Acanthisittidae
Accipitridae
Accipitrinae
Aegithalidae
Aegothelidae
Alaudidae
Alcedinidae
Alcidae
Anatidae
Anatinae
Anhimidae
Anhinginae
Anseranatinae
Anserinae
Apodidae
Apterygidae
Aramidae
Ardeidae
Ardeinae
Artamidae
Atrichornithidae
Balaenicipitidae
Bombycillidae
Potaurinae
Bee ere hinge
Bucconidae
Bucerotidae
Buphaginae
Burhinidae
Callaeidae
Campephagidae
Capitonidae
Caprimulgidae
Cardinalinae
Carduelinae
Car iamidae
Casuariidae
Catamblyrhynchinae
Cathartidae
Certhiidae
Charadriidae
Chionididae
Ciconiidae
Cinclidae
Climacteridae
Coliidae
Columbidae
Conopophagidae
Coraciidae
Corvidae
Cotingidae
Cracidae
Cracticidae
Cuculidae
Cyclarhinae
Daphoenosittinae
Dendrocolaptidae
Dendrocygninae
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Diomedeidae
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Gruidae
Haematopodidae
Heliornithidae
Hemiprocnidae
Hirundinidae
Hydrobatidae
Icteridae
Indicatoridae
Irenidae
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Laniidae
Laridae
Leptosomatidae
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Meliphagidae
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Merginae
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Mesoenatidae
Mimidae
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Motacillidae
Musophagidae
Nectarinidae
Neodrepanidinae
Numididae
Nyctibiidae
Nycticoracinae
Opisthocomidae
Oriolidae
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Otidae
Oxyruncidae
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Pachycephalinae
Pandioninae
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Paradisaeidae
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CHECK-LIST
OF
BIRDS OF THE WORLD
VOLUME I
SECOND EDITION
re a
CHECK-LIST
OF
BIRDS OF THE WORLD
VOLUME I
SECOND EDITION
Revision of the Work of James L. Peters
Edited by
ERNST MAYR
and
G. WILLIAM COTTRELL
CAMBRIDGE - MASSACHUSETTS
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
1979
COPYRIGHT 1979
BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE
INTRODUCTION
Nearly fifty years have passed since the publication of the
first edition of this volume. In these years many changes
have taken place in the concepts of taxonomy, so that the
work was already obsolete when it went out of stock some
twenty years ago, pioneering as it had been when published
in 1931. A thorough revision was evidently necessary, a task
exceeding the competence of any single author. The editors
therefore invited various specialists to accept authorship of
the manuscript of the orders involved, and this invitation
was accepted by nearly all those asked. World ornithology
is deeply indebted to these authors for their willingness to
participate in this cooperative project, at the cost to themselves
of a great deal of time and effort.
This new edition of Volume I follows essentially the style
of recent volumes of the Check-list in accepting large genera
and in making the species the principal unit. Similarly,
references to the literature have been expanded, and geo-
graphical ranges given in more detail. Citations and references
have been given in rather fuller form, in the interest of
intelligibility. References to type locality have been standard-
ized, except when exact quotation seemed called for.
With regard to taxonomic sequence, it seems likely that
we are on the verge of a significant breakthrough in our
understanding of the interrelationship of the major groups
of birds. The analysis of amino acid replacements in macromo-
lecules permits a precise reconstruction of the sequence of
branching points for the major taxa. This method has already
demonstrated conclusively that the Anseriformes are a side
branch of the galliform birds (Jolles et al., 1976, Journ.
Molecular Evolution, 8, pp. 59-78), and, predictably, during
the next twenty years will permit a complete reconstruction
of avian phylogeny. When all (or at least most) of this
information is in hand, ornithologists will wish to adopt a
new sequence of the avian orders and, presumably, a change
in ranking of many higher taxa. In the present revision we
vi CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
have adopted only those changes that are clearly dictated by
the new evidence. This includes treating the Sphenisciformes
as derived from the Procellariiformes (both not too far from
the Gaviiformes), and reversing the sequence of Anseriformes
and Falconiformes, in order to bring the Anseriformes closer
to the Galliformes (first order in Volume II of the Check-list)
and the Falconiformes closer to the Ciconiiformes.
Decisions concerning classification have been the responsi-
bility of the authors of the various sections. Some authors,
for instance, have preferred broader genera than others.
Authors may also differ in their views as to the most primitive
species and genera in a family. The editors felt that they
had no right to interfere with the judgment of the authors,
but they urged in correspondence the following of similar
standards from one group to another. In cases of radical
departure from previous classifications, each user of the
Check-list will have to determine for himself whether to follow
the new presentation or one of the more traditional arrange-
ments.
The sequence of families and genera within the orders has
again been determined by the authors of the sections. The
sequence offered by Peters in 1931 was frequently highly
unnatural (nowhere more so than in the Anseriformes), and
the adoption of a sequence seeking to represent common descent
was a strong desideratum. The classification and sequence
here proposed constitute, of course, only a progress report,
and further studies, particularly biochemical ones, will almost
certainly result in further modifications.
Valid names of the first edition but now synonymized have
regularly been listed as synonyms under the appropriate name.
Synonyms correctly listed in the first edition have been omitted;
incorrectly listed synonyms have been placed in the correct
synonymy.
Fossil orders and families appearing in the first edition
have not been included, but the principle there established
of considering as fossil any taxon “not known from at least
a fragment of the skin and feathers” has been adhered to.
A comparison of the number of genera and species, by orders,
between the two editions shows the following:
INTRODUCTION vil
Genera Species
1931 1978 1931 1978
Struthioniformes 6 6 14 11
Tinamiformes 9 9 51 47
Procellariiformes 24 23 107 99
Sphenisciformes 6 6 7 15
Gaviiformes i 1 4 4
Podicipediformes 5 6 18 20
Pelecaniformes 9 Ff 59 oD
Ciconiiformes 65 36 118 109
Phoenicopteriformes 3 3 6 5
Falconiformes 89 5 289 282
Anseriformes 64 46 170 152
281 218 853 799
These figures, however, do not fully reveal the extent of
taxonomic activity in the last forty-eight years. This is better
indicated by the following tabulation:
Number of species recognized by
Peters 853
Number of these species since re-
duced to subspecies or synonyms 101
152
Number of species described since
1930 13
Taxa listed by Peters as subspecies
or synonyms but now considered
full species 34
Taxa considered species in this edi-
tion 799
Most of these changes concern the Procellariiformes and the
Falconiformes.
As with recently published volumes of this work, the changes
in names of countries and geographical features have caused
considerable difficulty. When a colony of a European nation
becomes independent, it is natural that it should wish to acquire
an independent name, such as Tanzania, Zambia, or Zaire;
vill CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
such names of sovereign states are adopted herein. With regard
to other changes, it has been impossible to achieve consistency.
The change, for example, from Celebes, with its numerous
celebensis species and subspecies, to Sulawesi has not been
observed. There will be inevitable variation in the degree to
which universally known names are replaced—or paralleled—
by new ones.
It should be borne in mind that, in referring to information
contained in this volume, citation should be to the authors
of the various sections, not to the editors. Author names appear
in the heading of each order, or in some instances family.
Several ornithologists have generously given of their time
and knowledge to serve as readers of one or more sections
of the manuscript; their names appear in footnotes at the
beginning of the sections. The editors are deeply grateful to
them, as they are to Helen Phillips for expert editorial
assistance.
ERNST Mayr
1 March 1978 G. WILLIAM COTTRELL
CONTENTS
OW ASSPAN ES Rony tage ee ae a eens ue ee ly cue ees
SUBCUASS INEORNIMHES:, 3.34 os ee s 4 Um os @ ee
ORDER STRUTHIONIFORMES, by Ernst Mayr ......
SUBORDER STRUTHIONES .............000.4
Family Struthionidae, Ostriches ........
Genus Struthio Linnaeus ........
SUBORDER INHEAE ato, os uci obec. oon @ So es
Family Rheidae, Rheas ..............
Genus Rhea Brisson ...........
Pterocnemia Gray ........
SUBORDER CASUARI <2). Sig-00g. «sos ae ao ae
Family Casuariidae, Cassowaries ........
Genus Casuarius Brisson ........
Family Dromaiidae, Emus ............
Genus Dromaius Vieillot ........
SUBORDERZAPTERVGHS es. o>% @-saaee te pie oe eS oes
Family Apterygidae, Kiwis............
Genus Apteryx Shaw ..........
ORDER TINAMIFORMES, by Emmet R. Blake ......
Family Tinamidae, Tinamous ..........
Genus Tinamus Hermann........
Nothocercus Bonaparte .....
Crypturellus Brabourne and
CRUD SEE er ee
Rhynchotus Spix .........
Nothoprocta Sclater and Salvin
Nothura Wagler .........
Taoniscus Gloger.........
Eudromia Geoffroy
Sdin-Hilaire 23. 4. .6 4
Tinamotis Vigors.........
ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES, by Christian Jouanin and
Jean-Louis Mougin ...............
Family Diomedeidae, Albatrosses ........
Genus Diomedea Linnaeus .......
OONINN DATO W WH WW WwW Ww
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Family Procellariidae, Fulmars, Petrels, and
Shearwaters
Genus
Genus
Genus
‘oie; ia Gee 6, fe) fe> we ere Se) Je se, fe ie: | je) ve:
Macronectes Richmond .....
Fulmarus Stephens .......
Thalassoica Reichenbach ....
Daption Stephens.........
Pagodroma Bonaparte......
Pterodroma Bonaparte .....
Halobaena Bonaparte ......
Pachyptila Illiger ........
Bulweria Bonaparte .......
Procellaria Linnaeus ......
Calonectris Mathews and
reGQle® 9.8 Besos tia
Puffinus Brisson 22-2 34. 22:
Family Hydrobatidae, Storm Petrels
Oceanites Keyserling and
BIGSIUS A. 225282 oen hoe
Garrodia Forbes .........
Pelagodroma Reichenbach
Fregetta Bonaparte ......
Nesofregetta Mathews ....
Hydrobates Bole ........
Halocyptena Cowes.......
Oceanodroma Reichenbach .. .
Family Pelecanoididae, Diving Petrels
ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES, by Robert A. Falla and
Jean-Louis Mougin
Family Spheniscidae, Penguins
Aptenodytes Miller ......
Pygoscelis Wagler .......
Eudyptes Vieillot........
Genus
Genus
Megadyptes Milne-Edwards
Eudyptula Bonaparte .....
Spheniscus Brisson ......
ORDER GAVIIFORMES, by Robert W. Storer ......
Family Gaviidae, Loons
Pelecanoides Lacépede ....
Gavia Forster ..........
CONTENTS
ORDER PoDICIPEDIFORMES, by Robert W. Storer .
Family Podicipedidae, Grebes ..........
Genus Rollandia Bonaparte.......
Tachybaptus Reichenbach
Podilymbus Lesson ........
Poliocephalus Selby .......
Podiceps Latham .........
Aechmophorus Coues ......
ORDER PELECANIFORMES, by Jean Dorst and
Jean-Louis Mougin ...............
SUBORDER PHAETHONTES.........-------
Family Phaethontidae, Tropicbirds .......
Genus Phaethon Linnaeus .......
SUBORDER PRURGCANI 4 ¥ cc & coy 4-2 oo hs & ee ae
Family Fregatidae, Frigatebirds ........
Genus Fregata Lacépede ........
Family Phalacrocoracidae ............
Subfamily Phalacrocoracinae,
CORMOrants.*s 24 32616) ee so eee
Genus Phalacrocorax Brisson......
Subfamily Anhinginae, Darters........
Genus Anhinga Brisson .........
Family Sulidae, Gannets and Boobies .....
Genus Sula Brisson ...........
Family Pelecanidae, Pelicans ..........
Genus Pelecanus Linnaeus .......
ORDER CICONIIFORMES ..........2.02+0008-
DURORDER ARDEAE eis st- 2. one sc Ute ct ce teemetn ena
Family Ardeidae, by Robert B. Payne .....
Subfamily Ardeinae, Day Herons.......
Genus Syrigma Ridgway ........
Pilherodius Bonaparte .....
Ardea Linnaeus .........
Egretta Forster ..........
Aradeolay Bole eke s): fe ee
Agamia Reichenbach .....
Subfamily Nycticoracinae, Night Herons
Tribe Nycticoracini.; <2. 4.2) 2 2s =
Genus Nyctanassa Stejneger ......
Xll CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Nycticorax Forster ........ 228
Tribe Cochleariini .............. 232
Genus Cochlearius Brisson ....... 232
Subfamily Tigrisomatinae, Tiger Herons .. 234
Genus Tigrisoma Swainson ....... 234
Zonerodius Salvadori ...... 236
Tigriornis Sharpe ........ 236
Subfamily Botaurinae, Bitterns........ 236
Wmbe Zebritini 2... sien eas ees a 236
Genus Zebrilus Bonaparte ....... 236
TribevBotaurin’ 23 4 6.1. 6 sees tee on aha 237
Genus Ixobrychus Billberg ....... 237
Botaurus Stephens ........ 242
SUBORDER SCOP cau, a, 4 m6 wg ose Sin oy whales 244
Family Scopidae, Hammerheads, by M. Philip
Wal 3 2 os hav Os ee ae ae ee eee 244
Genus Scopus Brisson .......... 244
SUBORDER CICONIAE: 440. 24.4 6% 3%.- n.2 Seco oe 245
Family Ciconiidae, Storks, by M. Philip
WGN & a GP Ba aire es Gs ee 245
Tribe Mycterim) 4-24. 4.2 25.aoes ete 245
Genus Mycteria Linnaeus........ 245
Anastomus Bonnaterre ..... 246
rIbPe\C1CONHI: h.vs.cc ue, ae noe, en eee 247
Genus Ciconia Brisson.......... 247
TribesLeptoptilint <2 4. 2\a 4% 2: ctor 250
Genus’ Ephippiorhynchus Bonaparte 250
JabirdvHellmayr. waar. oe 25
Leptoptilos Lesson ........ 251
Family Balaenicipitidae, Shoebills, by M.
ehthipy Kalil e930, 3-48 cee cs, See ee ee 252
Genus Balaeniceps Gould ......... 252
Family Threskiornithidae, by Joachim Stein-
DaCHe Re ties ce ceis (ogee a ee 253
Subfamily Threskiornithinae, Ibises ..... 254
Genus Eudocimus Wagler........ 254
Phimosus. Wagler .25. sae 255
Plégadis:Kaups.2 as 256
Cercibis Wagler” =. 4.1) sia 258
CONTENTS
Theristicus Wagler .......
Mesembrinibis Peters ......
Bostrychia Reichenbach .....
Lophotibis Reichenbach .....
Threskiornis Gray ........
Geronticus Wagler........
Pseudibis Hodgson ........
Nipponia Reichenbach ......
Subfamily Plataleinae, Spoonbills ......
Genus
Platalea Linnaeus ........
ORDER PHOENICOPTERIFORMES, by M. Philip Kahl
Family Phoenicopteridae, Flamingos ......
Genus
Phoenicopterus Linnaeus ....
Phoeniconaias Gray .......
Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte .. .
ORDER FALCONIFORMES, by Erwin Stresemann and
DeansAmadon ... .. 2 ..445 24's <= Baste ere
DUBORDER CATHARTAR -.'tcc <. o0 2. eee eae aoe
Family Cathartidae, American Vultures... .
Genus
Coragyps Geoffroy
QU FIULGIVE | re ae oe
Cathartes Jlliger .........
Gymnogyps Lesson........
Vultur Linnaeus 2
Sarcoramphus Dumeril .... .
SUBORDER ACCIPITRES ..... .s 1.4554 oe so 5
Family Accipitridae’.|.— 2... 25.6. 4s 2...
Subfamily Pandioninae, Ospreys
Genus
Pandion Savigny .........
Subfamily Accipitrinae, Hawks and Eagles
Genus
Aviceda Swainson ........
Leptodon Sundevall .......
Chondrohierax Lesson ......
Henicopernis Gray ........
Pernis Cuvier ...........
Elanoides Vieillot ........
Machaerhamphus Westerman
Gampsonyx Vigors........
Elanus Savigny..........
X1V CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Chelictinia Lesson ........ 292
Rostrhamus Lesson ....... 293
Harpagus Vigors......... 294
IctumiatVierllot. 2. ee oe 295
Lophoictinia Kaup........ 295
Hamirostra Brown ........ 296
Milvus Lacépede ......... 296
Haliastur Selby .......... 298
Haliaeetus Savigny ....... 299
Ichthyophaga Lesson ...... 302
Gypohierax Rippell ....... 303
Gypaetus Storr .......... 303
Neophron Savigny ........ 304
Necrosyrtes Gloger........ 304
Gyps Savigny..... 24... .. 305
Aegypius Savigny ........ 307
Circaetus Vieillot ........ 309
Terathopius Lesson ....... 311
SpilormissG7 Gy Us 4 225-seo ee 311
Dryotriorchis Shelley ...... 315
Eutriorchis Sharpe........ 315
Polyboroides Smith ....... 316
Circus Lacépede ......... 316
Melierax Gray .......... Spall
Accipiter Brisson ......... 323
Urotriorchis Sharpe ....... 349
Butastur Hodgson ........ 349
Kaupifalco Bonaparte ...... 350
Geranospiza Kaup ........ 351
Leucopternis Kaup ....... 352
Asturina (Vierllot< hare se aa 355
Buteogallus Lesson ....... 356
Parabuteo Ridgway ....... 358
Busarellus Lesson ........ 359
Geranoaetus Kaup........ 359
Harpyhaliaetus Lafresnaye... 360
Buteo Lacépede.......... 361
Morphnus Dumont ........ 376
Harpia Vierllot 3.24... o a. 376
CONTENTS
Harpyopsis Salvadori .....
Pithecophaga Ogilvie-Grant
Ictinaetus Blyth ........
Aquila- Brisson ca56 2. 3 se:
Hieraaetus Kaup........
Sprzastur Gray 2s) ee
Lophaetus Kaup ........
Spizaetus Vieillot .......
Stephanoaetus Sclater.....
Oroaetus Ridgway .......
Polemaetus Heine .......
SUBORDER SAGIITARM | 424 2] = a4 5 4 ease x
Family Sagittariidae, Secretarybirds .....
Genus Sagittarius Hermann .....
SUBORDER PALCGONES coceg ca 0 = Ss pee eee
Family Paiconidae., ¢..6 5.3 6 «ss ee.6 ees
Subfamily Polyborinae, Caracaras .....
Genus Daptrius Vieillot ........
Phalcoboenus Orbigny.... .
Polyborus Vieillot .......
MilVagoisDix, Seen. le se ee ee
Herpetotheres Vieillot.....
Micrastur’Gray*. £2. 4he wes
Subfamily Falconinae, Falcons .......
Genus Spiziapteryx Kaup.......
Polihierax, Kap ace a). Gas.
Microhierax Sharpe ......
Falco Linnaeus .........
ORDER ANSERIFORMES, by Paul A. Johnsgard... .
SUBORDERVANSERES 0tg-c- 200-4. eiceae oe es
HamilyeAn algae etn rn ioue oe oe ak
Subfamily Anseranatinae, Pied Geese ....
Genus Anseranas Lesson .......
Subfamily Dendrocygninae, Whistling
DUCKS anal whch eee ne. eee
Genus Dendrocygna Swainson ....
Thalassornis Eyton ......
Subfamily Anserinae, Swans and Geese . . .
Genus Cygnus Bechstein .......
Xvi
Subfamily Tadorninae, Shelducks
Genus
Subfamily Anatinae, Typical Ducks
Genus
Subfamily Merginae, Sea Ducks
Genus
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Coscoroba Reichenbach
Anser Brisson
Branta Scopoli
Cereopsis Latham
Stictonetta Reichenbach
of 8) e180
eis je fe We tw wee fe
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Cyanochen Bonaparte
Chloephaga Eyton
Neochen Oberholser
Alopochen Stejneger
Cadorna Fleming: =... 3 Sa
Tachyeres Owen
o ee je Use
* © © © © © © «
ee © © © 8 6
Plectropterus Stephens
Cairina Fleming
Pteronetta Salvadori
Sarkidiornis Eyton
Nettapus Brandt
Callonetta Delacour
Aix Boie
Chenonetta Brandt
Amazonetta Boetticher
Merganetta Gould
Hymenolaimus Gray
Anas Linnaeus
Malacorhynchus Swainson .. .
Marmaronetta Reichenbach
Rhodonessa Reichenbach
Netta Kaup
Aythya. Boe. 22 «10 + wane
. 2 © © @
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Somateria Leach
Polysticta E'yton
Camptorhynchus Bonaparte
Histrionicus Lesson
Clangula Leach
Melanitta Boie
Bucephala Baird
Mergus Linnaeus
eo 8 © © © © © 8 ©
ee © © © © © © © 8 ©
CONTENTS XVll
Subfamily Oxyurinae, Stifftailed Ducks... 500
Genus Heteronetta Salvadori ..... 500
Oxyura Bonaparte ........ 501
Biziura Stephens ......... 504
SUBORDER ANHIMAE ...............004 505
Family Anhimidae, Screamers.......... 505
Genus Anhima Brisson ......... 505
Chauna /lliger .......... 505
wae
Ty 7
CHECK-LIST
OF
BIRDS OF THE WORLD
VOLUME I
SECOND EDITION
CLass AVES
SuscLass NEORNITHES
ORDER STRUTHIONIFORMES
ERNST Mayr
cf. Furbringer, 1888, K. Zool. Genootschap Natura Artis
Magistra Amsterdam, Bijdragen Dierkunde, pt. 15, pp.
1424-1518 (relationships).
Sibley, 1960, Ibis, 102, pp. 229-230 (egg-white proteins).
Bock, 1963, Proc. XIII Int. Ornith. Congr., Ithaca (1962),
pp. 39-54 (cranial evidence).
Meise, 1963, Proc. XIII Int. Ornith. Congr., Ithaca (1962),
pp. 115-125 (behavior).
Krumbiegel, 1966, Straussenvogel (Neue Brehm-Bucherei
362), 128 pp.
Jehl, 1971, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 16, pp.
291-301 (color patterns of downy young).
Sibley and Frelin, 1972, Ibis, 114, pp. 377-387 (egg-white
proteins).
Cracraft, 1974, Ibis, 116, pp. 494-521 (phylogeny and
evolution).
Davies, 1976, Proc. XVI Int. Ornith. Congr., Canberra
(1974), pp. 109-120 (comparative biology).
Prager et al., 1976, Journ. Molecular Evol., 8, pp. 283-294
(monophyletic origin).
SUBORDER STRUTHIONES
FamMiLy STRUTHIONIDAE'
Genus STRUTHIG Linnaeus
Struthio Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 155. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 63), Struthio camelus Linnaeus.
cf. Meinertzhagen, 1954, Birds Arabia, pp. 573-575.
Valverde, 1957, Aves Sahara Espanol, pp. 106-116.
Sauer and Sauer, 1966, Living Bird, 5, pp. 45-75 (behavior
and ecology).
Etchecopar and Hue, 1967, Birds North Africa, pp. 1-2.
"MS read by D. W. Snow.
4 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Int. Union Conservation Nature (IUCN), 1967, Red Data
Book, 2 (Aves), p. 22a (status of syriacus).
Benson et al., 1971, Birds Zambia, p. 33.
Sauer, 1971, Zeitschr. Kolner Zoo, 14, pp. 43-64 (biology).
Urban and Brown, 1971, Checklist Birds Ethiopia, p. 22.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 37-41.
STRUTHIO CAMELUS
Struthio camelus syriacus Rothschild
Struthio camelus syriacus Rothschild, 1919, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 39, p. 83—Syrian Desert.
Formerly deserts of Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.
Extinct?
Struthio camelus camelus Linnaeus
Struthio Camelus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
155—Syria, Arabia, Libya, Africa; restricted to North
Africa by Rothschild, 1919, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 39,
p. 83; further restricted to Sennar by Stresemann, 1926,
Ornith. Monatsber., 34, p. 139.
Struthio camelus spatzi Stresemann, 1926, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 34, p. 138—Rio de Oro = Spanish Sahara.
Struthio camelus rothschildi Grant and Mackworth-Praed,
1951, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 71, p. 45—new name for
camelus (by error; cf. Meinertzhagen, 1951, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 71, p. 46).
Spanish Sahara, Mauritania, and interior Senegal east to
Sudan and Eritrea; western and northeastern Ethiopia south
to about the Awash and Omo Rivers.
Struthio camelus molybdophanes Reichenow
Struthio molybdophanes Reichenow, 1883, Mitt. Ornith.
Vereines Wien, p. 202—Somaliland.
Somalia, southeastern and southern Ethiopia (including Rift
Valley), extreme southeastern Sudan, and Kenya (? overlap-
ping range of massaicus).
Struthio camelus massaicus Neumann
Struthio massaicus Neumann, 1898, Journ. Ornith., 46, p.
243—Ukamba, Kenya Colony.
Southern Kenya and Tanzania south to northwest of Lake
Rukwa and to the Great and Little Ruaha Rivers.
RHEIDAE 5
Struthio camelus australis Gurney
Struthio australis Gurney, 1868, Ibis, p. 253—South Africa.
Southwestern Angola, South West Africa (Namibia), Bots-
wana, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), southern Mozambique, extreme
northwestern Cape Province, and northeastern Transvaal;
formerly Zambia, and more widespread in South Africa.
SUBORDER RHEAE
Famity RHEIDAE'
Genus RHEA Brisson
Rhea Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 46; 5, p. 8. Type, by
tautonymy, Rhea = Struthio americanus Linnaeus.
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1942, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-4.
Miller, 1961-63, Zeitschr. Wissen. Zool., 165, pp. 221-319;
168, pp. 35-118 (morphology).
Raikow, 1968-69, Wilson Bull., 80, pp. 312-319; 81, pp.
196-206 (behavior).
Bruning, 1975, Living Bird, 13 (1974), pp. 251-294 (social
structure and reproductive behavior).
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 8-11.
RHEA AMERICANA
Rhea americana americana (Linnaeus)
Struthio americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
155; based on “Nhanduguacu” of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist.
Rerum Nat. Brasiliae, p. 190—South America = Sergipe
and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, fide Marcgrave.
Campo region of eastern Brazil from Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara,
and Rio Grande do Norte south to Sao Paulo and ? southern
Mato Grosso (Rio Vacaria).
Rhea americana intermedia Rothschild and Chubb
Rhea americana intermedia Rothschild and Chubb, 1914,
Novit. Zool., 21, p. 223—Barra San Juan, Colonia, Uru-
guay.
Extreme southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Uruguay.
‘MS read by E. R. Blake.
6 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Rhea americana nobilis Brodkorb
Rhea americana nobilis Brodkorb, 1939, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 52, p. 138—40 kilometers west-southwest
of Capitan Bado, Paraguay.
Paraguay east of Rio Paraguay (Capitan Bado, Horqueta,
Rosario).
Rhea americana araneipes Brodkorb
Rhea americana araneipes Brodkorb, 1938, Occas. Papers
Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 367, p. 1—200 kilometers
west of Puerto Casado, Paraguay.
Paraguayan Chaco. Probably north to eastern Bolivia and
southern Mato Grosso.
Rhea americana albescens Lynch Arribalzaga and Holmberg
Rhea albescens Lynch Arribalzaga and Holmberg, 1878,
Naturalista Argentina, 1, p. 101—Carhué, Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
Plains of Argentina (to 2,000 meters) from the Andes to the
Atlantic and south to Rio Negro. Birds of eastern Bolivia
and southern Mato Grosso possibly this form.
GrENus PTEROCNEMIA Gray
Pterocnemia G. R. Gray, 1871, Hand-list Birds Brit. Mus.,
3, p. 2. Type, by monotypy, Rhea darwinii Gould = Rhea
pennata Orbigny.
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1942, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 5-6.
Johnson, A. W., 1965, Birds Chile, 1, pp. 47-48; 1972,
Suppl., p. 86.
PTEROCNEMIA PENNATA
Pterocnemia pennata garleppi Chubb
Pterocnemia tarapacensis garleppi Chubb, 1913, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 33, p. 79—Esperanza, Bolivia; altitude 4,000
meters.
High Andes of southern Peru (Tacna, Puno), southwestern
Bolivia (Oruro, Potosi), and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy,
Catamarca). Doubtfully distinct from tarapacensis.*
‘According to some authors the highland populations (garleppi
and tarapacensis) are specifically distinct from pennata.—E. M.
CASUARIIDAE ei
Pterocnemia pennata tarapacensis Chubb
Pterocnemia pennata tarapacensis Chubb, 1913, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 33, p. 79—Canchosa, Tarapaca, Chile.
Puna zone of northern Chile south to Atacama (Alto Huasco)
Pterocnemia pennata pennata (Orbigny)
Rhea pennata Orbigny, 1834, Voyage Amérique Meridionale,
livr. 2, p. 67, note 2—lower Rio Negro, southern Buenos
Aires.
Southern Chile from southern Aisén to Strait of Magellan;
Patagonian lowlands of Argentina south from southern
Mendoza. Introduced Tierra del Fuego.
1
SUBORDER CASUARII
Famity CASUARIIDAE
Genus CASUARIUS Brisson”
Casuarius Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 46; 5, p. 10. Type,
by tautonymy, Casuarius = Struthio casuarius Linnaeus.
cf. Rothschild, 1900, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 15, pp. 109-148,
pls. 22-41.
Rothschild, 1931, Novit. Zool., 36, pp. 181-183 (bennettz).
"See preceding note.—E. M.
"Nothing is certain about the classification of the cassowaries except
the fact that there are 3 species. Not a single series of adult specimens
from a single locality exists. The 42 described species and subspecies
are largely based on size, on the formation of the wattles, and on
differences in the color of the naked throat, yet nothing is known
about sexual dimorphism and age changes in these characters.
Furthermore, many of the types are zoological garden specimens
of uncertain origin. The Papuans often have tame young cassowaries
in their villages and take them along on their canoe voyages. There
is little doubt that this is how cassowaries got to Ceram (casuwarius)
and to New Britain (bennetti). To continue, as was done in the past,
to recognize subspecies strictly on a geographical basis, when there
is no agreement at all on their diagnostic characters, would seem
unrealistic. I have, however, indicated what the oldest name would
be, if subspecies for the populations of certain areas were recognized.
Synonyms for names proposed prior to 1940 are not listed; a full
citation is given in Peters, 1931, Check-list Birds World, I, pp. 5-9,
and Mayr, 1941, List New Guinea Birds, pp. 1-3.—E. M.
8 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1056, pp. 1-4 (individ-
ual and geographical variation).
Mayr, 1941, List New Guinea Birds, pp. 1-3 (synonymy).
Warren, 1956, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, 9, pp. 753-773
(specimens, chiefly British Museum).
Fisher, 1968, Avic. Mag., 74, pp. 181-194 (breeding of
casuarius).
Storr, 1973, Western Austral. Mus., Spec. Publ. no. 5,
p. 2 (range of caswarius, northern Queensland).
White, 1975, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 95, pp. 165-170
(casuarius, Ceram).
Crome, 1976, Emu, 76, pp. 8-14 (casuarius, northern
Queensland).
White, 1976, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 96, pp. 66-68
(bennetti, New Britain).
CASUARIUS BENNETTI
Casuarius bennetti Gould
Casuarius Bennetti Gould, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 269, pl. 129—New Britain.
Hill country and mountains of New Guinea (up to 2,800 meters);
Japen Island and New Britain (presumably introduced).’
CASUARIUS CASUARIUS
Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus)
Struthio Casuarius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
155—Asia, Sumatra, Moluccas, Banda; Ceram, “corrected”
type locality, Rothschild, 1900, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
15; pls:
Western, southern, and eastern New Guinea; from the Vogel-
kop east at least to east coast of Geelvink Bay, all of southern
New Guinea from Onin Peninsula to Milne Bay, and north
coast of southeastern New Guinea to Morobe district (Gira
River). Occurrence in northern New Guinea not so well sub-
stantiated, but reported from mouth of Mamberano River to
Tana Mera (west of Humboldt Bay). Aru Islands; Ceram
‘Regional names available: Vogelkop (papuanus), Japen (goodfel-
lowi), Snow Mountains (claudit), central highlands (shawmayert),
Huon Peninsula (hecki), New Britain (bennetti), southeastern New
Guinea (picticollis).—E. M.
DROMAIIDAE 9
(undoubtedly introduced from Onin Peninsula, southwestern
New Guinea). East coast of Cape York Peninsula from Pascoe
River south to Massy Creek, inland to upper Wenlock River;
northern Queensland from Cooktown district (Mt. Amos) south
to Burdekin drainage (Paluma), inland to Herberton Range;
Hinchinbrook Island.’
CASUARIUS UNAPPENDICULATUS
Casuarius unappendiculatus Blyth
Casuarius unappendiculatus Blyth, 1860, Journ. Asiatic.
Soc. Bengal, 29, p. 112—no locality.
Salawati and Japen Islands, and northern New Guinea from
the Vogelkop to Astrolabe Bay.”
Famity DROMAIIDAE
Genus DROMAIUS? Vienorr
Dromiceius Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 54; Dromaius, p. 70.
Type, by monotypy, Casuarius novaehollandiae Latham.
cf. Neumann, 1962, Journ. Ornith., 103, pp. 153-165 (behav-
ior).
Davies, 1968, Proc. Ecol. Soc. Australia, 3, pp. 160-166
(ecology).
Eastman, 1969, Life Emu, 72 pp.
‘Regional names available: Ceram (casuarius), Geelvink Bay (tri-
carunculatus), northern New Guinea east to Tana Mera (bistriatus),
north coast of southeastern New Guinea (lateralis), southern New
Guinea and Cape York (sclaterii), northeastern Queensland (john-
sonit), Aru Islands (aruensis). The home of bicarunculatus is quite
uncertain, but surely not the Aru Islands.—E. M.
“Regional names available: Salawati and Vogelkop (unappendi-
culatus), Japen (occipitalis), northern New Guinea (aurantiacus,
philipi).—E. M.
°The incorrect formation Dromiceius, possibly arising from a
printer’s misreading of manuscript, and changed to Dromaius by
the author a few pages later, was not employed except as a synonym
of Dromaius until early in the twentieth century. G. R. Gray, as
first reviser, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 63, clearly established Dromaius
as the correct spelling. Cf. Serventy, Condon, and Mayr, 1965, Bull.
Zool. Nomencl., 22, pp. 63-65, and Melville, 1977, Bull. Zool. Nomencl.,
34, pp. 12-13.—E. M.
10 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
DROMAIUS NOVAEHOLLANDIAE
Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Latham)
Casuarius N. Hollandiae Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p.
665—New Holland = Sydney, New South Wales, fide
Mathews, 1910, Birds Australia, 1, p. 3.
Dromiceius novaehollandiae rothschildi Mathews, 1912,
Novit. Zool., 18, p. 175—Gracefield, Southwest Australia.
Dromiceius novaehollandiae woodwardi Mathews, 1912,
Novit. Zool., 18, p. 175—Strelly River, Northwest Austra-
lia.
Dromatuus novaehollandiae montanus Campbell, 1939, Bird
Observers’ Club, Melbourne, Monthly Notes, June 13—
Grampian Mountains, Victoria; altitude above 1,000 feet.
All of Australia, particularly in the interior.
Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis Le Souef
Dromaeus diemenensis Le Souef, 1907, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 21, p. 13—Tasmania.
Tasmania. Extinct.
DROMAIUS DIEMENIANUS
Dromaius diemenianus (Jennings)
Casuarius diemenianus Jennings, 1828, Ornithologia, p.
382—Kangaroo Island.
Kangaroo Island, Australia. Extinct.
SUBORDER APTERYGES
Famity APTERYGIDAE
Genus APTERYX Suaw
Apteryx Shaw, 1813, Nat. Misc., 24, pls. 1057, 1058. Type,
by monotypy, Apteryx australis Shaw.
Kiwi Verheyen, 1960, Bull. Soc. Roy. Zool. Anvers, no. 15,
p. 10. Type, by original designation, Apteryx owenti Gould.
cf. Oliver, 1955, N. Z. Birds, ed. 2, pp. 47-56.
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
p. 15.
Clayton, 1972, Int. Zoo Yearbook, 12, pp. 134-136 (breeding
and behavior).
APTERYGIDAE Lt
Reid and Williams, 1975, in Kuschel (ed.), Biogeogr. Ecol.
N. Z., pp. 301-330.
Davis and Greenville, 1976, Int. Zoo Yearbook, 16, pp.
86-88 (breeding).
APTERYX AUSTRALIS
Apteryx australis mantelli Bartlett
Apteryx Mantelli Bartlett, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1850), p. 275—North Island.
North Island: generally distributed in forest areas north of
lat. 40° S.; Little Barrier and Kapiti Islands (introduced).
Apteryx australis australis Shaw
Apteryx australis Shaw, 1813, in Shaw and Nodder, Nat.
Misc., 24, pl. 1057—New Zealand. Type from Dusky Sound,
South Island, fide Oliver, 1955, N. Z. Birds, ed. 2, p. 51.
South Island: high rainfall areas of southern Westland, western
Otago, and Southland; Kapiti Island (introduced).
Apteryx australis lawryi Rothschild
Apteryx lawryi Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
1, p. 61—Stewart Island.
Stewart island (main island only).
APTERYX OWENII
Apteryx owenii Gould
Apteryx Owenii Gould, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
93—New Zealand. Type probably from Nelson or Marl-
borough, fide Oliver, 1955, N. Z. Birds, ed. 2, p. 53.
South Island: high rainfall areas, Marlborough to southern
Fiordland, chiefly west of main divide; Kapiti Island (intro-
duced); North Island: extinct before 1900.
APTERYX HAASTII
Apteryx haastii Potts
Apteryx Haastii Potts, 1872, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 4, p. 204—
Westland. Type from Okarito River, fide Oliver, 1955,
N. Z. Birds, ed. 2, p. 55.
South Island: forest areas from western Nelson to Westland,
possibly to Fiordland, crossing main divide at Lewis and
Arthur’s Passes; Little Barrier Island (introduced).
12
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
OrDER TINAMIFORMES'
EMMET R. BLAKE
Famity TINAMIDAE
cf. Boetticher, 1934, Jenaische Zeitschr. Naturwissen., 69,
pp. 169-192.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1942, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 6-114.
Todd, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29, pp. 1-29.
Meyer de Schauensee, 1949, Caldasia, 5, pp. 343-349
(Colombia).
Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore, 1950, Pacific Coast
Avifauna (Cooper Ornith. Soc.), no. 29, pp. 9-11 (Mexico).
Olivares, 1958, Rev. Univ. Nac. Colombia, no. 23, pp.
245-301 (Colombia).
Phelps and Phelps, 1958, Bol. Soc. Venezolana Cien. Nat.,
19, pp. 23-29.
Pinto, 1964, Ornitologia Brasiliense, 1, pp. 1-13.
Parkes and Clark, 1966, Condor, 68, pp. 459-471 (mono-
phyly with ratites).
Jehl, 1971, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 16, pp.
291-301 (color patterns of downy young).
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 12-80.
Genus TINAMUS Hermann
Tinamus Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinitatum Animalium,
pp. 164, 235; based on “Les Tinamous” of Buffon, 1778,
Hist. Nat. Generale, 19, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 4, p. 502.
Type, by subsequent designation (Apstein, 1915, Sitz-
ungsber. Gesell. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, no. 5, p.
197), Tetrao major Gmelin.”
cf. Brabourne and Chubb, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
8, 12, p. 579 (key to species).
‘Placed by some with the Struthioniformes.—E. R. B.
* Tinamus Hermann, 1783, has priority over Tinamus Latham, 1790,
Index Ornith., p. 633, the type of which also is Tetrao major Gmelin
(designated by G. R. Gray, 1840, List. Gen. Birds, p. 63).—E. R. B.
TINAMIDAE 13
Traylor, 1952, Fieldiana, Zool., 34, pp. 17-19 (osgood1).
Amadon, 1959, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1955, pp. 1-7 (tao,
solitarius).
TINAMUS TAO
Tinamus tao larensis Phelps and Phelps
Tinamus tao larensis Phelps and Phelps, 1949, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 62, p. 109—Cerro El Cogollal, Quebrada
Arriba, Lara, Venezuela.
Colombia on eastern slope of the Western Andes along the
Cauca Valley, and east of the Andes in Meta; Sierra de Perija,
on the Colombian-Venezuelan border; northern Venezuela
from Zulia and Tachira east to Distrito Federal. Chiefly in
montane forest. Intergrades with kleei in southern Colombia.
Tinamus tao kleei (Tschudi)
Crypturus kleet Tschudi, 1843, Archiv Naturgeschichte, 9,
pt. 1, p. 387—“apud flumen Chanchamayo et in Chuncho-
tambo,” Junin, Peru.
Tinamus weddelli Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 42, pp. 881, 954—“Foréts vierges de la Paz en
Bolivie.”
Eastern Ecuador in Napo-Pastaza; eastern Peru from San
Martin south through Junin and Cuzco to Cochabamba and
Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Intergrades with larensis in southern
Colombia, and with tao in western Brazil.
Tinamus tao septentrionalis Brabourne and Chubb
Tinamus tao septentrionalis Brabourne and Chubb, 1913,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 12, pp. 578, 579 (in key)—
plains of Cumana, northeastern Venezuela.
Tropical forest of northeastern Venezuela (Sucre, Monagas),
and possibly northwestern Guyana (sight, Aremu River, fide
Beebe, 1910, Search Wilderness, pp. 321, 389).
Tinamus tao tao Temminck
Tinamus tao Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons Gallinacés,
3, pp. 569, 749—“dans la province de Para, au Brésil.”
Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio Madeira and Rio
Guapore east in Para and northern Mato Grosso (upper Rio
Xingu) to the Rio Capim, vicinity of Belem. Erroneously
attributed to Monte Alegre, north bank of the middle Amazon.
Intergrades with kleei in the approaches to Peru and Bolivia.
14 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
TINAMUS SOLITARIUS
Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis Berla
Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis Berla, 1946, Bol. Mus.
Nac. Rio de Janeiro, Zool., no. 65, p. 2—Usina Sao José,
Igaracu, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Tropical forest of eastern Brazil in Pernambuco (Igaracu) and
Alagoas (Mangabeira). Formerly perhaps Sergipe and north-
eastern Bahia.
Tinamus solitarius solitarius (Vieillot)
Cryptura solitaria Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 34, p. 105; based on “Ynambu Mocoicogoe,”
no. 332, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 56—Paraguay.
Tinamus solitarius nattereri Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev.
Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 738, pl. 16é—Humboldt, Santa
Catarina, Brazil.
Tinamus solitarius farinosus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev.
Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 738—Serra de Friburgo, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil.
Tinamus solitarius organorum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev.
Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 738—Serra dos Orgaos, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil.
Tropical forest of eastern Brazil from southern Bahia south
to Rio Grande do Sul, west to extreme southeastern Mato
Grosso; eastern Paraguay (Rio Parana) and northeastern Ar-
gentina (Misiones).
TINAMUS OSGOODI
Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi Blake
Tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi Blake, 1953, Fieldiana, Zool.,
34, p. 199—San Adolfo, Rio Aguas Claras, Acevedo, Huila,
Colombia; altitude 1,500 meters.
Known only from the type locality (3 specimens, Field Museum
of Natural History, Chicago) in the upper Rio Madgalena
drainage, southwestern Colombia.
Tinamus osgoodi osgoodi Conover
Tinamus osgoodi Conover, 1949, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, p.
263—Hacienda Cadena, Marcapata Valley, Cuzco, Peru;
altitude 1,000 meters.
TINAMIDAE 15
Known only from the type locality in southeastern Peru.
TINAMUS MAJOR
Tinamus major robustus Sclater and Salvin’
Tinamus robustus P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1868, Exotic
Ornith., pt. 6, p. 87, pl. 44—Choctum, Guatemala.
Tropical zone of southern Mexico in southeastern Puebla,
adjacent parts of Veracruz, northern Oaxaca, and northern
Chiapas; Caribbean lowlands of Guatemala (west to Baja Vera
Paz) and Honduras.
Tinamus major percautus Van Tyne
Tinamus major percautus Van Tyne, 1935, Misc. Publ. Mus.
Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 27, p. 8—Uaxactun, Peten,
Guatemala.
Wet tropical forest of southeastern Mexico in extreme southern
Veracruz, Tabasco, southern Campeche, and adjacent parts
of Quintana Roo; northern Guatemala (Peten) and Belize
(British Honduras).
Tinamus major fuscipennis Salvadori
Tinamus fuscipennis Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 497 (in key), 500—Escondido River and San Rafael,
Nicaragua; restricted to Escondido River by Peters, 1931,
Check-list Birds World, 1, p. 13, note 1.
Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua and most of Costa Rica (to
the subtropical zone on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera
de Guanacaste, fide Slud, 1964, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
128, p. 27) south to northern Veraguas and western Colon,
Panama. Intergrades with saturatus in the Caribbean lowlands
of Coclé (El Uracillo) and in Colon.
"As correctly stated by Brodkorb, 1943, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Michigan, no. 55, pp. 20-21, the name robustus was first
published with description in an anatomical paper by Parker, 1866,
Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 5 (1864), pp. 205-232. There are two reasons
why this fact has been ignored since 1943. First, an illustration
of a skeleton can hardly be considered a sufficient “indication” for
a subspecies as demanded by Articles 12 and 16 of the International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature. More importantly, a name not
employed for over 75 years is surely a nomen oblitum. There is
no need to change authorship or type locality of Sclater and Salvin’s
robustus.—E. R. B.
16 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Tinamus major castaneiceps Salvadori
Tinamus castaneiceps Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 497 (in key), 507, pl. 6—Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama.
Humid tropical and subtropical zones of southwestern Costa
Rica and the Pacific slope of Panama from western Chiriqui
through central Veraguas to the Canal Zone, where intergrad-
ing with saturatus.
Tinamus major brunneiventris Aldrich
Tinamus major brunneiventris Aldrich, 1937, Sci. Publ.
Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 28—Paracoté, 1 mile
south of mouth of Rio Angulo, Veraguas, Panama.
Central Panama in humid tropical forests of southern Veraguas
adjacent to Golfo de Montijo.
Tinamus major saturatus Griscom
Tinamus major saturatus Griscom, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 69, pp. 150, 152—Cana, eastern Panama; altitude
2,200 feet.
Pacific slope of eastern Panama from Cerro Azul, Province
of Panama, east through Darién, and on the Caribbean side
from Madden Lake through San Blas; northwestern Colombia
in Choco and northern Antioquia south to the middle Rio
Atrato. Intergrades with castaneiceps in the Canal Zone and
with fuscipennis in the Caribbean lowlands of Coclé (El
Uracillo) and in Colon.
Tinamus major latifrons Salvadori
Tinamus latifrons Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 497 (in key), 506—Balzar Mountains, Ecuador.
Southwestern Colombia north to southern Choco, and western
Ecuador south to Balzar.
Tinamus major zuliensis Osgood and Conover
Tinamus major zuliensis Osgood and Conover, 1922, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 24—Rio Cogollo,
Perija, Zulia, Venezuela.
Tropical zone of northeastern Colombia in the Santa Marta
region and Santander; Venezuela north of the Orinoco, and
western Bolivar (lower Rio Caura) south to extreme southern
Amazonas.
Tinamus major peruvianus Bonaparte
Tinamus peruvianus Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci., Paris, 43, p. 573, note—Peru.
TINAMIDAE 17
Tinamus ruficeps P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl.
Avium Neotrop., pp. 152, 162—Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia (Sierra Macarena
region) south, east of the Andes, through eastern Ecuador
and eastern Peru to Santa Cruz, Bolivia; extreme western
Brazil, south of the Solimoes (Amazon), east to the Rio Jurua.
Tinamus major serratus (Spix)
Pezus serratus Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 61, pl. 76—“in sylvis campestribus fl.
Nigri” = Rio Negro, Brazil.
Northwestern Brazil, north of the Solimoes (Amazon), from
the lower Rio Ica east to the Rio Negro.
Tinamus major major (Gmelin)
Tetrao major Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 767; based
chiefly on “Le Magoua” of Buffon, 1778, Hist. Nat. Géne-
rale, 19, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 4, p. 507, pl. 24—Cayenne.
Eastern Venezuela from the delta of the Orinoco south in
eastern Bolivar to the Rio Paragua and the Gran Sabana;
the Guianas; northern Brazil, north of the lower Amazon,
west to the lower Rio Negro and Rio Branco.
Tinamus major olivascens Conover
Tinamus major olivascens Conover, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 50, p. 191—Tome-assu (=Tomeé-Acu), Rio
Acara, Para, Brazil.
Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio Purus
and Rio Guaporé east to the Rio Acara (Belem district), south
to northern Mato Grosso.
TINAMUS GUTTATUS
Tinamus guttatus Pelzeln
Tinamus guttatus Pelzeln (ex Natterer MS), 1863, Verh.
Zool.-Bot. Gesell. Wien, 18, pp. 1126, 1128—Brazil; re-
stricted to Borba, Rio Madeira, by Hellmayr, 1907, Novit.
Zool., 14, p. 409.
Tropical zone of northern South America, east of the Andes,
from southeastern Colombia (Caqueta, Putumayo) and south-
western Venezuela (southern Amazonas) south to the lower
Rio Beni, northern Bolivia; northwestern Brazil (Amazonas)
east to Amapa and the region of Belem.
18 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus NOTHOCERCUS BonapartTE
Nothocercus Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
42, p. 881. Type, by subsequent designation (Salvadori,
1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 27, p. 509), Tinamus julius
Bonaparte.
cf. Schafer, 1954, Journ. Ornith., 95, pp. 219-232 (biology
of bonapartet).
NOTHOCERCUS BONAPARTEI
Nothocercus bonapartei frantzii (Lawrence)
Tinamus frantzii Lawrence, 1868, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.
New York, 9, p. 140—Cervantes, Costa Rica.
Central highlands of Costa Rica and the upper tropical and
subtropical zones of western Panama in the region of Volcan
de Chiriqui.
Nothocercus bonapartei intercedens Salvadori
Nothocercus intercedens Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., 27, pp. 509 (in key), 513—Frontino, Antioquia,
Colombia.
Western Andes of Colombia (both slopes) in the upper tropical
and subtropical zones from southwestern Antioquia south to
the Rio Mechengue, Cauca.
Nothocercus bonapartei bonapartei (Gray)
Tinamus bonapartei G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 97—valley of Aragua, Venezuela.
Subtropical zone of Colombia in the Central and Eastern Andes
south at least to Cundinamarca; Sierra de Périja on the
Colombian-Venezuelan border; humid mountain forest of
western Venezuela and the coastal range east to Aragua.
Nothocercus bonapartei discrepans Friedmann
Nothocercus bonapartei discrepans Friedmann, 1947, Calda-
sia, 4, p. 472—Melgar, Tolima, Colombia.
Tropical zone of Colombia at the base of the Eastern Andes
in Tolima (Melgar) and Meta (Villavicencio).
Nothocercus bonapartei plumbeiceps Lonnberg and Ren-
dahl
Nothocercus plumbeiceps Lonnberg and Rendahl, 1922, Arkiv
Zool., 14, no. 25, p. 13—Baeza, road to Napo, eastern
Ecuador; altitude 5,500 feet.
TINAMIDAE 19
Subtropical zone of the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador
and northern Cajamarca (Chaupe), northwestern Peru.
NOTHOCERCUS JULIUS
Nothocercus julius (Bonaparte) *
Tinamus julius Bonaparte, 1854, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 38, p. 663, note—Colombia; restricted to vicinity
of Bogota by Blake, 1955, Fieldiana, Zool., 37, p. 15.
Nothocercus julius venezuelensis Cory, 1913, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 283—-Paramo de Tama,
Tachira, Venezuela.
Nothocercus fuscipennis Chapman, 1921, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 18, p. 1—Andes west of Popayan, Colombia; altitude
10,340 feet.
Humid subtropical and temperate zones of the Andes of
Colombia south to south-central Ecuador; extreme western
Venezuela in the temperate zone of Paramo de Tama, Tachira;
mountains of central and southern Peru in Huanuco (Acomayo)
and Cuzco (Cordillera Vilcabamba).
NOTHOCERCUS NIGROCAPILLUS
Nothocercus nigrocapillus cadwaladeri Carriker
Nothocercus nigrocapillus cadwaladeri Carriker, 1933, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 85, p. 2—Leimebamba,
Amazonas, Peru; altitude 7,000 feet.
Subtropical zone of northwestern Peru in the region of Leime-
bamba, southern Amazonas. Intergrades with nigrocapillus
in Junin.
Nothocercus nigrocapillus nigrocapillus (Gray)
Tinamus nigrocapillus G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens
Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 98—Chile; error, central Bolivia,
fide Peters, 1931, Check-list Birds World, 1, p. 14.
Subtropical zone from Junin, Peru, south to Cochabamba,
Bolivia. Intergrades with cadwaladeri in Junin.
‘For discussion of variability see Blake, 1955, Fieldiana, Zool.,
37, pp. 13-15. All examples of the recently discovered Peruvian
population have strongly rufescent heads (less pronounced in the
north) and possibly represent an undescribed race.—E. R. B.
20 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus CRYPTURELLUS BrasourneE AND CHusBB’
Crypturellus Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 8, 14, p. 322. Type, by original designation,
“C. tataupa Temm.” = Tinamus tataupa Temminck.
Orthocrypturus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev. Mus. Paulista,
23 (1937), p. 739. Type, by original designation, Tetrao
variegatus Gmelin.
cf. Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
8, 14, pp. 319-322 (key to species).
Beebe, 1925, Zoologica, 6, pp. 195-227 (variegatus).
Conover, 1933, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46, pp. 113-118
(races of clnnamomeus).
Todd, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 50, pp. 175-178
(variegatus).
Skutch, 1963, Condor, 65, pp. 224-231 (life history of sowz).
Lancaster, 1964, Condor, 66, pp. 165-181, 253-276 (life
history of boucardz).
Short, 1975, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 154, pp. 186-187
(undulatus, parvirostris, tataupa).
CRYPTURELLUS BERLEPSCHI
Crypturellus berlepschi (Rothschild)
Crypturus berlepschi Rothschild, 1897, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 7, p. 5—Cachabé (= Cachabi), Esmeraldas, Ecuador;
altitude 500 feet.
Tropical Pacific slope of Colombia from Antioquia south to
Esmeraldas, northwestern Ecuador.
‘This notably complex genus includes numerous more or less
distinctive populations of uncertain relationship. The present ar-
rangement follows in part recent unpublished proposals of various
neotropical specialists, especially Eugene Eisenmann, Paul Schwartz,
Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee, and William Phelps, Jr. Earlier
revisions, for lack of broader biological data, depended almost en-
tirely on considerations of morphology and of the colors and patterns
of plumage. The concepts reflected below are based in part, also,
on present knowledge of vocalization, egg color, and colors of the
“soft parts” as supplementary indicators of genetic relationship.
—E. R. B.
TINAMIDAE 21
CRYPTURELLUS CINEREUS
Crypturellus cinereus (Gmelin)
Tetrao cinereus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 768; based
on “Le Tinamou cendre” of Buffon, 1778, Hist. Nat.
Generale, 19, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 4, p. 510—Cayenne.
Crypturus macconnelli Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 319 (in key), 320—Bonasica,
Guyana.
Crypturus macconnelli fumosus Chapman, 1928, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 332, p. 1—junction of Rio Napo and Rio
Curaray, Loreto, Peru.
Crypturellus berlepschi cinerascens Carriker, 1935, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 87, p. 315—Chatarona (near
Reyes), Beni, Bolivia.
Crypturellus cinereus rufescens Todd, 1938, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 51, p. 125—Miritituba, Rio Tapajos, Brazil.
Tropical zone of northern South America, east of the Andes,
from southeastern Colombia (Meta) to northern Bolivia, east
through the upper Orinoco region of Venezuela (Amazonas)
to the Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil east to Amapa and
Marajo Island, Para.
CRYPTURELLUS SOUI
Crypturellus soui meserythrus (Sclater)
Tinamus meserythrus P. L. Sclater, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 392—Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Tropical zone of southern Mexico (south from southern Vera-
cruz and northern Oaxaca), Belize (British Honduras), and
the Caribbean slope of Guatemala and Honduras to southeast-
ern Nicaragua.
Crypturellus soui modestus (Cabanis)
Crypturus modestus Cabanis, 1869, Journ. Ornith., 17, p.
212—Costa Rica.
Costa Rica, chiefly in the Caribbean lowlands, and the Pacific
slope of western Chiriqui, Panama. Intergrades with capnodes
in the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui.
Crypturellus soui capnodes Wetmore
Crypturellus soui capnodes Wetmore, 1963, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 76, p. 173—Almirante, Bocas del Toro, Pana-
ma.
22 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Northwestern Panama in the humid lowlands of western and
central Bocas del Toro, and probably adjacent parts of Costa
Rica in the lower Sixaola Valley. Intergrades with modestus
in the vicinity of Volcan de Chiriqui.
Crypturellus soui poliocephalus (Aldrich)
Crypturornis soui poliocephalus Aldrich, 1937, Sci. Publ.
Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 30—Paracoté, east shore
Montijo Bay, 1 mile south of mouth of Rio Angulo,
Veraguas, Panama.
Pacific lowlands of Panama from western Veraguas (Sona)
to the Canal Zone (Empire), and the Province of Panama east
to the lower Rio Bayano; Isla del Rey (probably introduced),
Pearl Islands.
Crypturellus soui panamensis (Carriker)
Crypturus soui panamensis Carriker, 1910, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 6, p. 379—Loma del Leon (= Lion Hill), Canal Zone,
Panama.
Caribbean lowlands of Panama from western Colon east
through the northern Canal Zone, the upper Chagres drainage
(Rio Boquer6én), and San Blas; the Pacific slope from eastern
Province of Panama (Rio Majé) through Darién. Intergrades
with caucae in northeastern Choco, Colombia; intergradation
with Aarterti is anticipated in northwestern Choco.
Crypturellus soui harterti (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturus soui harterit Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 319 (in key), 321—Vaqueria,
Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Tropical zone of Colombia from the west side of the Golfo
de Uraba south along the Pacific slope to Ecuador. Intergrada-
tion with panamensis is anticipated in northwestern Choco.
Crypturellus soui caucae (Chapman)
Crypturus soui caucae Chapman, 1912, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 31, p. 141—San Antonio, Western Andes,
Colombia; altitude 6,600 feet.
Tropical and lower subtropical zones of north-central Colombia
in the middle Magdalena Valley and drainages of Rio Cauca
and Rio Sint. Intergrades with panamensis in northeastern
Choco.
Crypturellus soui mustelinus (Bangs)
Crypturus soui mustelinus Bangs, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc.
TINAMIDAE 23
Washington, 18, p. 151—Santa Marta Mountains, Colom-
bia.
Tropical zone of northeastern Colombia from the Santa Marta
region south on the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes to
Boyaca; northwestern Venezuela in northwestern Zulia (region
of Perija), Merida, and northern Tachira.
Crypturellus soui andrei (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturus andrei Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 319 (in key), 321—Trinidad.
Coastal region of Venezuela from Falcon east to Monagas,
south in the tropical zone (except where occupied by mustelinus)
to southern Tachira, Apure, and the lower Orinoco; Trinidad.
Crypturellus soui soui (Hermann)
Tinamus soui Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinitatum Anima-
lium, p. 165; based on “Le Soui” of Buffon, 1778, Hist.
Nat. Generale, 19, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 4, p. 512, and “Le
Soui ou petit Tinamou, de Cayenne” of Daubenton, 1765-
81, Planches Enlum., pl. 829—Cayenne.
Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (Meta, Vaupés), southern
Venezuela (Bolivar, Amazonas); the Guianas, Brazil north of
the Amazon.
Crypturellus soui caquetae (Chapman)
Crypturus soul caquetae Chapman, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 34, p. 635—Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia;
altitude 675 feet.
Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia from the eastern base
of the Sierra Macarena, Meta (fide Blake, 1962, Fieldiana,
Zool., 44, p. 72), south to Caqueta and Putumayo.
Crypturellus soui nigriceps (Chapman)
Crypturus sout nigriceps Chapman, 1923, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 96, p. 1—upper Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador.
Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru.
Crypturellus soui inconspicuus Carriker
Crypturellus soui inconspicuus Carriker, 1935, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 87, p. 315—Susi (near Rurrenaba-
que), Rio Beni, Bolivia.
Central and eastern Peru south to Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Crypturellus soui albigularis (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturus soui albigularis Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, p. 320—Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
24 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Crypturus soui hoffmannsi Brabourne and Chubb, 1914,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 319 (in key), 321—
Humaita, Rio Madeira, Brazil.
Crypturellus soui decolor Griscom and Greenway, 1937, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, p. 417—Pinhi, right bank of Rio
Tapajos, Para, Brazil.
Crypturornis soui lyardi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev. Mus.
Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 767—Turiacu, Maranhao, Utinga,
Para, and Rio Jamari, Rondonia, Brazil.
Northern and eastern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the
Rio Madeira and Rio Guaporé east to northern Maranhao and
Pernambuco, south to eastern Mato Grosso (Rio das Mortes
or Manso), Goiads, Rio de Janeiro, and Espirito Santo.
CRYPTURELLUS PTARITEPUI
Crypturellus ptaritepui Zimmer and Phelps
Crypturellus ptaritepui Zimmer and Phelps, 1945, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 1274, p. 1—Cerro Ptari-tepui, southwest
slope, Gran Sabana, Bolivar, Venezuela; altitude 1,700
meters.
Subtropical zone of Cerros Ptari-tepui and Sororopan-tepui
in southeastern Bolivar, Venezuela.
CRYPTURELLUS OBSOLETUS
Crypturellus obsoletus castaneus (Sclater)
Tinamus castaneus P. L. Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1857), p. 277—“Bogota,” Colombia.
Crypturus obsoletus chirimontanus Stolzmann, 1926, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Polon. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 198—Chirimoto, Huaya-
bamba Valley, Peru.
Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (“Bogota”), eastern Ecuador,
and northern Peru (San Martin). Limits of range uncertain.
Crypturellus obsoletus ochraceiventris (Stolzmann)
Crypturus obsoletus ochraceiventris Stolazmann, 1926, Ann.
Zool. Mus. Polon. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 199—La Gloria,
Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru.
Subtropical zone of central and southeastern Peru in Huanuco,
Junin, Ayacucho, and the lower Marcapata Valley, eastern
Cuzco.
TINAMIDAE 25
Crypturellus obsoletus traylori Blake
Crypturellus obsoletus traylori Blake, 1961, Fieldiana, Zool.,
39, p. 573—8 kilometers south of Hacienda Cadena,
Marcapata Valley, Cuzco, Peru; altitude 1,400 meters.
Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru in the middle Marcapata
Valley (Cadena, San Andrés), Cuzco. Possibly a distinct species.
Crypturellus obsoletus punensis (Chubb)
Crypturus obsoletus punensis Chubb, 1917, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 28, p. 30—Oroya, Puno, Peru.
Crypturellus obsoletus crucis Bond and Meyer de Schauensee,
1941, Notulae Naturae, no. 93, p. 1—Samaipata, Santa
Cruz, Bolivia; altitude 5,500 feet.
Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru (Puno) and northern
Bolivia in La Paz, Cochabamba, and western Santa Cruz.
Crypturellus obsoletus cerviniventris (Sclater and Salvin)
Crypturus cerviniventris P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 512—Venezuela; restricted to the
vicinity of Caracas by Hellmayr and Conover, 1942, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 47.
Subtropical zone of northwestern Venezuela from north-central
Falcon (Curimagua) and western Lara (Cerro El Cerrén) east
in the Cordillera de la Costa Central to Aragua and western
Distrito Federal (El Junquito).
Crypturellus cbsoletus knoxi Phelps
Crypturellus obsoletus knoxi W. H. Phelps, Jr., 1976, Bol.
Soc. Venezolana Cien. Nat., 32, p. 16—35 kilometers south
of Cabudare, Lara, Venezuela; altitude 1,500 meters.
Subtropical zone of northwestern Venezuela in the Andes of
Merida (La Azulita) north to southern Lara.
Crypturellus obsoletus griseiventris (Salvadori)
Crypturus griseiventris Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., 27, pp. 514 (in key), 521—Santarém, Brazil.
North-central Brazil, south of the Amazon, in the region of
the lower Rio Tapajos.
Crypturellus obsoletus hypochracea (Miranda-Ribeiro)
Crypturornis hynochracea [sic] Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev.
Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 763—Vilhena and Rio Jamari,
Brazil. Rio Jamari, northern Rondonia, is here designated
as the restricted type locality.
Southwestern Brazil in the region of the upper Rio Madeira
26 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
(Rios Jamari and Jiparana, Rondonia).
Crypturellus obsoletus obsoletus (Temminck)
Tinamus obsoletus Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons
Gallinacés, 3, pp. 588, 751—“Brésil”; vicinity of the city
of Sao Paulo suggested as restricted type locality by Pinto,
1964, Ornitologia Brasiliense, 1, p. 5.
Crypturellus obsoletus caerulescens Neumann, 1933, Verh.
Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 20, p. 181—Villarrica, Paraguay.
Crypturellus obsoletus laubmanni Neumann, 1933, Verh.
Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 20, p. 181—Vitoria, Espirito Santo,
Brazil.
Southeastern Brazil from southern Minas Gerais to Rio Grande
do Sul, eastern Paraguay, and adjacent parts of northeastern
Argentina (Misiones).
CRYPTURELLUS UNDULATUS
Crypturellus undulatus manapiare Phelps and Phelps
Crypturellus undulatus manapiare Phelps and Phelps, 1952,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 65, p. 39—San Juan de
Manapiare, Rio Manapiare, Amazonas, Venezuela.
Known only from southern Venezuela in the region of the
upper Rio Ventuari, Amazonas.
Crypturellus undulatus simplex (Salvadori)
Crypturus simplex Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 516 (in key), 531—Rio Rupununi, Guyana.
Southwestern Guyana and adjacent parts of Brazil south to
the Rio Negro and north bank of the lower Amazon.
Crypturellus undulatus yapura (Spix)
Pezus yapura Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 62, pl. 78—Rio Yapura and Rio Solimoes,
Brazil.
Western Amazonia from southeastern Colombia (Meta), east-
ern Ecuador, eastern Peru (north of Madre de Dios), and
northwestern Brazil east to Rio Negro and Rio Purus. Inter-
grades with adspersus in the region of the upper Rio Purus.
Crypturellus undulatus vermiculatus (Temminck)
Tinamus vermiculatus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color.,
livr. 62, pl. 369—“Brésil”; type locality probably the region
of Franca, northern Sao Paulo, fide Pinto, 1964, Ornitolo-
gia Brasiliense, 1, p. 7.
TINAMIDAE 27
Eastern Brazil from southern Maranhao and Piaui south in
eastern Mato Grosso, Goias, western Minas Gerais, and Sao
Paulo to Parana (Rio Paracai).
Crypturellus undulatus adspersus (Temminck)
Tinamus adspersus Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons
Gallinaceés, 3, pp. 585, 751—“dans la province de Para,”
Brazil.
Crypturus undulatus confusus Brabourne and Chubb, 1914,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 319 (in key), 321—
Humaita, Rio Madeira, Brazil.
Central Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the left bank of
the Rio Madeira (Humaita) east to the Rio Tapajos and
Cachimbo region. Intergrades with yapura in the region of
the upper Rio Purus.
Crypturellus undulatus undulatus (Temminck)
Tinamus undulatus Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons
Gallinacés, 3, pp. 582, 751; based on “Ynambu listado,”
no. 331, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 53—Paraguay (lat. 24°S.).
Southeastern Peru in southern Madre de Dios and Puno
(Astillero); eastern Bolivia to Santa Cruz; western Brazil
(Rondonia, southwestern Mato Grosso); Paraguay; northern
Argentina (Formosa, Chaco).
CRYPTURELLUS TRANSFASCIATUS
Crypturellus transfasciatus (Sclater and Salvin)
Crypturus transfasciatus P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1878,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 141, pl. 13—Santa Rosa,
Manabi, Ecuador.
Crypturus rubripes Taczanowski, 1886, Ornith. Pérou, 3,
p. 303—Lechugal, Rio Zarumilla, Tumbes, Peru (= adult
male of C. transfasciatus; cf. Koepcke, 1962, Journ. Or-
nith., 103, pp. 272-275).
Tropical zone of western Ecuador from Manabi (Rio Chone)
south to Tumbes and Piura, northwestern Peru.
CRYPTURELLUS STRIGULOSUS
Crypturellus strigulosus (Temminck)
Tinamus strigulosus Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons
Gallinacés, 3, pp. 594, 752—“dans la province de Para.”
28 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Crypturus hellmayri Brabourne and Chubb, 1914, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 320 (in key), 322—Humaita,
Rio Madeira, Brazil.
Crypturellus strigulosus peruvianus Blake, 1959, Fieldiana,
Zool., 39, p. 373—Collpa, left bank of Rio Tambopata,
Madre de Dios, Peru.
Crypturellus strigulosus tambopatae Blake, 1960, Auk, 77,
p. 92. New name for Crypturellus strigulosus peruvianus
Blake, 1959, preoccupied by Crypturus tataupa peruviana
Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1,
p. 293.
Tropical zone of eastern Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios), north-
western Bolivia (Beni), and Amazonian Brazil, south of the
Amazon, east to the Belém region of Para and the forested
littoral of Pernambuco and Alagoas.
CRYPTURELLUS DUIDAE
Crypturellus duidae Zimmer
Crypturellus noctivagus duidae Zimmer, 1938, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 51, p. 48—Mt. Duida, Venezuela.
Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia (Sierra Macarena,
Meta) and southern Venezuela in the region of Cerro Duida,
central Amazonas.
CRYPTURELLUS ERYTHROPUS
Crypturellus erythropus columbianus (Salvadori)
Crypturus columbianus Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., 27, pp. 517 (in key), 545—Nechi, Antioquia, Colom-
bia.
North-central Colombia in Cordoba, northern Bolivar, and
northern Antioquia. Possibly a distinct species, or perhaps
a very distinct isolate of the Middle American boucard..
Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius Wetmore
Crypturellus saltuarius Wetmore, 1950, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 63, p. 171—Ayacucho, 25 kilometers east
of La Gloria, Magdalena, Colombia; altitude 500 feet.
Known only by the unique type (male) from the northwestern
base of Sierra de Ocana, southern Magdalena, Colombia.
Possibly a distinct species, or even a subspecies of the Pacific
slope isolate kerriae.
TINAMIDAE 74g)
Crypturellus erythropus idoneus (Todd)
Crypturus idoneus Todd, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
32, p. 117—Bonda, Santa Marta region, Colombia.
Tropical zone of northern Colombia from Atlantico to the
western flank of the Guajira and Perija highlands, south in
western Zulia, Venezuela, along the eastern base of the Sierra
de Perija from Rio Socuy to the region of Machiques.
Crypturellus erythropus cursitans Wetmore and Phelps
Crypturellus noctivagus cursitans Wetmore and Phelps,
1956, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 69, p. 1—San Luis
(near Burgua), Tachira, Venezuela.
Tropical zone of northern Colombia, east of the Andes, in
western Arauca and extreme northern Boyaca, and western
Venezuela in vicinity of Burgua, southwestern Tachira. Possi-
bly a race of duidae.
Crypturellus erythropus spencei (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturus clinnamomeus spencei Brabourne and Chubb, 1914,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 14, pp. 320 (in key), 322—
Venezuela; restricted to Caracas, Venezuela, by Chubb,
1917, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 38, p. 29.
Tropical zone of northern Venezuela from the Sierra San Luis,
Falcon, and Andes of Merida east in the coastal range of
Distrito Federal and Aragua to eastern Guarico and central
Anzoategui.
Crypturellus erythropus margaritae Phelps and Phelps
Crypturellus noctivagus margaritae Phelps and Phelps, 1948,
Bol. Soc. Venezolana Cien. Nat., 11 (1947), p. 57—Cerro
El Copey, Margarita Island, Venezuela.
Margarita Island, Venezuela.
Crypturellus erythropus erythropus (Pelzeln)
Tinamus erythropus Pelzeln, 1863, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien, 13, pp. 1127, 1129—Barra do Rio Negro (= Manaus),
Brazil.
Crypturus dissimilis Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 516 (in key), 541—Quonga and Courantyne River,
Guyana.
Tropical zone of northeastern Venezuela (Sucre, Monagas,
northeastern Bolivar) east to Surinam, and northern Brazil,
north of the Amazon, from the Rio Branco and Rio Negro
east to Amapa.
30 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
CRYPTURELLUS NOCTIVAGUS
Crypturellus noctivagus zabele (Spix)
Pezus zabele Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere Brasi-
lam, 2, p. 62, pl. 77—“in limite sylvarum campestrium
(Catingha),” Brazil; Oeiras, Piaui, Brazil, suggested as
type locality by Hellmayr and Conover, 1942, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 60.
Northeastern Brazil from southern Piaui and eastern Per-
nambuco south to Bahia and the interior of Minas Gerais.
Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus (Wied)
Tinamus noctivagus Wied, 1820, Reise Brasilien, 1, p. 160,
note—Muribeca, Rio Itabapuana, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
Littoral forest of southeastern Brazil from extreme southern
Bahia (Rio Jucurucu) and eastern Minas Gerais south to Rio
Grande do Sul.
CRYPTURELLUS ATROCAPILLUS
Crypturellus atrocapillus atrocapillus (Tschudi)
Crypturus atro-capillus Tschudi, 1844, Archiv Naturge-
schichte, 10, pt. 1, p. 307—Peru.
Southeastern Peru in ? Junin, northern Ayacucho, southeast-
ern Cuzco (Quincemil, Pilcopata), and probably adjacent parts
of Madre de Dios. Northern limits uncertain.
Crypturellus atrocapillus garleppi (Berlepsch)
Crypturus garleppi Berlepsch, 1892, Bericht XVII Jahres-
versammlung Allgemeinen Deutschen Ornith. Gesell., p.
13—Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Crypturus garleppi affinis Chubb, 1919, Ibis, p. 8—Rio
Blanco, ? Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Northern Bolivia in northern and eastern La Paz, Beni,
? Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz. Possibly a distinct species.
CRYPTURELLUS CINNAMOMEUS
Crypturellus cinnamomeus occidentalis (Salvadori)
Crypturus occidentalis Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 516 (in key), 546—San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.
Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of Mexico from central Sinaloa
to Guerrero.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus soconuscensis Brodkorb
Crypturellus cinnamomeus soconuscensis Brodkorb, 1939,
TINAMIDAE 31
Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 401, p.
1—Colonia Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico; altitude 30
meters.
Pacific slope of southern Mexico in Oaxaca and Chiapas.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus mexicanus (Salvadori)
Crypturus mexicanus Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 516 (in key), 545—Monte Verde, Tamaulipas,
Mexico.
Crypturus inornatus Nelson, 1900, Auk, 17, p. 253—Metlal-
toyuca, Puebla, Mexico.
Tropical zone (to 1,400 meters) of the Atlantic slope of Mexico
from southern Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi to northern
Veracruz and northern Puebla.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus sallaei (Bonaparte)
Nothocernus [sic] sallaet Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci., Paris, 42, p. 954—Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico.
Atlantic slope of southeastern Mexico in southern Puebla,
southern Veracruz, and adjoining parts of Oaxaca; the Pacific
side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, south to Tonala, Chiapas.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus goldmani (Nelson)
Crypturus sallaei goldmani Nelson, 1901, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 14, p. 169—Chichén Itza, Yucatan.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus intermedius Traylor, 1941, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 199—Pacaytun,
Campeche, Mexico; altitude 200 feet.
Lowlands of southeastern Mexico (Tabasco and the Yucatan
Peninsula), northern Guatemala (Petén), and northern Belize
(British Honduras).
Crypturellus cinnamomeus vicinior Conover
Crypturellus cinnamomeus vicinior Conover, 1933, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 46, p. 115—La Flor, Tegucigalpa, Hon-
duras.
Interior valley of Chiapas, Mexico (fide Brodkorb, 1939, Occas.
Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 401, p. 3), south to
the highlands and interior valleys of Guatemala and Honduras.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus (Lesson)
Tinamus (Nothura) cinnamomea Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool.,
Paris, 5, p. 210—La Union, “Centre Amérique.” Type from
El Salvador.
Pacific lowlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras
32 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
in the region of the Golfo de Fonseca, Tegucigalpa.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus delattrii (Bonaparte)
Tinamus delattrii Bonaparte, 1854, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 38, p. 663—Nicaragua.
Pacific lowlands of Nicaragua, to about 450 meters.
Crypturellus cinnamomeus praepes (Bangs and Peters)
Crypturornis clinnamomeus praepes Bangs and Peters, 1927,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 472—Bolson, Costa Rica.
Tropical zone of northwestern Costa Rica from the Golfo de
Nicoya to the base of the Cordillera de Guanacaste and probably
the lower slopes of the Cordillera de Tilaran.
CRYPTURELLUS BOUCARDI
Crypturellus boucardi boucardi (Sclater)
Tinamus boucardi P. L. Sclater (ex Salle MS), 1859, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 391—Playa Vicente and Teotalcingo,
Oaxaca, Mexico.
Crypturellus boucardi blancaneauxi Griscom, 1935, Ibis, p.
543—British Honduras.
Caribbean slope of southeastern Mexico in humid forests of
southern Veracruz (Cerro de Tuxtla), Oaxaca, Chiapas, Taba-
sco, and extreme southern Quintana Roo; Guatemala in Petén
and the Caribbean lowlands; Belize (British Honduras). Inter-
grades with costaricensis west of the Sula Valley, extreme
northwestern Honduras.
Crypturellus boucardi costaricensis (Dwight and Griscom)
Crypturus boucardi costaricensis Dwight and Griscom, 1924,
Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 142, p. 1—Miravalles, Costa Rica;
altitude 1,500 feet.
Caribbean lowlands of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
north of Limon (lat. 10° N.); also the Pacific slope of the
Cordillera de Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Intergrades with bou-
cardi west of the Sula Valley, extreme northwestern Honduras.
CRYPTURELLUS KERRIAE
Crypturellus kerriae (Chapman)
Crypturus kerriae Chapman, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. Novit.,
34, p. 636—Baudo, Choco, Colombia.
Humid lowland forests in southeastern Darien (Cerros de
Quia), Panama, and northwestern Colombia in the foothills
TINAMIDAE 33
of the Serrania Baudo, Choco. Possibly an isolated southern
race of boucardi.
CRYPTURELLUS VARIEGATUS
Crypturellus variegatus (Gmelin)
Tetrao variegatus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 768; based
on “Le Tinamou varie, de Cayenne” of Daubenton, 1765-
81, Planches Enlum., pl. 828—Cayenne.
Crypturus salvini Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 517 (in key), 537—Sarayacu, eastern Ecuador.
Crypturellus variegatus transamazonicus Todd, 1937, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 50, p. 176—Santarem, Brazil.
Orthocrypturus variegatus superciliosus Miranda-Ribeiro,
1938, Rev. Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 741, pl. 17a—Sao
Joaquim and Utinga, Para, Solimoes, Manacapuru, and
Rio Jamari, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Orthocrypturus variegatus lakoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev.
Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 743—Alto Jatoa and Lago
Mapixi, Amazonas, Brazil.
Humid tropical and lower subtropical zones of South America
east of the Andes from Meta, Colombia, to Junin, Peru;
Venezuela south of the Orinoco; the Guianas; Amazonian Brazil
south to Rondonia (Rio Jiparana), northern Mato Grosso, and
the Belém region of Para; forested littoral of eastern Brazil
in southern Bahia, southeastern Minas Gerais, and Espirito
Santo.
CRYPTURELLUS BREVIROSTRIS
Crypturellus brevirostris (Pelzeln)
Tinamus brevirostris Pelzeln, 1863, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien, 13, pp. 1128, 1130—Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil.
Type from Manaus.
Tropical zone of eastern Peru and adjoining parts of western
Brazil, north and south of the Amazon, east at least to Rio
Negro and Rio Madeira. Also reported in French Guiana
(Tamanoir, Mana River) and Amapa, Brazil.
CRYPTURELLUS BARTLETTI
Crypturellus bartletti (Sclater and Salvin)
Crypturus bartletti P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Proc.
34 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Zool. Soc. London, p. 311—‘“Santa Cruz de la Sierra” and
Pebas, Peru. Type from Santa Cruz, Rio Huallaga, Peru.
Tropical zone of eastern Peru and northern Bolivia (Pando,
Beni, La Paz); western Brazil, south of the Amazon, east to
Rio Madeira.
CRYPTURELLUS PARVIROSTRIS
Crypturellus parvirostris (Wagler)
Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, Cryp-
turus, no. 13—Brazil.
Orthocrypturus parvirostris superciliaris Miranda-Ribeiro,
1938, Rev. Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 775—northern
slope of Serra dos Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Orthocrypturus parvirostris fuscus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, 23 (1937), p. 776—Marajo Island, Para,
Brazil.
Tropical zone of southeastern Peru, northern and eastern
Bolivia, virtually all of Brazil south of the Amazon, Paraguay,
and northern Argentina (Misiones; possibly Chaco and Santa
Fe).
CRYPTURELLUS CASIQUIARE
Crypturellus casiquiare (Chapman)
Crypturornis casiquiare Chapman, 1929, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 380, p. 3—right bank of the Rio Casiquiare at its
junction with the Rio Guainia, Amazonas, Venezuela.
Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (Vaupes) in the region of
the Rio Guainia and Rio Vaupés, and extreme southern
Venezuela (Amazonas) at the mouth of the Casiquiare Canal
and “la pica Yavita-Pimichin,” fide Phelps and Phelps, 1958,
Bol. Soc. Venezolana Cien. Nat., 19, p. 29.
CRYPTURELLUS TATAUPA
Crypturellus tataupa inops Bangs and Noble
Crypturellus tataupa inops Bangs and Noble, 1918, Auk,
35, p. 445—Perico, northwestern Peru.
Northwestern Peru in the Maranon Valley of Cajamarca.
Crypturellus tataupa peruviana (Cory)
Crypturus tataupa peruviana Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 293—San Ramon, Chancha-
mayo, Junin, Peru; altitude about 2,900 feet.
TINAMIDAE 35
Tropical zone of central Peru in the Chanchamayo Valley,
Junin.
Crypturellus tataupa lepidotus (Swainson)
Crypturus lepidotus Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds,
2, p. 345; based on Tinamus tataupa var. Swainson, 1821,
Zool. Illustrations, 1, pl. 19—“in the interior of Bahia”;
Orobo, Bahia, suggested by Hellmayr and Conover, 1942,
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1,
p. 77, note 2.
Crypturellus tataupa septentrionalis Naumburg, 1932, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 554, p. 6—Corrente, Rio Parnaiba, Piaui,
Brazil.
Northeastern Brazil in Maranhao, Ceara, Piaui, Pernambuco,
and Bahia.
Crypturellus tataupa tataupa (Temminck)
Tinamus tataupa Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons Gal-
linacés, 3, pp. 590, 752; based on specimens from Brazil
in collections at Lisbon and Paris, as well as on “Ynambu
tataupa,” no. 329, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist.
Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 48—“Brésil”=
Rio de Janeiro, fide Pinto, 1964, Ornitologia Brasiliense,
1, p. 10.
Bolivia south and east from La Paz and southern Beni; Brazil
from Rondonia and Mato Grosso (Rio Guaporé) east to Minas
Gerais and Espirito Santo, south to Rio Grande do Sul;
Paraguay; northern Argentina south to San Juan, La Rioja,
northern Cordoba, northern Santa Fe, and Entre Rios. To 2,500
meters in the Andes.
Genus RHYNCHOTUS Spix
Rhynchotus Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere Brasi-
liam, 2, p. 60. Type, by monotypy, Rhynchotus fasciatus
Spix = Tinamus rufescens Temminck.
cf. Wetmore, 1926, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 133, pp. 40-42.
Weeks, 1973, Zoologica, 58, pp. 13-40.
Short, 1975, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 154, pp. 187-188.
RHYNCHOTUS RUFESCENS
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser
Rhynchotus rufescens catingae Reiser, 1905, Anzeiger K.
36 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Akad. Wissen. Wien, Math.-Naturwissen. K1., 42, p. 324—
Palmeirinhas and Corrientes, Brazil. Type from Rio
Parnaiba, Piaul.
Central and northeastern Brazil from southern Amazonas
(Humaita, left bank of the upper Rio Madeira) east to Maran-
hao, Piaui, and arid parts of northern Bahia (Bonfim).
Rhynchotus rufescens rufescens (Temminck)
Tinamus rufescens Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons
Gallinacés, 3, pp. 552, 747; based on “Ynambu-guazu,”
no. 326, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 34—Brazil and Paraguay, ex
Azara; Sao Paulo suggested as type locality by Hellmayr,
1929, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 479,
note 3.
Northern Bolivia in the region of the upper Rio Beni (Cha-
tarona); central and eastern Brazil in Mato Grosso, and from
Goias, Pernambuco, and eastern Bahia south to eastern Para-
guay, Uruguay, and Argentina (Misiones and probably adja-
cent parts of Corrientes).
Rhynchotus rufescens pallescens Kothe
Rhynchotus pallescens Kothe, 1907, Journ. Ornith., 55, p.
164—Tornquist, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Lowland grassland of northern and central Argentina from
eastern Formosa, Chaco, and Corrientes south to eastern La
Pampa, southern Buenos Aires, and ? Rio Negro.
Rhynchotus rufescens maculicollis Gray
Rhynchotus maculicollis G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens
Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 102—Bolivia.
Mountain grassland of northwestern and central Bolivia in
La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, and Chuquisaca; foothills
and mountains (to 2,500 meters) of northwestern Argentina
in Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, and Tucuman.
Genus NOTHOPROCTA Sc tater AND SALVIN
Nothoprocta P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, Nomencl. Avium
Neotrop., pp. 153, 156. Type, by original designation,
Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz.
cf. Pearson and Pearson, 1955, Auk, 72, pp. 113-127 (ornata).
Lancaster, 1964, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 127, pp.
269-314 (cinerascens).
TINAMIDAE 37
Banks and Bohl, 1968, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 81,
pp. 485-489 (pentlandi, Argentina).
Koepcke, 1968, Bonner Zool. Beitr., 19, pp. 225-234 (pent-
landit).
Short, 1975, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 154, pp. 188-189
(cinerascens).
NOTHOPROCTA TACZANOWSKII
Nothoprocta taczanowskii Sclater and Salvin
Nothoprocta taczanowsku P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1875,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1874), p. 564—Maraynioc, Junin,
Peru.
Temperate zone grassland of central and southeastern Peru
in Junin, Apurimac (Bosque de Chincheros), and Cuzco.
NOTHOPROCTA KALINOWSKII
Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1901,
Ornis, 11, p. 192—Licamachay, Cuzco, Peru.
Temperate zone grassland of north-central and southeastern
Peru in La Libertad (southeast of Huamachuco) and Cuzco
(Licamachay).
NOTHOPROCTA ORNATA
Nothoprocta ornata branickii Taczanowski
Nothoprocta branickii Taczanowski, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1874), p. 563—Junin, Peru.
Altiplano of central Peru from Junin south to northwestern
Apurimac.
Nothoprocta ornata ornata (Gray)
Rhynchotus ornatus G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 102—Bolivia.
Puna zone of southern Peru (Puno), northwestern Bolivia (La
Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro), and northern Chile in the Andes
of Tarapaca (Salar del Huasco).
Nothoprocta ornata rostrata Berlepsch
Nothoprocta ornata rostrata Berlepsch, 1907, Ornis, 14, p.
371—Cumbre de Malamala, Tucuman; altitude 3,300
meters.
38 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Puna zone of northwestern Argentina in Jujuy, Salta, Cata-
marca, Tucuman, and La Rioja.
NOTHOPROCTA PERDICARIA
Nothoprocta perdicaria perdicaria (Kittlitz)
Crypturus perdicarius Kittlitz, 1830, Mém. Savans Etrangers
Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, 1, livr. 2, p. “192” [=
193], pl. 12—near Valparaiso, Chile.
Central Chile from southern Atacama (Huasco Valley) south
to Nuble. Intergrades with sanborni from Curico south. Intro-
duced Easter Island.
Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni Conover
Nothoprocta perdicaria sanborni Conover, 1924, Auk, 41,
p. 334—Mafil, Valdivia, Chile.
Central Chile from Maule south to Llanquihue. Intergrades
with perdicaria north to Curico.
NOTHOPROCTA CINERASCENS
Nothoprocta cinerascens cinerascens (Burmeister)
Nothura cinerascens Burmeister, 1860, Journ. Ornith., 8,
p. 259—Tucuman, Argentina.
Semiarid parts of southeastern Bolivia (Tarija) and the Chaco
region of northwestern Paraguay; Argentina from Jujuy, Salta,
and Formosa south, exclusive of La Rioja, at least to northeast-
ern Mendoza, northern and eastern San Luis, northeastern
La Pampa, and northeastern Santa Fe. Recent reports of the
species in extreme northeastern Rio Negro and southern
Buenos Aires (Olrog, 1972, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 26, p. 269),
probably are referable to this race.
Nothoprocta cinerascens parvimaculata Olrog
Nothoprocta cinerascens parvimaculata Olrog, 1959, Neo-
tropica, 5, p. 39—Santa Rosa, Patquia, La Rioja, Argen-
tina.
Known only from the arid brushy region of eastern La Rioja,
Argentina.
NOTHOPROCTA PENTLANDII
Nothoprocta pentlandii ambigua Cory
Nothoprocta ambigua Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 293—Hacienda Llagueda, north-
TINAMIDAE 39
east of Otuzco, La Libertad, Peru.
Western Andes of southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru,
chiefly at high altitudes; foothills, locally, in grassy areas.
Nothoprocta pentlandii oustaleti Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Nothoprocta oustaleti Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1901, Ornis,
11, p. 191—Coracora, Ayacucho, Peru; altitude 11,500 feet.
Andes of central and southern Peru, chiefly at altitudes of
1,500-3,500 meters.
Nothoprocta pentlandii niethammeri Koepcke
Nothoprocta pentlandi [sic] niethammeri Koepcke, 1968,
Bonner Zool. Beitr., 19, p. 231—lomas of Lachay, about
90 kilometers north of Lima, Peru.
Lomas of coastal central Peru (Lachay and vicinity of Lima).
Reports of this species from coastal southern Peru (lomas of
Pongo at Acari and of Atiquipa at Chala) may refer to an
undescribed form.
Nothoprocta pentlandii fulvescens Berlepsch
Nothoprocta fulvescens Berlepsch, 1902, Verh. V Int. Zool.
Congr., Berlin (1901), p. 548—Urcos, Cuzco, Peru; altitude
3,500 meters.
Temperate zone of southeastern Peru in the region of Cuzco.
Nothoprocta pentlandii pentlandii (Gray)
Rhynchotus Pentlandiu G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens
Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 103—Andes of Bolivia.
Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia from La Paz south to Chuquisaca
and ? Tarija; extreme northern Chile in the Andes of Arica;
northwestern Argentina at moderate to high altitudes in Jujuy,
Salta, Tucuman, and Catamarca (where evidently intergrading
with doeringi).
Nothoprocta pentlandii doeringi Cabanis
Nothoprocta doeringi Cabanis (ex Schulz MS), 1878, Journ.
Ornith., 26, p. 198—Sierra Chica, near Cordoba, Argen-
tina.
Central Argentina in the mountains of San Luis and Cordoba
(evidently intergrading with pentlandii to northwest).
Nothoprocta pentlandii mendozae Banks and Bohl
Nothoprocta pentlandii mendozae Banks and Bohl, 1968,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 81, p. 486—Quebrada de
Canota, Mendoza, Argentina.
Known only from the mountains of northwestern Mendoza,
west-central Argentina. Records of this species from other
40 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
parts of Mendoza and from northern Neuquén probably also
apply to this form.
NOTHOPROCTA CURVIROSTRIS
Nothoprocta curvirostris curvirostris Sclater and Salvin
Nothoprocta curvirostris P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873,
Nomencl. Avium Neotrop., p. 163—Calacali and Puellaro,
Pichincha, Ecuador.
Paramo zone of Ecuador from Mt. Pichincha south.
Nothoprocta curvirostris peruviana Taczanowski
Nothoprocta curvirostris peruviana Taczanowski, 1886, Or-
nith. Pérou, 3, p. 307 (in text)—Cutervo, Peru.
Temperate zone of Peru south to Huanuco.
Genus NOTHURA WacLerR
Nothura Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 63),
Tinamus boraquira Spix.
cf. Conover, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, pp. 339-362.
Bump and Bump, 1969, U. S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildlife
Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.—Wildlife no. 120, 170 pp. (ma-
culosa, darwinit).
Short, 1975, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 154, pp. 189-191
(boraquira, maculosa, darwinii).
Short, 1976, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 2597, pp. 2-3 (maculo-
sa chacoensis).
NOTHURA BORAQUIRA
Nothura boraquira (Spix)
Tinamus boraquira Spix 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 63, pl. 79—“in campis petrosis districtus
adamantini.” Type from Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Nothura marmorata G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 104—Bolivia.
Nothura schreineri Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev. Mus. Pau-
lista, 23 (1937), p. 702, pl. 2—Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Nothura spixi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1938, Rev. Mus. Paulista,
23 (1937), p. 704, pls. 3, 4a. New name for Nothura
boraquira (Spix).
TINAMIDAE Al
Dry grassland of northeastern Brazil from Piaui, Ceara, and
Paraiba south to Minas Gerais; also eastern Bolivia (Santa
Cruz) and drier parts of the Paraguayan Chaco (west of Puerto
Casado).
NOTHURA MINOR
Nothura minor (Spix)
Tinamus minor Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 65, pl. 82—“in campis prope pagum Tejuco.”
Type from Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Grassland and scrub of southeastern Brazil in Minas Gerais,
southern Mato Grosso, and Sao Paulo.
NOTHURA DARWINII
Nothura darwinii peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Nothura maculosa peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
1906, Ornis, 13, p. 101—Santa Ana, Urubamba Valley,
Cuzco, Peru.
Known only from southern Peru in the Urubamba Valley,
Cuzco. Intergrades with agassizii to the south.
Nothura darwinii agassizii Bangs
Nothura agassizii Bangs, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
23, p. 10O7—Moho, northern border of Lake Titicaca, Peru.
Nothura maculosa oruro Bond and Meyer de Schauensee,
1941, Notulae Naturae, no. 93, p. 2—Callipampa, Lake
Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia; altitude 12,200 feet.
Highlands of southeastern Peru from the southern Cuzco region
and Titicaca basin south through western Bolivia at least
to Lake Poopo, Oruro. Intergrades with peruviana and boli-
viana respectively in the extreme north and south.
Nothura darwinii boliviana Salvadori
Nothura boliviana Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 558 (in key), 561—Bolivia; restricted to Tiraque,
Cochabamba, by Conover, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, p.
347.
Highlands of western Bolivia from Cochabamba south to Tarija
at elevations of 1,800 to 3,500 meters. Intergrades with
agassizil in the region of Lake Poopo, Oruro.
42 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Nothura darwinii salvadorii Hartert
Nothura salvadorii Hartert, 1909, in Hartert and Venturi,
Novit. Zool., 16, p. 216—Arenal, Salta, Argentina.
Dry steppes and uplands of western Argentina from Jujuy
and Salta south to Mendoza and east to western Santiago
del Estero, western Cordoba, and western La Pampa.
Nothura darwinii darwinii Gray
Nothura Darwinii G. R. Gray, 1867, List Specimens Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 5, p. 104—Bahia Blanca, southern Buenos
Aires.
South-central Argentina, chiefly in high dry regions, from
the ? eastern sierras of Cordoba south in eastern La Pampa
to the Sierra de la Ventana, southwestern Buenos Aires, and
the dry upland steppes of Rio Negro and northern Chubut.
Not reported south of Golfo Nuevo, Chubut, or more than
30 kilometers inland.
NOTHURA MACULOSA
Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg
Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, 1932, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 554, p. 1—Lavras, Ceara, Brazil.
Known only by the unique type (American Museum of Natural
History, New York) from southern Ceara, northeastern Brazil.
Nothura maculosa major (Spix)
Tinamus major Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 64, pl. 80—“in campis Minas Geraes, prope
pagos Tejuco et Contendas.” Type from Diamantina, Minas
Gerais, Brazil.
Interior of east-central Brazil in Goias, Minas Gerais, and
probably adjacent parts of southwestern Bahia.
Nothura maculosa paludivaga Conover
Nothura maculosa paludivaga Conover, 1950, Fieldiana,
Zool., 31, p. 357—7 kilometers southwest of Laguna
General Diaz (lat. 22° 15’ S., long. 59° 5’ W.), Chaco,
Paraguay.
Nothura maculosa chacoensis Conover, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 50, p. 227 part—Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay.
Central Paraguay (probably north to the Bolivian border) from
the Rio Paraguay west about 150 kilometers, the Pilcomayo
TINAMIDAE 43
Valley, and north-central Argentina in eastern Formosa and
Chaco. Marshy savannas and grasslands.
Nothura maculosa chacoensis Conover
Nothura maculosa chacoensis Conover, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 50, p. 227—265 kilometers west of Puerto
Casado, Paraguayan Chaco.
Arid parts of the Paraguayan Chaco from about 150 kilometers
west of Rio Paraguay (probably at least to the Bolivian border)
south to Formosa, north-central Argentina. Semiarid grass-
lands.
Nothura maculosa maculosa (Temminck)
Tinamus maculosa Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons
Gallinaceés, 3, pp. 557, 748; based on “Ynambuli,” no. 327,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 40—Paraguay.
Nothura maculosa savannarum Wetmore, 1921, Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., 11, p. 435—San Vicente, Rocha,
Uruguay.
Eastern Paraguay and southeastern Brazil south from southern
Mato Grosso (Campo Grande, Vacaria, Rio Brilhante), Sao
Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro; Uruguay; northeastern Argentina
from Misiones south to northern Santa Fe and Entre Rios.
Savannas, plains, and open palm forests.
Nothura maculosa pallida Olrog
Nothura maculosa pallida Olrog, 1959, Neotropica, 5, no.
17, p. 41—Igusa, Aguaray, Salta, Argentina.
Moist Chacoan grasslands of northern Argentina in Jujuy,
northern and eastern Salta, western Formosa, Chaco, northern
and western Santiago del Estero, and eastern Catamarca.
Nothura maculosa annectens Conover
Nothura maculosa annectens Conover, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool.,
31, p. 353—Cambaceres (lat. 36° 35’ S., long. 61° 5’ W.),
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Lush grasslands of eastern Argentina from central Cordoba,
southern Santa Fe, and northern Buenos Aires south to Bahia
Blanca and southern La Pampa.
Nothura maculosa submontana Conover
Nothura maculosa submontana Conover, 1950, Fieldiana,
Zool., 31, p. 351—Chos-Malal (lat. 37° 20’ S., long. 70°
44 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
15’ W.), Rio Neuquén, Neuqueén, Argentina; altitude 2,500
feet.
Known only from the type locality in the Andean foothills
of northern Neuquen, southwestern Argentina. Intergrades
with nigroguttata to southeast.
Nothura maculosa nigroguttata Salvadori
Nothura nigroguttata Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 558 (in key), 560—“Central Pampas, Argentine
Republic.” Type from Choele-Choel, Rio Negro, Argentina.
Coastal regions and interior river valleys of southern Argen-
tina in southeastern Neuquen, eastern Rio Negro, and north-
eastern Chubut. Moist grasslands. Intergrades with suwbmon-
tana in Neuquen.
Genus TAONISCUS Gtocer
Taoniscus Gloger, 1842, Gemeinnutziges Hand- und Hilfs-
buch Naturgeschichte, p. 404. Type, by monotypy, Taonis-
cus pavoninus Gloger = Tinamus nanus Temminck.
cf. Pinto da Silveira, E. K., 1967, Bol. Geogr., Conselho Nac.
Geogr., Rio de Janeiro, no. 200, pp. 38-41 (distribution).
TAONISCUS NANUS
Taoniscus nanus (Temminck)
Tinamus nanus Temminck, 1815, Hist. Nat. Pigeons Galli-
naces, 3, pp. 600, 753; based on “Ynambu-carapé,” no. 328,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 45—Misiones, Argentina.
Secondary forest and savannas of southeastern Brazil in
southeastern Goias, Brasilia (Distrito Federal), Sao Paulo, and
Parana (Boa Vista, Rio Jaguaraiba); Misiones (no recent
record), Argentina.
GENUS EUDROMIA Georrroy SaInt- HILAIRE
Eudromia I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832, Mag. Zool., Paris,
2, cl. 2, p. [1], pl. 1. Type, by monotypy, Eudromia elegans
Orbigny and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.
cf. Conover, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, pp. 363-374.
Olrog, 1959, Neotropica, 5, pp. 13-21.
Bohl, 1970, U. S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildlife Serv., Spec.
TINAMIDAE 45
Sci. Rep.—Wildlife no. 131, 107 pp. (elegans).
Short, 1975, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 154, pp. 191-192.
Banks, 1977, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 89, pp. 529-544.
EUDROMIA ELEGANS
Eudromia elegans intermedia (Dabbene and Lillo)
Calopezus intermedius Dabbene and Lillo, 1913, Anales Mus.
Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 24, pp. 192, 194, pl. 12—
Colalao del Valle, western Tucuman, Argentina.
Southeastern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina in northern
and central Salta, western Tucuman, and adjacent northeast-
ern Catamarca.
Eudromia elegans magnistriata Olrog
Eudromia elegans magnistriata Olrog, 1959, Neotropica, 5,
p. 19—Pinto, Aguirre, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
Northwestern Argentina in southern Santiago del Estero,
northern Cordoba, and possibly adjacent Tucuman, Catamarca,
and Santa Fe. Chiefly dry woodland.
Eudromia elegans riojana Olrog
Eudromia elegans riojana Olrog, 1959, Neotropica, 5, p.
19—Guayapa, Estacion Patquia, La Rioja, Argentina.
Western Argentina in La Rioja. Chiefly dry woodland.
Eudromia elegans albida (Wetmore)
Calopezus elegans albidus Wetmore, 1921, Journ. Washing-
ton Acad. Sci., 11, p. 437—San Juan, Argentina.
Western Argentina in San Juan, northern Mendoza, and
adjacent San Luis. Dry savannas.
Eudromia elegans wetmorei Banks
Eudromia elegans wetmorei Banks, 1977, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 89, p. 537—Tunuyan, Mendoza, Argentina.
Western Argentina in the Andean foothills of north-central
Mendoza.
Eudromia elegans devia Conover
Eudromia elegans devia Conover, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool.,
31, p. 369—Chos-Malal (lat. 37° 20’ S., long. 70° 15’ W.),
Rio Neuquén, Neuqueén, Argentina; altitude 2,500 feet.
Southwestern Argentina in western Neuquén and probably
southwestern Argentina. Savannas.
46 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Eudromia elegans numida Banks
Eudromia elegans numida Banks, 1977, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 89, p. 536—west of Telén, La Pampa, Argen-
tina, along Route 143 near kilometer marker 287.
Central Argentina in southern Cordoba, southeastern Mendo-
za, central and eastern La Pampa, and probably southern San
Luis.
fludromia elegans multiguttata Conover
Eudromia elegans multiguttata Conover, 1950, Fieldiana,
Zool., 31, p. 367—Cambaceres (lat. 36° 35’ S., long. 61°
5’ W.), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
East-central Argentina in Buenos Aires, north of the Rio
Colorado, and extreme southeastern La Pampa. Chiefly dry
grasslands. Northern limits poorly defined.
Eudromia elegans elegans Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Eudromia elegans (“D’Orb. et Is. Geoff.”) = I. Geoffroy
Saint-Hilaire, 1832, Mag. Zool., Paris, 2, cl. 2, p. [3],
pl. 1—between lat. 38° S. and 46° S., in eastern Argentina.
Type from Bahia de San Blas, extreme southern Buenos
Aires.
Calopezus elegans morenoi Chubb, 1917, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 38, p. 31—Neuqueén.
South-central Argentina from eastern Neuquén through most
of Rio Negro to extreme southern Buenos Aires; generally
bounded on the north by the Rio Colorado.
Eudromia elegans patagonica Conover
Eudromia elegans patagonica Conover, 1950, Fieldiana,
Zool., 31, p. 364—Estacion Pampa Alta, Ferrocarril Pata-
gonica, Santa Cruz, Argentina; altitude 600 feet.
Southern Argentina in southern Neuquen and southwestern
Rio Negro south through Chubut and Santa Cruz, with adjacent
Chile; from elevations of about 900 meters to the Atlantic
coast.
EUDROMIA FORMOSA
Eudromia formosa mira Brodkorb
Eudromia mira Brodkorb, 1938, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Michigan, no. 382, p. 1—120 kilometers west of
Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay.
TINAMIDAE 47
Arid Paraguayan Chaco from about Islapoi (Villa Militar) west
and north an unknown distance; possibly has contact with
nominate formosa in northern Formosa, Argentina. Perhaps
not separable from formosa.
Eudromia formosa formosa (Lillo)
Calopezus formosus Lillo, 1905, Rev. Letras Cien. Sociales,
Tucuman, 3, p. 72—eastern Tucuman near the border
of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Type from between
Lejas and Isca Yacu.
Dry chaco woodland of north-central Argentina in eastern
Salta, western Formosa, and western Chaco south to eastern
Tucuman and western Santiago del Estero.
Genus TINAMOTIS Vicors
Tinamotis Vigors, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1836), p.
79. Type, by monotypy, Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors.
TINAMOTIS PENTLANDII
Tinamotis pentlandii Vigors
Tinamotis Pentlandii Vigors, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1836), p. 79—“on a high elevation in the Andes”; probably
Bolivia. Type in British Museum (Natural History).
Puna zone of the Andes from central Peru (Junin) south to
Antofagasta, Chile; highlands of Bolivia south to northwestern
Argentina in Jujuy, Salta, and northern Catamarca. Grass-
lands and barrens above 4,000 meters.
TINAMOTIS INGOUFI
Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet
Tinamotis ingoufi Oustalet, 1890, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., Paris,
ser. 7, 9, p. 18—vicinity of Santa Cruz, Patagonia.
Grasslands of southern Chile in Aisén and Magallanes north
of the Strait of Magellan; savanna steppes of southern Argen-
tina from western Rio Negro south to southern Santa Cruz.
48 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
OrDER PROCELLARIIFORMES'
CHRISTIAN JOUANIN AND JEAN-LOUIS MOUGIN
FamMity DIOMEDEIDAE
cf. Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39, pp. 152-158.
Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 489-584.
Falla, 1937, Brit. Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped.
Rep., ser. B, 2, pp. 114-136.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 40-50 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
294-303 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 342-352).
Bourne, 1961 ff., Observations Sea Birds, in Sea Swallow
(Annual Rep. Roy. Naval Bird Watching Soc.), 14 ff.
Alexander et al., 1965, Ibis, 107, pp. 401-405.
Bourne, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 145-149 (long-distance va-
grancy).
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 18-20.
Prévost and Mougin, 1971, Guide Oiseaux Mammiferes
Terres Australes Antarctiques Frangaises, pp. 38-48.
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 61-82.
Watson et al., 1971, Birds Antarctic Subantarctic, pls.
3-4, 15.
Watson, 1975, Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union),
no. 24, pp. 85-99.
Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus
Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 132. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 78), Diomedea exulans Linnaeus.
'MS read by W. R. P. Bourne, J. Warham, and G. E. Watson,
to whom the authors are greatly indebted for numerous constructive
suggestions. The senior author particularly wishes to acknowledge
the contribution of W. R. P. Bourne in lengthy and valuable discus-
sions over many years.
DIOMEDEIDAE 49
Phoebastria Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 5. Type, by original designation, Diomedea brachyura
Temminck = Diomedea albatrus Pallas.
Thalassarche Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 5. Type, by original designation, Diomedea melanophrys
Temminck.
Thalassogeron Ridgway, 1884, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 13, pp. 345, 357. Type, by
original designation, Diomedea culminata Gould =
Diomedea chrysostoma J. R. Forster.
Julietata Mathews, 1943, in Mathews and Hallstrom, Notes
Order Procellariiformes, p. 27. Type, by original designa-
tion, Diomedea irrorata Salvin.
Galapagornis Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 27. Type, by original designation, Diomedea
irrorata Salvin.
Laysanornis Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 27. Type, by original designation, Diomedea
immutabilis Rothschild.
Penthirenia Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 27. Type, by original designation, Diomedea
nigripes Audubon.
cf. Murphy, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 419, pp. 1-7.
Mathews, 1934, Ibis, p. 813 (type locality of exulans
Linnaeus).
Austin, 1949, Pacific Science, 3, pp. 283-295 (status of
albatrus).
Richdale, 1949, Biol. Monogr., 2, 50 pp. (pre-egg stage
in bulleri).
Richdale, 1950, Biol. Monogr., 3, 92 pp. (pre-egg stage
in Diomedeidae).
Sorensen, 1950, Cape Exped. Ser., Bull. no. 2, 39 pp.
(ecology of epomophora).
Rowan, 1951, Ostrich, 22, pp. 139-159 (ecology of chloro-
rhynchos).
Richdale, 1952, Biol. Monogr., 4, 166 pp. (post-egg stage
in Diomedeidae).
Westerskov, 1961, Emu, 61, pp. 153-170 (taxonomic status
of epomophora).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
116-136.
50
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Rice and Kenyon, 1962, Auk, 79, pp. 365-386, 517-567
(breeding distribution, breeding cycles, behavior, and
populations of nigripes and immutabilis).
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
18-19.
Tickell, 1968, in Austin (ed.), Antarctic Bird Studies, pp.
1-55 (biology of exulans and epomophora).
Voisin, 1969, Oiseau, 39, no. spéc., pp. 82-106 (ecology
of exulans).
Mougin, 1970, Oiseau, 40, no. spéc., pp. 16-36 (ecology
of exulans).
Fisher, 1971, Living Bird, 10, pp. 19-78 (ecology of immu-
tabilis).
Fisher, 1972, Auk, 89, pp. 381-402 (sympatry of wmmu-
tabilis and nigripes).
Fisher, H. I. and J. R., 1972, Wilson Bull., 84, pp. 7-27
(pelagic distribution of immutabilis).
Sanger, 1972, Biol. Conserv., 4, pp. 189-193 (pelagic
distribution of albatrus).
Harris, 1973, Ibis, 115, pp. 483-510 (ecology of irrorata).
Richdale and Warham, 1973, Ibis, 115, pp. 257-263 (eco-
logy of bulleri).
Robbins and Rice, 1974, in King (ed.), Smithsonian Con-
trib. Zool., no. 158, pp. 232-271 (pelagic distribution
of immutabilis and nigripes, Pacific Ocean).
Sanger, 1974, in King (ed.), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool.,
no. 158, pp. 96-153 (pelagic distribution of nigripes and
immutabilis, Pacific Ocean).
Fisher, 1975, Pacific Science, 29, pp. 279-300 (life cycle
of immutabilis).
Johnstone, Milledge, and Dorward, 1975, Emu, 75, pp.
1-11 (ecology of cauta).
Tickell and Pinder, 1975, Ibis, 117, pp. 433-451 (breeding
biology of melanophrys and chrysostoma).
Barrat, Barré, and Mougin, 1976, Oiseau, 46, pp. 143-155
(ecology of exulans).
Fisher, 1976, Wilson Bull., 88, pp. 121-142 (breeding of
immutabilis).
Tickell, 1976, Emu, 76, pp. 64-68 (distribution of melan-
ophrys and chrysostoma).
Tickell, 1976, XII Bull. Int. Council Bird Preservation
DIOMEDEIDAE ol
(1975), pp. 125-131 (status of albatrus).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 113-117.
DIOMEDEA EXULANS'
Diomedea exulans exulans Linnaeus
Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
132; based chiefly on “The Albatross” of Edwards, 1747,
Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 88, pl. 88—“intra tropicos Pelagi ad.
Cap. b. Spei” = Cape of Good Hope ex Edwards.”
Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi Dabbene, 1926, Hornero,
3, p. 338—South Atlantic, lat. 38° 30’ S., long. 56° W.,
100 miles off coast of Argentina.
Diomedea dabbenena Mathews, 1929, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 50, p. 11. New name for Diomedea chionoptera
alexanderi Dabbene, 1926, preoccupied by Thalassogeron
chrysostoma alexanderi Mathews, 1916, Austral Avian
Rec., 3, p. 55.
Breeds on subtropical and subantarctic islands: Tristan da
Cunha Group (Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha—formerly,
Gough), Amsterdam Island, Auckland (Adams, Disappoint-
ment), Campbell, and Antipodes Islands. Birds from the New
Zealand region seem intermediate between exulans and chio-
noptera.” Not distinguishable at sea from chionoptera.
Diomedea exulans chionoptera Salvin
Diomedea chionoptera Salvin, 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
25, pp. 440 (in key), 443—Kerguelen.
Diomedea exulans rothschildi Mathews, 1912, Birds Austra-
lia, 2, p. 246, pl. 95—Australian seas.
*D. exulans and epomophora form a subgenus Diomedea.—C. J.
and J.-L. M.
*The breeding origin of the type has been debated, Mathews (1934,
Ibis, p. 813) assuming it to be Tristan da Cunha, Murphy (1936,
Oceanic Birds South Amer., p. 547) the southern part of the range
of the species. These contradictory treatments created a confusing
use of the name exulans, but Mathews, having the priority, has
to be followed.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
°W.R. P. Bourne and J. Warham, pers. com. Cf. also Warham,
1977, N. Z. Journ. Zool., 4, p. 76, note.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
52 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Diomedea exulans rohui Mathews, 1915, Austral Avian Rec.,
2, p. 125—Sydney, New South Wales.
Diomedea exulans westralis Mathews, 1918, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 39, p. 23—off Albany, Western Australia.
Diomedea exulans georgia Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 53, p. 214—South Georgia.
Breeds on high-latitude subantarctic and antarctic islands:
? Falklands, South Georgia, Marion Group, Crozet (Hog,
Possession, East), Kerguelen, and Macquarie Islands. Highly
migratory: circumpolar in the austral seas between lat. 65° S.
and the Tropic of Capricorn. Some stragglers (? or possibly
imported birds) observed in the Northern Hemisphere: Bel-
gium, Sicily, Portugal.
DIOMEDEA EPOMOPHORA
Diomedea epomophora epomophora Lesson
Diomedaea [sic] epomophora Lesson, 1825, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Paris, 6, p. 95—no locality; probably Australian waters.
Diomedea regia Buller, 1891, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 22, p.
230—Campbell Island.
Diomedea epomophora mccormicki Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 261—Enderby Island.
Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews, 1934, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 54, p. 112—south Atlantic Ocean.
Breeds in large numbers on Campbell Island; a few pairs
breed in the Auckland Group (Auckland Island itself and
Enderby and Adams Islands). Highly migratory: range cir-
cumpolar, north to New Zealand and Australian seas, Polyne-
sia; also known off the east and west coasts of South America,
from Uruguay and Chile to Cape Horn. Difficult to distinguish
at sea from Diomedea exulans; the ranges of both species
are perhaps similar.
Diomedea epomophora sanfordi Murphy
Diomedea (Rhothonia) sanfordi Murphy, 1917, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 37, p. 861—at sea, 40 miles off Corral,
Chile.
Breeds in New Zealand at Taiaroa Head, Otago Peninsula,
and on the Chatham Islands (Sisters, Forty Fours). Ranges
DIOMEDEIDAE 53
north in New Zealand seas and east to west and east coasts
of South America.
DIOMEDEA IRRORATA'”
Diomedea irrorata Salvin
Diomedea irrorata Salvin, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 430—Callao Bay, Peru.
Breeds on Espanola (Hood) Island, Galapagos Archipelago,
and on La Plata Island, off Ecuador, where a small colony
has recently been discovered.” Ranges at sea east and south
to the coasts of Ecuador and northern Peru, from the Gulf
of Guayaquil to about lat. 12° S. Extreme records off Punta
Dona Maria (lat. 14° 54’ S.), Peru, and off Choco Province,
northwestern Colombia.
DIOMEDEA ALBATRUS
Diomedea albatrus Pallas
Diomedea albatrus Pallas, 1769, Spicilegia Zool., 1, fasc.
5, p. 28—off Kamchatka.
Bred formerly on the northernmost of the Bonin Islands, on
islets in the southern Ryukyus (Kobi Sho), probably also on
the Pescadores, Agincourt Island, and the Borodino (Daito)
Islands. Now reduced to a few pairs breeding on Tori Shima
(southernmost of the Izu Islands, known also as Ponafidin
Island). Highly migratory: ranges, or has ranged, over the
north Pacific, from the Fukien coast of China to Bering Strait
and Baja California.
"The specific name irrorata, as published in the binomen Diomedea
irrorata Salvin 1883, has been placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 2578, and the specific name
leptorhyncha, as published in the binomen Diomedea leptorhyncha
Coues 1866, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and
Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1012, by the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin. 1060,
1976, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 33, p. 27.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*D. irrorata, albatrus, nigripes, and immutabilis form a subgenus
Phoebastria.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
°Cf. Owre, 1976, Ibis, 118, pp. 419-420.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
54 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
DIOMEDEA NIGRIPES'
Diomedea nigripes Audubon
Diomedea nigripes Audubon, 1849, Ornith. Biog., 5, p.
327—Pacific Ocean, lat. 30° 44’ N., long. 146° W.
Breeds on Tori Shima (southernmost of the Izu Islands, known
also as Ponafidin Island) and on islands in the Leeward
Hawaiian Chain (Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef,
Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa,
Kaula). Bred formerly on Muko Shima in the northern Bonins,
Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands, Agrihan in the Marianas,
Marcus and Wake Islands, Taongi in the northern Marshalls,
and Johnston Island. Migratory: ranges the north Pacific from
the Bering Sea west to Taiwan and the Fukien coast of China,
east to the coast of America, south to southern Baja California
and equatorial waters, the main area of dispersal lying in
the northeastern Pacific, with a relatively coastal distribution.
DIOMEDEA IMMUTABILIS
Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild
Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 1, p. 48—Laysan Island.
Breeds on islands of the Leeward Hawaiian Chain (Kure,
Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, Gardner
Pinnacles, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa), and recently
on Kauai; formerly on Marcus, Wake, and Johnston Islands,
and once on Tori Shima (southernmost of the Izu Islands,
known also as Ponafidin Island). Migratory: ranges the north
Pacific from the Bering Sea to Japan and Baja California,
the main area of dispersal lying in the northwestern Pacific,
with a relatively marine distribution.
DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS*
Diomedea melanophrys melanophrys Temminck
Diomedea melanophris® Temminck, 1828, Planches Color.,
‘Diomedea gibbosa Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p.
361—north Pacific, is either an aberrant example of this species
or a hybrid between it and Diomedea immutabilis; cf. Fisher, 1972,
Auk, 89, pp. 381-402.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*D. melanophrys forms a monotypic subgenus Thalassarche.
—C. J. and J.-L. M.
°Corrected to melanophrys, Temminck, 1839, Planches Color.,
Tableau Méthod., livr. 102, p. 76.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
DIOMEDEIDAE 55
livr. 77, pl. 456 and text—Cape of Good Hope.
Thalassarche melanophris richmondi Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 272—west coast of South America.
Breeds on islands off Tierra del Fuego (Ildefonso, Evout, Diego
Ramirez, and Staten), on the Falklands, South Georgia,
? Marion Group, ? Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard, and Macquarie
Islands. Migratory: ranges the southern oceans from lat. 30° S.
to the coasts of the Antarctic Continent. Relatively common
vagrant to the Northern Hemisphere: recorded from Greenland,
Faeroes, British Isles, Norway, and from central Pacific.
Diomedea melanophrys impavida (Mathews)
Thalassarche melanophris impavida Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 267, pl. 96—Tasmania.
Breeds in the New Zealand region on Campbell and? Antipodes
Islands. Not easily distinguishable at sea from melanophrys.
DIOMEDEA CAUTA'
Diomedea cauta cauta Gould
Diomedea cauta Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1840),
p. 177—Bass Sirait.
Thalassarche cauta steadi Falla, 1933, Rec. Auckland Inst.
Mus., 1, p. 179—Foveaux Strait, New Zealand.
Breeds on Albatross Island, 30 kilometers northwest of Tas-
mania, the Mewstone, south of Tasmania, and Auckland
Islands (Disappointment). Migratory: ranges New Zealand and
southern Australian waters and Indian Ocean, reaching South
Africa. One straggler collected at lat. 47° 55’ N., long. 125°
37’ W., off the coast of Washington, United States.
Diomedea cauta salvini (Rothschild)
Thalassogeron salvini Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 1, p. 58—New Zealand.
Diomedella cauta atlantica Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 53, p. 213—lat. 35° 44’ S., long. 53° W., south
Atlantic Ocean, about 120 miles off the coast of the
Province of Buenos Aires.
Diomedella cauta peruvia Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 53, p. 185—western Peru.
Breeds in the New Zealand region on Snares (Toru, Rima)
"D. cauta, chrysostoma, chlororhynchos, and bulleri form a subgenus
Thalassogeron.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
56 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
and Bounty Islands. Migratory: ranges east to the coasts of
Peru and Chile, west to South Africa and the coast of Argentina.
Diomedea cauta eremita (Murphy)
Thalassarche cauta eremita Murphy, 1930, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 419, p. 4—Pyramid Rock off Pitt Island,
Chatham Islands.
Breeds on Pyramid Rock, Chatham Islands, New Zealand
region. Ranges locally within the area.
DIOMEDEA CHRYSOSTOMA
Diomedea chrysostoma Forster’
Diomedea chrysostoma J. R. Forster, 1785, Mém. Math. Phys.
Acad. Sci., Paris, 10, p. 571, pl. 14—vicinity of the
Antarctic Circle and in the Pacific Ocean.
Thalassogeron desolationis Salvadori, 1911, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 26 (no. 638), p. 2—Desolation
Island, Tierra del Fuego, lat. 52° S., long. 74° W.
Breeds on Diego Ramirez Islands (near Cape Horn), South
Georgia, Prince Edward and Marion Islands, Crozet (Posses-
sion, East), Kerguelen, Macquarie, Campbell, and ? Antipodes
Islands. Migratory: circumpolar in the austral seas from lat.
40° S. to the edge of the pack ice. Some very dubious records
for the Northern Hemisphere (Norway)—probably imported
birds.
DIOMEDEA CHLORORHYNCHOS
Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin
Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1,
p. 568; based on “Yellow-nosed Albatross” of Latham, 1785,
General Synop. Birds, 3, p. 309, pl. 94—Cape of Good
Hope.
Breeds north and south of the Subtropical Convergence: Tristan
da Cunha Group (Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale,
Gough), Prince Edward, Amsterdam, and St. Paul Islands.
Migratory: ranges at sea in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean,
and Australian and New Zealand seas, chiefly between lat.
‘Diomedea chrysostoma Forster replaces Thalassogeron culmina-
tus (Gould) of Sharpe, 1899, Hand-list Birds, 1, p. 129.—C. J. and
J.-L. M.
DIOMEDEIDAE 57
50° S. and 30°S., sometimes farther north and _ south.
Stragglers recorded in Canada and eastern United States,
doubtfully in the British Isles, Iceland, and France.
DIOMEDEA BULLERI
Diomedea bulleri bulleri Rothschild
Diomedea bulleri Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
1, p. 58—New Zealand.
Breeds in the New Zealand region on Solander Island and
Snares Islands. Dispersal area New Zealand seas. Recorded
coast of Victoria, Australia.
Diomedea bulleri platei Reichenow
Diomedea platei Reichenow, 1898, Ornith. Monatsber., 6,
p. 190—Cavancha, Chile.
Breeds in the New Zealand region on the Chatham Islands
(Sisters, Forty Fours). Highly migratory: ranges the south
Pacific from New Zealand to Chile and Peru.
Genus PHOEBETRIA ReicHEenspacu
Phoebetria Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 5. Type, by original designation, Diomedea fuliginosa
Gmelin = Diomedea palpebrata Forster.
cf. Sorensen, 1950, Cape Exped. Ser., Bull. no. 8, 30 pp.
(ecology of palpebrata).
Mougin, 1970, Oiseau, 40, no. spéc., pp. 37-61 (ecology
of palpebrata and fusca).
PHOEBETRIA FUSCA
Phoebetria fusca (Hilsenberg)
Diomedea fusca Hilsenberg, 1822, in Froriep, Notizen, 3,
col. 74—Mozambique Channel.
Phoebetria fusca campbelli Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, p. 304—Australian seas.
Breeds north and south of the Subtropical Convergence: Tristan
da Cunha Group (Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale,
Gough), Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet (Hog, Possession, East),
Kerguelen (uncommon), Amsterdam, and St. Paul Islands.
Migratory: range at sea circumpolar in the austral seas between
lat. 30° S. and the edge of the pack ice.
58 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PHOEBETRIA PALPEBRATA
Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster)
Diomedea palpebrata J. R. Forster, 1785, Mém. Math. Phys.
Acad. Sci., Paris, 10, p. 571, pl. 15—“depuis le degré
quarante-septieme de latitude australe jusqu’au soixante-
onzieme et dix minutes” = south of Prince Edward and
Marion Islands, fide Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39,
DiwldSi;
Phoebetria palpebrata auduboni Nichols and Murphy, 1914,
Auk, 31, p. 531—mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon.
Breeds north and south of the Antarctic Convergence: South
Georgia, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet (Hog, Possession,
East), Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie, Auckland, Campbell, and
Antipodes Islands. Migratory: range circumpolar in the austral
seas, between lat. 30°S. and the coasts of the Antarctic
Continent. Some very dubious records for the Northern Hemi-
sphere (United States, France).
FamMity PROCELLARITIDAE
cf. Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39, pp. 158-186.
Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 584-726.
Falla, 1937, Brit. Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped.
Rep., ser. B, 2, pp. 137-206.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 50-86 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
304-327 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 353-380).
Bourne, 1961 ff., Observations Sea Birds, in Sea Swallow
(Annual Rep. Roy. Naval Bird Watching Soc.), 14 ff.
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
136-217.
Alexander et al., 1965, Ibis, 107, pp. 401-405.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
20-30.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 166-207.
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 20-28.
Prevost and Mougin, 1971, Guide Oiseaux Mammiferes
PROCELLARIIDAE 59
Terres Australes Antarctiques Francaises, pp. 49-83.
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 82-139.
Watson et al., 1971, Birds Antarctic Subantarctic, pls.
4-10, 15.
Mougin, 1975, Comite Nat. Francais Recherches Antarc-
tiques, no. 36, 199 pp. (comparative ecology of antarctic
and subantarctic Procellariidae).
Watson, 1975, Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union),
no. 24, pp. 99-151 (Antarctic and Subantarctic).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 118-155.
Genus MACRONECTES RicumMonp
Macronectes Richmond, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
18, p. 76. Type, by original designation, Procellaria gigan-
tea Gmelin. New name for Ossifraga Hombron and Jac-
quinot, 1844, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 18, p. 356,
preoccupied by Wood, 1835, Analyst, 2, p. 305.
cf. Warham, 1962, Auk, 79, pp. 139-160 (ecology).
Bourne and Warham, 1966, Ardea, 54, pp. 45-67 (taxon-
omy).
Voisin, 1968, Oiseau, 38, no. spéc., pp. 95-122 (ecology).
Conroy, 1972, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Sci. Rep., no. 75, 74
pp. (ecology of giganteus).
Johnstone, 1974, Emu, 74, pp. 209-218 (characters, behav-
ior, distribution).
Conroy, Bruce, and Furse, 1975, Ardea, 63, pp. 87-92
(plumages and iris colors).
Voisin, 1976, Alauda, 44, pp. 411-429 (sympatry, Crozet
Archipelago).
MACRONECTES GIGANTEUS
Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin)
Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 563;
based on “Giant Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 396, pl. 100—Staten Island, off Tierra del
Fuego.
Ossifraga alba Potts, 1874, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 6, p. 152—off
Centre Island, Foveaux Strait, New Zealand.
60 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Macronectes giganteus forsteri Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 189—Valparaiso Bay, Chile.
Macronectes giganteus solanderi Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 187—Falkland Islands.
Macronectes giganteus wilsoni Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 189—Ross Sea, Antarctica.
Macronectes giganteus dovei Mathews, 1916, Austral Avian
Rec., 3, p. 544—Sydney, New South Wales.
Procellaria maxima fusca Mathews (ex Anderson MS), 1933,
Emu, 33, p. 1388—Tierra del Fuego and Kerguelen Island.
Synonym of Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin).
Breeds on the Antarctic Continent and Peninsula, Falkland
Islands, South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkney, South
Shetland, ? Bouvet Islands, Marion Group, Crozet (Hog, Pos-
session, East), Kerguelen, Heard, and Macquarie Islands.’
Adults rather sedentary; immatures highly migratory: cir-
cumpolar in the Southern Hemisphere, from the coasts of the
Antarctic Continent to lat. 30° S., rarely farther north than
lat. 10° S. One straggler reported off Brittany; another, or
one belonging to halli, settled on Midway Atoll.
MACRONECTES HALLI
Macronectes halli Mathews
Macronectes giganteus halli Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, p. 187—Kerguelen.
Breeds in the subantarctic zone of surface waters on Gough,
Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet (Hog, Possession, East), Ker-
guelen, Macquarie, Stewart, Auckland, Campbell, Chatham,
and Antipodes Islands, and, in the antarctic zone, on South
Georgia.” Not easily distinguishable at sea from giganteus;
probably the same range.
Genus FULMARUS STEPHENS
Fulmarus Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, General Zool., 13, pt.
1, p. 236. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray,
‘Macronectes breeding at Gough and Falkland Islands present
intermediate characters. Their systematic status is still uncertain;
cf. Johnston et al., 1976, South Afr. Journ. Antarctic Res., 6, pp.
19-22.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
“See preceding note.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 61
1855, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds Brit. Mus., p. 129), Procel-
laria glacialis Linnaeus.
Priocella Hombron and Jacquinot, 1844, Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci., Paris, 18, p. 357. Type, by monotypy, Priocella garnotii
Hombron and Jacquinot = Procellaria glacialoides A.
Smith.
cf. Voous, 1949, Ardea, 37, pp. 113-122 (glacialis, glacia-
loides).
Fisher, 1952, Fulmar, 512 pp.
Wynne-Edwards, 1952, Scott. Nat., 64, pp. 84-101 (geo-
graphical variation in glacialis).
Prevost, 1953, Alauda, 21, pp. 157-164 (breeding of gla-
claloides).
Carrick and Dunnet, 1954, Ibis, 96, pp. 356-370 (breeding
of glacialis).
Salomonsen, 1965, Auk, 82, pp. 327-355 (geographical
variation of glacialis).
Mougin, 1967, Oiseau, 37, pp. 57-103 (comparative ecology
of glacialis and glacialoides).
Cramp, Bourne, and Saunders, 1974, Seabirds Britain
Ireland, pp. 58-67, map 4, table 1 (breeding of glacialis).
FULMARUS GLACIALOIDES'
Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith)
Procellaria glacialoides A. Smith, 1840, Illus. Zool. South
Africa, Aves, pl. 51—Cape seas.
Breeds on the Antarctic Continent and Peninsula (Enderby
Land, Mac Robertson Land, Queen Mary Land, Adélie Land,
King George V Land, Louis-Philippe Land), and on adjacent
islands (Balleny, ? Scott, Peter I), and on the South Sandwich,
South Orkney, South Shetland, and Bouvet Islands; ? South
Georgia. Migratory: circumpolar in the austral seas between
the coasts of the Antarctic Continent and lat. 40° S., chiefly
near lat. 60° S. Recorded at a number of localities north of
that zone, especially along the west coast of South America.
‘Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, General ane
13, pt. 1, p. 236—“Antarctic Ocean, pretty far to the south,”
indeterminable.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
62 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
FULMARUS GLACIALIS
Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (Linnaeus) '
Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2,
p. 51; based chiefly on “Mallemucke” of Martens, 1675,
Spitzberg. Groenland. Reise Beschreibung, p. 68, pl. N,
fig. c—within the Arctic Circle = Spitsbergen ex Martens
(cf. Mathews, 1934, Ibis, p. 173).
Procellaria minor Kjaerbglling, 1852, Danmarks Fugle, p.
324—northern Greenland.
Breeds in the high-arctic north Atlantic region, on Devon
Island, Baffin Island, northeastern Greenland, Spitsbergen,
Bear Island, Franz Joseph Land, and probably Novaya Zemlya.
Migratory: outside the breeding season frequents mainly the
low-arctic parts of the Atlantic Ocean, occasionally straggling
into the northern parts of the boreal zone.
Fulmarus glacialis auduboni Bonaparte’
Fulmarus auduboni Bonaparte, 1857, Consp. Gen. Avium,
2, p. 187—Newfoundland.
The subspecies has performed a considerable extension of
breeding range and population during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries. Now breeds mainly in the low-arctic and
boreal north Atlantic region, including northwestern Green-
land from Thule district south to Disko Bay, Newfoundland,
Jan Mayen, Iceland, Faeroes, British Isles, France (Brittany
and Normandy), western Norway. Migratory: outside the
breeding season frequents low-arctic and boreal parts of the
Atlantic Ocean.
Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cassin
Fulmarus Rodgersii Cassin, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 326—Indian Ocean; error, north Pacific
Ocean (cf. Deignan, 1961, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 221,
a9):
Fulmarus glacialis columba Anthony, 1895, Auk, 12, p.
105—off San Diego, California.
Breeds in the north Pacific Ocean on the Commander, Kuril,
Hall, St. Matthew, Pribilof, Aleutian Islands, and some islands
south of the Alaska Peninsula (Semidi Group and Afognak),
‘As regards the difficulty of attributing the other names given
to the Atlantic Fulmar to one or the other subspecies, cf. Salomonsen,
1965, Auk, 82, pp. 327-355.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 63
probably on Diomede Islands, possibly on Wrangel, Herald,
and St. Lawrence islands, coast of Koriakland, and east coast
of Kamchatka. Migratory: disperses south to Japan and Baja
California.
Genus THALASSOICA ReIcHENBACH
Thalassoica Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 5. Type, by original designation, Procellaria antarctica
Gmelin.
cf. Lowe and Kinnear, 1930, Brit. Antarctic (“Terra Nova”)
Exped., 1910, Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, no. 5, pp. 132-134.
Orton, 1968, Emu, 67, pp. 225-229.
