situation the modern
sound of for g: specially 15, cordial 443.

f, s, th.

§ 33. i) The fricatives f, s and th were voiceless (as in o^,
so, thick,^: hymself 219, ful semeely 123, inspired 6, QQth
120, thynketh 37, br^^th 5; and so in compounds, &c.: bifel
19, yfalle 25; — except between two vowels or a vowel and a
voiced consonant, and then they were voiced (as in of, rose,
the) and f was usually written u: so u in hymseluen 184,
siluer 115, s in rjse 33, qsed 29, th in bathed 3, oother 113,
w5rthy 43.

2) Fricatives are now voiced in unstressed syllables and
words. Such forms as quod 1224 and bid^ne, for queth and
bl the ^ne, show us that this voicing had begun in late ME;
but the d as clearly shows that the voiced fricative was not
yet used in stressed forms (London Academy, April 25, 1891).
We are therefore justified in assuming that when unstressed
(that is, in suffixes and in weak forms of such words as his 8,
47, as 49, 69, was 32, 68, is 229, with 79, 81, of 2, 82, than
42, 98, th^r 34, 43, this 36, 64, that 41, 45, the 2, 44 and
nathel^^s 35), fricatives were voiced (or at least whispered,
§ i), but were voiceless when stressed, and so in monosyl-
lables in rime (his 55, 73, as 20, 34, 89, was 47, 51, is 4, 69,
with I, 5, 31, of 2676, though 68, th^rtO 48, that i, 36, 43,
the 38, they 59, 81). This distinction between voiced "with"
{with all') and voiceless "with" {with' them) is still made
by many Americans. The voicing of unstressed wh- prob-
ably began later.

36 CHAUCER'S PRONUNCIATION.

3) Foreign th had the sound of / (as it still has in thyme,
Thomas, and the familiar Art[h), Lut[h), T[}i)om, for Ar-
thur &:c.) and had not yet succumbed to the influence of the
more frequent native fricative spelled th : Apothecaries 425,
Scithia 867, Athenes 873, Thgbes 939; at times it was spelled t:
Cartage 404, Trace 1638, trQne 2529.

NOTK 1. — The old ]' for th in native words is rai't* in the
E MS: j't = that 08, 146, pe = the 171, &c. This form of
"the" was in lime corrupted in writing to something like
"ye" and later so printed — but never so pi-onounced!

Note 2. — Many words with -ther in MnE, had -der in ME:
fflder 100, hider G72. thider 1263, gadrede vs tOgidre 'gath-
ered us together ' 824.

sh.

§ 34. The sound of f was spelled sh or sch, sh in the E
MS. For double sh cf. § 39 end.

r.

§ 35. R was probably distinctly trilled with the tip of the
tongue, finally as well as elsewhere.

wh.

§ 36. Wh was distinguished from w, as is still done in the
larger part of America: whistlynge wynd 170. Cf. § 33,3 end.

z.

§37. Z was pronounced as in Mi^E, but was rarely used:
Zephirus 5, duszeyne 578.

Silent Letters.

§ 38. The k of kn- and the 1 of -Ik, &c., did not become
silent until long after ME times; and the w of wr was still
sounded, either separately or as a rounding, or labialization,
of the following r (as is now done by many speakers in
sounding initial r): knyght 43, knjues 233, folk 12, Palmeres

THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS. 37

13, shOlde 249, wolde 255, but could (koude t^o) had not
yet assumed 1 by analogy to these.

Double Consonants.

§ 39. Double consonants were really double, that is, they
were held, or prolonged, not repeated; in M"E we pronounce
such consonants as though single: croppes s5nne 7, yr5nne
8. In some French words double consonants were sounded
single: Assise 3 14, excellence 31 1, office 292. Double k was
usually written kk, not ck: nekke 238, lokkes 677. Double
palatal g was written gg and not yet dg: abreg-ge allegge
2999. Double ch was written cch and not yet tch, cf. below,
ff was one way of writing capital F: fful 47, 52, fflaundres
86, &:c. Digraphs usually double only the first letter: cch,
ssh: wrecche 931, 1106, fresshe 90, flessh 147, Asshen 1302.
Sh is always doubled medially and finally; but perhaps this
was still a phonetic spelling for j' +/• When final, double
consonants were usually written single: al 10, alle 26. But
englissh 265, &c., as above.

CORRIGENDA.

p. 12, below, read 'a in what\ not 'o in what'.
p. 14, Note, line 2, read § 7, not § 37.
P- i5» (<?). li»e 3, read iQliun 340.
p. 17, §4, line 2, read 'slepen 10'.

N-, line 3, read § 23, not § iS.
line 5, read § ^2 , not § 27.
p, 18, § 5, line 2, read inspired.

Note, last line, read § 32, not § 27.
p. 19, § 7, last line, read qu, not gr.

§8, line 4, read lulian.
p. 20, line 2, read § 2 //, not ^h.

last word should be 'do', not 'do'.
p. 21, § 9, 2, line 2, read 'them', not 'it'.
p. 25, line before last, read //, not ?V.

p. 26, Note I, line 3, read 'the long vowels ? and u (not so
generally e and c>) still,'

§ 15, line 5, cross out 'and //'.

line 6, cross out 'statue 83, Julian 340.
p. 30, 5 end, read § 32, not § 27.

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