THALASSOICA ANTARCTICA
Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin)
Procellaria antarctica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 565;
based on “Le Pétrel antarctique ou Damier brun’” of Buffon,
1783, Hist. Nat. Generale, 24, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 9, p.
311 (ex “Antarctic peterel” of Cook, 1777, Voyage South
Pole, 1, p. 252)—within the Antarctic Circle between lat.
36° S. and 61° S.
Procellaria lugubris Tschudi, 1856, Journ. Ornith., 4, p. 185.
Synonym of Procellaria antarctica Gmelin, fide Mathews,
1934, Novit. Zool., 39, p. 161, not of Bonaparte, 1845,
Atti 6. Riunione Scienziati Italiani (1844), p. 445, which
is Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus).
Breeds coastally and within the Antarctic Continent (Enderby
Land, Mac Robertson Land, Wilkes Land, Mary Byrd Land,
Theron Mountains, Muhlig-Hofmann Mountains, Rockefeller
Mountains). Range at sea circumpolar in the pack ice, between
the coasts of the Antarctic Continent and lat. 50° S. Recorded
also from southern South America, the Falklands, South
Africa, Kerguelen Islands, Tasmania (King Island), and New
Zealand.
Genus DAPTION SreEpPHENsS
Daption Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, General Zool., 13, pt.
1, p. 239. Type, by original designation, Procellaria capen-
sis Linnaeus.
64 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
cf. Prévost, 1964, Oiseau, 34, no. spéc., pp. 91-112 (ecology).
Pinder, 1966, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Bull., no. 8, pp. 19-47
(breeding).
Mougin, 1968, Oiseau, 38, no. spéc., pp. 1-52 (breeding).
Beck, 1969, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Bull., no. 21, pp. 33-44
(ecology).
Isenmann, 1970, Oiseau, 40, no. spéc., pp. 135-141 (breed-
ing).
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pe 21.
Watson, 1974, Auk, 91, pp. 419-421 (correct gender of
Daption).
Despin, 1977, Oiseau, 47, pp. 149-157 (breeding).
DAPTION CAPENSE
Daption capense capense (Linnaeus)
Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
132; based chiefly on “The white and black Spotted Peteril”
of Edwards, 1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 90, pl. 90, right
fig.—Cape of Good Hope.
Wide distribution in the antarctic and subantarctic zones.
Breeds on the coasts of the Antarctic Continent and Peninsula,
Balleny and Peter I Islands, South Georgia, South Sandwich,
South Orkney, South Shetland, Bouvet, Crozet (Possession,
? East), Kerguelen, Heard, and ? Macquarie Islands. Some
populations sedentary, others migratory. During winter,
ranges at sea to Tropic of Capricorn, reaching farther north
along west coasts of South America and Africa. Recorded
several times from the Northern Hemisphere (Mexico, Califor-
nia, Maine, British Isles, Netherlands, Mediterranean); some
stragglers possibly birds released after a period of captivity
aboard ships.
Daption capense australe Mathews
Daption capense australis Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian
Rec., 1, p. 187—New Zealand.
Breeds in the New Zealand region on the Snares, Campbell,
Bounty, and Antipodes Islands. Not distinguishable at sea
from capense.
Genus PAGODROMA BonapartTE
Pagodroma Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
42, p. 768. Type, by monotypy, Procellaria nivea Forster.
PROCELLARIIDAE 65
cf. Maher, 1962, Condor, 64, pp. 488-499 (breeding of nivea).
Brown, 1966, Austral. Nat. Antarctic Res. Exped., Sci.
Rep., ser. B, 1, Zool. (publ. no. 89), 63 pp. (breeding
of nivea).
Prévost, 1969, Oiseau, 39, no. spéec., pp. 33-49.
Isenmann, 1970, Oiseau, 40, no. spéc., pp. 99-134 (ecology
of confusa).
PAGODROMA NIVEA’
Pagodroma (nivea) nivea (Forster)
Procellaria nivea G. Forster, 1777, Voyage World, 1, pp.
96, 98—lat. 52°S., long. 20° E.
Procellaria nivea minor Schlegel, 1863, Mus. Hist. Nat.
Pays-Bas, Rev. Method. Crit. Coll., livr. 4, Procellariae,
p. 16—“Glaces du Pole Sud.”
Breeds on the Antarctic Continent and Peninsula, Scott Island,
South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkney, South Shet-
land, and Bouvet Islands. Breeds in the interior of the Antarctic
Continent as far as 300 kilometers from the sea, and as high
as 2,000 meters (Tottan Hills, Sgr Rondane Mountains, etc.).
Migratory: ranges at sea in the antarctic zone, seldom outside
the limit of floating ice. Stragglers reported from Falkland
and Kerguelen Islands, southern Australia, and North Island,
New Zealand.
Pagodroma (nivea) confusa Mathews
Pagodroma confusa Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, p.
177—Cape Adare.
At present known to breed only on the Pointe Géologie
Archipelago, Adelie Land, and on the Balleny Islands. Not
distinguishable at sea from nivea.
Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte
Pterodroma Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
42, p. 768. Type, by subsequent designation (Coues, 1866,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 137), Procellaria
macroptera A. Smith.
Cookilaria Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
43, p. 994. New name for Rhantistes Reichenbach, 1853,
‘The taxonomic status of P. nivea and confusa, species or subspecies,
is still enigmatic.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
66
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. 4. Type, by original designa-
tion, Procellaria cookii G. R. Gray.
Pseudobulweria Mathews, 1936, Ibis, p. 309. Type, by origi-
nal designation, Thalassidroma (Bulweria) macgillivrayi
G. R. Gray.
Lugensa Mathews, 1942, Emu, 41, p. 305. Type, by original
designation, Pterodroma lugens Kuhl.
Hallstroma Mathews, 1943, in Mathews and Hallstrom,
cf.
Notes Order Procellariiformes, pp. 35, 37 (in keys). Type,
by original designation, Pterodroma neglecta Schlegel.
Falla, 1942, Emu, 42, pp. 111-118 (Pacific forms of
Pterodroma).
Murphy and Pennoyer, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1580,
43 pp. (larger forms of Pterodroma).
Warham, 1956, Ibis, 98, pp. 171-185 (ecology of macro-
ptera).
Bourne, 1957, Ibis, 99, pp. 184-187 (mollis and relatives).
Bourne, 1964, Notornis, 11, pp. 139-144 (magentae).
Richdale, 1964, Ibis, 106, pp. 110-114 (biology of in-
expectata).
Wingate, 1964, Auk, 81, pp. 147-159 (breeding of cahow).
Bourne and Elliott, 1965, Ibis, 107, pp. 548-550 (taxonomy
of brevirostris).
Jouanin and Gill, 1967, Oiseau, 37, pp. 1-19 (baraut).
Warham, 1967, Emu, 76, pp. 1-22 (ecology of lessoniz).
Bartle, 1968, Notornis, 15, pp. 70-99 (ecology of pycrofti).
Jouanin, Roux, and Zino, 1969, Oiseau, 39, pp. 161-175
(mollis).
Mougin, 1969, Oiseau, 39, no. spéc., pp. 58-81 (ecology
of brevirostris).
Harris, 1970, Condor, 72, pp. 76-84 (ecology of phaeopy-
gia).
Jouanin, 1970, Oiseau, 40, pp. 48-68 (aterrima).
Bourne, 1974, Emu, 74, pp. 257-258 (small forms of
Pterodroma, New Zealand area).
Barre, 1976, Comite Nat. Francais Recherches Antarc-
tiques, no. 40, pp. 61-76 (ecology of lessonit).
Imber, 1976, Ibis, 118, pp. 51-64 (breeding of macroptera).
Vinson, 1976, Oiseau, 46, pp. 1-24 (breeding of arminjon-
tana).
PROCELLARIIDAE 67
Warham, Keeley, and Wilson, 1977, Auk, 94, pp. 1-17
(breeding of inexpectata).
Naurois, 1978, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 287, sér.
D, pp. 269-271 (breeding species of New Caledonia).
PTERODROMA MACROPTERA'
Pterodroma macroptera macroptera (Smith)
Procellaria macroptera A. Smith, 1840, Illus. Zool. South
Africa, Aves, pl. 52—Cape seas.
Pterodroma macroptera albani Mathews, 1912, Austral
Avian Rec., 1, p. 30—Rabbit Island, Western Australia.
Breeds on Tristan da Cunha (sensu stricto), Gough, Marion,
Crozet (East), and Kerguelen Islands, and on islets off the
south coast of Western Australia from the vicinity of Albany
to Cape Arid. Migratory or rather sedentary according to the
breeding localities; cireumpolar in the austral seas between
lat. 50° S. and 30° S.
Pterodroma macroptera gouldi (Hutton)
Aestrelata gouldi Hutton, 1869, Ibis, p. 351—New Zealand
seas.
Breeds on most islands and many headlands of New Zealand,
from the Three Kings Islands in the north throughout the
Hauraki Gulf and Bay of Plenty to south of Gisborne; also
the Auckland west coast and some headlands as far south
as Taranaki. Ranges west to the Tasman Sea and the coast
of New South Wales, north to about 30°S., east to the
south-central Pacific Ocean. Stragglers observed on Raoul
Island, Kermadec Group.
PTERODROMA LESSONII
Pterodroma lessonii (Garnot)
Procellaria Lessonii Garnot, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris,
7, p. 54, pl. 4—“Dans les parages du Cap Horn et de
la mer Pacifique par 52° de lat. sept. [= austr.] et 85°
de longit.”
‘P. macroptera, lessonii, incerta, and probably also solandri and
magentae form a superspecies.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
68 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Aestrelata lessonii australis Mathews, 1916, Austral Avian
Rec., 3, p. 54—Sydney, New South Wales.
Breeds on Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Auckland, and
Antipodes Islands. Migratory: circumpolar at sea between the
coasts of the Antarctic Continent and lat. 33°S. Straggler
Gambier Islands, South Australia, and King Island, Tasmania.
PTERODROMA INCERTA
Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel)
Procellaria incerta Schlegel, 1863, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
Rev. Méthod. Crit. Coll., livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9—“Mers
australes, cOtes de la Nouvelle Zélande, et Mers de
l Australie.”
Procellaria sandaliata Mathews (ex Solander MS), 1912,
Birds Australia, 2, p. 151—Atlantic Ocean, lat. 37°S.,
long. 48° W.
Procellaria satalandia Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 54, p. 25. Substitute name for Procellaria sandaliata
Mathews, 1912.
Breeds on Tristan da Cunha (sensu stricto) and Gough Island.
Migratory: ranges at sea between South America and South
Africa.
PTERODROMA SOLANDRI
Pterodroma solandri (Gould)
Procellaria Solandri Gould, 1844, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 57—no locality = Bass Strait, fide Gould, 1844, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 363.
Procellaria phillipii G. R. Gray, 1862, Ibis, p. 246—Norfolk
Island.
Breeds on Lord Howe Islands; formerly on Norfolk Island.
Migratory: disperses to northwestern Pacific (Japan) and to
coast of New South Wales.
PTERODROMA MAGENTAE
Pterodroma magentae (Giglioli and Salvadori)
Aestrelata Magentae Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869 (early),
Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milan, 11 (1868), p. 451—Pacific
Ocean, lat. 39° 38’ S., long. 125° 58’ W.
Known for long by a unique specimen, caught at sea, the
PROCELLARIIDAE 69
type in the Museo di Zoologia, Universita, Turin. Suggested
as identical with the Taiko, which formerly bred in numbers
in the interior of the main island of the Chatham Group well
into this century. Quite recently 2 live specimens caught in
the southwestern area of the main Chatham Island.*
PTERODROMA ROSTRATA®
Pterodroma rostrata rostrata (Peale)
Procellaria rostrata Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped., 8, p.
296—mountains about 6,000 feet on Tahiti, Society Is-
lands.
Pterodroma rostrata Trouessarti Brasil, 1917, Bull. Mus.
Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 23, p. 432—New Caledonia.”
Breeds on the Society (Tahiti, Moorea) and Marquesas (Hiva
Oa, Tahuata, Nuku Hiva) Islands and on New Caledonia. Partly
migratory. Recorded at sea in abundance in the vicinity of
the breeding islands, and also in the north-central Pacific
during the southern winter. Main contranuptial range west
of the breeding islands to the east coast of Australia. One
specimen caught in the Ryukyu Islands.
Pterodroma rostrata becki Murphy
Pterodroma becki Murphy, 1928, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
322, p. 1—Pacific Ocean, lat. 3° S., long. 155° E.
Definitely known by 2 specimens only (American Museum
of Natural History, New York), collected east of New Ireland
and northwest of Rendova, Solomon Islands. Recorded recently
at sea in the vicinity of Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon
Islands. Breeding grounds still undiscovered.
Pterodroma (rostrata) aterrima (Bonaparte)
Procellaria aterrima Bonaparte, 1857, Consp. Gen. Avium,
2, p. 191—Reéunion.
Formerly known by 4 specimens only: 2, including the type,
in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, the others
in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, and
in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England,
'D. E. Crockett, in press.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*P. rostrata and macgillivrayi form a superspecies.—C. J. and
J.-L. M.
°Material recently collected suggests that the subspecies trouessarti
may be valid (Naurois, pers. com.).—C. J. and J.-L. M.
70 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
all labeled Reunion. Two additional specimens have recently
been caught on Reunion, but the precise breeding grounds
are still undiscovered. Subfossil remains have been found on
Rodrigues Island.
PTERODROMA MACGILLIVRAYI
Pterodroma macgillivrayi (Gray)
Thalassidroma (Bulweria) Macgillivrayi G. R. Gray, ? 1860,
Cat. Birds Tropical Islands Pacific (1859), p. 56—Ngau,
Fiji Islands.
Unique. Type, an immature, in the British Museum (Natural
History), London. Breeding range unknown (? Fiji Islands).
PTERODROMA NEGLECTA'
Pterodroma neglecta neglecta (Schlegel)
Procellaria neglecta Schlegel, 1863, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-
Bas, Rev. Méthod. Crit. Coll., livr. 4, Procellariae, p.
10—Sunday Island = Raoul Island, Kermadec Group.”
Pterodroma neglecta quintali Mathews, 1916, Austral Avian
Rec., 3, p. 68—Lord Howe Island.
Breeds on Lord Howe Island, the Kermadec Group, Raivavae
and Rapa Islands in the Austral Group, Oeno, Henderson,
and Ducie Islands in the Pitcairn Group, Easter Island, and
perhaps on some islands of the Tuamotu Group. Migratory:
distributed widely at sea across the south Pacific, especially
in the subtropical region; crosses the Equator to the north-cen-
tral Pacific not infrequently. Numerous sight records made
at sea from the Hawaiian Islands area south to the Caroline,
Marshall, and Phoenix Islands.
Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews
Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews, 1935, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 56, pl. 59—Juan Fernandez Group.
Breeds on Mas a Tierra and Santa Clara Islands of the Juan
Fernandez Group, and on San Ambrosio and San Felix Islands.
Not distinguishable at sea from neglecta.
'P. neglecta, arminjoniana, and alba form a superspecies.—C. J.
and J.-L. M.
For P. philippii see P. solandri.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 71
PTERODROMA ARMINJONIANA
Pterodroma arminjoniana arminjoniana (Giglioli and
Salvadori)
Aestrelata Arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869 (Jan-
uary), Ibis, p. 62—near South Trinidad (= Trindade)
Island.
Aestrelata Arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869
(early), Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milan, 11 (1868), p.
452—South Trinidad (= Trindade) Island.
Oestrelata wilsoni Sharpe, 1902, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
12, p. 49—South Trinidad (= Trindade) Island.
Aestrelata chionophara Murphy, 1914, Auk, 31, p. 13, pl.
2—tTrinidad (= Trindade) Islet.
Breeds in the south Atlantic Ocean on Trindade Island and
Martin Vaz Rocks, and in the south Indian Ocean on Round
Island, off Mauritius. Rather sedentary: range at sea restricted
to the vicinity of the breeding localities. Stragglers have crossed
the Equator as far as the Antilles and Ithaca, New York.
Pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica (Salvin)
Oestrelata heraldica Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 357—Chesterfield
Islands, western Pacific.
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) heraldica paschae Lonnberg, 1921,
in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez Easter Islands,
3, p. 23—KEaster Island.
Breeds on ? Raine Island, northeastern Australia, Chesterfield
Islands, Tonga, ? Rarotonga, Marquesas (? Nuka Hiva, Ua
Pu, Tahuata), Tuamotu Group, Gambier Islands, Pitcairn
Group (Oeno, Henderson, Ducie), Easter Island. Rather seden-
tary: range at sea limited; occasionally recorded north to the
central Pacific south of the Hawaiian Islands.
PTERODROMA ALBA
Pterodroma alba (Gmelin)
Procellaria alba Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 565; based
on “White-breasted Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 400—Turtle and Christmas Islands;
restricted to Christmas Island by Murphy, 1952, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 1580, p. 32.
Procellaria parvirostris Peale, 1848, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
8, p. 298—near Honden Island, Dangerous Archipelago
(@ CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
= Puka Puka Island, Tuamotu Archipelago.
Oestrelata wortheni Rothschild, 1902, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 12, p. 62—Pacific Ocean, lat. 3° S., long. 118° 45’ W.
Aestrelata oliveri Mathews and Iredale, 1914, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 113—Sunday Island = Raoul Island, Kermadec
Group.
Pterodroma alba cantonia Mathews, 1942, Emu, 42, p.
123—Canton Island, Phoenix Group.
Breeds on the Phoenix, Tonga, Line (including Christmas),
and Marquesas (Hatutu, Motu Iti, Ua Pu, Fatu Huku) Islands,
Pitcairn Group (Oeno, Henderson, Ducie), and perhaps on Raoul
Island, Kermadec Group. Rather sedentary. Recorded at sea
in small numbers in the central Pacific north to the Hawaiian
Islands.
PTERODROMA ULTIMA’
Pterodroma ultima Murphy
Pterodroma ultima Murphy, 1949, in Mayr and Schuz (eds.),
Ornith. Biol. Wissen., p. 89—Oeno Island, south Pacific.
Breeds in the Austral Group (Rapa Island, Bass Rocks),
Tuamotu Group (Mururoa, Fangataufa, Maria, Timoe), and
Pitcairn Group (Oeno, Henderson, Ducie). Range at sea un-
known: sedentary? Has been recorded in the vicinity of the
breeding localities and from the Society Islands north to the
Leeward Hawaiian Chain.
PTERODROMA BREVIROSTRIS*
Pterodroma brevirostris (Lesson)
Procellaria brevirostris Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr.
8, p. 611—no locality. Type from Cape of Good Hope.
‘P. ultima, brevirostris, mollis, and perhaps inexpectata form a
superspecies.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
The name lugens Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., Abth.
1, p. 144, wrongly based on Parkinson’s drawings, is indeterminable
and must be ruled out, though used currently with brevirostris; cf.
Bourne and Elliott, 1965, Ibis, 107, pp. 548-550.—C. J. and J.-L.
M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 73
Pterodroma kidderi okahia [sic] Mathews, 1935, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 56, p. 37—Ohakia = Ohakea, New Zealand.
Breeds on the Tristan da Cunha Group (? Inaccessible, ? Tristan
da Cunha, Gough), Marion, Crozet (Possession, East), and
Kerguelen Islands. Migratory: range at sea probably circumpo-
lar between lat. 70° S. and 40° S. Regularly appears on Austra-
lian and New Zealand beaches.
PTERODROMA MOLLIS
Pterodroma mollis mollis (Gould)
Procellaria mollis Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13,
p. 363—south Atlantic Ocean, lat. 20° S. to 40° S.
Pterodroma deceptornis Mathews, 1932, Novit. Zool., 38, p.
34—lat. 36° 08’ S., long. 88° 55’ E. = Amsterdam and
St. Paul Islands.
Breeds on the Tristan da Cunha Group (Inaccessible, Tristan
da Cunha, Nightingale, Gough), Marion Group, Crozet (East),
and probably Antipodes Islands. Migratory: ranges at sea in
the Atlantic and Indian Oceans between lat. 25° S. and 60° S.
Pterodroma mollis feae (Salvadori)
Oestrelata feae Salvadori, 1899, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
40, p. 305—San Nicolas Island, Cape Verde Islands.
Pterodroma mollis deserta Mathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 54, p. 179—Desertas Islands.
Breeds on the Cape Verde Islands (Santo Antao, Sao Nicolau,
Fogo, Sao Tiago), and on Bugio, Desertas Islands, off Madeira.
Not distinguishable at sea from madeira.
Pterodroma mollis madeira Mathews
Pterodroma mollis madeira Mathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 54, p. 179—Madeira.
Breeds in the highlands of Madeira. Migratory: ranges at sea
along the western African coast as far south as lat. 9° N.
PTERODROMA INEXPECTATA
Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster)
Procellaria inexpectata J. R. Forster, 1844, Descr. Animal.
Itinere Maris Australis Terras, p. 204—Antarctic Ocean.
Formerly may have bred in the highlands of New Zealand
(North and South Islands). Still breeds on islets off Stewart
74 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Island and on the Snares Islands.’ Highly migratory: wide
oceanic range, moving south to the edge of the pack ice and
north across the central Pacific as far as Alaska and the
Aleutian Islands.
PTERODROMA CAHOW*
Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray)
Aestrelata cahow Nichols and Mowbray, 1916, Auk, 33, p.
194—-southeastern side of Castle Island, Bermuda.
Formerly bred abundantly on Bermuda. A population of the
order of perhaps 100 adult birds is now confined to small
islets in the Castle Harbour group of islands. Range at sea
unknown.
PTERODROMA HASITATA
Pterodroma hasitata hasitata (Kuhl)
Procellaria hasitata Kuhl (ex Forster), 1820, Beitr. Zool.
Vergl. Anat., Abth. 1, p. 142—no locality.
Formerly bred in the mountains of Guadeloupe and Dominica,
and, possibly, in Martinique. Still breeds in fair numbers in
the mountains of Hispaniola. Migratory: ranges at sea north
to the east coast of the United States, south to the northeastern
coast of South America, east to long. 50° W.
Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea Carte
Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 93, pl. 10—Blue Mountains, Jamaica.
Formerly bred in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. Extinct?
PTERODROMA EXTERNA
Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin)
Oestrelata externa Salvin, 1875, Ibis, p. 373—islands of Mas
Afuera and Juan Fernandez.
Pterodroma externa tristrani Mathews, 1931, Bull. Brit.
‘Antipodes Islands are listed probably erroneously, on the basis
of one partially feathered chick in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York, mislabeled “Antipodes Islands” instead of “Snares
Islands” (J. Warham, pers. com.).—C. J. and J.-L. M.
°P. cahow, hasitata, externa, baraui, and phaeopygia form a
superspecies.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 75
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 63—Tristan da Cunha.
Breeds on Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez Group. Migratory:
main wintering area in the central Pacific, between the Equator
and the Hawaiian Islands (where individuals are present all
year). Also observed in the vicinity of the Marquesas Islands.
One record from New Zealand.
Pterodroma externa cervicalis (Salvin)
Oestrelata cervicalis Salvin, 1891, Ibis, p. 192—Kermadec
Islands.
Breeds at high levels on Raoul Island, Kermadec Group. Same
main wintering area as externa.
PTERODROMA BARAUI
Pterodroma baraui (Jouanin)
Bulweria baraui Jouanin, 1964, Oiseau, 34, p. 84—Saint-
Denis, Reunion.
Breeds in fair numbers on inaccessible inland cliffs of the
high mountains of Réunion. One nest recently found on a
rocky mountain top on Rodrigues Island (? new colonization).*
Range at sea unknown.
PTERODROMA PHAEOPYGIA
Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia (Salvin)
Oestrelata phaeopygia Salvin, 1876, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
9, p. 507, pl. 88, figs. 1, 3—Chatham Island, Galapagos.
Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago on Isabela (Albemarle),
San Salvador (James), Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), San Cristo-
bal (Chatham), and Santa Maria (Floreana or Charles) Islands.
Rather sedentary: ranges warm waters from northern Peru
to Mexico. Population greatly reduced in recent years.
Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis (Ridgway)
Oestrelata sandwichensis Ridgway, 1884, in Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 13, p. 395, in
text—Hawaiian Islands.
Breeds in small numbers on Maui and Hawaii, Hawaiian
Islands (formerly on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and proba-
bly other islands of the group); in danger of extinction.
2
*Cheke, Ibis, in press.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*Doubtfully distinguishable from phaeopygia.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
76 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Migratory: ranges at sea in the north Pacific Ocean, between
lat. 42° N. and 5° N. A specimen from the Moluccas may
indicate a migration to the western Pacific during the contra-
nuptial period or an undetected breeding station.
PTERODROMA HYPOLEUCA'
Pterodroma hypoleuca (Salvin)
Oestrelata hypoleuca Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 359—north Pacific
Ocean, “Krusenstern Islands,” mythical islands designated
by the collector instead of one of the islands in the Leeward
Hawaiian Chain; cf. Murphy, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1512, p. 17.
Breeds on the Bonin and Volcano Islands and islands of the
Leeward Hawaiian Chain (Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes
Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals). Migratory:
outside breeding season ranges at sea to Taiwan, Ryukyu and
Izu Islands, and Sakhalin; also recorded from Marcus Island.
PTERODROMA NIGRIPENNIS”
Pterodroma nigripennis (Rothschild)
Oestrelata nigripennis Rothschild, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 1, p. 57—Kermadec Islands.
Cookilaria hindwoodi Whitley, 1938, Austral. Mus. Mag.,
6, p. 297—Norfolk Island.
Breeds on ? Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, on ? Lord Howe
Island, ? Norfolk Island, New Caledonia; on Raoul, Meyer,
Macauley, and Curtis Islands, Kermadec Group; on Great King
Island, Three Kings Group, off North Island, New Zealand;
on South East Island, Chatham Group; and on Rapa Island
and Bass Rocks, Austral Group. Migratory: ranges at sea west
to the east coast of Australia, to the south-central Pacific,
and north to the Hawaiian Islands, where it is found in
considerable numbers between lat. 5° N. and 25° N.
’P. hypoleuca, nigripennis, axillaris, cookii, defilippiana, longiros-
tris, and leucoptera form a group of small-sized Pterodroma sometimes
referred to as the “Cookilaria” subgenus.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*P. nigripennis and axillaris form a superspecies. P. hypoleuca,
often associated with them, is a distinct bird, with a cuneate tail.—C.
J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE ee
PTERODROMA AXILLARIS
Pterodroma axillaris (Salvin)
Oestrelata axillaris Salvin, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
1, p. 33—Chatham Islands.
Breeds on South East Island, Chatham Islands. Range at sea
unknown.
PTERODROMA COOKII'
Pterodroma cookii (Gray)
Procellaria Cookii G. R. Gray, 1843, in Dieffenbach, Travels
N. Z., 2, p. 199—New Zealand.
Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy, 1929, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 370, p. 5—200 miles west of Callao, Peru.
Breeds in New Zealand on Little and Great Barrier Islands,
off North Island, and on Codfish Island, off Stewart Island.
Highly migratory: winters in the eastern and northern Pacific
Ocean to Peru and the Aleutian Islands.
PTERODROMA DEFILIPPIANA
Pterodroma defilippiana (Giglioli and Salvadori)
Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869, Ibis,
p. 63—off coast between Callao, Peru, and Valparaiso,
Chile.
Breeds on Mas a Tierra and probably Santa Clara Island,
Juan Fernandez Group, and San Felix Island. Range at sea
unknown.
PTERODROMA LONGIROSTRIS
Pterodroma longirostris longirostris (Stejneger)
Aestrelata longirostris Stejneger, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
16, p. 618—Province of Mutzu, Hondo, Japan.
Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki masafuerae Lonnberg, 1921,
in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez Easter Islands,
3, p. 14—Mas Afuera Island.
Breeds on Mas Afuera Island, Juan Fernandez Group. Highly
migratory: winters in the subtropical north Pacific between
California and Japan, but most birds collected are in molt
and the distribution of the 2 races is uncertain.
*P. cookii, defilippiana, longirostris, and leucoptera form a
superspecies.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
78 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Pterodroma longirostris pycrofti Falla
Pterodroma pycrofti Falla, 1933, Rec. Auckland Inst. Mus.,
1, p. 176—Taranga, Hen Island, New Zealand.
Breeds on small islands off the northeastern coast of North
Island, New Zealand: Stephenson Island, Poor Knights Islands
(Aorangi), Hen and Chickens Islands, Stanley Island, and
Mercury Islands (Red Mercury, Korapuki, Kawitihu). Dis-
tribution at sea unknown: possibly winters in the same area
of the north Pacific as longirostris.
PTERODROMA LEUCOPTERA
Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera (Gould)
Procellaria leucoptera Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
13, p. 364—Cabbage Tree Island, Port Stephens, New
South Wales.
Breeds on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. Populations
intermediate between leucoptera and brevipes, or forming
undescribed races, occur on the Solomons, New Caledonia,
New Hebrides, and in subfossil deposits on Lord Howe Island,
and have been collected at sea east to the vicinity of the
Galapagos and south on beaches of New Zealand.’
Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes (Peale)
Procellaria brevipes Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8,
p. 294—type locality doubtful: reported “latitude 68° S.,
longitude 95° W.,” but probably Samoa Islands, as pointed
out by Bourne, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 155-156.
Breeds on the Fiji Islands and possibly on the Samoa Islands.
Range at sea poorly known. Recorded near the Phoenix Islands.
Genus HALOBAENA BonapartTE
Halobaena Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
42, p. 768. Type, by monotypy, Procellaria caerulea Gme-
lin.
cf. Paulian, 1953, Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, ser. A, 8, pp.
181-189.
‘Naurois (1978) has proposed a name for the breeding population
of New Caledonia.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 79
HALOBAENA CAERULEA
Halobaena caerulea (Gmelin)
Procellaria caerulea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 560;
based on “Blue Petrel” of G. Forster, 1777, Voyage World,
1, p. 91—“in oceano australi” = Southern Ocean, lat. 58° S.
Procellaria forsteri A. Smith, 1840, Illus. Zool. South Africa,
Aves, pl. 43—Cape seas. Not Procellaria forsteri Latham,
1790, Index Ornith., p. 827, which is Pachyptila vittata.
Procellaria similis J. R. Forster, 1844, Descr. Animal. Itinere
Maris Australis Terras, p. 59—Antarctic Ocean.
Breeds north of the Antarctic Convergence on ? the Marion
Group, Crozet (East), Kerguelen, and ? Macquarie Islands,
and south of the Antarctic Convergence on South Georgia.’
The South Orkney breeding record is undoubtedly based on
a misidentified egg. Migratory: ranges at sea between the
coasts of the Antarctic Continent and lat. 40° S., sometimes
farther north. Recorded on the coasts of Australia, New
Zealand, South America, and South Africa.
Genus PACHYPTILA ILLIGER
Pachyptila Illiger, 1811, Prodromus Syst. Mammalium
Avium, p. 274. Type, by subsequent designation (Selby,
1840, Cat. Gen. Sub-gen. Types Class Aves, p. 49), Procel-
laria forsteri Latham = Procellaria vittata G. Forster.
Attaprion Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 54, p.
25. Type, by original designation, Procellaria desolata
Gmelin.
Salviprion Mathews, 1943, in Mathews and Hallstrom, Notes
Order Procellariiformes, p. 30. Type, by original designa-
tion, Prion vittatus salvini Mathews.
cf. Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37, pp. 118-121.
Mathews, 1938, Emu, 37, pp. 280-284.
Fleming, 1939, Emu, 38, pp. 396-401.
Falla, 1940, Emu, 40, pp. 218-236.
Fleming, 1941, Emu, 41, pp. 134-155 (phylogeny).
Downes et al., 1959, Austral. Nat. Antarctic Res. Exped.,
‘J. W. H. Conroy, pers. com.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
80 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Rep., ser. B, 1, no. 7, pp. 85-96 (ecology of desolata
and crassirostris).
Tickell, 1962, Falkland Islands Dependencies Surv., Sci.
Rep., no. 33, 55 pp. (ecology of desolata).
Richdale, 1965, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 31, pp. 87-155
(breeding behavior of turtur and vittata).
Despin, Mougin, and Segonzac, 1972, Comité Nat. Francais
Recherches Antarctiques, no. 31, pp. 39-49 (ecology of
salvini, belcheri, and desolata).
Harper, 1972, Notornis, 19, pp. 140-175 (distribution of
belcheri and desolata).
Derenne and Mougin, 1976, Comité Nat. Francais Re-
cherches Antarctiques, no. 40, pp. 149-175 (nesting of
turtur and salvini).
Harper, 1976, N. Z. Journ. Zool., 3, pp. 351-371 (breeding
biology of turtur).
PACHYPTILA VITTATA
Pachyptila vittata vittata (Forster)
Procellaria vittata G. Forster, 1777, Voyage World, 1, pp.
91, 98, note—lat. 47° 10’ S.
Procellaria Forsteri Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 827—
New Zealand.
Prion vittatus keyteli Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2,
p. 210—Tristan da Cunha.
Pachyptila vittata balaena Mathews, 1938, Emu, 37, p.
281—Cottesloe, Western Australia.
Breeds in the New Zealand region on the coasts of Foveaux
Strait, islets off Stewart Island, Snares, and Chatham Islands,
and in the south Atlantic Ocean on the Tristan da Cunha
Group (Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Gough).
Range at sea poorly known, perhaps between lat. 60° S. and
40° S. Observed near the coasts of New Zealand, southern
and Western Australia, and South Africa.
Pachyptila vittata macgillivrayi (Mathews) '
Prion vittatus macgillivrayi Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
‘Prion vittatus gouldi Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, pp. 203
(in key), 211—Bass Strait, Victoria, and Prion vittatus missus Math-
ews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, pp. 203 (in key), 212, pl. 92—Perth,
southwestern Australia, are indeterminable.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 81
2, p. 211—St. Paul Island, Indian Ocean.
Breeds on St. Paul and (formerly) Amsterdam Islands. Not
distinguishable at sea from vittata.
Pachyptila vittata salvini (Mathews)
Prion vittatus salvini Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2,
p. 212—“Crozets, Marion Island, etc.”; restricted to Marion
Island by Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39, p. 172.
Heteroprion desolatus crozetit Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 147—Crozet Archipelago.
Pachyptila gouldi whittelli Mathews, 1938, Emu, 37, p.
282—Bunbury, Western Australia.
Breeds on Crozet (Hog, Possession, East), Prince Edward, and
Marion Islands. Migratory: ranges at sea east to Australia
and New Zealand, where it is abundant during the winter
months, and west to South Africa.
PACHYPTILA DESOLATA
Pachyptila desolata desolata (Gmelin)
Procellaria desolata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 562;
based on “Brown-banded Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 409—Desolation Island = Kerguelen
Island.
Heteroprion desolatus mattingleyt Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, pp. 223 (in key), 226—Geelong, Victoria.
Heteroprion desolatus alexanderi Mathews and Iredale, 1921,
Man. Birds Australia, 1, p. 42—Cottesloe beach, Western
Australia.
Breeds on Crozet (East) and Kerguelen Islands.
Pachyptila desolata alter (Mathews)
Heteroprion desolatus alter Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, p. 231—Auckland Islands.
Heteroprion desolatus macquariensis Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 231—Macquarie Island.
Breeds on Macquarie and Auckland Islands.
Pachyptila desolata banksi Smith
Pachyptila banksi A. Smith, 1840, Illus. Zool. South Africa,
Aves, pl. 55—Cape seas.
Heteroprion desolatus peringueyi Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 230—Pondoland coast, South Africa.
82 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
H.(eteroprion) d.(esolatus) georgia Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 147 (in text)—Stromness Bay, South
Georgia. The same bird (same type in the British Museum:
no. 1914.3.8.38) was named again by Mathews:
Pachyptila vittata georgicus Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 53, p. 214.
Heteroprion desolatus dispar Iredale, 1938, Emu, 37, p.
244—Heard Island.
Heteroprion desolatus heardi Mathews, 1942, Emu, 41, p.
264. New name for Heteroprion desolatus dispar Iredale.
Breeds on South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkney,
South Shetland, and Heard Islands, and also in Antarctica
(Scott Island and formerly Cape Denison). The 3 subspecies
are not distinguishable at sea. The species is circumpolar at
sea between the coasts of the Antarctic Continent and lat.
35° S. Recorded frequently on the coasts of South America,
South Africa, southern Australia, and New Zealand; accidental
Kermadec Islands and New Hebrides.
PACHYPTILA BELCHERI
Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews)
Heteroprion belcheri Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, p.
215 and text figs., p. 224—Geelong, Victoria.
?Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews, 1912, Birds Austra-
lia, 2, p. 220—west coast of South America.
Heteroprion belcheri serventyi Mathews, 1935, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 55, p. 160—Cottesloe, Western Australia.
Pachyptila (Heteroprion) belcheri orientalis Falla, 1937, Brit.
Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped. Rep., ser. B, 2, p.
200—Royal Sound, Kerguelen.
Heteroprion belcheri lalfa Mathews, 1939, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 59, p. 103—Kapiti Island, New Zealand.
Heteroprion belcheri falklandicus Mathews, 1939, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 59, p. 104—Falkland Islands.
Breeds on Crozet (East) and Kerguelen Islands, and on Grand
Jason and New Islands in the Falkland Group. Migratory:
circumpolar at sea between lat. 65° S. and 35° S. Recorded
frequently on the coasts of South America, South Africa,
southern Australia, and New Zealand. Recorded once in the
Kermadec Islands.
PROCELLARIIDAE 83
PACHYPTILA TURTUR'”
Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl)
Procellaria turtur Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., Abth.
1, p. 143—no locality. Nomen conservandum, based on
an indeterminable drawing by Parkinson in the Banks
Library, British Museum (Natural History), London, la-
beled “Feb. 1st. 1769. Lat. 59.00”; cf. Lysaght, 1959, Bull.
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Hist. Ser., 1, p. 274.
Pachyptila turtur fallai Oliver, 1930, N. Z. Birds, p. 114—
Otago, South Island, New Zealand.
Pseudoprion turtur steadi Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 52, p. 146—“Stewart Island and small islands near;
breeding on Cundy, Woman, and Betsy Islands.”
P.(seudoprion) t.(urtur) oliveri Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 147 (in text)—Motunau Island, off
South Island, New Zealand.
Pseudoprion turtur dertrum Mathews, 1938, Emu, 37, p.
281—Bunbury, Western Australia.
Pseudoprion turtur armiger Mathews and Hallstrom, 1943,
Notes Order Procellariiformes, p. 23—Poor Knights Is-
lands, New Zealand.
Pseudoprion turtur benchi Mathews and Hallstrom, 1943,
Notes Order Procellariiformes, p. 23—Bench Island, off
Stewart Island, New Zealand.
Pseudoprion turtur mangarei Mathews and Hallstrom, 1943,
Notes Order Procellariiformes, p. 23—Mangare Island,
Chatham Islands.
Pachyptila turtur subantarctica Oliver, 1955, N. Z. Birds,
ed. 2, p. 119—Antipodes Island.
Breeds on the Falkland, Marion, Crozet (Hog), and? Macquarie
Islands, on islets off Portland, Victoria, on Tasmania, on
numerous islands off North, South, and Stewart Islands, New
Zealand, on the Snares, Chatham (Mangare, Little Mangare),
and Antipodes Islands. Range at sea poorly known; probably
between lat. 60° S. and 35° S., mostly in the vicinity of the
breeding localities. Recorded once in the Kermadec Islands.
‘P. turtur and crassirostris form a superspecies.—C. J. and J.-L.
*Pachyptila turtur brevirostris Gould, 1855, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 88, pl. 93—Madeira, is indeterminable.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
84 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PACHYPTILA CRASSIROSTRIS
Pachyptila crassirostris crassirostris (Mathews)
Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 221—Bounty Island.
Breeds on Bounty Islands. Range at sea unknown.
Pachyptila crassirostris eatoni (Mathews)
Pseudoprion turtur eatoni Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, p. 220—Kerguelen Island.
Breeds on Heard, Auckland, and ? Antipodes Islands. Range
at sea unknown.
Pachyptila crassirostris pyramidalis Fleming
Pachyptila (Pseudoprion) eatoni pyramidalis Fleming, 1939,
Emu, 38, p. 400—Pyramid Rock, Chatham Islands.
Breeds on Pyramid Rock and Forty Four Islets, Chatham
Islands. It is presumably this subspecies that nests on Western
Chain, Snares Islands. Range at sea unknown.
Genus BULWERIA BonapartTE
Bulweria Bonaparte, 1843, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. R. Accade-
mia Sci. Istituto Bologna, 8 (1842), p. 426. Type, by
monotypy, Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby.
cf. Bourne, 1975, Ibis, 117, p. 535 (generic status).
Olson, 1975, Ibis, 117, pp. 111-113 (generic status).
BULWERIA BULWERII
Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine and Selby)
Procellaria Bulwerii Jardine and Selby, 1828, Illus. Ornith.,
pt. 4, pl. 65 and text—Madeira.
Breeds in the Atlantic Ocean on the Azores (at least Santa
Maria), Desertas Islands off Madeira, Cima and Baixo Islands
off Porto Santo, Salvage Islands, Canary Islands (at least
Tenerife and Montana Clara), and Cape Verde Islands (Branco,
Raza, Rombos); in the Pacific Ocean on Taiwan, small islands
off the southeastern coast of China, Bonin, Volcano, extreme
northern Marshall (? Taongi), Johnston Islands, Leeward
Hawaiian Chain (Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef, ? Lisianski,
Laysan, Gardner Pinnacles, French Frigate Shoals, Necker,
Nihoa), Phoenix, and Marquesas (Hatutu, Nuka Hiva, Ua
Huka, Ua Pu, Hiva Oa) Islands. Migratory. Atlantic birds
PROCELLARIIDAE 85
migrate south and west into the Tropics: recorded in Caribbean,
Trinidad, off northeastern coast of South America, northwest-
ern Africa, Gulf of Guinea, and Western Cape, South Africa;
also recorded in the Mediterranean and several times in the
British Isles. Range at sea of Pacific birds poorly known:
probably considerable dispersion throughout the Tropics. Re-
corded from equatorial, central, and western Indian Ocean.
BULWERIA FALLAX
Bulweria fallax Jouanin
Bulweria fallax Jouanin, 1955, Oiseau, 25, p. 155—north-
western Indian Ocean, lat. 12° 30’ N., long. 55° E.
Common in the northwestern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea).
Breeding grounds undiscovered, but probably on the coast of
southern Arabia. Ranges at sea in the Indian Ocean to lat.
5° S. One record in the Pacific: Lisianski, Leeward Hawaiian
Chain. Another record, of 3 birds, in the Adriatic Sea: imported
birds?
Genus PROCELLARIA Linnaeus
Procellaria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 131. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 78), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus.
Priofinus Hombron and Jacquinot, 1844, Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci., Paris, 18, p. 355. Type, by subsequent designation
(Mathews and Iredale, 1920, Austral Avian Rec., 4, p.
111), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus.
Adamastor Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
43, p. 594. Type, by original designation, Procellaria
haesitata J. R. Forster = Procellaria cinerea Gmelin.
cf. Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39, pp. 175-176.
Rowan, A. N. and M. K., and Elliott, 1951, Ibis, 93, pp.
169-174 (ecology of conspicillata).
Southern, 1951, Ibis, 93, pp. 174-179 (status of conspi-
cillata).
Mougin, 1970, Oiseau, 40, no. spéc., pp. 62-96 (ecology
of aequinoctialis).
Barrat, 1974, Comite Nat. Francais Recherches Antarc-
tiques, no. 33, pp. 19-23 (ecology of cinerea).
Baker and Coleman, 1977, Notornis, 24, pp. 211-231
(breeding cycle of westlandica).
86 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PROCELLARIA AEQUINOCTIALIS'
Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Linnaeus
Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed.
10, p. 132; based on “The Great Peteril” of Edwards, 1747,
Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 89, pl. 89—Cape of Good Hope. Type
from South Georgia, fide Dabbene, 1923, Hornero, 3, p.
5s
Procellaria aequinoctialis steadi Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, pp. 107 (in key), 112—-Antipodes and Auck-
land Islands; type from Antipodes Islands.
Breeds on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, ? Gough, Prince
Edward, Marion, Crozet (Possession, East), Kerguelen, ? Mac-
quarie, Auckland, Campbell, and Antipodes Islands. Migratory:
range at sea circumpolar between lat. 65°S. and 30°S.,
extending farther north along the coasts of South America
and South Africa to lat. 15° S.
Procellaria aequinoctialis conspicillata Gould
Procellaria conspicillata Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
13, p. 362—“very abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans.” :
Procellaria larvata Lesson, 1845, Echo Monde Savant, col.
971—Cape seas.
Breeds on Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha Group. For-
merly probably bred in the Fuegian region and on Amsterdam
and St. Paul Islands. Range at sea poorly known; probably
restricted to the vicinity of the breeding grounds.
PROCELLARIA WESTLANDICA
Procellaria westlandica Falla
Procellaria parkinsoni westlandica Falla, 1946, Rec. Canter-
bury Mus., 5, p. 111—Barrytown, Westland, South Island,
New Zealand.
Known to breed only at type locality and vicinity (30 kilometers
of coastal ranges 2 to 3 kilometers inland from Barrytown
north to Punakaiki, west coast of South Island); breeds in
winter. Ranges at sea from eastern Australia to east of New
Zealand.
’P. aequinoctialis, westlandica, and parkinsoni form a subgenus
Procellaria.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 87
PROCELLARIA PARKINSONI
Procellaria parkinsoni Gray
Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, 1862, Ibis, p. 245—New
Zealand.
Breeds in New Zealand on Little Barrier and Great Barrier
Islands. Has formerly bred on some ranges of the North and
South Islands (Waitakere, Rimutaka, Kaitake, Titiraupenga;
Heaphy). Highly migratory, crossing the Pacific to the Galapa-
gos and the west coast of tropical America north to lat. 13° N.
off Guatemala. Also recorded off eastern Australia.
PROCELLARIA CINEREA’
Procellaria cinerea Gmelin
Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 563; based
on “Cinereous Fulmar” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 405—within the Antarctic Circle = New
Zealand seas, lat. 48°S., fide Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 123.
Breeds on ? Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, and Gough Islands
of the Tristan da Cunha Group, and on Marion, Crozet
(Possession), Kerguelen, ? Macquarie, Campbell, and Antipodes
Islands. Migratory: range at sea circumpolar between lat. 60° S.
(sometimes farther south) and 25°S. (rarely farther north).
One doubtful record from Monterey, California.
Genus CALONECTRIS Martuews anp IREDALE
Calonectris Mathews and Iredale, 1915, Ibis, pp. 590, 592.
Type, by original designation, Procellaria leucomelas
Temminck.
cf. Murphy, 1924, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 50, pp. 241-251
(edwardsit).
Murphy and Chapin, 1929, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 384,
pp. 3-4 (diomedea).
Kuroda, Nagahisa, 1954, Class. Phylogeny Tubinares, 179
pp.
Bourne, 1955, Ibis, 97, pp. 145-149 (races of diomedea).
'P. cinerea forms a monotypic subgenus Adamastor.—C. J. and
J.-L. M.
88 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Jouanin and Roux, 1966, Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal, no.
20, pp. 14-28 (diomedea, Salvage Islands).
Zino, 1971, Ibis, 1138, pp. 212-217 (diomedea, Salvage
Islands).
Jouanin, Roux, and Zino, 1978, Oiseau, 47 (1977), pp.
351-358 (migration and age of first breeding of diome-
dea, Salvage Islands).
CALONECTRIS DIOMEDEA
Calonectris diomedea diomedea (Scopoli)’
Procellaria diomedea Scopoli, 1769, Annus I Hist.-Nat., p.
74—no locality; Tremiti Islands, Adriatic Sea, designated
by Committee on Nomenclature, Brit. Ornith. Union, 1946,
Ibis, 88, p. 534.
Puffinus diomedea disputans Mathews, 1937, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 57, p. 123—seas around Kerguelen Island
to South Africa.
Breeds in the Mediterranean on the Balearic Islands, islets
off the coast of France, Corsica, Sardinia, Zembra Island off
Tunisia, Adriatic, Balkans, Turkey, Near East, but apparently
not Cyprus or the southern Mediterranean coast from Tunisia
to Turkey. Migratory: passing through Strait of Gibraltar,
migrates into the Atlantic Ocean to the coasts of western
and southern Africa, wandering north to England, southern
Germany, and eastern United States (Long Island, New York,
and Florida).
Calonectris diomedea borealis (Cory)
Puffinus borealis Cory, 1881, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club,
6, p. 84—off Chatham Island, Massachusetts.
Breeds on the Berlengas, off Portugal, Madeira, Desertas, Porto
Santo, Salvages, Canaries, and Azores. Highly migratory:
ranges west to the east coast of North America from New-
‘Calonectris diomedea diomedea (Scopoli) replaces Puffinus kuhli
(Boie) of Sharpe, 1899, Hand-list Birds, 1, p. 123.—C. J. and J.-L.
M.
The name Procellaria flavirostris Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 18, p. 365—off the Cape of Good Hope, in lat. 36° 39’S.,
long. 10° 03’ E., which antedates Puffinus borealis Cory, is indeter-
minable (type lost); cf. Bourne, 1955, Ibis, 97, pp. 145-149.—C. J.
and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 89
foundland and Nova Scotia south to South Carolina, south
to Argentina and the Cape seas, north to Brittany, British
Isles, southern Baltic. Recorded once in New Zealand.
Calonectris (diomedea) edwardsii (Oustalet)
Puffinus Edwardsii Oustalet, 1883, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
Paris, ser. 6, 16, art. 5, p. 1—Branco, Cape Verde Islands.
Breeds on the Cape Verde Islands (Santo Antao, Sao Vicente,
Branco, Razo, Sao Nicolau, Rombos, Brava, Fogo, Sao Tiago).
Range at sea probably restricted to the vicinity of the breeding
islands.
CALONECTRIS LEUCOMELAS
Calonectris leucomelas (Temminck)
Procellaria leucomelas Temminck, 1835, Planches Color.,
livr. 99, pl. 587—seas of Japan and Nagasaki Bay.
Breeds on small coastal islands of Maritime Territory, USSR,
of Japan from Hokkaido south to Kyushu, and of Korea and
northern China south to Shantung; also from the Izu Islands
to the Bonins, and on the Pescadores. Winters south to Taiwan,
Philippines, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Palau Islands,
Bismarck Archipelago, central Coral Sea area, and ? north-
eastern Australia. Has been collected once off Sri Lanka
(Ceylon); recorded also from California, Hawaiian Islands,
Kurils, and possibly Sakhalin.
Genus PUFFINUS Brisson
Puffinus Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 56; 6, pp. 129-130.
Type, by tautonymy, Puffinus = Procellaria puffinus
Brunnich.
Ardenna Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
4. Type, by original designation, Puffinus maior Faber
= Puffinus gravis O'Reilly.
Thyellodroma Stejneger, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11,
p. 93, note. Type, by original designation, Puffinus sphen-
urus Gould = Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson.
Neonectris Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian Rec., 2, p. 12.
Type, by original designation, Puffinus brevicaudus Gould
= Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck.
Hemipuffinus Iredale, 1913, Austral Avian Rec., 2, p. 20.
Type, by original designation, Puffinus carneipes Gould.
90
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Paranectris Iredale, 1930, Austral. Zool., 6, p. 115. Type,
cf.
by original designation, Procellaria grisea Gmelin.
Murphy, 1927, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 276, pp. 1-15
(assimilis, lherminierlt).
Murphy, 1930, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 419, pp. 7-14.
Serventy, 1939, Emu, 39, pp. 95-107 (gavia, huttoni).
Serventy, 1941, Emu, 40, pp. 403-408 (identity of gavia).
Fleming and Serventy, 1943, Emu, 43, pp. 113-125 (as-
similis).
Murphy, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1512, 21 pp. (pacift-
cus).
Fleming and Serventy, 1952, Emu, 52, pp. 17-23 (specific
name of Little Shearwater).
Murphy, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1586, 21 pp. (puf-
finus).
Kuroda, Nagahisa, 1954, Class. Phylogeny Tubinares, 179
pp.
Warham, 1955, Western Austral. Nat., 5, pp. 31-39 (ecolo-
gy of assimilis).
Marshall and Serventy, 1956, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
127, pp. 489-510 (breeding of tenuirostris).
Warham, 1958, Auk, 75, pp. 1-14 (ecology of carneipes).
Bourne, 1959, Emu, 59, pp. 212-214 (races of assimilis).
Bourne, 1962, in Palmer (ed.), Handb. North Amer. Birds,
1, pp. 188-189 (relationships of puffinus).
Richdale, 1963, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 141, pp. 1-117
(biology of griseus).
Falla, 1965, Notornis, 12, pp. 66-70 (huttoni, gavia).
Harris, 1966, Ibis, 108, pp. 17-33 (breeding of puffinus).
King and Gould, 1967, Living Bird, 6, pp. 163-186 (newel-
lt).
Serventy, 1967, Proc. XIV Int. Ornith. Congr., Oxford
(1966), pp. 165-190 (ecology of tenuirostris).
Segonzac, 1970, Oiseau, 40, pp. 131-135 (ecology of car-
neipes).
Robinson, 1973, Emu, 73, pp. 101-106 (gavia, huttoni).
Cramp, Bourne, and Saunders, 1974, Seabirds Britain
Ireland, pp. 68-72, map 5, tables 2-3 (breeding of
puffinus).
King, 1974, in King (ed.), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool., no.
158, pp. 53-95 (pelagic distribution of pacificus).
PROCELLARIIDAE ol
Swanson and Merritt, 1974, Austral. Bird-Bander, 12, pp.
3-9 (breeding of pacificus).
Harrow, 1976, Notornis, 23, pp. 269-288 (distribution and
breeding of huttont).
PUFFINUS PACIFICUS'
Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin)
Procellaria pacifica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 560; based
on “Pacific Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 416—Pacific Ocean; restricted to Kermadec Islands
by Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, p. 80 (but cf.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 66, note).
Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr.
8, p. 613—no locality. Type from Shark Bay, Western
Australia.
Puffinus cuneatus Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 353—“Krusenstern
Islands,’ mythical islands designated by the collector
instead of one of the islands in the Leeward Hawaiian
Chain; cf. Murphy, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1512,
p. 17. White phase.
Breeds in the Indian Ocean on islets off the coast of Madagascar
(near Morombe), on the Seychelles, Amirante, Mascarene
Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals, Chagos Archipelago, and
Cocos-Keeling Islands, and on islands off the coast of Western
Australia from Forestier Islands to Carnac Island near Fre-
mantle; in the Pacific Ocean on the Pescadores Islands near
Taiwan, Bonin, Volcano, Mariana, Marcus (formerly), Wake,
Caroline Islands, Idihi Island off Papua New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, islands off the coast of eastern Australia from Torres
Strait to Montague Island, New South Wales, Chesterfield,
Lord Howe, Norfolk, northern Marshall (Taongi, Bikar, Taka,
Eniwetok) Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, John-
ston, Hawaiian (Leeward Hawaiian Chain: Kure, Midway,
Pearl and Hermes Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, Gardner Pinnacles,
French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa, and islets of the main
Hawaiian group), Phoenix (McKean, Canton, Phoenix), Samoa,
'P. pacificus and bulleri form a subgenus Thyellodroma.—C. J.
and J.-L. M.
92 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Tonga, Kermadec, Christmas, Society, Austral, Marquesas
(Eiao, Hatutu, Motu Iti, Ua Huka), Gambier Islands, Pitcairn
Group (Henderson), and Revillagigedo Islands (San Benedicto).
Ranges widely throughout the tropical parts of the Indian
and Pacific Oceans. Some of the subtropical populations mi-
grate extensively, for example between the Hawaiian Islands
and the Pacific coast of Middle America. Tropical populations
are apparently nonmigratory.
PUFFINUS BULLERI
Puffinus bulleri Salvin
Puffinus bulleri Salvin, 1888, Ibis, p. 354—New Zealand.
Breeds on Poor Knights, Whale (Matuhora), and possibly other
islands off North Island, New Zealand. Highly migratory:
moves through tropical Pacific to wintering areas in north
Pacific, reaching Japan, Alaska, British Columbia. Recorded
from Australia, California, Chile.
PUFFINUS CARNEIPES'
Puffinus carneipes Gould
Puffinus carneipes Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13,
p. 365—small islands off Cape Leeuwin, Western Austra-
lia.
Breeds on islands off the southern coast of Western Australia,
from Cape Leeuwin to Archipelago of the Recherche; on St.
Paul Island, Indian Ocean; on Lord Howe Island, and on islands
off the eastern coast of North Island, New Zealand, from Bay
of Islands to Cook Strait, and also off New Plymouth. Highly
migratory: western birds (Australian and St. Paul Island)
migrate west across the Indian Ocean to the Mascarenes and
the Seychelles, winter in the Arabian Sea, then return east
past the Maldives and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) during June-July,
and finally fly southeast to the breeding grounds in October;
eastern birds (Lord Howe Island and New Zealand) migrate
through the tropical western Pacific past Japan and into the
north Pacific north of the Subtropical Convergence, where
they spend the southern winter, occurring regularly at sea
*P. carneipes and creatopus form a subgenus Hemipuffinus.—C.
J. and J.-L. M.
PROCELLARIIDAE 93
near the Hawaiian Islands during migration months (October
and April), probably returning to the breeding grounds through
the eastern Pacific.
PUFFINUS CREATOPUS
Puffinus creatopus Coues
Puffinus creatopus Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, p. 131—San Nicolas Island, California.
Breeds on Mas a Tierra and Santa Clara Islands of the Juan
Fernandez Group, and on Mocha Island (lat. 38° 25’ S.), off
the coast of Chile. Highly migratory: main migration route
in the eastern Pacific north to Alaska, close to the American
continental coasts; some stragglers as far west as the Hawaiian
and Line Islands.
PUFFINUS GRAVIS’
Puffinus gravis (O’Reilly)
Procellaria Gravis O’Reilly, 1818, Greenland Adjacent Seas
North-west Passage, p. 140, pl. 12, fig. 1—Cape Farewell
and Staten Hook to Newfoundland.
Breeds on Inaccessible, ? Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, and
Gough Islands of the Tristan da Cunha Group, and on Kidney
Island, Falkland Islands. Highly migratory: spends the boreal
summer in the north Atlantic, reaching the Grand Banks,
western Europe, and the Arctic Circle. Nonbreeding birds
appear to disperse far south off eastern South America;
recorded west of the Strait of Magellan.
PUFFINUS GRISEUS’
Puffinus griseus (Gmelin)
Procellaria grisea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 564; based
on “Grey Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 399—Southern Hemisphere between 35° S. and 50° S.
= New Zealand, as designated by Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 95.
’P. gravis forms a monotypic subgenus Ardenna.—C. J. and J.-L.
M.
°P. griseus, tenuirostris, and nativitatis form a subgenus Neonec-
tris.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
94 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Breeds in small numbers on islands off New South Wales
and southeastern Tasmania; on shores and small islands off
North and South Islands, and in large numbers on many islands
of Foveaux Strait and off Stewart Island, New Zealand; on
Macquarie, Snares, Auckland, Campbell, Chatham, and
Antipodes Islands; in numbers in the Fuegian region: Wollas-
ton, Bayly, and Deceit Islands near Cape Horn, and Kidney
Island, Falkland Islands. Highly migratory: ranges widely from
the southern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans to the neighborhood
of the Arctic Circle, regularly recorded through the central
Pacific between the Marshall, Line, and Marquesas Islands,
and reaching Japan, Aleutian Islands, west and east coasts
of North America (to Alaska and Labrador), Greenland, Ice-
land, and western Europe. Nonbreeding birds appear to dis-
perse far south in the antarctic waters during the southern
summer.
PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS
Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck)
Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck, 1835, Planches Color.,
livr. 99, text to pl. 587—seas north of Japan and shores
of Korea.
Breeds on islands off the Australian mainland, from the Nuyts
Archipelago, South Australia, to Bateman’s Bay, New South
Wales (220 kilometers south of Sydney), and on islands off
Tasmania. Highly migratory: ranges widely over the Pacific
Ocean, reaching the coasts of Japan, Kamchatka, Bering Strait,
Beaufort Sea, Alaska, British Columbia, and California, re-
turning southwest to the breeding grounds. In the south Pacific,
the easternmost record is from the Tuamotu Archipelago.
Scattered records from the Indian Ocean, as far as Sri Lanka
(Ceylon) and Pakistan. Nonbreeders apparently summer off
Antarctica.
PUFFINUS NATIVITATIS
Puffinus nativitatis Streets
Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis Streets, 1877, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 7, p. 29—Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean.
Breeds on the Bonin (formerly), Marcus (formerly), Wake
(formerly), extreme northern Marshall (Taongi) Islands,
Leeward Hawaiian Chain (Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes
PROCELLARITIDAE 95
Reef, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Nihoa), John-
ston, Line (including Christmas), Phoenix, Marquesas, Austral
(Rapa), Gambier Islands, Pitcairn Group (Oeno and probably
Henderson and Ducie), and Easter Island (Motu Nui). No
postbreeding migration recorded, although known to be absent
from its breeding grounds during the contranuptial season.
PUFFINUS PUFFINUS'”
Puffinus puffinus newelli Henshaw
Puffinus newelli Henshaw, 1900, Auk, 17, p. 246—Waihee
Valley, Ulani = Maui Island, Hawaii.
Formerly probably bred on all the main Hawaiian Islands.
Now greatly reduced, but still breeding on the inland cliffs
of Kauai. Probably highly migratory: seen at sea in the
north-central Pacific from March to November, then almost
entirely absent December through February, suggesting an
extensive dispersion or migration to unknown feeding grounds
during the contranuptial season, probably to the south and
west. Recorded twice on Wake Island, once on Saipan in the
Marianas, and once on Johnston Island.
Puffinus puffinus auricularis Townsend
Puffinus auricularis C. H. Townsend, 1890, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 13, p. 133—Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group.
The only known breeding stations are at Clarion, Socorro,
and San Benedicto Islands of the Revillagigedo Group, west
of Mexico. May have limited dispersal range (almost no data).
Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Brunnich)
Procellaria puffinus Brunnich, 1764, Ornith. Borealis, p.
29—Faeroes and Norway.
Breeds Vestmann Islands (Iceland), Faeroes, islands and coasts
(chiefly western) of the British Isles, islets off Brittany, inland
Madeira, Azores; on western side of the Atlantic on islands
off Newfoundland and Penikese Island, Massachusetts; for-
merly Bermuda. Highly migratory; winters chiefly off the coast
of South America from Brazil to Argentina. Recorded from
'P. puffinus, gavia, huttoni, lherminieri, and assimilis form a
subgenus Puffinus.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*P. puffinus, gavia, and huttoni have often been treated as conspeci-
fic; in any case, they form a superspecies.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
96 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
South Africa, South West Africa (Namibia), South Australia,
and New Zealand.
Puffinus puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi)
Procellaria Yelkouan Acerbi, 1827, Biblioteca Ital., 47, p.
297—the Bosphorus, opposite Bujukdere.
Breeds on islets off Marseilles, France, Corsica, Sardinia,
Tunisia (? Zembretta), Italy, Sicily, and in the Adriatic and
Aegean Seas. Migratory: ranges throughout the Mediterranean
and all its arms, probably mainly southwest in winter; also
common in the Black Sea after the breeding season.
Puffinus puffinus mauretanicus Lowe
Puffinus puffinus mauretanicus Lowe, 1921, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 41, p. 140—Algiers.
Breeds in the western Mediterranean on the Pityusae and
on islets off Mallorca and Menorca, Balearic Islands. Migrates
through the Strait of Gibraltar up the west coast of Europe
to the English Channel, exceptionally to the northern British
Isles, Norway, and Denmark, in the late summer.
Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Coues
Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 139—Cape San Lucas, Baja California.
Breeds on islands off the west coast of Baja California (San
Martin, Guadalupe, San Benito, Natividad). Ranges widely
along the west coast of North America from Sonora to British
Columbia.
PUFFINUS GAVIA
Puffinus gavia (Forster)
Procellaria gavia J. R. Forster, 1844, Descr. Animal. Itinere
Maris Australis Terras, p. 148—Queen Charlotte Sound,
New Zealand.
Puffinus reinholdi reinholdi Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, pp. 47 (in key), 74, pl. 74—eastern Australian seas;
New Zealand.
Reinholdia reinholdi byroni Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian
Rec., 1, p. 187—Byron Bay, New South Wales; error, Five
Islands, south of Woollongong, New South Wales, cf.
Mathews, 1916, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 36, p. 89.
Cinathisma cyaneoleuca Hull, 1916, Emu, 15, p. 205, pl.
32—Ulladulla, New South Wales.
PROCELLARIIDAE 97
Reinholdia reinholdi melanotis Mathews, 1916, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 36, p. 89—Kaipara Beach, near Helensville,
Waitemata County, North Island, New Zealand.
Reinholdia reinholdi montaguei Mathews, 1922, Austral
Avian Rec., 5, p. 3—New Caledonia.
Breeds on islets off North Island and in Cook Strait, New
Zealand. Migratory: ranges south and east to Banks Peninsula,
South Island, and Chatham Islands, and west to southern
Australia in winter. Stragglers recorded from New Caledonia
and New Hebrides.
PUFFINUS HUTTONI
Puffinus huttoni Mathews
Puffinus reinholdi huttoni Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, pp. 47 (in key), 77—Snares Island.
Puffinus leptorhynchus Mathews, 1937, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 57, p. 143—Bunbury, Geographe Bay, Western
Australia.
Known to breed only in the Seaward Kaikura Mountains,
South Island, New Zealand, between 1,200 and 1,800 meters
above sea level. Sedentary in the coastal neighboring seas.
Extralimital records reported from southern South Island, New
South Wales, Tasmania, and Western Australia (west to
Albany).
PUFFINUS LHERMINIERI’
Puffinus lherminieri lherminieri Lesson
Pufflnus [sic] Lherminieri Lesson, 1839, Rev. Zool., Paris,
2, p. 102—Antilles.
Breeds Bermuda, Bahama Islands, Lesser Antilles (Saba Key
in the Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Désirade, a few of the
smaller Leeward Islands, Rocher du Diamant, Martinique, Bird
Rock, Barbados, some of the Grenadines); formerly Mona Island
off Puerto Rico. Largely nonmigratory: straggles casually to
the coast of the United States from the Gulf of Maine to
"P. lherminieri and assimilis are often treated as conspecific. Some
melanistic specimens of /herminieri, entirely sooty black, are known.
Puffinus atterrimus [sic] L’Herminier, 1879, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1 (1878), p. 451, a nomen nudum, probably refers to such individuals,
as suggested by J. Bond in litt.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
98 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
southern Florida, becoming regular in waters of southern
Florida; one record eastern Ontario.
Puffinus lherminieri loyemilleri Wetmore
Puffinus lherminieri loyemilleri Wetmore, 1959, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 72, pp. 19-21—Tiger Rock, Tiger Cays,
off Cabo Valiente, Valiente Peninsula, Bocas del Toro,
Panama.
Breeds on islets off the Caribbean coast of Panama. Birds
from Crab Cay, off Providentia Island, east of Nicaragua,
and from Los Roques Islands, off the coast of Venezuela, are
doubtfully assigned to this subspecies. Range at sea unknown;
probably nonmigratory.
Puffinus lherminieri subalaris Ridgway
Puffinus subalaris Ridgway (ex Townsend MS), 1897, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 650—Dalrymple Rock, Chatham
Island, Galapagos Archipelago.
Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago on Culpepper (Darwin),
Wenman (Wolf), Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), South Plaza, San
Cristobal (Chatham), and Espanola (Hood) Islands, and proba-
bly on many of the other islands and their outlying rocks.
Disperses far north across the Equator to the coast of Mexico.
Puffinus lherminieri dichrous Finsch and Hartlaub
Puffinus dichrous Finsch and Hartlaub, 1867, Beitr. Fauna
Central Polynesiens, Ornith., p. 244—McKean Island,
Phoenix Group.
Puffinus lherminieri polynesiae Murphy, 1927, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 276, p. 8—Tahiti, Society Islands.
Breeds throughout the central Pacific from the Palau, Mariana,
and Caroline Islands to the Phoenix, Samoa, Society (Tahiti),
Marquesas (Hatutu, Ua Pu), and Gambier Islands. Migrations
not known; ranges at sea usually within 200 kilometers of
the breeding islands.
Puffinus lherminieri gunax Mathews
Puffinus lherminieri nugax Mathews (ex Solander MS), 1912,
Birds Australia, 2, p. 72—off Townsville, Queensland.
Puffinus lherminieri gunax Mathews, 1930, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 50, p. 55—Melapav (= Meralav or Star Peak)
Islet, Banks Group, New Hebrides. New name for Puffinus
nugax Mathews, not Procellaria nugax Bonaparte, 1857,
Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 205.
Probably breeds on the Banks Group, New Hebrides. Range
PROCELLARIIDAE 99
at sea unknown; probably nonmigratory.
Puffinus lherminieri heinrothi Reichenow’
Puffinns [sic] heinrothi Reichenow, 1919, Journ. Ornith.,
67, p. 225—Blanche Bay, New Britain.
Known only from a handful of specimens, all collected at
sea off the northern tip of New Britain, where it possibly
breeds. Range at sea not known; probably nonmigratory.
Puffinus lherminieri bannermani Mathews and Iredale”
Puffinus bannermani Mathews and Iredale, 1915, Ibis, p.
594—North Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands.
Breeds on Bonin and Volcano (Iwo Jima) Islands. Range at
sea unknown; probably nonmigratory.
Puffinus lherminieri bailloni (Bonaparte)
Procellaria nugax a. bailloni Bonaparte, 1857, Consp. Gen.
Avium, 2, p. 205—Mauritius.
Breeds on the Mascarene Islands. Range at sea unknown:
probably nonmigratory; one straggler found at East London,
South Africa.
Puffinus lherminieri nicolae Jouanin
Puffinus lherminieri nicolae Jouanin, 1971, Oiseau (1970),
40, p. 306—Cousine Island, Seychelles.
Breeds on Aldabra, Seychelles, Amirante, and Maldive Islands,
Chagos Archipelago (probably this race). Range at sea un-
known; probably nonmigratory.
Puffinus lherminieri persicus Hume”
Puffinus Persicus Hume, 1873, Stray Feathers, 1, p. 5—at
sea between Guadar and Muscat.
Common in the Arabian Sea. Breeding grounds unknown, but
islets off Iranian Baluchistan and the Makran Coast of Pakis-
tan are likely. Probably nonmigratory.
Puffinus lherminieri boydi Mathews
Puffinus lherminieri boydi Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, p. 70—Cape Verde Islands.
Breeds on the Cape Verde Islands (Santo Antao, Sao Vicente,
Branco, Razo, Sao Nicolau, Rombos, Brava, Fogo, Sao Tiago).
Range at sea unknown; probably nonmigratory.
‘Possibly a full species.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
Possibly a full species.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
*Possibly a full species.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
100 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PUFFINUS ASSIMILIS
Puffinus assimilis baroli (Bonaparte)
Procellaria baroli Bonaparte, 1857, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2,
p. 204—Mediterranean, Desertas near Madeira, Canary .
Islands; restricted to Desertas by Bannerman, 1914, Ibis,
p. 477.
Breeds on Azores, Cima and Baixo off Porto Santo, Desertas
(Bugio), Salvage, and Canary (Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Mon-
tana Clara, Graciosa) Islands. Probably nonmigratory, but
recorded as wandering to France, British Isles, Denmark,
Sardinia, Italy, and North America (Nova Scotia and South
Carolina).
Puffinus assimilis tunneyi Mathews
Puffinus assimilis tunneyi Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, pp. 47 (in key), 71—Boxer Island, southwestern Austra-
lia.
Alphapuffinus assimilis glauerti Mathews, 1936, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 57, p. 24—Cottesloe, Western Australia,
beach drifted.
Breeds on islets off the coast of southwestern Australia
(Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Parrakeet Islet off Rottnest Island,
Eclipse Island southwest of King George Sound, Archipelago
of the Recherche). Birds breeding on St. Paul Island and ?
formerly on Amsterdam Island, south Indian Ocean, are
doubtfully assigned to this subspecies. Range at sea unknown.
Puffinus assimilis assimilis Gould
Puffinus assimilis Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt.
4, app., p. 7—New South Wales = Norfolk Island, fide
Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, p. 50.
Today known to breed only on Admiralty Islands (Roach),
in the Lord Howe Group, and Bird Rocks, Norfolk Island.
At Lord Howe breeding has formerly also been reported from
Malabar Ridge, Mt. Gower, Rabbit Island, and ? Mutton Bird
Island. Range at sea unknown.
Puffinus assimilis kermadecensis Murphy
Puffinus assimilis kermadecensis Murphy, 1927, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 276, p. 3—Herald Island, Kermadec Group.
Breeds on Raoul Island, Kermadec Group. Range at sea
unknown.
Puffinus assimilis haurakiensis Fleming and Serventy
Puffinus assimilis haurakiensis Fleming and Serventy,
PROCELLARIIDAE 101
1943, Emu, 43, p. 119—Lizard Island, Mokohinau Islands,
New Zealand.
Breeds on islets off the east coast of North Island, New Zealand.
Range at sea unknown.
Puffinus assimilis elegans Giglioli and Salvadori
Proc. {ellaria] munda Kuhl (ex Solander MS), 1820, Beitr.
Zool. Vergl. Anat., Abth. 1, p. 148—lat. 48° 27’ S., long.
93° W., on 25 February 1769."
Puffinus elegans Giglioli and Salvadori, 1869, Ibis, p. 68—
south Atlantic Ocean, lat. 43° 54’ S., long. 9° 20’ E.
Nectris munda Salvin (ex Solander MS), 1876, in Rowley,
Ornith. Misc., 4, p. 236—lat. 48° 27’ S., long. 93° W.
Puffinus assimilis kempi Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia,
2, p. 69—Chatham Islands.
Puffinus kuhliana Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
54, p. 25. New name for Solander’s Nectris munda.
Breeds on Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, and
Gough Islands of the Tristan da Cunha Group in the south
Atlantic Ocean, and on Auckland, Chatham, and Antipodes
Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; perhaps also in
the southeastern Pacific Ocean: specimens with enlarged testes
have been collected off Chiloe Island, Chile, in June. Range
at sea unknown. Some birds collected at sea near Amsterdam
and St. Paul Islands, south Indian Ocean, have been assigned
to this subspecies, but a breeding specimen collected on St.
Paul Island is not referable to it.
Puffinus assimilis myrtae Bourne
Puffinus assimilis myrtae Bourne, 1959, Emu, 59, p. 213—
Rapa Island, Austral Group.
Winter breeder on Rapa Island, Austral Group, in the south-
central Pacific Ocean. Range at sea unknown.
“Cf. Bourne, 1959, Emu, 59, p. 214; Lysaght, 1959, Bull. Brit.
Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Hist. Ser., 1, p. 276. The specific name munda,
in the combinations Proc. [ellaria] munda Kuhl 1820 and Nectris
munda Kuhl 1820, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 484 and
the Name No. 485 respectively by the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin. 497, 1957, Opin. Decl. Rend., 17,
p. 351.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
102
cf.
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
FamMiILy HYDROBATIDAE
Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39, pp. 187-196.
Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 726-771.
Falla, 1937, Brit. Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped.
Rep., ser. B, 2, pp. 207-213.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 86-106 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
327-340 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 280-395).
Murphy and Snyder, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1596,
pp. 1-16 (“Pealea” phenomenon and long-legged Hydro-
batidae).
Bourne, 1961 ff., Observations Sea Birds, in Sea Swallow
(Annual Rep. Roy. Naval Bird Watching Soc.), 14 ff.
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
217-254.
Alexander et al., 1965, Ibis, 107, pp. 401-405.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
31-37.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 207-224.
Bourne, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 157-159 (long-distance va-
grancy).
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 28-30.
Prévost and Mougin, 1971, Guide Oiseaux Mammiferes
Terres Australes Antarctiques Francaises, pp. 84-93.
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 140-149.
Watson et al., 1971, Birds Antarctic Subantarctic, pls.
11, 15.
Crossin, 1974, in King (ed.), Smithsonian Contrib. Zool.,
no. 158, pp. 154-205 (Pacific Ocean).
Watson, 1975, Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union),
no. 24, pp. 152-161 (Antarctic and Subantarctic).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 155-178.
Genus OCEANITES Keyser inc Aanp Buasius
Oceanites Keyserling and J. H. Blasius, 1840, Wirbelthiere
HYDROBATIDAE 103
Europa’s, pp. xciii, 131, 238. Type, by subsequent designa-
tion (G. R. Gray, 1841, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, p. 99),
Procellaria wilsoniit Bonaparte = Procellaria oceanica
Kuhl.
Procellata Bianchi, 1913, Faune Russie, Oiseaux, 1, pt. 2,
p. 805. Type, by original designation, Procellaria oceanica
Kuhl.
Pealeornis Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 52, p.
132. Type, by original designation, Pealeornis maoriana
Mathews = Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl).
cf. Murphy, 1918, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38, pp. 117-
146.
Roberts, 1940, Brit. Graham Land Exped. 1934-37, Sci.
Rep., 1, pp. 141-194 (oceanicus).
Harris, 1969, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 37, pp. 160-161
(gracilis).
Lacan, 1971, Oiseau, 41, no. spéc., pp. 65-89 (ecology of
oceanicus).
Beck and Brown, 1972, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Sci. Rep.,
no. 69, 54 pp. (ecology of oceanicus).
OCEANITES OCEANICUS
Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl)
Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, 1820, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat.,
Abth. 1, p. 136, pl. 10, fig. 1—no locality; South Georgia
designated by Murphy, 1918, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
38, p. 128.
Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Alexander, 1928, Birds Ocean,
p. 86—islets off Cape Horn. Nomen nudum.
Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds
South Amer., p. 754—Wollaston Island, Fuegia, Chile.
Oceanites oceanicus parvus Falla, 1937, Brit. Austral. N.
Z. Antarctic Res. Exped. Rep., ser. B, 2, p. 208—Royal
Sound, Kerguelen Island.
Oceanites oceanicus wollastoni Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37,
p. 141. Alternative name for O. o. chiliensis [sic]. Nomen
nudum.
Oceanites oceanicus magellanicus Roberts, 1940, Brit.
Graham Land Exped. 1934-37, Sci. Rep., 1, p. 153—
Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego. New name for Ocean-
ites oceanicus chilensis Murphy, 1936, preoccupied by
104 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool.,
39, p. 191 (ex Alexander, 1928, Birds Ocean, p. 86), given
as a synonym of Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus.
Breeds on Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, South
Georgia, ? Bouvet, ? Crozet, Kerguelen, and Heard Islands.
Highly migratory, the species as a whole covering the world
oceans, but it is not certain that oceanicus ranges as far north
as exasperatus.
Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus Mathews
Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 11, pl. 68—New Zealand seas.
Pealeornis maoriana Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 52, p. 132—Banks Peninsula, New Zealand."
Breeds on the South Sandwich, South Orkney, and South
Shetland Islands, on the Antarctic Peninsula and on the coasts
and islands of the Antarctic Continent: Adelie Land, Enderby
Land, Mac Robertson Land, Victoria Land, Queen Maud Land,
Wilkes Land, ? Peter I, ? Balleny, and Scott Islands. Highly
migratory, reaching the north Atlantic, north Indian, and north
Pacific oceans as far as Labrador, British Isles, Arabian Sea,
Japan, and California.
OCEANITES GRACILIS
Oceanites gracilis gracilis (Elliot)
Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot, 1859, Ibis, p. 391—west coast
of South America.
Breeding grounds undiscovered. Known at sea off the west
coast of South America (Humboldt Current) between the
latitudes of Punta Santa Elena, Ecuador, and Valparaiso,
Chile.
Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe
Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe, 1921, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 41, p. 140—Charles (= Santa Maria) Island,
Galapagos Archipelago.
*Streaked phase (“Pealea” phenomenon), studied by Murphy and
Snyder, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1596, p. 12, known from 3
specimens only: the type in the British Museum (Natural History),
London, and 2 others in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
HYDROBATIDAE 105
Resident in the waters of the Galapagos Archipelago. Breeding
grounds yet to be discovered.
Genus GARRODIA Forses
Garrodia Forbes, 1881, Coll. Sci. Papers Garrod, p. 521,
note. Type, by original designation and monotypy, Thalas-
sidroma nereis Gould.
cf. Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, pp. 15-18.
Despin, Mougin, and Segonzac, 1972, Comite Nat. Francais
Recherches Antarctiques, no. 31, pp. 52-56 (ecology).
GARRODIA NEREIS
Garrodia nereis (Gould)
Thalassidroma Nereis Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1840), p. 178—Bass Strait, Australia.
Breeds on Falkland Islands, South Georgia, ? Gough, Crozet
(East), Kerguelen, ? Macquarie, Auckland, ? Campbell Islands,
Pyramid Rock and probably other of the Chatham Islands,
Antipodes Islands. Range at sea poorly known; apparently
restricted to the vicinity of the breeding grounds.
Genus PELAGODROMA ReIcHENBACH
Pelagodroma Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 4. Type, by original designation, Procellaria marina
Latham.
cf. Murphy and Irving, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1506,
pp. 1-17.
Bourne, 1953, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 73, pp. 79-82 (races
of marina).
Warham, 1958, Brit. Birds, 51, pp. 269-272 (breeding of
dulciae).
Jouanin and Roux, 1965, Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal, no.
19, pp. 16-30 (ecology of hypoleuca).
Richdale, 1965, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 31, pp. 1-86
(breeding of maoriana).
PELAGODROMA MARINA
Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon)
Thalassidroma hypoleuca Moquin-Tandon, 1841, in Webb
106 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries, 2, pt. 2, Zool.,
Ornith., p. 45—Tenerife, Canary Islands.
Breeding definitely known only from the Salvage Islands
(Great Salvage and Pitao). Has been taken on Tenerife during
the breeding season, but no evidence of breeding. Migratory:
ranges at sea into the north Atlantic (both coasts), and coast
of western Africa to the Gulf of Guinea.
Pelagodroma marina eadesi Bourne
Pelagodroma marina eadesi Bourne, 1953, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 73, p. 81—Cima, Cape Verde Islands.
Breeds on Branco Island and Cima, Rombos Islands, Cape
Verde Islands. Not distinguishable at sea from hypoleuca.
Specimens have been found off the Atlantic coast of North
America, and one recently in the Netherlands.
Pelagodroma marina marina (Latham)
Procellaria marina Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 826;
based on “Frigate Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 410—southern oceans = off the mouth of the
Rio de la Plata, lat. 35°-37° S., fide Murphy, 1924, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 50, p. 233.
Breeds in the Tristan da Cunha Group (Inaccessible, Nightin-
gale, Gough); the birds which formerly bred on St. Helena
and Amsterdam Island are doubtfully assigned to this subspe-
cies. Migratory: disperses widely in warmer seas outside
breeding season, Tristan da Cunha birds wandering north
toward Ascension Island, west to southern Brazil, and east
toward South Africa.
Pelagodroma marina dulciae Mathews
Pelagodroma marina dulciae Mathews, 1912, Birds Austra-
lia, 2, pp. 20 (in key), 21—Breaksea Island, off Albany,
Western Australia.
Breeds on islets off the coasts of Western and southern
Australia from the Houtman Abrolhos to Bass Strait and the
Broughton Islands, New South Wales. Migratory: disperses
widely in warmer seas outside breeding season, wintering in
particular in the Arabian Sea.
Pelagodroma marina maoriana Mathews
Pelagodroma marina maoriana Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 24—Aukland and Chatham Islands. Type
from Chatham Islands.
Breeds on many islets off New Zealand and Stewart Island,
HYDROBATIDAE 107
and on Auckland and Chatham Islands; formerly on Lord Howe
Island. Migratory: New Zealand populations move toward the
eastern Pacific (specimens collected at sea near the Galapagos
Islands). Doubtfully distinguishable from marina.
Pelagodroma marina albiclunis Murphy and Irving
Pelagodroma marina albiclunis Murphy and Irving, 1951,
Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1506, p. 15—Sunday Island
= Raoul Island, Kermadec Group.
Breeds presumably on Herald and Raoul Islands of the Kerma-
dec Group, but the breeding grounds are still undiscovered.
Range at sea poorly known: apparently restricted to the vicinity
of the probable breeding grounds.
Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte’
Fregetta Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
41, p. 1113. Type, by original designation, Thalassidroma
leucogaster Gould.
Pealea Ridgway, 1886, Auk, 3, p. 334. Type, by original
designation, Thalassidroma lineata Peale.
Fregodroma Mathews, 1937, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 57,
p. 145. Type, by original designation, Thalassidroma
tropica Gould.
Fregolla Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37, p. 142. Type, by original
designation, Fregolla melanoleuca.
Fregandria Mathews, 1938, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 59,
p. 10. New name for Fregolla Mathews, not Fregella
Walker, 1854, List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 272.
cf. Kinghorn and Cayley, 1922, Emu, 22, pp. 81-97 (taxon-
omy).
Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37, pp. 136-143.
Bourne, 1962, in Palmer (ed.), Handb. North Amer. Birds,
1, pp. 251-254.
Beck and Brown, 1971, Ibis, 113, pp. 73-90 (biology of
tropica).
"The systematics of this genus, with distinction of 2 species and
the distribution of subspecies between them, is purely tentative. Most
of the proposed names are based on specimens taken at sea, and
it seems probable that colonies are still to be discovered.—C. J.
and J.-L. M.
108 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
FREGETTA TROPICA
Fregetta tropica tropica (Gould)
Thalassidroma tropica Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
13, p. 366—equatorial regions of Atlantic Ocean = lat.
6° 33’ N., long. 18° 6’ W., from “a” type preserved in the
British Museum (Natural History).
Thalassidroma melanogaster Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 138, p. 367—off St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands,
south Indian Ocean.
Thalassidroma lineata Peale, 1848,’ U. S. Explor. Exped.,
8, p. 293—Upolu, Samoa; ? error, ? Drake Strait, or ?
Bellingshausen Sea in the Antarctic.
Fregetta tropica australis Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 86—New Zealand.
?Fregetta leucogaster deceptis Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 146—waters of New Zealand and
in the south Indian Ocean.
Breeds on ? South Georgia, South Orkney, South Shetland,
? Bouvet, Crozet (East), Kerguelen, Auckland, ? Bounty, and
Antipodes Islands. Highly migratory: circumpolar at sea be-
tween lat. 65° S. and 35°S.; straggles north to the tropical
Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, where it normally winters
within the Tropics near the Equator along the boundaries
of the counter currents. Recorded in the Atlantic Ocean off
western Africa, in the Indian Ocean near the Maldives and
in the Bay of Bengal, in the Pacific Ocean near northern
Australia, Solomon, New Hebrides, Samoa, Marquesas Islands,
and near San Vicente de Canete, Peru.
Fregetta tropica melanoleuca Salvadori
Fregetta melanoleuca Salvadori, 1908, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 21, p. 79—Tristan da Cunha = Gough Island, fide
Bourne, 1962, in Palmer (ed.), Handb. North Amer. Birds,
Lp evoe.
Fregodroma leucothysanus Mathews, 1937, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 57, p. 146—south Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 30’ S.,
long. 42° E.
*Streaked phase (“Pealea” phenomenon) studied by Murphy and
Snyder, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1596, pp. 3-4.—C. J. and
J.-L. M.
HYDROBATIDAE 109
Breeds on Gough Island, in the south Atlantic Ocean. Ranges
north to the Tropic of Capricorn?
FREGETTA GRALLARIA
Fregetta grallaria grallaria (Vieillot)
Procellaria grallaria Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 25, p. 418—“Nouvelle-Hollande” = Australia.
Fregetta tubulata Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, p. 42;
based on Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, pp.
367-368—near the coast of Australia.
Fregettornis royanus Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec.,
2, p. 86—Lord Howe Island.
Fregettornis alisteri Mathews, 1915, Austral Avian Rec., 2,
p. 124—Lord Howe Island.
Fregettornis innominatus Mathews, 1915, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 124—Lord Howe Island.
Fregettornis insularis Mathews, 1915, Austral Avian Rec.,
2, p. 124—Lord Howe Island.
Cymodroma howensis Mathews, 1928, Birds Norfolk and
Lord Howe Islands, p. 11—Lord Howe Island.
Fregettornis guttata Mathews, 1933, Novit. Zool., 39, pp.
44 (in key), 46—Ua Pu Island, Marquesas Group.
Breeds on Admiralty Islands (Roach), Lord Howe Group, and
Macauley Island, Kermadec Group. Migratory: occurs in the
Tasman Sea and off southern Australian coast; penetrates
well into the Coral Sea and probably the central Pacific Ocean.
Recorded once in New Zealand, with recent sightings presuma-
bly this subspecies.
Fregetta grallaria leucogaster (Gould)
Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 18, p. 367—south Atlantic Ocean, lat. 36° S., long.
6° 47’ E.
Fregetta lawrencii Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 41, p. 1113—America.
Fregettornis grallaria tristanensis Mathews, 1932, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 123—Inaccessible Island, Tristan da
Cunha Group.
Breeds in the Tristan da Cunha Group (Inaccessible, ? Tristan
da Cunha, Nightingale, Gough), on St. Paul Island, and perhaps
Amsterdam Island. Migratory: ranges at sea north between
Brazil and western Africa; one specimen taken at 7° S. Some-
110 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
times recorded off South Africa. Range at sea in the Indian
Ocean unknown.
Fregetta grallaria segethi (Philippi and Landbeck)
Thalassidroma Segethi Philippi and Landbeck, 1860, Archiv
Naturgeschichte, 26, pt. 1, p. 282—coast of Chile.
Breeds on the Juan Fernandez Islands (Goat Island, off Mas
a Tierra). Recorded at sea in the vicinity of these islands,
between approximately the latitude of the San Felix Group
(lat. 26° S.) and lat. 37° S., and between long. 88° W. and the
coast of Chile.
Fregetta grallaria titan Murphy
Fregetta grallaria titan Murphy, 1928, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 322, p. 4—Rapa Island, Austral Group.
Breeds on Rapa Island, Austral Group, in the south-central
Pacific Ocean. Range at sea poorly known; specimens taken
at sea in the Marquesas Islands and near the Galapagos
Archipelago.
Genus NESOFREGETTA MatHews
Nesofregetta Mathews, 1912, Birds Australia, 2, p. 31. Type,
by original designation, Fregetta moestissima Salvin.
cf. Bourne, 1957, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 77, pp. 40-42
(nomenclature).
Lacan and Mougin, 1974, Oiseau, 44, pp. 209-213 (ecology).
NESOFREGETTA FULIGINOSA
Nesofregetta fuliginosa (Gmelin)
Procellaria fuliginosa Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, 562; based
on “Sooty Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 409—Tahiti. Melanistic phase.
Fregetta amphitrite Jardin, 1859, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cher-
bourg, 6 (1858), p. 172—-Marquesas Islands.
Procellaria albigularis Finsch, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1877), p. 722—Kandavu, Fiji Islands.
Fregetta moestissima Salvin, 1879, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 130—Samoa Islands. Melanistic phase.
Breeds on New Hebrides, Fiji, Phoenix, ? Samoa, Line (includ-
ing Christmas), Austral (Rapa), Marquesas (Hatutu, Ua Huka,
Ua Pu, Fatu Hiva), and Gambier (Manui, Motu Teiku) Islands.
Range at sea poorly known; observed in the vicinity of the
HYDROBATIDAE 111
breeding islands and along the South Equatorial Current
toward the eastern Pacific.
Genus HYDROBATES Botr
Hydrobates Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 562. Type, by
subsequent designation (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
1884, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 13, p. 403), Procellaria
pelagica Linnaeus.
cf. Davis, 1957, Brit. Birds, 50, pp. 85-101, 371-384 (breeding).
Hémery, 1973, Alauda, 41, pp. 329-336 (breeding).
Cramp, Bourne, and Saunders, 1974, Seabirds Britain
Ireland, pp. 73-76, map 6, tables 4-5 (breeding).
HYDROBATES PELAGICUS
Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus)
Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
131—“‘in albo Oceano”; restricted to Sweden by reference
to Linnaeus, 1746, Fauna Svecica, p. 93.
Thalassidroma dubia Mathews, 1933, Ibis, p. 541, as syno-
nym of pelagica Linnaeus (ex Tschudi, 1856, Journ. Or-
nith., p. 190, nomen nudum).
Breeds in the north Atlantic Ocean on Vestmann Islands off
Iceland, Faeroes, Lofotens, British Isles (islands and islets
off western, northern, and southeastern Ireland, western and
northern Scotland—including Outer Hebrides, Orkneys, and
Shetlands, Caernarvonshire, Pembrokeshire, ? Devonshire, ?
Cornwall, Scilly Islands), Channel Islands, western France
(Brittany and islets off Biarritz), islets off the coasts of Spain
and probably Portugal, eastern Canaries (? Montana Clara,
Roque del Este), in the Mediterranean on the Costa Brava,
Spain, and on islets off the coasts of Spain, Balearic Islands,
France, Corsica, Elba, Sardinia, Algeria, Tunisia (Galite
Islands), Italy, Lipari Islands, Sicily, Malta, ? islands in the
Aegean Sea. Migrates south along the west coast of Africa
to South Africa, and thence north along the coast of the Indian
Ocean to near the mouth of the Zambezi River; disperses rarely
to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; wanders to Norway
(where it is said to breed or to have bred), Denmark, and
Sweden. One record from North America (Sable Island, off
Nova Scotia).
eZ CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus HALOCYPTENA Cougs
Halocyptena Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
p. 78. Type, by original designation, Halocyptena microso-
ma Coues.
HALOCYPTENA MICROSOMA
Halocyptena microsoma Coues
Halocyptena microsoma Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 79—San José del Caba, Baja California.
Breeds on the San Benito Islands off the Pacific coast of Baja
California and on northern islands in the Gulf of California.
Migratory: ranges at sea along the Pacific coast to wintering
area off Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador; casual interior
southern California.
Genus OCEANODROMA ReEIcHENBACH
Oceanodroma Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 4. Type, by original designation, Procellaria furcata
Gmelin.
Cymochorea Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
p. 75. Type, by original designation, Procellaria leucorhoa
Vieillot.
Tethysia Mathews, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 53, p.
154. Type, by original designation, Procellaria tethys
Bonaparte.
Loomelania Mathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 54,
p. 119. Type, by original designation, Procellaria melania
Bonaparte.
Bianchoma Mathews, 1943, in Mathews and Hallstrom,
Notes Order Procellariiformes, p. 29. Type, by original
designation, Oceanodroma melania matsudairae Kuroda.
Thalobata Mathews, 1943, in Mathews and Hallstrom, Notes
Order Procellariiformes, p. 27. Type, by original designa-
tion, Thalassidroma castro Harcourt.
cf. Grinnell and Test, 1939, Condor, 41, pp. 170-172 (geo-
graphic variation in furcata).
Austin, 1952, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 107, pp. 391-407.
Allan, 1962, Ibis, 103b, no. 2, pp. 274-295 (ecology of
castro).
Huntington, 1963, Proc. XIII Int. Ornith. Congr., Ithaca
HYDROBATIDAE 113
(1962), pp. 701-705 (population dynamics of leucorhoa).
Bailey, Pocklington, and Willis, 1968, Ibis, 110, pp. 27-34
(Oceanodroma, Indian Ocean).
Clapp and Woodward, 1968, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 124,
no. 3640, pp. 9-10 (leucorhoa and tristrami, Hawaiian
Islands).
Harris, 1969, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 37, pp. 95-160
(castro and tethys, Galapagos Archipelago).
Wilbur, 1969, Auk, 86, pp. 433-442 (breeding of leuwcorhoa).
Cramp, Bourne, and Saunders, 1974, Seabirds Britain
Ireland, pp. 77-80, map 7 (breeding of /eucorhoa).
Ainley, Morrell, and Lewis, 1975, Living Bird, 13 (1974),
pp. 295-312 (leucorhoa and homochroa, Farallon Is-
lands).
OCEANODROMA TETHYS
Oceanodroma tethys tethys (Bonaparte)
Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte, 1852, Tageblatt 29. Ver-
sammlung Deutscher Naturforscher Aerzte, Wiesbaden,
Beilage, p. 89—Galapagos Islands.
Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago on Genovesa (Tower)
Island, Isla Pitt off the eastern tip of San Cristobal (Chatham)
Island, and probably Roca Redonda north of Isabela (Albe-
marle) Island. Common in Galapagos waters. Probably mixes
with kelsalli off Ecuador and Colombia.
Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe)
Thalassidroma tethys kelsalli Lowe, 1925, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 46, p. 6—Ancon, Peru.
Endemic of the Humboldt Current, breeding on islands off
the coast of Peru (Pescadores and San Gallan). Ranges through
the eastern Pacific Ocean north to the waters off Mexico and
Baja California and south to the waters off Chile.
OCEANODROMA CASTRO
Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt)
Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, 1851, Sketch Madeira, p.
123—Desertas Islets, Madeira.
Thalassidroma jabe-jabe Bocage, 1875, Jorn. Sci. Math.
Phys. Nat. Lisboa, 5, p. 120—Razo, Cape Verde Islands.
Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway, 1882, Proc. U. S. Nat.
114 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Mus., 4 (1881), p. 337—Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.
Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols, 1914, Auk, 31, p.
389—lat. 1° N., long. 93° W.
Cymochorea castro helena Mathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 55, p. 23—St. Helena Island.
Cymochorea castro kumagai Mathews, 1938, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 58, p. 63—-Hide Shima, Honshu, Japan.
Breeds on Hide Shima and possibly Sangan Jima off the east
coast of Japan, Kauai in the Hawaiian Archipelago, Galapagos
Archipelago (Isabela = Albemarle, Genovesa = Tower, San
Salvador = James, Rabida = Jervis, Santa Cruz = Indefatiga-
ble, San Cristobal = Chatham, Santa Maria or Floreana =
Charles, Espanola = Hood), Azores, Madeira, islets off Porto
Santo, Desertas, Salvages, Cape Verde Islands (Santo Antao,
Branco, Razo, Sao Nicolau, Rombos, Sao Tiago), Ascension,
St. Helena, and ? Sao Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. Pacific
birds mainly found at sea in the vicinity of their breeding
grounds; some records near the Phoenix Islands. Atlantic birds
range along the west coast of Africa into the Gulf of Guinea;
stragglers reach the eastern United States and the British
Isles.
OCEANODROMA MONORHIS
Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe)
Thalassidroma monorhis Swinhoe, 1867, Ibis, p. 386—near
Amoy, China.
Breeds on islands off northern and northeastern Honshu,
northern Kyushu (Okino Shima), southern and western Korea,
and Shantung, China; perhaps also in the Ryukyus south to
the small islands off northeastern Taiwan. Migratory to the
western equatorial region of the Indian Ocean, through the
Strait of Malacca, reaching the Greater Sunda Islands, Malay
Peninsula, Andaman Islands, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the Arabian
Sea as far west as the Cape Guardafui region, and north
in the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Also recorded in the
Pacific Ocean north to southern Ussuriland (off Vladivostok).
OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA
Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (Vieillot)
Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 25 (1817), p. 422—maritime parts of Picardy.
HYDROBATIDAE 115
Breeds on islands in the north Atlantic Ocean: Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Vestmann Islands off
Iceland, Faeroes, Lofotens, and British Isles (western Ireland,
St. Kilda, Eilan Mor in the Flannan Islands, Sula Sgeir, North
Rona, Sule Skerry, Foula); and in the north Pacific Ocean
from northern Japan (Hokkaido) through the Kurils, Com-
manders, and Aleutians to islands off the west coast of Alaska.
Migratory: Atlantic birds winter mainly within the Tropics,
but stray to Cape seas and South America. Stragglers have
been recorded from the Baltic and the central Mediterranean,
and occur accidentally inland in western Europe (during the
autumn, sometimes in large numbers) and eastern North
America to the Great Lakes. Pacific birds move south to the
Tropics during the contranuptial period, especially in coastal
waters. Found in the tropical central Pacific south at least
to lat. 15° S., with the Galapagos region probably the main
wintering area for eastern Pacific populations, extending west
along the Tropical Convergence. Recorded from New Guinea,
Australia, New Zealand, Kenya, and the Persian Gulf. The
various subspecies not distinguishable at sea.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson
Oceanodroma beali Emerson, 1906, Condor, 8, p. 54—Sitka
Bay, Alaska.
Oceanododroma [sic] leucorhoa willetti van Rossem, 1942,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 55, p. 10—Little Middle
Island, Coronados Islands, Pacific coast of northern Baja
California.
Breeds from southern Alaska (Sitka region) south on islands
off the west coast of North America to the Coronados Islands
off northern Baja California. Not distinguishable at sea from
the other subspecies.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani Berlepsch
Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani Berlepsch, 1906, Auk,
23, p. 185—San Benito Island.
Breeds on the San Benito Islands, off central Baja California.
Not distinguishable at sea from the other subspecies.
Oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis Townsend
Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend, 1890, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 134—Socorro Island, Revillagigedo
Islands.
Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony, 1898, Auk, 15, p. 37—at
116 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
sea, near Guadalupe Island, Baja California.
Breeds on Guadalupe Island, Baja California. Not distin-
guishable at sea from the other subspecies.
OCEANODROMA MACRODACTYLA
Oceanodroma macrodactyla Bryant
Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla W. EK. Bryant, 1887,
Bull. California Acad. Sci., 2, p. 450—Guadalupe Island,
Baja California.
Formerly bred on Guadalupe Island, Baja California. Probably
extinct.
OCEANODROMA MARKHAMI
Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin)
Cymochorea markhami Salvin, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 430—coast of Peru, lat. 19° 40’ S., long. 75° W.
Breeding grounds undiscovered. Common in the coastal and
offshore waters of Peru and Chile (Humboldt Current) between
northern Peru and lat. 33° S.; disperses into the north Pacific
as far as the vicinity of Clipperton Island.
OCEANODROMA TRISTRAMI'
Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin
Oceanodroma tristrami Salvin, 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
25, pp. 347 (in key), 354—-Sendai Bay, Honshu, Japan.
Cymochorea owstonit Mathews and Iredale, 1915, Ibis, p.
581—Okinose, Sagami Sea, Honshu, Japan.
Breeds on the Volcano Islands (Kita Iwo Jima), the southern
Izu Islands (Tori Shima), and the Leeward Hawaiian Chain
(2? Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes Reef, Laysan, French
Frigate Shoals, ? Nihoa). Recorded at sea mainly in the vicinity
of the breeding grounds. Probably disperses northward; report-
ed from the Bonin Islands and the coast of Honshu.
OCEANODROMA MELANIA
Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte)
Procellaria melania Bonaparte, 1854, Compt. Rend. Acad.
"By some regarded as a race of O. markhami; cf. Wagstaffe, 1972,
Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 92, pp. 27-28.—C. J. and J.-L. M.
HYDROBATIDAE 117
Sci., Paris, 38, p. 662—coast of California.
Breeds on islands off the coast of California (Sutil, Channel
Islands), the Pacific coast of Baja California (Coronados and
San Benito Islands), and in the northern Gulf of California
(Consag Rock, San Luis Island, Partida Island). Migrates south
along the west coast of America to northern Peru.
OCEANODROMA MATSUDAIRAE
Oceanodroma matsudairae Kuroda
Oceanodroma melania matsudariae [sic] Nagamichi Kuro-
da, 1922, Ibis, p. 311—Sagami Bay, Honshu, Japan.
Known to breed only on Kita Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands. Highly
migratory, passing through the Indonesian chain to the Indian
Ocean, where it is reported in the western equatorial region
as far as the coast of Africa. Recorded also off northwestern
Australia.
OCEANODROMA HOMOCHROA
Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues)
Cymochorea homochroa Coues, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 77—Farallon Islands, California.
Breeds Marin County, California, islands off California
(Farallon, Santa Barbara) and Baja California (Coronados).
Ranges north along coast of California, south to Guadalupe
and San Benito Islands, Baja California.
OCEANODROMA HORNBYI
Oceanodroma hornbyi (Gray)
Thalassidroma Hornbyi G. R. Gray, 1854, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1853), p. 62—northwest coast of America = west
coast of South America, fide Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds
South Amer., p. 741.
Breeds in the coastal desert mountains of northern Chile.
Occurs at sea along the west coast of South America (Humboldt
Current) between lat. 1°S., off Ecuador, and 32° S., off Chile.
OCEANODROMA FURCATA
Oceanodroma furcata furcata (Gmelin)
Procellaria furcata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 561; based
on “Fork-tail Petrel” of Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., p.
118 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
535, and Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds, 3, p.
410—icy seas between America and Asia.
Breeds in the Commanders (Mednyy and possibly southern
Bering), northern and central Kurils (south to Simushir),
probably the southeastern coast of Kamchatka from Cape
Kozlov south to Cape Lopatka, and the Aleutians from Attu
east to the Sanak Islands. Ranges at sea north in the Bering
Sea to the Gulf of Anadyr and Bering Strait, south to Hokkaido,
rarely Honshu; reported also from the Bonin, Volcano, Marcus,
and Hawaiian Islands. Normal southern limit of the range
seem to be lat. 35° N.
Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale)
Thalassidroma plumbea Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped.,
8, p. 292—coast of Oregon. Cotypes from near Cape
Flattery, Washington.
Breeds on islands off the coasts of southern Alaska, Washing-
ton, Oregon, and northern California. Range at sea limited
to the coast of North America south to southern California.
Famity PELECANOIDIDAE
Genus PELECANOIDES LacepeEDE
Pelecanoides Lacépede, 1799, Tableaux Mammiferes Oi-
seaux, p. 13. Type, by monotypy, Procellaria urinatrix
Gmelin.
cf. Murphy and Harper, 1921, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
44, pp. 495-554.
Mathews, 1934, Novit. Zool., 39, pp. 196-198.
Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 771-792.
Falla, 1937, Brit. Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped.
Rep., ser. B, 2, pp. 214-218 (urinator, georgicus).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 106-110 (New World).
Bourne, 1962 ff., Observations Sea Birds, in Sea Swallow
(Annual Rep. Roy. Naval Bird Watching Soc.), 15 ff.
Richdale, 1965, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 31, pp. 1-86
(ecology of urinator).
Bourne, 1967, Ibis, 109, p. 159 (long-distance vagrancy).
Bourne, 1968, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 88, pp. 77-85
(taxonomy).
PELECANOIDIDAE oes,
Thoresen, 1969, Notornis, 16, pp. 241-260 (breeding be-
havior of urinator).
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
p. 30.
Prevost and Mougin, 1971, Guide Oiseaux Mammiferes
Terres Australes Antarctiques Francaises, pp. 94-98
(georgicus, urinator).
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 149-152.
Watson et al., 1971, Birds Antarctic Subantarctic, pl. 11
(georgicus, urinator).
Watson, 1975, Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union),
no. 24, pp. 161-166 (Antarctic and Subantarctic).
Derenne and Mougin, 1976, Comité Nat. Francais Re-
cherches Antarctiques, no. 40, pp. 149-175 (nesting of
georgicus).
PELECANOIDES GARNOTII
Pelecanoides garnotii (Lesson)
Puffinuria Garnotii Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornith., 2, p. 394—
coast of Peru between San Gallan Island and Lima.
Endemic of the Humboldt Current, breeding on islands off
the west coast of South America from Lobos de Tierra Island
(lat. 6° 27’ S.), Peru, to Mocha Island (lat. 38°S.), Chile.
Sedentary: range at sea limited to the vicinity of the breeding
grounds. Southernmost record Chiloé Island (lat. 42° S.), Chile.
PELECANOIDES MAGELLANI
Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews)
Puffinuria garnotii magellani Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 239—Strait of Magellan.
Breeds on islands off the coast of the Fuegian region (Navarino,
Deceit, Staten, etc.). Recorded on the Pacific coast of South
America from Chiloé Island (lat. 42° 30’ S.), Chile, south to
Cape Horn; on the Atlantic coast from Puerto Deseado, Argen-
tina, south to Cape Horn; also Falkland Islands.
PELECANOIDES GEORGICUS
Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper
Pelecanoides georgica Murphy and Harper, 1916, Bull. Amer.
120 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Mus. Nat. Hist., 35, p. 66—Cumberland Bay, South Geor-
gia.
Breeds on South Georgia, Marion, Crozet (Hog, Possession,
East), Kerguelen, Heard, ? Macquarie, and Auckland Islands.
Sedentary: range at sea limited to the vicinity of the breeding
grounds. Once recorded from New South Wales.
PELECANOIDES URINATOR
Pelecanoides urinator urinator (Gmelin)
Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 560;
based on “Diving Petrel” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 413—Queen Charlotte Sound, South Island,
New Zealand.
Breeds on islets off coasts of southeastern Australia, Tasmania,
North Island and Cook Strait, New Zealand. Sedentary: ranges
in coastal waters of Australia and New Zealand south to Cook
Strait.
Pelecanoides urinator chathamensis Murphy and Harper
Pelecanoides urinatrix chathamensis Murphy and Harper,
1916, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 35, p. 65—Chatham
Islands.
Breeds on Solander Island, islets off Stewart Island, Snares
Islands, and Chatham Islands. Sedentary: ranges in coastal
waters of New Zealand south of Cook Strait to latitude of
Snares Islands.
Pelecanoides urinator exsul Salvin
Pelecanoides exsul Salvin, 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 25,
pp. 437 (in key), 438—Kerguelen Island, as determined
by Murphy and Harper, 1921, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
44, p. 544.
Breeds on South Georgia, Marion, ? Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard,
Auckland, Antipodes Islands, and possibly on Macquarie and
Campbell Islands. Subspecies circumpolar in the austral seas
between lat. 35° S. and 60° S. Ranges of various populations
probably limited to the vicinity of the breeding localities. Once
recorded from Western Australia.
Pelecanoides urinator dacunhae Nicoll
Pelecanoides dacunhae Nicoll, 1906, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
16, p. 103—Tristan da Cunha.
Pelecanoides urinatrix elizabethae Elliott, 1954, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 74, p. 23—Gough Island, south Atlantic.
SPHENISCIDAE 121
Breeds on Inaccessible, Nightingale, and Gough Islands of
the Tristan da Cunha Group. Sedentary: range at sea limited
to the vicinity of the breeding grounds.
Pelecanoides urinator berard (Gaimard)
Procellaria Berard Gaimard, 1823, Bull. Général Universel
Annonces Nouvelles Sci., Paris, 3, p. 53—near the Falk-
land Islands.
Breeds on the Falkland Islands, ranging north off the Argen-
tine coast to the province of Buenos Aires. Birds recorded
from the South Orkneys are doubtfully assigned to this
subspecies.
Pelecanoides urinator coppingeri Mathews
Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews, 1912, Birds
Australia, 2, p. 238—Strait of Magellan. Type from Cockle
Cove, Pilot Island, Trinidad Channel, Chile.
Breeding range undiscovered. Known by a handful of speci-
mens only, from the coast and inland channels of southern
Chile, between lat. 47° S. and 50° S.
OrpER SPHENISCIFORMES'
ROBERT A. FALLA AND JEAN-LOUIS MOUGIN
FamMILy SPHENISCIDAE
cf. Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 329-471.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-14 (New World).
Sladen et al., 1964, in Thomson (ed.), New Dict. Birds,
pp. 609-615.
Stonehouse, 1967, in Cragg (ed.), Advances Biol. Res.,
4, pp. 131-196.
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 15-18.
Prevost and Mougin, 1971, Guide Oiseaux Mammiferes
Terres Australes Antarctiques Francaises, pp. 19-37.
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 45-60.
Watson et al., 1971, Birds Antarctic Subantarctic, pls.
1-2.
Muller-Schwarze, D. and C., 1975, Pinguine (Neue
"MS read by F. C. Kinsky.
122
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Brehm-Bucherei 464), 96 pp.
Simpson, 1975, Ann. South Afr. Mus., 69, pp. 59-72
(variation).
Stonehouse (ed.), 1975, Biol. Penguins, 565 pp.
Watson, 1975, Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union),
no. 24, pp. 63-80 (Antarctic and Subantarctic).
Simpson, 1976, Penguins, 162 pp.
Genus APTENODYTES MuLer
Aptenodytes J. F. Miller, 1778, Icones Animalium, pt. 4,
cf.
pl. 23. Type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes patagonicus Miller.
Stonehouse, 1960, Falkland Islands Dependencies Surv.,
Sci. Rep., no. 23, 81 pp. (ecology of patagonicus).
Prévost, 1961, Ecologie Manchot Empereur, 204 pp. (for-
sterl).
Budd, 1962, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 139, pp. 365-388
(population studies of forsteri).
Isenmann, 1971, Oiseau, 41, no. spéc., pp. 9-64 (ecology
of forsteri).
Jouventin, 1971, Terre Vie, 25, pp. 510-586 (ethology of
forsteri).
Conroy and White, 1973, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Bull., 32,
pp. 31-40 (breeding status of patagonicus).
Barrat, 1976, Comité Nat. Francais Recherches Antarc-
tiques, no. 40, pp. 9-52 (biology and ecology of patagoni-
cus).
APTENODYTES PATAGONICUS
Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus Miller
Aptenodytes patagonica J. F. Miller, 1778, Icones Anima-
lium, pt. 4, pl. 23—no locality; South Georgia designated
by Mathews, 1911, Birds Australia, 1, p. 274.
Apterodita (longirostris) Scopoli, 1786, Deliciae Florae
Faunae Insubricae, 2, p. 91; based on “Le Manchot de
la Nouvelle Guinée” of Sonnerat, 1776, Voyage Nouvelle
Guinée, p. 179, pl. 113—-New Guinea; error, Tierra del
Fuego, not Crozet and Kerguelen Islands as stated by
Mathews, 1911, Birds Australia, 1, p. 272 (cf. Lysaght,
1952, Oiseau, 22, pp. 120-124).
Aptenodytes Pennantii G. R. Gray, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 13, p. 315; based on “The Patagonian Pinguin” of
SPHENISCIDAE 123
Pennant, 1768, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 58, p.
91, pl. 5—Falkland Islands.
Aptenodytes rex Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 42, p. 775. As synonym of Aptenodytes pennantit
G. R. Gray.
Breeds on South Georgia. Status uncertain in the Cape Horn
region. The birds breeding on the Falkland Islands are doubt-
fully assigned to this subspecies. Not distinguishable at sea
from halli.
Aptenodytes patagonicus halli Mathews
Aptenodytes patagonica halli Mathews, 1911, Birds Austra-
lia, 1, p. 272—Macquarie Island.
Breeds in the subantarctic zone of surface waters on Prince
Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Macquarie Islands,
and south of the Antarctic Convergence on Heard Island.
Movements at sea of the species poorly known; usually not
noted outside the subantarctic and low-antarctic zones of
surface waters. Straggles south to the South Sandwich, South
Orkney, and South Shetland Islands, and to the coast of the
Antarctic Continent (Adélie Land); north to South America,
Gough Island, Australia (Victoria, Tasmania), Campbell Is-
land, and New Zealand (North and South Islands); one record
from South Africa.’
‘Aptenodytes patagonicus seems to have been completely extermi-
nated on the Falkland Islands and on Heard Island by the sealers
at the end of the nineteenth or at the beginning of the twentieth
century (Conroy and White, 1973, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Bull., 32,
pp. 31-40). The populations now living on these islands most likely
originated from the nearest islands, South Georgia for the birds
of the Falkland Islands (A. p. patagonicus) and the Kerguelen Islands
for those of Heard Island (A. p. halli). The situation was perhaps
not the same during the last century, and Barrat (1976, Comite
Nat. Francais Recherches Antarctiques, no. 40, pp. 14-16, and pers.
com.), founding his opinion on measurements of ancient specimens,
thinks that the Cape Horn region, the Falkland Islands, and Prince
Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Macquarie Islands were
then colonized by a subantarctic subspecies, and South Georgia and
Heard Island by an antarctic subspecies. This remains to be proved,
but in such a case Apterodita longirostris Scopoli, Aptenodytes pen-
nantu. G. R. Gray, and Aptenodytes rex Bonaparte would be un-
used senior synonyms of Aptenodytes patagonica halli Mathews.
—J.-L. M.
124 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
APTENODYTES FORSTERI
Aptenodytes forsteri Gray
Aptenodytes Forsteri G. R. Gray, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
13, p. 315—no locality; antarctic seas, G. R. Gray, 1844,
List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, p. 156.
Aptenodytes excelsior Mathews and Iredale, 1935, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 55, p. 101. New name for the species figured
and described by Mathews, 1928, Birds Norfolk Lord Howe
Islands, p. 63, pl. 30, as Aptenodytes forsteri G. R. Gray;
collected at Cape Royds, McMurdo Bay, Antarctica.
Winter breeder at more than 30 colonies around the shores
of the Antarctic Continent and adjacent islands, between lat.
66° S. and 78°S., usually on sea ice. Migratory: ranges at
sea in the antarctic zone, seldom outside the limits of floating
ice. Rare stragglers reported from Tierra del Fuego, South
Georgia, Falkland Islands, South Orkneys, Kerguelen Island,
Heard Island, and New Zealand; 3 recorded from 40° 30’ S.,
54° 34’ W., may have been imported.
Genus PYGOSCELIS Wacter
Pygoscelis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 281. Type, by
monotypy, Aptenodytes papua Forster.
Dasycelis Mathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 55, p.
74. Type, by original designation, Aptenodytes antarctica
Forster.
Pucheramphus Mathews, 1935, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 55,
p. 113. Type, by original designation, Catarrhactes adeliae
Hombron and Jacquinot.
cf. Bagshawe, 1938, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 24, pp. 185-306
(ecology of papua and antarctica).
Roberts, 1940, Brit. Graham Land Exped. 1934-37, Sci.
Rep., 1, pp. 195-254 (ecology of papua).
Sladen, 1958, Falkland Islands Dependencies Surv., Sci.
Rep., no. 17, 97 pp. (ecology of adeliae).
Sapin-Jaloustre, 1960, Ecologie Manchot Adélie, 211 pp.
Sladen, 1964, in Biologie Antarctique (1st Symp. Sci. Com.
Antarctic Res.), pp. 359-365 (distribution of adeliae and
antarctica).
Penney, 1968, in Austin (ed.), Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer.
SPHENISCIDAE 125
Geophys. Union), no. 12, pp. 83-131 (behavior of ade-
liae).
Stonehouse, 1970, Ibis, 112, pp. 52-57 (geographic varia-
tion in papua).
Zinderen Bakker, Jr., 1971, in Zinderen Bakker, Sr.,
Winterbottom, and Dyer (eds.), Marion Prince Edward
Islands, pp. 251-272 (behavior of papua).
Despin, 1972, Oiseau, 42, no. spéc., pp. 69-83 (ecology
of papua).
Conroy et al., 1975, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Bull., no. 40,
pp. 23-32 (breeding biology of antarctica).
Spurr, 1975, Ibis, 117, pp. 324-338 (ecology of adeliae).
Derksen, 1977, Auk, 94, pp. 552-566 (breeding behavior
of adeliae).
PYGOSCELIS PAPUA
Pygoscelis papua papua (Forster)
Aptenodytes papua J. R. Forster, 1781, Comment. Phys. Soc.
Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3 (1780), pp. 134, 140, pl. 3—Falkiand
Islands.
Aptenodytes taeniata Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8,
p. 264—Macquarie Island.
Pygosceles wagleri P. L. Sclater, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 390—Falkland Islands.
Breeds in the subantarctic zone of surface waters on the
Falkland, Staten, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen,
and Macquarie Islands, and south of the Antarctic Convergence
on South Georgia and Heard Island. Movements at sea of
the species poorly known; probably limited to the vicinity of
the breeding grounds. Stragglers reported from Tasmania,
Campbell Island, and South Island of New Zealand (Otago
and Southland).
Pygoscelis papua ellsworthi Murphy
Pygoscelis papua ellsworthi Murphy, 1947, Auk, 64, p.
454—Deception Island, South Shetlands.
Breeds in the antarctic zone of surface waters on the South
Sandwich, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands, and
on the Antarctic Peninsula. Not distinguishable at sea from
papua.
126 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PYGOSCELIS ADELIAE'
Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron and Jacquinot)
Catarrhactes Adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841, Ann.
Sci. Nat., Zool., Paris, sér. 2, 16, p. 320—Adélie Land.
Circumpolar. Breeds on almost all the rocky outcrops of the
coasts of the Antarctic Continent, Antarctic Peninsula, and
adjacent islands (Balleny, Peter I), and on the South Shetland,
South Orkney, ? South Sandwich, and Bouvet Islands. Migra-
tory: ranges at sea in the antarctic zone of surface waters,
usually within the limits of floating ice, rarely straggling
north beyond lat. 60° S. Reported very occasionally from the
Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Kerguelen, Heard, and Mac-
quarie Islands, New Zealand (Marlborough), and possibly
Australia (2 dubious records: Western Australia and Victoria).
PYGOSCELIS ANTARCTICA
Pygoscelis antarctica (Forster)
Aptenodytes antarctica J. R. Forster, 1781, Comment. Phys.
Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3 (1780), pp. 134, 141, pl. 4—South
Shetlands.
Breeds on the Antarctic Peninsula, on islands adjacent to the
Antarctic Continent (Balleny, Peter I), on the South Shetland,
South Orkney, South Sandwich Islands, on South Georgia,
and on Bouvet Island. A few birds have nested on Heard
Island in the recent past, but it is unlikely that the species
still breeds there. Migratory: usually observed in the cold
waters of the antarctic zone, rarely farther north. Straggles
south to the coasts of the Antarctic Continent (Cape Royds,
Cape Crozier, Pointe Geologie Archipelago, Haswell Islands,
Mawson Station, Lewis Island, Showa), and north to the
Falkland, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Macquarie Islands, and to
Tasmania.
Genus EUDYPTES ViIetLot
Eudyptes Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, pp. 67, 70. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds,
p. 77), Aptenodytes chrysocome Forster.
Catadyptes Mathews, 1934, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 55,
"P. adeliae and antarctica form a superspecies.—J.-L. M.
SPHENISCIDAE 127
p. 74. Type, by original designation, Catarhactes chrysolo-
phus Brandt.
cf. Jouanin, 1953, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, sér. 2,
25, pp. 530-532 (taxonomy of chrysocome).
Warham, 1963, Auk, 80, pp. 229-256 (ecology of chryso-
come).
Napier, 1968, Brit. Antarctic Surv. Bull., no. 16, pp. 71-72
(interbreeding of sclateri and chrysocome).
Warham, 1971, Notornis, 18, pp. 91-115 (ecology of chry-
solophus schlegeli).
Warham, 1972, Ardea, 60, pp. 145-184 (ecology of sclateri).
Warham, 1972, Auk, 89, pp. 86-105 (ecology of chryso-
come).
Carins, 1974, Emu, 74, pp. 55-57 (facial characteristics
of chrysocome).
Warhan, 1974, Ibis, 116, pp. 1-27 (ecology of pachyrhyn-
chus).
Warham, 1974, Journ. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 4, pp. 63-108
(ecology of robustus).
Shaughnessy, 1975, Emu, 75, pp. 147-152 (variation in
facial color of chrysolophus schlegeli).
Barre et al., 1976, Comite Nat. Francais Recherches
Antarctiques, no. 40, pp. 177-189 (variation in chrysolo-
phus).
EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME'
Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome (Forster)
Aptenodytes chrysocome J. R. Forster, 1781, Comment. Phys.
Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3 (1780), pp. 133, 135—Tasmania
and Falkland Islands = Falkland Islands; further restrict-
ed to Kidney Island, Berkeley Sound, East Falkland Island,
by Carins, 1974, Emu, 74, p. 56.
Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller, 1784, Icones Animalium,
pt. 9, pl. 49—Falkland Islands.
Chrysocoma saltator Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, General Zool.,
13, pt. 1, p. 58, pl. 8; based chiefly on “Pingoin Sauteur”
‘Replaces E. crestatus of Peters, 1931, Check-list Birds World, 1,
p. 31. Cf. Serventy and Whittell, 1952, Emu, 52, pp. 63-64.
—J.-L. M.
128 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
of Bougainville, 1771, Voyage Monde, p. 69—Falkland
Islands.
Eudyptes nigrivestis Gould, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 418—Falkland Islands.
Eudyptula Serresiana Oustalet, 1879, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
Paris, sér. 6, 8, art. 4, p. 1—Churruca, Tierra del Fuego.
Breeds on Tierra del Fuego and adjacent islands (Ildefonso,
Diego Ramirez), and on the Falkland Islands. Subspecies not
distinguishable at sea. Species circumpolar at sea, though
movements poorly known; presumably largely limited to vicin-
ity of breeding grounds. Stragglers reported from South
America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
Eudyptes chrysocome filholi Hutton
Eudyptes filholi Hutton, 1879, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, 3 (1878), p. 334—Campbell Island.
Breeds in the subantarctic and low-antarctic zones of surface
waters on Prince Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Heard,
Macquarie, Auckland, Campbell, Bounty, and Antipodes Is-
lands.
Eudyptes (chrysocome) moseleyi Mathews and Iredale”®
Eudyptes serresianus moseleyi Mathews and Iredale, 1921,
Man. Birds Australia, 1, p. 11, in text—Inaccessible Island,
Tristan da Cunha Group.
Breeds in the subtropical and low-subantarctic zones of surface
waters on Inaccessible, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, and
Gough Islands of the Tristan da Cunha Group, and on Amster-
dam and St. Paul Islands.
‘The birds of Auckland, Campbell, Bounty, and Antipodes Islands
have sometimes been referred to as moseleyi (a name posterior to
filholi), but careful examination shows that they are different from
the birds of the subtropical and low-subantarctic islands of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans.—J.-L. M.
* Aptenodytes catarractes Forster, 1781, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg.
Sci. Gotting., 3 (1780), pp. 135, 145—“Oceano australi ultra Tropicas,
(forsan in insulis a Lusitano Tristan D’Acunha dictis)” is an unused
senior synonym.—J.-L. M.
*Aptenodytes gorfua Bonnaterre, 1791, Tableau Encyl. Méthod.
Trois Regnes Nature, Ornith., livr. 47, p. 68, is indeterminable.—J.-L.
M.
SPHENISCIDAE 129
EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS'”
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Gray
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus G. R. Gray, 1845, in Richardson
and J. E. Gray (eds.), Zool. Voyage Erebus Terror, 1, Birds,
p. 17—Waikowaiti, South Island, New Zealand.
Breeds on South Island, New Zealand (Westland south of
Waitangi-toana River, Fiordland, Southland), on Solander,
Codfish, and Stewart Islands, and on some outliers. Ranges
at sea north occasionally to Bay of Islands and Auckland west
coast, and south to the Snares, Auckland, and Campbell Islands.
Recorded from Western and South Australia, Tasmania, and
the Falkland Islands.
EUDYPTES ROBUSTUS’®
Eudyptes robustus Oliver
Eudyptes robustus Oliver, 1953, Emu, 53, p. 187—Snares
Islands.
Breeds on Snares Islands, south of New Zealand. Ranges at
sea north to Wairarapa (North Island) and east to Antipodes
Islands. Stragglers recorded from Macquarie Island, South
Australia (Cape Banks), and Tasmania (Hobart).
EUDYPTES SCLATERI®
Eudyptes sclateri Buller
‘E. pachyrhynchus, robustus, and sclateri form a superspecies (but
see Warham, 1975, in Stonehouse, ed., Biol. Penguins, pp. 189-269,
for exclusion of sclateri).—J.-L. M.
*The name Eudyptes vittata Finsch, 1875, Ibis, p. 112—Dunedin,
South Island, New Zealand, is based on types belonging to two species,
E. pachyrhynchus and E. sclateri; cf. Hutton in Ogilvie-Grant,
1905, Ibis, pp. 552-553. It thus must be ruled out as indetermin-
able.—J.-L. M.
*The specific name sclateri, as published in the binomen Eudyptes
sclateri Buller 1888, and the specific name robustus, as published
in the binomen Eudyptes robustus Oliver 1953, have been placed
on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name
no. 2571 and the Name No. 2572 respectively, and the specific name
atratus, as published in the binomen Eudyptes atratus Finsch 1875
ex Hutton MS, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1009,
by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin.
1056, 1976, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 33, pp. 16-18.—J.-L. M.
130 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Eudyptes sclateri Buller, 1888, Birds N. Z., ed. 2, 2, p.
289—Auckland Islands.
Breeds on Auckland (Disappointment), Campbell, Bounty, and
Antipodes Islands, south of New Zealand. Attempted breeding
recorded on Otago Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand.
Ranges at sea north on both coasts of New Zealand to North
Cape and east to Chatham Islands. Frequent straggler to
Snares and Macquarie Islands; reported from South Australia.
Occasional visitor to Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania.
One straggler settled on West Point Island, Falkland Islands.
EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS
Eudyptes chrysolophus chrysolophus (Brandt)
Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp.
Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 2, col. 315—Falkland Islands.
Breeds in the subantarctic and antarctic zones of surface waters
on the Antarctic Peninsula, on the South Shetland, South
Orkney, and South Sandwich Islands, on South Georgia, on
the Falkland Islands, on Bouvet, Prince Edward, Marion,
Crozet, Kerguelen, and Heard Islands, and perhaps on Tierra
del Fuego. Ranges at sea usually between lat. 45° S. and 65° S..,
straggling south to the coasts of the Antarctic Continent (Cape
Hallett, Mawson Station, Balleny Islands) and north to the
subantarctic islands of New Zealand, South America, and
Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha Group; two records from
South Africa.’
Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli Finsch
Eudyptes schlegeli Finsch, 1876, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 8, p.
204—Macquarie Island.
Catadyptes chrysolophus redimitus Mathews and Iredale,
‘There is a problem in identifying stray birds. All the criteria
available to distinguish between chrysolophus and schlegeli—face
and underwing patterns, extent of the area of naked skin at the
gape, lengths of flipper and culmen, etc.—are equivocal; schlegeli
is on the average larger than chrysolophus, but the overlap is
important, and the white-faced chrysolophus is exactly the same
size as schlegeli; 35% of the females and 5% of the males of schlegeli
have the dark face characteristic of chrysolophus. Even a combination
of several features will not give a definite conclusion in every
circumstance. Therefore it is impossible to define precisely the range
at sea of chrysolophus and schlegeli.—J.-L. M.
SPHENISCIDAE 131
1935, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 55, p. 102—Macquarie
Island.
Breeds on Macquarie Island. White-faced individuals (local
mutants or stragglers from Macquarie Island), absolutely
similar to true schlegeli of Macquarie Island, have been
recorded from various breeding localities of chrysolophus:
Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Heard Islands. They nest at
least in the Crozet Archipelago, breeding or interbreeding with
typical chrysolophus. White-faced stragglers have also been
recorded from the Australasian sector, where true chrysolophus
does not breed (South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and
coasts of the Antarctic Continent), and accordingly are probably
true schlegeli.
Genus MEGADYPTES Mue-Epwarps
Megadyptes Milne-Edwards, 1880, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
Paris, sér. 6, 9, art. 9, p. 56. Type, by monotypy, Catar-
rhactes antipodes Hombron and Jacquinot.
cf. Richdale, 1957, Population Study Penguins, 201 pp. (ecol-
ogy and population dynamics of antipodes).
MEGADYPTES ANTIPODES
Megadyptes antipodes (Hombron and Jacquinot)
Catarrhactes antipodes Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841, Ann.
Sci. Nat., Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 16, p. 320—Auckland Islands.
Breeds on the eastern and southern coasts of the South Island
of New Zealand from Banks Peninsula south, and on Stewart,
Auckland, and Campbell Islands. Sedentary: observed at sea
in the vicinity of the breeding grounds, straggling north to
Cook Strait.
Genus EUDYPTULA BonapartTE
Eudyptula Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
42, p. 775. Type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes minor Forster.
cf. Hartert, 1928, Novit. Zool., 34, pp. 229-230 (iredalet).
O’Brien, 1940, Rec. Canterbury Mus., 4, pp. 311-324
(ecology of albosignata).
Richdale, 1940, Emu, 40, pp. 180-217 (ecology of minor).
Warham, 1958, Ibis, 100, pp. 605-616 (ecology of novae-
hollandiae).
132 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Kinsky, 1960, Rec. Dominion Mus., Wellington, 3, pp.
145-218 (ecology of variabilis).
Kinsky and Falla, 1976, Nat. Mus. N. Z. Rec., 1, pp. 105-126
(subspecies of minor).
EUDYPTULA MINOR
Eudyptula minor novaehollandiae (Stephens)
Spheniscus Novae Hollandiae Stephens, 1826, in Shaw,
General Zool., 13, pt. 1, p. 68—Port Jackson, New South
Wales.
Aptenodytes australis J. E. Gray, 1829, in Cuvier, Animal
Kingdom (ed. Griffith), 8, p. 563—Sydney, New South
Wales.
Aptenodytes undina Gould, 1844, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 57—Tasmania.
Breeds on the coasts and islands of southern Australia from
the Fremantle area in the west to north of Port Stephens,
New South Wales, in the east; Tasmania.
Eudyptula minor iredalei Mathews
Eudyptula minor iredalei Mathews, 1911, Birds Australia,
1, p. 286, pl. 67—Chatham Islands; error, Motuora Island,
Hauraki Gulf, North Island, New Zealand, fide Kinsky
and Falla, 1976, Nat. Mus. N. Z. Rec., 1, p. 119.
Breeds on the coasts and islands of North Island, New Zealand,
from North Cape south to Kawhia and east to East Cape.
Eudyptula minor variabilis Kinsky and Falla
Eudyptula minor variabilis Kinsky and Falla, 1976, Nat.
Mus. N. Z. Rec., 1, p. 116—Mahina Bay, Wellington
Harbour, New Zealand.
Breeds on North Island, New Zealand, south from Cape Egmont
and Hawke Bay, and on the coasts and islands of South Island
from Karamea on the west through Cook Strait and south
to Motunau Island.
Eudyptula minor albosignata Finsch
Eudyptula albosignata Finsch, 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 207—Akaroa, South Island, New Zealand.
Breeds on South Island, New Zealand, on Banks Peninsula
and possibly the coast of North Canterbury north to Motunau
Island.
Eudyptula minor minor (Forster)
Aptenodytes minor J. R. Forster, 1781, Comment. Phys. Soc.
SPHENISCIDAE 133
Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3 (1780), pp. 135, 147—Dusky Sound,
South Island, New Zealand.
Breeds on the coasts of South Island, New Zealand, from about
Karamea on the west and Oamaru on the east south to Foveaux
Strait, and on Stewart Island and outlying islands.
Eudyptula minor chathamensis Kinsky and Falla
Eudyptula minor chathamensis Kinsky and Falla, 1976, Nat.
Mus. N. Z. Rec., 1, p. 115—Star Keys, Chatham Islands.
Breeds on the Chatham Islands (Chatham, Mangere, Pitt,
South East, and Star Keys).
Genus SPHENISCUS Brisson
Spheniscus Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 52; 6, p. 96. Type,
by monotypy, Diomedea demersa Linnaeus.
cf. Rand, 1960, South Afr. Dept. Commerce Industry, Div.
Fish, Invest. Rep. 41, 28 pp. (distribution, abundance,
and feeding habits of demersus).
Léeveque, 1963, Terre Vie, 17, pp. 397-430 (ecology of
mendiculus).
Korschenewski, 1969, Hornero, 11, pp. 20-26 (magellani-
cus).
Siegfried et al., 1975, Zoologica Africana, 10, pp. 87-100
(social behavior at sea of demersus).
Frost, Siegfried, and Burger, 1976, Journ. Zool., London,
179, pp. 165-187 (behavioral adaptations of demersus).
Frost, Siegfried, and Cooper, 1976, Biol. Conserv., 9, pp.
79-99 (demersus).
Boersma, 1977, Living Bird, 15 (1976), pp. 43-93 (ecology
and behavior of mendiculus).
SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS'
Spheniscus demersus (Linnaeus)
Diomedea demersa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
132; based on “The Black-Footed Penguins” of Edwards,
1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 94, pl. 94—-Cape of Good Hope.
Breeds on islands off the southern and southwestern coasts
of southern Africa, as far north as Walvis Bay. Rather
sedentary: confined at sea to south African coastal waters,
*S. demersus, humboldti, and magellanicus form a superspecies.—
J.-L. M.
134 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
mainly in the region served by the Benguela Current. Seldom
occurs more than 50 kilometers from the breeding islands
and more than 15 kilometers from the mainland. Stragglers
observed as far north as Angola on the west coast and
Mozambique on the east coast.
SPHENISCUS HUMBOLDTI
Spheniscus humboldti Meyen
Spheniscus Humboldti Meyen, 1834, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.
Leopold.-Carol. Nat. Curiosorum, Halle, 16, Suppl., p. 110,
pl. 21—Peru.
Breeds on islets off the Pacific coast of South America from
Lambayeque, Peru (lat. 6° 30’ S.), south to Santiago del Norte,
Chile (lat. 34° S.). Range at sea confined to the coastline served
by the Humboldt Current, as far south as Valdivia, Chile
(lat. 40° S.).
SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS
Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster)
Aptenodytes magellanicus J. R. Forster, 1781, Comment.
Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3 (1780), pp. 134, 143, pl.
5—Strait of Magellan.
Breeds in South America on the Pacific coast from Aconcagua,
Chile (lat. 32° 35’ S.) and on the Atlantic coast from Punta
Clara, Argentina (lat. 43° 57’ S.) south to Tierra del Fuego
and Cape Horn; Juan Fernandez and Falkland Islands. Ranges
at sea north, on the Pacific coast, to Coquimbo, Chile, and,
on the Atlantic coast, to Uruguay and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro
and accidentally Espirito Santo and Bahia). Stragglers ob-
served in South Georgia and at Hawke Bay, east coast of
North Island, New Zealand; specimen from Phillip Island,
Victoria, Australia.
SPHENISCUS MENDICULUS
Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall
Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, pp. 126, 129—Galapagos Islands.
Breeds on Fernandina (Narborough) and Isabela (Albemarle)
Islands in the Galapagos Archipelago. Sedentary: observed
at sea in the vicinity of the breeding grounds. One straggler
captured on the Pacific coast of Panama.
GAVIDAE 135
OrDER GAVITFORMES
ROBERT W. STORER
Famity GAVIIDAE'
Genus GAVIA Forster”
Gavia J. R. Forster, 1788, Enchiridion Hist. Nat., p. 38.
Type, by subsequent designation (J. A. Allen, 1908, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, p. 35), Colymbus imber Gun-
nerus = Colymbus immer Brunnich, and by plenary powers
(International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, p. 3), Colymbus immer Brun-
nich.
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 14-18.
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
241-260 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 282-304).
Gier, 1952, Auk, 69, pp. 40-49 (air sacs of immer).
Olson and Marshall, 1952, Occas. Papers, Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Univ. Minnesota, no. 5, 83 pp. (biology of immer).
Wilcox, 1952, Amer. Midland Nat., 48, pp. 513-573 (pelvic
musculature of immer).
‘The family-group name Gaviidae Coues, 1903, Key North Amer.
Birds, p. 1047 (type genus Gavia J. R. Forster, 1788, Enchiridion
Hist. Nat., p. 38) has been placed on the Official List of Family-Group
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 191, and the family-group
names Colymbidae Shaw 1824 (type genus Colymbus Linnaeus 1758,
incorrectly determined as the genus typified by Colymbus immer
Brunnich 1764) and Colymbidae Coues 1903 (type genus correctly
determined as the genus typified by Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus
1758) have been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and invalid
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 216 and the Name No. 217
respectively by the International Commission on Zoological No-
menclature, 1957, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, pp. 293-294. The earlier
establishment of the family-group name Gaviidae by J. A. Allen,
1897, Auk, 14, p. 312, was evidently not brought to the attention
of the Commission.—R. W. S.
’The generic name Gavia Forster 1788 has been placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 992
by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin.
401, 1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, p. 3.—R. W. S.
136
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Rand, 1954, Canadian Field-Nat., 68, pp. 13-15 (downy
young).
Storer, 1956, Condor, 58, pp. 413-426 (ancestry).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp. 20-61.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
3-8.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 59-91.
Tyler, 1969, Journ. Zool., London, 158, pp. 395-412 (egg-
shell structure).
Lehtonen, 1970, Ann. Zool. Fenn., 7, pp. 25-60 (biology
of arctica).
Sjélander and Agren, 1972, Wilson Bull., 84, pp. 296-308
(behavior of immer).
Binford and Remsen, 1974, Western Birds, 5, pp. 111-126
(adamsit).
Burn and Mather, 1974, Brit. Birds, 67, pp. 257-296
(adamsit).
Dunker, 1975, Norwegian Journ. Zool., 23, pp. 149-164
(behavior of arctica).
Remsen and Binford, 1975, Western Birds, 6, pp. 7-20
(adamsit).
Rummell and Goetzinger, 1975, Auk, 92, pp. 333-346
(aggression in ummer).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 42-65.
Sjolander and Agren, 1977, Condor, 78 (1976), pp. 454-463
(reproductive behavior of adamsit).
Storer, 1978, Breviora, no. 448, 8 pp. (systematics).
GAVIA STELLATA
Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan)
Colymbus Stellatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Danske Atlas, 1, p.
621; based on “Colymbus maximus stellatus” of Willughby,
1676, Ornith., pl. 62—Tame River, Warwickshire, Eng-
land, ex Willughby (cf. Laubmann, 1922, Verh. Ornith.
Gesell. Bayern, 15, p. 211).
Colymbus stellatus squamata Portenko, 1939, Trudy
Nauch.-Issl. Inst. Poliarn. Zemled., Zhivotn. Promysl.
Khoz. Ser. Promysl. Khoz. (Leningrad), 6, p. 155—Aagad
Island = Ogord Island, lat. 80° 2’ N., long. 56° 32’ E.,
Franz Josef Land.
Circumpolar, breeding from Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land,
GAVIIDAE 137
New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, Prince Patrick Island,
northern Ellesmere Island, northern Greenland, and the
northern coasts of Eurasia and North America south to Scot-
land, southern Sweden and Finland, Latvia, to approximately
lat. 60° N. in Russia, northern Lake Baykal, Sakhalin, the
Kurils and Aleutians, to approximately lat. 52° N. on coastal
British Columbia, northern Yukon, southern Mackenzie,
northwestern Saskatchewan, James Bay, the north shore of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Anticosti Island, and perhaps New-
foundland. Has bred in northern Ireland, Vancouver Island,
and on the north shore of Lake Superior. Winters largely
along coasts south to Portugal, southeastern China, northern
Baja California, and Florida (rarely to Morocco, the Mediter-
ranean, Black and Caspian Seas, the coast of Baluchistan,
Taiwan, and the lower Great Lakes).
GAVIA ARCTICA'
Gavia arctica pacifica’ (Lawrence)
Colymbus pacificus Lawrence, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and
Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific,
9, p. 889—San Diego, California, and Puget Sound; re-
stricted to San Diego by Grinnell, 1932, Univ. California
Publ. Zool., 38, p. 260.
Breeds in arctic eastern Siberia from about the lower Indigirka
River east to the Chukchi Peninsula and south to the Anadyr
basin; in North America from St. Lawrence Island and Alaska
east to Banks, Prince of Wales, and central Baffin Islands
and the west coast of the Ungava Peninsula, south to the
Alaska Peninsula, southern Mackenzie, northern Alberta,
northern Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario. Winters mainly
along the Pacific coast of North America from southeastern
Alaska to southern Baja California and southern Sonora; less
frequently along the coasts of Japan. Rare or accidental inland,
in Greenland, and on the Atlantic coast south to New York.
(A specimen of this species, but not identifiable to race, was
taken in southern Florida.)
‘The specific name arcticus, as published in the binomen Colymbus
arcticus Linnaeus 1758, has been placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1380 by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957, Opin. Decl. Rend.,
13, p. 295.—R. W. S.
“Sometimes considered a full species.—R. W. S.
138 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Gavia arctica arctica (Linnaeus)
Colymbus arcticus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
135—Europe and North America; restricted to Sweden
by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 52.
Urinator arcticus suschkini Sarudny, 1912, Messager Or-
nith., Moscow, 3, p. 111—Russian Turkistan.
Breeds from northern Scandinavia, about lat. 75° N. in Novaya
Zemlya and the Taymyr Peninsula, and the arctic coast of
Siberia east to about the Lena River, south to northern
Scotland, northern Pomerania, about lat. 54° N. on the Volga,
and about lat. 49° N. in western Mongolia. Intergrades with
viridigularis from about the Lena River and Lake Baykal
east. Winters mainly on the north and west coasts of the
Black Sea, and in smaller numbers in the southern North
and Baltic Seas, along the Atlantic coast to Portugal, and
in the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Aral Seas.
Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight
Gavia viridigularis Dwight, 1918, Auk, 35, p. 198—Gichega,
northeastern Siberia.
Breeds in Siberia east of the range of arctica (but not in
the Arctic east of about the Indigirka River) and south to
Transbaicalia, the lower Amur Valley, northern Sakhalin, and
Kamchatka; also in the Cape Prince of Wales region of western
Alaska. Sympatric with pacifica in Alaska and in the Anadyr
region. Winters in the Kurils, Japan, Manchuria, Ussuriland,
and probably Korea and northern China. Scattered records
from Nome, Alaska, to British Columbia. Reports from East
Prussia and the Netherlands may be of intergrades between
this race and arctica.
GAVIA IMMER’”
Gavia immer (Brunnich)
Colymbus Immer Brunnich, 1764, Ornith. Borealis, p. 38—
Faeroes.
*G. immer and adamsii form a superspecies.—R. W. S.
*The specific name immer, as published in the binomen Colymbus
immer Briunnich 1764, has been placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 700 by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin. 401, 1956, Opin. Decl.
Rend., 13, p. 4.—R. W. S.
GAVIIDAE 139
Gavia immer elasson Bishop, 1921, Auk, 38, p. 367—
Carpenter Lake, Rolette County, North Dakota.
Breeds from the western Aleutians and Nunivak Island east
across North America to Greenland (both coasts), Iceland, and
Bear Island, north to the Brooks Range, northwestern Macken-
zie, Baffin Island, and Thule and Scoresby Sound, south, at
least formerly, to northeastern California, northwestern Mon-
tana, North Dakota, northern Iowa, northern Illinois, and
northern Pennsylvania to Connecticut. Recorded in summer
in Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, the Faeroes, and northern Scotland.
Nonbreeding birds found in summer on salt water south to
California and the Gulf of Mexico. Winters on the Pacific
coast from the Aleutians south to Baja California and Sonora,
on the Great Lakes, and on the Atlantic coast from Newfound-
land to southern Florida and the Gulf coast to southern Texas;
in small numbers in the North Sea and the eastern Atlantic
south to western Morocco. Rare or accidental in the Commander
Islands, Cuba, Azores, Madeira, western Mediterranean, Bal-
tic, and Black Seas.
GAVIA ADAMSII
Gavia adamsii (Gray)
Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 167—Russian America. Type from Alaska.
Breeds from extreme northwestern Russia (Pechenga River),
Kolguyev Island, and Novaya Zemlya east across the arctic
slope of Siberia and North America to the Melville Peninsula
and south to approximately lat. 67° 30’ N. in western Siberia
(on the lower Kolyma River), at least casually to the north
shore of the Sea of Okhotsk (near Magadan), on St. Lawrence
Island, to Cape Prince of Wales in western Alaska, and Great
Slave and Yathkyed Lakes in Canada. (The extent of the
discontinuities in the breeding range requires further docu-
mentation.) Winters along the coast of Norway (rarely Sweden),
eastern Asia from Kamchatka to northern Hondo, and western
North America from southern Alaska to British Columbia
(casually to northern Baja California). Has wandered to Co-
lorado, New York, southern Greenland, Italy, Korea, and the
New Siberian Islands.
140 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
OrDER PODICIPEDIFORMES'
ROBERT W. STORER
Famity PODICIPEDIDAE”
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 18-40 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
261-286 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 305-334).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
62-113.
Simmons, 1962, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 82, pp. 109-116
(revision).
Benson and Irwin, 1963, Ardea, 51, pp. 213-215 (distribu-
tion, African forms).
Storer, 1963, Proc. XIII Int. Ornith. Congr., Ithaca (1962),
pp. 562-569 (phylogeny).
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
9-17.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 92-163.
Storer, 1967, Condor, 69, pp. 469-478 (pattern of downy
young).
Storer, Siegfried, and Kinahan, 1976, Living Bird, 14
(1975), pp. 45-57 (sunbathing).
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 81-92.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 65-112.
"MS read by K. C. Parkes, R. B. Payne, K. E. L. Simmons, and
D. W. Snow (African forms).
*The family-group name Podicipedidae, derived from Podicepinae
of Bonaparte, 1831, Saggio Distrib. Metod. Animali Vertebrati, p.
62, has been placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names
in Zoology with the Name No. 469, and the family-group name
Podicipitidae, likewise derived from Podicepinae of Bonaparte, 1831,
Saggio, p. 62, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name No.
462 by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
Opin. 981, 1972, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 29, pp. 15-18.—R. W. S.
PODICIPEDIDAE 141
Genus ROLLANDIA Bonaparte
Rollandia Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
42, p. 775. Type, by virtual monotypy, Rollandia leucotis
Bonaparte = Podiceps rolland Quoy and Gaimard.
Centropelma P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Exotic Ornith.,
pt. 12, p. 189. Type, by monotypy, Podiceps micropterus
Gould.
cf. Storer, 1967, Hornero, 10, pp. 339-350 (behavior of rol-
land).
ROLLANDIA ROLLAND
Rollandia rolland morrisoni (Simmons)
Podiceps chilensis morrisoni Simmons, 1962, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 82, p. 93—Lake Junin, Peru.
Highlands of Peru, from Junin south, and Bolivia. Specimens
from southern Peru and Bolivia approach chilensis in size
but are nearer to this form.
Rollandia rolland chilensis (Lesson)
Podiceps Chilensis Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornith., 2, p. 358—
Concepcion Bay, Chile.
Podiceps speciosus Lynch Arribalzaga, 1877,’ La Ley (Buenos
Aires), 2 July, p. 1 (reprinted 1926, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 133, p. 44)—Isla de Baradero, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Lowlands of South America south from northern Peru (Lam-
bayeque)’ on the Pacific slope and from Paraguay and southern
Brazil on the Atlantic slope.
Rollandia rolland rolland (Quoy and Gaimard)
Podiceps Rolland Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, in Freycinet,
Voyage Uranie Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 133—
Falkland Islands.
Falkland Islands.
‘For reasons for considering this a synonym of chilensis rather
than a form of dominicus see Storer, 1975, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
95, pp. 148-151.—R. W. S.
*The specimen from Eten, referred by Chubb, 1919, Ibis, p. 256,
to “Podiceps brachyrhynchus,” is an example of this form.—R. W. S.
142 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ROLLANDIA MICROPTERA
Rollandia microptera (Gould)
Podiceps micropterus Gould, 1868, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 220—Lake Titicaca.
Lakes Umayo, Titicaca, and Poopo in the Titicaca basin of
southern Peru and northern Bolivia.
Genus TACHYBAPTUS ReEIcHENBACH
Tachybaptus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 3. Type by monotypy, Colymbus minor Gmelin =
Colymbus ruficollis Pallas.
Limnodytes Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, p. 970. Type,
by original designation, Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus.
cf. Rand, 1936, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 72, pp. 314-316
(Madagascar).
Mayr, 1943, Emu, 43, pp. 3-7 (races of novaehollandiae).
Wetmore, 1943, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, pp. 230-232
(races of dominicus).
Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1294, pp. 1-2 (races
of ruficollis).
Mayr, 1945, Emu, 44, pp. 231-233 (pattern of downy
young).
Voous and Payne, 1965, Ardea, 53, pp. 9-31 (Madagascar).
Bandorf, 1968, Vogelwelt, Beihefte, Heft 1, pp. 7-61
(behavior of ruficollis).
Storer, 1975, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 95, pp. 148-151
(nomenclature and status of dominicus, Argentina).
Storer, 1976, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 18, pp.
113-126 (behavior and relationships of dominicus).
TACHYBAPTUS NOVAEHOLLANDIAE'
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Ste-
phens)
Podiceps novae Hollandiae Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen-
eral Zool., 13, pt. 1, p. 18—-New South Wales.
Lakes in the Snow Mountains, New Guinea, lowlands of
southern New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania. One record
'T. novaehollandiae, ruficollis, and rufolavatus form a superspe-
cies.—R. W. S.
PODICIPEDIDAE 143
from the Moluccas (Ternate). Vagrants, presumably of this
subspecies, recorded from Admiralty Islands and New Zealand.
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae leucosternos (Mayr)
Colymbus ruficollis leucosternos Mayr, 1931, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 486, p. 2—Dolphin Island, New Hebrides.
New Hebrides: reported from Santa Maria (Gaua), Dolphin
(Dauphin), Espiritu Santo, and Oba (Aoba) Islands; New
Caledonia.
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae rennellianus (Mayr)
Colymbus ruficollis longirostris Mayr, 1931, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 486, p. 2—Rennell Island.
Podiceps novaehollandiae rennellianus Mayr, 1943, Emu,
43, p. 6. New name for Colymbus ruficollis longirostris,
Mayr, 1931, preoccupied by Colymbus longirostris Bonna-
terre, 1791, Tableau Encycl. Méthod. Trois Regnes Nature,
Ornith., livr. 47, p. 54.
Known only from Rennell Island, Solomon Islands.
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae javanicus (Mayr)
Podiceps novaehollandiae javanicus Mayr, 1943, Emu, 43,
p. 6—Rakukak, Java; altitude 4,000 feet.
Java.
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae timorensis (Mayr)
Podiceps novaehollandiae timorensis Mayr, 1943, Emu, 43,
p. 7—Supul, Timor.
Timor.
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae fumosus (Mayr)
Podiceps novaehollandiae fumosus Mayr, 1943, Emu, 48,
p. 6—Kabruang, Talaud Islands.
Great Sangi Island, Talaud Islands.
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae incola (Mayr)
Podiceps novaehollandiae incola Mayr, 1943, Emu, 43, p.
5—Ifar, Sentani Lake, northern New Guinea.
Northern New Guinea (Sentani Lake, Sepik River, Bulolo).
TACHYBAPTUS RUFICOLLIS
Tachybaptus ruficollis ruficollis (Pallas)
Colymbus ruficollis Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raisonné
Coll. Oiseaux, Adumbr., p. 6—Holland.
British Isles, southern Sweden, Lithuania, and western and
southern Russia, south to the Mediterranean and northern
144 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Africa, east to Turkey and Palestine. Retreats from northern
parts of breeding range in winter. Occasional north to Norway
and Finland. Casual in the Faeroes, Azores, Madeira, and
Canaries.
Tachybaptus ruficollis iraquensis (Ticehurst)
Podiceps ruficollis iraquensis Ticehurst, 1923, Bull. Brit.Or-
nith. Club, 44, p. 28—Iskandariyeh, Euphrates, Iraq.
Marshes of Iraq and southwestern Iran. Birds from Palestine
approach this form but are nearest the nominate race.
Tachybaptus ruficollis capensis (Salvadori)
Podiceps capensis Salvadori, 1884, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
21, p. 252—Rugghie and Lake Cialalaka, Shoa, Ethiopia.
In Asia from the Caucasus, southern Aral Sea, and Lake
Balkhash south through Iran (except southwestern part) and
India to Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and east to Burma, where it
intergrades with poggei; in Africa south of the Sahara general-
ly, and north through Ethiopia to the Nile Valley; Madagascar
and the Comoro Islands.
Tachybaptus ruficollis poggei (Reichenow)
Colymbus nigricans poggei Reichenow, 1902, Journ. Ornith.,
50, p. 125—Province of Chihli, China.
Podiceps ruficollis japonicus Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal.
Fauna, p. 1455—Tokyo, Japan.
Poliocephalus ruficollis kunikyonis Nagamichi Kuroda,
1927, Ibis, p. 722—Minami-Daitojima, Borodino Islands,
Okinawa group, middle Ryukyu Islands.
Eastern Asia from central and eastern Manchuria, south-
western Ussuriland, and the southern Kurils through central
and eastern China to Indochina, Hainan, and the Malay
Peninsula, and through Japan to the Ryukyus and Taiwan,
where it intergrades with philippensis.
Tachybaptus ruficollis philippensis (Bonnaterre)
Colymbus Philippensis Bonnaterre, 1791, Tableau Encycl.
Méthod. Trois Regnes Nature, Ornith., livr. 47, p. 58—
fresh waters of the Philippines; restricted to Luzon by
Rand, 1948, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, p. 202.
Northern Philippine islands of Calayan and Luzon; interme-
diates between philippensis and cotabato are found from
Mindoro to Negros and Bohol.
Tachybaptus ruficollis cotabato (Rand)
Podiceps ruficollis cotabato Rand, 1948, Fieldiana, Zool.,
PODICIPEDIDAE 145
31, p. 201—Liguasan Marsh, near sea level, Cotabato
Province, Mindanao Island, Philippine Islands.
Island of Mindanao.
Tachybaptus ruficollis tricolor (Gray)
Podiceps (Sylbeocyclus) tricolor G. R. Gray, 1861, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London (1860), p. 366—Ternate.
Celebes, Moluccas, and northern New Guinea; casual or rare
Borneo.
Tachybaptus ruficollis vuleanorum (Rensch)
Podiceps ruficollis vulcanorum Rensch, 1929, Journ. Ornith.,
77, Erganzungsband 2 (Festschr. Ernst Hartert), p. 205,
note—Crater Lake Segare Anak, Lombok; altitude 2,000
meters.
Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Flores, Timor, and the Kai Islands.
Tachybaptus ruficollis collaris (Mayr)
Podiceps ruficollis collaris Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1294, p. 1—Bougainville Island.
Bougainville Island in the Solomons, New Ireland, New Bri-
tain, and the Huon Peninsula of New Guinea, where interme-
diates with tricolor are found.
TACHYBAPTUS RUFOLAVATUS
Tachybaptus rufolavatus (Delacour)
Podiceps rufolavatus Delacour, 1932, Oiseau, 2, p. 6—Lake
Alaotra.
Confined to Lake Alaotra, Madagascar.’
TACHYBAPTUS PELZELNII
Tachybaptus pelzelnii (Hartlaub)
Podiceps pelzelnii Hartlaub, 1861, Ornith. Madagascar, p.
83—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
TACHYBAPTUS DOMINICUS
Tachybaptus dominicus dominicus (Linnaeus)
Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1,
p. 223; based on “La Grebe de riviere de S. Domingue”
‘This form may be in the process of being “swamped” by hybridiza-
tion with the more recently arrived T. ruficollis capensis.—R. W. S.
146 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
of Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 6, p. 64, pl. 5, fig. 2—Dominica
= Santo Domingo.
Bahama Islands from Eleuthera and Andros to Inagua, Greater
Antilles, Virgin Islands, and Cozumel Island.
Tachybaptus dominicus brachypterus (Chapman)
Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman, 1899, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12, p. 256—Lomita (Ranch), Texas.
Southern Texas and Sinaloa south to Panama.
Tachybaptus dominicus bangsi (van Rossem and Hachisu-
ka)
Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka,
1937, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 323—Santiago,
Baja California, Mexico.
Southern Baja California. Scattered records from southern
California and southern Arizona to southern Sonora probably
represent this form.
Tachybaptus dominicus brachyrhynchus (Chapman)
Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus Chapman, 1899, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12, p. 255—Chapada, Mato Grosso,
Brazil.
Tropical South America south to Peru, Bolivia, northern
Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil. Rare south of lat.
30° S. Early records from central and southern Argentina
probably erroneous.’
Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson
Podilymbus Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr. 8, p. 595.
Type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham = Co-
lymbus podiceps Linnaeus.
cf. Glover, 1953, Wilson Bull., 65, pp. 32-39 (ecology of
podiceps).
Zusi and Storer, 1969, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ.
Michigan, no. 139, 49 pp. (head and neck anatomy).
LaBastille, 1974, Wildlife Monogr., 37, 66 pp. (gigas).
PODILYMBUS PODICEPS*
Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs
Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs, 1913, Proc. New
"For Podiceps speciosus Lynch Arribalzaga 1877 see Rollandia
rolland chilensis.—R. W. S.
’P. podiceps and gigas form a superspecies.—R. W. S.
PODICIPEDIDAE 147
England Zool. Club, 4, p. 89—Bueycito, Oriente, Cuba.
Resident on suitable bodies of fresh water throughout the
West Indies. The resident populations on the Bahamas may
be referable to the nominate race.
Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus)
Colymbus Podiceps Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
136; based on “The Pied-Bill Dopchick” of Catesby, 1732,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, pt. 5, p. 91, pl. 91—Carolina; restricted
to South Carolina by Amer. Ornith. Union, 1931, Check-
list North Amer. Birds, ed. 4, p. 5.
Breeds from Vancouver Island, central British Columbia,
southern Mackenzie, northern Saskatchewan, northern Man-
itoba, central Ontario, southwestern Quebec, southern New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia south
locally through continental North America to western Panama
(Bocas del Toro). Winters in the southern part of the breeding
range and casually as far north as there is open fresh water;
also in the West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba, Virgin Islands).
Casual in southern Alaska, southern Baffin Island, northern
Labrador, Newfoundland, and Bermuda. Accidental in Great
Britain and Azores.
Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson)
Podiceps antarcticus Lesson, 1842, Rev. Zool., Paris, 5, p.
209—Valparaiso, Chile.
Largely resident, from Panama (eastern Panama Province)
and the Canal Zone south through South America to approxi-
mately lat. 43° S. (Chiloé Island; Chubut), from sea level to
(rarely) 3,500 meters elevation; Trinidad and Tobago. Acciden-
tal Grenada.
PODILYMBUS GIGAS
Podilymbus gigas Griscom
Podilymbus gigas Griscom, 1929, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
379, p. 5—Panajachel, north shore of Lake Atitlan, Gua-
temala; altitude 5,300 feet.
Confined to Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.
Genus POLIOCEPHALUS Se :sy
Poliocephalus Selby, 1840, Cat. Gen. Sub-gen. Types Class
Aves, p. 47. Type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Podiceps
poliocephalus Jardine and Selby.
148 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
cf. Storer, 1971, Notornis, 18, pp. 175-186 (behavior of
rufopectus).
POLIOCEPHALUS POLIOCEPHALUS'
Poliocephalus poliocephalus (Jardine and Selby)
Podiceps poliocephalus Jardine and Selby, 1827, Illus. Or-
nith., pt. 1, pl. 13 and text—New South Wales.
Podiceps poliocephalus cloatesi Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool.,
18, p. 197—Pt. Cloates, midwestern Australia.
Australia and Tasmania. Casual New Zealand (Snares and
South Island, where it has bred).
POLIOCEPHALUS RUFOPECTUS
Poliocephalus rufopectus Gray
Podiceps (Poliocephalus) rufopectus G. R. Gray, 1843, in
Dieffenbach, Travels N. Z., 2, p. 198—North Island, New
Zealand.
New Zealand (now very rare South Island).
Genus PODICEPS LartHam”
Podiceps Latham, 1787, General Synop. Birds, Suppl., p.
294. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840,
List Gen. Birds, p. 76) and under plenary powers of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,
1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, p. 4, Colymbus cristatus
Linnaeus.
cf. Parkes, 1952, Condor, 54, pp. 314-315 (variation in auri-
tus).
Wetmore and Parkes, 1954, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.,
44, pp. 126-127 (major).
Simmons, 1955, Avic. Mag., 61, pp. 3-13, 93-102, 131-146,
181-201, 235-253, 294-316 (behavior of cristatus).
Bams, 1956, Proc. K. Nederlandse Akad. Wetensch., Am-
’P. poliocephalus and rufopectus form a superspecies.—R. W. S.
*The generic name Podiceps Latham 1787 has been placed on the
Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 993
by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin.
401, 1956, Opin. Decl. Rend., 13, p. 4.—R. W. S.
PODICIPEDIDAE 149
sterdam, ser. C, 59, pp. 82-101, 248-262 (jaw muscles
of cristatus).
McAllister, 1958, Auk, 75, pp. 290-311 (behavior of nigri-
collis).
Storer, 1963, Condor, 65, pp. 279-288 (behavior of major).
Wobus, 1964, Rothalstaucher (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 330)
103 pp. (grisegena).
Storer, 1969, Condor, 71, pp. 180-205 (behavior of auritus).
Fjeldsa, 1973, Ornis Scand., 4, pp. 55-86 (distribution and
geographic variation of auritus).
Fjeldsa, 1973, Sterna, 12, pp. 161-217 (behavior of auritus).
Fjeldsa, 1973, Vidensk. Meddelelser Dansk Naturhist.
Forening, Copenhagen, 136, pp. 57-95, 117-189 (ecology
of auritus).
Melde, 1973, Haubentaucher (Neue Brehm-Bicherei 461),
126 pp. (cristatus).
Prinzinger, 1974, Anzeiger Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 13,
pp. 1-34 (behavior of nigricollis).
Simmons, 1974, Brit. Birds, 67, pp. 413-437 (breeding
adaptations of cristatus).
Simmons, 1975, Bristol Ornithologist, 8, pp. 89-107
(courtship of cristatus).
PODICEPS MAJOR’
Podiceps major (Boddaert)
Colymbus major Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 24; based on “Grebe de Cayenne” of Daubenton, 1765-81,
Planches Enlum., pl. 404, fig. 1—Cayenne; error.
South America south from the coast of northern Peru, Para-
guay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
Accidental Falkland Islands.
PODICEPS AURITUS
Podiceps auritus auritus (Linnaeus)
Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
135—Europe and America; restricted to Vaasa, Finland,
by Fjeldsa, 1973, Ornis Scand., 4, p. 74.
Podiceps arcticus Boie, 1822 (before May), Tagebuch Reise
" Probably represents a distinct subgenus.—R. W. S.
150 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Norwegen, pp. 308, 350—Nord-Hergy, Norway, fide Fjeld-
sa, 1973, Ornis Scand., 4, p. 74.
Breeds from Iceland, the Faeroes, and northern Scotland east
to Kamchatka; in Europe from northern Norway and central
Finland south to about lat. 55° N.; in Asia from about 62° N.
in the west, 59° in the valley of the Yenisey, 65° in the valley
of the Lena, 61° along the north shore of the Sea of Okhotsk,
and 65° in the valley of the Anadyr south to about 50° in
the west, 44° in the region of Lake Balkhash, and 50° from
thence east. Winters from open parts of the breeding range
south to the Iberian Peninsula, the Black, Caspian, and Aral
Seas, and southeastern Iran, and in the east to China (Fukien),
Korea, and Japan. Casual in Greenland, Azores, and Mediter-
ranean. Eastern populations may be intermediate between
this subspecies and cornutus.
Podiceps auritus cornutus (Gmelin)
Colymbus cornutus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 591; based
on “the Eared Dobchick” of Edwards, 1747, Nat. Hist.
Birds, p. 96, pl. 96, left fig., and “Horned Grebe” of Latham,
1785, General Synop. Birds, 3, p. 287, pl. 91, and Pennant,
1785, Arctic Zool., p. 497—“in America septentrionali’;
restricted to Hudson Bay by Hellmayr and Conover, 1948,
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2,
p. 30.
Breeds from central Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mac-
kenzie, and northern Manitoba south to eastern Washington,
northeastern Idaho, northern South Dakota, and central Min-
nesota. Formerly or sporadically south to the northern parts
of Nevada, Utah, Nebraska, Iowa, and Indiana and east to
the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Maine. Winters along the Pacific
coast from the Aleutians to southern California, along the
Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Nova Scotia to southern Texas,
and sporadically on the Great Lakes and fresh waters to the
south. Casual in the Gulf of California, Greenland, and
Bermuda.
PODICEPS GRISEGENA
Podiceps grisegena grisegena (Boddaert)
Colymbus grisegena Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 55; based on “Le Jougris” of Daubenton, 1765-81,
Planches Enlum., pl. 931—no locality; France designated
by Hartert et al., 1912, Hand-list Brit. Birds, p. 157.
PODICIPEDIDAE 151
Breeds from the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, and northern
Russia (to lat. 67° N.), then sharply southeastward to the Kama
basin (Ufa), thence northeast to 61° N. in lower Tobol and east
to Lake Chany, south to northern Austria, Rumania, Asia
Minor, the Caucasus, and locally to eastern France, the
northern shore of the Aral Sea, and Semirechia. In winter
south to the Mediterranean, northern Iran, and Semipalatinsk.
Rare or accidental in Greenland, Spitsbergen, and northern
Africa.
Podiceps grisegena holboellii Reinhardt
Podiceps Holbollui Reinhardt, 1854, Vidensk. Meddelelser
Naturhist. Forening Kjobenhavn (1853), p. 76—Nenorta-
lik, Julianehaab district, Greenland.
In eastern Asia from approximately long. 115° E. east to the
Anadyr basin, and from approximately lat. 69° 30’ N. in the
Kolyma basin south to Amurland, Manchuria, Ussuriland,
and Hokkaido. In western North America from north-central
Alaska and Yukon, central Mackenzie, northwestern Alberta,
central Manitoba, and southwestern Ontario south to the
Aleutians, central Washington, north-central Montana, north-
ern and eastern South Dakota, and south-central Minnesota,
sporadically to southwestern Oregon, northern Michigan,
southern Quebec, and New Hampshire. In winter south on
the coast of eastern Asia to Korea, Kyushu, and Fukien, on
the Pacific coast of North America from the Pribilofs and
Aleutians to southern California, and on the Atlantic coast
of North America from the Bay of Fundy to Florida. Casual
St. Lawrence Island, Southampton Island, James Bay, Loui-
siana, the Bahamas, southern Greenland, Iceland, and western
Europe.
PODICEPS CRISTATUS'
Podiceps cristatus cristatus (Linnaeus)
Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
135—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 53.
"The specific name cristatus, as published in the binomen Colymbus
cristatus Linnaeus 1758, has been placed on the Official List of
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 699 by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin. 401, 1956, Opin. Decl.
Rend., 13, p. 4.—R. W. S.
152 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Breeds from lat. 66° N. in Sweden and Finland, 60° N. in
Russia, 57° N. in western Siberia, and locally east of long.
85° E. to southern Ussuriland, south to northern Africa (north-
ern Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Nile delta), northern Turkey,
northern Iran, and the Himalayan region to Kansu. Northern
populations migratory, moving to southern parts of breeding
range and south to southern Iran, northern India, eastern
China (south to Hong Kong), and Japan. Casual Taiwan.
Occasional records from Senegal probably represent migrant
individuals of this race.
Podiceps cristatus infuscatus Salvadori
Podiceps infuscatus Salvadori, 1884, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
21, p. 251—Lake Kilole, Ethiopia.
Discontinuously distributed in highland lakes from southern
Ethiopia to near the Zambia-Tanzania border and in southern
Africa south from Transvaal. Status in western Africa uncer-
tain (one breeding record from Gabon).
Podiceps cristatus australis Gould
Podiceps Australis Gould, 1844, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 135—“Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.” Type from
New Zealand, fide Mathews, 1911, Birds Australia, 1,
pp. 268-269.
Podiceps cristatus christiani Mathews, 1911, Birds Australia,
1, p. 267, pl. 26—Victoria.
Eastern, southeastern, and extreme southwestern Australia,
Tasmania; casual in the interior. New Zealand, where now
largely confined to South Island.
PODICEPS NIGRICOLLIS'*”
Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis Brehm
Podiceps nigricollis C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturge-
"The specific name nigricollis, as published in the binomen Podiceps
nigricollis Brehm 1831, has been placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 706, and the specific name
caspicus, as published in the binomen Colymbus caspicus Hablitzl
1783, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid
Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 272, by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin. 406, 1956, Opin. Decl.
Rend., 13, p. 121.—R. W. S.
’ P. nigricollis, occipitalis, and taczanowskii form a superspecies.—
R. W. S.
PODICIPEDIDAE 153
schichte Vogel Deutschlands, p. 963—Germany.
Breeds from Britain, Denmark, southern Sweden, and the
USSR to approximately lat. 56° N. (valley of the Ob), south
to northern Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Iraq, and eastern Iran;
also in central and eastern Manchuria and southern Ussuriland
and eastern Africa from Ethiopia to northern Tanzania. In
winter south to the Mediterranean basin, Nile Valley, and
Iran east across northern India to Nepal; also from southern
Korea and eastern China south to Kwangtung and Japan south
to the Ryukyu and Bonin Islands. Casual north to Norway,
Finland, the Kola Peninsula; also in Azores, Madeira, Canaries.
Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi (Roberts)
Proctopus nigricollis gurneyi Roberts, 1919, Ann. Transvaal
Mus., 6, p. 118—Lambert’s Bay, South Africa.
South Africa from Transvaal to Cape Province; occasional as
an off-season visitor north to Angola and Mozambique, espe-
cially on the coast.
Podiceps nigricollis californicus Heermann
Podiceps Californicus Heermann, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p. 179—California.
Breeds from south-central British Columbia, central Alberta,
south-central Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to
northern Baja California, Jalisco, and Puebla. Winters in the
southern part of the breeding range and along the Pacific
coast from southern British Columbia to Guatemala, and
casually east to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
Podiceps nigricollis andinus (Meyer de Schauensee)
Colymbus caspicus andinus Meyer de Schauensee, 1959,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 111, p. 55—Lake Tota,
Boyaca, Colombia; altitude 3,015 meters.
Temperate zone lakes of the Eastern Andes in Boyaca and
Cundinamarca, Colombia. Now very rare, and perhaps confined
to Lake Tota.
PODICEPS OCCIPITALIS
Podiceps occipitalis juninensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann
P. [odiceps| calliparaeus juninensis Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann, 1894, Ibis, p. 112—-Lake Junin, Peru.
Andean lakes from southwestern Colombia (southern Cauca,
Narino) to northern Chile (Antofagasta) and northwestern
Argentina (Jujuy, Salta); 2,500 to 5,000 meters.
154 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Podiceps occipitalis occipitalis Garnot
Podiceps occipitalis Garnot, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris,
7, p. 5|0—Falkland Islands.
Temperate zone of southern South America, from north-central
Chile (Atacama) and Argentina (San Juan, Santa Fe) south
to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Sea level to 2,800 meters.
Migratory in southern part of range.
PODICEPS TACZANOWSKII
Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894, Ibis,
p. 109, pl. 4—Lake Junin, Peru.
Known only from Lake Junin, Junin, Peru.
PODICEPS GALLARDOI
Podiceps gallardoi Rumboll
Podiceps gallardoit Rumboll, 1974, Comunicaciones Mus.
Argentino Cien. Nat., Buenos Aires, Zool., 4, p. 33—
Laguna Las Escarchadas, 50 kilometers east and a little
south of Calafate, Santa Cruz, Argentina.
Known only from the type locality. Presumably also breeds
on other small lakes in southern Patagonia and winters on
salt water.
Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues
Aechmophorus Coues, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, p. 229. Type, by original designation, Podiceps
occidentalis Lawrence.
cf. Lawrence, 1950, Condor, 52, pp. 3-16 (feeding activity).
Deignan, 1961, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 221, pp. 7-8
(types).
Dickerman, 1963, Condor, 65, pp. 66-67 (status, Mexico).
Dickerman, 1973, Condor, 75, pp. 131-132 (Mexico).
AECHMOPHORUS OCCIDENTALIS
Aechmophorus occidentalis occidentalis (Lawrence)
Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and
Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific,
9, p. 894—Fort Steilacoom, Washingon.
PHAETHONTIDAE 155
Breeds from central British Columbia, north-central Alberta,
and south-central Manitoba south to southern California,
southwestern Colorado, and southwestern Minnesota. Winters
along the Pacific coast of North America from central British
Columbia to southern Baja California and on open fresh water
in the southern parts of the breeding range. Casual east to
the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Subspecific status of birds
wintering on the west coast of Mexico from Sonora to Jalisco
remains to be determined.
Aechmophorus occidentalis clarkii (Lawrence)
Podiceps clarkii Lawrence, 1858, in Baird Cassin, and
Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific,
9, p. 895—California and New [sic] Mexico; restricted
to Laguna Santa Maria, Chihuahua, Mexico, by Dicker-
man, 1963, Condor, 65, p. 66.
Lakes of the Mexican Plateau from northern Chihuahua to
northern Guerrero (Laguna de Tuxpan), and to near sea level
in Nayarit. Presumably resident. The population reported
breeding on Caballo Lake (or Reservoir), New Mexico, may
belong to this subspecies.
OrpER PELECANIFORMES'
JEAN DorsT AND JEAN-LOUIS MOUGIN
cf. van Tets, 1965, Ornith. Monogr. (Amer. Ornith. Union),
no. 2, 88 pp.
SUBORDER PHAETHONTES
Famity PHAETHONTIDAE
Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus
Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 134. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 80), Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus.
Phaeton Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 219
(emendation).
"MS read by D. Amadon, E. Eisenmann, R. A. Falla, R. C. Murphy,
J. B. Nelson (Sulidae), D. L. Serventy, D. W. Snow (African forms),
and G. F. van Tets.
156 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
cf. Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 796-807.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 110-115 (New World).
Gibson-Hill, 1952, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 49, pp.
67-80 (Indian Ocean and adjacent areas).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
255-264 (aethereus, lepturus).
Stonehouse, 1962, Ibis, 103b, pp. 124-161 (breeding of
aethereus and lepturus, Ascension Island).
Snow, 1965, Condor, 67, pp. 210-214 (breeding of aethereus,
Galapagos Archipelago).
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 158-161.
Fleet, 1974, Ornith. Monogr. (Amer. Ornith. Union), no.
16, 70 pp. (rubricauda, Kure Atoll).
Gould, King, and Sanger, 1974, in King (ed.), Smithsonian
Contrib. Zool., no. 158, pp. 206-231 (pelagic distribution
of rubricauda, Pacific Ocean).
Diamond, 1975, Auk, 92, pp. 16-39 (biology of rubricauda
and lepturus, Aldabra Atoll).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 178-183 (aethereus).
PHAETHON AETHEREUS
Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters
Phaéthon aethereus mesonauta Peters, 1930, Occas. Papers
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 261—Swan Key (= Cay),
Almirante Bay, Panama.
Phaeéthon aethereus limatus Peters, 1930, Occas. Papers
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 261—Tower Island, Galapagos
Archipelago.
Breeds in the eastern Pacific Ocean on islands in the Gulf
of California, Tres Marias Islands and Revillagigedo Islands
off Mexico, Malpelo Island off Colombia, La Plata Island off
Ecuador, Galapagos Archipelago, and San Lorenzo Island off
Peru; in the Caribbean on the coast of Panama (Swan Cay),
Culebra Island off Puerto Rico, locally in the Lesser Antilles
(Virgin Islands, St. Martin, Saba, Antigua, Montserrat,
Saintes, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenadines), islets off Toba-
go (Little Tobago, St. Giles), and islands off Venezuela (Los
Hermanos, Los Roques); in the Atlantic Ocean on the Cape
PHAETHONTIDAE 157
Verde Islands and islets off Senegal (Madeleine Islands).
Ranges along the Pacific coast of America from Washington
to Chile, to the central and western Pacific, through the
Caribbean, and casually or rarely through the eastern Atlantic
north to Madeira and east to Gabon. Accidental interior
southwestern United States.
Phaethon aethereus aethereus Linnaeus
Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
134—-Ascension Island.
Breeds in the south Atlantic Ocean on Ascension Island, St.
Helena, and Fernando de Noronha.
Phaethon aethereus indicus Hume
Phaeton [sic] indicus Hume, 1876, Stray Feathers, 4, pp.
481-483—Makran Coast, Pakistan.
Breeds Dahlak Archipelago, small islands in the Strait of
Bab el Mandeb, Mait Island off northern Somalia, islands
near Cape Guardafui and Socotra, probably other islands in
the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Ranges to the coast of western
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Laccadive Islands, Madagascar, and
the Malay Peninsula.
PHAETHON RUBRICAUDA
Phaethon rubricauda rubricauda Boddaert
Phaeton [sic] rubricauda Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches
Enlum., p. 57; based on “Paille-en queue de I’Isle de France”
of Daubenton, Planches Enlum., pl. 979—Mauritius.
Breeds in the western Indian Ocean on Aldabra, Cosmoledo,
Gloriosas, Agalega Islands, and Mauritius (Round, Serpent
Islands).
Phaethon rubricauda westralis Mathews
Phaethon rubricauda westralis Mathews, 1912, Austral
Avian Rec., 1, p. 88—Western Australia. Type from
Houtman Abrolhos.
Breeds in the Indian Ocean on Cocos-Keeling and Christmas
Islands and on islands off Western Australia; possibly on the
Chagos Archipelago.
Phaethon rubricauda roseotincta (Mathews)
Phaethon rubricauda erubescens Rothschild, 1900, Avifauna
Laysan, pt. 3, p. 296—Kermadec Islands.
Scaeophaethon rubricauda roseotincta Mathews, 1926, Bull.
158 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Brit. Ornith. Club, 46, p. 60. New name for Phaethon
rubricauda erubescens Rothschild, 1900, preoccupied by
Phaeton erubescens G. R. Gray, 1844, List Specimens Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 3, p. 182, in synonymy of Phaeton phoent-
curos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 583.
Breeds in the southwestern Pacific Ocean on Raine, Herald,
Coringa, Lord Howe, Norfolk, and Kermadec Islands.
Phaethon rubricauda melanorhynchos Gmelin
Phaéton [sic] melanorhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1,
p. 582; based on “Black-billed Tropic Bird” of Latham,
1785, General Synop. Birds, 3, p. 619—Turtle and Palmer-
ston Islands.
Scaeophaethon rubricauda rothschildi Mathews, 1915, Birds
Australia, 4, p. 303—Laysan and Niihau, Leeward Hawai-
ian Chain.
Breeds in the Pacific Ocean on the Bonin, Volcano, Mariana,
Wake, Marshall, ? Gilbert, New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
Fiji, Hawaiian, Phoenix, Samoa, Tonga, Line, Cook, Society,
Austral, Marquesas, Tuamotu, Gambier, Oeno, Pitcairn, Hen-
derson, Ducie, Easter, and probably Sala-y-Gomez Islands.
Ranges from Japan and Taiwan to Clipperton Island and
Revillagigedo Islands.
PHAETHON LEPTURUS
Phaethon lepturus lepturus Daudin
Phaéton [sic] lepturus Daudin, 1802, in Buffon, Hist. Nat.
(ed. Didot), Quadr., 14, p. 319—Mauritius.
Breeds in the Indian Ocean on Madagascar (Diego Suarez),
Comoro, Seychelles, Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, and Mal-
dive Islands, Chagos Archipelago, and Cocos-Keeling Islands.
Phaethon lepturus fulvus Brandt
Phaéthon fulvus Brandt, 1838, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 4, col. 98; 1840, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, ser. 6, 5, pt. 2, Sci. Nat., 3, p. 269—no
locality.
Breeds Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
Phaethon lepturus dorotheae Mathews
Phaethon lepturus dorotheae Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 7—Queensland.
Breeds in the Pacific Ocean on the Palau, Mariana, Wake,
FREGATIDAE 159
Caroline, Marshall, ? Gilbert, Ellice, New Caledonia, Fiji,
Hawaiian, Phoenix, Samoa, Tonga, Line, Cook, Society, Aus-
tral, Marquesas, and Gambier Islands. Ranges west to Japan
and the Philippines, east to Easter Island.
Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt
Phaéthon Catesbyi Brandt, 1838, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 4, col. 98; 1840, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, ser. 6, 5, pt. 2, Sci. Nat., 3, p. 270; based
on “The Tropick Bird” of Catesby, 1747, Nat. Hist. Caro-
lina, App., p. 14, pl. 14—locality restricted to Bermuda
Islands by Mathews, 1915, Auk, 32, p. 196.
Phaeton [sic] americanus Ogilvie-Grant, 1898, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 7, p. 24—east and southeast coasts of North
America, from Bermuda to the West Indies.
Breeds Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
Rico, St. Thomas, Barbuda, Dominica, St. Lucia, and St.
Vincent. Ranges Caribbean Sea; casual off southeastern United
States and Brazil.
Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews)
Leptophaethon lepturus ascensionis Mathews, 1915, Birds
Australia, 4, p. 311—Ascension Island.
Breeds in the Atlantic Ocean on Fernando de Noronha, Ascen-
sion Island, Annobon, Ilha das Cabres off Sao Tome, and
probably some islets near Fernando Po, Gulf of Guinea.
SUBORDER PELECANI
FamMILy FREGATIDAE
Genus FREGATA LackPEDE
Fregata Lacépede, 1799, Tableaux Mammiferes Oiseaux, p.
15. Type, by subsequent designation (Daudin, 1802, in
Buffon, Hist. Nat. (ed. Didot), Quadr., 14, p. 317), Pelecanus
aquila Linnaeus.
Aquilus Mathews, 1920, Birds Australia, Suppl., pt. 1, p.
64, as synonym of Fregata; ex Bronn, 1824, Angewandt.
Naturgeschichte Physiologie, p. 159; nomen nudum, based
on “Fregatt-vogel.”
cf. Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 919-940.
Murphy, 1939, Nat. Hist., 44, pp. 132-143.
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
160 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 160-166 (New World).
Eisenmann, 1962, in Palmer (ed.), Handb. North Amer.
Birds, 1, pp. 365-380.
Stonehouse, B. and S., 1963, Ibis, 103b, pp. 409-422
(aquila, Ascension Island).
Sibley, F. C., and Clapp, 1967, Ibis, 110, pp. 328-337
(distribution of ariel).
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 153-157.
Diamond, 1973, Condor, 75, pp. 200-209 (breeding and
behavior of magnificens).
Schnell, 1974, Auk, 91, pp. 564-570 (magnificens).
Diamond, 1975, Ibis, 117, pp. 302-323 (minor and ariel,
Aldabra).
Nelson, 1976, Living Bird, 14 (1975), pp. 113-155 (compar-
ative review of breeding biology).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 239-244 (magnificens).
FREGATA MAGNIFICENS
Fregata magnificens Mathews
Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 120—Barrington, Indefatigable, and Albemarle
Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. Type from Barrington
Island.
Fregata minor rothschildi Mathews, 1915, Birds Australia,
4, p. 280—Aruba, Dutch West Indies.
Fregata magnificens lowet Bannerman, 1927, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 48, p. 12—Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands.
Breeds in the Atlantic Ocean, chiefly on coastal islets, in the
Cape Verde Islands, Fernando de Noronha, Bahamas, Cuba,
Isle of Pines, Mexico, Belize (British Honduras), Swan and
Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Monito Island off Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands, Barbuda, ? Guadeloupe, Grenadines,
? Bonaire, Venezuela, Tobago, and Brazil (to Sao Paulo); in
the eastern Pacific Ocean on islands off Mexico, Honduras,
Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and in the Galapagos Archipela-
go. Ranges along the western African coast, the eastern
American coast from Newfoundland to Mexico and the Carib-
bean, the western American coast from Washington to northern
Peru; casual interior North America and Argentina; accidental
FREGATIDAE 161
far at sea and in Europe (Great Britain, Netherlands, Den-
mark).
FREGATA AQUILA
Fregata aquila (Linnaeus)
Pelecanus Aquilus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
133; based on “The Frigate Bird” of Albin, 1738, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 3, p. 75, pl. 80-——Ascension Island.
Breeds in the south Atlantic Ocean on Ascension Island;
vagrant to the western African coast.
FREGATA MINOR
Fregata minor aldabrensis Mathews
Fregata minor aldabrensis Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 199—Aldabra Island.
Breeds in the western Indian Ocean on Aldabra, Cosmoledo,
Europa, ? Agalega, ? Tromelin Islands, and Cargados Carajos
Shoals; formerly Gloriosas Islands. Ranges western Indian
Ocean.
Fregata minor minor (Gmelin)
Pelecanus minor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 572; based
on “Lesser Frigate” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 590—no locality; fixed as eastern half of Indian
Ocean by Rothschild, 1915, Novit. Zool., 22, p. 145, and
further restricted to Christmas Island by Lowe, 1924,
Novit. Zool., 31, p. 306.
Breeds in the Indian Ocean in the Chagos Archipelago and
on Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands; also Paracel Islands,
South China Sea. Ranges eastern Indian Ocean and south-
western Pacific Ocean.
Fregata minor palmerstoni (Gmelin)
Pelecanus Palmerstoni Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 573;
based on “Palmerston Frigate Pelican” of Latham, 1785,
General Synop. Birds, 3, p. 592—Palmerston Island, Paci-
fic Ocean.
Fregata minor peninsulae Mathews, 1923, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 44, p. 15—North Queensland.
Breeds in the Pacific Ocean on islands in the Coral Sea,
? New Caledonia, Caroline, Wake, Marshall, ? Gilbert,
162 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Hawaiian, Phoenix, Line (including Christmas), Society, Mar-
quesas, Tuamotu, ? Gambier, Pitcairn, Henderson, Easter
(formerly), and Sala-y-Gomez Islands. Ranges Pacific Ocean
from Celebes, Australia, and the Marianas east through the
Hawaiian Islands and Polynesia.
Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews
Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec.,
2, p. 120—Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos
Archipelago. Type from Culpepper Island.
Breeds in the eastern Pacific Ocean on the Revillagigedo
Islands, Cocos Island, and in the Galapagos Archipelago.
Fregata minor nicolli Mathews
Fregata minor nicolli Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec.,
2, pp. 118—South Trinidad (= Trindade) Island.
Breeds in the south Atlantic Ocean on Trindade and Martin
Vaz Islands. Strays to the coast of Brazil; casual South Africa.
FREGATA ARIEL
Fregata ariel iredalei Mathews
Fregata ariel iredalei Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec.,
2, p. 121—Aldabra Island.
Breeds in the western Indian Ocean on Aldabra, Cosmoledo,
and Gloriosas (formerly) Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals,
northern atolls in the Maldives, and ? Chagos Archipelago.
Ranges western Indian Ocean north to Somalia and India
(Bombay); Red Sea (Eritrea).
Fregata ariel ariel (Gray)
Atagen ariel G. R. Gray (ex Gould MS), 1845, Gen. Birds,
3, p. [669], col. pl. [185]—no locality; Raine Island,
Queensland, designated by Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian
Rec., 2, p. 121.
Breeds in the central and eastern Indian Ocean on ? Chagos
Archipelago, Cocos-Keeling Islands, Christmas Island, and
islands off Western Australia; in the Pacific Ocean on islands
off northern Australia, ? Papua New Guinea, ? Bismarck
Archipelago, New Caledonia and Walpole Island, Gilbert, Fiji,
Howland, Phoenix, ? Tonga, Line (including Christmas), ? Cook,
Society, Marquesas, and Tuamotu Islands. Ranges eastern
Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean from eastern Siberia (Sakha-
lin), Japan, Philippines, and Australia to Polynesia.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 163
Fregata ariel trinitatis Miranda-Ribeiro
Fregata ariel trinitatis Miranda-Ribeiro, 1919, Arch. Mus.
Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 192—South Trinidad (=
Trindade) Island.
Breeds in the South Atlantic Ocean on Trindade and Martin
Vaz Islands.
FREGATA ANDREWSI
Fregata andrewsi Mathews
Fregata andrewsi Mathews, 1914, Austral Avian Rec., 2,
p. 120—Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
Breeds Christmas Island, eastern Indian Ocean. Ranges east-
ern Indian Ocean and South China Sea; recorded Nakara,
Northern Territory, Australia.
Famity PHALACROCORACIDAE
SuBFAMILY PHALACROCORACINAE
Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson
Phalacrocorax Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 511.
Type, by tautonymy, Phalacrocorax = Pelecanus carbo
Linnaeus.
Hydrocorax Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 63. Type, by subse-
quent designation (Ogilvie-Grant, 1898, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., 26, p. 331), Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.
Cormoranus Baillon, 1834, Mém. Soc. Roy. Emulation Abbe-
ville, ser. 2, no. 1 (1833), p. 76. Type, by subsequent
designation (Mathews, 1913, List Birds Australia, p. 95),
Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus.
Ecmeles Gistel, 1848, Naturgeschichte Thierreichs, p. 9. New
name for Hydrocorax Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 63,
preoccupied by Hydrocorax Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 4, p.
566.
Stictocarbo Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
41, p. 1115. Type, by subsequent designation (Ogilvie-
Grant, 1898, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331), Pelecanus
punctatus Sparrman.
Microcarbo Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
43, p. 577. Type, by original designation, Pelecanus pyg-
maeus Pallas.
164 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Leucocarbo Bonaparte, 1857, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 176.
Type, by subsequent designation (Ogilvie-Grant, 1898,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331), Carbo bougainuillii
Lesson.
Haliétor Heine, 1860, Journ. Ornith., 8, p. 202. Type, by
original designation, Pelecanus pygmaeus Pallas.
Nannopterum Sharpe, 1899, Hand-list Birds, 1, p. 235. Type,
by monotypy, Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild.
Dilophalieus Coues, 1903, Key North Amer. Birds, 2, p.
963. Type, by monotypy, Hydrocorax dilophus Vieillot =
Carbo auritus Lesson.
Pallasicarbo Coues, 1903, Key North Amer. Birds, 2, pp.
963, 966. Type, by original designation, Phalacrocorax
perspicillatus Pallas.
Viguacarbo Coues, 1903, Key North Amer. Birds, 2, pp.
963, 965. Type, by original designation, Carbo mexicanus
Brandt.
Potkilocarbo Boetticher, 1935, Vogel Ferner Lander, 9, p.
83. Type, by original designation, Pelecanus gaimardi
Lesson.
Euleucocarbo Voisin, 1973, Notornis, 20, p. 268. Type, by
original designation, Lewcocarbo (Euleucocarbo) carun-
culatus Gmelin.
Nesocarbo Voisin, 1973, Notornis, 20, p. 268. Type, by
original designation and monotypy, Leucocarbo (Nesocar-
bo) campbelli Filhol.
cf. Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 870-919.
Falla, 1937, Brit. Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped.
Rep., ser. B, 2, pp. 219-233.
Amadon, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1175, pp. 1-2 (races
of melanoleucus).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 137-157 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1, pp.
21-52 (English trans., 1966, Birds Soviet Union, 1, pp.
18-52).
Jouanin, 1951, Proc. X Int. Ornith. Congr., Uppsala (1950),
pp. 193-198 (South America).
Oliver, 1955, N. Z. Birds, ed. 2, pp. 200-234.
Snow, 1960, Ibis, 102, pp. 554-575 (breeding biology of
aristotelis).
PHALACROCORACIDAE 165
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
315-357.
Snow, 1963, Brit. Birds, 56, pp. 77-103, 164-185 (behavior
of aristotelis).
Johnson, 1965, Birds Chile, 1, pp. 124-138.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
47-54.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 238-279.
Snow, 1966, Ibis, 108, pp. 265-280 (behavior and ecology
of harrisi).
Owre, 1967, Ornith. Monogr. (Amer. Ornith. Union), no.
6, 138 pp. (adaptations for locomotion and feeding,
auritus).
Humphrey et al., 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 90-99 (olivaceus, magellanicus, atriceps,
albiventer).
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 32-33.
Voisin, 1970, Notornis, 17, pp. 286-290 (specific status
of verrucosus).
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 161-170.
Voisin, 1973, Notornis, 20, pp. 262-271 (Leucocarbo).
Cramp, Bourne, and Saunders, 1974, Seabirds Britain
Ireland, pp. 89-97, maps 9-10, table 8 (carbo, aristotelis).
Siegfried et al., 1975, Zoologica Africana, 10, pp. 183-192
(plumage and ecology of southern African species).
Watson, 1975, Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union),
no. 24, pp. 166-172 (Antarctic and Subantarctic).
Derenne, Mary, and Mougin, 1976, Comité Nat. Francais
Recherches Antarctiques, no. 40, pp. 191-219 (biology
of albiventer).
van Tets, 1976, Proc. XVI Int. Ornith. Congr., Canberra
(1974), pp. 121-124 (Australasia and origin of family).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 199-222.
Morrison and Slack, 1977, Amer. Birds, 31, pp. 954-959
(status of olivaceus).
Devillers and Terschuren, 1978, Gerfaut, 68, pp. 53-86
(blue-eyed shags of South America).
166 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PHALACROCORAX CARBO'
Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus)
Pelecanus Carbo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
133—Europe; restricted to the “rock-nesting form of the
north Atlantic Ocean” by Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal. Fauna,
p. 1387.
Breeds in Europe from northern Scandinavia and the Kola
Peninsula south to the British Isles, Faeroes, Iceland; in North
America, in southern Greenland, Newfoundland, Gulf of St.
Lawrence, Nova Scotia. In winter south in the east to the
Canary Islands and Mauritania, in the west to Florida.
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Blumenbach)
Pelecanus Sinensis Blumenbach, 1798, Abbildungen Natur-
hist. Gegenstande, no. 25, plate and text—China.
Pelecanus Sinensis Shaw and Nodder, 1802, Nat. Misc., 13,
pl. 529 and text (scientific name published only in
index)—China.
Breeds in Europe in northern France (intermediates between
carbo and sinensis), Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Den-
mark, coasts of the Baltic Sea, Balkan states, coasts of the
Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; in Asia from Turkey to eastern
Siberia, Tibet, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Mongolia, China,
Korea, southeastern Asia, ? Philippines. Ranges to northern
Sudan and in eastern Asia from Kamchatka to Borneo.
Phalacrocorax carbo hanedae Kuroda”
Phalacrocorax carbo hanedae Nagamichi Kuroda, 1925,
Tori, 4, p. 438 and col. pl. of head—Haneda, between
Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan.
Breeds Hondo, Japan. Recorded from various other Japanese
islands, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Korea, Quelpart Island.
Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus Hartert
Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus Hartert, 1906, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 16, p. 110—Shorf Elbaz, near Mogador,
Morocco.
Breeds coast of northwestern Africa from El Jadida (Mazagan),
*P. carbo, capillatus, nigrogularis, varius, harrisi, auritus, oliva-
ceus, fuscicollis, sulcirostris, penicillatus, and possibly capensis and
neglectus form a subgenus Phalacrocorax. P. carbo and capillatus
form a superspecies.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
Possibly not distinct from P. carbo sinensis; not recognized by
Dementiev et al. (1951) and Vaurie (1965).—J. D. and J.-L. M.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 167
Morocco, to about lat. 23° N.; perhaps northern Mauritania.
Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus (Lichtenstein) '
Halieus lucidus Lichtenstein, 1823, Verzeichniss Doubletten
Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 86—Cape of Good Hope, Cape Prov-
ince.
Phalacrocorax lugubris Ruppell, 1845, Syst. Uebersicht Vo-
gel Nord-Ost-Afrika’s, p. 134, pl. 50—Ethiopia.”
Phalacrocorax carbo patricki Williams, 1966, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 86, p. 48—Kazinga Channel, Lake Edward,
western Uganda; altitude 3,000 feet.*
Breeds Cape Verde Islands, along coast of Africa from Mauri-
tania to South Africa; also inland waters: Lake Chad, Sudan,
Ethiopia to central African lakes (Victoria, Albert, Kivu,
Manyara), Zambia, Malawi.
Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Stephens
Phalacrocorax Novae Hollandiae Stephens, 1826, in Shaw,
General Zool., 13, pt. 1, p. 93; based on “New-Holland
Shag” of Latham, 1824, General Hist. Birds, 10, p. 431—
New Holland = New South Wales.
Carbo carbo steadi Mathews and Iredale, 1913, Ibis, p.
411—New Zealand.
Breeds Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Chatham Islands.
Recorded Papua New Guinea, Lord Howe, Norfolk, Macquarie,
Snares, and Campbell Islands.
PHALACROCORAX CAPILLATUS
Phalacrocorax capillatus (Temminck and Schlegel)
Carbo capillatus Temminck and Schlegel, 1850, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, pl. 83—Japan.
Carbo filamentosus Temminck and Schlegel, 1850, in Sie-
bold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 129—Japan.*
‘Possibly specifically distinct.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
*Review of specimens fails to substantiate supposed separating
characters (C. W. Benson in Jitt.).—J. D. and J.-L. M.
°Cf. Urban and Jefford, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp.
104-107.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
*Reichenbach, 1850 (December), Avium Syst. Nat., no. 4, Novit.,
col. 6, and Bonaparte, 1857, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 168, both
chose capillatus of these two simultaneously published names, to
be followed in this choice by the great majority of subsequent
authors.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
168 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Breeds Japan, Korea. Recorded along east coast of Asia from
Ussuriland to Taiwan.
PHALACROCORAX NIGROGULARIS
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes, 1899,
Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 3—Socotra.
Breeds islands in the Persian Gulf; possibly south coast of
Arabia and Socotra Island. Straggler Gulf of Aden and Red
Sea.
PHALACROCORAX VARIUS
Phalacrocorax varius hypoleucos (Brandt)
Carbo hypoleucos Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 3, col. 55—no locality = South Australia,
fide Mathews 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 241.
Phalacrocorax varius perthi Mathews, 1912, Austral Avian
Rec., 1, p. 88—Perth, Western Australia.
Phalacrocorax varius nitidus Serventy, 1940, Emu, 40, p.
87—Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia.
Breeds Australia (more rarely in tropical north); no authentic
recent records for Tasmania (abundant northern shores prehis-
toric times).
Phalacrocorax varius varius (Gmelin)
Pelecanus varius Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 576; based
on “Pied Shag” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 605—Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand.
Breeds New Zealand, including Stewart Island. Straggler
Snares Islands.
PHALACROCORAX HARRISI
Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild
Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild, 1898, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 7, p. 52—Narborough Island, Galapagos Archipela-
go.
Breeds Fernandina (Narborough) and Isabela (Albemarle)
Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. Unrecorded outside breeding
range.
PHALACROCORAX AURITUS
Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt)
Carbo cincinatus Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 169
St.-Pétersbourg, 3, col. 55—Kodiak Island, Alaska.
Breeds Carlisle Island in Aleutian Islands, and along Pacific
coast of Alaska (Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, Kenai
Peninsula). In winter south to southern British Columbia.
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway
Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgway, 1884, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 2, p. 95—Pacific coast of North
America from Farallon Islands, California, to Cape San
Lucas, Baja California; Revillagigedo Islands.
Breeds along Pacific coast of North America from southern
British Columbia south to Baja California, on islands in Gulf
of California, on the Revillagigedo Islands, and interior of
western United States from Washington to Arizona. Ranges
to coast of Sinaloa, Mexico.
Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson)
Carbo auritus Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr. 8, p. 605;
based on Hydrocorax dilophus of Vieillot, 1825, in Vieillot
and Oudart, Galerie Oiseaux, 2, pl. 275 (not of Vieillot,
1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 85)—New
Zealand; error, North America.
Breeds from Alberta, ? James Bay, and Newfoundland south
to Utah, New Mexico, ? Texas, Ontario, and Massachusetts.
In winter south to Gulf coast, Mexico, and Cuba. Straggler
to Bermuda.
Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon)
Carbo Floridanus Audubon, 1835, Birds Amer., pl. 252—
southern Florida, fide Audubon, 1835, Ornith. Biogr., 3,
p. 387.
Breeds in southern United States from North Carolina south
to Florida and west to Texas; in Bahamas, Cuba, and Isle
of Pines. In winter to Caribbean, Yucatan, Belize (British
Honduras).
PHALACROCORAX OLIVACEUS'
Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus (Brandt)
Carbo mexicanus Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 3, col. 56—Mexico.
Phalacrocorax olivaceus chancho van Rossem and Hachisu-
'Procellaria brasiliana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 564, is
indeterminable.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
170 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ka, 1939, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 52, p. 9—Dow
Ranch, 7 miles east of Tesia, lower Mayo River, Sonora,
Mexico.’
Breeds from New Mexico, north-central Texas, southwestern
Louisiana, and northwestern Mexico south to Nicaragua; also
Bahamas (Watling Island), Cuba, Isle of Pines.
Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt)
Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, 1805, in Humboldt and Bon-
pland, Recueil Observ. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, p. 6—banks
of the Magdalena River, lat. 8° 55’ N., Colombia.
Hydrocorax vigua Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 8, p. 90; based on “Zaramagullon nero,” no. 423, of
Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
Rio Plata, 3, p. 395—Paraguay.
Phalacrocorax olivaceus hornensis Murphy, 1936, Oceanic
Birds South Amer., p. 915—Bertrand Island, south of
Navarino Island, Chile.
Breeds coasts and inland waters of Central America and South
America from Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego.
PHALACROCORAX FUSCICOLLIS
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, General
Zool., 13, pt. 1, p. 91—Bengal.
Breeds India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Burma, Thailand, Cambodia,
Cochinchina.
PHALACROCORAX SULCIROSTRIS
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt)
Carbo sulcirostris Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 3, col. 56—“Terres australes” = New
South Wales, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 240.
Carbo purpuragula Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8,
p. 269—Manua Bay, New Zealand.
Mesocarbo ater territori Mathews, 1915, Birds Australia,
4, p. 176—Hermit Hill, Northern Territory.
Breeds from Borneo and Java through the Moluccas to New
Guinea; Australia, Tasmania; New Zealand (North Island).
1The birds of northwestern Mexico merely represent the extreme
of a cline.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 171
PHALACROCORAX PENICILLATUS
Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt)
Carbo penicillatus Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 3, col. 55—no locality.
Breeds Pacific coast of North America from southern British
Columbia south to Baja California; islands in Gulf of Califor-
nia.
PHALACROCORAX CAPENSIS'
Phalacrocorax capensis (Sparrman)
Pelecanus capensis Sparrman, 1788, Mus. Carlsonianum,
fasc. 3, no. 61 and pl.—False Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
Breeds coasts of South West Africa (Namibia) and western
Cape Province. Ranges from Congo River south to Natal.
PHALACROCORAX NEGLECTUS
Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg) _
Graculus neglectus Wahlberg, 1855, Ofversigt K. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 12, p. 214—
islands off the coast of South West Africa.
Breeds coast of South West Africa (Namibia) south from
Swakopmund; Cape Province.
PHALACROCORAX PUNCTATUS”
Phalacrocorax punctatus punctatus (Sparrman)
Pelicanus [sic] punctatus Sparrman, 1786, Mus. Carlsonia-
num, fasc. 1, no. 10 and pl.—Queen Charlotte Sound,
South Island, New Zealand.
Breeds North Island, New Zealand, on several islands of inner
Hauraki Gulf, along Auckland west coast (Oaia Island, Te
Henga, Girdwood Point); South Island on Marlborough Sounds,
D’Urville Island, Banks Peninsula, Otago Peninsula and cliffs
east of Palmerston; ranges short distances from breeding
grounds.
*P. capensis and neglectus are possibly members of the subgenus
Stictocarbo.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
°P. punctatus, aristotelis, perspicillatus, urile, pelagicus, and gai-
mardi form a subgenus Stictocarbo.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
E72 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Phalacrocorax punctatus oliveri Mathews
Stictocarbo steadi Oliver, 1930, Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst., 61,
p. 139—Otago, South Island, New Zealand.
Phalacrocorax oliveri Mathews, 1930, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 51, p. 18. New name for Stictocarbo steadi Oliver,
1930, preoccupied by Carbo carbo steadi Mathews and
Iredale, 1913, Ibis, p. 411—New Zealand.
Breeds along west coast of South Island, New Zealand (Steeples,
Perpendicular Point, Open Bay Islands); Stewart Island, in-
cluding inshore islands.
Phalacrocorax punctatus featherstoni Buller’
Phalacrocorax featherstoni Buller, 1873, Ibis, p. 90—
Chatham Islands.
Breeds Chatham Islands.
PHALACROCORAX ARISTOTELIS
Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis (Linnaeus)
Pelecanus aristotelis Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2,
p. [23] —Sweden.
Breeds coasts of Iceland, Faeroes, British Isles, Norway to
the Murman Coast of the Kola Peninsula, northwest coast
of France, Atlantic coast of Spain, Portugal. Some dispersal
in winter to south and southeast.
Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii (Payraudeau)
Carbo Desmarestii Payraudeau, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris,
8, p. 464—coasts of Sardinia, Elba, Montecristo, Capraia,
Corsica.
Breeds islands and coasts of the Mediterranean from the
Balearic Islands to western Turkey and Cyprus; northwest
coast of the Black Sea to Crimea. Some postbreeding dispersal
(recorded Belgium).
Phalacrocorax aristotelis riggenbachi Hartert”
Phalacrocorax graculus riggenbachi Hartert, 1923, Novit.
Zool., 30, p. 132—Cape Blanco north, west coast of Morocco.
Breeds west coast of Morocco from El Jorf Lastar (Cap Blanc),
near El Jadida (Mazagan), south to Puerto Cansado.
‘Possibly specifically distinct.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
*Possibly not separable from desmarestii; cf. Vaurie, 1965, Birds
Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, p. 53.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 173
PHALACROCORAX PERSPICILLATUS
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, 1811, Zoographia
Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 305—Bering Island.
Formerly bred Bering Island, Commander Islands, north Paci-
fic. Extinct by about 1850. Specimens in Dresden, Helsinki,
Leiden, Leningrad, London.
PHALACROCORAX URILE'
Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin)
Pelecanus Urile Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 575; based
on “Red-faced Corvorant” of Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool.,
p. 584, and “Red-faced Shag” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 601—Kamchatka.
Breeds Moyururi Island, off east coast of Hokkaido, Japan,
Commander (Mednyy), Pribilof, and Aleutian Islands. Largely
sedentary, but has been reported in winter from the Kurils
and Honshu. No modern records from Kamchatka.
PHALACROCORAX PELAGICUS
Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas
Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-
Asiat., 2, p. 303—eastern Kamchatka and the Aleutian
Islands.
Breeds from Wrangel Island, north coast of Siberia east to
Bering Strait, and Chamisso Island, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska,
south through islands in the Bering Sea to the Commanders
and Aleutians, Kamchatka, coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk,
Sakhalin, Kurils, Hokkaido, northern Honshu, along coasts
of Alaska and British Columbia to Queen Charlotte Islands.
Winters south to Kyushu, coasts of Korea and China to
Kwangtung, and Vancouver Island; occurs Izu Islands;
straggler to Taiwan, Hawaiian Islands, north to Point Barrow,
Alaska.
Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon
Phalacrocorax Resplendens Audubon, 1838, Birds Amer.,
4, pl. 412, left fig —Cape Disappointment, Washington,
fide Audubon, 1839, Ornith. Biog., 5, p. 149.
’P. urile and pelagicus form a superspecies.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
174 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Breeds Pacific coast of North America from southern British
Columbia (Sidney Island, near Victoria) to Baja California.
PHALACROCORAX GAIMARDI
Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot)
Carbo Gaimardi Lesson and Garnot, 1828, in Duperrey,
Voyage Coquille, Zool., Atlas, 1, livr. 7, pl. 48 (21 June);
1830, 1, livr. 7, p. 601—“Lima, au Pérou” = San Lorenzo
Island, roadstead of Lima, fide Lesson, 1831, Traité Or-
nith., livr. 8, p. 605.
Pelecanus Gaimardi “Garnot” Lesson, 1828 (June), Man.
Ornith., 2, p. 373—Callao Bay, Peru.’
Breeds Pacific coast of South America from Macabi and
Guanape Islands, Peru, to Chiloé Island, Chile; also near Puerto
Deseado, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Recorded Strait of Magellan;
accidental Falkland Islands.
PHALACROCORAX MAGELLANICUS’
Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin)
Pelecanus magellanicus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 576;
based on “Magellanic Shag” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 604—Tierra del Fuego and Staten
Island.
Breeds coasts of South America from Valdivia, Chile, and
Punta Tombo, Chubut, Argentina, south to Cape Horn region;
Falkland Islands. Accidental north to Valparaiso and Buenos
Aires.
PHALACROCORAX BOUGAINVILLII
Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson)
Carbo Bougainvillii Lesson, 1837, in Bougainville, Journ.
Navig. Thétis Espérance, 2, p. 331—Valparaiso, Chile.
‘Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 151, note, point out that it is impossible
to ascertain whether the plate in the Coquille atlas or Lesson’s account
in the Manuel was published first. They note, however, that the
plate is cited by Lesson in the Manuel.—2J. D. and J.-L. M.
°P. magellanicus, bougainvillii, atriceps, albiventer, carunculatus,
campbelli, and fuscescens form a subgenus Leucocarbo.—J. D. and
J.-L. M.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 175
Breeds small islands Pacific coast of South America from
northern Peru to Pupuya Inlet, Chile; also Punta Tombo,
Chubut, Argentina. Strays north rarely to Panama and Colom-
bia (Buenaventura Bay) and south along the Chilean coast.
PHALACROCORAX ATRICEPS'
Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps King
Phalacrocorax atriceps King, 1828, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 102—
Strait of Magellan.
Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis Murphy, 1936, Oce-
anic Birds South Amer., p. 889—South Shetlands.
Breeds along coast of southern Chile from Mocha Island to
Strait of Magellan; on islands in Lago Yehuin and Lago Turbio
(= Laguna Deseada), Tierra del Fuego; Cape Horn islands;
in Argentina along coast north to Santa Cruz River and on
inland lakes in Neuquén and Rio Negro; South Orkney and
South Shetland Islands; Antarctic Peninsula. Strays north to
Uruguay.
Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg
Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg, 1906, K.
Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Handlingar, Stockholm, 40, no.
5, p. 69, pl. 2, figs. 4-5—South Georgia.
Breeds Shag Rocks, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands.
Phalacrocorax atriceps nivalis Falla
Phalacrocorax (Leucocarbo) atriceps nivalis Falla, 1937, Brit.
Austral. N. Z. Antarctic Res. Exped. Rep., ser. B, 2, p.
226—Atlas Cove, Heard Island.
Breeds Heard Island.
PHALACROCORAX ALBIVENTER
Phalacrocorax albiventer albiventer (Lesson)
Carbo albiventer Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr. 8, p.
604—Falkland Islands.
Breeds along east coast of Argentina from Punta Tombo,
Chubut, south to Tierra del Fuego (including Lago Turbio
= Laguna Deseada, Chile), islands south of Strait of Magellan
and Beagle Channel, Falkland Islands. In winter north to
Uruguay.
"P. atriceps and albiventer form a superspecies.—J. D. and J.-L.
M.
176 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Phalacrocorax albiventer melanogenis (Blyth)
Hypoleucus melanogenis Blyth, 1860, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 29, p. 101—Crozet Islands.
Phalacrocorax vanhoffeni Reichenow, 1904, Ornith. Mon-
atsber., 12, p. 46—Crozet Islands.
Breeds Marion, Crozet, and Kerguelen (rare) Islands.
Phalacrocorax albiventer verrucosus (Cabanis) *
Halieus (Hypoleucus) verrucosus Cabanis, 1875, Journ. Or-
nith., 23, p. 450—Kerguelen.
Breeds Kerguelen Islands.
Phalacrocorax albiventer purpurascens (Brandt)
Carbo purpurascens Brandt, 1837, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 3, col. 56—no locality.
Phalacrocorax traversi Rothschild, 1898, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 8, p. 21—Macquarie Island.
Breeds Macquarie Island.
PHALACROCORAX CARUNCULATUS
Phalacrocorax carunculatus carunculatus (Gmelin)
Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 576;
based on “Carunculated Shag” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 603—Queen Charlotte Sound, New
Zealand, and Staten Island, ex Latham.
Breeds islands of Marlborough Sounds district, Cook Strait,
New Zealand.
Phalacrocorax carunculatus chalconotus (Gray)
Graculus chalconotus G. R. Gray, 1845, in Richardson and
J. E. Gray (eds.), Zool. Voyage Erebus Terror, 1, Birds,
p. 20, pl. 21—Otago, South Island, New Zealand.
Breeds coasts of Otago, South Island, New Zealand; Stewart
Island. Dimorphic subspecies.
Phalacrocorax carunculatus onslowi Forbes
Phalacrocorax onslowi Forbes, 1893, Ibis, p. 533—Chatham
Islands.
Breeds Chatham Islands.
‘Possibly a distinct species.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 177
PHALACROCORAX CAMPBELLI
Phalacrocorax campbelli colensoi Buller
Phalacrocorax colensoi Buller, 1888, Birds N. Z., ed. 2, 2,
p. 161—Auckland Islands.
Breeds Auckland Islands. Variable subspecies, with black-
necked phase approaching campbelli.
Phalacrocorax campbelli campbelli (Filhol)
Urile Campbelli Filhol, 1878, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris,
ser. 7, 2, p. 132—Campbell Island.
Breeds Campbell Island.
Phalacrocorax campbelli ranfurlyi Ogilvie-Grant
Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi Ogilvie-Grant, 1901, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 11, p. 66—Bounty Islands.
Breeds Bounty Islands. Straggler Antipodes Islands.
PHALACROCORAX FUSCESCENS
Phalacrocorax fuscescens (Vieillot)
Hydrocorax fuscescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éed., 8, p. 86—‘“Australasie” = Tasmania, fide Math-
ews, 1913, List Birds Australia, p. 96.
Phalacrocorax leucogaster Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds
Australia, pt. 4, app., p. 7—South Australia. Not Hydro-
corax leucogaster Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 8, p. 90.
Hypoleucus gouldi Salvadori, 1882, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
18, p. 404. New name for Phalacrocorax leucogaster Gould.
Breeds islands from Recherche Archipelago, Western Austra-
lia, to western Victoria, Bass Strait, and Tasmania. Vagrant
New South Wales.
PHALACROCORAX MELANOLEUCOS'
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos melanoleucos (Vieillot)
Hydrocorax melanoleucos Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist.
Nat., nouv. éd., 8, p. 88—“Australasie” = New South
Wales, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 241.
"P. melanoleucos, niger, pygmaeus, and africanus form a subgenus
Microcarbo.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
178 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Carbo melanoleucus melvillensis Mathews, 1912, Austral
Avian Rec., 1, p. 74—Melville Island, Northern Territory.
Breeds eastern Java, Bali, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands,
Moluccas, Aru Islands, New Guinea, Palau, Solomon (except
Rennell), Santa Cruz Islands, New Caledonia, Australia, Tas-
mania.
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos brevicauda Mayr
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos brevicauda Mayr, 1931, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 486, p. 3—Rennell Island.
Breeds Rennell Island, Solomon Islands.
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos brevirostris Gould
Phalacrocorax brevirostris Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 26—no locality = New Zealand.
Breeds New Zealand (including Stewart Island), Campbell
Island. Straggler Snares and Auckland Islands. Dimorphic
subspecies.
PHALACROCORAX NIGER’
Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot)
Hydrocorax niger Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 8, p. 88—East Indies = Bengal.
Breeds India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), southwestern China, Burma,
Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Vagrant Af-
ghanistan, Malay Peninsula.
PHALACROCORAX PYGMAEUS
Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pallas)
Pelecanus pygmeus [sic] Pallas, 1773, Reise Verschiedene
Provinzen Russischen Reichs, 2, p. 712, pl. G—Caspian
Sea.
Breeds Albania, Macedonia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece, Black,
Caspian, and Aral Seas, Asia Minor east to Iran. Formerly
bred Hungary and Algeria. Vagrant to France, Germany,
southern Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Italy, northern Tunisia.
PHALACROCORAX AFRICANUS
Phalacrocorax africanus africanus (Gmelin)
Pelecanus africanus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 577;
‘Possibly conspecific with P. pygmaeus (Pallas)—J. D. and J.-L.
M.
PHALACROCORACIDAE 79
based on “African Shag” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 606—Africa.
Breeds coasts and inland waters of most of Africa (except
range of coronatus) from Mauritania (Banc d’Arguin), ? Egypt,
Sudan, Eritrea to Cape Province; Sao Tome, Zanzibar, Pemba.
Phalacrocorax africanus pictilis Bangs
Phalacrocorax africanus pictilis Bangs, 1918, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 61, p. 5|00—Miandrivazo, Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Phalacrocorax africanus coronatus (Wahlberg) ;
Graculus coronatus Wahlberg, 1855, Ofversigt K. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 12, p. 214—Pos-
session Island, South West Africa.
Breeds African coast from Benguela, Angola, to East London,
South Africa.
SupraMiLy ANHINGINAE?”
Genus ANHINGA Brisson
Anhinga Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 476. Type,
by tautonymy and monotypy, Anhinga = Plotus anhinga
Linnaeus.
Notoplotus Mathews, 1920, Birds Australia, Suppl., pt. 1,
p. 62. Type, by original designation, Plotus novaehollan-
diae Gould.
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 157-160 (New World).
Meanley, 1954, Wilson Bull., 66, pp. 81-88 (breeding of
leucogaster).
Allen, 1961, Wilson Bull., 73, pp. 115-124 (breeding
behavior of lewcogaster).
Owre, 1962, Wilson Bull., 74, pp. 194-196 (breeding
behavior of leucogaster).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
357-365.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, p.
515
Owre, 1967, Ornith. Monogr. (Amer. Ornith. Union), no.
"Sometimes regarded as specifically distinct.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
“Regarded by some as a distinct family.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
180 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
6, 138 pp. (adaptations for locomotion and feeding,
anhinga).
Harriott, 1970, Florida Naturalist, 43, pp. 138-143 (breed-
ing of leucogaster).
Vestjens, 1975, Emu, 75, pp. 121-131 (breeding of rufa).
White, 1975, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 95, pp. 57-59 (status
in Wallacea).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 222-226 (melanogaster).
ANHINGA ANHINGA'
Anhinga anhinga leucogaster (Vieillot)
Plotus leucogaster Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 1, p. 545—Florida.
Anhinga anhinga minima van Rossem, 1939, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 4, p. 439—Acaponeta, Nayarit, Mexico.
Breeds United States from southern Oklahoma, Arkansas,
Tennessee, and North Carolina south to Texas and Florida;
Mexico and Central America to Panama; Cuba, Isle of Pines.
Straggler west to Arizona and north to Nebraska, southern
Ontario, and Long Island, New York.
Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus)
Plotus Anhinga Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
218—“in America australi”; restricted to Rio Tapajos,
Para, Brazil, by Griscom and Greenway, 1941, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 88, p. 103.
Breeds South America from Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela,
Trinidad, Tobago, and the Guianas southeast of the Andes
to Buenos Aires (delta of Rio de la Plata), Argentina.
ANHINGA MELANOGASTER
Anhinga melanogaster melanogaster Pennant
Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769, Ind. Zool., p. 13, pl.
12—Ceylon and Java.
Breeds India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Burma, Thailand, Indochina,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes. Formerly ? Malay
Peninsula; recorded from Palau Islands.
14. anhinga and melanogaster form a superspecies.—J. D. and
J.-L. M.
SULIDAE 181
Anhinga melanogaster rufa (Daudin) '
Plotus rufus Daudin, 1802, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. (ed. Didot),
Quadr., 14, p. 319—Senegal.
Plotus Novae-Hollandiae Gould, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 34—rivers of the whole of the southern coast of
Australia = New South Wales, fide Mathews, 1913, List
Birds Australia, p. 97.
Plotus Chantrei Oustalet, 1882, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., Paris,
ser. 6, 13, art. 7, p. 7—Lake of Antioch.
Anhinga vulsini Bangs, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61,
p. 501—Maevetanana, Madagascar.
Anhinga rufa papua Rand, 1938, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
990, p. 1—Lake Daviumbu, middle Fly River, New Guinea.
Breeds Africa from Senegal, Sudan, and Ethiopia south to
Cape Province, Madagascar, southern Turkey (formerly),
southeastern Iraq, New Guinea (including Fergusson Island),
Australia. Accidental New Zealand.
Famity SULIDAE
Genus SULA Brisson
Sula Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 494. Type, by
tautonymy, Sula = Sula leucogaster Boddaert.
Morus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 63. Type, by monotypy,
“Fou de Bassan” Buffon = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus.
Pseudosula Boetticher, 1955, Anzeiger Ornith. Gesell.
Bayern, 4, p. 375. Type, by original designation, Sula
nebouxti Milne-Edwards.
cf. Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 827-870.
Wetmore, 1939, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 98, no. 2, pp.
1-5 (subspecies of lewcogaster).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 122-136 (New World).
Gibson-Hill, 1950, Bull. Raffles Mus., no. 23, pp. 65-76
(abbotti).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1, pp.
64-67 (English trans., 1966, Birds Soviet Union, 1, pp.
64-68).
"Sometimes regarded as specifically distinct.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
182
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Warham, 1958, Emu, 58, pp. 339-369 (breeding of serra-
tor).
Broekhuysen, Liversidge, and Rand, 1961, Ostrich, 32,
pp. 1-19 (distribution of capensis).
Dorward, 1962, Ibis, 103b, pp. 174-220 (comparative
biology of dactylatra and leucogaster), 221-234 (be-
havior of dactylatra, sula, leucogaster).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
280-315.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
44-46.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 226-238 (bassana).
Simmons, 1967, Living Bird, pp. 187-212 (ecological adap-
tations of lewcogaster).
Wodzicki, 1967, Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 8, pp. 149-162;
9, pp. 17-31 (population and distribution of serrator).
Simmons, 1968, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 88, pp. 15-20
(behavior of sula).
Kepler, 1969, Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club, no. 8, 105 pp.
(breeding biology of dactylatra).
Reinsch, 1969, Basstolpel (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 412), 111
pp. (bassana).
Simmons, 1970, in Crook (ed.), Social Behaviour Birds
Mammals, pp. 37-77 (ecology of leucogaster).
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 171-181.
Jarvis, 1972, Ostrich, 43, pp. 211-216 (systematics of
capensis).
Jarvis, 1972, Zoologica Africana, 7, pp. 75-83 (behavior
of capensis).
Cramp, Bourne, and Saunders, 1974, Seabirds Britain
Ireland, pp. 81-88, map 8, tables 6-7 (bassana).
Bourne, 1976, Ibis, 118, pp. 119-123 (skeletal proportions
and distribution).
Nettleship, 1976, Wilson Bull., 88, pp. 300-313 (North
America).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 183-198.
Nelson, 1978, Sulidae, 1024 pp.
SULIDAE 183
SULA BASSANA'
Sula bassana (Linnaeus)
Pelecanus Bassanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
133—“Scotia, America”; restricted to Bass Rock, off Scot-
land, by Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal. Fauna, p. 1406.
Breeds in Western Hemisphere on islands in Gulf of St.
Lawrence and off Newfoundland; in Eastern Hemisphere in
Iceland, Faeroes, Norway (north to Finnmark), British Isles,
Channel Islands, Rouzic Island off Brittany. In winter south
to Gulf of Mexico, coast of western Africa to Senegal, Mediter-
ranean, Azores, Madeira, Canaries. Vagrant inland North
America to Great Lakes, Greenland, Murman Coast of USSR,
Cape Verde Islands.
SULA CAPENSIS
Sula capensis (Lichtenstein)
Dysporus capensis Lichtenstein, 1823, Verzeichniss Doublet-
ten Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 86—Cape of Good Hope.
Breeds on islands off coasts of southern Africa from Hollam’s
Bird Island, South West Africa (Namibia), to Algoa Bay, Cape
Province. In winter north to Gulf of Guinea in the west and
Mombasa, Kenya, in the east. Straggler Amsterdam Island.
SULA SERRATOR
Sula serrator (Gray)
Sula australis Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1840),
p. 177—Tasmania.
Pelecanus serrator G. R. Gray, 1843, in Dieffenbach, Travels
N. Z., 2, p. 200. New name for Sula australis Gould,
1841, preoccupied by Sula australis Stephens, 1826, in
Shaw, General Zool., 13, pt. 1, p. 104.
Sulita serrator rex Mathews and Iredale, 1921, Man. Birds
Australia, 1, p. 77—New Zealand.
Breeds on islands off southeastern Australia, in Bass Strait,
off southern Tasmania, and mainly off coasts of New Zealand
‘S. bassana, capensis, and serrator form a subgenus Morus, or
possibly a distinct genus. They also form a superspecies.—J. D. and
J.-L. M.
184 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
from extreme north to Foveaux Strait (also Cape Kidnappers
on mainland). Ranges northwest to Pt. Cloates, Western
Australia, north to Mackay, Queensland, east to Chatham
Islands, south to Auckland Islands and Campbell Island.
SULA NEBOUXII'
Sula nebouxii nebouxii Milne-Edwards
Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,
Paris, sér. 6, 13, art. 4, p. 37, pl. 14—Pacific coast of
America. Type assumed from Chile.
Breeds on islands off Pacific coast of America from Gulf of
California to northern Peru. Ranges south to Ancon, Peru,
casually north to northwestern United States.
Sula nebouxii excisa Todd
Sula nebouxti excisa Todd, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
61, p. 49—Seymour Island, Galapagos Archipelago.
Galapagos Archipelago, breeding on most islands south of
Equator; has bred Genovesa (Tower) Island.
SULA VARIEGATA
Sula variegata (Tschudi)
Dysporus variegatus Tschudi, 1843, Archiv Naturgeschichte,
9, pt. 1, p. 390—coasts and islands of Pacific Ocean; 1846,
Untersuchungen Fauna Peruana, Ornith., p. 313—islands
off coast of Peru.
Breeds on islands off Pacific coast of South America from
Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, south to Concepcion, Chile. Ranges
from southwestern Colombia to Chiloé Island, Chile.
SULA DACTYLATRA
Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson
Sula dactylatra Lesson, 1831, Traite Ornith., livr. 8, p.
601—Ascension Island.
Breeds Bahamas, Monito Island off Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands,
Grenadines, small islands off Yucatan and Venezuela; in
Atlantic on Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos Archipelago,
Ascension Island. Ranges Caribbean, and Atlantic to coasts
‘1S. nebouxii, variegata, dactylatra, sula, leucogaster, and abbotti
form a subgenus Sula.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
SULIDAE 185
of southeastern United States and South America south to
Rio de Janeiro.
Sula dactylatra melanops Heuglin
Sula melanops Heuglin, 1859, Ibis, p. 351, pl. 10, figs.
2-3—Bur-da-Rebschi = Mait Island, Somalia.
Breeds Kuria Muria Islands off Muscat and Oman, Mait and
Kal Farun Islands off Somalia, Latham Island south of Zanzi-
bar, Assumption and Gloriosa Islands (formerly), Cosmoledo,
Seychelles, Amirante, Farquhar, Tromelin Islands, Réunion,
Mauritius, Cargados Carajos Shoals, possibly Chagos
Archipelago.
Sula dactylatra personata Gould
Sula personata Gould, 1846, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
21—north and northeast coasts of Australia = Raine
Island, northeastern Australia, fide Mathews, 1913, List
Birds Australia, p. 99.
Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews,’ 1913, Austral Avian Rec.,
1, p. 189—Bedout Island, Western Australia.
Breeds Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean, islands off West-
ern Australia (Bedout, Adele), Gunung Api in the Banda Sea,
islets and reefs in the Coral Sea off Queensland, Lord Howe,
Norfolk, Mariana, Marshall, Fiji, Kermadec, Hawaiian,
Phoenix, Samoa, Line, Tuamotu, Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie,
and Easter Islands. Formerly bred Pulau Perak off Malaya.
Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild
Sula granti Rothschild, 1902, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 13,
p. 7—Culpepper Island, Galapagos Archipelago.
Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild, 1915, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 35, p. 43—San Benedicto Island, Revilla-
gigedo Islands.
Breeds on islands off Pacific coast of Mexico, including Alijos
Rocks, Revillagigedo Islands, Clipperton Island; Galapagos
Archipelago, Malpelo Island off Colombia, La Plata Island
off Ecuador, San Félix and San Ambrosio Islands off Chile.
SULA SULA
Sula sula sula (Linnaeus)
Pelecanus Sula Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
"Regarded by some as subspecifically distinct.—J. D. and J.-L.
M.
186 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
218; based on “The Booby” of Catesby, 1732, Nat. Hist.
Carolina, pt. 5, p. 87, pl. 87—“in Pelago indico”; Barbados,
West Indies, designated by Grant and Mackworth-Praed,
1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 53, pp. 185-187.
Breeds in West Indies on Little Cayman and Little Swan
Islands, small islands off Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Dominica, Grenadines, islands off Belize (British
Honduras) and Venezuela, in Atlantic Ocean on Fernando
de Noronha, ? Ascension Island. Ranges coasts of Caribbean
and northern Brazil.
Sula sula rubripes Gould
Sula rubripes Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt. 4,
app., p. 7—New South Wales = Raine Island, northern
Queensland, fide Mathews, 1915, Birds Australia, 4, p.
210.
Sula nicolli Grant and Mackworth-Praed, 1933, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 53, p. 118—Gloriosa Island, Indian Ocean.
Breeds in Indian Ocean on Aldabra, Cosmoledo, Gloriosa
(formerly), Farquhar, Agalega, Tromelin Islands, Mauritius
(formerly), Cargados Carajos Shoals (formerly), Chagos
Archipelago, Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands; in Pacific
Ocean on Paracel Islands and Spratly Island in South China
Sea, Manuk Island in Banda Sea, islands off northeastern
Australia, Palau, Mariana, Marcus, Wake, Caroline, Marshall,
Gilbert, Fiji, Hawaiian, Phoenix, Samoa, Line, Society, Aus-
tral, Marquesas, Tuamotu, Gambier, Pitcairn, Henderson Is-
lands.
Sula sula websteri Rothschild
Sula websterit Rothschild, 1898, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
7, p. 52—Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Islands.
Breeds Revillagigedo Islands off Mexico, Cocos Island off Costa
Rica, Galapagos Archipelago.
SULA LEUCOGASTER
Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert)
Pelecanus Leucogaster Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches
Enlum., p. 57; based on “Le Fou, de Cayenne” of Dauben-
ton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 973—Cayenne.
Breeds Bahamas, islands off Caribbean coast of Middle Ameri-
ca and South America, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Redonda, Dominica, Grenadines (Carriacou), Tobago,
SULIDAE 187
coast of Brazil from Bahia to Parana, Fernando de Noronha,
St. Paul Rocks, Ascension Island, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea
(Alcatraz), islets in the Gulf of Guinea off Principe, Sao Tome,
and Annobon. Ranges Caribbean, Atlantic coast of South
America to southern Brazil, Atlantic coast of Africa from
Senegal to mouth of Congo; casual east coast of United States,
Bermuda, Azores.
Sula leucogaster plotus (Forster)
Pelecanus Plotus J. R. Forster, 1844, Descr. Animal. Itinere
Maris Australis Terras, p. 278—near New Caledonia.
Sula leucogaster rogersi Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian Rec.,
1, p. 189—Bedout Island, Western Australia.
Sula leucogaster yamashinae Neumann, 1932, Anzeiger
Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 2, p. 146—Chichi Jima, Bonin
Islands.
Breeds on Farasan Islands and islands off coast of Sudan,
Red Sea; on Mait Island, off Somalia, Gulf of Aden; in Indian
Ocean on Cosmoledo, Amirante Islands, ? Cargados Carajos
Shoals, Chagos Archipelago, ? Maldive, Cocos-Keeling, Christ-
mas Islands, Pulau Perak off Malaya, islands off Western
Australia; in Pacific Ocean on islands in Gulf of Siam and
off northeastern Australia, Bonin, Volcano, Palau, Mariana,
Wake, Caroline, Marshall, ? Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia,
Fiji, Hawaiian, Phoenix, Tonga, Line, Society, Austral, Mar-
quesas, Tuamotu, Gambier Islands.
Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss
Sula brewsteri Goss, 1888, Auk, 5, p. 242—San Pedro Martir
Island, Gulf of California.
Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass, 1901, Con-
dor, 3, p. 75—Clipperton Island.
Sula leucogastra albiceps van Rossem, 1938, Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, p. 9—lIsabel Island, western
Mexico.
Breeds on islands in Gulf of California, Isabel and Tres Marias
Islands off Nayarit, Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Clipperton
Island. Casual southeastern California, western Arizona, coast
of Mexico to Jalisco and Colima.
Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs
Sula etesiaca Thayer and Bangs, 1905, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 46, p. 92—Gorgona Island, Colombia.
Sula leucogaster plotus (nec Pelecanus plotus J. R. Forster,
188 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
1844) Fisher and Wetmore, 1931, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
79, p. 30—Cocos Island.
Breeds on Bird Island, Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras, Santa
Catalina Islands and Cocos Island off Costa Rica, Pearl Islands
off Panama, Gorgona Island off Colombia. Casual coasts of
Costa Rica and Ecuador; one record Galapagos Archipelago.
SULA ABBOTTI
Sula abbotti Ridgway
Sula abbotti Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p.
599—Assumption Island.
Breeds in eastern Indian Ocean on Christmas Island;
apparently formerly in western Indian Ocean on Assumption
Island, Mauritius and Rodrigues in the Mascarene Islands,
and possibly on Gloriosa Island and in the Chagos Archipelago.
FamMIty PELECANIDAE
Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus
Pelecanus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 132. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 80), Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus.
Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 7. Type, by original designation, Pelecanus trachyrhyn-
chus Latham = Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin.
Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 7. Type, by original designation, Pelecanus fuscus
Gmelin = Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus.
Sacrificator Boetticher, 1950, Verh. Deutschen Zoologen
Mainz (1949), p. 65. Type, by original designation, Pele-
canus crispus Bruch.
cf. Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 807-827.
Wetmore, 1945, Auk, 62, pp. 577-586 (races of occidental-
is).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 115-122 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1, pp.
52-63 (English trans., 1966, Birds Soviet Union, 1, pp.
52-64).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
264-280.
PELECANIDAE 189
Schaller, 1964, Condor, 66, pp. 3-23 (breeding behavior
of erythrorhynchos).
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
42-43.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 279-297.
Burke and Brown, 1970, Ibis, 112, pp. 499-512 (breeding
of rufescens).
Serventy, D. L. and V., and Warham, 1971, Handb. Aus-
tral. Sea-birds, pp. 181-183.
Schreiber and Risebrough, 1972, Wilson Bull., 84, pp.
119-135 (occidentalis).
Brown, Powell-Cotton, and Hopcraft, 1973, Ibis, 115, pp.
352-374 (breeding of onocrotalus).
Din and Eltringham, 1974, Ibis, 116, pp. 28-43 (ecology
of onocrotalus and rufescens), 477-493 (breeding of
rufescens).
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 226-238.
Schreiber, 1977, Ornith. Monogr. (Amer. Ornith. Union),
no. 22, 86 pp. (behavior of occidentalis).
PELECANUS ONOCROTALUS'
Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus
Pelecanus Onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,
p. 132; based on “The Pelican” of Edwards, 1747, Nat.
Hist. Birds, p. 92, pl. 92—Africa, Asia; Caspian Sea,
Russia, suggested as restricted type locality by Grant and
Mackworth-Praed, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 53, p.
189.
Pelecanus roseus Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 570; based
on “Rose-coloured Pelican” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 579—Manila, Philippine Islands.
Breeds southeastern Europe: Hungary (formerly), Greece, coast
of Black Sea from Bulgaria to Sea of Azov and delta of Volga;
Asia: ? eastern Turkey, from Aral Sea to Lakes Balkhash,
Sasyk Kul, and Ala Kul in Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Iran (Lake
Urmia), ? southern coast of Caspian Sea, India (Rann of Kutch),
"P. onocrotalus, rufescens, philippensis, and conspicillatus form a
subgenus Pelecanus.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
190 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Cochinchina; Africa: Mauritania (islands off coast, Aftout-es-
Sahel—? irregular), Senegal (delta of Senegal River—? irregu-
lar), Nigeria (Wase Rock), Cameroon (Abou Tougour), Chad
(Kapsikis), Ethiopia (Lake Shala), Kenya (Lake Elmenteita—
recently), Tanzania (Lake Natron—sporadic, Lake Rukwa),
Zambia (Lake Mweru, Kafue Flats), Botswana (Lakes Ngami,
Makarikari—? both irregular), South West Africa (Etosha Pan,
near Walvis Bay—? both irregular), South Africa (Lake St.
Lucia, islands off Cape Province). Ranges from Mediterranean
to southeastern China and Malay Peninsula; in Africa fresh
waters and coasts from Senegal to Nigeria and Red Sea to
Cape Province.
PELECANUS RUFESCENS
Pelecanus rufescens Gmelin
Pelecanus rufescens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 571; based
on “Red-backed Pelican” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 584—West Africa.
Africa from Senegal (south of Dakar) on the west south to
South West Africa (Walvis Bay—? sporadic), on the east from
the Red Sea and Ethiopia south to South Africa (Lake St.
Lucia); Madagascar. Casual coast of southwestern Arabia.
PELECANUS PHILIPPENSIS'
Pelecanus philippensis crispus Bruch
Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1109—
Dalmatia.
Breeds southeastern Europe: Hungary (formerly), Albania,
Greece, coast of Black Sea from Bulgaria to Sea of Azov;
Asia: Turkey, Caspian Sea, Seistan, Aral Sea, lakes and rivers
of Kazakhstan, lakes in southeastern Mongolia, northern
China (formerly). In winter to southern Iran and northern
‘The reasons for retaining the well-known name philippensis for
this species and not adopting the name roseus Gmelin, 1789, so long
associated with P. onocrotalus, the White or Roseate Pelican, have
been explained by Chapin and Amadon, 1952, Ostrich, 23, p. 123.—J.
D. and J.-L. M.
PELECANIDAE 191
India, casually to Italy, Egypt, southern Iraq, Korea, southeas-
tern China, southern Japan.
Pelecanus philippensis philippensis Gmelin
Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst., Nat., 1, p. 571;
based on “Le Pelican des Philippines” of Brisson, 1760,
Ornith., 6, p. 527, pl. 46—Philippine Islands.
Breeds India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), ? Burma, southern China,
Hainan, Sumatra, Java, Philippines. Occurs Thailand, Cambo-
dia, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Hong Kong.
PELECANUS CONSPICILLATUS
Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck
Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824, Planches Color.,
livr. 47, pl. 276—Australia = New South Wales, fide
Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 244.
Pelecanus conspicillatus westralis Mathews, 1912, Novit.
Zool., 18, p. 244—Perth, Western Australia.
Breeds Australia coastally and sporadically inland in the east.
Strays to Lesser Sunda Islands, Ambon, Tanimbar, New
Guinea, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, New Zealand.
PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS'
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p.
571; based on “Rough-billed Pelican” of Latham, 1785,
General Synop. Birds, 3, p. 586—Hudson Bay and New
York.
Breeds British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba,
southwestern Ontario, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho,
Nevada, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota,
southeastern Texas; formerly Colorado, Minnesota, Iowa. Win-
ters from California, central Arizona, Gulf states, and Florida
south coastally through Mexico to Guatemala. Recorded from
northern Mackenzie District, James Bay, southern Quebec,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, most states east of Mississippi
River, Bahamas, Cuba.
’P. erythrorhynchos forms a subgenus Cyrtopelicanus.—J. D. and
J.-L. M.
Lhe Vs CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS’
Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus”
Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,
1, p. 215; based chiefly on “The Pelican of America” of
Edwards, 1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 93, pl. 93—Jamaica,
ex Sloane, 1725, Voyage Jamaica, 2, p. 322.
Breeds ? Bahamas, southern Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican
Republic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, St. Martin, Barbuda,
islands off coast of Venezuela. Casual Surinam, northeastern
Brazil.
Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin
Pelecanus carolinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 571;
based on “Charles-town Pelican” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 585, and Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool.,
p. 580—Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.
Breeds Atlantic and Gulf coasts of southern United States
from North Carolina to Texas (reintroduced Lousiana 1968),
northern Bahamas, northern Cuba, probably coasts of Mexico
and Central America to Panama. Casual interior southeastern
United States, Bermuda, West Indies, northeastern Brazil.
Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway
Pelecanus californicus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 13, pp. 132 (in key), 143°—
coast of California from San Francisco Bay to Cape St.
Lucas. Type from La Paz, Baja California.
Breeds on islands off coasts of California, Baja California,
and Nayarit, from Monterey to Tres Marias Islands. Casual
north to southern British Columbia, inland to Arizona, west
to Guadalupe Island, south to Colima.
Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi Wetmore
Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi Wetmore, 1945, Auk, 62,
p. 583—Pelado Island, Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador.
Breeds on islands off Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador.
Ranges south to Talara, Peru.
’P. occidentalis forms a subgenus Leptopelicanus.—J. D. and J.-L.
M.
*The subspecific status of birds breeding in the Bahamas, Cuba,
Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, and South America is still
uncertain.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
°Pelecanus (fuscus?) californicus on p. 143.—J. D. and J.-L. M.
ARDEIDAE 193
Pelecanus occidentalis urinator Wetmore
Pelecanus occidentalis urinator Wetmore, 1945, Auk, 62,
p. 582—Hood Island, Galapagos Archipelago.
Galapagos Archipelago.
Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina
Pelecanus Thagus Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili,
p. 240—Chile.
Breeds on coasts and islands from northern Peru to central
Chile. Casual south to Tierra del Fuego.
ORDER CICONITFORMES
SUBORDER ARDEAE
Famity ARDEIDAE'
RoBeErT B. PAYNE
cf. Kuroda, Nagamichi, 1936, Birds Island Java, pp. 542-561
(Indonesia).
Ripley, 1944, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 94, pp. 318-321
(western Sumatra islands).
Austin, 1948, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 101, pp. 36-44
(Korea).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 166-242 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
393-475 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 456-553).
Amadon and Woolfenden, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
1564, pp. 7-16 (Australian region).
Bock, 1956, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1779, 49 pp. (generic
review).
Meyerriecks, 1960, Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club, no. 2, 166
pp. (behavior 4 North American species).
"MS read by D. Amadon, W. J. Bock, E. Eisenmann (New World
forms), E. Mayr, D. W. Mock, K. C. Parkes, R. Schodde (Australian
forms), D. W. Snow (African forms), R. W. Storer, and G. van Tets
(Australian forms). For further comments the author wishes to thank
C. W. Benson, M. D. Bruce, R. W. Dickerman, T. R. Howell, M.
P. S. Irwin, J. R. Jehl, R. T. Paul, and K. H. Voous.
194
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Meyerriecks, 1962, in Palmer (ed.), Handb. North Amer.
Birds, 1, pp. 381-508.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
56-76.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 298-387.
Rand and Gilliard, 1967, Handb. New Guinea Birds, pp.
39-47.
Haverschmidt, 1968, Birds Surinam, pp. 11-26.
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 34-35.
Curry-Lindahl, 1971, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 9, pp. 53-70
(systematic relationships).
Moreau, 1972, Pal.-Afr. Bird Migration Systems, pp. 224-
228 (ringing recoveries).
McClure, 1974, Migration Survival Birds Asia, pp. 72-92.
Medway and Wells, 1976, Birds Malay Peninsula, 5, pp.
84-93.
Payne and Risley, 1976, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ.
Michigan, no. 150, 119 pp. (skeletal characters and
systematic relationships).
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 154-187.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 245-320 (distribution and ringing recoveries).
Hancock and Elliott, 1978, Herons World, 304 pp.
SuBFAMILY ARDEINAE
Genus SYRIGMA Ripeway
Syrigma Ridgway, 1878, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv.
cf.
Territories, 4, pp. 224, 247. Type, by original designation,
Ardea sibilatrix Temminck.
Humphrey and Parkes, 1963, Proc. XIII Int. Ornith.
Congr., Ithaca (1962), pp. 84-90.
Short, 1969, Wilson Bull., 81, pp. 330-331 (behavior).
Kahl, 1971, Wilson Bull., 83, pp. 302-303 (behavior).
SYRIGMA SIBILATRIX
Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck)
Ardea sibilatrix Temminck, 1824, Planches Color., livr. 46,
pl. 271—Brazil and Paraguay.
ARDEIDAE 195
Syrigma sibilatrix fostersmithi Friedmann, 1949, Smithson-
ian Misc. Coll., 111, no. 9, p. 1—Caicara, Monagas,
Venezuela.’
Upper Orinoco region of Colombia and Venezuela, Bolivia,
Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, northeastern Argen-
tina south to Buenos Aires.
Genus PILHERODIUS Bonaparte
Pilherodius Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 139.
Type, by monotypy, Ardea alba var. B Gmelin = Ardea
pileata Boddaert.
PILHERODIUS PILEATUS
Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert)
Ardea pileata Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p.
54; based on “Heron blanc, hupé de Cayenne” of Dauben-
ton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 907—Cayenne.
Eastern Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and east
of the Andes south to northern Bolivia, northern Paraguay,
and southeastern Brazil (Santa Catarina).
Genus ARDEA Linnaeus
Ardea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 141. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds,
p. 60), Ardea cinerea Linnaeus.
Casmerodius Gloger, 1842, Gemeinnutziges Hand- und
Hilfsbuch Naturgeschichte, p. 412. Type, by subsequent
designation (Salvadori, 1882, Ornitologia Papuasia Mo-
lucche, 3, p. 349), Ardea egretta Gmelin.
Pyrrherodia Finsch and Hartlaub, 1870, Vogel Ost-Afrikas,
p. 676. Type, by monotypy, Ardea purpurea Linnaeus.
cf. Parkes, 1955, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33, pp. 287-293 (cin-
erea-herodias complex).
Mayr, 1956, Auk, 73, pp. 71-77 (occidentalis).
Meyerriecks, 1957, Auk, 74, pp. 469-478 (occidentalis).
Cottrille and Cottrille, 1958, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ.
Michigan, no. 102, 15 pp. (behavior of herodias).
‘Additional material is necessary to substantiate the validity of
this form.—R. B. P.
196
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Johansen, 1958, Journ. Ornith., 99, pp. 69-72 (Asiatic
forms of cinerea and purpurea).
North, 1963, Journ. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc., 24, pp. 33-63
(behavior of melanocephala).
Hitchcock, 1964, CSIRO Div. Wildlife Res., Tech. Paper
no. 7, 40 pp. (ringing recoveries of alba).
Spillner, 1968, Beitr. Vogelkunde, 14, pp. 29-74 (behavior
of cinerea).
Bancroft, 1969, Auk, 86, pp. 141-142 (mixed nesting of
occidentalis and herodias).
Milstein, Presst, and Bell, 1970, Ardea, 58, pp. 171-257
(behavior of cinerea).
Pratt, 1970, Condor, 72, pp. 407-416 (breeding biology
of herodias and alba).
Seton, 1973, Emu, 73, pp. 9-11 (sumatrana).
Gallagher, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp. 122-126
(wintering range of alba).
Tomlinson, 1974, Ostrich, 45, pp. 209-223 (behavior of
purpurea).
Mock, 1976, Wilson Bull., 88, pp. 185-230 (behavior of
herodias).
Tomlinson, 1976, Ostrich, 47, pp. 161-178 (behavior of
alba).
Wiese, 1976, Auk, 93, pp. 709-724 (behavior of alba).
Medway and Wells, 1977, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 96,
pp. 21-22 (cinerea, Malay Peninsula).
Walmsley, 1977, Station Biologique Tour Valat 1974-1975,
pp. 41-43 (ringing recoveries).
Mock, 1978, Condor, 80, pp. 159-172 (behavior of alba).
ARDEA CINEREA’
Ardea cinerea cinerea Linnaeus
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 1483—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal.
Fauna, p. 1229.
Ardea rectirostris Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
22—New South Wales; restricted to India by Ripley, 1961,
Synop. Birds India Pakistan, p. 12.
British Isles, Norway to lat. 70° N., Sweden, Finland, east
1 . . . .
A. cinerea, herodias, and cocoi form a superspecies.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 197
across USSR to Ussuriland and Sakhalin, south to southern
Spain, France, central Italy, Balkans, Turkey, Iran, Russian
Turkistan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon); sub-Saharan Africa from
Senegal east to the Red Sea and south to Cape Province,
breeding in Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia,
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and South Africa. Formerly bred in
Sardinia, Israel, Iraq, and northern Africa. Winters from
British Isles and Central Europe, Iran, Baluchistan, and Sind
south to tropical and southern Africa, northern India, ? Japan,
? eastern China; many European birds winter in western
Africa, Russian birds to Egypt and Sudan, bird ringed Volga
delta to Kenya. Casual Iceland, Faeroes, Spitsbergen, and
Ascension Island; accidental Greenland, Martinique, Montser-
rat (Lesser Antilles), and Trinidad.
Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark
Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark, 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
32, p. 468—Seoul, Korea.
Ardea cinerea altirostris Mees, 1971, Zool. Mededelingen
Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 45, p. 225—Sedari, east of
Tjitaroem delta, Krawang, western Java.
Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hainan, Burma,
Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, possi-
bly Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumbawa). Winters from China,
Japan, Ryukyus, and Taiwan south to Thailand and the
Philippines. Three records from Australia and one (? subspe-
cles—immature plumage) from New Zealand; recoveries in
Thailand of birds ringed in southeastern Siberia, and one in
Luzon of bird ringed as nestling in Korea. Intergrades with
nominate cinerea from Transbaicalia to Ussuriland and proba-
bly Manchuria.
Ardea cinerea firasa Hartert
Ardea cinerea firasa Hartert, 1917, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
38, p. 6—Antinosy country, southwestern Madagascar =
near Fort Dauphin, southeastern Madagascar.
Madagascar, Aldabra, ? Comoros. Aldabra birds are interme-
diate between cinerea and firasa.
Ardea cinerea monicae Jouanin and Roux
Ardea cinerea monicae Jouanin and Roux, 1963, Oiseau,
33, p. 104—Isle Ariel, Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania.
Ariel and western Kianone Islands, coast of northern Mauri-
tania. Wanders to Senegal (Richard Toll).
198 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ARDEA HERODIAS
Ardea herodias fannini Chapman
Ardea herodias fannini Chapman, 1901, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., 14, p. 87—-Skidegate, Graham Island, Queen
Charlotte Islands.
Pacific coast of North America from southeastern Alaska
(Yakutat Bay) south through Queen Charlotte Islands and
coastal British Columbia to coastal Washington. Wanders
inland. Winters in breeding range.
Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus
Ardea herodias Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 143;
based on “The Ash-colour’d Heron from North-America”
of Edwards, 1750, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 135, pl. 135—
America = Hudson Bay ex Edwards.
Ardea lessonii Wagler, 1831, Isis von Oken, col. 531—Mexico.
Ardea wardi Ridgway, 1882, Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club,
7, p. 5—Oyster Bay, Florida; corrected to Estero Bay by
Holt, 1925, Auk, 42, p. 267.”
Ardea herodias treganzai Court, 1908, Auk, 25, p. 291—Egg
Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah.°
Ardea herodias adoxa Oberholser, 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 43, p. 544—Curacao.
Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser, 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 43, p. 550—Baird, northern California.
“Southern birds average larger than northern birds, but the eastern
variation in size is clinal, and no subspecies need be recognized in
continental North America except in the Pacific northwest and in
Florida.—R. B. P.
*The type of wardi was taken on 5 January 1881. Jt is not known
whether this was a local breeding bird or a wintering bird from
amore northern population. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 171, list wardi as
a synonym of A. h. occidentalis. The only distinguishing feature
of the occidentalis breeding population is the high proportion of
white-phase birds; in size the birds of peninsular Florida overlap
with those of Florida Bay and the Keys. As far as is known, many
blue-phase birds breeding in the Keys may be morphologically
indistinguishable from the birds of inland peninsular Florida.—
RB P.
*Western birds have pale necks but color intergrades considerably
in eastern Texas and Oklahoma.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 199
Ardea herodias oligista Oberholser, 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 43, p. 553—San Clemente Island, California.
Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs, 1912, Proc.
New England Zool. Club, 4, p. 83—Espiritu Santo Island,
Baja California, Mexico.’
Northern and eastern North America from Alberta and Wash-
ington east of the Cascades to James Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence,
and northeastern United States south through Oregon, Cali-
fornia, Baja California, the Great Basin, Great Plains, and
Mississippi Valley to eastern Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida
(except for the southwestern coast and the Florida Bay area).
In Mexico breeds in Sinaloa (Isla Las Tunas), Nayarit (Isla
Mexcaltitan), and locally in Tamaulipas, Campeche, and Yuca-
tan.” Winters throughout breeding range in North America
(sparsely in the north) and south through Middle America
to Colombia and Venezuela and through the West Indies to
Trinidad and Tobago. Some nonbreeding birds remain in winter
quarters. Ringed young in northeastern United States recov-
ered after migrating to Tamaulipas, Oaxaca, Yucatan, Gua-
temala, Belize (British Honduras), Nicaragua, Panama, and
Cuba.
Ardea herodias occidentalis Audubon
Ardea occidentalis Audubon, 1835, Birds Amer., pl. 281—
keys near Key West, Florida, fide Audubon, 1835, Ornith.
Biogr., 3, p. 542.
Ardea wiirdemannii Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and
Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific,
9, p. 669—southern Florida.”
Ardea repens Bangs and Zappey, 1905, Amer. Naturalist,
39, p. 186—Ciénaga, Isle of Pines.*
Florida Keys and islets of Florida Bay; uncommon extreme
‘Birds of southern Baja California and, to a lesser extent, Sinaloa
and Nayarit are paler.—R. B. P
"Bird taken as nestling near Progreso on 7 December 1918, kept
for four years in the Bronz Zoo, New York City, and preserved
as AMNH 325350, appears to be the only specimen of a definitely
local Ardea herodias from Yucatan.—R. B. P.
°A. wiirdemannii is a whitish-headed, dark color form of A. A.
occidentalis. Dark-headed birds also breed in this area.—R. B. P.
‘Specimen appears to be a juvenile, perhaps from Florida.—R.
B. P.
200 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
southern coastal Florida,’ resident; visitor to West Indies
(Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Anega-
da, St. Vincent). Only documented breeding records in West
Indies are Camaguey Province, Cuba, and St. Thomas, Virgin
Islands, both based on eggs, not breeding adult specimens.
White-phase birds reported to breed on islands off coast of
Venezuela (Isla Los Roques)” and observed but not breeding
in Yucatan. Nonbreeding birds throughout West Indies to
Bahamas and Guadeloupe, also to northern Florida, occasion-
ally north to Georgia and west at least to Alabama along
Gulf coast.
Ardea herodias cognata Bangs
Ardea herodias cognata Bangs, 1903, Proc. New England
Zool. Club, 3, p. 100—Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island,
Galapagos Archipelago.
Resident Galapagos Archipelago.
ARDEA COCOI
Ardea cocoi Linnaeus
Ardea Cocoi Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 237;
based chiefly on “Le Héron hupe de Cayenne” of Brisson,
1760, Ornith., 5, p. 400—Cayenne.
Eastern Panama (Darién; casual eastern Panama Province)
and South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and
the Guianas south to Chile (Magallanes) and Argentina (Chu-
but); accidental Falkland Islands.
ARDEA PACIFICA
Ardea pacifica Latham
Ardea pacifica Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl., p.
45—New South Wales.
Australia. Uncommon southern New Guinea and Tasmania,
accidental New Zealand.
‘The local distribution and variation of the breeding birds of extreme
southern mainland Florida remain to be determined.—R. B. P.
“Breeding specimens were not examined; possibly these are mor-
phologically distinguishable from the Florida birds.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 201
ARDEA MELANOCEPHALA
Ardea melanocephala Vigors and Children
Ardea melanocephala Anon. = Vigors and Children, 1826,
in Denham and Clapperton, Narrative Travels Discoveries
Northern Central Africa, App. no. 21, p. 201—no locality;
? near Lake Chad.
Africa from Senegal to Nigeria, Sudan, and Ethiopia, south
through eastern, south-central, and southern Africa to Cape
Province, in nonforested regions. Occasional visitor Mada-
gascar.
ARDEA HUMBLOTI
Ardea humbloti Milne-Edwards and Grandidier
Ardea humbloti Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, 1885, Hist.
Nat. Madagascar, Oiseaux, 1, p. 546— eastern Madagascar.
East coast of Madagascar.
ARDEA IMPERIALIS'
Ardea imperialis Stuart Baker
Ardea insignis Hume, 1878, Stray Feathers, 6, p. 470—Sik-
kim terai, Bhutan duars, etc.
Ardeaimperialis Stuart Baker, 1929, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
49, p. 40. New name for Ardea insignis Hume, 1878,
preoccupied by Ardea insignis Hodgson, 1844, in J. E.
Gray (ed.), Zool. Misc., p. 86 (nomen nudum).
Locally along the eastern Himalayan foothills from Nepal
and Sikkim through India (Bihar), Bangladesh, northeastern
Assam to Burma (Mali Hka near Putao, northern Chin Hills,
Arakan; few records from Mandalay, Toungoo, and Pegu
districts).
ARDEA SUMATRANA
Ardea sumatrana Raffles
Ardea Sumatrana Raffles, 1822, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 325—Sumatra.
Ardea fusca Blyth, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p.
176—Arakan.
1 . . . .
A. imperialis and sumatrana form a superspecies.—R. B. P.
202 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Ardea sumatrana mathewsae Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool.,
18, p. 230—Cooktown; corrected to Bellenden Ker,
Queensland, by Amadon and Woolfenden, 1952, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 1564, p. 8.
Burma (Arakan, Tenasserim), Thailand (islets off Trat, both
coasts of peninsula), southern Vietnam, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, western Sumatra islands, Java, Borneo, Philippines
(Mindoro, Palawan, Bantayan, Negros, Bohol, Sulu Archipela-
go), Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Flores, Timor), Tan-
imbar, Moluccas, New Guinea, and northern Australia.
ARDEA GOLIATH
Ardea goliath Cretzschmar
Ardea goliath Cretzschmar, 1827, in Ruppell, Atlas Reise
Nordl. Afrika, Vogel (1826), p. 39, pl. 26—Bahr el Abiad
= White Nile.
Ardea nobilis Blyth, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p.
175—the salt-water lake above Calcutta.
Africa from Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau through
western Africa, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, south through Angola,
Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, Rhodesia (Zim-
babwe), Transvaal, Natal; uncommon in eastern Cape Province.
Also Iraq, islands off African and Arabian coasts south of
Red Sea, Madagascar. Uncommon in Baluchistan, Sind, Uttar
Pradesh, Bangladesh, Assam, and Sri Lanka (Ceylon); acciden-
tal in Egypt (Red Sea), Israel, Syria (last century), Aden.
ARDEA PURPUREA
Ardea purpurea purpurea Linnaeus
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
236—“in Oriente”; restricted to France by Stresemann,
1920, Avifauna Macedonica, p. 226.
Ardea purpurea bournei Naurois, 1966, Oiseau, 36, p. 89—S.
Domingos, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Archipelago.’
Palaearctic from France, Iberian Peninsula, Netherlands, and
West Germany east to southeastern Russia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran,
‘Additional observations of breeding individuals are required to
confirm that breeding birds are uniformly paler than continental
birds or visiting nonbreeding birds in the Cape Verde Archipelago.—
R. BaP.
ARDEIDAE 203
Kazakhstan, ? Afghanistan; northern Africa (Morocco to Tuni-
sia); formerly bred Sicily. Also sub-Saharan Africa, breeding
in Senegal, ? Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia,
Malawi, ? Zambezi River in Mozambique, Rhodesia (Zim-
babwe), Botswana, and South Africa; Cape Verde Islands.
Wanders to British Isles, Scandinavia, Azores, Madeira, Ca-
naries. Palaearctic birds ringed in France and Netherlands
recovered in Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Niger, Sierra
Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Benin (Dahomey), birds from
western Russia in Nigeria, Cameroon, and western Sudan.
Ardea purpurea madagascariensis Oort
Ardea purpurea madagascariensis Oort, 1910, Notes Leyden
Mus., 32, p. 83—Madagascar.
Madagascar and Seychelles (Praslin Island).
Ardea purpurea manilensis Meyen
Ardea purpurea var. manilensis Meyen, 1834, Nova Acta
Acad. Caes. Leopold.-Carol. Nat. Curiosorum, Halle, 16,
Suppl., p. 102—Philippines.
Phoyx purpurea ussuriana Shulpin, 1928, Annuaire Mus.
Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, 28 (1927), p. 399—mouth of the
Lefu River, Lake Khanka, southern Ussuriland.
Manchuria and southern Ussuriland, eastern China, southern
Ryukyus, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Burma, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, western Sumatra islands, Java, Kangean, Borneo,
Philippines, Celebes, and Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Lombok,
Sumbawa, Flores, Roti). Migratory in north, wintering south-
ern Ryukyus, China from Yangtze River south, Taiwan, mi-
gratory through Korea and Japan. Birds ringed near Vladivos-
tok recovered in South Korea, Thailand, Malaya.
ARDEA ALBA
Ardea alba alba Linnaeus
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 144—
Europe.
Breeds in central and southeastern Europe, Turkey, western
and northern Asia to southeastern Siberia, Mongolia, northern
China, and northern Japan; casual in southern Japan. Winters
to central Africa (ringed Russian bird recovered in the Central
African Empire), Persian Gulf, Pakistan, northern India,
southern Korea, and southern China.
204 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Ardea alba modesta Gray
Ardea modesta J. E. Gray, 1831, Zool. Misc., p. 19—India.
Herodias alba maoriana Mathews and Iredale, 1913, Ibis,
p. 404—New Zealand.
Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Bangladesh, Manchuria,
Korea, southern Japan, eastern China, Burma, Andaman
Islands, Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Sula Islands, Lesser Sunda Is-
lands (Flores, Timor), Moluccas (Morotai, Ternate), New Guin-
ea, Solomon Islands (Bougainville, Rennell), Australia, and
New Zealand. Winters from Ryukyus to southeastern China
and through southern part of breeding range to Macquarie
Island and Chatham Islands south and east of New Zealand;
wanders north to Hokkaido and Kurils. Winter records from
Persian Gulf and Lord Howe Island. Birds ringed in Korea
and Japan recovered in Philippines, Australian bird recovered
in New Guinea.
Ardea alba melanorhynchos Wagler
Ardea Melanorhynchos Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, Addit.—
Senegambia.
Africa from Senegal and Sudan south to Cape Province;
Madagascar.
Ardea alba egretta Gmelin
Ardea Egretta Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 629; based
chiefly on “La Grande Aigrette” of Buffon, 1780, Hist.
Nat. Generale, 22, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 7, p. 377—Santo
Domingo, Falkland Islands, South America to Louisiana.
North America from southern Oregon, eastern Great Plains,
southern Great Lakes, and New York south through Middle
America; South America to Strait of Magellan and Patagonia.
Disperses northward in North America to Great Basin, Great
Plains, southern Ontario, southern Quebec. Winters throughout
warmer parts of range. Accidental Tierra del Fuego and
Falkland Islands.
Genus EGRETTA Forster
Egretta T. Forster, 1817, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 59. Type,
by monotypy, Ardea garzetta Linnaeus.
Demigretta’ Blyth, 1846, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 15,
‘Often emended to Demiegretta (cf. Sharpe, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 3, p. 11).—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 205
p. 372. Type, by monotypy, Demigretta concolor Blyth =
Ardea sacra Gmelin.
Bubulcus Bonaparte (ex Pucheran MS), 1855 (April), Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 40, p. 722. Type, by tautonymy,
Ardea ibis “Hasselquist” (=Linnaeus) = Ardea bubulcus
Audouin.
Florida Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep.
Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific, 9, pp. xxi, xlv,
659, 671. Type, by monotypy, Ardea caerulea Linnaeus.
Hydranassa Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence,
Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific, 9, p. 660.
Type, by original designation, Ardea ludoviciana Wilson
= Egretta ruficollis Gosse.
Dichromanassa Ridgway, 1878, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv.
Territories, 4, pp. 224, 246. Type, by original designation,
Ardea rufa Boddaert = Ardea rufescens Gmelin.
Leucophoyx Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 3, p.
39. Type, by original designation, Ardea candidissima
Gmelin = Ardea thula Molina.
Melanophoyx Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 3, p.
38. Type, by original designation, Ardea calceolata Du
Bus de Gisignies = Ardea ardesiaca Wagler.
Mesophoyx Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 3, p. 38.
Type, by original designation, Ardea intermedia Wagler.
Notophoyx Sharpe, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 5, p. 13.
Type, by original designation, Ardea novaehollandiae
Latham.
Hemigarzetta Mathews, 1914, Birds Australia, 3, p. 448.
Type, by original designation, Herodias eulophotes Swin-
hoe.
cf. Steinbacher, F., 1936, Ornith. Monatsber, 44, pp. 19-22
(relationships in gularis-dimorpha-cineracea-garzetta
complex).
Mayr and Amadon, 1941, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1144,
11 pp. (variation in sacra).
Coomans de Ruiter, 1948, Limosa, 21, pp. 69-83 (picata).
Berlioz, 1959, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 3, pp. 415-417 (garzetta,
dimorpha, gularis).
Milon, 1959, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 3, pp. 250-259 (dimorpha).
Sterbetz, 1961, Seidenreiher (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 292),
131 pp. (garzetta).
Vaurie, 1963, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 83, pp. 164-166
(systematics of ibis).
206
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Skead, 1966, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 6, pp. 109-139 (life history
of tbis).
Dusi, 1967, Wilson Bull., 79, pp. 223-235 (migration of
caerulea).
Helbig, 1968, Beitr. Vogelkunde, 13, pp. 397-454 (behavior
of garzetta, thula, ibis).
Purchase, 1968, CSIRO Div. Wildlife Res., Tech. Paper
no. 14, 52 pp. (ringing recoveries of garzetta).
Blaker, 1969, Ostrich, 40, pp. 75-129 (behavior of ibis).
Blaker, 1969, Ostrich, 40, pp. 150-155 (behavior of garzetta
and intermedia).
Naurois, 1969, Mém. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, nouv.
ser., ser. A, Zool., pp. 84-229 (sympatry of breeding
gularis and garzetta, coastal western Africa).
Siegfried, 1970, Ostrich, 41, pp. 122-135 (mortality and
dispersal of ibis).
Benson, 1971, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 91, p. 7 (ibis
seychellarum).
Benson and Penny, 1971, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,
ser. B, 260, pp. 433-444 (ibis and dimorpha, Aldabra
and Malagasy region).
Benson et al., 1971, Birds Zambia, pp. 385-386 (ringing
recoveries).
Crosby, 1972, Bird-Banding, 43, pp. 205-212 (range of
ibis, New World).
Murton, 1972, Biol. Conserv., 4, pp. 89-96 (ecology and
status of eulophotes).
Recher and Recher, 1972, Emu, 72, pp. 85-90 (feeding
behavior of sacra).
Siegfried, 1972, Ostrich, 43, pp. 43-55 (breeding biology
of ibis).
Harris, 1973, Condor, 75, p. 268 (ibis, Galapagos).
Holyoak, 1973, Ibis, 115, pp. 419-420 (color dimorphism
in sacra).
Parkes, 1973, Nemouria, no. 11, pp. 14-15 (garzetta,
Philippines).
White, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp. 9-11 (novae-
hollandiae, Wallacea).
Irwin, 1975, Bonner Zool. Beitr., 26, pp. 155-163 (ardesia-
ca, vinaceigula).
Mees, 1975, Zool. Mededelingen Rijksmus. Nat. Hist.
Leiden, 49, pp. 118-119 (intermedia).
ARDEIDAE 207
Priolo, 1976, Riv. Ital. Ornitologia, 46, pp. 253-256 (gu-
laris, Mediterranean).
Voisin, 1976-77, Oiseau, 46, pp. 387-423, 47, pp. 65-103
(behavior of garzetta).
Rodgers, 1977-78, Wilson Bull., 89, pp. 266-285, 90, pp.
45-59 (behavior of tricolor).
EGRETTA RUFESCENS
Egretta rufescens rufescens (Gmelin)
Ardea rufescens Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 628; based
chiefly on “L’Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane” of Dauben-
ton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 902—Louisiana.
Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom, 1926, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 235, p. 9—Culebra Cay, Ascension Bay,
eastern Quintana Roo.
Gulf coast of United States: Texas coastal islands, Louisiana
(Chandeleur Islands), Florida (Tampa Bay to Florida Bay and
Lower Keys); Mexico: Tamaulipas (Laguna Madre), Veracruz
(Laguna de Tamiahua), Yucatan Peninsula and nearby islands,
Chiapas (Mar Muerto, Arriaga); West Indies: Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola. Formerly bred Atlantic coast of Florida south
from Cape Canaveral. Resident through most of range; occa-
sional inland in southeastern United States, rarely to north-
eastern states and southern Great Lakes; nonbreeding records
in Belize (British Honduras), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Caribbe-
an coastal Colombia (Magdalena, Guajira) and Venezuela
(Zulia, Falcon, Sucre), nearby islands (Aruba, Curacao, Bon-
aire, Las Aves, Los Roques, La Tortuga, Margarita), and inland
to Colon, Tachira.
Egretta rufescens dickeyi (van Rossem)
Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem, 1926, Condor,
28, p. 246—San Luis Island, Gulf of California.
Breeds in Baja California south from Scammon Lagoon and
in Gulf of California. Nonbreeding records north to southern
California and Arizona and south from Sinaloa to Guatemala
and El Salvador.’
"Dark-phase birds are nearly all darker than the dark-phase birds
of the Gulf of Mexico, and white-phase birds are uncommon.—R.
B. P.
208 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
EGRETTA PICATA
Egretta picata (Gould)
Ardea (Herodias) picata Gould, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 62—Port Essington, Northern Territory Australia.
Celebes, southern Moluccas, Tanimbar, Aru Islands, New
Guinea, northern Australia.
EGRETTA VINACEIGULA
Egretta vinaceigula (Sharpe)
Melanophoyx vinaceigula Sharpe, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 5, p. 13—Potchefstroom, Transvaal.
Southern Africa. The 5 known specimens are from the type
locality, from Kabuta, Caprivi Strip, and from Xugana and
Okavango, Botswana. Sight records are from Caprivi Strip,
northern Botswana, and Kafue River flats in Zambia.
EGRETTA ARDESIACA
Egretta ardesiaca (Wagler)
Ardea ardesiaca Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, Ardea, no.
20—Senegambia.
Africa from Senegal and Guinea-Bissau through western
Africa to Ghana, Nigeria, and Chad, southern Sudan, Ethiopia,
and Kenya, through eastern Zaire, Angola, Zambia, Malawi,
Caprivi Strip, Botswana, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) to Transvaal
and Natal; also Pemba and Zanzibar.
EGRETTA TRICOLOR
Egretta tricolor ruficollis Gosse
Egretta ruficollis Gosse, 1847, Birds Jamaica, p. 338—Burnt
Savanna River, Jamaica.
North America from Maine south through Florida, Gulf coast
states, rarely in southern Great Plains (Kansas), Gulf and
Caribbean coasts of Mexico and Pacific mainland coast of
Mexico from San Blas south, coastal Central America, Panama,
Colombia, and northwestern Venezuela; West Indies; Aruba,
Curacao, Bonaire. Occasional through eastern United States.
Northern populations winter mainly from Gulf coast south.
Egretta tricolor occidentalis (Huey)
Hydranassa tricolor occidentalis Huey, 1927, Trans. San
ARDEIDAE 209
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 83—Scammon Lagoon, Baja
California, Mexico.
Baja California. Wanders north to southern California, Oregon,
and Arizona; winters south at least to Sinaloa, Mexico.
Egretta tricolor tricolor (Muller)
Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Muller, 1776, Linne Natursystem,
Suppl., p. 111; based on “La Demi-Aigrette” of Buffon,
1780, Hist. Nat. Générale, 22, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 7, p.
378, and “Heron bleuatre a ventre blanc, de Cayenne”
of Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 350—
America = Cayenne ex Buffon.
Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr, 1906, Novit.
Zool., 13, p. 5|0—Caroni Swamp, Trinidad.
Ecuador, Peru (Tumbes, Mollendo), eastern Venezuela, Trini-
dad, the Guianas, northeastern Brazil (to Piaui).
EGRETTA INTERMEDIA
Egretta intermedia brachyrhyncha (Brehm)
Herodias brachyrhynchus A. E. Brehm, 1854, Journ. Ornith.,
2, p. 80—Blue Nile.
Africa south of the Sahara. Breeds western Africa in the
Senegal delta, Mali, Chad (Lake Chad and Fort Lamy), and
Nigeria; also observed in Bijagos Islands, Sierra Leone, and
Ghana. Occasional Dead Sea (Jordan) and Cape Verde Islands.
More common as breeding bird in eastern and southern Africa
from Central African Empire, Sudan, Ethiopia, and southern
Somalia south through eastern Africa, Zambia, Malawi, Ango-
la, and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) to Cape Province. Bird ringed
as juvenile at Rondevlei, Cape Province, recovered at Mongu,
Zambia.
Egretta intermedia intermedia (Wagler)
Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 659—
Java.
Herodias plumiferus Gould, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1847), p. 221—New South Wales.
Egretta intermedia palleuca Deignan, 1947, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 60, p. 97—Muang Chiang Rai, Chiang Rai
Province, Thailand.
Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) east to China, Taiwan,
Korea (? breeding), southern Kuril Islands, Japan, Bonin
Islands, Burma, Andaman Islands, Thailand, Indochina, Java,
210 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
northern and eastern Australia (uncommon in southeast).
Nonbreeding birds in Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
Kangean, Phillipines, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali,
Palau Dao, Sumba), Buru, Ceram, New Guinea region, New
Britain, Solomon Islands (San Cristobal). Northern birds mi-
gratory; several ringed in Japan recovered in Phillipines. Other
wintering records to Micronesia: Carolines (Palau, Yap, Truk)
and Marianas (Saipan, Rota, Guam).
EGRETTA IBIS
Egretta ibis ibis (Linnaeus)
Ardea Ibis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 144; based
on “Ardea (Ibis)” of Hasselquist, 1757, Iter Palaestinum,
p. 248—Egypt.
Bubulcus ruficrista Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium,
2, p. 125—Madagascar or Zanzibar; restricted to Mada-
gascar by Clancey, 1959, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 79,
p. 14.
Ardeola ibis seychellarum Salomonsen, 1934, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 221—Seychelles.’
Southern Europe (Iberian Peninsula, Camargue), Turkey, Iran,
Caspian Sea, southwestern Arabia, Africa, Sao Tome, Mada-
gascar, Comoro Islands, Aldabra, Seychelles, Mauritius. Re-
cently invaded New World, now widespread: southeastern
Canada, uncommon in Newfoundland, British Columbia,
Northwest Territories, and throughout United States (where
most common in original area of invasion in southeast), Baja
California, Mexico, Central America, West Indies (Cuba, Ja-
maica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands), Colombia,
Venezuela, Guianas (where first reported in New World),
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, Galapagos Archipela-
go; introduced from Florida to Tern Island, French Frigate
Shoals, Leeward Hawaiian Chain, and Howland Island. Occa-
sional Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha. Partly migrato-
ry in temperate regions; young ringed in Georgia and Florida
recovered in Mexico and Central America, and young ringed
in Transvaal and Natal recovered in Zambia, Uganda, and
Central African Empire.
‘Additional material is necessary to confirm this form; only one
known specimen in breeding plumage.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 211
Egretta ibis coromanda (Boddaert)
Cancroma Coromanda Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches
Enlum., p. 54; based on “Crabier, de la Cote de Coromandel”
of Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 910—
Coromandel.
Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Maldives, Bangla-
desh, Ussuriland, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu and Bonin Islands,
eastern China, Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Thai-
land, Indochina, Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas, Australia, and
New Zealand. Northern birds migratory; birds ringed in Japan
recovered in Philippines and Taiwan birds recovered in Japan,
Philippines, Borneo (Sabah), and Carolines (Palau Islands).
Other nonbreeding records Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, New
Guinea, Carolines (Truk), Marianas (Tinian, Guam), New
Caledonia.
EGRETTA NOVAEHOLLANDIAE
Egretta novaehollandiae (Latham)
Ardea novae Hollandiae Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p.
701—New Holland = New South Wales, fide Mathews,
1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 231.
Notophoyx novaehollandiae nana Amadon, 1942, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1175, p. 3—Waiem River, Tao, northeastern
New Caledonia.
Notophoyx novaehollandiae austera Ripley, 1964, Bull. Pea-
body Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., no. 19, p. 13—Wamena,
Baliem Valley, Netherlands New Guinea (Irian Jaya);
altitude 5,000 feet.
Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Madu,
Sumba, Sawu, Roti, Timor, Romang, Babar, breeding on Flores
and Roti), New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, Australia,
Tasmania, New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands (Lifu), Lord Howe
Island, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand. Records from north-
ern Celebes, Moluccas, Tanimbar, and Kai Islands may be
nonbreeding migrants. Accidental Ndendi, Santa Cruz Islands.
EGRETTA CAERULEA
Egretta caerulea (Linnaeus)
Ardea caerulea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 143;
based chiefly on “The Blew Heron” of Catesby, 1731, Nat.
212 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Hist. Carolina, pt. 4, p. 76, pl. 76—North America =
South Carolina ex Catesby.
North America from lower Mississippi Valley, Atlantic and
Gulf states, coastal Mexico (Sonora south and Gulf of Mexico)
and inland from Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Yucatan; Central
America; West Indies; South America from Colombia, Vene-
zuela, and the Guianas to western Peru (Tumbes, Lima, and
Mollendo), Brazil, and Uruguay. Wanders north to southeast-
ern Canada. Birds from central Alabama migrate through
Florida to the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Venezue-
la, and the Guianas; birds from the Mississippi River west
migrate south to Mexico, Central America, and Panama.
Winters from coasts of southeastern United States and Baja
California south.
EGRETTA THULA'
Egretta thula thula (Molina)
Ardea Thula Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, p.
235—Chile.
Eastern United States from New Hampshire (Isles of Shoals)
south through eastern and southern states, Mexico, Central
America, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto
Rico), Curacao, and South America south to Peru, Bolivia,
central Chile, and northern Argentina. Wanders as far as
Alaska, Tristan da Cunha, and the Strait of Magellan.
Egretta thula brewsteri Thayer and Bangs
Egretta candidissima brewsteri Thayer and Bangs, 1909,
Proc. New England Zool. Club, 4, p. 40—San Jose Island,
Baja California.
Egretta thula arileuca Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas,
p. 106—mouth of Bear River, North Bay, Great Salt Lake,
Utah.
United States west of Great Plains; Baja California. Migrates
as far south as Guerrero, Mexico.
EGRETTA GARZETTA
Egretta garzetta garzetta (Linnaeus)
Ardea Garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 91, p.
‘E. thula, garzetta, gularis, and dimorpha form a superspecies.—
| Ria ofa es
ARDEIDAE 213
237—“in Oriente”; restricted to Malalbergo, River Reno,
south of Ferrara, northeastern Italy, by Grant and Mack-
worth-Praed, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 53, p. 194.’
Southern Europe; southern and central Asia east to Pakistan,
India, China, Taiwan, Hainan, Japan; Africa (breeding records
in Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ni-
geria, Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Zambia, Malawi,
Botswana, South Africa). Wanders to northern Europe, central
Russia, Korea, Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores, occasionally
to Americas (Newfoundland, Martinique, Barbados, Trinidad).
Migratory in northern part of range. Recoveries of ringed
European birds in western Africa and Trinidad, Russian bird
in Persian Gulf, birds from Japan and Taiwan in Philippines.
Egretta garzetta nigripes (Temminck)
Ardea nigripes Temminck, 1840, Man. Ornith., ed. 2, 4,
p. 376—“L’Archipel des Indes” = Sunda Islands.
Herodias immaculata Gould, 1846, Birds Australia, pt. 25,
pl. and text—“Northern portion of Australia” = Port
Essington, Northern Territory, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit.
Zool., 18, p. 231.
Sumatra, Java, Kangean, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Islands, Mo-
luccas, New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, Solomon Islands,
Palau Islands, northern, western, and eastern Australia, and
New Zealand.” Birds ringed in Australia recovered in New
Guinea and New Zealand.
EGRETTA GULARIS
Egretta gularis gularis (Bosc)
Ardea gularis Bosc, 1792, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1,
p. 4, pl. 2—Senegal River.
Breeds on islands and coasts of tropical western Africa from
Mauritania (Banc d’Arguin) through Senegal, Guinea-Bissau,
"Ardea (Herodias) cineracea Cabanis, 1868, Journ. Ornith., 16,
p. 414—Kast Africa, may refer to E. garzetta or to E. gularis; cf.
F. Steinbacher, 1936, Ornith. Monatsber., 44, p. 20. Measurements
of coastal and offshore Tanzania birds (Benson and Penny, 1971,
Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, ser. B, 260, p. 443) suggest they
are inseparable from southern E. g. garzetta.—R. B. P.
"Resident birds of the Philippines and northern Celebes are inter-
mediate in foot color between garzetta and nigripes (Parkes, 1973,
Nemouria, no. 11, pp. 14-15).—R. B. P.
214 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Sierra Leone, Ghana to Nigeria (Opobo). Also found south
along coasts of Cameroon, Rio Muni, and Gabon, and occasion-
ally inland to flood plains of Niger River. Also breeds or occurs
on islands in Gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Principe, Sao Tome,
Annobon). Occasional Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Spain; sight
records of dark egrets in southern France, Sicily, and Hungary
may be of this form.
Egretta gularis schistacea (Ehrenberg)
Ardea schistacea Ehrenberg, 1828, Symbolae Physicae, Aves,
pt. 1, pl. 6, and text, sig. i (1833)—Red Sea.’
Ardea Asha Sykes, 1832, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc.
London, pt. 2, p. 157—Dukhun = Deccan, India.
Coasts of Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, northern coast
of Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean coast of Pakistan and western
India, Laccadives, Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Occasional specimens
apparently referable to this form have been collected inland
in eastern Africa (Lake Turkana = Lake Rudolf, Lake Albert,
Nile River).
EGRETTA DIMORPHA
Egretta dimorpha Hartert
Egretta dimorpha Hartert, 1914, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
35, p. 14—West Madagascar =southeast coast of Mada-
gascar.
Egretta garzetta assumptionis Grant and Mackworth-Praed,
1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 53, p. 193—Assumption
Island, Indian Ocean.
Madagascar and Aldabra Islands; formerly Assumption Island.
Also sight records or single specimens from Comoro Islands
and Reunion.
EGRETTA EULOPHOTES
Egretta eulophotes (Swinhoe)
Herodias eulophotes Swinhoe, 1860, Ibis, p. 64—Amoy,
China.
Coastal China (Fukien, Kwangtung); also specimens from
northern Korea, Shantung, Kiangsu, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and
‘Sigs. a and b of text and all plates of Aves section of Symbolae
Physicae published 1828, remaining sigs. published 1833 (Brit. Mus.,
Nat. Hist., 1904, Cat. Books Manuscripts, p. 515).—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 215
Hainan. Migrates to Malay Peninsula, western Sumatra is-
lands, Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes. Straggler to southern
Ussuriland, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Sado, Tsushima, Danjo
Islands), and Okinawa.
EGRETTA SACRA
Egretta sacra sacra (Gmelin)
Ardea sacra Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 640; based on
“Sacred Heron” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 92—Tahiti.
Coasts of Burma, southeastern China, Taiwan, southern Japan,
Ryukyu, Andaman, Nicobar, Cocos-Keeling, and Christmas
Islands, Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Na-
tuna Islands, Belitung Island, Java, Borneo, Kangean, Philip-
pines, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa,
Flores, Timor), Tanimbar, Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain,
Solomon Islands, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Mariana,
Caroline, Nauru, Marshall, Gilbert, Fiji, Howland, Phoenix,
Tokelau, Samoa, Tonga, Line, Cook, Society, Austral, Marque-
sas, Tuamotu, and Pitcairn (Oeno) Islands.
Egretta sacra albolineata (Gray)
Ardea (Herodias) albolineata G. R. Gray, 1859, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 166—Isle of Pines, off coast of New
Caledonia.
Egretta brevipes Verreaux and Des Murs, 1862, Rev. Mag.
Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 14, p. 130—New Caledonia.
New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands.
Genus ARDEOLA Bote
Ardeola Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 559. Type, by
monotypy, Ardea ralloides Scopoli.
Butorides Blyth, 1852, Cat. Birds, Mus. Asiatic Soc. Bengal
(1849), p. 281. Type, by monotypy, Ardea javanica Hors-
field.
Erythocnus Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 3, p.
39. Type, by original designation, Ardea rufiventris
Sundevall.
Erythrocnus Sharpe, 1898, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 26, p. 200,
correcting Erythocnus Sharpe, 1894.
216
cf.
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Hindwood, 1933, Emu, 33, pp. 27-43, 97-102, pls. 4-13,
24-25 (breeding biology of striata, Australia).
Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1056, pp. 4-7 (striata
in Australia, New Guinea, south Pacific).
Mayr, 1943, Emu, 43, pp. 7-12 (striata in Australia,
Indonesia, Philippines, southeastern Asia).
Ripley, 1944, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 94, p. 319 (striata,
western Sumatra islands).
Smythies, 1953, Birds Burma, ed. 2, pp. 531-535 (local
distribution of ralloides, grayii, bacchus).
Kumerloeve, 1960, Acta Ornith., Warsaw, 5, pp. 301-306
(ralloides, Asia Minor).
Lamba, 1963, Pavo, 1, pp. 35-43 (nesting of grayit).
Salomonsen, 1966, Vidensk. Meddelelser Dansk Naturhist.
Forening Kgbenhavn, 129, pp. 279-283 (striata, Me-
lanesia and Papua).
Uys and Clutton-Brock, 1966, Puku, 4, pp. 171-180 (breed-
ing of rufiventris).
Benson, 1967, Atoll Res. Bull., 118, pp. 67-68 (striata,
Aldabra).
Benson and Dowsett, 1969, Puku, 5, p. 217 (idae wintering
in Africa).
Dickerman and Gavino T., 1969, Living Bird, 8, pp. 95-111
(colonial nesting of striata).
Ripley, 1969, Ibis, 111, pp. 101-102 (striata, western Indian
Ocean).
Benson et al., 1970, Arnoldia, 4, no. 40, p. 3 (African
ralloides).
Stoddard, Benson, and Peake, 1970, Atoll Res. Bull., 136,
pp. 121-145 (striata, Assumption Island).
Benson and Penny, 1971, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,
ser. B, 260, pp. 431-433, 444-447 (idae, striata crawfor-
di).
Bourne, 1971, Atoll Res. Bull., 149, pp. 175-208 (albo-
limbata and related forms).
Parkes, 1971, Nemouria, no. 4, pp. 2-3 (striata, Philip-
pines).
Bintord and Zimmerman, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
94, pp. 101-102 (distribution of rufiventris).
Payne, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp. 81-88
(variation and relationships in New World striata).
ARDEIDAE 217
Prigogine, 1975, Gerfaut, 65, pp. 59-94 (ralloides, central
Africa).
Snow, B. K., 1975, Living Bird, 13 (1974), pp. 51-72 (striata
sundevalli).
Prigogine, 1976, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 96, pp. 96-97
(tdae, central Africa).
ARDEOLA RALLOIDES'
Ardeola ralloides (Scopoli)
Ardea ralloides Scopoli, 1769, Annus 1 Hist.-Nat., p. 88—“In
Carniolica” = Carniola.
Ardeola ralloides paludivaga Clancey, 1968, Arnoldia, 3,
no. 37, p. 3—mouth of Luapula River, at lat. 9° 24’ S.,
long. 28° 30’ E., Zambia / Zaire border.
Southern Europe east to southern Russia, Turkey, Syria, Israel,
Iraq, Iran, Transcaspia, Russian Turkistan; northern Africa
(Morocco to Tunisia, Egypt), throughout sub-Saharan Africa,
Madagascar. Wanders after breeding (British Isles, Nether-
lands, Germany, Austria). Northern birds migrate to tropical
Africa; Yugoslav-ringed birds recovered in Nigeria and Cam-
eroon, a bird from France in Guinea.
ARDEOLA GRAYII
Ardeola grayii (Sykes)
Ardea Grayi Sykes, 1832, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
Soc. London, pt. 2, p. 158—Dukhun = Deccan, India.
Ardeola grayii phillipsi Scheer, 1960, Senckenbergiana Bio-
logica, 41, p. 145—Hitadu, Addu Atoll, Maldive Islands,
Indian Ocean.
Persian Gulf, Pakistan, India, Laccadive and southern Maldive
(Suvadiva, Addu) Islands, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Bangladesh,
Burma (plains), Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
‘A. ralloides, grayii, bacchus, and speciosa form a superspecies,
though with some overlap between grayii and bacchus, the former
being the more abundant species eastward through central Burma.
A. ralloides occurs throughout the range of idae (Madagascar), so
idae is not regarded as a member of this zoogeographic superspe-
cies.—R. B. P.
218 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ARDEOLA BACCHUS
Ardeola bacchus (Bonaparte)
Buphus bacchus Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2,
p. 127—Malay Peninsula.
Central Manchuria (to Sungari River) and Inner Mongolia
south through China (to Yunnan), Bangladesh, Assam,
Manipur, Burma (mainly north and east), Andaman Islands,
Indochina, Hainan. Winters south to Thailand, Malay Pen-
insula, Sumatra, western Sumatra islands, Java, Borneo, and
Celebes. Has wandered to Kyakhta (southwestern Trans-
baicalia), Amurland, and southern Ussuriland; straggler to
Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan.
ARDEOLA SPECIOSA
Ardeola speciosa continentalis Salomonsen
Ardeola speciosa continentalis Salomonsen, 1933, Ornith.
Monatsber., 41, p. 41—Bangkok.
Thailand (central plains), Cambodia, Cochinchina; also record-
ed from Burma (Tenasserim).
Ardeola speciosa speciosa (Horsfield)
Ardea speciosa Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 189—Java.
Malacca, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Kangean, Celebes,
Salajar, Butung, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba.
ARDEOLA IDAE
Ardeola idae (Hartlaub)
Ardea Idae Hartlaub, 1860, Journ. Ornith., 8, p. 167—east
coast of Madagascar.
Madagascar and Aldabra, possibly Mafia Island (breeding
plumage). Wanders or migrates locally in Madagascar; one
record Assumption Island. Migrates regularly to eastern and
central Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire (Kivu,
East Kasai, Katanga = Shaba), Tanzania, Zanzibar, Zambia,
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).
ARDEOLA RUFIVENTRIS
Ardeola rufiventris (Sundevall) :
Ardea rufiventris Sundevall, 1851, Ofversigt K. Vetenskaps-
ARDEIDAE 219
Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 7 (1850), p. 110—“Caf-
fraria” = Mooi River, near Potchefstroom, Transvaal.
Central and southern Africa in Zaire (Kasai, Kivu), Uganda,
Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique,
northern South West Africa (Namibia), northern Botswana,
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and eastern South Africa.
ARDEOLA STRIATA
Ardeola striata anthonyi (Mearns)
Ardea virescens anthonyi Mearns, 1895, Auk, 12, p. 257—
Seven Wells, Salton River, northern Baja California.
Western North America from coastal Oregon, California, and
northern Baja California east to Utah, Arizona, and northern
Sonora. Winters sparsely in southern part of range south
through western Mexico (Guerrero, Chiapas).
Ardeola striata frazari (Brewster)
Ardea virescens frazari Brewster, 1888, Auk, 5, p. 83—La
Paz, Baja California.
Southern Baja California, south from about lat. 27° 20’ N.
Resident.
Ardeola striata virescens (Linnaeus)
Ardea virescens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 144;
based on “The small Bittern” of Catesby, 1731, Nat. Hist.
Carolina, pt. 4, p. 80, pl. 830—America; restricted to coast
of South Carolina by Oberholser, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., 42, pp. 534, 537.
Cancroma maculata Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 54; based on “Crabier tacheté, de la Martinique” of
Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 912—Marti-
nique.
Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser, 1912, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 553—San Miguel Island = Isla
del Rey, Pearl Islands, Panama.
Butorides virescens mesatus Oberholser, 1912, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 42, p. 5448—Managua, Nicaragua.
Central and eastern North America from South Dakota,
Minnesota, Ontario, and Nova Scotia south through both
western and eastern Mexico, Central America, and West Indies
to central Panama (including Pearl Islands). Winters sparsely
in northern part of range, mainly Florida, southern Texas,
and Mexico south to Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles,
220 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Swan Islands, eastern Panama and islands to south (Coiba,
Pearl Islands), Cocos Island, northern Colombia, Ecuador,
northern Venezuela, and Surinam.
Ardeola striata bahamensis (Brewster)
Ardea bahamensis Brewster, 1888, Auk, 5, p. 83—Watling’s
Island, Bahamas = San Salvador, Bahamas.
Bahama Islands. Resident.
Ardeola striata’ striata (Linnaeus)
Ardea striata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 144—
Surinam.
Ardea cyanura Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éed., 14, p. 421; based on “Garza cuello aplomado,” no.
358, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 177 (adult)—Paraguay.”
Butorides robinsoni Richmond, 1896, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
18, p. 655—Margarita Island, off coast of Venezuela.
Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser, 1912, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 42, p. 553—St. Patrick, Curacao.
Butorides striatus patens Griscom, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 69, p. 156—near Panama City, Panama.
Eastern Panama and South America from Colombia, Venezue-
la, Trinidad, and the Guianas south to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina south to
La Pampa and Buenos Aires. Nonwintering birds of central
and eastern Panama, Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Los Roques
Islands, Margarita Island, and Tobago, as well as occasional
specimens from Cocos Island, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam,
Trinidad, and the Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles, are
intermediate in color between virescens and striata.
Ardeola striata sundevalli (Reichenow)
Ardea (Butorides) Sundevalli Reichenow, 1877, Journ. Or-
nith., 25, p. 253—Galapagos Archipelago.
Selected by first reviser action (Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal. Fauna,
pp. 1249-1251) over simultaneously published virescens.—R. B. P.
*Ardea fuscicollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
14, p. 410, based on “Garza cuello pardo,” no. 359, of Azara, 1805,
Apuntamientos, 3, p. 180—Paraguay, appears on an earlier page,
but is a description of a young bird, and the description is inadequate
to distinguish the supposed color differences between adults of the
described forms within South America.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 22
Galapagos Archipelago.’
Ardeola striata atricapilla (Afzelius)
Ardea atricapilla Afzelius, 1804, K. Vetenskaps Acad. Nya
Handlingar, Stockholm, 25, p. 264—Sierra Leone.
Africa from Senegal and Sierra Leone to Sudan and Ethiopia
south to South Africa; Principe and Sao Tome, Gulf of Guinea.
Ardeola striata rutenbergi (Hartlaub)
Ardea rutenbergi Hartlaub, 1880, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 39—Mohambo, northern Madagascar.
Madagascar.”
Ardeola striata brevipes (Ehrenberg)
Ardea, Nycticorax, brevipes Ehrenberg, 1833, Symbolae
Physicae, Aves, pt. 1, sig. m, note 2—banks of the Nile
and coasts of the Red Sea.
Coasts of the Red Sea and Somalia.
Ardeola striata crawfordi (Nicoll)
Butorides crawfordi Nicoll, 1906, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
16, p. 105—Assumption Island.
Aldabra and Amirante Islands, Indian Ocean.
Ardeola striata rhizophorae (Salomonsen)
Butorides striatus rhizophorae Salomonsen, 1934, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 219—Mayotte, Comoro Islands.
Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean.
Ardeola striata degens (Hartert)
Butorides striatus degens Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal. Fauna,
p. 1251—Praslin Island, Seychelles.
Seychelles, Indian Ocean.
Ardeola striata albolimbata (Reichenow)
Butorides albolimbatus Reichenow, 1900, Ornith. Monats-
ber., 8, p. 140—Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago.
"This population is variable, with many adults uniform slate-gray
below, some pale gray with streaked neck, and others intermediate.
Birds with pale underparts differ from striata by their darker
(gray-brown, not rufous) sides of upper breast. The occurrence of
intermediate birds suggests secondary intergradation between an
old dark differentiate and more recent immigrants from the South
American mainland.—R. B. P.
“Darker than atricapilla on the average, but with overlaps in color
and in size.—R. B. P.
222 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Butorides albidulus Bangs, 1913, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 26, p. 93—Suadiva Atoll, southern Maldive Islands.
Butorides striatus didii Phillips and Sims, 1958, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 78, p. 51—Male Island, North Male Atoll,
Maldive Archipelago.
Diego Garcia Island, Chagos Archipelago, and Maldive Islands,
Indian Ocean.’
Ardeola striata chloriceps (Bonaparte)”
Ardea chloriceps Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2,
p. 129—India; restricted to Hitaura, Chisapani Garhi
district, Nepal, by Biswas, 1959, Current Sci., 28, p. 288.
Indian subcontinent from Sind, Punjab, and Kashmir to eastern
Assam and Manipur; Laccadive Islands; Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Ardeola striata javanica (Horsfield)
Ardea Javanica Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
12, p. 190—Java.
Butorides striatus abbotti Oberholser, 1932, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 159, p. 14—Pulo Lankawi, western Malay
Peninsula.
Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
Kangean, Bali; Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues Island.”
"Birds of Diego Garcia are distinctly paler than chloriceps of India,
birds of the southern atolls of the Maldives are intermediate, and
those of the central and northern Maldives are very similar to, though
slightly paler than, the Indian birds. Available specimens are few,
and the pattern of variation appears to be largely a clinal one, with
paler birds on the more southerly islands.—R. B. P.
*The forms chloriceps, javanica, and carcinophila are rather similar.
Series collected in the 1940s and 1950s show birds from Java (Batavia
= Djakarta) to be more bluish (less grayish) and less streaked on
the throat (no streaking in 6 of 8 birds) than Indian birds. The
specimen available to me from Sri Lanka (Ceylon) is smaller (wing
chord 166 mm.) than any of the 22 from India (167-179 mm.). Old
bird skins from Bali and Kangean are somewhat darker and browner
than the recent Java specimens.—R. B. P.
°The form javanica is so similar to chloriceps that it is difficult
to assign the birds from the western Indian Ocean (Reunion, Mauri-
tius, Rodrigues) to either; they are similar to both.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 223
Ardeola striata amurensis (Schrenck)
Ardea (Butorides) virescens var. amurensis Schrenck, 1860,
Reisen Forschungen Amur-Lande, 1, p. 441—Amurland.
Amur Valley, eastern Manchuria, Ussuriland, Sakhalin,
Korea, and northern China to Shantung, Japan, Ryukyu and
Bonin Islands. Migratory, wintering to southern China, north-
ern Indochina, Taiwan, Philippines, Natuna Islands, northern
Borneo, and Palau Islands (Babethuap, Koror).
Ardeola striata actophila (Oberholser)
Butorides javanicus actophilus Oberholser, 1912, Smithson-
ian Misc. Coll., 60, no. 7, p. 1—North Pagai, western
Sumatra islands.
Butorides javanicus icastopterus Oberholser, 1912, Smith-
sonian Misc. Coll., 60, no. 7, p. 1—Simeulue, western
Sumatra islands.
Butorides striatus connectens Stresemann, 1930, Ornith.
Monatsber., 38, p. 48—-Yao-shan, Kwangsi, China.
China from the Yangtze River south to northern Burma,
northern Thailand, and northern Indochina. Winters partly
within breeding range but also migrates as far south as Nicobar
Islands, western Sumatra islands (Simeulue, Pagai), and west-
ern Borneo (Riam).
Ardeola striata spodiogaster (Sharpe)
Butorides spodiogaster Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 3, p. 17—Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Butorides striatus sipora Chasen and Kloss, 1926, Ibis, p.
277—Sipura and North Pagai, western Sumatra islands.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands and western Sumatra islands
(Simeulue, Nias, Sipura, North Pagai).
Ardeola striata carcinophila (Oberholser)
Butorides striatus carcinophilus Oberholser, 1924, Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., 14, p. 294—Casiguran, Luzon,
Philippines.
Butorides striatus carcinophonus Oberholser, 1924, Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., 14, p. 294—Palau Alanga, eastern
Borneo = a reef off Maratua Island in the Celebes Sea.
Butorides striatus banggaiensis Eck, 1976, Zool. Abh. Staatl.
Mus. Tierkunde Dresden, 34, p. 61—Peleng, Banggai
Islands.
Taiwan, Philippine Islands (Luzon, Negros, Cebu, Samar,
224 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Mindanao), Celebes, and islands of Celebes Sea. Winters
throughout range.’
Ardeola striata steini (Mayr)
Butorides striatus steini Mayr, 1943, Emu, 43, p. 10—Dilly
= Dili, Timor.
Lesser Sunda Islands (Sumba, Flores, Alor, Timor).
Ardeola striata moluccarum (Hartert)
Butorides striatus moluccarum Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal.
Fauna, p. 1251—Buru.
Moluccas (Obi, Buru, Ambon, Ceram) and Kai Islands (Add,
Oeboer, Tocal, Tual).”
Ardeola striata papuensis (Mayr)
Butorides striatus papuensis Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1056, p. 6—Numfoor Island, Geelvink Bay, New
Guinea.
Coast of Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, and nearby islands of
Numfoor, Biak, and Japen; also Waigeo and Aru Islands.
Ardeola striata idenburgi (Rand)
Butorides striatus idenburgi Rand, 1941, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1102, p. 1—Idenburg River, Dutch New Guinea.
Interior lowlands of northern New Guinea.
Ardeola striata rogersi (Mathews)
Butorides rogersi Mathews, 1911, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
27, p. 101—Onslow, Ashburton River, Western Australia.
Coastal Western Australia from Ashburton River to Shark
Bay.
‘Philippine birds taken May to September vary considerably within
each island in darkness of cheek, neck, and breast. Most are darker
than any of the aforementioned forms, others are nearly as brown
as the southern Moluccas birds. Birds of Taiwan and Celebes (all
summer birds and some wintering birds) are very dark gray on neck
and breast, matching many Philippine birds. Considerable overlap
occurs in wing length and culmen length among birds in these
areas.—R. B. P.
?Local populations may be differentiated on some of these islands
(Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1056, pp. 5-6). Birds of the
eastern islands approach papuensis in color.—R. B. P.
*Birds from Shark Bay (Boolathanna, Carnarvon, Wooramel) are
grayer than the rufous type of rogersi but browner than cinerea,
and birds from the intermediate localities of Brickhouse and Pt.
ARDEIDAE 225
Ardeola striata cinerea (Mayr)
Butorides striatus cinereus Mayr, 1943, Emu, 438, p. 9—
Derby, King Sound, northwestern Australia.
Coastal Western Australia from King Sound to De Grey River.
Ardeola striata stagnatilis (Gould)
Ardetta stagnatilis Gould, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1847), p. 221—Port Essington, Northern Territory.
Northern Australia from Melville Island east through coastal
Arnhem Land to Groote Eylandt and McArthur River.
Ardeola striata littleri (Mathews)
Butorides javanica littleri Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18,
p. 233—Cooktown, northern Queensland.
Butorides striatus flyensis Salomonsen, 1966, Vidensk.
Meddelelser Dansk Naturhist. Forening Kgbenhavn, 129,
p. 283—Lake Daviumbu, Upper Fly River, British Papua,
New Guinea.
Coastal northern Queensland (Cape York to Cooktown), proba-
bly intergrading with macrorhyncha.'Also southern New
Guinea.”
Ardeola striata macrorhyncha (Gould)
Ardetta macrorhyncha Gould, 1848 (14 November), Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 39—east coast of Australia = Gosford,
New South Wales, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18,
p. 233.
Cloates are intermediate in color between the Ashburton River and
the Shark Bay birds. The foregoing description of variation makes
unnecessary the taxonomic description of another subspecies of A.
striata. The specimens available (American Museum of Natural
History, New York) indicate that rufous rogersi is a localized form
of distinct color linked through intermediate populations with the
Shark Bay birds; there is no evidence of color dimorphism within
a single locality.—R. B. P.
"The few specimens available of eastern and northern coastal
Australian birds are inadequate to test whether the various color
forms rogersi, cinerea, stagnatilis, littleri, and macrorhyncha inter-
grade in a continuous manner; they appear to do so.—R. B. P.
*Birds from southern New Guinea localities Penzaia (between
Wanikuna and Morehead River) and Lake Daviumbu are as brown
as Cape York birds (Jittleri) or Aru Island birds (papuensis); birds
from Daru are paler and approach the color of idenburgi but have
less heavily streaked throats.—R. B. P.
226 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Southern Queensland and coastal New South Wales; New
Caledonia; Loyalty Islands (Ouvéa).
Ardeola striata solomonensis (Mayr)
Butorides striatus solomonensis Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1056, p. 6—Vangunu Island, Solomon Islands.
Butorides striatus diminutus Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1056, p. 6—Lomlom Island, Reef Islands.
New Hanover; New Ireland; Solomon Islands (Bougainville,
Shortland, Fauro, Choiseul, Vella Lavella, Kolombongara, New
Georgia, Narovo, Tetipari, Vangunu, Tiara, Molakobi, Santa
Isabel, Savo, Tulagi, Florida, Guadalcanal, Malaita, San Cris-
tobal, Gower); Santa Cruz Islands (Nepan in Swallow group,
Utupua, Santa Cruz); Torres Islands (Hiw); Banks Islands
(Lomlom in Reef group); New Hebrides (Espiritu Santo);
western Fiji Islands.
Ardeola striata patruelis (Peale)
Ardea patruelis Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8, p.
216—Tahiti.
Tahiti, Society Islands.
Genus AGAMIA REIcHENBACH
Agamia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
16. Type, by original designation and monotypy, Agamia
picta Reichenbach = Ardea agami Gmelin.
cf. Wetmore, 1965, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 150, pt. 1, pp.
95-97.
AGAMIA AGAMI
Agamia agami (Gmelin)
Ardea Agami Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 629; based
on “Le Heron agami” of Buffon, 1780, Hist. Nat. Generale,
22, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 7, p. 382, and “Le Heron Agami
de Cayenne” of Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum.,
pl. 859—Cayenne.
Forests of southern Mexico (Veracruz, Chiapas, Quintana Roo),
Guatemala, Belize (British Honduras), Honduras, Costa Rica,
Panama, and tropical South America from Colombia, Venezue-
la, Trinidad, and the Guianas to Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and
Brazil (Amazonia and Mato Grosso).
ARDEIDAE 227
SuBFAMILY NYCTICORACINAE
TrBbeE NYCTICORACINI
Genus NYCTANASSA STEJNEGER
Nyctanassa Stejneger, 1887, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p.
295, note. Type, by original designation, Ardea violacea
Linnaeus.
cf. Adams, 1955, Condor, 57, pp. 55-60 (osteology).
Wetmore, 1965, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 150, pt. 1, pp.
100-103.
NYCTANASSA VIOLACEA
Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus)
Ardea violacea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 143;
based on “The Crested Bittern” of Catesby, 1731, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, pt. 4, p. 79, pl. 79—North America =
Carolina ex Catesby.
Ardea cayennensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 626; based
on “Le Bihoreau de Cayenne” of Buffon, 1780, Hist. Nat.
Generale, 22, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 7, p. 439, and Daubenton,
1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 899—Cayenne.
North America from Kansas, Michigan, Ohio, Connecticut,
Rhode Island, and New York south to Gulf coast, eastern
Mexico south through Central America to Caribbean coast
of Panama, West Indies from Bahamas to Greater and Lesser
Antilles, Trinidad, and Tobago, and northern South America
in Colombia and Venezuela. Wanders north to Ontario and
Maine. Winters Gulf coast of United States, West Indies,
eastern Mexico to Veracruz, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Caribbean
coast of Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru.’
Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey
Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey, 1927, Condor, 29, p.
‘Birds of the Lesser Antilles and Tobago are distinctly thicker-billed
and deeper-billed than other Caribbean populations. The bill shape
as seen dorsally differs from that of bancrofti. Birds of the Greater
Antilles are very pale in juvenal plumage. Birds of coastal Caribbean
South America and some offshore islands (Margarita Island) have
thin bills, but bill shape varies and overlaps with bill shape of birds
from eastern United States.—R. B. P.
228 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
167 and fig.—Scammon Lagoon, Baja California.
Nyctanassa violacea gravirostris van Rossem, 1943, Occas.
Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., no. 15, p.
266—Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands.
Baja California, Socorro Island, Tres Marias Islands, and
Pacific coast from Mazatlan, Mexico, south to Guatemala, El
Salvador, and Nicaragua.
Nyctanassa violacea caliginis Wetmore’
Nyctanassa violacea caliginis Wetmore, 1946, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 59, p. 49—San José Island, Pearl Islands,
Panama.
Pacific coast of western and central Panama, Pearl Islands,
Cocos Island, Canal Zone, Caribbean coast of Panama (AIl-
mirante, Bocas del Toro, to Puerto Obaldia, San Blas).
Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater and Salvin)
Nycticorax pauper P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1870, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 327—Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island,
Galapagos Archipelago.
Galapagos Archipelago.
Genus NYCTICORAX Forster
Nycticorax T. Forster, 1817, Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 59.
Type, by tautonymy and monotypy, Nycticorax infaustus
Forster = Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus.
Calherodius Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 139.
Type, by monotypy, Ardea cucullata Lichtenstein = Ardea
leuconotus Wagler.
Gorsachius Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 138.
Type, by monotypy, Nycticorax goisagi Temminck.”
Oroanassa Peters, 1930, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 39,
p. 276. Type, by original designation, Nycticorax magnifi-
cus Ogilvie-Grant.
cf. Hachisuka, 1926, Ibis, pp. 585-592 (goisagi, melanolo-
phus).
‘The juvenal plumage of caliginis (very dark and streaked in the
head) 1 is much more distinctive than is bill shape.—R. B. P.
*Gorsakius G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds Brit. Mus.,
p. 114, ex Bonaparte, 1854, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., Paris, ser. 4, 1,
p. 141, is a nomen nudum (Stuart Baker, 1930, Rann Brit. India,
Birds, ed. 2, 8, p. 566).—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 229
Kloss, 1927, Ibis, pp. 526-527 (variation in melanolophus).
van Rossem, 1936, Auk, 53, pp. 322-323 (rufous phase
of nycticorax).
Amadon, 1942, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1175, pp. 4-8
(variation in caledonicus).
Adams, 1955, Condor, 57, pp. 55-60 (osteology of nycti-
corax).
Wetmore, 1965, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 150, pt. 1, pp.
99-100 (nycticorax).
Hoogerwerf, 1966, Ardea, 54, pp. 81-87 (variation in
caledonicus and hybridization with nycticorax).
Irwin and Benson, 1967, Arnoldia, 3, no. 8, pp. 1-2
(leuconotus).
Maxwell and Putnam, 1968, Wilson Bull., 80, pp. 467-478
(behavior of nycticorax).
Voisin, 1970, Oiseau, 40, pp. 307-339 (behavior of nycti-
corax).
White, 1973, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 93, pp. 175-176
(superspecies nycticorax and caledonicus).
NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX'’
Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus)
Ardea Nycticorax Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
142—-southern Europe.
Ardea Hoactli Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 630; based
on “Le Heron hupé du Mexique” of Brisson, 1760, Ornith.,
5, p. 418, and “L’Hocti” of Buffon, 1780, Hist. Nat.
Generale, 22, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 7, p. 382 (ex Hernandez,
1651, Nova Plant. Animal. Mineral. Mex. Hist., Hist.
Animal. Mineral., p. 13, “Hoacton” = young, and p. 26,
“Hoactli” = adult)—“in novae Hispaniae lacubus” = Val-
ley of Mexico.
Continental Europe east to India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), China,
Japan, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (? breeding), Burma, Thailand,
Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes;
Africa north of the Sahara and from Senegal to Sudan and
Somalia south to South Africa; Madagascar; North America
from southern Canada southward, Middle America, West
Indies, South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and Surinam
"N. nycticorax and caledonicus form a superspecies.—R. B. P.
230 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
to Peru, northern Chile, and northeastern Argentina; Hawaiian
Islands. Northern populations migratory: recoveries of birds
from United States south to Panama, European and Russian
birds throughout western Africa to Sudan, and to Mozambique,
Japanese birds in Taiwan and Philippines, Taiwan birds in
western Java and Mindanao. Records from Philippines, Lesser
Sunda Islands, and Micronesia (Palau, Mariana, and Caroline
Islands) are of wintering, not breeding, birds.
Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte’
Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium,
2, p. 141—Chile and Patagonia. Type from Chile.
Nycticorax cyanocephalus falklandicus Hartert, 1914, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 35, p. 15—Falkland Islands.
Highlands of Chile (Atacama) south to Strait of Magellan
and Tierra del Fuego, and Argentina south from Mendoza
and Rio Negro; Falkland Islands.
NYCTICORAX CALEDONICUS
Nycticorax caledonicus manillensis Vigors
Nycticorax Manillensis Vigors, 1831, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp.
Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1, p. 98—Manila, Philippines.
Nycticorax minahassae A. B. Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1894,
Journ. Ornith., 42, p. 115—-Kema, Minahassa Peninsula,
Celebes.
Java, northern Borneo (? breeding), Philippines, Celebes. Birds
of eastern Indonesia are variable and average intermediate
between manillensis and hilli.”
Nycticorax caledonicus hilli Mathews
Nycticorax caledonicus hilli Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool.,
18, p. 233—Parry’s Creek, northwestern Australia.
Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, New Guinea, western Bis-
marck Archipelago (Ninigo, Anchorite = Kaniet, Admiralty
‘Ardea cyanocephala Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, pp.
235, 344—Chile, is indeterminable; cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948,
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 138, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 212, note
1.—R. B. P.
"Limited interbreeding between N. nycticorax nycticorax and N.
caledonicus manillensis occurs in western Java (Pulau Dua) and
apparently also in Celebes (Hoogerwerf, 1966, Ardea, 54, pp. 81-
87).—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 231
Islands); Australia, New Zealand. Straggler Lord Howe Island.
Nycticorax caledonicus mandibularis Ogilvie-Grant
Nycticorax mandibularis Ogilvie-Grant, 1888, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 203—Aola, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.
Nycticorax caledonicus cancrivorus Neumann, 1930, Ornith.
Monatsber., 38, p. 18—Uatom (= Watom) Island, off
Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain.
Eastern Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands. Birds
of New Hanover and New Britain are intermediate between
hilli and mandibularis.
Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris Vigors
Nycticorax crassirostris Vigors, 1839, in Beechey, Zool.
Voyage Pacific Behring’s Straits, p. 27—Bonin Islands.
Bonin Islands (Chichi Jima and Nakundo Jima). Extinct.’
Nycticorax caledonicus pelewensis Mathews
Nycticorax caledonicus pelewensis Mathews, 1926, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 46, p. 60—Palau Islands.
Palau Islands and Caroline Islands (Uala, Truk).
Nycticorax caledonicus caledonicus (Gmelin)
Ardea caledonica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 626; based
on “Caledonian Night Heron” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 55—New Caledonia.
New Caledonia.
NYCTICORAX LEUCONOTUS
Nycticorax leuconotus (Wagler)
Ardea Leuconotus Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, Ardea, no.
33—Senegambia.
Calherodias leuconotus natalensis Roberts, 1933, Ann.
Transvaal Mus., 15, p. 271—Natal.
Africa from Senegal and Guinea-Bissau to Sudan and Ethiopia,
south through Zaire, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, eastern Rhode-
sia (Zimbabwe), and Mozambique to Natal and eastern Cape
Province.
"Known from 3 specimens collected in 1827, 1828, and 1889 (Ornith.
Soc. Japan, 1974, Check-list Japanese Birds, ed. 5, p. 28). There
appears to be no evidence of breeding sympatry of N. nycticorax
nycticorax and N. caledonicus crassirostris, as N. nycticorax nycticorax
is a nonbreeding visitor to the Bonins (Momiyama, 1930, Bull.
Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, 1, pp. 158-159).—R. B. P.
232 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
NYCTICORAX MAGNIFICUS
Nycticorax magnificus (Ogilvie-Grant)
Nycticorax magnificus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899, Ibis, p. 586—
Five-finger Mountain, Hainan.
Mountains of central Fukien, China, and Hainan.
NYCTICORAX GOISAGI'
Nycticorax goisagi Temminck
Nycticorax goisagi Temminck, 1835, Planches Color., livr.
98, pl. 582 and text—Japan.
Japan. Migratory, wintering in Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan,
southern China, Philippine Islands, northern Celebes, and
Halmahera.” Reported from Sakhalin (Kaiba-to = Moneron
Island) and Palau Islands (Koror).
NYCTICORAX MELANOLOPHUS
Nycticorax melanolophus (Raffles)
Ardea melanolopha Raffles, 1822, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 326—western Sumatra.
Butio Kutteri Cabanis, 1881, Journ. Ornith., 29, p. 425—
Philippines.
Gorsachius melanolophus minor Hachisuka, 1926, Ibis, p.
592—-Katchall Island, Nicobar Islands.
Gorsachius melanolophus rufolineatus Hachisuka, 1926,
Ibis, p. 591—Iwahig, Palawan.
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Burma, southern China, Taiwan,
southern Ryukyu Islands, Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Indo-
china, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. Straggler Palau
Islands.
TrBeE COCHLEARIINI
Genus COCHLEARIUS Brisson
Cochlearius Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 506. Type,
by tautonymy, Cochlearius = Cancroma cochlearia Lin-
naeus.
‘N. goisagi and melanolophus form a superspecies.—R. B. P.
?One juvenile from Taiwan, down still on feathers, apparently
migrant from Japan.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 2o0
cf. Wetmore, 1960, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 139, no. 11, pp.
9-10 (systematic position).
Wetmore, 1965, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 150, pt. 1, pp.
116-119 (Panama).
Cracraft, 1967, Auk, 84, pp. 529-533 (systematic position).
Dickerman and Juarez L., 1971, Ardea, 59, pp. 1-16
(breeding biology).
Sibley and Ahlquist, 1972, Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Yale Univ., no. 39, p. 85 (systematic position).
Dickerman, 1973, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 93, pp. 111-114
(review of subspecies).
Mock, 1976, Living Bird, 14 (1975), pp. 185-214 (behavior).
COCHLEARIUS COCHLEARIUS
Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni (Ridgway)
Cancroma zeledoni Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
8, p. 93—Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Pacific coastal areas of Mexico from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, south
at least to Rio Papaguayo, Guerrero.
Cochlearius cochlearius phillipsi Dickerman
Cochlearius cochlearius phillipsi Dickerman, 1973, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 93, p. 1183—about 8 kilometers east
of Atasta, Campeche, Mexico.
Gulf and Caribbean coastal zone from La Pesca, Tamaulipas,
Mexico, south to Belize (British Honduras).
Cochlearius cochlearius ridgwayi Dickerman
Cochlearius cochlearius ridgwayi Dickerman, 1973, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 93, p. 113—Coyoles, Yoro, Honduras.
Pacific coastal areas of Chiapas, Mexico, and Guatemala;
Caribbean lowlands of Honduras; probably also this form in
El Salvador.
Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom
Cochlearius zeledoni panamensis Griscom, 1926, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 235, p. 11—Corozal, Canal Zone, Panama.
Costa Rica and Panama (except southeastern Darién); also
in Colombia (Acandi). Intergrades with ridgwayi in Guana-
caste, Costa Rica.
Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus)
Cancroma Cochlearia Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,
234 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
1, p. 233; based on “La Cuilliere” of Brisson, 1760, Ornith.,
5, p. 5|06—Cayenne.
Rio Jaqué in southeastern Darién, Panama, and South America
from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south
to eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil (Amazon-
ia to Mato Grosso, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro). Recorded
once from northern Argentina (Rio Iguazu, Misiones).
SUBFAMILY TIGRISOMATINAE
Genus TIGRISOMA Swainson
Tigrisoma Swainson, 1827, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 362. Type,
by original designation, Ardea tigrina Gmelin = Ardea
lineata Boddaert.
Heterocnus Sharpe, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 5, p. 14.
Type, by original designation and monotypy, Tigrisoma
cabanisi Heine.
cf. Miller, 1924, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 50, p. 328
(powder-down and generic relationships).
Dathe, 1941, Zool. Garten Leipzig, Neue Folge, 13, pp.
288-292 (behavior of lineatum).
Pinto, 1946, Papeis Avulsos, Dept. Zool., Sao Paulo, 7,
pp. 45-50 (plumages of lineatum).
Dawn, 1964, Auk, 81, pp. 230-231 (nesting of mexicanum).
Wetmore, 1965, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 150, pt. 1, pp.
102-112 (Panama species).
Eisenmann, 1966, Hornero, 10 (1965), pp. 225-234 (review
of lineatum and fasciatum).
TIGRISOMA MEXICANUM
Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson
Tigrisoma mexicana Swainson, 1834, in Murray, Encycl.
Geogr., p. 183883—Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico.
Tigrisoma Cabanisi Heine, 1859, Journ. Ornith., 7, p. 407—
Mexico.
Heterocnus cabanist [sic] fremitus van Rossem and Ha-
chisuka, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 50, p. 161—
Guirocoba, Sonora, Mexico.
Mexico from southern Sonora and Sinaloa, Colima, Hidalgo,
and southern Tamaulipas south through Central America to
the Pacific coast of Panama (east to Chiman). One record
ARDEIDAE 235
from the Caribbean coast of Panama (Permé, San Blas) and
one from Colombia (Rio Atrato).
TIGRISOMA FASCIATUM
Tigrisoma fasciatum salmoni Sclater and Salvin
Tigrisoma salmoni P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1875, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 38, fig. 2—Cauca River, Colombia.
Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Stolzmann, 1926, Ann. Zool.
Mus. Polonici Hist. Nat., 5, p. 206—valley of Marcapata,
southeastern Peru.
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia.
Tigrisoma fasciatum fasciatum (Such)
Ardea Fasciata Such, 1825, Zool. Journ. 2, p. 117—Brazil.
Southeastern Brazil (Mato Grosso and Rio de Janeiro to Rio
Grande do Sul) and northeastern Argentina (Misiones).
Tigrisoma fasciatum pallescens Olrog
Tigrisoma salmoni pallescens Olrog, 1950, Acta Zool. Lil-
loana, 9, p. 471—Quebrada El Pilon, Rio Los Alisos, Salta,
Argentina.
Northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman).
TIGRISOMA LINEATUM
Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum (Boddaert)
Ardea lineata Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p.
52; based on “L’Onoré raye, de Cayenne” of Daubenton,
1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 860—Cayenne.
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela,
Trinidad, the Guianas, and Brazil (Amazon basin). Recorded
once from Chiapas, Mexico, and once from southeastern Hon-
duras (Rio Coco).
Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot)
Ardea marmorata Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 14, p. 415; based on “Garza jaspeada,” no. 353,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 160—Paraguay.
Heterocnus bolivianus Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 462—Ta-
tarenda, Tarija, Bolivian Chaco.
Central and southeastern Bolivia, eastern, south-central, and
southern Brazil, Paraguay, northern Uruguay, Argentina
236 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
south to Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, and Entre Rios.
Intergrades with dineatum in southern Amazon basin.
Genus ZONERODIUS Satvapor!
Zonerodius Salvadori, 1882, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 18,
p. 336. Type, by monotypy, Ardea heliosyla Lesson.
cf. Rand, 1942, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79, p. 428.
ZONERODIUS HELIOSYLUS
Zonerodius heliosylus (Lesson)
Ardea Heliosyla Lesson, 1828, in Duperrey, Voyage Coquille,
Zool., Atlas, 1, livr. 7, pl. 44 (21 June); 1830, 1, livr.
16, p. 722—New Guinea.
New Guinea, Salawati, and Aru Islands.
Genus TIGRIORNIS Suarpe
Tigriornis Sharpe, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 5, p. 14.
Type, by original designation and monotypy, Tigrisoma
leucolopha Jardine.
cf. Chapin, 1932, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 65, pp. 422-424.
Brosset, 1971, Alauda, 39, pp. 113-114.
TIGRIORNIS LEUCOLOPHUS
Tigriornis leucolophus (Jardine)
Tigrisoma leucolopha Jardine, 1846, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
17, p. 86—Old Calabar River or Bonny River, Nigeria.
Western Africa from Sierra Leone to Cameroon, Gabon, Central
African Empire, and Zaire.
SuBFAMILY BOTAURINAE
TriBe ZEBRILINI
Genus ZEBRILUS Bonaparte
Zebrilus Bonaparte, 1855 (April), Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 40, p. 723. Type, by subsequent designation
(G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds Brit. Mus.,
Addenda, p. 2), Ardea undulata Gmelin.
ARDEIDAE 237
ZEBRILUS UNDULATUS
Zebrilus undulatus (Gmelin)
Ardea undulata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 637; based
on “Le Petit Butor de Cayenne” of Buffon, 1780, Hist.
Nat. Générale, 22, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 7, p. 430, and “petit
Butor, de Cayenne” of Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches
Enlum., pl. 763—Cayenne.
South America from eastern Colombia (Arauca), Venezuela,
Guianas, Brazil (Amazonia south to Mato Grosso) to eastern
Ecuador, eastern Peru, and northern Bolivia (Tumi Chucua,
Beni).
Tre BOTAURINI
Genus IXOBRYCHUS BILLBErRG
Ixobrychus Billberg, 1828, Synop. Faunae Scand., ed. 2, 1,
pt. 2, p. 166. Type, by subsequent designation (Stone, 1907,
Auk, 24, p. 192), Ardea minuta Linnaeus.
Dupetor Heine and Reichenow, 1890, Nomencl. Mus. Hei-
cf.
neani Ornith., p. 308. Type, by monotypy, Ardea flavicollis
Latham.
Hartert, 1920, Vogel Pal. Fauna, pp. 1256-1261.
Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1294, pp. 4-5 (flavicol-
lis).
D’Ombrain, 1955, Emu, 55, pp. 216-218 (behavior of young
flavicollis).
Loke, 1955, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 52, pp. 687-691;
53, pp. 1-5 (breeding of cinnamomeus and sinensis).
Bradley and Wolff, 1958, in Wolff, Nat. Hist. Rennell
Island, p. 90 (flavicollis).
Weller, 1961, Wilson Bull., 73, pp. 11-35 (breeding biology
of exilis).
Benson, 1970, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 90, pp. 170-171
(sinensis, Seychelles).
Benson et al., 1970, Arnoldia, 4, no. 40, p. 3 (migration
of sturmit).
Dickerman, 1973, Auk, 90, pp. 689-691 (Mexican and
Guatemalan exilis).
White, 1975, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 95, pp. 106-107
(flavicollis).
238 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
IXOBRYCHUS INVOLUCRIS
Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot)
Ardea involucris Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterre and Vieillot,
Tableau Encycl. Method. Trois Regnes Nature, Ornith.,
livr. 93, p. 1127; based on “Garza varia,” no. 361, of Azara,
1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio
Plata, 3, p. 185—Paraguay.
Northern South America (including breeding records) in Co-
lombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, and Surinam, and
southern South America in southern Bolivia, southern Brazil,
Paraguay, and Uruguay south to Chile (Llanquihue) and
northern Patagonia.
IXOBRYCHUS EXILIS'
Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin)
Ardea exilis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 645; based on
“Minute Bittern” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 66—Jamaica.
Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem, 1924,
Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., 23, p. 11—Buena
Vista Lake, Kern County, California.
Eastern Oregon east to southeastern Canada, south to lower
Colorado River, Baja California, and Gulf of Mexico; coastal
Tamaulipas to Veracruz, Campeche, and Yucatan, and Mexican
Plateau; Belize (British Honduras), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica; West Indies. Winters from Gulf of
Mexico south through Mexico to Panama and Colombia, and
in West Indies. Accidental Azores and Iceland.
Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem
Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem, 1930, Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 227—Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico.
Coastal mangroves of southern Sonora, Mexico, from Kino
Bay to Tobari Bay.
Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot)
Ardea erythromelas Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 14, p. 422; based on “Garza roxa y negra,”
no. 360, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 182—Paraguay.
Panama (Canal Zone, Chagres River), Colombia (Cauca Valley,
1 eze 6 . . .
I. exilis, minutus, and sinensis form a superspecies.—R. B. P.
ARDEIDAE 239
Santa Marta region), Venezuela (Guarico, Miranda), Trinidad,
Guianas, eastern Brazil, Bolivia (Beni), Paraguay, and north-
ern Argentina (Misiones, Corrientes).
Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman
Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman, 1914, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 171—Suba Marshes, Bogota, Co-
lombia.
Colombia (savanna of Bogota to Antioquia).
Ixobrychus exilis limoncochae Norton
Ixobrychus exilis limoncochae Norton, 1965, Breviora, no.
230, p. 3—Limoncocha, 300 meters, Rio Napo, eastern
Ecuador.
Eastern Ecuador.
Ixobrychus exilis peruvianus Bond
Ixobrychus exilis peruvianus Bond, 1955, Auk, 72, p. 208—
Vegueta, Lima, Peru.
Coastal Peru from Libertad (Pacasmayo, Trujillo) south to
Arequipa (Mollendo).
IXOBRYCHUS MINUTUS
Ixobrychus minutus minutus (Linnaeus)
Ardea minuta Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
240—“Helvetia, Aleppo”; restricted to Switzerland by
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, p. 57.
Central and southern Europe east to western Siberia, eastern
Mediterranean, Near East, Iraq, Iran, Sind, Kashmir, north-
western India, Russian Turkistan to Sinkiang; northern Africa
in Morocco, northern Tunisia, and Egypt. Winters Africa (to
Cape Province), Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India. Has wandered
to Iceland, Faeroes, British Isles, Scandinavia, Finland, Azores,
Madeira, Canaries. Several recoveries of ringed European birds
south of the Sahara in western Africa, 2 recoveries of European
birds in Zaire.
Ixobrychus minutus payesii (Hartlaub)
Ardea Payesii Hartlaub, 1858, Journ. Ornith., 6, p. 42—
Casamance River, Senegal.
Africa from Senegal through western Africa (Nigeria, Camer-
oon) east to Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia, south to Angola,
South West Africa (Namibia), and South Africa. Recorded once
in Darfur and once in Canary Islands.
240 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Ixobrychus minutus podiceps (Bonaparte)
Ardeola (Ardea) podiceps Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen.
Avium, 2, p. 134—Madagascar.
Madagascar. One specimen recorded from Zanzibar.
Ixobrychus minutus novaezelandiae (Potts)
Ardeola Novae Zelandiae Potts, 1871, Trans. N. Z. Inst.,
3, p. 99—Westland, South Island, New Zealand.
Ixobrychus minutus dubius Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18,
p. 234—Herdman’s Lake, southwestern Australia.
Ixobrychus minutus alisteri Mathews, 1913, Austral Avian
Rec., 1, p. 188—New South Wales.
Australia from northern and eastern Queensland, New South
Wales, and Victoria to South Australia and Western Australia
(southwestern part north to Murchison River). Recorded from
southern New Guinea (Fly River) and Lord Howe Island.
Former straggler to South Island, New Zealand.
IXOBRYCHUS SINENSIS
Ixobrychus sinensis (Gmelin)
Ardea Sinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 642; based
on “Chinese Heron” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 99—China.
Ardea lepida Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 190—Java.
Ardetta luteola Stejneger, 1887, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10,
p. 290—Wakayama, Kii, Hondo, Japan.
Ardetta bryani Seale, 1901, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus., 1,
no. 3, p. 27—Guam.
Ixobrychus sinensis astrologus Wetmore, 1918, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 31, p. 83—Paete, Laguna, Luzon, Philip-
pine Islands.
Ixobrychus sinensis moorei Wetmore, 1919, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 63, p. 173—Uala, Truk group, central Caroline
Islands.
Ixobrychus sinensis pelewensis Momiyama, 1932, Bull. Bio-
geogr. Soc. Japan, 2, p. 333—Babelthuap, Palau Islands.
Ixobrychus sinensis yapensis Momiyama, 1932, Bull. Bio-
geogr. Soc. Japan, 2, p. 333—Yap, western Caroline
Islands.
Southeastern Siberia, southern Manchuria, central and eastern
China, Sakhalin, Japan, Ryukyu and Bonin Islands, Taiwan,
ARDEIDAE 241
Kashmir, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Seychelles, Maldive,
Andaman, and Nicobar Islands, southeastern Asia, Indonesia,
Philippines, New Guinea, Ninigo Islands, New Britain, Mi-
cronesia (Palau, Mariana, Caroline Islands). Occasional Korea,
accidental Western Australia (Kalgoorlie).
IXOBRYCHUS EURHYTHMUS
Ixobrychus eurhythmus (Swinhoe)
Ardetta eurhythma Swinhoe, 1873, Ibis, p. 74, pl. 2—Amoy
and Shanghai, China.
Southeastern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, China south to
Kwangtung, Japan, Ryukyu and Bonin Islands. Winters in
southeastern China and Indochina south and east to Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines (Luzon, Min-
doro, Negros, Samar, Mindanao), Celebes, and Palau Islands.
IXOBRYCHUS CINNAMOMEUS
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gmelin)
Ardea cinnamomea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 643; based
on “Cinnamon Heron” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 77—China.
Manchuria, central and eastern China south to Hainan, Ryu-
kyu Islands, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Maldive,
Andaman, and Nicobar Islands, southeastern Asia, Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands.
IXOBRYCHUS STURMII
Ixobrychus sturmii (Wagler)
Ardea Sturmii Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, Ardea, no. 37—
Senegambia.
Africa south of the Sahara. Migratory in seasonal parts of
range. One record last century in Canary Islands.
IXOBRYCHUS FLAVICOLLIS
Ixobrychus flavicollis flavicollis (Latham)
Ardea flavicollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 701—India.
Dupetor flavicollis major Yamashina, 1931, Dobutsu. Zasshi,
51, p. 182—Taiwan.
Eastern Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (Cey-
lon), Maldive Islands, central and southern China, Taiwan,
242 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
southeastern Asia, Sumatra, Nias, Java, Borneo, Labuan,
Philippines (Luzon, Marinduque, Negros, Cebu, Samar, Min-
danao), Celebes. Birds in southern part of range may be largely
wintering migrants. Migrant record from Guam. Bird ringed
in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur) recovered in eastern India
(Manipur).
Ixobrychus flavicollis australis (Lesson)
Ardea australis Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr. 8, p.
572—“du Voyage de Peron”; Timor designated by Peters,
1931, Check-list Birds World, 1, p. 123.
Ardetta gouldi Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p.
132—New South Wales.
Ardeirallus nesophilus Sharpe, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 3, p. 32—Duke of York Island.
Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Batjan, Buru, Ceram, Ambon),
Timor, Australia (western, northern, eastern coastal areas),
Kai and Aru Islands, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
(Ninigo Islands: Ahu, Hermit Islands: Luf, Admiralty Islands:
Manus, Vitu Islands, New Britain, New Hanover, New Ireland,
Duke of York Islands, Lihir and Feni Islands).
Ixobrychus flavicollis woodfordi (Ogilvie-Grant)
Ardeiralla woodfordi Ogilvie-Grant, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 202—Aloa, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.
Dupetor flavicollis pallidior Mayr, 1931, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 486, p. 5—Rennell Island.
Solomon Islands (including Rennell Island).
Genus BOTAURUS STEPHENS
Botaurus Stephens, 1819, in Shaw, General Zool., 11, pt.
2, p. 592. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray,
1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 66), Ardea stellaris Linnaeus.
cf. Portielje, 1926, Ardea, 15, pp. 1-15 (behavior of stellaris).
Dickerman, 1961, Wilson Bull., 73, pp. 333-335 (pinnatus).
Slud, 1964, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 128, pp. 43-44
(pinnatus).
Gaukler and Kraus, 1965, Vogelwelt, 86, pp. 129-146
(breeding biology of stellaris).
Gentz, 1965, Grosse Dommel (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 345),
80 pp. (stellaris).
ARDEIDAE 243
BOTAURUS PINNATUS
Botaurus pinnatus caribaeus Dickerman
Botaurus pinnatus caribaeus Dickerman, 1961, Wilson Bull.,
73, p. 333—Cantemo, Tabasco, Mexico.
Southern Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, Quintana Roo).
Botaurus pinnatus pinnatus (Wagler)
Ardea pinnata Wagler, 1829, Isis von Oken, col. 662—Bahia,
Brazil.
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, western Ecua-
dor, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guianas, eastern and southern Bra-
zil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS
Botaurus lentiginosus (Rackett)
Ardea lentiginosa Rackett, 1813, in Pulteney, Cat. Birds
Shells Plants Dorsetshire, ed. 2, p. 14—Piddletown, Dorset,
England.
Botaurus lentiginosus peeti Brodkorb, 1936, Occas. Papers
Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 333, p. 2—Black Point
Cutoff, Sonoma County, California.
Central British Columbia east to southern Ungava and south
to southern California, the Ohio Valley, and Delaware Bay,
locally in southern Great Plains (Oklahoma, Texas) and south-
eastern United States. Winters in southern part of range to
Mexico, Central America south through Costa Rica, and West
Indies. One record from Panama. Occasional in British Isles;
accidental in Greenland, Iceland, Faeroes, Norway, Spain,
Azores, and Canary Islands.
BOTAURUS STELLARIS'
Botaurus stellaris stellaris (Linnaeus)
Ardea stellaris Linnaeus 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 144—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 58.
Southern England and southern Scandinavia east to eastern
Siberia and Japan (Hokkaido), south to northwestern Africa
(northern Morocco to northern Tunisia), Albania, Bulgaria,
Turkey, Iran, Transcaspia, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and China
‘B. stellaris and poiciloptilus form a superspecies.—R. B. P.
244 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
(Hopeh). Winters from western and central Europe to northern
tropical Africa (Nigeria, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia), Black Sea,
Caspian Sea, east coast of Arabia, Pakistan, northern India,
Japan, Korea, and China. Has wandered to Iceland, southern
India, Burma, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Malay Peninsula,
Philippines (Luzon).
Botaurus stellaris capensis (Schlegel)
Ardea stellaris capensis Schlegel, 1863, Mus. Hist. Nat.
Pays-Bas, Rev. Method. Crit. Coll., livr. 3, Ardeae, p.
48—Tatakon, South Africa, restricted to Wynberg, Cape
Province, by Clancey, 1964, Birds Natal Zululand, p. 41.
Angola, Zambia, Mozambique (San Pedro=Miruro), Botswana
(Lake Ngami) south to Natal and Cape Province.
BOTAURUS POICILOPTILUS
Botaurus poiciloptilus (Wagler)
Ardea poiciloptila Wagler, 1827, Syst. Avium, Ardea, no.
28, note—New South Wales.
Botaurus poiciloptilus mathewsi Hachisuka, 1931, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 41—New Caledonia.
Southern Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is-
lands (Ouvéa), and New Zealand. Recorded from Lord Howe
Island.
SUBORDER SCOPI
Famity SCOPIDAE'
M. Puiuip KAHL
Genus SCOPUS Brisson
Scopus Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 503. Type,
by tautonymy, Scopus = Scopus umbretta Gmelin.
cf. Cowles, 1930, Auk, 47, pp. 159-176 (life history).
Kahl, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 25-32 (behavior).
Kahl, 1967, Ostrich, 38, pp. 27-30 (thermal regulation).
SCOPUS UMBRETTA
Scopus umbretta umbretta Gmelin
Scopus umbretta Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 618; based
"MS read by D. W. Snow.
CICONIIDAE 245
on “Tufted Umbre” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 30, pl. 77—Senegal.
Scopus umbretta bannermani C. B. Grant, 1914, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 35, p. 27—Mt. Leganisho, southwestern
Kenya; altitude 6,600 feet.
Scopus umbretta tenuirostris Rand, 1936, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 827, p. 1—Tananarive, Madagascar.
Entire Ethiopian region, except the area occupied by minor;
southwestern Arabia; Madagascar.
Scopus umbretta minor Bates
Scopus umbretta minor Bates, 1931, Ibis, p. 302—near
Bonthe, Sherbro Island, Sierra Leone.
Coastal belt of western Africa from Sierra Leone to southeast-
ern Nigeria.
SUBORDER CICONIAE
Famity CICONIIDAE'
M. Puiuip KAHL
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 242-249 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
376-393 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 437-455).
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
83-86.
Kahl, 1971, Living Bird, 10, pp. 151-170.
Kahl, 1972, Journ. Zool., London, 167, pp. 451-461.
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 187-190.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 320-337.
TrBe MYCTERIINI
Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus
Mycteria Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 140. Type,
by monotypy, Mycteria americana Linnaeus.
Ibis Lacépede, 1799, Tableaux Mammifeéres Oiseaux, p. 18.
"MS read by D. W. Snow.
246 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Type, by tautonymy, [bis candidus Daudin = Tantalus
ibis Linnaeus.
cf. Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
508-515.
Kahl, 1972, Ibis, 114, pp. 15-29 (comparative ethology).
MYCTERIA AMERICANA
Mycteria americana Linnaeus
Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
140; based on “Jabiru guacu” of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist.
Rerum Nat. Brasiliae, p. 200—‘“America calidiore” =
Brazil ex Markgrave.
Breeds from Georgia south through Florida, Greater Antilles,
Middle America, and South America east of the Andes to
Paraguay and southern Brazil.
MYCTERIA CINEREA
Mycteria cinerea (Raffles)
Tantalus cinereus Raffles, 1822, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 327—Sumatra.
Cambodia, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.
MYCTERIA IBIS
Mycteria ibis (Linnaeus)
Tantalus Ibis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
241—Egypt.
Africa from Senegal to Sudan and south to Natal; Madagascar.
MYCTERIA LEUCOCEPHALA
Mycteria leucocephala (Pennant)
Tantalus leucocephalus Pennant, 1769, Ind. Zool., p. 11, pl.
10—Ceylon.
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), southeastern China, Burma, Thai-
land, Cambodia, Vietnam.
Genus ANASTOMUS BonnaTERRE
Anastomus Bonnaterre, 1791, Tableau Encycl. Method. Trois
Regnes Nature, Ornith., livr. 47, p. xciii. Type, by subse-
quent designation (G. R. Gray, 1841, List Gen. Birds, ed.
CICONIIDAE 247
2, p. 87), Ardea oscitans Boddaert.
cf. Kahl, 1972, Journ. Ornith., 113, pp. 121-137 (comparative
ethology).
ANASTOMUS OSCITANS
Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert)
Ardea oscitans Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p.
55; based on “Le Bec-ouvert, de Pondichery” of Daubenton,
1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 932—Pondicherry.
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.
ANASTOMUS LAMELLIGERUS
Anastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus Temminck
Anastomus lamelligerus Temminck, 1823, Planches Color.,
livr. 40, pl. 236—Senegal.
Africa from Senegal (formerly), Sierra Leone, and Mali east
to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to northern South West Africa
(Namibia) and Transvaal.
Anastomus lamelligerus madagascariensis Milne-Edwards
Anastomus madagascariensis Milne-Edwards, 1880, Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 91, p. 1037—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Trine CICONIINI
Genus CICONIA Brisson
Ciconia Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 361. Type,
by tautonymy, Ciconia = Ardea ciconia Linnaeus.
Sphenorhynchus Lichtenstein, 1823, Verzeichniss Doublet-
ten Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 76. Type, by monotypy, Ciconia
abdimii Lichtenstein.
Dissoura Cabanis, 1850, Preuss. Staats-Anzeiger, Beilage,
p. 1484. Type, by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1898,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 26, p. 294), Ardea episcopus Bod-
daert.
Euxenura Ridgway, 1878, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv.
Territories, 4, pp. 249-250. Type, by monotypy, Ardea
maguari Gmelin.
cf. Schuz, 1942, Zeitschr. Tierpsychol., 5, pp. 1-37 (behavior
of ciconia).
248 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 387-427.
Hornberger, 1967, Weissstorch (Neue Brehm-Bucherei
375), 156 pp. (ciconia).
Haedo Rossi, 1969, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 25, pp. 19-42
(breeding of maguari).
Kahl, 1971, Condor, 73, pp. 220-229 (breeding of maguar1).
Kahl, 1971, Ostrich, 42, pp. 233-241 (breeding of abdimit).
Kahl, 1972, Zeitschr. Tierpsychol., 30, pp. 225-252 (com-
parative ethology).
Schroder and Burmeister, 1974, Schwarzstorch (Neue
Brehm-Bucherei 468), 64 pp. (nigra).
Scott, 1975, Ostrich, 46, pp. 201-207 (breeding of
episcopus).
CICONIA NIGRA
Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus)
Ardea nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 142—
northern Europe; restricted to Sweden by Peters, 1931,
Check-list Birds World, 1, p. 129.
Breeds from Portugal, northwestern Spain, and Germany east
through the Balkans, Ukraine, Crimea, and Siberia to Mongo-
lia, Manchuria, Ussuriland, Korea, northern China; Africa
from Zambia (east of long. 26° E.) and Malawi south to Cape
Province. Northern birds winter in Africa (to about lat. 3° S.),
Middle East, northern India, and from southern Japan and
eastern China to Burma, Thailand, and Indochina.
CICONIA ABDIMII
Ciconia abdimii Lichtenstein
Ciconia Abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, Verzeichniss Doublet-
ten Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 76—Dongola, Sudan.
Breeds Africa from Senegal to Eritrea, south to Uganda and
western Kenya; southwestern Arabia and Yemen. Migrates
across the Equator south to Transvaal and Orange Free State.
CICONIA EPISCOPUS
Ciconia episcopus microscelis Gray
Ciconia microscelis G. R. Gray, 1848, Gen. Birds, 3, p. [561],
CICONIIDAE 249
col. pl. 151—no locality; Africa designated by Reichenow,
1901, Vogel Afrikas, 1, p. 348.
Senegal to Sudan and Eritrea, south to Angola and eastern
Cape Province.
Ciconia episcopus episcopus (Boddaert)
Ardea episcopus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 54; based on “Heron, de la cote de Coromandel” of
Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 906—
Coromandel Coast.
Dissoura neglecta Finsch, 1904, Ornith. Monatsber., 12, p.
94—Java, Lombok, Sumbawa, Philippines, Celebes.
India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) east to Vietnam, Malay Peninsu-
la, Sunda Islands (except Borneo), Philippines, Celebes.
Ciconia episcopus stormi (Blasius)
Melanopelargus episcopus stormi W. Blasius, 1896, Mitt.
Geogr. Gesell. Naturhist. Mus. Lubeck, ser. 2, pts. 10-11,
p. 120—Pontianak, western Borneo.
Borneo; recorded Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
CICONIA MAGUARI
Ciconia maguari (Gmelin)
Ardea Maguari Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 623; based
on “Maguari” of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum Nat.
Brasiliae, p. 204—northeastern Brazil.’
South America from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas
to Argentina (Chubut).
CICONIA CICONIA
Ciconia ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus)
Ardea Ciconia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 142—
Europe, Asia, Africa; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus,
1861, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 58.
Breeds Portugal and Spain and from Netherlands, Alsace,
southern Sweden, and Denmark east and south to European
Russia (from Gulf of Finland), Balkans, Turkey, Iraq, northern
and western Iran; Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia; extreme southern
‘Ardea galeata Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, pp. 235,
344, has a composite nature and is indeterminable; see Hellmayr
and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt.
1, no. 2, p. 245, note 1.—M. P. K.
250 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Cape Province, South Africa. Winters chiefly in tropical and
subtropical Africa south to Cape Province.
Ciconia ciconia asiatica Severtsov
Ciconia alba asiatica Severtsov, 1873, Izvestiia Imp. Ob-
shchestva Liubitelei Estest. Antrop. Etnogr., Moscow, 8,
pt. 2 (1872), p. 113—Turkistan.
Breeds Turkistan. Winters in eastern Iran, Pakistan, and India.
Ciconia ciconia boyciana Swinhoe
Ciconia boyciana Swinhoe, 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 513— Yokohama.
Breeds Amur and lower Ussuri River region of Siberia and
Manchuria; Korea; formerly Japan. Winters south to Fukien,
China, occasionally Taiwan, southern Ryukyu Islands; has
wandered north to southern Yakutia, south to eastern India.
TrBE LEPTOPTILINI
Genus EPHIPPIORHYNCHUS Bonaparte
Ephippiorhynchus Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2,
p. 106. Type, by monotypy, Mycteria senegalensis Shaw.
Xenorhynchus Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p.
106. Type, by subsequent designation (Salvadori, 1882,
Ornitologia Papuasia Molucche, 3, p. 377), Mycteria
australis Shaw.
cf. Kahl, 1973, Condor, 75, pp. 17-27 (comparative ethology).
EPHIPPIORHYNCHUS ASIATICUS
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus asiaticus (Latham)
Mycteria asiatica Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 670—In-
dia.
India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon) east to Vietnam and northern
Malay Peninsula (one breeding record).
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus australis (Shaw)
Mycteria australis Shaw, 1800, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
5, p. 33—New Holland = New South Wales, fide Mathews,
1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 229.
Southern New Guinea, islands in Torres Strait, northwestern,
northern, and eastern Australia.
CICONIIDAE 251
EPHIPPIORHYNCHUS SENEGALENSIS
Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis (Shaw)
Mycteria Senegalensis Shaw, 1800, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
5, p. 35, pl. 3—Senegal.
Senegal to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to northern South West
Africa (Namibia) and northern Transvaal.
Genus JABIRU HEtiMayr
Jabiru Hellmayr, 1906, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wissen.,
Math.-Phys. Kl., 22, p. 711. Type, by original designation
and monotypy, Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein.
cf. Kahl, 1973, Condor, 75, pp. 17-27 (comparative ethology).
JABIRU MYCTERIA
Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein)
Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein, 1819, Abh. K. Akad. Wissen.
Berlin, Phys. Kl. (1816-17), p. 163; based on “Jabira”
of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum Nat. Brasiliae, p. 200—
Brazil.
Southern Mexico, Central America, and South America, mostly
east of the Andes, to northern Argentina (Formosa and Cor-
rientes).
Genus LEPTOPTILOS Lesson
Leptoptilos Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr. 8, p. 583. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 67), Ardea dubia Gmelin.
cf. Kahl, 1966, Behaviour, 27, pp. 76-106 (comparative etho-
logy of crumeniferus).
Kahl, 1972, Ardea, 60, pp. 97-111 (comparative ethology
of dubius and javanicus).
Pomeroy, 1977, Ardea, 65, pp. 1-24 (biology of crument-
ferus).
LEPTOPTILOS JAVANICUS
Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield)
Ciconia Javanica Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 188—Java.
252 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Eastern and southern India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) to Vietnam,
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
LEPTOPTILOS DUBIUS'
Leptoptilos dubuis (Gmelin)
Ardea dubia Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 624; based on
“Gigantic Crane” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 45—India.
Northeastern India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina.
LEPTOPTILOS CRUMENIFERUS
Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Lesson)
Ciconia crumenifera Lesson, 1831, Traité Ornith., livr. 8,
p. 585—Senegal.
Senegal to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to South West Africa
(Namibia), Botswana, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Natal.
Famity BALAENICIPITIDAE”
M. PHILip KAHL
Genus BALAENICEPS Goutp
Balaeniceps Gould, 1850, Athenaeum, no. 1207, p. 1315.
Type, by original designation, Balaeniceps rex Gould.
cf. Bohm, 1930, Zeitschr. Morph. Okol. Tiere, 17, pp. 677-718
(comparative anatomy).
Cottam, 1957, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zool., 5, pp.
49-71 (comparative osteology).
Burton and Benson, 1961, Northern Rhodesia Journ., 4,
pp. 411-426.
Kahl, 1967, Ostrich, 38, pp. 27-30 (thermal regulation).
Fischer, 1970, Schuhschnabel (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 425),
88 pp.
Sibley and Ahlquist, 1972, Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Yale Univ., no. 39, pp. 73-80, 84-86 (relationships).
Feduccia, 1977, Nature, 266, pp. 719-720 (relationships).
*L. dubius and crumeniferus form a superspecies.—M. P. K.
°MS read by D. W. Snow.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 253
BALAENICEPS REX
Balaeniceps rex Gould
Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850, Athenaeum, no. 1207, p.
1315—upper White Nile.
Central African Empire, northern Cameroon, southern Sudan,
Ethiopia, eastern Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, western
Tanzania, northern Zambia. Ancient Egypt.
Famity THRESKIORNITHIDAE'”
JOACHIM STEINBACHER
cf. Chapin, 1932, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 65, pp. 473-488
(Congo region).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 249-273 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
357-376 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 414-437).
Amadon and Woolfenden, 1952, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
1564, pp. 1-6 (Plegadis, Threskiornis, Platalea).
Amadon, 1953, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 100, pp.
406-408 (Bostrychia, Lophotibis).
Parkes, 1955, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 33, pp. 287-293 (North
America).
Carrick, 1962, CSIRO Wildlife Res., 7, pp. 71-88 (Austra-
lian ibises).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
515-541.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
77-82.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, 1, pp. 427-454.
"MS read by D. W. Snow (African forms) and E. Eisenmann (New
World forms).
*An application has been filed with the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature, under Art. 23(d) (ii), to place the
family-group name Threskiornithidae Richmond 1917 (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 53, p. 636) on the Official List of Family-Group Names
in Zoology, giving it precedence over older names that may be
considered synonymous; application submitted 22 July 1975 by E.
Eisenmann, E. Mayr, and K. C. Parkes.—J. S.
254 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Holyoak, 1970, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 90, pp. 67-73
(Old World ibises).
Ornith. Soc. N. Z., 1970, Annot. Checklist Birds N. Z.,
pp. 35-36.
Milon et al., 1973, Faune Madagascar, Oiseaux, pp. 57-62.
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 191-204.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 337-357.
SUBFAMILY THRESKIORNITHINAE
Genus EUDOCIMUS Wac.LeErR
Eudocimus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1232. Type,
by subsequent designation (Reichenow, 1877, Journ. Or-
nith., 25, p. 145), Scolopax rubra Linnaeus.
Guara Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. 14.
Type, by original designation, Scolopax rubra Linnaeus.
cf. Beebe, 1914, Zoologica, 1, pp. 241-248 (albus).
Zahl, 1950, Nat. Geogr., 97, pp. 633-661 (sympatry of
albus and ruber, Venezuela).
Parkes, 1951, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 64, p. 61 (generic
name).
ffrench and Haverschmidt, 1970, Living Bird, 9, pp.
147-165 (ruber, Surinam).
Spaans, 1975, Biol. Conserv., 7, pp. 245-253 (breeding
of ruber, northeastern South America).
EUDOCIMUS ALBUS'
Eudocimus albus (Linnaeus)
Scolopax alba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 145;
based on “The White Curlew” of Catesby, 1732, Nat. Hist.
Carolina, pt. 5, p. 82, pl. 82 (adult)—America = Carolina
ex Catesby.
Gulf coast of United States and Atlantic coast from Virginia
to Florida, Greater Antilles, central Baja California south
along coasts of Mexico and Central America to northwestern
South America, south to northwestern Peru and east to Vene-
‘E. albus and ruber form a superspecies, with some overlap in
Venezuela.—ZJ. S.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 255
zuela. Wanders to interior of Mexico, Trinidad, and north to
northern United States.
EUDOCIMUS RUBER
Eudocimus ruber (Linnaeus)
Scolopax rubra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.. 145;
based chiefly on “The Red Curlew” of Catesby, 1732, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, pt. 5, p. 84, pl. 84—America = Bahamas
ex Catesby.
Northern and eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Trinidad,
Guianas, coastal Brazil from Para to Sao Paulo and Parana.
Accidental Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida, Jamaica, and
Grenada.
Genus PHIMOSUS Wacter
Phimosus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1233. Type, by
monotypy, [bis nudifrons Spix.
cf. Laubmann, 1939, Vogel Paraguay, 1, pp. 102-103 (in-
fuscatus).
Gyldenstolpe, 1945, K. Svensk. Vetenskapsakad. Hand-
lingar, Stockholm, ser 3, 23, no. 1, pp. 43-44 (infuscatus,
northern Bolivia).
PHIMOSUS INFUSCATUS
Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr
Phimosus berlepschi Hellmayr, 1903, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Gesell.
Wien, 53, p. 247—Orinoco River region.
Northeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador (Napo), Venezuela,
Guyana, Surinam, northwestern Brazil (Rio Branco region).
Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons (Spix)
Ibis nudifrons Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 69, pl. 86—“Ad litora lacuum fl. St.
Francisci.” Type from Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil.
Brazil south of the Amazon from Mato Grosso east to Piaui
and south to Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul.
Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus (Lichtenstein)
Ibis infuscata Lichtenstein, 1823, Verzeichniss Doubletten
Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75; based on “Afeytado,” no. 365,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
256 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 201—Paraguay.
Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina
south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires.
Genus PLEGADIS Kaup
Plegadis Kaup, 1829, Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte
Europaisch. Thierwelt, p. 82. Type, by monotypy, Tantalus
falcinellus Linnaeus.
cf. Ryder, 1967, Bird-Banding, 38, pp. 257-277 (chihi, North
America).
Post, 1970, Kingbird, 20, pp. 3-8 (falcinellus, New York).
Kumerloeve, 1971, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkunde
Dresden, 30, pp. 243-246 (falcinellus, Near East).
Gochfeld, 1973, Condor, 75, pp. 474-478 (falcinellus and
chithi, northern South America).
White, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp. 9-11 ( falci-
nellus, Wallacea).
Burger and Miller, 1977, Auk, 94, pp. 664-676 (breeding
ecology of falcinellus and chihi).
PLEGADIS FALCINELLUS'
Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus)
Tantalus Falcinellus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1,
p. 241; based on “Numenius rostro arcuato” of W. H.
Kramer, 1756, Elenchus Veg. Animal. Austriam In-
feriorem Observatorum, p. 350, and “Le Courly verd” of
Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 5, p. 326, fig. 2 (immature)—“Aus-
tria, Italia”; Neusiedler See, Lower Austria (ex Kramer)
suggested by Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 264.
Ibis peregrina Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p.
159—Java and Celebes.
In Europe, southeastern France, northern Italy, Austria, Hun-
gary, Balkans, Crimea, lower Volga, and Ural Rivers; acciden-
tal or casual elsewhere. In Asia, from Transcaucasia, Turkey,
and Iraq east to Burma and eastern China; also Java, Philip-
pines (Mindanao), ? Celebes, Australia; vagrant Tibet, Sri
'P. falcinellus and chihi form a superspecies, with overlap in
Louisiana and (formerly) Florida.—J. S.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 257
Lanka (Ceylon), Hong Kong, Cambodia, Cochinchina, Borneo,
New Guinea, Tasmania, New Zealand. In Africa, widely
distributed as a migrant; breeds locally in the Niger inundation
(Mali), from Kenya south to South West Africa (Namibia),
Cape Province, and Madagascar. In North America, formerly
only Louisiana, Florida, and Greater Antilles; in recent years
rapidly extending breeding range north along the Atlantic
coast to Maine, dispersing after the breeding season north
to southern Canada. Casual Bermuda, various West Indian
islands, Costa Rica, Panama, northern Colombia. Breeding
Venezuela (Aragua); visitor Trinidad.
PLEGADIS CHIHI
Plegadis chihi (Vieillot)'
Numentius chihi Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
ed., 8, p. 303; based on “Cuello jaspeado,” no. 364, of
Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
Rio Plata, 3, p. 197—Paraguay and campos of Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
In North America, western United States from Oregon, Utah,
Colorado, and Nebraska south to Alabama, Louisiana, Texas,
and Mexico; wanders north to British Columbia and east to
Michigan, Ohio, New York, and New Jersey; winters to
Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica (one record); casual
Florida (formerly bred) and Alabama. In South America,
northern Venezuela, ? southern Peru, eastern Bolivia, south-
eastern Brazil, and Paraguay south to central Chile and central
Argentina, wandering north to Colombia and south to Strait
of Magellan. Accidental Hawaiian Islands.
PLEGADIS RIDGWAYI
Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen)
Falcinellus Ridgwayi J. A. Allen, 1876, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 3, p. 355—Lake Titicaca, Peru.
Highlands (puna zone) of Peru (Junin) south to Bolivia (La
*Scolopax Guarauna Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 242,
is referable to Aramus scolopaceus (Gmelin); see Hellmayr and
Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1,
no. 1, p. 301, n. 1 (also 1948, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 266, n. 2).—J. S.
258 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro), extreme northern Chile, and north-
western Argentina (Jujuy, Salta).
Genus CERCIBIS Wacter
Cercibis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1232. Type, by
monotypy, [bis oxycercus Spix.
CERCIBIS OXYCERCA
Cercibis oxycerca (Spix)
Ibis oxycercus Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 69, pl. 87—“in Provincia Para.” Type
from Amazonia.
Llanos of Colombia east of the Andes, Venezuela, Guyana,
Amazonian Brazil south to northwestern Mato Grosso.
Genus THERISTICUS Wac.er
Theristicus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1231. Type,
by monotypy, Tantalus melanopis Gmelin.
Harpiprion Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1232. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 67), [bis plumbeus Temminck = Ibis caerulescens
Vieillot.
cf. Humphrey et al., 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 102-105 (melanopis).
THERISTICUS CAERULESCENS
Theristicus caerulescens (Vieillot)
Ibis caerulescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 16, p. 18; based on “Curucau aplomado,” no. 363,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 195—Paraguay.
Southern Brazil in Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul, Bolivia,
Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina (casually to Cordoba
and Buenos Aires).
THERISTICUS CAUDATUS'
Theristicus caudatus caudatus (Boddaert)
Scolopax caudatus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
‘T. caudatus and melanopis form a superspecies.—J. S.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 259
p. 57; based on “Courly a col blanc, de Cayenne” of
Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 976—Cayenne.
Colombia south to Valle del Cauca and Meta, northern Vene-
zuela from Zulia to Managas, Guyana, French Guiana, south
to Mato Grosso, Brazil. Casual eastern Panama.
Theristicus caudatus hyperorius Todd
Theristicus caudatus hyperorius Todd, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 61, p. 5|0—Buena Vista, Bolivia.
Lowlands of eastern Bolivia, southeastern Brazil, Paraguay,
Uruguay, and Argentina south to northern Buenos Aires.
THERISTICUS MELANOPIS
Theristicus melanopis branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann
Theristicus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894, Ibis,
p. 404—Maraynioc, Pariayacu, Junin, Peru.
Highlands (puna zone) of Ecuador (Antisana, Cotopaxi), Peru
(Junin, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Cuzco, Puno), northwestern
Bolivia (La Paz), and extreme northern Chile.
Theristicus melanopis melanopis (Gmelin)
Tantalus melanopis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 653;
based on “Black-faced Ibis” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 108, pl. 79—“in insula novi anni” =
New Year’s Island, near Staten Island, ex Latham.
Coastal Peru from Lima south, Chile from Antofagasta south
to Tierra del Fuego, Argentina from Neuquén and Rio Negro
south to the Cape Horn region. In winter Patagonian birds
migrate north to northern Argentina. Accidental Falkland
Islands.
Genus MESEMBRINIBIS Peters
Mesembrinibis Peters, 1930, Occas. Papers Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 5, p. 256. Type, by original designation, Tantalus
cayennensis Gmelin.
MESEMBRINIBIS CAYENNENSIS
Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin)
Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 652;
based on “Courly verd, de Cayenne” of Daubenton, 1765-
81, Planches Enlum., p. 820—Cayenne.
260 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Caribbean Costa Rica, Panama, northern and eastern Colom-
bia, southern Venezuela (Orinoco and Apure basins), Guianas,
eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, Brazil from
Amazonia south, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misi-
ones).
Genus BOSTRYCHIA ReEIcHENBACH
Bostrychia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
14. Type, by monotypy, [bis carunculata Ruppell.
Hagedashia Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p. 152.
Type, by tautonymy, Tantalus hagedash Latham.
Lampribis Elliot, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 483
(in key), 507. Type, by monotypy, [bis olivacea Du Bus
de Gisignies.
cf. Chapin, 1923, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 84, pp. 1-9 (olivacea).
Skead, 1951, Ibis, 93, pp. 360-382 (hagedash).
Raseroka, 1975, Ostrich, 46, pp. 208-212 (hagedash).
BOSTRYCHIA HAGEDASH
Bostrychia hagedash brevirostris (Reichenow)
Theristicus brevirostris Reichenow, 1907, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 15, p. 147—Alén, southern Cameroon = Equato-
rial Guinea.
Hagedashia hagedash erlangeri Neumann, 1909, Ornis, 13,
p. 193—Dogge, southern Somalia.
Senegal south through Zaire and Angola to northern South
West Africa (Namibia), Kenya and southern Somalia south
through Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi to northern Mozam-
bique (Beira) and northern Botswana.
Bostrychia hagedash nilotica Neumann
Bostrychia hagedash nilotica Neumann, 1909, Ornis, 13,
p. 193—Kimo, northwest of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Sudan, Ethiopia, northeastern Zaire, Uganda, northwestern
Tanzania.
Bostrychia hagedash hagedash (Latham)
Tantalus Hagedash Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 709—
Cape of Good Hope.
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), southern Mozambique (from Gorongo-
za), eastern South Africa.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 261
BOSTRYCHIA CARUNCULATA
Bostrychia carunculata (Ruppell)
Ibis carunculata Ruppell, 1837, Neue Wirbelthiere Fauna
Abyssinien, Vogel, p. 49, pl. 19—Taranta Mountains,
Ethiopia.
Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
BOSTRYCHIA OLIVACEA
Bostrychia olivacea olivacea (Du Bus de Gisignies)
Ibis olivacea Du Bus de Gisignies, 1838, Bull. Acad. Roy.
Sci. Lettres Beaux-Arts Belgique, 4 (1837), p. 105 and
pl. —“cote de Guinée” = upper Guinea, as determined
by Chapin, 1923, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 84, pp. 1-3.
Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast.
Bostrychia olivacea cupreipennis (Reichenow)
Theristicus cupreipennis Reichenow, 1903, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 11, p. 134—-Cameroon.
Cameroon, Gabon, northern Zaire.
Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi (Bannerman)
Lampribis rothschildi Bannerman, 1919, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 40, p. 6—Roga Infante D. Henrique, Principe Island,
Gulf of Guinea.
Principe Island, Gulf of Guinea. Extinct?
Bostrychia olivacea bocagei (Chapin)
Lampribis bocagei Chapin, 1923, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
84, p. 5, figs. 2A, 3A—Rio de Sao Tomé, Sao Tomé.
Island of Sao Tomé, Gulf of Guinea.
Bostrychia olivacea akleyorum (Chapman)
Oreoibis akleyor'um Chapman, 1912, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 31, p. 235, pls. 23-24—-south slope of Mt. Kenya,
altitude, 9,000 ft.
Mt. Kenya and Aberdare Mountains, Kenya; Mt. Kilimanjaro,
Usambara Mountains, and probably Mt. Meru, Tanzania.
BOSTRYCHIA RARA
Bostrychia rara (Rothschild, Hartert, and Kleinschmidt)
Lampribis rara Rothschild, Hartert, and Kleinschmidt, 1897,
262 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Novit. Zool., 4, p. 377—Denkera, Ghana.
Liberia to Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire, northeastern Angola.
Genus LOPHOTIBIS RetcHensBacu
Lophotibis Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
14. Type, by original designation, Tantalus cristatus Bod-
daert.
cf. Appert, 1966, Journ. Ornith., 107, pp. 315-322.
LOPHOTIBIS CRISTATA
Lophotibis cristata cristata (Boddaert)
Tantalus cristatus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 51; based on “Courly hupé, de Madagascar” of Dauben-
ton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 841—Madagascar.
Eastern Madagascar.
Lophotibis cristata urschi Lavauden
Lophotibis cristata urschi Lavauden, 1929, Alauda, 1, p.
233—Ankarafantsika and 100 kilometers southeast of
Majunga, western Madagascar.
Western Madagascar.
Genus THRESKIORNIS Gray
Threskornis G. R. Gray, 1842, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, App.,
p. 13. Type, by original designation, Tantalus aethiopicus
Latham.
Carphibis Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
14. Type, by original designation, [bis spinicollis Jameson.
cf. Carrick, 1959, CSIRO, Wildlife Res., 4, pp. 69-92 (aethi-
opicus strictipennis and spinicollis, Australia).
Carrick, 1962, CSIRO, Wildlife Res., 7, pp. 7-188 (breeding,
movements, conservation, Australia).
Benson, 1967, Atoll Res. Bull., 118, pp. 67-90 (abbotti).
Waterman, Close, and Condon, 1971, South Austral. Or-
nith., 26, pp. 7-11 (spinicollis, South Australia).
Urban, 1974, Ibis, 116, pp. 263-277 (breeding of aethiopi-
cus, Ethiopia).
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 263
McGilligan, 1975, Emu, 75, pp. 199-212 (spinicollis,
Australia).
Purchase, 1976, Emu, 76, p. 89 (spinicollis, Australia).
THRESKIORNIS AETHIOPICUS
Threskiornis aethiopicus aethiopicus (Latham)
Tantalus aethiopicus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 706—
“Aethiopia” = ? Egypt (cf. Bruce, 1790, Travels Source
Nile, 5, p. 172, pl. [35]).
Senegal east to Sudan, Eritrea, and Somalia, south to Cape
Province; marshes of southern Iraq. In Africa partly migratory,
moving north to breed. Casual Black and Caspian Seas, lower
Volga River. Formerly common Egypt.
Threskiornis aethiopicus bernieri (Bonaparte)
Ibis berniert Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Avium, 2, p.
151—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Threskiornis aethiopicus abbotti (Ridgway)
Ibis abbotti Ridgway, 1893, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p.
599—Aldabra Island.
Aldabra Island.
Threskiornis aethiopicus melanocephalus (Latham)
Tantalus melanocephalus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p.
709—India.
Nepal, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), southern Manchuria south
to Cambodia, Annam, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula, Java.
Occasional winter visitor eastern Asiatic islands from Japan
to Philippines.
Threskiornis aethiopicus moluccus (Cuvier)
Ibis molucca Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal, nouv. éd., 1, p.
520, note—Moluccas.
Moluccas (Ceram, Great Kai Island), southern New Guinea
(intermediate between moluccus and strictipennis).
Threskiornis aethiopicus strictipennis (Gould)
Ibis strictipennis Gould, 1838 (April), Synop. Birds Australia,
pt. 4, app., p. 7—Australia.
Australia. Vagrant Tasmania and New Zealand.
264 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Threskiornis aethiopicus pygmaeus Mayr
Threskiornis aethiopicus pygmaeus Mayr, 1931, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 486, p. 6—Rennell Island, Solomon Islands.
Rennell and Bellona Islands, Solomon Islands.
THRESKIORNIS SPINICOLLIS
Threskiornis spinicollis (Jameson)
Ibis spinicollis Jameson, 1835, Edinburgh New Philos.
Journ., 19, p. 213—Murray River, New South Wales.
Australia. Vagrant Tasmania, southern New Guinea, Lord
Howe Island, Norfolk Island.
Genus GERONTICUS Wac ter
Geronticus Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1232. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 67),Tantalus calvus Boddaert.
cf. Wackernagel, 1964, Ornith. Beob., 61, pp. 49-56 (eremita).
Smith, K. D., 1970, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 90, pp. 18-24
(eremita).
Siegfried, 1971, Biol. Conserv., 3, pp. 88-91 (calvus).
Siegfried, 1972, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 92, pp. 102-103
(eremita, discrete populations).
Rencurel, 1974, Alauda, 42, pp. 143-158 (eremita, north-
western Africa).
Hamel, 1975, Vogelwelt, 96, pp. 213-221 (eremita).
Hirsch, 1976, Ornith. Beob., 73, pp. 225-235 (eremita).
Schenker, 1977, Ornith. Beob., 74, pp. 13-30 (eremita,
former range in Europe).
Kumerloeve, 1978, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 81, pp.
319-349 (eremita, history and present status).
GERONTICUS EREMITA'
Geronticus eremita (Linnaeus)
Upupa Eremita Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 118—
Switzerland.
Breeds Morocco and southeastern Turkey (Birecik); possibly
Algeria, Syria, northern Iraq, Yemen. South in winter to
Spanish Sahara, eastern Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, southern
'G. eremita and calvus form a superspecies.—J. S.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 265
Arabia. Casual Cape Verde Islands, Azores, southern Spain,
Tunisia, Somalia. Formerly bred Europe (southwestern Ger-
many, Switzerland, Austria, ? Yugoslavia, ? Hungary); extinct
by seventeenth century. Ancient Egypt.
GERONTICUS CALVUS
Geronticus calvus (Boddaert)
Tantalus Calvus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 52; based on “Courly a tete nue, du Cap du bonne-
Esperance” of Daubenton, 1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl.
867—Cape of Good Hope.
Southeastern highlands of South Africa (Transvaal, Orange
Free State, Basutoland, Natal).
Genus PSEUDIBIS Hopcson
Pseudibis Hodgson, 1844, in J. E. Gray (ed.), Zool. Misc.,
p. 86. Type, by monotypy, Ibis papillosa Temminck.
Thaumatibis Elliot, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 483
(in key), 489. Type, by original designation, [bis gigantea
Oustalet.
cf. Int. Union Conservation Nature (IUCN), 1966, Red Data
Book, 2 (Aves), p. 45 (gigantea).
PSEUDIBIS PAPILLOSA
Pseudibis papillosa papillosa (Temminck)
Ibis papillosa Temminck, 1824, Planches Color., livr. 51,
pl. 304 and text—India and Ceylon.
Pakistan, Nepal, India south to Mysore, east to Assam and
? Arakan, Burma.
Pseudibis papillosa davisoni (Hume)
Geronticus Davisoni Hume, 1875, Stray Feathers, 3, p.
300—Pakchan estuary, Tenasserim.
Burma, western Yunnan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, southern
Annam, Cochinchina, ? Malay Peninsula. Casual Borneo.
PSEUDIBIS GIGANTEA
Pseudibis gigantea (Oustalet)
Ibis gigantea Oustalet, 1877, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris,
ser. 7, 1, p. 25—Mekong River, Cambodia.
266 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Lowlands of central and peninsular Thailand, central and
southern Laos, Cambodia, Cochinchina, ? Malay Peninsula.
Genus NIPPONIA ReEIcHENBACH
Nipponia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
14. Type, by monotypy, [bis temminckii Reichenbach =
Ibis nippon Temminck.
cf. Int. Union Conservation Nature (IUCN), 1966, Red Data
Book, 2 (Aves), p. 44.
Yamashina, 1969, Yearbook World Wildlife Fund 1968,
pp. 147-148, 240.
Ornith. Soc. Japan, 1974, Check-list Japanese Birds, ed.
5, pp. 37-38.
NIPPONIA NIPPON
Nipponia nippon (Temminck)
Ibis nippon Temminck, 1835, Planches Color., livr. 93, pl.
551—Japan.
Formerly from eastern Manchuria south to Anhwei and Che-
kiang, west to western Shensi and southern Kansu, Japan;
in winter south to Hainan. Now nearly extinct—known only
from very small breeding population Sado Island, Japan.
SuBFAMILY PLATALEINAE
Genus PLATALEA Linnaeus
Platalea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 139. Type,
by subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen.
Birds, p. 67), Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus.
Ajaia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p. 16.
Type, by original designation, Ajaia rosea Reichenbach
= Platalea ajaja Linnaeus.
Platibis Bonaparte, 1855, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
40, p. 724. Type, by monotypy, Platalea flavipes Gould.
cf. Allen, R. P., 1942, Roseate Spoonbill, 160 pp. (ajaja).
Hoogerwerf, 1951-52, Limosa, 24, pp. 91-99; 25, pp.
118-131.
Brouwer, 1964, Zool. Mededelingen Rijksmus. Nat. Hist.
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 267
Leiden, 39, pp. 481-521 (leucorodia, Europe).
Vespremeanu, 1968, Ardea, 56, pp. 160-177 (leucorodia,
Rumania).
Whitelaw, 1968, Ostrich, 39, pp. 236-241 (alba).
PLATALEA LEUCORODIA
Platalea leucorodia leucorodia Linnaeus
Platalea Leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
139; based on “The Spoonbill” of Albin, 1734, Nat. Hist.
Birds, 2, p. 61, pl. 66—Europe; restricted to Sweden by
Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 57.
Platalea major Temminck and Schlegel, 1849, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 119, pl. 75—Japan.
Breeds locally in Europe: southern Spain, Netherlands, eastern
Austria, Hungary, Balkans, southern USSR; in Asia from
southwestern Siberia and Turkey east to northern China, In-
dia, Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Formerly bred more widely in Europe
(recent tentative breeding again France, northern Germany,
Czechoslovakia). Regular visitor to British Isles (bred south-
eastern England to seventeenth century). Winters south to
Mediterranean, Kenya and Uganda, Persian Gulf, north coast
of Arabian Sea, India, southeastern China, southern Japan.
Accidental Greenland, Scotland, Scandinavia.
Platalea leucorodia balsaci Naurois and Roux
Platalea leucorodia balsaci Naurois and Roux, 1974, Oiseau,
44, p. 77—Zira Island, Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania.
Islands off the coast of Mauritania, centering on the Banc
d’Arguin.
Platalea leucorodia archeri Neumann
Platalea leucorodia archeri Neumann, 1928, Journ. Ornith.,
76, p. 783—Dahlak Island, Red Sea.
Coasts of Red Sea and Somalia, Socotra.
Platalea leucorodia regia Gould
Platalea regia Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt. 4,
app., p. 7—east coast of New South Wales.
Java, Australia except southwest, New Zealand (Okarito, South
Island). Wanders to Borneo, Celebes, Timor, Moluccas, New
Guinea, Rennell Island (Solomon Islands).
268 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
PLATALEA MINOR
Platalea minor Temminck and Schlegel
Platalea minor Temminck and Schlegel, 1849, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 120, pl. 76—Japan.
Korea, central Manchuria, probably eastern China south to
Fukien. Winters Kwangtung, Hainan, Indochina, formerly
Japan. Accidental Philippines.
PLATALEA ALBA
Platalea alba Scopoli
Platalea alba Scopoli, 1786, Deliciae Florae Faunae Insubri-
cae, 2, p. 92; based on “La Spatule blanche de L’Isle de
Lucon” of Sonnerat, 1776, Voyage Nouvelle Guinée, p.
89, pl. 51—Luzon, Philippines; error, Cape of Good Hope.
Africa from Gambia and Sudan south to Cape Province;
Madagascar.
PLATALEA FLAVIPES
Platalea flavipes Gould
Platalea flavipes Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt.
4, app., p. 7—New South Wales.
Australia. Vagrant Lord Howe Island and New Zealand (Kai-
taia, North Island).
PLATALEA AJAJA
Platalea ajaja Linnaeus
Platalea Ajaja Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 140;
based chiefly on “Aiaia” of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum
Nat. Brasiliae, p. 204—“in America australi” = Rio Sao
Francisco, eastern Brazil, ex Marcgrave, designated by
Berlepsch, 1908, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 301.
Southern United States (Texas, Louisiana, Florida), Bahamas
(Great Inagua), Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola and adjacent
islands, Mexico (except Plateau region), Central America,
northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil,
Ecuador, extreme northwestern and eastern Peru, eastern
Bolivia, Chile (formerly), Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina south
to Cordoba and Buenos Aires. Casual or accidental various
parts of United States, through West Indies, southern Pata-
gonia, Falkland Islands.
PHOENICOPTERIDAE 269
OrpER PHOENICOPTERIFORMES'
M. PHILIP KAHL
FamMity PHOENICOPTERIDAE
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 273-278 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 2, pp.
341-349 (English trans., 1968, Birds Soviet Union, 2,
pp. 396-405).
Allen, R. P., 1956, Flamingos, 300 pp. (Phoenicopterus
r. ruber).
Palmer (ed.), 1962, Handb. North Amer. Birds, 1, pp.
542-550.
Brown, 1973, Mystery Flamingos, ed. 2, 143 pp. (Phoent-
copterus ruber roseus, Phoeniconaias minor).
Kear and Duplaix-Hall (eds.), 1975, Flamingos, 246 pp.
(Symposium).
Kahl, 1976, XII Bull. Int. Council Bird Preservation (1975),
pp. 220-222 (distribution and numbers).
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 205-208.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Paleartic,
1, pp. 358-368 (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus, Phoenico-
naias minor).
Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus
Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 139.
Type, by monotypy, Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus.
PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER
Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Linnaeus
Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
139; based chiefly on “The Flamingo” of Catesby, 1731,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, pt. 4, p. 73, pl. 73—“Africa, America,
rarius in Europa” = Bahamas, ex Catesby, designated
by Berlepsch, 1908, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 312.
Yucatan, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Bonaire (Netherlands
Antilles), Galapagos Archipelago. Nonbreeding birds widely
distributed in Caribbean region; wanderers recorded from
"MS read by D. W. Snow.
270 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Bermuda and mouth of Amazon. Breeding formerly more
widespread through Caribbean.
Phoenicopterus ruber roseus Pallas
Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat.,
2, p. 207—“ad ostia Volgae et Rhymni” = Ural River.’
In Europe breeds southern France, irregularly southern Spain,
Kazakh SSR (east of Caspian and near Aral Sea). In Africa
southern Morocco, Mauritania, Tunisia, some Rift Valley lakes
of eastern Africa, South West Africa (Namibia), Botswana,
South Africa. ? Formerly Cape Verde Islands. In Asia Turkey,
southern Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, southeastern Afghanistan, north-
western India. Has wandered to British Isles, Scandinavia,
Finland, central Russia, Lake Baykal, Madagascar.
PHOENICOPTERUS CHILENSIS
Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina
Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat.
Chili, pp. 242, 344—Chile.
Breeds in South America from south-central Peru along the
Andes in Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina to about lat. 52°S.;
also in the pampas of central Argentina. Nonbreeding birds
found southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Argentina.
Stragglers to northern coastal Peru, Falkland Islands.
Genus PHOENICONAIAS Gray
Phoeniconaias G. R. Gray, 1869, Ibis, pp. 440, 442. Type,
by monotypy, Phoenicopterus minor Geoffroy.
PHOENICONAIAS MINOR
Phoeniconaias minor (Geoffroy)
Phoenicopterus minor Geoffroy, 1798, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philo-
math. Paris, 1, pt. 2, p. 98 and pl., figs. 1-3—no locality
= Senegal, fide Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 25, p. 520.
Breeds Mauritania, some Rift Valley lakes of eastern Africa,
South West Africa (Namibia), ? Botswana, northwestern India.
‘Phoenicopterus antiquorum Temminck, though used by many
authors, was first published 1820, and is a nomen nudum.—M. P.
K.
FALCONIFORMES 271,
Occurs locally throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar,
central India. Straggler to southern Spain.
Genus PHOENICOPARRUS Bonaparte
Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, 43, p. 992. Type, by original designation, Phoenicop-
terus andinus Philippi.
PHOENICOPARRUS ANDINUS
Phoenicoparrus andinus (Philippi)
Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi, 1854, Anales Univ. Chile,
p. 337—salt lake near Altos de Pingopingo, Antofagasta,
Chile.
Puna zone of Andes in southern Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile,
and northwestern Argentina.
PHOENICOPARRUS JAMESI
Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Sclater)
Phoenicopterus jamesi P. L. Sclater, 1886, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 399, pl. 36, p. 400, fig. 3—Sitani, at foot of
Isluga volcano, Tarapaca, Chile.
Puna zone of Andes in southern Peru, northeastern Chile,
western Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina. Recorded from
Chubut, Argentina.
OrDER FALCONIFORMES
ERWIN STRESEMANN AND DEAN AMADON'
Foreword
In 1960 or thereabouts, when a revised edition of Volume
I (1931) of this Check-list was first proposed, the late Dr.
Erwin Stresemann of Berlin was asked to undertake the order
Falconiformes. He wrote a draft manuscript, generously made
it available to the undersigned and others, but never revised
it. With the resumption of plans to publish the volume
‘The authors are sincerely indebted to the numerous authorities
who have helped them with various points, and especially to G.
W. Cottrell for his indefatigable editorial labors.
ohh CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
mentioned, Dr. Ernst Mayr, the general editor of the project,
accepted my offer to do so.
In some of his earlier research Dr. Stresemann adopted
broad species and to a lesser extent broad generic limits. With
age he swung the other way and in his manuscript list of
the Falconiformes recognized more species and genera than
had Peters in 1931! I have attempted to steer a middle course,
but list below all major deviations from Stresemann’s manu-
script. As to subspecies, I follow Stresemann except where
I am aware of later revisions or have studied a species myself.
Higher categories: Following recent opinion, the falcons
are elevated to a suborder, Falcones. The suborder Cathartae
may not belong in the Falconiformes, but again it may, and
it is best left there. The suborder Sagittarii, too, may not
belong in this order. If it does, it is presumably allied to
the Accipitres, not the Falcones, and I place it after the former
suborder.
The ospreys are now often considered to be a subfamily,
Pandioninae, not a family. I do so, and consider it the only
subfamily in the Accipitridae, other than the nominate one.
As I have noted elsewhere, there are so many groups of
uncertain position, several of one genus only, in the Accipitri-
dae, that it is misleading to divide the family into numerous
subfamilies. Stresemann (MS), however, recognized no fewer
than eleven.
In the Falconidae I recognize two subfamilies: the nomi-
nate Falconinae and the Polyborinae.
Genera recognized by Stresemann, not by me:
Erythrotriorchis, Helicolestes, Ibycter, Megatriorchis, Microni-
sus, Nesierax, Pseudogyps, Rupornis, Sarcogyps, Torgos, Tri-
gonoceps, and Urubitinga. The allocation of these names may
be determined from the index.
Genera synonymized by Stresemann, but recognized
by me: Geranoaetus (placed in Buteo) and Lophoaetus (placed
in Spizaetus).
Taxa regarded as species by Stresemann, but as
subspecies by me: Most of these are allopatric forms, difficult
to assess, but surely Stresemann erred in calling some of them
species. In the following alphabetical list, they are treated
as subspecies: Accipiter francesii brutus, Accipiter francesil
griveaudi, Accipiter francesii pusillus, Accipiter (novaehollan-
diae) griseogularis, Accipiter tachiro unduliventer, Aquila
FALCONIFORMES 273
pomarina hastata, Aquila (rapax) nipalensis, Buteo (brachy-
urus) albigula, Buteo buteo japonicus, Buteogallus (anthra-
cinus) gundlachii, Chondrohierax (uncinatus) wilsonit, Circae-
tus gallicus beaudouini, Circaetus gallicus pectoralis, Falco
(cherrug) altaicus, Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides, Gyps
(indicus) tenuirostris, Hieraaetus morphnoides weiskei, Leu-
copternis albicollis ghiesbreghti, Melierax (canorus) poliop-
terus, Phalcoboenus (megalopterus) carunculatus, Phalco-
boenus (megalopterus) megalopterus, Polyborus plancus
cheriway, Polyborus (plancus) lutosus, Spilornis (cheela) ho-
lospilus, Spilornis (cheela) kinabaluensis, Spilornis (cheela)
klossi, Spilornis (cheela) minimus, Spilornis (cheela) rufipectus,
Spizaetus (cirrhatus) limnaeetus. The use of parentheses to
enclose the species names of some of these, and of certain
others in the text, indicates that a subspecies is what Amadon
and Short (1976, Syst. Zool., 25, pp. 161-167) have called a
“megasubspecies,” that is, a subspecies (or cluster of subspecies)
known or judged to be approaching species status. Many such
were described or have at one time or other been listed as
full species.
Taxa considered subspecies, or synonyms, or omitted
by Stresemann, but here listed as species: Accipiter cooperit
(not as race of A. bicolor); Buteogallus subtilis (not as race
of B. anthracinus); Cathartes melambrotus (omitted); Circus
cinereus (not as race of C. cyaneus); Falco kreyenborgi (omitted);
Micrastur buckleyi (not as synonym of M. semitorquatus); Falco
amurensis (not as race of F. vespertinus).
Superspecies: Superspecies have been indicated in foot-
notes to conform with usage elsewhere in this Check-list, rather
than by the convention of brackets.
Sequence of genera and species: The sequence, with
afew mostly minor exceptions that will be discussed elsewhere,
is that adopted in Brown and Amadon (1968) and discussed
in Chapter 1 of that work. This does not depart radically
from that used by Stresemann, except that the genera of kites
are placed first in the Accipitridae; Stresemann had them
last. As to species sequence, for the largest genus in the family,
Accipiter, I follow Wattel’s recent monograph. Stresemann’s
sequence in the genus Falco has been reversed, to begin with
the kestrels and conclude with such specialized species as F.
peregrinus and its close allies.
Geographical ranges: Most of the many recent changes
274 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
in the names of countries have been adopted. What began
as minor alterations of the ranges became more extensive
and many of them have been rewritten.
References: Those given here are extensively supple-
mented in Brown and Amadon (1968).
Finally, let me pay tribute to one of the keenest minds
ever devoted to ornithology. It was a pleasure to know Erwin
Stresemann, and I am glad that our only previous venture
into print together concerned a raptor, the mysterious Falco
kreyenborgi.
DEAN AMADON
References
cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1949, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, 364 pp. (New World).
Friedmann, 1950, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 50, pt. 11,
807 pp. (North and Middle America).
Dementiev et al., 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1, pp.
70-341 (English trans., 1966, Birds Soviet Union, 1,
pp. 71-379).
Condon and Amadon, 1954, Rec. South Austral. Mus.,
11, pp. 189-246 (taxonomy of Australian species).
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
144-238.
White, 1965, Revised Check List Afr. Non-Passerine Birds,
pp. 40-66.
Brown and Amadon, 1968, Eagles Hawks Falcons, 2 vols.
Glutz von Blotzheim, Bauer, and Bezzel, 1971, Handb.
Vogel Mitteleuropas, 4, 943 pp.
Medway and Wells, 1976, Birds Malay Peninsula, 5, pp.
101-119.
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 262-386.
SUBORDER CATHARTAE
Famity CATHARTIDAE'
cf. Amadon, 1978, Condor, 79 (1977), pp. 413-416 (taxonomy).
'Brodkorb, 1964, Bull. Florida State Mus., 8, p. 250, uses the name
Vulturidae. One hopes that this proposal, confusing at this late date,
will be rejected.—D. A.
CATHARTIDAE 275
Genus CORAGYPS Georrroy SatntT-HILAIRE
Coragyps I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1853, in Le Maout, Hist.
Nat. Oiseaux, p. 66. Type, by monotypy, Vultur atratus
Bechstein.
CORAGYPS ATRATUS
Coragyps atratus (Bechstein)
Vultur atratus Bechstein, 1793, in Latham, Allgemeine
Uebersicht Vogel, 1, Anhang, p. 655; based on “Black
Vulture or Carrion Crow” of Bartram, 1791, Travels North
South Carolina, pp. 152, 289—St. John’s River, Florida.
Cathartes foetens Lichtenstein, 1817, Verzeichniss Ausge-
storbenen Saugethiere Vogel, Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 30;
based on “Iribu,” no. 2, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos
Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 19—
Paraguay.
Cathartes brasiliensis Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1, p. 9—South America and Antilles; southern Brazil
designated as type locality by Berlepsch, 1908, Novit. Zool.,
15, p. 289.
North America from southern Arizona east to Maryland, south
through Middle America and South America to central Chile,
Uruguay, and central Argentina.
Genus CATHARTES ILtIiceEr
Cathartes Illiger, 1811, Prodromus Syst. Mammalium
Avium, p. 236. Type, by subsequent designation (Vigors,
1825, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 384), Vultur aura Linnaeus.
cf. Wetmore, 1964, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 146, no. 6, 18
pp. (review of genus).
CATHARTES AURA
Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied
Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied, 1839, Reise Nord-
Amerika, 1, p. 162—Fox River, near New Harmony,
Indiana.
North America from the Mississippi Valley east and from
southern Canada and New England south to the Gulf and
Florida coasts. Somewhat migratory in the north.
Cathartes aura meridionalis Swann
Cathartes aura meridionalis Swann, 1921, Synop. Accipitres,
216 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ed. 2, p. 3—Santa Marta, Colombia. Migrant.
Cathartes aura teter Friedmann, 1933, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 46, p. 188—Riverside, California.
Western North America from southern British Columbia,
central Alberta, and southern Manitoba south to Baja Califor-
nia, south-central Arizona, and south-central Texas. In part
highly migratory, wintering from California and Nebraska
south to Paraguay and southern Brazil.
Cathartes aura aura (Linnaeus)
Vultur Aura Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 86; based
chiefly on “Tzopilotle S. Aura” of Hernandez, 1651, Nova
Plant. Animal. Mineral. Mex. Hist., Hist. Animal. Miner-
al., p. 331—State of Veracruz, Mexico, designated by
Nelson, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18, p. 124.
Cathartes aura insularis Swann, 1921, Synop. Accipitres,
ed. 2, p. 3—Isla Cozumel, eastern Mexico.
Southern border of United States from the lower Colorado
Valley to Texas; Mexico; Central America south to central
Costa Rica; Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Puerto
Rico (where introduced).
Cathartes aura ruficollis Spix
Cathartes ruficollis Spix, 1824, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 1, p. 2—interior of Bahia and Piaui, Brazil.
Southern Costa Rica, south throughout the tropical lowlands
of South America; Trinidad.
Cathartes aura jota (Molina)
Vulcur [sic] Jota Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili,
pp. 265, 343—Chile.
South America from Colombia south in the Andes to Tierra
del Fuego. Not on the coast.
Cathartes aura falklandicus (Sharpe)
Catharista falklandica Sharpe, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, 11, p. 133—Falkland Islands.
Coast of western South America from Ecuador to southern
Chile; Falkland Islands.
CATHARTES BURROVIANUS'
Cathartes burrovianus burrovianus Cassin
Cathartes burrovianus Cassin, 1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
‘C. burrovianus and melambrotus may form a superspecies.—D.
CATHARTIDAE 277
Philadelphia, 2, p. 212—near Veracruz City, Mexico.
Tropical lowlands of eastern and southern Mexico from Ta-
maulipas south; thence locally through Central America and
northwestern South America to central Colombia and north-
western Venezuela.
Cathartes burrovianus urubitinga Pelzeln
Cathartes urubutinga [sic] Natterer = Pelzeln, 1861, Sitz-
ungsber. K. Akad. Wissen. Wien, Math.-Naturwissen. Cl.,
44, pt. 1, p. 7—Brazil. Type from Forte do Rio Branco,
Amazonas.
Cathartes burrovianus dugandi Lehmann, 1957, Novedades
Colombianas, 1, p. 120—Caicara, Venezuela.
South America from southeastern Colombia, central and east-
ern Venezuela, and the Guianas south through Brazil to
Paraguay, northern Argentina, and Uruguay.
CATHARTES MELAMBROTUS
Cathartes melambrotus Wetmore
Cathartes melambrotus Wetmore, 1964, Smithsonian Misc.
Coll., 146, no. 6, p. 15—Kartabo, Guyana.
Amazonia, including southern Venezuela and the Guianas.
Genus GYMNOGYPS Lesson
Gymnogyps Lesson, 1842, Echo Monde Savant, 9, col. 1037.
Type, by original designation, Vultur californianus Shaw.
GYMNOGYPS CALIFORNIANUS
Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw)
Vultur californianus Shaw, 1798, in Shaw and Nodder, Nat.
Misc., 9, pl. 301 and text—coast of California.
Coastal ranges of southern California; formerly more wide-
spread. Nearly extinct.
Genus VULTUR Linnaeus
Vultur Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 86. Type, by
subsequent designation (J. A. Allen, 1907, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, p. 11), Vultur gryphus Linnaeus.
VULTUR GRYPHUS
Vultur gryphus Linnaeus
Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 86;
278 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
based on “Cuntur” of Ray, 1713, Synop. Method. Avium
Piscium, p. 11, and “Vultur gryps Gryphus” of Klein, 1750,
Hist. Avium Prodromus, p. 45—Chile.
Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to the Strait of Magellan
and Tierra del Fuego. Foraging in adjacent lower areas, for
example in Mato Grosso, Brazil, and in Peru; and breeding
also at lower elevations southward.
Genus SARCORAMPHUS Dunmeriu
Sarcoramphus Dumeéeril, 1806, Zool. Analytique, p. 32. Type,
by subsequent designation (Vigors, 1825, Zool. Journ., 2,
pp. 381, 384), Vultur Papa Linnaeus.
SARCORAMPHUS PAPA
Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus)
Vultur Papa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 86; based
on “The Warwovwen, or Indian Vulture” of Albin, 1734,
Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 4, pl. 4, and “The King of the
Vultures” of Edwards, 1743, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 2, pl.
2—“in India occidentali”; error, Surinam designated by
Berlepsch, 1908, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 289.
Central Mexico south through Central America and South
America to Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil, and northern
Argentina, in lowlands.
SUBORDER ACCIPITRES
Famity ACCIPITRIDAE
SUBFAMILY PANDIONINAE
Genus PANDION Savicny
Pandion Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, pp.
69, 95. Type, by monotypy, Pandion fluviatilis Savigny
= Falco haliaetus Linnaeus.
cf. Moll, 1962, Fischadler (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 308), 95
pp.
ACCIPITRIDAE 219
PANDION HALIAETUS
Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linnaeus)
Falco Haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
91—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 22.
Pandion haliaetus friedmanni Wolfe, 1946, Auk, 63, p.
586—Sungari River valley, near Harbin, Manchuria.
Pandion haliaetus mutuus Kipp, 1951, Bonner Zool. Beitr.,
2, p. 112—Foochow, southern China.
Northern Eurasia from Scotland to Kamchatka, the Kurils,
and Japan, north to about tree line; south to Mediterranean
islands, Africa casual south of the Sahara, Canaries, Cape
Verdes, Red Sea area, Socotra, Persian Gulf, southern edge
of the Himalayas, China, and Taiwan. Migratory, reaching
southern Africa, India, the East Indies.
Pandion haliaetus melvillensis Mathews
Pandion haliaetus melvillensis Mathews, 1912, Austral
Avian Rec., 1, p. 34—Melville Island, northern Australia.
Pandion haliaetus microhaliaetus Brasil, 1916, Rev. Fran-
caise Ornith., 4, p. 201—New Caledonia.
East Indies, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Palau
Islands, New Caledonia, and northern Australia.
Pandion haliaetus cristatus (Vieillot)
Buteo cristatus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
ed., 4, p. 481—Australia = Tasmania, fide Mathews, 1913,
List Birds Australia, p. 113.
Southern Australia; Tasmania. Chiefly coastal.
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin)
Falco carolinensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 263; based
on “Fishing Hawk” of Catesby, 1729, Nat. Hist. Carolina,
pt. 1, p. 2, pl. 2—South Carolina ex Catesby.
North America, north locally to the northern limits of forest;
south on the Pacific coast locally to Guatemala and the Gulf
of California, and to central New Mexico, the Gulf coast, and
Florida. Winters from southern United States south to Peru
and southern Brazil; casually farther.
Pandion haliaetus ridgwayi Maynard
Pandion Ridgweir [sic] Anonymous = C. J. Maynard, 1887,
280 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Amer. Exch., Mart, Household Journ., 3, no. 3, p. 33—An-
dros Island.
Bahama Islands, the keys off Belize (British Honduras), and
probably those off Cuba.
SuBFraMILy ACCIPITRINAE
Genus AVICEDA Swainson
Aviceda Swainson, 1836, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, 1, p. 300.
Type, by subsequent designation (Swainson, 1837, Nat.
Hist. Class. Birds, 2, p. 214), Aviceda cuculoides Swainson.
Baza Hodgson, 1837, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 5 (1836),
p. 777. Type, by original designation, Baza syama Hodgson
= Falco leuphotes Dumont.
cf. Parkes, 1961, Postilla, no. 51, 10 pp. (erdoni magnirostris).
AVICEDA CUCULOIDES'
Aviceda cuculoides cuculoides Swainson
Aviceda cuculoides Swainson, 1837, Birds Western Africa,
1, p. 104, pl. 1—no locality. Type from Senegal.
Senegal to western Ethiopia, south to Nigeria and northern
Zaire.
Aviceda cuculoides batesi (Swann)
Baza cuculoides batesi Swann, 1920, Synop. List Accipitres,
p. 107—River Ja, Cameroon.
Forests of western Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola, east
to the eastern edge of the Congo forest.
Aviceda cuculoides verreauxii Lafresnaye
Aviceda Verreauxii Lafresnaye, 1846, Rev. Zool., Paris, 9,
p. 130—Durban, Natal.
Baza emini Reichenow, 1894, Journ. Ornith., 42, p. 163,
note—southwest of Lake Albert Nyanza.
Forest and woodland in Africa south of the range of batesi,
south to Cape Province.
AVICEDA MADAGASCARIENSIS
Aviceda madagascariensis (Smith)
Pernis Madagascariensis A. Smith, 1834, South Afr. Quart.
"A. cuculoides, madagascariensis, jerdoni, and subcristata may
form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 281
Journ., ser. 2, p. 285—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
AVICEDA JERDONI
Aviceda jerdoni jerdoni (Blyth)
Pernis Jerdoni Blyth, 1842, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 11,
p. 464—no locality. Type from Bengal.
Sikkim, northern and eastern India, Bangladesh, Burma,
Thailand, Indochina, Hainan, Sumatra. Winter visitor Malay
Peninsula.
Aviceda jerdoni ceylonensis (Legge)
Baza ceylonensis Legge, 1876, Stray Feathers, 4, p. 247—
Kandy, Ceylon.
Southwestern India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Aviceda jerdoni borneensis (Bruggemann)
Baza borneensis Bruggemann, 1876, Abh. Naturwissen.
Verein Bremen, 5, p. 47—Pontianak, Borneo.
Borneo.
Aviceda jerdoni magnirostris (Kaup)
Hyptiopus magnirostris G. R. Gray = Kaup, 1847, Isis von
Oken, col. 343—Philippines.
Baza leucopias Sharpe, 1888, Ibis, p. 195—Palawan.
Philippines: Palawan, Samar, Mindanao.
Aviceda jerdoni celebensis (Schlegel)
Baza celebensis Schlegel, 1873, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
livr. 10, Rev. Coll. Oiseaux Proie, p. 135—Celebes and
Sula Islands.
Celebes; Banggai Islands; Sula Islands.
AVICEDA SUBCRISTATA
Aviceda subcristata timorlaoensis (Meyer)
Baza timorlaoensis A. B. Meyer, 1894, Abh. Ber. K. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, 4 (1892/93), no. 3, p. 5—Timorlaut =
Tanimbar.
Lesser Sunda Islands from Lombok east to Timor and smaller
islands to the north and east (Tanahdjampea, Tukangbesi,
Damar, Babar, Tanimbar).
Aviceda subcristata pallida (Stresemann)
Baza subcristata pallida Stresemann, 1913, Novit. Zool.,
282 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
20, p. 306—Tual, Kai Islands.
Kai Islands, south of western New Guinea.
Aviceda subcristata reinwardtii (Schlegel and Muller)
Falco (Lophotes) Reinwardtii Schlegel and S. Muller, 1841,
in Temminck (ed.), Verh. Nat. Geschiedenis Nederlandsche
Overzeesche Bezittingen, Zool., Aves, pl. 5, text p. 37
(1845)—Manado, Celebes; error, Ceram substituted by
Berlepsch, 1911, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturforsch. Gesell.,
34, p. 81.
Moluccas: Ambon, Haruku, Ceram.
Aviceda subcristata stresemanni (Siebers)
Baza stresemanni Siebers, 1930, Treubia, 7, Suppl., p. 243—
Nal Besi, Buru.
Moluccas: Buru.
Aviceda subcristata rufa (Schlegel)
Baza rufa Schlegel, 1866, Vogels Nederlandsche Indie,
Valkvogels, pp. 41, 78, pl. 27, fig. 4, pl. 28, figs. 1-3—
“Halmahera, Morotai, Batjan, Ternate en Tidore.”
Moluccas: Obi and the northern islands.
Aviceda subcristata waigeuensis Mayr
Aviceda subcristata waigeuensis Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1056, p. 8—Waigeo.
Waigeo Island, off western New Guinea.
Aviceda subcristata obscura Junge
Aviceda subcristata obscura Junge, 1956, Zool. Mededeling-
en Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 34, p. 231—Biak.
Biak Island, off New Guinea.
Aviceda subcristata stenozona (Gray)
Baza stenozona G. R. Gray, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 169—Aru Islands.
Salawati; Misool; Aru Islands; western New Guinea, east in
the north to Geelvink Bay, in the south to the Fly River.
Aviceda subcristata megala (Stresemann)
Baza subcristata megala Stresemann, 1913, Novit. Zool.,
20, pp. 305 (in key), 307—Fergusson Island.
Eastern New Guinea; Japen Island; Fergusson Island; Good-
enough Island.
Aviceda subcristata coultasi Mayr
Aviceda subcristata coultasi Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
ACCIPITRIDAE 283
no. 1294, p. 11—Manus Island.
Admiralty Islands: Manus.
Aviceda subcristata bismarckii (Sharpe)
Baza bismarckii Sharpe, 1888, in Gould, Birds New Guinea,
pt. 25, text to plate labeled Baza gurneyi—New Britain
and New Ireland.
Bismarck Archipelago: New Britain, New Ireland, New Han-
over.
Aviceda subcristata proxima Mayr
Aviceda subcristata proxima Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1294, p. 10—Bougainville.
Solomon Islands: Bougainville and Shortland.
Aviceda subcristata robusta Mayr
Aviceda subcristata robusta Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1294, p. 9—Choiseul.
Solomon Islands: Choiseul and Santa Isabel.
Aviceda subcristata gurneyi (Ramsay)
Baza Gurneyi Ramsay, 1882, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, 16,
p. 130—Ugi.
Solomon Islands: San Cristobal, Ugi, Santa Ana, Malaita,
Guadalcanal.
Aviceda subcristata njikena Condon and Amadon
Aviceda subcristata njikena Condon and Amadon, 1954, Rec.
South Austral. Mus., 11, p. 198—Fitzroy River.
Northwestern Australia.
Aviceda subcristata subcristata (Gould)
Lepidogenys subcristatus Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Austra-
lia, pt. 3, pl. 46 and text—New South Wales.
Baza subcristata queenslandica Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool.,
18, p. 251—Mackay, Queensland.
Coastal northern Australia, east of njikena, east to Queensland
and thence south to northern New South Wales.
AVICEDA LEUPHOTES
Aviceda leuphotes wolfei Deignan
Aviceda leuphotes wolfei Deignan, 1948, Auk, 65, p. 284—Mt.
Omei, Szechwan.
Szechwan, China. Winter quarters unknown.
284 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Aviceda leuphotes syama (Hodgson)
Baza Syama Hodgson, 1837, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
5 (1836), p. 777—lower region of Nepal.
Southern slopes of Himalayas from Nepal to Assam, southern
China (Kweichow, Kwangsi, Kwangtung), northern Burma.
Winters in Indochinese countries south to Singapore and
perhaps Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Aviceda leuphotes leuphotes (Dumont)
Falco leuphotes Dumont, 1820, Dict. Sci. Nat., 16, p. 217—
Pondicherry, India.
Baza lophotes burmana W. L. Sclater, 1920, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 41, p. 31—Malewoon, Patchan Estuary,
Tenasserim.
Southern India, southern Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Hainan.
Somewhat migratory.
Aviceda leuphotes andamanica Abdulali
Aviceda leuphotes andamanica Abdulali, 1970, Journ. Bom-
bay Nat. Hist. Soc., 67, p. 138—Wrightmyo, South Anda-
man Island.
Andaman Islands.
Genus LEPTODON SunpbeEvaL.L
Leptodon Sundevall, 1836, K. Vetenskaps-Acad. Handlingar
(1835), p. 114. Type, by monotypy, Falco cayennensis
Gmelin = Falco cayanensis Latham.
Odontriorchis Kaup, 1844, Class. Sdugethiere Vogel, p. 124.
Type, by monotypy, cayennensis = Falco cayanensis Lath-
am.
cf. Brodkorb, 1943, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan,
no. 55, pp. 26-27.
Pinto, 1953, Papéis Avulsos, Dept. Zool., Sao Paulo, 11,
pp. 131-132.
LEPTODON CAYANENSIS
Leptodon cayanensis cayanensis (Latham)
Falco cayanensis Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 28—
Cayenne.
Falco palliatus Prinz Max = Temminck, 1822, Planches
Color., livr. 23, pl. 204—Brazil and Guiana = Rio Peruipe,
Bahia, Brazil, ex Wied, 1830, Beitr. Naturgeschichte
ACCIPITRIDAE 285
Brasilien, 3, p. 152 (cf. Hellmayr, 1929, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 456).
?Odontriorchis forbest Swann, 1922, Synop. Accipitres, ed.
2, p. 159—Pernambuco, Brazil.
Tropical parts of Mexico south through Central America and
South America to western Ecuador and Amazonia; Trinidad.
Leptodon cayanensis monachus (Vieillot)
Sparvius monachus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. ed., 10, p. 341—Brazil; type locality herewith
restricted to Rio de Janeiro.
Central and southern Brazil, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, north-
ern Argentina.
Genus CHONDROHIERAX Lesson
Chondrohierax Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, 10, col.
61. Type, by monotypy, Daedalion erythrofrons Lesson
= Falco uncinatus Temminck.
Regerhinus Kaup, 1845, Mus. Senckenbergianum, Abh. Ge-
biete Beschreib. Naturgeschichte, 3, pp. 255, 262. Type,
by monotypy, Falco uncinatus “Tlliger.”
cf. Amadon, 1960, Novedades Colombianas, 1, pp. 237-238.
CHONDROHIERAX UNCINATUS
Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis Friedmann
Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis Friedmann, 1934, Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., 24, p. 314—-Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Southern Texas (recently) and eastern Mexico.
Chondrohierax uncinatus uncinatus (Temminck)
Falco uncinatus Uliger = Temminck, 1822, Planches Color.,
livr. 18, pls. 103-104—-vicinity of Rio, etc.; restricted to
Bahia, Brazil, by Hellmayr and Conover, 1949, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 27, note.
Regerhinus (Cymindis) Megarhynchus Des Murs (ex Kaup
MS), 1856, in Castelnau, Expéd. Amer. Sud, pt. 7, Zool.,
1, Oiseaux (1855), livr. 17, p. 9, pl. 1—Sarayacu, Peru.
Chondrohierax uncinatus immanis Friedmann, 1934, Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., 24, p. 315—Ambato, Ecuador.
Western Mexico south through Central America and South
America to western Peru, Paraguay, southern Brazil, and
northern Argentina; Trinidad.
286 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Chondrohierax uncinatus mirus Friedmann
Chondrohierax uncinatus mirus Friedmann, 1934, Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci., 24, p. 313—Grenada.
West Indies: Grenada.
Chondrohierax (uncinatus) wilsonii (Cassin)
Cymindis Wilsonii Cassin, 1847, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, n. s., 1, p. 21, pl. 7—near Gibara, Cuba.
Cuba.
Genus HENICOPERNIS Gray
Henicopernis G. R. Gray, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
153. Type, by monotypy, Falco longicauda Garnot.
cf. Gyldenstolpe, 1955. Arkiv Zool., ser. 2, 8, pp. 214-215
(longicauda).
Junge, 1956, Zool. Mededelingen Rijksmus. Nat. Hist.
Leiden, 34, pp. 232-236 (longicauda).
HENICOPERNIS LONGICAUDA'
Henicopernis longicauda longicauda (Garnot)
Falco longicauda Garnot, 1828, in Duperrey, Voyage Co-
quille, Zool., Atlas, 1, livr. 7, pl. 10 (21 June); 1829, 1,
livr. 13, p. 588—New Guinea.
New Guinea.
Henicopernis longicauda minimus Junge
Henicopernis longicauda minimus Junge, 1937, Nova Guin-
ea, n.s., 1, p. 150—Wokan, Aru Islands.
Islands off western New Guinea (Waigeo, Misool, Aru, Biak).
Henicopernis longicauda fraterculus Stresemann and
Paludan
Henicopernis longicauda fraterculus Stresemann and Palu-
dan, 1932, Novit. Zool., 38, p. 239—Serui, Japen.
Japen Island, off New Guinea.
HENICOPERNIS INFUSCATA
Henicopernis infuscata Gurney
Henicopernis infuscata Gurney, 1882, Ibis, p. 128—Blanche
Bay, New Britain.
New Britain.
‘H. longicauda and infuscata form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 287
Genus PERNIS Cuvier
Pernis Cuvier, 1817, Regne Animal, 1 (1816), p. 322. Type,
by monotypy, Falco apivorus Linnaeus.
cf. Stresemann, 1940, Archiv Naturgeschichte, n. s., 9, pp.
137-193.
Vaurie and Amadon, 1962, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 2111,
11 pp.
PERNIS APIVORUS'
Pernis apivorus (Linnaeus)
Falco apivorus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 91—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 23.
Europe and western Asia, north to England, northern Sweden,
Finland, and the Archangel district, south to northern Spain,
Balkans, Crimea, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Novosibirsk district.
Winters in tropical and southern Africa.
PERNIS PTILORHYNCHUS
Pernis ptilorhynchus orientalis Taczanowski
Pernis apivorus orientalis Taczanowski, 1891, Mém. Acad.
Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, sér. 7, 39, pt. 1, p. 5|0—Kultuk
west of Lake Baykal, mouth of Ussuri River at lat. 48° N.,
and Askold Island. Type from mouth of Ussuri River.
Pernis apivorus japonicus Nagamichi Kuroda, 1925, Do-
butsu. Zasshi, 37, pp. 223 (Japanese text), 225 (English
text)—Nagano, Honshu, Japan.
Pernis apivorus neglectus Nagamichi Kuroda, 1936, Birds
Island Java, p. 533—Taihoku, Taiwan.
Southern Siberia, east of the range of apivorus, from the
Yenisey and the Baykal area east to Amurland and Ussuriland,
south to Manchuria and perhaps northern Korea; also Sakhalin
and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Winters in southeastern Asia,
the East Indies, and the Philippines.
Pernis ptilorhynchus ruficollis Lesson
Pernis ruficollis Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornith., livr. 1, p.
77—“patrie inconnue” = Bengal.
Pernis ptilorhynchus gurneyi Stresemann, 1940, Archiv Na-
‘P. apivorus and ptilorhynchus form a superspecies.—D. A.
288 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
turgeschichte, n. s., 9, p. 168—Lamaing, near Mandalay,
Burma.
India from the foothills of the Himalayas south to Sri Lanka
(Ceylon) and east to Assam, Burma, southern China (Yunnan).
Pernis ptilorhynchus philippensis Mayr
Pernis ptilorhynchus philippensis Mayr, 1939, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 47, p. 74—Mindanao.
Phillippines: Luzon, Cebu, Leyte, Negros, Mindanao.
Pernis ptilorhynchus palawanensis Stresemann
Pernis ptilorhynchus palawanensis Stresemann, 1940, Ar-
chiv Naturgeschichte, n. s., 9, p. 171—Puerto Princesa,
Palawan.
Philippines: Palawan.
Pernis ptilorhynchus torquatus Lesson
Pernis torquata Lesson, 1830, Traite Ornith., livr. 1, p.
76—Sumatra.
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
Pernis ptilorhynchus ptilorhynchus (Temminck)
Falco ptilorhyncus [sic] Temminck, 1821, Planches Color.,
livr. 8, pl. 44—Java.
Java.
PERNIS CELEBENSIS
Pernis celebensis celebensis Wallace
Pernis cristatus var. celebensis Wallace, 1868, Ibis, p. 17—
Celebes.
Pernis celebensis Walden, 1872, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
8, p. 111—Celebes.
Celebes and off-lying islands (Muna, Peleng).
Pernis celebensis steerei Sclater
Pernis celebensis steerei W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 40, p. 41—San Antonio, Negros Island.
Philippines (but not the Palawan group).
Genus ELANOIDES VIeILLor
Elanoides Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éd.,
24, p. 101. Type, by monotypy, Falco forficatus Linnaeus.
ACCIPITRIDAE 289
ELANOIDES FORFICATUS
Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linnaeus)
Falco forficatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 89;
based on “Swallow tail’d Hawk” of Catesby, 1729, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, pt. 1, p. 4, pl. 4—America = Carolina
ex Catesby.
Gulf and southern Atlantic United States from eastern Texas
to Florida and north to the Carolinas; formerly north to
Minnesota; perhaps northeastern Mexico. Now common only
in Florida. Winters in South America, south to Brazil and
Argentina.
Elanoides forficatus yetapa (Vieillot)
Milvus yetapa Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éed., 20, p. 564; based on “Alcon cola-tixera,” no. 38, of
Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
Rio Plata, 1, p. 169—Paraguay.
Locally from southern Mexico south through Central America
and South America, including Trinidad, to Paraguay and
northern Argentina. Migratory in southern part of range; also
in Trinidad and perhaps elsewhere.
Genus MACHAERHAMPHUS WEstERMAN
Machaerhamphus Westerman, 1851, K. Zool. Genootschap
Natura Artis Magistra Amsterdam, Bijdragen Dierkunde,
pt. 2, p. 29, pl. 12. Type, by monotypy, Machaerhamphus
alcinus Westerman.’
MACHAERHAMPHUS ALCINUS
Machaerhamphus alcinus alcinus Westerman
Machaerhamphus alcinus Westerman, 1851, K. Zool. Ge-
nootschap Natura Artis Magistra Amsterdam, Bijdragen
Dierkunde, pt. 2, p. 29, pl. 12—Malacca.
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
*Macheiramphus Bonaparte, 1850, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2,
2, p. 482, resurrected by Deignan, 1960, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
80, p. 121, while a senior synonym, must be regarded as a nomen
oblitum, unused for 110 years.—D. A.
290 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Machaerhamphus alcinus papuanus Mayr
Machaerhamphus alcinus papuanus Mayr, 1940, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 1091, p. 1—Kumusi River.
New Guinea.
Machaerhamphus alcinus anderssoni (Gurney)
Stringonyx anderssoni Gurney, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1865), p. 618—Otjimbinque, Damaraland.
Africa from Ghana east to Ethiopia and ? Somalia, south
to South West Africa (Namibia), Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and
Natal; Madagascar.
Genus GAMPSONYX Vicors
Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825, Zool. Journ., 2, p. 69. Type, by
monotypy, Gampsonyx swainsonii Vigors.
cf. V. Stresemann, 1959, Auk, 76, pp. 360-361 (affinities of
the genus).
GAMPSONYX SWAINSONII
Gampsonyx swainsonii leonae Chubb
Gampsonyx swainsonii leonae Chubb, 1918, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 39, p. 22—Leon, Nicaragua.
Western Nicaragua; Santa Marta region of Colombia, east
through Venezuela to Guyana, south to the north bank of
the lower Amazon; Trinidad. Not in forest.
Gampsonyx swainsonii swainsonii Vigors
Gampsonyx Swainsonii Vigors, 1825, Zool. Journ., 2, p.
69—tableland of Bahia, Brazil.
Eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, Brazil from the south bank
of the Amazon to Mato Grosso and Rio de Janeiro, western
Paraguay, and northern Argentina. Not in forest.
Gampsonyx swainsonii magnus Chubb
Gampsonyx swainsonii magnus Chubb, 1918, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 39, p. 21—Amotape, Peru.
Arid western Ecuador and northwestern Peru.
Genus ELANUS Savicny
Elanus Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, pp. 69,
97. Type, by monotypy, Elanus caesius Savigny = Falco
caeruleus Desfontaines.
ACCIPITRIDAE 291
cf. Salomonsen, 1953, Vidensk. Meddelelser Dansk Naturhist.
Forening Kgbenhavn, 115, pp. 209-210 (caeruleus).
Parkes, 1958, Condor, 60, pp. 139-140 (specific relation-
ships in the genus).
ELANUS LEUCURUS'
Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs and Penard
Elanus leucurus majusculus Bangs and Penard, 1920, Proc.
New England Zool. Club, 7, p. 446—San Rafael, California.
Locally in southern United States (California, Texas, the Gulf
states and north to South Carolina; very rare east of the
Mississippi River); also in northern Baja California and per-
haps elsewhere in northern Mexico. The species is spreading,
especially in the area from southern Mexico to Panama, but
it is not known whether the incursion is from California or
from South America.
Elanus leucurus leucurus (Vieillot)
Milvus leucurus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 20, p. “556” = 563; based on “Alcon blanco,” no. 36,
of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 1, p. 165—Paraguay.
Locally in South America, including Trinidad (? breeding),
south to central Chile and central Argentina. Not in forest.
ELANUS CAERULEUS
Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desfontaines)
Falco caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789, Hist. Acad. Roy. Sci.,
Paris (1787), p. 503, pl. 15—Algiers.
Southern Europe (Iberian Peninsula), locally throughout Afri-
ca, southern Arabia.
Elanus caeruleus vociferus (Latham)
Falco vociferus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 46; based
on “La petite Buze criarde” of Sonnerat, 1782, Voyage
Indes Orientales Chine, 2, p. 184—India; restricted to
Coromandel coast by Hartert, 1914, Vogel Pal. Fauna,
p. 1184.
Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Nepal, Bangladesh,
ah &
E. leucurus, caeruleus, and notatus form a superspecies, or may
form a single species.—D. A.
292 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
southern China (Yunnan), Indochinese countries, and Malay
Peninsula.
Elanus caeruleus sumatranus Salomonsen
Elanus caeruleus sumatranus Salomonsen, 1953, Vidensk.
Meddelelser Dansk Naturhist. Forening Kgbenhavn, 115,
p. 210—Mt. Korinchi.
Sumatra.
Elanus caeruleus hypoleucus Gould
Elanus hypoleucus Gould, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 127—Macassar, Celebes.
Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Kalao (Flores Sea), Lesser
Sunda Islands (Lombok, Sumba).
Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard
Elanus caeruleus wahgiensis Mayr and Gilliard, 1954, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 103, p. 332—Wahgi Valley at
Nondugl.
Scattered valleys in New Guinea from Wau west at least to
the Mt. Hagen area and the Baiyer River valley; also near
Merauke at sea level in the south (? subspecies), and on the
Sepik River.
ELANUS NOTATUS
Elanus notatus Gould
Elanus notatus Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt. 4,
app., p. 1—New South Wales.
Australia; increasing and becoming more general.
ELANUS SCRIPTUS
Elanus scriptus Gould
Elanus scriptus Gould, 1842, Birds Australia, pt. 9 (1
December), pl. and text—South Australia = Cooper’s
Creek, fide Mathews, 1927, Syst. Avium Australasia-
narum, p. 259.
Locally in interior of Australia; irruptions reaching coastal
areas.
Genus CHELICTINIA Lesson
Chelictinia Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, 10, col. 63.
Type, by monotypy, Elanoides riocourii Vieillot.
ACCIPITRIDAE 293
CHELICTINIA RIOCOURII
Chelictinia riocourii (Vieillot)
Elanoides riocourii Vieillot, 1822, Galerie Oiseaux, 1, pt.
1, p. 43, pl. 16—Senegal.
Dry country from Senegal and Nigeria to Ethiopia and Somalia,
south to the Kedong Valley, Kenya.
Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson
Rostrhamus Lesson, 1830, Traite Ornith., livr. 1, p. 55. Type,
by monotypy, Rostrhamus niger Lesson = Herpetotheres
sociabilis Vieillot.
Helicolestes Bangs and Penard, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
62, p. 38. Type, by original designation, Falco hamatus
Illiger = Temminck.
cf. Amadon, 1964, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 2166, p. 3 (generic
characters).
Amadon, 1975, Auk, 92, pp. 380-382 (review of sociabilis).
ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS
Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Ridgway
Rostrhamus sociabilis var. plumbeus Ridgway, 1874, in
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds,
3, pp. 208 (in key), 209—Everglades of Florida.
Rostrhamus sociabilis levis Friedmann, 1933, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 46, p. 199—Cuba.
Southern Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines.
Rostrhamus sociabilis major Nelson and Goldman
Rostrhamus sociabilis major Nelson and Goldman, 1933,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46, p. 193—-Catemaco, Vera-
cruz, Mexico.
Southeastern Mexico from Veracruz south; Petéen region of
Guatemala; Belize (British Honduras).
Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis (Vieillot)
Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 18, p. 318; based on “Gavilan de estero sociable,”
no. 16, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 84—Corrientes, near Rio de
la Plata, Argentina.
Central America from Honduras and Nicaragua south, and
294 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
swampy lowlands in South America south to central Argentina.
West of the Andes south only to Ecuador. Rare in Central
America and Panama; casual Trinidad.
ROSTRHAMUS HAMATUS
Rostrhamus hamatus (Temminck)
Falco hamatus Illiger = Temminck, 1821, Planches Color.,
livr. 11, pl. 61 and text—Brazil.
Northern South America, from Colombia to Surinam, south
to eastern Bolivia and the lower Amazon. Locally near lowland
watercourses.
Genus HARPAGUS Vicors
Harpagus Vigors, 1824, Zool. Journ., 1, p. 338. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds,
p. 4), Falco bidentatus Latham.
cf. Amadon, 1961, Condor, 63, pp. 178-179 (relationships of
genus).
HARPAGUS BIDENTATUS
Harpagus bidentatus fasciatus Lawrence
Harpagus fasciatus Lawrence, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia (1868), p. 429—Guatemala.
Southeastern Mexico south through Central America to Co-
lombia (west of the Eastern Andes) and western Ecuador.
Harpagus bidentatus bidentatus (Latham)
Falco bidentatus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 38; based
on “Notched Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General Synop.
Birds, Suppl., p. 34—Cayenne.
South America east of the Andes, south to eastern Bolivia
and central Brazil; Trinidad.
HARPAGUS DIODON
Harpagus diodon (Temminck)
Falco diodon Temminck, 1823, Planches Color., livr. 34,
pl. 198—Brazil; restricted to Villa Vicoza, Rio Peruipe,
Bahia, by Hellmayr and Conover, 1949, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 32, note 3.
Locally in the Guianas and eastern Brazil, south to Bolivia
(Santa Cruz), Paraguay, and northern Argentina.
ACCIPITRIDAE 295
Genus ICTINIA VIEILLor
Ictinia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 24. Type, by monotypy,
Milvus cenchris Vieillot = Falco plumbeus Gmelin.
ICTINIA PLUMBEA'
Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin)
Falco plumbeus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 283; based
on “Spotted-tailed Hobby” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 106—Cayenne.
Tropical Mexico south through Central America and South
America (east of the Andes) to Paraguay and northern Argen-
tina; Trinidad. Migratory in northern and southern portions
of range.
ICTINIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS
Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson)
Falco misisippiensis [sic] Wilson,” 1811, Amer. Ornith., 3,
p. 80, pl. 25, fig. 1—below Natchez, Mississippi.
Middle south of United States from Kansas, and even recently
Arizona and New Mexico, east locally to South Carolina, south
to Texas, the Gulf states, and northern Florida. Rare in east.
Winters in South America, perhaps chiefly well south, in Brazil,
Paraguay, and northern Argentina.
Genus LOPHOICTINIA Kaup
Lophoictinia Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 113. Type, by
monotypy, Milvus isurus Gould.
LOPHOICTINIA ISURA
Lophoictinia isura (Gould)
Milvus isurus Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt. 3,
pl. 47, fig. 2, and text—Australia = New South Wales,
fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 250.
Australia.
‘I. plumbea and mississippiensis form a superspecies.—D. A.
“Name spelled correctly in index of same work; see also Thirty-third
Suppl. Amer. Ornith. Union Check-list North Amer. Birds, 1976,
Auk, 93, p. 876.—D. A.
296 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus HAMIROSTRA Brown
Hamirostra T. Brown, 1846, Illus. Gen. Birds, pt. 8, p. 12.
Type, by monotypy, Hamirostra montana Brown = Buteo
melanosternon Gould.
Gypoictinia Kaup, 1850, Monogr. Falconidae, p. 61, in Jar-
dine, Contrib. Ornith. Type, by monotypy, Buteo melano-
sternon Gould.
HAMIROSTRA MELANOSTERNON
Hamirostra melanosternon (Gould)
Buteo melanosternon Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1840), p. 162—interior of New South Wales.
Northern and interior regions of Australia.
Genus MILVUS LacépeEDE
Milvus Lacépede, 1799, Tableaux Mammiferes Oiseaux, p.
4. Type, by tautonymy, Falco milvus Linnaeus.
cf. Makatsch, 1972, Schwarze Milan (Neue Brehm-Bucheri
100), ed. 2, 80 pp. (migrans).
Naurois, 1972, Proc. XV Int. Ornith. Congr., The Hague
(1970), pp. 671-673.
MILVUS MILVUS
Milvus milvus milvus (Linnaeus)
Falco Milvus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 89—
Europe, Asia, Africa; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus,
1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 20.
Milvus milvus caucasicus Buturlin, 1929, Zametki 0 Ptitsakh
Sev. Kavkaza, p. 13—Sochi, Caucasus.
Locally from Great Britain, southern Sweden, Baltic states,
and the Ukraine south to southern Europe, the Mediterranean
islands, and the Middle East east to the Caucasus and northern
Iran; also Canary Islands, Morocco, northern Algeria, and
northern Tunisia. Migratory in north.
Milvus (milvus) fasciicauda Hartert
Milvus milvus fasciicauda Hartert, 1914, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 33, p. 89—Santo Antao, Cape Verde Islands.
Cape Verde Islands.
ACCIPITRIDAE 297
MILVUS MIGRANS
Milvus migrans migrans (Boddaert)
Falco migrans Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p.
28; based on “Le Milan noir” of Daubenton, 1765-81,
Planches Enlum., pl. 472—France.
Milvus korschun tianshanicus Buturlin, 1928, Opredelitel
Vidov Ptits SSSR, pt. 1, p. 73—Naryn, Tien Shan.
Europe from France, Finland, and Russia south to Morocco,
Tunisia, Sicily, Balkans; Near and Middle East south to Syria,
east to Turkistan (Tien Shan, Pamir foothills, where inter-
breeding with lineatus), Afghanistan, and western Pakistan.
Migratory in north, reaching southern Africa.
Milvus (migrans) lineatus (Gray)
Haliaetus lineatus J. E. Gray, 1831, Illus. Ind. Zool., 1, pt.
8, pl. 18—China.
Milvus melanotis Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 14, pl. 5, fig. 5B—Japan.
Eurasia from the Urals and River Ob east to the Pacific,
the Kurils, and Japan, south to Tibet, the Himalayas, southern
China, northern Indochina, Malay Peninsula. Somewhat mi-
gratory.
Milvus migrans formosanus Kuroda
Milvus lineatus formosanus Nagamichi Kuroda, 1920, Do-
butsu. Zasshi, 32, pp. 243 (Japanese text), 245 (English
text)—Gyochi, Nanto district, Taiwan.
Taiwan and Hainan.
Milvus migrans govinda Sykes
Milvus Govinda Sykes, 1832, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
Soc. London, pt. 2, p. 81—Dukhun = Deccan, India.
Eastern Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Bangladesh,
Burma, southern Indochina, Malay Peninsula.
Milvus migrans affinis Gould
Milvus affinis Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt. 3,
pl. 47, fig. 1, and text—Australia = New South Wales,
fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 249.
Celebes; Lesser Sundas (Lombok, Sumba, Timor); eastern New
Guinea; islands off New Guinea (New Britain, Fergusson);
northern Australia, south in smaller numbers to northern
Victoria.
298 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Milvus migrans aegyptius (Gmelin)
Falco aegyptius Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 261—Egypt.
Milvus migrans arabicus Swann, 1922, Synop. Accipitres,
ed. 2, p. 153—-Lahy = Lahej, Aden.
Egypt, coasts of Red Sea, southern Arabia, coasts of Somalia
and Kenya.
Milvus migrans parasitus (Daudin)
Falco parasitus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 150;
based on “Le Parasite” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat.
Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 58, pl. 22—South Africa.
Milvus migrans tenebrosus Grant and Mackworth-Praed,
1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 54, p. 23—Beoumi, Ghana.
Africa south of the Sahara, Cape Verde Islands, Comoro
Islands, Madagascar.
Genus HALIASTUR SELBy
Haliastur Selby, 1840, Cat. Gen. Sub-gen. Types Class Aves,
pp. 2 (note), 3. Type, by original designation, Haliastur
pondicerianus Gmelin = Falco indus Boddaert.
cf. Amadon, 1941, Emu, 40, pp. 365-366 (sphenurus).
HALIASTUR SPHENURUS
Haliastur sphenurus (Vieillot)
Milvus sphenurus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
ed., 20, p. 564—Australasia = New South Wales, fide
Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 249.
Haliastur sphenurus johannae Brasil, 1916, Rev. Francaise
Ornith., 4, p. 201—New Caledonia.
Eastern New Guinea; Australia, less common southward; New
Caledonia.
HALIASTUR INDUS
Haliastur indus indus (Boddaert)
Falco Indus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 25;
based on “Aigle des grandes Indes” of Daubenton, 1765-81,
Planches Enlum., pl. 416—Pondicherry, India, ex Dauben-
ton.
Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka (Ceylon), east to southern
China, Burma, Thailand, and Indochina. Chiefly coastal or
near water.
ACCIPITRIDAE 299
Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth
Haliastur intermedius Blyth, 1865, Ibis, p. 28—Java.
Haliaetus indus var. ambiguus Bruggemann, 1876, Abh.
Naturwissen. Verein Bremen, 5, p. 45—Celebes (popula-
tions inclining to girrenera).
Haliastur indus permistus Neumann, 1939, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 59, p. 105—Peleng Island.
Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Greater and Lesser Sunda
Islands, Celebes and nearby islands (Peleng, Tukangbesi).
Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieillot)
Haliaetus girrenera Vieillot, 1822, Galerie Oiseaux, 1, pt.
1, p. 31, pl. 1O—New South Wales.
Haliaetus leucosternus Gould, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1837), p. 138—Australia.
Moluccas; New Guinea and surrounding islands; Bismarck
Archipelago; northern and eastern Australia, along coasts and
rivers, south to northern New South Wales.
Haliastur indus flavirostris Condon and Amadon
Haliastur indus flavirostris Condon and Amadon, 1954, Rec.
South Austral. Mus., 11, p. 206—Bougainville Island.
Solomon Islands, including Nissan and Feni to the north of
Bougainville.
Genus HALIAEETUS Savicny
Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, pp.
68, 85. Type, by monotypy, Haliaeetus nisus Savigny =
Falco albicilla Linnaeus.
cf. Fischer, 1970, Seeadler (Neue Brehm-Biicherei 221), ed.
2, 146 pp.
HALIAEETUS LEUCOGASTER'
Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin)
Falco leucogaster Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 257; based
on “White-bellied Eagle” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, first p. 33—no locality; Java designated by
Hartert, 1902, Novit. Zool., 9, p. 427.
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), southeastern Asia, north to south-
eastern China and Taiwan, thence south and east through
‘H. leucogaster and sanfordi form a superspecies.—D. A.
300 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
the East Indies, Philippines, New Guinea region; Australia
and coastal islands, including Tasmania. Chiefly coastal and
insular.
HALIAEETUS SANFORDI
Haliaeetus sanfordi Mayr
Haliaeetus sanfordi Mayr, 1935, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
820, p. 1—Choiseul Island.
Solomon Islands.
HALIAEETUS VOCIFER'
Haliaeetus vocifer (Daudin)
Falco vocifer Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 65; based
on “Le Vocifer” of Levaillant, 1796, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 11, pl. 4—Keurboom River, Cape Province.
Haliaétos clamans C. L. Brehm, 1853, Journ. Ornith., 1,
p. 199, note—no locality; Shoa designated by Friedmann,
1930, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 153, pt. 1, p. 66.
Africa from Senegal, Sudan, and Ethiopia south.
HALIAEETUS VOCIFEROIDES
Haliaeetus vociferoides Des Murs
Haliaetus vociferoides Des Murs, 1845, Rev. Zool., Paris,
8, p. 175 bis.—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
HALIAEETUS LEUCORYPHUS
Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Pallas)
Aquila leucorypha Pallas, 1771, Reise Verschiedene Provin-
zen Russischen Reichs, 1, p. 454—lower Ural River.
Eastern Russia (Ural River), thence east to Mongolia, Man-
churia, and the Baykal area, south to the Caspian area,
Pakistan, northern India, Bangladesh, Burma, Tibet, and
western China (Szechwan, Kansu). Migrates somewhat farther
south.
‘HH. vocifer and vociferoides form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 301
HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA'
Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus)
Falco Albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 89—
Europe, America; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 19.
Haliaetos Groenlandicus C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Natur-
geschichte Vogel Deutschlands, p. 16—Greenland.
Western Greenland; Iceland; northern and central Eurasia
locally from the British Isles (extirpated) east across Siberia
to the Pacific, the Kuril Islands, Japan (Hokkaido); south to
Germany, the Balkans, the Middle East, Mongolia, and Man-
churia. Somewhat migratory.
HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS
Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis (Audubon)
Falco Washingtoniensis Audubon, 1827, Birds Amer., pl.
11 (first state: legend on rock)—near Henderson, Ken-
tucky, fide Audubon, 1831, Ornith. Biogr., 1, p. 60. Mi-
grant.
Haliaetus leucocephalus alascanus Townsend, 1897, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 11, p. 145—Unalaska, Aleutian
Islands.
North America from Bering Island (USSR), the Aleutian
Islands, Alaska, and Canada, north to about treeline and south
to the United States border. Migratory in the colder interior
districts.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)
Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1,
p. 124; based on “The Bald Eagle” of Catesby, 1729, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, pt. 1, p. 1, pl. 1—America, Europe = South
Carolina ex Catesby.
North Amzrica, south of washingtoniensis, south to Florida,
the Gulf coast, and the Mexican boundary, but extending into
Baja California.
HALIAEETUS PELAGICUS
Haliaeetus pelagicus pelagicus (Pallas)
Aquila pelagica Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat., 1,
‘H. albicilla and leucocephalus may form a superspecies.—D. A.
302 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
p. 343 and pl.—islands between Kamchatka and America
= Tauisk, on Sea of Okhotsk, fide Stresemann, 1948, Zool.
Jahrb., 78, Abt. Syst., p. 127.
Northeastern Asia, chiefly coastal, from Koryakland east to
long. 173° E., thence south through Kamchatka to Sakhalin
and adjacent coasts. In winter to Manchuria, Japan, Korea,
and, casually, the Aleutian Islands.
Haliaeetus pelagicus niger Heude
Haliaeetus niger Heude, 1887, Naturaliste, p. 95—seas near
Korea.
Korea and probably Ussuriland and Dauria in the USSR.
Perhaps only a color phase.
Genus ICHTHYOPHAGA Lesson
Icthyophaga [sic] Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, 10, col.
14. Type, by monotypy, Ichthyophaga javana Lesson =
Falco ichthyaetus Horsfield.
Polioaétus Kaup, 1850, Monogr. Falconidae, p. 72, in Jardine,
Contrib. Ornith. Type, by monotypy, Falco ichthyaetus
Horsfield.
cf. Mees, 1967, Zool. Mededelingen Rijksmus. Nat. Hist.
Leiden, 42, p. 144 (humilis vs. nana).
ICHTHYOPHAGA HUMILIS
Ichthyophaga humilis plumbea (Jerdon)
Polioaétus plumbea Hodgson = Jerdon, 1871, Ibis, p. 336—
northwestern Himalayas.
Lower Himalayas, south slope, from Kashmir to Assam, thence
east to northern Indochina and Hainan.
Ichthyophaga humilis humilis (Muller and Schlegel)
Falco (Pandion) humilis S. Miller and Schlegel, 1841, in
Temminck (ed.), Verh. Nat. Geschiedenis Nederlandsche
Overzeesche Bezittingen, Zool., Aves, pl. 6, p. 47 (1845)—
Sumatra.
Ichthyaétus nanus Blyth, 1842, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
11, p. 202—Malay Peninsula.
Tenasserim, Burma; Thailand; Malaya; Sumatra; Borneo;
Great Natuna Island; Celebes.
ACCIPITRIDAE 303
ICHTHYOPHAGA ICHTHYAETUS
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (Horsfield)
Falco Ichthyaetus Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 136—Java.
Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus plumbeiceps Stuart Baker, 1927,
Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 47, p. 150—Ceylon.
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Ma-
laya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.
Genus GYPOHIERAX RUppety
Gypohierax Ruppell, 1836, Neue Wirbelthiere Fauna Abys-
sinien, Vogel, p. 46. Type, by monotypy, Falco angolensis
Gmelin.
GYPOHIERAX ANGOLENSIS
Gypohierax angolensis (Gmelin)
Falco angolensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 252; based
on “Angola Vulture” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 18—Angola.
Locally over sub-saharan Africa, usually near oil palms, rivers,
or coasts.
Genus GYPAETUS Srorr
Gypaetus Storr, 1784, Alpenreise, p. 69. Type, by monotypy,
Gypaetus grandis Storr = Vultur aureus Hablizl.
GYPAETUS BARBATUS
Gypaetus barbatus aureus (Hablizl)
Vultur aureus Hablizl, 1783, Neue Nordische Beytr., 4, p.
64—Samamisian Alps, Gilan, Iran.
Gypaetus hemachalanus Hutton, 1838, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 7, p. 22—Tootoo, near Simla, India.
Gypaetus altaicus Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1,
p. 229—Altai.
Mountains of southern Europe (including larger Mediter-
ranean islands) from Spain, the Alps (formerly), and the
Balkans east through the Near and Middle East to Iraq, Iran,
304 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Russian Turkistan, Afghanistan, Himalayas, Tibet, Mongolia,
western and central China.
Gypaetus barbatus barbatus (Linnaeus)
Vultur barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 87;
based on “The Bearded Vulture” of Edwards, 1750, Nat.
Hist. Birds, p. 106, pl. 106—Africa; restricted, ex Ed-
wards, to Santa Cruz, near Oran, Algeria, by Hartert,
1914, Vogel Pal. Fauna, p. 1294.
Atlas Range in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis Keyserling and Blasius
Gypaetus meidionalis [sic] Keyserling and J. H. Blasius,
1840, Wirbelthiere Europa’s, p. xxviii—South Africa.
Sinai, Arabia, and Ethiopia, thence south very locally in
eastern and southern Africa.
Genus NEOPHRON Savicny
Neophron Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, pp.
68, 75. Type, by monotypy, Vultur percnopterus Linnaeus.
NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS
Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (Linnaeus)
Vultur Perenopterus [sic] Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed.
10, p. 87; based on “Vultur. (Percnopterus)” of Hasselquist,
1757, Iter Palaestinum, p. 209—Egypt.
Southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula, southern France
and Switzerland, Rumania and southern Russia east through
Socotra, Arabia, Iraq, the Crimea and Caucasus, Iran, Paki-
stan, and northwestern India. Also the Balearic, Canary, and
Cape Verde Islands, and south locally throughout Africa, except
in forest. Somewhat migratory.
Neophron percnopterus ginginianus (Latham)
Vultur ginginianus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 7—
Coromandel, India.
India, east and south of percnopterus.
Genus NECROSYRTES G1oceEr
Necrosyrtes Gloger, 1841, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturge-
schichte, p. 236. Type, by monotypy, Cathartes monachus
Temminck.
ACCIPITRIDAE 305
NECROSYRTES MONACHUS
Necrosyrtes monachus monachus (Temminck)
Cathartes monachus Temminck, 1823, Planches Color., livr.
38, pl. 22—Senegal.
Western Africa from central Spanish Sahara south to the
northern border of the Guinea forest.
Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus (Burchell)
Vultur pileatus Burchell, 1824, Travels Interior Southern
Africa, 2, p. 195, note—Hopetown district, Cape Province.
Ethiopia south to northern Cape Province, west through
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) to southern Angola and South West
Africa (Namibia).
Genus GYPS Savicny
Gyps Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, pp. 68,
71. Type, by monotypy, Gyps vulgaris Savigny = Vultur
fulvus Hablizl.
Pseudogyps Sharpe, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 11,
p. 133. Type, by subsequent designation (Sharpe, 1874,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1, p. 11), Vultur bengalensis Gmelin.
GYPS BENGALENSIS'
Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin)
Vultur bengalensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 245; based
on “Bengal Vulture” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 19, pl. 1—Bengal.
Southern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,
Burma, southern China (Yunnan), southern Thailand, Indo-
china (north to Laos), Malaya (? nonbreeding).
GYPS AFRICANUS
Gyps africanus Salvadori
Gyps africanus Salvadori, 1865, Notizia Storica Lavori
Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, p. 133—Sennar,
Sudan.
Senegal east to Sudan and Ethiopia, thence south through
a . . .
G. bengalensis and africanus form a superspecies.—D. A.
306 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
eastern Africa to Zululand and the Vaal River and west through
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) to southern Angola.
GYPS INDICUS
Gyps (indicus) tenuirostris Gray
Gyps tenuirostris Hodgson = G. R. Gray, 1844, Gen. Birds,
1, p. 6, pl. 3—Nepal.
Gyps indicus nudiceps Stuart Baker, 1927, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 47, p. 151. New name for Gyps tenuirostris G. R.
Gray, 1844, but not required.
Lower Himalayas from Kashmir to eastern Assam.
Gyps indicus indicus (Scopoli)
Vultur indicus Scopoli, 1786, Deliciae Florae Faunae In-
subricae, 2, p. 85; based on “Le grand Vautor des Indes”
of Sonnerat, 1782, Voyage Indes Orientales Chine, 2, p.
183, pl. 105—India.
Indian Peninsula, Burma, Thailand, Indochina. Straggler to
Malaya.
GYPS RUEPPELLII
Gyps rueppellii rueppellii (Brehm)
Vultur Rueppellii A. E. Brehm, 1852, Naumannia, 2, Heft
3, p. 44—Khartoum, Sudan.
Senegal, Nigeria, northern Cameroon, east to Sudan, south
to Uganda and Kenya.
Gyps rueppellii erlangeri Salvadori
Gyps erlangeri Salvadori, 1908, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp.
Univ. Torino, 23 (no. 576), p. 3—Shoa, Ethiopia.
Highlands of Ethiopia and northwestern Somalia. Straggler
to Arabia.
GYPS HIMALAYENSIS
Gyps himalayensis Hume
Gyps himalayensis Hume, 1869, Rough Notes, pp. 12, 15—
Himalayas.
Himalayas and other ranges from northwestern India and
the Pamirs east to Tibet and western China. Usually at higher
elevations than other members of the genus.
ACCIPITRIDAE 307
GYPS FULVUS'
Gyps fulvus fulvus (Hablizl)
Vultur fulvuus Brisson = Hablizl, 1783, Neue Nordische
Beytr., 4, p. 58, Samamisian Alps, Gilan, Iran.
Locally from Spain, France, Italy, the Balkans, the larger
Mediterranean islands, and northern Africa south occasionally
to southern borders of the Sahara and eastern Ethiopia (Eri-
trea), east through the Near and Middle East to Iran, Turkistan,
the Pamirs, and the Mongolian Altai. Somewhat migratory.
Gyps fulvus fulvescens Hume
Gyps fulvescens Hume, 1869, Rough Notes, pp. 15, 19—Pun-
jab. Type from Lahore.
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India east to Assam,
south to northern Gujarat and Khandesh; perhaps northern
Bangladesh.
?Gyps fulvus jonesi Whistler®
Gyps indicus jonesi Whistler, 1927, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
47, p. 74—Margal Range, Rawalpindi district, Pakistan.
Low ranges between the Salt Range and the Indus River,
Pakistan.
Gyps (fulvus) coprotheres (Forster)
Vultur Coprotheres J. R. Forster, 1798, in Levaillant, Natur-
geschichte Afr. Vogel, p. 35, pl. 10—South Africa.
Vultur Kolbii Daudin, 1800, Traite Ornith, 2, p. 15; based
on “Le Chasse-fiente” of Levaillant, ? 1797, Hist. Nat.
Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 28, pl. 10—South Africa.
Southern Africa from South West Africa (Namibia), southern
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and southern Mozambique south.
Genus AEGYPIUS Saviany
Aegypius Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, pp.
68, 73. Type, by monotypy, Vultur niger Daudin = Vultur
monachus Linnaeus.
"G. fulvus, coprotheres, and perhaps himalayensis form a superspe-
cies.—D. A.
*Perhaps a synonym of fulvescens. Stresemann, who examined the
type, placed (in MS) jonesi as a race of fulvus, not of indicus.—D.
308 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Torgos Kaup, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 1144. Type, by
monotypy, Vultur auricularis Daudin = Vultur trachelio-
tus J. R. Forster.
Otogyps G. R. Gray, 1841, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, p. 2. Type,
by monotypy, Vultur auricularis Daudin = Vultur trache-
liotus J. R. Forster. ;
Sarcogyps Lesson, 1842, Echo Monde Savant, 9, col. 1038.
Type, by monotypy, Vultur ponticerianus Latham = Vultur
calvus Scopoli.
Trigonoceps Lesson, 1842, Echo Monde Savant, 9, col. 1038.
Type, by monotypy, Vultur occipitalis Burchell.
Lophogyps Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, sér. 2,
6, p. 530. Type, by monotypy, Vultur occipitalis Burchell.
cf. Amadon, 1978, Condor, 79 (1977), pp. 415-416 (limits of
genus).
AEGYPIUS MONACHUS
Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus)
Vultur Monachus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
122; based on “The Crested or Coped Black Vulture” of
Edwards, 1760, Gleanings Nat. Hist., p. 171, pl. 290—
Arabia.
Vultur Chincou Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 12—lo-
cality restricted to northeastern China by Hachisuka,
1938, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 59, p. 17.
Aegypius monachus danieli Meinertzhagen, 1938, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 58, p. 94—Khangai, Mongolia.
Southern Europe, including some of the Mediterranean islands,
east through the Balkans; northern Morocco; Asia Minor south
to the Syrian Desert, the Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, north-
ern India and Tibet to western China, Mongolia and adjacent
desert ranges of USSR (Altai, Tarbagatay). Somewhat migra-
tory, especially in Asia, reaching Yemen, central India, and
southern China.
AEGYPIUS TRACHELIOTUS
Aegypius tracheliotus (Forster)
Vultur tracheliotus J. R. Forster, 1791, in Levaillant, Reise
Innere Afrika, 3, p. 363, pl. 12—Great Namaqualand.
Vultur auricularis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 10;
based on “L’Oricou” of Levaillant, ? 1797, Hist. Nat.
Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 23, pl. 9—Great Namaqualand.
ACCIPITRIDAE 309
Vultur Nubicus H. Smith, 1829, in Griffith, Animal King-
dom, 6, p. 164—Nubia.
Locally in drier parts of Africa, from Morocco to Egypt, south
to South Africa; also Israel and Yemen.
AEGYPIUS OCCIPITALIS
Aegypius occipitalis (Burchell)
Vultur occipitalis Burchell, 1824, Travels Interior Southern
Africa, 2, p. 329, note—Makkwari = Matlowing River,
Botswana.
Drier parts of Africa south of the Sahara, south to the Orange
River, South Africa.
AEGYPIUS CALVUS
Aegypius calvus (Scopoli)
Vultur calvus Scopoli, 1786, Deliciae Florae Faunae Insubri-
cae, 2, p. 85; based on “Le Vautour royal de Pondichéry”
of Sonnerat, 1782, Voyage Indes Orientales Chine, 2, p.
182, pl. 104—Pondicherry, India.
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Indochina,
Malaya.
Genus CIRCAETUS VIEILLor
Circaetus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 23. Type, by monotypy,
“Jean-le-Blanc” Buffon = Falco gallicus Gmelin.
cf. Brown, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp. 126-128.
CIRCAETUS GALLICUS'
Circaetus gallicus gallicus (Gmelin)
Falco gallicus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 259; based
on “Jean le blanc” of Latham, 1781, General Synop. Birds,
1, p. 39—France.
Circaetus gallicus heptneri Dementiev, 1932, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 40, p. 173—Pishpek = Frunze, Kirghiz Republic.
Southern and central Europe from Spain, France, Switzerland,
the Balkans, and Russia north to lat. 56° N. on the Volga;
*Accipter ferox S. G. Gmelin, 1771, Novi Commentarii Acad. Sci.
Imp. Petropolitanae, 15 (1770), p. 442, pl. 10—Astrakhan, is uni-
dentifiable (cf. Mayr, 1944, Emu, 43, p. 303).—D. A.
310 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
south, including Mediterranean islands, to northern Africa
well into the Sahara; thence east, locally, through the Near
and Middle East to Iran, India, the Aral Sea, Russian Turki-
stan, Mongolia, and western China. Migratory, wintering in
the subarid zone south of the Sahara, in India, and in south-
eastern Asia (to Lesser Sunda Islands).
Circaetus gallicus beaudouini Verreaux and Des Murs
Circaétus beaudouini Verreaux and Des Murs, 1862, Ibis,
p. 212, pl. 7—Bissau, Portuguese Guinea.
Senegal to northern Nigeria, east and south to western Sudan,
the Uganda border, and western Kenya.
Circaetus gallicus pectoralis Smith
Ciraeetus [sic] Pectoralis A. Smith, 1829, South Afr. Com-
mercial Advertiser, 4 (13 May)—no locality = South
Africa.
Eastern Sudan and Ethiopia, south in open country to South
Africa.
CIRCAETUS CINEREUS
Circaetus cinereus Vieillot
Circaetus cinereus Vieillot, 1818, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 23, p. 445—Senegal.
Senegal east to northern Ethiopia, thence south to Cape
Province, except in heavy forest.
CIRCAETUS FASCIOLATUS
Circaetus fasciolatus Gurney
Circaétus fasciolatus Gurney, 1861, Ibis, p. 130—Natal.
Eastern Africa from Kenya to Natal, chiefly in coastal districts,
but occuring inland to eastern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).
CIRCAETUS CINERASCENS
Circaetus cinerascens Muller
Circaétos [sic] cinerascens J. W. von Muller, 1851, Nauman-
nia, [1], Heft 4, p. 27—Sennar, Sudan.
Sierra Leone and Nigeria across southern Sudan to western
Ethiopia, thence south to the Zambezi River, and across
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) to Angola. Absent from forest.
ACCIPITRIDAE 311
Genus TERATHOPIUS Lesson
Terathopius Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornith., livr. 1 (February),
p. 46. Type, by monotypy, Falco ecaudatus “Shaw” =
Daudin.
Helotarsus A. Smith, 1830, South Afr. Quart. Journ., ser.
1, pp. 110-111. Type, by monotypy, Helotarsus typicus
Smith = Falco ecaudatus Daudin.
TERATHOPIUS ECAUDATUS
Terathopius ecaudatus (Daudin)
Falco ecaudatus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 54; based
on “Le Bateleur” of Levaillant, ? 1797, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 20, pls. 7-8—“pays d’Auteniquoi” = Knysna
district, Cape Province, fide W. L. Sclater, 1924, Syst.
Avium Ethiopicarum, p. 64.
Senegal to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to South Africa, except
in forest.
Genus SPILORNIS Gray
Spilornis G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 3. Type,
by original designation, Falco bacha Shaw; based on “Le
Bacha’” of Levaillant, ? 1797, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Afrique,
1, p. 44, pl. 15 = Falco bassus J. R. Forster = Spilornis
cheela subsp.
cf. Meise, 1939, Journ. Ornith., 87, pp. 65-74.
Ripley, 1944, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 94, pp. 324-326
(West Sumatran Islands).
Rand, 1951, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, pp. 576-579 (Philippines).
Stresemann, 1959, Vierteljahrschr. Naturforsch. Gesell.
Zurich (Festschr. Steiner), 104, pp. 208-213.
Amadon, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 94, pp. 159-163.
SPILORNIS CHEELA
Spilornis cheela cheela (Latham)
Falco Cheela Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 14—India;
restricted to Lucknow by W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 40, p. 38.
Northern India and lower Himalayas from Pakistan and
Kashmir to Assam.
a1 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Spilornis cheela melanotis (Jerdon)
Falco albidus Temminck, 1820, Planches Color., livr. 4, pl.
19—Pondicherry.
Buteo melanotis Jerdon, 1844, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., 13,
p. 166—foot of the Nilgiris. New name for Falco albidus
Temminck, 1820, preoccupied by Falco albidus Gmelin,
1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 267.
Peninsular India from Gujarat and the Gangetic Plain south-
ward.
Spilornis cheela spilogaster (Blyth)
Haematornis spilogaster Blyth, 1852, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 21, p. 351—Ceylon.
Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Spilornis cheela burmanicus Swann
Spilornis cheela burmanicus Swann, 1920, Synop. List
Accipitres, p. 81—Jobin, Thayetmyo, Burma.
Spilornis cheela floweri Swann, 1920, Synop. List Accipitres,
p. 81—“‘Tahkaman and Chantaboon,” Thailand.
Burma, southwestern China, Thailand, and Indochina (except
Tonkin).
Spilornis cheela davisoni Hume
Spilornis Davisoni Hume, 1873, Stray Feathers, 1, p. 307—
Port Blair, South Andaman Island.
Andaman Islands.
Spilornis cheela ricketti Sclater
Spilornis cheela ricketti W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 40, p. 37—Yamakan, Fukien.
Southeastern China and northern Indochina (Tonkin).
Spilornis cheela perplexus Swann
Spilornis cheela perplexus Swann, 1922, Synop. Accipitres,
ed. 2, p. 135—Iriomote Island.
Ryukyu Islands: Iriomote, Ishigaki.
Spilornis cheela hoya Swinhoe
Spilornis hoya Swinhoe, 1866, Ibis, p. 304—Formosa.
Taiwan.
Spilornis cheela rutherfordi Swinhoe
Spilornis rutherfordi Swinhoe, 1870, Ibis, p. 85—Hainan.
Hainan.
Spilornis cheela palawanensis Sclater
Spilornis cheela palawanensis W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull.
ACCIPITRIDAE 313
Brit. Ornith. Club, 40, p. 38—Palawan.
Palawan group, Philippine Islands: Palawan, Balabac, Cala-
mianes, Busuanga.
Spilornis cheela richmondi Swann
Spilornis cheela richmondi Swann, 1922, Synop. Accipitres,
ed. 2, p. 135—Kendawangan River, southwestern Borneo.
Southern Borneo.
Spilornis cheela pallidus Walden
Spilornis pallidus Walden, 1872, Ibis, p. 363—Jambusan,
Sarawak.
?Spilornis raja Sharpe, 1893, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 1,
p. 55—Kuching, Sarawak.
Lowlands of northern Borneo.
Spilornis (cheela) kinabaluensis Sclater
Spilornis cheela kinabaluensis W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 40, p. 17—Mt. Kinabalu.
Mountains of northern Borneo.
Spilornis (cheela) natunensis Chasen
Spilornis cheela natunensis Chasen, 1934, Bull. Raffles Mus.,
no. 9, p. 93—Bunguran Island.
Natuna Islands (Bunguran); also Belitung (Billiton) Island,
off western Borneo.
Spilornis cheela malayensis Swann
Spilornis cheela malayensis Swann, 1920, Synop. List
Accipitres, p. 83—Pahang, Malaya.
Southern Tenasserim, Burma; Malay Peninsula, Anambas
Islands, and northern Sumatra.
Spilornis cheela batu Meyer de Schauensee and Ripley
Spilornis cheela batu Meyer de Schauensee and Ripley, 1939,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 91, p. 402—Batu
Islands.
Southern Sumatra and the Batu Is!ands, off western Sumatra.
Spilornis (cheela) minimus Hume
Spilornis minimus Hume, 1873, Stray Feathers, 1, p. 464—
Camorta Island.
Central Nicobar Islands.
Spilornis (cheela) klossi Richmond
Spilornis klossi Richmond, 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25,
p. 304—Great Nicobar Island.
Great Nicobar Island.
314 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Spilornis (cheela) abbotti Richmond
Spilornis abbotti Richmond, 1903, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
26, p. 492—Simalur = Simeulue.
Simeulue Island, off western Sumatra.
Spilornis (cheela) asturinus Meyer
Spilornis asturinus A. B. Meyer, 1884, Abh. Naturwissen.
Gesell. Isis Dresden, p. 13—no locality; Nias designated
by Meise, 1939, Journ. Ornith., 87, p. 69.
Spilornis salvadorii Berlepsch, 1895, Novit. Zool., 2, p.
73—Nias.
Nias Island, off western Sumatra.
Spilornis (cheela) sipora Chasen and Kloss
Spilornis elgini sipora Chasen and Kloss, 1926, Ibis, p. 278,
pl. 3—Sipora (= Sipura) Island.
Mentawai Islands (Sipura and the Pagai group), possibly
Siberut, off western Sumatra.
Spilornis cheela bido (Horsfield)’
Falco Bido Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13,
p. 137—Java.
Java and Bali.
Spilornis cheela baweanus Oberholser
Spilornis cheela baweanus Oberholser, 1917, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 52, p. 185—Bawean.
Bawean Island, Java Sea.
Spilornis (cheela) rufipectus Gould
Spilornis rufipectus Gould, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1857), p. 222—-vicinity of Macassar, Celebes.
Celebes and nearby islands (Salajar, Muna, Butung).
Spilornis cheela sulaensis (Schlegel)
Circaétus sulaensis Schlegel, 1866, Vogels Nederlandsche
Indie, Valkvogels, p. 38—Sula Islands.
Banggai and Sula Islands, off eastern Celebes.
Spilornis (cheela) holospilus (Vigors)
Buteo holospilus Vigors, 1831, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
‘Falco Bassus J. R. Forster, 1798, in Levaillant, Naturgeschichte
Afr. Vogel, p. 55, pl. 15—mountains of Great Namaqualand (corrected
to Java by Sundevall, 1857, K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Acad. Handling-
ar, n. s., 2, no. 3, p. 25), is unidentifiable (cf. Gurney, 1878, Ibis,
p. 100, and Stresemann, 1959, Journ. Ornith., 100, p. 355).—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 315
Soc. London, pt. 1, p. 96—near Manila.
Philippines from Luzon and Mindoro to the Sulu Archipelago,
except the ranges of panayensis and palawanensis.
Spilornis cheela panayensis Steere
Spilornis panayensis Steere, 1890, List Birds Mammals
Steere Exped. Philippines, p. 7—Guimaras, Panay, and
Negros.
West-central Philippine Islands: Tablas, Romblon, Sibuyan,
Masbate, Panay, Guimaras, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor.
SPILORNIS ELGINI
Spilornis elgini (Blyth)
Haematornis elgini Tytler = Blyth, 1863, Ibis, p. 118—South
Andaman Island.
Andaman Islands.
Genus DRYOTRIORCHIS Sue..ey
Dryotriorchis Shelley, 1874, Ibis, p. 90. Type, by monotypy,
Astur spectabilis Schlegel.
DRYOTRIORCHIS SPECTABILIS
Dryotriorchis spectabilis spectabilis (Schlegel)
Astur spectabilis Schlegel, 1863, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift
Dierkunde (K. Zool. Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra
Amsterdam), 1, p. 131, pl. 6—St. George Elmina, Ghana.
Liberia to southern Nigeria and northern Cameroon.
Dryotriorchis spectabilis batesi Sharpe
Dryotriorchis batesi Sharpe, 1904, Ibis, p. 601—Efulen,
Cameroon.
Southern Cameroon south to Gabon and southeastern Zaire,
east to the Semliki Valley, Uganda.
Genus EUTRIORCHIS Suarpe
Eutriorchis Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 73.
Type, by original designation, Eutriorchis astur Sharpe.
EUTRIORCHIS ASTUR
Eutriorchis astur Sharpe
Eutriorchis astur Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
316 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
73, pl. 13—southern Madagascar.
Forests of eastern Madagascar. Perhaps extinct.
Genus POLYBOROIDES Smiru
Polyboroides A. Smith, 1829, South Afr. Commercial Adver-
tiser, 4 (13 May). Type, by monotypy, Polyboroides typus
Smith.
Gymnogenys Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornith., livr. 1, p. 64.
Type, by monotypy, Vultur radiatus Scopoli.
POLYBOROIDES TYPUS'
Polyboroides typus pectoralis Sharpe
Polyboroides pectoralis Sharpe, 1903, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 13, p. 5|0—Efulen, Cameroon.
Southern Sahara (Air) and western Sudan south to Cameroon
and the Congo basin.
Polyboroides typus typus Smith
Polyboroides Typus A. Smith, 1829, South Afr. Commercial
Advertiser, 4 (13 May)—no locality = South Africa.
Eastern Sudan east to eastern Ethiopia (Eritrea), thence south
to Angola and Cape Province.
POLYBOROIDES RADIATUS
Polyboroides radiatus (Scopoli)
Vultur radiatus Scopoli, 1786, Deliciae Florae Faunae In-
subricae, 2, p. 85; based on “L’Autour gris a ventre raye
de Madagascar” of Sonnerat, 1782, Voyage Indes Orien-
tales Chine, 2, p. 181, pl. 103—-Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Genus CIRCUS LackpepE
Circus Lacepede, 1799, Tableaux Mammiferes Oiseaux, p.
4. Type, by subsequent designation (Lesson, 1828, Man.
Ornith., 1, p. 105), Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus.
cf. Nieboer, 1973, doctoral thesis, Univ. Amsterdam (monogr.
of genus).
Amadon, 1978, Emu, 78, pp. 115-117 (species limits).
’P. typus and radiatus form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 317
CIRCUS ASSIMILIS
Circus assimilis Jardine and Selby
Circus assimilis Jardine and Selby, 1828, Illus. Ornith., pt.
4, pl. 51 and text—near Sydney, Australia.
Circus assimilis rogersi Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18,
p. 244—-Fitzroy River, northwestern Australia.
Circus assimilis quirindus Mathews, 1915, Birds Australia,
5, p. 23—Celebes and the northern islands.
Australia, chiefly grasslands of the interior. Recorded also
from Sumba, Timor, Taliabu, and Celebes, apparently breeding
on some of these islands.
CIRCUS MAURUS
Circus maurus (Temminck)
Falco maurus Temminck, 1828, Planches Color., livr. 78,
p. 461—Cape of Good Hope.
Locally in South Africa, especially in Cape Province, but
sometimes in Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free State, Botswana,
and South West Africa (Namibia).
CIRCUS CYANEUS'
Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Linnaeus)
Falco cyaneus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 126;
based on “The Blue Hawk” of Edwards, 1756, Gleanings
Nat. Hist., p. 33, pl. 225—Europe, Africa = region of
London ex Edwards.
Circus taissiae Buturlin, 1908, Journ. Ornith., 56, p. 283
and note—Shredne Kolymsk, northeastern Siberia.
Eurasia: north to the southern tundra from the British Isles
to the Pacific (Amurland, ? Kamchatka); south to the Pyrenees,
northern Italy, Balkans, Caucasus, northern Turkistan, Tibet,
and northern China. Somewhat migratory, reaching the Medi-
terranean, Iran, northern India, northern Indochina, Malay
Peninsula, Japan.
Circus (cyaneus) hudsonius (Linnaeus)
Falco hudsonius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
128; based on “The Ring-tail’d Hawk” of Edwards, 1750,
Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 107, pl. 107—-Hudson Bay.
*C. cyaneus and cinereus form a superspecies.—D. A.
318 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
North America, north to the southern tundra, south to northern
Baja California, Texas, Ohio, and Virginia. Winters south
to Central America and the West Indies, casually to northern
South America.
CIRCUS CINEREUS
Circus cinereus Vieillot
Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 4, p. 454; based on “Gavilan del campo ceniciento,”
no. 32, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 145—Paraguay and near Rio
de la Plata.
Circus histrionicus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, in Freycinet,
Voyage Uranie Physicienne, Zool., livr. 3, pp. 93-94, pls.
15-16—Falkland Islands.
Southern South America north to Uruguay, Paraguay, extreme
southern Brazil, and, in the Andes, to Colombia; Falkland
Islands.
CIRCUS MACROURUS
Circus macrourus (Gmelin)
Falco macrourus S. G. Gmelin, 1770, Reise Russland, 1,
p. 48—Voronezh, Russia.
Accipiter macrourus S. G. Gmelin, 1771, Novi Commentarii
Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolitanae, 15 (1770), p. 439, pls.
8-9—Voronezh, Russia.
Eastern Europe (Poland, Rumania), thence east through USSR
in open country to near Lake Baykal and perhaps western
Mongolia. North in USSR to about lat. 56° N., south to the
Crimea, Caucasus, northern Iran, steppes near Aral Sea, and
foothills of Russian Altai. Winters in Africa, south of the
Sahara; less commonly in India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Burma.
CIRCUS MELANOLEUCOS
Circus melanoleucos (Pennant)
Falco melanoleucos Pennant, 1769, Ind. Zool., p. 2, pl.
2—Ceylon.
Eastern Asia from Lake Baykal east to Amurland and Ussuri-
land, south to Mongolia, Manchuria, northern Korea; one
breeding record northern Burma. Winters to India, Sri Lanka
(Ceylon), Malay Peninsula, Taiwan, Borneo, Philippines.
ACCIPITRIDAE 319
CIRCUS PYGARGUS
Circus pygargus (Linnaeus)
Falco Pygargus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 89;
based on “The Ring-Tail” of Albin, 1734, Nat. Hist. Birds,
2, p. 5, pl. 5 (female), and 1738, 3, p. 3, pl. 3 (male)—Eu-
rope = England ex Albin.
Europe from England, the Baltic states, and central Russia
south to Spain, France, northern Italy, and the Balkans; also
northern Morocco. East locally in Eurasia through western
Siberia to the Yenisey River and the Russian Altai, north
to about lat. 56° N., south to the Caspian area, including
northern Iran, and the Tien Shan. Winters in central and
southern Africa, southern Iran, and India.
CIRCUS RANIVORUS'
Circus ranivorus (Daudin)
Falco ranivorus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 170;
based on “Le Grenouillard” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat.
Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 63, pl. 23—South Africa.
Circus ranivorus aequatorialis Stresemann, 1924, Ornith.
Monatsber., 32, p. 48—Kiraragua, Kilimanjaro.
Uganda, Kenya, southern Zaire, and southern Angola south
to Cape Province.
CIRCUS AERUGINOSUS
Circus aeruginosus harterti Zedlitz
Circus aeruginosus harterti Zedlitz, 1914, Journ. Ornith.,
62, p. 133—Mhoiwla, Morocco.
Northern Africa in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; chiefly
coastal.
Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus (Linnaeus)
Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
91; based on “The Moor Buzzard” of Albin, 1731, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 1, p. 3, pl. 3—Europe; restricted to Sweden
by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 23.
England, southern Sweden, northern Russia, southwestern
Siberia east across central Asia to the upper Yenisey River
1 . . . . . .
C. ranivorus, aeruginosus, spilonotus, approximans, and maillardi
form a superspecies.—D. A.
320 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
and Mongolia, south to the Mediterranean, Israel, Caucasus,
and Iran. Winters in Africa south to Angola and the Transvaal;
also in Iran, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and Burma.
CIRCUS SPILONOTUS
Circus spilonotus spilonotus Kaup
Circus spilonotus Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 953—Asia.
Asia, east of aeruginosus, from the Baykal region and Mongolia
east to the Pacific (Amurland, Ussuriland), south to northern
China (Manchuria, Sinkiang) and perhaps northern Korea;
also Hokkaido, Japan, and perhaps Sakhalin. Winters from
China and Japan south to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and
the Philippines.
Circus spilonotus spilothorax Salvadori and D’Albertis
Circus spilothorax Salvadori and D’Albertis, 1875, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genova, 7, p. 807—Yule Island, New Guinea.
New Guinea, locally.
CIRCUS APPROXIMANS
Circus approximans approximans Peale
Circus approximans Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8,
p. 64—Vanua Levu, Fiji.
Circus wolfi Gurney, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1865),
p. 823, pl. 44—New Caledonia.
? Lord Howe, Norfolk, Kermadec, Chatham Islands, New
Caledonia, New Hebrides, Loyalty, Fiji, Tonga, and Society
Islands.
Circus approximans gouldi Bonaparte
Circus gouldi Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1, p.
34—Australia = New South Wales, fide Mathews, 1912,
Novit. Zool., 18, p. 245.
Southern New Guinea, moister parts of Australia, Tasmania,
New Zealand. Tasmanian birds winter in Australia. Perhaps
only a nonbreeding migrant to New Guinea.
CIRCUS MAILLARDI
Circus maillardi maillardi Verreaux ;
Circus Maillardi J. Verreaux, 1862, in Maillard, Ile Réunion,
p. 160—Reéunion.
Reunion, Indian Ocean.
ACCIPITRIDAE 321
Circus maillardi macrosceles Newton
Circus macrosceles Newton, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 180—Madagascar.
Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.
CIRCUS BUFFONI'
Circus buffoni (Gmelin)
Falco Buffoni Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 277; based
on “Cayenne Ringtail” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 91—northeastern Brazil.
Locally in northern South America, east of the Andes, including
Trinidad and Tobago; also southern South America from
central Chile, eastern Bolivia, and Brazil south of the Amazon
south, at least as a straggler, to Tierra del Fuego.
Genus MELIERAX Gray”
Melierax G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 5. Type, by
original designation, Falco musicus Daudin = Falco can-
orus Rislachi.
Micronisus G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 5. Type,
by original designation, Falco gabar Daudin.
MELIERAX GABAR
Melierax gabar (Daudin)
Falco gabar Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., p. 87; based on
“Le Gabar’” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Afrique,
1, p. 89, pl. 33—interior of South Africa.
Melierax gabar defensorum Meinertzhagen, 1949, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 69, p. 82—Lodar, Aden.
Senegal through Sudan to northwestern Ethiopia and south-
eastern Arabia, south to Cape Province, except in forest.
‘Falco brasiliensis Gmelin, 1788, based on the “Caracara” of
Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum Nat. Brasiliae, p. 211, has been used
for this species by some recent authors without, it would seem,
sufficient reason (Amadon, 1954, Auk, 71, p. 203). None of the early
literature uses this name.—D. A.
*Melierax selected by first reviser action (Hartlaub, 1852, Abh.
Gebiete Naturwissen. Verein Hamburg, 2, pt. 2, p. 15) over simulta-
neously published Micronisus.—D. A.
322 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
MELIERAX METABATES'
Melierax metabates theresae Meinertzhagen
Melierax metabates theresae Meinertzhagen, 1939, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 59, p. 63—Auliouz, Sous Valley, Morocco.
Southwestern Morocco (Sous Valley).
Melierax metabates neumanni Hartert
Meliérax canorus neumanni Hartert, 1914, Vogel Pal. Fauna,
p. 1165—Arbub, near Merowe, Sudan.
Mali, Niger, northern Nigeria, Chad, northern Sudan.
Melierax metabates ignoscens Friedmann
Melierax metabates ignoscens Friedmann, 1928, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 41, p. 94—Sheikh Othman, Aden.
Southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
Melierax metabates metabates Heuglin
Melierax metabates Heuglin, 1861, Ibis, p. 72—White Nile
between lat. 6° N. and 7° N.
Senegal east to southern Sudan and Ethiopia, thence south
locally to northeastern Zaire, Kenya, and northern Tanzania.
Melierax metabates mechowi Cabanis
Meliérax Mechowi Cabanis, 1882, Journ. Ornith., 30, p.
229—Angola. Type from Melandje.
Angola east to southern Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, and
the Transvaal.
MELIERAX CANORUS
Melierax (canorus) poliopterus Cabanis
Melierax poliopterus Cabanis, 1869, in Decken, Reisen Ost-
Afrika, 3, Abth. 1, p. 40—Umba River, Kenya.
Southern Ethiopia and adjacent Somalia south locally through
Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania.
Melierax canorus argentior Clancey
Melierax musicus argentior Clancey, 1960, Durban Mus.
Novit., 6, p. 15—Sukses, Okahandja-Otjiwarongo Road,
Damaraland, South West Africa.
? Southern Angola, South West Africa (Namibia), western
Malawi, Botswana, western Transvaal, Orange Free State.
'M. metabates and canorus evidently form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 323
Melierax canorus canorus (Rislachi)
Falco canorus Rislachi, 1799, Diss. Falcone Canoro, p. 1;
based on “Le Faucon Chanteur” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist.
Nat. Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 77, pl. 27—South Africa."
Falco musicus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 116; based
on “Le Faucon Chanteur” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat.
Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 77, pl. 27—Cape Province.
Melierax poliopterus coombsi Roberts, 1931, Ann. Transvaal
Mus., 14, p. 239—Zoutpansberg, Transvaal.
Cape Province, perhaps eastern Orange Free State, Natal
(formerly). Somewhat migratory.
Genus ACCIPITER Brisson
Accipiter Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, pp. 28, 310. Type, by
tautonomy, Accipiter = Falco nisus Linnaeus.
Erythrotriorchis Sharpe, 1875, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
337. Type, by monotypy, Falco radiatus Latham.
Megatriorchis Salvadori and D’Albertis, 1875, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genova, 7, p. 805. Type, by monotypy, Megatriorchis
doriae Salvadori and D’Albertis.
cf. Kramer, 1973, Habicht Sperber (Neue Brehm-Bucherei
158), ed. 2, 102 pp. (gentilis, nisus).
Wattel, 1973, Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club, no. 13, 237 pp.
(monogr., bibliogr.).
Amadon, 1978, Emu, 78, pp. 117-118 (Erythrotriorchis,
Megatriorchis).
ACCIPITER POLIOGASTER
Accipiter poliogaster (Temminck)
Falco poliogaster Natterer = Temminck, 1824, Planches
Color., livr. 45, pl. 264—Brazil. Type from Ypanema, Sao
Paulo.
Falco pectoralis Drapiez, 1838, Dict. Class. Sci. Nat., 4, p.
340—South America.
Locally in forests of South America, east of the Andes, south
to Paraguay and northern Argentina.
*Rislachi’s dissertation, published separately in 1799, was reprinted
in 1801 in Diss. Acad. Upsaliae Habitae Praesidio C. P. Thunberg,
3, pp. 264-272.—D. A.
324 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ACCIPITER TRIVIRGATUS'
Accipiter trivirgatus layardi (Whistler)
Astur trivirgatus layardi Whistler, 1936, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc., 38, p. 434—Ceylon.
Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Accipiter trivirgatus peninsulae Koelz
Accipiter trivirgatus peninsulae Koelz, 1949, Auk, 66, p.
83—Londa, Bombay district.
Southern India.
Accipiter trivirgatus indicus (Hodgson)
Astur indicus Hodgson, 1836, Bengal Sporting Mag., n. s.,
8, p. 177—Nepal.
Spizaetus rufitinctus Horsfield, 1840, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1839), p. 153—Assam, India.
Northern India south about to the Godavari River and east
to Assam, southern China (Yunnan, Kwangsi), Burma, Thai-
land, Malaya, Indochina, Hainan.
Accipiter trivirgatus formosae Mayr
Accipiter trivirgatus formosae Mayr, 1949, Amer. Mus. No-
vit., no. 1415, p. 11—Tapposha, Taiwan.
Taiwan.
Accipiter trivirgatus trivirgatus (Temminck)
Falco trivirgatus Temminck, 1824, Planches Color., livr. 51,
pl. 303—Sumatra.
Sumatra.
Accipiter trivirgatus niasensis Mayr
Accipiter trivirgatus niasensis Mayr, 1949, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1415, p. 4—Nias.
Nias Island, off western Sumatra.
Accipiter trivirgatus javanicus Mayr
Accipiter trivirgatus javanicus Mayr, 1949, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1415, p. 4—Tjibodas, western Java.
Java.
Accipiter trivirgatus microstictus Mayr
Accipiter trivirgatus microstictus Mayr, 1949, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1415, p. 5—Riam, southwestern Borneo.
Borneo.
‘A. trivirgatus and griseiceps form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE a Aa
Accipiter trivirgatus palawanus Mayr
Accipiter trivirgatus palawanus Mayr, 1949, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1415, p. 5—Taguso, Palawan.
Palawan and the Calamianes in the southern Philippines; also
Natuna Islands, off Borneo (subspecies doubtful).
Accipiter trivirgatus extimus Mayr
Accipiter trivirgatus extimus Mayr, 1945, Zoologica, 30, p.
106—Davao, Mindanao.
Philippines: Negros, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao.
Accipiter trivirgatus castroi Manuel and Gilliard
Accipiter trivirgatus castroi Manuel and Gilliard, 1952,
Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1545, p. 3—Anibawan, Polillo.
Philippines: Polillo.
ACCIPITER GRISEICEPS
Accipiter griseiceps (Schlegel)
Astur griseiceps Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
Rev. Method. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Astures, p. 23—Atep
and Gorontalo, northern Celebes.
Celebes and nearby islands (Togian, Muna, Butung).
ACCIPITER TACHIRO
Accipiter tachiro unduliventer (Ruppell)
Falco (Astur) unduliventer Ruppell, 1836, Neue Wirbelthiere
Fauna Abyssinien, Vogel, p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 1—Simen,
Ethiopia.
Mountain forests of Ethiopia, except in southwest.
Accipiter tachiro croizati Desfayes
Accipiter tachiro croizati Desfayes, 1974, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 94, p. 70—Afallo, Ghera region, Kaffa Province,
Ethiopia; altitude about 2,050 meters.
Rain forest of southwestern Ethiopia.
Accipiter tachiro macroscelides (Hartlaub)
Astur macrocelides [sic] Temminck = Hartlaub, 1855, Journ.
Ornith., 3, p. 354—Rio Bontry, Ghana.
Sierra Leone south to western Cameroon, in forest.
Accipiter tachiro toussenelii (Verreaux)
Nisus Toussenelii J. and E. Verreaux, 1855, Journ. Ornith.,
3, p. 101—Gabon.
Southern Cameroon to Gabon and the lower Congo basin.
326 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Accipiter tachiro canescens (Chapin)
Astur toussenellii [sic] canescens Chapin, 1921, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 7, p. 1—Medje, northern Ituri district, Zaire.
Upper Congo basin.
Accipiter tachiro lopezi (Alexander)
Astur lopezi Alexander, 1903, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 13,
p. 49—Moka, Fernando Po.
Fernando Po, Gulf of Guinea.
Accipiter tachiro sparsimfasciatus (Reichenow)
Astur sparsimfasciatus Reichenow, 1895, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 3, p. 97—Zanzibar.
Southern Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, eastern and southern
Zaire (except rain forest), Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zanzibar.
Accipiter tachiro pembaensis Benson and Elliott
Accipiter tachiro pembaensis Benson and Elliott, 1975, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 95, p. 6(0—Pemba Island.
Pemba Island, off Tanzania.
Accipiter tachiro tachiro (Daudin)
Falco tachiro Daudin, 1800, Traite Ornith., 2, p. 90; based
on “Le Tachiro” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 66, pl. 24—“pays d’Auteniquoi” = Knysna
district, Cape Province.
Southern Angola, Malawi, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Mo-
zambique, south to Cape Province.
ACCIPITER CASTANILIUS
Accipiter castanilius castanilius Bonaparte
Accipiter castanilius Bonaparte, 1853, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris,
ser. 2, 5, p. 578—South America; error, Gabon, fide
Gurney, 1875, Ibis, p. 363.
Forests of Nigeria, Cameroon, and lower Congo basin.
Accipiter castanilius beniensis Lonnberg
Accipiter beniensis Lonnberg, 1917, Arkiv Zool., 10, no. 24,
p. 13—Beni, Zaire.
Forests of upper Congo basin.
ACCIPITER BADIUS'
Accipiter badius cenchroides (Severtsov)
Astur cenchroides Severtsov, 1873, Izvestiia Imp. Obshchest-
‘A. badius, brevipes, butleri, and perhaps soloensis and francesii
form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE ra DATE
va Liubitelei Estest. Antrop. Etnogr., Moscow, 8, pt. 2
(1872), p. 113—Auliye-ata (= Dzhambul) and Chimkent,
Turkistan.
Astur badius chorassanicus Heptner and Stachanov, 1930,
Journ. Ornith., 78, p. 514—near Askhabad, Transcaspia.
Southern Caspian area in USSR and Iran, east through
Afghanistan and Pakistan to extreme northwestern India,
Russian Turkistan, and Inner Mongolia. Somewhat migratory,
reaching the Punjab, India.
Accipiter badius dussumieri (Temminck)
Falco dussumiert Temminck, 1824, Planches Color., livr.
52, text to pls. 308 (adult) and 336 (immature)—India.
Type from Bengal.
India, Kashmir, Sikkim, Bangladesh.
Accipiter badius badius (Gmelin)
Falco badius Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 280; based on
“The Brown Hawk” of P. Brown, 1776, New Illus. Zool.,
p. 6, pl. 3, and Latham, 1781, General Synop. Birds, 1,
p. 96—Ceylon.
Southwestern India (Kerala) and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Accipiter badius poliopsis (Hume)
Micronisus poliopsis Hume, 1874, Stray Feathers, 2, p.
325—northern Pegu, Burma.
Astur badius klossi Swann, 1925, Monogr. Birds Prey, pt.
4, p. 217—Daban, Annam.
Assam, Burma, southern China, Thailand, Indochina, and
Hainan. Straggles to Malaya and Sumatra.
Accipiter badius sphenurus (Ruppell)
Falco (Nisus) sphenurus Ruppell, 1836, Neue Wirbelthiere
Fauna Abyssinien, Vogel, p. 42—Dahlak Island, Red Sea.
Gambia, Ghana, and southern Nigeria east to Ethiopia and
southwestern Arabia, south to Cameroon, northern Zaire, and
northern Tanzania.
Accipiter badius polyzonoides Smith
Accipiter polyzonoides A. Smith, 1838, Illus. Zool. South
Africa, Aves, pl. 11—Mafeking, Transvaal.
Southern Zaire and Tanzania to the Orange River, South
Africa.
ACCIPITER BREVIPES
Accipiter brevipes (Severtsov)
Astur brevipes Severtsov, 1850, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes
328 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Moscou, 23, no. 3, first p. 234, pls. 1-3—Voronezh Province,
Russia.
Southeastern Europe from Yugoslavia to Greece, thence east
through central Russia to the Volga, and south and east to
the Crimea, Turkey, Caucasus, and Iran. Migratory; principal
winter range not known.
ACCIPITER BUTLERI
Accipiter butleri butleri (Gurney)
Astur butleri Gurney, 1898, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 7, p.
27—Car Nicobar.
Nicobar Islands: Car Nicobar.
Accipiter butleri obsoletus (Richmond)
Astur obsoletus Richmond, 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25,
p. 306—Katchall Island.
Nicobar Islands: Katchall.
ACCIPITER SOLOENSIS
Accipiter soloensis (Horsfield)
Falco Soloénsis Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 137—Solo, Java.
Korea, southern Manchuria, and thence west in China to
Szechwan, south to Kwangsi and Kwangtung; Taiwan. Winters
to Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser
Sunda Islands, Moluccas, and Waigeo, off New Guinea, but
chiefly in Celebes and the Philippines.
ACCIPITER FRANCESII
Accipiter francesii francesii Smith
Accipiter Francesit A. Smith, 1834, South Afr. Quart. Journ.,
ser. 2, no. 3, pt. 2, p. 280—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Accipiter francesii griveaudi Benson
Accipiter francesii griveaudi Benson, 1960, Ibis, 103b, p.
36—Nioumbadjou, Grand Comoro.
Grand Comoro, Comoro Islands, off Madagascar.
Accipiter francesii pusillus (Gurney)
Scelospizias pusillus Gurney, 1875, Ibis, p. 358—Joanna
Island = Anjouan.
Anjouan Island, Comoro Islands.
ACCIPITRIDAE 329
Accipiter francesii brutus (Schlegel)
Nisus brutus Schlegel, 1866, Nederlandsch Tijdschrift Dier-
kunde (K. Zool. Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra Am-
sterdam), 3, p. 80—Mayotte.
Mayotte Island, Comoro Islands.
ACCIPITER TRINOTATUS
Accipiter trinotatus Bonaparte
Accipiter trinotatus Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1, p. 33—Celebes.
Celebes and nearby islands (Muna, Butung).
ACCIPITER FASCIATUS
Accipiter fasciatus natalis (Lister)
Urospizias natalis Lister, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1888), p. 523—Christmas Island.
Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
Accipiter fasciatus tjendanae Stresemann
Accipiter fasciatus tjendanae Stresemann, 1925, Journ. Or-
nith., 73, p. 323, note 1—Waingapo, Sumba.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Sumba.
Accipiter fasciatus wallacii (Sharpe)
Astur wallacii Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1, pp.
95 (in key), 128, pl. 5 (col. fig. of adult)—Lombok.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Wetar, Leti,
Moa, Damar, Sermata.
Accipiter fasciatus stresemanni Rensch
Accipiter fasciatus stresemanni Rensch, 1931, Mitt. Zool.
Mus. Berlin, 17, p. 5|09—Kalao Tuah Island = Kalaotoa.
Small islands between Celebes and Flores (Tanahdjampea,
Kalao, Bonerate, Kalaotoa, Madu, Tukangbesi).
Accipiter fasciatus hellmayri Stresemann
Accipiter fasciatus hellmayri Stresemann, 1922, Journ. Or-
nith., 70, p. 129, note 2—Timor.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Alor, Samao, Timor.
Accipiter fasciatus savu Mayr
Accipiter fasciatus savu Mayr, 1941, Ornith. Monatsber.,
49, p. 44—Savu = Sawu.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Sawu.
330 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Accipiter fasciatus buruensis Stresemann
Accipiter torquatus buruensis Stresemann, 1914, Novit. Zool.,
21, p. 381—Fakal, Buru Island.
Moluccas: Buru.
Accipiter fasciatus polycryptus Rothschild and Hartert
Accipiter fasciatus polycryptus Rothschild and Hartert, 1915,
Novit. Zool., 22, p. 53—Sogeri district, Owen Stanley
Mountains.
Eastern New Guinea, west to the Sepik River.
Accipiter fasciatus dogwa Rand
Accipiter fasciatus dogwa Rand, 1941, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1102, p. 1—Dogwa, Oriomo River.
Southern New Guinea, from Merauke district to the Oriomo
River.
Accipiter fasciatus didimus (Mathews)
Astur fasciatus didimus Mathews, 1912, Austral Avian Rec.,
1, 33—Melville Island.
Coastal regions of northern Australia, including Melville
Island.
Accipiter fasciatus fasciatus (Vigors and Horsfield)
Astur Fasciatus Vigors and Horsfield, 1827, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, 15, p. 181—New South Wales (immature).
Astur Approximans Vigors and Horsfield, 1827, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, 15, p. 181—New South Wales (adult).
Astur cruentus Gould, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1842),
p. 113—York district, Western Australia.
Urospiza fasciata rennelliana Kinghorn, 1937, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 107, ser. B, p. 180—Rennell Island.
Australia, south of the range of didimus; Tasmania; Rennell
and Bellona Islands in the Solomons.
Accipiter fasciatus vigilax (Wetmore)
Astur fasciatus vigilax Wetmore, 1926, Condor, 28, p. 46—
New Caledonia.
New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, New Hebrides (Aneityum
only).
ACCIPITER NOVAEHOLLANDIAE
Accipiter novaehollandiae sylvestris Wallace
Accipiter sylvestris Wallace, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1863), p. 487—Flores.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Sumbawa, Flores, Pantar, Alor.
ACCIPITRIDAE 331
Accipiter novaehollandiae polionotus (Salvadori)
Urospizias polionotus Salvadori, 1890, Mem. Accad. Sci.
Torino, ser. 2, 40, p. 147—Timorlaut = Tanimbar.
Small islands east of Timor: Banda, Damar, Babar, Tanimbar.
Accipiter novaehollandiae albiventris (Salvadori)
Urospizias albiventris Salvadori, 1875, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, 7, p. 982—Great Kai Island and Kai Bandan.
Kai Islands, southwest of New Guinea.
Accipiter novaehollandiae obiensis (Hartert)
Astur griseogularis obiensis Hartert, 1903, Novit. Zool., 10,
p. 3—Obi Major.
Moluccas: Obi.
Accipiter (novaehollandiae) griseogularis (Gray)
Astur griseogularis G. R. Gray, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 343—Batjan, Gilolo (= Halmahera), Ternate.
Moluccas: Batjan, Tidore, Ternate, Halmahera, Gebe.
Accipiter novaehollandiae mortyi Hartert
Accipiter fasciatus mortyi Hartert, 1925, Novit. Zool., 32,
p. 269—Morotai.
Moluccas: Morotai.
Accipiter novaehollandiae hiogaster (Muller)
Falco hiogaster S. Muller, 1841, in Temminck (ed.), Verh.
Nat. Geschiedenis Nederlandsche Overzeesche Bezittin-
gen, Land- Volkenkunde, p. 110, note 3—Ambon.
Urospizias sumbaénsis A. B. Meyer, 1894, Abh. Ber. K.
Zool. Mus. Dresden, 4 (1892/93), no. 3, p. 7—Sumba =
Ambon, fide Stresemann, 1924, Journ. Ornith., 72, p. 445,
note 3.
Moluccas: Ceram and off-lying islands (Kelang, Ambon,
Saparua).
Accipiter novaehollandiae pallidiceps (Salvadori)
Urospizias pallidiceps Salvadori, 1879, Ibis, p. 474—Buru.
Moluccas: Buru.
Accipiter novaehollandiae leucosomus (Sharpe)
Astur novaehollandiae leucosomus Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., 1, pp. 94 (in key), 119—New Guinea and
adjacent islands (white phase).
Urospizias etorques Salvadori, 1875, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
7, p. 901—New Guinea and Salawati (dark phase).
New Guinea and nearby smaller islands (Waigeo, Salawati,
Numfoor, Japen, Aru, Trobriand, Woodlark, Bonvouloir).
oo2 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Accipiter novaehollandiae pallidimas Mayr
Accipiter novaehollandiae pallidimas Mayr, 1940, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 1056, p. 10—Fergusson Island.
Goodenough and Fergusson Islands in the D’Entrecasteaux
Archipelago, off eastern New Guinea.
Accipiter novaehollandiae manusi Mayr
Accipiter novaehollandiae manusi Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1294, p. 8—Manus.
Admiralty Islands: Manus, San Miguel, Rambutyo, Nauna.
Accipiter novaehollandiae bougainvillei (Rothschild and
Hartert)
Astur etorques bougainvillei Rothschild and Hartert, 1905,
Novit. Zool., 12, p. 250—Bougainville.
Solomon Islands: Bougainville and Fauro (Shortland group).
Accipiter novaehollandiae rufoschistaceus (Rothschild
and Hartert)
Astur rufoschistaceus Rothschild and Hartert, 1902, Novit.
Zool., 9, p. 5890—Santa Isabel.
Solomon Islands: Choiseul, Santa Isabel, Nggela group.
Accipiter novaehollandiae pulchellus (Ramsay)
Astur pulchellus Ramsay, 1881, Journ. Linn. Soc. London,
16, p. 131—Cape Pitt, Guadalcanal.
Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal.
Accipiter novaehollandiae malaitae Mayr
Accipiter novaehollandiae malaitae Mayr, 1931, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 504, p. 4—Malaita.
Solomon Islands: Malaita.
Accipiter novaehollandiae rubianae (Rothschild and Har-
tert)
Astur etorques rubianae Rothschild and Hartert, 1905, Novit.
Zool., 12, p. 250—Gizo.
Solomon Islands: Vella Lavella, Gizo, New Georgia, Rendova.
Accipiter novaehollandiae misulae Mayr
Accipiter novaehollandiae misulae Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1056, p. 11—Misima.
Louisiade Archipelago, off eastern New Guinea: Misima (=
St. Aignan) and Tagula (= Sudest) Islands.
Accipiter novaehollandiae misoriensis (Salvadori)
Urospizias misoriensis Salvadori, 1875, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, 7, p. 904—Korido, Misori (= Biak) Island.
Biak Island, off New Guinea.
ACCIPITRIDAE 333
Accipiter novaehollandiae dampieri (Gurney)
Urospizias dampieri Gurney, 1882, Ibis, p. 453—New Bri-
tain.
Accipiter hiogaster rooki Rothschild and Hartert, 1914, Novit.
Zool., 21, p. 288—Rook (= Umboi) Island.
Bismarck Archipelago: New Britain and Umboi Island.
Accipiter novaehollandiae lavongai Mayr
Accipiter novaehollandiae lavongai Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1294, p. 7—New Hanover (Lavongai).
Bismarck Archipelago: New Hanover and New Ireland; Tabar
Islands (? subspecies).
Accipiter novaehollandiae lihirensis Stresemann
Accipiter novaehollandiae lihirensis Stresemann, 1933, Or-
nith. Monatsber., 41, p. 114—Lihir.
Bismarck Archipelago: Lihir group, Tanga (Boang) group.
Accipiter novaehollandiae matthiae Mayr
Accipiter novaehollandiae matthiae Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1294, p. 8—St. Matthias Island.
Bismarck Archipelago: St. Matthias Island.
Accipiter novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Gmelin)'
Falco novae Hollandiae Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 264;
based on “New-Holland White Eagle” of Latham, 1781,
General Synop. Birds, 1, p. 40—“Nova Hollandia” = New
South Wales, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool. 18, p. 245.
Astur clarus cooktowni Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p.
245—Cooktown, northern Queensland.
Northern and eastern Australia: chiefly coastal and montane;
Tasmania.
ACCIPITER MELANOCHLAMYS*
Accipiter melanochlamys melanochlamys (Salvadori)
Urospizias melanochlamys Salvadori, 1875, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, 7, p. 905—Arfak Mountains.
Arfak Mountains, western New Guinea.
Accipiter melanochlamys schistacinus (Rothschild and
Hartert)
‘All the preceding 22 forms dubiously conspecific with novaehol-
landiae.—D. A.
”A. melanochlamys, albogularis, rufitorques, and haplochrous form
a superspecies.—D. A.
334 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Astur melanochlamys schistacinus Rothschild and Hartert,
1903, Novit. Zool., 10, p. 482—Mt. Goliath.
Mountains of central and eastern New Guinea.
ACCIPITER ALBOGULARIS
Accipiter albogularis eichhorni Hartert
Accipiter eichhorni Hartert, 1926, Novit. Zool., 33, p. 36—
Feni.
Feni Island, southeast of New Ireland.
Accipiter albogularis woodfordi (Sharpe)
Astur woodfordi Sharpe, 1888, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
183—Guadalcanal.
Solomon Islands: Bougainville, Treasury, Choiseul, Florida,
Guadalcanal.
Accipiter albogularis albogularis Gray
Accipiter albogularis G. R. Gray, 1870, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 4, 5, p. 327—San Cristobal.
Solomon Islands: San Cristobal, Ugi, Santa Ana.
Accipiter albogularis gilvus Mayr
Accipiter albogularis gilvuus Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1294, p. 8—Kolombangara.
Solomon Islands: Vella Lavella, Kolombangara, New Georgia,
Rendova.
Accipiter albogularis sharpei (Oustalet)
Astur Sharpei Oustalet, 1875, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris,
ser. 6, 12, p. 25—“iles Mariannes” = Santa Cruz Islands.
Santa Cruz Islands (southeast of the Solomons): Utupua,
Vanikoro.
ACCIPITER RUFITORQUES
Accipiter rufitorques (Peale)
Astur rufitorques Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8, p.
68—Fiji.
Fiji Islands.
ACCIPITER HAPLOCHROUS
Accipiter haplochrous Sclater
Accipiter haplochrous P. L. Sclater, 1859, Ibis, p. 275, pl.
8—Nu Island, off New Caledonia.
New Caledonia.
ACCIPITRIDAE 335
ACCIPITER HENICOGRAMMUS
Accipiter henicogrammus (Gray)
Astur henicogrammus G. R. Gray, 1860, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 343—Gilolo = Halmahera.
Moluccas: Morotai, Halmahera, Batjan.
ACCIPITER LUTEOSCHISTACEUS
Accipiter luteoschistaceus Rothschild and Hartert
Accipiter luteoschistaceus Rothschild and Hartert, 1926, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 46, p. 53—Talasea, New Britain.
New Britain.
ACCIPITER IMITATOR
Accipiter imitator Hartert
Accipiter eichhorni imitator Hartert, 1926, Novit. Zool., 33,
p. 37—Choiseul.
Solomon Islands: Bougainville, Choiseul, and Santa Isabel.
ACCIPITER POLIOCEPHALUS'
Accipiter poliocephalus Gray
Accipiter poliocephalus G. R. Gray, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 170—Aru Islands.
New Guinea and many of the surrounding islands (Waigeo,
Batanta, Salawati, Misool, Japen, Aru, Fergusson, Misima).
ACCIPITER PRINCEPS
Accipiter princeps Mayr
Accipiter princeps Mayr, 1934, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 709,
p. 3—Balayang, New Britain.
Highlands of New Britain.
ACCIPITER SUPERCILIOSUS’”
Accipiter superciliosus fontanieri Bonaparte
Accipiter fontainieri [sic] Bonaparte, 1853, Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci., Paris, 37, p. 810—no locality. Type from Santa
Cruz, Magdalena, Colombia.
‘A. poliocephalus and princeps form a superspecies.—D. A.
*A. superciliosus and collaris form a superspecies.—D. A.
336 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Accipiter superciliosus exitiosus Bangs and Penard, 1920,
1920, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7, p. 45—Carillo,
Costa Rica.
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama south to Colombia (west
of Eastern Andes) and western Ecuador.
Accipiter superciliosus superciliosus (Linnaeus)
Falco superciliosus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1,
p. 128—Surinam.
Falco tinus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 50; based on
“Tiny Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General Synop. Birds,
Suppl., p. 39—Cayenne.
South America, east of the Andes, south to northern Paraguay
and northern Argentina.
ACCIPITER COLLARIS
Accipiter collaris Sclater
Accipiter collaris P. L. Sclater (ex Kaup MS), 1860, Ibis,
p. 148, pl. 6—interior of New Grenada. Type from Bogota,
Colombia.
Subtropics of northern Andes in Colombia, Venezuela, and
Ecuador.
ACCIPITER ERYTHROPUS'
Accipiter erythropus erythropus (Hartlaub)
Nisus erythropus Temminck = Hartlaub, 1855, Journ. Or-
nith., 3, p. 354—Rio Bontry, Ghana.
Western Africa from Gambia to Nigeria, in forest.
Accipiter erythropus zenkeri Reichenow
Accipiter zenkeri Reichenow, 1894, Ornith. Monatsber., 2,
p. 125—Jaunde, Cameroon.
Accipiter minullus sassii Stresemann, 1924, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 32, p. 109—Beni, eastern Zaire.
Forests from Cameroon to northern Angola, east to western
Uganda.
ACCIPITER MINULLUS
Accipiter minullus (Daudin)
Falco minullus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 88; based
‘A. erythropus and minullus form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 337
on “Le Minulle” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 92, pl. 34—-Gamtoos River, Cape Province.
Accipiter minullus tropicalis Reichenow, 1898, Journ. Or-
nith., 46, p. 139—East Africa.
Accipiter minullus intermedius Erlanger, 1904, Journ. Or-
nith., 52, p. 173—Abela, Ethiopia.
Eastern Africa from Sudan and Ethiopia south to Cape Prov-
ince, and west, south of the Congo forest, to Angola and South
West Africa (Namibia).
ACCIPITER GULARIS'
Accipiter gularis sibiricus Stepanian
Accipiter gularis sibiricus Stepanian, 1959, Ornitologiia, 2,
p. 78—Khrasnoyarsk district, Siberia.
Siberia from the Novosibirsk district east to the Pacific, north
to about the middle Lena River, south to Mongolia and
northeastern China. Highly migratory, presumably wintering
from southern China to the Malay Peninsula and the Andaman,
Nicobar, and Greater Sunda Islands.
Accipiter gularis gularis (Temminck and Schlegel)
Astur (Nisus) gularis Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in
Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 5, pl. 2—Japan.
Accipiter stevensoni Gurney, 1863, Ibis, p. 447, pl. 11—Pe-
king; Macao (migrant).
Sakhalin, southern Kuril Islands, and Japan (Hokkaido, Hon-
shu). Winters from southern Japan, Korea, and eastern China
south through the Malay Peninsula, the Greater Sunda Islands,
and the Philippines.
Accipiter gularis iwasakii Mishima
Accipiter gularis twasakii Mishima, 1962, Tori, 17, pp. 219
(Japanese text), 221 (English text)—Iriomote and Ishigaki,
Ryukyu Islands.
Ryukyu Islands: Iriomote, Ishigaki.
ACCIPITER VIRGATUS
Accipiter virgatus affinis Hodgson
[Accipiter] affinis Parbattiah = Hodgson, 1836, Bengal
‘A. gularis, virgatus, and possibly nanus form a superspecies. The
first two are often considered to be conspecific.—D. A.
338 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Sporting Mag., n. s., 8, p. 179—terai of Nepal.
Accipiter virgatus kashmiriensis Whistler, 1936, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 38, p. 435—Murree, northwestern
Punjab.
Kashmir east to northern Burma and central and southern
China; Hainan. Winters (some may breed) in southern Burma,
Thailand, Indochina.
Accipiter virgatus fuscipectus Mees
Accipiter virgatus fuscipectus Mees, 1970, Zool. Mededeling-
en Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 44, pp. 286-287—Wanta,
Taiwan.
Mountains of Taiwan.
Accipiter virgatus besra Jerdon
Accipiter besra Jerdon, 1839, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., 10,
p. 84—Soonda Jungles, southern India.
Hill forest of Western and Eastern Ghats in India; Sri Lanka
(Ceylon).
Accipiter virgatus nisoides Blyth
Accipiter nisoides Blyth, 1847, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
16, p. 727—Malacca.
Tenasserim, Burma; Malaya; ? Andaman Islands. Status de-
bated; perhaps only migrants (of A. gularis) are found in
these areas.
Accipiter virgatus confusus Hartert
Accipiter virgatus confusus Hartert, 1910, Novit. Zool., 17,
p. 209—Laguna de Bai, Luzon.
Luzon, Philippine Islands.
Accipiter virgatus quagga Parkes
Accipiter virgatus quagga Parkes, 1973, Nemouria, no. 11,
p. 17—Mt. Katanglad, Bukidon Province, Mindanao; alti-
tude 5,000-5,500 feet.
Mindanao, Philippine Islands. Populations of the other islands
in the Philippines are intermediate between this and confusus.
Accipiter virgatus rufotibialis Sharpe
Accipiter rufotibialis Sharpe, 1887, Ibis, p. 437—Mt. Kin-
abalu.
Mountains of northern Borneo.
Accipiter virgatus vanbemmeli Voous
Accipiter virgatus vanbemmeli Voous, 1950, Amsterdam
ACCIPITRIDAE 339
Naturalist, 1, p. 99—Berastagi, Van Heutsz Mountains,
northeastern Sumatra.
Mountains of Sumatra.
Accipiter virgatus virgatus (Temminck)
Falco virgatus Reinwardt = Temminck, 1822, Planches
Color., livr. 19, pl. 109—Java.
Mountains of Java, Bali, and (? subspecies) Flores.
ACCIPITER NANUS
Accipiter nanus (Blasius)
Erythrospizias trinotatus nanus W. Blasius, 1897, Festschr.
Techn. Hochschule Braunschweig, p. 292—Rurukan, Ce-
lebes.
Accipiter archboldi Stresemann, 1932, Ornith. Monatsber.,
40, p. 113—Tanke Salokko, Celebes.
Mountains of Celebes.
ACCIPITER CIRRHOCEPHALUS'
Accipiter cirrhocephalus papuanus (Rothschild and Har-
tert)
Astur cirrhocephalus papuanus Rothschild and Hartert,
1913, Novit. Zool., 20, p.482—Utakwa River, New Guinea.
New Guinea and some nearby islands (Waigeo, Salawati,
Japen, Aru).
Accipiter cirrhocephalus rosselianus Mayr
Accipiter cirrhocephalus rosselianus Mayr, 1940, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 1056, p. 12—Mt. Rossel.
Rossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago, off eastern New Guinea.
Accipiter cirrhocephalus quaesitandus Mathews
Accipiter cirrhocephalus quaesitandus Mathews, 1915, Birds
Australia, 5, p. 81—Cape York.
Northern Australia, including Cape York Peninsula.
Accipiter cirrhocephalus cirrhocephalus (Vieillot)
Sparvius cirrhocephalus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist.
Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 329—New Holland = New South
‘A. cirrhocephalus, brachyurus, erythrauchen, and perhaps rhodo-
gaster form a superspecies.—D. A.
340 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Wales, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 246.
Accipiter cirrocephalus broomei Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool.,
18, p. 247—Broome Hill, Australia.
Australia (except the northernmost part); Tasmania.
ACCIPITER BRACHYURUS
Accipiter brachyurus (Ramsay)
Astur brachyurus Ramsay, 1879, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales, 4, p. 465—New Britain.
New Britain.
ACCIPITER ERYTHRAUCHEN
Accipiter erythrauchen erythrauchen Gray
Accipiter erythrauchen G. R. Gray, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1860), p. 344—Gilolo = Halmahera.
Moluccas: Morotai, Halmahera, Batjan, Obi.
Accipiter erythrauchen ceramensis (Schlegel)
Nisus cirrhocephalus ceramensis Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist.
Nat. Pays-Bas, Rev. Method. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Astures,
p. 39—Ceram.
Moluccas: Buru, Ceram.
ACCIPITER RHODOGASTER
Accipiter rhodogaster rhodogaster (Schlegel)
Nisus virgatus rhodogaster Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Nat. Hist.
Pays-Bas, Rev. Méthod. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Astures, p.
32—Gorontalo, Celebes.
Accipiter rhodogaster butonensis Voous, 1951, Treubia, 21,
p. 82—Buton = Butung Island.
Celebes and nearby islands (Muna, Butung).
Accipiter rhodogaster sulaensis (Schlegel)
Nisus sulaénsis Schlegel, 1866, Vogels Nederlandsche Indie,
Valkvogels, pp. 26, 64, pl. 16, figs. 3-4—Sula Besi =
Sanana.
Small islands east of Celebes (Peleng, Banggai, Sula).
ACCIPITER OVAMPENSIS
Accipiter ovampensis Gurney
Accipiter ouampensis Gurney, 1875, Ibis, p. 367, pl. 6—Oka-
vango River, South West Africa.
ACCIPITRIDAE 341
Ghana and Togo east to Ethiopia, south to eastern Transvaal
and South West Africa (Namibia). Not in forest.
ACCIPITER MADAGASCARIENSIS
Accipiter madagascariensis Smith
Accipiter Madagascariensis A. Smith, 1834, South Afr.
Quart. Journ., ser. 2, no. 3, pt. 2, pp. 282-283—Mada-
gascar.
Madagascar.
ACCIPITER NISUS'
Accipiter nisus nisus (Linnaeus)
Falco Nisus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 92—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 24.
Accipiter nisus peregrinoides Kleinschmidt, 1921, in Grote,
Ornith. Literatur Russlands, no. 3, p. 56—Rossiten, East
Prussia. Migrant.
Accipiter nisus hibernicus Swann, 1924, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 44, p. 79—Hillsborough, Ireland.
Accipiter nisus Salamancae Jordans and Steinbacher, 1941,
Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 52, p. 238—Linares de Riofrio,
Salamanca, Spain.
Western Eurasia, north to limit of forest, east to western
Siberia (Yerisey River), south to Spain, Sicily, Asia Minor,
Caucasus area, northern Iran. Migratory in north.
Accipiter nisus nisosimilis (Tickell)
Falco Nisosimilis Tickell, 1833, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
2, p. 571—Marcha, Borabhun, India.
Accipiter pallens Stejneger, 1893, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
16, p. 625—Hitachi, Japan.
Asia, east of the range of nisus, east to the Pacific, Sakhalin,
Kuril Islands, Japan, south to Turkistan, Afghanistan, north-
ern China, Korea. Migrates farther south in winter.
Accipiter nisus dementjevi Stepanian
Accipiter nisus dementjevi Stepanian, 1958, Uchenye Zapiski
Gosudarst. Moskovskii Univ., 197, pp. 125-129—Issyk-
Kul and Fergana, Asia.
‘A. nisus forms a superspecies with rufiventris, to which some
would add striatus, madagascariensis, and even cirrhocephalus and
allied species.—D. A.
342 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Tien Shan and adjacent mountain ranges in central Asia.
Accipiter nisus melaschistos Hume
Accipiter Melaschistos Hume, 1869, Rough Notes, p. 128—
Himalayas.
Mountains of eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India,
Tibet, western China, and northern Burma. Somewhat migra-
tory.
Accipiter nisus wolterstorffi Kleinschmidt
Accipiter wolterstorffi Kleinschmidt, 1901, Ornith. Mo-
natsber. 9, p. 168—Lanusei, Sardinia.
Sardinia and perhaps Corsica.
Accipiter nisus granti Sharpe
Accipiter Granti Sharpe, 1890, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
6, 5, p. 485—Madeira.
Accipiter nisus teneriffae Laubmann, 1912, Verh. Ornith.
Gesell. Bayern, 11, p. 164—Vilaflor, Tenerife.
Madeira and the Canary Islands.
Accipiter nisus punicus Erlanger
Accipiter nisus punicus Erlanger, 1897, Ornith. Monatsber.,
5, p. 187—Ain-bou-Dries, Tunisia.
Northwestern Africa in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, south
to the Atlas Mountains and central Tunisia.
ACCIPITER RUFIVENTRIS'
Accipiter rufiventris perspicillaris (Ruppell)
Falco (Astur) perspicillaris Ruppell, 1836, Neue Wirbelthiere
‘Mees, 1967, Zool. Mededelingen Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden, 42,
p. 144, believes that rufiventris does not apply to this form and
that exilis Temminck, 1830, Planches Color., livr. 84, pl. 496, should
be used. Since this would change an established name, the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature voted, Opin. 1028,
1974, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 31, p. 186, to place the specific name
rufiventris, as published in the binomen Accipiter rufiventris Smith
1830, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the
Name No. 2537, and to place the specific name exilis, as published
in the binomen Falco exilis Temminck 1830, on the Official Index
of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name
No. 998.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 343
Fauna Abyssinien, Vogel, p. 41, pl. 18, fig. 2—Gondar,
Ethiopia.
Ethiopia.
Accipiter rufiventris rufiventris Smith
Accipiter rufiventris A. Smith, 1830, South Afr. Quart.
Journ., ser. 1, p. 231—no locality = South Africa.
Locally in highland forest from Kenya and the Katanga (=
Shaba) district of southern Zaire south to Angola, South West
Africa (Namibia), and South Africa.
ACCIPITER STRIATUS
Accipiter striatus perobscurus Snyder
Accipiter striatus perobscurus Snyder, 1938, Occas. Papers
Roy. Ontario Mus., Zool., no. 4, p. 4—Graham Island,
Queen Charlotte Islands.
Queen Charlotte Islands and perhaps the adjacent mainland
coast of British Columbia. Somewhat migratory, reaching
Oregon.
Accipiter striatus velox (Wilson)
Falco velox Wilson, 1812, Amer. Ornith., 5, p. 116, pl. 45,
fig. 1—banks of the Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Alaska and Canada, north almost to treeline, except range
of perobscurus, south locally to central California, Texas, and
the northern parts of the Gulf states. Winters from the United
States south to western Panama.
Accipiter striatus suttoni van Rossem
Accipiter striatus suttoni van Rossem, 1939, Auk, 56, p. 127,
pl. 6—Mesa del Chipinque, near Monterrey, Nuevo Leon,
Mexico.
Pine-oak zone from the San Luis Mountains on the border
of New Mexico and Mexico, south locally in Mexico, except
Baja California, to Michoacan and Veracruz.
Accipiter striatus madrensis Storer
Accipiter striatus madrensis Storer, 1952, Condor, 54, p.
288—Cuapongo, Guerrero, Mexico.
Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico, and perhaps western
Oaxaca.
Accipiter striatus chionogaster Kaup
Nisus (Accipiter) chionogaster Kaup, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc.
344 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
London (1851), p. 41—Coban, Guatemala.
Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras; El
Salvador; Nicaragua.
Accipiter striatus ventralis Sclater
Accipiter ventralis P. L. Sclater, 1866, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 303—Bogota, Colombia.
Nisus salvini Ridgway, 1876, Bull. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Surv.
Territories, 2, p. 121—Merida, Venezuela.
Andes from Colombia (including Sierra de Santa Marta) and
western Venezuela to Ecuador, Peru, and western Bolivia.
Accipiter striatus erythronemius Kaup
Nisus vel Accipiter erythronemius Kaup (ex G. R. Gray MS),
1850, Monogr. Falconidae, p. 64, in Jardine, Contrib.
Ornith.—Bolivia.
Southern half of Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguayan Chaco,
Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
Accipiter striatus striatus Vieillot
Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1807, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Ameé-
rique Septentrionale, 1, p. 42, pl. 14—Santo Domingo.
Hispaniola.
Accipiter striatus fringilloides Vigors
Accipiter fringilloides Vigors, 1827, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 434—
near Havana, Cuba.
Cuba.
Accipiter striatus venator Wetmore
Accipiter striatus venator Wetmore, 1914, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 27, p. 119—Maricao, Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico.
ACCIPITER BICOLOR’
Accipiter bicolor fidens Bangs and Noble
Accipiter bicolor fidens Bangs and Noble, 1918, Auk, 35,
p. 444—Buena Vista, Veracruz.
Eastern Mexico in states of Veracruz and Oaxaca.
Accipiter bicolor bicolor (Vieillot)
Sparvius bicolor Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
ed., 10, p. 325—Cayenne.
‘A. bicolor, cooperii, and gundlachi form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 345
Accipiter bicolor schistochlamys Hellmayr, 1906, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club., 16, p. 82—Nanegal, Ecuador.
Southeastern Mexico (Yucatan) south through Central and
South America to Peru, eastern Bolivia, and Brazil (south
to Maranhao).
Accipiter bicolor pileatus (Temminck)
Falco pileatus Temminck (ex Wied MS), 1823, Planches
Color., livr. 35, pl. 205—Brazil. Type from Rio Belmonte,
Bahia.
Tableland of Brazil from southern Maranhao and Piaui to
central Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay, Mis-
iones, Argentina.
Accipiter (bicolor) guttifer Hellmayr
Accipiter guttifer Hellmayr, 1917, Verh. Ornith. Gesell.
Bayern, 13, p. 200—Bolivia.
Southern Bolivia, western Mato Grosso, northwestern Argen-
tina, and the Paraguayan Chaco.
Accipiter (bicolor) chilensis Philippi and Landbeck
Accipiter chilensis Philippi and Landbeck, 1864, Archiv
Naturgeschichte, 30, pt. 1, p. 43—Chile.
Forested Andean slopes of central Chile and Argentina, south
through Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island.
ACCIPITER COOPERII
Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte)
Falco cooperii Bonaparte, 1828, Amer. Ornith., 2, p. 1, pl.
10, fig. 1—Bordentown, New Jersey.
Canada from southern British Columbia and Alberta east to
central Quebec and Nova Scotia, south over the United States
to Florida and to northern and western Mexico. Winters from
the northern United States to Mexico and Guatemala, casually
to Colombia.
ACCIPITER GUNDLACHI
Accipiter gundlachi Lawrence
Accipiter Gundlachi Lawrence, 1860, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.
New York, 7, p. 252—-Hanabana, Cuba.
Cuba.
346 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ACCIPITER MELANOLEUCUS
Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii (Hartlaub)
Astur Temminckii Hartlaub, 1855, Journ. Ornith., 3, p.
353—Rio Bontry, Ghana.
Western Africa from Ghana and the Central African Empire
to Gabon.
Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus Smith
Accipiter melanoleueus [sic] A. Smith, 1830, South Afr.
Quart. Journ., ser. 1, pp. 229-230—no locality = South
Africa.
Eastern Africa from central Sudan and Ethiopia south to Cape
Province; Pemba; Zanzibar.
ACCIPITER HENSTII
Accipiter henstii (Schlegel)
Astur henstii Schlegel, 1873, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas, livr.
10, Rev. Coll. Oiseaux Proie, p. 62—Morondava, Mada-
gascar.
Madagascar.
ACCIPITER GENTILIS'
Accipiter gentilis gentilis (Linnaeus)
Falco gentilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 89—
(Swedish) Alps.
Astur gallinarum C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturge-
schichte Vogel Deutschlands, p. 83—Germany.
Astur gentilis moscoviae Sushkin, 1928, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., 39, p. 8—Ryazan Province, Russia.
Accipiter tischleri Kleinschmidt, 1938, Falco, 34, p. 5—East
Prussia.
Accipiter Koeneni Kleinschmidt, 1938, Falco, 34, p. 5—
“Rheinhessen.”
Scandinavia and Russia, west to the Volga, except extreme
north, south to the British Isles (casual) and central Europe.
Accipiter gentilis marginatus (Piller and Mitterpacher)
Falco marginatus Piller and Mitterpacher, 1783, Iter Pose-
ganam Sclavoniae Provinciam, p. 28—no locality = Vuko-
‘A. gentilis and meyerianus may form a superspecies, to which
some would add melanoleucus and henstii.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 347
var, Yugoslavia, fide Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna,
Non-Passeriformes, p. 160.
Accipiter Palumbarius caucasicus Kleinschmidt, 1923,
Berajah, p. 5, pl. 9, fig. 5, pl. 12, fig. 5—Vladikavkaz,
Caucasus.
Accipiter gentilis trischittae Ragioneri, 1946, Riv. Ital. Orni-
tologia, ser. 2, 16, p. 121—Alto Casentino, Tuscany, Italy.
Southeastern Europe, west to Italy and Sicily, east to the
Crimea, Asia Minor, Caucasus, and northern Iran.
Accipiter gentilis arrigonii (Kleinschmidt)
Astur gentilis arrigoniit Kleinschmidt, 1903, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 9, p. 152—Sardinia.
Accipiter gentilis kleinschmidti Jordans, 1950, in Jordans
and Peus (eds.), Syllegomena Biologica (Festschrift O.
Kleinschmidt), p. 178—Linares de Riofrio, Salamanca,
Spain.
Spain, Sardinia, probably Corsica, northern Morocco.
Accipiter gentilis buteoides (Menzbir)
Astur palumbarius buteoides Menzbir, 1882, Ornitologiches-
kaia Geograffiia Evropeiskoi Rossii, 1, p. 440—Vladimir
Province, central Russia.
Northernmost Scandinavia and USSR, east in the taiga to
eastern Siberia (Lena and Yana Valleys). In winter reaches
Germany, Hungary, southern Russia, the Caucasus, and cen-
tral Asia.
Accipiter gentilis albidus (Menzbir)
Astur palumbarius albidus Menzbir, 1882, Ornitologiches-
kaia Geografiia Evropeiskoi Rossii, 1, p. 438; based on
Astur palumbarius var. alba of Pallas, 1811, Zoographia
Rosso-Asiat., 1, p. 368, and Astur palumbarius Lacépede
of Schrenk, 1860, Reisen Forschungen Amur-lande, 1, p.
243—eastern Siberia, Amurland, and Kamchatka.
Northeastern Siberia and Kamchatka. Somewhat migratory.
Accipiter gentilis schvedowi (Menzbir)
A [stur] palumbarius Schvedowi Menzbir, 1882, Ornitologi-
cheskaia Geografiia Evropeiskoi Rossii, 1, p. 439—Irkutsk.
Astur palumbarius khamensis Bianchi, 1906, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 16, p. 70—Kham, southeastern Tibet. Type
from near Chambdo (now Changtutsung).
Accipiter gentilis suschkini Dementiev, 1940, Biulleten Mos-
kovskogo Obshchestva Ispytalelei Prirody, Otd. Biol.,
348 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
n. s., 49, p. 21—Burziansk district, southeastern Russia.
Southern Siberia from the Urals east through the Altai, Tien
Shan, and Manchuria to Amurland, Sakhalin, and the Kuril
Islands; south to mountains of Kansu, Szechwan, and Yunnan.
In winter to Korea, Japan, Himalayas, and northern Indochi-
nese countries.
Accipiter gentilis fujiyamae (Swann and Hartert)
Astur gentilis fujiyamae Swann and Hartert, 1923, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 43, p. 170—Shimosake, Sagami Bay,
Honshu.
Hokkaido, Honshu, and perhaps other islands of Japan.
Accipiter gentilis atricapillus (Wilson)
Falco atricapillus Wilson, 1812, Amer. Ornith., 6, p. 80,
pl. 52, fig. 3—Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Astur atricapillus var. striatulus Ridgway, 1874, in Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, 3, p.
238—Fort Steilacoom, Washington.
North America, north to limit of forest, south to California,
northern Arizona, New Mexico, and Tennessee. Migratory in
north.
Accipiter gentilis apache van Rossem
Accipiter gentilis apache van Rossem, 1938, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 51, p. 99—Cochise County, Arizona.
Mountains of southern Arizona and western Mexico from
Sonora and Chihuahua south to the Sierra de Nayarit, Jalisco.
Accipiter gentilis laingi (Taverner)
Astur atricapillus laingi Taverner, 1940, Condor, 42, p.
160—Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands.
Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island, British Co-
lumbia.
ACCIPITER MEYERIANUS
Accipiter meyerianus (Sharpe)
Astur Meyerianus Sharpe, 1878, Journ. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 458—Ansus, Japen Island.
Moluccas (Halmahera, Boano, Ceram, Ceramlaut); New Guin-
ea (locally in mountains and on Japen Island); New Britain
and coastal islet of Uatom; Solomon Islands (Kolombangara,
Guadalcanal).
ACCIPITRIDAE 349
ACCIPITER BUERGERSI
Accipiter buergersi (Reichenow)
Astur burgersi Reichenow, 1914, Ornith. Monatsber., 22,
p. 29—Maeanderberg, near Sepik River, New Guinea.
Mountains of eastern New Guinea.
ACCIPITER RADIATUS
Accipiter radiatus (Latham)
Falco radiatus Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl., p.
12—New South Wales.
Forest in northern and eastern Australia, south to northern
New South Wales.
ACCIPITER DORIAE
Accipiter doriae (Salvadori and D’Albertis)
Megatriorchis doriae Salvadori and D’Albertis, 1875, Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genova, 7, p. 805—Yule Island, New Guinea.
New Guinea.
Genus UROTRIORCHIS Snuarpet
Urotriorchis Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1, pp. 46
(in key), 83. Type, by monotypy, Astur macrourus Hart-
laub.
cf. Amadon, 1978, Emu, 78, p. 117 (status of genus).
UROTRIORCHIS MACROURUS
Urotriorchis macrourus (Hartlaub)
Astur macrourus Temminck = Hartlaub, 1855, Journ. Or-
nith., 3, p. 353—Dabocrom, Ghana.
Urotriorchis macrourus batesi Swann, 1921, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 29—Bitye, River Ja, Cameroon.
Forest from Liberia, Ghana, and Cameroon east through Zaire
to western Uganda.
Genus BUTASTUR Hopacson'
Butastur Hodgson, 1843, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 12,
p. 311. Type, by original designation, Circus teesa Frank-
lin.
‘All 4 species of Butastur may form a superspecies.—D. A.
350 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
BUTASTUR RUFIPENNIS
Butastur rufipennis (Sundevall)
Poliornis rufipennis Sundevall, 1851, Ofversigt K. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 7 (1850), p. 131—
Khartoum, Sudan.
Semiarid belt across Africa from Senegal and Nigeria to Sudan
and Somalia. In off season migrates south to Cameroon,
northeastern Zaire, Kenya, and Tanzania.
BUTASTUR LIVENTER
Butastur liventer (Temminck)
Falco liventer Temminck, 1827, Planches Color., livr. 74,
pl. 438 and text—Celebes, Sumatra, Java, and India. Type
from Java.
Lower Burma, southern China, Thailand, Indochina, Java,
? southeastern Borneo, southern Celebes, ? Timor.
BUTASTUR TEESA
Butastur teesa (Franklin)
Circus Teesa Franklin, 1831, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
Soc. London, pt. 1, p. 115—Further India; restricted to
Ganges-Nerbudda (= Narmada) by Stuart Baker, 1928,
Fauna Brit. India, Birds, ed. 2, 5, p. 104.
Southeastern Iran, Pakistan, India, Himalayan foothills,
Bangladesh, Burma.
BUTASTUR INDICUS
Butastur indicus (Gmelin)
Falco indicus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 264; based
on “Javan Hawk” of Latham, 1781, General Synop. Birds,
1, first p. 34—Java.
Korea, northeastern China and the Khaborovsk region of
Siberia to the north, Japan. Highly migratory, wintering in
southern China, Indochina, Malay peninsula, Borneo, Philip-
pines, Celebes, and east to small islands off western New
Guinea.
Genus KAUPIFALCO Bonaparte
Kaupifalco Bonaparte, 1854, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser.
2, 6, p. 533. Type, by monotypy, Falco monogrammicus
Temminck.
ACCIPITRIDAE 351
KAUPIFALCO MONOGRAMMICUS
Kaupifalco monogrammicus monogrammicus (Temminck)
Falco monogrammicus Temminck, 1824, Planches Color.,
livr. 53, pl. 314—Senegal.
Senegal to Cameroon, thence east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda,
and Kenya, except in forest.
Kaupifalco monogrammicus meridionalis (Hartlaub)
Micronisus monogrammicus var. Merid. Hartlaub, 1860,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 109—Ambriz, Angola.
Southern Kenya to Transvaal and Natal, thence west into
Angola.
Genus GERANOSPIZA Kaur’
Ischnosceles Strickland, 1844, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p.
409. Type, by original designation, Falco gracilis Tem-
minck. Not Ischnoscelis Burmeister, 1842 (Coleoptera).”
Geranospiza Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 143, new name
for Ischnosceles Strickland, preoccupied.
GERANOSPIZA CAERULESCENS
Geranospiza caerulescens livens Bangs and Penard
Geranospiza caerulescens livens Bangs and Penard, 1921,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34, p. 89—Alamos, Sonora.
Northwestern Mexico.
Geranospiza caerulescens nigra (Du Bus de Gisignies)
Ischnosceles niger Du Bus de Gisignies, 1847, Bull. Acad.
Roy. Sci. Lettres Beaux-Arts Belgique, 14, pt. 2, p. 102—
Mexico.
Mexico from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south through Central
America to Panama.
Geranospiza caerulescens balzarensis Sclater
Geranospiza niger balzarensis W. L. Sclater, 1918, Bull.
‘Position of genus uncertain. Probably it is related to the neotropical
“subbuteonines” rather than to Polyboroides, and it is here placed
with the former group.—D. A.
*Wetmore, 1965, Birds Panama, 1, p. 253, used Ischnosceles for
the Crane Hawk on the basis that it is not invalidated by Ischnoscelis.
Be that as it may, Geranospiza has been in universal use for the
genus for a century or more and may be retained on the principle
of conservation of names.—D. A.
352 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Brit. Ornith. Club, 38, p. 45—Balzar Mountains, Ecuador.
Eastern Panama; Pacific slope of Colombia, Ecuador, and
northern Peru.
Geranospiza caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot)
Sparvius caerulescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 10, p. 318—South America; restricted to
Cayenne by Berlepsch and Hartert, 1902, Novit. Zool.,
9, p. 114.
South America east of the Andes from Colombia, Venezuela,
and the Guianas south through Amazonia to northeastern
Bolivia.
Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temminck)
Falco gracilis Temminck, 1821, Planches Color., livr. 16,
pl. 91 and text—eastern Brazil.
Northeastern Brazil from Maranhao, Piaui, and Ceara south
to central Goias and Bahia.
Geranospiza caerulescens flexipes Peters
Geranospiza caerulescens flexipes Peters, 1935, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 48, p. 72—Resistencia, Chaco, Argen-
tina.
Southern Brazil from Minas Gerais, southern Goas, and Mato
Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul Paraguay, Uruguay, and
northern Argentina.
Genus LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup
Leucopternis Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 210. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1855, Cat. Gen.
Subgen. Birds Brit. Mus., p. 3), Falco melanops Latham.
cf. Amadon, 1969, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 2166, pp. 8-9.
LEUCOPTERNIS SCHISTACEA'
Leucopternis schistacea (Sundevall)
Asturina schistacea Sundevall, 1851, Ofversigt K. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 7 (1850), p. 132,
note 3—Brazil.
Eastern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia east through south-
ern Venezuela and Amazonia to Para and the island of Maraca,
Amapa, Brazil.
"L. schistacea and plumbea form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 353
LEUCOPTERNIS PLUMBEA
Leucopternis plumbea Salvin
Leucopternis plumbea Salvin, 1872, Ibis, p. 240, pl. 8—Ecua-
dor.
Panama, western Colombia, western Ecuador, northwestern
Peru. In forest.
LEUCOPTERNIS PRINCEPS
Leucopternis princeps princeps Sclater
Leucopternis princeps P. L. Sclater, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 429, pl. 24—Costa Rica.
Costa Rica and Panama. In mountain forest.
Leucopternis princeps zimmeri Friedmann
Leucopternis princeps zimmeri Friedmann, 1935, Auk, 52,
p. 30—San Jose de Sumaco, Ecuador.
Locally in the Andes of Colombia and northern Ecuador.
LEUCOPTERNIS MELANOPS'
Leucopternis melanops (Latham)
Falco melanops Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 37; based
on “Streaked Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General Synop. Birds,
Suppl., p. 34—Cayenne.
Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, northern Peru, southern Ve-
nezuela, and the Guianas, south to the Amazon.
LEUCOPTERNIS KUHLI
Leucopternis kuhli Bonaparte
Leucopternis Kuhli Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1, p. 19—no locality; Para designated by Brabourne and
Chubb, 1913, Birds South Amer., p. 69.
Eastern Peru; Brazil south of the Amazon from the Para region
to the Rio Madeira, south to the Rio Machados.
LEUCOPTERNIS LACERNULATA
Leucopternis lacernulata (Temminck)
Falco lacernulatus Temminck, 1827, Planches Color., livr.
*L. melanops and kuhli form a superspecies.—D. A.
354 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
74, pl. 437 and text—Brazil. Type from vicinity of Rio
de Janeiro.
Eastern Brazil, from Bahia to Sao Paulo and Santa Catarina.
Rare.
LEUCOPTERNIS SEMIPLUMBEA
Leucopternis semiplumbea Lawrence
Leucopternis semiplumbeus Lawrence, 1861, Ann. Lyceum
Nat. Hist. New York, 7, p. 288—Caribbean slope of the
Isthmus of Panama along the line of the Panama Railroad.
Honduras and Nicaragua south to the Pacific slope of Colombia
and northern Ecuador.
LEUCOPTERNIS ALBICOLLIS'
Leucopternis albicollis ghiesbreghti (Du Bus de Gisignies)
Buteo ghiesbreghti Du Bus de Gisignies, 1845, Esquisses
Ornith., livr. 1, pl. 1 and text—Hacienda de Mirador,
Veracruz, Mexico.
Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize (British Honduras).
Leucopternis albicollis costaricensis Sclater
Leucopternis ghiesbreghti costaricensis W. L. Sclater, 1919,
Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 39, p. 76—Carillo, Costa Rica.
Honduras to Panama and adjacent Colombia (Jurado).
Leucopternis albicollis williaminae Meyer de Schauensee
Leucopternis albicollis williaminae Meyer de Schauensee,
1950, Notulae Naturae, no. 221, p. 3—Quimari, south-
western Bolivar, Colombia.
Northwestern Colombia and western Venezuela (Perija).
Leucopternis albicollis albicollis (Latham)
Falco albicollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 36; based
on “White-necked Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General
Synop. Birds, Suppl., p. 30—Cayenne.
Amazonia and adjacent areas, including Venezuela and the
Guianas, south to eastern Bolivia and to Mato Grosso and
Maranhao in Brazil; Trinidad.
Leucopternis (albicollis) occidentalis Salvin
Leucopternis occidentalis Salvin, 1876, Ibis, p. 496—western
Ecuador.
Western Ecuador, chiefly in mountains.
*L. albicollis and polionota form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 30D
LEUCOPTERNIS POLIONOTA
Leucopternis polionota (Kaup)
Buteo polionotus Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 212—‘“South
America.” Type from Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Eastern Brazil from Alagoas and Bahia to Sao Paulo and
Santa Catarina, eastern Paraguay (Alto Parana). Rare.
Genus ASTURINA VIEILLor
Asturina Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, pp. 24, 68. Type, by original
designation, Asturina cinerea Vieillot = Falco nitidus
Latham.
cf. Amadon, MS (status of genus).
ASTURINA NITIDA
Asturina nitida plagiata Schlegel
Asturina plagiata Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
Rev. Method. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Asturinae, p. 1, note—
Veracruz, Mexico.
Asturina plagiata micrus Miller and Griscom, 1921, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 25, p. 4—Chinandega, Nicaragua.
Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, south through
Mexico and Central America to northwestern Costa Rica.
Migratory in north.
Asturina nitida costaricensis Swann
Asturina nitida costaricensis Swann, 1922, Synop. Acci-
pitres, ed. 2, p. 90—Boruca, Costa Rica.
Buteo nitidus blakei Hellmayr and Conover, 1949, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 160.
New name for Asturina nitida costaricensis Swann, 1922,
considered preoccupied by Buteo borealis var. costaricensis
Ridgway, 1874, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, 3, p. 285, note.
Southwestern Costa Rica, Panama, locally in Colombia, per-
haps western Ecuador.
Asturina nitida nitida (Latham)
Falco nitidus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 41; based
on “Plumbeous Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General Synop.
Birds, Suppl., p. 37—Cayenne.
Eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, the
Guianas, Amazonian Brazil east to northern Maranhao.
356 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Asturina nitida pallida Todd
Asturina nitida pallida Todd, 1915, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 28, p. 170—Rio Surutu, Bolivia.
Tableland of Brazil from Piaui south to Rio de Janeiro, Goias,
and Mato Grosso; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; northern Argen-
tina.
Genus BUTEOGALLUS Lesson
Buteogallus Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornith., livr. 2, p. 83. Type,
by monotypy, Buteogallus cathartoides Lesson = Falco
aequinoctialis Gemlin.
Urubitinga Lafresnaye, 1842, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., 2, p.
786. Type, by monotypy, Falco urubitinga Gmelin.
Hypomorphnus Cabanis, 1844, Archiv Naturgeschichte, 10,
pt. 1, p. 263. Type, by original designation, Falco urubitin-
ga Gmelin.
Heterospizias Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1, pp.
158 (in key), 160. Type, by monotypy, Falco meridionalis
Latham.
cf. Monroe, 1968, Birds Honduras, pp. 81-82 (subtilis).
Amadon, MS (status of Heterospizias).
BUTEOGALLUS AEQUINOCTIALIS'
Buteogallus aequinoctialis (Gmelin)
Falco aequinoctialis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 265;
based on “Aequinoctial Eagle” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 43—-Cayenne.
Atlantic coast of South America from the Orinoco delta,
Venezuela, to Parana, Brazil, or beyond. Chiefly or entirely
in coastal mangrove zone.
BUTEOGALLUS SUBTILIS
Buteogallus subtilis rhizophorae Monroe
Buteogallus subtilis rhizophorae Monroe, 1963, Occas. Papers
Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., no. 26, p. 1—San
Lorenzo, Valle, Honduras.
*B. aequinoctialis and subtilis may form a superspecies.—D. A.
ACCIPITRIDAE 357
Mangrove zone of Pacific coast of El Salvador, Honduras, and
probably Chiapas, Mexico.
Buteogallus subtilis bangsi (Swann)
Urubitinga anthracina bangst Swann, 1922, Synop. Ac-
cipitres, ed. 2, p. 98—San Miguel Island = Isla del Rey,
Pearl Islands.
Mangrove zone of Pacific coast of Coasta Rica and Panama,
including the Pearl! Islands.
Buteogallus subtilis subtilis (Thayer and Bangs)
Urubitinga subtilis Thayer and Bangs, 1905, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 46, p. 94—-Gorgona Island, Colombia.
Mangrove zone of Pacific coast and islands of Colombia,
Ecuador, and extreme northern Peru (Tumbes).
BUTEOGALLUS ANTHRACINUS
Buteogallus (anthracinus) gundlachii (Cabanis)
Hypomorphnus Gundlachii Cabanis, 1855, Journ. Ornith.,
2 (1854), Erinnerungsschrift, p. 80—Cuba.
Cuba and Isle of Pines.
Buteogallus anthracinus utilensis Twomey
Buteogallus anthracinus utilensis Twomey, 1956, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., 33, p. 387—Utila Island, Honduras.
Islands of Gulf of Honduras: Utila, Guanaja, and perhaps
others.
Buteogallus anthracinus anthracinus (Deppe)
Falco anthracinus Deppe, 1830, Preis-Verzeichniss Sau-
gethiere Vogel Deppe Schiede Mexico Gesammelt, p.83—
Veracruz.
Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora Clark, 1905, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 18, p. 63—St. Vincent Island, Lesser
Antilles.
Buteogallus anthracinus micronyx van Rossem and Ha-
chisuka, 1937, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p.
361—Arivaipa Creek, Arizona.
Southwestern United States (southern Utah to Arizona and
east to southern Texas) south through Middle America to
northern South America; east, chiefly in coastal districts, to
Guyana; also Trinidad and the island of St. Vincent, Lesser
Antilles. Migratory in the north.
358 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
BUTEOGALLUS URUBITINGA
Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi Gurney
Urubitinga ridgwayi Gurney, 1884, List Diurnal Birds Prey,
p. 148—Guatemala.
Mexico from southern Sonora and Tamaulipas south through
Central America to western Panama.
Buteogallus urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin)
Falco Urubitinga Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 265; based
on “L’Aigle du Brésil” of Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p.
445 (ex “Urubitinga” of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum
Nat. Brasiliae, p. 214)—northeastern Brazil.
Urubitinga urubitinga azarae Swann, 1930, Monogr. Birds
Prey, pt. 8, p. 453—Tucuman, Argentina.
Eastern Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago,
south to western Ecuador and, east of the Andes, to Paraguay,
Uruguay, and central Argentina.
BUTEOGALLUS MERIDIONALIS
Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham)
Falco meridionalis Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 36; based
on “Rufous-headed Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General
Synop. Birds, Suppl., p. 33—Cayenne.
Heterospizias meridionalis australis Swann, 1921, Auk, 38,
p. 359—Malvinas, Tucuman, Argentina.
Panama, western Colombia and Ecuador, South America east
of the Andes south to central Argentina; Trinidad.
Genus PARABUTEO Ripeaway
Parabuteo Ridgway, 1874, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, 3, p. 250. Type, by monotypy,
Buteo harrist Audubon.
PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS
Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Audubon)
Buteo Harrisi Audubon, 1837, Birds Amer., pl. 392—between
Bayou Sara and Natchez, fide Audubon, 1839, Ornith.
Biogr., 5, p. 34. Casual.
?Parabuteo unicinctus superior van Rossem, 1942, Trans.
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, p. 377—Imperial County,
California.
ACCIPITRIDAE 359
Locally in southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and
Texas, occasionally farther north, south in open country
through Middle America and western South America to Peru.
Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus (Temminck)
Falco unicinctus Temminck, 1824, Planches Color., livr. 53,
pl. 313—Boa Vista, western Minas Gerais, Brazil.
South America, south and east of harrisi, to central Chile
and northern Patagonia. Not in forest.
Genus BUSARELLUS Lesson
Busarellus Lafresnaye = Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant,
10, col. 468. Type, by original designation, Circus busarel-
lus Vieillot = Falco nigricollis Latham.’
BUSARELLUS NIGRICOLLIS
Busarellus nigricollis nigricollis (Latham)
Falco nigricollis Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 35; based
on “Black-necked Falcon” of Latham, 1787, General Synop.
Birds, Suppl., p. 30—Cayenne.
Tropical Mexico south through Central and South America,
east of the Andes, to southern Brazil.
Busarellus nigricollis leucocephalus (Vieillot)
Circus leucocephalus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 4, p. 465; based on “Gavilan de estero cabeza
blanca,” no. 13, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat.
Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 78—Paraguay.
Busarellus nigricollis australis Swann, 1922, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 95—Mocovi, Argentina.
Paraguay, northern Argentina, Uruguay.
Genus GERANOAETUS Kaup
Geranoaetus Kaup, 1844, Class. Saugethiere Vogel, p. 122.
Type, by monotypy, Falco aguja Temminck = Spizaetus
melanoleucus Vieillot.
cf. Amadon, 1963, Condor, 65, pp. 407-409.
‘Busarellus Lafresnaye, 1839, Rev. Zool., Paris, 2, p. 196, and
Busarellus Lafresnaye, 1842, in Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat., 2,
p. 785, are nomina nuda.—D. A.
360 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
GERANOAETUS MELANOLEUCUS
Geranoaetus melanoleucus australis Swann
Geranoaetus melanoleucus australis Swann, 1922, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 67—Chubut, Argentina.
Geranoaetus melanoleucus meridensis Swann, 1922, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 68—Nevada, Merida, Venezuela.
Western and southern South America from the Andes of
Venezuela and Colombia south to Chile and Tierra del Fuego,
and, in lowlands as well, from coastal Peru and Buenos Aires
Province, Argentina, south.
Geranoaetus melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieillot)
Spizaetus melanoleucus Vieillot, 1819, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éed., 32, p. 57; based on “Aguila obscura y blanca,”
no. 8, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 61—Paraguay.
Southeastern Brazil from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul;
Paraguay; Uruguay; eastern Argentina south to Santa Fe,
Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires.
Genus HARPYHALIAETUS Larresnayve
Harpyhaliaetus Lafresnaye, 1842, Rev. Zool., Paris, 5, p.
173. Type, by monotypy, Harpyia coronata Vieillot.
Urubitornis J. Verreaux, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
145. Type, by monotypy, Circaetus solitarius Tschudi.
HARPYHALIAETUS SOLITARIUS
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius sheffleri (van Rossem)
Urubitornis solitarius sheffleri van Rossem, 1948, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 61, p. 67—extreme southeastern Sonora,
Mexico.
Locally in highlands of Middle America from Sonora, Mexico,
to Panama.
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius solitarius (Tschudi)
Circaetus solitarius Tschudi, 1844, Archiv Naturgeschichte,
10, pt. 1, p. 264—Rio Chanchamayo, Junin, Peru.
Locally in humid Andes from Santa Marta Mountains, Colom-
bia, south to northwestern Argentina.
ACCIPITRIDAE 361
HARPYHALIAETUS CORONATUS
Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (Vieillot)
Harpyia coronata Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 14, p. 237; based on “Aguila coronada,” no. 7, of Azara,
1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio
Plata, 1, p. 56—Paraguay.
Semiopen country in southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goias,
to Rio Grande do Sul), eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay,
Argentina south to Mendoza and the lower Rio Negro.
Genus BUTEO Lac&prepE
Buteo Lacépede, 1799, Tableaux Mammiferes Oiseaux, p.
4. Type, by tautonomy, Falco buteo Linnaeus.
Rupornis Kaup, 1844, Class. Saugethiere Vogel, p. 120. Type,
by monotypy, Falco magnirostris Gemlin.
cf. Rudebeck, 1957, in Hanstrom, Brinck, and Rudebeck (eds.),
South Afr. Animal Life (Res. Lund Univ. Exped. 1950-
51), 4, pp. 415-437 (South African subspecies of buteo).
Vaurie, 1961, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 2042, 14 pp. (Old
World species).
Voous and Bijleveld, 1964, Beaufortia, 11, pp. 37-43 (buteo,
rufinus).
Amadon, 1965, Oiseau, 35, no. spéc., pp. 9-11 (species
sequence).
Melde, 1976, Mausebussard (Neue Brehm-Bicherei 185),
ed. 3, 92 pp. (buteo).
BUTEO MAGNIROSTRIS
Buteo magnirostris griseocauda Ridgway
[Buteo (Rupornis) magnirostris] var. griseocauda Ridgway,
1873, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 16, pp. 87 (in key),
88—Mexico. Cotypes from Oaxaca.
Rupornis magnirostris argutus Peters and Griscom, 1929,
Proc. New England Zool. Club, 11, p. 46—Almirante,
northwestern Panama.
Rupornis magnirostris direptor Peters and Griscom, 1929,
Proc. New England Zool. Club, 11, p. 46—near Mazaten-
ango, Guatemala.
362 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Buteo magnirostris xantusi van Rossem, 1939, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 4, p. 440—Colima, Mexico.
Buteo magnirostris peterst Brodkorb, 1940, Occas. Papers
Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan. no. 425, p. 2—Chiapas, Mexi-
co.
Mexico from Colima, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas (except
Yucatan) south to the Chiriqui Lagoon region of Panama.
Buteo magnirostris conspectus (Peters)
Rupornis magnirostris conspecta Peters, 1913, Auk, 30, p.
370—San Ignacio, Yucatan.
Northern part of Yucatan Peninsula.
Buteo magnirostris gracilis (Ridgway)
Rupornis gracilis Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
8, p. 94—Cozumel Island.
Cozumel, Meco, and Holbox Islands, off Yucatan, Mexico.
Buteo magnirostris sinushonduri Bond
Buteo magnirostris sinus-honduri Bond, 1936, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 88, p. 355—Bonacca Island.
Islands in Gulf of Honduras (except Utila).
Buteo magnirostris petulans van Rossem
Asturina ruficauda P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 133—type from Lion Hill, Panama.
Buteo magnirostris petulans van Rossem, 1935, Condor, 37,
p. 215. New name for Asturina ruficauda P. L. Sclater
and Salvin, 1869, preoccupied by Buteo ruficaudus Vieillot,
1807, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Amérique Septentrionale, 1, p.
43, pl. 14 bis.
Southwestern Costa Rica from the Terraba Valley south;
Pacific slope of Panama south to the Rio Tuira.
Buteo magnirostris alius (Peters and Griscom)
Rupornis magnirostris alia Peters and Griscom, 1929, Proc.
New England Zool. Club, 11, p. 48—San Miguel, El Rey,
Pearl Islands.
Isla Pedro Gonzalez, Isla San José, Isla Canas, and Isla del
Rey, Pearl Islands, Gulf of Panama.
Buteo magnirostris magnirostris (Gmelin)
Falco magnirostris Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 282; based
on “Epervier a gros bec, de Cayenne” of Daubenton,
1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 464—Cayenne.
Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix Bangs and Penard, 1918,
ACCIPITRIDAE 363
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 36—Santa Marta Mountains,
Colombia.
Rupornis magnirostris ecuadoriensis Swann, 1922, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 91—Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Northern South America, from Colombia, Venezuela, and the
Guianas south to western Ecuador, and, farther east, to the
Amazon from the Rio Madeira to the Atlantic.
Buteo magnirostris saturatus (Sclater and Salvin)
? Sparvius superciliaris Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 10, p. 328; based on “Esparvero pardo ceja
blanca,” no. 25, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat.
Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 116—Paraguay.
Asturina saturata P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1876, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 357—Apolo and Tilotilo, Bolivia.
Bolivia, Paraguay, and western Argentina.
Buteo magnirostris occiduus (Bangs)
Rupornis magnirostris occiduus Bangs, 1911, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 24, p. 187—Rio Tambopata, Peru.
Buteo magnirostris inca Meyer de Schauensee, 1945, Notulae
Naturae, no. 156, p. 2—Inambari, Puno, Peru.
Eastern Peru, extreme northern Bolivia, western Brazil south
of the Amazon east to the left bank of the Rio Madeira.
Buteo magnirostris nattereri (Sclater and Salvin)
Asturina nattereri P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 132—Bahia, Brazil.
Northeastern Brazil from Maranhao, Piaui, and Ceara south
to Bahia.
Buteo magnirostris magniplumis (Bertoni)
Potamolegus superciliaris magniplumis Bertoni, 1901,
Anales Cient. Paraguay, 1, p. 159—Mondaih, Paraguay.
Southern Brazil from Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Goias,
and Mato Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul; Alto Parana,
Paraguay; Misiones, Argentina.
Buteo magnirostris pucherani (Verreaux)
Asturina Pucherani J. and KE. Verreaux, 1855, Rev. Mag.
Zool., Paris, sér. 2, 7, p. 350—“l)Ameérique Meridionale.”
Type from Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Asturina gularis Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
Rev. Méthod. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Asturinae, p. 4—Buenos
Aires.
364 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Northeastern Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, Buenos
Aires), Uruguay.
BUTEO LEUCORRHOUS
Buteo leucorrhous (Quoy and Gaimard)
Falco leucorrhous Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, in Freycinet,
Voyage Uranie Physicienne, Zool., livr. 3, p. 91, pl. 13—
“Breésil.” Type from Rio de Janeiro.
Hill country or subtropics from Colombia and western Vene-
zuela south to northern Argentina and thence east across
Paraguay and Brazil south from Rio de Janeiro.
BUTEO RIDGWAYI
Buteo ridgwayi (Cory)
Rupornis ridgwayi Cory, 1883, Quart. Journ. Boston Zool.
Soc., 2, p. 46—Santo Domingo.
Hispaniola.
BUTEO LINEATUS
Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin
Buteo elegans Cassin, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 7 (1855), p. 281—California.
Locally in California and, formerly, southern Oregon; northern
Baja California, Mexico. Straggles southward in winter to
Sinaloa, Mexico.
Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin)
Falco lineatus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 268; based
on “Barred-breasted Buzzard” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 56, and “Red-shouldered Falcon” of
Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., 2, p. 206—Long Island, New
York.
Southern Canada from Manitoba east to Quebec and Prince
Edward Island, thence south in the United States to Kansas,
Tennessee, and North Carolina. Migratory in northern part
of range, occasionally reaching the Gulf states and eastern
Mexico.
Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop
Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop, 1912, Auk, 29, p. 232—Corpus
Christi, Texas.
ACCIPITRIDAE 365
Southern Texas, thence south in Mexico to Zacatecas, the
Valley of Mexico, and Veracruz.
Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway
Buteo lineatus alleni Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
7, p. 514—Tampa, Florida.
Southeastern United States from South Carolina and Florida
(except the extreme south) west to eastern Oklahoma and
Texas.
Buteo lineatus extimus Bangs
Buteo lineatus extimus Bangs, 1920, Proc. New England
Zool. Club, 7, p. 35—Cape Florida.
Extreme southern Florida and the Florida Keys.
BUTEO PLATYPTERUS
Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot)
Sparvius platypterus Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterre and Vieil-
lot, Tableau Encycl. Méthod. Trois Regnes Nature, Ornith.,
livr. 93, p. 1273; based on “Broad-winged Hawk, Falco
pennsylvanicus,” of Wilson, 1812, Amer. Ornith., 6, p.
92, pl. 54, fig. 1—near the Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania.
Central and southern Canada from Alberta east to Nova Scotia,
thence south in the United States from the Great Plains east,
locally to the Gulf coast and Florida. Winters from extreme
southern Florida and Guatemala south to southern Peru and
Brazil.
Buteo platypterus cubanensis Burns
Buteo platypterus cubanensis Burns, 1911, Wilson Bull., 23,
p. 148—Cuba.
Cuba.
Buteo platypterus brunnescens Danforth and Smyth
Buteo platypterus brunnescens Danforth and Smyth, 1935,
Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 485—Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico.
Buteo platypterus insulicola Riley
Buteo platypterus insulicola Riley, 1908, Auk, 25, p. 273—
Antigua.
Antigua, Lesser Antilles.
Buteo platypterus rivierei Verrill
Buteo (latissimus) rivieret A. H. Verrill, 1905, Descr. Three
366 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
New Species Birds Dominica (unpaged pamphlet)—
Dominica.
Dominica, Martinique, and St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles.
Buteo platypterus antillarum Clark
Buteo antillarum Clark, 1905, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
18, p. 62—St. Vincent.
St. Vincent, the larger Grenadines, and Grenada, Lesser
Antilles; Tobago and Little Tobago, off Trinidad.
BUTEO BRACHYURUS
Buteo brachyurus brachyurus Vieillot
Buteo brachyurus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éed., 4, p. 477—no locality. Type from Cayenne.
Locally in South America south to western Ecuador, and, east
of the Andes, to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern
Argentina; Trinidad.
Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus Sclater
Buteo fuliginosus P. L. Sclater, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 356—Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Central and southern Florida; and from central and northeast-
ern Mexico south through Middle America, including Panama.
Buteo (brachyurus) albigula Philippi
Buteo albigula Philippi, 1899, Anales Univ. Chile, 103, p.
664, pl. 6—Valdivia, Chile.
Forested slopes of the Andes from Colombia and Venezuela
south to Chile and adjacent Argentina. Usually above 2,300
meters.
BUTEO SWAINSONI
Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte
Buteo vulgaris Audubon, 1837, Birds Amer., pl. 372—near
the Columbia River [= Fort Vancouver, Washington],
fide Audubon, 1838, Ornith. Biogr., 4, p. 508.
Buteo Swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List Birds
Europe North Amer., p. 3. New name for Buteo vulgaris
Audubon, 1837, preoccupied by Buteo vulgaris Swainson,
1832, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Ameri-
cana, 2 (1831), p. 47, pl. 27.
Open country of western North America, north to interior
Alaska and Mackenzie, Canada, south to northwestern Mexico
ACCIPITRIDAE 367
(Baja California, Durango), east to Minnesota and Illinois.
Highly migratory, wintering chiefly in Argentina, sparingly
farther north, including Texas and southern Florida.
BUTEO GALAPAGOENSIS
Buteo galapagoensis (Gould)
Polyborus galapagoensis Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, p. 9—Galapagos Archipelago.
Galapagos Archipelago.
BUTEO ALBICAUDATUS
Buteo albicaudatus hypospodius Gurney
Buteo hypospodius Gurney, 1876, Ibis, p. 73, pl. 3—Medellin,
Colombia, and Merida, Venezuela.
Southern Texas, thence south through Middle America to
Panama, northern Colombia, and northwestern Venezuela.
Buteo albicaudatus colonus Berlepsch
Buteo albicaudatus colonus Berlepsch, 1892, Journ. Ornith.,
40, p. 91—Curagcao.
Eastern Colombia and across Venezuela (except northwest)
to Surinam, south to the delta of the Amazon; islands of Aruba,
Curacao, Bonaire, and Trinidad.
Buteo albicaudatus albicaudatus Vieillot
Buteo albicaudatus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 4, p. 477—South America; restricted to Rio
de Janeiro by Berlepsch, 1908, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 291.
Eastern Bolivia, Brazil from Mato Grosso, Goias, and Bahia
south, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina south to the borders
of Patagonia.
BUTEO POLYOSOMA'
Buteo polyosoma polyosoma (Quoy and Gaimard)
Falco polyosoma Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, in Freycinet,
Voyage Uranie Physicienne, Zool., livr. 3, p. 92, pl. 14—
Falkland Islands.
"B. polyosoma, poecilochrous, and perhaps also galapagoensis and
albicaudatus form a superspecies.—D. A.
368 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Haliaetus erythronotus King, 1827, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 424—
Strait of Magellan.
Buteo aethiops Philippi, 1899, Anales Univ. Chile, 103, pp.
665, 668—central provinces of Chile.
Buteo erythronotus peruviensis Swann, 1922, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 85—Eten, Lambayeque, Peru.
Temperate zone of the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, south
through Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina; also Falkland
Islands. At lower elevations in Peru and to the south.
Buteo (polyosoma) exsul Salvin
Buteo exsul Salvin, 1875, Ibis, p. 371—Mas Afuera Island.
Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile.
BUTEO POECILOCHROUS
Buteo poecilochrous Gurney
Buteo poecilochrous Gurney, 1879, Ibis, p. 176—Yauayacu
= Yanayacu, Ecuador.
High Andes from southern Colombia to Chile and northern
Argentina. Perhaps an altitudinal race of B. polyosoma.
BUTEO ALBONOTATUS
Buteo albonotatus Kaup
Buteo albonotatus G. R. Gray, 1844, List Specimens Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 1, p. 17. Nomen nudum.
Buteo albonotatus Kaup (ex G. R. Gray, 1844), 1847, Isis
von Oken, col. 329—no locality. Type from Mexico.
Buteo abbreviatus Cabanis, 1849, in Schomburgk, Reisen
Brit. Guiana, 3 (1848), p. 739—upper Pomeroon River,
Guyana.
Southwestern United States from Arizona to western Texas
and from Mexico, including northern Baja California, south
through Central America and South America to Brazil, Bolivia,
and Paraguay; Trinidad. Locally migratory.
BUTEO SOLITARIUS
Buteo solitarius Peale
Buteo solitarius Peale, 1848, U. S. Explor. Exped., 8, p.
62—Island of Hawaii.
Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands.
ACCIPITRIDAE 369
BUTEO VENTRALIS
Buteo ventralis Gould
Buteo ventralis Gould, 1837, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
10—no locality. Type from Santa Cruz, Patagonia.
Buteo pictus Philippi, 1899, Anales Univ. Chile, 103, pp.
665, 668—Chile.
Andes from central Chile and adjacent Argentina south to
the Strait of Magellan.
BUTEO JAMAICENSIS
Buteo jamaicensis alascensis Grinnell
Buteo borealis alascensis Grinnell, 1909, Univ. California
Publ. Zool., 5, p. 211—Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay south into British
Columbia (Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, ? coastal
districts).
Buteo jamaicensis harlani (Audubon)
Falco Harlani Audubon, 1830, Birds Amer., pl. 86—near
St. Francisville, Louisiana, fide Audubon, 1831, Ornith.
Biogr., 1, p. 441.
Upper Yukon Valley, southwestern Yukon, and northern
British Colombia. Winters chiefly from Kansas and Missouri
to Texas and Louisiana.
Buteo jamaicensis calurus Cassin
Buteo calurus Cassin, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 7 (1855), p. 281—vicinity of Fort Webster, New
Mexico.
?Buteo jamaicensis abieticola Todd, 1950, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., 31, p. 291—St. Margaret Falls, Quebec.
Western North America from central British Columbia south
to Baja California and southern Texas, east to the Great Plains,
and possibly sparingly in the coniferous belt of Canada to
the Atlantic coast. Migrates, occasionally as far as Panama.
Buteo jamaicensis borealis (Gmelin)
Falco borealis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 266; based
on “American Buzzard” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 50, and “Red-tailed Falcon” of Pennant, 1785,
Arctic Zool., 2, p. 205—Carolina.
North America, east of the Great Plains, south of the taiga,
370 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
south to the Gulf states and northern Florida. Migratory in
north.
Buteo jamaicensis kriderii Hoopes
Buteo borealis var. kriderii Hoopes, 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, p. 283, pl. 5—Winnebago County, Iowa.
Great Plains from southern Canada south to Wyoming and
western Nebraska. In winter reaches the Gulf coast.
Buteo jamaicensis fuertesi Sutton and Van Tyne
Buteojamaicensis fuertesi Sutton and Van Tyne, 1935, Occas.
Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, no. 321, p. 1—near
Alpine, Brewster County, Texas.
Southwestern Texas and northern Mexico.
Buteo jamaicensis hadropus Storer
Buteo jamaicensis hadropus Storer, 1962, Condor, 64, p.
78—Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
Mexican highlands from Jalisco to Oaxaca.
Buteo jamaicensis kemsiesi Oberholser
Buteo jamaicensis kemsiesi Oberholser, 1959, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 72, p. 159—Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Highlands of Middle America from Chiapas, Mexico, to north-
ern Nicaragua.
Buteo jamaicensis costaricensis Ridgway
Buteo borealis var. costaricensis Ridgway, 1874, in Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, 3, p. 285,
note—Costa Rica.
Highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama.
Buteo jamaicensis fumosus Nelson
Buteo borealis fumosus Nelson, 1898, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 12, p. 7—Maria Madre Island.
Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico.
Buteo jamaicensis socorroensis Nelson
Buteo borealis socorroensis Nelson, 1898, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 12, p. 7—Socorro Island.
Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands, off western Mexico.
Buteo jamaicensis umbrinus Bangs
Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, 1901, Proc. New England
Zool. Club, 2, p. 68—Manatee County, Florida.
Florida Peninsula.
Buteo jamaicensis solitudinis Barbour
Buteo borealis solitudinis Barbour, 1935, Occas. Papers
ACCIPITRIDAE 371
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 207—Solidad de Cienfuegos,
Cuba.
Bahama Islands and Cuba.
Buteo jamaicensis jamaicensis (Gmelin)
Falco jamaicensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 266; based
on “Cream-coloured Buzzard” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 49—Jamaica.
Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and northern
Leeward Islands (Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts, Nevis).
BUTEO BUTEO'
Buteo buteo buteo (Linnaeus)
Falco Buteo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 90; based
on “The Puttock or common Buzzard” of Albin, 1831, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 1, p. 1, pl. 1—Europe; restricted to Sweden
by Hellmayr and Laubmann, 1916, Nomencl. Vogel
Bayerns, p. 19.
British Isles; continental Europe from limit of forest east to
Finland, Estonia, Poland, Rumania, south to northern Italy
and Greece; Asia Minor. Somewhat migratory in north, some
passing Gibraltar and reaching Liberia.
Buteo buteo pojana (Savi)
Falco pojana Savi, 1822, Nuovo Giornale Pisa, 22, p. 68—
Tuscany, Italy.
Buteo buteo Arrigonii Picchi, 1903, Avicula, 7, p. 40—Sar-
dinia.
Buteo buteo meridionalis Trischitta, 1939, Alcune Nuove
Forme Uccelli Ital., p. 3 (pamphlet)—southern Italy and
Sicily.
Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily.
Buteo buteo harterti Swann
Buteo buteo harterti Swann, 1919, Synop. List Accipitres,
p. 43—Madeira. Type from Santo Amaro.
?Buteo vulgaris hispaniae Jordans, 1939, Falco, 35, p. 13—
Linares de Riofrio, Salamanca, and Mosqueruela, Teruel,
Spain.
Madeira Islands and perhaps Spain.
‘B. buteo, oreophilus, and brachypterus form a superspecies, to
which, perhaps, jamaicensis and ventralis should be added.—D. A.
372 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Buteo buteo insularum Floericke
Buteo insularum Floericke, 1903, Mitt. Reichsb. Vogelkunde
Vogelschutz, 3, p. 64—Gran Canaria.
Buteo buteo rothschildi Swann, 1919, Synop. List Accipitres,
p. 43—Terceira, Azores.
Azores and Canary Islands.
Buteo buteo bannermani Swann
Buteo buteo bannermani Swann, 1919, Synep. List Accipitres,
p. 44—St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands.
Cape Verde Islands.
Buteo buteo vulpinus (Gloger)
Falco vulpinus Gloger, 1833, Abandern Vogel Einfluss
Klima’s, p. 141—Africa. Type from Cape Province.
Buteo vulpinus intermedius Menzbir, 1889, Ornith. Turke-
stan, livr. 2, p. 197—Russia.
Northern and eastern Europe, north and east of the range
of buteo, east through Siberia to the Yenisey River, south
to central Asia (Altai, Kentei, and the Tien Shan). Winters
in Africa, south commonly to Cape Province, and also in smaller
numbers south and southeastward in Asia, even straggling
to the Malay Peninsula.
Buteo buteo menetriesi Bogdanov
Buteo Menetriesi Bogdanov, 1879, Trudy Obshchestva Estest.
Imp. Kazanskom Univ., 8, no. 4, p. 45—Caucasus.
Forests of the Crimea, the Caucasus, and south into eastern
Turkey and northern Iran, including the Elburz Mountains.
Apparently resident.
Buteo buteo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel
Buteo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 16, pls. 6 and 6b—Japan.
Buteo burmanicus Hume, 1875, Stray Feathers, 3, p. 30—
Thayetmyo, Pegu, Burma. Migrant.
Asia, east of the range of vulpinus, from the Baykal area,
Mongolia, and Tibet east to the Pacific from Amurland to
Manchuria; also Sakhalin, the southern Kurils, and Japan.
In winter south to India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, and
Taiwan.
Buteo buteo refectus Portenko
Buteo japonicus saturatus Portenko, 1929, Bull. Acad. Sci.
URSS, Cl. Sci. Phys.-Math., p. 644—Ju-tschou, Knam =
Yushu, Tsinghai, China.
ACCIPITRIDAE 373
Buteo japonicus refectus Portenko, 1935, Ornith. Monatsber.,
43, p. 152. New name for Buteo japonicus saturatus
Portenko, 1929, preoccupied by Asturina saturata P. L.
Sclater and Salvin, 1876, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 357.
Forests of Himalayas and western China to 4,000 meters or
above; lower in winter.
Buteo buteo toyoshimai Momiyama
Buteo japonicus toyoshimai Momiyama, 1927, Annot. Ornith.
Orientalis, 1, pp. 73 (Japanese text), 98 (English text)—
Oki-mura, Coffin Island (= Haha Shima), Bonin Islands.
Bonin Islands and Izu islands (south of Honshu, Japan).
Buteo buteo oshiroi Kuroda
Buteo buteo oshiroi Nagahisa Kuroda, 1971, Tori, 20, pp.
125 (Japanese text), 127 (English text)—Minami Minami-
daito, Daito islands.
Daito group, Ryukyu Islands.
BUTEO OREOPHILUS
Buteo oreophilus oreophilus Hartert and Neumann
Buteo oreophilus Hartert and Neumann, 1914, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 22, p. 31—Koritscha, Ethiopia.
Highland forests of eastern Africa from southern Ethiopia
south at least to Tanzania.
Buteo oreophilus trizonatus Rudebeck
? Buteo tachardus A. Smith, 1830, South Afr. Quart. Journ.,
ser. 1, p. 381—no locality = South Africa.
Buteo buteo trizonatus Rudebeck, 1957, in Hanstrom, Brinck,
and Rudebeck (eds.), South Afr. Animal Life (Res. Lund
Univ. Exped. 1950-51), 4, p. 416—Knysna, Cape Province.
Forests in South Africa, north to Natal; straggles to southern
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).
BUTEO BRACHYPTERUS
Buteo brachypterus Hartlaub
Buteo brachypterus Pelzeln = Hartlaub, 1860, Journ. Ornith.,
8, p. 11—Madagascar.
Madagascar.
BUTEO RUFINUS
Buteo rufinus rufinus (Cretzschmar)
Falco rufinus Cretzschmar, 1827, in Ruppell, Atlas Reise
374 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Nordl. Afrika, Vogel (1826), p. 40, pl. 27—upper Nubia,
Shendi, Sennar, and Ethiopia.
Buteo ferox auctorum (misapplied to this species).
Greece, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and
the steppes east to Turkistan, northwestern Mongolia, and
the southern Altai; south to Kashmir and northern Uttar
Pradesh (Garhwal) in India. Winters chiefly in northeastern
Africa from Darfur east to the White and Blue Nile, straggling
to Kenya; also from central Asia to northern India.
Buteo rufinus cirtensis (Levaillant)
Falco cirtensis Jean Levaillant, 1850, Explor. Sci. Algérie,
Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, Atlas, pl. 3—no locality. Type from
province of Constantine, northeastern Algeria, fide Loche,
1867, Explor. Sci. Algérie, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1, p. 44.
Northern Africa from Morocco, Spanish Sahara, and Mauri-
tania east to Egypt; Sinai; Yemen.
BUTEO HEMILASIUS
Buteo hemilasius Temminck and Schlegel
Buteo hemilasius Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in Siebold,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 18, pl. 7—Japan.
Highland steppes of central Asia from Mongolia and surround-
ing mountains (Altai, Baykal area) and Manchuria south to
Sinkiang and Tibet. In winter to central China, Korea, and
Japan (once, type specimen).
BUTEO REGALIS
Buteo regalis (Gray)
Archibuteo regalis G. R. Gray, 1844, Gen. Birds, 1, p. [12],
col. pl. 6—no locality. Type from Real del Monte, Hidalgo,
Mexico.
Eastern Washington and southern Canada from Alberta to
Manitoba south to eastern Oregon, Nevada, New Mexico,
western Texas, and Oklahoma. Somewhat migratory, reaching
Mexico in winter.
BUTEO LAGOPUS
Buteo lagopus lagopus (Pontoppidan)
Falco Lagopus Pontoppidan, 1763, Danske Atlas, 1, p.
616—no locality = Denmark.
ACCIPITRIDAE 375
Northern Scandinavia east to the Ob River in western Siberia.
Winters south to the British Isles, central Europe, and occa-
sionally to Cyprus, the Near and Middle East to Afghanistan.
Buteo lagopus kamtschatkensis Dementiev
Archibuteo pallidus Menzbir, 1889, Ornith. Turkestan, livr.
2, p. 163—Russian Turkistan.
Buteo lagopus kamschatkensis Dementiev, 1931, Ornith.
Monatsber., 39, p. 54—Kikhchik River, Kamchatka.
Buteo lagopus menzbiert Dementiev, 1951, Ptitsy Sovetskogo
Soiuza, 1, p. 312. New name for Archibuteo pallidus
Menzbir, 1889, preoccupied by Buteo pallidus Lesson, 1830,
Traité Ornith., livr. 2, p. 82.
Northern Siberia from the lower Ob River east to the Pacific
(Kamchatka); Kuril Islands. Winters south to Russia, southern
Siberia, Turkistan, northern China, Korea, Japan.
Buteo lagopus sanctijohannis (Gmelin)
Falco S. Johannis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 273; based
on “S. John’s Falcon” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 77, and Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., p. 200,
pl. 9—Hudson Strait and Newfoundland.
Aleutian Islands and Alaska; Canada east to Baffin Island,
south to northern edges of forest in British Columbia, Ungava,
and Newfoundland. In winter south commonly to the northern
United States, sometimes farther.
BUTEO AUGURALIS
Buteo auguralis Salvadori
Buteo auguralis Salvadori, 1865, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.,
Milan, 8, p. 377—Ethiopia.
Sierra Leone east to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to Angola,
Zaire, and Uganda, except in forest. Breeds in southern portion
of range and migrates northward in the rainy season.
BUTEO RUFOFUSCUS
Buteo (rufofuscus) archeri Sclater
Buteo jakal archeri W. L. Sclater, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 39, p. 17—Waghar, Somalia.
Highlands of Somalia.
Buteo (rufofuscus) augur Ruppell
Falco (Buteo) Augur Ruppell, 1836, Neue Wirbelthiere Fauna
376 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Abyssinien, Vogel, p. 38, pl. 16—Abyssinia.
Open highlands of Africa from Ethiopia south to the Limpopo
River and west through Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) to Angola.
Buteo rufofuscus rufofuscus (Forster)
Falco rufofuscus J. R. Forster, 1798, in Levaillant, Natur-
geschichte Afr. Vogel, p. 59, pl. 16; based on “Le Rounoir”
of Levaillant, ? 1797, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p.
47, pl. 16—South Africa.
Falco jakal Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 161; based
on “Le Rounoir” of Levaillant, ? 1797, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 47, pl. 16—South Africa.
South Africa, south of the Limpopo River, and Damaraland,
South West Africa (Namibia).
Genus MORPHNUS Dumont
Morphnus Cuvier = Dumont, 1816, Dict. Sci. Nat., 1, Suppl.,
p. 88. Type, by subsequent designation (Chubb, 1916, Birds
Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 252), Falco guianensis Daudin.
cf. Lehmann, 1943, Caldasia, 2, pp. 165-179.
MORPHNUS GUIANENSIS
Morphnus guianensis (Daudin)
Falco guianensis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 78;
based on “Petit Aigle de la Guiane” of Mauduyt de la
Varenne, 1782, Encycl. Méthod., Hist. Nat. Amimaux, 1,
p. 475—Cayenne.
Morphnus taeniatus Gurney, 1879, Ibis, p. 176, pl. 3—
Sarayacu, Ecuador.
Locally in lowland forest from Honduras to Panama, and in
South America, east of the Andes, south to Paraguay and
northern Argentina (Misiones).
Genus HARPIA VieiLior
Harpia Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 24. Type, by monotypy,
Vultur harpyja Linnaeus.
HARPIA HARPYJA
Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus)
Vultur Harpyja Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 86;
ACCIPITRIDAE 377
based on “Yzquauhtli” of Hernandez, 1651, Nova Plant.
Animal. Mineral. Mex. Hist., Hist. Animal. Mineral., p.
34—Mexico.
Lowland forest in Mexico, central America, and, in South
America, south to Paraguay and (formerly) northern Argen-
tina.
Genus HARPYOPSIS Satvapori
Harpyopsis Salvadori, 1875, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 7, p.
682. Type, by monotypy, Harpyopsis novaeguineae Salva-
dori.
HARPYOPSIS NOVAEGUINEAE
Harpyopsis novaeguineae Salvadori
Harpyopsis novaeguineae Salvadori, 1875, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, 7, p. 682—Andai, Arfak Peninsula.
New Guinea.
Genus PITHECOPHAGA Oct.vir-GRAnt
Pithecophaga Ogilvie-Grant, 1896, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
6, p. 16. Type, by monotypy, Pithecophaga Jefferyi Ogilvie-
Grant.
cf. Gonzales, 1968, Silliman Journ., 15, pp. 461-491.
Kennedy, 1977, Wilson Bull., 89, pp. 1-20.
PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI
Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant
Pithecophaga Jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant, 1896, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 6, p. 17—Samar, Philippine Islands.
Larger islands of the Philippines: Luzon, Samar, Leyte, Min-
danao. Probably extirpated on Samar and Leyte.
Genus ICTINAETUS Buyrtu
Ictinaétus Blyth, 1843, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 2, p. 128.
Type, by monotypy, Ictinaetus ovivorus Blyth = Aquila
pernigra Hodgson.
378 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
ICTINAETUS MALAYENSIS
Ictinaetus malayensis perniger (Hodgson)
Aquila Pernigra Hodgson, 1836, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
5, p. 227—Nepal.
Hill forest in Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Ictinaetus malayensis malayensis (Temminck)
Falco malayensis Reinwardt = Temminck, 1822, Planches
Color., livr. 20, pl. 177—Indian Archipelago; restricted
to Java by Swann, 1922, Synop. Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 115.
Hill forest in southeastern Asia from Burma south to the
larger islands of the East Indies, including the Moluccas.
Genus AQUILA Brisson
Aquila Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, pp. 28, 419. Type, by
tautonymy, Aquila Brisson = Falco chrysaetos Linnaeus.
Uroaétus Kaup, 1844, Class. Saugethiere Vogel, p. 121. Type,
by original designation, [Aquila] fucosa = Vultur audax
Latham.
cf. Brooke et al., 1972, Occas. Papers Nat. Mus. Rhodesia,
ser. B, 5, pp. 61-114 (nipalensis, rapax).
Fischer, 1976, Steinadler, Kaffern- Keilschwanzadler
(Neue Brehm-Bucherei 500), 220 pp. (chrysaetos, ver-
reauxl, audax).
AQUILA POMARINA
Aquila pomarina pomarina Brehm
Aquila Pomarina C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturge-
schichte Vogel Deutschlands, p. 27—Pomerania.
Psammoaetus nipalensis bradfieldi Roberts, 1928, Ann.
Transvaal Mus., 12, p. 301—Damaraland.
Europe from eastern Germany, Poland, Austria (formerly),
and the Balkan countries, including European Turkey (Thrace)
east through the USSR to the Moscow and Ukraine regions,
north to about Leningrad and south to the Caucasus and
Caspian lowlands. Winters sparingly in the Middle East and
northeastern Africa, but chiefly in the African savannas south
of the Equator, to Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and occasionally South
West Africa (Namibia).
ACCIPITRIDAE 379
Aquila pomarina hastata (Lesson)
Morphnus hastatus Lesson, 1834, in Bélanger, Voyage
Indes-Orientales, Zool., p. 217—Bengal.
India south to Tamil Nadu; Bangladesh.
AQUILA CLANGA
Aquila clanga Pallas
Aquila Clanga Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat., 1, p.
351—Russia and Siberia.
Finland, East Germany, Rumania, and Russia, east across
central Eurasia to the Amur River, possibly Sakhalin, northern
China, Pakistan, and northern India; one breeding record
Sweden. In winter reaches southern Europe, northeastern
Africa (casually to Kenya), Yemen, India, Burma, southern
China, Taiwan, Indochina, and Malay Peninsula.
AQUILA RAPAX
Aquila rapax orientalis Cabanis
Aquila orientalis Cabanis, 1854, Journ. Ornith., 2, p. 369,
note—Sarepta, southeastern Russia.
Steppes of Rumania and Russia, east to the steppes north
of the Caspian and Aral Seas. Winters from the Near East,
Iraq, and Arabia to eastern Africa, south to Rhodesia (Zim-
babwe).
Aquila (rapax) nipalensis Hodgson
Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833, Asiatic Researches, 18,
pt. 2, p. 13, pl. [1] —great valley of Nepal.’
Steppes of central Asia, east of orientalis, from the Aral Sea
area across Mongolia to northern China. Reaches India, Burma,
and southern China in winter; casually farther south.
Aquila rapax vindhiana Franklin
Aquila Vindhiana Franklin, 1831, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp.
Zool Soc. London, pt. 1, p. 114—Vindhya Hills, India.
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and central Burma.
Peters, 1931, Check-list Birds World, 1, p. 255, inadvertently gave
“Circaetus nipalensis” instead of the correct Aquila nipalensis.—D.
A.
380 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Aquila rapax belisarius (Levaillant)
Falco Belisarius Jean Levaillant, 1850, Explor. Sci. Algérie,
Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, Atlas, pl. 2—no locality. Type from
Ghelma (= Guelma), province of Constantine, north-
eastern Algeria, fide Loche, 1867, Explor. Sci. Algerie,
Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 1, p. 24.
Aquila raptor A. E. Brehm, 1855, Naumannia, [5], p.
13—Blue and White Nile.
Morocco, Tunisia, Sudan, and southern Arabia south to north-
ern Nigeria, northern Zaire, and northern Kenya.
Aquila rapax rapax (Temminck)
Falco rapax Temminck, 1828, Planches Color., livr. 76, pl.
455—South Africa.
Angola, southern Zaire, and Kenya south to Cape Province.
AQUILA HELIACA
Aquila heliaca adalberti Brehm
Aquila AdalbertiC. L. Brehm, 1861, Ber. XIII. Versammlung
Deutschen Ornith.-Gesell. (1860), p. 60—Spain.
Spain, Portugal, and the northern peninsula of Morocco.
Aquila heliaca heliaca Savigny
Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat.,
1, p. 82, pl. 12—Upper Egypt.
Aquila heliaca ricketti Swann, 1931, Monogr. Birds Prey,
pt. 10, p. 42—Foochow, Fukien, China.
Southeastern Europe from Hungary and northern Greece east
through Russia, Turkey, Cyprus, Caucasus, Iran, and Chinese
Turkistan to the Baykal area. Winters south to northeastern
Africa (casually Kenya), Iraq, northern India, southeastern
China, and northern Indochina.
AQUILA WAHLBERGI
Aquila wahlbergi Sundevall -
Aquila Wahlbergi Sundevall, 1851, Ofversigt K. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm, 7 (1850), p. 109—
“in Caffraria superiori, prope 25° lat.” Type from Mohap-
vani, Botswana.
Open country in Africa, south of the Sahara, south to northern
Cape Province. Migratory in some areas.
ACCIPITRIDAE 381
AQUILA GURNEYI
Aquila gurneyi Gray
Aquila (? Heteropus) gurneyi G. R. Gray, 1860, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 342, pl. 169—Batjan, Moluccas.
Moluccas; New Guinea and off-lying islands (Waigeo, Batanta,
Salawati, Misool, Aru, Goodenough).
AQUILA CHRYSAETOS'
Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri Severtsov
Aquila fulva Homeyeri Severtsov, 1888, Nouv. Mem. Soc.
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou, 15, p. 184—Balearic Islands
and Algeria.
Spain, Balearic Islands, ? Sardinia, northwestern Africa south
to Mauritania, Egypt, Sinai, Turkey, Syria, Arabia, Caucasus,
Iran.
Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos (Linnaeus)
Falco Chrysaetos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
88—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 19.
Falco fulvus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 88—Europe
= England (ex Willughby, 1676, Ornith., p. 28, and Ray,
1713, Synop. Method. Avium Piscium, p. 6, note 2).
British Isles, Lapland, and northern Russia south to the
Pyrenees, Alps, and Balkan Peninsula, east to western Siberia
and northern Kirghiz Steppes. Intergrading with canadensis
in the Altai Mountains and central Siberia.
Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linnaeus)
Falco canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 88;
based on “The White-tailed Eagle” of Edwards, 1743, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 1, p. 1, pl. 1—Hudson Bay.
Aquila chrysaetos kamtschatica Severtsov, 1888, Nouv.
Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou, 15, p. 180—
Kamchatka.
Aquila chrysaétos obscurior Sushkin, 1925, Spisok Ras-
predelenie Ptits Russkogo Altaia, p. 59—central Altai and
Sailughem ranges.
‘A. chrysaetos, audax, and possibly gurneyi form a superspecies.—D.
A.
382 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Eastern Asia, east of the range of chrysaetos, south to northern
Mongolia and Manchuria; North America south in the west
to Durango, Mexico, and in the east sparingly to New York
and (formerly) North Carolina. Migratory in north.
Aquila chrysaetos daphanea Severtsov
?Aquila fulva var. intermedia Severtsov, 1873, Izvestiia Imp.
Obshchestva Liubitelei Estest. Antrop. Etnogr., Moscow,
8, pt. 2 (1872), p. 112—Turkistan.
Aquila daphanea Severtsov, 1888, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp.
Naturalistes Moscou, 15, p. 190—Russian Turkistan,
Transbaicalia, etc.
Aquila chrysaetus [sic] hodgsoni Ticehurst, 1931, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 52, p. 25—-Hazara, Pakistan.
Mountains of Asia, south of chrysaetos and canadensis, from
Russian Turkistan east to northern China, south to Afghani-
stan, Pakistan, the Himalayas, and southwestern China.
Aquila chrysaetos japonica Severtsov
Aquila fulva japonica Severtsov, 1888, Nouv. Mém. Soc.
Imp. Naturalistes Mouscou, 15, p. 182—Japan.
Mountains of Korea and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), straggling
south in winter.
AQUILA AUDAX
Aquila audax audax (Latham)
Vultur audax Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl., p. 2—
New South Wales.
Australia; also savannas of southern New Guinea.
Aquila audax fleayi Condon and Amadon
Aquila audax fleayi Condon and Amadon, 1954, Rec. South
Austral. Mus., 11, p. 229—Great Lake, Tasmania.
Tasmania.
AQUILA VERREAUXII
Aquila verreauxii Lesson
Aquila Verreauxii Lesson, 1830, Centurie Zool., p. 105, pl.
38—interior of Cape of Good Hope.
Africa throughout in open country, north to the borders of
the Sahara (except northwest), and locally to Sinai, Israel,
and the Arabian Peninsula.
ACCIPITRIDAE 383
Genus HIERAAETUS Kavup
Hieraaétus Kaup, 1844, Class. Saugethiere Vogel, p. 120.
Type, by original designation, Falco pennatus Gmelin.
cf. Mayr, 1941, Ornith. Monatsber., 49, p. 43 (fasciatus).
HIERAAETUS FASCIATUS'
Hieraaetus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieillot)
Aquila fasciata Vieillot, 1822, Mem. Soc. Linneenne Paris,
2, pt. 2, p. 152—Fontainebleau, France, and Sardinia.
Hieraaetus fasciatus grandis Wilder, 1928, Bull. Peking Soc.
Nat. Hist., 3, no. 1, p. 39—Chihli, China.
Southern Europe from Spain and southern France to Greece;
larger Mediterranean islands; northern Africa from Morocco
to Cyrenaica, south to the Atlas; locally through Asia Minor
south to Yemen and east to northern Iraq, Iran, Russian
Turkistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, northern and central
Burma, southern China, perhaps northern Thailand and Indo-
china.
Hieraaetus fasciatus renschi Stresemann
Hieraaetus fasciatus renschi Stresemann, 1932, Ornith.
Monatsber., 40, p. 73—Sumbawa.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar, Luang.
HIERAAETUS SPILOGASTER
Hieraaetus spilogaster (Bonaparte)
Spizaetus spilogaster Du Bus de Gisignies = Bonaparte,
1850, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, 2, p. 487—Ethiopia.
Africa south of the Sahara, except in heavy forest.
HIERAAETUS PENNATUS
Hieraaetus pennatus pennatus (Gmelin)
Falco pennatus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 272; based
on “Booted Falcon” of Latham, 1781, General Synop. Birds,
1, p. 75—no locality; France suggested by Swann, 1922,
Synop. Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 113.
Locally in southern Europe from Spain and France to the
‘H. fasciatus and spilogaster form a superspecies.—D. A.
384 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Balkans; northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, south to
the Atlas; Near East (Turkey, Syria); USSR north to Moscow
area and east to Caucasus and Caspian. Breeding locally in
South Africa, perhaps only recently. In part highly migratory,
wintering in eastern Africa, sparingly south to South Africa.
Hieraaetus pennatus milvoides (Jerdon)
S(pizaetus) milvoides Jerdon, 1839, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci.,
10, p. 75—Trichinopoly, Madras, India. Migrant.
Hieraaetus pennatus harterti Stegmann, 1935, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 43, p. 151—Troitskosavsk = Kyakhta, Trans-
baicalia.
Asia, east of the range of pennatus, locally to the Baykal
area, Mongolia, and northwestern China, north to lat. 55° N.,
south to Turkistan, Afghanistan, and northwestern India.
Winters south to Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and occasionally Malaysia.
HIERAAETUS MORPHNOIDES
Hieraaetus morphnoides morphnoides (Gould)
Aquila morphnoides Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1840), p. 161—upper Hunter River, New South Wales.
Australia.
Hieraaetus morphnoides weiskei (Reichenow)
Eutolmaetus weiskei Reichenow, 1900, Ornith. Monatsber.,
8, p. 185—Astrolabe Mountains, New Guinea; altitude
3,000 feet.
Mountains of central and eastern New Guinea.
HIERAAETUS DUBIUS
Hieraaetus dubius (Smith)
Morphinus dubius A. Smith, 1830, South Afr. Quart. Journ.,
ser. 1, p. 117—Heer Logement, near Olifants River, Cape
Province.
Spizaétus ayresii Gurney, 1862, Ibis, p. 149, pl. 4—Natal.
Hieraaetus fasciatus minor Erlanger, 1904, Journ. Ornith.,
52, p. 185, pl. 10O—northern Somalia.
Locally in sub-Saharan Africa, except in extensive forest.
HIERAAETUS KIENERII
Hieraaetus kienerii kienerii (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire)
Astur Kienerii G. S. = Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1835, Mag.
ACCIPITRIDAE 385
Zool., Paris, 5, cl. 2, text to pl. 35—Himalayas.
Lower Himalayas and foothills from Nepal to Assam, Western
Ghats of peninsular India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Hieraaetus kienerii formosus Stresemann
Hieraaétus kieneri formosus Stresemann, 1924, Ornith.
Monatsber., 32, p. 108—northern Celebes.
Burma, Thailand, southern Indochina, Hainan, Malaya,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Lesser Sunda
Islands (Sumbawa).
Genus SPIZASTUR Gray
Spizastur G. R. Gray, 1841, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, p. 3.
Type, by original designation, S. atricapillus Cuvier =
Buteo melanoleucus Vieillot.
SPIZASTUR MELANOLEUCUS
Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot)
Buteo melanoleucus Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 4, p. 482—Guiana.
Southern Tamaulipas, Mexico (? casual), south locally through
Middle America and South America to southern Brazil, Para-
guay, and northern Argentina, shunning Amazonia.
Genus LOPHAETUS Kaup
Lophaetus Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 165. Type, by
monotypy, Falco occipitalis Daudin.
LOPHAETUS OCCIPITALIS
Lophaetus occipitalis (Daudin)
Falco occipitalis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 40; based
on “Le Huppard” of Levaillant, 1796, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 8, pl. 2—“pays d’Auteniquoi” = Knysna
district, Cape Province.
Africa from Senegal east to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to
Cape Province.
Genus SPIZAETUS VieLot
Spizaetus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 24. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List. Gen. Birds, p. 2),
Falco ornatus Daudin.
386 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Cassinaetus W. L. Sclater, 1922, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
42, p. 76. Type, by original designation, Limnaetus afri-
canus Cassin.
SPIZAETUS AFRICANUS
Spizaetus africanus (Cassin)
Limnaetus africanus Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 4—Ogabi River, Gabon.
Forests in Africa from Liberia east through Zaire to western
Uganda and Lake Tanganyika.
SPIZAETUS CIRRHATUS
Spizaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus (Gmelin)
Falco cirrhatus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 274; based
on “Crested Indian Falcon” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 80—India.
Indian Peninsula, south from Bengal, central Rajasthan, and
the Gangetic Plain.
Spizaetus cirrhatus ceylanensis (Gmelin)
Falco ceylanensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 275; based
on “Ceylonese crested Falcon” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 82—Ceylon.
Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Spizaetus cirrhatus andamanensis Tytler
Spizaetus Andamanensis Tytler, 1865, Proc. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, p. 112—Port Blair, South Andaman Island.
Andaman Islands.
Spizaetus (cirrhatus) limnaeetus (Horsfield)
Falco Limnaeetus Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 1388—Java.
Himalayan foothills from Garhwal to Assam, thence south
to Thailand, southern Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, and the Philippines (Calamianes, Palawan, Lubang,
Mindoro, Mindanao).
Spizaetus cirrhatus vanheurni Junge
Spizaetus cirrhatus vanheurni Junge, 1936, Temminckia,
1, p. 24—Simalur = Simeulue.
Simeulue Island, off western Sumatra.
ACCIPITRIDAE 387
Spizaetus cirrhatus floris (Hartert)
Limnaetus limnaetus floris Hartert, 1898, Novit. Zool., 5,
p. 46—Flores.
Lesser Sunda Islands: Sumbawa, Flores.
SPIZAETUS NIPALENSIS'
Spizaetus nipalensis orientalis Temminck and Schlegel
Spizaetus orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in Sie-
bold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 7—Japan.
Mountains of Hokkaido, Honshu, and Shikoku, Japan, strag-
gling to Korea.
Spizeatus nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgson)
Nisaetus Nipalensis Hodgson, 1836, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 5, p. 229, pl. 7—Nepal.
Spizaetus nipalensis fokiensis W. L. Sclater, 1919, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 40, p. 37—Fukien.
Spizaetus nipalensis whiteheadi Swann, 1933, Monogr. Birds
Prey, pt. 11, p. 112—Hainan.
Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam, highlands of southern
China, Taiwan, Hainan, Burma, Thailand. Winter visitor
Malaya.
Spizaetus nipalensis kelaarti Legge
Spizaetus kelaarti Legge, 1878, Ibis, p. 202—Ceylon.
Mountains of southwestern India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
SPIZAETUS BARTELSI
Spizaetus bartelsi Stresemann
Spizaetus nipalensis bartelsi Stresemann, 1924, Journ. Or-
nith., 72, p. 431—western Java.
Java.
SPIZAETUS LANCEOLATUS
Spizaetus lanceolatus Temminck and Schlegel
Spizaetos lanceolatus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in
Siebold, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 7—Celebes.
Celebes and off-lying islands (Peleng, Sula Besi = Sanana,
Muna, Butung).
‘S. nipalensis, bartelsi, and perhaps lanceolatus, philippensis, and
alboniger form a superspecies.—D. A.
388 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
SPIZAETUS PHILIPPENSIS
Spizaetus philippensis Gould
Spizaetus Philippensis Gould, 1863, Birds Asia, pt. 15, in
text to pl. labeled Spizaetus alboniger—Philippines.
Philippine Islands.
SPIZAETUS ALBONIGER
Spizaetus alboniger (Blyth)
Nisaétus alboniger Blyth, 1845, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
14, p. 173—Malacca, Malay Peninsula.
Tenasserim, Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; North Pagai
Island (off western Sumatra); Borneo.
SPIZAETUS NANUS
Spizaetus nanus nanus Wallace
Spizaetus nanus Wallace, 1868, Ibis, p. 14—Sarawak.
Southern Tenasserim, Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra;
Borneo.
Spizaetus nanus stresemanni Amadon
Spizaetus nanus stresemanni Amadon, 1953, Ibis, 95, p.
498—Mojeia River, Nias.
Nias Island, off western Sumatra.
SPIZAETUS TYRANNUS
Spizaetus tyrannus serus Friedmann
Spizaetus tyrannus serus Friedmann, 1950, Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., 111, no. 16, p. 1—Rio Indio, Canal Zone,
Panama.
Tropical Mexico south through Central America and South
America to Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Trinidad, the
Guianas, northern and western Brazil, Bolivia.
Spizaetus tyrannus tyrannus (Wied)
Falco tyrannus Wied, 1820, Reise Brasilien, 1, p. 360—Rio
Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil.
Eastern Brazil from Bahia south, northeastern Argentina
(Misiones).
SPIZAETUS ORNATUS
Spizaetus ornatus vicarius Friedmann
Spizaetus ornatus vicarius Friedmann, 1935, Journ. Wash-
ACCIPITRIDAE 389
ington Acad. Sci., 25, p. 451—Manatol (= Manatee) La-
goon, British Honduras.
Tropical Mexico south through Central and South America
to Colombia (west of the Eastern Andes) and western Ecuador.
Spizaetus ornatus ornatus (Daudin)
Falco ornatus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 77; based
on “L’Aigle Moyen de la Guiane” of Mauduyt de la
Varenne, 1782, Encycl. Meéethod., Hist. Nat. Animaux, 1,
p. 475, and “L’Autour Huppé” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist.
Nat. Oiseaux Afrique, 1, p. 76, pl. 2—Cayenne.
South America from eastern base of Colombian Andes east
to the Guianas and thence south through Brazil, eastern
Ecuador, and eastern Peru to eastern Bolivia, northern Argen-
tina, Paraguay, and Rio Grande do Sul; Trinidad and Tobago.
Genus STEPHANOAETUS Scuater
Stephanoaetus W. L. Sclater, 1922, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
42, p. 72. Type, by original designation, Falco coronatus
Linnaeus.
STEPHANOAETUS CORONATUS
Stephanoaetus coronatus (Linnaeus)
Falco coronatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
124; based on “The Crowned Eagle” of Edwards, 1758,
Gleanings Nat. Hist., p. 31, pl. 224—-coast of Guinea.
Africa from Guinea to southwestern Ethiopia, south to Angola,
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and eastern Cape Province.
Genus OROAETUS Rincway
Oroaetus Ridgway, 1920, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 72, no.
4, p. 1. Type, by original designation, Falco isidori Des
Murs.
OROAETUS ISIDORI
Oroaetus isidori (Des Murs)
Falco Isidori Des Murs, 1845, Rev. Zool., Paris, 8, p. 175 bis
—Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia.
Spizaetus devillei Dubois, 1874, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lettres
Beaux-Arts Belgique, ser. 2, 38, p. 129, pls. 1-2—Baeza,
Ecuador.
390 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Andes from western Venezuela and Colombia south through
Ecuador and Peru to northwestern Argentina. In forest.
Genus POLEMAETUS Herne
Polemaétus Heine, 1890, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl.
Mus. Heineani Ornith., p. 270. Type, by monotypy, Falco
bellicosus Daudin.
POLEMAETUS BELLICOSUS
Polemaetus bellicosus (Daudin)
Falco bellicosus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 38; based
on “Le Griffard” of Levaillant, 1796, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux
Afrique, 1, p. 1, pl. 1—Great Namaqualand, Cape Province.
Africa south of the Sahara from Gambia and Ethiopia south
to South Africa. In open country.
SUBORDER SAGITTARII
Famity SAGITTARITIDAE
Genus SAGITTARIUS Hermann
Sagittarius Hermann, 1783, Tabula Affinitatum Anima-
lium, pp. 136, 235. Type, by monotypy, Sagittarius of
Vosmaer = Falco serpentarius J. F. Miller.
SAGITTARIUS SERPENTARIUS
Sagittarius serpentarius (Miller)
Falco serpentarius J. F. Miller, 1779, Icones Animalium,
pt. 5, pl. 28—Cape of Good Hope.
Africa south of the Sahara. In open country.
SUBORDER FALCONES
Famity FALCONIDAE
SuBFAMILY POLYBORINAE
cf. Vuilleumier, 1970, Breviora, no. 355, 29 pp.
Olson, 1976, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 88, pp. 355-365.
FALCONIDAE 391
Genus DAPTRIUS Viet.or
Daptrius Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 22. Type, by monotypy,
Daptrius ater Vieillot.
Ibycter Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 22. Type, by monotypy,
Falco americanus Boddaert.
DAPTRIUS ATER
Daptrius ater Vieillot
Daptrius ater Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 68—Brazil.
Eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and south
through Amazonia to northeastern Bolivia, northern Mato
Grosso, and northern Maranhao.
DAPTRIUS AMERICANUS
Daptrius americanus (Boddaert)
Falco americanus Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum.,
p. 25; based on “Aigle d’Amérique” of Daubenton, 1765-81,
Planches Enlum., pl. 417—Cayenne.
Ibycter americanus guatemalensis Swann, 1921, Synop.
Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 14—Guatemala.
Daptrius americanus pelzelni Pinto, 1948, Papéis Avulsos,
Dept. Zool., Sao Paulo, 8, p. 294—Ypanema, Sao Paulo.
Chiapas, Mexico; Central America and South America east
of the Andes to central Peru, Mato Grosso, and Sao Paulo.
In forest.
Genus PHALCOBOENUS Orsicny
Phalcoboenus Orbigny, 1834, Voyage Amérique Meridionale,
livr. 2, pl. 2. Type, by monotypy, Phalcoboenus montanus
Orbigny = Aquila megalopterus Meyen.
PHALCOBOENUS MEGALOPTERUS
Phalcoboenus (megalopterus) carunculatus Des Murs
Phalcoboenus carunculatus Des Murs, 1853, Rev. Mag. Zool.,
Paris, ser. 2, 5, p. 154—Colombia.
High Andes of southwestern Colombia and Ecuador.
Phalcoboenus (megalopterus) megalopterus (Meyen)
Aquila megaloptera Meyen, 1834, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.
392 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Leopold.-Carol. Nat. Curiosorum, Halle, 16, Suppl., p. 64,
pl. 7—Cordillera of Chile.
Andes from central Peru south through Bolivia, Argentina,
and Chile to about lat. 35° S. (Talca, Chile).
Phalcoboenus (megalopterus) albogularis Gould
Polyborus (Phalcoboenus) albogularis Gould, 1837, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, p. 9—Santa Cruz, Patagonia.
Andean slopes of Chile and Argentina from latitude of Neuquén
Province, Argentina, south, including Isla Grande, Tierra del
Fuego. At lower elevations southward.
PHALCOBOENUS AUSTRALIS
Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin)
Falco australis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 259; based
on “Statenland Eagle” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 40 (ex J. R. Forster MS)—Staten Island.
Islands off extreme southern South America (Staten Island,
Navarino Island, Cape Horn islands, etc.), and possibly south-
ern and northeastern coasts of Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego;
Falkland Islands.
Genus POLYBORUS VIEILLorT
Polyborus Vieillot, 1816, Analyse, p. 22. Type, by monotypy,
Caracara of Buffon = Falco plancus J. F. Miller.
Caracara Merrem, 1826, in Ersch and Gruber, Allgemeine
Encycl. Wissen. Kunste, 15, p. 159. Type, by subsequent
designation (Hellmayr and Conover, 1949, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 281), Falco plancus
J. F. Miller.
POLYBORUS PLANCUS
Polyborus (plancus) lutosus Ridgway
Polyborus Lutosus Ridgway, 1876, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr.
Surv. Territories, 1, ser. 2, p. 459—Guadalupe Island.
Guadalupe Island, off Baja California, Mexico. Extinct.
Polyborus plancus pallidus Nelson
Polyborus cheriway pallidus Nelson, 1898, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 12, p. 8—Maria Madre Island.
Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico.
FALCONIDAE 393
Polyborus plancus cheriway (Jacquin)
Falco cheriway Jacquin, 1784, Beytr. Geschichte Vogel, p.
17, pl. 4—Aruba.
Polyborus Audubonii Cassin, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 2—Florida.
Polyborus plancus ammophilus van Rossem, 1939, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 11, 4, p. 441—Tesia, Sonora, Mexico.
Southern United States in Florida and locally from Texas
to Arizona; thence south through Middle America and South
America to northern Peru and the Amazon. Also Cuba, Isle
of Pines, and Dutch West Indies.
Polyborus plancus plancus (Miller)
Falco plancus J. F. Miller, 1777, Icones Animalium, pt. 3,
pl. 17—Tierra del Fuego.
Falco Tharus Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, pp.
264, 343—Chile.
Falco brasiliensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 262; based
on “Brasilian Kite” of Latham, 1781, General Synop. Birds,
1, p. 683—Brazil.
Central Peru, central Bolivia, Brazil from the Amazon delta
south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands.
Genus MILVAGO Spix
Milvago Spix, 1824, Avium Species Novae Itinere Brasiliam,
1, p. 12. Type, by monotypy, Milvago ochrocephalus Spix
= Polyborus chimachima Vieillot.
MILVAGO CHIMACHIMA
Milvago chimachima cordatus Bangs and Penard
Milvago chimachima cordatus Bangs and Penard, 1918, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 35—San Miguel, Pear] Islands.
Milvago chimachima paludivaga Penard, 1923, Proc. New
England Zool. Club, 8, p. 36—Paramaribo, Surinam.
Southern Costa Rica; Panama; Pearl Islands, Gulf of Panama;
northern South America, east of the Andes, south to the
Amazon; probably Trinidad. Not in heavy forest.
Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieillot)
Polyborus chimachima Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 5, p. 259; based on “Chimachima,” no. 6, of
Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
394 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Rio Plata, 1, p. 5|0—Paraguay.
South America, south of the Amazon, to northern Argentina,
Paraguay, and Uruguay.
MILVAGO CHIMANGO
Milvago chimango chimango (Vieillot)
Polyborus chimango Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. eéd., 5, p. 260; based on “Chimango,” no. 5, of Azara,
1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio
Plata, 1, p. 47—Paraguay and Rio de la Plata.
Milvago chimango azarae Brodkorb, 1939, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 52, p. 83—east of Rosario, Paraguay.
Northern and central Chile south to about Concepcion, extreme
southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina south to Rio
Chubut.
Milvago chimango temucoensis Sclater
Milvago chimango temucoensis W. L. Sclater, 1918, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 38, p. 43—Pelal, near Temuco, Cautin,
Chile.
Southern South America, south of chimango, south through
Tierra del Fuego to the Cape Horn islands.
Genus HERPETOTHERES Victor
Herpetotheres Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 18, p. 317. Type, by subsequent designation (G. R.
Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 3), Falco cachinnans
Linnaeus.
HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS
Herpetotheres cachinnans chapmani Bangs and Penard
Herpetotheres cachinnans chapmani Bangs and Penard,
1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 37—Quintana Roo,
Mexico.
Herpetotheres cachinnans excubitor van Rossem, 1938, Trans.
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, p. 10—Volcan de Colima,
Jalisco, Mexico.
Mexico from southern Sonora and San Luis Potosi south;
Central America south to Honduras.
Herpetotheres cachinnans cachinnans (Linnaeus)
Falco cachinnans Linnaeus (ex Rolander MS), 1758, Syst.
FALCONIDAE 395
Nat., ed. 10, p. 90—South America; restricted to Surinam
by Berlepsch, 1908, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 290.
Herpetotheres cachinnans maestus Bangs and Noble, 1918,
Auk, 35, p. 444—Bellavista, Rio Maranon, Peru.
Nicaragua south through Central America and South America
to Peru and central Brazil.
Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard
Herpetotheres cachinnans queribundus Bangs and Penard,
1919, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zocl., 63, p. 23—Pernambuco,
Brazil.
Eastern Bolivia and eastern Brazil south to Paraguay and
northern Argentina.
Genus MICRASTUR Gray
Micrastur G. R. Gray, 1841, List Gen. Birds, p. 6. Type,
by original designation, Falco brachypterus Temminck =
Sparvius semitorquatus Vieillot.
cf. Traylor, 1948, Fieldiana, Zool., 31, pp. 199-200 (buckleyt).
Schwartz, 1972, Condor, 74, p. 399-415 (ruficollis, gilvicol-
lis).
MICRASTUR RUFICOLLIS
Micrastur ruficollis guerilla Cassin
Micrastur guerilla Cassin, 1848, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 4, p. 87—near Jalapa, Veracruz.
?Micrastur ruficollis oaxacae Phillips, 1966, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 86, p. 91—southwestern Oaxaca.
Southern Mexico south through Central America to Nicaragua.
Micrastur ruficollis interstes Bangs
Micrastur interstes Bangs, 1907, Auk, 24, p. 289—La Estrella
de Cartago, Costa Rica.
Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia, western Ecuador.
Micrastur ruficollis zonothorax (Cabanis)
Climacocercus zonothorax Cabanis, 1865, Journ. Ornith., 13,
p. 406—Puerto Cabelo, Carabobo, Venezuela.
?Micrastur ruficollis kalinowskit Dunajewski, 1938, Acta
Ornith. Mus. Zool. Polonici, 2, p. 319—Amable Maria,
Junin, Peru.
Eastern Andean foothills from Colombia and Venezuela south
possibly to Bolivia.
396 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Micrastur ruficollis concentricus (Lesson)
Nisus concentricus Iliger = Lesson, 1830, Traite Ornith.,
livr. 1, p. 60—Cayenne.
Southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and all of Amazonia.
Micrastur ruficollis ruficollis (Vieillot)
Sparvius ruficollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 10, p. 322—-South America; restricted to Rio
de Janeiro by Naumburg, 1930, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 60, p. 105.
Brazil south of Amazonia, Paraguay, north-central and north-
eastern Argentina.
Micrastur ruficollis olrogi Amadon
Micrastur ruficollis olrogi Amadon, 1964, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 2166, p. 19—San Pablo, Tucuman, Argentina.
Subtropical forest in northwestern Argentina.
MICRASTUR GILVICOLLIS
Micrastur gilvicollis gilvicollis (Vieillot)
Sparvius gilvicollis Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éd., 10, p. 323—no locality. Type from Cayenne.
Micrastur pelzelni Ridgway, 1876, Ibis, p. 4—Sarayacu, Rio
Ucayali, Peru.
Southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and all of Amazonia.
Micrastur (gilvicollis) plumbeus Sclater
Micrastur plumbeus W. L. Sclater, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 38, p. 44—Rio Bogota, Esmeraldas, Ecuador.
Southwestern Colombia (Cauca Valley) and northwestern
Ecuador. Rare.
MICRASTUR MIRANDOLLEI
Micrastur mirandollei (Schlegel)
Astur mirandollei Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
Rev. Méthod. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Astures, p. 27—Surinam.
Micrastur mirandollei extimus Griscom and Greenway, 1937,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, p. 418—Perme, Panama.
Costa Rica, Panama, western slope of Colombia, and northern
South America, east of the Andes, south through Amazonia
and eastern Brazil to Espirito Santo.
FALCONIDAE 397
MICRASTUR SEMITORQUATUS
Micrastur semitorquatus naso (Lesson)
Carnifex naso Lesson, 1842, Echo Monde Savant, 9, col.
1085—Realejo, Nicaragua.
Mexico from Sinaloa and Tamaulipas south through Central
America to Panama, northern and western Colombia, and
Ecuador.
Micrastur semitorquatus semitorquatus (Vieillot)
Sparvius semi-torquatus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist.
Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 322; based on “Esparvero faxado,”
no. 29, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 126—Paraguay.
South America east of the Andes (except northern Colombia),
south to Paraguay and northern Argentina.
MICRASTUR BUCKLEYI
Micrastur buckleyi Swann
Micrastur melanoleucus buckleyi Swann, 1919, Synop. List
Accipitres, substitute p. 15—Sarayacu, Ecuador.
Amazonian Ecuador and Peru.
SUBFAMILY FALCONINAE
Genus SPIZIAPTERYX Kaur’
Spiziapteryx Kaup, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1851),
p. 43. Type, by monotypy, Harpagus circumcinctus Kaup.
SPIZIAPTERYX CIRCUMCINCTUS
Spiziapteryx circumcinctus (Kaup)
Harpagus circumcinctus Kaup, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1851), p. 43—Chili; error, type from Mendoza, Argentina
(cf. Hellmayr and Conover, 1949, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 288, note 2).
Chaco and bordering areas of northern and central Argentina;
recorded once from Paraguay.
‘Position of genus doubtful, may belong in Polyborinae; cf. Olson,
1976, Auk, 93, pp. 633-636.—D. A.
398 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus POLIHIERAX Kaup
Polihiérax Kaup, 1847, Isis von Oken, col. 47. Type, by
monotypy, Falco semitorquatus A. Smith.
Neohierax Swann, 1922, Synop. Accipitres, ed. 2, p. 184.
Type, by original designation, Polihierax insignis Walden.
POLIHIERAX SEMITORQUATUS
Polihierax semitorquatus (Smith)
Falco simitorquata [sic] A. Smith, 1836, Rep. Exped. Explor.
Central Africa, p. 44—near Old Latakoo = Kuruman,
Botswana, fide W. L. Sclater, 1924, Syst. Avium Aethiopi-
carum, p. 56.
Hypotriorchis castanonotus Heuglin, 1860, Ibis, p. 407—Me-
ré Belenia, White Nile, southern Sudan.
Polihierax semitorquatus major Bowen, 1931, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 83, p.259—Mbuyuni, Teita district,
Kenya.
Southern Ethiopia and Somalia south through Kenya to north-
ern Tanzania; Transvaal west to Angola and South West Africa
(Namibia).
POLIHIERAX INSIGNIS
Polihierax insignis insignis Walden
Polihierax insignis Walden, 1872, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1871), p. 627—Tongoo, Upper Burma.
Irrawaddy Valley of Burma.
Polihierax insignis cinereiceps Stuart Baker
Polihierax insignis cinereiceps Stuart Baker, 1927, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 47, p. 101—Myawadi, Kawthoolei, Burma.
Tenasserim, Burma; Thailand.
Polihierax insignis harmandi Oustalet
Falco (Poliohierax) [sic] Harmandi Oustalet, 1876, Bull.
Soc. Philomath. Paris, sér. 6, 13, p. 57—Laos.
Neohierax insignis beaulieui Delacour and Jabouille, 1930,
Oiseau, 11, p. 407—Ban-Ni, Cochinchina.
Southern Indochina.
Genus MICROHIERAX Suarpe
Microhierax Sharpe, 1874, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1, p. 366.
Type, by original designation, Falco fringillarius Drapiez.
FALCONIDAE 399
MICROHIERAX CAERULESCENS'
Microhierax caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus)
Falco caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
88; based on “The little Black and Orange-colour’d Indian
Hawk” of Edwards, 1750, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 108, pl.
108—Asia = Bengal ex Edwards.
Himalayan foothills from northern Uttar Pradesh to the hills
of Assam.
Microhierax caerulescens burmanicus Swann
Microhierax caerulescens burmanicus Swann, 1920, Synop.
List Accipitres, p. 116—Thayetmyo, Burma.
Burma south to northern Tenasserim, Thailand, central and
southern Indochina.
MICROHIERAX FRINGILLARIUS
Microhierax fringillarius (Drapiez)
Falco fringillarius Drapiez, 1824, in Bory de Saint-Vincent
(ed.), Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 412, pl. 59—“Indes”;
Sumatra suggested by Hartert, 1902, Novit. Zool., 9, p.
541.
Hierax horsfieldi Lesson, 1843, Echo Monde Savant, 10, col.
728—Java, Sumatra.
Southern Tenasserim, southern Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra,
Java, Bali, Borneo.
MICROHIERAX LATIFRONS
Microhierax latifrons Sharpe
Microhierax latifrons Sharpe, 1879, Ibis, p. 237, pl. 7—Lawas
River and Lumbidan, Borneo.
Northwestern Borneo (Sarawak).
M. caerulescens and fringillarius form a superspecies.—D. A.
Deignan, 1946, Ibis, 88, p. 403, stated that Falco fringillarius
Drapiez, 1824, is preoccupied by Falco fringillarius Sprungli, 1784
(= Falco nisus Linnaeus), as published by Storr in Alpenreise, 1,
p. 71. Dr. E. Sutter of Basel has kindly sent me a photostat of
the page in question from Storr’s publication, and, as Sutter remarks,
the name is a nomen nudum.—D. A.
400 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
MICROHIERAX ERYTHROGENYS
Microhierax erythrogenys erythrogenys (Vigors)
Hierax erythrogenys Vigors, 1831, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp.
Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1, p. 96—near Manila.
Philippine Islands: Luzon and Mindoro.
Microhierax erythrogenys meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant
Microhierax meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant, 1897, Ibis, p. 220—
Samar and Mindanao.
Philippine Islands: Samar to Mindanao.
MICROHIERAX MELANOLEUCUS
Microhierax melanoleucus (Blyth)
Ierax melanoleucus Blyth, 1843, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
12, p. 179—Assam.
Eastern Bangladesh, Assam, southeastern China, northern
Indochina.
Genus FALCO Linnaeus
Falco Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 88. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds,
p. 3), “F. peregrinus L.” = Falco peregrinus Tunstall.
Ieracidea Gould, 1838, Synop. Birds Australia, pt. 3, pl.
43. Type, by monotypy, Falco berigora Vigors and Hors-
field.
Cuvieria (nec Cuvieria Lesueur and Pictet, 1807, Coelen-
terata) Roberts, 1922, Ann. Transvaal Mus., 8, p. 210.
Type, by original designation, Falco cuvieri A. Smith.
Planofalco Oberholser, 1925, Amer. Midland Nat., 9, p. 601.
Type, by original designation, Falco mexicanus Schlegel.
cf. Sushkin, 1905, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou,
16, livr. 4, pp. 106-117 (generic status of novaeseelan-
diae).
Stresemann and Amadon, 1963, Ibis, 105, pp. 400-402
(status of kreyenborgt).
Piechocki, 1975, Turmfalke (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 116),
ed. 4, 106 pp. (tinnunculus).
Fischer, 1977, Wanderfalke (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 380),
ed. 4, 152 pp. (peregrinus).
FALCONIDAE 401
FALCO BERIGORA
Falco berigora novaeguineae (Meyer)
Hieracidea novaeguineae A. B. Meyer, 1894, Journ. Ornith.,
42, p. 89—Huon Peninsula, New Guinea.
Eastern two thirds of New Guinea and some off-lying islands
(Manam, Karkar, Long).
Falco berigora melvillensis (Mathews)
TIeracidea berigora melvillensis Mathews, 1912, Austral
Avian Rec., 1, p. 34—Melville Island.
Ieracidea berigora kempi Mathews, 1916, Birds Australia,
5, p. 277—Cape York.
Coastal districts of northern Australia and the nearby islands.
Falco berigora berigora Vigors and Horsfield
Falco Berigora Vigors and Horsfield, 1827, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, 15, p. 184—New South Wales.
Coastal districts and highlands of southern Queensland and
New South Wales.
Falco berigora occidentalis (Gould)
Ieracidea occidentalis Gould, 1844, Birds Australia, pt. 16
(1 September), pl. and text—Western Australia = Perth,
fide Mathews, 1913, List Birds Australia, p. 112.
Moister parts of southwestern Australia.
Falco berigora centralia (Mathews)
TIeracidea berigora centralia Mathews, 1916, Birds Australia,
5, p. 277—Finke River, Northern Territory.
Arid regions of Australia.
Falco berigora tasmanica (Mathews)
TIeracidea berigora tasmanica Mathews, 1916, Birds Austra-
lia, 5, p. 276—Tasmania.
Tasmania, Flinders, King, and other nearby islands; probably
wanders to adjacent southern Australia.
FALCO NAUMANNI
Falco naumanni Fleischer
Falco Naumanni Fleischer, 1818, in Laurop and Fischer’s
Sylvan for 1817/1818, p. 174—southern Germany and
Switzerland; error for Sicily, fide Stresemann (MS).
Falco cenchris var. pekinensis Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zool.
402 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Soc. London, p. 442—near Peking.
Locally in southern Europe from southern Portugal to southern
Russia, south to the larger Mediterranean islands and north-
western Africa (Morocco to Tunisia, south to the Atlas); east
locally through Asia Minor, Caucasus, Iran, southern Asiatic
steppes, north to about lat. 55° N.; east to Mongolia and
northern China. Highly migratory, wintering from Africa to
India, Burma, and southern China.
FALCO SPARVERIUS'
Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus
Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 90;
based on “The Little Hawk” of Catesby, 1729, Nat. Hist.
Carolina, pt. 1, p. 5, pl. 5—America = South Carolina
ex Catesby.
Tinnunculus phalaena Lesson, 1845, Echo Monde Savant,
12, col. 1087, San Blas, Nayarit, and Acapulco, Guerrero,
Mexico.
Falco sparverius guadalupensis Bond, 1943, Condor, 45, p.
179—Guadalupe Island, off Baja California.
East-central Alaska, Canada south of the tundra, south
through United States (except southeast) and western Mexico
(except coastal areas) to Guerrero. In winter south to Panama.
Falco sparverius paulus (Howe and King)
Cerchneis sparverius paulus Howe and King, 1902, Contrib.
North Amer. Ornith., 1, p. 28—Miami, Florida.
South Carolina to southern Alabama and south through Flo-
rida.
Falco sparverius peninsularis Mearns
Falco sparverius peninsularis Mearns, 1892, Auk, 9, p.
267—San José, Baja California.
Southern Baja California and lowlands of Sonora and Sinaloa,
Mexico.
Falco sparverius tropicalis (Griscom)
Cerchneis sparveria tropicalis Griscom, 1930, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 414, p. 1—Antigua, Guatemala.
'F. sparverius, tinnunculus, newtoni, punctatus, araea, moluccensis,
and cenchroides, all or part, form a superspecies.—D. A.
FALCONIDAE 403
Southern Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, and northern Hon-
duras.
Falco sparverius nicaraguensis Howell
Falco sparverius nicaraguensis Howell, 1965, Auk, 82, p.
442—-Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua.
Lowland pine savanna of Honduras and Nicaragua.
Falco sparverius sparverioides Vigors
Falco Sparverioides Vigors, 1827, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 436—
near Havana, Cuba.
Cuba and Isle of Pines.
Falco sparverius dominicensis Gmelin
Falco dominicensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 285; based
on “L’Emerillon de S. Dominigue” of Brisson, 1760, Or-
nith., 1, p. 389, pl. 32, fig. 2—Santo Domingo.
Hispaniola, West Indies.
Falco sparverius caribaearum Gmelin
Falco caribaearum Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 284; based
on “L’Emerillon des Antilles” of Brisson, 1760, Ornith.,
1, p. 385 (ex “lEmerillon Gri-Gry” of Dutertre, 1667, Hist.
Antilles, 2, p. 253)—Antilles; restricted to Guadeloupe
by Berlepsch, 1892, Journ. Ornith., 40, p. 92.
Cerchneis sparveria loquacula Riley, 1904, Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., 47, p. 284—Isabel II, Vieques Island, Puerto
Rico.
Puerto Rico; Lesser Antilles from the Virgin Islands to Gre-
nada.
Falco sparverius brevipennis (Berlepsch)
Tinnunculus sparverius brevipennis Berlepsch, 1892, Journ.
Ornith., 40, p. 91—Curagcao.
Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire, Netherlands West Indies.
Falco sparverius isabellinus Swainson
Falco isabellinus Swainson, 1837, Animals Menageries, p.
281—Demerara, Guyana.
Cerchneis sparverius margaritensis Cory, 1915, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 297—Margarita Island,
Venezuela.
Cerchneis sparverius distincta Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 297—Boa Vista, Rio Branco,
Brazil.
Cerchneis sparveria perplexa Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
404 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 327—lower Essequibo River,
Guyana.
Venezuela (except northwest), Guianas, coastal Trinidad (for-
merly), northern Brazil.
Falco sparverius ochraceus (Cory)
Cerchneis sparverius ochracea Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 298—Colon, Tachira, Vene-
zuela.
Cerchneis sparveria intermedia Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 325—Villavicencio, Colombia;
altitude 1,600 feet.
Mountains of eastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.
Falco sparverius caucae (Chapman)
Cerchneis sparverius caucae Chapman, 1915, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 375—La Manuelita, Cauca Valley,
Colombia.
Western Colombia in the mountains bordering the Cauca
Valley.
Falco sparverius aequatorialis Mearns
Falco sparverius aequatorialis Mearns, 1892, Auk, 9, p.
269—Guayaquil; error, type from interior of Ecuador, fide
Chapman, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 377.
Subtropical and temperate zones of Ecuador north of the
Chanchan Valley.
Falco sparverius peruvianus (Cory)
Cerchneis sparverius peruviana Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 296—Chachapoyas, Peru.
Subtropical and temperate zones of southwestern Ecuador,
Peru, and extreme northern Chile (Tacna).
Falco sparverius fernandensis (Chapman)
Cerchneis sparverius fernandensis Chapman, 1915, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 379—Mas a Tierra.
Juan Fernandez Islands (Mas a Tierra), off Chile.
Falco sparverius cinnamominus Swainson
Falco cinnamominus Swainson, 1837, Animals Menageries,
p. 281—Chile.
Southeastern Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, south-
eastern Brazil, south to the Strait of Magellan and Tierra
del Fuego.
FALCONIDAE 405
Falco sparverius cearae (Cory)
Cerchneis sparveria cearae Cory, 1915, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 318—Quixada, Ceara, Brazil.
Falco sparverius eidos Peters, 1931, Check-list Birds World,
1, p. 305—Bahia, Brazil.
Tableland of Brazil, from southern Maranhao and Ceara south
to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul and west to the Bolivian
border.
FALCO TINNUNCULUS
Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Linnaeus
Falco Tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
90—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 21.
Cerchneis tinnunculus dorriesi Swann, 1920, Synop. List
Accipitres, p. 146—Sidemi River, southern Ussuriland.
Falco tinnunculus stegmanni Portenko, 1931, Mitt. Zool.
Mus. Berlin, 17, p. 415—Kelpin, Kashgaria, Chinese
Turkistan.
Eurasia, including British Isles, north nearly to the limit of
trees, east to the Pacific in Amurland and Ussuriland (but
not extreme northeastern Asia), south to the Mediterranean
and its islands; North Africa from Morocco to northern Libya,
Israel, Iraq, Iran, Turkistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir,
Tibet, northwestern China, Manchuria, and ? northern Korea.
Somewhat migratory, reaching central Africa, India, and
southeastern Asia.
Falco tinnunculus interstinctus McClelland
Falco interstinctus McClelland, 1840, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1839), p. 154—Assam, India.
Tinnunculus saturatus Blyth, 1859, Journ. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal, 28, p. 277—Ye, Tenasserim, Burma.
Falco tinnunculus japonensis Ticehurst, 1929, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, 50, p. 10. New name for Falco tinnunculus
Japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844, in Siebold, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, p. 2, pls. 1 and 1b, preoccupied by Falco
Japonicus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 13 = Falco
Japonensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 257.
Cerchneis tinnunculus manchuricus Stuart Baker, 1930,
Fauna Brit. India, Birds, ed. 2, 7, p. 403. New name for
406 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Falco tinnunculus japonicus Temminck and Schlegel,
1844, preoccupied as above.
Eastern Himalayan foothills, central and southern China,
central and southern Korea, Japan (? Hokkaido, Honshu), south
to northern Burma and Indochina. On migration to India,
Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines.
Falco tinnunculus objurgatus (Stuart Baker)
Cerchneis tinnunculus objurgatus Stuart Baker, 1927, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 47, p. 106—Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills,
India.
Western and Eastern Ghats, in southern India.
Falco tinnunculus canariensis (Koenig)
Cerchneis tinnunculus canariensis Koenig, 1890, Journ.
Ornith., 38, p. 285, pl. 1—Tenerife, Canary Islands.
Madeira Islands and western Canary Islands.
Falco tinnunculus dacotiae Hartert
Falco tinnunculus dacotiae Hartert, 1913, Vogel Pal. Fauna,
p. 1086—Lanzarote, Canary Islands.
Eastern Canary Islands.
Falco tinnunculus neglectus Schlegel
Falco neglectus Schlegel, 1873, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
livr. 10, Rev. Coll. Oiseaux Proie, p. 43—Sao Vicente,
Cape Verde Islands.
Northern Cape Verde Islands.
Falco tinnunculus alexandri Bourne
Falco tinnunculus alexandri Bourne, 1955, Bull. Brit. Or-
nith. Club, 75, p. 36—Sao Tiago, Cape Verde Islands.
Southern Cape Verde Islands.
Falco tinnunculus rupicolaeformis (Brehm)
Cerchneis rupicolaeformis C. L. Brehm, 1855, Vollstandige
Vogelfang, p. 29—Egypt.
Falco tinnunculus buryi Grant and Mackworth-Praed, 1933,
Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 54, p. 22—Dthala, Amiri district,
South Arabia = Ad Dali, South Yemen, and Manakhah,
Yemen.
Egypt, northern Sudan, Arabian Peninsula.
Falco tinnunculus archeri Hartert and Neumann
Falco tinnunculus archeri Hartert and Neumann, 1932,
Journ. Ornith., 80, p. 531—Waghar Mountains, Somalia.
Somalia, coastal Kenya, Socotra.
FALCONIDAE 407
Falco tinnunculus rufescens Swainson
Falco rufuscens [sic] Swainson, 1837, Birds West Africa,
1, p. 109—no locality. Type presumably from Sierra Leone.
Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo Hartert and Neumann, 1907,
Journ. Ornith., 55, p. 592—Bussidimo, near Harar, Ethi-
opia.
Falco tinnunculus tanganyikae Grant and Mackworth-
Praed, 1933, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 54, p. 21—Kigoma,
Tanzania.
Guinea south to Cameroon and east through Sudan to Ethiopia;
south to central Tanzania, east of the forest.
Falco tinnunculus rupicolus Daudin
Falco rupicolus Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 135; based
on “Le Montagnard” of Levaillant, 1798, Hist. Nat. Oi-
seaux Afrique, 1, p. 95, pl. 35—-Cape of Good Hope.
Cerchneis tinnunculus ngamiensis Roberts, 1932, Ann.
Transvaal Mus., 15, p. 21—Ngamiland, Botswana.
Angola, southern Zaire, and southern Tanzania south to Cape
Province.
FALCO NEWTONI
Falco newtoni (Gurney)
Tinnunculus newtoni Gurney, 1863, Ibis, p. 34, pl. 2—
Madagascar.
Falco newtoni aldabranus Grote, 1928, Ornith. Monatsber.,
36, p. 78—Aldabra.
Madagascar and Aldabra Islands.
FALCO PUNCTATUS
Falco punctatus Temminck
Falco punctatus Temminck, 1821, Planches Color., livr. 8,
pl. 45—Mauritius.
Mauritius, Indian Ocean.
FALCO ARAEA
Falco araea (Oberholser)
Falco gracilis Lesson, 1830, Traité Ornith., livr. 2, p. 93—no
locality.
Cerchneis araea Oberholser, 1917, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 30, p. 76—Seychelles. New name for Falco gracilis
408 CHECK-LIST OF BERDS OF THE WORLD
Lesson, 1830, preoccupied by Falco gracilis Temminck,
1821, Planches Color., livr. 16, pl. 91 and text.
Seychelles, Indian Ocean.
FALCO MOLUCCENSIS
Falco moluccensis moluccensis (Bonaparte)
Tinnunculus moluccensis Schlegel = Bonaparte, 1850,
Consp. Gen. Avium, 1, p. 27—Ambon.
Southern islands of the Moluccas (Buru, Ambon, Ceram).
Falco moluccensis bernsteini‘Stresemann
Falco moluccensis bernsteini Stresemann, 1919, Anzeiger
Ornith. Gesell. Bayern, 1, p. 8—northern Moluccas.
Northern islands of the Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Ter-
nate, Tidore, Batjan, Obi).
Falco moluccensis javensis Mayr
Falco moluccensis javensis Mayr, 1941, Ornith. Monatsber.,
49, p. 45—Cheribon, Java.
Java, Bali, and nearby small islands (Penida, Kangean).
Falco moluccensis microbalia (Oberholser)
Tinnunculus moluccensis occidentalis A. B. Meyer and Wig-
lesworth, 1896, Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 6, no.
2, p. 8—Pening, Celebes.
Cerchneis moluccensis microbalia Oberholser, 1919, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 178—Salembu Besar, Java Sea.
New name for Tinnunculus moluccensis occidentalis A.
B. Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1896, preoccupied by Ieracidea
occidentalis Gould, 1844, Birds Australia, pt. 16, pl. and
text.
Celebes and northern Lesser Sunda Islands from Lombok to
Alor; also various associated or intervening islets (Salembu
Besar, Tanahdjampea group, Butung, Tukangbesi group).
Falco moluccensis timorensis Mayr
Falco moluccensis timorensis Mayr, 1941, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 49, p. 46—Timor.
Timor, Lesser Sunda Islands, and some smaller islands to
eastward as far as Tanimbar (Timorlaut).
Falco moluccensis renschi Siebers
Falco moluccensis renschi Siebers, 1930, Treubia, 7, Suppl.,
p. 239—Sumba.
Sumba, Lesser Sunda Islands.
FALCONIDAE 409
FALCO CENCHROIDES
Falco cenchroides cenchroides Vigors and Horsfield
Falco Cenchroides Vigors and Horsfield, 1827, Trans. Linn.
Soc. London, 15, p. 183—Australia = New South Wales,
fide Mathews, 1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 253.
Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island; Christmas Island,
Indian Ocean. Somewhat migratory, and has been recorded
on various islands to the north of Australia from Java to
the Arus and New Guinea lowlands; also New Zealand.
Falco cenchroides baru Rand
Falco cenchroides baru Rand, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
1072, p. 1—Mt. Wilhelmina, New Guinea; altitude 3,400
meters.
Oranje Mountains, central New Guinea.
FALCO RUPICOLOIDES
Falco rupicoloides fieldi (Elliot)
Cerchneis fieldi Elliot, 1897, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Ornith. Ser., 1, p. 58—Silo Plain, Somalia.
Northwestern Somalia and Ethiopia.
Falco rupicoloides arthuri (Gurney)
Tinnunculus arthuri Gurney, 1884, List Diurnal Birds Prey,
pp. 156, 158—Mombasa, Kenya.
Kenya and northeastern Tanzania.
Falco rupicoloides rupicoloides Smith
Falco Rupicoloides A. Smith, 1829, South Afr. Commercial
Advertiser, 4 (30 May)—no locality = South Africa.
Africa from South West Africa (Namibia) and the Zambezi
River south.
FALCO ALOPEX
Falco alopex (Heuglin)
Tinnunculus alopex Heuglin, 1861, Ibis, p. 69, pl. 3—
Gallabat, Sudan.
Cerchneis alopex eremica Oberholser, 1917, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 30, p. 76-—Mangu, Togoland.
Ghana south to northern Cameroon, east through Sudan to
coast of Red Sea at lat. 16° N., south to northern Uganda
and Kenya.
410 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
FALCO ARDOSIACEUS
Falco ardosiaceus Vieillot
Falco Ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823, in Bonnaterre and Vieillot,
Tableau Encycl. Méthod. Trois Regnes Nature, Ornith.,
livr. 93, p. 1238—Senegal.
Senegal and Nigeria east through Sudan to Ethiopia, and
south through inner eastern Africa to southern Tanzania,
thence west to Angola and South West Africa (Namibia).
FALCO DICKINSONI
Falco dickinsoni Sclater
Falco dickinsoni P. L. Sclater, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 248—Chibasa, Shire River, Malawi.
Angola, southern Zaire, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Rhodesia
(Zimbabwe), Mozambique, Botswana, and eastern Transvaal;
Pemba. Often associated with Borassus palms.
FALCO ZONIVENTRIS
Falco zoniventris Peters
Falco (Hypotriorchis) zoniventris W. Peters, 1854, Ber. Verh.
Akad. Wissen. Berlin (1853), p. 783—St. Augustin Bay,
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
FALCO CHICQUERA
Falco chicquera chicquera Daudin
Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800, Traite Ornith., 2, p. 121—
Bengal.
Southeastern Iran, Pakistan, India including Himalayan
foothills, Nepal, Bangladesh.
Falco chicquera ruficollis Swainson
Falco ruficollis Swainson, 1837, Birds West Africa, 1, p.
107, pl. 2—Senegal.
Gambia to Sudan and Ethiopia, thence south to Zambia,
Malawi, and the Zambezi River. Often associated with Borassus
palms.
Falco chicquera horsbrughi Gunning and Roberts
Falco horsbrughi Gunning and Roberts, 1911, Ann. Trans-
vaal Mus., 3, p. 110—Pretoria, Transvaal.
FALCONIDAE All
Chicquera ruficollis daviesit Roberts, 1922, Ann. Transvaal
Mus., 8, p. 211—Windhoek, South West Africa.
South Africa from the Zambezi River and South West Africa
(Namibia) to Cape Province.
FALCO VESPERTINUS'
Falco vespertinus Linnaeus
Falco vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
129—Ingria = Province of St. Petersburg, fide Hartert,
1913, Vogel Pal. Fauna, p. 1078.
Eastern Europe from Hungary, Rumania, and longitude of
Leningrad in Russia (casually in central Europe) east across
Asia, locally to the upper Lena River, north to about lat.
62° N., south to the Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus, southern
Siberia, and foothills of central Asian mountains. Winters
in Africa from the Equator south.
FALCO AMURENSIS
Falco amurensis Radde
Falco vespertinus var. amurensis Radde, 1863, Reisen Suden
Ost-Sibirien, 2, p. 102, pl. 1, figs. 2a-c—Zeya River,
Amurland.
Asian steppes south and east of the range of vespertinus, from
the Baykal area east through the Amur Valley, south to
Ussuriland, northern China (Manchuria to Shensi and Kiang-
su), and northern Korea. Winters in eastern and southern
Africa from Kenya and Zaire south.
FALCO ELEONORAE
Falco eleonorae Gene
Falco Eleonorae Géneé, 1839, Rev. Zool., Paris, 2, p. 105—
Sardinia.
Canary Islands and islands in the Mediterranean (chiefly
smaller ones) east to the Cyclades and Cyprus. Winters mainly
in Madagascar, but to some extent from the Canary Islands
to Somalia.
1 : . .
F. vespertinus and amurensis form a superspecies.—D. A.
412 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
FALCO CONCOLOR
Falco concolor Temminck
Falco concolor Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr. 56,
pl. 330 and text—Senegal, etc.; restricted to Barqan Island,
Gulf of Aqaba, by Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-
Passeriformes, p. 227.
Libya, Egypt, Sudan, islands in the Red Sea (Barqan Island,
Dahlak Islands, and others), probably on adjacent coasts of
Arabia, south on African coast to Somalia (formerly to Momba-
sa, Kenya), Near East (Dead Sea). Winters perhaps sparingly
throughout breeding range, but chiefly in Madagascar; record-
ed on passage or wintering Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika,
Mozambique, Natal, and Reunion; straggler to Mauritius.
FALCO FEMORALIS
Falco femoralis septentrionalis Todd
Falco fusco-caerulescens septentrionalis Todd, 1916, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 29, p. 98—Fort Huachuca, Arizona.
Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas (now very rare),
south locally through Mexico; straggler to Guatemala and
Nicaragua.
Falco femoralis femoralis Temminck
?Falco fusco-caerulescens Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Hist.
Nat., nouv. ed., 11, p. 90; based on “Alconcillo obscuro
azulejo,” no. 40, of Azara, 1802, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat.
Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 1, p. 179—Paraguay.
Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822, Planches Color., livr. 21,
pl. 121 and text; 1825, livr. 58, pl. 343 and text—Brazil.
Eastern Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Guyana,
south locally through Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and
Argentina to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
Falco femoralis pichinchae Chapman
Falco fusco-caerulescens pichinchae Chapman, 1925, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 205, p. 1—Pichincha, Ecuador.
Temperate zone of southwestern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and
western Bolivia, south to northern Chile and northwestern
Argentina (Tucuman).
FALCONIDAE 413
FALCO COLUMBARIUS
Falco columbarius subaesalon Brehm
Falco columbarius subaesalon C. L. Brehm, 1827, Ornis,
3, p. 9—Iceland.
Iceland. Migrates to Faeroes, British Isles, France, Belgium.
Falco columbarius aesalon Tunstall
Falco Aesalon Tunstall, 1771, Ornith. Brit., p. 1; based on
“Le Faucon de Roche, ou Rochier” of Brisson, 1760, Ornith.,
1, p. 349—France.
Ralce regulus Pallas, 1773, Reise Verschiedene Provinzen
Russischen Reichs, 2, p. 707—Siberia. °
Northern Eurasia from the Faeroes and British Isles east to
central Siberia (Yenisey River and southern Taymyr Peninsu-
la), north to about the Arctic Circle, south to Estonia, Moscow,
and about lat. 55° N. in Siberia. In winter reaches Near and
Middle East, Afghanistan, Kashmir.
Falco columbarius insignis (Clark)
Aesalon regulus insignis Clark, 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
32, p. 470—Fusan = Pusan, Korea. Migrant.
Siberia, east of the range of aesalon, east to the valley of
the Kolyma, south to the middle Lena and the Stanovoy Range.
Recorded in winter at scattered points from Egypt and the
Middle East to China, Japan, and northern Indochina.
Falco columbarius pacificus (Stegmann)
Aesalon columbarius pacificus Stegmann, 1929, Bull. Acad.
Sci. URSS, Cl. Sci. Phys.-Math., p. 591—Rasboinik Rock,
Sea of Okhotsk.
Far eastern Siberia, east of the range of insignis, including
Sakhalin but apparently absent from Kamchatka. Winters
chiefly in Japan and China.
Falco columbarius pallidus (Sushkin)
Lithofalco aesalon pallidus Sushkin, 1900, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 11, p. 5—western Kirghiz Steppes.
Falco christiani-ludovici Kleinschmidt, 1917, Falco, 13, p.
10—Caucasus. Migrant.
Steppes of Asia from southern foothills of Ural Mountains
and area north of the Aral Sea east to the western foothills
of the Altai. Winters to the south from eastern Turkey to
northwestern India and southwestern China.
414 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Falco columbarius lymani Bangs
Falco aesalon lymani Bangs, 1913, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
54, p. 465—Chegan-Burgazy Pass, Altai Mountains.
Mountains of central Asia in USSR, Chinese, Turkistan, and
Mongolia, including Tien Shan and Altai ranges and Baykal
area. In winter to western China (Sinkiang, Kansu).
Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgway
Falco columbarius var. suckleyi Ridgway, 1873, Bull. Essex
Inst., Salem, Mass., 5, p. 201—Shoalwater Bay and Fort
Steilacoom, Washington.
Islands and coastal slopes from southeastern Alaska to British
Columbia (including Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands)
and northern Washington. Somewhat migratory.
Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus
Falco columbarius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
90; based on “The Pigeon-Hawk” of Catesby, 1729, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, pt. 1, p. 3, pl. 3—America = South Carolina
ex Catesby.
Falco columbarius bendirei Swann, 1922, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 42, p. 66—Fort Walla Walla, Washington.
North America, except Pacific coast and Great Plains, from
treeline south to Newfoundland, the United States boundary,
and, in the mountains, to Oregon and Wyoming. Winters chiefly
from the southernmost United States south to the West Indies
and northern South America, but locally north to Newfound-
land.
Falco columbarius richardsonii Ridgway
Falco (Hypotriorchis) richardsonit Ridgway, 1871, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1870), p. 145—mouth of
Vermillion River, South Dakota.
Great Plains from central Alberta and Saskatchewan south
to Wyoming and western Nebraska. Winters from Wyoming
and Colorado south to Zacatecas, Mexico.
FALCO RUFIGULARIS
Falco rufigularis petoensis Chubb
Falco rufigularis petoensis Chubb, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, 39, p. 22—Peto, Yucatan.
Falco albigularis petrophilus van Rossem and Hachisuka,
1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 50, p. 107—Guirocoba,
Sonora, Mexico.
FALCONIDAE 415
Mexico south through Central and South America to Colombia
(west of the Andes) and western Ecuador.
Falco rufigularis rufigularis Daudin
Falco rufigularis Daudin, 1800, Traité Ornith., 2, p. 131;
based on “Orange-breasted Hobby” of Latham, 1787, Gen-
eral Synop. Birds, Suppl., p. 28, second specimen—
Cayenne.
Falco albigularis Daudin, 1800, Traite Ornith., 2, p. 131;
based on “Orange-breasted Hobby” of Latham, 1787, Gen-
eral Synop. Birds, Suppl., p. 28, first specimen—Cayenne.
Falco rufigularis pax Chubb, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
39, p. 22—-Charuplaya, La Paz, Bolivia.
Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas, Amazonia west to the
eastern base of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru,
south to southern Brazil and northern Argentina.
Falco rufigularis ophryophanes (Salvadori)
Hypotriorchis ophryophanes Salvadori, 1895, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 10 (no. 208), p. 20—Colonia
Risso, Rio Apa, Paraguay.
Tableland of Brazil from Piaui south to Mato Grosso, Sao
Paulo, and Parana, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Ar-
gentina.
FALCO SUBBUTEO'
Falco subbuteo subbuteo Linnaeus
Falco Subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 89;
based on “The Hobby” of Albin, 1731, Nat. Hist. Birds,
1, p. 6, pl. 6—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus,
1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 20.
Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hartert and Neumann, 1907, Journ.
Ornith., 55, p. 591—Tangier, Morocco.
Hypotriorchis subbuteo centralasiae Buturlin, 1911, Ornith.
Mitt., 2, p. 175—Baimgol, Tien Shan Range.
Southern England; continental Europe north to about the
Arctic Circle, thence east across Siberia to the Sea of Okhotsk,
Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, and Hokkaido, Japan; south locally
in woodland to northwestern Africa (Morocco to Tunisia, south
1 . ° . é 5 :
F. subbuteo, cuvieri, longipennis, and perhaps rufigularis and
severus form a superspecies.—D. A.
416 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
to the Atlas Range), larger Mediterranean islands, Asia Minor,
Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Russian Turkistan, northern
India; Mongolia, northern China. Highly migratory, reaching
southern Africa, India, Burma, even Java.
Falco subbuteo streichi Hartert and Neumann
Falco subbuteo streichi Hartert and Neumann, 1907, Journ.
Ornith., 55, p. 592—Swatow, Kwangtung.
China from the Chin Ling Mountains, southern Shensi, south;
northern and eastern Burma; northern Indochina.
FALCO CUVIERI
Falco cuvieri Smith
Falco Cuviert A. Smith, 1830, South Afr. Quart. Journ.,
ser. 1, p. 392—no locality = South Africa.
Africa from Gambia and Ghana east to Ethiopia, thence south
to eastern Cape Province.
FALCO SEVERUS
Falco severus severus Horsfield
Falco severus Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 135—Java.
Falco Rufipedoides Hodgson, 1844, Calcutta Journ. Nat.
Hist., 4, p. 283—hills of India; restricted to Nepal by
Stuart Baker, 1927, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 47, p. 107.
Lower Himalayas from Pakistan to Assam and thence south
in Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya, Greater Sunda Is-
lands, and the Philippines. Occurs southern India (status
indeterminate); straggler to Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
Falco severus papuanus Meyer and Wiglesworth
Falco severus papuanus A. B. Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1894,
Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 4 (1892/93), no. 3, p.
6—Huon Gulf, New Guinea.
Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea and some off-lying islands
(Salawati, Japen), New Britain, Solomon Islands.
FALCO LONGIPENNIS
Falco longipennis hanieli Hellmayr
Falco longipennis hanieli Hellmayr, 1914, in Haniel, Zool.
Timor, Lief. 1, p. 100—Bonleo, Timor.
Lesser Sunda Islands from Lombok to Timor.
FALCONIDAE 417
Falco longipennis longipennis Swainson
Falco longipennis Swainson, 1837, Animals Menageries, p.
341—Tasmania.
The more humid, chiefly coastal, parts of Australia; also
Tasmania. Somewhat migratory, reaching islands to north of
Australia from the Lesser Sundas (Flores), the Moluccas, and
the Kai Islands to southern New Guinea and even New Britain.
Falco longipennis murchisonianus Mathews
Falco lunulatus murchisonianus Mathews, 1912, Novit.
Zool., 18, p. 252—East Murchison, Western Australia.
The drier parts of Australia, north to the north coast of the
continent.
FALCO NOVAESEELANDIAE
Falco novaeseelandiae Gmelin
Falco novae-Seelandiae Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 268;
based on “New-Zealand Falcon” of Latham, 1781, General
Synop. Birds, 1, p. 57, pl. 4—Queen Charlotte Sound,
New Zealand.
New Zealand; Auckland Islands.
FALCO HYPOLEUCOS
Falco hypoleucos Gould
Falco hypoleucos Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1840),
p. 162—Western Australia.
Australia, chiefly in the lightly timbered valleys of the interior.
FALCO SUBNIGER
Falco subniger Gray
Falco subniger G. R. Gray, 1843, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
11, p. 371—Australia = Victoria, fide Mathews, 1912,
Novit. Zool. 18, p. 252.
Australia, chiefly in the lightly timbered grasslands of the
interior.
FALCO MEXICANUS'
Falco mexicanus Schlegel
Falco mexicanus Lichtenstein = Schlegel, 1851, Abh. Gebiete
1 . : . . =
F. mexicanus, jugger, biarmicus, cherrug, and rusticolus may form
a superspecies.—D. A.
418 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Zool. Vergleich. Anat., Heft 3, p. 15—Mexico. Type from
Monterrey (cf. Schlegel, 1862, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas,
Rev. Méthod. Crit. Coll., livr. 1, Falcones, p. 18, note).
Drier areas of western North America from southern British
Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan south to Baja Califor-
nia, southern Arizona, and western Texas. Somewhat migra-
tory, occurring occasionally as far south as Oaxaca, Mexico.
FALCO JUGGER
Falco jugger Gray
Falco jugger J. E. Gray, 1834, Illus. Ind. Zool., 2, pl.
26—India.
Southeastern Iran, Afghanistan, casually in adjacent southern
USSR, Pakistan, India including Himalayan foothills, lowlands
of Nepal, Bangladesh.
FALCO BIARMICUS
Falco biarmicus feldeggii Schlegel
Falco Feldeggii Schlegel, 1843, Abh. Gebiete Zool. Vergleich.
Anat., Heft 3, p. 3, pls. 10-11—Dalmatia.
Falco biarmicus orlandoi Trischitta, 1939, Alcune Nuove
Forme Uccelli Ital., p. 3 (pamphlet)—Castelvetrano, Sicily.
Locally in southern Italy and Sicily, east across the Balkans
(Yugoslavia, Albania, ? Bulgaria, Greece), western and north-
ern Turkey, adjacent USSR (Armenia, Azerbaijan), northern
Syria, Lebanon; also islands of Rhodes and ? Cyprus.
Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschmidt
Falco Hierofalco erlangeri Kleinschmidt, 1901, Aquila, 8,
p. 33—Tunis and Tangier.
Northwestern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, south to Spanish
Sahara, Mauritania, and the Tademait Plateau; straggler to
Spain.
Falco biarmicus tanypterus Schlegel
Falco tanypterus Schlegel, 1843, Abh. Gebiete Zool. Ver-
gleich. Anat., Heft 3, p. 8, pls. 12-13—Nubia and Ethiopia
(p. 2).
Cyrenaica, Egypt, Sinai, Israel, and Iraq; south in Egypt and
Sudan to about Khartoum.
Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neumann
Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neumann, 1904, Journ. Ornith.,
FALCONIDAE 419
52, p. 369—Shoa, Ethiopia.
Africa, south of the Sahara, from Ghana and Nigeria east
to Ethiopia and Somalia, south to Uganda and the Uele district
of Zaire.
Falco biarmicus biarmicus Temminck
Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr. 55,
pl. 324 and text—Caffraria and Cape of Good Hope.
Angola, southern Zaire (Katanga = Shaba), and Kenya south
to Cape Province.
FALCO CHERRUG
Falco cherrug cherrug Gray
Falco cherrug J. E. Gray, 1834, Illus. Ind. Zool., 2, pts.
15-16, pl. 25—India. In winter.
Falco cyanopus Gesner = Thienemann, 1846, Rhea, 1, p.
62, pls. 1-2—Bohemia.
Falco Hierofalco danubialis Kleinschmidt, 1939, Falco, 35,
p. 27—Rumania.
Falco Hierofalco aralo-caspius Kleinschmidt, 1939, Falco,
35, p. 28—Lenkoran, Azerbaijan.
Central Europe from Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and
Rumania east in the steppes through the Ukraine and western
Siberia to the Yenisey River, north to about lat. 55° N., south
to the Crimea, lower Don River, Caspian Sea, and foothills
of the Russian Altai. Winters from northeastern Africa south
to Ethiopia, east across the Middle East to Afghanistan and
northwestern India.
Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon
Falco milvipes Jerdon, 1871, Ibis, p. 240—Umballa, India.
In winter.
Falco hendersoni Hume, 1871, Ibis, p. 407—Chinese Turki-
stan. Type from Kitchik Yilak, north of Sanju Pass,
western Kun Lun Range, fide Henderson, 1873, in Hen-
derson and Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 171.
Gennaia saceroides Menzbir = Bianchi, 1907, in Geografi-
cheskoe Obshchestvo SSSR, Mongolia Kam, 5 (Aves Exped.
Koslowi Mongoliam Tibetiam Orientalem), p. 204—Fu-
ma-fu, Holan Shan (Ala Shan), Inner Mongolia.
Falco cherrug progressus Stegmann, 1925, Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. Russie, Leningrad, A, p. 64—between Urga
and Kalgan, northern Mongolia.
420 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Falco cherrug coatsi Dementiev, 1945, Uchenie Zapiski
Gosudarst. Univ., Moscow, 83, p. 93—Montibus Turanicis
= Kuh i Tang, Uzbekistan.
Southern Baykal area, northern Mongolia and adjoining Man-
churia, south to Chinese Turkistan, Tibet, the Nan Shan and
Holan Shan (Ala Shan). In winter to Iran, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, northwestern India, Nepal.
Falco (cherrug) altaicus (Menzbir)
Hierofalco altaicus Menzbir, 1891, Ornith. Turkestan, livr.
3, p. 272—Uimon, Russian Altai.
Mountains of central Asia: Tarbagatay, Tien Shan, Sayan,
Altai. Has been taken in winter in western Siberia, Russian
Turkistan, and Mongolia.
FALCO RUSTICOLUS
Falco rusticolus candicans Gmelin
Falco candicans Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 275; based
on “White Jerfalcon” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 83, and “Gerfalcon” of Pennant, 1785, Arctic
Zool., p. 221—“Islandia et Scotia boreali” = Greenland,
fide Hartert, 1913, Vogel Pal. Fauna, p. 1064.
Arctic coasts of northern Alaska and Canada and high Arctic
of northern Greenland. Somewhat migratory, occasionally
reaching northern United States and western Europe.
Falco rusticolus rusticolus Linnaeus
Falco rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 88—
Sweden.
Northern Scandinavia and northern Russia, east to the Kanin
Peninsula (long. 45° E.). Slightly migratory.
Falco rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin
Falco obsoletus Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 268; based
on “Plain Falcon” of Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., p.
208—Hudson Bay.
Hierofalco uralensis Severtsov and Menzbir, 1882, in Menz-
bir, Ornitologicheskaia Geografiia Evropeiskoi Rossii, 1,
p. 288, pl. 3—Ural Mountains.
Hierofalco Grebnitzkii Severtsov, 1885, Nouv. Mém. Soc.
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou, 15, p. 69 and table.—Bering
Island.
Subarctic Siberia from the Pechora River (about long. 53° E.)
east to Kamchatka, northern Kuril Islands, islands in Bering
FALCONIDAE 421
Sea, arctic North America, and southern Greenland, south
of the range of candicans. In winter occasionally south to
Russia, Manchuria, Japan, and northern United States.
Falco rusticolus islandus Brunnich
Falco Islandus Brunnich, 1764, Ornith. Borealis, p. 2—Ice-
land.
Iceland.
FALCO KREYENBORGI
Falco kreyenborgi Kleinschmidt
Falco kreyenborgi Kleinschmidt, 1929, Falco, 3, p. 33. Type
said to have come from Punta Arenas, Chile.
Southernmost South America, north (? straggler) to Neuquen,
Argentina. Status doubtful; very rare.
FALCO PEREGRINUS'
Falco peregrinus tundrius White
Falco peregrinus tundrius White, 1968, Auk, 85, p. 183—
Adelaide Peninsula, Northwest Territories, Canada.
Locally in tundra districts of northern Alaska, Canada, and
Greenland, including some arctic islands. Highly migratory,
wintering from the Gulf coast of the United States south to
southern South America.
Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte
Falco Anatum Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List Europe
North Amer., p. 4; based on “Great-footed Hawk, Falco
peregrinus” of Wilson, 1814, Amer. Ornith., 9, p. 120,
pl. 76—Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
North America locally, south of the tundra and excluding
northwestern coastal districts, south to northern Mexico (Baja
California and islands in Gulf of California, Chihuahuan
Desert, very locally farther east), southwestern Texas, Mis-
souri, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Somewhat migratory.
Now extirpated over much of range, including entire eastern
United States and adjacent Canada, except as reintroduced
(? subspecies).
Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway
Falco communis var. Pealei Ridgway, 1873, Bull. Essex Inst.,
1 . . .
F. peregrinus and deiroleucus may form a superspecies.—D. A.
422 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Salem, Mass., 5, p. 201—northwest coast of North America
from Sitka to Oregon.
Kuril Islands, Commander Islands, Aleutian Islands, islands
of western coasts of Alaska and British Columbia south to
the Queen Charlotte Islands. In winter straggler to Japan
and south along the American coast to Oregon.
Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe
Falco Cassini Sharpe, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
11, p. 221—Strait of Magellan and Chile.
Extreme southern South America near Strait of Magellan and
in Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Straggles somewhat
farther north, perhaps to central Argentina.
Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin
Falco japonensis Gmelin, 1788, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 257; based
on “Japonese Hawk” of Latham, 1781, General Synop.
Birds, 1, p. 33—Japan.
Falco peregrinus harterti Buturlin, 1907, Psovaia Ruzheinaia
Okhota, 13, no. 7, p. 99—eastern tundras from the Lena
to the Kolyma.
Falco peregrinus pleskei Dementiev, 1934, Falco, 29, p.
13—Great Shantar Island, Sea of Okhotsk.
Falco peregrinus kleinschmidti Dementiev, 1934, Oiseau,
4, p. 480—Olekminsk, southern Yakutia.
Northeastern Siberia from the Chukotski (Chukchi) Peninsula
south to Kamchatka, Shantar Islands, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands,
Japan. Winters from China and Japan south to Borneo and
the Philippines.
Falco peregrinus furuitii Momiyama
Falco peregrinus fruitii [sic] Momiyama, 1927, Annot. Or-
nith. Orientalis, 1, pp. 71 (Japanese text), 97 (English
text)—Isino-mura, San Alessandro Islands = Kita Iwo
Jima.
Volcano Islands, south of Honshu, Japan; perhaps Bonin
Islands.
Falco peregrinus calidus Latham
Falco calidus Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 41—lIndia.
Migrant.
Falco leuco-genys C. L. Brehm, 1854, Naumannia, 4, pp.
51, 60—Germany. Migrant.
Falco peregrinus caeruleiceps Stegmann, 1934, Journ. Or-
nith., 82, p. 227—Gyda River, northwestern Siberia.
FALCONIDAE 423
Northernmost Eurasia from Lapland east, including Novaya
Zemlya and other arctic islands. Beginning to intergrade with
jJaponensis at about the Lena River. Highly migratory, winter-
ing from the Mediterranean region south over most of Africa
and east through the Middle East, India, southeastern Asia,
and the East Indies to New Guinea.
Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunstall
Falco Peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, Ornith. Brit., p. 1—Great
Britain.
Falco peregrinus riphaeus Buturlin, 1907, Psovaia Ruzhei-
naia Okhota, 13, no. 7, p. 99—Urals.
Eurasia, south of the ranges of calidus and japonensis, from
the British Isles east to the Pacific in Amurland and Ussuri-
land, south to the Pyrenees, northern Italy, the Balkans, the
Ukraine, the southern Urals, western Siberia, the Altai Moun-
tains, northwestern Mongolia, probably Manchuria. Partially
migratory.
Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall
Falco peregrinator Sundevall, 1837, Physiogr. Sallskapets
Tidskrift, Lund, 1, pt. 2, p. 177, pl. 4—at sea between
Ceylon and Sumatra.
Locally in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Nepal, Burma,
southeastern China, perhaps Taiwan.
Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe
Falco ernesti Sharpe, 1894, Ibis, p. 545—Mt. Dulit, Sarawak.
Falco heinrichi Kleinschmidt, 1937, Berajah, Falco Pere-
grinus, 2, Sonderblatt zu Tafel 5—Celebes.
Locally in the East Indies, east to the Philippines, New Guinea,
and the Bismarck Archipelago.
Falco peregrinus nesiotes Mayr
Falco peregrinus nesiotes Mayr, 1941, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1133, p. 2—Tanna Island, New Hebrides.
New Hebrides, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia (? subspecies),
Fiji Islands.
Falco peregrinus macropus Swainson
Falco macropus Swainson, 1837, Animals Menageries, p.
341—Tasmania.
Falco melanogenys Gould, 1838, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1837), p. 139—southern Australia and Tasmania.
Australia, except southwest, and Tasmania.
424 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Falco peregrinus submelanogenys Mathews
Falco peregrinus submelanogenys Mathews, 1912, Austral
Avian Rec., 1, p. 33—southwestern Australia = Bokerup,
fide Mathews, 1913, List Birds Australia, p. 111.
Southwestern Australia.
Falco peregrinus minor Bonaparte
Falco minor Schlegel = Bonaparte, 1850, Consp. Gen. Avium,
1, p. 23—South Africa.
Falco communis minor Schlegel, 1851, Abh. Gebiete Zool.
Vergleich. Anat., Heft 3, p. 20—Cape of Good Hope.
Falco peregrinus perconfusus Collin and Hartert, 1927,
Novit. Zool., 34, p. 52. New name for Falco minor Schlegel,
1851, erroneously supposed to be preoccupied.
Falco peregrinus wallichensis Bradfield, 1944, New South
Afr. Ornith. Records (pamphlet)—Swakopmund, South
West Africa.
Africa south of the Sahara from Ghana, Sudan, and Ethiopia
south, except in the equatorial forests.
Falco peregrinus radama Hartlaub
Falco radama Hartlaub, 1861, Ornith. Beitr. Fauna Ma-
dagascar’s, p. 17—Madagascar.
Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.
Falco peregrinus madens Ripley and Watson
Falco peregrinus madens Ripley and Watson, 1963, Postilla,
Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., no. 77, p. 2—Provoca
o, Brava, Cape Verde Islands.
Cape Verde Islands.
Falco peregrinus brookei Sharpe
Falco Brookei Sharpe, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
11, p. 21—Sardinia.
Southern France, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, southern Italy,
Mediterranean islands, Greece, Crimea, Turkey, Armenia,
Caucasus, northern Iran.
Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides Temminck
Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829, Planches Color., livr.
81, pl. 479—Nubia.
Falco barbarus arabicus Erlanger, 1903, Journ. Ornith.,
51, p. 293—Lahadsch = Lahej, near Aden.
Canary Islands, northern Africa from Morocco and Mauritania
east to Egypt, northern Sudan, and Somalia, thence east locally
ANATIDAE 425
in the Near and Middle East from Sinai, Iraq, and Arabia,
perhaps to western Iran.
Falco peregrinus babylonicus Sclater
Falco babylonicus P. L. Sclater, 1861, Ibis, p. 218, pl.
7—Newabgunge Bara Banki, Oudh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Falco peregrinus gobicus Stegmann, 1934, Journ. Ornith.,
82, p. 235—Luktschun = Lukchun, Turfan, Sinkiang,
China.
Asia from eastern Iran east locally to Pakistan, Afghanistan,
northwestern India, Chinese Turkistan, and Mongolia. Some
winter in northwestern India.
FALCO DEIROLEUCUS
Falco deiroleucus Temminck
Falco deiroleucus Temminck, 1825, Planches Color., livr.
59, pl. 348—Sao Francisco Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Locally near cliffs and ruins, from southern Mexico south
through Central America and South America, east of the
Andes, to Paraguay and northern Argentina. Absent from
Amazonia.
FALCO FASCIINUCHA
Falco fasciinucha Reichenow and Neumann
Falco fasciinucha Reichenow and Neumann, 1895, Ornith.
Monatsber., 3, p. 114—Teita, Kenya.
Southern Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Rhodesia (Zim-
babwe). Very local.
OrpER ANSERIFORMES:
PAuL A. JOHNSGARD
SUBORDER ANSERES
FamMity ANATIDAE
cf. Delacour and Mayr, 1945-46, Wilson Bull., 57, pp. 3-55,
58, pp. 104-110 (classification).
Hellmayr and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
"MS read by F. McKinney, P. Scott, D. W. Snow (African forms),
and M. W. Weller.
426
CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 283-415 (New World).
Dementiev et al., 1952, Ptitsy Sovetskogo Soiuza, 4, pp.
247-635 (English trans., 1967, Birds Soviet Union, 4,
pp. 276-683).
Delacour, 1954-64, Waterfowl World, 4 vols.
Woolfenden, 1961, Bull. Florida State Mus., 6, pp. 1-129
(postcranial osteology).
Johnsgard, 1965, Handb. Waterfowl Behavior, 394 pp.
Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna, Non-Passeriformes, pp.
89-143.
White, 1965, Revised Check List Afr. Non-Passerine Birds,
pp. 33-40.
Frith, 1967, Waterfowl Australia, 350 pp.
Bauer and Glutz von Blotzheim, 1968-69, Handb. Vogel
Mitteleuropas, vols. 2-3.
Ploeger, 1968, Ardea, 56, pp. 1-159 (geographical differen-
tiation, arctic species).
Mayr and Short, 1970, Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club, no.
9, 127 pp. (species taxa, North America).
Johnsgard, 1975, Waterfowl North Amer., 640 pp.
Brush, 1976, Zool. Journ., London, 179, pp. 467-498
(feather proteins, taxonomy).
Palmer (ed.), 1976, Handb. North Amer. Birds, Vols. 2-3.
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 211-261.
Cramp and Simmons (eds.), 1977, Birds Western Palearc-
tic, 1, pp. 368-699.
Johnsgard, 1978, Ducks Geese Swans World, 424 pp.
SuBFAMILY ANSERANATINAE
Genus ANSERANAS Lesson
Anseranas Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornith., 2, p. 418. Type, by
cf.
monotypy, Anas melanoleuca Latham = Anas semi-
palmata Latham.
Frith and Davies, 1961, CSIRO Wildlife Res., 6, pp. 91-141
(ecology).
Johnsgard, 1961, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 12 (1959-
60), pp. 92-103 (breeding biology).
Davies, 1963, Ibis, 105, pp. 76-98 (behavior).
Davies and Frith, 1964, Emu, 63, pp. 265-272 (taxonomic
position).
ANATIDAE 427
ANSERANAS SEMIPALMATA
Anseranas semipalmata (Latham)
Anas semipalmata Latham, 1798, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
4, p. 103—Hawkesbury River, New South Wales.
Southern New Guinea from Frederik Hendrik Island to the
Gulf of Papua; northern Australia from Fitzroy River east
to Broad Sound, Queensland (formerly south in the east to
southern Victoria).
SUBFAMILY DENDROCYGNINAE
Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson
Dendrocygna Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, 2,
p. 365. Type, by subsequent designation (Eyton, 1838,
Monogr. Anatidae, p. 28), Anas arcuata Horsfield.
Lamprocygna Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 25. Type, by original designation, Anas au-
tumnalis Linnaeus.
Nesocygna Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik Vo-
gel, p. 24. Type, by original designation, Anas arborea
Linnaeus.
Prosopocygna Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 23. Type, by original designation, Anas viduata
Linnaeus.
Stagonocygna Boetticher, 1949, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 24. Type, by original designation, Dendrocygna
guttata Schlegel.
cf. Rylander and Bolen, 1970, Auk, 87, pp. 72-90 (ecological
and anatomical adaptations, North American species).
Siegfried, 1973, Auk, 90, pp. 198-201 (bicolor, viduata,
southern Africa).
Bolen and Rylander, 1974, Wildfowl, 25, pp. 81-83 (foot
adaptations, arcuata, eytoni, bicolor, autumnalis).
Bolen and Rylander, 1976, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
72, pp. 648-654 (morphology and ecology of javanica).
Banks, 1978, Auk, 95, pp. 348-352 (nomenclature of
autumnalis).
DENDROCYGNA GUTTATA
Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel
Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel, 1866, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-
428 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Bas, Rev. Method. Crit. Coll., livr. 8, Anseres, p. 85—
Celebes.
Philippines (Basilan, Mindanao), Celebes, Moluccas (Buru,
Ambon, Ceram, Tanimbar), Kai and Aru Islands, New Guinea,
Bismarck Archipelago.
DENDROCYGNA EYTONI
Dendrocygna eytoni (Eyton)
Leptotarsis Eytoni Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 111—
northwestern Australia,
Australia from Fitzroy River east to Cape York Peninsula
and south to New South Wales.
DENDROCYGNA BICOLOR’
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot)
Anas bicolor Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 5, p. 136; based on “Pato roxo y negro,” no. 436,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 443—Paraguay.
Dendrocygna bicolor helva Wetmore and Peters, 1922, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 35, p.42—Unlucky Lake, San Diego
County, California.
Southern California, coastal Texas, southern Louisiana, and
southern Florida, south along both coasts of Mexico to Oaxaca
and Campeche; Honduras; Cuba. South America from Colombia
south to Peru and east to the Guianas; Para, Brazil, south
to northern and central Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay;
Trinidad. Eastern Africa from Sudan to Natal; Madagascar.
India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon); Burma south to Pegu. Recent
wintering movements in central and eastern United States.
DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA
Dendrocygna arcuata arcuata (Horsfield)
Anas arcuata Horsfield, 1824, Zool. Researches Java, pt.
8, pl. 64—Java.
Java, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes, Bali, Sumba, Roti, Timor.
‘D. bicolor and arcuata form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 429
Dendrocygna arcuata australis Reichenbach
Dendrocygna arcuata (australis) Reichenbach, 1850, Avium
Syst. Nat., no. 4, Novit., col. 7—Port Essington, Northern
Territory, Australia.
Southern New Guinea; northern Australia from the Kimber-
ley ranges to Rockhampton, Queensland, occasionally south
to New South Wales and South Australia. Formerly recorded
New Caledonia.
Dendrocygna arcuata pygmaea Mayr
Dendrocygna arcuata pygmaea Mayr, 1945, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1294, p. 3—Manlo, Wide Bay, New Britain.
New Britain; possibly Fiji Islands (where last recorded 1959).
DENDROCYGNA JAVANICA
Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield)
Anas Javanica Horsfield, 1821, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
13, p. 199—Java.
Pakistan, Nepal, India east to the coast of southern China,
Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Hainan, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Suma-
tra, Java, southwestern Borneo.
DENDROCYGNA VIDUATA
Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus)
Anas viduata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
205—Cartagena, Colombia.
Costa Rica and Panama; Colombia east to Guyana, Brazil
south to eastern Bolivia, Argentina to northern Buenos Aires,
Paraguay, Uruguay; Trinidad. Africa south of the Sahara to
South West Africa (Namibia) and Natal; Madagascar; Comoro
Islands.
DENDROCYGNA ARBOREA
Dendrocygna arborea (Linnaeus)
Anas arborea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 128;
based chiefly on “The Black-bill’d Whistling Duck” of
Edwards, 1751, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 193, pl. 193—America
= Jamaica, ex Sloane, 1725, Voyage Jamaica, 2, p. 324.
Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and northern Lesser Antilles.
430 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
DENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS
Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis (Linnaeus)
Anas autumnalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 127;
based on “Red-bill’d Whistling Duck” of Edwards, 1751,
Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 194, pl. 194—America.
Dendrocygna discolor P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, No-
mencl. Avium Neotrop., p. 161—Venezuela, Guiana, and
Brazil.
Eastern Panama, Colombia south to Peru and east to Surinam,
Brazil from Amapa and Para to Mato Grosso and Rio Grande
do Sul, eastern Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, Paraguay;
Trinidad. Casual Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico.
Dendrocygna autumnalis fulgens Friedmann
Dendrocygna autumnalis fulgens Friedmann, 1947, Condor,
49, p. 190—Lomita Ranch, Texas.
Dendrocygna autumnalis lucida Friedmann, 1947, Condor,
49, p. 191—Tres Zapotes, Veracruz.
Arizona, southeastern Texas, coastal (chiefly) Mexico and
Central America from Sonora and Tamaulipas south to central
Panama, with gaps in Oaxaca and Belize (British Honduras).
Genus THALASSORNIS Eyton
Thalassornis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 70. Type,
by original designation, Thalassornis leuconotus Eyton.
cf. Johnsgard, 1967, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 18 (1965-
66), pp. 98-107 (behavior and relationships).
Clark, 1969, Wildfowl, 20, pp. 71-74 (behavior).
Raikow, 1971, Wilson Bull., 83, pp. 270-277 (osteology
and taxonomic position).
THALASSORNIS LEUCONOTUS
Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus Eyton
Thalassornis leuconotus Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p.
168—Cape of Good Hope.
Africa from Senegal east to southern Ethiopia, south to Cape
Province. Absent from forested areas in western Africa and
from the Congo basin.
Thalassornis leuconotus insularis Richmond
Thalassornis insularis Richmond, 1897, Proc. U. S. Nat.
ANATIDAE 431
Mus., 19, p. 679—Sakales River, eastern Madagascar.
Madagascar, at elevations up to 800 meters.
SuBFAMILY ANSERINAE
Genus CYGNUS BecusTEIN
Cygnus Bechstein, 1803, Ornith. Taschenbuch Deutschland,
2, p. 404, note. Type, by monotypy, Anas olor Gmelin.
Chenopis Wagler, 1832, Isis von Oken, col. 1234. Type, by
monotypy, Chenopis atrata = Anas atrata Latham.
cf. Banko, 1960, U.S. Dept. Int., Fish Wildlife Serv., North
Amer. Fauna, no. 63, 224 pp. (buccinator).
Berglund et al., 1963, Acta Vertebratica, 2, pp. 161-288
(ecology of olor).
Petzold, 1964, Beitr. Vogelkunde, 10, pp. 1-126 (compara-
tive ethology).
Vos, 1964, Ardea, 52, pp. 166-189 (behavior of buccinator).
Guiler, 1966, Papers Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 100, pp.
31-52 (breeding of atratus).
Minton, 1968, Wildfowl, 19, pp. 41-60 (breeding of olor).
Braithwaite, 1970, Austral. Nat. Hist., 16, pp. 375-379
(atratus).
Hilprecht, 1970, Hockerschwan, Singschwan, Zwerg-
schwan (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 177), ed. 2, 184 pp. (olor,
cygnus, bewickit).
Humphrey e¢ al., 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 108-110 (melanocoryphus).
Hansen et al., 1971, Wildlife Monogr., no. 26, 83 pp.
(buccinator).
Scott and Wildfowl Trust, 1972, Swans, 252 pp.
Haapenen, 1973, Finnish Game Res., 33, pp. 31-36, 37-60
(breeding biology of cygnus).
Sladen, 1973, Wildfowl, 24, pp. 8-14 (columbianus).
Evans, 1975, Wildfowl, 26, pp. 117-130 (breeding behavior
of bewickii).
Scott, 1977, Wildfowl, 28, pp. 101-106 (columbianus).
CYGNUS OLOR
Cygnus olor (Gmelin)
Anas Olor Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 502; based on
“Mute Swan” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds, 3,
432 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
p. 436, and Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., p. 543—“Russia,
Sibiria, Persico etiam littore maris Caspii.”
Southern Sweden, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland, and
locally in Russia and Siberia, also in Asia Minor and Iran
east through Afghanistan perhaps to Inner Mongolia. In winter
to northern Africa, Black Sea, northwestern India, and Korea.
Locally feral or semiferal in Great Britain, France, Nether-
lands, and central Europe. Introduced and locally established
in North America, mainly Rhode Island, Long Island, New
York, and Lake Michigan. Also locally established in South
Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
CYGNUS ATRATUS
Cygnus atratus (Latham)
Anas atrata Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 834—lakes
of Australia.
Australia (except northern and central) and Tasmania. Intro-
duced in the 1860s and now well established in New Zealand
(both islands). Most abundant as breeding birds in southern
and southwestern Australia, but highly mobile outside the
breeding season and may occur almost anywhere on the
continent.
CYGNUS MELANOCORYPHUS
Cygnus melanocoryphus (Molina)
Anas Melancoripha [sic] Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat.
Chili, pp. 234 (Melancoripha), 344 (Melanocorypha)—
Chile.
Southern Chile from Coquimbo to Cape Horn, Brazil south
from Sao Paulo, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina from Cordoba
and Santa Fe to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Winters
north to the Tropic of Capricorn, in Paraguay and the three
southern provinces of Brazil.
CYGNUS BUCCINATOR’
Cygnus buccinator Richardson
Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1832, in Swainson and Ri-
‘Considered to form a superspecies with cygnus, but species limits
and affinities are still very uncertain (cf. Johnsgard, 1974, Wildfowl,
25, pp. 155-161).—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 433
chardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 2 (1831), p. 464—
Hudson Bay.
Now largely confined to central and southern Alaska, British
Columbia, Alberta, Montana, and Wyoming, with local breed-
ing elsewhere asa result of reintroductions. Limited southward
movements occur during winter, especially in the Alaskan
population.
CYGNUS CYGNUS
Cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus)
Anas Cygnus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 122;
based on “The Swan” of Albin, 1738, Nat. Hist. Birds,
3, p. 91, pl. 96, and “The Wild Swan” of Edwards, 1750,
Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 150, pl. 150—Europe, North America;
restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica,
ed. 2, p. 38.
Cygnus Islandicus C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturge-
schichte Vogel Deutschlands, p. 832—Iceland.
Iceland and northern Scandinavia east across USSR to Ana-
dyrland, Kamchatka, and the Commander Islands, south to
the Kirghiz Steppes, Caspian Sea coasts (occasionally), north-
ern Mongolia, Transbaicalia, northwestern Manchuria, lower
Amur Valley, northern Ussuriland, and Sakhalin. South in
winter to the British Isles, central Asia, China, Japan, some-
times to the Mediterranean. Frequently reported from the
Aleutian Islands, but not known to breed there.
CYGNUS BEWICKII’
Cygnus bewickii Yarrell
Cygnus Bewickii Yarrell, 1830, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
16, p. 453, pl. 24—England.
Cygnus bewicki [sic] jankowskyi Alphéraky, 1904, Priroda
Okhota, no. 9, p. 10—Vladivostok. Cf. Buturlin, 1907,
Ibis, pp. 650-652.
Tundra from the Pechenga River, near the Fenno-Russian
border, east along the northern Siberian coast to about long.
‘ Cygnus (Coscoroba) davidi Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 430—Tientsin, is unidentifiable; cf. Vaurie, 1965, Birds Pal. Fauna,
Non-Passeriformes, p. 107.—P. A. J.
434 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
160° E.; also Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands and southern
Novaya Zemlya. Winters British Isles, southwestern Norway,
Denmark, Germany, Caspian Sea, Russian Turkistan, Japan,
Korea, coast of China south to Kwangtung.
CYGNUS COLUMBIANUS'
Cygnus columbianus (Ord)
Anas Columbianus Ord, 1815, in Guthrie, Geogr., ed. 2
(Amer.), 2, p. 319—The Dalles, Oregon, ex Allen, 1814,
Hist. Lewis Clark Exped., 2, p. 192.
Tundra from Alaska east through the Northwest Territories
to islands in Hudson Bay and southwestern Baffin Island.
Winters to central California and Utah in the west, from
Chesapeake Bay to Currituck Sound in the east.
Genus COSCOROBA ReEICcHENBACH
Coscoroba Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
10. Type, by original designation and tautonymy, Anser
candidus Vieillot = Anas coscoroba Molina.
cf. Rossi, 1960, Physis, 21, pp. 207-230.
Humphrey et al., 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 106-108.
COSCOROBA COSCOROBA
Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina)
Anas Coscoroba Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, pp.
234, 344—Chile.
Chile from Aisén south to Tierra del Fuego, Brazil in Rio
Grande do Sul (resident), Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina from
Cordoba and Buenos Aires to Tierra del Fuego. Winters north
to central Chile and northern Argentina.
Genus ANSER Brisson
Anser Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 58; 6, p. 261. Type, by
tautonymy, Anser domesticus = Anas anser Linnaeus.
Chen Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, 10, col. 563. Type, by
"Often considered conspecific with bewickii, but species limits and
affinities are still very uncertain (cf. Johnsgard, 1974, Wildfowl,
25, pp. 155-161).—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 435
monotypy, Anser hyperboreus Pallas.
Cygnopsis Brandt, 1836, Descr. Icones Animalium Rossi-
corum Novorum, Aves, fasc. 1, p. 5. Type, by subsequent
designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds, p. 73),
Anas cygnoides Linnaeus.
Eulabeia Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
9. Type, by original designation, Anas indica Latham.
Philacte Bannister, 1870, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
p. 131. Type, by monotypy, Anas canagica Sevastianov.
cf. Johansen, 1945, Dansk Ornith. Forenings Tidsskrift, 39,
pp. 106-127 (races of fabalis).
Delacour, 1951, Ardea, 39, pp. 135-142 (taxonomy of
fabalis).
Cooch, 1961, Auk, 78, pp. 72-89 (caerulescens).
Mathiasson, 1963, Acta Vertebratica, 2, pp. 419-533 (biol-
ogy of fabalis).
Fischer, 1965, Zeitschr. Tierpsychol., 22, pp. 247-304
(behavior of anser).
Cooke and Cooch, 1968, Evolution, 22, pp. 289-300 (poly-
morphism in caerulescens).
Cooke and Ryder, Evolution, 25, pp. 483-496 (polymor-
phism in rossi).
Hudec and Rooth, 1970, Graugans (Neue Brehm-Bucherei
429), 148 pp. (anser).
Philippona, 1972, Blessgans (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 457),
135 pp. (albifrons).
Ryder, 1972, Ardea, 60, pp. 185-215 (breeding biology
of rossil).
Cooke, MacInnes, and Prevett, 1975, Auk, 92, pp. 493-570
(populations of caerulescens).
Hanson and Jones, 1976, Biochemistry of Blue, Snow and
Ross’ Goose, 299 pp. (caerulescens, rossit).
Eisenhauer and Kirkpatrick, 1977, Wildlife Monogr., 57,
62 pp. (canagicus).
ANSER CYGNOIDES
Anser cygnoides (Linnaeus)
Anas Cygnoid Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 122
(Anser cygnoides cited in synonymy)—Asia.
Central and southern Russian Altai east through northern
Mongolia and Transbaicalia to Amurland, central Mongolia,
436 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Ussuriland, coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, and Sakhalin. Winters
in northern China.
ANSER FABALIS
Anser fabalis brachyrhynchus Baillon
Anser Brachyrhynchus Baillon, 1834, Mém. Soc. Roy.
Emulation Abbeville, ser. 2, no. 1 (1833), p. 74—Abbeville,
lower Somme River, France.
Eastern Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, and possibly Franz
Josef Land and the Kola Peninsula. Winters in northwestern
Europe.
Anser fabalis fabalis (Latham)
Anas Fabalis Latham, 1787, General Synop. Birds, Suppl.,
p. 297—Great Britain.
Anser neglectus Sushkin, 1895, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
5, p. 6—no locality = Ufa district, eastern Russia, fide
Sushkin, Ibis, 1897, p. 5.
Wooded areas of northern Scandinavia and northern Russia,
between about lat. 62° N. and 70° N., east to the Ural Moun-
tains. Winters in Europe, from Britain south to the Mediter-
ranean and the Black Sea.
Anser fabalis johanseni Delacour
Anser fabalis johanseni Delacour, 1951, Ardea, 39, p. 139—
Tai-pai Shan, Tsinling (= Chin Ling) Mountains, Shensi,
China.
Wooded region of western Siberia, east to the Khatanga River,
and south to lat. 61°-62° N. Winters in Iran, Turkistan, and
western and central China.
Anser fabalis middendorffii Severtsov
Anser grandis Middendorff, 1853, Reise Norden Osten Si-
biriens, 2, pt. 2, Lief. 1, p. 225, pl. 20, fig. 1—Udskoye
Ostrog, southeastern Siberia.
Anser Middendorffii Severtsov, 1873, Izvestiia Imp. Ob-
shchestva Liubitelei Estest. Antrop. Etnogr., Moscow, 8,
pt. 2 (1872), pp. 70, 149—eastern Siberia. New name for
Anser grandis Middendorff, 1853, preoccupied by Anas
grandis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 504.
Melanonyx arvensis sibiricus Alphéraky, 1904, Gusi Rossii,
pp. 9, 98. New name (in error) for Anser middendorffii
Severtsov, 1873.
ANATIDAE 437
Wooded region of eastern Siberia from the Khatanga River
to the Kolyma region and western Anadyrland, south to
southern Russian Altai, northwestern Mongolia, Lake Baykal
region, and northern Amurland. Winters in Japan and eastern
China.
Anser fabalis rossicus Buturlin
Anser (Melanonyx) serrirostris rossicus Buturlin, 1933,
Opredelitel Promyslovykh Ptits, p. 60—western Siberia
= Beluchia Guba, Samal, Taymyr Peninsula, fide Demen-
tiev, 1936, Alauda, 8, p. 190.
Tundra of Novaya Zemlya and on the Yamal, Gyda, and
Taymyr Peninsulas. Winters in Europe, western Siberia, Rus-
sian Turkistan, and central China.
Anser fabalis serrirostris Swinhoe
Anser segetum var. serrirostris Swinhoe, 1871, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 417—near Amoy, China.
Tundra from the Khatanga River to the Chukchi Peninsula,
Anadyrland, and Koryakland. Winters in Korea, China south
to Fukien, and Japan south to Kyushu.
ANSER ALBIFRONS'
Anser albifrons albifrons (Scopoli)
Branta albifrons Scopoli, 1769, Annus I Hist.-Nat., p. 69—no
locality = ? northern Italy.
Arctic tundra of northern Russia and Siberia from the Kanin
Peninsula, Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands, and Novaya Zemlya
east to about the Kolyma River, south to about lat. 67° N.
or 68° N. Winters from the British Isles south to southern
Europe, Egypt, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, northern India, and
Burma.
Anser albifrons frontalis Baird
Anser frontalis Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence,
Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific, 9, p.
762—Fort Thorn, New Mexico,
Tundra of eastern Siberia, probably from the Kolyma Valley
eastward, St. Lawrence Island, and western and northern
Alaska. Winters in China, Japan, the western United States,
‘A. albifrons and erythropus form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
438 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
and Mexico. Questionably distinct from gambeli (cf. Hellmayr
and Conover, 1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
13. pt. 1, no. 2, p. 292, note 1).
Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub
Anser Gambelli [sic] Hartlaub, 1852, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris,
ser. 2, 4, p. 7—Texas and southern United States.
Breeding grounds still uncertain; possibly includes Old Crow
area of Yukon, Canada (cf. Elgas, 1970, Wilson Bull., 82,
pp. 420-426). Winters in Texas and Mexico.
Anser albifrons elgasi Delacour and Ripley
Anser albifrons elgasi Delacour and Ripley, 1975, Amer.
Mus. Novit., no. 2565, p. 2—Sacramento, California.
Breeding grounds uncertain, presumed to be in the taiga zone
just south of the tundra in Alaska. Winters in the Sacramento
region of central California.
Anser albifrons flavirostris Dalgety and Scott
Anser albifrons flavirostris Dalgety and Scott, 1948, Bull.
Brit. Ornith. Club, 68, p. 115—North Slob, Wexford,
Ireland.
West coast of Greenland. Winters in the British Isles, and
occasionally on the Atlantic coast of North America.
ANSER ERYTHROPUS
Anser erythropus (Linnaeus)
Anas erythropus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
123—“Europa septentrionalis”’; restricted to northern
Sweden by Lonnberg, 1913, Ibis, p. 401.
Scandinavia and Russian Lapland east through Siberia to
Anadyrland, south to the northern edge of the taiga. Winters
south to southern Europe, Egypt, Turkistan, northwestern
India, China, and Japan.
ANSER ANSER
Anser anser anser (Linnaeus)
Anas Anser Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 123; based
on “The Laughing-Goose” of Edwards, 1750, Nat. Hist.
Birds, p. 153, pl. 153—Europe and northern North Ameri-
ca; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica,
ed. 2, p. 40.
Iceland, Outer Hebrides and northern Scotland (feral elsewhere
ANATIDAE 439
in British Isles), and Scandinavia south to Austria, northern
Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Russia to the Caucasus and
Transcaucasia. Winters in the British Isles, western and
southern Europe, northern Africa, Rumania, Greece, Turkey,
and Iran.
Anser anser rubrirostris Swinhoe
Anser cinereus var. rubrirostris Swinhoe, 1871, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 416—Shanghai.
Breeds from west of the Urals and the lower Volga south
to the Caspian, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, east to northern
Mongolia, Manchuria, and western China (Tsinghai, Kansu).
In winter south to Asia Minor, India, Burma, and northern
Indochina.
ANSER INDICUS
Anser indicus (Latham)
Anas indica Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 839—India
in winter, and Tibet.
High central Asia from Russian Altai east through northern
Mongolia to northwestern Manchuria, south to the Tien Shan,
northeastern Afghanistan, Ladakh, Tibet, and western China.
Winters from Sind to Assam and northern Burma.
ANSER CAERULESCENS
Anser caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus)
Anas caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
124; based on “The Blue-winged Goose” of Edwards, 1750,
Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 152, pl. 152—Hudson Bay. Blue morph.
Anser hyperboreus Pallas, 1769, Spicilegia Zool., fasc. 6,
p. 25—northeastern Siberia. White morph.
Northeastern Siberia east from the Indigirka River, Wrangel
Island, northern coast of Alaska, the Mackenzie delta, and
Banks Island east to the Melville Peninsula, southern Baffin
Island, and Hudson Bay (both coasts). Winters south to Japan,
California, Arizona, Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango,
Tamaulipas), Texas, Louisiana, central Atlantic coast of United
States. Occasional Europe.
Anser caerulescens atlanticus (Kennard)
Chen atlantica Kennard, 1927, Proc. New England Zool.
Club, 9, p. 93—Princess Anne Club, Back Bay, Princess
Anne County, Virginia.
440 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Axel Heiberg, Ellesmere, Bathurst, Devon, Prince of Wales,
Somerset, northern Baffin, and Bylot Islands, northwestern
Greenland. Winters on the Atlantic coast from Chesapeake
Bay to North Carolina.
ANSER ROSSII
Anser rossii Cassin
Anser Rossii Cassin, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
p. 73—Great Slave Lake.
Canada south of Queen Maud Gulf, Northwest Territories,
Southampton Island, McConnell River, southeastern Keeway-
tin, La Perouse Bay, Manitoba, and Cape Henrietta Maria,
Ontario; range recently expanding eastward. Winters in inte-
rior valleys of California and, increasingly, in New Mexico,
Texas, and Louisiana.
ANSER CANAGICUS
Anser canagicus (Sevastianov)
Anas Canagica Sevastianov, 1802, Nova Acta Acad. Sci.
Imp. Petropolitanae, 13, p. 349, pl. 10—Kanaga Island,
Aleutian Islands.
Northeastern Siberia from Kolyushin Bay around the Chukchi
Peninsula and Gulf of Anadyr to Cape Navarin, St. Lawrence
Island, western coast of Alaska from Kotzebue Sound to
Kuskokwim Bay. Winters Commander Islands, outer coast
of Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands, and Trinity-Kodiak-Afonak
area of the Gulf of Alaska.
Genus BRANTA Scopo
Branta Scopoli, 1769, Annus I Hist.-Nat., p. 67. Type, by
subsequent designation (J. A. Allen, 1907, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, p. 32), Anas bernicla Linnaeus.
Nesochen Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 27, pp.
81 (in key), 126. Type, by original designation and mono-
typy, Anser sandvicensis Vigors.
cf. Miller, A. H., 1937, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 42, pp.
1-79 (sandvicensis).
Aldrich, 1946, Wilson Bull., 58, pp. 94-103 (speciation
in canadensis).
Handley, 1950, Wilson Bull., 62, pp. 128-132 (sympatry
ANATIDAE 441
of bernicla hrota and bernicla nigricans).
Hanson and Smith, 1950, Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv.,
25, pp. 67-210 (populations of canadensis interior).
Delacour, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1537, 10 pp.
(taxonomy of canadensis).
Delacour and Zimmer, 1952, Auk, 69, pp. 82-84 (bernicla
nigricans and bernicla orientalis).
Manning, Hohn, and Macpherson, 1956, Bull. Nat. Mus.
Canada, no. 143, pp. 26-32 (bernicla hrota and bernicla
nigricans).
Humphrey, 1958, Condor, 60, pp. 303-307 (trachea of
sandovicensis).
Hanson, 1965, Giant Canada Goose, 304 pp. (canadensis
maxima).
Kretschmar, 1965, Journ. Ornith., 106, pp. 440-445 (rufi-
collis).
Génsbgl, 1967, Grgnland, pp. 169-178 (leucopsis).
Sterbetz and Szijj, 1968, Vogelwarte, 24, pp. 266-277
(migration of ruficollis).
Cabot and West, 1973, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 73, sec.
B, pp. 415-443 (population dynamics of lewcopsis).
Owen and Campbell, 1974, Scottish Birds, 8, pp. 181-193
(leucopsis).
Radesater, 1974, Ornis Scand., 5, pp. 87-101 (behavior
of canadensis).
Mickelson, 1975, Wildlife Monogr., no. 45, 35 pp. (breeding
biology of canadensis minima).
Radesater, 1976, Zeitschr. Tierpsychol. 39, pp. 189-205
(behavior of canadensis).
BRANTA SANDVICENSIS
Branta sandvicensis (Vigors)
Anser sandvicensis Vigors, 1833, List Animals Gardens Zool.
Soc., London, ed. 3, p. 4—Hawaiian Islands.
Hawaii and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Now rare in the wild
state. Extinct on Maui before the introduction of captive-bred
birds; present status there uncertain.
BRANTA CANADENSIS
Branta canadensis asiatica Aldrich
Branta hutchinsi asiatica Aldrich, 1946, Wilson Bull., 58,
442 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
p. 95—Bering Island, Siberia.
Formerly Bering Island, in the Commander Islands, and the
northern Kuril Islands. Extinct (last reported from the Com-
manders in 1914).
Branta canadensis leucopareia (Brandt)
Anser leucopareius Brandt, 1836, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St.-Pétersbourg, 1, p. 37, pl. 2, figs. 1-2—Unalaska,
Aleutian Islands.
Formerly the Aleutian Islands, from Attu to Yunaska, and
possibly on the Pribilof Islands. Now very rare and apparently
limited to Buldir Island, in the Aleutians. Former winter range
Japan and Pacific coast of North America from British Colum-
bia to California; currently known to winter only in the Central
Valley of California.
Branta canadensis minima Ridgway
Branta minima Ridgway, 1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8,
p. 22—Pacific coast of North America. Type from St.
Michael, Alaska.
West coast of Alaska from vicinity of Wainwright to Nushagak
Bay. Winters in California (chiefly Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys).
Branta canadensis taverneri Delacour
Branta canadensis taverneri Delacour, 1951, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1537, p. 7—Colusa, California.
Probably breeds in Alaska east of the range of minima from
near the Beaufort Sea coast south to the base of the Alaska
Peninsula and east to the Mackenzie delta, Northwest Terri-
tories. Winters from Washington to northern Mexico and Texas,
but chiefly in central California.
Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird)
Bernicla occidentalis Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and
Lawrence, Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific,
9, p. 766—Port Townsend, Washington.
Alaska at Cook Inlet, Prince William Sound, and Copper River.
Winters from Prince William Sound to western Oregon and
northern California.
Branta canadensis fulva Delacour
Branta canadensis fulva Delacour, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1537, p. 7—Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands,
British Columbia.
ANATIDAE 443
Coast and islands from Glacier Bay, Alaska, to British Colum-
bia. Relatively sedentary, but regularly winters in western
Oregon and sometimes south to northern California.
Branta canadensis parvipes (Cassin)
Anser parvipes Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, p. 187—Veracruz, Mexico.
Central Alaska (Fairbanks area) probably across much of the
Northwest Territories east to Hudson Bay; not coastal. Winters
from California to Louisiana, and in northern Mexico.
Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich
Branta canadensis moffitti Aldrich, 1946, Wilson Bull., 58,
p. 97—Blue Lake, near Coulee City, Washington.
Central British Columbia east to central Manitoba, south to
northern California, Nevada, Utah, and eastern Colorado.
Winters in the southern parts of its breeding range and south
to northern Mexico.
Branta canadensis maxima Delacour
Branta canadensis maxima Delacour, 1951, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 1537, p. 5—Round Lake, Grant County, Min-
nesota.
Formerly North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin south to
Kansas, northern Arkansas, and northwestern Tennessee.
Wintered over most of the breeding range. Now reintroduced
and largely limited to flocks derived from captive birds. Birds
breeding from Alberta to Manitoba have been attributed to
maxima. Birds introduced into New Zealand were probably
chiefly maxima.
Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Richardson)
Anser Hutchinsii Richardson, 1832, in Swainson and Ri-
chardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 2 (1831), p. 470—
Melville Peninsula.
Arctic tundra of Canada from Victoria Island east across
Melville Peninsula to Baffin Island, and south on the west
coast of Hudson Bay to southeastern Keewaytin. Winters in
New Mexico, Texas, and northeastern Mexico. Birds from
Ellesmere Island and western Greenland have also been
attributed to hutchinsii.
Branta canadensis interior Todd
Branta canadensis interior Todd, 1938, Auk, 55, p. 662—Port
Harrison, east coast of Hudson Bay.
444 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Manitoba east to southern Baffin Island and northern Quebec,
including coasts and islands of Hudson and James Bays.
Winters from southern Wisconsin east to New York and south
to the Gulf and southern Atlantic coasts.
Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus)
Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 123;
based on “The Canada Goose” of Edwards, 1750, Nat.
Hist. Birds, p. 151, pl. 151—Canada; City of Quebec
suggested by Todd, 1938, Auk, 55, p. 661.
Southeastern Baffin Island, northeastern Quebec, Labrador,
Newfoundland, Anticosti, and Magdalen Islands. Winters
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Atlantic coast south to North
Carolina (occasionally to Florida). This and other subspecies
(particularly maxima) widely introduced abroad.
BRANTA LEUCOPSIS
Branta leucopsis (Bechstein)
Anas leucopsis Bechstein, 1803, Ornith. Taschenbuch
Deutschland, 2, p. 424—Germany.
Northeastern Greenland, Spitsbergen, and southern island of
Novaya Zemlya. Winters in the British Isles and the coasts
of the North and Baltic Seas. Numerous records eastern United
States.
BRANTA BERNICLA
Branta bernicla hrota (Muller)
Anas Hrota O. F. Muller, 1776, Zool. Danicae Prodromus,
p. 14; based on “Hrota” of Olafsson, 1774, Reise Island,
pt. 1, p. 292—Iceland.
Canada from Prince Patrick Island east to Ellesmere Island
and south to Keewaytin, Southampton, Coates, and Baffin
Islands, on both western and eastern coasts of Greenland south
to about lat. 70° N., on Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, and
perhaps the north island of Novaya Zemlya. Winters on the
Atlantic coast of the United States south to North Carolina
(occasionally on the Pacific coast), and on the coasts of north-
western Europe.
Branta bernicla bernicla (Linnaeus)
Anas Bernicla Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 124—
ANATIDAE 445
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 41.
Arctic USSR from Kolguyev Island east through southern
Novaya Zemlya to the Taymyr Peninsula and outlying islands,
south to about lat. 70° N. Winters on the coasts of northwestern
Europe.
Branta bernicla orientalis Tugarinov
Branta bernicla orientalis Tugarinov, 1941, Fauna SSSR,
Ptitsy, 1, no. 4, p. 180—eastern Siberia.
Arctic Siberia from the delta of the Lena River east to the
Chukchi Peninsula and Gulf of Anadyr, with adjacent islands.
Winters along coasts of Japan and China (to Shantung).
Branta bernicla nigricans (Lawrence)
Anser nigricans Lawrence, 1846, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.
New York, 4, p. 171, pl. 12—Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Coastal western and northern Alaska south to Kuskokwim
Bay, and northwestern Canada east to about long. 100° W.
Reported to overlap with hrota on Prince Patrick Island and
in the Perry River region. Winters along the Pacific coast
of North America from Kodiak Island south to Baja California
and Sonora, and casually on the Atlantic coast south to
Virginia.
BRANTA RUFICOLLIS
Branta ruficollis (Pallas)
Anser ruficollis Pallas, 1769, Spicilegia Zool., fasc. 6, p.
21, pl. 4—lower Ob, Siberia.
Siberian tundra from the Yamal Peninsula to the Taymyr
Peninsula, north to about lat. 70° N., south to about lat. 67° N.
Winters in the Black Sea, the southern part of the Caspian
Sea, and the Aral Sea.
Genus CEREOPSIS Latuam
Cereopsis Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl., p. 67. Type,
by monotypy, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham.
cf. Guiler, 1967, Emu, 66, pp. 211-235.
Veselovsky, 1970, Zeitschr. Tierpsychol., 27, pp. 915-945
(ethology).
446 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Kear and Murton, 1973, Wildfowl, 24, pp. 141-143 (sys-
tematic status).
CEREOPSIS NOVAEHOLLANDIAE
Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham
Cereopsis N. Hollandiae Latham, 1801, Index Ornith.,
Suppl., p. 67—New South Wales = islands of Bass Strait,
fide Mathews, 1927, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, p.
210;
Islands off southern Australia, from the Recherche Archipela-
go, Western Australia, on the west to the Furneaux Group,
northern Tasmania, on the east.
Genus STICTONETTA ReIcHENBACH
Stictonetta Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852), p.
9. Type, by original designation, Anas naevosa Gould.
cf. Frith, 1964, Nature, 202, pp. 1352-1353 (taxonomic rela-
tionships).
Frith, 1965, CSIRO Wildlife Res., 10, pp. 125-139 (ecology).
Johnsgard, 1965, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 16 (1963-
64), pp. 76-80 (behavior and taxonomic relationships).
STICTONETTA NAEVOSA
Stictonetta naevosa (Gould)
Anas naevosa Gould, 1841, Proc. Zool. Soc London (1840),
p. 177—Western Australia.
Breeds regularly only in southwestern Australia and the
Murray-Darling basin of southeastern Australia, but with
much more widespread breeding during wet years. Nomadic,
reaching nearly all parts of Australia and Tasmania.
SuBFAMILY TADORNINAE
Genus CYANOCHEN Bonaparte
Cyanochen Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
43, p. 648. Type, by monotypy, Bernicla cyanoptera Rup-
pell.
CYANOCHEN CYANOPTERUS
Cyanochen cyanopterus (Ruppell)
Bernicla cyanoptera Ruppell, 1845, Syst. Uebersicht Vogel
ANATIDAE 447
Nord-Ost-Afrika’s, p. 129, pl. 47—Shoa, Ethiopia.
Highlands of Ethiopia above 2,100 meters.
Genus CHLOEPHAGA Eyton
Chloephaga Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 13. Type,
by original designation, Anas magellanica Gmelin = Anas
leucoptera Gmelin.
Andichenodes Boetticher, 1950, Beitr. Gattungssystematik
Vogel, p. 43. Type, by original designation, Anser melan-
opterus Eyton.
cf. Hellmayr, 1932, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
19, pp. 319-321 (variation in picta).
Delacour, 1950, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1478, 4 pp. (varia-
tion in picta).
Rossi, 1960, Physis, 21, pp. 240-244 (rubidiceps).
Pettingill, 1965, Living Bird, 4, pp. 65-71 (hybrida).
Gladstone and Martell, 1968, Wildfowl, 19, pp. 25-31
(breeding of picta).
Humphrey et al., 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 110-126 (picta, hybrida, poliocephala, ru-
bidiceps).
CHLOEPHAGA MELANOPTERA
Chloephaga melanoptera (Eyton)
Anser melanopterus Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p.
93—Lake Titicaca.
Andes from Peru (Ancash and Junin) south to Chile (Nuble)
and northwestern Argentina, chiefly above 3,200 meters.
Winters at lower elevations.
CHLOEPHAGA PICTA
Chloephaga picta picta (Gmelin)
Anas picta Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 504; based on
“Painted Goose” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 443—Staten Island.
Bernicla dispar Philippi and Landbeck, 1862, Anales Univ.
Chile, 21, p. 431—Chile.
Southern Chile (Linares) and southern Argentina (Neuquen
and Rio Negro) to Tierra del Fuego and nearby islands. Winters
north to Colchagua, Chile, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
448 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Chloephaga picta leucoptera (Gmelin)
Anas leucoptera Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 505; based
on “L’oie des iles Malouines ou Falkland” of Buffon, 1783,
Hist. Nat. Generale, 24, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, 9, p. 69, and
“White-winged Antarctic Goose” of P. Brown, 1776, New
Illus. Zool., pl. 40, etc.—Falkland Islands.
Falkland Islands; introduced South Georgia.
CHLOEPHAGA HYBRIDA
Chloephaga hybrida hybrida (Molina)
Anas Hybrida Molina, 1782, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, pp.
241, 344—Chiloe Island.
Chile from Chiloé south to Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn
islands, occasionally north to constal Cautin; Isla Grande and
Staten Island, Argentina, north in winter to coastal Santa
Cruz and Chubut.
Chloephaga hybrida malvinarum Phillips
Chloephaga hybrida malvinarum Phillips, 1916, Auk, 33,
p. 423 Port Stephens, West Falkland, Falkland Islands.
Falkland Islands.
CHLOEPHAGA POLIOCEPHALA
Chloephaga poliocephala Sclater
Chloephaga poliocephala P. L. Sclater, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 128; based on “Bernicla inornata” of G. R.
Gray, 1844, Gen. Birds, 3, p. [607], col. pl. [165] —Chiloé
Island.
Southern Chile from Bio-Bio to the Cape Horn islands, and
southern Argentina from Neuqueén and Rio Negro to Tierra
del Fuego; occasional Falkland Islands. Winters north to
Colchagua, Chile, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
CHLOEPHAGA RUBIDICEPS
Chloephaga rubidiceps Sclater
Chloéphaga rubidiceps P. L. Sclater, 1861, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London (1860), p. 387, pl. 173—Falkland Islands.
Southern Chile from Magallanes and southern Argentina from
Santa Cruz to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Winters
north to Buenos Aires, Argentina.
ANATIDAE 449
Genus NEOCHEN ObBrERHOLSER
Neochen Oberholser, 1918, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.,
8, p. 571. Type, by original designation and monotypy,
Anser jubatus Spix.
NEOCHEN JUBATA
Neochen jubata (Spix)
Anser jubatus Spix, 1825, Avium Species Novae Itinere
Brasiliam, 2, p. 84, pl. 108—“Ad ripam fl. Solimoéns in
insula Praya das Oncas.”
Basins of the Orinoco and the Amazon and their affluents,
south to southern Amazonas, northern Mato Grosso, and Sao
Paulo in Brazil, Paraguay, and Jujuy and Salta in Argentina.
Genus ALOPOCHEN ST teEJNEGER
Alopochen Stejneger, 1885, in Kingsley, Standard Nat. Hist.,
4, p. 141. Type, by subsequent designation (Oberholser,
1918, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., 8, p. 572), Anas
aegyptiaca Linnaeus.
ALOPOCHEN AEGYPTIACA
Alopochen aegyptiaca (Linnaeus)
Anas aegyptiaca Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
197—Egypt.
Africa south of the Sahara; also the entire Nile Valley.
Numerous instances of occurrence in Europe (chiefly of feral
birds) and in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Reported from
the Danube Valley early eighteenth century. Introduced Eng-
land.
Genus TADORNA FLEMING
Tadorna Boie, 1822 (before May), Tagebuch Reise Norwegen,
pp. 140, 351. Type, by tautonymy, Tadorna familiaris
Boie = Anas tadorna Linnaeus.
Casarca Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List Birds Europe
North Amer., p. 56. Type, by monotypy and tautonymy,
Anas rutila Pallas = Anas casarca Linnaeus = Anas
ferruginea Pallas.
Pseudotadorna Nagamichi Kuroda, 1917, Tori, 1, p. 1. Type,
450 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
by monotypy, Pseudotadorna cristata Kuroda.
Zesarkaca Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37, p. 31. Type, by original
designation, Anas variegata Gmelin.
cf. Oliver, 1936, Emu, 36, pp. 69-72 (variegata).
Hori, 1964, Ibis, 106, pp. 333-360 (breeding biology of
tadorna).
Siegfried, 1966, Ostrich, 37, pp. 144-151 (cana).
FitzGerald, 1969, Wildfowl, 20, pp. 69-70 (variegata).
Bryant and Leng, 1975, Wildfowl, 26, pp. 20-30 (tadorna).
Jenkins, Murray, and Hall, 1975, Journ. Animal Ecol.,
44, pp. 201-231 (tadorna).
Riggert, 1977, Wildlife Monogr., no. 52, 67 pp. (biology
of tadornoides).
TADORNA FERRUGINEA'
Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas)
Anas ferruginea Pallas, 1764, in Vroeg, Cat. Raisonné Coll.
Oiseaux, Adumbr., p. 5—no locality = Tartary.
Breeds from southern Spain and northwestern Africa east
through the Balkans, southern Russia, Kirghiz Steppes, Altai,
and Transbaicalia to Amurland, south to Spanish Sahara,
Ethiopia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, western
China, Manchuria. Winters from the southern part of breeding
range south to the northern Sahara, the Nile Valley to northern
Sudan, Arabia, southern India, Korea, Japan (rarely), southern
China, Indochina.
TADORNA CANA
Tadorna cana (Gmelin)
Anas cana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 510; based on
“Grey-headed Duck” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 458—Cape of Good Hope.
Southern Africa from Transvaal and Orange Free State to
Cape Province; occasional South West Africa (Namibia),
southern Botswana, and Natal.
'T. ferruginea and cana form a superspecies. Delacour and Mayr,
1945, Wilson Bull., 57, p. 38, also include tadornoides and variega-
ta.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 451
TADORNA VARIEGATA
Tadorna variegata (Gmelin)
Anas variegata Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 505; based
on “Variegated Goose” of Latham, 1785, General Synop,
Birds, 3, p. 441—Dusky Bay, New Zealand.
New Zealand, including Stewart Island; rare north of lat. 38° S.
TADORNA CRISTATA
Tadorna cristata (Kuroda)
Pseudotadorna cristata Nagamichi Kuroda, 1917, Tori, 1,
pp. 1, 2, fig. 1—Naktung River near Fusan, Korea.
Known only from 3 specimens, 2 from Korea and 1 from near
Vladivostok. Now apparently extinct.
TADORNA TADORNOIDES
Tadorna tadornoides (Jardine and Selby)
Anas tadornoides Jardine and Selby, 1828, Illus. Ornith.,
pt. 4, pl. 62 and text—New South Wales.
Breeds from southwestern Australia east across South Austra-
lia and Victoria to the southern tablelands of New South Wales,
wandering far to the north in summer.
TADORNA TADORNA
Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus)
Anas Tadorna Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 122;
based on “The Sheldrake, or Burrough-Duck” of Albin,
1731, Nat. Hist. Birds, 1, p. 90, pl. 94—coasts of Europe;
restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica,
ed. 2, p. 40.
British Isles, France, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, southeastern
Europe east through Siberia to Mongolia and Manchuria, north
to about lat. 55° N., south to the Caucasus, Iran, Turkistan,
and western China. Winters from the southern part of breeding
range to northern Africa, Iraq, India, Burma, southern China,
and (rarely) Japan.
TADORNA RADJAH
Tadorna radjah radjah (Lesson)
Anas radjah “Garnot” Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornith., 2, p.
417—Buru.
452 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Moluccas (Buru, Ceram), western Papuan islands, New Guinea,
Aru Islands, and Fergusson Island.
Tadorna radjah rufitergum Hartert
Tadorna radjah rufitergum Hartert, 1905, Novit. Zool., 12,
p. 205—South Alligator River, Northern Territory.
Northern Australia from the Fitzroy River, Western Australia,
to northern Queensland; formerly south to New South Wales.
Intergrades with radjah in southern New Guinea.
Genus TACHYERES Owen
Tachyeres Owen, 1875, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 9, p. 254.
Type, by monotypy, Anas brachyptera Latham.
cf. Lowe, 1934, Ibis, pp. 467-495.
Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South Amer., pp. 951-972.
Moynihan, 1958, Auk, 75, pp. 183-202 (behavior of pata-
chonicus).
Pettingill, 1965, Living Bird, 4, pp. 71-78 (brachypterus).
Humphrey et al. 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 129-139 (pteneres, patachonicus).
Weller, 1976, Wildfowl, 27, pp. 45-53 (ecology and beha-
vior).
Jacob, 1977, Journ. Ornith., 118, pp. 52-59 (systematic
position).
TACHYERES PTENERES
Tachyeres pteneres (Forster)
Anas pteneres J. R. Forster, 1844, Descr. Animal. Itinere
Maris Australis Terras, p. 338—Tierra del Fuego.
Breeds coastally in Chile from Chiloé Island south to Cape
Horn, and in Argentina from Chubut south to Tierra del Fuego
and Staten Island.
TACHYERES BRACHYPTERUS
Tachyeres brachypterus (Latham)
Anas cinerea Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 506; based
on “Loggerhead Goose” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 439—Falkland Islands.
Anas brachyptera Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 834. New
name for Anas cinerea J. F. Gmelin, 1789, preoccupied
ANATIDAE 453
by Anas cinerea S. G. Gmelin, 1774, Reise Russland, 2,
p. 184, pl. 17.
Falkland Islands.
TACHYERES PATACHONICUS
Tachyeres patachonicus (King)
Oidemia Patachonica King, 1828, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 100O—
Strait of Magellan. :
Breeds in Chile from Concepcion and Nuble south to Isla Hoste
and perhaps Cape Horn, and in Argentina from Neuquén and
Chubut to Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Falkland
Islands.
SuBFAMILY ANATINAE
Genus PLECTROPTERUS STEPHENS
Plectropterus Stephens, 1824, in Shaw, General Zool., 12,
pt. 2, p. 6. Type, by subsequent designation (Eyton, 1838,
Monogr. Anatidae, p. 10), Anas gambensis Linnaeus.
PLECTROPTERUS GAMBENSIS
Plectropterus gambensis gambensis (Linnaeus)
Anas gambensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
195—Gambia.
Africa from Gambia, Sudan, and Ethiopia south to Angola
and the Zambezi.
Plectropterus gambensis niger Sclater
Plectropterus niger P. L. Sclater, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, p. 47. Type a cage bird said to have come from
Zanzibar.
Africa from South West Africa (Namibia) to Rhodesia (Zim-
babwe) and south to Cape Province, intergrading with gam-
bensis over a wide area.
Genus CAIRINA FLeminc
Cairina Fleming, 1822, Philos. Zool., 2, p. 260. Type, by
monotypy, Anas moschata Linnaeus.
Asarcornis Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 27, pp.
46 (in key), 59. Type, by original designation and mono-
typy, Anas scutulata S. Miller.
454 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
cf. Leopold, 1959, Wildlife Mexico, pp. 163-168 (moschata).
Mackenzie and Kear, 1976, Wildfowl, 27, pp. 5-17 (scu-
tulata).
Holmes, 1977, Wildfowl, 28, pp. 61-64 (scutulata).
CAIRINA MOSCHATA
Cairina moschata (Linnaeus)
Anas moschata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 124—
India; Brazil substituted by Berlepsch and Hartert, 1902,
Novit. Zool., 9, p. 131.
Mexico from coasts of central Sinaloa and central Tamaulipas
south through Central America and South America to the
coast of Peru on the west and to Santa Fe, Argentina, and
Uruguay, on the east, accidentally to Buenos Aires, Argentina;
casual Trinidad.
CAIRINA SCUTULATA
Cairina scutulata (Muller)
Anas scutulata S. Muller, 1842, in Temminck (ed.), Verh.
Nat. Geschiedenis Nederlandsche Overzeesche Bezittin-
gen, Land-Volkenkunde, p. 159, note—Java.
Formerly Assam south through the Malay Peninsula discon-
tinuously to Sumatra and Java. Now very rare, apparently
breeding eastern Assam and probably Sumatra and Java (recent
sightings).
Genus PTERONETTA Satvapor!
Pteronetta Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 27, pp.
46 (in key), 63. Type, by original designation and mono-
typy, Querquedula hartlaubii Cassin.
PTERONETTA HARTLAUBII
Pteronetta hartlaubii (Cassin)
Querquedula Hartlaubii Cassin, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, p. 175—-Camma River, Gabon.
Sierra Leone to Zaire, east to southern Sudan, south to
northeastern Angola.
Genus SARKIDIORNIS Eyton
Sarkidiornis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 20. Type,
by original designation, Anser melanotos Pennant.
ANATIDAE 455
SARKIDIORNIS MELANOTOS
Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos (Pennant)
Anser melanotos Pennant, 1769, Ind. Zool., p. 12, pl. 11—
Ceylon.
Senegal east to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to northern South
West Africa (Namibia), Orange Free State, and Lesotho (Ba-
sutoland), more rarely Cape Province; Madagascar; Pakistan,
India east to Assam and south to Mysore, formerly Sri Lanka
(Ceylon), Burma, southeastern China, Thailand, Indochina.
Sarkidiornis melanotos sylvicola Ihering and Ihering
Anas carunculata Lichtenstein, 1819, Abh. K. Akad. Wissen.
Berlin, Phys. K1. (1816-17), p. 176; based on “Ipecati Apoa”
of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum Nat. Brasiliae, p. 218,
and “Pato crestudo,” no. 428, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamien-
tos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 417—no
locality.
Sarkidiornis sylvicola lhering and Ihering, 1907, in Mus.
Paulista, Sao Paulo, Cat. Fauna Brazileira, 1, p. 72—
Iguape, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
New name for Anas carunculata Lichtenstein, 1819,
preoccupied by Anas carunculata Vieillot, 1816, Nouv.
Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 109.
Eastern Panama; South America from Colombia and western
Ecuador east to Venezuela and Guyana, thence southeast of
the Andes to northern Argentina (Cordoba, Santa Fe, Entre
Rios) and Uruguay; casual Trinidad.
Genus NETTAPUS Branopr
Nettapus Brandt, 1836, Descr. Icones Animalium Rossicorum
Novorum, Aves, fasc. 1, p. 5. Type, by monotypy, Anas
madagascariensis Gmelin = Anas aurita Boddaert.
Cheniscus Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 15, Type, by
original designation, Anas coromandeliana Gmelin.
NETTAPUS PULCHELLUS
Nettapus pulchellus Gould
Nettapus pulchellus Gould, 1842, Birds Australia, pt. 6, pl.
and text—Port Essington, Northern Territory.
Buru, Ceram, southern New Guinea, northern Australia from
the Fitzroy River, Western Australia, to Rockhampton,
Queensland.
456 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
NETTAPUS COROMANDELIANUS
Nettapus coromandelianus coromandelianus (Gmelin)
Anas coromandeliana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 522;
based on “Coromandel Teal” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 556—Coromandel, India.
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and Burma east to eastern China,
south to the Andaman Islands, Indochina, and the Malay
Peninsula; Sumatra, Java and Bangka, Borneo, northern
Luzon, northern Celebes, northern New Guinea.
Nettapus coromandelianus albipennis Gould
Nettapus albipennis Gould, 1842, Birds Australia, pt. 6, text
to plate labeled “Nettapus coromandelianus?”—eastern
Australia = Moreton Bay, Queensland, fide Mathews,
1912, Novit. Zool., 18, p. 236.
Eastern Australia from north of Innisfail, Queensland, to
northern New South Wales.
NETTAPUS AURITUS
Nettapus auritus (Boddaert)
Anas aurita Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches Enlum., p. 48;
based on “Sarcelle male de Madagascar” of Daubenton,
1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 770—Madagascar.
Gambia east to Sudan and Ethiopia, south to Angola, northern
Botswana, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Mozambique, and eastern
Cape Province; Pemba, Zanzibar, Mafia, Madagascar.
Genus CALLONETTA De tacour
Callonetta Delacour, 1936, Oiseau, 6, p. 369. Type. by original
designation, Anas leucophrys Vieillot.
cf. Johnsgard, 1960, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 80, pp. 165-167.
Hoy, 1971, Journ. Ornith., 112, p. 158 (breeding biology).
CALLONETTA LEUCOPHRYS
Callonetta leucophrys (Vieillot)
Anas leucophrys Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 5, p. 156; based on “Pato ceja blanca,” no. 442, of
Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
Rio Plata, 3, p. 453—Paraguay.
Southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil (Mato Grosso
ANATIDAE 457
and Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina south to Buenos Aires,
Uruguay. Chiefly or solely winter visitant to northern areas.
Genus AIX Bott
Aix Boie, 1828, Isis von Oken, col. 329. Type, by subsequent
designation (Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 35), Anas
sponsa Linnaeus.
Dendronessa Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Boreali-Americana, 2 (1831), p. 497. Type, by
original designation, Anas galericulata Linnaeus.
AIX SPONSA
Aix sponsa (Linnaeus)
Anas Sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 128;
based on “The Summer Duck” of Catesby, 1732, pt. 5,
p. 97, pl. 97, and Edwards, 1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p.
101, pl. 101—North America = Carolina ex Catesby.
British Columbia and southern Alberta south to California,
east-central Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, eastern
North Dakota east to Nova Scotia, south to the Gulf coast
east from Texas, Florida, Cuba. Winters from western Oregon
to central California, Texas to South Carolina and Florida.
AIX GALERICULATA
Aix galericulata (Linnaeus)
Anas galericulata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
128; based on “The Chinese Teal” of Edwards, 1747, Nat.
Hist. Birds, p. 102, pl. 102—China.
Eastern Asia from the Amur and Ussuri Rivers south through
Korea, eastern China, and Japan (Hokkaido, Hondo, Kyushu)
to the Ryukyus (Okinawa). Winters from its breeding range
below lat. 40° N. south to southeastern China and rarely to
Taiwan. Introduced Great Britain.
Genus CHENONETTA Branpr
Chenonetta Brandt, 1836, Descr. Icones Animalium Rossi-
corum Novorum, Aves, fasc. 1, p. 5. Type, by monotypy,
Anser lophotus Brandt = Anas jubata Latham.
458 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
CHENONETTA JUBATA
Chenonetta jubata (Latham)
Anas jubata Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl., p. 69—
New South Wales.
Australia, except for the dry interior; Tasmania.
Genus AMAZONETTA BoerrTICcHER
Amazonetta Boetticher, 1929, Anzeiger Ornith. Gesell.
Bayern, 2, p. 12. Type, by original designation, Anas
brasiliensis Gmelin.
Aixopsis Delacour, 1936, Oiseau, 6, p. 376. Type, by original
designation, Anas brasiliensis Gmelin.
AMAZONETTA BRASILIENSIS
Amazonetta brasiliensis brasiliensis (Gmelin)
Anas brasiliensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 517; based
on “Mareca alia species” of Marcgrave, 1648, Hist. Rerum
Nat. Brasiliae, p. 214—northeastern Brazil.
Eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and ? Surinam south
in Brazil to central Mato Grosso and Rio de Janeiro.
Amazonetta brasiliensis ipecutiri (Vieillot)
Anas ipecutiri Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
ed., 5, p. 120; based on “Pato ipecutiri,” no 437, of Azara,
1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio
Plata, 3. p. 445—Paraguay.
Amazonetta vittata Derscheid, 1938, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
58, p. 60—Argentina, south of Buenos Aires; cf. Zimmer
and Mayr, 1943, Auk, 60, pp. 250-251.
Eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Argentina south
to northern Buenos Aires. Winters northward, occasionally
to Venezuela.
Genus MERGANETTA GouLp
Merganetta Gould, 1842, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1841), p.
95. Type, by monotypy, Merganetta armata Gould.
cf. Conover, 1943, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,
24, pp. 345-356.
Niethammer, 1952, Journ. Ornith., 93, pp. 357-360 (ana-
tomy and systematic position).
ANATIDAE 459
Johnson, 1965, Birds Chile, 1, pp. 211-222.
Johnsgard, 1966, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Report, 17
(1964-65), pp. 66-74 (biology and relationships).
Weller, 1968, Wildfowl, 19, pp. 33-40 (plumages).
Moffett, 1970, Living Bird, 9, pp. 5-27 (breeding biology).
Johnson, 1972, Birds Chile, Suppl., pp. 67-71 (behavior).
MERGANETTA ARMATA
Merganetta armata colombiana Des Murs
Merganetta Colombiana Des Murs, 1845, Rev. Zool., Paris,
p. 179—no locality = Colombia, fide Berlioz, 1929, Bull.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, sér. 2, 1, p. 68.
Andes of Colombia, Venezuela, and central Ecuador.
Merganetta armata leucogenis (Tschudi)
Anas leucogenis Tschudi, 1843, Archiv Naturgeschichte, 9,
pt. 1, p. 390—high Andes of Peru = Manarimacunan,
sources of Rio Aynamayo [= upper Rio Vitoc], Junin,
Peru, fide Tschudi, 1846, Untersuchungen Fauna Peruana,
Ornith., p. 312.
Northern and central Peru, from Amazonas to northern Lima
and Junin.
Merganetta armata turneri Sclater and Salvin’
Merganetta turneri P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1869, Exotic
Ornith., pt. 13, p. 199, pl. 100—Tinta, Cuzco, Peru.
Andes of Peru in Cuzco, Puno, and Arequipa; Andes of Arica
in northern Chile.
Merganetta armata garleppi Berlepsch
Merganetta garleppi Berlepsch, 1894, Ornith. Monatsber.,
2, p. 110—Cocotal (= Locotal), Bolivia.
Andes of Bolivia (except Tarija).
Merganetta armata berlepschi Hartert
Merganetta berlepschi Hartert, 1909, Novit. Zool., 16, p.
244—near Tucuman, Argentina; altitude 1,800 meters.
Andes of southeastern Bolivia (Tarija) and of northwestern
Argentina (to Catamarca and La Rioja).
‘The races turneri, garleppi, and berlepschi are poorly characterized
and appear quite variable. They are thus questionably distinct from
leucogenis.—P. A. J.
460 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Merganetta armata armata Gould
Merganetta armata Gould, 1842, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1841), p. 95—Andes of Chile, lat. 34°-35° S.
Merganetta fraenata Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
27, pp. 457 (in key), 458, pl. 5, fig. 1—central Chile.
Andes of Chile (except Arica) to Nahuelbuta, Arauco Province,
and of Argentina from Mendoza to Tierra del Fuego.
Genus HYMENOLAIMUS Gray
Hymenolaimus G. R. Gray, 1843, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
11, p. 370. Type, by monotypy, Anas malacorhynchos
Gmelin.
cf. Kear, 1973, Living Bird, 11 (1972), pp. 175-192.
HYMENOLAIMUS MALACORHYNCHOS
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos (Gmelin)
Anas malacorhynchos Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 526;
based on “Soft-billed Duck” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 522—Dusky Sound, South Island, New
Zealand.
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus hymenolaimus Mathews,
1937, Emu, 37, p. 32—North Island, New Zealand.
Mountain streams of New Zealand, from Coromandel Range,
North Island, to Fiordland, South Island.
Genus ANAS LINNAEUS
Anas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 122. Type, by
subsequent designation (Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornith., 2,
p. 417), Anas boschas Linnaeus = Anas platyrhynchos
Linnaeus.
Spatula Boie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 564. Type, by
monotypy, Anas clypeata Linnaeus.
Mareca Stephens, 1824, in Shaw, General Zool., 12, pt. 2,
p. 130. Type, by subsequent designation (Eyton, 1838,
Monogr. Anatidae, p. 33), Mareca fistularis Stephens =
Anas penelope Linnaeus.
Chaulelasmus Bonaparte, 1838, Georgr. Comp. List Birds
Europe North Amer., p. 46. Type, by monotypy, Anas
strepera Linnaeus.
Nesonetta G. R. Gray, 1844, Gen. Birds, 3, p. [627]. Type,
ANATIDAE 461
by original designation, Nesonetta aucklandica G. R. Gray.
Salvadorina Rothschild and Hartert, 1894, Novit. Zool., 1,
p. 683. Type, by monotypy, Salvadorina waigiuensis
Rothschild and Hartert.
Xenonetta J. H. Fleming, 1935, Occas. Papers Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zool., no. 1, p. 1. Type, by original designation,
Xenonetta nesiotis = Anas aucklandica G. R. Gray.
Dafilonettion Boetticher, 1937, Anzeiger Ornith. Gesell.
Bayern, 2, p. 406. Type, by original designation, Anas
flavirostris Vieillot.
Philippinetta Boetticher, 1937, Festschr. Embrik Strand, 3,
p. 585. Type, by original designation, Anas luzonica Fraser.
Aethiopinetta Boetticher, 1943, Zool. Anzeiger, 142, p. 150.
Type, by original designation, Anas erythrorhyncha Gme-
lin.
cf. Wetmore, 1935, Condor, 27, p. 36 (strepera couesi).
Mayr and Rand, 1937, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 73,
pp. 9-12 (waigiuensis).
Amadon, 1943, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1237, pp. 1-5
(revision of superciliosa).
Boetticher, 1943, Zool. Anzeiger, 142, pp. 147-151 (sys-
tematic position of erythrorhyncha).
Ripley, 1951, Wilson Bull., 63, pp. 189-191 (luzonica).
Snyder and Lumsden, 1951, Occas. Papers Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zool., no. 10, 18 pp. (variation in cyanoptera).
Parkes, 1953, Condor, 55, pp. 275-276 (acuta).
Wiedmann, 1956-58, Zietschr. Tierpsychol., 13, pp. 208-
271; 15, pp. 277-300 (behavior of platyrhynchos).
Lorenz and Wall, 1960, Journ. Ornith., 101, pp. 50-60
(systematic position of falcata).
Johnsgard, 1961, Auk, 78, pp. 3-43 (relationships of North
American platyrhynchos and rubripes).
Rowan, 1963, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 5, 56 pp. (undulata).
Siegfried, 1965, Ostrich, 36, pp. 155-198 (smithit).
Dane, 1966, Auk, 83, pp. 389-402 (breeding biology of
discors).
McKinney, 1967, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 18 (1965-
66), pp. 108-121 (breeding behavior of clypeata).
* Additional synonyms are Dafila, Eunetta, Nettion, Punanetta, and
Querquedula.—P. A. J.
462 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Moisan, Smith, and Martinson, 1967, U. S. Dept. Interior,
Fish Wildlife Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.—Wildlife no. 100,
256 pp. (crecca carolinensis).
Swedberg, 1967, Koloa, 56 pp. (platyrhynchos wyuilliana).
Oring, 1968, Auk, 85, pp. 355-380 (strepera).
Siegfried, 1968, Ostrich, 39, pp. 61-75 (sparsa).
Aldrich and Baer, 1970, Wilson Bull., 82, pp. 63-73 (status
of platyrhynchos diazi).
Humphrey et al., 1970, Birds Isla Grande (Tierra del
Fuego), pp. 126-129, 139-148 (specularoides, specularis,
flavirostris, sibilatrix, bahamensis, versicolor).
McKinney, 1970, Living Bird, 9, pp. 29-64 (displays of
discors, cyanoptera, smithii, clypeata).
Winterbottom, 1974, Ostrich, 45, pp. 110-132 (capensis).
Kear, 1975, Wildfowl, 26, pp. 104-111 (waigiuensis).
Weller, 1975, Auk, 92, p. 280-297 (ecology of aucklandica).
Weller, 1975, Ibis, 117, pp. 217-231 (ecology and behavior
of georgica).
Hubbard, 1977, New Mexico Dept. Game Fish, Bull. no.
16, 56 pp. (biology and taxonomy of platyrhynchos diazi).
Skead, 1977, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 12, pp. 75-81 (smithit).
ANAS WAIGIUENSIS
Anas waigiuensis (Rothschild and Hartert)
Salvadorina waigiuensis Rothschild and Hartert, 1894,
Novit. Zool., 1, p. 683—Waigeo.
Mountain streams of New Guinea, above 400 meters. Of
doubtful occurrence on Waigeo Island.
ANAS PENELOPE'
Anas penelope Linnaeus
Anas Penelope Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 126;
based on “The Wigeon or Whewer” of Albin, 1734, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 2, p. 88, pl. 99—coasts and swamps of Europe;
restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica,
ed. 2, p. 44.
Iceland, British Isles, Scandinavia east to Anadyrland,
Koryakland, and Kamchatka, south to France and Netherlands
A. penelope and americana form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 463
(sporadically), Denmark, northern Germany, central Russia,
Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Altai, Mongolia, Lake Baykal,
and perhaps Amurland, Manchuria, and northern Sakhalin.
Winters from western and southern Europe south to Nigeria
and Kenya, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Iraq, Arabia, Iran,
India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) occasionally, southern China,
Taiwan, Japan, Indochina, Hainan, Philippines. Regularly in
autumn and winter to both coasts and the interior of North
America; casual Greenland; has reached West Indies, Hawaii.
ANAS AMERICANA
Anas americana Gmelin
Anas americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 526; based
on “Le Canard jensen, de la Louisiane” of Daubenton,
1765-81, Planches Enlum., pl. 955, and “American Wi-
geon” of Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., p. 567—Louisiana
and New York.
Alaska east to northern Ontario and northern Minnesota, with
recent scattered breeding areas east to New Brunswick, Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Maine, and Massachusetts, south
in the west to northeastern California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado.
Winters from Alaska south to Central America, Hawaii, Gulf
coast, Atlantic coast from southern New England to Florida,
West Indies.
ANAS SIBILATRIX
Anas sibilatrix Poeppig
Anas sibilatrix Poeppig, 1829, in Froriep, Notizen, 25, col.
10—Talcahuano, Concepcion, Chile.
Chile from Atacama south to Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
from Cordoba and Entre Rios south to Isla Grande, occasionally
Uruguay; Falkland Islands. Winters north to Paraguay, south-
eastern Brazil, Uruguay.
ANAS FALCATA
Anas falcata Georgi
Anas falcata Georgi, 1775, Bemerkungen Reise Russischen
Reich, p. 167—Lake Baykal.
Central Asia from the upper Yenisey River east to the Sea
of Okhotsk and west coast of Kamchatka, south to Lake Baykal,
northeastern Mongolia, Manchuria, Amurland, Ussuriland,
464 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Sakhalin, and Kuril Islands to Japan (Hokkaido). Winters
from Korea and Japan south to southeastern China and
northern Indochina.
ANAS STREPERA
Anas strepera strepera Linnaeus
Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 125—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 43.
Alaska south to California, Idaho, and Utah, Alberta east
to Ontario and south to Nebraska, eastern Great Lakes and
Atlantic coast from Maine to North Carolina; Iceland, British
Isles, and France east to Transbaicalia in Siberia (possibly
farther), from near lat. 60° N. south to Yugoslavia, Bulgaria,
Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia (recent eastward ex-
tension in both New World and Old). Winters from central
and southern parts of breeding range south to Baja California,
southern Mexico, Gulf coast, Florida, western West Indies,
northern Africa, Iraq, Iran, India, eastern China, Japan, and
Thailand.
Anas strepera couesi (Streets)
Chaulelasmus couesi Streets, 1876, Bull. Nuttall Ornith.
Club, 1, p. 46—Washington Island, Fanning Group.
Washington and New York Islands, Fanning Group, Pacific
Ocean. Extinct.
ANAS FORMOSA
Anas formosa Georgi
Anas formosa Georgi, 1775, Bemerkungen Reise Russischen
Reich, p. 168—Irkutsk and Lake Baykal.
Siberia from west of the Yenisey River east to Anadyrland,
Koryakland, and Kamchatka, north to about lat. 70° N., south
to the Nishnaya Tunguska and Angara Rivers, northern Lake
Baykal, Transbaicalia, and the Gulf of Uda on the Sea of
Okhotsk. Winters from Manchuria, Korea, and southern Japan
to southeastern China.
ANAS CRECCA'
Anas crecca crecca Linnaeus
Anas Crecca Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 126—
‘A. crecca and flavirostris form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 465
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 45.
Eurasia from Iceland and the British Isles east to Anadyrland,
Kamchatka, the Commander and ? Pribilof Islands, north to
about lat. 70° N., south to the Mediterranean, northern Bal-
kans, Black Sea, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Altai,
Mongolia, Manchuria, Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakhalin,
Kurils, Japan (Hokkaido, northern Hondo). Winters from
southern parts of breeding range south to Africa (Niger,
Kenya), Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), southeastern
China, Indochina, Hainan, Philippines.
Anas crecca nimia Friedmann
Anas crecca nimia Friedmann, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 61, p. 157—Kiska Island, Alaska.
Aleutian Islands, east to Akutan. Sedentary.
Anas crecca carolinensis Gmelin
Anas carolinensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 533; based
on “American Teal” of Latham, 1785, General Synop.
Birds, 3, p. 554, and Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool., 2, p.
569—Carolina to Hudson Bay = South Carolina.
Alaska (including Pribilof Islands) east to Labrador and New-
foundland, south to California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Ne-
braska, Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, north-
ern Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. Winters from south-
eastern Alaska to northern Central America, Gulf coast,
Atlantic coast from New Jersey south, Cuba.
ANAS FLAVIROSTRIS
Anas flavirostris altipetens (Conover)
Nettion andium altipetens Conover, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 54, p. 143—Paramo San Antonio, Culata
Mountains, Merida, Venezuela; altitude 12,000 feet.
Paramo zone of the Eastern Andes of Colombia, south to Bogota,
and northwestern Venezuela.
Anas flavirostris andium (Sclater and Salvin)
Querquedula andium P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 1873, No-
mencl. Avium Neotrop., p. 162—high Ecuador between
Riobamba and Mocha.
Temperate and paramo zones of the Central and Eastern Andes
of Colombia, south from Bogota to northern Ecuador.
Anas flavirostris oxyptera Meyen
Anas oxyptera Meyen, 1834, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.
466 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Leopold.-Carol. Nat. Curiosorum, Halle, 16, Suppl., p. 121,
pl. 26—eastern slope of the southern Peruvian Andes,
toward Lake Titicaca.
Puna zone (chiefly) of Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile
(also coastal), and northwestern Argentina.
Anas flavirostris flavirostris Vieillot
Anas flavirostris Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 5, p. 107; based on “Pato pico amarillo y nego,” no.
439, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 448—Buenos Aires.
Central Chile, central Argentina, and Uruguay to Tierra del
Fuego; Falkland Islands; South Georgia. Winters to northern
Argentina, Paraguay, and southeastern Brazil.
ANAS CAPENSIS
Anas capensis Gmelin
Anas capensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 527; based
on “Cape Wigeon” of Latham, 1785, General Synop, Birds,
3, p. 519—Cape of Good Hope.
Angola, Sudan, and Ethiopia south to South West Africa
(Namibia) and Cape Province. Locally (? as migrants) to Lake
Chad and Tibesti. Rare or absent from the Angolan escarpment
east to northern Mozambique and along the southeastern coast.
ANAS GIBBERIFRONS'
Anas gibberifrons albogularis (Hume)
Mareca albogularis Hume, 1873, Stray Feathers, 1, p.
303—Andaman Islands.
Polionetta albigularis [sic] leucopareus J. H. Fleming, 1911,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24, p.215—North Reef Island,
Andaman Islands.
Andaman Islands.
Anas gibberifrons gibberifrons Muller
Anas (Mareca) gibberifrons S. Muller, 1842, in Temminck
(ed.), Verh. Nat. Geschiedenis Nederlandsche Overzeesche
Bezittingen, Land-Volkenkunde, p. 159, note—Celebes.
Java, Celebes, Sula Islands, Salajar, Sumba, Flores, Timor,
and Wetar.
‘A. gibberifrons and bernieri form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 467
Anas gibberifrons gracilis Buller
Anas gracilis Buller, 1869, Ibis, p. 41—Manawatu, North
Island, New Zealand.
Nettion castaneum rogersit Mathews, 1912, Austral Avian
Rec., 1, p. 86—northwestern Australia. Type said to be
from Parry’s Creek.
Anas gibberifrons mathewsi Phillips, 1923, Nat. Hist. Ducks,
2, p. 266 (not Anas superciliosa rogersi Mathews). New
name for Nettion castaneum rogersi Mathews, 1912.
New Guinea, Kai and Aru Islands, Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand; occasional New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, Mac-
quarie Island.
Anas gibberifrons remissa Ripley
Anas castanea remissa Ripley, 1942, Auk, 59, p. 94—Rennell
Island, Solomon Islands.
Rennell Island, Solomon Islands.
ANAS BERNIERI
Anas bernieri (Hartlaub)
Querquedula Bernieri “J. Verr.” Hartlaub, 1860, Journ.
Ornith., 8, p. 173—Madagascar.
Madagascar. Now rare.
ANAS CASTANEA'
Anas castanea (Eyton)
Mareca castanea Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 119,
pl. 19—New South Wales.
Coastal Australia south from North West Cape, Western
Australia, and Bowen, Queensland; interior southwestern
Australia, South Australia (north to Lake Frome), southern
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria; Tasmania.
ANAS AUCKLANDICA
Anas aucklandica chlorotis Gray
Anas chlorotis G. R. Gray, 1845, in Richardson and J. E.
Gray (eds.), Voyage Erebus Terror, 1, Birds, p. 15, pl.
20—New Zealand.
‘A. castanea and aucklandica form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
468 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Elasmonetta chlorotis peculiaris Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37,
p. 31—South Island, New Zealand.
New Zealand; now restricted to northern portion of North
Island (including Great Barrier Island), Fiordland of South
Island, Stewart Island. Formerly more widely distributed,
including Chatham Islands.
Anas aucklandica aucklandica (Gray)
Nesonetta aucklandica G. R. Gray, 1844, Gen. Birds, 3, p.
[627], plain pl. [169], fig. 4 (head)—Auckland Islands.
Auckland Islands; now chiefly confined to Enderby, Rose,
Ocean, Ewing, Disappointment, and Adams Islands.
Anas aucklandica nesiotis (Fleming)*
Xenonetta nesiotis J. H. Fleming, 1935, Occas. Papers Roy.
Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 1, p. 1—Campbell Island.
Recently found on Dent Island, Campbell Island Group.”
Previously known from Campbell Island (2 specimens, 3
sightings, 1886-1958).
ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS’
Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus
Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
125—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 42.
North America from Alaska (including Aleutian and Pribilof
Islands) east to the west coast of Hudson Bay in Manitoba,
west coast of James Bay, southern Quebec, and New England,
south to southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, thence
east at about lat. 35°-40° N. to the Atlantic coast; Eurasia
from Iceland, Azores, and British Isles east to Sea of Okhotsk,
Kamchatka, Karaginsk Island, and Commander Islands, north
to about lat. 66°-70° N., south to the Iberian Peninsula, the
Mediterranean, northwestern Africa, and Turkey, east to
Manchuria, Sakhalin, and Japan. Winters in North America
on the Pacific coast from the Aleutians south to Baja California,
over much of the southern half of the United States, north-
‘Doubtfully separable from aucklandica; cf. Weller, 1975, Auk,
92, pp. 280-297—P. A. J.
*Robertson, 1976, Wildlife (N. Z. Wildlife Serv.), no. 7, pp. 45-46.
°A. platyrhynchos, rubripes, melleri, and undulata form a superspe-
cies.—P. A. J
ANATIDAE 469
eastern Mexico, western West Indies; in the Old World south
to northern Africa, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, central India, Burma,
southeastern China. Introduced New Zealand.
Anas platyrhynchos conboschas Brehm
Anas conboschas C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturgeschichte
Vogel Deutschlands, p. 865—Greenland.
Resident coasts of Greenland; on the west, from Upernavik
south to Julianehaab district; on the east, in Angmagssalik
district and at Lindenows Fjord.
Anas platyrhynchos fulvigula Ridgway
Anas obscura var. fulvigula Ridgway, 1874, Amer. Natural-
ist, 8, p. 111—St. John’s River, Florida.
Coastal Alabama and peninsular Florida, south on the west
coast from Cedar Key, in the interior from Gainesville, and
on the east coast from the St. John’s River.
Anas platyrhynchos maculosa Sennett
Anas maculosa Sennett, 1889, Auk, 6, p. 263—Nueces Bay,
Texas.
Gulf coast of the United States from Texas to Mississippi,
and coastal Mexico south to central Tamaulipas. Winters to
Veracruz.
Anas platyrhynchos diazi Ridgway
Anas diazi Ridgway, 1886, Auk, 3, p. 332—San Ysidro,
Puebla, Mexico.
Anas novimexicana Huber, 1920, Auk, 37, p. 273—Rio
Grande, west of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County, New
Mexico.
Locally southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western
Texas, Chihuahua, Durango, northern Jalisco, and the central
highlands of Mexico south to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.
Winters over most of the breeding range.
Anas platyrhynchos wyvilliana Sclater
Anas wyvilliana P. L. Sclater, 1878, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 350—Hawaiian Islands.
Hawaiian Islands. Formerly all main islands except Lanai
and Kahoolawe, latterly reduced to Kauai. Recently reintro-
duced Oahu and Hawaii.
Anas platyrhynchos laysanensis Rothschild
Anas laysanensis Rothschild, 1892, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
1, p. 17—Laysan Island.
470 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Laysan Island, Leeward Hawaiian Chain. Count of 69 birds
1974 (Auk, 1975, 92, no. 4, suppl., p. 7B).’
ANAS RUBRIPES
Anas rubripes Brewster
Anas obscura (nec Linnaeus, 1761) Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat.,
1, p. 541; based on “Dusky Duck” of Latham, 1785, Gener-
al Synop. Birds, 3, p. 545, and Pennant, 1785, Arctic Zool.,
2, p. 564—New York.
Anas obscura rubripes Brewster, 1902, Auk, 19, p. 184—
Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire shore.
Anas rubripes tristis Brewster, 1909, Auk, 26, p. 176. New
name for Anas obscura Gmelin, 1789, preoccupied by Anas
obscura Pontoppidan, 1763, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 620.
Manitoba east to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to Min-
nesota, Great Lakes states, and coastal North Carolina. Win-
ters from southern part of breeding range south to the Gulf
coast (to southern Texas) and northern Florida.
ANAS UNDULATA
Anas undulata rueppelli Blyth
Anas Ruppelli [sic] Blyth, 1855, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal,
24, p. 265—central Africa = Ethiopia.
Highlands of Ethiopia.
Anas undulata undulata Dubois
Anas undulata Dubois, 1839, Ornith. Gallerie, 1, p. 119,
pl. 77—Cape of Good Hope.
Cameroon, Zaire, Angola, Uganda, and Kenya south to Cape
Province.
ANAS MELLERI
Anas melleri Sclater
Anas melleri P. L. Sclater, 1865, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1864), p. 487, pl. 34—Madagascar.
Madagascar. Introduced Mauritius.
‘Anas oustaleti Salvadori, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 4, p.
1—Mariana Islands = Anas platyrhynchos X A. superciliosa (cf.
Yamashina, 1947, Pacific Sci., 11, pp. 121-124).—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 471
ANAS POECILORHYNCHA'
Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha Swinhoe
Anas zonorhyncha Swinhoe, 1866, Ibis, p. 394—Ningpo,
China.
Transbaicalia and the Amur River south to western China
(Kansu) and eastern China (Kwangtung). Northern popula-
tions winter to south.
Anas poecilorhyncha haringtoni (Oates)
Polionetta haringtoni Oates, 1907, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc., 17, p. 558—Shan States.
Eastern Assam, Burma, southwestern China (Yunnan), north-
ern Indochina.
Anas poecilorhyncha poecilorhyncha Forster
Anas poecilorhyncha J. R. Forster, 1781, Ind. Zool., p. 23,
pl. 13, fig. 1—Ceylon.
Indian subcontinent from east of the Indus River to western
Assam, south to Mysore and occasionally Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
ANAS SUPERCILIOSA
Anas superciliosa pelewensis Hartlaub and Finsch
Anas superciliosa var. pelewensis Hartlaub and Finsch, 1872,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 108—Pelew (= Palau) Islands.
Palau and Caroline Islands, northern and central New Guinea,
Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon and Santa Cruz Islands, New
Hebrides, New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, Fiji, Tonga,
Samoa, Cook, Society, and Austral Islands.
Anas superciliosa rogersi Mathews
Anas superciliosa rogersi Mathews, 1912, Austral Avian
Rec., 1, p. 33—Augusta, southwestern Australia.
Anas superciliosa percna Riley, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 32, p. 93—Kulawi, Celebes.
Sumatra, Java, Kangean, Celebes, Lesser Sunda Islands,
Moluccas, western and southern New Guinea, Louisiade
Archipelago, Australia, Tasmania.
‘A. poecilorhyncha, superciliosa, and luzonica form a superspecies,
with superciliosa doubtfully distinct specifically from poecilorhyn-
cha.—P. A. J.
472 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Anas superciliosa superciliosa Gmelin
Anas superciliosa Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 537; based
on “Supercilious Duck” of Latham, 1785, General Snyop.
Birds, 3, p. 497—New Zealand.
New Zealand, and Kermadec, Chatham, Snares, Auckland,
Campbell, and Macquarie Islands.
ANAS LUZONICA
Anas luzonica Fraser
Anas luzonica Fraser, 1839, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
113—Luzon.
Philippine Islands.
ANAS SPARSA
Anas sparsa leucostigma Ruppell
Anas leucostigma Ruppell, 1845, Syst. Uebersicht Vogel
Nord-Ost-Afrika’s, pp. 130, 138, pl. 48—southern Abys-
sinia.
Anas sparsa maclatchyi Berlioz, 1947, Oiseau, 17, p. 89—
Booué, Gabon.
Cameroon south to Angola; southern Sudan and Ethiopia south
to eastern Zaire and Tanzania, with western and southern
limits unknown.
Anas sparsa sparsa Eyton
Anas sparsa Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 142—South
Africa.
Southern South West Africa (Namibia), Zambia, Malawi south
to Cape Province; northern limits uncertain, with perhaps
a wide zone of intergradation with leucostigma.
ANAS SPECULARIOIDES'
Anas specularioides alticola Menegaux
Anas cristata alticola Menégaux, 1909, Bull. Soc. Philomath.
Paris, sér. 10, 1, p. 224—Lake Poopo, Bolivia.
Central Peru south to Bolivia, central Chile, and northwestern
Argentina.
‘Anas cristata Gmelin, 1789, the earliest name for this species,
is preoccupied by Anas cristata J. B. Fischer, 1778, Versuch Natur-
geschichte Livland, p. 81.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 473
Anas specularioides specularioides King
Anas specularioides King, 1828, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98—Strait
of Magellan.
Central Chile (Laguna del Maule, Talca) to Tierra del Fuego
and Cape Horn; western Argentina south from Neuquén and
Atlantic coast from Chubut to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland
Islands.
ANAS SPECULARIS
Anas specularis King
Anas specularis King, 1828, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98—Strait
of Magellan.
Chile from Talca and Argentina from Neuqueén south to Tierra
del Fuego. Winters north to Aconcagua, Chile, and Cordoba,
Argentina.
ANAS ACUTA'
Anas acuta acuta Linnaeus
Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 126—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 44.
Anas acuta tzitzithoa, Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat.,
nouv. éed., 5, p. 163; based on “Tzitzihoa” of Hernandez,
1651, Nova Plant. Animal. Mineral. Mex. Hist., Hist.
Animal. Mineral., p. 35—Mexico.
North America from the Aleutians and St. Lawrence Island
east to northern Ungava, north to southern Banks and Victoria
Islands, south to northern Baja California, Arizona, New
Mexico, Iowa, Wisconsin, southern Ontario, southern Quebec,
and the Maritimes, with local or occasional breeding in eastern
United States; western Greenland from about Disko Island
south to ? Julianehaab district; Eurasia from Iceland, Faeroes,
and British Isles east to Chukchi Peninsula, Anadyrland,
Kamchatka, Commander Islands, and Sea of Okhotsk, north
to about lat. 71°-74°N., south to about lat. 50° N. from
Netherlands east to Sakhalin and northern Kuril Islands, with
‘A. acuta and georgica form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
474 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
local and sporadic breeding farther south. Winters from British
Columbia and the Maritimes south over much of the United
States to Colombia and the West Indies, and from western
and central Europe, southern Russia, and Turkistan south
to Nigeria, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Saudi Arabia, Iran, India
to Sri Lanka (Ceylon), southern China, Taiwan, Japan to the
Ryukyus, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Marianas,
eastern Micronesia, and Hawaii.
Anas acuta eatoni (Sharpe)
Querquedula eatoni Sharpe, 1875, Ibis, p. 328—Kerguelen
Island.
Kerguelen Islands. Introduced Amsterdam and St. Paul Is-
lands.
Anas acuta drygalskii Reichenow
Anas drygalskii Reichenow, 1904, Ornith. Monatsber., 12,
p. 47—Crozet Island.
Crozet Islands.
ANAS GEORGICA
Anas georgica niceforoi Wetmore and Borrero
Anas niceforot Wetmore and Borrero, 1946, Caldasia, 4, p.
68—Laguna de Tota, Boyaca, Colombia; altitude 3,070
meters.
Central Colombia between about 1,000 and 3,000 meters. Now
apparently extinct (or very rare).
Anas georgica spinicauda Vieillot
Anas spinicauda Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éed., 5, p. 135; based on “Pato cola aguda,” no. 429, of
Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
Rio Plata, 3, p. 421—Buenos Aires.
Southwestern Colombia, Bolivian Chaco, Paraguay, Brazil
from Sao Paulo, and Uruguay south to Tierra del Fuego;
Falkland Islands.
Anas georgica georgica Gmelin
Anas georgica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 516; based
on “Georgia Duck” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 478—“Georgia Australi America.”
South Georgia.
ANATIDAE 475
ANAS BAHAMENSIS'
Anas bahamensis bahamensis Linnaeus
Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 124;
based on “The Ilathera Duck” of Catesby, 1732, Nat. Hist.
Carolina, pt. 5, p. 93, pl. 93—Bahama Islands.
Bahama Islands, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Curacao, Bon-
aire, Margarita Island, Trinidad, Tobago, Colombia, coastal
Venezuela, Guianas, northeastern Brazil (Amapa).
Anas bahamensis rubrirostris Vieillot
Anas rubrirostris Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éed., 5, p. 108; based on “Pato pico aplomado y roxo,” no.
433, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 436—Buenos Aires.
Southwestern Ecuador, coastal Peru, occasional northern
Chile; Brazil west to the Rio Xingu, south to Rio Grande
do Sul, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Argentina
south to Buenos Aires.
Anas bahamensis galapagensis (Ridgway)
Poecilonetta galapagensis Ridgway, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 12, p. 115—Charles Island, Galapagos.
Galapagos Archipelago.
ANAS ERYTHRORHYNCHA
Anas erythrorhyncha Gmelin
Anas erythrorhyncha Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 517;
based on “Crimson-billed Duck” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 507—Cape of Good Hope.
Angola, Zaire, and Ethiopia south to Cape Province; Madagas-
car.
ANAS VERSICOLOR
Anas versicolor puna Tschudi
Anas Puna Tschudi (ex Lichtenstein MS), 1844, Archiv
Naturgeschichte, 10, pt. 1, p. 315—Peru = Junin. Type
in Zoologisches Museum, Berlin.
"Considered by Delacour and Mayr, 1945, Wilson Bull., 57, p. 38,
to form a superspecies with erythrorhyncha.—P. A. J.
476 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Puna zone of Andes from central Peru (Junin) through Bolivia
to northern Chile (Antofagasta) and northern Argentina
(Jujuy).
Anas versicolor versicolor Vieillot
Anas versicolor Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 5, p. 109; based on “Pato pico de tres colores,” no.
440, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 450—Paraguay.
Chile from Valparaiso and Santiago to Chiloe, Bolivian Chaco,
Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina south to
Rio Negro or Chubut.
Anas versicolor fretensis King
Anas fretensis King, 1831, Proc. Com. Sci. Corresp. Zool.
Soc. London, 1, p. 15—Strait of Magellan.
Chile from Aisén and Argentina from Chubut south to Tierra
del Fuego; Falkland Islands.
ANAS HOTTENTOTA'
Anas hottentota Eyton
Anas punctata Burchell, 1822, Travels Interior Southern
Africa, 1, p. 283, note—Zak River, Cape Province.
Querquedula hottentota Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p.
129—western coast of South Africa, near Orange River,
Cape Province.
Anas punctata delacourt Neumann, 1932, Ornith. Mo-
natsber., 40, p. 151—Madagascar.
Angola, Zaire, Sudan, and Ethiopia south to Cape Province;
Madagascar. Sporadically to northern Nigeria and Lake Chad.
‘The specific name hottentota, as published in the binomen Quer-
quedula hottentota Eyton 1838, has been placed on the Official List
of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 2600, and the
specific name punctata, as published in the binomen Anas punctata
Burchell 1822, has been placed on the Official Index of Rejected
and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1018,
by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin.
1078, 1977, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 34, pp. 14-15; cf. Oxyura maccoa,
p. 503, below.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 477
ANAS QUERQUEDULA
Anas querquedula Linnaeus
Anas Querquedula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
126—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 45.
Iceland (rarely) and southern England east to the Sea of
Okhotsk, Amurland, Sakhalin, and southern Kamchatka,
north to about lat. 60°-62° N., south to France and thence
east at about lat. 40°-45° N. to Manchuria and Ussuriland,
with local or sporadic breeding farther south. Winters to
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, Sri Lanka
(Ceylon) and the Maldives, southern China, Taiwan, Indochina,
Hainan, Malay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands, Philippines,
and Marianas.
ANAS DISCORS
Anas discors Linnaeus
Anas discors Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 205;
based chiefly on “The White-face Teal” of Catesby, 1732,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, pt. 5, p. 100, pl. 100—North America
= Carolina ex Catesby.
Anas discors orphna Stewart and Aldrich, 1956, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 69, p. 31—Elliott, Dorchester County,
Maryland.
Alaska east to Manitoba, Newfoundland, and the Maritimes,
south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, Iowa, Great Lakes,
western New York, and on the Atlantic coast to North Carolina,
with local or sporadic breeding both north and south (recent
range extensions). Winters from northern Mexico and the West
Indies to Galapagos Archipelago, Peru, Venezuela, the
Guianas, and northeastern Brazil; casual farther south.
ANAS CYANOPTERA
Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium Snyder and Lumsden
Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium Snyder and Lumsden,
1951, Occas. Papers Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 10, p.
16—2 miles south of Jensen, Utah.
British Columbia and Alberta east to the western edge of
the Great Plains, south to northern Baja California and central
478 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Mexico. Winters from California, Nevada, Utah, and south-
eastern Texas to northern Colombia; casual east and south.
Anas cyanoptera tropica Snyder and Lumsden
Anas cyanoptera tropica Snyder and Lumsden, 1951, Occas.
Papers Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 10, p. 16—Villa Vijes,
Valle de Cauca, Colombia; tropical zone, below 3,000 feet.
Tropical zone of Colombia in the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys.
Anas cyanoptera borreroi Snyder and Lumsden
Anas cyanoptera borreroi Snyder and Lumsden, 1951, Occas.
Papers Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 10, p. 15—Sebundoy,
Colombia; altitude about 9,000 feet.
Colombia in the eastern Andes between 1,000 and 3,600 meters,
the savanna of Bogota, Sebundoy, Lakes Tota, Fuguene, and
La Cocha.
Anas cyanoptera orinomus (Oberholser)
Querquedula orinomus Oberholser, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 19, p. 93—Puna (= Puno), Lake Titicaca,
Peru; altitude 12,250 feet.
Puna zone of the Andes from southern Peru and Bolivia to
Antofagasta, Chile, and Jujuy, Argentina.
Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera Vieillot
Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
éd., 5, p. 104; based on “Pato alas azules,” no. 434, of
Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay
Rio Plata, 3, p. 437—Rio de la Plata and Buenos Aires.
Lowlands of southern Peru and Bolivia, southeastern Brazil,
Chile from Atacama to Aisén, Argentina to Tierra del Fuego;
Falkland Islands (rare). Winters to north.
ANAS PLATALEA
Anas platalea Vieillot
Anas platalea Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., 5, p.
157; based on “Pato espatula,” no. 431, of Azara, 1805,
Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata,
3, p. 427—Paraguay.
Southern Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, Uru-
guay, Argentina south to northern Tierra del Fuego. Migratory
in northern and southern parts of range.
ANATIDAE 479
ANAS SMITHII
Anas smithii (Hartert)
Spatula smithii (nec capensis Eyton, 1838) Hartert, 1891,
Kat. Vogelsammlung Mus. Senckenberg. Naturforschen-
dengesell. Frankfurt, p. 231, note—Cape Province.
Angola, Botswana, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) south to Cape Prov-
ince. Subject to some seasonal movements.
ANAS RHYNCHOTIS
Anas rhynchotis rhynchotis Latham
Anas Rhynchotis Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl., p.
70—New South Wales.
Coastal southwestern Australia, southeastern Australia main-
ly in the Murray-Darling basin, Tasmania. Nomadic; vagrant
far to north.
Anas rhynchotis variegata (Gould)
Spatula variegata Gould, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
95—New Zealand.
New Zealand; formerly Chatham Islands.
ANAS CLYPEATA
Anas clypeata Linnaeus
Anas clypeata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 124—
coasts of Europe; restricted to southern Sweden by Lin-
naeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 42.
North America from Alaska east to Manitoba, south to central
California, thence east at about lat. 40°-42° N. to Iowa, with
scattered breeding south and east (on the Atlantic coast from
Prince Edward Island to North Carolina); in Eurasia from
Iceland and British Isles east to the Kolyma delta (rarely
Kamchatka), north varyingly to about lat. 76°-73° N., south
to France, Austria, northern Balkans, Black Sea coast of
Russia, Turkey, Transcaspia, Turkistan, northwestern Mongo-
lia, Transbaicalia, Amurland, Ussuriland, and Sakhalin. Win-
ters from British Columbia and southern United States south
to Panama, and from western and southeastern Europe south
to tropical Africa, Saudi Arabia, Iran, India to Sri Lanka
(Ceylon), China, Japan, Taiwan, Indochina, Philippines,
Hawaiil.
480 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus MALACORHYNCHUS Swainson
Malacorhynchus Swainson, 1831, Journ. Roy. Institution
Great Britain, 2, p. 18. Type, by monotypy, Anas mem-
branacea Latham.
cf. Hobbs, 1957, Emu, 57, pp. 265-268.
Warham, 1958, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 9 (1956-57),
pp. 118-127.
MALACORHYNCHUS MEMBRANACEUS
Malacorhynchus membranaceus (Latham)
Anas membranacea Latham, 1801, Index Ornith., Suppl.,
p. 69—New South Wales.
Australia and Tasmania, with greatest abundance in south-
eastern South Australia, western Victoria, and the Murray-
Darling basin. Nomadic, ranging widely over the continent.
Genus MARMARONETTA ReEIcHENBACH
Marmaronetta Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 9. Type, by original designation, Anas angustirostris
Meénétriés.
cf. Johnsgard, 1961, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 81, pp. 37-43.
MARMARONETTA ANGUSTIROSTRIS
Marmaronetta angustirostris (Meéenetriés)
Anas angustirostris Méneétries, 1832, Cat. Raisonné Objets
Zool. Recueillis Voyage Caucase, p. 58—Lenkoran.
Cape Verde Islands, northwestern Africa, southern Spain, ?
southern Portugal, Egypt, east to Russian Turkistan, Afghan-
istan, and Pakistan. Winters south to the northern Sahara,
Arabia, and northwestern India.
Genus RHODONESSA ReEIcCHENBACH
Rhodonessa Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 9. Type, by original designation, Anas caryophyllacea
Latham.
cf. Ali, 1960, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 11 (1958-59),
pp. 55-60.
Humphrey and Ripley, 1962, Postilla, no. 61, 21 pp.
ANATIDAE 481
Luther, 1967, Falke, 14, pp. 268-271.
Prestwich, 1974, Avic. Mag., 80, pp. 47-52.
RHODONESSA CARYOPHYLLACEA
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (Latham)
Anas caryophyllacea Latham, 1790, Index Ornith., p. 866—
India.
Formerly northeastern and eastern India south to Madras.
Apparently extinct.
Genus NETTA Kaup
Netta Kaup, 1829, Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte
Europaisch. Thierwelt, p. 102. Type, by monotypy, Anas
rufina Pallas.
Metopiana Bonaparte, 1856, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris,
43, p. 649. Type, by monotypy, Anas peposaca Vieillot.
Phaeonetta Delacour, 1936, Oiseau, 6, p. 377. Type, by
original designation, Anas erythrophthalma Wied.
Phoeoaythia [sic] Delacour, 1937, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
57, p. 157. New name for Phaeonetta Delacour, 1936,
preoccupied by Phaeonetta Stone, 1907, Auk, 24, p. 198.
cf. Middlemiss, 1958, Ostrich, Suppl. no. 2, 36 pp.
(erythrophthalma).
Weller, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 404-405 (behavior of peposaca).
NETTA RUFINA
Netta rufina (Pallas)
Anas rufina Pallas, 1773, Reise Verschiedene Provinzen
Russischen Reichs, 2, p. 713—Caspian Sea and lakes of
the Tartarian Desert.
Western and southern Europe east to Mongolia, north to about
lat. 55° N., south to Transcaucasia, Iran, Afghanistan, and
Chinese Turkistan. Winters from southern parts of breeding
range south to northwestern Africa, Egypt, Iraq, India, Burma,
and eastern China.
NETTA PEPOSACA
Netta peposaca (Vieillot)
Anas peposaca Vieillot, 1816, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv.
482 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
éed., 5, p. 132; based on “Pato negrizco ala blanca,” no.
430, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros
Paraguay Rio Negro, 3, p. 423—Paraguay and Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
Chile from Atacama to Magallanes, Paraguay, southeastern
Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina south to Rio Negro. Migratory
in northern and southern parts of range.
NETTA ERYTHROPHTHALMA
Netta erythrophthalma brunnea (Eyton)
Nyroca brunnea Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 161,
pl. [23]—southern Africa.
Angola, eastern Zaire, Sudan, and Ethiopia south to Cape
Province.
Netta erythrophthalma erythrophthalma (Wied)
Anas erythrophthalma Wied, 1832, Beitr. Naturgeschichte
Brasilien, 4, p. 929—-Lagoa do Braco, Villa de Belmonte,
eastern Brazil.
Colombia, northwestern Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, eastern
Brazil. Scattered and sporadic distribution.
Genus AYTHYA BolgE
Aythya Boie, 1822, (before May), Tagebuch Reise Norwegen,
p. 351. Type, by monotypy, Anas marila Linnaeus.
Nyroca J. Fleming, 1822 (June), Philos. Zool., 2, p. 260,
Type, by tautonymy, Anas nyroca Guldenstadt.
Zeafulix Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37, p. 32. Type, by original
designation, Anas novaeseelandiae Gmelin.
Dyseonetta Boetticher, 1950, Beitr. Gattungssystematik Vo-
gel, p. 43. Type, by original designation, Fuligula ameri-
cana Eyton.
cf. Munro, 1941, Canadian Journ. Res., D, 19, pp. 113-138
(marila, affinis).
Mendall, 1958, Univ. Maine Bull., 60, no. 16, 333 pp.
(collaris).
Hochbaum, 1959, Canvasback Prairie Marsh, ed. 2, 207
pp. (valisineria).
Weller, 1964, Journ. Wildlife Management, 28, pp. 64-103
(americana).
Festetics, 1967, Vogelwelt, 88, pp. 43-58 ( fuligula).
ANATIDAE 483
Weller, 1967, Auk, 84, pp. 544-559 (americana).
Bezzel, 1969, Tafelente (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 405), 108
pp. (ferina).
Merila, Ojanen, and Orell, 1975, Suomen Riista, 26, pp.
53-60 ( fuligula).
AYTHYA VALISINERIA'
Aythya valisineria (Wilson)
Anas valisineria Wilson, 1814, Amer. Ornith., 8, p. 103,
pl. 70, fig. 5—eastern United States.
Central Alaska south and east through Canada to British
Columbia, eastern Montana, Utah, Wyoming, the Dakotas,
and western Minnesota, with isolated breeding populations
in Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado,
Nebraska, Kansas, and southern Ontario. Winters from south-
ern British Columbia, Michigan, and New York to Jalisco
and Veracruz, Mexico, with major concentrations in San
Francisco and San Pablo Bays, California, and Chesapeake
Bay, Maryland.
AYTHYA FERINA
Aythya ferina (Linnaeus)
Anas ferina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 126—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 45.
British Isles east to Lake Baykal, north to about lat. 62° N.,
south to France, Hungary, Balkans, southern Russia, Aral
Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Mongolia, with local or sporadic
breeding north and especially south of main range. Winters
from southern parts of breeding range south to Mediterranean
basin, northwestern Africa, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, India,
Burma, southeastern China, Japan.
AYTHYA AMERICANA
Aythya americana (Eyton)
Fuligula americana Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p.
155—North America.
Eastern Alaska and southern Northwest Territories (Great
1 oyna ° . .
A. valisineria and ferina form a superspecies.—P. A. J.
484 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Slave Lake) south through southern British Columbia and
the Canadian prairie provinces to eastern Montana, the Dako-
tas, Nebraska, northwestern Iowa, and western Minnesota,
with breeding also occurring in Washington, Oregon, Califor-
nia, Utah, and to a more limited extent in the other western
states, the Great Lakes region, the St. Lawrence Valley, Maine,
and New Brunswick; very recently Jalisco, Mexico. Winters
from southern British Columbia, Michigan, and New York
to Oaxaca, Mexico, with major concentrations along the Gulf
coast.
AYTHYA COLLARIS'
Aythya collaris (Donovan)
Anas collaris Donovan, 1809, Brit. Birds, 6, pl. 147 and
text—Lincolnshire, England, from specimen found in
Leadenhall Market, London.
Alaska, British Columbia, and southern Mackenzie District
east to Quebec, Newfoundland, and the Maritime Provinces,
south to Washington, northern North Dakota, Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario, northern New York, and north-
ern New England, with scattered breeding also in the western
states south to California, Nevada, Colorado, and Nebraska.
Winters from southern British Columbia to Guatemala, and
on the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Panama, as well
as in the Bahamas and Greater Antilles.
AYTHYA AUSTRALIS*
Aythya australis australis (Eyton)
Nyroca australis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 160—
Australia = New South Wales, fide Mathews, 1912, Novit.
Zool., 18, p. 239.
Aythya australis ledeboeri Bartels and Franck, 1938, Treu-
bia, 16, p. 337—Java.
‘Considered by Delacour and Mayr, 1945, Wilson Bull., 57, p. 40,
to form a superspecies with novaeseelandiae and fuligula. However,
the affinities of collaris are apparently closer to valisineria, ferina,
and americana.—P. A. J.
*Considered by Delacour and Mayr, 1945, Wilson Bull., 57, p. 40,
to form a superspecies with baeri, nyroca, and innotata.—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 485
Aythya australis papuana Ripley, 1964, Bull. Peabody Mus.
Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., no. 19, p. 16—Baliem Valley,
Netherlands New Guinea = Irian Jaya.
Australia, Tasmania; also recorded from eastern Java, Celebes,
New Guinea, and (formerly) New Zealand.
Aythya australis extima Mayr
Aythya australis extima Mayr, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 1056, p. 7—Gaua, Banks Islands.
Banks Islands; probably New Hebrides and New Caledonia.
AYTHYA BAERI
Aythya baeri (Radde)
Anas (Fuligula) Baeri Radde, 1863, Reisen Suden Ost-
Sibirien, 2, p. 376, pl. 15—middle Amur Valley, eastern
Siberia.
Transbaicalia (Argun River) east through the Amur Valley
to about the mouth of the Ussuri River, thence south to central
Manchuria and southern Ussuriland (Khanka plain). Winters
Korea, Japan (rarely), eastern China south to Fukien, occa-
sionally to eastern India, Burma, Thailand.
AYTHYA NYROCA
Aythya nyroca (Guldenstadt)
Anas nyroca Guldenstadt, 1770, Novi Commentarii Acad.
Sci. Imp. Petropolitanae, 14 (1769), p. 403—southern
Russia.
Breeds locally and sporadically from western Europe east to
the Altai and the Kara Irtish in northern Dzungaria, north
to about lat. 57° N., south to northwestern Africa, Transcauca-
sia, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, and western China. Winters
from southern parts of breeding range to Canaries, Senegal
and Nigeria, Uganda and Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Iran, India,
Burma, Yangtze Valley in China.
AYTHYA INNOTATA
Aythya innotata (Salvadori)
Nyroca innotata Salvadori, 1894, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club,
4, p. 2—Betsileo, Madagascar.
Eastern Madagascar, between 900 and 1,200 meters.
486 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
AYTHYA NOVAESEELANDIAE
Aythya novaeseelandiae (Gmelin)
Anas novae Seelandiae Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 541;
based on “New-Zealand Duck” of Latham, 1785, General
Synop. Birds, 3, p. 543—New Zealand = Dusky Sound,
South Island, New Zealand, fide G. Forster, 1777, Voyage
World, 1, p. 168.
Zeafulix novaeseelandiae maui Mathews, 1937, Emu, 37,
p. 32—North Island, New Zealand.
New Zealand.
AYTHYA FULIGULA
Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus)
Anas Fuligula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 128—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 47.
Iceland, British Isles east to the Kolyma basin and Kamchatka,
north to about lat. 70° N., south to central Europe, thence
east at about lat. 50° N. to Amurland and Ussuriland, Sakhalin,
? Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, and northern Japan, with
sporadic breeding south of main range. Winters from southern
part of breeding range to northern Africa (occasionally to Sierra
Leone, Nigeria, Tanzania, Malawi), Saudi Arabia, Iran, India,
southeastern China, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Indo-
china, Philippines, and occasionally Malay Peninsula, Borneo,
and western Micronesia.
AYTHYA MARILA
Aythya marila marila (Linnaeus)
Anas Marila Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p.
39—Lapland.
Iceland and northern Britain east through Scandinavia, Russia,
and Siberia, mainly north of lat. 60° N.; eastern limits not
defined. Winters south to the Mediterranean, Black and Cas-
pian Seas, Persian Gulf, India.
Aythya marila mariloides (Vigors)
Fuligula Mariloides Vigors, 1839, in Beechey, Zool. Voyage
Pacific Behring’s Straits, p. 31, note—no locality = Bering
Sea.
Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger, 1885, Bull. U. S. Nat.
ANATIDAE 487
Mus., no. 29, p. 161—Nearctic Region.
Northeastern Asia, with western limits not defined but possibly
to Lena River, south to Sea of Okhotsk and northern Kuril
Islands; North America from Aleutian Islands and Alaska
east to Keewaytin, Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay, Anticosti,
Magdalen Islands, and eastern Newfoundland. Winters south
to Korea, Japan, and the Yangtze Valley of China, Pacific
coast from southern Alaska to central California, eastern Great
Lakes, Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina, occasionally
to Baja California and West Indies.
AYTHYA AFFINIS'
Aythya affinis (Eyton)
Fuligula affinis Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p. 157—
North America.
Central Alaska and the Mackenzie Valley southeast to eastern
Manitoba, occasionally to southern Ontario and western Que-
bec, and south to eastern Washington, Montana, the Dakotas,
and western Minnesota, with sporadic or local breeding in
California, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Indiana. Winters
from southern British Columbia, lower Mississippi Valley, Gulf
coast, and Middle Atlantic states south to Colombia, Venezuela,
and the West Indies.
SUBFAMILY MERGINAE
Genus SOMATERIA Leacu
Somateria Leach, 1819, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, App.,
p. 48 (1819, ed. 2, 2, p. 154). Type, by monotypy, Anas
spectabilis Linnaeus.
Eider Jarocki, 1819, Spis Ptakow Gabinetu Zool. Warszaw-
skiego Uniwersytetu, p. 62. Type, by monotypy, Anas
mollissima Linnaeus.
Arctonetta G. R. Gray, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1855),
p. 212. Type, by monotypy, Fuligula fischeri Brandt.
cf. Humphrey, 1958, Condor, 60, pp. 129-135 (classification).
“Regarded by Mayr and Short, 1970, Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club,
no. 9, p. 34, as an “emergent superspecies” with marila.—P. A. J.
488 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
McKinney, 1961, Behaviour, Suppl. 7, 124 pp. (behavior
of mollissima).
Johnsgard, 1964, Condor, 66, pp. 113-129 (comparative
behavior and relationships).
Johnsgard, 1964, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 15 (1962-
63), pp. 104-107 (biology of fischeri).
Uspenski, 1972, Eiderenten (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 452),
103 pp.
Kistchinski and Flint, 1974, Wildfowl, 25, pp. 5-15 (biology
of fischeri).
SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA
Somateria mollissima mollissima (Linnaeus)
Anas mollissima Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 124;
based on “The Great Black and White Duck” of Edwards,
1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 98, pl. 98—northern Europe;
restricted to island of Gotland by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 41.
Iceland and British Isles east to Novaya Zemlya and Vaygach
Island, south to coast of western France, Holland, Denmark,
Latvia, and Estonia. Largely sedentary, but winters south
to southern France and occasionally to Spain and Italy.
Somateria mollissima faeroeensis Brehm
Somateria Faeroeensis C. L. Brehm, 1831, Handb. Naturge-
schichte Vogel Deutschlands, p. 893—Faeroes.
Faeroes. Resident.
Somateria mollissima v-nigra Gray
Somateria V-nigra G. R. Gray, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
(1855), p. 212, pl. 107—Kotzebue Sound, Alaska.
New Siberian Archipelago, Wrangel Island, coastal Siberia
from Chaun Bay to Cape Dezhnev and south to northeastern
Kamchatka, Karagin and Commander Islands, northern coast
of the Sea of Okhotsk, islands of the Bering Sea, coasts of
Alaska south to Kodiak Island, Cook Inlet, and Glacier Bay,
north along the Bering Sea and east along the Beaufort Sea
to Victoria Island and Coronation Gulf, Northwest Territories.
Winters in the Bering Sea, especially along the Aleutians.
Somateria mollissima borealis (Brehm)
Platypus borealis C. L. Brehm, 1824, Lehrbuch Naturge-
schichte Europaischen Vogel, 2, p. 813—coasts of Baffin
ANATIDAE 489
Bay and Davis Strait and west coast of Greenland.
Somateria Islandica C. L. Brehm, 1830, Isis von Oken, col.
998—Iceland.
Southeastern Somerset Island and Ellesmere Island south to
Southampton Island, Hudson Strait, northern Ungava, north-
ern Labrador, coastal Greenland south from Hall Land on
the west and Germania Land on the east, Iceland. Winters
from coasts of southern Greenland and Labrador south to Nova
Scotia, rarely to Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder
Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder, 1941, Occas.
Papers Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., no. 6, p. 3—Churchill,
Manitoba.
Coasts and islands of Hudson Bay from Cape Fullerton on
the west to the east coast south of Southampton, Coats, and
Mansel Islands, south into James Bay. Winters in the vicinity
of the Belcher Islands.
Somateria mollissima dresseri Sharpe
Somateria Dresseri Sharpe, 1871, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
4, 8, p. 51, fig. 2—North America.
Coasts of Labrador (south of borealis), Newfoundland, eastern
Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine. Winters
from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Massachusetts and eastern
Long Island, New York, rarely farther south.
SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS
Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus)
Anas spectabilis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 123;
based on Rudbeck’s unpublished figure of a specimen
(Linnaeus, 1746, Fauna Svecica, p. 40) and “The Grey-
headed Duck” of Edwards, 1750, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 154,
pl. 154—Canada, Sweden.
Spitsbergen, ? Iceland, arctic coasts and islands of Eurasia
from Kolguyev Island and Novaya Zemlya to the Gulf of
Anadyr, sporadically farther south, St. Lawrence and St.
Matthew Islands in the Bering Sea, arctic coasts of North
America from Cape Thompson and the Seward Peninsula,
Alaska, east to lower Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, north
to Ellesmere Island, both coasts of Greenland south to about
lat. 70° N. Winters from the limits of open water to Iceland,
about the Arctic Circle in Norway, Kuril and Aleutian Islands,
490 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
southern Greenland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, occasionally to
British Isles, Channel coast of France, northern California,
Great Lakes, Atlantic coast south to Long Island, New York
(rarely farther).
SOMATERIA FISCHERI
Somateria fischeri (Brandt)
Fuligula (Lampronetta) Fischeri Brandt, 1847, Fuligulam
(Lampronettam) Fischeri Novam Rossicarum Avium Spe-
ciem, p. 18, pl. 1—St. Michael, Alaska.
Arctic coast of Siberia from the Yana River delta (perhaps
the Lena River delta) to Kolyunin Bay, summering but not
known to breed in the Siberian Archipelago; in Alaska from
the Kuskokwim delta north and east to Demarcation Point,
but locally distributed and common only in the Yukon-Kus-
kokwim area. Probably winters in the Bering Sea, but rarely
seen in quantity.
Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton
Polysticta Eyton, 1836, Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 58. Type, by
monotypy, Anas stelleri Pallas.
cf. McKinney, 1965, Condor, 67, pp. 273-290 (behavior).
POLYSTICTA STELLERI
Polysticta stelleri (Pallas)
Anas Stelleri Pallas, 1769, Spicilegia Zool., fasc. 6, p. 35,
pl. 5—Kamchatka.
Novaya Zemlya (rarely northern Scandinavia) east to the
Bering Sea, but only locally common (Lena delta, north coast
of Chukchi Peninsula), St. Lawrence Island, western Alaska
in the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta and northern Alaska from
Wainwright east probably to Humphrey Point. Winters on
the open waters of northern Norway and northern Finland,
Kamchatka, Commander and Kuril Islands, Aleutian Islands,
south coast of the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and the
Kenai Peninsula.
Genus CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte
Camptorhynchus “Eyton” Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp.
List Birds Europe North Amer., p. 58. Type, by monotypy,
Anas labradoria Gmelin.
ANATIDAE 491
cf. Humphrey and Butsch, 1958, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.,
137, no. 7, 23 pp. (anatomy).
CAMPTORHYNCHUS LABRADORIUS
Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gmelin)
Anas labradoria Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 537; based
on “Pied Duck” of Latham, 1785, General Synop. Birds,
3, p. 497—arctic America, Connecticut, and Labrador.
Believed to have bred formerly in Labrador. Wintered from
Grand Manan to ? Chesapeake Bay, but chiefly off Long Island,
New York. Extinct.
Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson
Histrionicus Lesson, 1828, Man. Ornith., 2, p. 415. Type,
by original designation, Anas histrionica Linnaeus.
cf. Bengtson, 1966, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 17 (1964-
65), pp. 79-94.
Bengtson, 1972, Ornis Scand., 3, pp. 1-19.
HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS
Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus)
Anas histrionicus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 127;
based on “The Dusky and Spotted Duck” of Edwards, Nat.
Hist. Birds, 1747, p. 99, pl. 99—America = Newfoundland
ex Edwards.
Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W.S. Brooks, 1915, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 393—Cape Shipunski, Kamchat-
ka.
Iceland; eastern Siberia from the Lena River east to Anadyr-
land, Koryakland, Kamchatka, Commander and Kuril Islands,
north to about lat. 68° N., south to Lake Baykal, Stanovoy
Range, coast of Sea of Okhotsk, Amurland, Ussuriland, Sakha-
lin; ? St. Lawrence Island, Aleutian Islands, central western
Alaska and Yukon south to California and Wyoming, southern
Baffin Island, northern and eastern Quebec, Labrador, Green-
land from Holsteinborg district to Julianehaab district on the
west and locally at Angmagssalik district and Lindenows Fjord
on the east. Winters from Kamchatka and Bering Sea islands
south to Japan, Korea, China (to Shantung), California, and
from southern Labrador south to Long Island, New York.
492 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Genus CLANGULA Leacu
Clangula Leach, 1819, in Ross, Voyage Discovery, App.,
p. 48 (1819, ed. 2, 2, p. 154). Type, by monotypy, Anas
glacialis Linnaeus = Anas hyemalis Linnaeus.
cf. Salomonsen, 1941, Journ. Ornith., 89, pp. 282-337 (molts).
Alison, 1975, Ornith. Monogr. (Amer. Ornith. Union), no.
18, 58 pp.
CLANGULA HYEMALIS
Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus)
Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 126;
based on “The Long-tailed Duck from Hudson’s-Bay” of
Edwards, 1750, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 156, pl. 156—arctic
Europe and America; restricted to northern Sweden by
Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 44.
In Eurasia from Iceland, Spitsbergen, northern Scandinavia
east to Kamchatka and Commander Islands, south to southern
limits of forested tundra; in North America from Bering Sea
islands east through arctic Canada to Ellesmere Island, south
to Hudson Bay; both coasts of Greenland. Winters to British
Isles, Brittany, North and Baltic Seas, Caspian Sea, lakes
of Turkistan, Japan, Korea, northeastern China, Bering Sea
islands, Washington, Great Lakes, Atlantic coast from south-
ern Labrador to the Carolinas.
Genus MELANITTA Borge
Melanitta Boie, 1822 (before May), Tagebuch Reise Norwe-
gen, pp. 308, 351; also 1822, Isis von Oken, col. 564. Type,
by subsequent designation (Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anati-
dae, p. 52), Anas fusca Linnaeus.
Oidemia J. Fleming, 1822, Philos. Zool., 2, p. 260. Type, by
subsequent designation (G. R. Gray, 1840, List Gen. Birds,
p. 74), Anas nigra Linnaeus.
Pelionetta Kaup, 1829, Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte
Europaisch. Thierwelt, pp. 107, 196. Type, by monotypy,
Anas perspicillata Linnaeus.
cf. Miller, W. D., 1926, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 243, 5 pp.
(structural variations).
Bengtson, 1966, Var Fagelvarld, 25, pp. 202-226 (nigra).
ANATIDAE 493
MELANITTA NIGRA
Melanitta nigra nigra (Linnaeus)
Anas nigra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 123—
Lapland, England.
Iceland, British Isles, Spitsbergen east to region between the
Khatanga and Lena Rivers, north to about lat. 70°-73° N.,
south to about lat. 63°-65° N. Winters from coast of Norway
and southern Baltic to southwestern Europe, coast of north-
western Africa south to northern Mauritania, and occasionally
to the Black and Caspian Seas.
Melanitta nigra americana (Swainson)
Oidemia Americana Swainson, 1832, in Swainson and Ri-
chardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 2 (1831), p. 450—
Hudson Bay.
Northeastern Siberia from the Lena-Yana watershed east to
the Anadyr basin and south to Kamchatka, north coast of
Sea of Okhotsk and northern Kurils; in North America St.
Lawrence Island, coastal Alaska from Kotzebue Sound to
Bristol Bay and inland to Mt. McKinley, locally in southern
Keewaytin, northern Quebec, and Newfoundland. Winters
coastwise from southern limits of breeding range south to
China and Japan, Aleutian Islands to California, Great Lakes
(irregularly), and Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay (occasion-
ally to South Carolina).
MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA
Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus)
Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
125; based on “The Great Black Duck of Hudson’s Bay”
of Edwards, 1750, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 155, pl. 155—Canada
= Hudson Bay ex Edwards.
Coastal Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, Bristol Bay, Cook Inlet),
Fort Yukon area, and the Mackenzie delta southeast across
Northwest Territories and through northern Alberta, Sas-
katchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario to western Quebec, the
interior of Quebec, and Labrador. Occurs also on Commander
Islands and Chukchi Peninsula of Siberia, but not known to
breed there. Winters along coasts from the Aleutian Islands
to Baja California, and from Nova Scotia to South Carolina.
494 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
MELANITTA FUSCA
Melanitta fusca fusca (Linnaeus)
Anas fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. 10, p. 123—
“Oceano Europaeo”; restricted to coast of Sweden by
Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 39.
Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea east to at least the Yenisey
River and perhaps to the mouth of the Khatanga River, with
irregular and sporadic northern and especially southern limits
(lat. 70° N. on the Yamal Peninsula, 53° N. east of the Urals,
Transcaucasia, Armenia). Winters to British Isles, France,
Iberian Peninsula, Caspian Sea.
Melanitta fusca stejnegeri (Ridgway)
Oidemia stejnegeri Ridgway, 1887, Man. North Amer. Birds,
p. 112—Kamchatka to Japan.
Central Siberia from west of the upper Yenisey River east
to Anadyrland, Koryakland, and Kamchatka, north to about
the northern limit of the taiga, south to the Russian Altai,
Tannu Tuva, Lake Baykal, Transbaicalia, Amurland, Sakha-
lin, and Kuril Islands. Winters from Kamchatka and Sea of
Okhotsk to Japan, Korea, and China (to the Yangtze Valley).
Melanitta fusca deglandi (Bonaparte)
Oedemia deglandi Bonaparte, 1850, Rev. Crit. Ornith.
Européenne Degland, p. 108—North America.
Oedemia deglandi dixoni W. S. Brooks, 1915, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 59, p. 393—Griffin Point, arctic Alaska.
Alaska from Norton Sound east through Yukon and Northwest
Territories to central British Columbia and Alberta, southern
Saskatchewan and Manitoba, northern North Dakota (rarely),
and extreme western Ontario. Winters coastwise from the
Aleutian Islands to Baja California, and from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence to North Carolina.
Genus BUCEPHALA Bairp
Bucephala Baird, 1858, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence,
Rep. Explor. Surv. Railroad Mississippi Pacific, 9, pp. xxili,
L, 788, 795. Type, by original designation, Anas albeola
Linnaeus.
Glaucionetta Stejneger, 1885, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p.
409. Type, by original designation, Anas clangula Lin-
naeus.
ANATIDAE 495
Clanganas Oberholser, 1974, Bird Life Texas, p. 974. Type,
by original designation, Anas islandica Gmelin.
cf. Munro, 1939, Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst., 22, pp. 259-318
(tslandica, clangula).
Dane, Walcott, and Drury, 1959, Behaviour, 14, pp. 265-
281 (clangula).
Lind, 1959, Dansk Ornith. Forenings Tidsskrift, 53, pp.
177-219 (clangula).
Erskine, 1972, Buffleheads (Canadian Wildlife Serv.,
Monogr. Ser. no. 4), 240 pp. (albeola).
BUCEPHALA CLANGULA
Bucephala clangula clangula (Linnaeus)
Anas Clangula Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 125—
Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna
Svecica, ed. 2, p. 43.
Scandinavian Peninsula east to Anadyrland and Kamchatka,
north to the northern limit of the taiga, south to Germany,
central Russia, forested steppes of western Siberia, Semipala-
tinsk, Russian Altai, Tannu Tuva, Lake Baykal, Transbaicalia,
Amurland, northern Manchuria, Ussuriland, and Sakhalin,
with sporadic breeding farther south. Winters from the south-
ern limit of breeding range to the British Isles, Mediterranean,
Black Sea, Iraq, Caspian Sea, Iran, Japan, Korea, eastern
China to Fukien.
Bucephala clangula americana (Bonaparte)
Clangula Americana Bonaparte, 1838, Geogr. Comp. List
Birds Europe North Amer., p. 58; based on Anas clangula
(nec Linnaeus) of Wilson, 1814, Amer. Ornith., 8, p. 62,
pl. 67, fig. 5, and Audubon, 1836, Birds Amer., pl. 342—
America; restricted type locality eastern United States.
Central Alaska east through Yukon and western Mackinzie
south to central British Columbia, the forested parts of central
Canada, and the northern parts of North Dakota (infrequent),
Minnesota, Wisconsin (rare), Michigan, and the Canadian
border states east to Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.
Winters from the Aleutian Islands to Baja California, from
Maine to southern Texas, and in the interior states on rivers,
lakes, and reservoirs north almost to the breeding range.
496 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA
Bucephala islandica (Gmelin)
Anas islandica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 541; based
on “Hravn Oend” of O. F. Muller, 1776, Zool. Danicae
Prodromus, p. 16—Iceland.
Southwestern and central Alaska and the Yukon south through
British Columbia and western Alberta to the central California
Sierras, and in the Rockies to western Wyoming; Labrador,
southwestern Greenland, Iceland. Winters from southern
Alaska to San Francisco Bay, and from Quebec to Long Island,
New York; Greenland, Iceland.
BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA
Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus)
Anas Albeola Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 124;
based on “The Little Black and White Duck” of Edwards,
1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 100, pl. 100—America = New-
foundland ex Edwards.
Central Alaska, Yukon, and southern Mackenzie south through
British Columbia and forested parts of central Canada east
to western Ontario and rarely beyond; south of Canada limited
to northeastern California, western Montana, and northern
North Dakota, with local or rare breeding in Washington,
Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming. Winters from the Aleutian
Islands to Sinaloa, and from Maine to Tamaulipas, interior
central Mexico, and interior United States on ice-free waters.
Genus MERGUS Linnaeus
Mergus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 129. Type,
by subsequent designation (Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anati-
dae, p. 76), Mergus castor Linnaeus = Mergus serrator
Linnaeus.
Mergellus Selby, 1840, Cat. Gen. and Sub-gen. Types Class
Aves, p. 47. Type, by monotypy, Mergus albellus Linnaeus.
Lophodytes Reichenbach, 1853, Avium Syst. Nat. (1852),
p. 9. Type, by original designation, Mergus cucullatus
Linnaeus.
cf. Hollom, 1937, Brit. Birds, 31, pp. 106-111 (albellus).
Curth, 1954, Mittelsager (Neue Brehm-Bucherei 126), 102
pp. (serrator).
ANATIDAE 497
Partridge, 1956, Auk, 53, pp. 473-488 (octosetaceus).
White, 1957, Fisheries Res. Board Canada Bull., no. 116,
63 pp. (merganser).
Johnsgard, 1961, Wilson Bull., 73, pp. 226-236 (cuculla-
tus).
Nilsson, 1965, Var Fogelvarld, 24, pp. 244-256 (serrator).
Nilsson, 1966, Var Fogelvarld, 25, pp. 148-160 (mer-
ganser).
Kear and Scarlett, 1970, Wildfowl, 21, pp. 78-86 (austra-
lis).
Bouvier, 1974, Canadian Field-Nat., 88, pp. 323-330 (cu-
cullatus).
Nilsson, 1974, Wildfowl, 25, pp. 84-88 (albellus).
MERGUS ALBELLUS
Mergus albellus Linnaeus
Mergus Albellus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 129;
based on “Mergus tinus” of Hasselquist, 1757, Iter Palaes-
tinum, p. 269—Europe; restricted to the Mediterranean
near Smyrna by the reference to Hasselquist’s journey.
Northern Scandinavia east to Anadyrland and northern Kam-
chatka, north to about 65°-69° N., south to Novgorod district
and thence east at about 50°-55° N. to the Sea of Okhotsk
and northern Sakhalin, with sporadic breeding farther south.
Winters from southern Scandinavia south to the British Isles,
France, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Iraq, Caspian Sea, Iran,
northern India, Japan, Korea, and eastern China south to
the Yangtze.
MERGUS CUCULLATUS
Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus
Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
129; based on “The round-crested Duck” of Catesby, 1732,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, pt. 5, p. 94, pl. 94—-America = Virginia
and Carolina ex Catesby.
Forests from southern Alaska to southern Oregon, south along
the Rockies to northwestern Wyoming; also from Manitoba
and Minnesota south in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys to
Louisiana, and east through the Great Lakes states to the
St. Lawrence Valley and Nova Scotia; from New England
southward regular breeding is confined to forested mountains,
498 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
with sporadic records south to Florida. Winters along the
Pacific coast from British Columbia to southern California,
and along the Atlantic coast from New York to the Gulf coast
and eastern Mexico.
MERGUS OCTOSETACEUS
Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot
Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot, 1817, Nouv. Dict. Nat. Hist.,
nouv. éd., 14, p. 222—Brazil.
Brazil from upper Rio Tocantins and upper and middle Rio
Paraguai and Rio Parana south to Santa Catarina, eastern
Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina.
MERGUS SERRATOR
Mergus serrator serrator Linnaeus
Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
129—Europe; restricted to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761,
Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p. 48.
North America from Alaska (including Aleutian Islands and
probably St. Lawrence Island) east across Canada to southern
Baffin Island, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia,
south to northern British Columbia, northern Alberta, central
Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota,
northern Great Lakes, northern New England; Eurasia from
Iceland, Faeroes, and British Isles east to Anadyrland,
Koryakland, Kamchatka, Commander and northern Kuril
Islands, north to about lat. 69°-71° N., south to Denmark,
northern Germany, Vologda district of Russia, thence east
at about lat. 55°-60° N. to Amurland and the Sea of Okhotsk,
with sporadic breeding farther south. Winters in North Ameri-
ca on the Pacific coast from the Aleutians south to Baja
California and Sinaloa, on the Great Lakes (in small numbers),
on the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to Georgia, and
on the Gulf coast from Florida to Tamaulipas; in the Old
World south to northwestern Africa, Persian Gulf, eastern
Iran, Japan, Korea, and coast of China south to Kwangtung.
Mergus serrator schioeleri Salomonsen
Mergus serrator major Schigler, 1925, Dansk Ornith. Foren-
ings Tidsskrift, 19, p. 115—-western Greenland.
Mergus serrator schigleri Salomonsen, 1949, Dansk Ornith.
ANATIDAE 499
Forenings Tidsskrift, 43, p. 186, note. New name for
Mergus serrator major Schigler, 1925, preoccupied by
Mergus major Dubois, 1860, Planches Color. Oiseaux
Belgique, 3, p. 268, a synonym Mergus merganser Lin-
naeus.
Coasts of Greenland, south on the west from the Nugosuaq
Peninsula (exceptionally from southern Melville Bay), and
on the east at Angmagssalik district, Lindenows Fjord, and
probably Scoresby Sound.
MERGUS SQUAMATUS
Mergus squamatus Gould
Mergus squamatus Gould, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
p. 184—China.
Central and southern parts of the Sikhote Alin Range, Ussuri-
land, and hilly portions of northeastern Manchuria; possibly
Amur Valley. Chiefly sedentary, but in winter in small
numbers to central and eastern China, south to western
Yunnan and Tonkin.
MERGUS MERGANSER
Mergus merganser merganser Linnaeus
Mergus Merganser Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p.
129; based on “The Red-Breasted Goosander” of Edwards,
1747, Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 95, pl. 95—Europe; restricted
to Sweden by Linnaeus, 1761, Fauna Svecica, ed. 2, p.
47.
Iceland, British Isles, Scandinavian Peninsula east to Anadyr-
land, Kamchatka, and northern Kuril Islands, north to about
lat. 64°-69° N., south to Denmark and northern Germany,
thence east at about 55°-58° N. to Amurland, Ussuriland, and
Sakhalin, with scattered and sporadic breeding farther south.
Winters south to the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas,
Persian Gulf, eastern Iran, Pakistan, northern India, Japan,
and eastern China south to Fukien.
Mergus merganser orientalis Gould
Mergus Orientalis Gould, 1845, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
1—Amoy, China.
Mergus comatus Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 27,
p. 475—“Central Asia, with the Himalayas, where it
breeds.”
500 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Northeastern Afghanistan east through Tibet and neighboring
Himalayas to western China. Winters from breeding grounds
to Himalayan foothills and adjacent plains, northern Burma,
Yunnan.
Mergus merganser americanus Cassin
Mergus americanus Cassin, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 6, p. 187—North America.
Southeastern Alaska, southern Yukon, and southern Macken-
zie east to southern Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia,
south to central California, Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Michigan, northern New York, northern New England, with
scattered and sporadic breeding farther south. Winters from
the Aleutian Islands south to northwestern Mexico and from
the Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina, as well as on
ice-free waters of the Great Lakes and other areas north to
the breeding range.
MERGUS AUSTRALIS
Mergus australis Hombron and Jacquinot
Mergus australis Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Zool., Paris, sér. 2, 16, p. 320—Auckland Islands.
Auckland Islands. Apparently extinct since the early 1900s.
SuBFAMILY OXYURINAE
cf. Johnsgard, 1967, Wildfowl Trust, Annual Rep., 18 (1965-
66) pp. 98-107 (Thalassornis and Oxyurinae).
Raikow, 1970, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 52 pp. (evolu-
tion of diving apparatus).
Genus HETERONETTA Satvapor!
Heteronetta Salvadori, 1865, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milan,
8, p. 374. Type, by original designation and monotypy,
Anas melanocephala Vieillot = Anas atricapilla Merrem.
cf. Weller, 1967, Hornero, 10, pp. 299-306.
Weller, 1968, Living Bird, 7, pp. 169-207.
Hohn, 1975, Auk, 92, pp. 566-570.
ANATIDAE 501
HETERONETTA ATRICAPILLA
Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem)
Anas melanocephala (nec Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, 1816, Nouv.
Dict. Hist. Nat., nouv. éed., 5, p. 163; based on “Pato cabeza
negra,” no. 438, of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat.
Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p. 447—Buenos Aires.
Anas atricapilla Merrem, 1841, in Ersch and Gruber, All-
gemeine Encycl. Wissen. Kunste, sec. 1, 35, p. 26; based
on “Pato cabeza negra,” no. 438, of Azara, 1805, Apunta-
mientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Paraguay Rio Plata, 3, p.
447—Buenos Aires.
Eastern Bolivia, central Chile from Santiago to Valdivia,
Paraguay, southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay,
central Argentina (Cordoba, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Buenos
Aires). Some northward movement in winter.
Genus OXYURA BonapParTE
Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York,
2, p. 390. Type, by monotypy, Anas rubidus Wilson.
Nomonyx Ridgway, 1880, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, p. 15.
Type, by original designation, Anas dominica Linnaeus.
Pervicauda Mathews, 1945, Emu, 44, p. 320. Type, by original
designation, Oxyura australis Gould.
cf. Clark, 1964, Ostrich, 35, pp. 264-276 (maccoa).
Johnson, 1965, Birds Chile, 1, pp. 225-227 (jyamaicensis,
uittata).
Wetmore, 1965, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 150, pt. 1, pp.
150-153 (dominica).
Johnsgard, 1966, Auk, 83, pp. 98-110 (behavior of austra-
lis).
Weller, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 405-406 (behavior of vittata).
Johnsgard and Hagemeyer, 1969, Auk, 86, pp. 691-695
(dominica).
Matthews and Evans, 1974, Wildfowl, 25, pp. 56-66 (be-
havior of lewcocephala).
Siegfried and Van der Merwe, 1974, Zeitschr. Tierpsychol.,
37, pp. 1-23 (behavior of maccoa).
Siegfried, 1976, Auk, 93, pp. 560-570 (social organization
in jamaicensis and maccoa).
502 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
Siegfried, 1976, Wilson Bull., 88, pp. 566-574 (breeding
biology of jamaicensis).
OXYURA DOMINICA
Oxyura dominica (Linnaeus)
Anas dominica Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
201; based on “La Sarcelle de S. Dominique” of Brisson,
1760, Ornith., 6, p. 472, pl. 41, fig. 2—South America
= Santo Domingo ex Brisson.
Coastal southern Texas, Mexico (scattered records), Costa Rica,
Panama, West Indies (especially Greater Antilles), Colombia
to northwestern Peru, Venezuela and the Guianas south to
Argentina (Tucuman, Santiago del Estero, Buenos Aires);
Trinidad and Tobago.
OXYURA JAMAICENSIS
Oxyura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson) *
Anas rubidus Wilson, 1814, Amer. Ornith., 8, pp. 128, 130,
pl. 71, figs. 5-6- Delaware River, near Philadelphia.
Central British Columbia and Great Slave Lake east to
Minnesota, south to Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico,
Nebraska, and Iowa, with scattered and sporadic breeding
east to New York, south to Florida, coastal Texas, and interior
central Mexico. Winters from Puget Sound south to Chiapas,
and from Massachusetts south to Florida and the Gulf coast.
Introduced British Isles.
Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis (Gmelin)
Anas jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1, p. 519; based
on “Jamaica Shoveler” of Latham, 1785, General Snyop.
Birds, 3, p. 513—Jamaica.
Resident in the West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands, Grenadines).
Oxyura jamaicensis andina Lehmann
Oxyura jamaicensis andina Lehmann, 1946, Auk, 63, p.
221—Lagunas del Paramo de Boca-Grande, Cundinamar-
ca, Eastern Andes of Colombia; altitude 4,000 meters.
‘Doubtfully distinct from jamaicensis (Hellmayr and Conover,
1948, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, pt. 1, no. 2, p.
400, note).—P. A. J.
ANATIDAE 503
Lakes and marshes of the Central and Eastern Andes of
Colombia.
Oxyura jamaicensis ferruginea (Eyton)
Erismatura ferruginea Eyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p.
170—Chile.
Andean lakes of southern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru (also coastal
lagoons), and Bolivia; Andes of Chile south to Aisén and
lowland lakes from Aconcagua to Tierra del Fuego; Andean
lakes of western Argentina and neighboring foothills and
plains from Rio Negro to Tierra del Fuego.
OXYURA LEUCOCEPHALA'
Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli)
Anas leucocephala Scopoli, 1769, Annus I Hist.-Nat., p
65—no locality, but probably northern Italy. Type in
Museo di Zoologia, Turin.
Mediterranean region from Spain and Morocco east through
southern Russia, Turkey, and southern Siberia to Dzungaria
and Tannu Tuva. Winters north coast of Africa, Nile Valley,
Turkey, Iraq, northern India.
OXYURA MACCOA’
Oxyura maccoa (Eyton)
Erismatura maccoa Kyton, 1838, Monogr. Anatidae, p.
169—Indian Isles = South Africa, ex A. Smith, 1837, Cat.
South Afr. Mus., p. 37.
Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Rhodesia (Zim-
babwe), probably Botswana, South West Africa (Namibia),
South Africa.
“Probably not a superspecies with jamaicensis, but instead may
be, more closely related to maccoa.—P. A. J.
* The specific name maccoa, as published in the binomen Erismatura
maccoa Eyton 1838, has been placed on the Official List of Specific
Names in Zoology with the Name No. 2601 by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opin. 1078, 1977, Bull.
Zool. Nomencl., 34, pp. 14-15; cf. Anas hottentota, p. 476, above.—P.
A. J.
504 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
OXYURA VITTATA'
Oxyura vittata (Philippi)
Erismatura vittata Philippi, 1860, Archiv Naturgeschichte,
26, pt. 1, p. 26—Chile.
Lowlands of Chile from Atacama to Tierra del Fuego and
of Argentina from San Juan and La Rioja to Santa Cruz (rarely
to Tierra del Fuego). In winter north to Paraguay, Uruguay,
and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
OXYURA AUSTRALIS
Oxyura australis Gould
Oxyura Australis Gould, 1836, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p.
85—Swan River, Western Australia.
Southwestern Australia, Lake Eyre region of South Australia,
coastal Victoria, Murray-Darling basin, southeastern Queens-
land; Tasmania.
Genus BIZIURA STEPHENS
Biziura Stephens, 1824, in Shaw, General Zool., 12, pt. 2,
p. 221. Type, by monotypy, Biziura novaehollandiae Ste-
phens = Anas lobata Shaw.
cf. Johnsgard, 1966, Auk, 83, pp. 98-110.
Lowe, 1966, Emu, 65, pp. 279-290.
Robinson, F. N. and A. H., 1970, CSIRO Wildlife Res.,
15, pp. 73-78.
BIZIURA LOBATA
Biziura lobata (Shaw)
Anas lobata Shaw, 1796, in Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc.,
8, pl. 255 and text—New South Wales = King George
Sound, Western Australia, fide Mathews, 1915, Birds
Australia, 4, p. 143.
Southwestern Australia (occasionally ranging north beyond
North West Cape), South Australia (including Kangaroo Is-
"Probably not very closely related to jamaicensis ferruginea, with
which it overlaps, and more likely part of a superspecies including
australis.—P. A. J.
ANHIMIDAE 505
land), Queensland south from Rockhampton, New South Wales,
Victoria; Tasmania.
SUBORDER ANHIMAE
Famity ANHIMIDAE
cf. Gysels, 1969, Zool. Zhurnal, 48, pp. 1202-1206 (systematic
position).
Blake, 1977, Man. Neotropical Birds, 1, pp. 209-211.
Genus ANHIMA Brisson
Anhima Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 518. Type,
by tautonymy, Anhima = Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus.
cf. Lint, 1956, Avic. Mag., 62, pp. 127-128 (breeding in
captivity).
Gill, F. J. Stokes, and C. C. Stokes, 1974, Wilson Bull.,
86, pp. 43-50 (behavior).
ANHIMA CORNUTA
Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus)
Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1,
p. 232; based chiefly on “Anhima” of Marcgrave, 1648,
Hist. Rerum Nat. Brasiliae, p. 215, and “Le Kamichy”
of Brisson, 1760, Ornith., 5, p. 518—“Brasilia, Guiana”;
eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave) designated by Hellmayr,
1908, Novit. Zool., 15, p. 102.
Northern Colombia (Cauca and Zulia Valleys) and eastern
lowlands, Ecuador in Guayas and eastern lowlands on upper
Rio Pastaza, eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, northern Venezue-
la, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil south to Mato Grosso,
Parana, and Sao Paulo; formerly Guyana, Trinidad.
Genus CHAUNA ILLIGER
Chauna Illiger, 1811, Prodromus Syst. Mammalium Avium,
p. 253. Type, by monotypy, Parra chavaria Linnaeus.
cf. Wetmore, 1926, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 133, pp. 67-69
(torquata).
Stonor, 1939, Ibis, pp. 45-49 (breeding of torquata).
DeMay, 1940, Condor, 42, pp. 112-118 (chavaria).
Weller, 1967, Ibis, 109, pp. 400-401 (torquata).
506 CHECK-LIST OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD
CHAUNA CHAVARIA
Chauna chavaria (Linnaeus)
Parra Chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p.
260—lakes near Rio Sinu, south of Cartagena, Colombia.
Northern Colombia east from lower Rio Atrato, northwestern
Venezuela (Zulia, Merida, Trujillo).
CHAUNA TORQUATA
Chauna torquata (Oken)
Chaja torquata Oken, 1816, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte, pt.
3, sec. 2, p. “939” (= 639); based on “Chaja,” no. 341,
of Azara, 1805, Apuntamientos Hist. Nat. Paxaros Para-
guay Rio Plata, 3, p. 106—“in Paragai, um Plata.”
Eastern Bolivia, southern Brazil from Mato Grosso to western
Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argen-
tina south to Mendoza, La Pampa, and Buenos Aires.
INDEX
abbotti, Butorides, 222
abbotti, Ibis, 263
abbotti, Spilornis, 314
abbotti, Sula, 188
abbotti, Threskiornis, 263
abbreviatus, Buteo, 368
abdimii, Ciconia, 248
abieticola, Buteo, 369
abyssinicus, Falco, 418
Accipiter, 323
Accipitridae, 278
Accipitrinae, 280
actophila, Ardeola, 223
actophilus, Butorides, 223
acuta, Anas, 473
adalberti, Aquila, 380
Adamastor, 85, 87
adamsii, Colymbus, 139
adamsii, Gavia, 139
adeliae, Catarrhactes, 126
adeliae, Pygoscelis, 126
adoxa, Ardea, 198
adspersus, Crypturellus, 27
adspersus, Tinamus, 27
Aechmophorus, 154
Aegypius, 307
aegyptiaca, Alopchen, 449
aegyptiaca, Anas, 449
aegyptius, Falco, 298
aegyptius, Milvus, 298
aequatorialis, Circus, 319
aequatorialis, Falco, 404
aequinoctialis, Buteogallus, 356
aequinoctialis, Falco, 356
aequinoctialis, Procellaria, 86
aeruginosus, Circus, 319
aeruginosus, Falco, 319
aesalon, Falco, 413
aethereus, Phaethon, 156
aethiopicus, Tantalus, 263
aethiopicus, Threskiornis, 263
Aethiopinetta, 461
aethiops, Buteo, 368
affinis, Accipiter, 337
affinis, Aythya, 487
affinis, Crypturus, 30
affinis, Fuligula, 487
affinis, Milvus, 297
INDEX
africanus, Gyps, 305
africanus, Limnaetus, 386
africanus, Pelecanus, 178
africanus, Phalacrocorax, 178
africanus, Spizaetus, 386
agami, Agamia, 226
agami, Ardea, 226
Agamia, 226
agassizii, Nothura, 41
aguja, Falco, 359
Aix, 457
Aixopsis, 458
Ajaia, 266
ajaja, Platalea, 268
akleyorum, Bostrychia, 261
akleyorum, Oreoibis, 261
alascanus, Haliaeetus, 301
alascensis, Buteo, 369
alba, Ardea, 203
alba, Astur, 347
alba, Ossifraga, 59
alba, Platalea, 268
alba, Procellaria, 71
alba, Pterodroma, 71
alba, Scolopax, 254
albani, Pterodroma, 67
albatrus, Diomedea, 53
albellus, Mergus, 497
albeola, Anas, 496
albeola, Bucephala, 496
albescens, Rhea, 6
albicaudatus, Buteo, 367
albiceps, Sula, 187
albicilla, Falco, 301
albicilla, Haliaeetus, 301
albiclunis, Pelagodroma, 107
albicollis, Falco, 354
albicollis, Leucopternis, 354
albida, Eudromia, 45
albidulus, Butorides, 222
albidus, Accipiter, 347
albidus, Astur, 347
albidus, Calopezus, 45
albidus, Falco, 312
albifrons, Anser, 437
albifrons, Branta, 437
albigula, Buteo, 366
albigularis, Crypturellus, 23
510
albigularis, Crypturus, 23
albigularis, Falco, 415
albigularis, Procellaria, 110
albipennis, Nettapus, 456
albiventer, Carbo, 175
albiventer, Phalacrocorax, 175
albiventris, Accipiter, 331
albiventris, Urospizias, 331
albociliatus, Phalacrocorax, 169
albogularis, Accipiter, 334
albogularis, Anas, 466
albogularis, Mareca, 466
albogularis, Phalcoboenus, 392
albogularis, Polyborus, 392
albolimbata, Ardeola, 221
albolimbatus, Butorides, 221
albolineata, Ardea, 215
albolineata, Egretta, 215
albolineata, Herodias, 215
alboniger, Nisaetus, 388
alboniger, Spizaetus, 388
albonotatus, Buteo, 368
albosignata, Eudyptula, 132
albus, Eudocimus, 254
alcinus, Machaerhamphus, 289
aldabranus, Falco, 407
aldabrensis, Fregata, 161
alexanderi, Diomedea, 51
alexanderi, Heteroprion, 81
alexanderi, Thalassogeron, 51
alexandri, Falco, 406
alia, Rupornis, 362
alisteri, Fregettornis, 109
alisteri, Ixobrychus, 240
alius, Buteo, 362
alleni, Buteo, 365
alopex. Falco, 409
alopex, Tinnunculus, 409
Alopochen, 449
altaicus, Falco, 420
altaicus, Gypaetus, 303
altaicus, Hierofalco, 420
alter, Heteroprion, 81
alter, Pachyptila, 81
alticola, Anas, 472
altipetens, Anas, 465
altipetens, Nettion, 465
altirostris, Ardea, 197
Amazonetta, 458
ambigua, Nothoprocta, 38
ambiguus, Haliaetus, 299
INDEX
americana, Anas, 463
americana, Aythya, 483
americana, Bucephala, 495
americana, Clangula, 495
americana, Fuligula, 483
americana, Melanitta, 493
americana, Mycteria, 246
americana, Oidemia, 493
americana, Rhea, 5
americanus, Daptrius, 391
americanus, Falco, 391
americanus, Mergus, 500
americanus, Phaeton, 159
americanus, Struthio, 5
ammophilus, Polyborus, 393
amphitrite, Fregetta, 110
amurensis, Ardea, 223
amurensis, Ardeola, 223
amurensis, Butorides, 223
amurensis, Falco, 411
Anas, 460
Anastomus, 246
Anatidae, 425
Anatinae, 453
anatum, Falco, 421
andamanensis, Spizaetus, 386
andamanica, Aviceda, 284
anderssoni, Machaerhamphus, 290
anderssoni, Stringonyx, 290
Andichenodes, 447
andina, Oxyura, 502
andinus, Colymbus, 153
andinus, Phoenicoparrus, 271
andinus, Phoenicopterus, 271
andinus, Podiceps, 153
andium, Anas, 465
andium, Querquedula, 465
andrei, Crypturellus, 23
andrei, Crypturus, 23
andrewsi, Fregata, 163
angolensis, Falco, 303
angolensis, Gypohierax, 303
angustirostris, Anas, 480
angustirostris, Marmaronetta, 480
Anhima, 505
Anhimidae, 505
Anhinga, 179
anhinga, Anhinga, 180
anhinga, Plotus, 180
Anhinginae, 179
annectens, Nothura, 43
Anser, 434
anser, Anas, 438
anser, Anser, 438
Anseranas, 426
Anseranatinae, 426
Anserinae, 431
antarctica, Aptenodytes, 126
antarctica, Procellaria, 63
antarctica, Pygoscelis, 126
antarctica, Thalassoica, 63
antarcticus, Fulmarus, 61
antarcticus, Podiceps, 147
antarcticus, Podilymbus, 147
anthonyi, Ardea, 219
anthonyi, Ardeola, 219
anthracinus, Buteogallus, 357
anthracinus, Falco, 357
antillarum, Buteo, 366
antillarum, Podilymbus, 146
antipodes, Catarrhactes, 131
antipodes, Megadyptes, 131
antiquorum, Phoenicopterus, 270
apache, Accipiter, 348
apivorus, Falco, 287
apivorus, Pernis, 287
approximans, Astur, 330
approximans, Circus, 320
Aptenodytes, 122
Apterygidae, 10
Apteryx, 10
Aquila, 378
aquila, Fregata, 161
aquilonis, Chondrohierax, 285
Aquilus, 159
aquilus, Pelecanus, 161
arabicus, Falco, 424
arabicus, Milvus, 298
araea, Cerchneis, 407
araea, Falco, 407
aralo-caspius, Falco, 419
aralo-caspius, Hierofalco, 419
araneipes, Rhea, 6
arborea, Anas, 429
arborea, Dendrocygna, 429
archboldi, Accipiter, 339
archeri, Buteo, 375
archeri, Falco, 406
archeri, Platalea, 267
arctica, Gavia, 136
arcticus, Colymbus, 137, 138
arcticus, Podiceps, 149
INDEX
Arctonetta, 487
arcuata, Anas, 428
arcuata, Dendrocygna, 428
Ardea, 195
Ardeidae, 193
Ardeinae, 194
Ardenna, 89, 93
Ardeola, 215
ardesiaca, Ardea, 208
ardesiaca, EKgretta, 208
ardosiaceus, Falco, 410
argentior, Melierax, 322
argutus, Rupornis, 361
ariel, Atagen, 162
ariel, Fregata, 162
arileuca, Egretta, 212
aristotelis, Pelecanus, 172
aristotelis, Phalacrocorax, 172
armata, Merganetta, 459
armiger, Pseudoprion, 83
arminjoniana, Aestrelata, 71
arminjoniana, Pterodroma, 71
arrigonii, Accipiter, 347
arrigonii, Astur, 347
arrigonii, Buteo, 371
arthuri, Falco, 409
arthuri, Tinnunculus, 409
aruensis, Casuarius, 9
Asarcornis, 453
ascensionis, Leptophaethon, 159
ascensionis, Phaethon, 159
asha, Ardea, 214
asiatica, Branta, 441
asiatica, Ciconia, 250
asiatica, Mycteria, 250
asiaticus, Ephippiorhynchus, 250
assimilis, Circus, 317
assimilis, Puffinus, 100
assumptionis, Egretta, 214
astrologus, Ixobrychus, 240
astur, Eutriorchis, 315
Asturina, 355
asturinus, Spilornis, 314
ater, Daptrius, 391
aterrima, Procellaria, 69
aterrima, Pterodroma, 69
atlantica, Chen, 439
atlantica, Diomedella, 55
atlanticus, Anser, 439
atrata, Anas, 432
atrata, Chenopis, 431
511
512
atratus, Coragyps, 275
atratus, Cygnus, 432
atratus, Eudyptes, 129
atratus, Vultur, 275
atricapilla, Anas, 501
atricapilla, Ardea, 221
atricapilla, Ardeola, 221
atricapilla, Heteronetta, 501
atricapillus, Accipiter, 348
atricapillus, Falco, 348
atricapillus, Spizastur, 385
atriceps, Phalacrocorax, 175
atrocapillus, Crypturellus, 30
atro-capillus, Crypturus, 30
Attaprion, 79
atterrimus, Puffinus, 97
aucklandica, Anas, 467
aucklandica, Nesonetta, 468
auduboni, Fulmarus, 62
auduboni, Phoebetria, 58
audubonii, Polyborus, 393
audax, Aquila, 382
audax, Vultur, 382
augur, Buteo, 375
augur, Falco, 375
auguralis, Buteo, 375
aura, Cathartes, 275
aura, Vultur, 276
aurantiacus, Casuarius, 9
aureus, Gypaetus, 303
aureus, Vultur, 303
auricularis, Puffinus, 95
auricularis, Vultur, 308
aurita, Anas, 456
auritus, Carbo, 169
auritus, Colymbus, 149
auritus, Nettapus, 456
auritus, Phalacrocorax, 168
auritus, Podiceps, 149
austera, Notophoyx, 211
australe, Daption, 64
australis, Aestrelata, 68
australis, Aptenodytes, 132
australis, Apteryx, 11
australis, Ardea, 242
australis, Aythya, 484
australis, Busarellus, 359
australis, Daption, 64
australis, Dendrocygna, 429
australis, Ephippiorhynchus, 250
australis, Falco, 392
INDEX
australis, Fregetta, 108
australis, Geranoaetus, 360
australis, Heterospizias, 358
australis, Ixobrychus, 242
australis, Mergus, 500
australis, Mycteria, 250
australis, Nyroca, 484
australis, Oxyura, 504
australis, Phalcoboenus, 392
australis, Podiceps, 152
australis, Struthio, 5
australis, Sula, 183
autumnalis, Anas, 430
autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 430
Aviceda, 280
axillaris, Oestrelata, 77
axillaris, Pterodroma, 77
ayresli, Spizaetus, 384
Aythya, 482
azarae, Milvago, 394
azarae, Urubitinga, 358
babylonicus, Falco, 425
bacchus, Ardeola, 218
bacchus, Buphus, 218
bacha, Falco, 311
badius, Accipiter, 326
badius, Falco, 327
baeri, Anas, 485
baeri, Aythya, 485
baeri, Fuligula, 485
bahamensis, Anas, 475
bahamensis, Ardea, 220
bahamensis, Ardeola, 220
bailloni, Procellaria, 99
bailloni, Puffinus, 99
balaena, Pachyptila, 80
Balaeniceps, 252
Balaenicipitidae, 252
balsaci, Platalea, 267
balzarensis, Geranospiza, 351
bancrofti, Nyctanassa, 227
banggaiensis, Butorides, 223
bangsi, Buteogallus, 357
bangsi, Colymbus, 146
bangsi, Oceanodroma, 114
bangsi, Tachybaptus, 146
bangsi, Urubitinga, 357
banksi, Pachyptila, 81
bannermani, Buteo, 372
bannermani, Puffinus, 99
bannermani, Scopus, 245
baraui, Bulweria, 75
baraui, Pterodroma, 75
barbatus, Gypaetus, 303
barbatus, Vultur, 304
baroli, Procellaria, 100
baroli, Puffinus, 100
bartelsi, Spizaetus, 387
bartletti, Crypturellus, 33
bartletti, Crypturus, 33
baru, Falco, 409
bassana, Sula, 183
bassanus, Pelecanus, 183
bassus, Falco, 314
batesi, Aviceda, 280
batesi, Baza, 280
batesi, Dryotriorchis, 315
batesi, Urotriorchis, 349
batu, Spilornis, 313
baweanus, Spilornis, 314
Baza, 280
beali, Oceanodroma, 115
beaudouini, Circaetus, 310
beaulieui, Neohierax, 398
becki, Pterodroma, 69
bedouti, Sula, 185
belcheri, Heteroprion, 82
belcheri, Pachyptila, 82
belisarius, Aquila, 380
belisarius, Falco, 380
bellicosus, Falco, 390
bellicosus, Polemaetus, 390
benchi, Pseudoprion, 83
bendirei, Falco, 414
bengalensis, Gyps, 305
bengalensis, Vultur, 305
beniensis, Accipiter, 326
bennetti, Casuarius, 8
berard, Pelecanoides, 121
berard, Procellaria, 121
berigora, Falco, 401
berlepschi, Crypturellus, 20
berlepschi, Crypturus, 20
berlepschi, Merganetta, 459
berlepschi, Phimosus, 255
bernicla, Anas, 444
bernicla, Branta, 444
bernieri, Anas, 467
bernieri, Ibis, 263
bernieri, Querquedula, 467
bernieri, Threskiornis, 263
INDEX
bernsteini, Falco, 408
besra, Accipiter, 338
bewickii, Cygnus, 433
Bianchoma, 112
biarmicus, Falco, 418
bicarunculatus, Casuarius, 9
bicolor, Accipiter, 344
bicolor, Anas, 428
bicolor, Dendrocygna, 428
bicolor, Sparvius, 344
bidentatus, Falco, 294
bidentatus, Harpagus, 294
bido, Falco, 314
bido, Spilornis, 314
bismarckii, Aviceda, 283
bismarckii, Baza, 283
bistriatus, Casuarius, 9
Biziura, 504
blakei, Buteo, 355
blancaneauxi, Crypturellus, 32
bocagei, Bostrychia, 261
bocagei, Lampribis, 261
bogotensis, Ixobrychus, 239
boliviana, Nothura, 41
bolivianus, Heterocnus, 235
bonapartei, Nothocercus, 18
bonapartei, Tinamus, 18
boraquira, Nothura, 40
boraquira, Tinamus, 40
borealis, Buteo, 369
borealis, Calonectris, 88
borealis, Falco, 369 ‘
borealis, Platypus, 488
borealis, Puffinus, 88
borealis, Somateria, 488
borneensis, Aviceda, 281
borneensis, Baza, 281
borreroi, Anas, 478
boschas, Anas, 460
Bostrychia, 260
Botaurinae, 236
Botaurini, 237
Botaurus, 242
boucardi, Crypturellus, 32
boucardi, Tinamus, 32
bougainvillei, Accipiter, 332
bougainvillei, Astur, 332
bougainvillii, Carbo, 174
513
bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax, 174
bournei, Ardea, 202
boyciana, Ciconia, 250
514 INDEX
boydi, Puffinus, 99
brachyptera, Anas, 452
brachypterus, Buteo, 373
brachypterus, Colymbus, 146
brachypterus, Falco, 395
brachypterus, Tachybaptus, 146
brachypterus, Tachyeres, 452
brachyrhyncha, Egretta, 209
brachyrhynchus, Anser, 436
brachyrhynchus, Colymbus, 146
brachyrhynchus, Herodias, 209
brachyrhynchus, Podiceps, 141
brachyrhynchus, Tachybaptus, 146
brachyura, Diomedea, 49
brachyurus, Accipiter, 340
brachyurus, Astur, 340
brachyurus, Buteo, 366
bradfieldi, Psammoaetus, 378
branickii, Nothoprocta, 37
branickii, Theristicus, 259
bransfieldensis, Phalacrocorax, 175
Branta, 440
brasiliana, Procellaria, 169
brasiliensis, Amazonetta, 458
brasiliensis, Anas, 458
brasiliensis, Cathartes, 275
brasiliensis, Falco, 321, 393
brevicauda, Phalacrocorax, 178
brevicaudus, Puffinus, 89
brevipennis, Falco, 403
brevipennis, Tinnunculus, 403
brevipes, Accipiter, 327
brevipes, Ardea, 221
brevipes, Ardeola, 221
brevipes, Astur, 327
brevipes, Egretta, 215
brevipes, Nycticorax, 221
brevipes, Procellaria, 78
brevipes, Pterodroma, 78
brevirostre, Tigrisoma, 235
brevirostris, Bostrychia, 260
brevirostris, Crypturellus, 33
brevirostris, Pachyptila, 83
brevirostris, Phalacrocorax, 178
brevirostris, Procellaria, 72
brevirostris, Pterodroma, 72
brevirostris, Theristicus, 260
brevirostris, Tinamus, 33
brewsteri, Egretta, 212
brewsteri, Sula, 187
brookei, Falco, 424
broomei, Accipiter, 340
brunnea, Netta, 482
brunnea, Nyroca, 482
brunneiventris, Tinamus, 16
brunnescens, Buteo, 365
brutus, Accipiter, 329
brutus, Nisus, 329
bryani, Ardetta, 240
Bubulcus, 205
bubulcus, Ardea, 205
buccinator, Cygnus, 432
Bucephala, 494
buckleyi, Micrastur, 397
buergersi, Accipiter, 349
burgersi, Astur, 349
buffoni, Circus, 321
buffoni, Falco, 321
bulleri, Diomedea, 57
bulleri, Puffinus, 92
Bulweria, 84
bulwerii, Bulweria, 84
bulwerii, Procellaria, 84
burmana, Baza, 284
burmanicus, Buteo, 372
burmanicus, Microhierax, 399
burmanicus, Spilornis, 312
burrovianus, Cathartes, 276
buruensis, Accipiter, 330
buryi, Falco, 406
Busarellus, 359
busarellus, Circus, 359
Butastur, 349
Buteo, 361
buteo, Buteo, 371
buteo, Falco, 371
Buteogallus, 356
buteoides, Accipiter, 347
buteoides, Astur, 347
butleri, Accipiter, 328
butleri, Astur, 328
butonensis, Accipiter, 340
Butorides, 215
byroni, Reinholdia, 96
cabanisi, Tigrisoma, 234
cachinnans, Falco, 394
cachinnans, Herpetotheres, 394
cadwaladeri, Nothocercus, 19
caerulea, Ardea, 211
caerulea, Halobaena, 79
caerulea, Egretta, 211
caerulea, Procellaria, 79
caeruleiceps, Falco, 422
caerulescens, Anas, 439
caerulescens, Anser, 439
caerulescens, Crypturellus, 26
caerulescens, Falco, 399
caerulescens, Geranospiza, 351
caerulescens, Ibis, 258
caerulescens, Microhierax, 399
caerulescens, Sparvius, 352
caerulescens, Theristicus, 258
caeruleus, Elanus, 291
caeruleus, Falco, 291
caesius, Elanus, 290
cahow, Aestrelata, 74
cahow, Pterodroma, 74
Cairina, 453
calceolata, Ardea, 205
caledonica, Ardea, 231
caledonicus, Nycticorax, 230
Calherodius, 228
calidus, Falco, 422
californianus, Gymnogyps, 277
californianus, Vultur, 277
californica, Sula, 185
californicus, Pelecanus, 192
californicus, Podiceps, 153
caliginis, Nyctanassa, 228
Callonetta, 456
Calonectris, 87
calurus, Buteo, 369
calvus, Aegypius, 309
calvus, Geronticus, 265
calvus, Tantalus, 265
calvus, Vultur, 309
camelus, Struthio, 4
campbelli, Leucocarbo, 164
campbelli, Nesocarbo, 164
campbelli, Phalacrocorax, 177
campbelli, Phoebetria, 57
campbelli, Urile, 177
Camptorhynchus, 490
cana, Anas, 450
cana, Tadorna, 450
canadensis, Anas, 444
canadensis, Aquila, 381
canadensis, Branta, 441
canadensis, Falco, 381
canagica, Anas, 440
canagicus, Anser, 440
canariensis, Cerchneis, 406
INDEX
canariensis, Falco, 406
cancrivora, Urubitinga, 357
cancrivorus, Nycticorax, 231
candicans, Falco, 420
candidissima, Ardea, 205
candidus, Anser, 434
candidus, Ibis, 246
canescens, Accipiter, 326
canescens, Astur, 326
canorus, Falco, 323
canorus, Melierax, 322
cantonia, Pterodroma, 72
capense, Daption, 64
capensis, Anas, 466
capensis, Ardea, 244
capensis, Botaurus, 244
capensis, Dysporus, 183
capensis, Pelecanus, 171
capensis, Phalacrocorax, 171
capensis, Podiceps, 144
capensis, Procellaria, 64
capensis, Spatula, 479
capensis, Sula, 183
capensis, Tachybaptus, 144
capillatus, Carbo, 167
capillatus, Phalacrocorax, 167
capnodes, Crypturellus, 21
caquetae, Crypturellus, 23
caquetae, Crypturus, 23
Caracara, 392
carbo, Pelecanus, 166
carbo, Phalacrocorax, 166
carcinophila, Ardeola, 223
carcinophilus, Butorides, 223
carcinophonus, Butorides, 223
caribaearum, Falco, 403
caribaeus, Botaurus, 243
caribbaea, Pterodroma, 74
carlo, Cerchneis, 407
carneipes, Puffinus, 92
carolinensis, Anas, 465
carolinensis, Falco, 279
carolinensis, Pandion, 279
carolinensis, Pelecanus, 192
carolinensis, Podiceps, 146
Carphibis, 262
carunculata, Anas, 455
carunculata, Bostrychia, 261
carunculata, Ibis, 261
515
carunculatus, Euleucocarbo, 164
carunculatus, Leucocarbo, 164
516
carunculatus, Pelecanus, 176
carunculatus, Phalacrocorax, 176
carunculatus, Phalcoboenus, 391
caryophyllacea, Anas, 481
caryophyllacea, Rhodonessa, 481
Casarca, 449
casarca, Anas, 449
casiquiare, Crypturellus, 34
casiquiare, Crypturornis, 34
Casmerodius, 195
caspicus, Colymbus, 152
Cassinaetus, 386
cassini, Falco, 422
castanea, Anas, 467
castanea, Mareca, 467
castaneiceps, Tinamus, 16
castaneus, Crypturellus, 24
castaneus, Tinamus, 24
castanilius, Accipiter, 326
castanonotus, Hypotriorchis, 398
castor, Mergus, 496
castro, Oceanodroma, 113
castro, Thalassidroma, 113
castroi, Accipiter, 325
Casuariidae, 7
Casuarius, 7
casuarius, Casuarius, 8
casuarius, Struthio, 8
Catadyptes, 126
catarractes, Aptenodytes, 128
catesbyi, Phaethon, 159
Cathartes, 275
Cathartidae, 274
cathartoides, Buteogallus, 356
catingae, Rhynchotus, 35
caucae, Cerchneis, 404
caucae, Crypturellus, 22
caucae, Crypturus, 22
caucae, Falco, 404
caucasicus, Accipiter, 347
caucasicus, Milvus, 296
caudatus, Scolopax, 258
caudatus, Theristicus, 258
cauta, Diomedea, 55
cayanensis, Falco, 284
cayanensis, Leptodon, 284
cayennensis, Ardea, 227
cayennensis, Falco, 284
cayennensis, Mesembrinibis, 259
cayennensis, Tantalus, 259
cearae, Cerchneis, 405
INDEX
cearae, Falco, 405
cearensis, Nothura, 42
celebensis, Aviceda, 281
celebensis, Baza, 281
celebensis, Pernis, 288
cenchris, Milvus, 295
cenchroides, Accipiter, 326
cenchroides, Astur, 326
cenchroides, Falco, 409
centralasiae, Hypotriorchis, 415
centralia, Falco, 401
centralia, Ieracidea, 401
Centropelma, 141
ceramensis, Accipiter, 340
ceramensis, Nisus, 340
Cercibis, 258
Cereopsis, 445
cervicalis, Oestrelata, 75
cervicalis, Pterodroma, 75
cerviniventris, Crypturellus, 25
cerviniventris, Crypturus, 25
ceylanensis, Falco, 386
ceylanensis, Spizaetus, 386
ceylonensis, Aviceda, 281
ceylonensis, Baza, 281
chacoensis, Nothura, 42, 43
chalconotus, Graculus, 176
chalconotus, Phalacrocorax, 176
chanco, Phalacrocorax, 169
chantrei, Plotus, 181
chapmani, Herpetotheres, 394
chapmani, Oceanodroma, 115
chathamensis, Eudyptula, 133
chathamensis, Pelecanoides, 120
Chaulelasmus, 460
Chauna, 505
chavaria, Chauna, 506
chavaria, Parra, 506
cheela, Falco, 311
cheela, Spilornis, 311
Chelictinia, 292
Chen, 434
Cheniscus, 455
Chenonetta, 457
Chenopis, 431
cheriway, Falco, 393
cheriway, Polyborus, 393
cherrug, Falco, 419
chicquera, Falco, 410
chihi, Numenius, 257
chihi, Plegadis, 257
chilensis, Accipiter, 345
chilensis, Oceanites, 103
chilensis, Phoenicopterus, 270
chilensis, Podiceps, 141
chilensis, Rollandia, 141
chimachima, Milvago, 393
chimachima, Polyborus, 393
chimango, Milvago, 394
chimango, Polyborus, 394
chincou, Vultur, 308
chionogaster, Accipiter, 343
chionogaster, Nisus, 343
chionophara, Aestrelata, 71
chionoptera, Diomedea, 51
chirimontanus, Crypturus, 24
Chloephaga, 447
chloriceps, Ardea, 222
chloriceps, Ardeola, 222
chlororhynchos, Diomedea, 56
chlororhynchus, Puffinus, 91
chlorotis, Anas, 467
Chondrohierax, 285
chorassanicus, Astur, 327
christiani, Podiceps, 152
christiani-ludovici, Falco, 413
chrysaetos, Aquila, 381
chrysaetos, Falco, 381
chrysocome, Aptenodytes, 127
chrysocome, Eudyptes, 127
chrysolophus, Catarhactes, 130
chrysolophus, Eudyptes, 130
chrysostoma, Diomedea, 56
Ciconia, 247
ciconia, Ardea, 249
ciconia, Ciconia, 249
Ciconiidae, 245
Ciconiini, 247
cincinatus, Carbo, 168
cincinatus, Phalacrocorax, 168
cineracea, Ardea, 213
cineracea, Herodias, 213
cinerascens, Circaetos, 310
cinerascens, Circaetus, 310
cinerascens, Crypturellus, 21
cinerascens, Nothoprocta, 38
cinerascens, Nothura, 38
cinerea, Anas, 452
cinerea, Ardea, 196
cinerea, Ardeola, 225
cinerea, Asturina, 355
cinerea, Mycteria, 246
INDEX
cinerea, Procellaria, 87
cinereiceps, Polihierax, 398
cinereus, Butorides, 225
cinereus, Circaetus, 310
cinereus, Circus, 318
cinereus, Crypturellus, 21
cinereus, Tantalus, 246
cinereus, Tetrao, 21
cinnamomea, Ardea, 241
cinnamomea, Nothura, 31
cinnamomea, Tinamus, 31
cinnamomeus, Crypturellus, 30
cinnamomeus, Ixobrychus, 241
cinnamominus, Falco, 404
Circaetus, 309
circumcinctus, Harpagus, 397
517
circumcinctus, Spiziapteryx, 397
Circus, 316
cirrhatus, Falco, 386
cirrhatus, Spizaetus, 386
cirrhocephalus, Accipiter, 339
cirrhocephalus, Sparvius, 339
cirtensis, Buteo, 374
cirtensis, Falco, 374
clamans, Haliaetos, 300
clanga, Aquila, 379
Clanganas, 495
Clangula, 492
clangula, Anas, 495
clangula, Bucephala, 495
clarkii, Aechmophorus, 155
clarkii, Podiceps, 155
claudii, Casuarius, 8
cloatesi, Podiceps, 148
clypeata, Anas, 479
coatsi, Falco, 420
cochlearia, Cancroma, 233
Cochleariini, 232
Cochlearius, 232
cochlearius, Cochlearius, 233
cocoi, Ardea, 200
cognata, Ardea, 200
colensoi, Phalacrocorax, 177
collaris, Accipiter, 336
collaris, Anas, 484
collaris, Aythya, 484
collaris, Podiceps, 145
collaris, Tachybaptus, 145
colombiana, Merganetta, 459
colonus, Buteo, 367
colorata, Dichromanassa, 207
518
columba, Fulmarus, 62
columbarius, Falco, 413
columbianus, Anas, 434
columbianus, Crypturellus, 28
columbianus, Crypturus, 28
columbianus, Cygnus, 434
Colymbidae, 135
Colymbus, 135
comatus, Mergus, 499
conboschas, Anas, 469
concentricus, Micrastur, 396
concentricus, Nisus, 396
concolor, Demigretta, 205
concolor, Falco, 412
confusa, Pagodroma, 65
confusus, Accipiter, 338
confusus, Crypturus, 27
connectens, Butorides, 223
conspecta, Rupornis, 362
conspectus, Buteo, 362
conspicillata, Procellaria, 86
conspicillatus, Pelecanus, 191
continentalis, Ardeola, 218
cookii, Procellaria, 77
cookii, Pterodroma, 77
Cookilaria, 65, 76
cooktowni, Astur, 333
coombsi, Melierax, 323
cooperli, Accipiter, 345
cooperii, Falco, 345
coppingeri, Pelecanoides, 121
coprotheres, Gyps, 307
coprotheres, Vultur, 307
Coragyps, 275
cordatus, Milvago, 393
Cormoranus, 163
cornuta, Anhima, 505
cornuta, Palamedea, 505
cornutus, Colymbus, 150
cornutus, Podiceps, 150
coromanda, Cancroma, 211
coromanda, Egretta, 211
coromandeliana, Anas, 456
coromandelianus, Nettapus, 456
coronata, Harpyia, 361
coronatus, Falco, 389
coronatus, Graculus, 179
coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus, 361
coronatus, Phalacrocorax, 179
coronatus, Stephanoaetus, 389
Coscoroba, 434
INDEX
coscoroba, Anas, 434
coscoroba, Coscoroba, 434
costaricensis, Asturina, 355
costaricensis, Buteo, 370
costaricensis, Crypturellus, 32
costaricensis, Crypturus, 32
costaricensis, Leucopternis, 354
cotabato, Podiceps, 144
cotabato, Tachybaptus, 144
couesi, Anas, 464
couesi, Chaulelasmus, 464
coultasi, Aviceda, 282
crassirostris, Nycticorax, 231
crassirostris, Pachyptila, 84
crassirostris, Pseudoprion, 84
crawfordi, Ardeola, 221
crawfordi, Butorides, 221
creatopus, Puffinus, 93
crecca, Anas, 464
crestata, Aptenodytes, 127
crestatus, Eudyptes, 127
crispus, Pelecanus, 190
cristata, Anas, 472
cristata, Lophotibis, 262
cristata, Pseudotadorna, 451
cristata, Tadorna, 451
cristatus, Buteo, 279
cristatus, Colymbus, 151
cristatus, Pandion, 279
cristatus, Podiceps, 151
cristatus, Tantalus, 262
croizati, Accipiter, 325
crozeti, Heteroprion, 81
crucis, Crypturellus, 25
cruentus, Astur, 330
crumenifera, Ciconia, 252
crumeniferus, Leptoptilos, 252
cryptoleucura, Cymochorea, 113
Crypturellus, 20
cubanensis, Buteo, 365
cucullata, Ardea, 228
cucullatus, Mergus, 497
cuculoides, Aviceda, 280
culminata, Diomedea, 49
culminatus, Thalassogeron, 56
cuneatus, Puffinus, 91
cupreipennis, Bostrychia, 261
cupreipennis, Theristicus, 261
curacensis, Butorides, 220
cursitans, Crypturellus, 29
curvirostris, Nothoprocta, 40
cuvieri, Falco, 416
Cuvieria, 400
cyaneoleuca, Cinathisma, 96
cyaneus, Circus, 317
cyaneus, Falco, 317
cyanocephala, Ardea, 230
Cyanochen, 446
cyanoptera, Anas, 477
cyanoptera, Bernicla, 446
cyanopterus, Cyanochen, 446
cyanopus, Falco, 419
cyanura, Ardea, 220
cygnoid, Anas, 435
cygnoides, Anser, 435
Cygnopsis, 435
Cygnus, 431
cygnus, Anas, 433
cygnus, Cygnus, 433
Cymochorea, 112
Cyrtopelicanus, 188, 191
dabbenena, Diomedea, 51
dacotiae, Falco, 406
dactylatra, Sula, 184
dacunhae, Pelecanoides, 120
Dafila, 461
Dafilonettion, 461
dampieri, Accipiter, 333
dampieri, Urospizias, 333
danieli, Aegypius, 308
danubialis, Falco, 419
danubialis, Hierofalco, 419
daphanea, Aquila, 382
Daption, 63
Daptrius, 391
darwinii, Nothura, 41
darwinii, Rhea, 6
Dasycelis, 124
davidi, Coscoroba, 433
davidi, Cygnus, 433
daviesi, Chicquera, 411
davisoni, Geronticus, 265
davisoni, Pseudibis, 265
davisoni, Spilornis, 312
deceptis, Fregetta, 108
deceptornis, Pterodroma, 73
decolor, Crypturellus, 24
defensorum, Melierax, 321
defilippiana, Aestrelata, 77
defilippiana, Pterodroma, 77
degens, Ardeola, 221
INDEX 519
degens, Butorides, 221
deglandi, Melanitta, 494
deglandi, Oedemia, 494
deiroleucus, Falco, 425
delacouri, Anas, 476
delattrii, Crypturellus, 32
delattrii, Tinamus, 32
dementjevi, Accipiter, 341
demersa, Diomedea, 133
demersus, Spheniscus, 133
Demiegretta, 204
Demigretta, 204
Dendrocygna, 427
Dendrocygninae, 427
Dendronessa, 457
dertrum, Pseudoprion, 83
deserta, Pterodroma, 73
desmarestii, Carbo, 172
desmarestii, Phalacrocorax, 172
desolata, Pachyptila, 81
desolata, Procellaria, 81
desolationis, Thalassogeron, 56
devia, Eudromia, 45
devillei, Spizaetus, 389
diazi, Anas, 469
Dichromanassa, 205
dichrous, Puffinus, 98
dickeyi, Dichromanassa, 207
dickeyi, Egretta, 207
dickinsoni, Falco, 410
didii, Butorides, 222
didimus, Accipiter, 330
didimus, Astur, 330
diemenensis, Dromaeus, 10
diemenensis, Dromaius, 10
diemenianus, Casuarius, 10
diemenianus, Dromaius, 10
Dilophalieus, 164
dilophus, Hydrocorax, 169
diminutus, Butorides, 226
dimorpha, Egretta, 214
diodon, Falco, 294
diodon, Harpagus, 294
Diomedaea, 52
Diomedea, 48, 51
diomedea, Calonectris, 88
diomedea, Procellaria, 88
Diomedeidae, 48
direptor, Rupornis, 361
discolor, Dendrocygna, 430
discors, Anas, 477
520
discrepans, Nothocercus, 18
dispar, Bernicla, 447
dispar, Heteroprion, 82
disputans, Puffinus, 88
dissimilis, Crypturus, 29
Dissoura, 247
distincta, Cerchneis, 403
dixoni, Oedemia, 494
doeringi, Nothoprocta, 39
dorriesi, Cerchneis, 405
dogwa, Accipiter, 330
domesticus, Anser, 434
dominica, Anas, 502
dominica, Oxyura, 502
dominicensis, Falco, 403
dominicus, Colymbus, 145
dominicus, Tachybaptus, 145
doriae, Accipiter, 349
doriae, Megatriorchis, 349
dorotheae, Phaethon, 158
dovei, Macronectes, 60
dresseri, Somateria, 489
Dromaiidae, 9
Dromaius, 9
Dromiceius, 9
drygalskii, Anas, 474
Dryotriorchis, 315
dubia, Ardea, 252
dubia, Thalassidroma, 111
dubius, Hieraaetus, 384
dubius, Ixobrychus, 240
dubius, Leptoptilos, 252
dubius, Morphinus, 384
dugandi, Cathartes, 277
duidae, Crypturellus, 28
dulciae, Pelagodroma, 106
Dupetor, 237
dussumieri, Accipiter, 327
dussumieri, Falco, 327
Dyseonetta, 482
eadesi, Pelagodroma, 106
eatoni, Anas, 474
eatoni, Pachyptila, 84
eatoni, Pseudoprion, 84
eatoni, Querquedula, 474
ecaudatus, Falco, 311
ecaudatus, Terathopius, 311
Ecmeles, 163
ecuadoriensis, Rupornis, 363
edwardsii, Calonectris, 89
INDEX
edwardsii, Puffinus, 89
Egretta, 204
egretta, Ardea, 204
eichhorni, Accipiter, 334
Eider, 487
eidos, Falco, 405
Elanoides, 288
Elanus, 290
elasson, Gavia, 139
elegans, Buteo, 364
elegans, Eudromia, 45
elegans, Puffinus, 101
eleonorae, Falco, 411
elgasi, Anser, 438
elgini, Haematornis, 315
elgini, Spilornis, 315
elizabethae, Pelecanoides, 120
ellsworthi, Pygoscelis, 125
emini, Baza, 280
Ephippiorhynchus, 250
episcopus, Ardea, 249
episcopus, Ciconia, 248
epomophora, Diomedea, 52
eremica, Cerchneis, 409
eremita, Diomedea, 56
eremita, Geronticus, 264
eremita, Thalassarche, 56
eremita, Upupa, 264
erlangeri, Falco, 418
erlangeri, Gyps, 306
erlangeri, Hagedashia, 260
erlangeri, Hierofalco, 418
ernesti, Falco, 423
erubescens, Phaethon, 157
erubescens, Phaeton, 158
Erythocnus, 215
erythrauchen, Accipiter, 340
Erythrocnus, 215
erythrofrons, Daedalion, 285
erythrogenys, Hierax, 400
erythrogenys, Microhierax, 400
erythromelas, Ardea, 238
erythromelas, Ixobrychus, 238
erythronemius, Accipiter, 344
erythronemius, Nisus, 344
erythronotus, Haliaetus, 368
erythrophthalma, Anas, 482
erythrophthalma, Netta, 482
erythropus, Accipiter, 336
erythropus, Anas, 438
erythropus, Anser, 438
erythropus, Crypturellus, 28
erythropus, Nisus, 336
erythropus, Tinamus, 29
erythrorhyncha, Anas, 475
erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 191
Erythrotriorchis, 323
etesiaca, Sula, 187
etorques, Urospizias, 331
Eudocimus, 254
Eudromia, 44
Eudyptes, 126
Eudyptula, 131
Eulabeia, 435
Euleucocarbo, 164
eulophotes, Egretta, 214
eulophotes, Herodias, 214
Eunetta, 461
eurhythma, Ardetta, 241
eurhythmus, Ixobrychus, 241
Eutriorchis, 315
Euxenura, 247
exasperatus, Oceanites, 104
excelsior, Aptenodytes, 124
excisa, Sula, 184
excubitor, Herpetotheres, 394
exilis, Accipiter, 342
exilis, Ardea, 238
exilis, Ixobrychus, 238
exitiosus, Accipiter, 336
exsul, Buteo, 368
exsul, Pelecanoides, 120
externa, Oestrelata, 74
externa, Pterodroma, 74
extima, Aythya, 485
extimus, Accipiter, 325
extimus, Buteo, 365
extimus, Micrastur, 396
exulans, Diomedea, 51
eytoni, Dendrocygna, 428
eytoni, Leptotarsis, 428
fabalis, Anas, 436
fabalis, Anser, 436
faeroeensis, Somateria, 488
falcata, Anas, 463
falcinellus, Plegadis, 256
falcinellus, Tantalus, 256
Falco, 400
Falconidae, 390
Falconinae, 397
falklandica, Catharista, 276
INDEX
falklandica, Cathartes, 276
falklandicus, Heteroprion, 82
falklandicus, Nycticorax, 230
fallai, Pachyptila, 83
fallax, Bulweria, 85
familiaris, Tadorna, 449
fannini, Ardea, 198
farinosus, Tinamus, 14
fasciata, Aquila, 383
fasciata, Ardea, 235
fasciatum, Tigrisoma, 235
fasciatus, Accipiter, 329
fasciatus, Astur, 330
fasciatus, Harpagus, 294
fasciatus, Hieraaetus, 383
fasciatus, Rhynchotus, 35
fasciicauda, Milvus, 296
fasciinucha, Falco, 425
fasciolatus, Circaetus, 310
feae, Oestrelata, 73
feae, Pterodroma, 73
featherstoni, Phalacrocorax, 172
feldeggii, Falco, 418
femoralis, Falco, 412
ferina, Anas, 483
ferina, Aythya, 483
fernandensis, Cerchneis, 404
fernandensis, Falco, 404
ferox, Accipiter, 309
ferox, Buteo, 374
ferruginea, Anas, 450
ferruginea, Erismatura, 503
ferruginea, Oxyura, 503
ferruginea, Tadorna, 450
fidens, Accipiter, 344
fieldi, Cerchneis, 409
fieldi, Falco, 409
filamentosus, Carbo, 167
filholi, Eudyptes, 128
firasa, Ardea, 197
fischeri, Fuligula, 490
fischeri, Lampronetta, 490
fischeri, Somateria, 490
fistularis, Mareca, 460
flavicollis, Ardea, 241
flavicollis, Ixobrychus, 241
flavipes, Platalea, 268
flavirostris, Anas, 465
flavirostris, Anser, 438
flavirostris, Haliastur, 299
flavirostris, Procellaria, 88
521
522
fleayi, Aquila, 382
flexipes, Geranospiza, 352
Florida, 205
floridanus, Carbo, 169
floridanus, Phalacrocorax, 169
floris, Limnaetus, 387
floris, Spizaetus, 387
floweri, Spilornis, 312
fluviatilis, Pandion, 278
flyensis, Butorides, 225
foetens, Cathartes, 275
fokiensis, Spizaetus, 387
fontainieri, Accipiter, 335
fontanieri, Accipiter, 335
forbesi, Odontriorchis, 285
forficatus, Elanoides, 289
forficatus, Falco, 289
formosa, Anas, 464
formosa, Eudromia, 46
formosae, Accipiter, 324
formosanus, Milvus, 297
formosus, Calopezus, 47
formosus, Hieraaetus, 385
forsteri, Aptenodytes, 124
forsteri, Macronectes, 60
forsteri, Procellaria, 79, 80
fostersmithi, Syrigma, 195
fraenata, Merganetta, 460
francesii, Accipiter, 328
frantzii, Nothocercus, 18
frantzii, Tinamus, 18
fraterculus, Henicopernis, 286
frazari, Ardea, 219
frazari, Ardeola, 219
Fregandria, 107
Fregata, 159
Fregatidae, 159
Fregetta, 107
Fregodroma, 107
Fregolla, 107
fremitus, Heterocnus, 234
fretensis, Anas, 476
friedmanni, Pandion, 279
fringillarius, Falco, 399
fringillarius, Microhierax, 399
fringilloides, Accipiter, 344
frontalis, Anser, 437
fruitii, Falco, 422
fucosa, Aquila, 378
fuertesi, Buteo, 370
fujiyamae, Accipiter, 348
INDEX
fujiyamae, Astur, 348
fulgens, Dendrocygna, 430
fuliginosa, Diomedea, 57
fuliginosa, Nesofregetta, 110
fuliginosa, Procellaria, 110
fuliginosus, Buteo, 366
fuligula, Anas, 486
fuligula, Aythya, 486
Fulmarus, 60
fulva, Branta, 442
fulvescens, Gyps, 307
fulvescens, Nothoprocta, 39
fulvigula, Anas, 469
fulvus, Falco, 381
fulvus, Gyps, 307
fulvus, Phaethon, 158
fulvus, Vultur, 307
fumosus, Buteo, 370
fumosus, Crypturus, 21
fumosus, Podiceps, 143
fumosus, Tachybaptus, 143
furcata, Oceanodroma, 117
furcata, Procellaria, 117
furuitii, Falco, 422
fusca, Anas, 494
fusca, Ardea, 201
fusca, Diomedea, 57
fusca, Melanitta, 494
fusca, Phoebetria, 57
fusca, Procellaria, 60
fuscescens, Hydrocorax, 177
fuscescens, Phalacrocorax, 177
fuscicollis, Ardea, 220
fuscicollis, Phalacrocorax, 170
fuscipectus, Accipiter, 338
fuscipennis, Nothocercus, 19
fuscipennis, Tinamus, 15
fusco-caerulescens, Falco, 412
fuscus, Orthocrypturus, 34
fuscus, Pelecanus, 188
gabar, Falco, 321
gabar, Melierax, 321
gaimardi, Carbo, 174
gaimardi, Pelecanus, 174
gaimardi, Phalacrocorax, 174
galapagensis, Anas, 475
galapagensis, Poecilonetta, 475
galapagoensis, Buteo, 367
galapagoensis, Oceanites, 104
galapagoensis, Polyborus, 367
Galapagornis, 49
galeata, Ardea, 249
galericulata, Aix, 457
galericulata, Anas, 457
gallardoi, Podiceps, 154
gallicus, Circaetus, 309
gallicus, Falco, 309
gallinarum, Astur, 346
gambeli, Anser, 438
gambelli, Anser, 438
gambensis, Anas, 453
gambensis, Plectropterus, 453
Gampsonyx, 290
garleppi, Crypturellus, 30
garleppi, Crypturus, 30
garleppi, Merganetta, 459
garleppi, Pterocnemia, 6
garnotii, Pelecanoides, 119
garnotii, Priocella, 61
garnotii, Puffinuria, 119
Garrodia, 105
garzetta, Ardea, 212
garzetta, Egretta, 212
Gavia, 135
gavia, Procellaria, 96
gavia, Puffinus, 96
Gaviidae, 135
gentilis, Accipiter, 346
gentilis, Falco, 346
georgia, Diomedea, 52
georgia, Heteroprion, 82
georgianus, Phalacrocorax, 175
georgica, Anas, 474
georgica, Pelecanoides, 119
georgicus, Pachyptila, 82
georgicus, Pelecanoides, 119
Geranoaetus, 359
Geranospiza, 351
Geronticus, 264
ghiesbreghti, Buteo, 354
ghiesbreghti, Leucopternis, 354
gibberifrons, Anas, 466
gibberifrons, Mareca, 466
gibbosa, Diomedea, 54
gigantea, Ibis, 265
gigantea, Procellaria, 59
gigantea, Pseudibis, 265
giganteus, Macronectes, 59
gigas, Podilymbus, 147
gilvicollis, Micrastur, 396
gilvicollis, Sparvius, 396
INDEX
gilvus, Accipiter, 334
ginginianus, Neophron, 304
ginginianus, Vultur, 304
girrenera, Haliaetus, 299
girrenera, Haliastur, 299
glacialis, Anas, 492
glacialis, Fulmarus, 62
glacialis, Procellaria, 62
glacialoides, Fulmarus, 61
glacialoides, Procellaria, 61
Glaucionetta, 494
glauerti, Alphapuffinus, 100
gobicus, Falco, 425
goisagi, Nycticorax, 232
goldmani, Crypturellus, 31
goldmani, Crypturus, 31
goliath, Ardea, 202
goodfellowi, Casuarius, 8
gorfua, Aptenodytes, 128
Gorsachius, 228
Gorsakius, 228
gouldi, Aestrelata, 67
gouldi, Ardetta, 242
gouldi, Circus, 320
gouldi, Hypoleucus, 177
gouldi, Prion, 80
gouldi, Pterodroma, 67
govinda, Milvus, 297
gracilis, Anas, 467
gracilis, Buteo, 362
gracilis, Falco, 352, 407
gracilis, Geranospiza, 352
gracilis, Oceanites, 104
gracilis, Rupornis, 362
gracilis, Thalassidroma, 104
grallaria, Fregetta, 109
grallaria, Procellaria, 109
grandis, Anser, 436
grandis, Gypaetus, 303
grandis, Hieraaetus, 383
granti, Accipiter, 342
granti, Sula, 185
gravirostris, Nyctanassa, 228
gravis, Procellaria, 93
gravis, Puffinus, 93
grayli, Ardea, 217
grayli, Ardeola, 217
grebnitzkii, Hierofalco, 420
grisea, Procellaria, 93
grisegena, Colymbus, 150
grisegena, Podiceps, 150
523
524
griseiceps, Accipiter, 325
griseiceps, Astur, 325
griseiventris, Crypturellus, 25
griseiventris, Crypturus, 25
griseocauda, Buteo, 361
griseocauda, Rupornis, 361
griseogularis, Accipiter, 331
griseogularis, Astur, 331
griseus, Puffinus, 93
griveaudi, Accipiter, 328
groenlandicus, Haliaetos, 301
gryphus, Vultur, 277
guadalupensis, Falco, 402
Guara, 254
guarauna, Scolopax, 257
guatemalensis, Ibycter, 391
guerilla, Micrastur, 395
guianensis, Falco, 376
guianensis, Morphnus, 376
gularis, Accipiter, 337
gularis, Ardea, 213
gularis, Astur, 337
gularis, Asturina, 363
gularis, Egretta, 213
gularis, Nisus, 337
gunax, Puffinus, 98
gundlachi, Accipiter, 345
gundlachii, Buteogallus, 357
gundlachii, Hypomorphnus, 357
gurneyi, Aquila, 381
gurneyi, Aviceda, 283
gurneyi, Baza, 283
gurneyi, Heteropus, 381
gurneyi, Pernis, 287
gurneyi, Podiceps, 153
gurneyi, Proctopus, 153
guttata, Dendrocygna, 427
guttata, Fregettornis, 109
guttatus, Tinamus, 17
guttifer, Accipiter, 345
Gymnogenys, 316
Gymnogyps, 277
Gypaetus, 303
Gypohierax, 303
Gyps, 305
haastii, Apteryx, 11
hadropus, Buteo, 370
haesitata, Procellaria, 85
hagedash, Bostrychia, 260
hagedash, Tantalus, 260
INDEX
Hagedashia, 260
Haliaeetus, 299
haliaetus, Falco, 279
haliaetus, Pandion, 279
Haliastur, 298
Halietor, 164
halli, Aptenodytes, 123
halli, Macronectes, 60
Hallstroma, 66
Halobaena, 78
Halocyptena, 112
hamatus, Falco, 294
hamatus, Rostrhamus, 294
Hamirostra, 296
hanedae, Phalacrocorax, 166
hanieli, Falco, 416
haplochrous, Accipiter, 334
haringtoni, Anas, 471
haringtoni, Polionetta, 471
harlani, Buteo, 369
harlani, Falco, 369
harmandi, Falco, 398
harmandi, Polihierax, 398
harmandi, Poliohierax, 398
Harpagus, 294
Harpia, 376
Harpiprion, 258
Harpyhaliaetus, 360
harpyja, Harpia, 376
harpyja, Vultur, 376
Harpyopsis, 377
harrisi, Buteo, 358
harrisi, Parabuteo, 358
harrisi, Phalacrocorax, 168
harterti, Buteo, 371
harterti, Circus, 319
harterti, Crypturellus, 22
harterti, Crypturus, 22
harterti, Falco, 422
harterti, Hieraaetus, 384
hartlaubii, Pteronetta, 454
hartlaubii, Querquedula, 454
hasitata, Procellaria, 74
hasitata, Pterodroma, 74
hastata, Aquila, 378
hastatus, Morphnus, 379
haurakiensis, Puffinus, 100
heardi, Heteroprion, 82
hecki, Casuarius, 8
heinrichi, Falco, 423
heinrothi, Puffinns, 99
heinrothi, Puffinus, 99
helena, Cymochorea, 114
heliaca, Aquila, 380
Helicolestes, 293
heliosyla, Ardea, 236
heliosylus, Zonerodius, 236
hellmayri, Accipiter, 329
hellmayri, Crypturus, 28
Helotarsus, 311
helva, Dendrocygna, 428
hemachalanus, Gypaetus, 303
Hemigarzetta, 205
hemilasius, Buteo, 374
Hemipuffinus, 89, 92
hendersoni, Falco, 419
henicogrammus, Accipiter, 335
henicogrammus, Astur, 335
Henicopernis, 286
henstii, Accipiter, 346
hensti, Astur, 346
heptneri, Circaetus, 309
heraldica, Oestrelata, 71
heraldica, Pterodroma, 71
herodias, Ardea, 198
Herpetotheres, 394
hershkovitzi, Tinamus, 14
hesperis, Ixobrychus, 238
Heterocnus, 234
Heteronetta, 500
Heterospizias, 356
hibernicus, Accipiter, 341
Hieraaetus, 383
hilli, Nycticorax, 230
himalayensis, Gyps, 306
hindwoodi, Cookilaria, 76
hiogaster, Accipiter, 331
hiogaster, Falco, 331
hispaniae, Buteo, 371
Histrionicus, 491
histrionicus, Anas, 491
histrionicus, Circus, 318
histrionicus, Histrionicus, 491
hoactli, Ardea, 229
hodgsoni, Aquila, 382
hoffmannsi, Crypturus, 24
holboellii, Podiceps, 151
holbollii, Podiceps, 151
holospilus, Buteo, 314
holospilus, Spilornis, 314
homeyeri, Aquila, 381
homochroa, Cymochorea, 117
INDEX
homochroa, Oceanodroma, 117
hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 117
hornbyi, Thalassidroma, 117
hornensis, Phalacrocorax, 170
horsbrughi, Falco, 410
horsfieldi, Hierax, 399
hottentota, Anas, 476
hottentota, Querquedula, 476
howensis, Cymodroma, 109
hoya, Spilornis, 312
hrota, Anas, 444
hrota, Branta, 444
hudsonius, Circus, 317
hudsonius, Falco, 317
humbloti, Ardea, 201
humboldti, Spheniscus, 134
humilis, Falco, 302
humilis, Ichthyophaga, 302
humilis, Pandion, 302
hutchinsii, Anser, 443
hutchinsii, Branta, 443
huttoni, Puffinus, 97
hybrida, Anas, 448
hybrida, Chloephaga, 448
Hydranassa, 205
Hydrobates, 111
Hydrobatidae, 102
Hydrocorax, 163
hyemalis, Anas, 492
hyemalis, Clangula, 492
Hymenolaimus, 460
hymenolaimus, Hymenolaimus,
hynochracea, Crypturornis, 25
hyperboreus, Anser, 439
hyperonca, Ardea, 198
hyperorius, Theristicus, 259
hypochracea, Crypturellus, 25
hypoleuca, Oestrelata, 76
hypoleuca, Pelagodroma, 105
hypoleuca, Pterodroma, 76
hypoleuca, Thalassidroma, 105
hypoleucos, Carbo, 168
hypoleucos, Falco, 417
hypoleucos, Phalacrocorax, 168
hypoleucus, Elanus, 292
Hypomorphnus, 356
hypospodius, Buteo, 367
Ibis, 245
ibis, Ardea, 210
ibis, Egretta, 210
525
460
526
ibis, Mycteria, 246
ibis, Tantalus, 246
Ibycter, 391
icastopterus, Butorides, 223
ichthyaetus, Falco, 303
ichthyaetus, Ichthyophaga, 303
Ichthyophaga, 302
Icthyophaga, 302
Ictinaetus, 377
Ictinia, 295
idae, Ardea, 218
idae, Ardeola, 218
idenburgi, Ardeola, 224
idenburgi, Butorides, 224
idoneus, Crypturellus, 29
idoneus, Crypturus, 29
Ieracidea, 400
ignoscens, Melierax, 322
imber, Colymbus, 135
imitator, Accipiter, 335
immaculata, Herodias, 213
immanis, Chondrohierax, 285
immer, Colymbus, 138
immer, Gavia, 138
immutabilis, Diomedea, 54
impavida, Diomedea, 55
impavida, Thalassarche, 55
imperialis, Ardea, 201
inca, Buteo, 363
incerta, Procellaria, 68
incerta, Pterodroma, 68
incola, Podiceps, 143
incola, Tachybaptus, 143
inconspicuus, Crypturellus, 23
indica, Anas, 439
indicus, Accipiter, 324
indicus, Anser, 439
indicus, Astur, 324
indicus, Butastur, 350
indicus, Falco, 350
indicus, Gyps, 306
indicus, Phaethon, 157
indicus, Phaeton, 157
indicus, Vultur, 306
indus, Falco, 298
indus, Haliastur, 298
inexpectata, Procellaria, 73
inexpectata, Pterodroma, 73
infaustus, Nycticorax, 228
infuscata, Henicopernis, 286
infuscata, Ibis, 255
INDEX
infuscatus, Phimosus, 255
infuscatus, Podiceps, 152
ingoufi, Tinamotis, 47
innominatus, Fregettornis, 109
innotata, Aythya, 485
innotata, Nyroca, 485
inops, Crypturellus, 34
inornatus, Crypturus, 31
insidiatrix, Rupornis, 362
insignis, Aesalon, 413
insignis, Ardea, 201
insignis, Falco, 413
insignis, Polihierax, 398
insularis, Cathartes, 276
insularis, Fregettornis, 109
insularis, Thalassornis, 430
insularum, Buteo, 372
insulicola, Buteo, 365
intercedens, Nothocercus, 18
interior, Branta, 443
intermedia, Aquila, 382
intermedia, Ardea, 209
intermedia, Cerchneis, 404
intermedia, Egretta, 209
intermedia, Eudromia, 45
intermedia, Rhea, 5
intermedius, Accipiter, 337
intermedius, Buteo, 372
intermedius, Calopezus, 45
intermedius, Crypturellus, 31
intermedius, Haliastur, 299
interstes, Micrastur, 395
interstinctus, Falco, 405
involucris, Ardea, 238
involucris, Ixobrychus, 238
ipecutiri, Amazonetta, 458
ipecutiri, Anas, 458
iraquensis, Podiceps, 144
iraquensis, Tachybaptus, 144
iredalei, Eudyptula, 132
iredalei, Fregata, 162
irrorata, Diomedea, 53
isabellinus, Falco, 403
Ischnosceles, 351
isidori, Falco, 389
isidori, Oroaetus, 389
islandica, Anas, 496
islandica, Bucephala, 496
islandica, Somateria, 489
islandicus, Cygnus, 433
islandus, Falco, 421
isura, Lophoictinia, 295
isurus, Milvus, 295
iwasakii, Accipiter, 337
Ixobrychus, 237
jabe-jabe, Thalassidroma, 113
Jabiru, 251
jakal, Falco, 376
jamaicensis, Anas, 502
jamaicensis, Buteo, 369
jamaicensis, Falco, 371
jamaicensis, Oxyura, 502
jamesi, Phoenicoparrus, 271
jamesi, Phoenicopterus, 271
jankowskyi, Cygnus, 433
japonensis, Falco, 405, 422
japonica, Aquila, 382
japonicus, Buteo, 372
japonicus, Falco, 405
japonicus, Pernis, 287
japonicus, Podiceps, 144
javana, Ichthyophaga, 302
javanica, Anas, 429
javanica, Ardea, 222
javanica, Ardeola, 222
javanica, Ciconia, 251
javanica, Dendrocygna, 429
javanicus, Accipiter, 324
javanicus, Leptoptilos, 251
javanicus, Podiceps, 143
javanicus, Tachybaptus, 143
javensis, Falco, 408
jefferyi, Pithecophaga, 377
jerdoni, Aviceda, 281
jerdoni, Pernis, 281
johannae, Haliastur, 298
johanseni, Anser, 436
johnsonii, Casuarius, 9
jonesi, Gyps, 307
jota, Cathartes, 276
jota, Vulcur, 276
jouyi, Ardea, 197
juana, Pterodroma, 70
jubata, Anas, 458
jubata, Chenonetta, 458
jubata, Neochen, 449
jubatus, Anser, 449
jugger, Falco, 418
jugurtha, Falco, 415
Julietata, 49
julius, Nothocercus, 19
INDEX 527
julius, Tinamus, 19
juninensis, Podiceps, 153
kaedingi, Oceanodroma, 115
kalinowskii, Micrastur, 395
kalinowskii, Nothoprocta, 37
kamtschatica, Aquila, 381
kamtschatkensis, Buteo, 375
kashmiriensis, Accipiter, 338
Kaupifalco, 350
kelaarti, Spizaetus, 387
kelsalli, Oceanodroma, 113
kelsalli, Thalassidroma, 113
kempi, Ieracidea, 401
kempi, Puffinus, 101
kemsiesi, Buteo, 370
kermadecensis, Puffinus, 100
kerriae, Crypturellus, 32
kerriae, Crypturus, 32
keyteli, Prion, 80
khamensis, Astur, 347
kienerii, Astur, 384
kienerii, Hieraaetus, 384
kinabaluensis, Spilornis, 313
Kiwi, 10
kleei, Crypturus, 13
kleei, Tinamus, 13
kleinschmidti, Accipiter, 347
kleinschmidti, Falco, 422
klossi, Astur, 327
klossi, Spilornis, 313
knoxi, Crypturellus, 25
koeneni, Accipiter, 346
kolbii, Vultur, 307
kreyenborgi, Falco, 421
kriderii, Buteo, 370
kuhh, Leucopternis, 353
kuhli, Puffinus, 88
kuhliana, Puffinus, 101
kumagai, Cymochorea, 114
kunikyonis, Poliocephalus, 144
kutteri, Butio, 232
labradoria, Anas, 491
labradorius, Camptorhynchus, 491
lacernulata, Leucopternis, 353
lacernulatus, Falco, 353
lagopus, Buteo, 374
lagopus, Falco, 374
laingi, Accipiter, 348
laingi, Astur, 348
528
lakoi, Orthocrypturus, 33
lalfa, Heteroprion, 82
lamelligerus, Anastomus, 247
Lampribis, 260
Lamprocygna, 427
lanceolatus, Spizaetos, 387
lanceolatus, Spizaetus, 387
larensis, Tinamus, 13
larvata, Procellaria, 86
lateralis, Casuarius, 9
latifrons, Microhierax, 399
latifrons, Tinamus, 16
laubmanni, Crypturellus, 26
lavongai, Accipiter, 333
lawrencii, Fregetta, 109
lawryi, Apteryx, 11
layardi, Accipiter, 324
layardi, Astur, 324
laysanensis, Anas, 469
Laysanornis, 49
ledeboeri, Aythya, 484
lentiginosa, Ardea, 243
lentiginosus, Botaurus, 243
leonae, Gampsonyx, 290
lepida, Ardea, 240
lepidotus, Crypturellus, 35
lepidotus, Crypturus, 35
Leptodon, 284
Leptopelicanus, 188, 192
Leptoptilini, 250
Leptoptilos, 251
leptorhyncha, Diomedea, 53
leptorhynchus, Puffinus, 97
lepturus, Phaethon, 158
lepturus, Phaeton, 158
lessonii, Ardea, 198
lessonii, Procellaria, 67
lessonii, Pterodroma, 67
Leucocarbo, 164, 174
leucocephala, Anas, 503
leucocephala, Mycteria, 246
leucocephala, Oxyura, 503
leucocephalus, Busarellus, 359
leucocephalus, Circus, 359
leucocephalus, Falco, 301
leucocephalus, Haliaeetus, 301
leucocephalus, Tantalus, 246
leucogaster, Anhinga, 180
leucogaster, Falco, 299
leucogaster, Fregetta, 109
leucogaster, Haliaeetus, 299
INDEX
leucogaster, Hydrocorax, 177
leucogaster, Pelecanus, 186
leucogaster, Phalacrocorax, 177
leucogaster, Plotus, 180
leucogaster, Sula, 186
leucogaster, Thalassidroma, 109
leucogenis, Anas, 459
leucogenis, Merganetta, 459
leuco-genys, Falco, 422
leucolopha, Tigrisoma, 236
leucolophus, Tigriornis, 236
leucomelas, Calonectris, 89
leucomelas, Procellaria, 89
leuconotus, Ardea, 231
leuconotus, Nycticorax, 231
leuconotus, Thalassornis, 430
leucopareia, Branta, 442
leucopareius, Anser, 442
leucopareus, Polionetta, 466
Leucophoyx, 205
leucophrys, Anas, 456
leucophrys, Callonetta, 456
leucopsis, Anas, 444
leucopsis, Branta, 444
leucoptera, Anas, 448
leucoptera, Chloephaga, 448
leucoptera, Procellaria, 78
leucoptera, Pterodroma, 78
Leucopternis, 352
leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 114
leucorhoa, Procellaria, 114
leucorodia, Platalea, 267
leucorrhous, Buteo, 364
leucorrhous, Falco, 364
leucorypha, Aquila, 300
leucoryphus, Haliaeetus, 300
leucosomus, Accipiter, 331
leucosomus, Astur, 331
leucosternos, Colymbus, 143
leucosternos, Tachybaptus, 143
leucosternus, Haliaetus, 299
leucostigma, Anas, 472
leucothysanus, Fregodroma, 108
leucotis, Rollandia, 141
leucurus, Elanus, 291
leucurus, Milvus, 291
leuphotes, Aviceda, 283
leuphotes, Falco, 284
levis, Rostrhamus, 293
lherminieri, Puffinus, 97
lihirensis, Accipiter, 333
limatus, Phaethon, 156
limnaeetus, Falco, 386
limnaeetus, Spizaetus, 386
Limnodytes, 142
limoncochae, Ixobrychus, 239
lineata, Ardea, 235
lineata, Thalassidroma, 108
lineatum, Tigrisoma, 235
lineatus, Buteo, 364
lineatus, Falco, 364
lineatus, Haliaetus, 297
lineatus, Milvus, 297
littleri, Ardeola, 225
littleri, Butorides, 225
livens, Geranospiza, 351
liventer, Butastur, 350
liventer, Falco, 350
lobata, Anas, 504
lobata, Biziura, 504
longicauda, Falco, 286
longicauda, Henicopernis, 286
longipennis, Falco, 416
longirostris, Aestrelata, 77
longirostris, Apterodita, 122, 123
longirostris, Colymbus, 143
longirostris, Diomedea, 52
longirostris, Pterodroma, 77
Loomelania, 112
lopezi, Accipiter, 326
lopezi, Astur, 326
Lophaetus, 385
Lophodytes, 496
Lophogyps, 308
Lophoictinia, 295
Lophotibis, 262
lophotus, Anser, 457
loquacula, Cerchneis, 403
lowei, Fregata, 160
loyemilleri, Puffinus, 98
lucida, Dendrocygna, 430
lucidus, Halieus, 167
lucidus, Phalacrocorax, 167
ludoviciana, Ardea, 205
lugens, Pterodroma, 66, 72
Lugensa, 66
lugubris, Phalacrocorax, 167
lugubris, Procellaria, 63
luteola, Ardetta, 240
luteoschistaceus, Accipiter, 335
lutosus, Polyborus, 392
luzonica, Anas, 472
INDEX 529
lyardi, Crypturornis, 24
lymani, Falco, 414
maccoa, Erismatura, 503
maccoa, Oxyura, 503
macconnelli, Crypturus, 21
macgillivrayi, Bulweria, 70
macgillivrayi, Pachyptila, 80
macgillivrayi, Prion, 80
macgillivrayi, Pterodroma, 70
macgillivrayi, Thalassidroma, 70
Machaerhamphus, 289
Macheiramphus, 289
maclatchyi, Anas, 472
macquariensis, Heteroprion, 81
macrocelides, Astur, 325
macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, 116
Macronectes, 59
macroptera, Procellaria, 67
macroptera, Pterodroma, 67
macropus, Falco, 423
macrorhyncha, Ardeola, 225
macrorhyncha, Ardetta, 225
macrosceles, Circus, 321
macroscelides, Accipiter, 325
macrourus, Accipiter, 318
macrourus, Astur, 349
macrourus, Circus, 318
macrourus, Falco, 318
macrourus, Urotriorchis, 349
maculata, Cancroma, 219
maculicollis, Rhynchotus, 36
maculosa, Anas, 469
maculosa, Nothura, 42
maculosa, Tinamus, 43
madagascariensis, Accipiter, 341
madagascariensis, Anas, 455
madagascariensis, Anastomus, 247
madagascariensis, Ardea, 203
madagascariensis, Aviceda, 280
madagascariensis, Pernis, 280
madeira, Pterodroma, 73
madens, Falco, 424
madrensis, Accipiter, 343
maestus, Herpetotheres, 395
magellani, Pelecanoides, 119
magellani, Puffinuria, 119
magellanica, Anas, 447
magellanicus, Aptenodytes, 134
magellanicus, Oceanites, 103
magellanicus, Pelecanus, 174
530
magellanicus, Phalacrocorax, 174
magellanicus, Spheniscus, 134
magentae, Aestrelata, 68
magentae, Pterodroma, 68
magnificens, Fregata, 160
magnificus, Nycticorax, 232
magniplumis, Buteo, 363
magniplumis, Potamolegus, 363
magnirostris, Aviceda, 281
magnirostris, Buteo, 361
magnirostris, Falco, 362
magnirostris, Hyptiopus, 281
magnistriata, Eudromia, 45
magnus, Gampsonyx, 290
maguari, Ardea, 249
maguari, Ciconia, 249
maillardi, Circus, 320
maior, Puffinus, 89
major, Colymbus, 149
major, Dupetor, 241
major, Mergus, 498
major, Nothura, 42
major, Platalea, 267
major, Podiceps, 149
major, Polihierax, 398
major, Rostrhamus, 293
major, Tetrao, 17
major, Tinamus, 15, 42
majusculus, Elanus, 291
malacorhynchos, Anas, 460
malacorhynchos, Hymenolaimus,
460
Malacorhynchus, 480
malaitae, Accipiter, 332
malayensis, Falco, 378
malayensis, Ictinaetus, 378
malayensis, Spilornis, 313
malvinarum, Chloephaga, 448
manapiare, Crypturellus, 26
manchuricus, Cerchneis, 405
mandibularis, Nycticorax, 231
mangarei, Pseudoprion, 83
manilensis, Ardea, 203
manillensis, Nycticorax, 230
mantelli, Apteryx, 11
manusi, Accipiter, 332
maoriana, Herodias, 204
maoriana, Pealeornis, 104
maoriana, Pelagodroma, 106
Mareca, 460
margaritae, Crypturellus, 29
INDEX
margaritensis, Cerchneis, 403
margaritophilus, Butorides, 219
marginatus, Accipiter, 346
marginatus, Falco, 346
marila, Anas, 486
marila, Aythya, 486
mariloides, Aythya, 486
mariloides, Fuligula, 486
marina, Pelagodroma, 105
marina, Procellaria, 106
markhami, Cymochorea, 116
markhami, Oceanodroma, 116
Marmaronetta, 480
marmorata, Ardea, 235
marmorata, Nothura, 40
marmoratum, Tigrisoma, 235
maroccanus, Phalacrocorax, 166
masafuerae, Aestrelata, 77
masafuerae, Pterodroma, 77
massaicus, Struthio, 4
mathewsae, Ardea, 202
mathewsi, Anas, 467
mathewsi, Botaurus, 244
matsudairae, Oceanodroma, 117
matsudariae, Oceanodroma, 117
matthiae, Accipiter, 333
mattingleyi, Heteroprion, 81
maui, Zeafulix, 486
mauretanicus, Puffinus, 96
maurus, Cicus, 317
maurus, Falco, 317
maxima, Branta, 443
mccormicki, Diomedea, 52
mechowi, Melierax, 322
Megadyptes, 131
megala, Aviceda, 282
megala, Baza, 282
megaloptera, Aquila, 391
megalopterus, Phalcoboenus, 391
megarhynchus, Cymindis, 285
megarhynchus, Regerhinus, 285
Megatriorchis, 323
meidionalis, Gypaetus, 304
melambrotus, Cathartes, 277
melania, Oceanodroma, 116
melania, Procellaria, 116
Melanitta, 492
melanocephala, Anas, 501
melanocephala, Ardea, 201
melanocephalus, Tantalus, 263
melanocephalus, Threskiornis, 263
melanochlamys, Accipiter, 333
melanochlamys, Urospizias, 333
melanocoripha, Anas, 432
melanocoryphus, Cygnus, 432
melanogaster, Anhinga, 180
melanogaster, Thalassidrona, 108
melanogenis, Hypoleucus, 176
melanogenis, Phalacrocorax, 176
melanogenys, Falco, 423
melanoleuca, Anas, 426
melanoleuca, Fregetta, 108
melanoleucos, Circus, 318
melanoleucos, Falco, 318
melanoleucos, Hydrocorax, 177
melanoleucos, Phalacrocorax, 177
melanoleucus, Accipiter, 346
melanoleucus, Buteo, 385
rmelanoleucus, Geranoaetus, 360
melanoleucus, Ierax, 400
melanoleucus, Microhierax, 400
melanoleucus, Spizaetus, 360
melanoleucus, Spizastur, 385
melanoleueus, Accipiter, 346
melanolopha, Ardea, 232
melanolophus, Nycticorax, 232
Melanophoyx, 205
melanophris, Diomedea, 54
melanophrys, Diomedea, 54
melanopis, Tantalus, 259
melanopis, Theristicus, 259
melanops, Falco, 353
melanops, Leucopternis, 353
melanops, Sula, 185
melanoptera, Chloephaga, 447
melanopterus, Anser, 447
melanorhynchos, Ardea, 204
melanorhynchos, Phaethon, 158
melanorhynchos, Phaeton, 158
melanosternon, Buteo, 296
melanosternon, Hamirostra, 296
melanotis, Buteo, 312
melanotis, Milvus, 297
melanotis, Reinholdia, 97
melanotis, Spilornis, 312
melanotos, Anser, 455
melanotos, Sarkidiornis, 455
melaschistos, Accipiter, 342
Melierax, 321
melleri, Anas, 470
melvillensis, Carbo, 178
melvillensis, Falco, 401
INDEX 531
melvillensis, Ieracidea, 401
melvillensis, Pandion, 279
membranacea, Anas, 480
membranaceus, Malacorhynchus,
480
mendiculus, Spheniscus, 134
mendozae, Nothoprocta, 39
menetriesi, Buteo, 372
menzbieri, Buteo, 375
Merganetta, 458
merganser, Mergus, 499
Mergellus, 496
Merginae, 487
Mergus, 496
meridensis, Geranoaetus, 360
meridionalis, Buteo, 371
meridionalis, Buteogallus, 358
meridionalis, Cathartes, 275
meridionalis, Falco, 358
meridionalis, Gypaetus, 304
meridionalis, Kaupifalco, 351
meridionalis, Microhierax, 400
meridionalis, Micronisus, 351
mesatus, Butorides, 219
Mesembrinibis, 259
meserythrus, Crypturellus, 21
meserythrus, Tinamus, 21
mesonauta, Phaethon, 156
Mesophoyx, 205
metabates, Melierax, 322
Metopiana, 481
mexicana, Tigrisoma, 234
mexicanum, Tigrisoma, 234
mexicanus, Carbo, 169
mexicanus, Crypturellus, 31
mexicanus, Crypturus, 31
mexicanus, Falco, 417
mexicanus, Phalacrocorax, 169
meyerianus, Accipiter, 348
meyerianus, Astur, 348
Micrastur, 395
microbalia, Cerchneis, 408
microbalia, Falco, 408
Microcarbo, 163, 177
microhaliaetus, Pandion, 279
Microhierax, 398
Micronisus, 321
micronyx, Buteogallus, 357
microptera, Rollandia, 142
micropterus, Podiceps, 142
microscelis, Ciconia, 248
532
microsoma, Halocyptena, 112
microstictus, Accipiter, 324
micrus, Asturina, 355
middendorffii, Anser, 436
migrans, Falco, 297
migrans, Milvus, 297
Milvago, 393
milvipes, Falco, 419
milvoides, Hieraaetus, 384
milvoides, Spizaetus, 384
Milvus, 296
milvus, Falco, 296
milvus, Milvus, 296
minahassae, Nycticorax, 230
minima, Anhinga, 180
minima, Branta, 442
minimus, Henicopernis, 286
minimus, Spilornis, 313
minor, Aptenodytes, 132
minor, Colymbus, 142
minor, Eudyptula, 132
minor, Falco, 424
minor, Fregata, 161
minor, Gorsachius, 232
minor, Hieraaetus, 384
minor, Nothura, 41
minor, Pelecanus, 161
minor, Phoeniconaias, 270
minor, Phoenicopterus, 270
minor, Platalea, 268
minor, Procellaria, 62, 65
minor, Scopus, 245
minor, Tinamus, 41
minullus, Accipiter, 336
minullus, Falco, 336
minuta, Ardea, 239
minutus, Ixobrychus, 239
mira, Eudromia, 46
mirandollei, Astur, 396
mirandollei, Micrastur, 396
mirus, Chondrohierax, 286
misisippiensis, Falco, 295
misoriensis, Accipiter, 332
misoriensis, Urospizias, 332
mississippiensis, Ictinia, 295
missus, Prion, 80
misulae, Accipiter, 332
modesta, Ardea, 204
modestus, Crypturellus, 21
modestus, Crypturus, 21
moestissima, Fregetta, 110
INDEX
moffitti, Branta, 443
mollis Procellaria, 73
mollis, Pterodroma, 73
mollissima, Anas, 488
mollissima, Somateria, 488
molucca, Ibis, 263
moluccarum, Ardeola, 224
moluccarum, Butorides, 224
moluccensis, Falco, 408
moluccensis, Tinnunculus, 408
moluccus, Threskiornis, 263
molybdophanes, Struthio, 4
monachus, Aegypius, 308
monachus, Cathartes, 305
monachus, Leptodon, 285
monachus, Necrosyrtes, 305
monachus, Sparvius, 285
monachus, Vultur, 308
monicae, Ardea, 197
monogrammicus, Falco, 351
monogrammicus, Kaupifalco, 351
monorhis, Oceanodroma, 114
monorhis, Thalassidroma, 114
montaguei, Reinholdia, 97
montana, Hamirostra, 296
montanus, Dromaius, 10
montanus, Phalcoboenus, 391
moorei, Ixobrychus, 240
morenoi, Calopezus, 46
morphnoides, Aquila, 384
morphnoides, Hieraaetus, 384
Morphnus, 376
morrisoni, Podiceps, 141
morrisoni, Rollandia, 141
mortyi, Accipiter, 331
Morus, 181, 183
moschata, Anas, 454
moschata, Cairina, 454
moscoviae, Astur, 346
moseleyi, Eudyptes, 128
multiguttata, Eudromia, 46
munda, Nectris, 101
munda, Procellaria, 101
murchisonianus, Falco, 417
murphyi, Pelecanus, 192
musicus, Falco, 323
mustelinus, Crypturellus, 22
mustelinus, Crypturus, 22
mutuus, Pandion, 279
Mycteria, 245
mycteria, Ciconia, 251
mycteria, Jabiru, 251
Mycteriini, 245
myrtae, Puffinus, 101
naevosa, Anas, 446
naevosa, Stictonetta, 446
nana, Notophoyx, 211
Nannopterum, 164
nanus, Accipiter, 339
nanus, Erythrospizias, 339
nanus, Ichthyaetus, 302
nanus, Spizaetus, 388
nanus, Taoniscus, 44
nanus, Tinamus, 44
naso, Carnifex, 397
naso, Micrastur, 397
natalensis, Calherodias, 231
natalis, Accipiter, 329
natalis, Urospizias, 329
nativitatis, Nectris, 94
nativitatis, Puffinus, 96
nattereri, Asturnina, 363
nattereri, Buteo, 363
nattereri, Tinamus, 14
natunensis, Spilornis, 313
naumanni, Falco, 401
nearctica, Aythya, 486
nebouxii, Sula, 184
Necrosyrtes, 304
neglecta, Dissoura, 249
neglecta, Procellaria, 70
neglecta, Pterodroma, 70
neglectus, Anser, 436
neglectus, Falco, 406
neglectus, Graculus, 171
neglectus, Pernis, 287
neglectus, Phalacrocorax, 171
Neochen, 449
Neohierax, 398
Neonectris, 89, 93
Neophron, 304
nereis, Garrodia, 105
nereis, Thalassidroma, 105
nesiotes, Falco, 423
nesiotes, Sula, 187
nesiotis, Anas, 468
nesiotis, Xenonetta, 468
Nesocarbo, 164
Nesochen, 440
Nesocygna, 427
Nesofregetta, 110
INDEX 533
Nesonetta, 460
nesophilus, Ardeirallus, 242
Netta, 481
Nettapus, 455
Nettion, 461
neumanni, Melierax, 322
newelli, Puffinus, 95
newtoni, Falco, 407
newtoni, Tinnunculus, 407
ngamiensis, Cerchneis, 407
niasensis, Accipiter, 324
nicaraguensis, Falco, 403
niceforoi, Anas, 474
nicolae, Puffinus, 99
nicolli, Fregata, 162
nicolli, Sula, 186
niethammeri, Nothoprocta, 39
niger, Haliaeetus, 302
niger, Hydrocorax, 178
niger, Ischnosceles, 351
niger, Phalacrocorax, 178
niger, Plectropterus, 453
niger, Rostrhamus, 293
niger, Vultur, 307
nigra, Anas, 493
nigra, Ardea, 248
nigra, Ciconia, 248
nigra, Geranospiza, 351
nigra, Melanitta, 493
nigricans, Anser, 445
nigricans, Branta, 445
nigriceps, Crypturellus, 23
nigriceps, Crypturus, 23
nigricollis, Busarellus, 359
nigricollis, Falco, 359
nigricollis, Podiceps, 152
nigripennis, Oestrelata, 76
nigripennis, Pterodroma, 76
nigripes, Ardea, 213
nigripes, Diomedea, 54
nigripes, Egretta, 213
nigrivestis, Eudyptes, 128
nigrocapillus, Nothocercus, 19
nigrocapillus, Tinamus, 19
nigrogularis, Phalacrocorax, 168
nigroguttata, Nothura, 44
nilotica, Bostrychia, 260
nimia, Anas, 465
nipalensis, Aquila, 379
nipalensis, Nisaetus, 387
nipalensis, Spizaetus, 387
534
nippon, Ibis, 266
nippon, Nipponia, 266
Nipponia, 266
nisoides, Accipiter, 338
nisosimilis, Accipiter, 341
nisosimilis, Falco, 341
nisus, Accipiter, 341
nisus, Falco, 341
nisus, Haliaeetus, 299
nitida, Asturina, 355
nitidus, Falco, 355
nitidus, Phalacrocorax, 168
nivalis, Leucocarbo, 175
nivalis, Phalacrocorax, 175
nivea, Pagodroma, 65
nivea, Procellaria, 65
njikena, Aviceda, 283
nobilis, Ardea, 202
nobilis, Rhea, 6
noctivagus, Crypturellus, 30
noctivagus, Tinamus, 30
Nomonyx, 501
notatus, Elanus, 292
Nothocercus, 18
Nothoprocta, 36
Nothura, 40
Notophoyx, 205
Notoplotus, 179
novaeguineae, Falco, 401
novaeguineae, Harpyopsis, 377
novaeguineae, Hieracidea, 401
novaehollandiae, Accipiter, 330
novae hollandiae, Ardea, 211
novaehollandiae, Biziura, 504
novaehollandiae, Casuarius, 10
novaehollandiae, Cereopsis, 446
novaehollandiae, Dromaius, 10
novaehollandiae, Egretta, 211
novaehollandiae, Eudyptula, 132
novae hollandiae, Falco, 333
novaehollandiae, Phalacrocorax, 167
novae-hollandiae, Plotus, 181
novae hollandiae, Podiceps, 142
novae hollandiae, Spheniscus, 132
novaehollandiae, Tachybaptus, 142
novae seelandiae, Anas, 486
novaeseelandiae, Aythya, 486
novaeseelandiae, Falco, 417
novae zelandiae, Ardeola, 240
novaezelandiae, Ixobrychus, 240
novimexicana, Anas, 469
INDEX
nubicus, Vultur, 309
nudiceps, Gyps, 306
nudifrons, Ibis, 255
nudifrons, Phimosus, 255
nugax, Procellaria, 98
nugax, Puffinus, 98
numida, Eudromia, 46
Nyctanassa, 227
Nycticoracinae, 227
Nycticoracini, 227
Nycticorax, 228
nycticorax, Ardea, 229
nycticorax, Nycticorax, 229
Nyroca, 482
nyroca, Anas, 485
nyroca, Aythya, 485
oaxacae, Micrastur, 395
obiensis, Accipiter, 331
obiensis, Astur, 331
objurgatus, Cerchneis, 406
objurgatus, Falco, 406
obscura, Anas, 470
obscura, Aviceda, 282
obscurior, Aquila, 381
obscurus, Nycticorax, 230
obsoletus, Accipiter, 328
obsoletus, Astur, 328
obsoletus, Crypturellus, 24
obsoletus, Falco, 420
obsoletus, Tinamus, 26
occidentalis, Aechmophorus, 154
occidentalis, Ardea, 198, 199
occidentalis, Bernicla, 442
occidentalis, Branta, 442
occidentalis, Crypturellus, 30
occidentalis, Crypturus, 30
occidentalis, Egretta, 208
occidentalis, Falco, 401
occidentalis, Hydranassa, 208
occidentalis, Ieracidea, 401
occidentalis, Leucopternis, 354
occidentalis, Pelecanus, 192
occidentalis, Podiceps, 154
occidentalis, Tinnunculus, 408
occiduus, Buteo, 363
occiduus, Rupornis, 363
occipitalis, Aegypius, 309
occipitalis, Casuarius, 9
occipitalis, Falco, 385
occipitalis, Lophaetus, 385
occipitalis, Podiceps, 153
occipitalis, Vultur, 309
oceanica, Procellaria, 103
oceanicus, Oceanites, 103
Oceanites, 102
Oceanodroma, 112
ochracea, Cerchneis, 404
ochraceiventris, Crypturellus, 24
ochraceiventris, Crypturus, 24
ochraceus, Falco, 404
ochrocephalus, Milvago, 393
octosetaceus, Mergus, 498
Odontriorchis, 284
Oidemia, 492
okahia, Pterodroma, 73
oligista, Ardea, 199
olivacea, Bostrychia, 261
olivacea, Ibis, 261
olivaceus, Pelecanus, 170
olivaceus, Phalacrocorax, 169
olivascens, Tinamus, 17
oliveri, Aestrelata, 72
oliveri, Phalacrocorax, 172
oliveri, Pseudoprion, 83
olor, Anas, 431
olor, Cygnus, 431
olrogi, Micrastur, 396
onocrotalus, Pelecanus, 189
onslowi, Phalacrocorax, 176
ophryophanes, Falco, 415
ophryophanes, Hypotriorchis, 415
opisthomelas, Puffinus, 96
oreophilus, Buteo, 373
organorum, Tinamus, 14
orientalis, Aquila, 379
orientalis, Branta, 445
orientalis, Heteroprion, 82
orientalis, Mergus, 499
orientalis, Pachyptila, 82
orientalis, Pernis, 287
orientalis, Pterodroma, 77
orientalis, Spizaetus, 387
orinomus, Anas, 478
orinomus, Querquedula, 478
orlandoi, Falco, 418
ornata, Nothoprocta, 37
ornatus, Falco, 389
ornatus, Rhynchotus, 37
ornatus, Spizaetus, 388
Oroaetus, 389
Oroanassa, 228
INDEX 535
orphna, Anas, 477
Orthocrypturus, 20
oruro, Nothura, 41
oscitans, Anastomus, 247
oscitans, Ardea, 247
osgoodi, Tinamus, 14
oshiroi, Buteo, 373
Ossifraga, 59
Otogyps, 308
oustaleti, Anas, 470
oustaleti, Nothoprocta, 39
ovampensis, Accipiter, 340
ovivorus, Ictinaetus, 377
owenii, Apteryx, 11
owstoni, Cymochorea, 116
oxycerca, Cercibis, 258
oxycercus, Ibis, 258
oxyptera, Anas, 465
Oxyura, 501
Oxyurinae, 500
Pachyptila, 79
pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes, 129
pacifica, Ardea, 200
pacifica, Gavia, 137
pacifica, Procellaria, 91
pacificus, Aesalon, 413
pacificus, Colymbus, 137
pacificus, Falco, 413
pacificus, Histrionicus, 491
pacificus, Puffinus, 91
Pagodroma, 64
palawanensis, Pernis, 288
palawanensis, Spilornis, 312
palawanus, Accipiter, 325
Pallasicarbo, 164
pallens, Accipiter, 341
pallescens, Rhynchotus, 36
pallescens, Tigrisoma, 235
palleuca, Egretta, 209
palliatus, Falco, 284
pallida, Asturina, 356
pallida, Aviceda, 281
pallida, Baza, 281
pallida, Nothura, 43
pallidiceps, Accipiter, 331
pallidiceps, Urospizias, 331
pallidimas, Accipiter, 332
pallidior, Dupetor, 242
pallidus, Archibuteo, 375
pallidus, Buteo, 373
536
pallidus, Falco, 413
pallidus, Lithofalco, 413
pallidus, Polyborus, 392
pallidus, Spilornis, 313
palmerstoni, Fregata, 161
palmerstoni, Pelecanus, 161
palpebrata, Diomedea, 58
palpebrata, Phoebetria, 58
paludivaga, Ardeola, 217
paludivaga, Milvago, 393
paludivaga, Nothura, 42
palumbarius, Astur, 347
panamensis, Cochlearius, 233
panamensis, Crypturellus, 22
panamensis, Crypturus, 22
panayensis, Spilornis, 315
Pandion, 278
Pandioninae, 278
papa, Sarcoramphus, 278
papa, Vultur, 278
papillosa, Ibis, 265
papillosa, Pseudibis, 265
papua, Anhinga, 181
papua, Aptenodytes, 125
papua, Pygoscelis, 125
papuana, Aythya, 485
papuanus, Accipiter, 339
papuanus, Astur, 339
papuanus, Casuarius, 8
papuanus, Falco, 416
papuanus, Machaerhamphus, 290
papuensis, Ardeola, 224
papuensis, Butorides, 224
Parabuteo, 358
Paranectris, 90
parasitus, Falco, 298
parasitus, Milvus, 298
parkinsoni, Procellaria, 87
parvimaculata, Nothoprocta, 38
parvipes, Anser, 443
parvipes, Branta, 443
parvirostris, Crypturellus, 34
parvirostris, Crypturus, 34
parvirostris, Procellaria, 71
parvus, Oceanites, 103
paschae, Aestrelata, 71
paschae, Pterodroma, 71
patachonica, Oidemia, 453
patachonicus, Tachyeres, 453
patagonica, Aptenodytes, 122
patagonica, Eudromia, 46
INDEX
patagonicus, Aptenodytes, 122
patens, Butorides, 220
patricki, Phalacrocorax, 167
patruelis, Ardea, 226
patruelis, Ardeola, 226
paulus, Cerchneis, 402
paulus, Falco, 402
pauper, Nyctanassa, 228
pauper, Nycticorax, 228
pavoninus, Taoniscus, 44
payesil, Ardea, 239
payesil, Ixobrychus, 239
pax, Falco, 415
Pealea, 104, 107
pealei, Falco, 421
Pealeornis, 103
pectoralis, Ciraeetus, 310
pectoralis, Circaetus, 310
pectoralis, Falco, 323
pectoralis, Polyboroides, 316
peculiaris, Elasmonetta, 468
peeti, Botaurus, 243
pekinensis, Falco, 401
pelagica, Aquila, 301
pelagica, Procellaria, 111
pelagicus, Haliaeetus, 301
pelagicus, Hydrobates, 111
pelagicus, Phalacrocorax, 173
Pelagodroma, 105
Pelecanidae, 188
Pelecanoides, 118
Pelecanoididae, 118
Pelecanus, 188, 189
pelegrinoides, Falco, 424
pelewensis, Anas, 471
pelewensis, Ixobrychus, 240
pelewensis, Nyctiocorax, 231
Pelionetta, 492
pelzelni, Daptrius, 391
pelzelni, Micrastur, 396
pelzelnii, Podiceps, 145
pelzelnii, Tachybaptus, 145
pembaensis, Accipiter, 326
penelope, Anas, 462
penicillatus, Carbo, 171
penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 171
peninsulae, Accipiter, 324
peninsulae, Fregata, 161
peninsularis, Falco, 402
pennantii, Aptenodytes, 122, 123
pennata, Pterocnemia, 6
pennata, Rhea 7
pennatus, Falco, 383
pennatus, Hieraaetus, 383
Penthirenia, 49
pentlandii, Nothoprocta, 38
pentlandii, Rhynchotus, 39
pentlandii, Tinamotis, 47
peposaca, Anas, 481
peposaca, Netta, 481
percautus, Tinamus, 15
percna, Anas, 471
percnopterus, Neophron, 304
perconfusus, Falco, 424
perdicaria, Nothoprocta, 38
perdicarius, Crypturus, 38
peregrina, Ibis, 256
peregrinator, Falco, 423
peregrinoides, Accipiter, 341
peregrinus, Falco, 421
perenopterus, Vultur, 304
peringueyi, Heteroprion, 81
permistus, Haliastur, 299
pernambucensis, Tinamus, 14
perniger, Ictinaetus, 378
pernigra, Aquila, 378
Pernis, 287
perobscurus, Accipiter, 343
perplexa, Cerchneis, 403
perplexus, Spilornis, 312
persicus, Puffinus, 99
personata, Sula, 185
perspicillaris, Accipiter, 342
perspicillaris, Astur, 342
perspicillaris, Falco, 342
perspicillata, Anas, 493
perspicillata, Melanitta, 493
perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 173
perthi, Phalacrocorax, 168
peruvia, Diomedella, 55
peruviana, Cerchneis, 404
peruviana, Crypturellus, 34
peruviana, Crypturus, 34
peruviana, Nothoprocta, 40
peruviana, Nothura, 41
peruvianus, Crypturellus, 28
peruvianus, Falco, 404
peruvianus, Ixobrychus, 239
peruvianus, Tinamus, 16
peruviensis, Buteo, 368
Pervicauda, 501
petersi, Buteo, 362
INDEX 537
petoensis, Falco, 414
petrophilus, Falco, 414
petulans, Buteo, 362
Phaeonetta, 481
phaeopygia, Oestrelata, 75
phaeopygia, Pterodroma, 75
Phaethon, 155
Phaethontidae, 155
Phaeton, 155
Phalacrocoracidae, 163
Phalacrocoracinae, 163
Phalacrocorax, 163, 166
phalaena, Tinnunculus, 402
Phalcoboenus, 391
Philacte, 435
philipi, Casuarius, 9
philippensis, Colymbus, 144
philippensis, Pelecanus, 190
philippensis, Pernis, 288
philippensis, Spizaetus, 388
philippensis, Tachybaptus, 144
Philippinetta, 461
phillipii, Procellaria, 68
phillipsi, Ardeola, 217
phillipsi, Cochlearius, 233
Phimosus, 255
Phoebastria, 49, 53
Phoebetria, 57
Phoeniconaias, 270
Phoenicoparrus, 271
Phoenicopteridae, 269
Phoenicopterus, 269
phoenicuros, Phaeton, 158
Phoeoaythia, 481
picata, Ardea, 208
picata, Egretta, 208
picata, Herodias, 208
pichinchae, Falco, 412
picta, Agamia, 226
picta, Anas, 447
picta, Chloephaga, 447
picticollis, Casuarius, 8
pictilis, Phalacrocorax, 179
pictus, Buteo, 369
pileata, Ardea, 195
pileatus, Accipiter, 345
pileatus, Falco, 345
pileatus, Necrosyrtes, 305
pileatus, Pilherodius, 195
pileatus, Vultur, 305
Pilherodius, 195
538
pinnata, Ardea, 243
pinnatus, Botaurus, 243
Pithecophaga, 377
plagiata, Asturina, 355
plancus, Falco, 393
plancus, Polyborus, 392
Planofalco, 400
Platalea, 266
platalea, Anas, 478
Plataleinae, 266
platei, Diomedea, 57
Platibis, 266
platypterus, Buteo, 365
platypterus, Sparvius, 365
platyrhynchos, Anas, 468
Plectropterus, 453
Plegadis, 256
pleskei, Falco, 422
plotus, Pelecanus, 187
plotus, Sula, 187
plumbea, Ichthyophaga, 302
plumbea, Ictinia, 295
plumbea, Leucopternis, 353
plumbea, Oceanodroma, 118
plumbea, Polioaetus, 302
plumbea, Thalassidroma, 118
plumbeiceps, Ichthyophaga, 303
plumbeiceps, Nothocercus, 18
plumbeus, Falco, 295
plumbeus, Ibis, 258
plumbeus, Micrastur, 396
plumbeus, Rostrhamus, 293
plumiferus, Herodias, 209
Podicepinae, 140
Podiceps, 148
podiceps, Ardea, 240
podiceps, Ardeola, 240
podiceps, Colymbus, 147
podiceps, Ixobrychus, 240
podiceps, Podilymbus, 146
Podicipedidae, 140
Podicipitidae, 140
Podilymbus, 146
poecilochrous, Buteo, 368
poecilorhyncha, Anas, 471
poggei, Colymbus, 144
poggei, Tachybaptus, 144
poiciloptila, Ardea, 244
poiciloptilus, Botaurus, 244
Poikilocarbo, 164
pojana, Buteo, 371
INDEX
pojana, Falco, 371
Polemaetus, 390
Polihierax, 398
Polioaetus, 302
poliocephala, Chloephaga, 448
Poliocephalus, 147
poliocephalus, Accipiter, 335
poliocephalus, Crypturellus, 22
poliocephalus, Crypturornis, 22
poliocephalus, Podiceps, 148
poliocephalus, Poliocephalus, 148
poliogaster, Accipiter, 323
poliogaster, Falco, 323
polionota, Leucopternis, 355
polionotus, Accipiter, 331
polionotus, Buteo, 355
polionotus, Urospizias, 331
poliopsis, Accipiter, 327
poliopsis, Micronisus, 327
poliopterus, Melierax, 322
Polyborinae, 390
Polyboroides, 316
Polyborus, 392
polycryptus, Accipiter, 330
polynesiae, Puffinus, 98
polyosoma, Buteo, 367
polyosoma, Falco, 367
Polysticta, 490
polyzonoides, Accipiter, 327
pomarina, Aquila, 378
pondicerianus, Haliastur, 298
ponticerianus, Vultur, 308
praepes, Crypturellus, 32
praepes, Crypturornis, 32
princeps, Accipiter, 335
princeps, Leucopternis, 353
Priocella, 61
Priofinus, 85
Procellaria, 85, 86
Procellariidae, 58
Procellata, 103
progressus, Falco, 419
Prosopocygna, 427
proxima, Aviceda, 283
Pseudibis, 265
Pseudobulweria, 66
Pseudogyps, 305
Pseudosula, 181
Pseudotadorna, 449
ptaritepui, Crypturellus, 24
pteneres, Anas, 452
pteneres, Tachyeres, 452
Pterocnemia, 6
Pterodroma, 65
Pteronetta, 454
ptilorhynchus, Pernis, 287
ptilorhyncus, Falco, 288
Pucheramphus, 124
pucherani, Asturina, 363
pucherani, Buteo, 363
Puffinus, 89, 95
puffinus, Procellaria, 95
puffinus, Puffinus, 95
pulchellus, Accipiter, 332
pulchellus, Astur, 332
pulchellus, Nettapus, 455
pullus, Ixobrychus, 238
puna, Anas, 475
Punanetta, 461
punctata, Anas, 476
punctatus, Falco, 407
punctatus, Pelicanus, 171
punctatus, Phalacrocorax, 171
punensis, Crypturellus, 25
punensis, Crypturus, 25
punicus, Accipiter, 342
purpuragula, Carbo, 170
purpurascens, Carbo, 176
purpurascens, Phalacrocorax, 176
purpurea, Ardea, 202
pusillus, Accipiter, 328
pusillus, Scelospizias, 328
pycrofti, Pterodroma, 78
pygargus, Circus, 319
pygargus, Falco, 319
pygmaea, Dendrocygna, 429
pygmaeus, Phalacrocorax, 178
pygmaeus, Threskiornis, 264
pygmeus, Pelecanus, 178
Pygoscelis, 124
pyramidalis, Pachyptila, 84
pyramidalis, Pseudoprion, 84
Pyrrherodia, 195
quaesitandus, Accipiter, 339
quagga, Accipiter, 338
queenslandica, Baza, 283
queribundus, Herpetotheres, 395
Querquedula, 461
querquedula, Anas, 477
quintali, Pterodroma, 70
quirindus, Circus, 317
INDEX 539
radama, Falco, 424
radiatus, Accipiter, 349
radiatus, Falco, 349
radiatus, Polyboroides, 316
radiatus, Vultur, 316
radjah, Anas, 451
radjah, Tadorna, 451
raja, Spilornis, 313
ralloides, Ardea, 217
ralloides, Ardeola, 217
ranfurlyi, Phalacrocorax, 177
ranivorus, Circus, 319
ranivorus, Falco, 319
rapax, Aquila, 379
rapax, Falco, 380
raptor, Aquila, 380
rara, Bostrychia, 261
rara, Lampribis, 261
rectirostris, Ardea, 196
redimitus, Catadyptes, 130
refectus, Buteo, 372
regalis, Archibuteo, 374
regalis, Buteo, 374
Regerhinus, 285
regia, Diomedea, 52
regia, Platalea, 267
regulus, Falco, 413
reinholdi, Puffinus, 96
reinwardtii, Aviceda, 282
reinwardtii, Falco, 282
reinwardtii, Lophotes, 282
remissa, Anas, 467
rennelliana, Urospiza, 330
rennellianus, Podiceps, 143
rennellianus, Tachybaptus, 143
renschi, Falco, 408
renschi, Hieraaetus, 383
repens, Ardea, 199
resplendens, Phalacrocorax, 173
rex, Aptenodytes, 123
rex, Balaeniceps, 253
rex, Sulita, 183
Rhantistes, 65
Rhea, 5
Rheidae, 5
rhizophorae, Ardeola, 221
rhizophorae, Buteogallus, 356
rhizophorae, Butorides, 221
rhodogaster, Accipiter, 340
rhodogaster, Nisus, 340
Rhodonessa, 480
540
rhynchotis, Anas, 479
Rhynchotus, 35
richardsonii, Falco, 414
richardsonii, Hypotriorchis, 414
richmondi, Spilornis, 313
richmondi, Thalassarche, 55
ricketti, Aquila, 380
ricketti, Spilornis, 312
ridgwayi, Buteo, 364
ridgwayi, Buteogallus, 358
ridgwayi, Cochlearius, 233
ridgwayi, Falcinellus, 257
ridgwayl, Fregata, 162
ridgwayi, Pandion, 279
ridgwayi, Plegadis, 257
ridgwayi, Rupornis, 364
ridgwayi, Urubitinga, 358
ridgweir, Pandion, 279
riggenbachi, Phalacrocorax, 172
riocourli, Chelictinia, 293
riocourii, Elanoides, 293
riojana, Eudromia, 45
riphaeus, Falco, 423
rivierei, Buteo, 365
robinsoni, Butorides, 220
robusta, Aviceda, 283
robustus, Eudyptes, 129
robustus, Tinamus, 15
rodgersii, Fulmarus, 62
rogersi, Anas, 471
rogersi, Ardeola, 224
rogersi, Butorides, 224
rogersi, Circus, 317
rogersi, Nettion, 467
rogersi, Sula, 187
rohui, Diomedea, 52
rolland, Podiceps, 141
rolland, Rollandia, 141
Rollandia, 141
rooki, Accipiter, 333
rosea, Ajaia, 266
roseotincta, Phaethon, 157
roseotincta, Scaeophaethon, 157
roseus, Pelecanus, 189, 190
roseus, Phoenicopterus, 270
rosselianus, Accipiter, 339
rossicus, Anser, 437
rossicus, Melanonyx, 437
rossii, Anser, 440
rostrata, Nothoprocta, 37
rostrata, Procellaria, 69
INDEX
rostrata, Pterodroma, 69
Rostrhamus, 293
rothschildi, Bostrychia, 261
rothschildi, Buteo, 372
rothschildi, Diomedea, 51
rothschildi, Dromiceius, 10
rothschildi, Fregata, 160
rothschildi, Lamprobis, 261
rothschildi, Scaeophaethon, 158
rothschildi, Struthio, 4
royanus, Fregettornis, 109
ruber, Eudocimus, 255
ruber, Phoenicopterus, 269
rubianae, Accipiter, 332
rubianae, Astur, 332
rubida, Oxyura, 502
rubidiceps, Chloephaga, 448
rubidus, Anas, 502
rubra, Scolopax, 255
rubricauda, Phaethon, 157
rubricauda, Phaeton, 157
rubripes, Anas, 470
rubripes, Crypturus, 27
rubripes, Sula, 186
rubrirostris, Anas, 475
rubrirostris, Anser, 439
rueppelli, Anas, 470
rueppellii, Gyps, 306
rueppellii, Vultur, 306
rufa, Anhinga, 181
rufa, Ardea, 205
rufa, Aviceda, 282
rufa, Baza, 282
rufescens, Ardea, 207
rufescens, Crypturellus, 21
rufescens, Egretta, 207
rufescens, Falco, 407
rufescens, Pelecanus, 190
rufescens, Rhynchotus, 35
rufescens, Tinamus, 36
ruficauda, Asturina, 362
ruficaudus, Buteo, 362
ruficeps, Tinamus, 17
ruficollis, Anser, 445
ruficollis, Branta, 445
ruficollis, Cathartes, 276
ruficollis, Colymbus, 143
ruficollis, Egretta, 208
ruficollis, Falco, 410
ruficollis, Micrastur, 395
ruficollis, Pernis, 287
ruficollis, Sparvius, 396
ruficollis, Tachybaptus, 143
ruficrista, Bubulcus, 210
rufigularis, Falco, 414
rufimentum, Hydranassa, 209
rufina, Anas, 481
rufina, Netta, 481
rufinus, Buteo, 373
rufinus, Falco, 373
rufipectus, Spilornis, 314
rufipedoides, Falco, 416
rufipennis, Butastur, 350
rufipennis, Poliornis, 350
rufitergum, Tadorna, 452
rufitinctus, Spizaetus, 324
rufitorques, Accipiter, 334
rufitorques, Astur, 334
rufiventris, Accipiter, 342
rufiventris, Ardea, 218
rufiventris, Ardeola, 218
rufofuscus, Buteo, 375
rufofuscus, Falco, 376
rufolavatus, Podiceps, 145
rufolavatus, Tachybaptus, 145
rufolineatus, Gorsachius, 232
rufopectus, Podiceps, 148
rufopectus, Poliocephalus, 148
rufoschistaceus, Accipiter, 332
rufoschistaceus, Astur, 332
rufotibialis, Accipiter, 338
rufus, Plotus, 181
rufuscens, Falco, 407
rupicolaeformis, Cerchneis, 406
rupicolaeformis, Falco, 406
rupicoloides, Falco, 409
rupicolus, Falco, 407
Rupornis, 361
ruppelli, Anas, 470
rusticolus, Falco, 420
rutenbergi, Ardea, 221
rutenbergi, Ardeola, 221
rutherfordi, Spilornis, 312
rutila, Anas, 449
saceroides, Gennaia, 419
sacra, Ardea, 215
sacra, Egretta, 215
Sacrificator, 188
Sagittariidae, 390
Sagittarius, 390
salamancae, Accipiter, 341
INDEX
sallaei, Crypturellus, 31
sallaei, Nothocernus, 31
salmoni, Tigrisoma, 235
saltator, Chrysocoma, 127
saltuarius, Crypturellus, 28
salvadorii, Nothura, 42
salvadorii, Spilornis, 314
Salvadorina, 461
salvini, Crypturus, 33
salvini, Diomedea, 55
salvini, Nisus, 344
salvini, Pachyptila, 81
salvini, Prion, 81
salvini, Thalassogeron, 55
Salviprion, 79
sanborni, Nothoprocta, 38
sanctijohannis, Buteo, 375
sanctijohannis, Falco, 375
sancti-lucae, Ardea, 199
sandaliata, Procellaria, 68
sandvicensis, Anser, 441
sandvicensis, Branta, 441
sandwichensis, Oestrelata, 75
sanfordi, Diomedea, 52
sanfordi, Haliaeetus, 300
sanfordi, Rhothonia, 52
Sarcogyps, 308
Sarcoramphus, 278
Sarkidiornis, 454
sassii, Accipiter, 336
satalandia, Procellaria, 68
saturata, Asturina, 363, 373
saturatus, Buteo, 363, 372
saturatus, Tinamus, 16
saturatus, Tinnunculus, 405
savannarum, Nothura, 43
savu, Accipiter, 329
schioeleri, Mergus, 498
schistacea, Ardea, 214
schistacea, Asturina, 352
schistacea, Egretta, 214
schistacea, Leucopternis, 352
schistacinus, Accipiter, 333
schistacinus, Astur, 334
schistochlamys, Accipiter, 345
schlegeli, Eudyptes, 130
schreineri, Nothura, 40
schvedowi, Accipiter, 347
schvedowi, Astur, 347
sclateri, Eudyptes, 129
sclaterii, Casuarius, 9
541
542
Scopidae, 244
Scopus, 244
scriptus, Elanus, 292
scutulata, Anas, 454
scutulata, Cairina, 454
sedentaria, Somateria, 489
segethi, Fregetta, 110
segethi, Thalassidroma, 110
semipalmata, Anas, 427
semipalmata, Anseranas, 427
semiplumbea, Leucopternis, 354
semiplumbeus, Leucopternis, 354
semitorquatus, Micrastur, 397
semitorquatus, Polihierax, 398
semi-torquatus, Sparvius, 397
senegalensis, Ephippiorhynchus, 251
senegalensis, Mycteria, 251
septentrionalis, Cathartes, 275
septentrionalis, Crypturellus, 35
septentrionalis, Falco, 412
septentrionalis, Tinamus, 13
septentrionalium, Anas, 477
serpentarius, Falco, 390
serpentarius, Sagittarius, 390
serrator, Mergus, 498
serrator, Pelecanus, 183
serrator, Sula, 183
serratus, Pezus, 17
serratus, Tinamus, 17
serresiana, Eudyptula, 128
serrirostris, Anser, 437
serus, Spizaetus, 388
serventyi, Heteroprion, 82
severus, Falco, 416
seychellarum, Ardeola, 210
sharpei, Accipiter, 334
sharpei, Astur, 334
shawmayeri, Casuarius, 8
sheffleri, Harpyhaliaetus, 360
sheffleri, Urubitornis, 360
sibilatrix, Anas, 463
sibilatrix, Ardea, 194
sibilatrix, Syrigma, 194
sibiricus, Accipiter, 337
sibiricus, Melanonyx, 436
similis, Procellaria, 79
simitorquata, Falco, 398
simplex, Crypturellus, 26
simplex, Crypturus, 26
sinensis, Ardea, 240
sinensis, Ixobrychus, 240
INDEX
sinensis, Pelecanus, 166
sinensis, Phalacrocorax, 166
sinushonduri, Buteo, 362
sipora, Butorides, 223
sipora, Spilornis, 314
smithii, Anas, 479
sociabilis, Herpetotheres, 293
sociabilis, Rostrhamus, 293
soconuscensis, Crypturellus, 30
socorroensis, Buteo, 370
socorroensis, Oceanodroma, 115
solanderi, Macronectes, 60
solanderi, Pseudoprion, 82
solandri, Procellaria, 68
solandri, Pterodroma, 68
solitaria, Cryptura, 14
solitarius, Buteo, 368
solitarius, Circaetus, 360
solitarius, Harpyhaliaetus, 360
solitarius, Tinamus, 14
solitudinis, Buteo, 370
soloensis, Accipiter, 328
soloensis, Falco, 328
solomonensis, Ardeola, 226
solomonensis, Butorides, 226
Somateria, 487
soul, Crypturellus, 21
soul, Tinamus, 23
sparsa, Anas, 472
sparsimfasciatus, Accipiter, 326
sparsimfasciatus, Astur, 326
sparverioides, Falco, 403
sparverius, Falco, 402
Spatula, 460
spatzi, Struthio, 4
speciosa, Ardea, 218
speciosa, Ardeola, 218
speciosus, Podiceps, 141
spectabilis, Anas, 489
spectabilis, Astur, 315
spectabilis, Dryotriorchis, 315
spectabilis, Somateria, 489
specularioides, Anas, 472
specularis, Anas, 473
spencei, Crypturellus, 29
spencei, Crypturus, 29
Spheniscidae, 121
Spheniscus, 133
Sphenorhynchus, 247
sphenurus, Accipiter, 327
sphenurus, Falco, 327
sphenurus, Haliastur, 298
sphenurus, Milvus, 298
sphenurus, Nisus, 327
sphenurus, Puffinus, 89
spilogaster, Haematornis, 312
spilogaster, Hieraaetus, 383
spilogaster, Spilornis, 312
spilogaster, Spizaetus, 383
spilonotus, Circus, 320
Spilornis, 311
spilothorax, Circus, 320
spinicauda, Anas, 474
spinicollis, Ibis, 264
spinicollis, Threskiornis, 264
spixi, Nothura, 40
Spizaetus, 385
Spizastur, 385
Spiziapteryx, 397
spodiogaster, Ardeola, 223
spodiogaster, Butorides, 223
sponsa, Aix, 457
sponsa, Anas, 457
squamata, Colymbus, 136
squamatus, Mergus, 499
stagnatilis, Ardeola, 225
stagnatilis, Ardetta, 225
Stagonocygna, 427
steadi, Carbo, 167
steadi, Procellaria, 86
steadi, Pseudoprion, 83
steadi, Stictocarbo, 172
steadi, Thalassarche, 55
steerei, Pernis, 288
stegmanni, Falco, 405
steini, Ardeola, 224
steini, Butorides, 224
stejnegeri, Melanitta, 494
stejnegeri, Oidemia, 494
stellaris, Ardea, 243
stellaris, Botaurus, 243
stellata, Gavia, 136
stellatus, Colymbus, 136
stelleri, Anas, 490
stelleri, Polysticta, 490
stenozona, Aviceda, 282
stenozona, Baza, 282
Stephanoaetus, 389
stevensoni, Accipiter, 337
Stictocarbo, 163, 171
Stictonetta, 446
stormi, Ciconia, 249
INDEX
stormi, Melanopelargus, 249
streichi, Falco, 416
strepera, Anas, 464
stresemanni, Accipiter, 329
stresemanni, Aviceda, 282
stresemanni, Baza, 282
stresemanni, Spizaetus, 388
striata, Ardea, 220
striata, Ardeola, 219
striatulus, Astur, 348
striatus, Accipiter, 343
strictipennis, Ibis, 263
strictipennis, Threskiornis, 263
strigulosus, Crypturellus, 27
strigulosus, Tinamus, 27
Struthio, 3
Struthionidae, 3
sturmii, Ardea, 241
sturmii, Ixobrychus, 241
subaesalon, Falco, 413
subalaris, Puffinus, 98
subantarctica, Pachyptila, 83
subbuteo, Falco, 415
subcristata, Aviceda, 281
subcristatus, Lepidogenys, 283
submelanogenys, Falco, 424
submontana, Nothura, 43
subniger, Falco, 417
subtilis, Buteogallus, 356
subtilis, Urubitinga, 357
suckleyi, Falco, 414
Sula, 181, 184
sula, Pelecanus, 185
sula, Sula, 185
sulaensis, Accipiter, 340
sulaensis, Circaetus, 314
sulaensis, Nisus, 340
sulaensis, Spilornis, 314
sulcirostris, Carbo, 170
sulcirostris, Phalacrocorax, 170
Sulidae, 181
sumatrana, Ardea, 201
sumatranus, Elanus, 292
sumbaensis, Urospizias, 331
sundevalli, Ardea, 220
sundevalli, Ardeola, 220
sundevalli, Butorides, 220
543
superciliaris, Orthocrypturus, 34
superciliaris, Sparvius, 363
superciliosa, Anas, 471
superciliosus, Accipiter, 335
544
superciliosus, Falco, 336
superciliosus, Orthocrypturus, 33
superior, Parabuteo, 358
suschkini, Accipiter, 347
suschkini, Urinator, 138
suttoni, Accipiter, 343
swainsoni, Buteo, 366
swainsonii, Gampsonyx, 290
syama, Aviceda, 284
syama, Baza, 284
sylvestris, Accipiter, 330
sylvicola, Sarkidiornis, 455
syriacus, Struthio, 4
Syrigma, 194
tachardus, Buteo, 373
tachiro, Accipiter, 325
tachiro, Falco, 326
Tachybaptus, 142
Tachyeres, 452
taczanowskii, Nothoprocta, 37
taczanowskii, Podiceps, 154
Tadorna, 449
tadorna, Anas, 451
tadorna, Tadorna, 451
Tadorninae, 446
tadornoides, Anas, 451
tadornoides, Tadorna, 451
taeniata, Aptenodytes, 125
taeniatus, Morphnus, 376
taissiae, Circus, 317
tambopatae, Crypturellus, 28
tanganyikae, Falco, 407
tanypterus, Falco, 418
tao, Tinamus, 13
Taoniscus, 44
tarapacensis, Pterocnemia, 7
tasmanica, Falco, 401
tasmanica, leracidea, 401
tataupa, Crypturellus, 34
tataupa, Tinamus, 35
taverneri, Branta, 442
teesa, Butastur, 350
teesa, Circus, 350
temminckii, Accipiter, 346
temminckii, Astur, 346
temminckii, Ibis, 266
temucoensis, Milvago, 394
tenebrosus, Milvus, 298
teneriffae, Accipiter, 342
tenuirostris, Gyps, 306
INDEX
tenuirostris, Procellaria, 94
tenuirostris, Puffinus, 94
tenuirostris, Scopus, 245
Terathopius, 311
territori, Mesocarbo, 170
teter, Cathartes, 276
tethys, Oceanodroma, 113
tethys, Procellaria, 112
tethys, Thalassidroma, 113
Tethysia, 112
texanus, Buteo, 364
thagus, Pelecanus, 193
Thalassarche, 49, 54
Thalassogeron, 49, 55
Thalassoica, 63
Thalassornis, 430
Thalobata, 112
tharus, Falco, 393
Thaumatibis, 265
theresae, Melierax, 322
Theristicus, 258
Threskiornis, 262
Threskiornithidae, 253
Threskiornithinae, 254
thula, Ardea, 212
thula, Egretta, 212
Thyellodroma, 89, 91
tianshanicus, Milvus, 297
tigrina, Ardea, 234
Tigriornis, 236
Tigrisoma, 234
Tigrisomatinae, 234
timorensis, Falco, 408
timorensis, Podiceps, 143
timorensis, Tachybaptus, 143
timorlaoensis, Aviceda, 281
timorlaoensis, Baza, 281
Tinamidae, 12
Tinamotis, 47
Tinamus, 12
tinnunculus, Falco, 405
tinus, Falco, 336
tischleri, Accipiter, 346
titan, Fregetta, 110
tjendanae, Accipiter, 329
Torgos, 308
torquata, Chaja, 506
torquata, Chauna, 506
torquata, Pernis, 288
torquatus, Pernis, 288
toussenelii, Accipiter, 325
toussenelii, Nisus, 325
toyoshimai, Buteo, 373
tracheliotus, Aegypius, 308
tracheliotus, Vultur, 308
trachyrhynchus, Pelecanus, 188
transamazonicus, Crypturellus, 33
transfasciatus, Crypturellus, 27
transfasciatus, Crypturus, 27
traversi, Phalacrocorax, 176
traylori, Crypturellus, 25
treganzai, Ardea, 198
tricarunculatus, Casuarius, 9
tricolor, Ardea, 209
tricolor, Egretta, 208
tricolor, Podiceps, 145
tricolor, Sylbeocyclus, 145
tricolor, Tachybaptus, 145
Trigonoceps, 308
trinitatis, Fregata, 163
trinotatus, Accipiter, 329
trischittae, Accipiter, 347
tristanensis, Fregettornis, 109
tristis, Anas, 470
tristrami, Oceanodroma, 116
tristrani, Pterodroma, 74
trivirgatus, Accipiter, 324
trivirgatus, Falco, 324
trizonatus, Buteo, 373
tropica, Anas, 478
tropica, Fregetta, 108
tropica, Thalassidroma, 108
tropicalis, Accipiter, 337
tropicalis, Cerchneis, 402
tropicalis, Falco, 402
trouessarti, Pterodroma, 69
tubulata, Fregetta, 109
tundrius, Falco, 421
tunneyl, Puffinus, 100
turneri, Merganetta, 459
turtur, Pachyptila, 83
turtur, Procellaria, 83
typicus, Helotarsus, 311
typus, Polyboroides, 316
tyrannus, Falco, 388
tyrannus, Spizaetus, 388
tzitzihoa, Anas, 473
ultima, Pterodroma, 72
umbretta, Scopus, 244
umbrinus, Buteo, 370
unappendiculatus, Casuarius, 9
INDEX 545
uncinatus, Chondrohierax, 285
uncinatus, Falco, 285
undina, Aptenodytes, 132
undulata, Anas, 470
undulata, Ardea, 237
undulatus, Crypturellus, 26
undulatus, Tinamus, 27
undulatus, Zebrilus, 237
unduliventer, Accipiter, 325
unduliventer, Astur, 325
unduliventer, Falco, 325
unicinctus, Falco, 359
unicinctus, Parabuteo, 358
uralensis, Hierofalco, 420
urile, Pelecanus, 173
urile, Phalacrocorax, 173
urinator, Pelecanoides, 120
urinator, Pelecanus, 193
urinatrix, Procellaria, 120
Uroaetus, 378
Urotriorchis, 349
urschi, Lophotibis, 262
Urubitinga, 356
urubitinga, Buteogallus, 358
urubitinga, Cathartes, 277
urubitinga, Falco, 358
Urubitornis, 360
ussuriana, Phoyx, 203
utilensis, Buteogallus, 357
valisineria, Anas, 483
valisineria, Aythya, 483
vanbemmeli, Accipiter, 338
vanheurni, Spizaetus, 386
vanhoffeni, Phalacrocorax, 176
variabilis, Eudyptula, 132
variegata, Anas, 451, 479
variegata, Spatula, 479
variegata, Sula, 184
variegata, Tadorna, 451
variegatus, Crypturellus, 33
variegatus, Dysporus, 184
variegatus, Tetrao, 33
varius, Pelecanus, 168
varius, Phalacrocorax, 168
velox, Accipiter, 343
velox, Falco, 343
venator, Accipiter, 344
venezuelensis, Nothocercus, 19
ventralis, Accipiter, 344
ventralis, Buteo, 369
546
vermiculatus, Crypturellus, 26
vermiculatus, Tinamus, 26
verreauxli, Aquila, 382
verreauxil, Aviceda, 280
verrucosus, Halieus, 176
verrucosus, Hypoleucus, 176
verrucosus, Phalacrocorax, 176
versicolor, Anas, 475
vespertinus, Falco, 411
vicarius, Spizaetus, 388
vicinior, Crypturellus, 31
viduata, Anas, 429
viduata, Dendrocygna, 429
vigilax, Accipiter, 330
vigilax, Astur, 330
vigua, Hydrocorax, 170
Viguacarbo, 164
vinaceigula, Egretta, 208
vinaceigula, Melanophoyx, 208
vindhiana, Aquila, 379
violacea, Ardea, 227
violacea, Nyctanassa, 227
virescens, Ardea, 219
virescens, Ardeola, 219
virgatus, Accipiter, 337
virgatus, Falco, 339
viridigularis, Gavia, 138
vittata, Amazonetta, 458
vittata, Erismatura, 504
vittata, Eudyptes, 129
vittata, Oxyura, 504
vittata, Pachyptila, 80
vittata, Procellaria, 80
v-nigra, Somateria, 488
vocifer, Falco, 300
vocifer, Haliaeetus, 300
vociferoides, Haliaeetus, 300
vociferoides, Haliaetus, 300
vociferus, Elanus, 291
vociferus, Falco, 291
vulcanorum, Podiceps, 145
vulcanorum, Tachybaptus, 145
vulgaris, Buteo, 366
vulgaris, Gyps, 305
vulpinus, Buteo, 372
vulpinus, Falco, 372
vulsini, Anhinga, 181
Vultur, 277
Vulturidae, 274
wagleri, Pygosceles, 125
INDEX
wahgiensis, Elanus, 292
wahlbergi, Aquila, 380
waigeuensis, Aviceda, 282
waigiuensis, Anas, 462
waigiuensis, Salvadorina, 462
wallacii, Accipiter, 329
wallacii, Astur, 329
wallichensis, Falco, 424
wardi, Ardea, 198
washingtoniensis, Falco, 301
washingtoniensis, Haliaeetus, 301
websteri, Sula, 186
weddelli, Tinamus, 13
weiskei, Kutolmaetus, 384
weiskei, Hieraaetus, 384
westlandica, Procellaria, 86
westralis, Diomedea, 52
westralis, Pelecanus, 191
westralis, Phaethon, 157
wetmorei, Eudromia, 45
whiteheadi, Spizaetus, 387
whittelli, Pachyptila, 81
willetti, Oceanododroma, 115
williaminae, Leucopternis, 354
wilsoni, Macronectes, 60
wilsoni, Oestrelata, 71
wilsonii, Chondrohierax, 286
wilsonii, Cymindis, 286
wilsonii, Procellaria, 103
wolfei, Aviceda, 283
wolfi, Circus, 320
wollastoni, Oceanites, 103
wolterstorffi, Accipiter, 342
woodfordi, Accipiter, 334
woodfordi, Ardeiralla, 242
woodfordi, Astur, 334
woodfordi, Ixobrychus, 242
woodwardi, Dromiceius, 10
wortheni, Oestrelata, 72
wurdemannii, Ardea, 199
wyvilliana, Anas, 469
xantusi, Buteo, 362
Xenonetta, 461
Xenorhynchus, 250
yamashinae, Sula, 187
yapensis, Ixobrychus, 240
yapura, Crypturellus, 26
yapura, Pezus, 26
INDEX 547
yelkouan, Procellaria, 96 zeledoni, Cochlearius, 233
yelkouan, Puffinus, 96 zenkeri, Accipiter, 336
yetapa, Elanoides, 289 Zesarkaca, 450
yetapa, Milvus, 289 zimmeri, Leucopternis, 353
Zonerodius, 236
zabele, Crypturellus, 30 zoniventris, Falco, 410
zabele, Pezus, 30 zoniventris, Hypotriorchis, 410
Zeafulix, 482 zonorhyncha, Anas, 471
Zebrilini, 236 zonothorax, Climacocercus, 395
Zebrilus, 236 zonothorax, Micrastur, 395
zeledoni, Cancroma, 233 zuliensis, Tinamus, 16
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